Full text of "Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia"

Return to
LIBRARY OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

Loaned by American Museum of Natural History

J7 i P\HK,

PROCEEDINGS

kJty>

(i (UB

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

t K

PHILADELPHIA

1865.

PHIL A DELPHI A :

PRINTED FOR THE ACADKMT

1865.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS,

With references to the several Articles contributed by each.

Allen, Dr. Harrison. On a New Genus of Vespertilionidae 173

Carpenter, P. P. Diagnoses Specierum et Varietatum novarum Molusco-
rum, prope Sinum Pugetianum a Kennerlio Doctore, nuper decesso,

collectorum 54

Cassin, John. Notes on some new and little known Rapacious Birds 2

An examination of the Birds of the Genus Chrysomitris, in the Museum

of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.... 89

On some Conirostral Birds from Costa Rica, in the Collection of the

Smithsonian Institution 169

Conrad, T. A. Observations on the Eocene Lignite Formation of the

United States 70

Catalogue of the Eocene Annulata, Foraminifera, Echinodermata and

Cirripedia of the United States 73

Descriptions of new species of Echinidae 75

Observation on American Fossils, with descriptions of new species 184

Cooper, Dr. J. G. On a new Cormorant from the Farallone Islands,

California 5

Cope, E. D. Partial Catalogue of Cold-blooded Vertebrata of Michigan.

Part 2 78

Oa Amphibamus grandiceps, a new Batrachian from the Coal Measures 134

Note on a species of Whale caught in the River Delaware 168

Note on a species of Hunchback Whale 178

Third Contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical America 185

Contribution to a knowledge of the Delphinidas 198

Second Contribution to a History of the Delphinidae 278

Gill, Theo. Synopsis of the Genus Pornoxy's, Raf. 6&

On the Genus Caulolatilus 66

On the Cranial Characteristics of Gadus proximus, Grd., 69

Note on several Genera of Cyprinoids 69

On a new Genus of Serraniate 104

On a new Generic Type of Sharks 177

On two new species of Delphinidse, from California, in the Smithsonian

Institution 177

IV. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Gunther, Alb. Some remarks on Labrus pulcher (Ayres) 77

Helmutb, C. A. New species of Mordellidee collected in Illinois 96

Lawrence, Geo. N. Descriptions of new species of Birds of the Families
Paridae, Vireonidas, Tyrannidae and Trochilidae, with notes on

Myiarchus Panamensis , 37

Descriptions of four new species of Birds from the Isthmus of Panama,

New Granada 106

Lea, Isaac, Descriptions of Three New Species of Exotic Uniones 75

Descriptions of Eight New Species of Unio of the United States 88

Le Conte, Dr. J. L. Note on the Species of Myodites, Latr., inhabiting the

UnitedStates 96

Notes on the Species of Harpalus inhabiting America north of Mexico... 98
On the Species of Galeruca and allied Genera inhabiting North America, 204
Prodromus of a Monograph of the Species of the Tribe Anobiinii of the

Family Ptinidae, inhabiting North America 222

Lewis, Dr. F. W. On Extreme and Exceptional Variations of Diatoms, in

some White Mountain localities 7

Meek, F. B., and A. H. Worthen. Notice of some New Types of Organic

Remains, from the Coal Measures of Illinois. 41

Remarks on the Genus Taxocrinus (Phillips) McCoy, 1844; and its rela-
tions to Forbesiocrinus, Koninck and Le Hon, 1854, with descrip-
tions of New Species 138

Descriptions of New Species of Crinoidea, &c, from the Palaeozoic Rocks

of Illinois and some of the adjoining States 143

Descriptions of New Crinoidea, &c, from the Carboniferous Rocks of

Illinois and some of the adjoining States 155

Note on the Genus Gilbertsocrinus, Phillips, by F. B. Meek... 166

Contributions to the Palaeontology of Illinois and other Western States, 245
Observations on the Microscopic Shell Structure of Spirifcr cuspidatus,

Sowerby, and some similar American Forms, by F. B. Meek 275

Tryon, Geo. W. Synonomy of the Species of Strepomatidae, a Family of

Fluviatile Mollusca inhabiting North America. Part 4 19

Winchell, Alex. Descriptions of New Species of Fossils, from the Marshall
Group of Michigan, and its supposed Equivalents in other States ;
with Notes on some Fossils of the same Age previously described, 109

Wood, Dr. H. C. New Polyzonidas * 172

Worthen, A. H. See Meek.

PROCEEDINGS

OP THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

PHILADELPHIA

1865.

January 3d.
Mr. Joseph Jeanes in the Chair.

Thirteen members present.

The following paper was presented for publication and referred to a
committee :

" On extreme and exceptional variations of species of Diatomacese.
etc." By F. W. Lewis, M. D.

January 10th.
The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.
Twelve members present.

January 17 th.

The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.

Fifteen members present.

The following paper was presented and referred to a committee :
" Eemarks on the genera Semicossyphus and Trochocopus." By Dr.
A. Giinther.

January 24th.
The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.

Ten members present.

The following paper was presented and referred to a committee :

" Synopsis of the Strepomatidae, &c, Part IV." By George W.
Tryon, Jr.

The Secretary announced the recent death of Dr. R. M. S. Jackson,
late a Correspondent of this Academy.

1865.] 1

PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

January 31st.
The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair,
members present.

On report of the respective Committees, the following papers were
ordered to be published :

Notes on some new and little known Eapacions BIRDS.
BY JOHN CASSIN.

1. Polyborus Audubosii, nobis.

Polyborus vulgaris (Vieill.), Aud., Orn. Biog., ii. p. 350 (1834).
Polyborus brasiliensis (Gm.), Aud., B. of Am., Oct. ed. i. p. 21 (1840).
Polyborus tharus (Mol.), Cass., B. of Cal. and Texas, i. p. 113.
Aud., B. of Am., pi. 161 ; Oct. ed., i. pi. 4.

Back and rump brownish black in all ages and stages of plumage, (not
transversely banded as in P. tharus.) Under tail coverts white, nearly pure,
or with a few indistinct traces of dark transverse bands on the longer fea-
thers. In all other respects very similar to P. tharus of Chili and other coun-
tries on the Pacific coast of South America. In P. tharus the back and rump
are transversely banded with brownish black and white, in all ages, and the
under tail coverts are white, with well defined transverse narrow bands of
dark brown. In size, the present bird seems to be rather the larger.

The specimen now described is Mr. Audubon's type from Florida, presented
by him to this Academy, and is very accurately given in the plates above
cited, the upper figures in which represent the black upper parts as above
described. In his descriptions, he says " cere carmine" which color is also
given in his plates ; but in the South American species, seen in abundance
in Patagonia by Dr. Charles Pickering, during the voyage of the United
States Exploring Expedition in the Vincennes and Peacock, that distin-
guished naturalist says explicitly, " The skin about the bill has not the bright
red color as given in Mr. Audubon's figure from a Florida specimen." (Mamm.
and Orn. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 100.) This difference in the color of the cere
may be characteristic, though more probably, in my opinion, it is dependent
on season only, the brighter or red color being that accompanying the more
mature or nuptial plumage, which is the case in the Rasorial or Gallinaceous
birds, and analogous groups throughout the circle of Birds. Numerous spe-
cimens of this species, from Texas and Mexico, are in the collection of the
Smithsonian Institution.

2. SriLORNis Bacha, (Daudin.)

Falco Bacha, Baud., Traite" d'Orn., ii. p. 43 (1800).

Spilornis Bacha, (Daud.) Cass., Proc. Acad. Philada., 1859, p. 31.

Le Vaill., Ois. d'Afr., i. pi. 5.

In a Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. DuChaillu in the countries on the
Gamma and Ogobai Rivers, Western Africa, printed in the Proceedings of the
Academy, as above cited, I applied the name Spilornis Bacha to a species, one
specimen of which was in that collection and is now in the Academy Museum.
This specimen is evidently that of a young bird bearing little resemblance in
colors to the adult, and I have seen no other of the same species from West-
ern Africa. In the statement in the Catalogue alluded to, that this species is
"quite identical with the Bacha of Southern Africa, of which a very com-
plete series is in the Academy Museum," I may have been mistaken in relying
on such specimens as being from that continent. I do not know, however,
ihat such is certainly the case ; the specimen now before me from Western
Africa so nearly resembling other young birds in the Academy Museum, un-

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 6

doubtedly the species usually regarded as S. Bacha, and variously labelled as
Asiatic and African, that I am not quite sure that Bacha is not an African
species, whatever else may have been advanced in any other behalf.

There are in the Academy Museum, several specimens of the bird usually
regarded as F. bacha, which have been labelled in Europe as from South
Africa. If I committed an error, it was not because I relied on those la-
bels, of the authority of which I know nothing, nor can now discover any-
thing, but that I took them only as confirmatory of an impression that F.
bacha was an African as well as Asiatic species. If in error, I was directly
misled by the statement of that great naturalist, Temminck, in PI. Col., i.
liv. iv., to this effect : " La Buse bacha, Falco bacha, des catalogues me'tho-
diques, est re"pandue non-seulement dans l'Afrique m6ridionale, mais on la
trouve aussi dans l'lndie, a Java et a Sumatra." Statements of a similar
import I have seen elsewhere. It is, of course, possible, that Temminck
and others may have relied solely on Le Vaillant without other information.

But, notwithstanding the impeachment of the veracity of Le Vaillant, and
the opinions on that point that have, in some instances, been freely ex-
pressed, and seem to be rather fashionable, I shall not admit, I beg to say,
either that Spilornis Bacha is not an African bird, or that Le Vaillant's ac-
count of the species to which he applied the name Bacha is not reliable,
without further occasion. Those opinions I do by no means participate in
nor approve, and instances of the expression of such have occurred, which
present themselves to me in no other aspect than that of unqualified imper-
tinence, and as demonstrative not only of deficient information on the part
of the writers, but of a disposition to seek a short and easy road to notoriety
by rude assaults on the reputation of a great practical, and most useful natu-
ralist, whose only faults were an enthusiastic devotion to Natural History,
and failure to elicit the appreciation of men of dissimilar temperament and
greater stolidity of ambition. The fair fame of Le Vaillant has passed the
ordeal of one-half century productive of great naturalists, and its impeach-
ment will not, I suspect, blazon the reputation of any one likely to be such
in the present cycle of similar period ! ,

There are now before me, a series of fourteen specimens of the bird pur-
porting to be F. Bacha, from the Academy Museum, about half of which are
in various stages of young plumage, and of the whole of which scarcely
any two are precisely alike in colors. One stage of young plumage is un-
doubtedly that given by Temminck, under the name li Falco albidas, Cuv.," in
PI. Col., 19. As stated above, a few of these specimens have been labelled
in Europe as coming from " South Africa," of the validity of which
locality I know nothing. Other specimens are undoubtedly Asiatic, and,
though differing from each other in some particulars of character, and, per-
haps, representing several supposed species, they are all probably to be re-
garded as that entitled to the name Spilornis cheela, (Daudin). Several
specimens so nearly resemble Temminck's figure of F. albidus, above cited,
that they cannot be mistaken for any other species. I do not clearly recog-
nise the nearly allied species, though they may be quite valid, especially F.
bido, Horsfield.

Le Vaillant's figure of " Le Bacha," Ois. d'Afr., i. pi. 15, does assuredly
bear a strong resemblance to the Asiatic bird, and I am not prepared to deny
that it represents either an Indian or Malayan species ; but it is also a fact,
that the young bird from Mr. DuChaillu's collection bears a most unmistake-
able resemblance to young birds, undoubtedly Asiatic, in the Academy Mu-
seum. On inspection and comparison of any of the Asiatic with the African
specimen, few naturalists would hesitate in pronouncing them identical, and
the conclusion is most directly indicated that, if this African specimen is not
of the same species as the Asiatic specimens, it is of a very nearly allied
species. I regard it as possible, that Le Vaillant may have given a figure
1865.]

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

from an Indian or Malayan specimen, under the full and honest conviction
that it was exactly the bird seen by him in the mountains of the Great Nama-
quois, a description of error (if it is such) in which he is by no means
singular. One of the most eminent ornithologists of our own times is stated
to have given figures of a species of Loxia from American specimens, in his
Splendid work, " The Birds of Europe," and if so, entirely justifiably, the
European and American species never having then been suspected of being
different species.

The specimen now before me, from Western Africa, I regard as proving
conclusively that a species, at least nearly allied to Spilornis ckeela and 8. bido,
inhabits Africa, and I have no doubt that this species was seen and described
by Le Vaillant with entire truthfulness. He may not have figured a specimen
obtained by himself, but even on this point there is only hypothetical conjec-
ture, not evidence. The bird described by him is, moreover, entitled to the
name Falco Bacha; an appellation given by Daudin, as cited above, entirely
on the faith of the description in Oiseaux d ; Afrique. No Indian nor Malayan
species is fairly entitled to this appellation, though it has been applied to
both, with observations thereon not quite warranted by the facts. Various,
not remotely allied, forms have recently been discovered in Africa, (Circaetus
zonurus, fasciolatus, and others.) and my opinion is, that the adult of this
species of Le Vaillant will yet be forthcoming.

3. Haliaetus Blagrus, (Daudin).

Falco blagrus, Daud., Traite d'Orn., ii. p. 70, (1800).

Le Vaill., Ois. d'Afr., i. pi. 5.

In the Catalogue of Mr. DuChaillu's collection in the Camma and Ogobai
country, above alluded to, I gave this name to a specimen of a young bird
which I regarded as identical with others in the Academy Museum. On re-
examination of this specimen, I am inclined to doubt its identity with any
species known to me, though it is in plumage not sufficiently mature to com-
pare satisfactorily or to determine from my present materials. It is so much
smaller than the young H. vocifer that I cannot believe it identical, though
bearing some resemblane to the youngest specimen of that species (H. voci-
fer) in the Academy Museum. The feet, especially, are disproportionately
smaller and weaker. In the Haliaeti of North America, there is a very con-
siderable diversity of size, but never so great in the same species, to my
knowledge, as in the specimens here mentioned.

Though, perhaps, too young to present even structural characters in a re-
liable degree, the present specimen seems to show relations to the Asiatic
group of which H. leucog aster is a well known species, and of which Mr.
Blyth and Dr. Jerdon give the name Falco blagrus, Daudin, as a synonyme.
Without being able, at present, to assent to this disposition of F. blagrus, I
regard the views of those excellent naturalists as at least an important ap-
proximation to its relationship, but am disposed also to suspect that my
specimen may be the young of a species the adult plumage of which remains
to be discovered. I regard it as undoubtedly the young of the Blagre of Le
Vaillant, as above cited, the credibility of whose narrative in relation to which
I do not doubt in any particular. The relative size of the feet in this species
and in H. vocifer may readily be seen in plates 4 and 5 of that author's Oise-
aux d'Afrique.

4. Limnaetus akricanus, nobis.

Belongs to the same group as L. cirrhatus (= Falco limnaetus, Horsf.) and L.
Kieneri, and bears a general resemblance to both of those species, and is
about the same size. Upper parts black, under parts white.

General form very strong ; bill rather short, fully curved ; edge of upper
mandible lobed ; wing moderate, fourth and fifth quills longest, and nearly
equal; tail rather long ; tarsi thick, and densely feathered to the toes, the bases

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 5

of which are also feathered ; toes and claws very strong. Entire upper parts
brownish black ; plumage of the back and neck behind white at base ; rump
and upper tail coverts with concealed large spots of white ; quills brownish
black on their outer surface, with a few transverse bands of a darker shade
of the same color, and with a large space on their inner webs white ; under
surface of quills white, with about three transverse bands of black. Entire
under parts white ; flanks, under tail coverts and tibial plumes externally
with large spots of brownish black ; tail on its upper surface dark ashy
brown, with about five wide transverse bands of brownish black, and nar-
rowly tipped with white, on its under surface ashy white, with a few trans-
verse bauds of black. Under wing, coverts white, with large spots of black ;
tarsi white ; cere and toes yellow; bill dark bluish brown. Axillary feathers
brownish black, the black spots on the under wing coverts unitedly form a
large space of that color on the under surface of the wing. Total length
about 22 inches; wing 14; tail 9^; tarsus 2| ; bill, from corner of mouth
direct to tip of upper mandible, 1 inches.

Ilab. Ogobai River, a tributary of the Camma River, Western Africa.

Spec, in Acad. Mus., from Mr. DuChaillu's collection.

Two specimens of this Hawk-Eagle are in the collection from the Camma
River, above mentioned, and appear to represent a species hitherto unknown,
probably generically different from any other of Western Africa. Though,
in my opinion, properly to be included in the group Limnaetus, this bird is
more strongly organized than either L. niveus, cirrhatus, Kienerii, or other of
the Asiatic species that have come under my notice, and more decidedly
aquiline in some points of character. The tirsi are very thick and densely
covered, much more so than in either of the species just mentioned, and
quite as much so as in the larger Aquilse, or as in the Owls of the genus
Bubo. The bill also is strong and fully curved. No crest is apparent in
either specimen, though there is, perhaps, a slight elongation of the
occipital feathers.

5. Otus stygius, (Wagler.)

Ni/ctalops stygius, Wagl., Isis, 1832, p. 1221.

Archives du Mus., Paris, 1844, pi. 24.

Several specimens of this little known species have been received at the
Smithsonian Institution in the valuable collections presented by Mr. Sarto-
rius, and obtained hy him at Mirador, near Vera Cruz, Mexico. All of them
correspond with the descriptions of both Wagler and Pucheran, though
darker than the figure given by the latter, as above cited.

On anew CORMORANT from the Farallone Islands, California.

BY J. G. COOPER, M. D.

Gkaculus Bairdii, Gruber, MSS. The White-patch Cormorant.
? Graculus leuconotus, Audubon.

Specific Characters. Male in spring. Head and neck changeable violet and
purple with green reflections ; body dark green. Back and wings greenish
purple, the quills brownish towards their ends and beneath. Flanks with a
large while patch on each side about equal in size to the bird's foot, mostly
concealed by the wings when folded. Tail like the wings. Head with a crest
of narrow loose feathers about an inch long, arising on the middle of ver-
tex above the eyes ; another similar crest arising just behind the occiput,
rather longer. Bill very slender, subquadrangular, strongly and abruptly
hooked. Length 27 inches ; extent 40.00, wing 10-75 ; tail 7, bill along ridge
1*90, along gape 3'00, its height and width at base each about - 50 inch ;
tarsus 1"50 ; outer toe and claw 3 - 76 ; inner do. 1-30; second and third quills
about equal, longest ; half an inch longer than secondaries and an inch

1865.]

PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

longer than tertiaries. Iris green, bill horn-black ; feet pure black. Gular
sac black, with red marks (shrinking and looking dull red when dry). A nar-
row patch of skin around eye, extending as far back as that around angle of
mouth and gular sac. A sharp angle covered with feathers extends on middle
line of throat, a little further forward than eyes. Forehead feathered down
to bill, leaving only a narrow loral space bare.

This species is closely related to the G. violaceus of the Oregon and Wash-
ington coasts, and replaces it as on the coast of upper and lower California.
According to Mr. James Hepburn, it differs in a much more slender bill and
other points of structure, as well as in the presence of the conspicuous white
patches on the flanks.

In 1834 Mr. J. K. Townsend saw "at Cape Disappointment ten Cormorants,
one with a white tail, the others with a white rump," which, without further
description, Mr. Audubon called Phalacrocorax leucurus and P. leuconotus.
It is quite possible that Townsend might have referred to P. bairdii, in his
notes as above quoted, but as neither attribute applies to the present species
the names would be inadmissible, even if accompanied by a diagnosis. I
myself saw what I believed to be this species at the mouth of the Columbia
River, in July, 1854, but could not obtain specimens. Mr. F. Gruber, of this
city, was the first to secure specimens of the species and distribute them as
P. bairdii, (named after Prof. S. F. Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution) and
informs me that the species was published under that name in Germany, al-
though I have not been able to find it, and think it is possible that it may still
be a manuscript communication. It is with great pleasure that I append the
following note on this species :

Note on Graculus Bairdii, the White patched Cormorant of the Farrallone

Islands, California, by James Hepburn, San Francisco.

(From a letter addressed to the Smithsonian Institution, dated Dec. 30tb, 1862.

"While at Barclay Sound, I noticed that there appeared to be a Cormorant
there about the size of the one from the Farallones but without any white
spot. I could only get one of them, and that on the last day I was out. On
examining it, I found that it was of the same size as the other, but it had an
orange gular pouch, as described by Audubon, whereas the other, as I have
already insisted, has a dusky pouch, with numerous bright red papillae, much
too striking a point to be overlooked by any one who sees the bird while in the
flesh. Another difference is that the irides of the former are brown, those of
the latter sea-green. The plumage too is dissimilar in color, though both of
them might fairly be called violet green. In the Farallones' bird, however,
the green greatly predominates, in the other the violet. With respect to the
white spot, I have seen the bird with it as early as February, and as late as
the middle of July, at which time it showed no signs of disappearing, though
the G. dilophus had months previously lost its crests. I have never been
able to see the bird in autumn, which I am very anxious to do. If, as I
think, it then appears with the white patch, the question of its being the
breeding plumage is disposed of. At any rate the birds in Barclay Sound had
no patch at the end of March. The only remaining conjecture is that one may
be the young of the other ; and this I find is Dr. Suckley's idea, who appears
to have remarked both kinds at Cape Disappointment. To this I object that
I do not know of the patchless bird having been noticed in California, and I
am very certain that I saw none with a patch about Vancouver Island. As to
their frequenting Cape Disappointment, that would only prove that to be
the boundary line of their respective habitats. I am aware that it is danger-
ous work to build speculations as I am doing, on a single specimen ; but I
shall do my best to find out where the northern bird breeds, and to obtain a
sitting bird with its eggs ; and then should the differences be equally marked
at that period, if there is any such thing as species, the two birds must, I
think, be pronounced distinct."

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. i

On extreme and exceptional variation of DIATOMS, in some White Mountain

localities, &c.

BY F. W. LEWIS, M. D.

In my notice of some new and singular intermediate forms of Diatomaceie
from the Saco headwaters, in the Proceedings of the Academy for December.
1863, I advanced a theory based ou the comparative absence of Synedra and
Nitzschia in the sub-peat of this country, that these curious species were trans-
ilionary or comprehensive types conducting from Surirella and allied genera, to-
wards the more modern Synedra and Nitzschia ; and that their continuance as
living organisms probably depended on exceptional conditions of soil and
water, more or less limited in their influence, peculiar to the Saco and similar
localities.

Since the publication of that paper I have received from my friend, Mr. C.
Stodder, of Boston, a very interesting lot of slides containing all of these
anomalous species, prepared by himself and Mr. R. C. Greenleaf, of Boston,
from gatherings at various points along the White Mountain range.

His localities are as follows :

(1.) " Brook near the Flume," (Franconia Notch) thirty miles from the
Saco pond, and near the western outlet of the valley; contains Surirella
Baileyi, S. intermedia, Actinella punctata, Eunotia incisa.

(2.) " Lafayette Mountain Lake," not many miles distant from the preceding-
This lake is at a considerable elevation ; a still sheet of water ; contains Su-
rirella intermedia, Actinella punctata, Eunotia incisa, Synedra hemicyclus.

(3.) "Brook near Bethlehem," on the S. E. side of the Crawford Notch
(Saco) about 15 miles distant, also in the valley ; contains Surirella intermedia,
S. anceps, S. delicatissima, S. Baileyi, Synedra hemicyclus.

(4.) " Maurans Lake," on the Cannon Mountain, near Franconia; contains
Surirella Baileyi, S. anceps, S. delicatissima, Actinella punctata, Synedra hemicyclus.

Of this locality Mr. S. writes, " This Lake is on the Cannon Mountain at a
high level rarely visited by travellers. The gathering is surface water."

(5.) " Bemis Pond," not many miles from the Saco spring, is a small Lake.
The gathering, according to Mr. S., is " a peculiar sub-aqueous deposit" form-
ing the bottom of the pond, " about six feet thick, and composed of nearly pure
diatoms." The contained species are Surirella Baileyi, S. intermedia, S. anceps,
Eunotia incisa.

Mr. Stodder adds, " that in his opinion the only explanation of the origin
of this and other similar deposits is afforded on the supposition that these
diatoms were originally carried out into the still waters of the lake by small
streams, and there deposited," an explanation not altogether satisfactory, as
most of the species are still-water forms : Navicula rhomboides, N. firma, N.
major, Eunotia robicsta," c, usually found in ponds and boggy pools.

Similar deposits, not containing any of the transitionary species, occur at
other localities in New England. One of the most remarkable, ten feet in
thickness, is at Randolph, Massachusetts, another at Bristol, N. H.

Mr. S. thinks, also, that these beds have been deposited at varying periods
since the glacial period.

(6.) "Echo Lake" (Franconia Notch,) a remarkably beautiful pond lying
in. the very gorge of the Notch ; contains Surirella intermedia, Synedra hemicy-
clus, Eunotia incisa, and curious varieties of Navicula serians and Odontidium
tabellaria, hereafter to be noticed.

(7.) " Gibbs Falls," a short distance from the Saco springs to the west,
contains Surirella intermedia, S. delicatissima, Actinella punctata, Eunotia incisa,
along with recent species.

(8.) " Milldam at Gorham," on the Glen side of Mount Washington, con-

1865.]

8 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

tains Surirella intermedia, S. anceps, S. delicatissima, Eunotia incisa, c, along
with recent species.

These localities are all within the range of glacial influence.

After a careful examination of the slides, prepared from gatherings from
these localities, I have been struck not only by a general correspondence in
their species and varieties to those of the Saco and Wolfboro muds, but also
by their unlikeness to species and varieties outside the White Mountain tract.
In speaking of the Saco and Wolfboro species I alluded to their general re-
semblance to those of the sub-peat and peat deposits ; the same remark of
course holds good in reference to Mr. Stodder's localities. I will here simply
confine myself to the statement of this general resemblance which further on
will be illustrated by a table of species.

There is one point, however, relating to the curious tendency to variation,
usually on a definite direction, apparent in many of these localities in com-
mon with post-tertiary deposits in other northern sections of this country,
which requires ft passing notice.

This tendency, which for convenience I shall call metamorphic, seems to co-
incide with the abundant introduction of certain genera in new localities. It
is marked by a singular relaxation of the laws governing what I have before
termed the non-essential characters of genus ; in other words, while respecting
the more fixed and positive generic characters (essential,) as alee, canaliculi,
median lines, nodules, c, it would seem to exhaust its influence on the more
general and unimportant ones, as size, outline, striation, &c, common to all
diatoms (non-essential.)

Besides the intermediate or comprehensive type already spoken of, there would
appear to result from this metamorphic tendency a subjective variation in many
co-existing genera whether allied or not to the incoming one. This variation,
which is not always special in its direction towards any type or genus, affects
principally the size, form, valvular outline and striation of many species,
manifesting itself oftenest in a disposition to assume an undulate, crenulate,
apiculate or even cruciform shape ; more rarely to lose these characters. It
would seem to originate in a superabundance of the sporangial element, and
frequently begets irregular, abnormal or unsymmetrical forms, according to
the more or less spasmodic or intermittent action of the disturbing force. I
may add that, in accordance with a well known law, most of these so formed
varieties, where involving alteration of generic characters, as Surirella interme-
dia, S. anceps, &c, or where irregular and unsymmetrical, as Actinella, either
rapidly disappear by a process of degeneration (visible in S. intermedia,) or
revert to the normal type, while the extreme varieties, not implicating generic
character, on the other hand may often become more or less permanent, as in
Navicula Jirma, N. rhomboides, N. serians, and others.

To render more intelligible what I have tried to explain above, I shall now
notice a few of the most remarkable varieties contained in the Saco spring,
Wolfboro, and Mr. Stodder's localities.

(1.) " Navicula sekians" (Kutz.) " V. acute ; transverse stria? faint, 60 in
100; longitudinal distinct, 36 in -100 :" frustules often cohering: Length
0017" "to -0035"," (Smith.)

(2.) Var. a {apiculate.) V. varying from lanceolate elliptic to rhomboid,
with apices more or less produced and capitate (fig. 5a, pi. ii.)

(3.) Var. b (cruciform.) N.follis, (Ehr.) =N. inflata, (Ehr.) ? "V. much
inflated, compressed, sloping abruptly towards the produced and often trun-
cate apices ; extreme variety cruciform," (fig. bb, pi. ii.)

Var. a. (apiculate) about two-thirds, and Var. b. (cruciform) less than one-
half the length of the typical form.

Striation in both varieties beyond a certain distortion on the latter variety
precisely resembling that of the typical form.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 9

My attention was attracted long since, by the singular likeness, in striation,
median nodule, and general character, of Navicula serians to N. follis, (Ehr.),
a form not uncommon in northern post glacial deposits.

Ehrenberg's loose figures of the latter (A r . follis), give so many varieties of
outline, and his description is so vague, that in time it seems to have become
confounded by the English writers, with Navicula' inflat a, a species having no
analogies to it beyond a slight resemblance in outline.

Indeed it is probable, that Ehrenberg himself, owing to the use of im-
perfect microscopes may have been led to associate these two very distinct
species, and in distributing specimens may thus have originated the mistake.

However this may be, it is evident that in describing the form called N.
follis, in the Bridgewater peat, (Mass.,) he did mean the one figured as var. b.
[cruciform), of N. serians, fig. 5 6. pi. ii.*

The general resemblance in character, however, would not have sufficed
to prove the specific identity of these two forms, viz. N. serians and its var.
b. cruciform, had it not been for the discovery of a second variety which
bridges over the interspace that figured as N. serians, var. a. fig. 5, a. pi. ii.
This variety occurs in two of the White Mountain localities, Bemis Lake, and
Echo Lake, along with the typical form and the cruciform, var. b, a strong
corroborative evidence beside that afforded by numerous intermediate vari-
eties of a common derivation.

As this is a fact which, if recognized, involves a most important point in
its bearing on the laws which determine species, I have drawn with utmost
care (fig. 5, a. b. pi. ii.) the valves of what appear to be average specimens
of these two varieties. The Bemis Lake' slides of Mr. Samuels, now very
difficult to obtain, are very carefully mounted, and afford beautiful illustra-
tions of these forms, as well as of Stauroneis Stodderii, n. sp. (Greenleaf,) (fig.
6, pi. ii.) The material is quite scarce at the present time, although it could
no doubt readily be procured from the original locality.

(1). "Navicula firma" (Kutz). Large, turgid, oblong, lanceolate, with
obtuse, cuneate ends, thick borders, and large median nodule ; striae wanting,
or obscure."

(2). "Varieties." (a), linear oblong, (Navicula iridis.) p. pointed elliptic,
(2V. dilatatd). y. cuneate (N. amphigomphus.)

(3). " Secondary or metamorphic varieties." S. triundulate, (not the same as
N. Ilitchcockii). i produced (iV. producta. 2V. affinis). . apiculate. (iV. amphirynchus).

The specific identity of N. iridis, N. dilatata, N. amphigomphus, and perhaps
one or two other reputed species has, I believe, been generally suspected, if
not recognized. Certainly, it would be difficult for any one carefully studying
the Northern deposits of this country, whether recent or fossil, to resist the
conviction, that they really have a common origin. With regard, however,
to some of those I have termed secondary or metamorphic, their common deriva-
tion from N. firma is not so obvious. I believe them, notwithstanding, to be
all varieties of that species, a conclusion I have arrived at, after a careful
comparison of gatherings from numerous localities. As, however, a conclusion
so formed may be regarded as more a matter of prepossession than admitting of
proof, I shall not undertake to illustrate it by elaborate descriptions of these
varieties ; but this much may be said, that what has hitherto kept apart many of
the best known of them, is simply difference in valvular outline and number of
striae. If, hereafter, my view with regard to the unimportance and mutability
of these characters be proved correct, the union of some, if not all these
reputed species will probably be necessary.

Taking all the enumerated varieties, there appear to be certain general

(*I am the more certain of this, from my friend Prof. H. L Smith, of Kenyon College, 0., haTing
recently written to me, calling attention to this very fact.)

1865.]

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

points of resemblance between them. These are (1). " The large open median
nodular space."

(2). The infra-marginal, dark, and more or less broken line or lines, with separa-
tion and distortion on the peculiar wavy longitudinal striation at that point."

(3). " The sharp, clear, parallel, transverse strirn.

This last character seems to me, to afford a valuable clue for determining the
primary or secondary nature of any undulate or apiculate form. As a general
rule, it will be found, I think, that parallel transverse strice, coinciding with
an undulate margin, imply a secondary or metamorphic action on a species
whose original outline was smooth; while on the other hand, a radiant trans-
verse striation, or, rather, one constantly perpendicular to the marginal line, indi-
cates that an undulate outline mprimary. Thus, e.^.the triundulate oatline of Na-
vicula Hilchcockii, concurring with & parallel, transverse, striation, is most likely,
secondary ; also the crenulate dorsum of Himantidium undulation (extreme
variety). While the large and showy Navicula Sillimanornum, (fig. 8, pi. ii.)
ought by the same rule to possess & primary outline, although much exagger-
ated and intensified. In the apiculate forms, the metamorphic force being
operative over but a small terminal portion of the valvular margin, renders
the rule less valuable.

Although liable to many exceptions, this rule may be sufficiently general
to possess a practical value, when taken in connection with other means of
proof.

I cannot leave these varieties of N. firma, without adverting to the species
known as 2V. Hilchcockii, which has been regarded by some, as a variety of
the former species. There is a triundulate variety of iV. firma approaching
very near to it in size and outline, but differing essentially in the median
line, which in N. Hilchcockii is remarkable as having on either side a double
line, nearly parallel to its course throughout. That it is of the habit of iV.
firma, however, can hardly be questioned; and although not clearly traceable
to that species, may it not, perhaps, be a compound variety, resulting from
the conjugation of species reputed distinct, but in reality, only so sporangially ?

I take occasion here to quote some very interesting remarks of Professor
H. L. Smith, who has long been studying the habits of living dialomacex, and
whose observations bearing on this and other points in that connection, will,
I trust, shortly be made public. In a recent letter to me, speaking on this
very subject of extreme variation, he says : " The variety of 2V. firma 9 like iV.
Hilchcockii, somewhat, on one of the slides you recently sent me (Saco River,)
is curious ; but if you will examine the Bridgewater deposit, I think you will
see something about N. follis of Ehr., that makes one almost say it is only a
variety of N. serians. The departure is greater, even as to form alone, than
that of the specimen of N. firma ? like Hilchcockii is from the type of that
species." He adds; " when I find N. amphirhynchus conjugating and pro-
ducing N. firma, Stauroneis gracilis producing St. phenic enter on, and Surirella
splendida, S. nobilis, quite different in form and striation, I cannot but doubt
the propriety of making a new species out of every different shape and
marking."

The views of Prof. Smith here expressed, cannot fail to awaken a lively
interest in all who desire to have light thrown upon this perplexing question,
and it is earnestly to be hoped, that the matured result of his investigations
will not long be delayed.

Navicula rhomboides is, with one or two exceptions, of all northern species
the most common and widely distributed. It offers a broad range of form
and outline. Like N. firma, it has its elliptic, produced and apiculate forms.
I may preface what I have to say of this species, by remarking that it is, in
my opinion, impossible to determine on any positive characters, which shall
distinguish it from N. crassinervia. The small apiculate variety which I have

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 11

been accustomed to regard as that species, clearly runs into the typical iV.
rhomboides, of which it is most probably a colletonemoid (sporangial) offset.

Two of the numerous varieties of this species, seem to be permanently
distinct more so, in fact, than in most permanent varieties although con-
nected by intermediate forms with the ordinary type.

iV. rhomboides, (Ehr.) V. nearly quadrangular, striae, faint, parallel 85 in.
001". Length -0022", to 0037". (Smith).

Sporangial Varieties, (1). (a). " Frustule large, V. rhomboid to lanceolate
median line double, presenting at the terminal nodules a peculiar arrangement,
somewhat similar to the " porte crayon" of Dr. Greville, as it exists in If.
Lewisiana only much less obvious." (pi. ii., fig. 11).

The transverse striae in this form, are about, 60 in -001", "the longitudinal,
about, 45 in -001"." Length variable.

Hab. In nearly all fossil and recent northern deposits.

(2). (b). N. diaphana? (Ehr.) V. lanceolate extremities slightly pro-
duced obtuse, median line thicker than in var. a, terminating in obtuse,
rounded, nodular expansions rarely attenuated laterally striae transverse ,
about 50 a 55 in -00 L". Longitudinal, coarser and more wavy than in var. a,
more or less indistinct for some distance round the central nodule.

Hab. Bemis Lake, abundant, Saco pond, Wolfboro, and other New Eng-
land deposits. It is not so common as var. a. (pi. ii., fig, 10).

The former of these, is probably the ordinary sporangial variety of iV.
rhomboides ; the latter, I have found more rarely in gatherings along the Saco
Valley, and I think, elsewhere in New England I have been struck with
the rarity of both these varieties, particularly, of var. b. on foreign slides.*

Var. a, sometimes approaches var. b in outline ; but I have never seen the
latter of a quadrangular or rhomboid shape. Occasionally the terminal
nodule undergoes a trifling modification, becoming slightly indented at the
rounded corners. This may, perhaps, be a compound variety.

Figured at pi. ii., fig. 21, is what I believe to be N. Carassius, (Ehr)., (iV.
cocconeiformis, (Smith). (Gregory's new British sp. Mic. Jour. vol. iv. pi. L,
fig. 22). This is a rare American species, usually fossil. The strias are very
hard to resolve. Some of the varieties of this diatom, suggest an affinity to
2V. rhomboides ; but not sufficiently marked to warrant notice.

" Navicula Sillimanorum," (Ehr.) An exaggerated variety of this species, I
have figured, (pi. ii., fig 8). I nave found it only in the Wolfboro mud. The
typical form of Ehrenberg, occurs in some of the N. Hampshire deposits. It
is a singularly compact and beautiful diatom more nearly allied to N.
nobilis, than to N. tabellaria as is shown by the relations of the striae to the
marginal line, "which according to the rule before mentioned, indicate the in-
tensification of a, primary undulate outline.

Navicula gastrum, (Ehr.)? fig. 17, pi. ii). Rare in the Wolfboro mud. I
have not come across it elsewhere. The striation is more or less irregularly
punctate around the median nodule, and along the median line, as in N.
granulata. (Bailey). The striae are radiant otherwise, it might be set down
as a degenerate variety of N. firma.

11 Naviccla placenta," Ehr. fig. 4, pi. ii. N. apiculata, Greg. (Mic. Jour., vol.
iv., pi. L, fig. 13) N. rostellum. (Smith). This little species is ventricose or
elliptic, with a nipple-like projection, at each apex. It corresponds per-
fectly in outline, with Dr. Gregory's figure; but the striation is so peculiar in
its arrangement, that I have thought it best to figure the valve. The stria;
are of two kinds. (1). transverse, sharp, radiant, close. (2). obliquely curved

(*Tlie slides coming from abroad, labelled "Amician test," are, I believe, prepared from
material obtained from this country.)

1865.]

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

in both directions towards the median line, crossing as in Hyalodiscus subtilis.
(Bailey). coarser than the transverse. These characters are constant in all
the specimens I have of this species, from this and other localities. Wolf-
boro, N. H., Duck creek, Del. river.

Stauroneis. This genus is very abundantly represented, particularly in
the Wolfboro mud. It is common in all post tertiary deposits, and presents
a bewildering looseness of character.

I have long tried to understand the meaning of S. Baileyi, (Ehr.) and its
varieties. Some time ago, I came to the conclusion, that the one having the
quadrangular shape and terminal inflexion of St. acuta was a sporangial
var. of that species; and that the other (Pteroidea) bore the same relation
to St. phenicenteron. This belief has recently been shaken, by my finding the
latter variety (Pteroidea) in the " Nova Scotia" deposit, with a very strongly
marked terminal inflexion, and the other characters of size, striation, and
outline, so variable as to compel the conclusion, that they are both inter-
changeable varieties of a common species possibly St. phenicenteron.

A very interesting study of these forms is afforded, by the Nova Scotia,
Blue Hill pond, (Me.) and, in fact, by nearly all the northern deposits, recent
and fossil.

Stauroneis legumen, (Ehr.) The aberrant variety, (pi. ii., fig. 14), will
show the range of outline in this species. Frustules of this shape occur
sparingly in the Wolfboro mud, along with the ordinary form.

Stauroneis amphicephala, (Kutz.) This species I notice, to direct atten-
tion to the figure of S. anceps in Prof. Smith's "Synopsis," which, in all re-
spects, answers to the description and figure of Kutziug's (Bacillarien, p. 105,
pi. 30, fig. 25). S. amphicephala. S. anceps, (Ehr.), is subcapitate with truncate
apices, S. amphicephala, capitate with rounded ends. Very likely, these two
species are identical. The mere length or relations of the stauros to the
margin not constituting a valid reason for keeping them apart.

I cannot close what I have to say about Stauroneis and its varieties, without
alluding to a stauroneiform tendency which seems to prevail in certain locali-
ties. This is marked in the Wolfboro, where seven species of Stauroneis co-
exist with a number of stauroneiform varieties of Navicula.

I now pass on to notice some varieties of

Himantidium and Eonotia. I have before spoken of the prevalence of these
genera in the Saco and cotemporarj' deposits, and likewise of the remarkable
subordination of their specific character to the mctamorphic force, as exempli-
fied in Himantidium pectinate , and H. arcus, Eunotia robusta and E. incisa. I now
give a few illustrations of the most common of these metamorphic varieties, (pi.
ii., fig. 12, 13, etc.) which strongly corroborate the view entertained by the
late Prof. W. Smith, of the probable common derivation of many of the known
British species of Himantidium, from two types ; viz. : II. pectinate and H. arcus.
(vide Synopsis, vol. ii., p. 11).

Of these varieties, pi. ii., fig. 13a, represents a common sporangial form of
Himantidium undulation. It will be seen that the dorsum is already hollowed
out as a preliminary step towards another common variety (sporangial) of
the same diatom* of which variety I have figured only the extreme and last

stage, at pi. ii., fig. b. This last, represents quite nearly two conjoined frus-
tules of H. undulalum (type), as does the intermediate variety, two of H.
pectinate.

Whether or no these remarkable sporangial frustules ever undergo trans-

*(Those slides prepared by Mr. Samuels, of Boston, labelled Himantidium undulatum, afford a
very fine illustration of this variety, which is abundant in fresh water streams throughout Massa-
chusetts)

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA.

verge division, I am unable to say from actual observation ; but their ap-
pearance is certainly suggestive of that phenomenon. I ought to add, that
the secondary gibbosities on the ventral aspect of var. b., are rarely as well
marked as shown in the figure (13 b. pi. ii).

Of Eunotia incisa, pi. ii., fig. 12a., represents an extreme variety. The ex-
traordinary attenuation of the valve well illustrates the synedroid bias, no-
ticeable in the Saco, and, to a lesser degree, in the Wolfboro muds.

The inflexion peculiar to the terminal portion of the valve in these bacillar
varieties of E. incisa, often nearly reaches the dorsum. On the other hand,
an opposite variety of E. incisa occurs, which is nearly as broad as long.*

Eunotia camelusl (fig. 126. pi. ii.) is probably allied to E. incisa. Some of
the frustules are long and narrow, with hardly any perceptible undulation.
= Eu. impressa, (Ehr.), occurs sparsely at Wolfboro and Bemis Lake.

Eunotia bactriana, (Ehr.), (fig. 16, pi. ii.) is quite common. There appears
to be considerable range of variation in this species.

Eunotia pentaglyphis, (Ehr.), as figured (fig. 4, pi. ii.) is also a changeable
form. It is widely distributed in the post-tertiary deposits, and has all the
characters of a metamorphic variety of Eu. robusta.

Odontidium tabellaria, (Smith) = Dimereyramma tabellaria, (Ralfs.) I
have retained this name, as that by which this diatom is best known. The
two varieties figured in Smith's British Diatomaceae, and which may, for
convenience, be termed primary and secondary, seem to be peculiarly obnoxious
to the metamorphic force. Figs. 1 and 2, pi. ii., represent a series of elongated
varieties from the Saco river, (Synedroid). Of these, two are specially notice-
able, 2b, and 2d. The first of these has strong marginal puncta ; (Nitzschoid ?)
while the second exemplifies the same suggestive principle of symmetrical
variation seen in Himantidium undulatum, fig. 13, var. b. pi. ii.

The punctate tendency, which is quite exceptional, manifesting itself only
on a few frustules, is to a lesser degree observable in Tabellaria, in the same
deposit.

There remain to be considered, one or two forms in these deposits, which
are not clearly traceable to any known species.

(1). Navicula (stauroneiform) n. sp. ? (pi. ii. fig. 9). F. V. not ascertained.
V. lanceolate, gradually attenuated towards the capitate or sub-capitate ex-
tremities. Striae sub-marginal, interrupted for a considerable space oppo-
site the central nodule.

Hob. Wolfboro. Common. (Fig. 9, pi. ii.)

This little form I have not named, as it may possibly prove a stauroneiform
variety of some known species. This stauroneiform habit is very obvious in
the Wolfboro varieties ; as is the synedroid, in the Saco.

(2). Stauroneis Stodderii, n. sp. (Greenleaf), pi. ii. fig. 6.) F. V.
Linear, with slightly rounded ends ; connecting membrane slight and fragile.
V. elliptic lanceolate, with more or less produced and slender extremities.
Stauros linear, reaching the margin. Strive (longitudinal) parallel, sharp and
clear. Variable in number. Stria (transverse), radiant, distinct, about 55 in
001. Length variable.

Hab. of St. phenkenteron and St. amphicephala. Bemis Lake, Wolfboro, Gor-
ham pond.

This beautiful species was first made known to me by Mr. Stodder, who had
it from Mr. R. C. Greenleaf, of Boston, who names it St. Stodderii, in com-
pliment to the former observer. He has permitted me to describe it.

*(Eunotia nodosa. Var. Himantidium pectinate? in the Bemis Lake, presents a remarkable
variety, analogous to the above in proportions. It is also nearly as broad as long, and slightly
constricted.)

1865.]

14 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

The valves which are singularly light and graceful, the linear striation giving
the surface much the aspect of a scale of Lepisma, are rarely found united by
the connecting membrane. Mr. Greenleaf communicates the following facts,
with relation to this diatom; " The longitudinal lines are parallel throughout,
gradually fading away, so that they are not seen near the apices ; they are
faintly visible with careful illumination and focussing over the stauros ;
margin beaded." I have not been able to verify Mr. G.'s observations. It
seems to me, that the longitudinal striae are internal, and underlie the stauros,
and that they are traceable up to the apex, in that limited number of parallel
stria; which the narrow area of the extremity can accommodate. The beaded
marginal appearance, is probably due to the effect produced by the inflexion
of the striae. Mr. Stodder believes the longitudinal striae to be corrugations
of the internal membrane, designed io strengthen the valve.

The figure (fig. 6, pi. ii.) is not sufficiently elongate for an average speci-
men of this species.

" Tetracyclic" (abnormal) ? (pi. ii., fig. 3a, & b.) F. V., much as iu the
typical form, (genus) ; filament with a central constriction ; frustules small ;
septa alternate, equal ; V. deeply constricted in the centre, (not unlike a
dumb-bell crystal of oxalate of lime).

Hab. of Tabellaria and Tetracyclus. Lafayette Mt. Lake.

This singular form occurs only at the above locality. Being minute and
much intermixed with Tabellaria and Odontidium tabellaria, it is apt to be
overlooked on a crowded slide. The septa are quite insignificant. They
exist at both ends of the valve. This anomalous form suggests a metamorphic
variation, mediate between Tabellaria and Tetracyclus, and is a true comprehen-
sive type, although less perfect than Surirella intermedia. The relations of the
septa, small as they are to the valve, and to each other, are constantly those
of Tetracyclus, (never of Tabellaria), though the impressible character of
outline, passively yielding to the disturbing force, has wandered far away
from the typical pattern of that genus.*

I will now, as briefly as possible, sum up the conclusions I have tried to
establish in this and the previous paper. After which summary will be
found a comparative table of some of these species.

These are (1). That the genera Syncdra, Nitzschia, Tabellaria, and perhaps,
Odontidium and Himantidium, made their first appearance as prevalent forms
on this continent, at varying epochs, since the Glacial period.

(2). That there are epochs, which may be termed transitionary, coinciding
with the abundant introduction of genera, (as above), marked by a singular
relaxation of the laws which govern generic character, (melainorphic force.)

(3). This metamorphic force while respecting the more fixed and positive
generic characters, {essential), usually attacks the more variable and unimpor-
tant characters, (i. e. those common to most diatoms), {non-essential), of those
genera most nearly allied to the incoming one, giving rise to comprehensive or
synthetic forms ; as Surirella intermedia, Sanceps Sec.

(4). During these epochs, there would also seem to exist a subjective
variation in many of the cotemporary genera, whether allied or not to the
prevailing one originating in this objective force still affecting the non-essen-
tial characters, principally form and outline, e. g. objective genera Synedra,

*(The metamorphic force seems to run riot in this particular locality, (Mt. Lafayette Lake), and
nearly all the species appear to participate in this tendency to depart from their normal type. The
largest and showiest frustules of the pointed elliptic, which is by far the finest variety of N.
firma, pass down through many intermediate forms into a minute and characterless N. affiriie,
N. rhnmboides ranges from tho smallest apiculate, up to the magnificent var. b. (pi. ii., fig. 11),
curious and anomalous varieties of Tabellaria, of Odontidium tabellaria, some punctate, others
Synedroid, eccentric varieties of Synedra hemicyclus, of Eunotia incisa, Eu. camelus, Eu. pentagly-
phis, Eu. robusta, of Himantidium gractU, concurring with the abnormal ,Actinella punctata,
Surirella intermedia, and & delicatissima, altogether form a grouping confused and incoherent
beyond precedent.)

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

Nitzschia ; subjective genera, Surirella, Himantidium, Odontidium, Tabellaria,
Eunolia, and resultant varieties. (PI. ii., figs. 1, 2, 12, 13).

(5). An extreme variation, not special in its direction towards any type or
genus, extending to the valvular outline of many altogether distinct genera,
characterizes these metamorphic epochs ; manifesting itself in disposition to
assume an undulate, apiculate or crenulatc contour, or to lose these characters,
e. g. Eunotia incisa, Himantidium, Navicula serians, iV. firma ; or in irregular,
abnormal or unsymmetrical forms, due probably, to unequal or spasmodic
action of the metamorphic force, e. g. Actinella, Tetracyclic, (fig. 3, pi. ii.)

(6). These so-formed varieties, where based upon changes of generic char-
acter, or where abnormal or unsymmetrical, are always short-lived; on the
other hand, varieties not involving generic character, often become fixed and
permanent, as Navicula firma, (var. iridis, amphigomphus, c.) N. serians, var.
/?., N. rhomboides.

(7). That it is not improbable, that many species not reputed distinct, are
capable of conjugating with each other ; and that peculiarities of outline and
striation constitute but uncertain data for division of species.

Table of Species.
(*) Indicates the presence of species at the locality.

Localities where the " intermediate
type" species occur.

Surirella Baileyi

" intermedia

" anceps

" delicatissima.
Actinella punctata

6
o

CD
C0
4-<

M
OS

-3S

cS
S3

o
M
oS

DO
"oS

oi
t-

Localities of species usu-
ally fossil, and of those
metamorphic in the direc-
tion of Synedra, and

CD
ttf.

-
a
o

o
OS
02

>->

1
.SS

X
V

5
*

- !
o

"cfj

-3

3
*

5
o

Some of these
species also il-
lustrate the ir-
regular varia-
tion of the next
section, (No. 3).

Eunotia nodo-

sa, I have not
noted, as it is

but a doubtful

Eunotia incisa (long var.) ...

species.

1865.]

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Species illustrating irregular variation not
in any special direction.

o
bL

-3

*
*

?
*

V
?
?

oq
*

*
*

o
o

*
*
*
*
*
*

-X-

#
*

*
*
*

*->

03
*

*
#

Jbt

-3

*
*

9
u

I
=q

*
*

v.
OS

-
03

X-

Jd
03

-:;

-:;
*

a
o

*
#

" " var. b

I add a list of the ordinary grouping of species in these localities. This is
necessarily incomplete and liable to error, owing to the fact that in some of
these muds, within the immediate influence of mountain streams, as parts of
the Saco spring the Flume Bethel there is a large dilution with more modern
forms. These I have excluded and placed in a list by themselves. The
absence of these species in the still pond localities of the White Mountains, is,
I think, sufficient evidence of their extraneous habitat, when found along with
the grouping below.

Cymbclla cuspidata, C. helvetica, Epilhemia ventricosa, E. argus, Eunotia robusta,
Eu. incisa, Surirella nobilis, S. oblonga, S. decora, Navicula firma, N. serians, N.
rhomboides, N. major, N. tabellaria, N. viridis, N. acrospheria, N. radiosa, N.
mesolepta, N. borealis, iV. Staureiformis, N. elliptica, JV. cuspidata, Stauroneis
phenicenteron, St. gracilis, St. Baileyi, St. anceps, St. legumen, Cocconema lanceolatum,
G. cymbiforme, Gomphonema coronalum, G. turgidum, (var. G. capitatum) ?
Gomphonema, (var. G. acuminatum), Himantidium areas, IT. pectinate, Odontidium
tabellaria, Fragillaria, (doubtful?) Achnanthidium ? Tetracyclic lacuslris, (rare).
Diatoma elongatum, (rare), Tabellaria vulgaris and vars. Orlhosira orichalcea,
Cocconeis Thivaitesii, (rare), Nitzschia spectabilis, (rare), Synedra ulna, (rare),
Navicula=Amphiprora navicular is, (Ehr.)? (common in sub-peat and peat),
Navicula scutelloides, (rare).

The following are, probably, extraneous species : Odontidium mesodon, 0.
mutabile, Meridion circulare, Cocconeis placentula, Synedra radians, Nitzchla am-
phioxys, N. tenuis, Pleurosigma Spencerii, Gomphonema capitatum, G. geminatum,
Asterionella formosa, Colletonema vulgar e.

Denticula and Amphiprora are not represented in any of these deposits,
unless by one or two doubtful forms, one of which is figured in (pi. i., fig. 6),
Amp. ornata, the only fresh water species, is not common so far north.

*(I have omitted to notice an abnormal variety of Surirella decora t in 'the Wolfboro mud.
This is ovate; the median line extending for little more than one half the length of the valve,
leaving an equal open area at either end. From the extremities of the median line, the faint
costse branch out with a beautifully radiant arrangement, appearing as if they all arose from the
same point. I have found this form also at Montmorency Falls, Canada.)

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 17

I had intended, in the present communication, to give a resume of species
contained in the "blue clay" of the Delaware river alluvium, and in adjacent
localities along the river. This last I shall be obliged to defer; but as
several of the figures published in my last paper were designed to illustrate it,
I will briefly describe them.

"Amphora intermedia," n. sp. ? (pi. i., 7 a, b and c). F. V. linear elliptic,
or elliptic ; margin of the inflected portion of the valve recurved, resembling a
small ala; marginal puncta distinct, V. arcuate, with rounded apices finely
striated.

Hab. Atlantic, N. J., rare.

This delicate and beautiful species, belongs to the complex Amphoric of Dr.
Gregory. Its outline and appearance on the F. V. are suggestive of Amphi-
prora, from which genus, however, the absence of the terminal nodules and
its valvular outline remove it. The few specimens I have found, do not en-
able me to judge accurately as to its average length or striation.

Navicula n. sp. ? (pi. i., fig. 8) V. rhomboid, with cuneate slightly pro-
duced extremities, stria? radiant, moniliform.

The only specimen I have of this diatom, is a detached valve, from which
the figure (pi. L, fig. 8), is taken.

Hab. Blue clay, Kaighn's point, Del. river.

Amphiprora puLCHRA,var. p. A. convpicua (Greville )? (pi. i., fig. 10, a and b).
I am not sure, whether this fine diatom is identical with that figured in the
Mic. Journal as A. conspicua. (Trans. Mic. Soc, vol. ix.,pl. 10, fig. 16).

My figure, which is carefully drawn from a slide of Rockaway mud, differs
certainly from that of the Mic. Journal. The frustules are always twisted, as
shown in fig. 10a, pi. i., and the elongated nodules have much the look of
canaliculi. Its habit is that of A. pulchra, of which species I have thought it
a variety. It rarely attains half the size of that species ; occurs sparingly in
many brackish and marine localities.

Mastogloia elegans, n. sp. (pi. i., fig. 9). F. V. as shown at pi. ii., fig. 16.
V. large, lanceolate, elliptic ; extremities sometimes a little produced ; loculi
numerous; very minute ; marginal; striae sharp, clear, parallel ; about 36 a 40
in 001 // . Median ?wdule laterally produced into a fine point. Habit and
growth of M. apiculata, of which species it may be a permanent variety. I
have not, however, been able to trace the connection.

It occurs along with M. angulata, and the above, at Atlantic, N. J., Cape
May, (Schellinger's Inlet), and as a pure gathering ; abundant.

Mastogloia kinsmanii, n. sp. (pi. ii., fig. 15 a and b.) F. V. as shown at
fig. 186. V. lanceolate or elliptic, with more or less produced ends ; loculi
less numerous than in 31. apiculata or M. elegans ; the central 4 or 5, larger
than the others ; (this is a constant character).

Median line with a narrow blank space on either side, connivent at the
apices; slrice sharp, radiant, about 40 in -001. Habit and growth of the pre.
cedirg.

Hab. Cape May, Cold spring, Atlantic marshes.

Not an uncommon species at the above localities. The frustule is quite
thick, and of a dark, chocolate, brown color, when dry. This somewhat
doubtful species I have named (provisionally) after my friend Mr. Kinsman, of
this city, who first directed my attention to it, and to whom I am under great
obligations for aid in mounting and preserving specimens, and for many
valuable hints in their study.

There remain to be noticed, two very similar Naviculae, having strong
affinities with JY. Lewisiana, (Grew) One of them (pi. ii., fig. 19.) frequently
occurs along with it, and is probably, an early stage of that diatom ; and the

1865.] 2

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

other, (pi. ii., fig. 20,) is a not uncommon coastal species. Both are brackish.
For convenience of reference, I have provisionally named these forms, whose
claims to rank as distinct species are very questionable :

(1.) Navicula incomperta, (pi. ii.. fig. 20.) Y. lanceolate elliptic, with a
thick double median line; terminal nodules inconspicuous; transverse stria
parallel; about 70 in 00l // ; longitudinal strix wavy, faint, about 55 to 60, in
001. Cape May, Atlantic, and Rockaway Salt marshes, common.

(2.) Navicula intkrposita, (pi. ii.,fig. 19.) V. elliptic, elongated, shorter than
in the preceding; terminal nodules usually inconspicuous. Transverse strice
sharp, parallel, about 50 a 55 in 001 // . Longitudinal, straight, parallel, about 45
a 50 in -001. Paraiba Harbor, S. A. ; Wilmington R., Savannah, Ga. C.
Febiger.

The front view of both these species is linear, or sometimes slightly con-
stricted, with abruptly rounded ends, to which the suddenly inflected terminal
nodule gives an emarginate appearance, as is sometimes seen ia N. rhomhoides.

In N. Lewisiana, on the other hand, the front view is commonly a little infla-
ted, and the terminal curves much more gradual. The straight and long ter-
minal nodule of this last species, subtends the arc formed by this curve,
whence, probably, arises a good deal of that apparent inflation of the " extra
median" lines, spoken of by Dr. Greville. (Trans. Mic. Soc, vol. xi. N. S. p. 16.)

The variation in size, form and number of striaj is very considerable in all
of these species from different localities, and for the reason this measures T
have given above are only approximate.

As opportunity offers, I hope to continue the notice of the Delaware river,
and adjacent coastal diatoms.

Plate II.

Fig. (1.) Odontidium tabellaria. Sporangial varieties of primary form, (a),

ordinary form, /? and y, elongated frustules.
(2.) Odontidium tabellaria. Sporangial varieties of secondary form. (6), punc-
tate variety of, c. elongated form, d. double sporangial frustule.
(3.) Telracyclus? (abnormal) a. V. b. F. V.
(4.) Eunotia pentaglyphis, (Ehr.)

(5.) Navicula serians, a. (apiculale), b. (cruciform) variety=2V r . follii.
(6.) Stauroneis Stodderii, n. sp. (Greenleaf).
(7.) Navicula placenta, Ehr.
(8.) Navicula Sillimanorum, Ehr.
(9.) Navicula (Stauroneiform,) n. sp. ?
(10.) Navicula rhomboides. Sporangial var. b.
(11.) Navicula rhomboides, Sporangial var. a.
(12.) Eunotia incisa. (a) extreme variety, (Synedroid), b. Biundulate variety

= Eu. camelus.
(13.) Himantidium undulatum. Sporangial, var. a and b.
(14.) Stauroneis legumen, Ehr.
(15.) Mastogloia Kinsmanii, n. sp. a. V. b. F. V.
(16.) Mastoglia elegans, n. sp. F. V.
(17.) Navicula gaslrum, Ehr.
(18.) Eunotia bactriana, Ehr.
(19.) Navicula interposita, n. sp.
(20.) Navicula incomperta, n. sp.
(15.) Navicula carassius, Ehr.

These figures are all magnified 500 diameters. The representations of striae
are only designed to give a. general idea of their direction and character, not of
aumber, actual or comparative.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 19

Synonymy of the Species of STREPOMATIDJE, a Family of Fluviatile Mollusca

inhabiting North America.

Part 4.

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

The first, second and third parts of this paper* included all the species then
known to science, except a peculiar group, of about sixty species of Gonio-
basis, inhabiting principally the Coosa River, Alabama. The species of this
group are distinguished from others of the genus by their heavy, bulbous or
cylindrical, or pupseform shapes, and their very short spires. I was not sat-
isfied that they belonged to the genus Goniobasis, and therefore reserved them
for further study.

Mr. Lea has since eliminated from this group principally, his excellent ge-
nus Euryccelon, which still leaves most of the species, however, in Goniobasis.
Finding that I am still unable to make a satisfactory separation, I have con-
cluded to finish the synonymy, treating these shells as Goniobases.

I avail myself of this opportunity to publish those additions and corrections
in the synonymy of the first three parts, which the kind assistance of my
friends, and particularly of Mr. Lea, together with my own investigations
have enabled me to make.

Including the species of the present paper, my Catalogue now embraces
about five hundred species and three hundred synonymsf.

10, Lea.
1. I. f 1 u viali s, Say.
Iojluviatilis, H. and A. Adams' Genera i. p. 299. Brot, Malaco Blatt. ii. p.

114, July, 1860.
Io fusiformis, Lea, Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i. f. 1977.
Io fusiformis, Say, H. and A. Adams' Genera i. p. 299.
Jo tenebrosa, Lea, H. and A. Adams' Genera i. p. 299. Troschel, Archiv fur
Naturgesch. ii. p. 130, 1843.

3. 1. s p i n o s a, Lea.

Io spinosa, Lea, Chenu, Man. de Conchyl. i. f. 1973. Morcli, Yoldi, Cat. p.
56. Adams' Genera i. p. 299.

PLEUROCERA, Raf.

1. P. alveare, Con.

Melania alveare, Conr., Midler, Synopsis, p. 46, 1836.
Megara alveare, Con., Adams' Genera i. p. 306.
Megara torquata, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 306.
Io pernodosa, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 299.

2. P. Foreman i, Lea.

Gyrotoma Foremani, Lea, ? Adams' Genera i. p. 305.

3. P. undulatum, Say.

Melania undulata, Say, Brot, Mai. Blatt. ii. p. 106, July, 1860.
Megara undulata, Say, Adams' Genera i. p. 306.

4. P. e x c u r a t u m, Conrad.

Melania excurata, Conr., Midler, Synopsis, p. 43, 1836.

Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences, Nov., 1863, p. 306; Feb., 1864, p. 24; April, 1864, p. 92.
t The species, published by Mr. Lea in the Proceedings of the Academy for 1864, are not all in-
cluded in this paper, as the short diagnoses do not allow me to place them in a satisfactory manner.
As soon as the full descriptions and figures ate published in our Journal. I will indicate their
proper places in this list

1865.]

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

6. P. n obile, Lea.
Io nobilis, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 299.

S. P.canaliculatum, Say.
Io canaliculata, Say, Morch, Yoldi, Cat. p. 56.
Ceripliasia canaliculata, Say, Adams' Genera i. p. 297.
Melania conica, Say, Sowerby, Mollusca, Fauna Boreali Aineiicana, iii. p.

316, 1836.
Gyrotoma conica, Say, Adams' Genera i. p. 305.
Melania Sayi, Deshayes, Encyc. Meth. Vers. ii. p. 427, 1S30.

9. P. filum, Lea.
Elimiafilum, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

11. P. oli vaceu m, Lea.
This species should follow No. 21.

16a. P. trivittatum, Lea.*
Synonymy, Part 1st, No. 79.

17a. P. fastigiatum. Anthony.
Synonymy, Part 1st, No. 44.

28. P. unciale, Haldeman.

P. unciale, Hald., Synonymy, Part 1st, No. 67.
P. bicostatum and rigidum, Anth., ibid. No. 28.
P. sugillatum, Reeve, ibid. No. 68.
G. oblita, Lea, Synonymy, Part 2, No. 126.

29. P. subulare, Lea.

Ceriphasia subularis, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 297.

29a. P. intensum, Anthony.
Melania intensa, Anthony, Reeve, Monog. sp. 371. Brot, List, p. 30.

33. P. an nuliferu m, Conrad.

Melania annulifera, Conr., Midler, Synopsis, p. 44.
Ceriphasia annulifera, Conr., Adams' Genera i. p. 297.
Ceriphasia Ordiana, Lea, ibid. p. 297.

38. P. elevatum, Say.

Elimia elevata, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

Ceriphasia elongata, Lea, ibid. p. 297, not Ceriph. elevata, Say, of Chenu,
Man. i. f. 1961.

40. P. aratum, Lea.

Ceriphasia exarata, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 297.

44. P. fasti giatum, Anthony.
Should be No. 17a.

49. P. pyrene 1 lum, Conrad.

Melania pyrenella, Conrad, Midler, Synopsis, p. 45.

51. P. regulare, Lea.

Ceriphasia regidaris, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 297.

55. P. labiatum, Lea.

55a. P. pallidum, Lea.f

57. P. v e s t i t u m, Conrad. :f

* Perhaps = Thnrntonii.

f After a thorough examination of the specimens of labiatum and pallidum, I incline to the be-
lief that they are distinct.
J G. spinalis, Lea, may be identical with this species.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 21

Melania vestita, Conrad, Mailer, Synopsis, p. 47.

57. P. lugubre, Lea.

Melania lugubris, Lea, Philos. Proc. iv. p. 166, August, 1845. Philos. Trans.
x. p. 58, t. 9, f. 29. Obs. iv. p. 58. Binney, Check List, No. 164.
Brot, List, p. 31.
Goniobasis spurca, Lea, Synopsis, Part 2d, No. 177.
Ceriphasia spurca, Lea, H. and A, Adams' Genera i. p. 297.

58a. P. pic turn, Lea.

Melania picta, Lea, Philos. Proc. ii. p. 82, Oct., 1841. Philos. Trans, ix. p.

19. Obs. iv. p. 19. Wheatley, Cat. Shells, U. S. p. 26. Binney, Check

List, No. 205. Reeve, Monog. Melania, sp. 290.
Melania picturata, Reeve,* Errata to Monog. Melania. Brot, List, p. 38.

63a. P. Ocoeense, Lea.

Goniobasis Ocoeensis, Lea, Synonymy, Part 2d, No. 181.

67. P. u n c i a 1 e, Haldeman.
Synonymy, Part 1st, = No. 28.

68. P. sugi 11a turn, Reeve,
Synonymy, Part 1st, = No. 28.

76. P. curvatum, Lea.

Gyrotoma curvata, Say, ? Adams' Genera i. p. 305.

79. P. trivitt atum, Lea.

Synonymy, Part 1st, = No. 16a.

83. P. opaca, Anthony.

G. opaca, iostoma and nigrostoma, Anthony, Synonymy, Part 2d, No. 119.
P. Tennesseense, Lea, Synonymy, Part 1st, No. 83.

ANGITREMA, Haldeman.

1. A. geniculata, Haldeman.

Lithasia genicula, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 308.

2. A. s a 1 e b r o s a, Conrad.

Melania salebrosa, Conrad, Midler, Synopsis, p. 44.
Lithasia salebrosa, Conrad, Adams' Genera i. p. 308.

5. A. J ay an a, Lea. ,

To Jayana, Lea, Brot, Mai. Blatt. ii. p. 115, July, 1860.
lo robulina, Anthony, Chenu, Manuel de Conchyl. i. f. 1976. Adams' Ge-
nera i. p. 299.

7. A. armi gera, Say.

Io armigera, Say, Adams' Genera i. p. 299.

8. A. Du ttonian a, Lea.

Io Duttoniana, Lea, Chenu, Man. de Conchyl. i. f. 1974. Adams' Genera
i. p. 299.

9. A. stygia, Say.

lo tuberculata, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 299.

11. A. lima, Conrad.

Melania lima, Conr. Midler, Synopsis, p. 46.
Megara lima, Conr., Adams' Genera i. p. 306.

12. A. verrucosa, Rafinesque.

Potadoma depygis, Say, Chenu, Manuel de Conchyl. i. f. 1970.
Lithasia semigranulosa, Deshayes, Adams' Genera i. p. 308.

* As a Phurocera, the name of picta is not preoccupied.

1864.]

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

LITHASIA, Haldeman.

1. L. fuliginosa, Lea.

Leptoxis fuliginosa, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.

2. L. Florentiana, Lea.

Io Florentiana, Lea, H. and A. Adams' Genera i. p. 299.

9. L. n u c 1 e o 1 a, Anthony.
L. obliqua, Anthony, Synonymy, Part 1st, No. 14,

11. L. obovata, Say.

Lithasia obovata, Say, Adams' Genera i. p. 308.
Leptoxis Hildrethiana, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.

14. L. obliqua, Anthony.

Synonymy, Part 1st, = L. nvcleola, Anthony, No. 9.

STREPHOBASIS, Lea.

1. S. cur ta, Haldeman.

Megara solida, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 306.

2. S. p umila, Lea.

Megara pumila, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 306.

8. S. bit a en i at a, Conrad.
Melania bitaniata, Conrad, Muller, Synopsis, p. 45.

GONIOBASIS, Lea.

2. G. gr atios a, Lea.

2a. G. 1 a c h r y m a, Anthony.

Botll = EDRYC J ELON.

3. G. gibberosa, Lea.

=EuRYCiELON.

4. G. n u b i 1 a, Lea.

= El7RYCJELON.

6. G. H y d e i i, Conrad.
Melania Hydeii, Conrad, Muller, Synopsis, p. 44.

8. G. c a e 1 a t u r a, Conrad.

8a. G. Stewardsoniana, Lea.*

8b. G. llavescens, Lea.f

Goniobasis flavescens, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 271, 1862 Journal
Acad. Nat. Sol., v. pt. 3, p. 339, t. 38, f. 202, March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 161.

10. G. cat en aria, Say.

Elimia catenaria, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

11. G. cat en o ides, Lea.

Elimia catenoides, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

14. G. Boykiniana, Lea.

Elimia Boykiniana, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

Juga Troostiana, Lea, Chenu, Man. de Conchyl. i. f. 2017.

22. G. carinifera, Lamarck.

Elimia bella, Conrad, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

*Differs from G. cxlatura in color, being dark green. It is also a more inflated species, with
shorter spire.
fNearly allied to cxlatura, but is narrower, more cylindical and lighter in color.

[Jan

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 28

22a. G. abbreviata, Anthony.

Melania abbreviata, Anth., Bost. Proc, iii. p. 360, Dec, 1850. Binney,

Check List, No. 433. Reeve, Monog. Melania, sp. 424.
Melania elegantula, Anthony, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vi. p. 103, t. 3, f. 2, Mar.,

1854. Binney, Check List, No. 96. Brot. List, p. 32. Reeve, Monog.

Melania sp. 346.
Melania coronilla, Anth., Ann. Lye, N. H., New York, vi. p. 126, t. 3, f. 27,

Mar., 1854. Binney, Check List, No. 69. Brot. List, p. 32, Reeve,

Monog. Mel., sp. 418.
Melania chalybcea, Anth., Brot. List, p. 37.

22b. G. vesicula, Lea.
Synonymy, Part. 2, No. 41.

25. G-. subs'tricta, Haldeman.

Synonymy, Part 2=No. 31. G, obtusa, Lea.

28. G. carinocostata, Lea.

Elimia carinocostata, Lea, Adams' Genera, i. p. 300.

28a. G. s t r e n u a, Lea.
G. Leidyana, Lea.
G. carinocostata, Lea, Synonymy, Part 2.

286. G. perstriata, Lea.
Synonymy, Part 2, No. 73.

29. G. Lecontiana, Lea.

Melasma Lecontiana, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

30. G. c a dus, Lea.

Synonymy, Part 2=G. obtusa, Lea, No. 31.

31. G. obtu sa, Lea.

G. substricta, Haldeman, Synonymy, Part 2, No. 25.
G. cadus, Lea, Synonymy, Part 2, No. 30.

34. G. C h r i s t y i, Lea, is a Synonym of No. 37.

37. G. interrupta, Haldeman.

G. Christyi, Lea. G. instabilis, Lea, Synonymy, Part 2, No. 34.
G. ornatella, Lea, is a Synonym, of No. 39.

39. G. form os a, Conrad.

G. ornatella, Lea, Synonymy, Part 2, No. 37.

41. G. vesicula, Lea.
See No. 22, b.

43. G. laqueta, Say.

Melasma laqueata, Say, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

47. G. gracilis, Lea.

Potadoma gracilis, Lea, H. and A. Adams' Genera i. p. 299.

53. G. bland a, Lea.

Melasma blancla, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

54. G. nit ens, Lea.

Melasma nitens, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

55. G. mutata, Brot.*

59. G. C urreyana, Lea.

Melasma Curreijana, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

*Mucb resembles G. dijjicilis, Lea, No. 81.

1865.]

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

61. G. D e s li a y e s i a n a, Lea.

Melasma plicatul a, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.
Melasma Deshayesiana, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

69a. G. L i n d s 1 e y i,* Lea.

Syn. of dis locata, Rav., Part 2, Synonymy, No. 69.
72. G. n a s s u 1 a, Conrad.

Melania nassula, Conr., Miiller, Synopsis, p. 46.

G. Edgariana, Lea, Synonymy, Fait 2, No. 77.

Melasma Edgariana, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

75. G. c o s t u 1 a t a, Lea.
Melasma costulata, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

77. G. Edgariana, Lea.
Vide, No. 72.

78. G. c a 1 i g i n o s a, Lea.

Elima caliginosa, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

79. G. nodulosa, Lea.

Elimia nodulosa, Lea, Adams' Genera, No. 300.

80. G. glauca, Anthony.

= G. atkleta, Anthony, No. 86.

84. G. c a n c e 1 1 a t a, Say.

Elimia cancellata, Say, Adams" Genera i. No. S4.

85. G. circincta, Lea.

Juga circincta, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 294.

86. G. a t li 1 e t a, Anthony.

G. glauca, Anthony, Synonymy, Part 2, No. 80.

S8. G. stria tula, Lea.
Juga striata, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 304.

91. G. crebicostata, Lea.

Melasma crebricostata, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

92. G. c o m m a, Conrad.

Melania comma, Conr., Miiller, Synopsis, p. 45.
Melasma comma, Conr., Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

93. G. acuta, Lea.

Ceriphasia acuta, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 297.

94. G. subcylindracea, Lea.

Potadoma subcijli)idracea, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 299.

96. G. concinna, Lea.
Melasma concinna, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

103. G. p lici f er a, Lea.

Melania plicifera, Lea, Troschel, Archiv fur Naturgesch. ii. p. 227.
Melasma plicifera, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

104. G. s i 1 i c u 1 a, Gould.

Juga silicula, Gould, Adams' Genera i. p. 304.

108. G. trochiformis, Conrad.

Melania trochiformis, Conr., Miiller, Synopsis, p. 47.

* The aperture is differently shaped from dislocata. The plicae are also more crowded, and
decussated by one or two lines under the sutures.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA.

Ilia. G. ex pa ns a, Lea.*

118. G. p 1 e b e i u s, Anthony.
= G.sordida, Lea, No. 186.

119. G. op aca, Anthony.

= Pleurocera opaca, Anthony, No. 83.

123. G. m o d e s t a, Lea.f

124. G. pagodiformis, Anthony.
= G. acutocarinata, Lea, No. 127-

125. G. Gerhard tii, Lea.t

126. G. o h 1 i t a, Lea.

=Pleurocera unciale, Hald., Synonymy, Part 1, No. 28.

127. G. acutocarinata, Lea.

G. pagodiformis, Anthony. G. tondosa, Anth., No. 124.
Eiimia acutocarinata, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

129. G. C a t aw b a e a, Haldeman.

Goniobasis Catawbcea, Hald., Amer. Jour. Conch, vol. 1, No. 1,
Feb. 25, 1865.

132. G. symmetrica, Haldeman.

Ceripha'sia symmetrica, Hald. Adams' Genera i. p. 297.

138. G. cong e st a, Conrad.

Melania congesta, Conr., Midler, Synopsis, p. 43.

139. G. aur iculae formis, Lea.

Megara auriculceformis, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 306.

140. G. Nic klin i ana, Lea.

Leptoxis Nickliniana, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.

143. G. ebenum, Lea.
Nitocris eberia, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 308.
Melania brunnea, Anth.= G. sordida, Lea, No. 186.

148. G. graminea, Haldeman.

Goniobasis graminea, Hald., American Journ. Conch, i. No.l. Feb. 25, 1865.

150. G. Vanuxemii, Lea.

Changed to G. Prestoniana, Proc. Acad., 1864, p. 3, Vanuxemii being
preoccupied.
= G. simplex, Say, No. 157.

153. G. a b r u p t a, Lea.

Leptoxis abrupta, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.

154. G. d e p y g i s, Say.

Potadoma depygis, Say, Adams' Genera i. p. 298.

155. G. li ve s c e n s, Menke.

Potadoma Niagarensis, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 299.

157. G. simplex, Say.

G. subsolida, Lea, No. 186, cxcl. synonyms.

*Very closely allied to, or perhaps=(?. Whitei, No. 111.
tPerhaps_P/ewrocera lugubris, Lea.
JThis is probably the same as G. semigradata, No. 27.

(5Mr. Lea agrees with me in considering this species distinct from iostoma, Anth.; and also in
making brunneu a synonym oSsordida instead of ebenum.

1865.]

^6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

G. Vanuxemii, Lea, No. 150.

Pachycheilus simplex, Say, Adams' Genera i. p. 298.

Potadoma Warderiana, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 299 , Chenu, Manuel, i. f.
1972.

158. G. Potosiensis, Lea.

Elimia Potosiensis, Lea, H. and A. Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

160a. G. virens, Anthony.*
Syn. of G. Sqffbrdi. Synonymy, Part 2d, No. 160.

167. G. cinerea, Lea.f

170. G. translucens, Anthony.

Goniobasis translucens, Anthony, Am. Journ. Conch, i., Feb. 25, 1865.

171. G. ovoid e a, Lea.

Potadoma ovoideus, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 299.

173. G. quadricincta, Lea.

Goniobasis quadricincta, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Apr. 1864, p. 112.

177. G. s pur c a, Lea.

= Pleurocera, No. 57a.

181. G. Ocoeensis, Lea.
Potadoma Ocoeensis, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 299. = Pleurocera, No. 63a.

184. G. Estahrookii, Lea.
= G. dubiosa.

186. G. subsolida, Lea~
= G. simplex, Say, No. 157.

Potadoma subsolida, Lea, H. and A. Adams' Genera i. p. 299.

186a. G. sordida, Lea.

Potadoma sordida, Lea, H. and A. Adams' Genera i. p. 299.
G. plebeia, Anth., Synonymy, Part 2d, No. 118.
G. brunnea, Anth., Synonymy, Part 2d, No. 143.

187. G. clavaeformis, Lea.

Melasma clavaeformis, Lea, H. and A. Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

191. G. adust a, Anthony.

G. Cumberlandicnsis, Lea, Synonymy, Part 2d, No. 189.
G. funebralis, Anthony, Synonymy, Part 2d, No. 190.

193. G. dubiosa, Lea,

G. Estabroohii, Lea, Synonymy, Part 2d, No. 184.

194. G. laevigata, Lea.

Potadoma laevigata, Lea, H. and A. Adams' Genera i. p. 299.

195. G. interlinear a, Anthony.

Goniobasis interlineata, Anthony, Am. Jour. Conch, vol. i., Feb. 25, 1865.

196. G. O hi ens is, Lea.f

197. G. b r e v i s p i r a, Anthony.

Melasma brevispira, Anth. , Adams' Genera i. p. 300.

* Appears to be distinct from G. Saffnrdi. The shell is less solid, the aperature is not exactly of
the same form, and the c olor is lighter and more brilliant.

fMost likely the locality given for this species is incorrect. It is probably identical with pulchella,
Anthony.

X Probably = G. semicarinata, Say. No. 193.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 27

198. G. semicarinata, Say.

Juga exilis, Hald., Adams' Genera i. p. 304.
Ceriphasia Kirtlandiana, Adams' Genera i. p. 297.
Potadoma inornatus, Adams' Genera i. p. 299.

199. G. Haldemani, Tryon.

Goniobasis Haldemani, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, i., Feb. 25, 1865.

203. G. Alexandrensis, Lea.*

Ceriphasia Alexandrensis, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 297.

204. G. Haleiana, Lea.

Ceriphasia Haleiana, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 297.

208. G. p r o x i m a, Say.

Juga proximo, Say, Adams' Genera i. p. 304.

208a. G. rufescens, Lea.f
Potadoma rufescens, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 299.

209. G. Virginica, Gmel.

Buccinum Virginica, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 3505. Schroter, Einleit. i. p. 414,
1783. Martini, Berlin Mag. if. p. 348, t. 10, f. 48. Schreibers, Ein-
leit. Conchyl. t. 113, f. 7.

Melania Virginica, Say, Villa., Cat. Syst. p. 36, 1841.

Io Virginica, Say, Morch, Yoldi Cat. p. 56.

Ceriphasia Virginica, Gmel., Adams' Genera i. p. 297.

Juga Virginica, Say, Adams' Genera i. p. 304.

Juga multilineata, Say, Adams' Genera i. p. 304.

210. G. Sulcosa, Lea.

Ceriphasia sidcosa, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 297.

211. G. Buddii, Lea.

Juga Buddii, Say, H. and A. Adams' Genera i. p. 304.

212. G. Troostiana, Lea.

Melania Troostiana, Lea, Troschel, Archiv fur Naturgesch. ii. p. 227.
Juga Troostiana, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 304.

J. Heavy, pupreform or cylindrical species.

217. G. cylindracea, Conrad.

Melania cylindracea, Con., New Fresh- Water Shells, p. 55, t. 8, f. 10, 1834.
Midler, Synopsis, p. 47, 1836. Binney, Check List, No. 84.

Melania cylindrica, Con., Wheatley, Cat. Shells, U. S., p. 25. Reeve, Mo-
nog. Melania, sp. 311. Brot, List, p. 32.

Melania oppugnata, Lea, Philos. Trans, x. p. 300, t. 30, f. 9. Observations,
v. p. 56. Binney, Check List, No. 190.

218. G. p u p o i d e a, Anthony. J

Melania pupoidea, Anthony, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi. p. 104, t. 3, f.

3, April, 1854. Brot, List, p. 33. Binney, Check List, No. 224. Reeve,

Monog. Melania, sp. 249.
Melania propinqua, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 119, 1861.
Goniobasis propinqua, Lea, Journ. Acad, Nat. Sci., v, pt. 3, p. 234, t. 34, f.

29, March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 56.

* May be a Pleurocera.

tl'bis is a longer and narrower species than G. proximo,, the color is also darker.

X Without the large series of specimens before me, I should have acquiesced in the institution of
propinqua as a distinct species ; but I find every grade of form between the two. The shorter
forms approach closely to olivula, Con., with which they have been confounded. They are dis-
tinguished by difference in color, and principally of texture, olicula being much heavier.

1865.]

28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

219. Gk lit a, Lea.*

Melania lita, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 18G1, p. 121.
Goniobasis lita, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. pt. 3, p. 239, t. 34, f. 40,
March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 61.

220. G. fall ax, Lea.

Melania fallax , Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1861, p. 120.
Goniobasis fallax, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 231, t. 34, f. 24,
March* 1863. Obs. ix. p. 53.

221. G. inosculata, Lea.f

Goniobasis inosculata, Lea, Proc. Acad Nat. Sci. p. 263, 1862. Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 296, t. 37, f. 126, March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 118.

222. G. Alabamensis, Lea.

Melania Alabamensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861, p. 121.
Goniobasis Alabamensis, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 232, t. 34, f.
26, March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 54.

223. G. rara, Lea.

Melania rara, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 121, 1861.

Goniobasis rara, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 220, t. 34, f. 3,
March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 42.

224. G. punicea, Lea. J

Melania punicea, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 119, 1861.
Goniobasis punicea, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3. p. 232, t. 34, f. 27,
March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 54.

225. G. pud i ca, Lea.

Melania pudica, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 222, t. 34, f. 7, Mar.
1863. Obs. ix.

226. G. fabalis, Lea.

Goniobasis fabalis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 266, 1862. Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 311, t. 37, f. 154, March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 133.

227. G. Shelbyensis, Lea

Melania Shelbyensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 121, 1861.
Goniobasis Shelbyensis, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 228, t. 34, f.
18, March, 1S63. Obs. ix. p. 50.

228. G. fume a, Lea.

Melania fumea, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861, p. 123.
Goniobasis fumea, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 222, t, 34, f. 6,
March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 44.

229. G. aequ a, Lea.

Melania aqua, Lea, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861, p. 122.

Goniobasis aqua, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 240, t. 34, f. 41,
March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 62.

230. G. s o 1 i d u 1 a, Lea.

Melania solidula, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861, p. 121.
Goniobasis solidula, Lea, Journ, Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 230, t. 34, f. 23.
Obs. ix. p. 52.

*I doubt whether this is distinct from G. Haysiana. In all the specimens I have examined, the
aperture is white within, instead of purple as described by Mr. Lea,

f The whorls are more convex and brighter in color than G. fallax. This species is constantly
ornamented by four dark bands.

1 Very closely allied to pudica, if not identical with that species.

j> Differs from pudica in the form of the aperture, the whorls are also flatter.

. [Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 29

231. G. olivula, Conrad.

Melania olivula, Con., Am. Journ. Science, 1st Series, xxv. p. 342, t. 1, f.

13, Jan., 1834. Miiller, Synopsis, p. 42, 1836. Wheatley, Cat. Shells,

U. S., 26. DeKay, Moll. New York, p. 98. Jay, Cat. Shells, 4th Edit.

p. 274. Reeve, Monog. Melania, sp. 455.* Bianey, Check List, No.

188. Brot, List, p. 33. Hanley, Conch. Miscellany, t. 1, f. 2.
Megara olivula, Con., Chenu, Manuel, i. f. 2027. Adams' Genera i. p. 306.
Melania olivata, Con., Jay, Cat. 3d Edit. p. 45. Catlow, Conch. Nomenc.

p. 188.
Melania propria, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1861, p. 123. f
Goniobasis lepida, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, v. pt. 3, p. 227, t. 34, f.

17, March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 49.

232. G. f a s c i n a n s, Lea.

Melania fascinans, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 119, 1861.
Goniobasis fascinans, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 229, t. 34. f.
20, March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 51.

233. G. Showalterii, Lea.

Melania Showalterii, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1861, p. 120.
Goniobasis Showalterii, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 220, t. 34, f.
4. Obs. ix. p. 42.

234. G. clausa, Lea.

Melania clausa, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1861, p. 120.
Goniobasis clausa, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 231, t. 34, f. 25,
March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 53.

235. G. c rep era, Lea.

Melania crepera, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861, p. 123.
Goniobasis crepera, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 240, t. 34, f. 42,
March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 62.

236. G. abscida, Anthony.

Melania abscida, Anthony, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1860, p. 56. Binney,
Check List, No. 435. Brot, List, p. 32. Reeve, Monog. Melania, sp.
395.

237. G. Vanuxemiana, Lea.

Melania Vanuxemiana, Lea, Proc. Philos. Soc. ii. p. 242, Dec, 1842. Philos.

Trans, ix. p. 25. Obs. ix. p. 25. Reeve, Monog. Melania, sp. 453.

Brot, List, p. 33..
Melania Vanuxemensis, Lea, Wheatlev, Cat. Shells, U. S., p. 27. Binney,

Check List, No. 283.
Megara Vanuxemiana, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 306.

238. G. Coosaensis, Lea.J

Melania Coosaensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861, p. 118.
Goniobasis Coosaensis, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, v. pt. 3, p. 234, t. 34,
f. 30. March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 56.

238. G. rubicund a, Lea.
Melania rubicunda, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1861, p. 118.
Goniobasis rubicunda, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. pt. 3, p. 235 t. 34, f.
32, March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 57.

240. G. H a y s i a n a, Lea.
Melania Haysiana, Lea, Philos. Proc. ii. p. 242, Dec, 1842. Philos. Trans.

# Reeve figures for this shell also sp. 309, but the figure does not represent the species,
f Preoccupied. Showalterii and fascinans are also probably synonyms of olivula.
X Differs from G. Haysiana in the form of the aperture.

1865.]

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

ix. p. 25. Obs. iv. p. 25. Wheatley, Cat. Shells, U. S., p. 25. Jay,
Cat. Shells, 4th Edit. p. 273. Binney, Check List, No. 137. Brot,
List, p. 32. Brot, Mai. Blatt. ii. p. 108, July, I860.* Reeve, Monog.
Melania, sp. 310. Hanley, Conch. Miscel. Melania, t. 1, f. 6.
Megara Haysiana, Lea, Chenu, Manuel, i. f. 1981. Adams' Genera i. p.
306.

241. G. arctata, Lea.

Melania arctata, Lea, Philos. Proc. iv. p. 166. Philos. Trans, x. p. 64, t. 9.
f. 46. Obs. iv. p. 64. Binney, Check List, No. 20. Brot, List, p. 32.
Megara arctata, Lea, Chenu, Manuel, i. f. 2024. Adams' Genera i. f. 306.

242. G. a m p 1 a, Anthony.

Melania ampla, Anthony, Ann. N. Y. Lyceum, vi. p. 93, t. 2, f. 12, 1854.
Binney, Check List, No. 13. Brot, List, p. 39. Reeve, Monog. Mela-
nia, sp. 312.

Melania Hartmaniana, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1861.

Goniobasis Hartmanii, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 218, t. 34, f.
1, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 40.

243. G. m e 1 1 e a, Lea.

Melania mellea, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1861, p. 120.
Goniobasis mellea, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 224, t. 34, f. 10.
1863. Obs. ix. p. 46.

244. G. am b u s t a, Anthony.

Melania ambusta, Anthony, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 94, t. 2, f. 13, 1854.
Binney, Check List, No. 12. Brot, List, p. 39. Reeve, Monog. Mela-
nia, sp. 352.

245. G. lae ta, Jay.

Melania laeta, Jay, Cat. Shells, 3d Edit. p. 122, t. 7, f. 11, 1839. Jay, Cat.
Shells, 4th Edit. p. 274. Wheatley, Cat. Shells, U. S., p. 26. Binney,
Check List, No. 156. Catlow, Conch. Nomenc. p. 187. Brot, List, p.
32.

Melania robusta, Lea, Philos. Proc. ii. p. 83, October, 1841. Philos. Trans,
ix. p. 19. Obs. iv. p. 19. Wheatley, Cat. Shells, U. S., p. 26. Bin-
ney, Check List, No. 231.

Melatoma Buddii, Lea,f Reeve, Monog. Melatoma, sp. 3.

Melania tceniolata,% Anthony, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1860, p. 59. Bin-
ney, Check List, No. 263. Brot, List, p. 31. Reeve, Monog. Melania,
sp. 392.

246. G. h a r p a, Lea.

Melania harpa, Lea, Philos. Proc. iv. p. 166, August, 1845. Philos. Trans.

x. p. 64, t. 9, f. 45. Obs. iv. p. 64. Binney, Check List, No. 135.

Brot, List, p. 32. Reeve, Monog. Melania, sp. 313, 314.
Megara harpa, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 306.

Melania textilosa, Anthony, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 101, t. 2, f. 20, 1854.
Binney, Check List, No. 270. Brot, List, p. 40. Reeve, Monog. Melania,
sp. 391.

247. G. oliva, Lea.||

* Dr. Brot considers arctata, robusta, brevis and basalts synonyms.

t It is curious that Mr. Reeve has figured and described this shell for the Schizostoma {Melalorrui,
Huddii, Lea.

t Half grown shell. It presents a very different appearance from the adult.

| Half grown shell.

D This shell is narrower than G. laeta, resembling harpa in form ; but the aperture is wider ami
more rounded below. It is very closely allied to G. excavata, which is a smooth species, however

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 31

Melania oliva, Lea, Philos. Proc. ii. p. 242, 1842. Philos. Trans., ix. p. 27.

Obs. iv. p. 127. Wheatley, Cat. Shells U. S., p. 26. Binney, Check List,

No. 187. Brot, List, p. 33.
Megara oliva, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 306.

248. G. proteus, Lea.

Melania proteus, Lea, Philos. Proc. iv. p. 166, 1845. Philos. Trans., x. p.
57, t. 9, f. 28. Obs. iv. p. 57. Binney, Check List, No. 219. Brot, List, p. 33.
Juga proteus, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 304.

249. G. g r i s e a, Anthony.

Melania grisea, Anthony, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1S60, p. 61. Reeve,
Monog. Melania, sp. 390. Brot, List, p. 32.

250. G. cul ta, Lea.

Melania culla, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 121, 1861.

Goniobasis culla, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. p. 13, p. 237, t. 34, f. 36.

Mar., 1863. Obs. ix. p. 59.
Melania suavis,* Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 169, 1861.
Goniobasis suavis, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. pt. 3, p. 228 t. 34, f. 19.

Mar., 1863. Obs. ix. p. 50.

251. G. 1 u t e o 1 a, Lea.

Melania luteola, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 119, 1861.

Goniobasis luteola, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. pt. 3, p. 230, t. 34, f. 22,

Mar., 1863. Obs. ix. p. 52.
Melania straminea,\ Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1861, p. 121.
Goniobasis straminea, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. pt. 3, p. 227, t. 34, f.

16, Mar., 1863. Obs. ix. p. 49.

252. G. gravida, Anthony.

Melania gravida, Anth., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 59, Feb., 1860. Reeve,
Monog. Melania. Brot, List.

253. G. ger man a, Anthony.

Melania germana, Anth., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 61, Feb., 1S60. Binney,
Check List, No. 120. Brot, List, p. 40. Iteeve, Monog. Melania, sp. 383.

254. G. v a r i a t a, Lea.

Melania variata, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 119, 1861.
Goniobasis variata, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 224, t. 34, 1". 11,
March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 46.

255. G. ova lis, Lea.

Melania ovalis, Lea, Philos. Proc. ii. p. 242, Dec. 1842. Philos. Trans, ix,
p. 25. Obs. ix. p. 25. Wheatley, Cat. Shells U. S. p. 26. Binney, Check
List, No. 192. Reeve, Monog. Melania, sp. 448 and sp. 309. J

Megara ovalis, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 306.

Melania copiosa, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 122, 1861.

Goniobasis copiosa, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 239, t. 34, f. 39.

Obs. ix. p. 61.
Melania orbicula, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 118, 1861.
Goniobasis orbicula, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p, 238, t. 34, f. 37,

March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 60.

256. G. vi rgulata, Lea.

Melania virgulata,\ Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 119, 1861.

1864.]

* Young shell.
fYonng shell.
\ Figured as olivula, Conr, but name corrected in Errata.

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Goniobasis virgulata, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 223, t. 34, f. 9,

March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 45.
Melania glandaria,* Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 120, 1861.
Goniobasis glandaria, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 226, t. 34, f. 14,

March, 1863. Obs. ix. p. 48.

257. G. c 1 a r a, Anthony.

Melania clara, Anth., Ann. N. Y. Lye. vi. p. 119, t. 3, f. 19, March, 1854.
Binney, Check List, No. 55. Brot, List, p. 32.

258. G. in flat a, Haldeman.f

Melania inflata, Hald., Cover of No. 3, Monog. Limniades, March, 1841.
Binney, Check List, No. 146. Brot, List, p. 40. Reeve, Monog. Melania,
sp. 410.

259. GL f u sif o r m is, Lea. %

Melania fusiformis, Lea, Philos. Proc. ii. p. 12, Feb., 1841. Philos. Trans.,
viii. p. 167, t. 5, f. 9. Obs. iii. p. 5. DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 93. Troost.
Cat. Shells Tenn. Wheatley, Cat. Shells U. S., p. 25. Binney, Check
List, No. 117. Catlow, Conch. Nomenc, p. 186. Brot, List, p. 40.

260. G. bellula, Lea.

Melania bellula, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 122, 1861.
Goniobasis belhda, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. pt. 3, p. 237, t. 34, f. 35,
Mar., 1863. Obs. ix. p. 59.

261. Gr. calculoides, Lea.

Mdania calculoides, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 118, 1861.
Goniobasis calculoides, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 238, t. 34, f.
38, Mar., 1863. Obs. ix. p. 60.

262. Gr. has a lis, Lea,

Melania basalts, Lea, Philos. Proc. iv. p. 166. Philos. Trans., x. p. 50, t.

9, f. 33. Obs. iv. p. 59. Binney, Check List, No. 28. Brot, List, p.

32. Reeve, Monog. Melania, sp. 471.
Anculotis basalis, Lea, Reeve, Monog. Anculotus, t. 5. f. 40.
Megara basalis, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 306.

263. G. Lewisii, Lea.

Melania Lewisii, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 118, 1S61.
Goniobasis Lewisii, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 243, t. 35, f. 46,
Mar., 1863. Obs. ix. p. 65.

264. G. ellipsoides, Lea.

Melania gracilior, Lea, || Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861, p. 118.
Goniobasis ellipsoides, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 234, t. 34, f.
31, Mar., 1863. Obs. ix. p. 56.

265. G. elliptic a, Lea.

Melania elliptica, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 118, 1861.
Goniobasis elliptica, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 225, t. 34, f. 13,
Mar., 1863. Obs. ix. p. 47.

266. G. bull u la, Lea.

Melania bullula, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 121, 1861.

* This is the young, and glandaria the adult shell of the same species.

f Differs from G. virgulata by its obtusely angled whorls and somewhat diamond-shaped aper-
ture.

JMuch like G. ambusta when young, but more inflated, and the aperture more obtusely rounded
below.

2 Resembles glandaria, but is thinnor. the outer lip is more expanded, and the aperture rather
larger. It is closely allied also to fusiformis, Lea.

|| Preoccupied.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 33

Goniobasis bullala, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 221, Mar., 1863.
Obs. ix. p. 43, t. 34, f. 5.

267. G. exoavata, Anthony.*

Melania excavata, Anthony, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi. p. 99, t. 2, f. 18, Mar.,
1854. Binney, Check List, No. 102. Brot, List, p. 32. Reeve, Monog.
Melania, sp. 385.

268. G. purpurea, Lea.

Melania purpurea, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 120.

Goniobasis purpurea, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 225, t. 34, f. 12,
Mar., 1863. Obs. ix. p. 47.

269. G. quadrivittata, Lea.

Melania quadrivittata, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861, p. 119.
Goniobasis quadrivittata, Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 226, Mar.,
1863. Obs. ix. p. 48.

270. G. propria, Lea.

Melania propria, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 118, 1861.
Goniobasis propria, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. pt. 3, p. 229, t. 34, f. 21,
Mar., 1863. Obs. ix. p. 52.

271. G. n eg at a, Lea.

Goniobasis negata, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 271, 1862. Jour. Acad. Nat.
Sci., v. pt. 3, p. 337, t. 38, f. 200, Mar. 1863. Obs. ix. p. 159.

272. G. i m p r e s s a, Lea.

Melania impressa, Lea, Philos. Proc. ii. p. 83, Oct. 1841. Philos. Trans , ix.

p. 19. Obs. iv. p. 19. Wheatley, Cat. Shells U. S., p. 25. Jay, Cat.

Shells, p. 274. Binney, Check List, No. 143. Brot, List, p. 32. Reeve,

Monog. Melania, sp. 316, 349. Hanley, Coach. Miscel. Melania, t. 8, f. 69.
Megara impressa, Lea, Chenu, Manuel i. f. 2023, Adams' Genera i. p. 306.
Melania crebristriala, Lea,f Philos. Proc. iv. p. 166. Philos. Traus., x. p. 65,

t. 9, f. 47. Obs. iv p. 65. Binney, Check List, No. 75. Catlow, Conch.

Nomenc, p. 186. Brot, List, p. 32.
Megara crebristriata, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 306.

273. G. pergrata, Lea. J

Melania pergrata, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 122, 1861.
Goniobasis pergrata, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 243, Mar., 1863.
Obs. ix. p. 65.

274. G. c a p i 1 1 a r i s, Lea.

Melania capillaris, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 122, 1861.
Goniobasis capillaris, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. pt. 3, p. 236, t. 34 f. 34,
Mar., 1863. Obs. ix. p. 58.

EURYC^ELON, Lea.
Eurycxlon, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 3, Jan., 1864. /

1. E. umbonata, Lea.

Goniobasis umbonata, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 3, 1864.

2. E. M i d a s, Lea.

Melania Midas, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 119, 1861.
Goniobasis Midas, Lea, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. pt. 3, p. 233, t. 34 f 28
Mar., 1863. Obs. ix. p. 55.

3. E. g r a t i os a, Lea.

Goniobasis gratiosa, Lea, Synonymy, Part 2, No. 2.

*Mr. AnthoDy'a type specimen exhibits unmistakable evidence of diseased growth.

fThe difference iu the number of striae pointed out by Mr. Lea, is not a good distinctive charac-
ter; they vary much in number on undoubted specimens of impressa. G. crebristriata ia not full
grown.

JI fear this is only a variety of impressa.

1865.] 3

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

3a. E. lachryma, Anthony.
Goniobasis lachryma, Anthony, Syn., Part 2, No. 2a.

4. E. gibberosa, Lea.

Goniobasis gibberosa, Lea, Syn., Part 2, No. 3.

5. E. n u b i 1 a, Lea.

Goniobasis nubila, Lea, Syn., Part 2, No. 4.

6. E. A n t h o n y i, Budd.

Anculosa Anthonyi, Budd., Syn., Part 3, No. 1.

7. E. crass a, Haldeman.

Anculosa crassa, Hald., Syn., Part 3, No. 15.
Leptoxis crassa, Hald., Adams' Genera i. p. 307.
Anculosa pisum* Hald., Syn., Part 3, No. 19.
Leptoxis pisum, Hald., Adams' Genera i. p. 307.

8. E. turbinata, Lea.

Anculosa turbinata. Lea, Syn., Part 3, No. 33.

MESESCHIZA, Lea.
Meseschiza, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 2, Jan., 1864.
1. M.Grosvenorii, Lea.
Meseschiza Grosvenorii, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 2, Jan. 18G4.

SCHJZOSTOMA, Lea.

3. S.ovoideu m, ShutOeworth.

Gyrotoma ovoidea, Shutt., Adams' Genera i. p. 305.

4. S. e xci s u m, Lea.

Gyrotoma excisa, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 305.

7. S. laciniatum, Lea.
Gyrotoma laciniala, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 305.

10. S. cy lindraceum, Mighels.

Gyrotoma cylindracea, Migh., Adams' Genera i. p. 305.
12. S. cu r turn, Mighels.

Gyrotoma curta, Migh., Adams' Genera i. p. 305.

15. S. p ag o d a, Lea.

Gyrotoma pagoda, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 305.

16. S p y r a m i d a t n m, Shuttleworth.

Gyrotoma pyramidaium, Shutt., Adams' Genera i. p. 305.

20. S. babylonicum, Lea.

Gyrotoma babylonicum, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 305.
Gyrotoma funiculi ta, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 305.

23. S.constrictu no, Lea.

Gyrotoma constricta, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 305.

.26. S. incisum, Lea.

Gyrotoma incisa, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 305.

ANCULOSA. Say.

1. A. Anthonyi, Budd.
Eurycxlon.

2. A. p lie at a, Conrad.

Aneulotus plicatus, Conrad, Miiller, Synopsis, p. 40, 1836.
Leptoxis pltcata, Conrad, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.

5. A. 1 i 1 1 o r i n a, Haldeman.

Melania pdula, Lea, Adams' Gemra i. p. 307.

*Toung shell.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 35

6. A. c o s t a t a, Anthony.

Niloais coslata, Lea, H. and A. Adams' Genera i. p. 308.
Nitocris occidcntalis, Lea, Adams' Geuera i. p. 308.

7. A. rubiginosa, Lea.

Anculosa rubiginosa, Lea, Brot, Mai. Blatt, ii. p. Ill, July, 1840.
Leptoxis rubiginosa, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.
Leptoxis Griffithiana, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.

8. A. c a r i n a t a, Brug.*

A. dissimilis, Say, Synopsis, Part 3.

Bulirnus carinatus, Brug., Ency. Meth., vers. i. p. 301, 1792.

Nitocris dissimilis, Say, Adams' Genera i. p. 308.

Leptoxis dissimilis, Say, Chenu, Manuel, i. f. 2049 54.

Lister t. Ill, f. 5 and t. 112, f. 6. Petiver, Gazophjl, t. 104, f. 67.

Nitocris carinala, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 308.

Leptoxis variabilis, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.

Anculotus nigrescens, Conrad, Miiller, Synopsis, p. 36, 1836.

Leptoxis nigrescens, Conrad, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.

Ijeptoxis trivittata, DeKay, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.

Anculotus monodontoides, Conrad, Miiller, Synopsis, p. 41, 1836.

Nitocris monodontoides, Conrad, Adams' Genera i. p. 308.

Nitocris deniata, Couth., Adams' Genera i. p. 308.

9. A. dilatata, Conrad.

Nitocris dilatata, Conrad, Adams' Genera i. p. 308.

Leptoxis dilatatus, Conrad, Chenu, Manuel, i. f. 2043 5.

Nitocris Rogersii, Conrad, Adams' Genera i. p. 308.

Nitocris Kirtlandianus, Anthony, Adams' Genera i. p. 308.

Nitocris inflatus, Lea, Adams' Geuera i. p. 308.

Melania inflata, Lea, Troschel, Archiv fur Naturgesch. ii. p. 226.

11. A. m e Ian o i d e s, Conrad.
Nitocris melanoides, Conrad, Adams' Gerera i. p. 308.
Anculotus melanoides, Conrad, Miiller, Synopsis, p. 42, 1836.
Leptoxis turgida, Hald., Adams' Genera i. p. 307.
Leptoxis viridis, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 308.

13. A. subglobosa, Say.

Leptoxis subglobosa, Say, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.
Lzptoxis gibbosa, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.
Leptoxis globula, Lea, Adams' General, p. 307.
Ijeptoxis tintinnabulum, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.
Leptoxis virgata, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.

14. A. praerosa, Say.

Anculosa prserosa, Say, Synonymy, Part 3.

Leptoxis prxrosa, Say, Adams' Genera i. p. 307. Morch, Yoldi, Cat., p. 56.

Lithasia meritiformis, Desh., Adams' Genera i. p. 308.

Anculotus angulatus, Conrad, Miiller, Synopsis, p. 40, 1836.

Leptoxis angulata, Conrad, Adams' Geoera i. p. 307.

15. A. c r a s s a, Haldeman.
=Eurycsclon.

A.pisum, Hald., Synonymy, Part 3, No. 19.
Leptoxis pis urn, Hald., Adams' General, p. 307.

16. A. t a e n i a t a, Conrad.

Anculotus tieniatus, Conrad, Miiller, Synopsis, p. 41, 1836.
Leptoxis txniata, Conrad, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.

1865.]

Has 27 years priority over disimifo.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

17. A.Troostiana, Lea.
Leptoxis Troostiana, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.

25. A. p i c ta, Conrad.

Anculosa picta, Conrad, Muller, Synopsis, p. 39, 1836.
Leptoxis picta, Conrad, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.
Leptoxis flammata, Conrad, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.

28. A. s qu a 1 i d a, Lea.

Leptoxis squalida, Lea, Adams' Genera i. p. 307.

29. A. p a t u 1 a, Anthony.
=dilatata, Conrad.?

30. A. v i r i d u 1 a, Anthony.
==dilalata, Conrad.?

33. A. t u r b i n a t a, Lea.
=Euryaelon.

Pursuant to the By-Laws, an election of members of the Standing
Committees for 1865 was held, as follows :

ETHNOLOGY.
J. A. Meigs,
S. S. Haldeman,
I. I. Hayes.

COMP. AN AT. AND GEN. ZOOLOGY.
Joseph Leidy,
J. M. Corse,
J. H. Slack.

MAMMALOGY.
J. H. Slack,
J. L. Le Conte,

W. S. W. RUSCHENBERGER.

ORNITHOLOGY.
John Cassin,
J. H. Slack,
B. A. Hoopes.

HERPETOLOGY $ ICHTHYOLOGY.
E. D. Cope,
E. Bridges,
Th. Norris.

CONCHOLOGY.
T. A. Conrad,
W. G. Binney,
G. W. Tryon, Jr.

ENTOMOLOGY AND CRUSTACEA.
R. Bridges,
E. T. Cresson,
J. F. Knight.

BOTANY.
E. Durand,
Joseph Carson,
Aubrey H. Smith.

GEOLOGY.
Isaac Lea,
Charles E. Smith,
J. P. Lesley.

MINERALOGY.
Wm. S. Vaux,
J. C. Trautwine,
T. D. Rand.

PALAEONTOLOGY.
Joseph Leidy,
T. A. Conrad,
J. L. Le Conte.

PHYSICS.
B. Howard Rand,
Wm. M. Uhler,
R. E. Rogers.

LIBRARY.
Joseph Jeanes,
Joseph Leidy,
John Cassin.

PROCEEDINGS.
Joseph Leidy,
Wm. S. Vaux,
John Cassin,
Thomas Stewardson,
Robert Bridges.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 37

February 14 th.
The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.

Seven members present.

The following paper was presented for publication and referred to a
Committee :

' ; Descriptions of new species of Birds of the Families Paridas, Vire-
onidae," &c. By Geo. N. Lawrence.

The Committee on Proceedings placed on the table the published
number for November and December, 1864.

February 21st.
Vice-President, Cassin, in the Chair.
Sixteen members present.

February 28th.
The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.
Twelve members present.

On report of the Committee, the following paper was ordered to be
published :

Descriptions of new species of BIRDS of the Families PARIDJ2, VIRECWIDJE,
TYRANNIDJE and TROCHILID.E, with a note on Myiarchus Panamensis.

BY GEO. N. LAWRENCE.

1. POLIOPTILA PLU1IBICEPS .

Male. Entire crown and occiput dark plumbeous, bordered on each side by
a black line which begins at the bill, running to and over the eye, and as far
beyond as the dark cap extends ; upper plumage dark, bluish grey ; outer
tail feather white, the next white except one third of the inner web at the
base, where it is black, the third feather black with the end white for _ 5 - of
an inch, the other tail feathers are glossy black ; primaries blackish brown,
secondaries black, broadly margined with white ; under wing coverts white ;
sides of the head, lower eyelid, chin and abdomen white; throat, breast and
sides bluish grey, lightest on the throat ; bill black ; tarsi and toes plumbeous
black.

First primary half the length of the second, the fourth longest, tail much
graduated. Length 4 in. ; wing 1 1|; tail 1 Ig ; bill T 7 _ tarsi f.

Habitat. Venezuela Collected by Mr. S. C. Nash.

Prof. Baird in "Review of American Birds," p. 67, (now in course of publi-
cation) has given a synopsis of the genus PAioptila, which he has divided into
three sections, as follows :

1. Whole top of head black.

2. Sides of head black ; top gray.

3. Top of head gray ; sides whitish.

The species now described cannot be placed in either of these, but will form
the foundation of a fourth section, having the entire crown dark plumbeous.

The color of the back and wing coverts comes nearest to that of 1'. leucogas-
ter, but is of a lighter shade ; below it is rather more plumbeous, and the
tail feathers are much narrower than in that species.

2. HYLOPHILUS ACDTICAUD0S.

Head above and hind neck olive brown ; back greenish olive, brownish on
the upper part, and gradually becoming brighter green on the rump ; tail dull

1865.]

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

greenish olive, the shafts brown, the outer two feathers narrowly margined
on their inner wel>s with pale yellow ; quills dark umber brown, edged with
olive green ; sides of the head, throat and upper part of the breast dull ful-
vous ash ; breast and abdomen pale fulvous ; sides olive green ; under lining
of wings, inner edges of quills and under tail coverts pale yellow; upper
mandible light hazel brown, the under whitish ; tarsi and toes pale yellowish
brown.

The first primary is of an inch long, or about half the length of the fourth,
which is the longest ; the tail feathers are relatively long, quite narrow and
pointed at their ends ; bill rather short. Length 4^ in.; wing 2 ; tail If;
billf ; tarsi Ii.

Habitat. Venezuela. Collected by S. C. Nash,

In its narrow pointed tail feathers it appears to differ from all others that
I have seen.

3. Myiarchus venezuelensis.

Plumage above of a dark olivaceous brown, darker on the crown ; tail dark
umber brown, the outer feather with the outer web dull white, tinged with
brownish next the shaft ; the other tail feathers have a narrow edging of bright
rufous on their outer webs, the extreme ends of all dull white ; quill feathers
dark umber brown, the primaries with a very narrow margining of pale
rufous, the secondaries and tertiaries edged with white ; the wing coverts
dark brown with margins of soiled white ; under wing coverts pale yellow,
inner edges of quills pale buffy white ; throat, upper part and sides of breast
bluish grey, sides under the wings slightly olivaceous ; abdomen and under
tail coverts very pale yellow, a little brighter only in the middle of the former ;
bill and feet black. Fourth quill slightly the longest, first and ninth equal.
Length 7| in. ; wing 3^ ; tail 3 ; bill II ; tarsi j.

Hnbitat. Venezuela. Collected by S. C. Nash.

This species is closely related to my M. Panamensis ; it is a little smaller,
darker and more brown above, and the yellow of the under parts paler ; it
differs also in the bright rufous margins on the tail feathers, in the whiter
edges of the wing coverts and smaller quill feathers, and in having the feet
black ; it is likewise more grey on the breast.

Note. The typical specimen of M. Panamensis was not in very good con-
dition, the feathers of the wings and tail being somewhat worn ; since descri-
bing it I have received specimens in perfect plumage, which enable me to note
some differences as follows : the color of the back is olive green ; the throat
is of a lighter grey than in the type, and the sides of the breast are olive
green ; the edges of the tail feathers are dull olive with a slight sandy tinge
at the base, in the type from their worn and rusty appearance I described
them as edged with pale rufous, this edging, however, is slight and not at all
of marked character ; the outer web of the lateral feather is pale ashy brown :
the bill is dark brown, lighter underneath ; the tarsi, though at first sight
appearing black, have a tinge of dark reddish or vinous color ; this I find to
be their color also in the type. These differences are probably owing to the
season when killed.

The irides are stated by Mr. Galbraith to be brown. The sexes are alike in
plumage.

4. Chalybuka .eneicauda.

Mule. Plumage above and below shining dark green, the head, throat and
neck of a golden tinge, deepening to reddish orange on the front, chin and
throat ; upper tail coverts reddish or coppery bronze ; two middle tail feath-
ers coppery bronze (not so bright as the tail coverts), the other tail feathers
deep steel blue, all except the outer one margined with the same bronze color
as the central ones, decreasing in extent from the central feathers ; wings
brownish purple ; under tail coverts white ; bill black ; feet blackish brown,
the toes underneath pale yellow.

fFeb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 39

Length 5 in. ; wing 2' 3 ; tail If ; bill 1.

Habitat. Venezuela. Collected by S. C. Nash.

This species is of the same size as C. Btffoni, which it also most resembles,
it differs from it in the golden hue of the front and throat, and in the decidedly
bronzed taiJ, the bronzing on the tail of Buffo ni being very slight, and is just
perceptible on the edges of some of the feathers.

G. urochri/sea, Gould, has the "tail rich golden bronze both above and
beneath," aud the " lower mandible fleshy red," whereas in my species the
upper surface of the tail only is bronzed, and the bill is wholly black.
5. Chalybura Carnioli.

Mule. Upper plumige dark green with a tinge of golden on the wing cov-
erts and lower part of the back ; upper tail coverts dark violet purple, the
tail has both the upper and under surface bronzed violet purple, lighter in
color than the coverts; wings brownish purple; throat of a shining deep
green ; breast and abdomen dull green ; under tail coverts dull violet purple :
upper mandible black, under yellow with the tip black ; tarsi and toes yellow.

Length 5 in. ; wing 2| ; tail 1| ; bill J.

The female differs in having the middle of the throat, the lower part of the
abdomen and the under tail coverts dull ash ; the outer three tail feathers
marked at their ends with pale ash, most so on the outer feather.

Habitat. Costa Rica, Angostura. In museum of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion.

This species appears to be somewhat like C. Isaurre in the coloring of the
tail, but differs remarkably from that species as well as from all others of the
genus, in having its under tail coverts of a dark color, instead of pure white.

I have named it in compliment to Mr. Julian Carniol whose large collections
sent to the Smithsonian Institution (containing many new species besides thi>)
give evidence of his energy and industry as an explorer.
(5. Panychlora parvirostris.

Female. Upper plumage of a rather light grass green with a golden tinge :
upper tail coverts and central feathers golden bronze, much deeper in color
on the coverts ; the other tail feathers are white at their bases for more than
half their length, succeeded by a broad band of brownish black and ending in
white, the outer feather being most largely tipped with white ; under surface
pale ashy grey ; under tail coverts white ; bill black ; toes blackish brown,
underneath pale yellow.

Length 3 in. ; wing If ; tail J ; bill J.

Habitat. Costa Rica, Angostura. Collected by J. Carniol. Museum of
Smithsonian Institution.

The bill is strikingly small compared with that of P. AUci(v, although in
their other measurements they are much alike ; it also differs from the female
of that species in the upper tail coverts being golden orange instead of pure
green, and in the bases of the tail feathers being white instead of green. The
male will, without doubt, be found to possess the glittering green plumage of
its allies.

March 1th.
Vice-President Cassin in the Chair.
Eighteen members present.

March 14th.
The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.
Twenty members present.
1865.]

40 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Special Meeting, March \Q>th.
The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.

Twentv-one members present.

The President announced the death of Dr. Thomas B. Wilson, aged
59 years, at Newark, Del., on the 15th inst., at 7 J o'clock, A. M., of
typhus fever. A Committee having been appointed to draught a series
of resolutions in reference to the sad event, the following were pre-
sented and adopted :

Whereas, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia having sustained
a most serious loss in the death of its late distinguished President, Thomas B.
Wilson, M. D.,

Resolved, That our late fellow member, Dr. Thomas B. Wilson, is eminently
entitled to be regarded as the most judicious and liberal patron of the zoolo-
gical sciences that our country has yet produced, and that we have heard his
death announced with sentiments of the most profound sorrow.

Resolved, That in his great abilities and vast scientific acquirements, as well
as in all the relations of private life, we recognize in Dr. Wilson the character
of a true man of genius, a thorough, earnest and most conscientious cultivator
and friend of the sciences, and a most valuable and patriotic citizen.

Resolved, That in the infancy of the study of the natural sciences in the
United States, the gratuitous and ready aid afforded by Dr. Wilson con-
tributed largely to that development of those sciences which now places this
Academy in rank with similar institutions of the old world.

Resolved, That the liberality of Dr. Wilson to this Academy, and the large
facilities thereby provided for study and research, do fully entitle him to the
unqualified gratitude, not only of our members, but of all students of the
natural sciences in this country, and that we are justified in regarding and
we sincerely recommend our successors as members of this Academy to regard,
his munificent and unparalleled contributions to our library, and especially
to our museum, (nearly the whole of which, in several departments, we owe
to his liberality), as an honorable and perpetual monument to his zeal in
behalf of the natural sciences.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be presented to each of the bro-
thers and sisters of Dr. Wilson, and that they be published in the public
journals of this city and in the scientific journals of the United States.

On resolution of the Academy, the President appointed Mr. Cassin
to prepare a memoir of Dr. Wilson, to be published in the Proceed-
ings :

On motion, it was resolved to adjourn to meet in the Hall of the
Academy on Saturday, 18th inst., at 2\ o'clock, P. M., to attend the
funeral of Dr. Wilson.

[Mar.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 41

March ISth.
The President, Dr. Bridges in the Chair.

Twenty-eight members present.

This meeting having been held for the purpose of attending the
funeral of our late lamented and distinguished member, Dr. Thomas
B. Wilson, it was immediately adjourned for that purpose.

March 21st.
The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.

Eighteen members present.

A paper was presented for publication entitled " Notice of some new
types of Organic Remains from the Coal Measures of Illinois." By
F. B. Meek and A. H. Worthen.

March 28th.

The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.

Fifteen members present.

On the report of the Committee, the following paper was ordered to
be published :

Notice of some New Types of Organic Eemains, from the Coal Measures of

Illinois.

BY P. B. MEEK AND A. H. WORTHEN.

The fossils described in this paper were discovered at a locality on the
south side of the Illinois River, at Morris, Grundy County, Illinois, near the
northern boundary of the Coal Measures of that State. This locality is al-
ready well known from the numerous beautiful specimens of fossil ferns it has
afforded, as well as from the discovery there of a remarkable extinct Neurop-
terous Insect, described by Prof. Dana in vol. xxxvi. 2d ser. p. 34, Am. Journ.
Sci. The bed from which all these interesting fossils were obtained, holds
a position near the base of the Illinois Coal Measures, somewhat above the
horizon of the second seam of coal. At the out-crop, where these specimens
were collected, a thickness of about twenty feet of strata is exposed, consisting
of sandy shale, passing downwards into a more argillaceous shale, forming the
bed of a small stream ; while a short distance further down this little stream,
and at a lower horizon, a thin seam of coal crops out. No workable beds of
coal are known in the State north of this County, and the Coal Measures here
rest directly upon Silurian Rocks.

The fossils at this locality are immediately enveloped in biscuit-shaped
iron-stone nodules. These nodules are not generally composed of concentric
layers, but show, on weathered surfaces, a tendency to a laminated structure,
the planes of lamination being flat, parallel lo the greater diameter of the con-
cretions, and probably also coincident with those of the shale, as they lie in
the bed. On breaking open these concretions, the laminated structure is gen-
erally found not to extend within ; the interior having a homogeneous, rather
compact structure, and a grey or brownish grey color, (the iron beis:g usu-

1865.]

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

ally in the condition of a carbonate), while more or less arenaceous and ar-
gillaceous matters also enter into their composition. Some of the concre-
tions seem to contain no organic remains, but often in breaking open others, a
fossil is found to have formed the nucleus around which the concretionary
action took place.

It is an interesting fact that we find here, near the base of the Illinois Coal
Measures, a species of the remarkable genus Bellinurus, an intermediate link,
(hitherto only known to occur in the lower Coal Measures of England and Ire.
land,) between the older Trilobites, and the existing genus Limulus. In Eng-
land it is found enveloped in similar iron-stone nodules, at Cole-Brook-Dale,
where three species have been discovered, one of which [B. bcllulus, Koenig,
= B. rotundatus, Prestwich) is closely related to our Illinois species.

We likewise find at the Morris locality a species of the genus Anthrapalse-
mon, Salter, (or a closely allied type) which in Scotland also occurs in the
lower Coal Measures, while neither of these genera are known in the subcar-
boniferous, or any lower formation. These facts furnish additional evi-
dences, if any were necessary, (coinciding with all the other palaeontological,
as well as stratigraphical, evidence) of the fallacy of an opinion recently ex-
pressed by a writer in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of France, that
our western Coal Measures, and particularly those of Illinois and the adjoin-
ing States, belong not to the horizon of the true Coal Measures of Europe,
but to the subcarboniferous or mouhtain limestone series.

In a paper by one of the writers, published in the March number of the
American Journal of Science, 1865, after speaking of the general distribu-
tion of marine remains in our western Coal Measures, he remarked (which
was strictly in accordance with his observations up to that time) that after
more than twenty years familiarity with the fossils of the coal formation of
the Western States, he had never seen amongst them any terrestrial or fresh-
water types, other than plants. Since investigating the fossils described in
this paper, however, amongst which it will be seen there is believed to be a
Caterpillar, we can but regard the Morris bed as an exception to this general
rule. If the fossil to which we allude is a true Caterpillar, its presence there,
along with the insect described by Prof. Dana, would indicate that this bed
was probably deposited in an estuary, into which this little worm- like larva,
and the other insect, were doubtless carried from the land by an inflowing
stream or the ebbing tide. This suggestion also receives some support from
the affinities of the associated Crustacea, since the genus Bellinurus, from its
relations to the existing genus Limulus, might have been capable of living at
least in brackish waters, although the English species are associated with
marine forms. The genus Anthrupalsemon is also supposed, by Prof. Dana, to
have been related to JEglea, a fresh-water type. In addition to these facts, no
unquestionable, strictly marine forms of any kind have, so far as we know,
been yet found in this bed.

The existence of this exceptional case (if it is such) of terrestrialand fresh
or brackish-water fossils in our western Coal Measures, has no bearing, how-
ever, against the general conclusions in connection with which the statement
above alluded to was made ; nor even, indeed, against the general accuracy
of the statement itself, since the fact of the almost exclusive and general
distribution of marine animal remains in our western Coal Measures, stands
unshaken.

The fossils here noticed will be fully illustrated and described, and such
additional facts given as we'may in the mean time learn from other speci-
mens, in the forthcoming report of the Illinois Geological Survey, for the
publication of which we are happy to announce the Legislature has made a
liberal appropriation.

We are indebted to Prof. Dana for the use of several specimens of some
of the Crustacea described in this paper, as well as for suggestions in regard
to their affinities; also to Dr. Stimpson for suggestions respecting the same.

[Mar.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43

We are likewise under obligations to Mr. Joseph Evans, of Morris, Illinois,
who first discovered the fossils at this locality, for the use of several speci-
mens. Amongst others, the form we have supposed to be a Caterpillar and
that we have referred to Anthrapalcemon, belonging to him.

CRUSTACEA.

ENTOMOSTRACA.

XYPHOSURA.

Genus BELLINURUS, Koenig.

Not having had an opportunity to consult Kcenig's original diagnosis of
this genus, nor indeed a good description of it by any other author, we
are not aware what characters were assigned it, or how its author proposed
to distinguish it from the existing genus Limulus. Most authors, including
Milne Edwards, Bronn, Prestwich, Mantell, Portlock, Murchison and others,
referred the species to Limulus, though Portlock in doing so remarks that the
distinct trilobation and segmencation of the abdomen in these fossil species,
seem to constitute a generic distinction. Pictet admits the genus in his
Trait de Palceont., ii. 538, and remarks that it is distinguished from Limulus " by
the articulation of the tail, and above all by the abdominal buckler presenting
two distinct longitudinal furrows." Prof. Owen also admits the genus, in his
valuable " Palaeontology, or Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals," (p. 43)
and says it differs from the " King-Crab, {Limulus) in the movable condition
of the body segments."

A careful study, however, of fine specimens of the species described below,
has satisfied us that the segments of its abdomen are not movable, but as
firmly and completely united into a single shield as in the genus Limulus. We
are, therefore, led to believe that this genus is mainly distinguished from Lim-
ulus, (so far as its characters have yet been made out) by the more transverse
form of its cephalo-thoracic shield, its proportionally much longer and more
slender legs*, the transversely or subcircular form, and distinct trilobation
and segmentation (not complete division, however,) of its abdomen ; as well
as by its flattened borders without movable spines. There are also some dif-
ferences in the more anterior position of the eyes, the stronger and more con-
tinuous character of the ocular ridges, as well as in the subdivisions of the
area circumscribed by these ridges in Bellinurus. Other differences, of perhaps
greater importance, will probably be observed, when the appendages of the
under side can be seen.

None of our specimens are in a condition to show the small anterior pair of
simple eyes, though from the general analogy of this interesting crustacean
to the genus Limulus, it is more than probable better specimens may show
them. And yet it is possible, from the more anterior position of the eyes,
corresponding to the larger reticulated pair in the genus Limulus, that the
small supplementary pair may not have been needed. As in LAmulus, it shows
a row of six small pits in each of the longitudinal furrows of the abdomen,
marking the position of the muscular apophyses within ; while the condyle,
for the articulation of the abdomen with the cephalothorax, seems to agree
exactly with that of Limulus.

We are not aware of the nature of the peculiarities in the articulation of
the caudal segment mentioned by Pictet, none of our specimens being in a
condition to show the connection of these parts satisfactorily, while he does
not explain in what the difference consists.

*One of our specimens of the following described species, as well as one of B. anthrax, figured
by Prestwieh, (Trans. Geol. Soc, London, v. p. xli. fig 1,) shows that at least one pair of the legs
(if they were articulated around the mouth, at the middle of the cephalothorax, as in Limulus)
must have been quite as long as the abdominal and cephalothoracic shields together; which would
be proportionally more than twice the length of any of the legs in Limulus.

1865.]

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Bbllinuros Dan^i, M. & W. V

Cephalo-thoracic shield transversely crescentric, more than twice as wide
as long, moderately convex, the height nearly equalling half its length ; ante-
rior and antero-lateral margins broadly and regularly rounded ; lateral angles
produced obliquely backwards and outwards, with a very slight inward curve,
into slender mucronate spines, terminating remote from, and nearly opposite
the middle of the abdomen ; posterior margin on each side for about two-
thirds of the way in from the lateral angles, toward the middle, concave in
outline ; nearly straight or very slightly concave along the middle between
these two points. Mesial lobe small, somewhat lower than the ocular ridge
on either side, but rounded and well defined behind, where it supports a small
central tubercle (or short spine?), thence narrowing forward, and sometimes
showing a slight tendency to develope a second much smaller tubercle, at
about one-third the length of the shield from its posterior margin ; near
which point it suddenly contracts into a mere linear carina that extends
forward to the anterior transverse division of the ocular ridge. Area cir-
cumscribed by the ocular ridge, crown-shaped, or subquadrangular in out-
line, and composing the central third of the cephalo-thoracic shield ; a little
wider anteriorly than its length, which equals about five-sixths that of the
shield ; lateral margins concave in outline ; anterior side convex, with a
central emargination ; internal surface divided into four irregular subordi-
nate areas, by the mesial lobe with its linear anterior continuation, and a
less distinctly defined, secondary transverse linear ridge. Ocular ridge
narrow, but distinct, its lateral divisions arching inwards behind the eyes,
and terminating posteriorly at the margin of the shield nearly opposite the
middle of each lateral lobe of the abdomen, in a (triangular ?) spine, which is
directed backwards, outwards and a little upwards ; anterior transverse di-
vision arching forwards on each side, and curving backwards in the middle.
Compound ? eyes small, remote, and located one at each antero-lateral angle
of the crown-shaped central area, at points about one-third the length of the
shield from its anterior margin. (Simple eyes, if they existed, unknown.)

Abdomen transversely suboval, or truncato-subcircular in outline, being
wider than long, and nearly straight anteriorly, with lateral margins rounding
in abruptly in front, and more gradually into the regularly rounded posterior
outline ; generally rather more depressed than the cephalo-thorax, particularly
in'front. Flattened lateral border rather narrow, and regularly scolloped be-
tw'een its projecting marginal spines. Mesial lobe narrow, or of about the
same breadth as that of the cephalo-thorax, and near half as broad as, aud a
little more elevated than, the lateral lobes ; segments well defined ; first and
third each provided with a small central tubercle ; sixth as long as any three
of the others, rather abruptly narrowed and depressed behind, and surmounted
anteriorly by a large tubercle (or spine ?). Lateral lobes somewhat flattened
on the inner half, and rounding down rather abruptly to the flattened free
borders on each side and behind ; segments defined by distinct linear ridges,
which are separated by flattened spaces four or five times as wide; these
ridges extend obliquely outwards and a little backwards across the lateral
lobes and their flattened borders, beyond which they are produced into slender
mucronate spines, of nearly equal length, curved obliquely backwards.

Caudal segment, or stylet, apparently nearly two-thirds as long as the ab-
domen ; gradually tapering, and trigonal or sub-trigonal, being flat below,
angular on each side, and angular or rounded above.

Appendages of the under side unknown, excepting one of the legs, which
is seen in one specimen, projecting out from under the cephalo-thoracic
shield, between its posterior margin and the abdomen. It is long and slender,
and shows of the first segment projecting from under the shield, a length of
about 0-12 inch. The next segment appears to be 0-25 inch in length,
with a breadth of only 004 inch. The succeeding segment can be traced in

[Mar.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 45

the matrix for a distance of about 0-30 inch, being slightly curved near the
extremity, and apparently tapering to a point, this was probably also pro-
vided with a movable finger as in Limulus, but the specimen is not in a con-
dition to show it. It is not possible to determine which one of the legs this is.

Entire length from the extremity of the caudal segment to the anterior
margin of the cephalo-thorax, about 1-90 inches. Length of cephalo-thorax,
0-51 inch, breadth of do. to the extremities of postero-lateral spines, 1-70
inches ; length of area included within the ocular ridge, 0-50 inch ; greatest
breadth of do. (which is the distance between the eyes,) 0.60 inch. Length
of abdomen, 0*65 inch ; breadth of do., exclusive of the flattened margin, 0-94
inch, including it, 1-06 inch; breadth of mesial lobe, 0-23 inch ; length of
caudal segment, about 0-60 inch.

Of the known species of Bellinurus, ours seems to be most nearly related to
B. bellulus, Koenig, (the type of the genus, if we mistake not), which is re-
garded as being identical with Limulus rotundatus, of Prestwich, (Trans. Geol.
Soc, London, v. p. 413, pi. XLI. figs. 4, 6 and 7.) From this species, however, it
may be at once distinguished by having the lateral angles of its cephalo-thorax
produced into long, slender spines, and the flattened border of its abdomen
proportionally much narrower, and armed with a series of sharp-curved
spines, instead of being merely serrated.

We should also remark here, that Prof. Owen's figure of B. bellulus, (Palae-
ontology, p. 42,) as well as that given by Murchison of the same, under Prest-
wich's name rotundatus, (Siluria, p. 318,) represent the eyes as being located
at the lateral extremities of a large, transversely oval or subelliptical area ;
while within this, there is a smaller, crown-shaped area, circumscribed by a
ridge, and in all its principal features, corresponding to that which in our
species has the eyes located at its anterior lateral angles. This wide dif-
ference in the position of the eyes, as well as in the ridges of the central
region of the cephalo-thoracic shield, if they really exist, would apparently
be of more than specific importance. The close general agreement, however,
of these forms, in all their other essential characters, renders it very impro-
bable that they belong to different genera. Hence, we would suggest that
there may have been some error in the figures cited above, representing the
eyes (which are with difficulty seen in any but well preserved specimens) in
this outer position, and the presence of a large outer ocular area surrounding
that corresponding to the quadrangular one in our species. We are the more
inclined to think this is the case, from the fact that Owen's and Murehison's
figures appear to have been reduced from Prestwich's figures 5 and 6, cited
above ; which represent the two halves of a nodule, containing a specimen
and its mould, of B. bellulus, with a large transversely oval space in the cen-
tral region of the cephalo-thorax, as we must think, accidentally crushed in.
This view seems to be sustained, too, by Mantell's figures of the same species,
from specimens collected by him at the same locality, (see Medals of Crea-
tion, p. 550,) which show no traces of this outer transversely oval ocular
area.

In the elongated, spine-like character of the lateral angle of its cephalo-
thoracic shield, as well as in having the margins of the abdomen armed with
sharp spines, our species agrees more nearly with B. anthrax (= Limulus an-
thrax, Prestwich), but it differs in the form of the outline of the anterior side
of the cephalo-thorax, as well as in the direction of its prolonged lateral
angles, and its less produced spines around the flattened margins of the ab-
domen. Hence, it appears to be intermediate in its characters between B.
anthrax and B. bellulus.

We are gratified to be able to dedicate this fine species, the first of the
genus hitherto discovered in America, to Prof James D. Dana, the author of
one of the most important works on the Crustacea ever published ; to whom
we are indebted for the loan of one of the specimens from which the fore-
going description was drawn up.

1865.]

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

TETRADECAPODA.
ISOPODA.

(ANISOPODA.)
? Family ACANTHOTELSONIDJE.
Genus ACANTHOTELSON, Meek & Worthen.

Superior antennae nearly as long as the inferior, and provided with well
developed accessory appendages ; flagella of both pairs longer than the pe-
duncles ; head about equalling the length of the first two anterior thoracic
segments. Thoracic and abdominal segments (except the last one) not dif-
fering materially in length, and each shorter than the head. Anterior thora-
cic legs longer than the others, not chelate. Telson or terminal segment
eimple, long, spiniform, and laterally compressed. Stylets with second seg-
ments (bifid?) much longer than the first, and similar to the telson.

The fact that the oral apparatus, and other appendages of the head, as
well as the branchiae, always so important in the classification of the Crus-
tacea, are so rarely preserved in fossil species, especially those of smaller
sizes, renders their study more difficult than that of most other organic re-
mains. Hence, in describing new species, genera, or other groups, the palae-
ontologist is often unable to give any information in regard to the very parts
that would be the first to claim the attention of the Carcinologist in the in-
vestigation of recent species. Another difficulty also arises from the fact
that, as in other departments of palaeontology, it often happens in the study
of fossil Crustacea, we meet with types presenting a combinatiou of cha-
racters which in existing species are distributed in widely distinct groups.
So that on finding a new type showing only a part of its characters, we
would often be led at once to place it in a group with which probably the
next specimen found would show it to possess some one or more wholly in-
compatible peculiarities.

On first examining specimens of the typical species of the genus above
described, our impression was, that it must be, beyond all doubt, a true Am-
phipod. A more careful examination, however, soon showed that it presented
the radical difference from all the known types of that extensive group, of
having only one pair of the abdominal appendages styliform, and the other
five natatory, instead of three pairs styliform and three natatory ; thus com-
bining with its Amphipodan abdomen, thorax, head, anterior appendages, and
general physiognomy, the single pair of styliform appendages of the hopoda.

Being therefore left in doubt in regard to its affinities, we sent sketches of
some of the best specimens to Prof. Dana, who had also previously received
some imperfect specimens of the same species from Illinois. On examining
these sketches and specimens, Prof. Dana wrote that he thinks this crusta-
cean most probably belongs to a group holding an intermediate position be-
tween the typical hopoda and the Amphipoda, for which he has proposed the
name Anisopoda. This intermediate group, as first shown by Prof. Dana, is
characterized, like the Amphipoda, by having the three posterior pairs of
thoracic legs in one series, and the four anterior in another ; while, as in the
hopoda, the branchiae are abdominal, and only one pair of abdominal appen-
dages are styliform, and five branchial.

In regard to the division of the thoracic legs into two series, we would
remark, that we have observed no evidences of it in all the specimens we
have seen, excepting one of those kindly loaned us by Prof. Dana. In this,
however, four pairs of these legs seem to be directed backwards, and only
three forward; which, if not produced by accidental distortion, would indi-
cate Jsopod affinities. Yet, in all the other specimens seen, the whole seven
pairs are directed forward. Although much inclined to believe the latter
their normal arrangement, it should be remembered, as suggested by Prof.

[Mar,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 47

Dana, that however important this character may be in the study of the re-
cent Tetradecapod Crustacea, it can scarcely be made available in the inves-
tigation of crushed fossil species, where so many accidents might have oc-
curred to place the legs in an unnatural position.

We have not been able to clearly satisfy ourselves whether or not our crus-
tacean had squamiformly developed epimerals, as in the normal groups of
Amphipoda ; though some of the specimens appear to show indications of
such development; while the shortening of the vertical diameter of the tho-
racic segments, as compared with those of the abdomen, would seem to be,
as it were, an arrangement to make room for such scale-like epimerals. In
addition to this, the fact that all of the six or eight specimens we have yet
seen, lie in the concretions upon one side or the other, would appear to indi-
cate that the lateral motion of the thoracic legs was in some way restrained
so as to prevent the animal from taking an erect position, which is precisely
the effect produced in the normal Amphipoda by the possession of well de-
veloped squamose epimerals. If this should prove to be the case, it would
show that the remarkable combination of Amphipod and Isopod, or Anisopod
characters, already alluded to in this fossil, are real, and not simulative ;
since it would thus present mainly the anterior structure (possibly even to
the thoracic position of the branchiae) of a normal Amphipod, combined with
the single pair of styliform, and five natatory abdominal appendages of the
Itsopoda or Anisopoda.

It must be evident, we think, that such an ensemble of characters as that
presented by our fossil, would exclude it from any known family of the Te-
tradecapoda ; hence we can but regard it as the type of a new family.

ACANTHOTELSON SlIMPSONII, M. & W.

Linear or sublinear in form. Upper antennas at least as long as the head
and first five thoracic segments ; peduncle moderately stout, rather longer than
the head ; first joint a little longer and wider than the two others, which are
of nearly equal length ; flagellum slender and very minutely jointed ; acces-
sory appendage nearly or quite as long as the flagellum, and like it,
minutely jointed. Inferior antennae as long as the head and seven thoracic
segments; peduncle slightly longer, but otherwise similar to that of the
upper antenna? ; flagellum a Utile stouter and longer, but in other respects as in
the upper pair. Head, as seen in the (compressed) side view, subquadrangular,
longer on the upper than the lower side, in consequence of the obliquity of
anterior side ; eyes small, round, placed just below the bases of the upper
antennae. The (fourteen) thoracic and abdominal segments distinct, and
(excepting the last one) of nearly equal length, a few of those nearest the
head being a little shorter than the others ; all diminishing in depth (side
view) from about the antepenultimate one forward ; their anterior baBal
margins rounded ; posterior rectangular, or a little rounded.

First pair of thoracic legs about one-fourth longer, and a little stouter than
the succeeding five pairs, and apparently terminating in a slender, sharp
dactylus ; first joint above, a little shorter, narrower, and more tapering than
the next neither more enlarged than the other joints above. Five succeed-
ing pairs of legs of nearly equal size and form ; their upper two (or three?)
joints very short, and not enlarged ; seventh pair nearly as long as the first,
and more slender than the others. Natatory abdominal appendages long and
slender; styliform pair with first joint short and quadrangular; second and
only other joint (double ?) with each branch (if there are two) simple, equal
and as long as the telson, which they nearly exactly resemble in form ; their
upper and lower margins each with a row of short, oblique, rather distant
setae, between which may be seen by the aid of a magnifier, a series of much
more minute, closely-arranged seta?. Telson as long as the last four abdomi-
nal segments ; at its base one-half as wide, vertically, as the penultimate

1865.]

48 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

abdominal segment; thence tapering, at first rapidly, and then very gradu-
ally, to a mucronate point, upper and lower margins setigerous, like those of
the stylets.

It is possible that when we can have an opportunity to examine additional
specimens, we may have to modify some of the characters given in the fore-
going generic or specific description ; though not, we believe, in any very
essential particular. We hope, however, to be able, hereafter, to clear up
several doubtful points in the structure of this interesting type, when we can
have better specimens for study.

Length from anterior side of head to the extremity of the penultimate ab-
dominal segment 1.30 inches ; length of telson 0-31 inch ; length of the first
six abdominal segments 0*52 inch ; length of the seven thoracic segments
about 0-64 inch. Height of third abdominal segment 0-20 ; height of each
first two or three thoracic segments 0-12 inch ; length of stylets about 0-31
inch, of which the first joint forms only about 0-06 inch. Length of outer
antennae, including its peduncle, 0-66 inch.

It is with pleasure that we dedicate this typical species of a new and
remarkable extinct genus to our friend Dr. William Stimpson, whose labors
in carcinology, and various other departments of zoology, are well known
iu this country and Europe.

ACANTHOTELSON IN^EQUALIS, M. & W.

The specimen upon which we propose to found this species, appears to
agree with the last in almost every respect, excepting in the proportional
size and the form of the segments. In the first place, the penultimate ab-
dominal segment is nearly twice the length of any of the others, instead of
being nearly or quite of the same length ; while the other abdominal seg-
ments (as seen in a side view) are more cuneiform than in the last. Again,
the fifth and sixth thoracic segments are longer, particularly above, and the
fourth shorter, than any of the others, instead of all being of about the same
length. We have not been able to see the stylets, nor to make out the nature
of the legs, but from a part of one of those of the anterior pair, they would
seem to be rather stouter than in the last described species.

As these differences can scarcely be due to accidental distortion, we can
but regard this form, with the material now at hand for comparison, as a
distinct species. If we are correct in this view, it is probable good examples
will show other differences than those mentioned above.

Length of head, thorax and abdomen 0-90 inch ; length of head 0-12 inch ;
length of the seven thoracic segments about 0-50 ; length of first five ab-
dominal segments 0-26 inch ; length of penultimate abdominal segment 0-09.
Height of third abdominal segment (flattened side view) 0-13 inch ; height of
anterior thoracic segments about 07 inch. Length of lower antennae at least
0-43 inch ; length of upper not less than 0-36 inch, and probably a little
more.

? Family PAL.EOCARIDJE.

Genus PALJ30CARIS, Meek k Worthen.

Inner and outer pairs of antennas of nearly equal length, the former each
bearing a well developed accessory appendage ; peduncles of both pairs
shorter than the flagella. Head about as long as the first two abdominal
segments. Thoracic legs long and slender ; anterior pair not chelate. Tel-
son long, tapering and horizontally flattened ; stylets with first joint very
small, second double, and also flattened horizontally.

This is another remarkable type, presenting, so far as can be determined,
even a more puzzling combination of characters than that we have described
under the name Ac.anthotelson. In the nature of its antennae, with their ap-
parently well-developed basal scales, the structure of its caudal appendages,
and its lono-, slender legs, spread out on each side, for walking in an erect

[Mar.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 49

attitude ; as well as in the depressed, slender form of its abdomen and thorax,
U seems to present decidedly the aspect of a Macrural Decapod. Yet, on a
closer examination, we can see no traces of a carapace, the thorax being
apparently divided into seven segments, like those of the abdomen, and each
provided with a pair of legs, as in the Tetradecapoda. If we are not mistaken
in these latter characters, and we certainly believe we are not, it must show
a most extraordinary union of characters, which, amongst recent Crustacea,
belong to different primary divisions. From all that can be made out of its
structure, we are therefore inclined to view it as one of the " embryonic" or
" comprehensive" types, so often met with in various departments of palaeon-
tology, and which furnish the advocates of the Darwinian hypothesis with
some of their strongest arguments.

For the present, this genus is placed, provisionally, along with the Tetra-
decapoda, though it cannot, we think, be included in any known family of
that division ; while if it should prove to be an embryonic or low type of the
Decapoda, it may be even necessary to establish for its reception, a division
of more than family importance. It is proper to remark here, however,
that we have not seen any one specimen showing the caudal appendages we
have described, along with the other characters of the thoracic and cephalic
members, mentioned above. One imperfect specimen shows the seven tho-
racic and five or six of the abdominal segments, with their legs and nata-
tory appendages, the head, antennae, and apparently their basal scales;
while another shows the caudal appendages, and all of the thoracic and
abdominal segments, very distinctly, without any of the other members.
The general agreement, however, of these specimens, in the parts preserved
in each, is such that scarcely a doubt can be entertained that they belong
to the same species. Yet, in order to prevent confusion, we would remark,
that in case they should prove to belong to different genera, or species,
that it is the form showing the head, antennae, thoracic and abdominal
segments, with their appendages, &c, that we regard as the type of the genus.

Pal^iocaris typos, M. & W.

Linear, with thorax slightly wider near the middle than the abdomen ;
thoracic and abdominal segments of nearly equal length. Inner antennae
equalling the length of the head and thorax ; peduncles stout, first joint a little
longer and wider than either of the other two, which are of nearly equal
length, aud minutely and closely setigerous on their inner margins ; flagel-
lum very slender, and minutely jointed ; accessory appendage nearly or quite
as long as the flagellum, and scarcely differing from it otherwise. Outer
antenna possibly a little longer than the others, peduncles slightly longer
than those of the other pair, and like them minutely setigerous in front ;
basal scales (?) oblong, about as long as first joint of peduncles, squarely trun-
cated. Thoracic legs slender and long, anterior ones apparently not longer
or larger than the others, none of them (so far as can be seen) chelate, or
with any of the segments enlarged ; all the others with the first two or three
joints very short ; fourth ? joint horizontally extended, tapering, and about as
long as four segments of the body; succeeding joints (in the specimen ex-
amined) very slender and abruptly bent downwards and backwards. Na-
tatory abdominal appendages acutely lancelinear, and some of them as long
as four of the abdominal segments. Telson nearly as broad at the base as
the penultimate segment, tapering, and as long as two and a half of the
abdominal segments ; minutely setigerous on each side. Stylets, with first
joint very minute; second with each division as long as the telson, and lan-
celinear in form, with pointed extremities, and parallel, more or less setiger-
ous margins.

Length of head, thorax, and first six abdominal segments, 0-78 inch ; do.
of head, 012 inch; do. of the seven thoracic segments, 0-35 inch ; do. of

1865.] 4

50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

the first six abdominal segments, about 0-31. Length of telson, about 0*14
inch ; do. of stylets, near 0-13 inch. Length of lower or outer antennae, not
less than 0-38 inch, (probably mo r e), of which the peduncle forms 0-15 inch ;
do. of inner, near 0*40 inch. Breadth of thorax, 0-13 inch.

DECAPODA.

MACRURA.

? Genus ANTHRAPALiEMON, Salter, 1861.

The genus Anthrapahcmon was proposed by Mr. Salter in the Quarterly Jour-
nal of tbe Geological Society of London, vol. xvii., p. 529, for the reception
of a Crustacean from the Coal Measures of Scotland. His description of the
genus reads as follows :

" Carapace scarcely so broad as long, (except when crushed flat), simple,
Hatter than semicylindrical, the sides a little arched outwards. A strong
central ridge in front, projecting as a thick (serrate?) spine is separated by a
concave space, or slight furrow, from a posterior central ridge, which only
occupies (in the type species, Grossarii) a small portion of the length. Front
margin serrated. The outer antennas have wide, square basal joints, appar-
ently without any advantage ;* the 2d and 3d joints not much oblique ; the rest
about as broad as long. Abdomen as broad as long, of six joints (besides
the telson), broad and very short ; the pleurae, except the 2d, pointed. Tel-
son very broad ; appendages to the penultimate joint, double on each side,
subtrigonal, broad."

The name Anthrapalxmon was proposed from its supposed affinities to the
recent genus Palxmon, but Prof. Dana thinks it more nearly related to uftjlea
and Galathea.

Anthkapal.emon gracilis, M. & W.

It is with considerable doubt that we venture to refer this species to Mr.
Salter's genus, the only specimen we have seen being imperfect, and not in a
condition to show the more important characters. In form and general
appearance, however, as well as in such of its details .as can be made out, it
seems to agree well with that genus. The specimen consists of the abdomen
and caudal appendages, (in a crushed condition), and an impression in the
matrix of the under side of the carapace, the outer pair of antennas, and ap-
parently of the eyes. The carapace, as seen from above, presents nearly an
oblong form, excepting that the lateral margins are moderately convex in
outline; the two extremities are truncated, and the breadth nearly or quite
equalling three-fourths the length. Its lateral margins, in front of the mid-
dle, are each finely serrated by six small, sharp, projecting points as in the
type of the genus, excepting that they are sharper, and directed more oblique-
ly forward. At each antero-lateral angle, there is also a considerably larger
projecting point, forming a short spine, exactly as in the type of the genus,
excepting that it is extended more nearly directly forward. The outer pair
of antennae are moderately stout: each peduncle showing three joints, di-
minishing rather gradually in size, the first longer than wide, and the other
two apparently of nearly equal length and breadth, aud obliquely articulated.
The flagellum is narrower at its base than the last joint of the peduncle, and
composed of very short segments, which are scarcely more than one third as
long as wide. The entire length of the antennas cannot be determined, as
neither flagellum is entire in the specimen examined, but as the portion re-
maining tapers very gradually, they were probably rather long. They are
both, in the specinu-D examined, deflected abruptly outwards, nearly at right
angles to the longer diameter of the carapace, which would seem from the

He not this a misprint of the word appendage t

[Mar.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 51

oblique articulation of the second and third joints of the peduncles, to be
their natural position. (Inner antennae unknown.)

Immediately between the bases of the two outer antennae, the specimen
shows what appear to be impressions of the two globose eyes, which with
their peduncles extend forward about two-thirds as far as the peduncles of
the antennre. These may possibly be the peduncles of the inner antennae;
but they look very much like globular eyes, on more slender peduncles.

The abdomen is more than half the length, and about two-thirds the
breadth, of the widest part of the carapace. It shows five short segments,
and apparently part of another, the first of which is a little smaller, and the
second a little larger than the others. None of them, however, are more than
one-fifth as long as the breadth of the abdomen.

The caudal appendages being unfortunately bent down and crushed,
it is not possible to make out the form of the telson or the details of the
other parts, though the whole together seem to have been wider than the
abdomen, and as wide as the carapace. No surface sculpturing can be clear-
ly made out, though there is some appearance of a few irregular scattering
granules near the margins of the carapace. (Other parts unknown )

Entire length, from the stalked eyes? to the extremity of the caudal ap-
pendages, about 1-13 inches; length of carapace, 0-63 inch ; breadth of do.
near the middle, 0-45 inch; at the extremities 0-31 inch; length of abdo-
men, 0-30 inch ; breadth of do. near the middle, 0-26 inch. Length of pe-
duncles of the antenna? 0-15 inch ; do. of eyes ? and their peduncles, 0-13 inch.

It will be observed from the foregoing description that our specimen
shows no traces of the central spine or beak, extending forward from the
anterior extremity of the carapace, nor of the longitudinal carina connected
with it, which constitutes such a marked feature in Anlhrapalsemon. It is
possible, however, that this character may have been obliterated in breaking
open the concretion, since our specimen only shows an impression of the
under side of the carapace, while the appendage alluded to projects forward
from the upper side, and may consequently be embedded in the other half of
the concretion, which we have been unable to obtain. Still as it is possible
that this appendage may be wauting in our fossil, we should not be sur-
prised if it would prove to belong to an allied but distinct genus.

Specifically at least, it differs from A. Grossartii, of Salter, in the propor-
tionally much shorter joints of the flagella of its outer antennae, and the
oblique articulations of the segments of their peduncles ; while the latter, as
well as the surface of other parts, are without any traces of the fine pitting
represented by Mr. Salter's figures. Our specimen also shows traces of what
appear to be squarely truncated basal scales to the outer antennae, about as
long as their first joints, while. Mr. Salter's figure (1), represents apparently
a triangular scale over the left antenna.

Length from the end of the caudal extremity, to the anterior margin of the
carapace, 1 inch. Length of carapace, 060 inch; breadth of do. 0-43 inch.
Length of abdomen, about 030 inch; breadth of do. 0-27 inch. Length of
caudal appendages, 0-10 inch.

MYRIAPODA.

? Genus ANTHRACERPES, Meek & Worthen.

Anthracrrpes typus, M. & W.

This genus and species are founded upon a slender worm-like fossil, the
relations of which have not been very clearly determined. The specimen
consists of a well defined mo^ld or impression left in a concretion, and meas-
ures 1-50 inches in length, and about 0-09 inch in breadth, (height) as seen
lying upon one side. It is regularly arched from end to end, so as to form
about one-third of a circle of 0-65 inch radius. For most of its length, it is

1865.]

52 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

of very uniform breadth or height, but it tapers very gradually towards
what appears to be the posterior end, where the last segment terminates in
three or four short, slender, spine-like appendages, directed backwards on a
line with the general curve of the body. The other end being broken away
in the only specimen yet known, the nature of the head and its appendages
cannot be determined.

The entire body is distinctly articulated, and shows clearly nineteen seg-
ments, and part of another. The segments are of nearly uniform size, or
only vary from 008 to 0-10 inch in length ; the last one, however, has only a
breadth or height of about 03 inch, and the next about twice that. Cross-
ing the segments near the upper side, may be seen in the mould an undefined
furrow, (produced by a ridge in the fossil itself) which bends downwards
and then up again as it passes across from side to side of each segment.
Anteriorly it is less distinct and placed very near the dorsal margin, but
in tracing it backwards it is found to descend and become more defined, until
it reaches the fourth segment from the extremity ; on this it passes obliquely
downward to its posterior inferior corner, so as not to be seen on any of the
succeeding divisions behind. Below the middle of each segment, there is in
the mould a small prominence, evidently marking the position of a corres-
ponding pit in the fossil. These agree in position and appearance with the
spiracles or breathing apertures in the Myriapoda. We have not been able to
make otit very clearly, any indications of feet or other appendages ; though
there is near the base of each segment of the mould, a short oblique impres-
sion, that may possibly have been left by very small feeble legs folded back-
wards.

As this fossil shows too many segments for a larval insect, and has not
the aspect of an Annelid, we are rather inclined to view it as a Myriapod.

INSECTA.
LEPIDOPTERA.

Genus PALiEOCAMPA, Meek and Worthen.
Paljeocampa anthrax, M. & W.

The fossil for which the above generic name is proposed, is about 0-70 inch
in length, and some 0*13 inch in breadth, exclusive of the projecting tufts of
hairs. It is an arcuate, worm-like body, that has been divided or split
lengthwise in breaking open the concretion in which it is enveloped ; so that
it is only a longitudinal section we see in looking at either half of the con-
cretion. At both extremities, and along the upper or convex side of the
curve, we observe densely packed tufts or fascicles of hairs individually radi-
ating, as if from small wart-like protuberances. These hairs are straight,
and about 0-30 inch in length. At one extremity, which appears to be the
anterior, two of the bundles of hairs are more radiating than the others, and
directed forward. The bundles distributed over the curved or dorsal side
are regularly arranged, and have each a general direction at right angles from
the part of the arched side from which they spring. At the posterior ex-
tremity there are also two tufts directed backwards, the individual hairs of
which are less radiating than those at the other extremity. Between some
of the bundles ranged along the upper side, some shorter tufts are seen,
which appear as if they originate in another series of protuberances farther
over on the other side embedded in the matrix. If we suppose each of these
principal bundles along the curved side, and the two bundles at either end
to each belong to a single segment, it would make about ten or eleven seg-
ments to the entire body.

The specimen is not in a condition to show the head or feet ; yet we are
strongly inclined to believe from its form, and peculiar regularly arranged
bundles of hairs, that it is a Caterpillar. If we are right in this suggestion,

[Mar.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 53

its discovery is certainly an interesting one, as it would present an evidence
of the existence of Lepidopterous Insects, at a much earlier period in our
world's history than has hitherto been suspected.

As this fossil will doubtless be met with in the Coal Measures at other lo-
calities, whether or not its connection with the mature Butterfly or Moth can
ever be positively established, it seems desirable, for convenience of refer-
ence, that it should receive a name ; although we are unable to point out
any well defined characters from the only specimen seen, by which it can be
distinguished from the larva of several existing types. That there is any
probability, however, of its belonging to any existing genus, will, we think,
not be maintained by any person familiar with the range of generic types
in time.

April 4:th.

Vice-President, Cassin, in the Chair.

Twentv-two members present.

The following paper was presented and referred to a Committee :
" Diagnoses Specierum et varietatum novarum Molluscorum," etc.
By Philip P. Carpenter.

JlprilWth.
The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.

Twenty-five members present.

The following were presented and referred to a Committee :

" Synopsis of the genus Pomoxys," " On the genus Caulolatilus,"
" Oo the cranial characteristics of Gadus proximus," and " Note on
several genera of Cyprinoids." By Theo. Gill.

The Curators exhibited a large living specimen of the Great Crab-
Spider, Mygale cancerides, recently brought from Brazil, and presented
by Mr. Newton.

The Secretary announced the death, on the 30th ult., of Major
Charles I. Maceuen, late a member of the Academy.

April \%th.
The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.

Twenty members present.

The following papers were presented and referred to Committees :

" Observations on the Eocene Lignite Formation of the United
States," and " Catalogue of the Eocene Annelides, etc." By T. A.
Conrad.

" Descriptions of three new species of Exotic Uniones." By Isaac
Lea.

The Secretary read the following :

1865.]

54 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

Extract from the last Will and Testament of Thomas B. Wilson, deceased, late
of Newark, State of Delaware, and on record in the Register's Office, New-
castle, Delaware.

" I will and bequeath to the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia,
my collection of Birds and all my other specimens of Natural History deposited
by me in the hall or building of the said Academy of Natural Sciences, on
Broad street, Philadelphia. And I further give and bequeath to the said
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the sum of Ten Thousand dollars,
to be by them invested in some safe and productive fund, and as often as it
may be necessary to change the said investment, to re-invest the said sum in
like manner ; which fund shall be called the Library Fund, and the income
therefrom shall be exclusively appropriated to the purposes, preservation and
income of the Library of the said Academy, in the following manner : Three
hundred dollars of the yearly income arising therefrom, I direct to be paid as
a yearly salary to a Librarian, to be appointed by the said Academy, whose
duties shall be by them fixed and determined ; and the residue of the yearly
income arising from the said fund I direct to be applied, firstly, to the con-
tinuance, by purchase, of such works published periodically or in numbers as
are now contained in and belonging to the Library of the said Academy. And,
secondly, to the purchase and procuring of such works relating to Natural
History as may be designated and selected by the said Librarian and the Li-
brary Committee of the said Academy jointly."

The said Will is dated the seventeenth day of March, Anno Domini, one
thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, (1854.)

Attest, Rathmell Wilson,

Surviving Executor.

April 2hth.

The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.

Eighteen members present.

On the favorable report of the respective Committees, the following
papers were ordered to be published :

Diagnoses Speciemm et "Varietatum novarum MOLTTSCORTJM, prope Sinum
Pugetianum a Ktmuerlio Doctore, nuper decesso, collectoium.

SCRIBEBAT PHILIP P. CARPENTER, B.A., PH.D.
Academiae Alumnus Corresponded.

SfliENIA OVOIDKA, n. S.

S. t. parva,, albida., ovoidea ; epidermide cinerea, parum rugosa, induta ;
marginibus, antico et ventrali regulariter excurvatis ; dorsalibus rectis ad
angulum circiter 150 ; parte postica angustiore, obtuse angulata, parum trun-
cata ; umbonibus prominentibus, circiter ad duas inter quinque partes totius
longitudinis sitis ; intus, lamina cartilaginea lata, parum extante ; sinu pallii
ovali, usque ad medium interstitii porrecto. Long. -3, lat. -16, alt. -02, poll.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano specimen unicum piscavit Kennerley.

A "Sph. ?Binghami" Searles Wood Crag Moll., vix differt.

NejEra pectinata, n. s.

N.t. globosa, albida, subdiaphana ; epidermide tenui induta; ventraliter
antice products, postice subito angustato, rostrato ; rostro haud insculpto,
duabus inter quinque partes totius longitudinis sequante ; parte globosa acute
costata ; costis posticis paullum majoribus, magis distantibus ; margines dor-

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 55

sales versus obsoletis ; interstitiis latis, quadratis, minutissime concentrice

striatis

bus,

umboL

viculato ; cicatricibus adductoribus subrotundatis, deorsum sitia ; siuu pallii

parvo, lato : margine a costis pectinate Long. -24, lat. -14, alt. -12.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano specimen junior legit Kennerley. Apud iusulam
Catalinam et Sanct. Barbaram adultum piscavit Cooper.

Genus PANDORA.

Subgenus Kennerlia.

Testa Pandoris veris siraillima ; cartilago ossiculam gerens ; ligamentum
elongatum. tenuissimum; lamina externa prismatica valva, planata plerum-
que radiatim sulcata ; cardo simplex ; linea pallii baud sinuata.

Ex. Kennerlia filosa.

Kennerlia bicarinata. [?An P. biliratx, Conr., sequalis.]
Kennerlia glacialis.

Kennerlia filosa, n. s.

K. t. tenui, planoconvexa, maxime rostrata, ; marginibus dorsalibus rectis,
ad angulum circ. 160; ventrali regulariter et modice excurvato, postice vix
sinuato ; epidermide olivacea, plerumque erosa, postice corrugata ; lamina
externa prismatica spongiosa, valva, planata radiatim sulcata, (quasi filosa,,)
sulcis distantibus ; valva convexa costa, obtussissima, postice decurrente ;
lineis seu undis incrementi conspicuis : intus, dente cardinali uno, parvo,
extante ; callositate claviculoidea antica, margini contigua, ; fossa cartilagi-
nali postice sita; cicatricibus adductoribus rotundatis, margini dorsali con-
tiguis; linea, pallii simplici. Long. -8, lat. -4, alt. -12.

Hab. In sinu Pugctiano satis rare piscavit Kennerley.

PSAMMOBIA RDBRORADIATA, (Nutt. MS.)

Ps. t. seu omnino lilacina, seu albida, lilacino plus minusve radiata ; mag-
na, solida, lata, subrequilaterali, haud planata, rugis incrementi irregularibus
instructa ; epidermide olivacea induta; marginibus, dorsalibus antice et pos-
tice rectis, ad angulum 160, umbonibus prominentibus, obtusis ; ventrali
subplanato, antico rotundato, postico subquadrato : intus, albida ; dentibus
cardinalibus utraque valva duobus, parvis ; nymphis planatis, latioribus,
ligamento extante ; cicatricibus adductoribus, antico ovali, postico rotundato ;
sinu pallii subquadrata, usque ad medium porrecta,, a margine ventrali linea
solum separata ; costis duaous ab umbonibus ad marginem internum cica-
tricum diagonaliter decurrentibus.

= " Sanguinolaria rubro-radiata, Conr." [?ubi] Nutt. MS. ; B. A. Rep., p. 195.

Macoma yoldiformis, n. s.

M. t. parva, valde transversa, subplanata, yoldiformi ; alba, tenui, subdia-
phana, politissima, ; epidermide nitente, pallide straminea induta ; lineis in-
crementi, postice conspicuis, exceptis, lsevi ; parum ina?quilaterali, umbonibus
postice intiectis ; marginibus undique (regione ligamenti excepta) regulariter
excurva'is: intus, nympba, ligamentali concava, subcelata ; postice secta,
dein parum alata ; dentibus cardinalibus valva sinistrali ii., quorum unus
bifidus ; margine dorsali antico excurvato ; sinu pallii obscure triangulato,
paullo plus quam duns trientes interstitii inter cicatrices adductores minores
porrecto. Long. -68, lat. -4, alt. *15.

Eab. In Pacifico Boreali primum piscavit Belcher: dein valvas duas in
sinu Pugetiano, Kennerley : postea prope San Diegonem, Cooper : rarissime.

1865.]

56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Macoma (Ivar.) expansa.

M. t. " M. prozimse" simili, sed majore, multo tenuiore ; antice minus, pos-
tice plus expansa, regulariter excurvata ; t. jun. subdiaphana, subepidermi-
dem tenuem, stramineam, subnacrea; t. adulta alba, nitida ; dentibus cardi-
nalibus ii. i. minimis, haud bifidis ; sinu palii valva altera per tres quad-
rantes, altera per quinque inter septem partes interstitii porrecto. Long.
1-55, lat. 1-13, alt. -5.

Mai. In sinu Pugetiano rarissime legit Kennerley.

A "M. laid, Gmel." Desh. MS. in Mus. Brit, vix differt, specimine Grcen-
landico ; sed M. latse et calcane in Mus. Cumingiano textura et dentibus
haud convenit. Species quaedam hujusce formse, extus similiores, intus
dentibus et sinu pallii satis differunt.

(Tellina) Angulus modestus, n. s.

A. t. "A. tenero," Sayii simillima ; sed callositate conspicua interna antica
ab umbonibus deeurrente, sinum pallii et cicatricem adductorem utrdque
valva, separante ; parva, subdiaphana, nitidissima, donaciformi ; epidermide
cornea tenuissima, striulis incrementi, plus minusve conspicuis, induta ;
margine antico dorsali subplanato ; umbonibus extantibus ; area postica
truncata, haud acute definita ; margine ventrali subplanata : intus, dentibus
cardinalibus utraque valva ii., quorum alternati bifidi ; valva sinistrali lat.
antico curto, extante, contiguo, posticis nullis ; sinu pallii usque ad callosi-
tatem porrecto ; nymphis paullum concavis. Long. *36, lat. -22, alt. -08.

Hub. In sinu Pugetiano, specimina duo juniora legit Kennerley.

Anqulus modestos, var. obtusus.

A. t. "A. modesto" simili ; sed majore, umbonibus obtusis, vix donaciformi,
marginibus dorsalibus et ventrali excurvatis ; candidiore, vix diaphana; epi-
dermide pallidissime straminea. Long. -72, lat. -44, alt. "15.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano legit Kennerley ; apud "Neah Bay," Swan ; prope
S. Pedro, Cooper.

?Clementia subdiaphana, n. s.

?C. t. ovali, quoad genus valde transversa, tumida, tenuissima; pallide
cinerea, epidermide pallide straminea; subdiaphana, sed subcalcarea, haud
porcellana ; laevi, nisi striis incrementi ; haud lunulata, umbouibus satis pro-
minentibus : intus, valva dextra, dentibus anticis duobus acutis, contiguis,
elevatis, postico elongato, acuto, bifido, ligamento parallelo ; valva sinistra
dentibus anticis duobus, umbonem versus junctis, acutis, divergentibus,
postico elongato, acuto, simplici ; sinu pallii, ut in Dosinia, angusto, angu-
lato, per dimidium interstitii umbones versus porrecto. Long. -72, lat. -58,
alt. -34.

Genus PSEPHIS *

Animal Veneri simile, sed viviparum.

Testa inter Pacbydesma et Circem intermedia; lasvis, seu concentrice
sculpta, nitida ; cardine dentibus iii. iii. variantibus, quorum anticus saepe
porrectus ; marginibus haud crenulatis, dorsali intus sulcato ; sinu pallii
parvo, lato, interdum obsoleto ; ligamento tenui, umbones obtusus circum-
eunte.

* Th. 4^*C) calculus.

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 57

Exeinplum typicum : Psephis Lordi == Chione Lordi, Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc,
1863, p. 69.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano primum legit Kennerley : postea, in insula Van-
cover legit Lord : in insula Catalina, Cooper.

Venus Kennerleyi, n. s.

V. t. ovali, solida, calcarea, squalide alba ; marginibus sequaliter excur-
vatis ; valde inaequilaterali, haud tumida, ; rugis concentricis, validis, crebris,
irregularibus, haud acutis, instructa ; interstitiis concentrice striatis, (t.
juniore suborbiculari, striis radiantibus ornata ;) lunula lineis impressis
definita, rugis appressis instructa; area, haud definita; intus, dentibus utra-
que valva, iii., quorum altera i. altera ii. plus minusve bifidis ; fulchro valido ;
cicatricibus muscularibus validis ; sinu pallii parvo, anguste angulato ; mar-
ginibus tenuiter crenulatis. Long. 2-5, lat. 1*8, alt. 1-25.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano legit Kennerley: testas juniores, "V. astartese"
Midd. similes, legerunt juxta Neeah Bay, Swannii Indianuli.

ASTARTE (? COMPRESSA, VCir.) COMPACTA.

A. t. " A. compressse" simili, sed compacta, minus transversa ; liris concen-
tricis expressis, paucioribus, marginem posticam versus obsoletis ; umboni-
bus valde prominentibus, acutioribus ; marginibus dorsalibus rectis, ad
angulum 100 ; lunula minus impressa, longiore ; area ligamentali minus
angulata ; dente laterali antico valva dextra magis extante. Long. -4, lat.
33, div. -21.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano specimen unicum piscavit Kennerley.

LUCINA TENUISCULPTA, n. S.

L. t. U L. Mazatlanicse" forma, simili ; sed magis convexa, sculptura multo
tenuiore ; epidermide olivaceo-cinerea induta; t. juniore lam ; postea, rugis
incrementi concentricis, plus minusve conspicuis, distantibus, irregularibus ;
costulis radiantibus subobsoletis, latis, crebrioribus, antice et postice evani-
dis ; area postica vix subquadrata, haud definita : intus, dentibus cardinali-
bus et lateralibus normahbus, satis extantibus ; ligamento externo, elongato ;
cicatrice antica normaliter prolongate ; margine crenulato. Long. -23, lat.
21, alt. -13.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano legit Kennerley.

Cryptodon serricatus, n.s.

C. t. parva, subplanata, subcirculari, tenui, alba, haud flexuosa ; epider-
mide tenuissima, vix straminea, serricata, induta ; laevi, seu lineis incrementi
vix ornata, nitente ; suborbiculari, seu ventraliter producta ; marginibus
undique valde et regulariter rotundatis, regione lunulari incurvata ; utnbo-
nibus antice hamatis ; lunula planata, haud exacte definita : intus, ligamento
tenui, omnino celato ; dentibus cardinalibus in utraque valva uno, extante,
lateribus nullis ; cicatricibus adductoribus subovalibus, haud prolongatis ;
linea. pallii a margine haud crenato satis remota. Long. *16, lat. -18, alt. *1.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano legit Kennerley : in insula Vancouver, Swannii
Indianuli.

Pythina rugifera, n. s.

P. t. majore, tenuissima, valde transversa, subquadrata, vix inaequilaterali;
lineis incrementi et epidermide rugosa, confertissime laminata, ornata ; um-
bonibus latis, valde prominentibus, antice flutentibus ; marginibus, dorsali-
bus satis regulariter excurvatis, regione postica paulum majore ; ventrali
planato, seu medio concavo : intus, cardine maxime delicatulo ; dente cardi-

1865.]

58 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

nali uno minore, clavicula antica laterali inconspicua ; laterali postico nullo.
Long. 77, lat. -44, alt. -3.

Ilab. la sinu Pugetiano specimina duo, (quorum unum fractum,) piscavit
Kennerley.

Inter Pythinas typicas et Kellias locum tenet.

Tellimya tumida, n. s.

T. t. subtriangulari, subovata, laevi, solidiore, tumidiore, valde inequilate-
ral i ; cinerea, epidermide pallide olivacea, concentrice striata induta ; mar-
ginibus dorsalibus subrectis, ventrali excurvato : intus, dentibus cardinalibus
valva, sinistra validissimis, curtis, extantibus, postico longiore ; valva dextra
callositatibus marginalibus, dentibus nullis ; cartilagine validiore, ossiculum
parvum in medio gerente ; cicatricibus adductoribus a cardine valde remotis.
Long. -155, lat. -125, alt. -06.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano specimen unicum legit Kennerley; apud Neeah
Bay, Swan ; prope San Diegonem, Cooper.

Lkda fossa, Baird.

L. t. U L. minutse" simili; sed parte antica minore ; postica magis porrecta,
angustiore ; umbonibus parvis, valde prominentibus ; lirulis concentricis
crebris, haud expressis, postice et testa adulta. ventrUiter omnino obsoletis ;
regione siphonali haud lirata, obtuse biangulata, angulis contiguis, subno-
dosis ; regionibus dorsalibus utroque latere laevibus ; parte antica sulco
radiante obsoleto definita, liris illuc interdum interruptis : intus, dentibus
cardinalibus utroque latere xiv., posticis magis elongatis ; sinu pallii minimo.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano specimen unicum legit Kennerley : in porto Es-
quimalto, idem, Lyall.

Proc. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 71. = L./oveata, Baird MS., in Mus. Brit.

Pecten {?var.) Hindsii.

P. t. "P. hastati" varietatibus simili, sed latiore ; radiis multo crebriori-
bus, aequalibus, laevioribus, minoribus, ventraliter bifurcantibus ; interstitiis
latis, minutissime granulosis ; intus albida,. Long. 1-6, lat. 1-7, alt. -57.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano juniorem legit U. S. E. E., adultum Kennerley: in
insula Vancouver legit Lord.

= P. Fabricii, Gld. in B. A. Rep., p. 211, (non Phil. = P. islandicus, jun.)

Tornatina exima, Baird.

T. t. cylindracea, majore, laevi, pallide albolutescente ; epidermide strami-
nea, spiraliter tenuissime striulata, induta ; spira saepius erosa; suturis an-
gustis, acutissime canaliculars ; labro acuto, antice sinuato, medio porrecto,
postice exciso, supra suturam valde et acute elevato ; apertura, antice valde
elongata.; columella valde excavaia, antrorsura labrum versus arcuata. ; labio
tenui; plica, angustissima, obsoleta, parieti appressa. Long. -26, lat. -12.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano primum legit Kennerley : postea in insula Van-
couver legit Lord.

Speciminibus typicis comparitis, conchilias Kennerlianas Dullinx eximue,
Bairdj in Proc. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 67, conspecificas esse certissime constat.

Cylichna (?cymndkacea, var.) attonsa.

C. t. " C. cylindracese" aliter simillima; sed postice rotundata, haud um-
bilicata, vix lacunata, labro regulariter incurvato. Long. -38, lat. -15.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano specimen unicum legit Kennerley.

Specimina Californica, a Jewett Cooperque collecta, C. cylindracese typicoa
magis conveniunt.

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 59

Dentalium rectids, n. s.

D. t. valde elongata, valde tereti, lentissime augente, vix arcuata ; laevi,
tenuiore, albida, subdiaphana, valde nitente ; aperturam versus tenuissima.
Long. 1-9, lat. -13.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano legit Kennerley.

Varina D. eburneo, Singaporensi, convenit ; sed annulis falacibus caren,
textura, valde differt.

Mopalia Kennerleyi, n. s.

M. t. U M. muscoso" formd, indole, sculpturaque simili ; sed multo magis
elevata ; plus minusve rubente, plus minusve olivaceo variegata, intus pal-
lida ; granis lateralibus fere aequalibus ; liris centralibus haud acutis, inter-
stitiis rarius cancellatis ; suturis undatis, apicibus valvaruni prominentibus ;
valva antica octoradiata, radiis granulosis, margine octies inciso ; valvis
intermediis utraque semel incisis ; valva postica mucrone obsoleto, sinu pos-
tico alto, angustiore, marginibus anticis valde alatis, lateribus posticis semel
ineisis.

Sab. In sinu Pugetiano : sp. unicum legit Kennerley.

?M0PAHA SIN0ATA, n. S.

?M. t. parva, subelongata, elevata, jugo angulato ; rubido et cajruleo ele-
ganter maculata,; valvis' elongatis, subquadratis ; areis lateralibus costa, an-
gusta, subelevata,, granulosa, utraque defiuiiis; suturis quoque granulosis;
tota, superfice clarissime reticulata, punctis areis centralibus valde, areis late-
ralibus et valvis terminalibus modice impressis ; valvis terminalibus ut in
areis lateralibus sculptis, costis acutis radiantibus, interstitiis reticulars ;
valva postica maxime incisa, sinu alto, acuto mucronem tenus haud con-
spicuam effossa : intus rosacea; marginibus apicinis granulosis tota longi-
tudine intortis ; sinu laminarum sadiralium parvo, angusto ; laminis externis,
valvis centralibus semel incisis ; valva antica, fissuris circiter viii., costis
convenientibus ; valva postica, fissura laterali utraque costae conveniente,
postice maxime sinuata: limbo pallii coriaceo, pilulis paucis ; poro rotun-
dato parvo suturis utroque latere conveniente.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano specimina duo legit Kennerley.

Mopaliis typicus structura valvae posticae convenit : poris suturalibus vix
definitis, difiert.

7MOPALIA IMPORCATA, n. S.

?M. t. parva, valde elevata, satis elongata ; jugo acuto, rectangulato ; pal-
lida, rufotincta ; areis lateralibus, costa elevata, dense granulosa, definitis ;
suturis dense granosis, marginibus intus implicatis ; valva antica circiter
octies granoso-costata ; arearum lateralium et valvse anticas interstitiis intri-
catim ruguloso-indentatis ; areis centralibus costis longitudinalibus crebris,
validissimis, acutis, subparallelis, interstitiis crenulato-decussatis ; valva, pos-
tica mucrone haud conspicuo, submarginali, sinu parvo, angusto : intus, sinu
laminarum suturalium angusto : valvis centralibus fissura una ; valva, antica
fissuris ? ; valva, postica fissura utraque una, postice sinu parvo, angulato :
limbo coriaceo, poris suturalibus aliisque hue et illuc sparsis, minutis, setulis
albidis instructis.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano specimina duo legit Kennerley.

Ut in ?M. sinuata, a Mopaliis typicis difiert.

Ischnochtton (Trachydermon) retiporosus, n. s.

I. t. parva, subelongata, cinerea, valde elevata, jugo arcuato ; valvis sub-
quadratis, apicibus celatis, marginibus suturalibus intus reglicatis ; areis
lateralibus parum definitis, costulis iii. vi. obsoletis, rotundatis, hue et

1865.]

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

llluc grams acutis, expressis, instructis; areis centralibus omnino scrobicu-
latis, interstitiis parvis, alte punctatis ; valvis terminalibus costulis crebris,
angustis, acutioribus; mucrone parum eonspicuo, antrorsum sito : intus,
sinu suturali lato ; laminis, utroque latere semel, valvis terminalibus circ.
xn. incisis : limbo pallii graauloso, graaulis confertis, minimis, vix elon^atis,
vix regularibus, haud sculptis. Long. -44, lat. -28, div. 90.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano specimen unicum legit Kennerley.

Forma 1. interscincto, Gld. et /. scrobkulato, Midd. convenit ; indole sculp-
ture differt. r

Ischnochiton (Trachtdermon) trifidis, n. s.

I. t. elevata,, ovali, rubida ; valvis latis, subquadratis, apicibus vix intortis ;
are is lateralibus subelevatis, costis obsoletis rotundatis ii. iv.; areis cen-
tralibus punctis distantibus, valde impressis ; valvis terminalibus ut in areis
lateralibus costatis ; valva postica mucrone submediana, haud elevata : intus
albida, subrosacea; valvis utraque latere maculo aurantio elongato ornatis,
sinuibus centralibus parvis, expansis ; marginibus externis subgrunda typice
obtectis; laminis lateralibus bis, terminalibus circiter xii. incisis: limbo
palln, granuloso, granis ovalibus, vix imbricatis haud striatis. Lone:. -75,
lat. -45, div. 110. 5 '

Bab. In sinu Pugetiano specimen unicum piscavit Kennerley.

Ischnochiton (Trachydermon) pseudodentiens, ? n. s.

I. t. parva, ovata, subelevata, jugo angulato ; cinerea, olivaceo eleganter
maculata, suturis albido et fusco-olivaceo haud regulariter tessellatis ; areis
lateralibus haud valde definitis ; totasuperficie gran-ulis creberrimis instructa ;
apicibus valvarum distinctis ; mucrone eonspicuo, submediano : intus, sinu
suturali lato, medio planato : subgrundis parvis, haud extantibus, subspon-
giosis ; laminis lateralibus unofissatis ; terminalibus quoad xi., valde obtusis :
limbo pallii minute granuloso, granis laevibus, confertis. subovalibus. Lone 1 .
44, lat. -24, div. 110. &

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano legerunt primum Expeditio Explorans, demum
Kennerley : in insula Vancouver legit Lord: apud San Diegonem legit Cooper.

Specimini typicali " Ch. denlientis, Gouldii" convenit: a diagnosi et figura,
haud dentiens, differt.

Ischnochiton (Trachydermon) flectens, n. s.

I. t. parva, subelongata, rosea, elevata ; jugo acuto ; areis lateralibus vix
definitis ; marginibus valvarum excurvatis, suturis incurvatis, apicibus valde
prominentibus ; valvis granulis miautis, haud crebris, subradiatim sparsis,
omniuoque minutissime punctulatis ; mucrone eonspicuo, antico : intus, sinu
suturali lato, planato ; subgrundis haud porrectis ; laminis lateralibus uno-
terminalibus quoad xi.-fissatis : limbo pallii vix minutissime granulate
Long. -35, lat. -24, div. 110.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano legit Kennerley: in insula Vancouver legit Lord:
prope Monterey, Taylor : apud San Diegonem, Cooper.

Lepeta CjECOIdes, n. s.

L. t. " L. csecse " simili ; t. alba, ancyloidea, tenui, juniore subdiaphana ; apice
obtuso, antice verso; parte postica parum excurvatd; lateribus haud compressis ;
margine regulariter ovato ; tota superficie sub lente minutissime striata,
striulis valde distantibus, haud elevatis, haud granulatis, subobsoletis ; ci-
catrice musculari haud impressa. Long. (t. adolesc.) -45, lat. -37, alt. -19
(speciminis multo majoris pars solum superest : long. -94, lat. -73, alt. -55.)
div. 90.

Hab. Specimina juniora perpauca viventia in sinu Pugetiano piscavit
Kennerley: ex insulis Farallonibus adulta affertur, teste Darbishire.

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 61

Calliostoma (?var.) variegatcm.

C. t. parva, conica, variegata ; nucleo rosacco ; anfr. vi. planatis, suturis
haud iinpressis ; costulis in spira. iii. regularibus, nodulosis ; nodulis albidis,
subdistantibus ; interstitiis elegantissinie rosaceis ; lirulis basalibus viii.
haud nodulosis, rosaceo maculatis. Long. -24, long. spir. -13, lat. -21, div.

50.

Hab. Puget Sd., sp. un. legit Kennerley.

This may prove to be an extreme variety of Cal. annulatum, Martyn.

Margarita (?wz?\)tenuisculpta.

M. t. " M. Vahlii" forma, colore, et operculo simillima; sed striulis spirali-
bus, plus minusve obsoletis cincta,, quarum iv.-vi. in spira, monstrantur.
Long. -22, long, spir. -11, lat. -13, div. 70.

Hab. Puget Sd., Kennerley. Neeah Bay, Swan.

Except in the very faint spiral sculpture, which does not always appear a
constant character in Margaritas (v. M. undulata in Fbs. and Hani. Br. Moll.,)
these shells might stand for M. Vahlii, a ? variety of which was found spar-
ingly by Dr. Kennerley. They are sometimes painted with infrasutural flam-
mules of darker ash. Both the smooth and the striated forms have a promi-
nent spiral rib on the whorls of the operculum.

Margarita lirulata, n. s.

M. t. parva, cineracea, tenui, tumentiore, nacreo rosaceo ; anfr. v. plerumque
subdepressis, suturis distinctis : interdum purpureo-fusco pallide maculata ;
lirulis acutfs spiralibus haud elevatis, supra valde distantibus, in spira ii.,
circa basim rotundatum circ. viii. ; apertura subquadratu ; umbilico magno,
infundibuliformi,angulato ; interstitiis lirularum laevibus, seu ab incrementi9
epidermidis decussatis : operculo tenuissimo, pallido, subplanato, suturis dis-
tinctis. Long. -18, long. spir. '07, lat. -2, div. 80.

Hab. Puget Sd., Kennerley.

? Var. a. subelevata ; t. elatiore ; colore livido, intensiore ; lirulis vix

acutis.

Bab. Puget Sd., Kennerley. Neeah Bay, Swan.

? Var. p. obsoleta ; t. ut in 1 \&v . subelevata ; lirulis evanescentibus ; oper-
culo planato, tenuissimo, suturis indistinctis.

Hab. Neeah Bay, Swan.

? Var. y. conica ; t. valde elevata ; lirulis acutis, aliis interdum intercalan-
tibus ; umbilico parvo. Long. -33, long. spir. -2, lat. -25, div. 58.

Hab. Puget Sd., Kennerley, sp. un.

The shells above described constitute what might be called a Darwinian
group of specific forms. With the exception of the typical shells dredged
by Dr. Kennerley, they are all in very bad condition. The Pugetian speci-
mens are flattened, with open umbilicus, as might be expected from quiet
water. Two specimens, however, form an exact transition to the Neeah Bay
shells, of which a fair number (var. a) were sent by Mr. Swan, though worn
and generally decorticated. They are more elevated, with fainter sculpture ;
and pass, by insensible gradations, into M. tenuisculpta, the two principal
spiral lines becoming evanescent, and a few others intercalating. In this
state (var. /?) the species can only be separated by the operculum, which is
pale and thin, and destitute of the strongly expressed rib of the 'Vahlii'
group. A third form (var. y) would certainly claim specific rank, but for the
intermediate series of a. and /?. The diagnostic characters for the whole se-
ries are the smooth operculum, the eight narrow riblets round the base, with
angular umbilicus and the sharp, narrow, principal riblets above, with wide
interspaces, smooth except from the lines of growth, which are principally

1865.]

62 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

visible in the epidermis. There may be three (so-called) species in the
group, viz. : lirulata, subelevata and conica.

Margarita inflata.

M. t. tumida, tenui, albida,, narceo pallide aureo ; anfr. vi. valde inflatis,
suturis ad angulum fere rectum impressis ; tota superficie tenuissime spira-
liter lirulata; lirulis acutis, haud elevatis ; in spira, circ. viii., minoribus sa?pe
intercalantibus ; interstitiis a lineis increinenti extantibus creberrimis tenu-
issime decussatis ; basi obtuse subangulata, striis creberrimis circ. xx. orna-
ta; apertura. subquadrata ; columella arcuata ; umbilico infundibuliformi,
laevi, angulato : operculo tenui, planato, suturis distinctis. Long. -44, long,
spir. -22, lat. -45, div. 85.

Eab. Puget Sd., Kennerley. Vancouver, Lyall. Neeah Bay, Swan.

Only two adult specimens of this remarkably elegant species have been
seen. It resembles the sbell from Greenland called M. striata, Brod. and Sby.,
in the British Museum, but that under the same name from Behring Straits
appears distinct. In many respects it is like M. undulata, but differs in the
greater swelling of the whorls meeting at a nearly rectangular suture, in the
far more delicate sculpture without waves the keeling of the umbilicus and
the bend in the pillar which causes a slight spiral hollow inside the umbilical
rib.

Mesalia lacteola, ? n. s.

M. t. parva., tereti, tenui, albida ; epidermide tenui, flavidii, induta ; anfr.
x. rotuudatis, suturis valde impressis, lcevious ; costis circ. xii. radiantibus,
tumentibus, suturam versus evanidis, interstitiis parvis ; costis spiralibus ro-
tundatis, costas radiantes transeuntibus, supra spiram iii. validioribus, aliis
interdum intercalantibus ; costulis suturalibus parvis, antice ii. ; basi rotun-
data, vix striata ; columella recta, paullum effusa ; labro tenuissimo, parum
arcuato. Long. -33, long. spir. -24, lat. -14, div. 30.

Eab. In sinu Pugetiano legit Kennerley. In insula Vancouver legit Forbes.

Anne " M. lactelce" varietas insignis, sculpturae indole satis discrepans.

Mesaua (? lacteola, var.) subplanata.

M. t. " M. lacteolm" simili ; sed sculptura minus extante anfractibus 3ub-
planatis ; costis radiantibus pluribus minoribus, costulis spiralibus interdum
intercalantibus, aperturam versus saepe obsoletis.

JJab. In sinu Pugetiano specimina viventia sed maxime erosa legit Ken-
nerley : juxta "Neeah Bay" legerunt Indianuli, Swannii discipuli.

Rissoa compacta, n. s.

R. t. parva, rufofusca, haud turrita, compacta, marginibus spirae excurva-
tis ; anfr. nucleosis iii. globosis, lsevibus, apice mamillato ; normalibus iii.
subplanatis, latis ; lirulis spiralibus obtusis circiter xv., quarum circ. vi. in
spira. monstrantur, interstitiis vix aequantibus ; lirulis radiantibus circ. xxx.,
peripheriam tenus evanidis, anfractibus primis superantibus, anfractu ultimo
Bfepe obsoletis ; basi rotundata, haud (nisi testa juniore) umbilicata ; aper-
tura suborbiculari, peritremati continuo ; operculo tenui, paucispirali, rapid-
issime augente. Long. -06, long. spir. -04, lat. -045, div. 45.

Eab. In sinu Pugetiano satis abundanter legit Kennerley ; prope Neeah
Bay, Swannii discipuli.

Drillia incisa, n. s.

D. t. u D. inermi" forma et indole simili; sed cinerea, rufofusco copiose
spiraliter lineata; anfr. nucleosis majoribus, subplanatis; anfr. normalibus
vii. subplanatis, epiraliter subobsoletc ccelatis ; sulcis in spira circiter viii.,
quarum quarta radiatim sinuata ; canali quoad genus longiore, aperta ; co-

[ April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 63

lumella arcuata ; labio distincto ; labro tenui, parum sinuato ; epidermide
subfugaci, laminis incrementi subrugosa, ; operculo pyriformi, haud angulato,
apice antico. Long. 1-13, long. spir. -65, lat. -4, div. 30.

Hab. la sinu Pugetiano legit Kennerley: prope " Neeah Bay" legerunt
Swannii Indianuli.

A Drilliis typicis sinu minimo et operculo haud angulato conspicue differt :
Clionellae, Grayi, magis convenit.

Drilua cancellata, ?n. s.

D. t. " D. incisse juniore" siruili, sed omnino albido, sculptura elevata, haud

coelata epidermide tenui; anfr. nucleosis ? [detritis ;] normalibus iv.

planatis, suturis distinctis; costulis radiantibus circ. xx. angustis, acuti-
oribus, et costulis spiralibus subaequantibus, quarum circiter v. in spira,
monstrantur, eleganter cancellatis, ad intersectiones subnodulosis ; apertura
obovali, in canalem longiorem, subarcuatam, apertam, producta ; labro acuto,
medio producto, ad costulam spiralem ex sutura tertiam eleganter sinuato,
sinu altiore.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano duo specimina legit Kennerley; quorum altero
labium subcallosum, altero planatum.

Mangelia levidensis, n. s.

M. t. rudi, fusca, elatiore ; anfr. nucleosis iii. subelongatis, vertice haud
mamillato ; anfr. normalibus vi.'subplanatis, suturis distinctis, quarum primi
costis radiantibus circiter xii. latis, interstiiiis parvis, et costulis spiralibus
crebrioribus, quarum v. magis insculptte supra costas transeunt, rude ornan-
tur ; anfr. ultimis sculptura subobsoleta ; apertura elongata, subquadrata in
canalem brevem arcuatim producta, intus hepatica; labro juxta suturam vix
sinuato ; labio vix conspicuo. Long. -86, long. spir. -53, lat. -29, div. 27.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano legit Kennerley : prope " Neeah Bay " collegit,
per Indianulos, Swan.

A Mangeliis typicis columella torta differt.

Bela exccrvata, ? n. s.

B. t. " B. Trevzyliante" simili, sed alba, curtiore, marginibus spiraR valde

excurvatis; anfr. nucleosis ? [erosis ;] dein iv. normalibus, subplanatis,

fere rectangulatim prope suturas tabulatis ; costis obtusis radiautibus circiter
xviii., medio anfractus et prope suturam obsoletis, postice retrorsum valde
arcuatis ; sulcis spiralibus subdistantibus impressis, costas superautibus, in
spira. circiter v., postice evanidis, antice crebrioribus ; aperatura longius
ovali, antice brevissime canaliculato, postice aite sinuato; labro acuto, medio
valde excurvato ; columella regione labii eroso. Long. -28, long. spir. -13,
lat. -15, div. 55.

Hab. In sinu Pugetiano ante decessum prematuram specimen unicum pis-
cavit Kennerley, eheu deploratus !

EULIMA MICANS, ? n. S.

E. t. u E. politce" simillima, sed minore ; anfr. nucleosis stylinis, apice sub-
decliviter sito ; anfr. normalibus xii. omnino planatis, maxiine nitentibus,
suturis nullis ; albida, rosaceo tincta ; basi arcuatim rotundata. ; apertura
ovali; labro postice, et paullum antice sinuato, calloso ; labio calloso ; co-
lumella, vix torta. Long. -52, long. spir. -3G, lat. -16, div. 25.

Hab. la sinu Pugetiano specimen juniore legit Kennerley. Juxta Neeah
Bay idem legerunt fiwannii Indianuli. Plurimos adultos viventes inter S.
Pedronem et S. Diegonem, in insula quoque Catalinam piscavit Cooper.

An Eu. politue varietas Pacinca ?

1865.]

64 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

OCINEBRA INTERFOSSA.

0. t. satis elongata, purpureo-fusca, ; anfr. nucleosis ii., laevibus, elongatis ;
anfr. normalibus v. convexis.suturis valde irapressis ; costis radiantibus sub-
varicosis circ. xi., et spiralibus subaequantibus, quarum iii.-v. in spira, mon-
strantur, decussata ; interstitiis altis, quadratis, laminulis incrementi, et in-
terdurn costulis spiralibus obtusis intercalantibus, ssepe ornatis ; aperturd
ovata, labro (t. adulta) iatus dentato ; canali satis longa, saspius clausa.
Long. -85, long. spir. -4, lat. -45, div. 60.

Hab. Neeah Bay, Swan: Vancouver, Lord, (named Fusus orpheus, as of
Gld. in Br. Mus.)

Variat. : t. atropurpured; costis spiralibus distantibus, in spira. duabus,
foveis majoribus. Variat quoque t. albido zonata.

1 Chrysodomus rectirostris, n. s.

?Chr. t. parva, albida, carueo maculata, gracili epidermide tenui, cornea
induta, ; anfr. nucleosis ? . . . [decollatis ;] anfr. normalibus vi. planatis, su-
turis parum distinctis ; adolescente, costulis radiantibus circiter xiv. latis,
haud expressis, adulta obsoletis ; lineis spiralibus baud conspicuis : apertura
elongato-pyriformi, in canalem valde productum, apertum, rectum, subito
attenuata; labro acuto, parum arcuato, haud sinuato ; labio inconspicuo.
Long. -88, long. spir. -43, lat. -32, div. 33.

jjab In sinu Pugetiano, specimen unicum legit Kennerley.

Aspectu Belam, forma Perronam, nisi labro haud sinuato, commemorat :
characteribus plurimis subgeneri Siphoni convcnit.

Synopsis of the Genus POMOXYS, Raf.

BY THEODORE GILL.

In order to dissipate part of the confusion iDto which the nomenclature of
this genus has fallen, and to make known several new species, the present
article is submitted.

Genus POMOXYS, (Raf.)

I. Caudal peduncle with its height in front (-14) greater

than its length (-11 -12); anal fin extending back-
wards nearly to base of caudal. P. brevicauda.

II. Caudal peduncle longer (-13 -15) than high ('11 *13) ;

anal fin not passing beyond the second third of pe-
duncle.
Height exceeding three-tenths ("31) of length ; head less

than three-tenths ( - 24). P. intermedins.

Height less than averaging three-tenths ('29) of length,
and scarcely longer than head.
Caudal peduncle slender ("15 long, '11J high).
First dorsal spine less than half ("02^) an
eye's diameter. P. storerius.

Caudal peduncle stout, little longer than high (*13^
long, *13 high). First dorsal spine equal to
two-thirds (04^) of an eye's diameter. P. protacanthus.

POMOXYS BREVICAUDA, Gill.

D. VI. 15. A. VI. 17. P. 15.

(3
Scales (1229-) 42 .*
14

* The twelfth and twenty- ninth scales of the lateral line, respectively, correspond with the
vertical of the anterior and posterior ends of the dorsal fin. The total number of scales through
which the lateral line runs, exclusive of those on the caudal fin, is forty-two. At the region of great-
est height, there are six rows above and fourteen below the lateral line.

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 65

This species is readily distinguished by its abbreviated caudal peduncle and
the consequent extension of the anal fin backwards nearly to its end. The
back is also considerably more gibbous and decurved than that of any con-
gener.

4564. North Grand River, Livingston Co., Mo. Dr. Hoy.

POMOXTS INTERMEDIUS Gill.

D. VI. 15. A. VI. 17.
6
Scales (1231) 45 .
14
This species distinguished by its comparatively longer caudal peduncle and
the height of the body, as well as by the smaller size of the scales.

POMOXTS STOREKIUS Gill.

?Pomoxis annularis Raf. f Ag.

Cichla storeria Kirtland, MSS.

Centrarchus hexacanthus Cuv. et Val., fide Storer (nee Cuv. et Val.)

Pomoxis nitidus Girard.

Centrarchus nitidus Giinther.

D. VI. 15. A. VI. 17. P. 15.

Scales (1430) 43 .
14

The Pomoxys storerius is remarkable among all its known congeners on ac-
count of the slender caudal peduncle.

The species has been quite unfortunate in its nomenclature. It is possible
that it is the species described and figured (!) by Rafinesque, but it would be
an act of injustice to any other naturalist to suppose that his figure could so
disagree with nature as does that of Rafinesque with the species in question.
Agassiz has adopted Rafinesque's name for a species found in the Tennessee
River,* and, while he has remarked that it does not have the caudal ring
mentioned by that author, has not alluded to any other disagreement with
the fish of Rafinesque ; the normal inaccuracy of that man is, however, so
well known, that Agassiz has doubtless considered it superfluous to allude to
any such discrepancies, and, consequently nothing may be predicated from
his silence on that subject.

The species was first intelligibly noticed by Dr. Kirtland ; in the "Report
on the Zoology of Ohio," p. 191, he introduced it under the name Cichla Sto-
rsrin. Being subsequently informed by Dr. Storer " that Cuvier had pre-
viously described it in the third volume of his " Histoire Naturelle des Pois-
sons," from specimens taken by Lesueur in the river Wabash," he referred
it to the latter species, called Centrarchus hexacanthus Val. The fishes of
Kirtland and the French naturalists, not only belong to different species, but
even to different genera. The name Cichla Storeria must therefore be ac-
cepted as the specific appellation of the species described by Kirtland, if Ra-
finesque's is deemed unworthy of adoption.

Subsequently, the species was described and figured by Girard under the
new name of Pomoxis nitida, while the name of Kirtland was retained as a
synonym of the Centrarchus hexacanthus, which was erroneously called Pomoxis
sparoides, and the name of Rafinesque was preserved for a third nominal
species.

* Agaspiz remarks, that the species of the Tennessee Kirer '-agrees fully with the description
given hy Kafint-wjiu- of his Pomoxis annularis, with the sole exception of a golden ring at the base
of the tail, which may be faded io the specimens sent by Dr. Newman from Huntsville ;" but this i
agreement surely can scarcely extend to the figure, which remains unnoticed bv Agassiz.

1865.] 5

66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

POMOXYS PKOTACANTHUS Gill.

D. VI. 15. A. VI. 17.

Scales (1330) 43.
14

The Pomoxys protacanthtis may be at once distinguished among the other
Bpecies here enumerated by the comparative elongation of the anterior dorsal
and anal spines. A single specimen (4565), from Tarboro, North Carolina,
is in the Smithsonian collection, and has no opercular spot. The absence of
this latter furnishes another specific character, unless it has been obliterated
by the alcohol.

The following table gives the relative proportions of the several species :

4564 4563 4565

Extreme length 8 6| 6| C

Body Greatest height 35 31 29 29

Heightof tail behind anal fin 14 12 11$ 13

Least height of tail 11$ 10 9* 10

Length of tail 11$ 13 15 13$

Head Greatest length 31 29 29 28

Height at pupil 15.} 14 14 15

Length of snout 6} 6 6 6$

Orbit Diameter 5.} 6 6 6

Dorsal Length of base 27 25 24 24

Height at first spine 3 2} 2$ 4$

Height at last spine 11$ 13} 14 12

Height at longest ray 16 16 16

Anal Height at first spine 4 2$ 2$ 3}

Height at last spine 9$ 12 11 10"

Caudal Length of middle rays 17 18 17 19}

Length of external rays 21 22 22 24

Pectoral Length 16} 17 17 16

Ventral Length 15 15 15 14

On the Genus CAULOLATILUS,
BY THEODORE GILL.

CAULOLATILUS Gill.

*=CauloTatilas Gill, Proc. Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, 1862,
p. 340.

Dekaya Cooper, Proc. California Academy of Natural Sciences, iii. p. 70, 1864.
Latilus sp. Car. et Val.

Body much compressed, elongated, with the height nearly uniform to the
anus ; thence gradually decreasing to the caudal peduncle, which is moderately
narrowed.

Scales small, oblong, with a rather large central, minutely granular and
estriate area, from the posterior portion of which the rhipidal ridges radiate ;
and with a wiflo muricated posterior border ; the exposed surfaces are vertical,
especially near the head.

Lateral line indistinct, parallel with the back ; median on the caudal
peduncle.

Head compressed, scarcely oblong, with the profile boldly decurved, the
forehead flattened. Forehead behind cheeks and opercula, except interoper-
uilum, covered with ctenoid scales like those of the body. Eyes subcircular,
large. Preorbital bone cUnyated rhomboid, with the height less than the di-

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 67

ameter of the eye ; cheeks longer than high. Nostrils approximated, simple.
Pre.operculum esinuate, pectinated. Operculum with a blunt, bony projection
behind. Suboperculum narrow.

Mouth moderate, with the cleft little oblique. Jaws even ; sitpramaxillaries
nearly straight behind, and subtruncated at end. Lips thick, the lower attached
by a frsenum in front.

Teeth on the jaws alone, in a broad, villiform band in front, preceded by a
row of larger acute ones continued to the corners of the mouth ; the hindmost
teeth enlarged canines directed forwards.

Branchiostegal rays six. (Branchial membrane well developed, and free
below.)

Dorsal fin with seven or eight graduated, pungent spines, and rather nu-
merous (2227) uniform branched rays ; antepenultimate normally longest.
Anal similar to^the soft dorsal, armed with one or two pungent spines ; first
spine, when present, extremely small.

Caudal fin emarginated, with its lobes pointed.

Pectoral fins well developed, longer than the ventrals.

Ventrals thoracic or subbrachial, with the spine slender but acute, and with
second ray longest.

Type Caulolatilus chrysops Gill.

The genus Caulolatilus is widely separated from Latilus by the form of the
body, structure of the scales and especially by the form of "the head and the
structure of the fins. It is also related to Prohitilus,* but is readily distin-
guished by the general form, the form of the head, the thoracic position of
the ventral fins, as well as the number of dorsal spines and form of the cau-
dal fin.

Caulolatilus was first separated from Latilus in an article entitled " Remarks
on the relations of the genera, and other groups of Cuban Fishes ;" it was
said to be distinguished by its form and the structure of the fins, and was
founded for the reception of the Latilus chrysops C. et V.

Subsequently Dr. Cooper described as a new generic type allied to Hetero-
gnathodon Blkr., a Californian species of the same genus, and considered it "to
be a very aberrant form of the Percoid family, having many characters of
other orders.

Four species of the genus are known to me ; their relations and differential
characters may be expressed by the following scheme :

I. D. vii (-viii.) 24. A. i. (ii.)22.f Profile quadrantiform. C. chrysops.

C. affinis.

II. D. viii. 2526. A. ii. 2526. Profile less decurved, the

snout being produced.

a.. Dorsal spines behind longer than the space between the
fin and lateral line ; pectoral fin equal to distance
from snout to middle of operculum C. anomalus.

p. Dorsal spines behind about equal to space between fin
and lateral line ; pectoral fin about three-fourths the
length of the head (Jenyns.) C. princeps.

Caulolatilus chrysops.

Latilus chrysops C. et V., ix. 496 ; Guict., in Sayra,, tab. 2, f. 1 ; Gthr., ii.
253.

* Prohitilus Gill, (type Latilus Jugularis Cuv, Val.,) is distinguished by its general form, a
well as the form of the head, scaly forehead aud approximated eyes ; few (4) dorsal spines, entire
caudal and subjugular ventrals.

+ My own enumeration of the dorsal and anal ray exactly coincides with Gunther's; Cuvier as-
signs D. -viii. 24. A. ii. 22. I cannot discover the small spine in front of the anal one, and there
are certainly only seven dorsal spines,

1865.] '

68 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Caulolatilus chrysops Gill, Phil. 1862, 340.
Hab. West Indies.
D. vii. (-viii.) 24. A. i. (-ii.) 22. C. v. 1, 7, 6, 1, v. P. 18. V. I. 5.

Caulolatilus affinis Gill.

In a young specimen the following peculiarities are exhibited :

The profile describes the outline of a quadrant, and in front is almost ver-
tical. The greatest height is contained less than four times (*27) in the
length, exclusive of caudal ; that of the caudal peduncle about nine times.
The head forms more than three-tenths of the length, while its height
bears to its length the proportion of 22 : 31. The diameter of the eye equals
almost half the height of the head. The preorbital is very narrow. The
teeth of the preoperculum are strong and distant, and those of the middle di-
rected obliquely upwards. The sixth dorsal spine equals a, ninth of the
length. The anus is behind the middle of the length. The caudal rather ex-
ceeds the height of the head. The pectoral equals a fifth of the length ; the
ventral is shorter ("18,) and is inserted beneath the base of the pectoral, its
spine being at the vertical of the upper axil.

D. vii. 25. A. ii. 22. P. 18.

The color is reddish brown on the head and back, lighter on the sides. A
very distinct blackish spot is present above the axilla of the pectoral.

This species is very closely related to C. chrysops, but the single individual
which is a young one about three inches long, differs from adults of the latter,
of which I have seen none less than fifteen inches long, by the greater height
of the spinous dorsal and the proportions of the other fins, and the situation
of the ventrals, strongly serrated preoperculum, as well as as the large eyes
and narrow preorbital. The last two characteristics are doubtless those of
youth. The value of the others yet remains to be ascertained, but it is pro-
hable that they will be found to be specific, although, perhaps, slightly modi-
fied with age. The species has been known to me for three years, but I have
felt reluctant to^describe from so small a specimen. The specimen was ob-
tained by Mr. Xantus at Cape St. Lucas.

Caulolatilus anomalus.

Dekaya anomala Cooper, Proc. California Academy Natural Sciences, vol. iii.
p. 71, fig. 17, 1864.

Hab. Catalina Island, California.

D. viii. 25. A. ii. 25. P. 18.

Sq. 135 140-1 5 pm,

Caulolatilus anomalus is very closely related to the C. princeps of the Gala-
pagos Archipelago, but appears to differ in the more elongated spines of the
dorsal fin, as well as the longer pectoral and ventral fins. A critical compari-
son of fresh or wet specimens of both species is, however, requisite not only
to verify the differences 'referred to, but to ascertain the other differential
characters. It is scarcely probable that the two forms are co-specific, but at
the same time we must remember that at least one species is common to
Lower California and the Galapagos Islands.

The type specimen of C. anomalus was kindly forwarded for examination
by Dr. Cooper, the discoverer. It is an adult, and belongs to the collection
of the Geological Survey of the State of California.

Caulolatilus princeps.

Latilus princeps Jenyvs, Fishes Beagle, 52, pi. 11. Gthr., ii. 253.
Hab. Galapagos Islands (Chatham Island.)

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 69

On the Cranial Characteristics of GADUS PROXIMUS Grd.
BY THEODORE GILL.

While engaged in the investigation of the comparative anatomy of the
Gadoids and allied families, my attention was arrested by the very distinctive
characters exhibited by the Californian Gadoid named by Girard Gadus prox-
imus or Morrhua proxima. The title of that form to generic separation from
the typical Gadi, is fully confirmed. I may remark, that I had long distrusted
its pertinence to Gadus on account of its small size, but the few and trivial
outward peculiarities exhibited by it, almost forbade a separation, until more
should be known concerning its organization.

The affinities of the new genus are, perhaps, rather with Brachygadus than
Gadus itself; but the form of the head sufficiently distinguishes it from thai
type. The distinctive external characters are the angular form of the fins,
especially of the first dorsal, the small size and the immaculate body. All
the osteological characters, herewith given, are contrasted with those of
Gadus, and the peculiarities are indicated by the italicized portions.

If, as I suspect, the Gadus pygmaus of Pallas belongs to Boreogadus, as
restricted by myself, at least three genera of Gadinoz are represented along
the western American coast.

MICROGADUS Gill.

The cranium is proportionally broader towards the front and less flattened,
while the brain case is flattened below, decidedly swollen laterally and on each
side of a depressed sphenoidal groove, and has an ovate cordiform shape.
The paroccipital or epiotic is not produced into an angle behind, but is ob-
tusely rounded, and its posterior or outiuardly descending ridge blunt. The pe-
trosal or opisthotic is well developed, oblong, and with its re-entering angle
high up, and, on a line with it, the surface is divided into two parts ; an upper
narrow and flattened one, and a lower expanded one, much swollen ; the
alisphenoid or pro-otic is oblong, acutely emarginated in front, swollen from
the region of the high anterior sinus, and above it little produced forwards.
The great frontal is little longer than broad, with supraoccipital crest continued
only along its posterior third, but an anterior low crest continued forwards on
the bone, and near the front expanded upwards, and with the expanded por-
tion behind dividing into narrow lateral wings ; the lateral tectiform ridges of
the frontal are continued forwards and curved outwards towards the antero-
lateral angles. The anterior frontals are mostly covered in front by he great
frontal, and are much developed in the direction of the antero-lateral angles ;
the inferior expanded axillar portion being very narrow. The nasal has a
rounded ridge in front continued well below, and its posterior crest is laminar"
and trenchant.

The rest of the bones offer less decided peculiarities, and, therefore, their
immediate consideration is less requisite.

Gadus tomcodus Mitchill exhibits similar modifications of the cranium, and
should be approximated to G. proximus.

Note on several Genera of CYPRINOIDS.

BY THEODORE GILL.

As considerable misapprehension appears to have prevailed regarding several
genera of Cyprinoids, established for forms characteristic of the Pacific slope of
North America by Girard, due, perhaps, to the vague or erroneous ideas enter-
tained by that gentleman himself, it may be advisable to give the partial
results of a renewed examination.

1865.]

70 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

The genera Lavinia, Siboma, Algansea, Tigoma, Cheonda, Gila, Ptycho*
chilus aad Mylochilus, are closely related to each other, and cannot be dis-
tributed among different subfamilies, as has been attempted. Indeed, some
of the genera so separated are so intimately allied, that their claims to generic
distinction are extremely doubtful. Siboma appears to be nearly allied to
Lavinia, and includes only the S. crassicauda, the <S. atraria belonging rather
to Algansea. Algansea itself and Tigoma are scarcely distinguishable, they
differing only in the pharyngeal teeth, Algawea having teeth 5 5, increas-
ing upwards, while Tigoma has, normally, 2 | 5 5 | 2 : both groups have
narrow suborbitals. Cheonda should be restricted to C. Cooper i. The dif-
ference between C. cozrulea and species of Tigoma are not evident. Gila and
Ptyrhochiius both require revision. Mylochilus and Mylopharodon do not dif-
fer generically, wherefore the former name alone can be retained. The genus
Acrochilus of Agassiz, referred to Lavinia by Girard, has no affinity to that
group, being nearly related to Ckondrostoma, as shown by Agassiz, who has
well described its peculiarities, while Lavinia as well as Tigoma, Algansea,
&c, are closely related to the European Leucisci. As I propose, on another
occasion, to give the full generic characters, as well as anatomy of the genera
of Western American Cyprinoids, I defer till then further consideration of
their affinities.

Observations on the EOCENE LIGNITE FORMATION of the United States.

BY T. A. CONRAD.

OLDER EOCENE OR LONDON CLAY.

Lignite Epoch.

Some years ago I visited a marl deposit near Long Branch, Monmouth Co.,
New Jersey, in which casts of a few shells presented an eocene character.
Observing in Vanuxem's cabinet a specimen of what is now known to be
Aturia ziczac, I described it in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, vol. i. 2d series, p. 129, and referred the marl, principally on account
of the presence of this shell, to the eocene era. I also described an imperfect
cast of the same species as Nautilus angustatus, in Dana's Report on the Ge-
ology of the Exploring Expedition, which was found at Astoria in Oregon, in
company with many shells which I mistook for miocene forms ; but a more
extended acquaintance with eocene types shows their older tertiary relations,
and their matrix to be synchronous with the Loudon Clay of Sheppey, High-
gate and Bracklesham. Professor Cook has lately sent me a box of specimens
of similar age from Shark River, Monmouth Co., N. Jersey, collected by Dr.
Kneiskem. In company with Aturia ziczac there are imperfect specimens of
Nautilus Lamarclcii, Deshayes, another older eocene form of the Paris basin
and of Belgium. Fruits also occur in this bed, referrible to the genera Nipa-
dites and Mimo sites, showing the tropical or semitropical climate of the era,
and giving evidence of the intimate relations of the deposit to the Brandon
and Mississippi Lignite strata. Indeed, it seems clear that this Shark River
marl was the bed of the oldest eocene ocean, and that the flora of the Bran-
don and Southern tertiary epoch flourished at the same time. The local,
circumscribed character of the Brandon Lignite is attributed by Prof. Lesley
to its having filled a deep depression, thus escaping the denuding forces
which swept all traces of it away over a wide region that it once covered.
The locality at Mont Alto, near Chambersburg, described by Prof. Lesley, is
doubtless a locally preserved fragment of a vast formation once deposited
over the Appalachian slope to the very base of the mountain range, and oc-
cupying a large space in South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi,
and in fact, extending to the Pacific as far north as Vancouver's Island.

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 71

Dana's map of the cretaceous epoch gives a general view of the United States
at this time, supposing what was then ocean had become land and fresh water.

It is probable that the estuary deposits of Upper Missouri are the base of
the older eocene, and the fresh-water shells are the earliest tertiary types of
this continent. The species of Vivipara resemble the eocene forms of the
Paris basin. According to Meek and Hayden these beds are more than 2000
feet thick.

Vanuxem was the first geologist who stated that a lignite bed is situated
in South Carolina between the cretaceous and eocene strata, and Tuomey has
since described several localities in that State and one in Clark Co., Alabama,
represented by No. 6 of his Bashia Creek section ; and No. 2 of the section
represents the Marlborough and Buhrstone group, or second stage of the
eocene. In general, some doubt rests upon the identity of species by Tuomey,
but the following list of shells contained in No. 2 is copied, with emendations,
from bis Report: Ostrea Carolinensis, Con., Venericardia planicosta, Proto-
cardia Virginiana ? Con., Volutilithes Tuomeyi, Con. This bed represents the
dark-colored loose sand of Piscataway, over which and next in succession
lies the Marlborough rock, which corresponds to the " great Carolinian bed"
of Ruffin, and the "calcareous strata of the Charleston basin" of Tuomey.
The sand bed and condition of its fossils, as well as the similarity of some of
its species, reminds us of the Bracklesham Bay locality in England, and the
superimposed rock of the Bognor beds.

Although the Aturia ziczac is the only fossil of Oregon known to be identi-
cal with the New Jersey eocene, the vast distance between the localities will
account for the variation ; for the Continent was then as wide as from the
Appalachian to the Rocky mountains, and seems to have been intersected by
many rivers and fresh-water lakes, which have left an abundance of shells
and mammalian remains entombed in the strata deposited by their waters.
The Brandon fruits described by Hitchcock are all different from those of
Shark River, but the conditions under which they nourished may account for
this variation. They probably grew on high land, at some distance from the
coast, whilst the station of the others was on low land along the shore, where
Palms and Acacias scattered their fruit within reach of currents which swept
them into the sea.

At present, the marine beds of this era are found to lie close to the Atlantic,
and in Oregon they skirt the shore ; but estuary deposits were observed by
Meek and Hayden in Upper Missouri. The Shark River marl is an indurated
clay, with disseminated grains of green sand, which are often smooth and
shining, and the shells are all in the form of casts, which are distorted mon-
or less. Portions of this clay are indurated, making it as difficult to break
as the hardest limestone. Its thickness is yet unknown. The Aturia of this
locality is discoid, which is the result of pressure, whilst the Oregon forms
are broader, and one specimen approximates the normal form of the Eu-
ropean shell.

Professor Harper describes a deposit on Chiekasawhay River, Mississippi,
which also is of similar geological age. "The Nipadites and Cycadites mixed
with coniferous trees, and even oaks.'' "Stumps are seen rooted in the
ground, as smooth and even as if not cut with an axe, but sawed with a sharp
saw." " A little higher up, on the Chiekasawhay River, occurs the most
southern outcrop of the large eocene marl stratum. Above the marl lies a
stratum of hard limestone, which contains abundance of an Ostrea of large
size." In this description I recognize the strata on Savannah River, where
the lignite is overlaid by the " great Carolinian limestone" group, and suc-
ceeded by the Ostrea Georgiana, which is found as far west as Cape St. Luoa.-i
in Lower California.

The lignite bed underlies the bluff at Vicksburg, where we find 1. lignite :
2. ferruginous rock, with Ostrea Georgiana, Conrad ; 3. St. Stephen's lime-

1865.]

72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

stone, or Orbitolite limestone, eighty feet ; 4. Vicksburg group, with a new
species of Orbitolite, N. sup era, Conrad.

This formation appears at Cape Sable, near Annapolis, where, at about the
water level, "under a stratum of sand, and resting upon an impermeable
crust of ferruginous sandstone, lies imbedded in a layer of almost pure alu-
mine, a forest of pine trees, thrown down by some ancient convulsion. The
crust which forms the base of this aluminous layer is a little below the level
of low tides and is of considerable hardness. The imbedded pines are con-
verted into lignites more or less impregnated with sulphuret of iron. The
central parts are generally transformed into pure metallic sulphuret, some-
times exhibiting in the hollow parts octohedral crystals of a yellowish metal-
lic lustre and great hardness. The more remote the ligneous layers from the
centre, the less they are saturated with sulphuret of iron. The external rays,
as well as the cortical layers, are generally pure lignite, some compact and
black, others retaining the color and friability of rotten wood. In some in-
stances their texture seems to have suffered but little alteration : the central
system, concentric rays, the bark and knots being perfectly discernible ; even
fruits are occasionally found in a pretty good state of preservation as to
form."* The lignite is correctly placed in Morton's diagram as overlying
the secondary marls. In Morton's paper the first published notice of the for-
mation appeared, drawn up from the notes of Lardner Vanuxem, who was
familiar with the strata in South Carolina.

Deshayes states that he has found no species of organic remains common
to cretaceous and eocene strata in Europe or Asia, and I have no doubt that
the destruction of life was total over the whole surface of the globe at the
close of the cretaceous era. Deshayes, indeed, affirms that life has been fi\*p
times destroyed and renewed in the past history of the earth. When we find
evidence of surprising changes of level in the eocene period, the limited na-
ture of a mixed fauna is remarkable, for we would expect to find it much
more extensive at the base of the eocene. The bed of the Atlantic along the
coast of the United States, from Cape May to the Gulf of Mexico, contains a
mixture of recent and miocene shells, which, if elevated above the sea level
would present a group of shells consisting of recent and extinct species, so like
in preservation that the fossil could not be distinguished from the recent forms,
except by one conversant with all the miocene shells.

Deshayes affirms of the Maestrich beds, " that there has been an accidental
mixture of cretaceous and eocene ; a degradation of a stratum of fossilliferons
marl diluted in the bed of the tertiary sea at the time of the first deposit.
The bed of the ocean, under our own eyes, shows an accidental mixture of
this nature."

The Wilmington rock proves conclusively that this was the case in North
Carolina. Eocene and cretaceous fossils are there mingled in a breccia. When
I first saw this rock in 1832, no fracture or excavation revealed its true cha-
racter ; but the external resemblance to the Timber Creek limestone of New
Jersey, with its corallines, was striking. The mixture of secondary aDd
tertiary species in this breccia, shows ti.at a disturbance occurred in the bed
of the eocene ocean, which evidently, from Tuomey's account, extended into
South Carolina. No one, I suppose, will tell us that the Venericardia plani-
costa existed iu the cretaceous period, yet countless thousands may be ob-
served at the base of the eocene. It is true that in Europe a series of strata,
termed Upper and Lower Landenien and Heersien, are said to intervene be-
tween the chalk and eocene ; but one of the characteristic fossils of the Upper
Landenien occurs in the Shark River beds, the Cyprina Morrissi, of Sowerby.
It is therefore probable that the former system is merely an extension of the
London Clay. Certainly, in the United States, there is no such system as the

* Durand, Joum. Phila. College of Pharmacy, v. 12, 1834.

[April,

NATURAL 8CIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 73

Heersien, whilst Lyell found, in the Belgium Lower Landenien grey marl, a
perfect specimen of the Terebratulina gracilis, a well known chalk fossil,
together with Ostrea (Exogyra) lateralis, N.vst. Lyell remarks, that the
Lower Landenien, at Folx les Caves, rests on the Maestrich chalk.

There is an extensive bed of lignite in Europe of eocene age, which Des-
hayes says forms a well-determined horizon with the long series of " sables in-
ferieures." " Above the lignite appears a bed of fresh-water and marine shells,
the horizon of which I believe to be the same as the lignite formation of the
United States. They reveal a singular state of the globe at the commencement
of the tertiary period, presenting a vast level region covered by a dense forest,
in which palms and oaks grew side by side, interspersed with lakes and
rivers and long shallow bays of salt water penetrating to the interior of the
continents. This state of the globe was exhibited in Europe and America at
the same time, and the land was little elevated above the sea level, except
that in America the Appalachian and Rocky mountain ranges stood out from
the vast plain.

The Shark River fossils are few in number of species, and generally im-
perfect casts, with small chalky portions of the shell occasionally remaining.
A few of the bivalves have connected valves. About twenty-five species of
shells and plants have been collected, of which I think six shells are identi-
cal with species of the London Clay and one of the Plastic Clay, Cyprina
Morrisii.

Catalogue of Shells of Shark R.'ver,

Mactra . Aturia ziczac, Sowerby.

Cyprina Morrissii. Nautilus Lamarckii, Desk.

Dione . Priscofusus , Con.

Yoldia protexta, C. Volutilithes mutata, Desk.

Axinaea Surculi annosa, Con.

Crassatella Sycotopus Smithii, Sowerby.

Venericardia perantiquua Con. Onustus extensus, Sowerby.

Avicula annosa, Con. Hippochrenes columbaria ? Defrance.

Pinna . Acteonema prisca, Con.

Pecten . Architectonica .

Ostrea . Pleurotomaria perlata, Con.

Fish.
Ccelorhynchus rectus, Agassiz.

Catalogue of the EOCENE ANNULATA, FORAMINIFERA* ECHINODEBMATA
and CIRRIPEDIA of the United States.

BY T. A. CONRAD.

Annulata.

SERPULA, Lin.

S. ornata, Lea, Cont. to Geol. 37, 1, 5. Claib.
S. squamulosa, C. J. A. N. S., vii, 149. Claib.

SPIRORBIS, Daudin.

S. tubanella, Lea, Cont. to Geol. 36, 1, 4. Claib.

DITRUPA, Berkeley.
D. subcoarctata, Gabb., J. A. N. S., 2d series, 386, 67, 47. Texas.

Foramwfera.

TRILOCULINA, D'Orbigny.
U. lineata, C, n. s.

1865.]

74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

CRISTELLARIA, D'Orbigny.
C. ? rotella, C, Amer. Journ. Science, ii., 2d series, 399, f. 4. Florida.
Cristellaria? rotella, D'Orbigny, Prodromus, ii. 406, 1300.

NEMOPHORA, Conrad.
N. Floridana, (Nnmmulites) C, Amer. Journ. Sci., ii., 2d series, 399, f. 3.
Florida.
Cristellaria fFloridana, D'Orbigny, Prodromus, ii. 406, 1301.

ORBITOLITE8, Lam.
O. (Nummulites) Mantelli, Morton, Org. Rem. Cretac. Group, 45, 5, 9. St.
Stephens, Ala., S. C, Miss.
Orbitpides Mantelli, D'Orbig., Prodromus, ii. 406.
O. supera, C* Vicksburg, Miss.

Echinodermata.

ECIIINIDjE.

SISMONDIA, Desor.
S. alta, C, Proc. A. N. S., 1865, N. C. Emmons, Geol. N. C, 308, 247, 8.
S. crustuloides, (Scutella) Morton, Org. Rem. Cretac. Group, 77, 15, 10. S. C.

Desor , Synop. des Echin. 227.
S. Lyelli, (Scutella) C, Journ. A. N. S., vii. 152, Ala. Desor., Synop. des

Echin. 225.
S. marginalis, C, Proc. A. N. S., 1865, near Charleston, S. C.
S. pileus-sinensis, (Scutella) Ravenel., Proceed. A. N. S. ii. 97. S. C.
S. Plana, C. S. C.

MORTONIA, Desor.
M. Rogersi, (Scutella) Morton, Org. Rem. Cretac. Group, 77, 13, 3. Alabama.
Desor., Syn. des Echin. 231. Clark Co., Ala.
Laganum Rogersi, Agass., Catal. Syst. 6.
M. Jonesii, (Scutella) Forbes, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, i. 440. Georgia.

MELLITA, Klein.
M. Caroliniana, (Scutella), Ravenel, Proc. A. N. S. 1, 81. S. C.

MACROPHORA, Conrad.
M. macrophora, (Scutella), Ravenel, Proceed. A. N. S. 1, 81. S. C.
M. Raveneli, C. S.C.

Smaller than the preceding, suborbicular, with an obtusely ovate perfora-
tion.

PYRGORHYNCUS, Agass.

P. Gouldii, Bouve, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii. 192, and iv. 2. Desor.,
Synop. des Echin. 299. Georgia.
Nuc. Mortoni, Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii. series, 40.

CCELOPLEURUS, Agass.

C. depressus, C. , n. s. S. C.

C. infulatus (Echinus) Morton, Org. Rem. of Cretac. Group, 75, 10, 7. Desor.,

Syn. des Echin. 98, S. C.

CLYPEASTER, Lam.
C. Jonesii, (Scutella) Forbes, Quart. Journ. Geol., i. 440. Desor., Syn. des

Echin. 243. Georgia.

* Smaller than the preceding and comp natively thicker, without the raised central point. Di-
ameter 1320 inch. This species is readily distinguished by the convex centre, and is limited to
the Oligocene strata. .,

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 75

ECHINIANTHUS, Breynius.
E. Mortonis, (Pyrgorhyncus) Mich. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1850, 2. Desor.,

Synop. des Echin. 295. Miss.

CASSIDULUS, Lam.

C. amygdala? Desor., Synop. des Ecbin. lxv.

C. Conradi, (Catopygus) Couper, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., iv. 2d series, 39, 1,

9. Georgia.
C. Lyelli, (Nuclaolites) Con., Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii. 2d series, 40, 1, 14.

Georgia.

C. patelliformis, (Catopygus) Bouve, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv. 2. Georgia.

Cassidulus patelli/orjiiis, Desor., Synop. des Echin. 290.

HEMIASTER, Lam.
H. Conradi, Bouve", Bost., Soc. Nat. Hist., v., 2d series, 3. Georgia. Desor.,
Synop. des Ecbin. 373.

DISCOIDEA, Lam.

D. Haldemani, C, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., iv., 2d series, 40, 1, 12. Georgia.

ECHINOCARDIUM, Gray.

E. orthonotus, (spatangus) C, Proceed. A. N. S. 1, 327. Virg.

Amphidetus Virqinianus, Forbes, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, i. 425.
Echinocardium Virginianum, Desor., Synop. des Ecbin. 408.

Cirripedia.
BALANUS, Lin.
B. bumilis, C, Amer. Journ. Sci., ii., 2d series, 400, f. 4, Florida.
B. peregrinus, Morton, Organic Rem. of Cretac. Group, 72. S. C.

Descriptions of new species of ECHINID2E.
BY T. A. CONRAD.

SISMONDIA, Desor.

S. alta. Suborbicular ; margin thin, disk gradually rising towards the
centre and concave in outline ; central portion elevated and obliquely flattened
at the summit ; ambulacra lanceolate, nearly closed ; anus subquadrangular,
thin, position nearer the mouth than the posterior end ; margin thin, un-
dulated.

Scutella, Emmons, Geol. of North Carolina.

S. marginalis. Subovate or suborbicular, depressed ; ambulacra lanceo-
late ; central prominence rounded, margin thicker than the submarginal area
of the disk ; truncated posteriorly, emarginated ; anus subquadrangular,
minute, situated near the margin, which is thickened beneath. Diameter
inch. Height ' inch, S. C.

S. plana. Discoid, subovate, very thin, margin slightly thickened, disc
convex depressed, summit anterior to the middle ; ambulacra broadly lanceo-
late, nearly closed ; anus distant from the margin, but nearer to it than to the
mouth. Longitudinal diameter ii of an inch ; transverse diameter JL inch.

s.c. lb lS

Descriptions of three new species of Exotic UNIONES.
BY ISAAC LEA.

Unio Wrightii. Testa, plicata, lata,, ad umbones inflata, valde inaequilate-
rali, postice acuto-angulata, antice rotundata, ; valvulis crassiusculis, antice
craasioribus ; natibus subprominentibus et crebre plicatis ; epidermide tene-

1865.]

76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

broso-fuscata, eradiate et marginata; dentibus cardinalibus sublongis, sub-
obliquis, crenulatis, lamellatis, ia utroque valvulo duplicibus ; lateralibus
praslongis, obliquis, lamellatis corrugatisque ; margarita alba, et valde irides-
cente.
Hab. China ; A. R. Wright, M. D.

Unio tortuosus.^ Testa, imequivalva., contorta, plicata, valde obliqua, in-
flata, postice obtuse angulata, antice oblique curvata ; valvulis percrassis. an-
tice crassioribus ; uatibus promiaentibus, crassis terrainalibusque ; epidermide
tenebroso-oliva., obsolete radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus permagnis, crassis,
rectis corrugatisque ; lateralibus sublongis, subrectis, striis perpendicularis
instructis ; margarita argentea, et valde iridescente.

Hab. China ; A. R. Wright, M. D.

This remarkable Unio is the first which has been found possessing an ir-
regular plane of the margin and being incequivnlue. When looking on the ante-
' rior end with the ligament above, the line of the opening of the valves curves
to the right. The beak of the left valve is higher than that of the right and
projects anteriorly. The left valve is therefore larger than that of the right,
and the weight differs the left being 257 grains and the right 242 grains.
The very remarkable perpendicular striae on the lateral teeth of this speci-
men, if always present in other individuals, will demand its being placed
in the genus Prisodon, Schumacker = Caslalia, Lam. These stria? are proba-
bly normal to the species. Before Triquetra contorta, from China, was des-
cribed by me, none of us could have expected to see a member of the Unionidx
to be curved likfe Area torluosa, Lin.; but now we have a second member of
the family totally unlike the other, except having a curved plane of the shell.

Unio rufofuscus. Testa, plicata, subquadratii, subsulcata, sublenticulari,
insequilaterali, postice rotundata, antice rotunda ; valvulis crassiusculis, an-
tice crassioribus ; natibus prominulis, crebre et minute plicatis ; epidermide
rufofusca, eradiata, micanti ; dentibus cardinalibus subcompressis, crenulatis,
in utroque valvulo subduplicibus ; lateralibus longis subcurvisque ; marga-
rita, alba" et iridescente.

Hab. ? Sig. Patricio Maria Paz.

May 2d.

The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.

Eleven members present.

The following paper was presented for publication :
" Partial Catalogue of the Cold blooded Vertebrata of Michigan, Pt.
IL," By E. D. Cope.

May 9th.
The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.
Thirteen members present.

May 16th.

The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.

Twenty-four members present.

The following paper was presented for publication : " Description
of eight new Species of Unio of the United States." By Isaac Lea.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 77

May 23<f.
The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.

Twentv-two members present.

The following paper was presented for publication : " An Examina-
tion of Birds of the Genus Chrysomitris, &c." By John Cassin.

Dr. Leidy called the attention of the members to specimens of
Gryphaea and Ostrea, from the New Jersey Green-sand, presented this
evening, as affording evidence of the existence of a boring sponge,
during the Cretaceous period, which penetrated the shells in the same
manner as at the present time.

In answer to a question, Dr. Storer stated that he had observed no
true viviparous fishes on the Atlantic coast of the United States, but
that Sygnathus carried its young in an abdominal pouch.

May 30th.
The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.

Sixteen members present.

The Secretary announced the death, on the 6th inst., of Dr. Wm.
Darrach, and ou the 13th, of Mr. Fernando de la Cuesta, late members of
the Academy.

On report of the respective Committees, the following papers were
ordered to be published :

Some Remarks on LABRTJS PULCHER (Ayres.)
BY ALBERT OUNTHER, M. A., M. D., PH. D.

The March number of the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, 1864, page 57, contains a paper entitled, " Description of a
new Labroid genus allied to Trochocopus (Gthr.), by Theodore Gill," in which
the author states that he had been misled by me in considering the Labrus
pulcher (Ayres) as a species of Semicossyphus (Gthr.), but having received a
specimen of this fish, found "that it has not the 'lateral teeth distinct,' as
in Semicossyphus, but au ' obtuse osseous ridge round the edge of the jaws
without distinct lateral teeth,' as in Trochocopus (Gthr.), to which Gunther
should have referred it." A single glance at pp. 99 and 100 of the fourth
volume of my "Catalogue of Fishes," will show that Mr. Gill inverts the
characters given by me to those genera. However, his description of the
teeth of this fish (p. 58 ) is distinct enough ; and I have no doubt that I should
have referred it to Trochocopus, if I had seen it.

But a few lines further, the author goes on to say : " I (Mr. Gill) previously
followed him, (Dr. G.), as he was acquainted with Semicossyphus and Tro-
chocopus through autopsy, while 1 was not." This is not correct, as will be
perfectly evident on turning to p. 99 of the volume mentioned, where no refe-
rence whatever is made to a specimen contained in our collection, and as is
curiously enough acknowledged by Mr. Gill himself on the following page,
(p. 59 of his paper), where he says, contradicting himself, that Dr. Gunther
" was acquainted with neither (viz., Semicossyphus and Trochocopus darwinii)
through autopsy."

1865 ]

78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Partial Catalogue of the Cold-blooded VERTEBRATA of Michigan.

BY PROF. E. D. COPE.

Part II.

(Continued from page 285 of last volume.)

Malacop terygii.

Fundulus multifasciatus Cuv., Val. From Frederick, Macomb Counij,
Grosse Isle, and Oakland County.

Fundulus* aureus, sp. nov.

Head flattened, its depth at orbit three-fourtbs interorbital width ; latter one-
half the length of head, or one-eighth the total length to end of scales at base
of caudal. Eye large, its diameter contained once in advance of it, and one
and a half times to opercular border. Mouth terminal, mandible slightly
longer. Back flat to middle of its length, then rapidly compressed to caudal.
Scales large, with no exposed and ten concealed radii, nine longitudinal, thirty-
three transverse series. Greatest depth four and three-quarter times in length
from end of muzzle to end of scales. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, norven-
trals the vent. Anal originating in advance of dorsal, like the latter, rather
short. From base of caudal to anterior base of dorsal equals one- half the
length from latter point to end of ossa nasalia. Radii D. 10 C, rounded 16
(complete) ; 11 ; V. 6 ; P. 13. Br. 5. Total length two inches. Above uniform
light golden brown; below pale yellow, inferior part of opercula silver white ;
a brown band extends from the end of the muzzle to the origin of the caudal
fin.

From Grosse Isle ; obtained by Prof. Fox.

The anterior position of the anal fin allies this to some species which have
been separated under the name of Zj/gonectes, for what reason has not yet been
explained. A banded species from St. Louis, Mo., has been named Z. zonal us
by Agassiz, but as there is no description, it has not entered the zoological
record.

Melannra 1 i m i Agass. Hydrargyra Kirt.
Flint River, Grosse Isle and Oakland Co.

Esox cy p h o, sp. nov.

Profile steeply descending ; muzzle slightly concave. Frontal concavity
short, strongly marked, as wide as the superciliary plane on each side of it ;
eye contained six and one-half times in length of head, a little less than frontal
width ; pupil opposite extremity of maxillary. Latter appressed posteriorly,
so as to give a shorter cranial diameter than at the middle of the muzzle.
Head contained two and two-fifth times in length to end of caudal. Buccal
and opercular scales equal, similar to those on middle of body, smaller than
those near anal fin. On body, IS 110 12. Dorsal region elevated, broad;
caudal peduncle thick, its length equal from eye to posterior edge of oper-
culum. Emargination of caudal two-fifths length of the fin. From symphysis
mandibuli to anterior margin of orbit 1 in. ; from latter point to edge of oper-
culum 1 in. 5 lin. ; from last point to origin of ventrals 1 in. 8 lin. ; from same

* Fundulus s c i a d i c u s, sp. nov., was brought by Dr. W. A. Hammond from the Nebraska or
Platte River, and presented to the Academy. The lorm is short and stout, the scales large the
Ads small and the anal originating a little in advance of the dorsal. Length of head 85 times to
biise of tail; eye 3 times in length of head, once in front of orbit, and one and two third timrj
between supercilia. Base of caudal to anterior base of dorsal a little less thm half from latter 10
end of premaxillary. From base of caudal to base of ventrals equal from hitter to opposite ante-
rior margin of pupil. Thirteen longitudinal, thirty-nine transverse series of scales. I), prolonged
a little beyond anal 10. A. 12. V. 8. Largest specimen two inches in length, many smaller.

Above olive slate color; below, the caudal peduncle and opercula brownish yelbw. No spole
or linee.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 79

to origin of anal 3 in. 3 lin. ; origin of anal to middle base of caudal 2 in.
Total length 10 in. 5 lin.

Above iron brown; numerous closely arranged spots and vertical bars on
the lower part of the sides, largest anteriorly, forming a serrate outline to the
narrow pale hue of the abdomen. Operculum obliquely barred. A few spots
on mandibles below, and a vertical black bar from eye ; fins spotless.

No. 64 ; Waterford, Oakland Co. Several specimens.

The outline, colors and radial formula distinguish this small species from
its ally the umbrosusof Prof. Kirtland.

The following table represents some of the relations of the species of this
genus, as far as deducible from our specimens and the very imperfect descrip-
tions such as authors too frequently inflict upon science.

I. Operculum and cheek entirely scaled.
Branchiostegal R. 11 to 13.

Dorstl outline arched ; pectorals much nearer ventrals than end
of premaxillary. D. 16. V. 9. A. 14. Depth five times to base
of tail. Head 3J times in total length. End of upper jaw to
orbit much less than from orbit to opercular border. Frontal
groove shallow cypho.

Dorsal outline straigbter ; pectorals nearer (Dekay) end of muzzle
than to ventrals. D. 14 15. V. 9. End of upper jaw to orbit
less than from orbit to opercular border. A deep frontal
groove. Vomerine teeth in a shorter series than the palatines, fasciatus.

Dorsal outline straighter. D. 13. V. 12. A. 12. Head four times

in length. (Kirtld.) umbro&us.

"Similar to fasciatus, but D. 12, and the vomerine series

longer than palatine," (Holbr.) ravenelii.

Br. R. 1416.

Dorsal outline straight ; pectoral fin nearer ventral than end of
muzzle. D. 18. A. 17. Depth six times to base of caudal.
End of muzzle to orbit equal from orbit to opercular border or
beyond reticulatus.

D. 22. A. 21. Probably, not certainly, in this section deprandus.

E. cr as s us* Ag. enters this section. Of it little else peculiar
is mentioned than that the buccal scales are larger than the oper-
cular, and equal to those on the body, and the front deeply grooved.
E. affims has not been definitely separated from reticulatus.

II, Cheek entirely, operculum half, scaled.

Dorsal outline horizontal ; pectoral nearer end of muzzle than to
ventral. B. 14 15. D. 19. End of muzzle to orbit equal from
orbit to border of operculum. Frontal groove deep lucius.

III. Cheek and operculum half scaled.

B. 19. D. 19. No frontal groove nobilior.

Esox ? With the form and proportions of reticulatus and the branchios-
tegal and fin radial formula of f a s c i a t u s ; not far from the E. affinis (?) of
Holbrook, Ichth. S. Caiolina. Grosse Isle, Prof. Fox.

Esox lucius L. Richardson.

I find no external specific difference between this fish and the estor of Leseur,
Perhaps the large inner palatine teeth are a little longer, and in more nume-
rous rows. The position of the ventral fin, with reference to the anal, caudal
and pectoral, varies much in both Kuropean and American specimens. Agap-
siz' description of his E. borcus applies very well to speeimeus of the so-called
estor ; in some of these the vomerine row of teeth is longer, as in tjpe of boreus,

* Am. Journ. Sci. Arte (2) xvi. p. 308.

1865.]

80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

ia others shorter than the palatine. Neither Cuvier nor Richardson could
eparate American specimens as a distinct species from the European pike.

Esox n o b i 1 i o r Thomp.

Hist. Vermont, and Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1850, 305, where this is rightly
stated to be the eslor of Richardson. It is also evidently estor of Agassiz, Am.
Journ. Sci. Arts, xvi. p. 308, and formerly of Kirtland, but later correctly
named by the latter, Cleveland Annals of Science, 1854, p. 78 ; also E. lucioides,
Agass. and Gir., in Frank Forester, by Herbert. Fine specimens from Saginaw
Bay, No. 228. A specimeu is in the Academy Museum from the Alleghany River,
ia Warren Co., Pa., and another was presented by Thaddeus Norris, from
Conneaught Lake, Crawford Co., Pa. The head of the latter measures 12 in.
9 1. in length, and 17*6 in circumference at the preopercles.

The Esoces ohioensis Kirtl , and lineatus and lugubroms of Leseur (C. V. vol.
18) can hardly be said to be described, while the vermiculatw of Leseur, and
villains and salmoneus of Rafinesque, may be recognized in the localities where
first taken, if existing. Leseur's specimens were taken in the Wabash.

Trutta namayc ush Penn. Saginaw Bay.

Thymallus tricolor, sp. nov.

Muzzle slightly rounded in profile, as long as diameter of orbit; under jaw
slightly longer. Cranium rather broad above, median ridge strong to nasal
region. Eye just one-fourth length to opercular border. End of maxillary not
quite reaching middle of pupil. Nares as near the premaxillary border as to
the orbit. Superior angle of interoperculum in contact with operculum ; latter
twice or more than twice the width of suboperculum. Maxillo-pretnaxillary
ancle open, rounded; maxillary little convex; mandible hardly angulated.
Head contained in length to base of caudal a little less than five times ; greatest
depth four and two-thirds in the same. Teeth, including the palatine, well
developed ; those on the vomer few, in one or two transverse rows. Dorsal,
origin opposite median point betweeu ventrals and operculum ; length of base
equal to from first ray to upper border of preoperculum, or a few lines nearer
the orbit; penultimate rays longest, about equal length of head, not quite at-
taining the base of the anal ; R. 21, the first nine undivided. P. 16, extending
bevond origin of dorsal ; V. 10, under the eighteenth dorsal ray ; A. 13 ; C. 19.
Scales extending between longer rays to opposite the edge of the not very deep,
rounded emargination. Sc. j 95 8, exposed portion little higher than wide.
Br. 8. Pyloric coeca twenty-two, (in one specimen), twelve round the pylorus,
and ten in two longitudinal parallel rows immediately beyond.

Below silvery, above pale brown, every where with blue reflections. Small
deep blue spots scattered on the sides, more abundantly anteriorly. Dorsal
fin with numerous blue spots, and two and three rows of narrow pinkish purple
spots above them ; superior border pink-purple.

Length to hasp of caudal 8 in. 9 lin. ; to vent 6 in. 5 lin. Length of limb of
caudal 1 in. 4 lin. ; base of anal 10i lin.

The stomach was filled with neuropterus larvae and small twigs of Thuja.

This genus, first brought to light in the United States by Prof. Miles, is rep-
resented in the more northern parts of the Continent by a fine species the T.
s j gnifer and in Europe by the widely distributed T. vex il lifer. The
present species is intermediate between the two in some respects. The muzzle
is shorter, the mouth less angulited, and the eye smaller than in its European
convener: the scales are more numerous, and the median froctal ridge is pecu-
liar the coloration is different. The head is longer than in the s i g n i f e r of
Richardson, and the anterior part of the body more produced ; the eye is con-
siderably smaller. Dr. Richardson mentions another high northern species,
under the name of Th. t h y m a 1 1 o i d e s, but little of its distinctive character
can be ascertained from his description.

Coreconus sp., from Saginaw Bay, indeterminable.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 81

Acanthopterygii.

Chirostoma s i c c u 1 u m, sp. nov.

Mandible scarcely longer than premaxillary ; mouth extending four-fifths the
distance to opposite anterior border of orbit; muzzle conic. Eye 3 timesin
length of head ; head five times in length to base of tail. Scales small, in six-
teen longitudinal and eighty-five transverse rows. Origin of first dorsal oppo-
site origin of anal, equidistant between base of caudal and anterior border of
orbit. Tip of pectoral reaching ventral. Dorsal outline from end of muzzle
to end of second dorsal plane. D. V. 12. A. 25. V. 15. P. 10. Length to
base of caudal

Color in spirits pale brown, (probably translucent in life), the silvery band
traversing the 7th row of scales from the dorsal, covering one and two half
rows. Top of head, and median dorsal region punctulate with black ; opercula
silvery.

From Grosse Isle, Detroit River. Prof. Fox.

Gasterosteus inconstans Kirtl.* Grosse Isle. Prof. Fox.

Specimens labelled as having been brought from Sukertoppen, Greenland,
by Dr. I. I. Hayes, appear to belong to this species.

Potamocottusf a 1 v o r d i i Cotlus, Girard, Monogr. Cottoids. Smiths. Contr.

Several specimens, agreeing in all points with Girard's description of a
young individual except in the position of the vent; the latter is invariably
considerably nearer the base of the caudal than to the symphysis mandibuli
most nearly median in the smallest specimens. The largest are 3| inches in
length. In all I find numerous palatine teeth and a considerable patch of mi-
nute dermal spines behind and above the axilla. This species will enter both
Girard's Cottopsis, and Gill's Potamocottus ;% but Prof. Gill informs me that he
regards the C. asper as the only species referable to Girard's genus, and that
the others belong truly to Potamocottus. Similar spinous scales occur on a

* Gasterosteus micropus is an ally of the incon stans brought from the neighborhood of
Fort Riley, Kansas, by Dr. W. A. Hammond. It has a much smaller post-pectoral plate and ven-
tral spine, shorter anal and second dorsals, shorter, thicker head, with the bony radii on the upper
surface distinct. Length of anal less than from its last ray to end of caudal, and three lengths
from the same point reaches the preopercular angle, or hinder margin of orbit. Post-pectoral
plate smooth, oblique, concave in front, reaching lower pectoral rays, as long as diameter of orbit
longer than smooth ventral spine. Length of muzzle less than diameter of orbit. Belly shield
small, twice the ventral spine. Caudal peduncle compressed, smooth. Eye one-lburth length of
head ; latter is measured three and two-thirds times in length to base of caudal. D. 4, slender,
without plates, 1+10; C.+10+ truncate; A. 1,9, first under second of second dorsal. P. 10. Above
blackish, below grey; sides, belly and cheeks densely punctulated with black.

Near Fort Riley, Kansas ; from the Platte River. Dr. W. A. Hammond.

f The Academy's museum possesses a specimen of a Greenland Cottid, which appears to be a
second species of the genus Triglops. It may be called T. pleurostictus, and defined as follows :

Head above a line drawn along the suborbital bones, and back above the latpral line covered
with minute scales. Eye 3j- times into head ; interorbital breadlh less than half orbit, concave;
parietal region concave, with a knob on each side. A transverse depression across the line of the
posterior nares. Four preopercular spines, two directed backward, one downward and one for-
ward. Mouth horizontal, mandible longer, end of maxillary opposite hinder margin of pupil, On
each side, opposite each interval between each dorsal ray, a patch of naked skin imitating a shield ;
on each side of the fin a row of tubercles extending to middle of second dorsal. Lateral line with
ctenoid plates, whose free posterior borders are continuous with the numerous vertical lateral
series of small contiguous ctenoid scales; these give an appearance of the existence of the lateral
plates seen in some species of Gasterosteus; several transverse rows of similar scales in advance of
the ventrals. The body from the middle of the second dorsal to caudal is depressed cylindrical.
Pectorals extending much beyond vent to anal fin : ventrals reaching vent ; latter with a large
papilla. Branchiostegal membrane continuous, rays six, (seven in pingelii). Head enters
three and three-fourths times in length to base of caudal ; greatest depth five times. Rays, D. XI.
2. 4. C. 11 full rays; fin small. A. 27 (24 p i n g elii) V. I. 3 (5 pinge lii) P. 18, the rays rough-
ened. Total length 4 in. 9 lin.

General color brown, darkest above; silvery from vent to branchiostegal membrane, and behind
and in front of pectoral fin. Sides pale chestnut ; a band of sienna streaks from opposite middle
of pectoral to base of caudal, interrupted by silver spots and lines.

From Godhaven, Greenland, (Coll. No. 114).
t Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.

1865.] 6

82 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

specimen from Absecom, N. J., referable to Cottus meridionalis Gir. My
specimens all exhibit a more depressed head than is represented by Girard.
They differ from the w i 1 8 o n i i in a larger eye and narrow interorbital space,
and in their simple pectoral rays ; the caudals are twice furcate. Second
dorsal has from 16 to 18 rays. They differ from richardsoniias described,
in having the vent considerably nearer the tip of the caudal fin than the end
of the muzzle.
Dexter, Washington Co., No. 183. Grosse Isle, Prof. Fox.

Uranidea s p i 1 o t a, sp. nov.

Entering the section with five ventral rays, and with an elongate body ; and
resembling apparently the b a i r d i i, except in its short and anteriorly situated
ventral fins. In w i 1 s o n i i the eye is smaller, and frontal width greater ; the
pectoral rays are branched, in the present species simple. Inrichardsonii
the vent is said to be the median point of the distance from the muzzle to the
caudal fin ; here it is much nearer the muzzle. Incognatuswe are informed
that the anal fin has a more posterior position.

The length of the head is contained three times plus one orbital diameter
from end of muzzle to base of caudal fin ; said diameter enters 4 times length
of head, and is one-third greater than interorbital width. The head is slighty
contracted laterally, and not so depressed as in T. a 1 v o r d i i, giving the or-
bits less vertical range. One preopercular spine. Insertion of pectorals ob-
lique, rays undivided, reaching anus and anterior rays of second dorsal ; ven-
trals below middle of pectoral insertion in advance of dorsal, extending half
way to vent. Width of isthmus equal from border of (closed) premaxillary to
opposite hinder margin of pupil. Dorsal outline low, regularly descending to
near end of second dorsal. Greatest depth enters five times from end of muzzle
to base of caudal Lateral line disappears between middle and end of caudal.
First dorsal low, first ray three-fourths of 2d, 3d and 4th ; anal begins opposite
fourth ray of second dorsal. Caudal fin rather small, rays once divided. No
trace of palatine teeth. Rays D. VIII. 17, A. 13, V. I. 4, P. 15, Br. VI. Length
three inches.

Above brown, below yellowish, everywhere densely punctulated with darker,
except between the veot and anterior to ventral fins. Dorsal, caudal and pec-
toral fins barred ; anal yellowish. Base of caudal and dorsal spots blackish ;
large lateral round spots of the same color sometimes in seven or fewer cross-
bars.

Several specimens from Grand Rapids, on the Grand River, which flows into
Lake Michigan.

Catonotus flabellatus Put. 329 a. Grosse Isle.

Poecilichthys coeruleus* Agass. , 329 b. Grosse Isle. This is P. transver-
sa Abbott, which name has been accidentally exchanged with the next
species ; vide the Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., List of Fishes.

Hyostoma cymatogramma. Pileoma cymatogramma Abbott. Pr. A. N. S.,
1860. 329 c. Grosse Isle.

Percina caprodes Gir. Putn. 329 d. Grosse Isle. Small specimens,
agreeing with P. Zebra Ag.

Stizostedium americanu m* C. V. Lucioperca Auct.
Nos. 224, 244, 245, 251, 252, from Saginaw Bay.

Perca flavescens Cuv.

63. Oakland Co., 229 Saginaw Bay, (presents a monstrous form of skull,

* The S. cana dense of Smith is identified by Agassiz. " Lake Superior" p., with the ameri-
canu m, but it is evident that it is more nearly allied to, if not identical with, the S. aalmoneum
Raf.. of the Ohio, a handsome and peculiar fish, slightly resembling an Aspro, as has been remarked.
The latter is not tare, an 1 is well described by Rafinesque in Ichth. Ohiensis.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 83

similar to that figured by Steindachner of Vienna in Cyprinus c a r p i o) ; Pine

Lake, etc., etc.

Roccus chrysops Gill. Labrax Auct. No. 246. Saginaw Bay.

Micropterus nigricans Gill, MSS. Huro C. V. Grystes Agass., Lake
Superior. Nos. 116 Orchard L. Oakland Co., 122 Strait's Lake do., 317-
18-19 Bald Eagle Lake, do., 261 Copenaconic Lake, Grosse Isle.

Micropterus fasciatus Gill, MSS. Cichla Leseur. Grystes Agass. Black
Bass of the Lakes and the Ohio. 291, 296, Swartz Creek, Genesee Co.
235, Saginaw Bay. Grosse Isle.

Pomotis maculatus* Gill. Pomotis vulgaris Richardson. Fauna Bor.
Americana, et Auctorum. Thirty-five spec. No. 56, 58, 59, Waterford,
Oakland Co. ; 111, Clinton Riv. ; 264, Long Lake, Genesee Co., Copena-
conic Lake, do., and Grosse Isle.
This species also occurs in the Eastern States and in South Carolina. The

dimensions of the largest specimen are : length, 24" ; greatest height of body,

10" 5'".

Lepomis incisorf Holbr., Ichth. S. Ca. Pomotis C. V. Forty-five spec.

Nos. 60, 60 a , 61, 265, 258, from same localities as the preceding, and

124, 126, 327, from Strait's Lake, Oakland Co. ; 268 near Crooked Lake,

Genesee Co.

The identity of this species with that so abundant in the South, is rather

unexpected. I find, indeed, an additional anal ray in a few specimens from

South Carolina, but no other difference. The largest specimen measures :

length, 25 v 5 /// ; depth 11". Independent of the difference between this and

* Bryttus oculatusisa pretty species obtained by Dr. J. H. Slack in Lake Whittlesey. Minn.
The head is compressed, elongate, contained (measured to just below opercular flap), two and three-
fifths or three-quarters to base of caudal; front rather concave, one diameter of the eye reaches to
premaxillary border, and five and six measures the length of the head. Mandible not longer when
closed ; end of maxillary opposite half-way between pupil and edge of orbit. Scales on cheek in

5
six rows, below suborbital bones; on body 33-4. Superior posterior border of operculum strong,

12
rounded, serrate. Dorsal with spines well developed, and no depression between the divisions 10
10; caudal slightly emarginate, +16+; anal projecting beyond second dorsal, 39, its first ray
opposite the last spinous dorsal. Ventrals quite or barely reaching anal, 1 5; pectorals extend-
ing a little further posteriorly, 12. Greatest depth 2% times to base of caudal; depth at posterior
border of second dorsal one-half depth from first dorsal to origin of ventral ; length of caudal pe-
duncle (to line of dorsal) cont. three times from base of caudal to opercular border below flap.

Color in spirits reddish, not punctulate; lower surfaces and fins golden. Second dorsal, anal,
and caudal, punctulate, the base of the latter slightly spotted. Opercular flap well developed,
outline nearly circular, marked with a black central disc, which is interrupted by the convex
border of the operculum, and entirely surrounded by a broad white (? red) border.

The length of this species is about four inches.

t Lepomis longispinisof the Mus. Academy was obtained by Dr. Heermann on hisjourney
from St. Louis to Southern California.

It approaches the speciosus of Girard, but has a longer head and fins, the spines much more
developed, and a larger eye. Front slightly concave ; dorsal outline elongate gibbous.

Greatest depth is measured 2% times from muzzle to base of caudal. The head measures 3^4
times to the same point ; the latter fin If times in total length. Kye three times from muzzle to
suture between operculum and suboperculum; a little longer than length of muzzle, and equal
frontal width ; maxillary reaching its anterior border. Four rows scales below the orbit. Supe-
rior posterior process of operculum distinguishable from the short flap; not serrate; preopercu-
lum finely serrate. Ventrals reaching first anal spine ; pectorals a little longer. First soft ray of
anal equal base of the fin ; third long ray little shorter. Fifth (longest) ray of bony dorsal as long
as or longer than half depth of body, measuring to the eleventh row of scales from its base, scales
y fl 3 41. Caudal not deeply furcate. No trace of palatine teeth. Radii D.10 11; C4-17-4-; A. 3
11; V. 1 5; P. 1 12. Length three and one-half inches. General color olivaceous, (possibly
stained,) dorsal region, front and baf.e of tail, brown. Belly brighter; an elongate black spot on
upper part of operculum, without lighter border, and a round one on the middle of the last rays of
the second dorsal.

This is a more elongate species than the incisor, which it resembles, has longer fins and fewer
rays in the second dorsal. The opercular flap is much smaller.

1865.]

84 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

the preceding species in the pharyngeal teeth, (Pomotis rounded, molar-like ;
Ichthelis acute, canine, ace. to Holbrook,) they may be distinguished by the
anal radii mac ulatus 91, incisor 101, and by the upper posterior process

of the operculum having a distinct serrate border in the former, in the latter
gradually losing its bony consistence ; there are also permanent marks of dis-
tinction in the coloration.

Chaenobryttus* melanops. Ichthelis melanops Raf. Ichth. ohiensis, p.
28. Not Calliurus melanops Gir., (Chaenobryttus Gill.) U. S. Pac. R.
R. x. p. 11.

Chaenobryttusf g u 1 s u s. Centrarchus C. V. Calliurus Ag.

I am indebted to Prof. Gill, of Washington, for the identification of this and
some other species of Centrarchine genera.

Ambloplites rupestris Raf. Gill, Proc. A. N. S., 1860, p. 20. Centrarchus
aeneus Auct.
302, Algoma, St. Clair Co. ; Long Lake ; Flint River.

Hyperistius hexacanthus Gill, Sillim. Journ., 37, p. 97,1864. Cuv.
Val. nee Centrarchus hexacanthus Kirtl.
Saginaw Bay, No. 238.

BATRACHIA.

Gradientia.
Necturus maculatus Bd.
Amblystoma 1 u r i d u m Bd.
Amblystoma fuscum Hallow.
Amblystoma punctatum Bd.
Amblystoma j e ffe rs oni anum Bd.
Amblystoma laterale Hallow.
Notophthalmus m i n i a t u s Bd.
Notophthalmus viridescens Baird.

SALIENTIA.

Chorophilus triseriatus Wied.
Acris crepitans Bd.
Hyla pickeringii Lee.
Hyla versicolor Lee.
Rana s e p t e n t r i o n a 1 i s Bd.

* Vid. Gill, in Sillim. Journ., 1864. 37 p. 94.

} An allied species was contained in a fine collection of fishes made in Minnesota by J. H. Slack,
M. D., and presented to the Academy by him. It may be thus distinguished :

Bryttus in i u e o p a s sp. nov. End of maxillary opposite posterior margin of pupil ; eye If to
twice in frontal breadth, five and a half to six times from end of muzzle to upper posterior bor-
der of opercular bone. Greatest depth 2 l to 2% times in length to base of caudal. Length of
head to upper border suboperculnm a little over three times in length to base of <-audal. Opercu-
lar flap a mere border above, little prolonged, but wider opposite the superior angle ot subopercu-
lum. Spinous rays of dorsal very short; angles of caudal slightly rounded, the emargination
shallow, its length entering b}i in the total. Anal not reaching caudal, and prolonged beyond
second dorsal. The ventrals originate a little anterior to the first dorsal, and do not reach the anus ;
are two-thirds their length from anal ; pectorals not extending beyond them. Preopercular angle
finely denticulate. Scales JL 48 ; ten series on the cheek below orbit. Rays, D. X 11 ; C. +17 X ;

A III 9; V. 15; P. 12.

Color in alcohol light-reddish, shaded above with brown, below with yellow ; a black spot at
posterior base of second dorsal, the fin otherwise immaculate, sometimes dark shaded. Anal
shaded dusky, bordered with white; ventrals dusky. Opercular spot large, oval, bordered with
light narrowly above, more broadly inferiorly. No stripes on the head.

Specimens obtained at Minneopa, Minnesota.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 85

Rana clamitans Daud.
Rana silvatica Lee.
Rana halecina, Kalm.
Rana catesbyana Shaw.

The seventy-eight species embraced in the above synopsis form but part of
the fine zoological collection made by the State Geological Survey, under Prof.
Alexander Winchell.

Note on the Fishes brought from the Platte River, near Fort Riley, by Dr. Wm.

A. Hammond.

Bryttus longulns Gird., U. S. Pac. R. R. Rept., x. p. 16.

Stizostedium americanumC. V., Dekay, Zool. New York.

Poecilichthys m e s ae u s Cope, Pr. A. N. S. Phil., 1864, p. 232.

Gasterosteus micropus Cope, supra.

Trutta 1 e w i s i Gird., U. S. Pac. R. R. Rept., x. p. 318.

Hyodon tergisus Les., Gird. 1. c, p. 332.

Percopsis h a m m o n d i i Gill, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1864, p.

Fundulus sciadicus Cope, supra.

Carpiodes d am a lis Gird., loc. cit, p. 218.

Catostomus chloropterum Abbott, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1861, 473.

Campostomahippops Cope, Pr. A. N. S. Phila., 1864, p. 264.

Hybognathus e van si Gird., loc. cit., x. p. 236.

Pimephales promelas Raf., Ichth. ohiensis, p. 53.

Alburnus* oligaspis Cope, Pr. A. N. S. Phila., 1864, 282.

Gila af fin is Abb. 1. c, 1861, p. 474.

Semotilus corporalis Mitch., Putn. Sera, hammondii Abb., 1. c. p. 474.

Semotilus pallidus Gird., loc. cit., x. p. 251.

Platygobio gulonellus Cope, 1. c, 1864, p. 277.

Ceratichthys cyclotis Cope, Pr. A. N. S. 1864, p. 277.

Rhinichthys m a x i 1 1 o s u s Cope, loc. cit., 278.

Ictalurus cserulescens Raf. Pimrlodus hammondii Abbott, Pr. A. N. S.
Phila., 1861, 569, appears to be same as that named by Rafinesque palli-
dus marginatus.

* A species of this genus occurs in some of the tributaries of the Allegheny, e. g., the Kiskimi-
nitas, which differs from those hitherto described. The head is elongate conic and compressed,
the outline of the vertex ani front nearly plane, scarcely descending at the end of the muzzle;
length one-fifth the total, (thus differing from dilectus Gir. one-sixth). Operculum a little
higher than long. Mouth elongate, very oblique, end of maxillary opposite anterior margin of
orbit ; border of pre-maxillary above opposite middle of pupil, (differing in this from r u b e 1 1 u 8
Ag.) Orbit nearer end of muzzle than to opercular border, its diameter not reaching former, and
contained four times in length of head. Shape regularly fusiform, greatest depth five and one
half times in length including caudal. Scales 39+2, fewer than in u m b r a t i 1 i s, more than
in oligaspis, and much as in a m a b i 1 i s, m e g a 1 o p s and s o c i u s. These species are not
go elongate, have differently proportioned heads ami different coloration. The lateral line has a
long slight deflection as far as the dorsal fin. The pectorals do not reach the ventrals, which
originate anterior to the dorsal, and do not extend to the anal. Base of anal more elongate than
in rubellus, equal depth of body at its fourth ray. D. 1.8. C,-f-19+. A. 2, 10. V. 8, P. 11, the
four upper rays enlarged in the spring, as in Rhinichthys, etc, From origin of caudal to that of
dorsal equal from latter to posterior border or middle of orbit. Length 2 in. 6 lin.

Above yellowish olive, the scales with punctulate margins; a median dorsal line. A dark late-
ral band has a distinct outline on the third row of scales above the lateral line, but vanishes in
punctulations below ; it is broader and more distinct on the caudal peduncle. From its superior
border a silver reflection extends over the white abdomen. Sides of head silvery; chin, muzzle,
lips, front and vertex light vermiliion during the breeding season. The bases of the fins, except
the caudal, are similarly colored at this season. The pharyngeal teeth are but little hooked ; in
three specimens. 4. 2 1. 4, and in two. 4. 22. 4.

I have called this species Alburnus rub rif rons. Its form is quite different fiom that of the
A. nitidusKirtlani; the latter resembles more the Hybognathus proc ne.

1865.]

86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Ictalurus notatus Abb., loc. cit.
Amia c a 1 v a Linn.

Lepidosteus otarius, sp. nov.

Distinguished from the other species of the genus contained in the Mu9.
Academy, as below.

A complete series of adult and young specimens of Lep. huronensis,
from the Alleghany River and the Lakes, shows but a limited variation in the
relations of the diameter of the eye, operculum, cheek, and frontal width.
The Texan specimen included in the list below, may be the leptorhynchus
Gird., but that species is not recognizable from the description, Pac. R. R.
Rept., x. 351. I have seen no individuals assignable to the gracilis* Agass.,
Fauna Bor. Americ, Richardson., iii. p. 240.

I. Horizontal diameter of the eye more than half the dis-
tance from its border to the operculum.
a. Distance from pectoral to ventral fins considerably less than
from ventrals to anal.

Anterior border of operculum longer than horizontal diame-
ter of the same ; its inferior border straight. Eye one and
three-fourths to twice in frontal breadth. Scales smooth,
43 4, in a ring passing behind ventrals. From ventral
to anal three and a half to three and three-fifths times in
length from muzzle to inferior origin of caudal. Fourteen
specimens huronensis.

Operculum also higher than long, its lower border descend-
ing anteriorly. Eye one-third of frontal width ; 44 rows
of scales, as above, 57 on lateral line ; many on anterior
third of body rugose radiate. One spec crassus.]

* Cylindostreus pro ductus was brought by Dr. A. L. Heermann in a valuable collection
made in Texas, for the most part near fan Antonio, his place of residence. It approaches
nearer the true Lepidostei than any of the flat-billed species yet known : the bill is considerably
more elongate than in the platystomus, and the opercula more posterior. Length of bead
enters total length (including caudal) three and a half times in the former, four times in latter.
Width of muzzle at middle enters nine and one-half times the length of the head, above. Frontal
breadth five and one-half times in length of head above in productus, four and one half iu
platy s torn us. Orbit contained three times in distance from its posterior border to opercular,
and twice in fruntal width. Four scales border the occipital plates, and the line connecting the
opercular borders cuts the hinder edge of the third row. Parietnl plates presenting each a promi-
nent angle forwards, near the median suture: radii of upper surfaces of head but little broken
into granules. Scales perfectly smooth, with entire borders straight posterior to ventrals, anterior
without sigmoid curve. Plates of vertebral series each broader than long, anterior to ventrals.
Forty-one scales posterior, forty-three anterior to ventrals iu an armulus. Anterior border of
operculum linger thau the greatest length of the same. D. 8; C. 11; A. 7 ; P. 10. End of muzzle
to pectoral 5 in. ; pectoral to ventral 4 in., 3 1. Ventral to anal 4 in., 5 lin.; to caudal below 6 in.,
6 lin. Above light lead-colored; sides of body and head silvery, former densely punctulated;
latter with a series of spots on the jaws. Muzzle above with eight cross-bands to angle of mouth;
three across top of cranium. Below yellow, many scales (in a stuffed specimen,) spotted and
shaded with pink.

The spncies la tiros tris, oculatus, and alb us have the muzzle broader than, or similar
to, that of the platystomus.

t This is a stout, thick species, with broad head, and not very elongate muzzle Breadth just
anterior to opercula, three and a half times in total leaath of head from occipital shields : the
latter enters length to origin of caudal three and one-twelfth times. The front is slightly convex,
and descends strongly. The circumference of the body in front of the ventral fins is one-half the
length from the middle of the origin of the tail to the anterior border of the orbit. Four or
five rows of scales on the anterior third of the length are radiate grooved. End of the longest
dorsal ray above the first pair of braces of the lower caudal ray. Behind the ventrals, about eleven
rows of scales that are longer than high on each side of the median line. Rays D. 8; C. 12; A. 9 ;
V. 6; P 12. Above plumbeous, the scales with paler centres; below straw-color; several large
dark spots and shades on the sides, from the caudal fin to near the ventrals: all the fins spotted.
Length from end of muzzle to base of caudal, 2 ft., 11 in.; to origin of anal, 2 ft., 5 in.; to ventrals,
1 ft., 7j in.; to opercular border, 11 in., 5 lin.; to Anterior margin of orbit, 8 in. Length of pecto-
ral fin, 2 in., 6 lin. ; of ventral, 3 in.. 2 lin.; of anal, 3 in.

The type specimen was probably taken in brackish water at Bombay Hook, near the mouth of
the Delaware River.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 87

aa. Distance from pectoral to ventral equal to or greater than
from ventral to anal.
Operculum higher than long. From ventral to anal four
times from muzzle to lower origin of caudal ; head two
and three-fourths times in length to same point : 434
rows of scales in ring: 57 in lateral line: faint traces of

radii on a few anterior rows. One spec longirostris.

Operculum- longer than high. Scales smooth, in 41 rows
in ring behind ventrals ; lat. lin. 613. Head three and
one-sixth in length to inferior base of caudal. Eye one
and two-thirds in frontal breadth. Generally as in h u r o-

nensis. Three spec otarius.

II. Horizontal diam. of eye contained ir-ore than twice,
from its post. bord. to operculum.

a. Scales smooth.

Eye 2 in front; lat. line 58 ; pect. fin 13 rays sp. from Texa3.

Eye 3^ in front ; lat. line 64 ; pect. fin 11 rays. One spec, oxyurus.
aa. Scales on anterior half or more of body crenate and some-
what radiate and tuberculate.
Head three times from end of muzzle to lower origin of cau-
dal ; from ventral to pectoral a little less than from v. to
anal. Opercular anterior suture longer than length of
operculum. Eye three and two-thirds to three and five-
sixths in frontal breadth. Scales 47 to 50 in ring behind
ventrals, and 56 in lateral line. Two specimens osseus.

In the L. otarius the temporal breadth is contained more than five times
in the total length of the head. D. 8, A. 9, P. 12. The borders of the scales
are hirsute, as in h u r o n e n 9 i s, and the shorter straight, behind the line of
the ventral fins, except a few toward the dorsal region. The first row in front
of the dorsal is the third from the inferior origin of the caudal, and fifth from
the anal. The parietal membrane shields present each a principal angle ante-
riorly near the median line ; five scales bound the occipitals posteriorly. From
end of muzzle to anterior border of orbit 5 in., 6 lin. ; to anterior horder of
operculum 7 in., 10 lin. ; to posterior edge of do., 8 in., 8 lin. ; to origin of
ventrals, 15 in. ; to inferior origin of caudal, 24 in., 9 lin. Lead-colored
above ; the sides silvery ; below white. Pectoral and ventral fins unspotted ;
the others spotted : the anal sparsely ; a black spot at base of caudal.

Number of species obtained by Dr. Hammond, 23 ; in the Michigan synop-
sis, 63 ; species occurring in both, Amia, Hyodon, Stizostedium americanum,
Ceratichthys, Pimephales promelas, and Semotilus corporalis. In the
following list is shown the number of species of the synopsis as yet known
to occur in the Ohio and tributaries, the Susquehanna, and the Delaware :

Michigan. Ohio. Susquehanna. Delaware.

Ganoidei 3 2

Nematognathi .. 4* 3 1 1

Eventoguathi 28 10 6 4

Malacopterygii * 7 ?3 1 1

Acanthopterygii 19 12 ?5 ?3

Supplementary Note on a peculiar genus of CrpRiNiDiE.

I obtained a small fish in the Kiskiminitas River, Western Pennsylvania,
the present spring, which appears to be related in structure to allied genera
of the Cyprinidae, as Acerina is to some others among Percidse. Its gene-

* Ameurus d e k a y i must be added to the Catalogue pt. I., and the supposed Ictalurus gra-
cilis is the coerulescens.

1865.]

88 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

ral appearance is that of a small Gobio or a Hybognathus, with the muzzle
rather heavier than is usual in either ; but examination shows that, besides
the absence of barbels, it is peculiar in that the suborbital and interopercular
bones, with the rami of the mandible, are greatly dilated, and bear septary
laminae, which separate mucous cavities, relatively as large as those of Acerina
or Percopsis. They extend in two series ; seven from the postorbital bone to
the side of the end of the muzzle, and eight from the same point to the sym-
physis mandibuli. The muzzle overlaps the mandible ; no cartilage on the
latter. Scales large, the usual surface exposed. Anal shoit, originating op-
posite end of depressed dorsal. Origin of ventrals opposite first dorsal ray.
Pharyngeal bones slender ; teeth acutely uncinate-raptatory, without masti-
catory surface, 4-1 0-4.

I am not aware that any genus of Cyprinidae is known to exist in America
or the old world, which possesses the cavernous structure above mentioned.
Traces of it may be observed on the interoperculum in certain genera, e. g.,
Hypsilepis.

The suboperculum is small ; operculum height to breadth as one and one-
half to one. Head broad, muzzle obtusely rounded. Canthus of mouth op-
posite nares. Length of head contained three and five-sixths times to origin
of caudal ; greatest depth (at dorsal) nearly five times in the same. Caudal
peduncle elongate, not constricted. Eye large, contained a little more than
three times in length of head, a little more than frontal width. Origin of
dorsal a little in advance of the point midway between end of muzzle and
origin of caudal, its anterior ray equals half the distance from its base to an-
terior nostril. Caudal furcate one-half its length. Ventrals barely reaching
vent ; pectorals attaining ventrals. Scales 5 33 ; exposed portion with very
numerous and delicate radii and concentric lines, not visible to the naked
eye. A narrow space from vent to opposite middle of pectorals scaleless.
Fins, DI. 8. C.+17+. A. I. 8. V. 8. P. 12. Lateral line nearly straight. Along
and above it is a lateral band of brown punctulations ; general color above
yellowish olive, the edges of the scales dark-shaded, and a narrow brown ver-
tebral line from nape to tail. Below lateral line silvery. Dorsal and caudal
fins rosy. Length from muzzle to opercular edge 7 1. ; to dorsal fin 13 1. ; to
end of appressed anal 1 in. 9 1. ; to origin of caudal 2 in. 2 1. ; to end of caudal
2 in. 8 1.

This species appears not to have come under the notice of Prof. Kirtland or
of Raiinesque. It may be called Ericymba b u c c a t a.

Descriptions of Eight new species of TJNIO of the United States.

BY ISAAC LEA.

ITnio doliaris. Testa laevi, elliptica, valde inflatfi, inaequilaterali, postice
obtuse angulata, antice rotundata; valvulis subtenuibus, antice crassioribus ;
natibus promiueutibus, valde inflatus ; epidermide virido-lutea., radiis undique
indutis ; dentibus cardinalibtis erectis, acuminatis, compresso-conicis crenu-
latisque ; lateralibus sublongis, curvatis corrugatisque ; margarita alba et
valdfe iridescente.

Hab. Etowah River, Georgia. Rev. G. White.

Unio protensus. Testa laevi, late elliptica, subcompressa, valde inaequi-
laterali, postice subbiangulata, antice rotunda ; valvulis subtenuibus, antice
aliquantd crassioribus ; natibus prominulis ; epidermide tenebroso-fusca,
obsolete radiata, ; dentibus cardinalibus minimis, obliquis striatisque ; late-
ralibus pnelongis subcurvisque ; margariti vel caeruleo-alba vel salmonia, et
iridescente.

Hab. North Carolina. Prof. E. Emmons.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 89

Unio punctatcs. Testa laevi, elliptica, ad latere planulata, valde inaequi-
laterali, postice et antice rotundata ; valvulis crassis, antice aliquanto crassi-
oribus ; natibus vix promiuulis ; epidermide olivacea, ; radiis punctatis
undique indutis ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, compresso-conicis crenula-
tisque ; lateralibus longis, crassis subcurvisque ; margarita argentea et
iridescente.

JIab.-Ca.ney Fork, Tennessee, Dr. Edgar ; and Tuscumbia, Alabama,
B. Pybas.

Unio amabilis. Testa laevi, triangulari, subinflata, inaequilaterali, postice
angulata, antice rotunda, valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassioribus ; natibus
subprominentibus, ad apices undulatis ; epidermide vel luteola vel fuscescente,
obsolete radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, obliquis corrugatisque ; late-
ralibus sublongis, obliquis corrugatisque ; margarita vel alba, vel dilute sal-
nionia et valde iridescente.

Hub. Butler, Taylor Co., Georgia. H. M. Neisler.

Unio Lyonii. Testa laevi, subrotunda, subcompressa, inaequilaterali : val-
vulis subcrassis, antice crassioribus ; natibus prominentibus ; epidermide
rufo-fusca, late radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus subgrandibus, subcompressis
corrugatisque ; lateralibus crassis, obliquis subcurvisque ; margarita dilute
salmonia et valde iridescente.

Hub. East Tennessee. Major S. S. Lyon, U. S. E.

Unio proprids. Testa laevi, oblonga, subinflata, inaequilaterali, postics
obtuse angulata, antice rotunda; valvulis subtenuibus, antice crassioribus;
natibus prominulis, ad apices undulatis ; epidermide lutea, eradiata ; dentibus
cardinalibus parvis, acuminatis, erectis, compressis ; lateralibus sublongis
subcurvisque ; margarita vel purpurea vel salmonis colore tincta et irides-
dente.

Rob. Lafayette, Georgia. Rev. G. White.

Unio Cromwellii. Testa laevi, elliptica, subinflata, valde inaequilaterali,
postice rotundata, antice rotunda ; valvulis subtenuibus, antice crassiusculis ;
natibus subprominentibus, ad apices concentricis plicatis ; epidermide minute
striata, fusca, vel virenti, radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, compressis,
corrugatis, in utroque valvulis duplicibus ; lateralibus sublongis subcurvisque ;
margarita purpurescente et valde iridescente.

Jlab. Kiokee Creek, near Albany, Dougherty Co., Georgia. B. M. Crom-
well, M. D.

Unio marginis. Testa elliptica, inflata, valde inaequilaterali, postice et
antice rotundata; valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassioribus; natibus sub-
prominentibus; epidermide striata, fusca, marginata, obsolete radiata, den-
tibus cardinalibus parviusculis, valde crenulatis ; lateralibus subcurtis
rectisque ; margarita alba et valde iridescente.

Hab. Blue Springs, Dougherty Co., Georgia. Bishop Elliott.

An Examination of the Birds of the genus CHRYSOMITRIS, in the Museum of
the' Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

BY JOHN CASSIN.

Genus CHRYSOMITRIS, Boie.

(Genus Chrysomitris, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 322.)

1 . Chrysomitris.

1. Chrysomitris spinus, (Linnaeus.)

Fringilla spinus, Linn.; Syst. Nat., i. p. 181, (1758.)
PI. Enl. 485. Gould, B. of Eur., pi. 197. Naum., B. of Germ., pi. 125.

1865.]

90 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

Numerous specimens from Europe. Two specimens, male and female, seem
to be smaller, and may be C. pistacina, Bonap., Consp. Av., i. p. 515. They
are in adult plumage, and are quite identical with C. spinus in all characters
except size, and a slightly greater elongation of the bill. Though evidently
the preparations of one collector, these two specimens bear no reliable label
indicating locality.

2. Chrysomitris spinescens, Bonaparte.

Chrysomitris spinescens, Bonap., Consp. Av., i. p. 517, (1850.)
" Fringilla spinescens, Licht., Mus. Berol." Bonap. ut supra.
Several specimens, labelled South America. Of all of the birds of this
group, this species is most nearly related to C. spinus of Europe, and in the
greatest degree resembles it in colors. It is sufficiently described in Conspec-
tus Avium, as above cited, and can be distinguished readily from any other
species, though resembling in colors C. Yarrellii, (Aud.) The latter is
smaller, with the bill larger, and having the yellow parts of the plumage
clearer, or less tinged with green.

3. Chrysomitris barbata, (Molina.)

Fringillabarbata, Mol., Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, (1782), 2d ed.. p. 209, (1810.)
Carduelis Stanleyi, Aud., Syn. B. of N. A., p. 118, (1839.) '
Chrysomitris marginalis, Bonap., Consp. Av., i. p. 517, (1850.)
Chrysomitris campestris, Gay, Hist. Chili, (not of Spix, Av. Bras.)
Crithagra flavospecularis, Hartl. Naum., 1853, p. 213.
Aud., B. of Am., oct. ed., iii. pi. 185. Gilliss' Astronom. Exp. Chili, ii. pi. 17.

Specimens from Chili in the Academy Museum and in the National Muse-
um ; and, through the kindness of Professor Baird, I have also before me the
original specimen of C. Stanleyi, Audubon, described and figured by that
author as above. The last is either a young male or female, and has the
general appearance of specimens collected and prepared by the late Dr. Town-
send, several of which Audubon erroneously described as from California. A
specimen of the same species, in much more mature plumage, is in the
Academy Museum, from Dr. Townsend's collection, and is labelled in his
handwriting, " Valpo. Chili, $, J. K. Townsend." The specimens from Chili
in the Academy, and those of Townsend and Audubon, are quite identical,
and entitled to all the names above specified.

The colors of this species are not fairly represented in Audubon's plate,
above referred to, though sufficiently accurate for the recognition of the fe-
male, or of the male in imperfect plumage. The plate in Gilliss' Rept. is
better, though the transverse band on the wing is unusually pale, and is
generally yellow. The description by me in the same volume, (as cited
above, p. 181,) is correct. Though having the black cap and black throat
and general colors of the typical C. spinus, the bill in the present bird is much
thicker, and the general organization more robust. The affinities of this
species are, however, clearly in this group, but it is not so nearly related to
Carduelis spinoides, Vigors, of India, as to be properly included in the same
genus, which Dr. Cabanis considers probable (Mus. Ilein., i. p. 161). That
species, C. spinoides, is quite properly separated from Chrysomitris by that ex-
cellent and distinguished ornithologist, and is the type of his genus Ilypacan-
this, though in my opinion not fully entitled to generic distinction. Its
relations are, I think, to the group Chlorospiza, Bonaparte, and especially to
the species C. kawariba, C. sinica, and perhaps others.

Specimens of this species, from the collection made in Chili by Gilliss'
Expedition, have the transverse band on the wing nearly white, as represented
in the plate cited above. In all other respects they are identical with others
in a collection made in Peru and Chili, and presented by the Hon. John Ran-
dolph Clay, late Minister of the United States to the former country. They

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 91

are identical, also, as stated above, with the types of Audubon's C. Stanleyi,
which were undoubtedly collected at Valparaiso, Chili, by Dr. Townsend.

4. Chrysomitris pinus, (Wilson.)

Fringilla pinus, Wils. Am. Orn., ii. p. 133, (1810.)
Wils. Am. Orn., ii. pi. 17. Aud. B. of Am., pi. 180. Oct. ed., iii. pi. 180.

Numerous specimens from various localities in North America, but pre-
senting no important differences. This species shows in colors but little
similarity or near relationship with any other of this group. It is well known,
and a favorite with collectors in the Middle States of this Republic, as one of
the specialities of winter shooting, and is best known in its winter plumage.
The summer plumage ought to differ materially, judging from the seasonal
changes that take place in C. tristis and other species of this group. Speci-
mens from Orizaba, Mexico, in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution,
seem to be identical with others from the United States, and I fail to dis-
cover in any of them the characters of C. macroptera, Du Bus.

2. Pyrrhomitris.

5. Chrysomitris cucullata, (Swainson.)

Carduelis cucullata, Swains., Zool. 111., i. p. (not paged, 1820.)
Fringilla Cubae, Gerv., Mag. Zool., 1835, p. (not paged.)
Swains. Zool. 111., i. pi. 7. Mag. Zool., 1835, pi. 44.

Numerous specimens of both sexes, labelled " Trinidad," and, in one in-
stance, " Cayenne;" and also one specimen in a collection made by Mr. Geo.
Robbins, in Venezuela. The last, though in nearly mature plumage, is re-
markable for having the transverse band on the wing dull yellow, instead of
the usual pale red, and is the only instance of that description of variatiou
that I have seen in this species.

3. Melanomitris,

6. Chrysomitris atrata, (D'Orbigny et Lafresnaye.)

Carduelis atrata, D'Orb. et Lafres., Mag. Zool., 1837, p. 83.
D'Orb., Voy. Am. Mer. Ois., pi. 48, fig. 2.

One specimen in adult plumage, from Verreaux, and another not mature,
from D Orbigny's collection. The former is almost precisely as given in the
figure of D'Orbigny, as cited, but his description is different, and more like
the present specimen from his collection, having the under parts from the
breast mixed with pale yellow feathers. He says in his description in Voy.
Amer. Mer. Ois., p. 364 : " sublus lotafiava, gutture, collo, peclore hypochondriis-
quefusco striatis." The description in Mag. Zool., as above cited, is different,
and applies strictly to the adult bird.

7. Chrysomitris uropygialis, Sclater.

Chrysomitris uropygialis, Sclat., Cat. Am. B., p. 125, (1862.)

Easily distinguished from the preceding by its yellow rump, and by having
the entire under parts of the body and under wing coverts yellow. Specimens
from Gilliss' Exp. to Chili, now in the National Museum in charge of the
Smithsonian Institution, were mistaken by me for the preceding, (C. atratus,)
having at that time only the young specimen from D'Orbigny's collection, to
which I above allude, and relying on it for my determination of the species.

8. Chrysomitris Bryantii, nobis.

Resembling both of the preceding, but smaller, and with the entire upper
parts, including the rump, clear lustrous black in the male, and with the
head also black. Under parts of body, under wing coverts, and under tail

1865.]

92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

coverts, yellow. Wing with a large transverse band of yellow, not including
the first quill, and not extending longitudinally on the quills, but abruptly
defined, (differing in that respect from both C. atratus and C. uropygialis.)
Quills externally (in the male,) clear lustrous black, without paler margins,
internally edged wih pale yellow, forming a large spot of that color on the
inferior surface of the wing. Sides of body mixed with black feathers. Tail
black, all the feathers, except the two in the middle, with their bases yellow.
Bill and feet bluish black, under mandible lighter at base.

Female. Entire upper parts, including the head above, dark green, under
parts greenish yellow, middle of abdomen and under tail coverts yellowish
white. Wing brownish black, with a large transverse band of yellow, re-
stricted, as in the male ; tail brownish black, yellow at base.

Total length 4} to 4 inches, wing 2 to"2, tail 1 to If inches, "extent
of wings 6J inches."

Hab. Dota, Costa Rica. Discovered by Mr. Julian Carmiol. Spec, in
Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.

This handsome little species is allied to C. atrata and C. uropygialis, and of
the same general colors, but is much smaller than either, being little larger
than C. mezicana and G. Columbiana. It is easily distinguished by having the
entire head and upper parts uniform lustrous black, and the under parts
yellow. The large yellow spots on the wings are "restricted, and do not ex-
tend longitudinally along the primary quills, as in the preceding and other
species.

This interesting little bird is dedicated to my friend Henry Bryant, M. D.,
of Boston, Mass., as a slight token of my respect for his many accomplish-
ments as a gentleman and naturalist, and in pleasant remembrance of years
of uninterrupted friendship.

4. Sporagra.

9. Chrysomitris magellanica, CVieillot.)

Fringilla magellanica, Vieill., Nouv. Diet., xii. p. 1C8, (1817.)
Fringilla icterica, Licht. Verz., p. 26, (1823.)
Fringilla campestris, Spix, Av. Bras., ii. p. 48, (1825.)
Vieill., Ois. Chant., pi. 30. Aud., B. of Am., pi. 394. Oct. ed., iii. pi. 182.

Numerous specimens from South America, in which there is not so much
uniformity of specific characters as is desirable, though I find myself unable
to trace sufficient regularity for distinction or separation. In specimens from
Southern Brazil the black of the head seems to be more restricted, and ex-
tends but slightly on the neck in front, and the light edgings of the quills
and wing coverts are nearly obsolete. This appears to be the species figured
by Audubon as above, and stated by him to have been obtained in Kentucky.

10. Chrysomitris notata, (Du Bus.)

Carduelis notata, Du Bus., Bull. Acad. Bruss., 1847, p. 106.

Numerous specimens from Mexico. Resembling the preceding, (C. magel-
lanica,) but easily distinguished by its deep black wings, without paler
edgings, though the extension of the black of the head on the neck in front
is bv no means a special nor reliable character of this species. Specimens in
the collection of the Smithsonian Institution are from Mirador and Orizaba,
Mexico, and from Gautemala.

5. Astragalinus.

11. Chrysomitris tristis, (Linnaeus.)

Fringilla tristis, Linn., Svst. Nat., i. p. 181, (1758.)
Fringilla Taria, Mull., Syst. Nat., Supp., p. 163, (1776.)
Carduelis americana, Rich and Sw., Faun. Bor. Am., ii. p. 268, (1831.)
Wils., Am. Orn , i. pi. 1. Aud., B. of Am., pi. 33. Oct. ed., iii. pi. 181.
Buff., PI. Enl., 292.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 93

Numerous specimens, all of which are from North America.

12. Cheysomitris Yarrellii, (Audubon.)

Carduelis Yarrelli, Aud., Syn. B. of N. A., p. 117, (1839.)
Aud., B. of Am., pi. 433, fig. 4, 5. Oct. ed., iii. pi. 184.

Three specimens, apparently adult male and female and young male, all of
which have been labelled in Europe, " Orenoque." Through the kindness of
Prof. Baird, I have also before me the original specimen of Audubon, which
seems to be entirely identical with the former, except that the quills are
edged externally with greenish yellow. This bird is accurately figured by
Audubon, as above cited, and is a strongly marked species, though apparently
not known to ornithologists. At present I know of no other name for it,
though it may have been given in another genus, on account of its thick and
strong bill. Audubon's specimen bears no indication of locality, though
stated by him to have been from California, which I regard as probably
erroneous.

13. Chrysomitris Lawrencei, (Cassin.)

Carduelis Lawrencei, Cass., Proc. Acad., Philada., v. p. 105, (1850.)

Pr. Acad., Philada., v. pi. 5.

Now well known as a bird of the western countries of North America,
though apparently not found abundantly by collectors. This curious little
bird does not intimately resemble any other in its colors or general specific
characters.

6. Psendomitris.

14. Chrysomitris psaltria, (Say.)

Fringilla psaltria, Say, Long's Exp., ii. p. 40, (1823.)
Bonap , Am. Orn., i. pi. 6. Aud., B. of Am., pi. 394. Oct. ed., iii. pi. 183.

Specimens from California. Apparently an abundant species in the western
countries of North America ; carefully figured by Bonaparte, as above cited,
and sufficiently so for recognition by Audubon. The assignment of this
species and the two immediately succeeding to this genus, I regard as
probably erroneous.

15. Chrysomitris mexicana, (Swainson.)
Carduelis mexicana, Sw., Phil. Mag , 1827, p. 435.
Fringilla melanoxantha, Wagl., Isis, 1831, p. 525.
Fringilla texensis, Giraud, B. of Tex., p. 21, (1841.)
Chrysomitris nana, Bonap., Consp. Av., i. p. 516, (1850.) ?

Baird, U. S. and Mex. Bound. Rept., pi. 16. B. of N. A., pi. 54. Giraud,
B. of Tex., pi. 5.

From Mexico and Lower California. One specimen, labelled " Valparaiso,' '
in the hand-writing of M. Victor Massena. Distinguishable from the next
species (C. columbiana,) only by several of the outer tail feathers being white,
a character liable to some variation, several specimens which I assign to
this species having only a trace of white, and, in fact, with this character so
little developed as to present a difficulty somewhat in specific distinction.

Specimens of this little bird in the museum of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion are from Texas and New Mexico, and have also been received from Costa
Rica, in the interesting collections of Mr. Julian Carmiol.

16. Chrysomitris columbiana, Lafresnaye.

Chrysomitris columbiana, Lafres., Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 292.

Specimens labelled "Bogota " and " Ameriq. Merid." Singularly like the
preceding, but with the tail entirely black.

1865.]

94 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

The three last species, here given as C.psaltria, O. mezicana, and C. Columbi-
ana, and so given also generally by modern authors, I regard as very probably
not belonging to this genus. In my opinion these little birds are more nearly
related to the group given by Dr. Sclater as Cyanospizinse, and possibly are
entitled to generic distinction.

June 6th.

Mr. Cassin, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Twenty-one members present.

The following papers were presented for publication :
" Descriptions of new species of Fossils from the Marshall Group of
Michigan, &c." By Alexander Winchell.

" Descriptions of new species of Eocene Tertiary Fossils." By R.

P. Whitfield.

Dr. Leidy exhibited some bones and teeth of Horses from California and
Oregon, recently submitted to his examination by Prof. J. D. Whitney. He
stated that fossil remains of Horses had been found throughout the length
and breadth of the North American continent. They had been obtained from
the frozen cliffs of Eschscholtz Bay, in Arctic America, and from Honduras in
Central America; from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North
and South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, Louisiana, Missouri, Ne-
braska and Texas. Many of the remains are undistinguishable in anatomical
character from corresponding bones and teeth of the domestic horse ; others
are comparatively large, though not larger than in the largest variety of the
latter, but their molar teeth exhibit a more complex folding of the enamel
than is seen in the domestic horse. Dr. L. considers it probable that the
fossils represent several extinct species, all differing from the living horse,
though this was not a matter of demonstration.

Most of the remains from California, among them an entire skull, are un-
changed in appearance, and are undistinguishable from corresponding parts
of the Mustang, or recent Indian Horse of the West, though taken from au-
riferous gravel a considerable depth from the surface.

Among the California specimens are several molar teeth having more the
general appearance of true fossils than the others, though they are also but
slightly changed. Two of them are second upper molars from different indi-
viduals, of more robust proportions than any of the recent looking specimens,
and equal in this respect to the corresponding teeth found anywhere. One
of the teeth was taken from auriferous clay at a depth of thirty feet below
the surface, in Tuolumne County, and is slightly infiltrated with oxide of
iron. The other was obtained from a bed of asphaltum, in company with a
last lower molar, near Beuna Vista Lake, and is impregnated with bitumen.
These two upper molars, strongly resembling each other, differ from the more
recent looking specimens, and from the corresponding teeth of the domestic
horse, in the remarkable degree of simplicity of the enamel folding, as seen
on the triturating surfaces. They differ in another circumstance, which is
perhaps accidental, or at least was dependent on the peculiar character of
the food, that is to say, the triturating surface, in both specimens, is remarka-
bly flat, whereas, in the horse ordinarily it is worn into two transverse hills.
Dr. L. was disposed to view these teeth as representing a species different
from any heretofore indicated, and proposed for it the name of Equus occi-
dentals. The measurement of the specimens are as follows : Anteropos-
terior diameter of triturating surface 14| lines, 1 5^ lines; transverse diameter
of do. 12 lines, 13J lines.

[June,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 95

June \%th.
Mr. Cassin, Vice President, in the Chair.
Nineteen members present.

June 20(h.
Mr. Cassin, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Sixteen members present.

The following papers were presented for publication :

New species of Mordellidae." By C. A. Helmuth, M. D.

" Note on the species of Myodites," and " Notes on the species of
Harpalus, &c." By John L. LeConte, M. D.

" On a new Genus of Serraninae." By Theo. Gill.

The death was announced of Mr. William Parker Foulke, member
of the Academy, on the 18th inst.

By resolution, Mr. Aubrey H. Smith was requested to prepare a
biographical notice of Mr. Foulke for publication in the Proceedings.

Dr. Leidy directed the attention of the members to some shells, bones,
fragments of pottery, &c, which had been recently obtained at Cape Hen-
lopen. He stated that, during the last week, he had accompanied a small
party in a steamboat excursion to the Delaware Breakwater. The boat
having anchored inside the latter, he went ashore opposite the little town of
Lewes and strolled along the beach towards the light-house. About half a
mile inland, and about a mile from Lewes, he observed large accumulations
of shells. These extended over a space of about half a mile, at the foot of a
high sand dune which had encroached upon and partly destroyed a forest of
pine and cedar trees. The accumulations of shells consist mainly of those
of oysters and clams, many of large size, but most of them small, and gene-
rally more or less comminuted, as if by the action of fire. The loose white
sand of the piles, when scraped from the surface, exhibited intermingled
black pulverulent matter, apparently carbonaceous, and in some places pieces
of charcoal. Many fragments of rude pottery were strewed among the shells,
being of the sort made by the Indians, and consisting of baked clay with
powdered shells. Some of the fragments are coarsely ornamented on the ex-
terior. On scraping the sand and shells at random, a clay smoking-pipe
was discovered. The specimen, exhibited by Dr. Leidy, is about four inches
long, and has a conical bowl, bent at an obtuse angle from a thick stem and
ornamented with bands and triangles of points. A few rude arrow heads
and many small chips of yellow and red jasper were found among the heaps.
In one of the piles portions of a human skeleton were discovered, of which
Dr. L. exhibited fragments of the skull, jaws, and a humerus.

Dr. L. observed that, notwithstanding the interest of this North American
Indian " Kjokkenmoduing, ' or kitchen refuse heap, he had but an hour to
examine it.

The part of Cape Henlopen on which the accumulations are situated is
composed of loose white sand with few pebbles or shells, and is remarkably
barren. Oysters and clams are not now found living within some miles of
the shell heaps. The Captain of the steamboat, who lived at Lewes, stated
that the heaps were known to the neighboring people under the name of
Indian heaps.

1865.]

96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

June 21th.

Mr. Cassin, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Thirteen members present.

On Report of the respective Committees, the following papers were
ordered to be published :

New Species of MORDELLIDiE collected in Illinois.
BY C. A. HELMUTH, M. D.

MORDELLA.

M. lunulata. Anal style long, slender. Last joint of maxillary palpi
scalene triangular. Black; head, margins of thorax, scutellum, basal margin
of elytra, a humeral lunule and suture cinereous pubescent, beneath varied
with cinereous and black. "18.

MORDELLISTENA.

M. intermixta. Hind tibiee with two equal ridges ; first joint of hind
tarsi with two, second with one ridge. Black ; mouth, front legs and elytra
piceous ; pubescence of elytra dark brown, with light hairs intermixed. -10.

M. auricoma. Hind tibiae with two equal ridges; first joint of hind
tarsi with three, second with two ridges. Black, linear ; pubescence brown
sericeous ; head, antenna;, anterior half of thorax, front and middle legs fer-
ruginous. "11.

M. nigerrima. Hind tibiae with two ridges, the anterior one extending
across the tibia; first joint of hind tarsi with three, second with two ridges.
Narrow, entirely black ; pubescence grayish. -09.

Note on the Species of MYODITES Latr. inhabiting the United States.
BY JOHN L. LE CONTE, M. D.

The species of this genus are found on the flowers of Solidago, in the
months of August and September. As they are not much sought after by
collectors, several species probably yet remain to be discovered.

The following analytical table will separate the species now before me.
The measurements are decimals of an English inch :

Abdomen yellow; podex piceous ; elytra yellow, immaculate.

36. Vertex prominent, acutely carinated 1. s c ab er Lee.

30. Vertex prominent, not carinated 2. semiflavus n. sp.

Abdomen of both sexes black.

24. Vertex obtusely rounded, elytra yellow. 3. 1 u t e i p e n n i s n. sp.

28. Vertex prominent, slightly carinated ; elytra sparsely punctured, with
the base and outer margin black 4. fasciatus Lee.

20. Vertex acutely prominent and carinated ; elytra densely punctured,
with the base aud outer margin blackish 5. W a Is h i i n. sp.

12 - 14. Vertex slightly but acutely prominent; elytra fuscous; middle
and tip pale 6. stylopides Newman.

1. M. s c a b e r. Niger, confertim subtiliter punctatus, vertice conico, apice
acute breviter carinato ; thorace linea dorsali tenuissima elevata ; elytris

[June,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 97

politis, Iuteis parce subtiliter punctatis ; abdomen (feminae) flavum, fortiter
punctatum, segmentis anticis dorsalibus fere lasvibus, ultimo dorsali piceo ;
pedes nigri. Long. -35.

Myodes scaber Lee. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. 6, 67.

One mutilated female, from Creek Boundary Survey. Collected by S. W.
Woodhouse, M. D. The antennae are wanting. The wings as usual, in the
females have a broad fuscous band near the tip.

2. M. s emif 1 avu s. Niger, subtiliter minus dense punctatus, vertice ob-
tuse conico, apice haud carinato ; thorace basi rotundato, linea dorsali nulla ;
elytris politis laevibus, flavis, callo humerali obscuro ; abdomen (feminae)
flavum parce subtiliter punctatum, apice piceum ; pedibus testaceo variega-
gatis. Long -30.

Maryland. One specimen given me by Rev. J. G. Morris.
The antennae are wanting. The anterior feet are entirely testaceous, with
the base of the thighs dusky ; the middle thighs are dusky, and the tibia?
and tarsi testaceous ; the hind feet are entirely dusky. The wings have a,
broad smoky band near the tip.

3. M. 1 u t eip enn i s. Niger, capite, thoraceque minus dense punctatis,
vertice tumido, apice rotundato, haud carinato ; thorace plaga laevi utrinque
ornato ; basi rotundato, medio minute emarginato ; elytris politis flavis, basi
fortius, apice parce punctatis, callo humerali fusco, abdomen subtiliter minus
dense punctatum ; antennae fuscse, pedes anteriores flavo-testacei, postici
nigri. Long. -24.

New York. Two females given me by Mr. Koestlin. Very distinct by the
obtusely rounded vertex. The wings have a broad fuscous band near the
tip.

4. M. fasciatus. Niger, subtiliter dense punctatus, et breviter pubes-
cens, vertice conico, apice carinato; thorace linea dorsali brevi impressa ;
basi late rotundata medio paulo emarginata ; elytris politis, parce punctatis,
flavis, basi margineque externa usque ad medium nigris ; abdomen fortiter
punctatum; antennae fuscse; pedes picei tarsia testaceis ; antici testaceo-
marginati. Long. *26.

Leconte, Say's Entom., Writings, 2, 162.
Dorthesia fasciata Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. 3, 274.
Two females from Pennsylvania.

5. M. Walsh ii. Niger subtiliter dense punctatus et breviter pubescens,
vertice anguste elevato et carinato ; thorace plaga parva laevi utrinque or-
nato, linea dorsali nulla, ad basin rotundato ; elytris subopacis, rugulosis,
subtilius punctatis, flavis, basi margineque externo ad medium nigris ; ab-
domen dense punctatum ; antennas fuscae ; testaceae pedes fusco-testacei ; fe--
moribus anterioribus basi, posticisque fuscis. Long. "20.

One male. Rock Island, Illinois. B. D. Walsh, Esq. The wings are en-
tirely hyaline. Distinct from M. fasciatus by the vertex being less
prominent, and therefore appearing more acute at the tip, by the base of the
thorax being not emarginate at the middle, and by the finer and denser punc-
tuation of the elytra. t

6. M. stylopides. Niger, capite punctato, vertice medio submucronato ;
thorace confertim subtilius punctato, plaga magna laevi utriuque signato ;
elytris snbtiliter rugosis, punctatis, nebula media, margineque apicali palli-
dis, ore pedibusque obscure testaceis ; antennis fusco-testaceis. Long. *12
14.

Myodes stylopides Newman, Ent. Mag. 5, 376.

9 Dorthesia Jiavicornis Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. 3, 274.

Myodes flavkornis Lee, Say's Ent. Writings, 2, 162.

Washington, D. C. ; Baron Osten Sacken ; Canada, Mr. William Couper.

The front and mouth are usually dark testaceous ; the vertex has a small

1865.] 7

08 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

acute tubercle ; the punctures of the thorax are fine, and there is a smooth
space each side of the middle. The elytra are finely rugous, sparsely punc-
tured, and vary in color, from black to fuscous ; there is a pale band at the
middle, sometimes reduced to a sutural spot ; the apical margin is also pale.
The pectus and sides of the abdomen are tolerably coarsely punctured. The
antennae are fuscous, sometimes paler ; the feet are dark testaceous. The
wings of the male are transparent; iu the female there is a subapical fuscous
cloud as usual.

In none of my specimens are the antennae bright yellow, as described by
Say, and I therefore suppose his description to refer to a species unknown to
me.

7. M. americanus Guerin, Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat. xi. 369. Icon. Re"gne
An. tab. 34, fig. 5.

Unknown to me ; seems by the figure to be an entirely black species, about
the size of M. f a s c i a t u s.

Notes on the Speoiea of EAEPALUS inhabiting America, north of Mexico.
BY JOHN L. LE CONTE, M. D.

My attention has been recently drawn to the essay on classification of the
Harpalini of Denmark, by Schiodte,* and I have attempted by aid of the ideas
therein developed to group our species in a natural manner. In doing this,
I have noticed peculiarities in some of them, which seem to show that
the characters used in the essay quoted do not possess the value that has
been attributed to them by the author.

Thus, for example, in the first division (genuine Ilarpalini,) Bradycellus is
separated from all the other genera by the last joint of the palpi being atten-
uate, and the body smooth ; in the other genera the last joint of the palpi is
fusiform, and the body reticulate.

I find that this is correct, as far as relates to the genera allied to Aniso-
dactylus; but fails in the others; in Stenomorphus and Gynandropus the
surface is not reticulate, while in Gynandrotarsus it is quite distinctly so.
In most species of the group (or perhaps genus) Selenophorus the surface is
reticulate, but in the iridescent species (o p a 1 i n u s Lee, gagatinus Dej.,
and i r i p e n n i s Say,) no trace of reticulation can be seen ; in S. f a t u u s
Lee. it can scarcely be observed.

Similar exceptions may be found among the typical Harpalus : thus in H.
amputatus Say, the female is very finely reticulate, and the male is
polished ; the reticulation is scarcely perceptible in the male of H. f al 1 ax
Lee, megacephalus Lee, while in both sexes ofH. spadiceus Dej.,
testaceus Lee and nitidulus Chaud., the surface is polished.

So in the Stenolophini, in which the body is declared to be smooth, a
similar exception is seen in the finely reticulate S. carbonarius.

The fundamental division of the species of Harpalus into two groups, (I.
Setaj ambulatoriae abdominales pilis nullis intermixtae: setae ambulatoriae
femorales parciores et graciliores, foveolis setigeris minutis, and II. Setae
ambulatoriae abdominales pilis longioribus inaequalibus intermixtae : setae
ambulatoriae femorales copiosae validiores, foveolis setigeris plerumque pro-
fundus impressis,) seems to me also defective when applied to our species.
I find that the ambulatorial setae of the anterior thighs are more numerous
and stronger in the males than in the females, and that the use of this char-
acter will be likely to lead to error. In some species I observe some long
bristles about midway between the ambulatorial setae and the side of the
abdomen, which may serve to group the species in a secondary manner. I
have termed them accessory setae.

* Kroyer, Tida. 3d ser. vol. i.

[June,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 99

The paraglossae of the genuine Harpalus are rather thick, not longer than
the ligula, and are furnished on the sides with a few bristles ; the ligula is
broader at the tip and truncate, with the side angles acute. In Selenophorus
the paraglossae are flat, longer than the ligula, without lateral bristles ; and
the ligula is narrow, not dilated at the tip. I am therefore inclined to believe
that Selenophorus should be considered a genus, and not a group of Harpa-
, lus, as I have recently placed it.

The species of Harpalus in my collection may be grouped as follows : (the
measurements are in decimals of the English inch.)

A. Elytra very deeply sinuate at tip ; outer angle acute and dentiform in the

female; third interval without dorsal puncture ; abdomen finely punc-
tured and pubescent towards the base. Body elongate.

56 -76. Thorax narrowed behind, side margin depressed, base scarcely
punctured ; color dark ferruginous, elytra piceous, deeply striate. Sandy
places ; Middle States, Kansas 1. erraticus Say.

56 -66. Thorax narrowed behind, margin not depressed, base punctu-
late, hind angles not rounded at tip ; color nigro-piceous, antennae and legs
ferruginous. New Mexico 2. retractus Lee.

B. Elytra truncate, or deeply sinuate at tip ; anterior tibiae with the outer

angle prolonged behind, forming a small tooth ; abdomen sparsely punc-
tured and pubescent.

a. Elytra truncate ; armed with a sutural spine in the female ; dorsal
puncture distinct.

38 -40. Thorax narrowed behind, angles rounded, basal foveae small,
punctured ; color beneath dark piceous or black, above metallic blue or
green, rarely black. Kansas, New Mexico, Saskatchewan, Montreal, Canada.

3. amputatus Say.

b. Elytra transversely sinuate, outer angle acute in female : dorsal punc-
ture wanting; sides of elytra finely punctured and pubescent.

38 -40. Thorax narrowed behind, hind angles not rounded; basal foveae
small, finely punctured; color beneath dark piceous or black; legs ferrugin-
ous or black; above metallic green or coppery, rarely black. Middle States,
Canada, Newfoundland 4. viridiaeneus Beauv.

C. Elytra obliquely, but slightly sinuate at tip ; abdomen without acces-

sory setae, finely punctured and pubescent towards the base.

a, Mentum tooth completely wanting : elytra without dorsal puncture ;
feet black.

80 -94. Thorax narrowed anteriorly, side margins broadly depressed,
and basal foveas densely punctulate. Middle, Southern and Western States,
Canada, Kansas 5. caliginosus Say.

b. Mentum tooth more or less distinct ; elytra without dorsal puncture ;
antennae and feet ferruginous.

*Side margin of thorax depressed, scarcely wider behind ; sides and

base punctured.

f Thorax nearly square ; elytra not punctulate.

50. Hind angles slightly rounded ; sides feebly rounded. Middle States.

6. f a u n u s Say.

42 -48. Hind angles scarcely rounded ; sides more rounded in front.

New York 7. convivus n. sp.

f-j- Thorax slightly narrowed behind ; hind angles not rounded.

54 -58. Elytra punctulate, at least at the sides. Illinois.

8. v a g a n s n. sp.
1865.]

100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

** Thorax with base and side margin densely punctulate.
50 -62. Thorax narrowed in front; sides strongly depressed; elytra
sparsely punctulate at the sides. Atlantic States, Kansas.

9. pensylvanicus.

Thorax slightly narrowed behind ; sides feebly depressed ;

54 -66. Hind angles less obtuse ; elytra not punctulate at the sides.
Atlantic States, Kansas . 10. compar Lee.

54 -64. Hind angles more obtuse ; elytra finely punctured at the sides.
Pennsylvania, New York 11. longicollis LtcfrFHjp*jT.

42 -48. Smaller, hind angles of thorax less obtuse ; elytra not punctu-
late at the sides. Atlantic States 12. erythropus Dej.

*** Thorax scarcely punctured at base ; sides not distinctly depressed.
34. Head very large ; hind angles of thorax rounded ; basal fovea?, slightly
punctured ; elytra slightly bronzed. Lake Superior.

13. megacephalus Lee.
c. Mentum tooth more or less distinct ; elytra with dorsal puncture.
* Antennae and feet ferruginous ; bead of prothorax yellowish.
| Thorax distinctly narrowed behind ; sides not depressed.
38. Base of thorax not punctured ; elytra not reticulate. Middle States.

14. spadiceus Dej.
|f Thorax not narrowed behind ; body oblong oval.

38. Elytra feebly bronzed ; base of thorax punctured. Russian America,
Saskatchewan 15. fulvilabris Mann.

Elytra not bronzed ;

| Sides of thorax narrowly but distinctly depressed ; (basal foveas

vaguely defined.)
34 -42. Hind angles slightly rounded; base finely punctured. Atlantic

States, New Mexico 16 fa 11 ax Lee.

30 -42. Hind angles not rounded ; base punctured ; (epipleurae always

ferruginous. Canada, Minnesota, Winnipeg 17. pleuriticus Kirby.

30 -42. Hind angles rounded ; base scarcely punctured ; epipleurae gene-
rally dark. Atlantic States, Canada, Kansas 18. herbivagus%.

32 -36. Hind angles scarcely rounded ; basal foveas sparsely punctulate ;
knees blackish ; Russian America, Oregon 19. somnolentus Dej.

%% Sides of thorax scarcely depressed ; base not punctured.
38. Hind angles rectangular ; not rounded. Kansas.

20. v e n t r a 1 i s Lee.
fff Thorax narrowed in front; body nearly elliptical.
34. Sides of thorax feebly depressed ; elytra reticulate. Pennsylvania,

Kansas, Ft. Simpson 21. opacipennis Hald.

26 -30. Sides of thorax not depressed ; elytra not reticulate. Southern
and Western States, Kansas 22. n i ti d u lu s Chaud.

** Feet piceous or black ; or at least thighs dark ; bead of prothorax

not paler.
Thorax narrowed in front; intercoxal process of abdomen nearly

smooth.
30. Body elliptical ; sides of thorax not depressed ; elytra of male not re-
ticulate. Kansas, Louisiana 23. ellipsis Lee.

30 "44. Body longer oval ; sides of thorax feebly depressed. California,

Oregon 24. cautus Dej.

Thorax not narrowed in front; intercoxal process of abdomen punctulate ;

| Head decidedly narrower than the thorax.
Thorax not very transverse ; base punctured ;

[June,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 101

37. Hind angles of thorax slightly obtuse, not rounded ; (tibiae and tarsi
ferruginous.) Lake Superior , 25. in noc u u s Zee.

Thorax strongly transverse ;

Hind angles of thorax obtuse ; scarcely rounded at tip ; base punctured ;

40. Sides of thorax less strongly rounded ; (elytra of female without sutu-
ral spine.) Saskatchewan . 26. carbonatus Lee.

39 -46. Sides of thorax more strongly rounded ; (elytra of female with
distinct sutural spine.) Lake Superior ........27. rufimanus Lee.

56. Hind angles of thorax obtuse, rounded at tip ; base scarcely punctured.
Colorado Terr 28. mo nt an us n. sp.

52 -58 Hind angles of thorax flattened, rectangular not rounded ; base
sparsely punctulate. Lake Superior ......29. Lewisiin. sp.

ff Head very large, scarcely narrower than the thorax.

48 -60. Sides of thorax distinctly depressed. Lake Superior.

30. la tic e p s Lee.
56, Sides of thorax not depressed. Illinois 31. viduus n. sp.

D. Elytra very slightly sinuate at tip, (except in 39 ,) abdomen with accessory
ambulatorial setae, proceeding from distinct punctures.

a. Mentum tooth more or less distinct.

* Elytra with dorsal puncture; antennae concolorous, reddish Crown,
f Mentum tooth very small; (larger species of dark color, with the

elytra reticulate in both sexes.)

Base of thorax smooth, or scarcely punctulate ; sides slightly

depressed.
58 '64. Body oblong oval ; elytra of female with sutural spine. Oregon.

32. fraternus Lee.
46. Body oblong oval ; sutural spine of female obsolete. Kansas.

33. funestus Lee.
48 -54. Body broader ; thorax slightly narrowed behind ; elytra of fe-
male with sutural spine. New Mexico and Colorado 34. oblitusi/ec.

Sides of thorax not depressed ; feet ferruginous.

40. Hind angles obtuse, slightly rounded ; base nearly smooth. Colorado.

35. fu rti vu s n. sp.

45. Hind angles subrectangular, slightly rounded at tip ; base of thorax

punctulate. Nebraska 36. s tup i du s Lee.

ff Mentum tooth large, prominent ; smaller species of brown color/paler

beneath ; elytra of male smooth ; of female scarcely reticulate.
30. Sides of thorax not depressed. New Mexico, Kansas.

37. desertus Lee.
30. Sides of thorax depressed, base punctured. Kansas.

38. lucidus . sp. ufU
** Elytra with dorsal puncture, tip much more distinctly sinuate;

antennae paler at base.
36. Body broad, hind angles of thorax scarcely rounded; sides slightly de-
pressed. Oregon, Idaho, Winnepeg 39. b e s u 1 us Lee. (***<u

*** Elytra without dorsal puncture ; antennae paler at base.

35. Thorax not narrowed behind, sides ;< not depressed. Lake Superior,
Canada 40. varicornis Lee.

b. Mentum tooth entirely wanting ; elytra not reticulated ; hind angles

of thorax rectangular.

* Elytra without dorsal puncture.

42. Body uniformly testaceous, oblong oval. Iowa, Illinois.

41. testaceus Lee.
1865.] 7*

102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

** Elytra with dorsal puncture.
35. Body broad, piceous ; thorax and elytra green bronzed. Texas.

42. gravis Lee.

The following species are unknown to me :

H. 1 o n g i o r Kirby, Fauna Bor. Am. 4, 43. Found in Lat. 54. Perhaps H.
v a g a n s Lee.

H. basilaris Kirby, ibid. 41. Found in Lat. 54. Seems allied to H.
obesulus L/ec, but the trochanters in the latter are not dark yellow,
nor are the elytra chestnut black.

H. ochropus Kirby, ibid. 42, is perhaps H. desertus Lee.

H. albionicus Mann., Bull. Mosc. 1843, 213, agrees with immature speci-
mens of H. ca utus Dej., in my collection. Not having seen atypical
specimen, I do not venture to propose the synonym.

H. curtatus Mann., ibid. 1853, 124. Russian America.

H. d u 1 c i c ol 1 is Ferte", Rev. Zool. 1841, 44. Texas. Probably an imma-
ture form of Anisodactylus ellipticus Lee.

H. depressicollis Motsch., Bull. Mosc. 1860, 2, 136. California.

H. alternans Motsch., ibid. 1845, 2, 343. California.

Descriptions of new Species.

7. H. c o n v i v u s. Elongato-oblongus, nigro-piceus, antennis palpis pedi-
busque ferrugineis; thorace latitudine breviore, lateribus anguste fortiter de-
pressis punctatis, antice magis rotundatis, margine summo, ferrugineo angulis
posticis fere rectis, foveis basalibus rotundatis, profundis punctatis ; elytris
reticulars profunde striatis, puncto dorsali nullo ; subtus piceus, abdomine
rufescente, inter et post coxas parce punctulato. Long. -42 -48.

One pair from New York. Related to H. faun u s, but the thorax is more
rounded on the sides in front, distinctly transverse, very slightly narrowed
behind with the basal foveae deeper.

8. II . vag an s. Elongato-oblongus, subtus rufo piceus, supra nigro-piceus,
antennis, palpis pedibusque ferrugineis ; thorace latitudine paulo breviore,
postice paulo angustato, lateribus anguste depressis punctatis, antice magis
rotundatis, margine summo ferrugineo, angulis posticis obtusis haud rotun-
datis, basi dense punctato, foveis profundis vage definitis ; elytris reticularis
profunde striatis, puncto dorsali nullo, interstitiis feminse omnibus, maris
externis confertim punctulatis. Long. -54 -58.

One pair. Western States. Quite distinct by the characters given above.
Seems related to, and perhaps identical with H. 1 o n g i o r Kirby.

11. H. longicollis Lee, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 4, 396.

I indicated this species on a single male specimen found at New York, and
subsequently considered it as probably au aberrant form of H. c o m p a r, but
Mr. Ulke has recently fouud it abundantly in the mountains of Pennsylvania.
The characters in the table as well as those formerly given by me, will en-
able it to be recognized, and it is, moreover, much narrower in form than H.
c o m p a r.

12. H. ery t h r o p u s Dej. This species seems to differ from H. c o mp a r
only by the smaller size, and by the hind angles of the thorax being a little
less obtuse. I have some doubt, about the validity of these characters as
specific differences.

25. H. m o n t a n u s. Oblongo-ovalis niger, antennis palpisque piceo-rufis,
thorace capite latiore, latitudine sesqui breviore, lateribus rotundatis, parum
depressis, obsolete parce punctulatis basi fere laevi, foveis parvis, angulis
posticis obtusis apice rotundatis ; elytris subtiliter reticularis, feminae opaci-
usculis, striatis, interstitiis planis, 3io puncto postico impresso ; abdomine
pone coxas subtiliter, inter coxas vjx punctulato. Long. -56.

[June,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 103

Colorado Territory. One pair given me by Dr. S. Lewis. The suture of
the female is armed with a small spine. Resembles in appearance II. fra-
ternus Lee, but besides minor differences it is readily distinguished by the
absence of setigerous punctures between the ambulatorial setae of the abdo-
domen and the sides.

26. H. Lewisii. Oblongo-ovalis, niger, antennis palpisque piceo-rufis,
illis articulo lmo nigricante ; thorace capite paulo latiore, latitudine plus
sesqui breviore postice paulo angustato, lateribus rotundatis, parum depres-
sis, basique fere laevibus, angulis posticis subrectis, apice haud rotundatis,
elytris subtiliter reticulatis, feminse opacis, striatis, intertitiis planis, 3io
puncto postico impresso, abdomine pone et inter coxas parce punctulato.
Long. -52 -58.

Marquette, Lake Superior. Collected and given to me by Dr. S. Lewis, to
whom I take pleasure in dedicating this fine species. Also found in Canada.

The under surface of the abdomen and the legs in the specimens examined
is piceous, but in more mature individuals will perhaps be found black.
The apex of the suture of the female inH. montanus, Lewisii, rufi-
manus, laticeps, viduus and f r a t e r n u s, is armed with a small but
distinct spine, of which no trace is seen in H. c a r b o n a t u s. Of H. i n-
n o c u u s, I have but one specimen, a male.

31. H. viduus. Ovalis, niger, antennis palpisque ferrugineis, thorace
capite parum latiore, antrorsum subangustato, lateribus haud depressis,
angulis posticis apice rotundatis, basi la;vi, foveis parvis ; elytris reticulatis,
feminae sericeo-opacis, interstitiis planis, 3io puncto postico impresso; abdo-
mine inter et pone coxas parce puuetato. Long. -56.

One female ; Rock Island, Illinois ; B. D. Walsh, Esq. Differs from H.
laticeps by the hind angles of the thorax being rounded at the apex, and
by the head being not quite so broad.

32. H. fraternus. This species is very closely allied to H. funestus
and o b 1 it u s, but with specimens of each before me I am able to note the
following differences :

H. fr at ern u s, thorax near the basal foveae feebly and sparsely punctu-
late, scarcely perceptibly narrowed behind ; elytra more than 2 J times longer
than the thorax, nearly equally shining in both sexes ; sutural spine of female
distinct. (5 specimens, Oregon.)

H. oblitus, thorax distinctly narrowed behind, basal foveas scarcely
punctulate; elytra less than 2 J times longer than the thorax; elytra more
opake in the female than in the male ; sutural spine of female distinct. Body
broader and more oblong than in H. fraternus. (5 specimens, Kansas
and New Mexico.)

H. f un e s t u s, of the same form as H. fr ate r n u s, but smaller, with
the sides of the thorax more distinctly depressed, and the suture of the fe-
male not armed with a spine at the tip. (5 specimens, Kansas and Ne-
braska.)

35. H. furtivus. Oblongo-ovalis, nigro-piecus, nitidus, subtus piceus,
antennis palpis pedibusque piceo-ferrugineis ; thorace latitudine fere duplo
breviore, lateribus rotundatis, haud deplanatis, angulis posticis obtusis sub-
rotundatis, basi rugoso, haud punctato, foveis parvis, linearibus ; elytris
(maris) thorace haud latioribus, vix reticulatis, interstitiis planis, puncto
postico dorsali impressis ; abdomen setis accessoribus distinctis, ad basin
pone coxas punctulatum, inter coxas^laeve ; mentum dente minuto armatum.
Long. -40.

Colorado Territory. One male kindly given me by Dr. S. Lewis. Seems
most nearly related to H. stupidus in characters, although differing in

1865.]

104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

form. The appearance is very similar to H. f al lax Lee, but the accessory
sctee of the abdomen enable it to be at once distinguished.

38. H. 1 u c i d u s. Longior ovalis, piceus, nitidus, corpore subtus, antennis
pedibusque pallidioribus ; thorace latitudine fere duplo breviore, lateribus de-
planatis antice rotundatis, augulis posticis rectis rotuudatis, basi usque ad
latera punctato, foveis basalibus vagis ; elytris peruitidis (maris) haud reti-
culatis, puncto dorsali distiucto ; abdomen setis accessoribus distinctis, basi
pone et inter coxas parce punctatum ; mentum dente magno armatum. Long.
30.

One specimen. Nebraska, near the Rocky Mountains. Of the same form
as H. d e s e r t u s i but with the base of the thorax punctured and the sides
distinctly depressed.

39. H. obesulus. In the list of North American Coleoptera, published
by the Smithsonian Institution, I referred this species to Bradycellus. The
examination of male specimens proves that the middle tarsi are widely dila-
ted in that sex. In one specimen from Lake Winnipeg, the palpi have the
last joint singularly impressed and concave towards the tip, which thus ap-
pears pointed when viewed in a certain direction. It is easily distinguished
from the other species having accessory ventral setae and by the elytra being
quite distinctly sinuate obliquely at the tip.

On a new genus of SERRANINiE,
BY THEODORE GILL.

Genus TRISOTROPIS Gill.

Body compressed, very oblong and subfusiform, with the caudal peduncle
oblong and moderately contracied behind.

Scales small, regularly imbricated.

Lateral line parallel with the dorsal outline.

Head moderate, oblong-rhomboid, with the profile gradually decurved to
the snout, and the lower jaw nearly rectilinear. Eyes oval, moderate, situated
entirely in the anterior half of the head, and close to the profile. Nostrils ;
anterior small, simple ; posterior large, divided inside by a horizontal ridge
into an upper and lower chamber. Preorbital bone narrower than eye. Pre-
optrculum far behind eyes, minutely serrated behind ; operculum with three
spines ; the middle continued from an oblique rib on the inner surface of the
bone. Scales extending over the whole head, except the preorbital region,
and also on the jaws.

Mouth rather large, with the cleft moderately oblique ; supramaxillaries
continued backwards beyond eye.

Teeth of the upper jaw in the outer row moderate, little curved inwards,
with one or two canine teeth on each side in front ; within, moveable and re-
cumbent, on the sides pauciserial, small inwards ; in front enlarged and
somewhat barbed at the points. In the lower jaw biserial on the sides ; those
of the outer row fixed, moderate and erect ; those of the inner larger, move-
able, and somewhat barbed ; in front, on each side, a canine.

Dorsal fin with its spinous portion depressed behind, generally slightly con-
vex, considerably larger than the soft, and with eleven (exceptionally 10 12)
rather slender spines ; soft portion oblong, with about sixteen to eighteen
rays.

Anal fin under the middle of the soft dorsal, higher in front than behind,
with the margin convex, and with three graduated spines and about eleven
(1012) rays.

Caudal oblong, slightly emarginated behind.

Pectoral fins moderate, convex behind.

[June,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 10.5

Ventral fins under or in front of pectorals, angular externally, attached by
a small axillar membrane to the breast.

The skull differs from that of Epinephelus {Serranus gigas C. V., S. morio C.V.,
= S. erythrogader Dekay, S. lunulatus C. V., S. striatum Poey ex Bl., S. remotus
Poey skulls known &c.,) by the wider interorbital area, the parallelism
and continuation of the lateral crests forward to the middle of the orbits,
inclosing an elongated parallelogram, the surface of which, especially be-
tween the orbits, is more uniform ; the absence of a frontal crest ; the simple
curvature or straightness of the naso-vomerine ridge and absence of the
angle at the suture between the nasals and vomer.

This genus is recognizable externally by the oblong form, the peculiar
structure of the nostrils, the form of the fins, &c, but is more especially dis-
tinguished by the development of the skull, which differs in a very marked
manner from that of Epinephelus. It is closely related to Mgctcroperca {Ser-
ranus olfax Jenyns) but differs in the form of the dorsal and the very scaly
supramaxillaries.

Type T. gutatis Gill ex Bloch.

To this genus belong the Serranus dimidiatus Poey, S. cameleopardalis Poey,
S. cardinal C. V., (T. guttatus Gill ex Bloch), whose crania I have examined,
and their allies, S. interstitialis Poey, S.falcatus Poey, S. arara Val., S. brunneus
Poey, S. latepictus Poey, S. cyclopomatus Poey, S.felinus Poey, S. rivulatus Poey,
S. repandus Poey, S. petrosus Poey, S. tigris C. V., S. undulosus C. V., and S.
acutirostris, C. V.

It may be here remarked that all the genera of the subfamily Serranina?,
established by me for West Indian species, are well distinguished by their
crania, even Lioperca, which would perhaps be thought to be the most doubt-
ful, being so indicated. The species with nine spines, for which I formerly
proposed to retain the name Bodianus, are represented by two genera ; one
(Enneacentrus, type Serranus out alibi C. V.) with the skull channelled between
the orbits and the surface uniform in texture, &c. ; the other (Petrometopon,
type S. guttatus Poey) distinguished by the petrous-like convexity between
the supra orbital grooves, and its triangular sinus behind, into the angles on
each side of which the lateral crests terminate ; the crests are parallel, and
the surface between flat or scarcely convex. The name Bodianus cannot be
retained apparently for either genus, and as it was originally proposed more
especially for the Bodianus bodianus, (Ilarpe rufus), it must either be retained
for that type or consigned to that oblivion to which the utterly worthless
nature of its original constitution so richly entitles it.

Trisotropis reticulatus.

The height is contained four times and a half in the total length ; the head
three times, and the caudal more than six times. The eye is contained seven
times in the head's total length, and distant about two diameters from the
snout. The preoperculum behind is almost vertical, scarcely indented above
the angle ; finely serrated above the indentation and more coarsely between
it and the angle ; the inferior margin is entire. The spines of the dorsal are
moderately weak ; the longest contained twelve times in the length, and the
tenth about seventeen times ; the greatest height of the soft portion some-
what exceeds an eleventh. The pectoral equals a seventh of the length.

D. XL 17. A. III. 11. P. 17.

The color appears to have been brownish, distributed in polygonal spots,
surrounded by reticulating bluish gray broad lines which are more distinct
on the head, on the hinder portion of which about four or five are on an area
about the size of the eye, while around the eye and on the snout they are
much smaller. The fins appear to have had no distinct delineations, and are
dark purplish brown.

Two specimens of apparently the same species are deposited in the Smith-
sonian Museum; both were obtained at Barbados; one is about eighteen

1865.]

106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

inches long and almost twice as large as the other. Their colors have faded,
but in a proper light the evidence of the spots on the body is obtained, and
those on the head are quite distinct in the adult, but in the young the spots
of the body have not been found.

The species appears to be readily distinguished from any hitherto described
by the system of coloration.

By special permission of the Academy, a paper was presented and
referred to a Committee. The latter having made a favorable report,
the paper was ordered to be published, as follows :

Descriptions of four new Species of BIRDS from the Isthmus of Panama,

New Granada.

BY GEO. N. LAWRENCE.

1. Tachyphonus rubrifrons.

Tachyphonus xanthopygius, Lawr., nee Scl. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vol. vii. p.
331.

Male. Front and part of crown dull red ; back part of crown, hind neck
and upper part of back of a slaty brownish black ; hind neck just tinged with
yellowish green : lower part of back and rump bright lemon yellow ; upper
tail coverts and tail brownish black, the former edged with dull greenish yel-
low ; wing coverts black, the middle and larger with lighter or slaty grey edg-
ings ; quills brownish black ; under plumage plumbeous grey, the feathers
of the throat with their centres lighter grey ; the abdomen with a slight
wash of greenish yellow ; the under tail coverts margined with greenish yel-
low ; axillars and under lining of wings white ; irides reddish brown ; bill
and feet black.

Length (measured fresh) 6 J in. ; wing 3| ; tail 2f ; bill 1^ ; tarsi f.

Habitat. Line of the Pan. R. Road, near Lion Hill Station.

The female is rather smaller than the male, but the general plumage is
much the same ; it is without the red front and has more of the yellowish
tinge on the plumage.

Allied to T. xanthopygius, Scl. The females appear to closely resemble each
other, but the males differ much in color and markings, xanthopygius being
black below as well as above, with a scarlet post-ocular stripe and bright yel-
low shoulders ; in my species the shoulders are black, it is without the red
stripe behind the eye, and the colors of the general plumage are much as in
the female.

The red on the forehead of the male extends back for about half the extent
of the crown, where it is rounding in form ; in the single specimen of the
male the red spot is rather dull, but it may be brighter in other or older indi-
viduals, possibly as bright as the scarlet stripe in xanthopygius.

The first specimen I received of this species was marked as a male, which
it probably is, but as it answered to the description of the female of T. utin-
thropygius, I put it in rny Cat. of Pan. Birds, as that species, supposing it to
be young and still in the plumage of the female. I have since received the
male described above, and two females.

2. Anthds (Notiocorys) parvus.

Anthus rufus, Law., nee. Gm. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vol. vii. p. 322.
Male. Upper plumage dark brown, the feathers margined with pale ful-
vous, the lighter margins most conspicuous on the hind neck ; outer tail
feather white, with a portion of the margin of the inner web at the base
brown, the next feather white with the margin of the inner web brown almost
to the end, the other tail feathers brown ; wing coverts brown wilh pale ful-
vous margins ; quills brown with very faint paler edgings ; under plumage

[JuDe,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 107

whitish, tinged with very dilute tawny yellow ; across the upper part of the
breast is a tawny colored band, spotted with brown ; upper mandible black-
ish brown, the lower yellowish with the tip dusky ; irides brown ; tarsi and
toes pale yellow.

Length (fresh measure) 4| in. ; wing 2_5 g ; tail If ; bill | ; tarsi f.

Habitat. The Savannah near Panama City.

The female is smaller and has the margins of the feathers above more ru-
fous and distinct ; the hue of the under surface much more tawny, especially
the sides which are conspicuously spotted, as well as the breast ; the outer
tail feathers are of a light fawn color.

Length (fresh) 4 in. ; wing 2^ ; tail If; bill J>^'; tarsi |I.

I determined this species to be A. rufus from specimens in the Phil. Acad.;
these being mounted, the comparison could not be made satisfactorily, except
as regards general appearance, in which they are much alike. The Panama
species, however, is smaller, the lengths of the two sexes taken from fresh
specimens, are respectively 4| and 4^ inches, the dried skins measuring half
an inch less. Since my first determination of it, I have received specimens of
A. rufus (as I suppose them to be) from Bahia, Brazil; these now measure 5\
in., and probably the length of recent specimens would be fully 6 inches.

The under plumage of the Brazil species is more decidedly yellow ; and in
several specimens there are none resembling the female of the other species,
in its tawny under plumage. The Brazil bird has the outer tail feather white,
with the margin of the inner web broadly brown nearly to the end; the next
feather is brown, with a wedge shaped white stripe in the centre, terminating
half way from the end.

Birds from the two localities are certainly different, though I may err in
calling ihose from Brazil, A- rufus. However, as it differs in its diminutive
size, together with some other characters from all described species, I have no
hesitation in deciding that it is new.

Prof. Baird (Kev. Am. Birds, p. 157) considers its nearest ally to be Neo-
corys Spraguei, which species I state that it resembles in habits, in my first
account of it. Prof. Baird proposes for it a new subgenus, viz. Notiocorys.
He also expresses a doubt of my identification of it as A. rufus being correct.

3. Thamnophilus nigricristatits.

Male. Crown deep black, on the front a few feathers are narrowly pencil-
led with white ; upper plumage black, regularly banded with lines of white ;
the feathers of the throat and the sides of the head have black centres, with
their outer edges white ; tail black, all the feathers marked on the margins
of both webs With roundish white spots, six on each side ; quills black, the
outer webs marked with white spots of a quadrate form ; wing coverts black,
all terminating in white ; the feathers of the under plumage marked with al-
ternate bars of greyish white and black ; upper mandible black, the lower
plumbeous, paler at the end ; irides yellow ; feet black.

Length (fresh) 6 in. ; wing 2| ; tail 2 ; bill 1 1 ; tarsi 1.

Habitat. Line of Pan. R. R., Lion Hill Station.

Female. Crown dark cinnamon, the feathers of the hind neck and sides of
the head pale cinnamon, with black centres ; wing coverts and outer margins
of quills and back bright cinnamon ; tail dark cinnamon ; inner webs and ends
of the quill feathers blackish brown ; throat grey with a slight cinnamon
tinge, under plumage clear cinnamon, much paler than the back; the mid-
dle of the abdomen whitish ; under lining of wings pale cinnamon; inner
margins of quills of a light salmon color ; bill and feet as in the male.

This species differs from doliatus and affinis in having no white in the crest;
doliatus is darker below, the black bands being nearer together ; it also differs
from affinis in having the white markings above smaller and more distinct ; in
that species they are more linear in form ; the female of the new species is very
different from that of affinis, being much brighter and clearer in color ; it is

1865.]

10S PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

destitute of all markings except on the hind neck and sides of the head,
whereas the female of affinis, besides its duller plumage, has the wing coverts
brownish black barred and tipped with rufous, and the smaller quills barred
and spotted with black ; there are also black spots on the upper part of the
breast, and faint indications of narrow bars on the upper and under plu-
mage.

I have enlarged more in pointing out wherein this species differs from affinis
for the reason, that I sent it to Mr. Sclater for publication (with some other
birds) in the Ibis, more than two years since. He returned it marked "affi-
nis;" to this opinion I demurred on the ground of that species having the crest
largely white, which in this is entirely black. I so wrote him; he replied that
not Laving the specimens before him he could uot then determine, but would
do so when examining Mr. Salvin's collection received from Panama. In
the List of that collection given, Proc. Zool. Soc. June, 1864, I notice T. affinis
is given, and referring the bird I called T. doliatus, (Ann. Lye. N. Y. vol. vii.
p. 293,) to the same species ; this specimen was in McLeannan's first collec-
tion ; when I received the collection made by Messrs. McLeannan and Gal-
braith, I noticed that the species now described was not doliatus, but supposed
it was similar to the one so called in my Catalogue, without comparing them.
I thereby misled Mr. Sclater, as I have since found that the specimen in Mr.
McL.'s first collection is T. radiatus. But as Mr. Sclater only saw the speci-
mens now described, of course these are the ones alluded to as being " affi-
nis."

I do not pretend to say that the specimens received by Mr. Salvin from the
Isthmus and put in the List as affinis, are the same as mine now described.
There is every probability of affinis being found there, and I should not like
to give an opinion about their specimens without seeing them, therefore only
speak of my own.

4. Geotrygon albiventer.

Geotrygon violacea, Lawr., nee Temrn. Ann. Lye. of N. Y., vol. vii. p.

477.
Geotrygon ? Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1864.

Male. Front pale rosaceous, crown dull brownish violet ; region of the
ears to hind neck bluish cinerous ; upper part of back of a rich reddish violet;
back, wing coverts and tail dark cinnamon or rufous brown, tinged with vio-
let ; the primaries are of a lighter cinnamon color than the tail, with their
inner webs dusky near their ends, the other quills are darker, becoming brown-
ish next the back ; all the quills and larger wing coverts have their ends
margined with light cinnamon, inside of which is a dusky narrow subterminal
band ; the under wing coverts are white with their ends blackish brown ; the
axillars are blackish brown at the base, remaining half white ; throat, sides,
abdomen and under tail coverts pure white ; feathers of thighs brown ending
in white : the feathers on the middle of the breast are of a light brownish ash,
with their ends pale rufous, the lower part and sides of the breast are of a
light pinkish lilac, these seem like new feathers ; and the whole breast in a
more mature bird is probably of this color ; it becomes paler as it extends
downwards, and gradually merges into the pure white of the abdomen ; bill
and legs in the dried specimen brownish yellow.

Length 9 in. ; wing 5^ ; tail 3| ; bill ; tarsi f.

Hab. Line of Pan. R. Road, near Lion Hill Station.

My identification of this species as violacea, Temm., was made from his de-
scription and plate, Knip, Pig. t. 29, but I had misgivings as to it's correct-
ness. I then was not aware of their being two specimens of that species in
the Mus. of the Phil. Acad., which came from the Rivoli Collection. I have
since compared my specimen with these and find it quite distinct.

G. violacea has the crown, back and wings greenish bronze; the upper
part of the back violet blue, and the tail and quills of a lighter red than in
my species.

[June,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA 109

July Wth.
Mr. Cassin, Vice President, in the Chair.

Thirteen members present.

The resignation of Dr. B H. Rand, as Recording Secretary, was read.

The following papers were read and referred to a committee :

11 Remarks oo the genus Taxocrinus, &c, with descriptions of new
species,'! and " Descriptions of new species of Crinoidea, &c." By
F. B. Meek and A. H. Worthen.

The deaths of Joseph Hopkinson, M. D., Mr James Dundas, Mr. J.
Reese Fry, and Mr. Richard Price, late members, were announced.

July \%tli.

Mr. Cassin, Vice President, in the Chair.

Eleven members present.

The following paper was read and referred to a committee :

" On Amphibamus grandicep3, &c." By Prof. E. D. Cope.

July 25th.

Mr. Cassin, Vice President, in the Chair.

Nine members present.

On Report of the respective Committees, the following papers were
ordered to be published.

Descriptions of New Species of FOSSILS, from the Marshall Group of Michi-
gan, and its supposed equivalent, in other States; with Notes on some
Fossils of the same age previously described.

BY PROFESSOR ALEXANDER WINCHELL.

The following paper is intended to constitute a further contribution to our
knowledge of certain western rocks occupying a position near the boundary
line between the carboniferous and Devonian systems.* The materials for
this paper have been in part collected by the writer in Michigan, Ohio, Indi-
ana, and towa. Further material has been found amongst the inrestigandu
of the " White Collection " of the University of Michigan. Col. Charles Whit-
tlesey's collection of fossils from the "Fine Grained Sandstone " of Ohio, has
also been placed in the writer's hands for study. In addition to this, the lat-
ter has spent several days with Prof. James Hall in .his cabinet, engaged in
making direct comparisons between the fossils of the rocks under considera-
tion, and the types of the Chemung group, preserved in his magnificent col-
lection. An opportunity has also been enjoyed of making a hasty survey of
the fossils from the same horizon, contained in the extensive collection of the
Illinois Geological Survey, for which the writer's acknowledgments are due to
the Director, A. H. Worthen, Esq.

The reader will observe that all the identifications heretofore made with
typical Chemung fossils from New York and Pennsylvania, have been aban-

nial
352

* Former papers by the writer, cm the same subject, may be referred to as follows : " First Bien-
al Report" of the Geological Survey of Mich. I860; Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arte, [2J Vol. xxxiii. p.
i2; ib. [2] xxxv. p. 61 ; Proe. Aeal. Nat. Sci. Phil., Sept. 1862, p. 405 ; ib. Jan. 1863, p 2.

1865.]

110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

doned. On critical comparison between actual specimens, it has appeared
that the differences some of which have always been admitted are of too
important a character to permit the identification formerly assumed. On the
other hand, the following paper discloses an extended network of identifica-
tions amongst the fossils from States west of Pennsylvania. But perhaps the
most interesting feature of all is the identification of four western species with
fossils, contained in the supposed carboniferous conglomerate of western New
York. These are Euomplialu.s depressus, Hall, ( = Straparollus Ammon, White),
Cypricardia contracta, Hall, (= Edmondia ? bicarinata, Winchell), Edmondia
oeqmmarginalis, Win., and A'lorixma Hannibal.ensi*, Shumard.* Considering
the small number of fossils as yet discovered in this conglomerate, in New
York and these only at one locality (four miJes north of Panama, Chautau-
aue County) so considerable a number of identifications is calculated to ex-
cite some surprise, and not a little hope, that we are getting glimpses of the
clue to a solution of geological difficulties of long standing.

But further than this, two of the above species Edmondia cequimarginalis
and Allorisma Hannibalensin occur in what has been regarded as another con-
glomerate, whose position is beneath the first and at the top of the Chemung
rocks of Western New York.

In the light of these identifications, and in the absence of all identifications
between western species and those of the Chemung, as well as between the
species of this conglomerate and those of the Chemung, it might not seem un-
reasonable to doubt its affinities with recognized Chemung rocks, and to sus-
pect its continuity with the supposed "carboniferous conglomerate," until
observation shall have demonstrated that its stratigraphical position is really
below that formation. And further, since we must probably abandon the at-
tempt to coordinate the Chemung of New York with the fossiliferous portions
of the sandstones and shales of the west lying between the ''Black Slate "
and the coal conglomerate, it stems not unlikely that we may yet be able to
prove the conglomerates of Western New York to be the attenuated and lit-
toral eastern prolongation of those western sandstones and shales at least
of the superior and fossiliferous portions of them ; so that the latter would
^tand as a hitherto unrecognized group of strata lying at the very base of the
carboniferous system ; while the Chemung rocks of New York fall within the
Devonian system, toward which the writer is now inclined to think that their
paleontological affinities attract them.

It yet remains to determine by observations in the field, whether the so-
,;alled "carboniferous conglomerate" of Western New York is really the equi-
valent of the coal conglomerate of Ohio ; and whether any actual junction of
superposition can be discovered in Western Pennsylvania or Eastern Ohio, be-
tween the Chemung rocks in their westward prolongation and the fine grained
sandstones and gritstones of the Western States.

The total number of species at present described from the rocks under con-
sideration is about 379, of which 170 were first described by the writer, and
four have been recognized as belonging to undescribed genera". The number
of .-pecies neticed in the. present paper is 94, of which 3b' are described as new
species, and two are made the types of new genera.

Descriptions and Notes of Species.
COXOPOTERIUM n. gen.

Etymology. K^v&c, a cone, and ttoth^iov, a little cup.

Generic Characters. Corallum compound, generally free, sometimes adhe-
rent, but without a distinct base of attachment. Cells somewhat crowded,

* The writer is under special obligations to Prof. Hall for the unreserved liberality with
which he has been allowed to examine the specimens in his cabinet, as well as for many kind-
nesses incident to the generous hospitality of his house.

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. Ill

rapidly enlarging, inseparable, with only occasional and rudimentary dia-
phragms, and no radial lamellae. Walls marked internally by vertical striae,
and a few pores which communicate between the cells. Exterior, where ex-
posed, covered by an epitheca, marked only by irregular encircling striae.
Cells increasing laterally and interstitially.

This genus, perhaps, approaches nearest to Sphenopoterium, Meek and Wor-
then. It differs in the absence of the cuneate form of the base even in Sphen-
opoterium the cell mouths in this genus being turned indifferently in all
directions. The cells also are smaller and more numerous ; and the fewer
mural pores communicate from cell to cell, instead of terminating in the in-
tercellular substance. But one species has thus far been observed.

Conopoterium EFFPS0M n. sp. Corallum small, spheroidal, consisting of 20
to 50 cells, which are crowded, subcircular or irregularly angulated in trans-
verse section, feebly striated internally, and having a thick, feebly wrinkled
epitheca. Specimens presenting cells of all sizes. Some tendency is manifest
toward a proliferous growth ; some of the lateral cells becoming adherent by
their sides to a foreign body.

Diameter of largest mass, "58 ; diameter of mouth of largest cells, about
20.

From the Lithographic Limestone, Clarksville, Mo., " White Collection "
of the University of Michigan.

ZAPHRENTIS, Rafmesque et Clifford.

Zaphrentis Ida n. sp. Coral simple, of medium dimensions, in the general
form of an inverted cone, strongly curved, with numerous encircling wrinkles
of growth, and an occasional deep constriction. Epitheca rather thick,
though the vertical lamellae show faintly on the exterior. Cup very oblique,
turned toward the shorter side, with a distinct fossette -reaching from the
centre to the shorter side. Radial lamellae 31 in a specimen -62 inch in dia-
meter. On the side opposite the fossette is a thick lamella reaching from the
periphery to the centre ; one-sixth of the circumference on each side of this
is another lamella reaching to the centre, and at the same interval from these
are two others ; in the fossette, near the periphery, is the rudiment of a sixth.
The remaining lamellae do not extend to the centre but become confluent in
each sextant, with the principal lamella which lies between them and the fos-
sette the fossette taking the place of a principal lamella. There are thus, in
each sextant, four subordinate lamellae joining their primaries, except that in
one of the sextants adjacent to the fossette there appears a supernumery lam-
ella, caused apparently by the splitting of the shortest subordinate or the one
next the fossette. Taking no account of this anomaly, the whole number of
lamellae is 30, a multiple of six instead of four.

The spaces between the lamellae are intersected by thin trans verse dia-
phragms arranged at unequal distances,, and either flat or concave upwards.
There is no correspondence in the positions of the diaphragms in contiguous
interlamellar spaces ; and the wrinkles of the epitheca sustain no relation to
them, since they are not continuous, but are intercepted by vertical interlam-
illar walls ; and besides, they nearly disappear in the peripheral region of the
internal cavity.

Collected by A. Winchell, in the Goniatite Limestone at Rockford, Indiana.

The septal system of this coral is described above as senary instead of
quaternary. The senary arrangement, as a fact, is sufficiently apparent ; and
yet it must probably be regarded as illusory the primary lamellae being four
instead of six, and the illusion being produced by the mode of confluence of
the lamellae of the second and third cycles.

Zaphrentis acutus ? White and Whitfield.

Occurs in the Lithographic Limestone of Clarksville, Missouri. "White
Collection" of the University of Michigan

1865.]

112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

FAVOSITES, Lamark.

Favosites ? mancus ii. sp. Coral a small hemispherical mass, with an ob-
tuse apex.; principal cell-mouths very small, sub-circular; those occupying
the interstices smaller and angular ; cell-walls strong, prominently raised
above the general surface. Cells rapidly enlarging and multiplying by fre
quent gemmation. No pores, stria? or diaphragms have been discerned.

Diameter of polypary, "68 inch; largest cell-mouths, -05 inch in diameter.

This differs from F. divergent, White and Whitfield the only other species
described from rocks of this age in its extremely diminutive proportions, and
in the apparent absence of diaphragms. There is perhaps as much reason for
referring this species to Conopotcrium as to Favosites.

Collected by A. Wiuchell, in the Goniatite limestone of Rockford, Indiana.

Trematopora ? vesiculosa, Win. Specimens undistinguishable from the
Iowa species, in their existing state of preservation, have been collected by A.
Winchell, at Alan's quarry, in Hillsdale, Michigan.

Lingula Cuyahoga, Hall. Numerous specimens, not distinguishable from
this species, were obtained by the writer from fragments of a hard, calcareous,
brecciated rock, quarried from a well on the premises of Judge Alan, at Hills-
dale, Michigan. The geological position is apparently in the lower part of the
Marshall group. The rock here is the nearest approach in physical charac-
ters that has yet been seen to the Goniatite limestone at Rockford, Indiana.

Occurs also in the "Fine-grained sandstone beneath the coal at Ward's
mine, Wethersfield, Trumbull County, Ohio conglomerate wanting." Whit-
tlesey's collection.

DISCINA, Davidson.

DlSCINA GrALLAHERI, n. Sp.

Shell of medium size, nearly circular. Ventral valve with the apex sligrTtly
excentric ; foramen lanceolate, reaching from near the apex four-fifths the
distance to the margin, and acute at both extremities. Surface marked by
about fifteen rigid, sharp, sub-equidistant stria 3 , which are somewhat more
approximated toward the apex. The striae are less distinct on the shell than
upon the cast.

Dorso-ventral diameter about l'O ; transverse diameter about 1*0 ; distance
from apex to dorsal side, *48 ; length of foramen, - 33.

Found at Hillsdale, Michigan, on the premises of Rev. F. A. Gallaher, in a
small loose fragment having the lithological characters of the lower gray
portions of the neighboring Marshall sandstone. It occurs also in Col. Whit-
tlesey's collection from Girard and Wethersfield, in Trumbull County, Ohio.

I at first referred the specimens to D. Newb&rryi, Hall, (xvi. Rep. N. Y.
Regents, p. 30,) but direct comparison with the types of that species shows
that it differs in having more remote, stronger and more regularly equidistant
concentric stria?. In its striation it resembles D. grandis, Hall, from the Ham-
ilton group, but the form is more circular and the striae are relatively less
remote.

Discina capax, White, (1S64.) Identified in Whittlesey's collection, "from
rocks next below the coal canal level, one mile below Girard," and also at
" Girard, Trumbull County," Ohio.

The types of D. Nezvberryi, Hall, (1864,) do not seem to be distinguishable
from this species.

PRODUCTA, Sowerby.

Producta gracilis, n. sp. Shell small, aperture of the ventral valve form-
ing a little more than a semicircle. Ventral valve moderately inflated for a
Producta, with flattened, smooth, triangular auriculations ; hinge-line equal

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 113

to greatest width of shell ; mesial sinus wanting or barely perceptible ; exter-
nal surface marked by fine, rigid, sharp, once dichotomizing radial lines or
ribs, numbering about 40. No indications of spines have been detected.

Length of hinge line, "29 (100) ; length from beak to anterior margin,
21 (72).

Described from an imperfect ventral valve ; but its peculiar characters
easily distinguish it.

Museum of University of Michigan, Collected by A. Winchell at Valley
Forge, one and a half miles below Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio.

PfiODtjcTA duplicostata, n. sp. Shell rather large with subcircular outline.
Ventral valve very ventricose and greatly arched, with steep slopes to the
right and left margins, not enlarged at the aperture, and entirely destitute of
mesial sinus ; marked with numerous interruptedly and irregularly striate
sinuous ribs, which dichotomize once or twice in the middle region of the
valve, and towards the front resolve themselves each into a fascicule of three
or four smaller ribs, themselves raised into a wider rib-like elevation around
the anterior margin. The tubular spines are scattered over the whole exte-
rior, but become much more abundant at the commencement of the marginal
costate ridges. The whole exterior of the cast is marked also by oblique
punctations, which are placed mostly in irregular lines between the ribs, and
become consequently most abundant toward the margin. On the sides of the
cast the punctations become elongated into short furrows which cross the
surface obliquely.

Length, 1*19 ; breadth, 1*24; convexity of ventral valve, "58; number of
marginal ridges, 15 to 20.

Collected by A. Winchell, at Battle Creek, Michigan. Occurs also in Lick-
ing County, Ohio.

Producta morbilliana, n. sp. Shell smal', transversely subelliptic, only
moderately produced. Hinge line seven-eighths the greatest width of the
shell; ears small, nearly right angled. The shell regularly contracts from
the aperture to the beak, which is small, subacute, and projects slightly be-
yond the hinge. The arching of the shell is such that when resting on the
aperture the greatest height is equal to one-half the greatest width. No
sinus or flattening present. The surface is marked by a series of deep, con-
tinuous, equidistant wrinkles, ten or eleven in number, becoming obscure
toward the beak ; between the wrinkles are numerous fine concentric stris
not easily seen without a magnifier. These features are crossed by a longitu-
dinal system which, near the beak, is a set of fine regular costae, which near
the middle become interrupted by the wrinkles, and, losing their identity,
result in several concentric bands of short longitudinal tubes buried in the
substance of the shell, and gradually emerging and presenting their apertures
anteriorly.

Transverse diameter of aperture, '58 (100) ; length of hinge line, -51 (88) ;
distance from hinge line across the aperture to opposite side, -44 (76) ; height
of shell when resting on the aperture, "26 (45).

From the base of the Burlington limestone, Burlington, Iowa. "White
Collection " of the University of Michigan.

A cast from the yellow sandstone below (probably "No. 5,") is probably
identical with this.

This beautiful species is most nearly related to P. speciosa, Hall, (xth Rep.
N. Y. Reg. p. 176.) The resemblance, however, is not striking, except in
the cast referred to. This differs in having the pustules more regularly ar-
ranged in concentric bands. P. morbilliana may also be compared with P.
Rogersi, Nor. and Prat., (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. [2] iii. 9, pi. i. 3, a, b,
c, not P. aspera McChesney.) It is, however, a much neater species, without
trace of sinus, not so full near the beak, while the rib-like tubes arranged
1865.]

114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

along the concentric bands are smaller and more regular. Its nearest foreign
analogue is P. punctata, Sowerby, (Min. Conch, iv. 22, pi. 323.) Its surface
features, in point of regularity, are intermediate between the extremes pre-
sented by that variable species ; but it differs constantly in the absence of a
sinus.

Producta curtirostka, n. sp. Shell of moderate size, semi-globoid, with-
out mesial sinus. Hinge line nearly equal to greatest width of valve, with
but slight flattening in the region of the extremities. Beak scarcely surpass-
ing the hinge line, extremely flattened ; general surface regularly convex,
marked by numerous interrupted, sub-obsolete costse, and, in the umbonal
region, by numerous concentric wrinkles, most distinct upon the ears. The
inside of the dorsal valve presents an appearance very similar to the outside
of the ventral valve.

This is the species formerly referred by me (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
Jan. 1863, p. 4,) to P. speciosa, Hall. A careful comparison of specimens, how-
ever, fail to justify this identification. It most nearly approaches P. lacry-
rnosa, Hall. The remarkable features of the beak of the ventral valve, and
the great concavity of the dorsal, are, however, characters which distinguish
this species from all others. P. lacrymosa has less fulness in the region of
the cardinal extremities, giving the umbo less breadth and greater isolation
from the ears.

From the yellow sandstone, Burlington, Iowa. " White Collection" of the
University of Michigan.

Producta dolorosa, n. sp. Shell of medium size, somewhat hemispherical,
outline subcircular or somewhat transverse, truncated along the hinge line,
which is considerably shorter than the greatest width of the shell. Ventral
valve regularly convex, with scarcely an apparent flattening at the hinge ex-
tremities ; beak depressed, obtuse, slightly surpassing the cardinal line.
Dorsal valve but slightly concave, with a low and inconspicuous median sep-
tum reaching to the middle of the valve ; the muscular scars presenting
together a somewhat semicircular contour, in front of which the interior of
the shell presents a finely papillose area. External surface presenting a
series of elongated pustules, or interrupted, irregular depressed costse, and a
few coarse concentric wrinkles, between which the surface is covered with
fine concentric stria?.

Length from hinge, in a straight line to front margin, -54 (66) ; transverse
diameter, -82 (100); length of hinge line, *56 (68) ; depth of ventral valve,
24 (29).

This species, on casual observation, would be referred to P. lacrymosa,
Hall, (x. Report New York Regents, p. 177.) The beak, however, is less
acute and projecting, the ears less flattened, the dorsal valve less concave,
and tlie ventral less produced. If possessed of cardinal spines it might be
taken for Chonetes truncata, Hall. Figures D and Dd, Whittlesey, (Proc.
Amer. Assoc. Cincinnati, p. 220,) may be intended for this species.

"Weymouth, Medina County, Ohio, 60 feet below the conglomerate."
Whittlesey's Collection.

Producta concentrica, Hall. In quoting this species from Michigan,
(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Sept. 1862, p. 411,) it was stated that only the
interior of dorsal valves had been seen in the southern part of the State.
Since then I have obtained good ventral valves from Battle Creek, which agree
in every respect with specimens from Burlington, Iowa.

A dorsal valve of this species was found at Rockford, Indiana, in the bluish
argillaceous brecciated limestone of the famous " Goniatite bed." This spe-
cies is now known to occur in Northern and Southern Michigan, at Burlington
and Rockford, and probablv in Missouri and Illinois.

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 115

The young of P. concentrica, Shumardiana, pyxidata, Cooperensis and arcu-
ata, present resemblances so strong that it is scarcely possible to distinguish
them from each other. In the adult state, however, the last may be distin-
guished by its much stronger and regular costae, its less rapid expansion and
greater arcuation. P. Cooperensis has the form of P. arcuata, without its
strongly marked ribs. The other three species are not satisfactorily distin-
guishable, even in the adult state. P. pyxidata was described by Hall from
the so-called Hamilton shale and limestone of Hamburgh, 111., and Louisiana, _
Mo*; P. Shumardiana was described by Hall from the so-called Hamilton of
Clarksville, Mo., and the so-called Chemung of Burlington ; P. concent rim
only from the latter locality. It is probable that the rocks at all of these
localities are of nearly the same age. This being the case, the probabi'ity be-
comes strengthened that the three species first named are one and the same.
If so, P. concentrica, having been first published, will displace the other two
names.

Peoducta semireticuxata, Fleming, (P. Martini, (De Kow) Win. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Jan. 1863, p. 4; figs. B. and Bb, Whittlesey, Proc. Amer.
Assoc. Cincinnati, p. 219.) This species occurs plentifully at Battle Creek,
Michigan. Collected by A. Winchell. Also in Hillsdale County. Collected
by Rev. J. D. Parker.

A large specimen from the sands'ones at Burlington, Iowa, resembles, in
its want of mesial sinus, the forms of P. semireticulata occurring in the
Burlington limestone, rather than its associates in the same strata. It pos-
sesses in addition, a peculiar sharpness of the ribs not seen in oth r r speci
mens.

Occurs also in Whittlesey's Collection from "Weymouth, Medina county.
Ohio, 60 feet below the conglomerate;" and " Sheldo 's sawmill, Orange.
Cuyahoga county, below the grindstone grit."

P. Newberryi, Hall, (x. Rep N. Y. Regents, p. 180,) from Ohio, is perhaps
too closely related to this species. Dorsal valves cannot be distinguished-
from dorsal valves of P. semireticulata, as they occur at Battle Creek, Mich.
The ventral valve of P. Newberryi does not become so much arcuate, the con
centric wrinkling is a little more wavy, and less regular, the beak is less at-
tenuate, and projects less beyond the hinge, and the mesial depression is
smaller.

Prodccta Cooperensis, Swallow, (Trans. St. Louis Acad. Nat. Sci. i. 640.)
The hinge line is shorter than in the typical specimens, but otherwise the
agreement is good.

Bed "No. 1," Burlington, Iowa. " White Collection " of the University
of Michigan.

Chonetes pulchella, Win., (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Sept.. 1S62, p.
410). Collected by A. Winchell at Germain's and Alan's Quarries, Hillsdale,
Michigan. Oue specimen from this locality is larger than usual, presenting
a greater elongation of hinge line, which is drawn out at the extremities to
an abrupt acumination. The number of ribs is about 60. Two cardinal spines
are seen on each side of the beak, making an angle of about 60 with the
hinge line.

Occurs also in Ohio, at " Howland, Trumbull County, one half mile east
from Center, at " Warren, Trumbull County, in coarse bedded sandstone,
next below the conglomerate," and at "Tallmadge, Summit County, in a boul-
der, supposed to be from the shales next below the conglomerate," Whittle-
sey's Collection.

C. pulchella, in the number of its ribs, is. intermediate between C. Logani,
Nor. and Prat, and C. Illinoisensis, Worthen. In this character it most re-
sembles the former, while it differs from it in the smoothness of the ribs. It

1865.]

116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

resembles C. setigera, Hall, and C. nana, but differs from the former in
having oblique instead of erect spines, and from the latter in the smaller area
of the ventral valve. C. setigera occurs in the Hamilton and Chemung of
New York, and I have identified it in the blue argillaceous shales of the Huron
group of Michigan. C nana is found in the corniferous limestone ; and Euro-
pean geologists regard it as a Devonian species.

Ciionetes Illinoisensis, Worthen, (Trans. St. Louis Acad. Nat. Sci. i. 571) ;
C. Logani, Hall, (Iowa Rep. p. 598, pi. xii. fig. la e and 2) ; not C. Logani,
' Norwood and Pratten, (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. [2] iii. 30, pi. ii. fig 12,
a, b, c] ; C. Illinoisensis, Winchell, (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Jan., 1863,
p. 5). This wide spread species occurs at the Grindstone quarries at Pt. aux
Barques, Mich. The specimens are smaller than the typical ones from Bur-
lington, Iowa, and perhaps for this reason do not number as many striae
around the margin ; but specimens from Burlington of the same age cannot
be distinguished.

Collected also by A. Winchell at Rockford, Indiana. It also occurs in the
base of the Burlington limestone at Burlington, Iowa, (" White Collection")
and in the fine grained sandstones of Licking County, Ohio.

This species may be confounded with C. Shumardianq, De Koninck ; but
the latter has 270 to 280 or more radiating striae, which are less distinctly
isolated from each other. The former has from 100 to 125 striae.

Cheilitis geniculates, White, (Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist. ix. 29). A single
ventral valve, collected by A. Winchell at Rockford, Indiana, cannot be dis-
tinguished from this species.

Choketes Logani, Norwood and Pratten. In a former paper I pointed out
the error of Hall's identification of C. Logani, N. & P., though this species
had not at that time fallen under my observation, and, I believe, has been
seldom seen since first described. I have now, however, in some later addi-
tions to the " White Collection " of the University, a number of examples of
C. Logani, N. & P., fully answering to the original description and figure.
These specimens are from the base of the Burlington limestone, and the ma-
trix holds C. Illinoisensis in the same association, as previously believed.

C. Logani, N. & P., as far as I have observed, is restricted to the horizon
of the Marshall or Burlington sandstone including the base of the Burlington
limestone, which belongs evidently to the same epoch. Prof. Hall, however,
has a small Ciionetes from the Tully limestone, which, he informs me, he has
decided to refer to C. Logani, (see 11th volume Paleontology of N. Y.), a
reference to which, with full acknowledgement of his superior authority, I
cannot, at present, give my assent. The Tully limestone species presents a
series of concentric rugosities or wrinkles, which extend both across the ribs
and the intervals between the ribs ; while in C. Logani the rugosities are
feebler, and are confined to the crests of the ribs.

C. Logani is also recognized in Ohio, with about 40 to 50 ribs. It hence
appears that the species, like C. Illinoisensis, Worthen, and C. multicosta,
WiDchell, ranges from the Burliugton limestone into the sandstone below.

I may perhaps be permitted to add that some typical specimens of C. Logani
in Prof. Hall's cabinet, sent to him by Dr. Norwood, are imbedded in a matrix
.if oolitic limestone, such as occurs at the base of the Burlington limestone.

Ortiiis Michelini, L'Eveille, occurs in Whittlesey's collection from "Wa-
verly sandstone, near Newark, Licking County, Ohio." Another Ortiiis from
Akron, Ohio, resembles the Burlington species commonly referred to O. Va-
nuxemi (?), but differs in the parallel direction of the dental lamellae, and in
the very indistinct character of the radial striation.

Still another Orthis, received from Dr. Shumard and collected at Sulphur
Springs, St. Louis County, Missouri, is perhaps the species referred by the

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 117

Missouri geologists to 0. Michelini (?). It is a small circular species, with
extremely fine ribs or strise, apparently too obscure for either 0. Michelini or
0. Vanuxemi.

Orthis flava, n. sp. Shell small, transversely oval, slightly truncate on
the cardinal side. Ventral valve convex, perceptibly flattened toward the
anterior margin, though without a marked sinus ; most elevated near the
slightly projecting beak ; area rather high and broad, triangular, with an
equilaterally triangular foramen ; dental lamella? slender, short, diverging at
an angle of about 80 ; occlusor scars small, together enclosing a longitudinally
oval space, which readies one-third the distance from the beak to the anterior
margin ; a median internal ridge reaches froin the beak to beyond the middle
of the valve. The shell was evidently thin ; its surface marked by one hun-
dred or more delicate radiating ribs, which increase by implantation.

Transverse diameter of shell -50 (100) ; longitudinal diameter -39 (78) ;
depth of ventral valve .12 (24). ~

Burlington, Iowa, apparently from Bed " No. 1." at the lbase of the yellow
sandstones. " White Collection," of the University of Michigan.

This species is less circular than the forms referred to 0. Michelini, and has
a more convex ventral valve and larger area. It differs from 0. impressa,
Hall, (Geol. Rep. 11th Dist. N. Y., p. 267, fig. 2), in its more transverse
shape, smaller size, more convex ventral valve, and feebler sinus.

Streptorhynchus lens? White, (Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist. ix. 28), /'Wey-
mouth, Medina County, Ohio, 80 feet below the conglomerate." Whittlesey's
Collection.

Streptorhynchus umbraculum ? Schloth. sp. From "coarse bedded sand-
stone, next below conglomerate, Warren, Trumbull County, Ohio." Whittle-
sey's Collection.

A large, undetermined species from oolitic limestone, "No. 6," Burlington,
Iowa, probably belongs here. Collected by A. Winchell.

Streptorhynchus inequalis, White sp. From Weymouth, Medina County,
Ohio, 80 feet below conglomerate." Whittlesey's Collection.

Streptorhynchus sp. ? A single interior of a ventral valve from

"near Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio," resembles S. Chemungensis, var.
pectinacea, Hall. (Pal. N. Y., Vol. iv.) It differs, however, in the possession
of a longer hinge line, and distinct auriculations, and lacks the alternation in
the size of the radial ridges.

Pentamerus lenticularis, White and Whitfield. This species, described
from the yellow sandstone of Burlington, occurs also in the base of the Bur-
lington limestone. " White Collection " of the University of Michigan.

SPIRIGERA, D'Orbigny.

Spirigera Missouriensis, n. sp. Shell of moderate size, broadly ovate, mo-
derately ventricose, with lamellose exterior. Ventral valve with an extended
beak, turned up at right angles with the plane of the shell, and having a cir-
cular perforation at its extremity. Between the beak and the dorsal valve is
an external flattening simulating an area, but traversed by the incremental
lines. Sinus a shallow but distinct groove, beginning at the beak, widening
and deepening anterior to the middle, and near the middle becoming well
characterized. Dorsal valve nearly circular, with straight hinge slopes, and
obtuse, beak closely incurved and concealed, though not in contact with the
ventral beak. Mesial fold less distinct than the sinus of the ventral valve,
arising near the middle of the valve. Both valves are marked by numerous
strongly imbricating lamella? of growth. Greatest thickness through the
middle of the ventral valve.

1865.]

118

PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Length -69 (100) ; width -65 (94) ; thickness of both valves -41 (59).

From the Lithographic limestone of Louisiana, Missouri. White Collection
of the University of Michigan. Also from the sandstone at Weymouth, Me-
dina County, Ohio, 60 feet below the conglomerate. Whittlesey's Collection.

Close observation is necessary to distinguish this species from 5. subtilita,
Hall. That species, however, is less lamellose, the ventral sinus does not
extend above the middle of the shell, and the flattening beneath the beaks of
the ventral valve is wanting.

Spirigera biloba, n. sp. Shell broadly ovate in outline. Ventral valve
rather ventricose, with a prominent beak which is gradually recurved, and
apparently minutely perforate at apex. A deep, narrow, median furrow
begins at the apex and extends to the anterior margin ; from the bottom of
this the surface rises with a convex curvature to the summits of the two
rounded ridges which constitute the most prominent portion of the valve ;
from these summits the curvatures continue to the right and left margins,
which are thus rendered quite obtuse. The external surface is marked only
by a few faint incremental lines. Shell structure fibrous. Characters of
dorsal valve unknown.

Length -16 ; breadth -16.

Collected by A. Winchell in the Goniatite limestone at Rookford, Indiana.

This shell has somewhat the aspect of a CentronAla or Terebratula, but its
structure is not punctate. The unique character of the mesial furrow distin-
guishes it from any known species of Spirigera.

Spirigera Ohiensis, n sp., (Figs. A and Aa, Whittlesey, Proceedings Amer.
Assoc. Cincinnati, p. 220). Shell large, subcircular in outline, moderately
ventricose. Ventral valve regularly arched from beak to anterior margin,
having the cardinal slopes somewhat straight, and the lateral margins con-
siderablv compressed. Sinus shallow and broad, extending half way to the
beak. Surface marked by numerous delicate, subequidistant, rigid, concen-
tric stria?.

Length 1*18 ; breadth 1'40.

Akron, Ohio, 50 feet below the conglomerate. Whittlesey's Collection.^

This species differs from S. Hannibalen.tis, Swallow, in its less ventricosity,
especially around the margin, and in the absence of concentric lamellae ; it
differs from S. Missouriensis, Win., in its transverse form, more compressed
lateral margins, and its numerous and regular concentric stria?. In the last
character it resembles S. concentrica, but the mesial sinus (and probably fold)
is much less marked.

Spirigera Hannibalensis, Swallow, occurs in the Lithographic limestone at
Clarksville, Missouri. White Collection of University of Michigan.

SPIRIFERA, Sowerby.

Spirifera centronata, n. sp. Shell of medium size, with an elongate, cus-
pidate hinge margin, and, aside from the cardinal extremities, a somewhat
semicircular general outline. Ventral valve of medium fulness near the
umbo, somewhat depressed between there and the margins ; beak elevated
above the cardinal line more than one-fifth the whole length of the valve, in-
curved and overhanging a very narrow area. A distinct and comparatively
deep sinus begins at the extremity of the beak, very gradually widening and
becoming ill-defined in the middle of the valve and beyond. External surface
marked by 36 to 40 ribs, of which from three to five fall in the mesial sinus.
The ribs disappear on the alate cardinal expansions. One or two concentric
furrows marking the middle region of the valve.

Length along cardinal line, 1-23 (100); length from beak to anterior mar-
gin, *52 (42); greatest convexity of ventral valve, -11 (9).

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 119

Museum of the University of Michigan. Collected by A. Winchell, at Cuya-
hoga Falls, Ohio, in the flagstones below the conglomerate. Occurs also in
Col. Whittlesey's collection from Akron, Ohio, 50 feet below the conglome-
rate.

This species is distinguished from all other spirifers by the association of
cuspidate hinge extremities with a ribbed mesial sinus, and semicircular front
margin. When the cuspidations are removed, the shell recalls S. Marionen-
sis, Shumard, from the so-called Chemung of Missouri and Iowa ; and, in all
except the semicircular outline it corresponds with S. cuspidatus, Hall, (not of
Martin, ) from the Chemung of New York.

Spirifera Sillana, n. sp. Shell transverse, broadest at about the middle ;
anterior margin somewhat straight ; ends rounded anteriorly, sub-truncate
from the extremity of the greatest diameter to the cardinal side. Dorsal valve
of medium convexity, arched regularly from beak to anterior margin ; beak
but slightly elevated above the hinge, incurved ; area narrow. A well de-
fined mesial fold extends from the beak to the front margin, rising abruptly
from the general surface, and arching regularly over. The fold is marked
only by incremental lines, save a faint indication of two radial ribs in the
vicinity of the umbo ; the other portions of the external surface are marked
by one or two imbricating lamellae of growth, and regularly formed ribs which
radiate without increase in number, from the beak ; eighteen or twenty of
these can be distinguished on each side of the mesial fold.

Greatest transverse length, 2-1 ; length from beak to anterior margin, 1-05;
greatest convexity of dorsal valve, *20 ; width of mesial fold at anterior mar-
gin, -45.

This species is readily distinguished by having an elongate form, without
having its greatest length along the hinge line.

Collected by A. Winchell, at Valley Forge, one and a half miles below Cuya-
hoga Falls, Ohio, in fine ferruginous sandstone underlying the conglomerate.
Museum of the University of Michigan.

Named in honor of Judge E. N. Sill, of Cuyahoga Falls, in acknowledgment
of facilities afforded the writer in the examination of the rocks of his vicinity.

Spirifera extenuata, Hall. This Burlington species occurs at Battle
Creek, Calhoun county, and Germain's quarry, Hillsdale county, Michigan.
Collected by A. Winchell.

Spirifera hirta ? White and Whitfield. A ventral valve of a spirifer dif-
fering from the above only in the absence of all trace of a mesial sinus, and
in its somewhat fainter radial lines.

Bed "No. 6," Burlington, Iowa, while the typical specimens seem to come
from Bed "No. 1." "White Collection" of the University of Michigan.

Spirifera Vernonensis, Swallow, 1860. (Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. i.
644.) A specimen labelled as above by Dr. B. F. Shumard, from Sulphur
Springs, St. Louis county, Missouri, too strongly resembles S. Carteri, Hall,
1858, (xth Rep. N. Y. Regents, p. 170,) judging by a specimen of the latter
from Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, which Prof. Hall admitted to be S. Carteri. Coll.
A. W.

Stringothtris Halli, Win. This peculiar form occurs at Battle Creek,
Michigan. Collected by A. Winchell.

SPIRIFERINA, d'Orbigny.

Spiriferina Clarksvillensis, n. sp. Shell small, transverse, semielliptic,
with coarse plications. Ventral valve rather ventricose, most elevated to-
ward the beak, regularly arched from beak to anterior margin ; beak broad,
projecting much beyond the hinge, strongly recurved ; hinge line nearly as

1865.]

120 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

long as the greatest width of the shell, forming a rounded right angle
with the short lateral margins ; area triangular, three and a half times as
long as high, arched in the quadrant of a cylinder, striated in both directions,
pierced by a foramen reaching to the very apex of the beak, nearly twice as
high as broad, rounded at its upper angle. Mesial sinus deep, broad, regular,
beginning at the apex of the beak, the bounding ribs forming with each other
an angle of about 22 ; on each side of the sinus five large plications, of which
only the first three reach the beak, the others terminating at the area ; these
are crossed by sharp, neat, imbricating lamellae of -growth, of which, in the
middle of the valve, about four occur in one-tenth of an inch. Dental plates
short, columnar ; a median internal septum reaching from a point a little
posterior to the teeth, as far as the middle of the valve, thick at the bottom,
thinned to an edge above. Internal surface of valve marked with numerous
indented punctations. Dorsal valve unknown.

Length, -48 (71) ; breadth, -68(100); length of hinge line, -52(79);
height of area, -15 (22) ; convexity of ventral valve, -22 (33).

From the Lithographic limestone, Clarksville, Missouri. " White Collec-
tion " of the University of Michigan.

This species bears perhaps too close a resemblance to S. solidirostris, White.
The single valve, however, on which the species is founded, is more convex,
with more rounded ribs, less regular lamella?, a higher area and more incur-
ved beak. This is the specimen referred to by White, (Boston Proc. ix. 25,)
and doubtfully identified with S. subtexta, White a Burlington limestone
species.

Spiriferina binacuta, n. sp. Shell of moderate size, transverse, with nu-
merous rounded ribs and attenuate hinge extremities. Dorsal valve some-
what ventricose in the middle, regularly arched from anterior margin to the
beak, becoming depressed toward the lateral extremities. Hinge line elon-
gate, thickened at the margin, abruptly acuminate. Area narrow and long.
Mesial fold little elevated above the general surface, divided by a furrow into
two ribs, which, in old specimens, are again divided ; ten or eleven rounded
ribs on each side of the mesiaf fold, of which the last two or three are subob-
solete. External surface finely and regularly lamellose. Substance of shell
thin and apparently possessing a rather coarsely punctate structure.

Length of hinge line, -78 ; length from beak to base, -30.

This species is readily distinguished by its auricular acuminations and pli-
cate mesial fold.

From the base of the Burlington limestone. "White Collection" of the
University of Michigan.

Spiriferina solidirostris, White. From near Hamburg, Illinois. "White
Collection." The ribs are more rounded than in the specimens from the Bur-
lington sandstone. The same species occurs associated with S. binacuta in
the base of the Burlington limestone.

RHYNCHONELLA, Fischer de Waldheim.

Rhtnchonella ? tetrapttx, n. sp. Shell minute, subcircular in outline,
with few and deep plications. Ventral valve moderately convex, highest in the
middle, with a straight projecting beak, which is circularly perforate at apex,
with a triangular opening below to the hinge. Along the middle of this valve
is a very deep and very narrow sinus reaching nearly to the beak, and bound-
ed by a very prominent rib on each side, beyond which is another smaller rib,
making four in all. Dorsal valve almost strictly circular, with the same con-
vexity as the ventral, highest also in the middle, with the inconspicuous beak
closely appressed, and the middle raised into a strong plication or rib corres-
ponding to the sinus or furrow of the ventral valve ; on each side of this rib

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 121

is another strong one, and still beyond, a very feeble one. None of the shejl
being preserved, no revelations are made of the minute structure.

Length, -17 (100) ; breadth, -15 (88) ; thickness, -09 (53).

Collected by A. Winehell, at Rockford, Indiana.

Tbe straight beak of the ventral valve, and the general aspect of the shell,
render the above generic reference unsatisfactory. Externally it seems to
have some relations with Trematospira and Leptoccelia, of Hall, while it still
more strikingly resembles Spififer Buchianus, de Kow, (Anim. Foss. pi. xv.
bis fig. 3, and xix. fig. 6 ;) but until its internal characters are known, I leave
it where it stands.

Rhyxchonella heteropsis, n. sp. Shell small, varying from sectoriform to
transversely elliptic, with moderately projecting be*k ; very young speci-
mens in tbe shape of a barley-corn. Plications sharp, ranging in number
from ten to twenty ; of which three generally (sometimes two or four,) occupy
the sinus of the ventral valve. This valve has a moderately sharp beak,
turned back in an angle of 45 with the plane of the shell, and slit (in the
cast) from the apex to the hinge ; sinus deep toward the front of the mature
shell, wanting in the young one ; the plications on each side of the sinus vari-
able ; four in those with two plications in the stnus, six, seven or eight in
those with three, and five in those with four, making the whole number of
plications ten to nineteen. These lateral plications are bent backwards in
approaching the margin. Greatest prominence of ventral valve near the beak.
Dorsal valve more ventricose than the ventral, most prominent at the ante-
rior margin ; mesial fold much less marked than the sinus opposite, consist-
ing of two, three, four or five plications, elevated at their extremities some-
what above the lateral plications, the remotest of which exhibit a strong
downward curvature -Beak of this valve concealed beneath that of its fel-
low.

Length, 38 (90) ; breadth, -42 (100) ; thickness of both valves, -28 (67).

From one of the calcareous beds, "No. 4," of the yellow sandstone, Bur-
lington. " White Collection" of the University of Michigan. Also near Ham-
burg, Illinois, and at Weymouth, Medina county, Ohio. Whittlesey's Collec-
tion.

I had hoped that these varying forms could be brought under one of the
numerous species already described from this group. It is a much smaller
shell, with more abrupt sinus than R. pustulosa, White, from the same loca-
lity. It is about the size of R. cameriftrn, Win., from Pt. aux Barques, but,
besides wanting the long dental and median plates of that species, the sinus
and fold are much more strongly marked, and the transverse diameter is re-
latively greater, giving the rostral region less relative prominence ; and the
mean number of plications is considerably less. In the rostral region it dif-
fers from R. Sugeriana, Win., in the same manner, besides being a smaller
shell with shallower sinus.

Rhyxchoxella persinuata, n. sp. Shell of medium size, transversely oval,
with abbreviated rostral extension. Cardinal slopes nearly straight, sides
rounded, front straight. Ventral valve depressed, with about twenty straight
plications, of which eight occupy the broad and rather shallow sinus. Ante-
jior margin of valve abruptly deflected. Dental lamellae extending nearly
one-third the length of the valve. The beak of this valve projects nearly in
the plane of the shell, and the lateral portions of the valve are continued,
without convexity, to the borders, thus giving this valve a peculiarly flatten-
ed surface the broad sinus forming a similar plane lying at a lower level.

Transverse diameter, -67 (100); length, '52 (77); thickness of ventral
valve, -16 (24).

Burlington, Iowa, in the yellow sandstone. "White Collection ". of the
University of Michigan.

1865.]

122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

This shell suggests Terebratula pleurodon, variety polyodonta, Phillips,
(Geol. Yorks, pi. ii. p. 222, pi. xii. fig. 27.) It is a smaller species than that,
with a shallower sinus and an abruptly deflected margin.

Rhynchonella unica, n. sp. Shell minute, longitudinally ovate in outline,
the sides and front equally rounded, the cardinal slopes somewhat straight
and the beak acute. The peculiarity consists in the arrangement of the me-
dian plications of the two valves. In the middle of the ventral valve are five
sharp plications which extend to the beak ; the two outer of these are very
prominent, projecting above the general surface like vertical laminae ; the
middle three are anteriorly depressed considerably below the general surface,
and constitute the mesial sinus, which extends to the middle of the valve,
and thence rises above the general surface to the level of the two outer plica-
tions. On each side of the median plications are four others, which, instead
of converging toward the beak in conformity with the median ones, converge
toward an imaginary point some distance in front of the beak, in consequence
of which the posterior extremities of two or three are overlapped by the median
set. In the dorsal valve four median plications rise in an elevated band and
attain an equal elevation near the front of the valve, but posteriorly, the two
middle ones of the four sink below the level of the others, and are lost from
sight before reaching the beak. In consequence of these arrangements, the
ventral valve presents a sinus anteriorly and an elevation posteriorly ; while
the dorsal valve presents an elevation anteriorly and a sinus posteriorly.
The two valves are about equally convex. The beak of the ventral valve
projects in a tubular form slightly beyond that of the dorsal, and exhibits a
circular perforation of the extremity.

Length, -24 (100; ; breadth, -19 (79) ; thickness of both valves, -15 (62).

From Bed " No. 4," Burlington, Iowa. " White Collection " of the Univer-
sity of Michigan.

Rhynchonella (Retzia ?) micropleura, n. sp. Shell of medium size, Retzia-
like externally. Ventral valve ovate, somewhat produced rostrally, with
rather straight lateral margins, and a semi-circular anterior margin ; most
tumid near the beak, slightly flattened anteriorly ; beak somewhat incurved ;
mesial sinus wanting or represented only by a slight flattening of the anterior
portion ; surface with two or three varices of growth, and about 50 rigid, con-
tinuous, rounded, radiating ribs, which are separated by narrower spaces.

Length of ventral valve, -59(100); width, -48(81); convexity, -15 (25).

Collected by A. Winchell, at Battle Creek, Michigan.

It much resembles Retzia polypleura, Win., of the Huron group, but the
beak is less prolonged and less straight, and the width of the shell is greater.
1 know of no Rhynchonella which like this is without a sinus, and so finely
ribbed at the same time. In the first of these characters it is approached by
R. Hubbardi and R. Sageriana, from the same rocks.

Rhynchonella Hubbardi, Win. This species originally described from Mar-
shall and Pt. aux Barques, Michigan, has since been found by the writer at
Napoleon Cut in Jackson county ; and also rather plentifully in some of the
thin layers of sandstone at Valley Forge, near Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. It oc-
curs also at Talmadge, Summit county, Ohio, in beds next below the conglo-
merate. Whittlesey's collection.

Rhynchonella Sageriana, Win. Identified in Whittlesey's collection from
Weymouth, Medina county ; near Ashland, Ashland county ; Drew's saw-
mill, Big Brook, Orange, Cuyahoga county, and two miles southwest of North-
field Centre, Summit county, Ohio.

R. Sageriana has remote relations to some of the forms of R. pleurodon,
Phillips. Compare var. Vevreuxiana, De Kon. (Davidson's Mono. Brit. Carb.

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 123

Brach. pi. xxiii. iig. 19-21.) The ribs, however, are more numerous, and the
frontal commissure more deeply sinuate.

CENTRONELLA, Billings.

Centronella Allei, n. sp. Shell large to medium size, terebratuliform,
greatest width a little anterior to the middle, contained one and one fourth
times in the greatest length. Ventral valve somewhat ventricose, full to the
immediate vicinity of the margin, especially along the cardinal slopes ; regu-
larly arching from beak to anterior margin, highest in the middle ; anterior
margin with a barely perceptible truncation ; no -sinus or fold present ; beak
produced beyond that of the dorsal valve, truncated and circularly perforate
at the extremity ; dental lamellae more than one-fifth the whole length of the
valve ; muscular scars, consisting of one faint median linear impression, on
each side of which is another, all reaching to the middle of the valve. Dor-
sal valve with its short imperforate beak closely concealed under that of its
fellow, slightly truncate in front, but without mesial fold or sinus ; regularly
arched from beak to front, highest in the middle, exhibiting a convexity
equal to that of the opposite valve. Muscular scars consisting of a faint but
distinct linear median impression, with a much deeper linear impression on
each side, and a very faint one exterior to each of these the three principal
impressions reaching to the middle of the valve. Shell thin, stony and solid ;
structure beautifully punctate under a lens ; general surface polished, mark-
ed by a few feeble concentric lines of growth.

Length of ventral valve, -66 (100) ; breadth, -41 (62) ; convexity, -19 (29).

The dorsal valve above referred to comes from bed " No. b'," at Burlington;
the other specimens are apparently from "No. 5." " White collection " of
the University of Michigan. Also near Hamburg, Illinois, and at Talmadge,
Summit county, Ohio. Whittlesey's collection.

Though the peculiar loop of Centronella has not been seen in these speci-
mens, the characters given are so closely conformable with that genus that
the reference can scarcely be questioned in the present state of our knowledge.
It is a larger, more ventricose and more elongated shell than C. Julia.

Centronella Julia, Win. A single small specimen of this northern spe-
cies occurs in Whittlesey's Collection, from "one mile east of Orange Center,
Cuyahoga county, Ohio."

Specimens of this species from Pt. aux Barques, have been employed by
Prof. Hall to illustrate the characters of his genus Cryptonella, (Trans. Albany
Inst. Feb. 3, 18(53, p. 4 ; reprinted Amer. Jour. Sci. [2] xxav. 399. J The re-
ference of this species to Centronella was made solely in the light of Billings 7
description and figure of that genus and comparisons with the internal struc-
ture of Centronella glansfagea, the type of the genus. Prof. Hall asserts that
the description and figure do not bear out the reference ; and, having pre-
viously founded Cryptonella on the external characters of certain terebratuli-
form species, he assumes that Centronella Julia affords an exhibition of the
internal characters of Cryptonella. There is not the least doubt that the ori-
ginal reference of Centronella Julia was correct ; and since its internal char-
acters are assumed by Prof. Hall as being those of Cryptonella, the latter
genus is thus admitted by its author to cover the same ground as the older
genus Centronella, and must consequently pass out of use. Prof. Hall seems to
have suspected this result ; for in a note interpolated in the New Haven edition
of his paper, (p. 405,) he refers to a drawing of a specimen of C. glansfagea,
showing the loop, (sent him by Dr. Rominger of Ann Arbor,) and admits that
the loop " shows essentially the same character as that of Cryptonella.'''' He yet
insists that this character is not to be inferred from Billings' original descrip-
tion and figure ; and, expressing a doubt about the identity of Billings' type
species (C. glansfagea) and the one figured by Rominger, "hesitates to

1865.]

12-1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

unite" Cryptonella and Centronella "until a reexamination of the original
specimens of Mr. Billings shall confirm his first observations, or show them to
correspond with" Cryptonella. It is this hesitation to admit the inevitable
consequence, and to retract his honorable and friendly, but unfounded criti-
cism, which induces me to reassert the correctness of my generic reference of
Centronella Julia, resting as it does upon the original description and figure,
and the observed characters of the type of the genus, as well as the subsequent
confirmation of the author of the genus, himself.

OSTREA, Linmuus.

Ostkea rATERCCLA, n. sp. Shell adherent, thin, small, ovate, deeply boat-
shaped, with the deeply excavated beak of the lower valve prominent, incur-
ved and somewhat posterior. The muscular scar is large, transversely broad-
reniform, concave on the cardinal side, situated nearly midway between the
centre of the valve and its posterior margin, and is marked by two transverse
lamellose lines. The deepest part of the valve is midway between the centre
and the beak ; the depth is nearly the same for as great a distance on the
other side of the centre. The exterior of the shell is irregular with concen-
tric lamellose lines of growth.

Greatest length, "65 (100) ; greatest width, *40 (61) ; greatest depth of
lower valve, '25 (35) ; depth of cavity of the beak, *15 (23).

From the buff sandstone at the base of the Burlington limestone, Burling-
ton, Iowa. " White Collection " of the University of Michigan.

The unexpected discovery of this oyster believed to be the most ancient at
present known together with its somewhat cretaceous aspect, awakened a
suspicion that it had not been found in place. To certify myself on this point,
I addressed Dr. White on the subject, and received the following reply : "The
Ostrea, if I remember rightly, was imbedded in a white or light gray, silicious
material, of chalky appearance, containing some remains of dririoids and shells.
My impression is, also, that it was from a quarry about half a mile north of
my residence, and in the lower bed of the Burlington limestone, and not far
from its base. I think the label which accompanied it, and also my letter at
the time, may be entirely relied on. I admit the possibility of error, but I do
not believe there is any."

Ptebinea ceenistbiata, Win. (Carcliopsis crenistriata, Win., Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phil. Sept. 1862, p. 417.) More perfect specimens from the typical
locality of C. crenistriata reveal the fact that the species is possessed of an an-
terior wing, which is a mere flattened portion of the anterior angle of the car-
dinal line, with a barely perceptible sinus beneath. This feature does not
belong to Carcliopsis as defined, and establishes a probable conformity with
Pterinea.

The right valves recently discovered might be mistaken for another spe-
cies. They show no radiating lines, except near the hinge, behind the beak.
The concentric markings are only small, irregular wrinkles of growth, with
none of the sharply raised lines which characterize the other valve. It is of
course possible that these right valves belong to another species, but as they
have exactly the form of the crenistriated valves, and the latter are all left
valves, it seems probable that they belong together.

Ptekinea spinalata, n. sp. (Avicula acanthoptera t Win., Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Jan. 1863, p. 8 ; not A. acanthoptera, Hall, Geol. Rep. 10th Dist. N. Y. p.
263.) Careful comparison with the types of A. acanthoptera, Hall, convinces
me that the Iowa specimens ought to be separated. The left valve of A. acan-
thoptera, Hall, has the body of the shell broader than in the Iowa specimens,
and. both wings are less defined. The right valves, also, are much Hatter.

Amongst the Iowa specimens appear to be two types one with the body of
the valve arcuate, and the other with it straight. The former type was

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 125

adopted for the specific description, (see the paper referred to.) The latter
may constitute the type of still another species.

The species described as Avicula Whiter, Win., and Gervillia strigosa,
White and Whitfield, should probably be referred to Pterinea in accordance
with views recently put forth by Mr. Meek.

Aviculopecten Caroli, Win. This species first described from the yellow
sandstone at Burlington, Iowa, is found also in the base of the Burlington
limestone at the same locality. "White Collection."

Aviculopecten texuicostus, Win. A very small specimen, collected by A.
Winchell, at Rockford, Indiana, seems to agree with the above Burlington
species.

Other specimens collected at Germain's quarry, Hillsdale, Michigan, have
the same proportions and general surface characters, but they are once and a
half as large as the Burlington types, and the anterior auriculation is marked
by coarser, instead of finer striae. The body of the shell presents about 57
striae and the anterior ear 8.

The foreign analogue of this species seems to be Pecten arenosus, Phillips.

PERNOPECTEN, new genus.

Etymology. Perna and Pecten, from a combination of some of the charac-
ters of the two genera.

Generic Characters. Shell bivalve, sub-equivalve, monomyary. Valves
more or less inequilateral and auriculate. Hinge line straight ; hinge fur-
nished with a central, triangular cartilage pit, and a transverse plate bearing
on each side of the middle a series of smaller pits diminishing in size and
depth from the centre outwards. The shell seems to be thin, and probably
has a structure more like Pecten than Perna.

This genus, or subgenus is founded on Aviculopecten linueformis, White and,
Whitfield, (Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. p. 295.) My attention was.
first directed to the peculiarity of the hinge structure in two or three speci-
mens sent me by Dr. White himself; and an examination of a number of spe-
cimens previously referred to this species shows that they all possess it. The-
genus Aviculopecten, happily constituted by McCoy to receive a number of
paleozoic species having affinities with Pecten in their external form, and with.
Avicula in their cardinal structure, is made by its author to differ from Pecten
by the absence of a central ligameutary pit, and from Avicula by its nearly
equilateral outline. The present genus differs from Avicula and Aviculopec-
ten, and approaches Pecten and Monatis, in the presence of a mesial ligament-
ary pit ; and it ditfers equally from Pecten, Aviculopecten and Avicula, and ap-
proaches Perna, by the presence of a series of isolated ligameutary pits in the
cardinal area. It differs from Perna in its sub-central beaks, with ligamentary
pits on both sides. It agrees with Amusium in its sub-symmetrical ears, cen-
tral cartilage pit, and the absence of radiating ridges, but differs in its straight
hinge line and lateral cartilage pits. The position of the genus i* apparently
between Perna and Pecten, with a preponderance of affinities for the latter,
sufficient, perhaps, to throw it into the family of Pectinidw, White. Aviculo-
pecten is grouped with the Aviculida.

It is probable that in addition to the two following species,, others referred i
to Avicula, Pterinea, and more especially Aviculopecten, Amusium, and Pecten,
will be found to possess the assemblage of characters shown in Pemopecten
Lima ? obsoleta, Hall, (Rep. 10th Dist. N. Y., p. 265,) = Pecten. subobsoletus,
d'Orb., is stated to have a " crenulated hinge line," while its external char-
acters are quite conformable to Pemopecten. Not improbably Lima glaber,
Hall, belongs in the same association. The same may be said of, Pecten den-
sistria, Sandb., from the Posidonomyenschie/er of Nassau ;- Avicula, tumida and.

1865.] 9

126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Avicula laevigata, de Koninck, from the carboniferous limestone of Belgium,
&c. &c.

This genus is known to have existed in the Chemung of Phillipsburg, New
York,* whence it probably continued to the epoch of the Burlington lime-
stone. An uudescribed species occurs iu the fine grained sandstone of Ohio.

Pernopecten lim^formis, Winchell. {Aviculopecten limceformis, White and
Whitfield.) In this typical species, the number of ligamentary pits is about
seven on each side of the mesial one. The hinge line is short, and the auri-
culations are small and Lima- like.

Pernopecten limatus, n. sp. Shell rather small, moderately ventricose,
subcircular. Body of shell bounded by two straight lines diverging from the
beak at an angle of 126, and proceeding to the superior lateral margins, from
which points the outline of the .^hell is very nearly circular. Hinge line
straight, a little more than one-third the greatest width of the shell ; ears
very small, flattened, subequal ; the anterior (of the left valve) making an
angle of about 10(5* with the hinge line, and 120 with the body of the valve ;
the posterior ear forming an angle of 129^ with the hinge line and 146 with
the body of the shell. Beak small, inconspicuous, not projecting beyond the
hinge line. Convexity of the valve nearly a segment of a sphere, a little more
elevated in the umbonal region. Surface extremely smooth.

Dimensions parallel with the hinge 1*20; at right angles with the hinge
1*05 ; length of hinge line *40 ; length of anterior slope of body of valve - 59 ;
of posterior slope - 47 ; convexity of left valve '17.

From the base of the Burlington limestone, Burlington, Iowa, a horizon
identified by its fauna with the yellow sandstones below, (compare my paper,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Jan., 1863, p. 25). "White Collection " of the
University of Michigan.

* The internal hinge structure of this species has not been observed, but the
auriuulations are scarcely such as belong to Aviculopecten, as defined by
McCoy, while they present a close conformity with the foregoing species.

Aviculopecten occidental it, Win., differs from this in its longer cardinal
slopes, making a smaller angle with each other, and in its longer hinge line,
with larger and distinctly ribbed auriculations.

Pernopecten Shumardanus, Winchell, {Avicula circulus, Hall, not Shu-
mard). It is scarcely possible that the species identified by Hall (Iowa Rep.
022, pi. vii. fig. 9) as A. circulus, Shum., (Missouri Rep. 206, pi. c. fig. 14),
can be the same species. Prof. Hall's figure and description do not show it ;
nor do specimens from the same bed, commonly regarded as A. circulus, Hall,
present satisfactory correspondence. The shell has a much shorter hinge
line, with smaller ears, joining the cardinal slopes by obtuse angles. More-
over the concentric lines are very regular, and the radial ones are faint, irre-
gular dashes, entirely unlike the continuous and distinct though diminutive
ribs of A. circulus, Shumard.

Yielding to the suggestion of Dr. White, I formerly identified A. circulus,
Hall -before I had seen actual specimens with Aviculopecten limceformis,
White and Whitfield. I am convinced, however, on careful comparison of
specimens, that we must regard A. circulus, Hall, as a distinct species.

In general characters this species resembles P. limatus, and only differs in
its shorter and less sharply defined cardinal slopes, and the presence of the
two systems of superficial markings.

PINNA, Linnaeus.

Pinna ? Marshallensis, n. sp. Shell small, equivalve, compressed, lance-
olate, squarely truncate and gaping at the extremity opposite the hinge, and

* I find tbat Prof. Hall has also marked this form as a distinct frenus.

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 127

acuniiiiately tapering toward the opposite extremity. Anterior side nearly
straight, or distinctly hollowed. Posterior side parallel with the anterior for
half its length ; toward the hinge gradually approaching the opposite side.
The truncation is at right angles with the anterior side, leaving a broadly
gaping ventral margin. External surface smooth.

Length dorso-ventrally "97 (100) ; greatest dimension at right angles with
this -26 (27) ; thickness of both valves -12 (12).

Collected by A. Winchell at Napoleon cut, Jackson County, Michigan.

MYALINA, DeKoninck.

Myalina Lowensis, n. sp. Shell rather small, ventricose, obliquely elon-
gate-quadrate. Umbonal ridge elevated, arched, highest about midway be-
tween the beak and the opposite end, forming an angle of 50 with the straight,
somewhat elongate hinge line ; anterior and posterior sides parallel, the former
distended in a very shallow pouch just beneath the beak, the latter very
slightly hollowed throughout its upper half ; basal region regularly rounded,
with an obtuse angulation next the posterior side. From the umbonal ridge
the slope is precipitous to the anterior margin, much less so toward the pos-
terior, and it gradually subsides into a flattening toward the dorso-lateral
angle. Surface of shell nearly smooth, marked with fine incremental lines.

Greatest dimension from beak to opposite extremity - 83 (100) ; length of
hinge line *46 (55) ; diameter, at right angles with umbonal ridge, "41 (50).

From the base of the Burlington limestone. "White Collection," of the
University of Michigan.

This species resembles M. angulata, Meek and Worthen, from the Chester
limestone of Illinois, and M. Michiganensis, Winchell, from the Marshall group
of Michigan. From the former it differs greatly in its smaller size, its shal-
lower posterior concavity, and its less abruptly rounded base. From the
latter it differs in having straighter anterior and posterior sides, giving it a
more quadrate outline, a more elevated umbonal ridge, and a shorter antero-
posterior dimension.

Myalina Michiganensis, Win. Collected by A. Winchell at Napoleon Cut,
Jackson County, and at Germain's Quarry, Hillsdale, Hillsdale County, Mich.

Edmondia ? bicarinata, Win. A species apparently identical with this
occurs in a conglomerate four miles north of Panama, Chataque County, New
York, supposed by Prof. Hall, in his Report on the Fourth District of New
York, to constitute a portion of the Millstone Grit of Pennsylvania. It was
figured and briefly characterized under the name of Cypricardia contracta,
Hall. The later specific name must therefore be abandoned.

Edmondia jequimarginalis, Win. Specimens clearly identical with this
occur in the same conglomerate with the above, as also in a conglomerate at
another locality, supposed by Prof. Hall to underlie the Millstone Grit, and
to constitute the terminal member of the Chemung Group.

The specimens of these two species occurring in New York, as well as the
two others to be mentioned, are preserved in Prof. Hall's cabinet ; and I desire
to acknowledge my great obligations for the opportunity afforded of making
the direct comparisons.

Edmondia Burungtonensis ? White and Whitfield. A lamellibranch, too
imperfect for certain determination, but closely resembling the above, occurs
in Whittlesey's Collection, from a place "one mile east of Orange Center,
Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 25 or 30 feet below the Grindstone Grit."

SANGUINOLITES, McCoy.

Sangdinolites sthigatcs, n. sp. A small species, resembling Area modesta
Win., from Burlington, Iowa. Unfortunately the specimen was lost while
awaiting a description. It had, however, been investigated and its generic

1865.]

128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

position fixed. Coming from a locality difficult of access, and poor in fossils,
it seems proper to admit this reference to its existence.

Collected by A. Wincliell at Point aux Barques, Huron County, Michigan,
at the base of the Marshall group.

Sanguinolites concentkica, Win., (Cardinia concentrica, Win., Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., Sept., 1862, p. 413). Collected by A. Wine-hell at Alan's and
Germain's quarries, Hillsdale, Hillsdale County, Michigan.

This species is the analogue of Cardinia tdlinaria, Goldf. sp., (Petr. Germ,
ii. ISO, pi. 131, fig. 17), but is more enrolled and more distinctly furrowed.
It resembles also, in external characters, Allorisma Hannilmlensis, Shum.

In the.original description of this species, "ventral," in the second line,
should be changed to " vertical."

Sanguinolites Hannibalensis, Win., {Allorisma Hannibalensis, Shum.) The
single specimen collected by the writer at Alan's quarry, Hillsdale, Michigan,
less resembles the original figure than it does the Burlington specimens re-
ferred to this species. The Hannibal type is more elongate, with broader
furrows.

This species also occurs, satisfactorily identifiable, in both the conglome-
rates spoken of under Edmondia.

Cardiomorpha Julia, Win. Occurs at Napoleon Cut, Jackson County,
Michigan. Collected by A. Winchell.

Leda bellistriata, Stevens. This has been collected by A. W. at Alan's
and Germain's quarries, Hillsdale, Michigan.

CTENODONTA, Salter.

Ctenodonta Hubbardi, Win., Nucula Hubbardi, Win., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., Sept., 1862, p. 417; ? = Nuculites sulcatina, Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat.
Phila., viii. p. 250, pi. xv. fig. 10). Collected by A. W. at Napoleon Cut,
Jackson County.

Amongst my collections from the Marshall group are numerous specimens
generically closely allied to, if not identical with, Nucula, from which I have
described N. Hubbardi, sectoralis, stella and lowensis the latter having been
originally described by White and Whitfield from the yellow sandstones at
Burlington, Iowa. To the Iowa species I have added another N. microdonta.
These five species all present a line of teeth continuous from one side of the
beaks to the other, without the ligamental pit which belongs to the modern
species of Nucula. This variation attracted my attention at the very first ;
and I observed that )the hinge characters seemed to identify the species with
Tellinomya, Hall, and Ctenodonta, Salter. A species from the Hamilton group,
and identified again in the Chemung group, had been described by the subse-
quent founder of Tellinomya, as Nucula bellatula, (Rep. 10th Dist. N. Y., p.
196) ; and Nucula hians had also been recently described by him (xiii. Rep.
N. Y. Regents, p. 110) from rocks of nearly the same age in Indiana, to say
nothing of the description by Stevens of N. Eoughtoni, from the Marshall
group. Without being acquainted with the details of the hinge structure of
these species last mentioned, I yielded to the influence of example in referring
my species to Nucula. I did this the more readily, as Prof. Hall had expressed
the conviction (x. Report N. Y. Regents, p. 184) that Tellinomya would prove
to be a Silurian genus. It may be added to this, that Nucula ventricosa, Hall,
(Iowa Rep. p. 716, pi. 29, fig. 4, 5) does not possess the ligamental pit of a
modern Nucula, although it offers rather important departures from Telli-
nomya.*

* A fossil from the Coal Measures of Lasalle, Illinois, usually identified with JV. venlricosa, Hall,
exhibits no teeth whatever on the anterior side of the beaks, and thus presents generic characteis
heretofore unobserved. This feature is shown in several separated valves mineralized by Pyrites.
This character would seem to possess equal importance with the absence of the ligamentary pit,
on which Ctenodonta has been founded.

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 129

The uninterrupted series of teeth possessed by the Nuculoid shells already
referred to, from the Marshall group and its supposed equivalents, seems to
constitute good grounds for a generic separation. For this hinge structure
three names have been suggested. Nuculites was assigned by Conrad to shells
having a continuous series of teeth and an internal clavicular ridge like C/i-
dophorus. This genus has a real existence in the Hamilton group. Tellinomya
has been applied by Hall, and Ctenodonta by Salter, to shells having the ge-
neric charactersvof the species under consideration. As, however, objec-
tions have been urged against the import of the name Tellinomya, and, on the
other hand, Prof. Hall insists upon the rights of priority over Ctenodonta, (x.
Report N. Y. Regents, p. 181), it becomes a delicate matter to decide between
the two. But since the genus Tellinomya was not founded upon characters
possessing generic value, while the real generic characters, owing to the state
of preservation of the specimens, entirely escaped observation ; and, since the
name proposed actually conveys a false idea of the relations of the genus, I
feel constrained, in spite of my desire to perpetuate an American name, to
pursue the same course as I do in regard to Athyris and other terms founded
upon a misapprehension, and, in their meaning, at variance with facts.

In regard to Ctenodonta Hubbardi, I desire further to admit the possibility
that this is the species described by Conrad under the name of Nuculites sirt-
catina. All that is stated in the description applies to this species ; and the
figure also agrees. Nothing, however, is said or shown respecting the hino-e
structure ; and both the description and figure will apply nearly as well to
Sanguinolites concentrica, Win., which occurs abundantly at the locality
whence Conrad's specimens were obtained ; while Ctenodonta Hubbardi, so
far as I have observed, is unknown at that locality. The latter, nevertheless
approaches nearest to Nuculites ; and it may be fair to presume that Conrad
had a view of the hinge structure of the specimens he described. But it must
be stated, finally, that not one of the hundreds of specimens that I have had
in my hands, furnishes evidence of the existence of the internal septum which
is essential to Nuculites and Cucullela. For the present, therefore, I feel
compelled to regard Nuculites sulcatina, Con., as a species that has not \'et
fallen under my observation.

Conrad, in the paper referred to, has described Nuculites maclroides. If this
is really a Nuculoid shell it approaches Ctenodonta sectoralis, Win., without
being identical. If not a Nuculoid shell, as I suspect, it approximates Ed-
mondia cequimarginalis, Win^ but at the same time, I could scarcely identify
it. For the present, therefore, I leave it as I have left the species just refer-
red to.

Ctenodonta stella, Win. {Nucula stella, Win.,) also occurs at Napoleon
Cut, Jackson county, Michigan.

SANGTJINOLARIA, Lamarck.

Sanguinolaria rostrata, n. sp. Shell rather large, transverse, cuneate-
ovate in outline, of medium convexity. Beaks two-fifths the shell length,
from the anterior end, quite prominent, and rather strongly incurved. Great-
est convexity above the middle, continuing along the postero-dorsal slope.
Hinge line somewhat rmore than one-third the length of the N shell, slightlv an-
gulated between the beaks ; buccal slope slightly curved, the anal nearly
straight ; extremities obtusely rounded ; ventral margin nearly straight in the
middle region, curved rapidly beyond. Longest dimension equidistant be-
tween the beaks and venter. Pallial impression deep, without sinus (?) ; an-
terior muscular pit deep on the rostral side, roundish-oval, striate radiately
and concentrically ; equidistant between the beaks and extremity ; posterior
muscular pit more elongate ; a feeble ridge extends from the beak ajong the
inner border of each muscular pit more perceptibly the posterior. In the
right valve a strong triangular cardinal tooth stands just anterior to the point

1865.]

130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

of the beak, and is bounded posteriorly by a deep triangular pit, and ante-
riorly by a shallower and narrower one. Nothing further is clearly known in
reference to the hinge. The shell seems to be thick and externally smooth.

Length, 1-72 (100) ; height, 1-13 (66) ; convexity of one valve, '34 (20);
distance from beak to anterior extremity, "55 (32); to posterior extremity,
1 21 (70).

Collected at Battle Creek, Michigan, by A. W.

Resembles S. similis, Win., but differs in more prominent beak, greater
convexity and straight ventral margin.

Sanguinolaria similis, Win., occurs at Napoleon Cut, Jackson county,
Michigan.

CONULARIA, Miller.

Conularia Newberryi, n. sp. Shell very small, in the form of a quadran-
gular pyramid, (the apex of which has been broken off in the specimen de-
scribed.) The pyramid is inclined over one of the angles. Angles of the
pyramid slightly rounded, and marked by a shallow groove running longitu-
dinally. Each side is marked by sharp, raised, transverse lines, which, in-
stead of running directly across, are angulated in the middle, so that at this
point they are nearer the base of the shell by a distance equal to once and
a half the distance between two lines. The distance between the lines in-
creases from above downwards, and is everywhere equal to about one-ninth
the width of the side. These transverse lines have the appearance of the pro-
jecting e'lges of septa, and are continuous from the middle of one of the
shorter sides of the pyramid around to the same point, though the ends do
not join but alternate in position. The sides of the pyramid are inclined at
an angle of 30, and, if they met at a point in the perfect specimen, it must
have been about half an inch in length, with a width at base of about '17
inch.

Collected by A. Winchell, at Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, in the water limestone
below the conglomerate.

Named in honor of Prof. J. S. Newberry, M. D , equally distinguished in the
service of science and of his country.

BELLEROPHUN, Montfort.

Bellerophon Whittleseyi, n. sp. (" Goniatitfi," figs. 1 and 2, Whittlesey,
Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cincin., p. 219.) Shell rather large, globoid, rapidly en-
larging, umbilicus moderately large, exposing one anterior whorl. Trans-
verse section triangularly and broadly lunate, the dorsum being slightly ele-
vated, and the dorso-lateral slopes slightly flattened; greatest diameter of
section near the umbilicus. Keel rather distinct but with an indistinct band.
Surface marked by raised, rather distant striae, which emerge from the umbi-
licus with a slight backward inclination, and, curving forwards, pursue a
course directly across the lateral surfaces for two-thirds the distance from the
lateral to the dorsal angle, where they undergo a sudden deflection back-
wards, making with themselves very nearly a right angle, and forming on the
dorsum, by the meeting of opposite branches, a retral angle of 45. Sinus
not seen, but probably triangular and broad.

Greatest diameter of whorl, *87 ; dorso-ventral diameter of aperture, '57 ;
number of striae in one-tenth of an inch, near the aperture at the point where
they turn backwards, 3 to 3J.

This species resembles B. rugosiusculus, Win., in general features, but
lacks the longitudinal decussating striae. It may be distinguished from all
related species by the peculiar geniculation of the striae in the dorso-lateral
region.

One mile east of Orange Center, Cuyahoga county, Ohio, 20 or 30 feet below
the grindstone grit. Whittlesey's collection.

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 131

Bellerophon nautiloides, Win., (Proc. Acad. 'Nat. Sci. Phil. Sept. 1862, p.
427.) Collected by A. W., at Alan's quarry, Hillsdale, Michigan.

Conrad has described B. stamineus, from Moscow, Hillsdale county, Michi-
gan, at which place I have observed both B. nautiloides and B. galericulatus,
Win., and it is probable that he had one of these species in view in his de-
scription. The ten words employed in the description, however, will apply
equally well to half a dozen species of Bellerophon ; and it is hence utterly im-
possible to avail myself of the results of his studies.*

Bellerophon cyrtolites, Hall. This widely distributed species has been
found at Alan's quarry, Hillsdale, Michigan. I

Pugiuncuxps ? AC0LEATUS, Ha"ll. This Rockford species has been collected
by A. W., at Alan's and Germain's quarries, Hillsdale, Michigan.

Dentalium ? Barquense, Win., (Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phil., Sept. 1862, p.
425.) Additional specimens from the same locality, show that the short tubes
supposed to belong to the shell structure, are not always normal to the sur-
face ; and that when the internal cylinder is removed, so as to afford a view
of the inner surface of the prismatic coating, the oblong sections of the prisms
as they were applied to the cylinder, look somewhat like the polyp cells
shown in longitudinal sections of some branching corals ; and there is seen
also something like the same divergent disposition of the tubes. Moreover,
the structure is extremely like that referred to in the last paragraph of my
paper in the Proceedings for Sept. 1862, p. 430. This latter structure U folia-
ceous, but occurs at the same locality. Can these rigid stems, then, be corals
with very large hollow axes ?

METOPTOMA, Phillips.

Metoptoma undata, n. sp. Shell of medium size, nearly erect, apex nearly
central, aperture transversely slightly elliptic; body of shell most inflated in
the middle, somewhat acuminate toward the apex, and contracted at the
aperture. Cast nearly smooth over the body of the shell, longitudinally un-
dulate near and at the aperture, with a few wavy concentric lines of incre-
ment.

Height of shell, 1*15 (100) ; longest diameter of aperture, T06 (92).

From Bed "No. 5," Burlington, Iowa. " White Collection" of the Uni-
versity of Michigan.

The inferior side of the only specimen seen is defective ; yet there are in-
dications that it was flattened, as in the typical species of Prof. Phillips.

Platyceras paralkjm, White and Whitfield. Identified in the Lithographic-
limestone of Clarksville, Missouri. " White Collection."

A variety more robust than the typical form, and wanting in the longitudi-
nal folds which characterize the latter, occurs in the base of the Burlington
limestone at Burlington.

Platyceras vomerium, Winchell. From Sheldon's saw-mill, Big Brook,
Orange, Cuyahoga county, Ohio, below grindstone grit. Whittlesey's collec-
tion.

The Ohio specimens have a dorsum not quite so acute as the Iowa types,
and an aperture a little less expanded.

PLEUROTOMARIA, Defrance.

Pleurotomaria quinquesulcata, n. sp. Shell of medium size depressed
conical, consisting of three or four rapidly enlarging whorls. Outer whorl

* In the 4th line of my description of B. galericulatus, (!oc. cit. p, 426,) fur " ventrally," read
" retrally."

1865.]

132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

nearly as wide as all the others, having a nearly circular section, and pre-
senting on its exterior about five broad longitudinal furrows, covering the
space from the suture above to the base below ; shell otherwise apparently
smooth.

Diameter of last whorl, 1-07 (100) ; height of spire, about -72 (67).

From the oolitic bed "No. 6," Burlington, Iowa. " White Collection" of
the University of Michigan.

This species is imperfectly known, though clearly distinct from all other
species of this age, and hence deserving of notice. It is probable that the
base is regularly rounded into a broad and deep umbilicus, and that the
aperture is nearly circular. It calls to mind Euomphalus carinaius, Sow., from
the " Aymesbuty limestone," but the sulcations are only half as numerous.

A similar species exists in Whittlesey's collection, from " Sheldon's saw-
mill, Big Brook, Orange, Cuyahoga county, Ohio, below grindstone grit."

Pleurotomaria vadosa, Hall, (xiii. Rep. N. Y. Regents, p. 108.) To Prof.
Hall's description of this species, founded upon casts, may be added the fol-
lowing observations on the shell: The periphery of the body whorl is flat-
tened into a sharp carina, just above which is another, heavier one, but not
quite so projecting ; a concave belt separates these from another pair of
ridges which lie near the suture, and are interrupted by numerous regular
transverse rugulations rising into minute nodes, on the ridges.

Collected at Rockford, Indiana, by A. Winchell.

Straparollus macromphalus, Win. Specimens having twice the diameter
of the types of the species, showing the tube septate a little more than one
whorl back from the aperture. One specimen preserving the shell, shows
that it was marked only by incremental lines.

From bed " No. 1," and the oolitic layer, "No. 6." " White Collection " of
the University of Michigan.

Straparollus ammon, White. This Burlington species occurs in the so-
called millstone grit of Western New York, and was figured as Euomphalus
depressus, Hall, (Geol. Rep. ivth Dist. New York, p. 291.)

Orthoceras Indianense, Hall. Collected by A. W., at Alan's and Ger-
main's quarries, Hillsdale, and Napoleon Cut, Jackson county, Michigan.

Nautilus (Trematodiscus) discoidalis? Win. A small fragment from
Rockford, Indiana, affords strong presumption that this species existed at
that locality.

CYRTOCERAS, Goldfuss.

Cyrtoceras Rockfordense, n. sp. Shell rather large, rapidly expanding,
especially toward the aperture, apparently forming, in adult age, nearly a
complete* whorl. In some specimens the transverse section is subcircular or
laterally compressed, in others decidedly elliptic, being flattened dorso-ven-
trally. The curvature is rapid for a shell of so large size, which renders it
necessary that the chambers should be about four times as deep on the outer
as on the inner side of the whorl. Septa deeply and regularly concave ;
siphon small, situated close to the dorsal side. No surface markings are pre-
served on casts.

Transverse diameter of the last chamber, in a specimen wholly septate,
1-86 (100); dorso-ventral diameter, 1-35 (72) ; depth of chamber on the dor-
sal side, -5;i (32); on the ventral side, -13 (7); diameter of siphon, -10 (5).
In another specimen the transverse diameter of a section is 1-60; the dorso-
ventral diameter, 170.

Collected by A. Winchell, at Rockford, Indiana.

It is impossible to affirm that this species did not describe one or more de-
tached volutions. In case such was its character, it must have borne a close
resemblance to Nuvtilus cyelostomus (Phillips) de Kon., (Anim. Foss. 553, pi.
xxv. 1, a, b ; xlix 1, a, b.)

[July

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 133

Goniatites Allei, Win. The most perfect specimens seen were collected
by A. W., at Germain's quarry, Hillsdale, Michigan. Apertural constrictions
occur at regular intervals.

Goniatites Marshallensis, Win. Collected by A. W., at Napoleon Cut,
Jackson county, Michigan.

Occurs also at Weymouth, Medina county, Ohio, 80 feet below the conglo-
merate. Whittlesey's collection.

PHILLIPSIA, Portlock.

Phillipsia Doris, Win. (=Proetus Doris, Hall, xiiith Rep. N. Y. Regents,
p. 112.) This species was established by Hall on some pygidia occurring in
the Goniatite limestone at Rockford, Indiana. I am in possession of several
pygidia from this locality which agree with his description, though in the ab-
sence of measurements, it may be that his specimens are much larger. Associa-
ted with these are numerous fragments of bucklers, which prove that the trilo-
bite is a Phillipsia. The head is furnished with a border sloping downwards,
and separated from the cheeks by a deep but narrow groove ; the middle of
the border is marked by a groove which reaches from a point opposite one
eye, to the corresponding point on the other side of the head ; in some speci-
mens the latter groove reaches backward to the posterior borders of the buck-
ler. The cheeks are raised abruptly above the border, and terminated by
spinous points which are ornamented with raised longitudinal striae, aud ex-
tend backwards a distance equal to one-third the whole length of the cepha-
lic shield. The principal lobe of the glabella is in the form of a prolate
semi-ellipsoid, is almost destitute of furrows, and is supported on each side
by a large complementary lobe. The surface is obscurely granulose. The
pygidium is in the form of a semi-ellipse, with the longer diameter trans-
verse ; it is convex, with a gibbous axis, obtuse posteriorly, and articulated
to the extremity. The lateral lobes are a little narrower than the axis, and
their terminal points join the extremity of the axis. The pygidium is bor-
dered by a plain belt curved downwards around its margin, and barely mark-
ed by a continuation of the articulations* except the two which bound it
anteriorly. Number of segments in the axis, 1 1 ; in the side lobe, 7 ; surface
the same as in the buckler.

Width of pygidium, -35 ; length, *21 ; width of axis at anterior end, -12 ;
width of border, -04. Length of buckler of another specimen, -31.

Proetus Missouriensis, Shumard, (Missouri Report, p. 196, pi. B, fig. 13, a, b,)
would seem also to be a Phillipsia, as well as its Ohio representative, Proetus
auriculatus, Hall, (xv. Rep. N. Y. Regents, p. 107.) Pictet says of Proetus, "La
glabelle est lob6e par des sillons," and of Phillipsia, "La glabelle est com-
posee d'un grande lobe median simple, et de deux petits lobes latero-poste-
rieurs."' Furthermore, Proetus Swallovi, Shumard, (loc. cit.J does not pre-
sent the posterior termination of the great suture required by the genus to
which it stands referred.

Phillipsia Rockfordensis, n. sp. Cephalic shield surrounded by a nar-
row, convex border, which is bounded internally by a narrow but deep
groove, and terminates posteriorly in conically tapering genal points. The
principal lobe of the glabella is relatively very large, convex, highest in the
middle, widened anteriorly, circularly rounded in front, and gently curved on
the sides ; no glabellar furrows are present. The complementary lobes are
large, oval, and project laterally farther than the main lobe. The surface of
the test of the glabella is finely, but sharply granulated ; that of the border
is finely striated. Size about the same as that of P. Doris.

Collected by A. W., at Rockford, Indiana.

Cythere crassimarginata, Win. Collected by A. W., at Alan's and Ger-
main's quarries, Hillsdale, Michigan.

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 13th May, 1865.

1865.]

134 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

On AMPHIBAMUS GRANDICEPS, a new Batrachian from the Coal Measures.

BY PROF. EDW. D. COPE.

The recent additions to oar knowledge of the air-breathing vertebrates of
the carboniferous period, are of great interest to the comparative anatomist,
as furnishing new points in the series of structures between the Ganoidea and
Lacertilia, or new " generalized " types combining the structures of these and
of the Batrachia.

I owe to Prof. Jos. Leidy, of our University, a specimen of a reptile, belong-
ing to the Illinois State Survey, in charge of Messrs. Meek and Worthen. It
was discovered by the latter near Morris, Grundy Co., 111., in a bed belonging
to the lower part of the coal measures. It is imbedded in a concretion of
brown limestone. The casts of the bones are. occupied by a white friable
mineral, which has probably percolated into them.

This animal combines with its Batrachian, a few Lacertilian characters,
having some resemblance to Dawson's genus Hylonomus, and much affinity
with Prof. Wyman's Ranceps 1 y e 1 1 i i . Its squamous integument and narrow
nasal roof give it the somewhat Lacertilian physiognomy, more especially
Geccotian, in its broad cranium and orbits, its large marginal palpebral scales,
and rather short digits. Its true affinities are indicated by the presence of
two premaxillaries, with a squamoso-postorbital arch, as in Labyrinthodontia,
some Batrachia Gradientia, and Crocodilia ; its quadratojugal arch as in
Labyrinthodontia and Batrachia Salientia ; its posteriorly directed oblique
quadratum and lack of ribs, as in Batrachia Salientia ; its probably short
pelvis, short separate bones of the leg and fore-arm ; its opisthocaeliau dorsal
vertebra;, and long caudal neural spines, as in Batrachia Gradientia. It is
then the type of a group intermediate between the Labyrinthodontian and
Gradient Batrachians, distinguished from the former by the opisthocoelian
vertebrae, absence of ribs, and pleurodont dentition ; and from the latter by
the scaly integument, absence of ribs, and structure of the nasal and pre-
frontal regions. But one genus of Salamanders, Glossolega, has a similar os
quadrato-jugale, and but a part of one family, the Salamandridte, the post-
fronto-squamosal or posterior zygomatic arch. A ribless type might, however,
well exist among Gradientia, when we consider the great difference between
their developement in Pleurodeles on the one hand, and Amphiurna on the
other. From the Salientia the dentigerous mandible, squamosal arch, form
of vertebrae, sacrum and extremities, etc., widely distinguish it. To the Ba-
trachian orders Labyrinthodontia, Gradientia, Gymnophidia and Salientia,
the present may be added, under the name Xenorachia.

The general form of the skull is much that of a frog, and large in proportion
to the size of the animal; its length is one-half that of the spinal axis from
the occiput to the middle of the sacral region, and five-sixths its own breadth
in the flattened specimen. The outline is not broadly rounded, as is usual
among Salamanders, but is slightly contracted, as in many frogs. The orbits
are large, regularly rounded, their longitudinal diameter one 'and one-half
times the frontal width ; their point of nearest approach is behind opposite
the position of the iris; one diameter measured obliquely, in advance of each
extends a little beyond the common premaxillary suture.

The premaxillary bones have considerable horizontal extent, terminating
opposite the narial openings, each bearing eleven or twelve teeth. Their nasal
spines were in close contact, and do not appear to be prolonged backwards,
as in most Gradientia. The external nares are rather widely separated, as in
most Gradientia, the integument which they pierced roofing a large space be-
tween the median and peripheric bones of the muzzle. The roof of the nasal
cavities is a truncate cuneiform plate, whose apex joins that of the premax-
illaries. Its composition can only be conjectured, from the appearances pre-
sented by the specimen. It may be a superior ethmoid plate, as in the frogs

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 135

Borborocoetes and others, or, more probably, a united or separate pair of
free frontal, as in Dactylethra or Rana. There is no trace of the composition
of nasals and frontals which occurs in the Gradientia, nor is such an arrange-
ment probable, in view of the regular elongate cuneiform outline of this
singular piece. A moderately distinct suture crossing the front at the ante-
rior third of the interorbital space, which presents a regular convexity for-
wards, appears to be the anterior border of the frontal ; the latter can scarcely
be an interorbital plate of ethmoid, as it appears to unite behind by suture
with the parietals. There are bosses on the prefrontal region indicating
prefrontal or " lachrymal " bones similar to those in Sceloporus and other
Lacertilian genera.

What I suppose to be the coronal suture, since it appears to be too regular
to be a fracture, crosses the narrowest part of the interorbital space ; it is a
zigzag, presenting posteriorly a median angle, and one on each side. The
posterior zygomatic arches are strong, and bound a cranial plane, which is
broader than long, and exhibits nearly parallel lateral outlines. The probably
small " crotaphite foramina " of the temporal fossae appear to have been
roofed over by perhaps the strong scales of the cranial integument. The
quadratum is convex externally, and is directed obliquely backward to oppo-
site the occiput; it is strongly concave in its posterior outline, indicating a
large auricular meatus. Whether this was covered by scales or by an exposed
tympanic drum, cannot be, determined. The quadratojugale is broad and
strong. The postorbital arch is continuous with the quadratum; the breadth
of the two equals the frontal width. The angular process of the mandible is
but little prolonged beyond the quadratum. The maxillary is toothed at least
as far as opposite the malar process.

The dentition is pleurodont ; the teeth are only visible on the mandible and
the outer edge of the upper jaw ; they are there of but one kind, small, closely
set, acute-conic, not compressed, hollow, and without any inflections of the
enamel.

The integument of the head was squamous. The scales appear not to have
been imbricate, and were perhaps more dense on the posterior regions, where
their position is occupied by the white material before spoken of, which has
here a somewhat ganoid appearance. They were more elongate on the muz-
zle. There appears to have been a distinct superciliary, and a postorbital
row, as well as a series on the border of the upper lip. A whorl of elongate
scales arranged like the pieces of an arch, surrounded the one on each side
which marked the crotaphite foramen. In the specimen these are connected
by a suture or line, which is regularly convex posteriorly. The superior pal-
pebrae were covered by small separated scales, as are seen among Geccos and
Anoles, and were bordered by a larger and continuous series, of about four-
teen subquadrate scales. These have evidently bordered the lid, extending
transversely across the orbit, and were not sclerotic scales, which are arranged
round the pupil as a centre.

The vertebral column is much injured, especially in the cervical region.
The dorsal vertebra? appear to have been short, and probably thirteen in
number between the interscapular and sacral regions. They appear to have
been constricted medially. Traces of ribs or of transverse processes are not
to be found. The impression of a sacral vertebra is distinctly preserved. The
caudal vertebrae were perhaps without osseous centra, as no definite im-
pressions can be traced, and their place is occupied by the matrix. There
are traces of osseous neural arches, perhaps similar to those of Archegosaurus,
and apparently disconnected, long, compressed neural spines, and slender
pleurapophyses ; the latter were probably united as chevron bones. Of the
former, twelve very distinct impressions maybe counted to the sacral region ;
the posterior are most slender, the median most elevated, the anterior lower,
and of greater longitudinal extent. They are more expanded in the direction

1865.]

136 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

of the axis of the body near their superior extremities, and evidently supported
a flattened natatory tail, as that of Protonopsis. These neural spines were
continued on the posterior third of the dorsal series. The visible, which is
probably the greater part of the tail, enters the remainder of the column two
and a quarter times, by measurement.

Sternal and hyoid pieces are not recognizable, though sundry fragments
are no doubt to be referred to these regions. An impression resembling that
of a raniform scapula, was probably made by that piece. The anterior limbs
were short and weak. The humerus is slender; its length equals the distance
between the centres of the external nares ; it is apparently not much dilated,
nor furnished with a process proximally, but is dilated and grooved distally,
and has no condyles. The ulna and radius are separate and slender : the
distal extremities of these, with the remaining bones of the anterior limbs,
have been lost.

Of pelvis nothing is recognizable. The femur is slender, much dilated distally,
slightly curved in the posterior direction, and without condyles. Its length
is equal to the breadth of the cranial table.

The tibia and fibula are one-half the length of the femur, are slender, most
dilated proximally ; the autero-exterfor bone is a little longer', not in contact
with the inner distally, which relation I believe to be normal. The tarsus was
probably cartilaginous, as in Protonopsis (Menopoma), a faint impression of
the outer border remaining. It was broader than long, and without heel-like
projections.

While the great shortness of the lower leg is a Salamandrine peculiarity,
the length and slenderness of the digits are quite Lacertian. The leg being
extended backward, the exterior or first digit is shortest, and a little less than
the second. This is equal to two and one-half phalanges of the fifth, (reckon-
ing from its base,) or the. proximal pair of phalanges of the fourth. The
fifth is a little shorter than the third, which is scarcely equal to the three
proximal phalanges of the fourth. The number of phalanges is 3345
4 : among the Salamanders the last two numbers are usually 43. They
are without condyles, but exhibit one or two emarginations at their articu-
lating surfaces. The length of the basal phalanx of the first digit is two-
thirds that of the second ; the latter equals that of the fifth and the second
phalanx of the fourth ; these are very little shorter than the basal of the third
and fourth. The terminal phalanges are elongate acute, those of the first
and fourth slightly curved. They are much less obtuse than in Salamanders,
and the animal has probably had weak claws : of these no trace remains.

A few traces indicate that the dermal integument was covered on the an-
terior part of the body, at least, with small and subgranular_ scales. There
have been abdominal scales arranged in narrow imbricate series, directed in-
ward and posteriorly. Traces of plates are wanting, excepting a small frag-
ment lying beside the cervical vertebrae.

The length of this species from the sacral centre to the interscapular re-
gion, was 13 lines ; from the latter point to the end of the muzzle, 12 lines ;
to the occipital border, 4-5 lines. Longitudinal diameter of orbit, 3 lines ;
frontal breadth, 2 lines ; from border of orbit to border of nostril, 1-5 lines ;
breadth of cranial table, 3-75 lines. Length of humerus 3 lines; of femur,
3-6 lines; of tibia, 2-3 lines ; of fifth digit, 2-75 lines ; of fourth, 4-2 lines ; of
first, 1-8 lines. The portion of the tail preserved measures 5-2 lines.

If we compare the peculiarities of this genus with those of the Batrachia
of the same period, we find it to be distinguished, independently of the ordi-
nal characters, from such genera as Osteophorus, Melosaurus, Sclerocephalus,
Xestorrhytias, Baphetes, and Brachyops, by the absence of the sculpturing
of the cranial bones, the lack of dermal shields, characteristic of most of
these, and by the presence of cranial and palpebral scales. The crania of
the first genera are much more elongate, and imitate those of some Croco-

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCKS OF PHILADELPHIA. 137

dilia. Similar differences exist between the Illinois Batrachian and Dendrer-
peton (Owen) ; the latter possesses also a double row of teeth. Hylonomus,
(Dawson), supposed to possess Lacertilian affinities, exhibits ribs and bicon-
cave vertebra. The ribs of Telerpeton will distinguish it also. The only
genus as yet known to approach closely that under consideration, has been
described by Prof. J. Wyman under the name of Raniceps.* This animal is
only known from a study of the inferior aspect of a portion of the skeleton ;
nevertheless it is certainly different, being nearly double the size, and having
relatively longer and stronger anterior limbs. The angles of the mandible
appear to have been considerably more incurved than in the Illinois species.
They may have belonged to the same genus ; in that case the name here given
will not prove superfluous, as the older appellation was previously applied
to a genus of Gadid fishes.

The name Amphibamus grandiceps has reference, first, to its two
modes of progression ; its flattened oar-like tail enabled it to swim in the
waters of the swamps. of the coal period, and its elongate, clawed digits indi-
cate ambulatory power ; perhaps it climbed upon the low limbs of the Sigil-
lariaa that rose above the water. The animal was most probably nocturnal
in its habits. The humors of the eye could not have escaped far beyond
their natural envelopes, so that the subsequently formed limestone has been
hardened, and so fractured in nearly the form of the ball. On the fractured
surface below and under the remaining palpebral scales, the mineral is dis-
tinctly blackened, as by the pigmentum nigrum ; below the margin of the lid
this is interrupted by a discoid spot of the form and dimensions of an iris,
which presents a median lenticular vacuity, again revealing the pigment, ob-
viously the vertical pupil of a nocturnal animal. The preservation of the out-
line of color is certainly remarkable in a specimen of such great antiquity.
A somewhat parallel case occurs in the preservation of the ink-bags of the
Sepia? ; these do not date further back th*n the Jurassic. These appearances
cannot be explained on any supposition of artificial production.

August 1st.

Mr. Cassin, Vice President, in the Chair.

Twelve members present.

The following paper was read and referred to a committee :
" Descriptions of new species of fossil Crinoidea, &c." By F. B.
Meek and A. H. Worthen.

August Sth.

Dr Ruschenberger, in the Chair.

Ten members present.

The following papers were read and referred to committees :
" Notes on a species of Whale found in the River Delaware," By
E. D. Cope.

" On some Conirostral Birds from Costa Rica." By John Cassin.

* Anier. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 1858, p. 158.

1865.]

138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

August 15 th.

Mr. Cassin, Vice President, in the Chair.

Eight members present.

The following papers were read and referred to committees :

New Polyzonidse." By H. C. Wood, Jr., M. D.

" On a new genus of Vespertilionidae." By H. Allen, M. D.

August 22 J.
Mr. Cassin, Vice President, in the Chair.
Eight members present.

August 29 th.

The President, Dr. Bridges, in the Chair.

Eleven members present.

On report of the respective committees, the following were ordered
to be published.

Remarks on the genus TAXOCRINTJS, (Phillips) McCoy, 1844; and its relations
to FORBESIOCRINUS, Koninck and Le Hon, 1854, with descriptions of new
species.

BY F. B. MEEK AND A. H. WORTHEN.

The genus Taxocrinus, Phillips, as published by McCoy in 1844, (Carb. Foss.
Ireland, p. 178,) was founded upon Cyathocrinus ? macrodaclylus, Phillips, and
Taxocrinus polydactylus, McCoy, both of which are described, and the latter
figured by McCoy, as if- composed of five basal pieces directly alternating
with the five radial series, the latter forming free arms without any interra-
dial or anal pieces between. Phillips' figures of T. macrodactylus, however,
(Palaeozoic Fossils, pi. xv.,) particularly his figure b, certainly shows a small
interradial piece wedged in between the truncated superior lateral angles of two
of the first radial pieces. From these illustrations, therefore, as well as from
the fact that in redescribing the genus in 1851, according to the later im-
proved nomenclature of the parts, (Brit. Pal. Foss. p. 51,) McCoy distinctly
says " five hexagonal interradial plates intervene between the second primary
radials, resting on the upper lateral edges of the 1st do.,"* it is manifest
that there is generally, if not always, one or two ranges of interradial pieces,
in adult examples of what are regarded in Europe as typical species of this
genus, when found entire.

* From the species included, as well as from that author's usual method of describing these
parts of crinuids, it is obvious that by,the words " five hexagonal interradial plates intervening,
Ac," he means a single piece occupies each of the five interradial, or rather four interradial,
and one anal spaces.

[Aug.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 139

The genus Forbesiocrinus, proposed by Koninck and Le Hon, in 1854, (Re-
cherch. sur les Crinoides, p. 118,) was founded upon their F. nobilis, which they
think probably the same as Poteriocrinus? iiobilis, Phillips, originally included
by the latter author in his lsocrinitis, for which the name Taxocrinus was af-
terwards substituted, when he became aware of the fact that Isocrinus had
been previously used by Meyer for another group. In their description of
Forbesiocrinus, Koninck and Lehon characterize it as having five basal pieces,
alternating with five series of primary radials consisting of four pieces each,
with the anal and interradial spaces each occupied by from 12 to 13 pieces,
and the axillary spaces by three small pieces each.

From all the descriptions and illustrations yet published, of the groups
Taxocrinus and Forbesiocrinus, it is therefore clearly evident that these two
types as understood by European authors, are distinguished by Taxocrinus
having but one or two ranges of interradial pieces, or none, and Forbesiocrinus
having from 12 to 13 of these pieces occupying each interradial spaces, and
a few small pieces in the axillary spaces above. In all other points of struc-
ture, and arrangement of parts, whether of the column, basal, radial or arm
pieces, they are understood and acknowledged to agree exactly. But as it
has been found that typical species of Forbesiocrinus, possess three more or
less developed basal pieces within or beneath those regarded as such by Kon-
inck and Le Hon, (Iowa Report, p. 628,) it might be supposed this character
would aid in distinguishing the two groups. It is well known, however, that
American typical species of Taxocrinus, without interradial or anal pieces,
or with but a single range of the two, such as T. Thiemei and T. juvenis,=
[Forbesiocrinus Thiemei and F. fuvenis, Hall, Jour. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii., 317 and
318,) possess precisely the same structure, being both described as having
small basal and subradial pieces.* Nor can we make the presence of inter-
axillary pieces, or the small patelliform supplementary pieces, so often seen
at the sutures of the radials in well defined Forbesiocrinus, a means of distinc-
tion, since neither are always present in otherwise typical forms of that
group with the interradial spaces filled with plates ; while well marked spe-
cies of Taxocrinus, such as T. Thiemei and T. juvenis, Hall, (sp.,) the first with-
out anal or interradial pieces, and the latter with the " interradial and anal
series consisting of one plate each," are described, the first as having " arm
joints showing the small patelloid plates very distinct," and the latter, with
" the small patelloid plates indicated by the strong curvature of the suture
lines of the radial plates, becoming more distinct in the arm plates." So if
we attempt to distinguish ihese groups at all, we must fall back upon the dif-
ference of the one group being without anals or interradials, or with but one
or two ranges of these pieces, and the other with a greater number.

Now, however well this difference may serve to separate into two groups
the few known European species, an attentive study of our more nume-
rous American forms has shaken our confidence in the possibility of separa-
ting all the species hitherto discovered, into two sharply defined genera,
until some more reliable characters can be pointed out. Our reasons for this
conclusion will be better understood by consulting the following list of 22
American and European species and varieties, with a tabular statement of
the number of the various parts of each.f

* Our Taxocrinus gracilis, of this paper, with a single series of interradials, shows clearly
three small pieces uuder the five considered the basale, by most authors.

t We have not included Taxocrinus inter scapular is, Hall, (Iowa Report, pi. i. fig. 3,) in this
list, because it deviates from the typical forma of the genus, and seems allied to Dimerocrinus.
Phillips, though differing trom that genus in not having the arms composed of a double series of
minute interlocking pieces, as well as in some other points of structure.

18H5.]

140

PROCEEDINGS OE THE ACADEMY OF

e
o
o
m
W
is
K
O
Ph

o
o

o
EH

O
J4

-O

a .

a o

o T3

3
fl

o
o

^3 c-

V CO

to
o

m tj< ro in ^ co

"* CO

o o

>Tt-<tCOT)<T}<CO-*CO"*

O M

" a

* 3 -* -# csi

\Ct

Tf * CO

o
in m *

O O

O O O O CO o

=3 > !

3 c3 :

co a> :

* a i

O O -* ' f-r 3 r-i co CM ^

O .

q a,

a, Ex

O ^h i .1 . i ~

a .-.

CO -^^ ^ ST CO

CO (75

o o

i IHHOtO H H

S
=

a s

^ o

co in

Sin in
cm cm

^ <M in

co ~- ^i co

2^3

1 s

5 ;

: : ^_

: /-s d

J3 =

'a
o

S ^

a "
s s M

S<e S
r .-a

KJj;

s S^S

fe.

I I

co ** in

to t~ ooo 'Mco^inot--

X> I M
i i CM (M

+ By referring to the description and diagram of Forbesiocrinus Agassizi, (Sup. Iowa Report,)
nages 6fi and 67. it will be seen that one ofthe subradial pieces is there by an oversight described
as the first anal. It is also worthy of note, that the diagram there given, shows clearly five
basal pieces. If this is correct we may doubt the propriety of placing this species in the genus

It has not b?en considered necessary to mention in this table the number of basal pieces, be-
cause both groups agree in having three of these pieces.

t Messrs Lyon and Casseday described this species as the type of a new genus Onyctwcrinus, in
1859. We do not see, however, that it can be distinguished from Furbesiocrinus, as now under-
stood. r .

[Aug.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 141

From this statement, it will be seen that, starting from such forms as Taxo-
crinus poly daclylus, T. Thiemei, &c., without interradial or anal pieces, we pass
by a very easy gradation through the young of T. communis, having a single
range of granules representing interradials, to the adult of the same, with
one well developed interradial in each space, and one anal surmounted by
two or three granules. Then we have several other species, with a single
range of interradial and anal pieces, after which we pass to T. ramulosus, with
one interradial, three to six anals, and three interaxillary pieces, and then to
T. tuberculatum, with two interradial and two anal pieces in each space ; after
which we have F. asterixformis, with its four interradials and four anal pieces.
Continuing down the list, we find, as we pass from species to species, the
number of these intermediate plates increasing as gradually as we could ex-
pect these pieces in species of the same genus of crinoids to do, until we ar-
rive at F. Worlkeni, with its thirty or more interradials, and twenty or more
anals. Nor is it probable this is the maximum number of these pieces some-
times visible between the rays, since it is known that in some species, such
as F. exculptus, Lyon and Casseday (sp.), they continue on up, and pass with-
out change or interruption, into a series forming a solid dome above. Hence
it is probable that in the typical forms of Taxocrinus, without interradials, or
but one or two rauges, and long ponderous rays, such as T. macrodactylus, T.
polydactylus and T. ramulosus, the visceral sac corresponded in size with
that of the column and rays, or in other words, extended as far up at least as
the second bifurcation, and that it was merely protected by a dermal enve-
lope between the rays aud above. The fact that this integument protecting
the softer parts, may have, in some instances, merely secreted a rudimentary
piece at the bottom of each interradial space, or one or two well developed
plates, or filled the whole space partly or entirely, or continued the process
of secreting calcareous matter, until the whole summit was arched over with
a solid vault, although probably presenting in the various degrees of this
process good specific differences, can scarcely, we should think, be regarded
in this group as presenting sufficiently important characters for the distinc-
tion of genera, especially when these differences are not coincident with any
other peculiarities. In addition to this, when we bear in mind that different
sized individuals of the same species, as in Forbesiocrinus Agassizi and F. ez-
culptus, the number of interradial pieces are acknowledged to vary in the first
instance from fifteen to twenty five, and in the second from twenty to twenty-
five, we can readily understand that some caution is necessary in basing even
specific distinctions on these differences alone.

Nor on the other hand, if we direct our attention to the primary or second-
ary radial pieces, or to the arms, do we see anything to sustain the generally
accepted distinction of two genera in this group ; for, if we make the radial
series, for instance, a basis of classification, we would have, as may be seen
by glancing at the 5th and 6th columns of the foregoing table, to place Taxo-
crinus nuntius, without anals or interradials, not only along with Forbesiocri-
nus spimfer, with its single range of interradials, but with F. Agassizi, -with its
thirty to forty anals, and twenty-five to thirty interradials. The same me-
thod would also place a variety of F. Meeki with seven interradials in the
same group with Taxocrinus juvenis, Hall, with its single range of interradial
pieces.

Now from these facts, it must be evident, we think, that if Forbesiocrinus is
to be retained as a distinct genus from Taxocrinus, it will have to be separated
upon some characters or differences not yet observed. Hence, although we
shall continue to use the two names, for the sake of convenience, ranging un-
der Taxocrinus species without interradial or anal pieces, as well as those
with one or two of each ; and under Forbesiocrinus, those with a greater num-
ber of these pieces, we shall do so at least until better evidences of their
being distinct genera have been adduced with the understanding that we

1865.] 10

142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

regard the latter group as a section or subgenus under the old name Taxocrinus.
In this sense, then, we leave under the names Forbesiocrinus, our F. Monroensis
and T. Nonvoodi, as well as all those mentioned in the foregoing list from No.
12 to 22 inclusive. Our FJ semiovatus, however, seems to be a typical Taxo-
crinus, and its name should be written Taxocrinus semiovatus. The species
Forbesiocrinus nun tins, F. Thiemei, F. communis, F. Kellogi, F. spinifer, and F.
juvenis, of Hall, we regard as likewise typical forms of Taxocrinus, and hence
their names should be written Taxocrinus nuntius, T. theimei, T. communis, T.
Kellogi, T. spinifer, and T. juvenis.

Taxocrinus gracilis, Meek and Worthen.

Body small, expanding moderately from the base. Basal pieces small, and
looking like the last joint of the column divided into three pieces ; subradial
pieces so small and narrow as to allow the lower middle extremity of the
first radials to come nearly, or in some instances, quite down upon the basal
pieces ; four of them triangular and more or less wedge-shaped so as to pro-
ject up between the first radials as much as half the length of the latter ; the
fifth one larger than the others, but slightly tapering, and truncated above by
the anal? piece, so as to present a quadrangular or subpentagonal outline.
First radial pieces considerably larger than the subradial, of nearly equal
length and breadth, or a little wider than long, hexagonal in form, the infe-
rior sloping, and upper horizontal sides much longer than the others. Se-
cond radials, in four of the rays, shorter than the first, wider than long, and
generally hexagonal ; in the fifth ray of the specimen under investigation,
the second piece has its right margin enormously, and perhaps abnormally,
developed, and extended obliquely upwards, so as to fill the whole interra-
dial space above the comparatively minute interradial piece, quite up as far
as the second bifurcation of the rays, with one solid plate. In the ray con-
taining this singularly developed second piece, there are two other primary
radial pieces succeeding it, of near the natural size and form, upon the last
(fourth) one of which the first bifurcation takes place ; after this each of the
divisions bifurcates again on the fourth piece, and the two inner subdivi-
sions again on the fourth piece, while the two outer ones send off" subdivi-
sions, one on the sixth, and one on the seventh piece. In the ray immedi-
ately to the right of that just described, and apparently the anterior one, no
division takes place until upon the eighth piece, all the pieces between the se-
cond and eighth being transversely oblong or about twice as wide as long, and
gradually diminishing in size. In the other three rays, the first division
takes place on the third piece, and the second and third divisions also on the
third piece, the arms rather rapidly diminishing in size with each bifurca-
tion.

Interradial pieces very small, rather longer than wide, somewhat wedge-
shaped above, and resting between the short superior lateral sloping sides of
the first radials, and supporting on each superior sloping side a short trun-
cated margin of the contiguous second radials, which generally meet over the
little interradial, so as to isolate it from the free space above, though not
always. Anal piece a little larger than the interradials hexagonal in form,
and resting with one short side upon a truncated upper side of the largest
subradial ; while it connects on the right with a first and second primary
radial, and on the left with a second and third primary radial, and one first
secondary radial.

Surface of body apparently smooth, but showing granules on some of the
divisions of arms. Patelliform accessory pieces not developed between the
primary radial pieces, but quite distinct between some of the secondary.
Column, as in other species of the group, round and tapering downwards
from the base, near which it is composed of very thin pieces.

This species, although somewhat like T. intemcapularis, Hall, (Iowa Report,

[Aug.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 143

pi. 1, f. 3,) from the same locality, will be at once distinguished by its more
spreading rays, greater interradial and interbranchial spaces, and particu-
larly by its proportionally, smaller and shorter interradial pieces, as well as
by haying the latter resting upon the superior lateral truncated sides of the
first radials, instead of upon one of the second, while it has no interaxillary
pieces as seen in T. inter scapular is It likewise shows some differences in the
bifurcations of its arms, after the first division.

A marked feature in the specimen from which the description was made
out, is the extraordinary development of the right margin of one of the se-
cond primary radial pieces, by which it is made to fill the entire adjacent in-
terradial space. This, however, as already stated, is probably abnormal.

Locality and position. New Buffalo, Iowa. Hamilton division of the Devon-
ian.

Descriptions of new species of CRINOIDEA, &c , from the Palseozoic rocks of
Illinois and some of the adjoining States,

BY F. B. MEKK AND A H. WORTHEN".

RADIATA.

ECHINODERMATA.

CYSTIDEA.

Genus COMAROCYSTITES. Billings, 1854.

Comarocystites, Billings, Canadian Journal, vol. ii. p. 269, 1854; Report Geol.
Survey Canada, p. 288, 185(3 ; Decade iii. Canadian Organic Remains, p.
61, 1859.
"Body ovate, the smaller extremity being the base ; pelvis small, of three
plates, above which are from eight to eleven irregular rows of plates, mostly
hexagonal; mouth near the summit provided with a valvular apparatus;
arms free, grooved, and composed of a single series of joints bearing
pinnulse ; ambulacral orifice in the apex between the arms ; celumn round and
smooth. The plates of the only species that has been collected present, in
some conditions of preservation, a peculiar vesicular structure of their exte-
rior surfaces, while sometimes they are solid and smooth."
"Generic name Comaron, a strawberry."

Comarocystites Shumardi, M. & W.

Body obovate, the summit being more broadly rounded than the lower ex-
tremity ; height about one-tenth greater than the breadth. Basal pieces
wider than long, irregularly heptagonal and octagonal, extending out hori-
zontally from the column, and having, at two of the sutures, small supple-
mentary pieces wedged in between, so as to come nearly in contact with the
end of the column. Succeeding ranges of plates above, five, very irregularly
arranged, and differing in size and form, but increasing in diameter from
below upwards, mostly hexagonal or heptagonal in form ; all deeply con-
cave on the outside, with prominent sharp carinse at the sutures ; when these
angular prominences are weathered or worn, slit-like pores are sen passing
through the sutures, which they cross at right angles, being partly common
to each of the contiguous plates. Height, 1*50 inch ; breadth, 1-30 inch;
greatest breadth of one of the plates next 10 upper range, O-M inch. Arms
and openings of the summit unknown.

This species is nearly allied to C. punctatus, Billings, the type of the genus,
from which it may be distinguished by having only five ranges of plates above
the base, instead of seven or eight, as well as by the greater size. of the plates

1865.]

144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

near the summit, some of which measure as much as three times the diameter
of those of the corresponding pieces in the Canadian species of equal size. It
is true these are probably, to some degree, variable characters in this genus,
but not, we should think, to the extent exhibited between the Canadian species
and our specimens, in which latter they are constant. Again, where the
sutures of our species have been worn so as to expose the perforations, they
are seen to be less crowded, and not so numerous as in C. punctatus, while
none of the plates, even where apparently perfectly preserved, show any
traces of surface stria?.

The deep concavity of the external surface of the plates in this genus, and
the sharply carinated character of the sutures between, together with the
irregularity in the size, firm and arrangement of the plates, give a very pecu-
liar appearance to the fossil, that might, at a first glance, cause it to be mis
taken for a coial. When only found in the condition of detached plates, they
present a singular appearance, well calculated to mislead even an experienced
palaeontologist who had not seen the entire fossil, or enough of the plates
united, to show their true characters. The fact that they are all deeply con-
cave, and when unworn, smooth on the outside, while the inner side is convex
and strongly rayed, would naturally lead to the conclusion that the outside is
the inner side, and vice versa. When a few of the plates are found united,
however, it is at once seen that the deep concavity is on the outside, and
the convexity and rajs within. These rays extend one from the prominent
middle of each plate to each of its sides, where they connect with those coming
from the middle of the adjacent plates. When three or four of the united
plates are placed with the inside upwards, the spaces between the rays are
seen to present the form of deep, triangular pyramidal cavities, the apex of
each cavity terminating at the meeting of the corners of each three of the con-
tiguous plates. The rays are as prominent as the convex centres of the plates,
and quite narrow or linear within, but widen rapidly towards the outside of
the plates. They are also each split longitudinally into parallel laminae by a
series of profound tdits extending nearly to the outer surface of the plates,
and it is these slits that are seen, like pores, at the prominent angular sutures,
where the edges of the plates at the latter have been worn partly away. It
is difficult to understand the use of these deep slits, or divisions of the internal
rays, since, as noticed by Mr. Billings, they seem never to pass entirely
through the plates, excepting where the prominent edges of the latter have
been worn away.

Named in honor of Dr. B. F. Shumard, of St. Louis, whose labors in western
geology and palaeontology are well known.

Locality and position. Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Trenton division of
Lower Silurian.

Comakocystites Shumakdi, var. obconicds, M. & W.

A single specimen in the collection from the same locality and position as
the species, just described, differs in being obconical instead of obovate, its
lower half tapering downwards gradually to the column. Its basal plates also
rise nearly vertically from the column, instead of extending out horizontally
as in the typical form of C. Shumardi. It has a part of the column attached,
showing it to be very nearly cylindrical, and composed of thin plates. In
form this specimen agrees nearly with Mr. Billings' figure 2, plate 5, decade
iii., Geol. Survey of Canada, from which it differs in having only five ranges
of plates above the base. It also agrees with the species we have just de-
scribed, ia having its plates above the middle proportionally larger, one of
these plates in a specimen only - 72 inch in height, measuring nearly a third
more in diameter than those of Mr. Billings' species near 1*50 inches in height.

It is quite probable this form may belong to a distinct species, but as we

[Aug.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. li. r >

are not clearly satisfied that this is the case, we merely call attention to it as
a variety of C. Shumardi.

Locality and position, same as last.

CRINOIDEA.

Genus POROCRINUS, Billings, 1856.

Porocrinus, Billings, Report Geol. Survey of Canada, 1856, p. 279 ; Canadiau
Org. Rem. 1859, Decade iw, p. 33.

Generic formula. Basal plates 5. Proper interradials 0.

Subradials 5. Anals . 2.

Radials 1x5.

"Cup conical; basal plates five, pentagonal; subradials five, three hexa-
gonal and two heptagonal ; primary radials five ; one large azygos interradial
supported on the truncated summit of the anterior subradial, and one small
one, situated over the suture between the anterior subradials, and having
above it on one side the large azygos, and on the other the left anterior primary
radial; several small pectinate! rhombs similar to those of the C)Jstidea. ,,
[Billings].

As remarked by Mr. Billings, this genus has the structure, so far as the
form and arrangement of the plates forming the base and lateral walls of the
cup are concerned, of Poteriocrinus and Cyathocriims ; from botli of which it
differs in the important character of having pectinated openings analogous to
those of the Cystidea.

Our specimens of the following described species also show that this inte-
resting type also presents another character in common with some of the Cys-
tidea that is, the possession of several large rounded, non-pectinated open-
ings above. Of these openings there are three, one on the anal side, and two
on the anterior side. They are all nearly on the same horizon as the bases of
the free arms, though the anal opening is a little lower than the other two.

So it would seem this genus presents, as it were, a combination of the cha-
racters of the Orinoidea and Cystidea. With the regularity of structure and
arrangement of parts of a true Crinoid, it has the pectinated and other open-
ings of a Cystidean. It differs, however, from the Cystidea in having the pec-
tinated openings located at the junction of the corners of the plates, instead
of passing through them near one of the sides, while the little bars protecting
these openings are arranged obliquely, instead of at right angles to the mar-
gins of the plates, as in the Cystidea.

Our species also shows that the conical form of the cup is not a generic
character.

POROCRINUS CKASSOS, M. & W.

Body subovoid or a little higher than wide. Base depressed, rather widely
truncated below, pentagonal in outline, two and a half to three times as wide
as high, with a comparatively large pentagonal central perforation ; basal
pieces wider than long, pentagonal in outline. Subradial pieces twice to
three times as large as the basal, about as high as wide, three hexagonal, and
two on the anal side heptagonal. First radial pieces of about the same size
as the subradials, apparently all irregularly heptagonal, each with, near its
upper extremity, a small outward sloping subcordate, or oval, flattened sur-
face for the articulation of the second (first free) radial piece ; four of them
with each* one, and the fifth with two, of the superior lateral margins deeply
sinuous and forming in part the margins of the large rounded openings of the
summit. Anal pieces two ; the first smaller than the other, quadrangular in
form, resting between the superior sloping sides of two of the subradials,
and supporting, on its right upper sloping edge, one side of one of the first
radials, and on its left one of the oblique sides of the second anal piece.

1865.]

1 4G PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Second anal oblique, wider (obliquely) than its diameter in the direction of
its vertical axis, irregularly pentagonal, resting with its base upon the upper
truncated side of one of the subradials, and its left side against one of the
first radials ; while its upper right margin connects with another, and its sinu-
ous oblique superior side forms the under margin of the anal opening. Pec-
tinated areas situated in deep excavations, those at the angles of the basal
and subradial pieces largest, and obscurely trilobate ; the smaller ones at the
angles above oval or subcircular. Surface ornamented with strong radiating
costse extending from the centre to each of the sides of the plates, and all
widening from the centre outwards. Sutures distinctly furrowed, even on
the truncated under side of the base.

Length - 72 inch ; breadth about O66 inch.

This species will be at once distinguished from P. conicus, of Billings, the
typical species of the genus, by its oval instead of obconic form, (being widest
a little below the arms, and rounded in above), and the strong radiating cos-
tse of its plates. We know of no other form with which it need be compared.

Like the typical species, its free arms commenced with the second radial,
and were evidently slender, and nearly cylindrical, or a little compressed late-
rally, and provided with a very small furrow above. We have not seen the
column, but it appears to have been large at its connection with the base.

Nor have we been able to see the structure of the small crown occupying
the narrow space within the area surrounded by the arms, but it seems to
consist of about three or four comparatively large plates.

Locality and position. Oswego, Kendall Co., 111. Cincinnati Group,* Lower
Silurian System.

POROCRINUS PENTAG0NIUS, M. & W.

Body pentagonal-obovoid, being more or less rounded above, and tapering
at an angle of about sixty degrees from the middle of the prominent sub-
radials to the summit of the column ; base forming about one-fifth of the
entire height, and having the form of an expanding pentagonal basin, with
flattened sides ; basal pieces pentagonal, and nearly twice as wide as high.
Subradial pieces as long as wide, and equalling nearly half the length of the
body. the only one visible on all sides in our specimens, hexagonal in form ;
each prominent in the middle, from which point a well-defined ridge radiates
so as to connect with similar ridges on each of the surrounding plates ; the
ridges passing laterally and upwards intersect the sides of the plates, but the
one passing downwards from the middle of each subradial coincides with its
central inferior angle, where it connects with a corresponding ridge extending
up the sutures between the basal pieces ; the arrangement of the ridges being
such us to divide the surface into a series of large triangular, slightly concave
areas, in which are placed the pectinated openings. These openings at the
corners of the basal and subradial pieces consist of about twelve of the linear
fissures to ea< h plate ; those at the junction of the plates above smaller, with
a proportionally smaller number of fissures. Form and arrangement of the
anal and radial pieces, as well as of the arms, unknown.

Surface finely granulo-striate, the granules being ranged in lines parallel to
the ridges, particularly on the ridges below the middle of the subradials, so as
to present, as seen under a good magnifier, a finely substriated appearance.

Column rounded, and expanding rapidly upwards near the base, where it is
composed of very thin segments with minutely crenated edges ; farther down
the segments are proportionally thicker and more coarsely crenate.

Length of body, 0*43 inch ; breadth at the middle of the subradials, 0-40
inch. Breadth of column at its connection with the base, 0-15 inch ; do. - 72
inch below, 0-05 inch.

* See Note at the end of this paper.

C A g.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 147

This species will be readily distinguished from P. conicus, of Billings, by
its broader, more ovoid, and more angular form, owing to the much greater
prominence of its subradial pieces, and particularly by the well-defined ridges
radiating from the centre of the plates. In the latter character, it approaches
more nearly the last described species, P. crassus, from which it differs in a
marked degree, in having its under side below the middle of the subradial
pieces greatly more tapering, and base much smaller, and not wider than the
head of the column, as well as proportionally higher. It also differs in having
its greatest breadth at the middle of the subradial pieces, which are much
more prominent ; while its pectinated openings are not sunken, nor its sutures
furrowed as in the last.

Locality and position. Trenton Limestone, of Lower Silurian; Dixon, 111.

Genus HETEROCRINE, Hall, 1847.
Heterocrinus crassus, M. & W.

Body robust, but rather small compared with the arms and column, wider
above than the length from the base to the summit of the first radials ; dis-
tinctly truncated at its connection with the column, from which point the
sides expand rather distinctly upwards ; subpentagonal in outline as seen
from below. Basal pieces pentagonal, wider than long, and all excavated or
indented on the outside at the superior angle and down the middle. First
radial pieces longer than the basal, about three-fourths as long as wide,
broadly truncated above, and regularly pentagonal in form, excepting two on
the anal side, which appear to each have one of the superior lateral angles a
little truncated for the reception of a small anal piece ; all deeply indented
at their inferior lateral angles, so as to leave a broad, rounded, undefined ridge
or prominence descending from the middle to the basal pieces. Succeeding
radial pieces forming free arms, nearly as wide as, but much shorter than,
the first; in four of the rays all transversely oblong, and about three or four
times as wide as long, excepting the fourth or fifth pieces, which is pentagonal,
and supports, on its sloping upper side, the first divisions. In one ray on the
anal side the second piece is pentagonal, larger than that of any of the others,
and gives off a lateral branch from its short sloping side on the left,* above
which the other pieces present the same size and form seen in the other rays.

Arms after the first division on last radial, bifurcating again on the sixth or
seventh piece, after which they are known to divide again in one arm, on the
sixth piece, which is as far as our specimens show the structure.

Surface usually appearing smooth, but sometimes showing traces of scatter-
ing granules. Column comparatively large, distinctly pentagonal, and ex-
panding upwards near the base of the body, where it is composed of irregu-
larly alternating thicker and thinner segments ; central perforation small and
round.

Height of body from base to the summit of first radial pieces, 0*35 inch ;
breadth at summit of first radials, about 0-67 inch ; length of five succeeding
radial pieces, - 4(j inch ; breadth of do. about 0*15 inch. Breadth of column
at its connection with the base, 03:2 inch.

This is perhaps the largest and most robust species of the genus known. It
is composed of thick, strong plates, and the indentations or excavations at
the points where the superior angle of each basal plate connects with the
inferior lateral angles of the first radials, together with the more shallow
depressions extending down from these points to the lower margin of the basal
pieces, give a pentagonal outline to the body the five angles being coincident
with those of the column.

* From some of the specimens it appears somewhat doubtful whether this may not be. a range
of anal pieces, instead of a branch of the arm.

1865.]

148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Locality and position. Cincinnati Group of the Lower Silurian series ;
Kendall Co., Illinois.

Heterocrinps subcrassus, M. & W.

This species agrees so nearly with the last in most of its characters as to
render a detailed description unnecessary. It will be readily distinguished,
however, by its smaller size, as well as its less robust appearance, and the
different aspect of its arms. This latter difference consists in the more slender
appearance of all the divisions, and particularly in the joints of which they
are composed having their upper margins projecting beyond the base of each
succeeding piece above, so as to present a kind of upward imbricating appear-
ance and roughness, not seen in the arms of H. crassus.

As in the last, its rays bifurcate first on the fifth and sixth pieces, and one
of them gives offabranch (?) on the leftside ofthe second radial, abovewhichit
bifurcates regularly on the sixth piece. After the first regular division on the
last radial piece, some of the arms are seen to divide again on the fourth,
others on the fifth, and others on the sixth pieces, after which one division is
known to bifurcate on the sixth piece, and still again on the thirteenth.

Breadth of body at the summit of the first radial pieces, 0*27 inch ; height
of do., 0-13 inch ; length of rays from top of first radial pieces to the first
bifurcation, 0.21 inch ; entire length of arms from first division to extremities,
about 1-50 inches. Breadth of column at its connection with the base, - 15
inch.

Locality and position. Cincinnati, Ohio. Cincinnati Group of Lower Silu-
rian .

Heterocrine ? incurvus, M. & W.
Subgenus Anomalocrinus, M. & W.

Body expanding rapidly from the base to the summit of the first and second
radial pieces, where it is more than twice as wide as high; composed of the
five basal, five first radial, and two second radial pieces. Basal pieces pen-
tagonal, of moderate size, wider than long, and forming together a low rapidly-
expanding, pentagonal cup. First radial pieces in three of the rays from
three to five times as large as the basal pieces, wider than long, two hexagonal
and one heptagonal, all with their superior lateral angles strongly incurved
between the arms, and each with a small protuberant, rounded facet ab