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COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,
AT nARVAKD COLLEGE, CAMERIBCE. MASS.
iFounticiJ b]) pifbatc subscvfptfoii, in ISGi.
Prom the Library of LOUIS AGASSIZ.
No. ^2^^.
..A^. r1n/y /
PROCEEDINGS
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
HELD AT PHILADELPHIA
PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE
Vol. VII
JANUARY 1859 TO JANUARY 1861
PHILADELPHIA
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY
BY C. SHERMAN &. SON
1861
PROCEEDINGS
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
Vol. VII. JAxNUARY— JUNE, 1859. No. 61.
Stated Meeting, January 7, 1859.
Present, eighteen members.
Dr. George B. Wood, President, in the Chair.
The judges and clerks of the annual election, held this day
for officers of the Society, repoi'ted that the following named
members were elected officers of the Society for the ensuing
year: —
Presif]e7it.
George B. Wood.
Vice Presidents.
John C. Cresson,
Isaac Lea,
George Sharswood.
Secretaries.
Charles B. Trego,
E. Otis Kendall,
John L. Le Conte,
J. P. Lesley.
Members of the Council, for Three Years,
Isaac Hays,
Robert E. Rogers,
Henry C. Carey,
Robert Bridges.
Curators.
Franklin Peale,
Elias Durand,
Joseph Carson.
Treasurer.
Charles B. Trego.
VOL. VII. A
Dr. Wood, the newly elected President, then took the chair,
and expressed his acknowledgments to the Society for the ho-
nour conferred upon him.
Letters were read from Capt. W. F. Lynch, U. S. N. dated
Philada. Dec. 28, 1858, acknowledg;ing the receipt of notice of
his election as a member of the Society; — from Col. J. D. Gra-
ham, dated Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 25, 1858, enclosing a dona-
tion of fifty dollars to aid in the Society's publications. For
this donation the thanks of the Society were directed to be
communicated to Col. Graham: — and from John F. Frazer,
dated Dec. 30, 1858, resigning his membership in the Society;
which letter was laid on the table.
The following donations for the Library were announced: —
Astronomical Journal, No. 119. — Frovi Dr. B. A. Goitld.
Monthly Notices, Roy. Astron. Soc. XIX. 1. — From the Society.
Revue de I'Art Creticnne; Recueil mensuel d'Archeologie reiigieuse
dirige par M. I'Abbe J. Corblet. Deuxicme annee. No. 9. Paris,
1858. 8vo.
Lite and Services of John Lyon; The Marbles of Vermont; Two
Addresses before the V^crmont Hist. Soc. by P. II. White and
A I. D. Hagar. (Pamphlet 42 pp.) Burlington, 1858. 8vo. —
From the Society.
Report in the N. Y. Times, of the Address of Dr. Hays before the
N. Y. Geographical Society, Dec. 18, 1858. — From the Author.
Report of the Improvement of the Kanawha and Ohio rivers by arti-
ficial lakes, by C. Ellet, Jun. C. E. Phil. 1858. 8vo.
Die quinarc und vigesimale ZiihhTiethode bei volkern aller vvelttheile;
nebst ausfuhrlichercn bemerkungen (iber die Zahlworter Indoger-
manischen stammes; und einem anhange uber Fingernamen. Von
Dr. A. F. Pott. (300 pp.) Halle, 1847. S\o.— From F. L.
O. Rohrig.
Die grundzuge der Finnischen sprache, mit riicksicht auf den Ural-
altaischcn sprachstamm. Von H. Kellgren. (100 pp.) Berlin,
1847. Qwo.—From F. L. O. Rohrig.
La Hongrie ancienne et moderne; histoire, arts, litterature, monu-
ments; par une societe de litterateurs, sous la direction de M. J.
Boldenyi. (400 pp.) Paris, 1851. 8vo. with illustrations. —
Fro?ri F. L. O. Rohrig.
Journal Acad. N. S. Phila. VI. 1. — Fro?n the Society.
Amer. Jour. Med. Sciences. Jan. 1859. — From Blanchard 6^ Lea.
Medical News and Library. Jan. 1859. — From Blanchard 6^ Lea.
Maryland Institute: Book of the XI. Exhibition, 1858 From the
Institute.
American Iron Association, Bulletin and Statistics. Philadelphia,
1858. 4to.
Proceedings Amer. Antiq. Soc. Oct. 21, 1858. Boston. — From the
Society.
Amer. Jour. Sci. and Art. New Haven No. 79. — Fromihe Editors.
On motion of Prof. Cresson, the Society proceeded to the
nomination of a Librarian, in compliance with Sec. 1, Chap.
VIIL of the amended laws of the Society, and Mr. J. P. Les-
le}' was nominated for election to that office: after which, on
motion, the nomination was closed.
Pending nominations for membership, Nos. 3S5, 3S6 and
3S7, were read, and the Society was adjourned.
Stated Meeting, January 21, 1859.
Dr. George B. Wood, Pi'esident, in the Chair.
Present, sixteen members.
The following donations for the Library were announced: —
Quarterly Jour. Lond. Chem. Soc. XLII. — From the Society.
Official Army Register for 1859. — From the War Department.
African Repository, No. 1. From the Am. Colonization Society.
Journal, Franklin Inst. Jan. 1859. — Fromthe Listitute.
A Key to the Trustees' statement; letters to the majority of the Trus-
tees of the Dudley Observatory; by G. II. Thacher. (126 pp.)
Albany, 1858. 8vo. — Fromthe Avthor.
Obs. on the Genus Unio. VI. 2, 1858. 4to. — From Isaac Lea.
Eleventh Annual Report of the Regents of the University on the con-
dition of the Slate Cabinet, &c. Albany, 1859. 8vo. — From
the Board of Regents.
Seventy-first An. Rep. of the Board of Regents. (384 pp.) — From
the same.
An. Rep. of the Trustees of the N. Y. State Library. (80 pp.) 1858.
Catalogue of Books on Bibliog. Typog. and Engraving in the N. Y.
State Library.
Colonial Doc. Holland Doc. If. (770 pp.) Albany, 18.58. 4to.
Account of the remains of a fossil extinct reptile recently discovered
at Haddonfield, N. J. (16 pp. from Proc. A. N. S.) Philadi •
1859. 8vo. — From Isaac Lta.
Twelve .Memoirs of M. Jules Bienayme presented at various times to
the French Academy. — From Mrs. E. Smith.
Professor Treii;o hiid upon the table a mineral deposite from
the hot springs of Munnikurrun, in the immediiitc vicinity of
the eternal snows of the Himalayas, about SOO miles north of
Simla, in Upper India. The speciinen exhibited was obtained
from beneath the boiling; water of the sprinj^s, in November,
1867, by J. Tiiomas, M.D., and presented by him to Prof.
Tre<:;o. The temperature of these hot springs is 196° F.
which is above the boiling point of water at that place, it being
near 7000 feet abov^e the level of the sea. The rock formation
in the vicinity is gneiss and granite, accompanied with occa-
sional layers of chloritic or talcose slate. The specimen laid
befoie the meeting much resembles, in shape and general ap-
peaiance, a petrified fungus of vegetable growth. The surface
of the lower portion and stem is covei'ed with warty excres-
cences of a black colour, while the flat surfjice of the top has a
smooth coating of a browMiish yellow tinge. The interior is
composed of delicate, shining yellow fibres, closely aggregated,
snd generally radiating from the central portion or stem. Dr.
R. E. Rogers, upon examination of this mineral de))osite, finds
the dark coloured coating to be a mixture of the oxides of iron
and manganese; the fibrous portion is carbonate of lime co-
loured by oxideof iron; and the smooth top coating is carbon-
ale of lime with a smaller pi"oj)ortion of oxide of iron.
Dr. R. E. Rogers called the attention of the Society to some
facts in electricity, and exhibited an instrument calculated for
the development of induced electricity, being a modification of
Rumkorff's coil, devised by Ritchie. He described the opera-
tion of this instrument in producing primary and secondary
currents, and in arresting or absorbing the backward current,
so as to allow a free discharge of the forward current; and ex-
plained the effects and inferences to be deduced from the facts
mentioned by liim.
The list of surviving members of the Society was read.
The number on the first of January, 1S59, was 383; of whom
are resident in the United States 284, and in foreio;n countries
99.
Mr. J. P. Lesley was elected Librarian for the ensuing year.
The Standing Committees of the Society were appointed, as
follows:
Flufuice; Messrs. Fraley, Justice, J. F. James.
Puhlicdtion; Dr. Hays,^ H. C. Carey,* Dr. Bridges.
Hull; Mr. Peale, Judge King, Prof Coppee.
Library; Mr. Ord, Dr. Bell, Rev. Dr. Stevens.
The Society proceeded to ballot for candidates for me.mber-
ship.
On motion of Mr. Foulke, it was agreed that a committee of
ten members be appointed to consider and report upon the
condition of the Society, and whether any and what measures
should be adopted to increase its future usefulness. The Pre-
sident was requested to appoint the committee, and announce
it at a future meeting.
All oth.er business having been concluded, the ballot box
was opened, and the following named gentlemen were declared
by the presiding officer to be duly elected members of the So-
ciety: —
Oswald Thompson, of Phihuielphia.
Edmund C. Evans, IvI.D. of Cliester County, Pennsylvania.
Caspar Wister, iNLD. of Phihulelphia.
And the Society was adjourned.
* Resigned April 15. T. P. James, Dr. Ed. Hartsliorne appointed.
6
Stated Meeting, February 4, 1859.
Dr. Wood, President; in the Chair.
Present, eighteen members.
Letters were read from the Regents of the University of the
State of New York, dated Albany, Jan. 17, 1S59, announcing
a donation for the Library; — from Col. Graham, dated Chica-
go, Jan. 31, 1859, enclosing a donation of ^33.62, in aid of the
Society's publication; — and fi'om Oswald Thompson, dated
Jan. 25, 1859; Ed. C. Evans, M.D. dated Highfield, Feb. 1,
1859; and Caspar Wister, dated Jan. 29, 1859, severally ac-
knowledging the receipt of notice of election to membership.
The following donations for the Library were announced: —
Monthly Notices R. Astr. Soc. XIX. 2. London. — From the Soc.
Geol. Rejx:)rt, S. W. Branch Pacific R. R. in Missouri by G. C. Swal-
low. St. Louis, 1859. (100 pp. with a map.) 8vo. — From
G. C. SicaUow.
Philada. Water Works, An. Rep. of Chief Engineer. Philada. Jan.
1859. (50 pp. 2 copies.) — From City Councils.
Mr. Fraley announced the decease, at Boston, of the Ame-
rican historian, Wm. PI. Prescott, a member of this Society,
aged 63 years; and suggested that Mr. Banci'oft might perhaps
be present at some future meeting, and be induced to deliver a
eulogy on the deceased.
Mr. James announced the decease, at Caml)ridge, Mass. of
the American astronomer, Wm. C. Bond, a member of the So-
ciety.
The Committee directed at the last meeting to be appointed
to consider and repoi't upon the condition of the Society, was
named by tiie President to consist of Mr. Foulkc, Di". F. Bache,
Dr. Dunglison, Prof. Cresson, Mr. Lea, Mr. Fraley, Judge
King, Dr. \i. PI Rogers, Dr. J^eidy, Dr. Le Conte, and (on
motion of Mr. Foulke) Dr. Bell and Dy Laroche.
The Librarian presented estimates of the cost of additional
shelves to accommodate the books, which, on motion of Dr.
Bell, were referred to the consideration of the Committee on
the Hall, with power to act.
Dr. R. E. Rogers exhihited the capacity of the Rumkorff coil
(as modified by Ritchie), for generating electricity of high ten-
sion and great volume. Dr. Rogers explained, by experiments
with a small but powerful electi'ical machine armed with a
wooden ring, in the hollow of which was concealed a solid wire
ring (not alluded to by the maker or describers of the machine),
how the volume of the common electrical machine can be in-
definite. y increased, without diminishing the tension, by simply
protecti.'ig its condenser from the air, which, even in its most
favourable conditions, cannot but occupy itself incessantly with
carrying off the electricity. Dr. Rogers succeeded in affording
such protection to the common condenser by simply making it
hollow, and facing the inside instead of the outside with a me-
tallic surface. The same result is obtained by insulating the
outside surface by means of a heavy coat of varnish. A silk
gown thrown over the operator standing on an insulating stool,
makes him a ])owcrful condenser, upon this pi'inciple.
Slated Meeting, Februarij IS, 1859.
Prof. Cresson, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Present, thirteen members.
Letters announcing donations for the library were read from
the I. R. Geol. Inst, dated Vienna, Nov. 30, 1857, Jan. 10,
1858;— the I. Soc. of Nat. of Moscow,-dated June 5-17, 1858;
—the R. Sax. Soc. dated Leipsig, April 28, and July 18,1858:
—the U. Hess. S. N. H. dated Giessen, Aug. 6, 1858:— the R.
Dan. S. dated Copenhagen July 1, 1858:— the R. A. S. at Am-
sterdam, dated Dec. 10, 1857, and June 23, 1858: and the
scientific commission of the Zool. Gard. of Amsterdam, dated
March, 1858.
Letters were also read from the R. A. S. at Amsterdam, ac-
knowledging the receipt of the Society's publications: — from
Dr. D. Bierens de Haar, calling the favourable attention of the
8
Society to his published tnbles of definite integrals, dated De-
venter, March, 1S5S:— tVom Wm. H. Miller, F. Sec. of the R.
S. dated London, January 19, 1S59, relative to the supply of
missing numbersof the A. P. Transactions: — from E. Everett,
Pres't. Trustees Boston Pub. Lib. dated Boston, Jan. 1859,
announcing the presentation of Dr. Bowd itch's library to the
B. P. L. and requesting a continuation of exchanges.
The following donations for the Library were announced: —
African Repository. XXXV. 2.—F?'om the Amer. Col. Society.
Giornale . . . Instituto Lombardo,y. xlvii.-liv. — From the Institvte.
Memorie ... VI; VII, /. i, ii, iii. 1856, 18o8.—Fro/n the same.
Atti . . . . I. R. Is. Lombardo 1,/. i-v. Milan, 1858. 4io.— From
the same.
Bulletin . . . Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, 1857, ii-iv, 1858, i. — From
the Society.
Jahrbuch . . . K. K. Geol. Reich. 1857. VIII. No. 2, 3. 8vo.—
From the Institvte.
Bericht . . . K. Sach. Gesell. Phil. hist. C. 1856, iii, iv, 1857, i, ii,
1858 i.— Math. phys. C. 1657, ii, iii, 1858,1— From the Society.
Hankel's elektrische untersuchungen, iii. Leipsig. — From the same.
Hanson's theorieder sonnenfinsternisse p. 306-451. — From the same.
Jahrs. (43d) ... Nat. Gesell. Emden, 1857. 8vo.~From the Soc.
Kleine Schriften . . . N. G. Emden, 1858. V. Small 8vo.— From
the same.
Bericht (6th.) . . . Oberhess. Gesell. Giessen, 1857. — From the Soc.
Obersigt . . . K. Danske V. Sels. For. 1857. Copen. — From the Soc.
CatalofTue of books . . R. Acad. Amster. I. i, 1857. — From the Acad.
Jaarboek . . . R. Acad. Amsterdam, April, 1857 — April, 1858. —
From the same.
Verslagen en Mededeelungen, Letter Kunde III. i, ii, iii, 1858; — Na-
turkunde VII. i, ii, iii. 8vo. — From the same.
Verhandelingen .. IV. V. VI. 1856,1857,1858. Alo.— From the sa7ne.
Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde . . . K. Zool. S. Nat. Artis, vii, 1858.
Boston Public Library, circular to the patrons of the Bovvditch Library.
Aug. 28, 1858. (Pamphlet 13 pp.) 8vo. — From the Library.
Cincinnati Y. Men's Lib. Ass. 24th An. Rep. 185-^. — From the Asso.
Missouri Geol. Survey, 4th Rep. of progress, 1859. — From G. C.
Sivallojv.
California State Register, 1859, edited and presented byE. G. Langley.
Franklin Institute Journal. Feb. 1859. — From the Institvte.
The minutes of tlie last meeting of the Board and Council
were read.
Pending nomination, No. 3SS was read.
On motion of Mr. Foulke, the Librarian was instructed to
transmit by mail to the members of the Society its proceed-
ings, so soon as publislicd, except in cases where requested not
to do so by the parties interested.
On motion of Dr. Le Conte, tl.e letter of resignation of Prof.
Frazer was taken fj'oni the table and accepted, and the Society
was adjourned.
Stated Meeting, March 4, IS59.
Present, twent3--two members.
Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair.
New- members wei-e introduced : Dr. Evans b}- Dr. Bridges ;
Judge Thompson by Mr. Fi'aley ; Dr. Wister b\' Dr. Le Conte.
A letter was received from Joi"dan& Brother, of Philadelphia,
dated February 28, 1859, enclosing and i-equesting attention
to a lettei' from the heii's of Joseph Horsfield, of Bethlehem,
deceased, reclaiming through their agents, Jordan & Brother, a
certain manuscript volume of correspondence relating to Indian
Affairs in the last Century, deposited in the library of the
A. P. Societv by the said Joseph Horsfield, and so descj'ibed
iii Vol. I. Part 1, of Historical and Literary Transactions,
page 4.
The following donations to the Library were announced: —
Ten pamphlets of Natural History and one of Chimatology, from
the proceedings of different societies. — From Dr. Leidy.
Monthly Notices . . . R. As. S. xix. iii. Jan. 14, 1857. — From the Soc.
Principles of Social Science, by H. C. Carey, III. — From the Avthor.
Reply of B. A. Gould to the Statement of the Trustees of the Dudley
Observatory. Albany, 1859, (pamp. 8vo. 366 pp.) — From the
Author.
First Annual Message of A. Henry, &c. Phila. 1859, (pamp. 172,)
— From the Councils.
VOL. VII. — B
10
Journal . . . S. Arts and Inst, in Union. London, VJ. 280, 284. —
From the Society.
Proceedings A. N. S. Philada. 1859, i. ii. iii. — From the Acad.
Amer. Jour. Sci. and Art. New Haven, March, 1859. — From the Ed,
Dr. Leidy presented the following papers, intended for the
Transactions, and remarked that they gave an account of the
geology, and of the remains of some extinct vertebrata of a
small portion of country near the head-waters of the Missouri,
in the Territory of Nebraska.
This great territory, embracing upwards of 130,000 square miles,
is composed of Ibrmations of the Cretaceous and later Tertiary
periods, with here ai]d there a protrusion of Metamorphic rocks.
Watered by the many western tributaries of the Missouri, almost all
of these, so far as they have been explored, have yielded large num-
bers of species of extinct organic forms, vegetable and anirrial.
From the Mauvaises Terres of White River, a miocene tertiary
freshwater formation, apparently a lacustrine deposit, an immense
quantity of fossil bones of extinct mammals and turtles have been col-
lected. In collections made by gentlemen of the Fur Company, by
Jesuit Missionaries, by Dr. Hayden ; and in others obtained under the
auspices of the government, the Smithsonian Institution, and Professor
James Hall, altogether forming from 6000 to 8000 lbs. of fossils, sub-
mitted to Dr. Leidy's inspection — he had detected the remains of 30
extinct mammals and 1 turtle. Of these there are 10 species of the
extinct genera of rw/ninawYs, Oreodon, Agriochoerus, Poebro-therium,
Dorca-therium. Leplauchenia and Protomeryx; 8 species of /?rtc/j2/-
derms of the genera Hyopotamus, Elotherium, Titanotherium, Pala?o-
choerus, Leptochcerus, Flyracodon and Rhinoceros; of solipcds, a
species of Anchitherium ; of rodents, 4 species of the genera Chali-
comys, Ischyromys, Palseolagus and Eumys; oC carnivora, 1 species
of the genera Hysenodon, Amphicyon, Drepanodon* and Dcinictis;
and the turtle forms the type of the extinct genus, Stylemys.
■'^The name Drepanodon, was applied by Nesti, as early as 182G, to the
sabretoothed tiger, for which, subsequently, a number of other names have
been employed — that of Machairodus of Kamp, being the most familiar. The
author of the above remarks applied the name Drepanodon, in 18oG, to an
extinct reptile or fish, a tooth of which was discovered by Prof. E. Emmons,
at Cape Fear, North Carolina. (See Proceedings of Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol.
VIII. 255.) The author would now substitute the name Lesticodus impar,
Leidy, for the animal.
11
From a later tertiary formation than the one just indicated, and
suspected to be of pleiocene age, on the Neobrara river, explored in
the recent expedition of Lieut. G. K. Warren to Nebraska, Dr. Hay den,
geologist to the expedition, collected a large quantity of fossil bones.
These are of especial interest as indicating a fauna more nearly allied
to the existing. fauna of Asia and Africa than to our own. In the
collection submitted to the examination of Dr. Leidy, he detected the
remains of 29 mammals and 1 turtle. Of these there are 10 species
of ruminants of the genera Cervus, xMerycodus, Procamelus, Megalo-
meryx, Merycochoerus and Merychyus; 3 pachydej'ms of the genera
Rhinoceros, Mastodon and Elephas; ofsolipeds, 8 species of the genera
Equus, Hipparion, Protohippus, Hypohippus, Parahippus and iMeryc-
hippus; of rodents, 2 species of the genera Hystrix and Castor; of
carnivora, 6 species of the genera Canis, Felis and Aelurodon; and .
the turtle appears to be a species of Stylemys.
From the green sand formation of the cretaceous period, through
which courses the Missouri and its tributaries, the Grand, Moreau
and Cheyenne rivers, with a part of White river, the remains of
numerous species of mollusks have been obtained. From this forma-
tion it was that Maximilian, Prince of Neuwicd, obtained the skull
and vertebral column of Mososaurus Missouriensis, described by Dr.
Goldfusz, and now preserved in the Museum of Bonn. Teeth of
sharks and remains of sphyraenoid fishes have also been discovered
in the same formation.
From the great lignite basin, an estuary formation of the middle
tertiary period, covering many thousand square miles at the upper
part of the Missouri river. Dr. Hayden obtained remains of numerous
species of plants, mollusks and vertebrates. This basin, and the re-
mains of the vertebrated animals discovered in it, form part of the
material of the papers presented to the Society this evening.
The bad lands of the Judith river, a tributary to the head waters of
the Missouri, with the vertebrate remains discovered by Dr. Hayden,
in those lands, form the other part of the subject matter of the papers
just mentioned.
The paper? presented by Dr. Leidy, for the Transactions,
were entitled: A Geological Sketch of the Estuary and Fresh-
water Deposite of tiie Bad Lands of the Judith, with some re-
marks upon the surrounding formations, by F.V. Hayden, JVLD. ;
and On extinct Vertebrata from the Judith and Great Lignite
Formations of Nebraska, by Joseph Leidy, ALD. Both papers
12
were referred to a committee consisting of Dr. Le Conte, Mr.
l^esle}' and Dr. Cjispar Wi>tcr.
Pending nomination No. 3SS, and new nomination No. 389,
were read.
The committee to consider the condition of the Society not
being j^rcpai-ed to report, was continued, witii leave to report
when prepared.
On motion of Dr. Le Conte, the application of the heirs of
Joseph Horsfield was referi'ed to the Committee on th.e Library,
with power to act, and the Societ}^ was adjourned.
Slated Meeting, March IS, 1S59.
Present, twenty-four members.
Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair.
Letters were read from C. C. Rafn, dated Copenhagen, Sept.
3, 1858, expressing the desire of the Royal Society of Northern
Antiquarians to address its memoirs and reports to foreign socie-
ties; — and from the Lyceum of Nat. Hist., dated New York,
March 12, 1859, acknowledging the receij)t of the proceedings,
Vol. VL No. 59.
The following donations for the Library were announced: —
Proceedings . . . Mass. Hist. S. in respect to the memory of W. H.
Prescott, Feb. 1, 1859. Boston. (53 pp.) 8vo. — From the Soc.
Report of Hist, and Progress of Am. Coast Survey, to 1858. By the
committee of twenty appointed by the A. A. A. S., August, 1857.
(88 pp.) 8vo.
Proceedings Am. Antiq. S. Special Meeting, Feb. 10, 1859. — From
the Society.
Soc. R. des Antiq. du Nord. List, &c., 1858. (8 pp.) 8vo. — From
the Society.
Sur la Construction des Salles dites des geants, par S. M. le roi
Fred, de Danemark. Copenha. 1857. (19 pp.) 8vo. — From
the same.
Cabinet d' Antiq. Amor, a ('openbague, 185ft. (60 pp.) 8vo. — From
the same.
13
Proceedings . . . Boston N. H. So. VI. 26, 27. — From the Society.
Account of the Iliicldonfield Reptile. (Second copy.) — From W. P.
Foulke.
Report . . . Penn. Hospital for the Insane, for 1858. — From Dr.
Kir h bride.
Report (31st) Phila. House of Refuge, for 1S5H.— From Board of M.
Report . . . Penn. Inst. Deaf and Dumb, for 1858. — From Board of M.
Frankhn Institute Journal. March, 1859. — From the Institute.
Medical News and Library. Marcii, 1859. From Blanchard <S^ Lea.
African Repository. March, 1859. — From Amer. Col. Society.
The committee to which were I'cferred the communications
of Dr. Hayden and Dr. Leidy, reported in favour of tlieir publi-
cation in the transactions of the Society, and was discharged.
The decease of Dr. Thomas D. Miit'er, was announced by^
Dr. Franklin Bache ; a inember of this Society, he died at
Charleston on the 16th instant, aged 60 years.
The decease of Dr. C. F. Beck was announced by Professor
Coppee ; a member of the Society, he died at Rome on the loth
of February last.
Dr. Pancoast was apj^ointed to prepare an obituary notice of
Dr. Mutter.
Dr. Ruschenberger was appointed to prepare an obituary
notice of Dr. Beck.
Dr. Le Conte made some observations on the geographical
distribution of animals, with especial reference to the genera
and species of insects in North America.
Mr. Lesley lefei'red to the last paragraphs in the paper of
Dr. Ilayden, presented at the last meeting, and illustrated the
wide range of American formations, and the probabilitv of new
discoveries of Devonian and Silurian rocks between Utah and
the Pacific ocean, by describing Vv^hat is already known re-
specting certain extensive beds of iron ore, the rational genesis
of which is still, to some extent, a problem. He also exhibited
specimens of iron ore from the subcarboniferous redshales of
XI in Kingston Hollow, Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, and
referred to other localities where the same ore is known to
exist.
Pending nominations No. 388 and 389, and new nomination,
No. 390, were read.
14
On motion of Mr. Povvel, that a list of members of the Society
from its first organization to the present time, be printed, that
subject was made the order of business for the next meeting,
and the Society was adjourned.
Stated Meeting, April 1, 1859.
Present, twenty-three members.
Prof. Cresson, Vice-President, in the Chair.
A letter was read from the Secretary of the American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science, dated Cambridge,
March 26, 1S59, informing the Librarian of the transmission
of a copy of its proceedings, with other copies for otiier parties.
The following donations for the Library were announced: —
Proceedings A. N. S. Philadelphia, 1859; 5, 6, 7.— From the Soc,
Astronomical Journal, No. 120. — From Dr. A. B. Gould.
Trans. Batav. Soc. XXVI. 1854-1857. (132 pp.) Aio.— From the
tSociety.
Journal B. S. for Indian Know. VI., i. iii. iv. v. \\.~From. the same.
5th Opgave van Boekwerken ... p. 107-198. 8vo. — From the same.
Proceed. R. Geog. Soc. II., i. ii. 1858, London. — From the Society.
Val. Address by H. H. Smith, M.D. Phila. 1859.— From the G. Class.
Address before the Alumni, by H. H. Smith, M.D. — From the Author.
11th An. Rept. Mass. School for Idiots. Cambridge, 1859. — From the
Trustees.
27th An. Rept. Perkins Inst, and Mass. Asy. for the Blind. — From
the Trvstees.
Quar. Jour. Chemical Soc. XLIV. Lond. Jan. 1859. — Fromthe Soc.
Proceed. A. A. A. S. Baltimore meeting. Cambridge, 1859. — From
the Association.
Month. Not. R. Astro. Soc. XIX., 4. Feb. 1859.— From the Soc.
History of St. Louis, (pp. 47.) 1854. 8vo. — From Dr. Leidy.
Map and Section of the Missouri river, by F. V. llayden. Philada.
1857. (40 pp.) 8vo. — From the same.
Descri[)tion of Koch's Ilydrachon. New Orleans, 1853. (12 j)p.)
— From the same.
15
Amer. Journ. Med. Sci. LXXVI. Philada. April, 1859.— From
Blanchard ^ Lea,
Medical News and Library. XVII. 196, for April, 1859.— From
Blanchard <Sf Lea.
Mr. Durand presented for publication in the Transactions, a
paper entitled "A Sketch of the Botany of the Basin of Great
Salt Lake of Utah;" and read the preface to it. The paper
was referred to a committee consisting of Dr. Bridges, Dr.
Wood and Dr. Carson.
Mr. Powel exhibited some photographs of the moon, exe-
cuted by Lubis M. Rutherford, of New York, enlarged from
small photographs taken, by means of a powerful telescope, on
collodion; also two stereoscopic views, copied from originals,
and a fine example of a photograph taken on dry collodion,
after the Fothergill process.
Pending nominations Nos. 3S8, 3S9 and 390, were read.
The special order of business for the evening being called
up, to wit: — the motion of Mr. Powell, that a list of members
of the Society, from its first organization to the present time,
be printed — it was, on motion of Dr. Bell, adopted; and, on
motion of Mr. Fraley, the form and number of copies to be
printed were referred to the secretaries, to report thereon at
the next meeting.
No. 60, of the Proceedings just published, was laid on the
table, and the Society was adjourned.
Siated Meeting, ^pril 15, 1S59.
Present, twenty-five members.
' Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair.
Letters were read, acknowledging the receipt of No. 60 of
the Proceedings, from the trustees of the Boston Atheneum,
dated Boston, April 6, 1S59 ; The Corporation of Harvard Col-
lege, dated Cambridge, April 1, 1859; The Connecticut His-
torical Society, dated Hartford, March 31, 1859.
16
A letter was read, announcing a donation for the Library,
from tiie Smitlisonian InslitiUion, dated Washington, March
IS, 1359.
A letter was read from G. A. Matile, consul of Belgium,
dated New York, April 11, 1859,, requesting to know if there
were missing numbers of the publications of the R. Acad,
which he could supj)ly from copies in his possession.
The following donations for the Librai'v were announced: —
Proceedings R. Geon;. Soc. London. III. 1. 1859. — From the Soc.
An. Report, Leeds Phil, and L. S., 38th. 1851-S.— From the Soc.
Proc. West Riding Geol. and P. S., 1857-8. Leeds.— From the Soc,
Sensorial Vision, by Sir J. F. VV. Herschei. Leeds. (16 pp.) 8vo.
— From the same.
Comets ... by Christ. Kemplay. Leeds, 1859. (118 pp.) 8vo.
- — From the Anther.
China and its Trade, by J. Crawford. London, 1858. (24 pp.) 8vo.
— From the Author.
African Repository. April, 1859. — From Am. Col. Society.
Pacific Ex. Ex. Vol. IX. Senate Doc. 13, pt. 9. Wash. 1858.—
From U. S. Govern?nent.
Same, published as an Executive Document. — From U. S. Gov.
Smithson. Cont. to Know ledge. Vol. X. Wash. — From the Inst.
Soiling of Cattle, &c., by Jos. Quiney. Bosion, 1859. (64 pp.)
8vo. — From the Author.
Scarlet Fever, by C. Morris, M.D. Phil. 1 858. (190 pp.) 8vo.—
From the Author.
Dr. Bridges, chairman of the committee to which the paper
of Mr. Durand was referred, reported a recommendation that
the paper t)e j)iiblished; and on motion of Dr. Bache, it was
ordered to be printed, and the committee was discharged.
The decease of Robert Walsh, a member of the Society, at
Paris, on the 7th February last, aged 76 years, was announced
by Dr. F. Bache.
Mr. Lesley called attention to the notice of two violent
storms, in the diary of the Plymouth Colonists, in 1620, as
occurring at an intervnl of fourteen days; and suggested that a
search into such early records of the weather of the Atlantic
coast, would probably furnish sufficient evidence of the con-
17
stancy, two centuries ago, of those conditions which produce
the regular weekly storms of the present day.
Pending nominations Nos. 3SS, 389, 390, were read, and the
candidates balloted for.
The Board of Secretaries, to which was referred the subject
of printing the list of members, reported progress; and on mo-
tion of Dr. Bache, was continued in committee, with directions
to report at the next meeting.
jNI. Matile's communication was, on motion of Mr. Fraley,
referred to the Librarian to take order.
Dr. Hays and Mr. Carey offered their resignations as mem-
bers of the Publication Committee, wiiich were accepted; and
JNIr. T. P. James and Dr. Edw. Hartshorne were chosen to fill
the vacancies: Dr. Bridges remaining chairman of the com-
mitee.
The ballot box was now, on motion of Dr. Hays, declared
closed, and Judge Walter H. Lowrie, of Pittsburg, Mr.
Wm. S. Vaux, of Philadelphia, and Capt. Wm. R. Palmer,
of the U. S. Coast Survey, were declared duly elected mem-
bers, and the Society was adjourned.
Staled Meeting, May 6, 1859.
Present, seventeen members.
Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair.
Letters were read, acknowledging receipt of notice of their
election, from Judge W. H. Lowrie, dated Pittsburg, April
20, 1859; Wm. S. Vaux, Esq. dated Philada. April 30, 1859;
and Capt. Wm. R. Palmer, dated Washington, April 19, 1859.
A letter was read from the Librarian of the Royal Library,
dated at the Hague, Dec. 14, 1858, acknowledging the receipt
of Part 1, Vol. XL of the Transactions.
The following donations for the Library were announced: -
Trans. Mass. Agri. See. N. Ser. I. Boston, 18.58.— Fro//?, the Soc.
Proc. iMass. Hist. Soc. 1855-1858. Boston.— Fro //i the Society.
VOL. VII. — C
18
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. VII. 1, 2.— From the Society.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philada. 1859, 7, 8.— From the Academy.
Cat. officers and students Mich. Univers. 1859.— Fro7ii the Vaivers.
Synopsis of the Ingham Univ. Leroy, N. Y. 1858.— From the Univ.
Phila. Fern. Med. Col. 8th An. Announcement.— From the College.
Valedictory Address, by Anne Preston, M.D. 1859.— From the Col.
Introductory Lecture by E. H. Cleveland, M.D.— From the College.
Ahiianaque nautico para 1860, San Fernando.— From the Ohserv.
Researches into the Phen. of Respiration, by E. Smith. Lend. 1859.
Astronom. Journal No. 122. Cambridge. — From Dr. B. A. Gould.
Address to Brit. Assoc, by R. Owen, M-D. 2Sth An. Assemblv.
Traite I'Amaurose, par Ch. Deval. Paris, 1851 (4-50 pages). And
Abhandlung liber die Amaurose, iibertragen von Dr. Jacob Herzfel-
der. Leipsig, 1853. (220 pp.) 8vo.— From Dr. Roehrig.
Geology of Pennsylvania. Vol. II. — From the Sec. of Commonw.
Preliminary chart of New York bay and harbour, signed VV. R. Pal-
mer, 1859. — From Coast Survey.
On motion of Dr. Dunglison, the Secretary was directed to
give notice to members appointed to prepare obituary notices
prior to the present year, that it is desirable that the duty
should be attended to.
New nomination, No. 391, was read.
The Secretaries made a report in relation to the printing of
the list of members of the Society, which was adopted: — that
the most useful form for printing the list would be as it exists
in the iMSS. list belonging to the Society, with the addition of
an alphabetical index, and of the size and form of the Pro-
ceed in <i;s.
The special committee appointed to consider and report
upon the condition of the "Society, and the means of increasing
its usefulness, pi'esented their report, and recommended cer-
tain resolutions to be passed, which, together with the pro-
posed aiDendments of the laws of the Society, were postponed
for consideration and discussion at the next stated meeting,
and ordered to be printed for the use of the members.
The following named members were appointed a committee
to co-operate with Dr. I. I. Hays, in further Arctic explora-
tion — Mr. VV. P. Foulke, Dr. R. E. Rogers, Mr. Isaac Lea,
19
Dr. J. L. Le Conte, Prof. E. 0. Kendall, Mr. J. P. Lesley,
Rev. Albert Barnes, Judge Ed. King, Prof. J. C. Cresson.
The Committee on the sale of the Hall received, on motion
of Mr. Fraley, four additional members — Prof. Fairman Ro-
gers, Dr. Isaac Hays, Prof. J. G. Cresson, and Mr. W. P.
Foulke.
A communication from the Actuary of the Franklin Insti-
tute, to be supplied with certain of the Society's publications,
was referred to the Librarian, with power to act; and the So-
ciety was adjourned.
Stated Meeting, May 20, 1859.
Present, sixteen members.
Prof. Cresson, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Letters were read, acknowledging the receipt of the Socie-
ty's publications, from the R. Prussian Acad, at Berlin, dated
Aug. 12,1858; the Agric. Soc. at Berlin, dated Nov. IS, 1858;
the R. Acad, at Amsterdam, dated Dec. 20, 1858; the Ym. Inst,
of France, dated Dec. 9, 1858; the R. Acad, at Munich, dated
Dec. 28, 1858; and the R. Acad, at Stockholm, dated Nov. 15,
1858. Letters were read, giving notice of donations for the
Library, from the Cambridge Phil. Soc. dated Nov. 1858; the
Agr. Soc. Berlin, Nov. 18; the R. Acad. Berlin, Aug. 18; the
R. Acad. Stockholm, Nov. 15; the R. Acad. Munich, Dec. 28,
1858; and the Hon. W. H. Lowrie, dated Pittsburg, May 6,
1859.
The follow^ing donations for the Library were announced: —
Am. Jour. Sci. No. 8J. New Haven, May, 1859. — From Editor.
Med. News and Lib. No. 197. Phila. May, 1859— Fmw the Publ.
Annals N. Y. Lyceum, Nos. 10-13, Sep. 1858. — From the Lyceum.
Monthly Not. R. A. S. London, XiX. April, IS59.— From the Soc.
Compte Rendu de I' Ac. Im. St. Petersburg, 1857. — FromtJie Acad.
Zeitschrilt Fiir die gesamm. Nat. XI. Berlin, 1858. 8vo. — From
N. H. S. at Halle.
20
Verhand. Ver. Gartenbaues. IV. 3; V. 1, 2. Berlin, 1857, 1858.
— From the Society.
Juhrbuch K. K. Geol. Reich. VIII. 4. Vienna, 1857. — From the Inst.
Monatsbericht K. Prus. A. Sep. 1857— June, 1858. Berlin. — From
the Academy.
Abhandlungen K. Prus. Akad. for 1857. 4to. — From the same.
K. Svenska V. A. Handlingar. Forsta b. andra h. 1856. — Fromthe
Academy.
Ofversigt K. S. V. A. Forhandlingar, 1857. Stock. — Fromthe same.
Berattelse . . Fysik . . 1852 . . . afE. Edling. Stock. — Fromthe same.
Voyage autour du mondesur I'Eugenie, Physique I. — Fromthe same.
Same in Sueedish, Fysik I. Bot. 1. Zool. I. II. Stockholm. 4to. —
From the same.
Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc. X. 1, 1858. 4to. — From the Society.
Memoirs Lit. Phil. S. Manchester, XV. 1, 1858.— From the Soc.
Proceedings Lit. Phil. S. Man. No. 1-14, 1857. — From the same.
Proceedings R. Geog. S. London. Vol. II. No. 6. — From, the Soc.
Journal R. Dublin Soc. XI. October, 1858. — From the Society.
Notices of Proc. R. Inst, of Great Britain, VHI. Nov. 1857-JuIy,
1858. — From the Tnstitjite.
List of Members of the same for 1857, &c. — From tht> same.
Jour. Soc. Arts, Man. and Com. London. — From the Society.
Franklin Inst. Jour. No. 401, May. Philada. — From the Institute.
African Repository for May, 1859. — From the Amer. Col. Society.
Proceedings Acad. N. S. Philnda. 9, 10. — From the Academy.
Astronom. Journal, No. 123. Cambridge. — From Dr. B. A. Gould.
Report of Siip'f. of Coast Survey, for 1857. 4to. — From, the Svp't.
The death of Baron Von Humboldt was announced, with
appropriate remarks, by Dr. Franklin Bache. Baron Voti
Humboldt was elected a member of this Society, July 20, 1S04,
and died at Berlin, May 7, 1859, aged 89.
The death of iVlexis do Tocqueville, elected a member of the
Society, January 21, 1842, was announced by Dr. F. Bache.
The minutes of the last meetiuij; of the Board of Officers and
Council vverc read.
Pending nomination. No. 391, was read.
Dr. Franklin Bache presented a report, in part, in behalf of
the Committee on the Franklin Manuscripts, appointed Dec. 7,
1849, which was acce])ted, and the resolutions contained therein
adojjted.
21
On motion of Mr. Fraley, and owing to the absence, through
sickness, of the chairman of the committee on the condition of
the Society, the discussion of the alterations in the Laws and
Regulations, proposed by the committee, was again postponed
to the next meeting.
The resolutions of Council, relating to the Magellanic pre-
mium, implying an alteration of the by-laws, they were laid
upon the table for consideration at the r.ext meeting: and, on
motion of Mi*. PValey, were ordered to be printed for the use
of the members.
Stated Meeting, June 17, 1S59.
Present, thirteen members.
Judge Sharswood, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Letters were received, acknowledging the receipt of Nos.
57, 58 of the Proceedings, from the Society of Antiquaries,
dated London, May 20, 1859; and announcing a donation for
the Library, from the Royal Observatory, dated Greenwich,
May 12, 1859.
The following donations for the Library were announced: —
Astronomical Jour. No. 124, 125. Cambridge. — From Dr. Gould.
Journ. Soc. Arts, Man. and Com. No. 324-;3:31. London. — From
the Society.
Contrih. to Palteontol. New York, by J. Hall. (16 pp.) 1855-58.
From the Author.,
Report, Geol. Survey, Iowa. I. II. Hall & Whitney. — From J. Hall.
Reports of Explorations . . . Pacific Ocean. X. Senate Document.
From U. S. Government.
Med. News and Library. No. 198. Philada. June, 1859. — From
Blanchard <Sf Lea.
Quar. Jour. Chem. Soc. London. XLV. — From the Society.
Franklin Institute Journal. No. 6. 1859. — From the Inst.
Annals des Mines, liv. 1-5. 1858. Paris.— jProm /. School of M.
African Repository. No. 6. June, 1859. — From Am. Col. uoc.
Proceedings Amer. Antiq. Soc. April, 1859. Boston. — From t/ie Soc,
22
Medical Heroism, an Address by J. Bell, M.D. Phila. 1859.— From
the Author.
Report of Committee on the Internal Hygiene of Cities, appointed by
the Quarantine Convention at Baltimore, April, 1858. — From
Dr. Bell
The death of Charles Robert Leslie, the artist, elected a
member of this Society, April 21, 1836, was announced by
Dr. Le Conte. He died at London, May 5, 1859, aged Q5
years.
Mr. Justice described a superior microscope stand made by
Mr. Zentmeyer, of Philadelphia, for and under the direction of
Dr. Hunt, of Philadelphia, and embracino- all the important
late improvements. Dr. Le Conte added his testimony to the
admirable skill of the mechanician, and supported it by refer-
ing to the stand lately made by him for Dr. Goddard, and to
the stand now making for the Academy of Natural Science,
which promises to be one of the best extant.
Pending nomination. No. 391, was read.
Deferred business being taken up, and the reading of the
resolutions appended to the report of the committee on the con-
dition of the Society being called for, the chair decided that
the present meeting not being competent to act upon the reso-
lutions, for want of the number required to be present by the
Charter, was, therefore, not competent to discuss them by
entertaining motions.
On motion of Prof. Cresson, certain amendments to the by-
laws, offered by Mr. Fraley as a substitute for, was ordered to
be printed with the amendments offered by the Officers and
Council, and by the committee on the condition of the Society.
On motion of Mr. Foulke, the consitleration of the amend-
ments was postponed until the first stated meeting in October.
On motion of Prof. Cresson, the last motion was ordered to
be attached to the printed amendments.
Dr. Coates was permitted, nunc pro tunc, to read a retrospec-
tive notice of .John Reynell, one of the original membei'sof the
Society, with a request that it be not printed, at present, in the
proceedings. On motion of Dr. F. Bache, it was, therefore,
ordered to be placed among the notices of deceased members;
and the Society was adjourned.
23
Stated Meeting, July 15, 1859.
Present, six members.
Dr. Franklin Bache, in the Chair.
Letters were read, acknowledging the receipt of Nos. 57, ^%
of the Proceedings, from the Natural Hist. Society, Northum-
berland, dated Newcastle, JVIay 5, 1S59; the Batavian Society,
dated Rotterdam, March 7, 1859; the R. Saxon Society, dated
Leipsig, Feb. 14, 1859; — and a letter acknowledging the re-
ceipt of Transactions, Vol. II. III. IX. 3, from the Franklin
Institute, dated Philadelphia, June 16, 1859.
Letters were read, announcing the transmission of donations
for the Library, from the Upper Hessia Society, dated Giessen,
March 30, 1859; the Central Phys. Observatory, dated St.
Petersburg, Dec. 29, 1859; the Russian Corps of Engineers,
dated St. Petersburg, March 1-13, 1859; Elia Lombardini,
dated Milan, April 13, 1858, and C. F. Loose}^, Austrian Consul
at New York, dated .luly 2, 1859.
A letter was read from Isaac Hazlehurst, Esq., dated Phila.
June 22, 1859, resigning his membership in this Society.
The following donations for the Library were announced: —
Proc. Boston N. H. S. VII. 3, 4. Index, &c. — From the Society.
RadcliffObs. XVlIl. 1857. Ox['ov()^,i^bQ.— Frorn the R. Trustees.
Proc. Amer. Acad. IV. p. 89-248. Boston. — From the Acad.
Memoirs Amer. Acad. VI. 2. Boston. — From the same.
Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, July, 1859. N. Haven. — From the Eds.
Franklin Institute Journal, July, 1859. Philada. — From the Inst.
Amer. J. Med. Sciences, July, 1859. Phila. — From Blnnchard <S^ L.
Medical News and Lib. July, 1859. Phila. — From Blanchard t^^ L.
Proc. Elliott Soc. N. H. I. 1653-'58. Charleston.— From the Soc.
African Repository for July, 1859. Wash. — From A. Col. Society.
Concord Asylum for Insane. Report, June, 1859. — From the Trus.
Proc. R. Geog. Soc. London. Vol. III. No. 2. — From the Soc.
Monthly Not. R. Ast. Soc. London. XIX. No. 7. — From the Soc.
Trans. Amer. Inst. New York, 1853-57. Albany. 8vo. — Fro?n
the Inst.
Astrm. Jour. No. 121. Albany. Index to V. — From Dr. Gould.
24
Greenwich A. M. & M. Obs. 1857. London, 1859.— From the
Board of Arlmiralty.
Upperhossiia 8. N. H. and M. 7fh Account. Giessen, 1859. — From
the Society.
En Vandring gjennern Jsegerspriis's have og Lund; published by the
K. N. Antiq. See. Copenhagen, 1858. (40 pp.) — From the Soc.
Gelehrte Anz-eigen. 46, 47. Munich. — From the Academy.
Festival Oration over J. Muller, and his relation to the present Stand-
point of Physiology-, by Th. L. W. Bischoff. Munich, 1858.—
From the same.
Oration on the Historical Stages preceding the New Philosophy of
Law, by Carl Prantl. Munchen, 1858. — From, the same.
Contributions L R. Geog. Soc. 1858. Parts 2, 3. Vienna. — From
the Society.
Jahrbuch I. R. Geol. Institute, 1858. Parts 1, 2, 3. — From the Inst.
Memoirs I. R. Inst. Lombardy. VII. 4, 5, 6. Milan. — Fro7u the Inst.
Atti I. R. Inst. Lombardy. I. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. — From the Inst.
Compte-rendu Cent. Phys. Obs. 1856. St. Petersburg, 1857. —
From the Ad. Mines.
Annals of the Observatory. 1855, 1, 2. — From the same.
On the French Inimdations: a Memoir by E. Lombardini, (m Italian,
110 pp.) Milan, 1858. 4to. — From the Author.
On the Changes of the Po, in the district of Ferrara : a Memoir by
E. Lombardini. (50 pp.) Milan, 1852. 8vo. — From the Author.
On the Importance of Studying the Statistics of Rivers: a Memoir by
E. Lombardini. (35 pp.) Milan. 8vo. — From the Avthor.
Other Observations on the Po, by E. L. Milan, 1843. — From the
Author.
Intorno all sistema idraulico del Po, &c., by E. L. 1840.
Astronomical Notices, No. 7. June 13, 1859. Albany. — From
F. Briinnow.
Letters from Col. Graham, of Chicago, dated June 20, 1859,
were read, accompanying the following communication in-
tended for the Proceedings, and entitled: —
25
CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOGRAPHY, No. 3.
On the Latitude and Longitvde of eighteen additional positions in
the ?^'orth and Northwest of the United Slates. Also a review
of two positions (II. and VI.) previously reported. From astro-
nomical observations, bi/ Lieut. Colonel J. D. Graham, U. S.
Corps of Topographical Engineers.
Clncago, Illinois, June, 1859.
To the American Philosopliical Society, Philadelphia.
I wish now to offer a third contribution to the geography of the
United States, for publication in the Proceedings of the Society, if
deemed acceptable.
I will indicate the positions by a continuation from the numbers
used in the preceding contribution, (No. 2,) published at jip. 852 to
388, of Vol. VI. of the Proceedings. They are as follows, viz: —
VII. ASHTABULA, OHIO.
VIII. ERIE, PENNSYLVANIA.
IX. TOLEDO, OHIO.
X. PRAIRIE DU CHIEN, WISCONSIN.
XI. DUNLEITH, ILLINOIS.
XII. DUBUQUE, IOWA.
XIII. FULTON, ILLINOIS.
XIV. LYONS, IOWA.
XV. ALBANY, ILLINOIS.
XVI. CAMANCHE, IOWA.
XVII. CITY OF ROCK ISLAND, ILLINOIS.
XVIII. FORT ARMSTRONG, ILLINOIS.
XIX. DAVENPORT, IOWA.
XX. NEW BUFFALO, MICHIGAN.
XXI. NILES, MICHIGAN.
XXII. ELYRIA, OHIO.
XXtll. CLEVELAND, OHIO.
XXIV. COLUMBUS, OHIO.
I wish, also, to offer a review, for the purpose of verification, of the
following positions previously reported, viz: —
II. MICHIGAN CITY, INDIANA.
VI. MADISON, THE CAPITAL OF WISCONSIN.
The instruments used in making the observations were the same as
previously used, and described in page 35.3 of Vol. VI. of the Society's
Proceedings. The system of observation was also the same as was
described in the previous papers published in that volume.
VOL. VII. D
26
The apparent Right Ascensions and Declinations of the stars ob-
served on, were taken from the British Nautical Almanac, except a
few whose apparent places are not given in that Ephemeris. The
exceptions are as follows, in relation to which the apparent places
were taken from the Connaissance des Temps, namely:
/3 Andromedce
e Herculis
Q Cygni
y Cygni
For the determination of the lon<i;itudes, now reported, two meridians
of comparison were used, namely : — I. Chicago. IX. '['oledo, Ohio,
after its longitude was derived from chronometric compiirisons, by
means of the electric telegraph, with the meridian of Chicago.
The time-ohservations at Chicago, and the observations both for
the time and the latitude at those stations whose longitudes are based
upon direct connections with the meridian of Chicago, will first be
given. Then the same will be done in regard to the time-ohserva-
tions at Toledo, and the observations at those stations whose longi-
tudes are derived from direct connections with the meridian of Toledo.
Finally, the observations will be given that were made for verifying
the positions of Michigan City, Indiana, and Madison, the Capital of
Wisconsin.
The position of the observing station at Chicago, will be shown by
reference to the table at page 351 of Vol. VI. of the Society's Pro-
ceedings.
Observations for the Time at Chicago.
\st. 185S, July 2dth. At Chicago Observing Station No. .3, in
latitude 41° 53' 46".3 iV. ; longitude bh. 50m. 31s.2 W. of
Greenwich.
Siderial chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 17 observations on a, Coronce Borealis, west (at h. m. s.
19/j. 22m. sidereal) - - - - 1 02 50.25
By 23 observations on oc Andromedse, east (at 20/t.
Oym. sidereal) - - - - 1 02 50.63
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 19/t. 45m. sidereal) - + 1 02 50.44
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at \\h. 26m.
mean time) - - - . — 4 38.17
27
2d. 1858, August ^tli. At the same Station,
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 8 observations on a Coronse Bo-
realis, west (at 19A. 16m.) using h. m. s.
horizon roof No. 1, - - 1 03 47.53
By 9 observations on cc Andromedce,
east (at 20/^. 12m.) using, also,
horizon roof No. 1, - - 1 03 46.19
By E. and W. stars (at 19/i. 44w.)
with horizon roof No. 1, + 1 03 46.86 h. m. s.
\- 1 03 46.86
By 8 observations on a. Coronas Bo-
reaiis, W. (at 19A. 30m.) using
horizon roof No. 2, - - 1 03 46.78
By 9 observations on u. Andromedse,
E. (at 19//. 56m.) using, also,
horizon roof No. 2, - - 1 03 46.57
By E. and W. stars (at 19/t. 43m.)
with horizon roof No. 2, - 1 03 46.68
+ 1 03 46.68
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 19/f. 43m. 305.) by 16 observa-
tions on « Coronse Borealis, west; and 18 obser-
vations on cc Andromedce, east - - -j- 1 03 46.77
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at \0h. 50m.
mean time) - - - - - — 4 31.95
Sd. 1858, August \2th. At the same Station. 1st Determina-
tion — By East and West Stars.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 15 observations on « Coronse Borealis, W. (at h. m. s.
19/i. 33m.) - - - . - 1 04 31.26
By 15 observations on cc Andromedse, E. (at 19/j.
55m.) - - . . - I 04 31.58
28
1st Result. By E. and W. Stars — Chronometer
No. 2557, fast of sidereal time at this station (at /*. m. s.
19h. 44m.) - - - - - + 1 04 31.42
2d Determination. By eqval altitudes of a, Cygni, observed
East and West. August \'2th.
Chron. No. 2.557,
Observed
Times by
Sidereal
Apparent A. It.,
tlist of sidereal
double alti-
Chronometer No. 2557.
Half sums of
or
time at meri-
tudes, E and W.,
times
E. and W.
sidereal time
of meridian
dian transit of or.
corrected for
Cygni, by each
index error of
Observed
East, (a)
Observed
West, (b)
("^ )
traH;<it of a.
Cygni.
pair of equal
the Sextant.
V 2 J
• altitudes.
o / //
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
1 h. m. s.
111 41 00
18 31 11.8
24 51 07.9
21 41 09.85
20 36 38
43
1 04 31.42
112 30 10
18 33 33
24 48 46.8
„ „ 09.90
,, ,
„ „ 31.47
113 29 35
18 36 25.6
24 45 55.7
„ „ 10.65
, „ 32.22
114 43 55
18 39 59.5
24 42 21.4
„ „ 10.45
I
, „ 32.02
117 21 10
18 47 30.3
24 34 49.6
„ „ 09.95
5' 5
, „ 31.52
119 07 45
18 52 34.9
24 29 46.3
„ „ 10.60
J5 >
„ „ 32.17
120 30 10
18 56 31.2
24 25 48
„ „ 09.60
1
, „ 31.17
121 03 35
18 58 04.6
24 24 14.2
„ „ 09.40
J>
, „ 30.97
121 52 05
19 00 24.4
24 21 56.7
„ „ 10.55
5J ,
, „ 32.12
123 21 10
19 04 38.4
24 17 41
„ „ 09.70
,, ,
, „ 31.27
124 00 10
19 06 29.1
24 15 50.2
„ „ 09.65
>» J
, „ 31.22
124 52 10
19 08 56.5
24 13 22.5
„ „ 09.50
>5 ?
, „ 31.07
125 22 30
19 10 23.1
24 11 56.5
„ „ 09.80
, „ 31.37
126 08 00
19 12 31.9
24 09 49
„ „ 10.45 „
, „ 32.02
2d Result. By 14 pairs of eqval altitudes of a
Cygni: — Chronometer No. 2557, last of sidereal
time for this station (at 20//. 867/1. :3'-'.43&'. sidereal h. m. s.
time) - - - - - + 1 04 31.57
1st Result, as above, by E. and W. Stars (at 197/.
U?n.) . - . . - + 1 04 31.42
Mean, or Result adopted. — Chronometer No. 2557,
fast of sidereal time for this station, August 12th,
1858 (at 207^. 10m. sidereal)
- + 1 04 31.49
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time the same night (at 10//. 45m.
mean time) . > . - -
— 4 28.31
29
'ith. 1858, August loth. At the same Station. 1st Detej-mina-
tion — By East and West Stars.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 12 observ^^tions on c<, Coronoe Bo- h. m. s.
realis, west (at 19/i. 04/n.) - 1 04 48.20
By 21 observations on a Andromedce,
east (at 20/i. mm.) - - 1 04 48.51
h. m. s.
1st Result— By E. and W. Stars (at 19A. SOtw.) -f 1 04 48.35
2d Determination — By equal altitudes.
By 9 pairs of equal altitudes o[ a Cygni, observed
East and West (at 20//. 36m. 38.42s.) + 1 04 48.36
Mean, or Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557,
fast of sidereal time for this station (at 20A. 1 3/«.
sidereal) this night, - - - + 1 04 48.35
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slov/ of
mean solar time this night (at 10/t. Vim. m. t.) — 4 28.78.
5th. 1859j February '20th. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
I. St Set.
By 13 observations on ^ Geminorum, //.. m. s.
east (at U. 33/n.) - - 1 26 04.08
By 13 observations on ,3 Andromedse,
west (at Ah. 56m.) - - 1 26 03.84
h. 777. 5.
U'/JRes77Z^— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 4/7. 437/7.) + 1 26 03.96
2d Set.
By 14 observations on c« Arietis, west h. m. s.
(at 6A. 05777.) - - - 1 26 04.46
By 12 observations on y Leonis, east
(at eh. 29m.) - - - I 26 04.25
2d Result— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at67t. 17?72.) + 1 26 04.35
30
Resvlt adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- //. m. s.
dore.il time for this station (at 5/i. 30m.) + 1 26 04.15
By comparison. — Chronometer No. 141, was slow
of mean sohir time for this station (at Ih. 28///.
mean time) - - - - - — 4 41.29
6/A. 1S59, February '2'^d. At the same Station.
Sidereal cliro no meter No. 2557, fast:
By 9 observations on Arcturus, {x Bootis,) east (at //. m. s.
lOh. i)9m.) 1 26 20.55
By 5 observations on /3 Geminorum, west (at 10//.
59m.) - - - - - 1 26 20.66
Resvlt — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 10//, Mm.) - - 1 26 20.60
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141 was slow of
mean solar time (or this station (at 12/i. 20/?/.
mean time) - - - - - — 4 43.68
This night was not very favorable for observation. It was cloudy,
with a few spots of clear sky, within which the only time-stars that
were visible were Arcturus and /3 Geminorum. They do not match
very well in Declination, — that of the former being 19° 55', and that
of tiie latter 28^ 22', both North. As the latitude of the station is
well determined, however, there is probably very little error in the
deduced time from that cause. But there was a very strong wind,
which made it difficult to hold the sextant as steady as was desirable
for close work. As the time deduced affects the accuracy of the longi-
tude of Dunleith, Illinois, herein reported, we will endeavour to verify
the result by another series of observations, whenever an opportunity
shall occur. We do not apprehend that the error will be found to
exceed a fraction of a second of time.
1th. 1859, February 21th. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: //. m. s.
By 10 observations on u Arietis, west (at 5//. 50/?/.) 1 26 45.42
By 13 observations on y' Leonis, east (at 6/t. 24;//.) 1 26 45.74
31
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fastof sidereal time h. m. s.
for this station (at 6/t. 07ni.) - - - + 1 26 45.58
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141 was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at Ih. 'S8m.
mean time) - - - - - — 4 43.48
8th. 1859, March ^th. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: h. m. s.
By 10 ob:?ervati()ns on /3 Tauri, west (at 9h. S'Srn.) 1 27 15.26
By 12 obscrvalions on « Bootis, east (at 10/t. 07///.) 1 27 15.71
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 9/i. 50//Z.) - - - + 1 27 15.48
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at llA. 00/k.
mean lime) - - - - - — 4 43.52
9//;. 1859, March 8th. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
\st Set.
By 8 observations on <x. Arietis, west h. m. s.
(at 6A. 04//Z. 38s.) - - 1 27 40.29
By 8 observations on y' Leonis, east
(at 6/«. 28m. 22s.) - - 1 27 40.71
\st Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 6A. h. m. s.
I6m. 30s.) - . - - . -L 1 27 40.50
By 6 obs. on a, Tauri, west, and 9 obs.
on /3 Tauri, also west, giving
weight according to the number
on each (at 9A. 09m.) - - 1 27 41.10
By 16 observations on cc Bootis, east
(at lOA. 25m.) - - 1 27 41.56
26i72esw/^— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 9A. 47m.) -f 1 27 41.33
32
Result adopted — Chronometer No. '2557, fast of si- //. m. s.
dereal lime for this station (at 8/t. 02m.) + 1-27 40.92
By compainson — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean scalar time for this station (at 8/i. 57?/?.
mean time) - • - - • — 4 42. 5G
10//f. 1859, March I5th. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
1st Set.
By 8 observations on y' Leonis, east h. m. s.
(at 6/i. 32m.) - - - 1 28 34.1:3
By 6 observations on >j Tauri, west
(at 7/i. 00m.) - - - 1 28 33.48 h. m. s.
ls^72e5?yZ«— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 6/i. 467/1.) + 1 28 33.80
2d Set.
By 8 obs. on a Tauri, west, and 7 obs.
on jS Tauri, also west (at 8//. 4Sm.) 1 28 33.88
By 12 observations on « Bootis, east
(at 9/i. 48m.) - - - 1 28 34.51
2c?i?fswZ^— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 9//. IS/w.) -f 1 28 34.20
Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 8A.
02m.) giving the 2d result twice the weight of
the 1st, - - - - - -f 1 28 34.07
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at 8h. 30m. mean
time) - - . - . _ 4 40.14
When the stars composing the 1st Set, of this night, were observed,
a very strong wind prevailed, which sometimes made it difficult to
hold the sextant perfectly steady. When the stars composing the
2d Set were observed, there was but little wind, and the sextant could
be held quite steady. For this reason we give the 2d result twice the
weight of the 1st. This, however, makes the result adopted only
07 (t^o) of a second of time greater than would be obtained by a
direct mean of the two results.
33
nth. 1859, March I9fh. At the same Staiion.
Sidereal chronometer No. 255T, fast; h. m. s.
By 7 observations on /3 Tauri, west (at 9h. I77n.) 1 29 01.60
By 13 observations on u Bootis, east (at 9h. Sim.) 1 29 01.66
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 9h. 24m. sidereal time) + 1 29 01.63
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at 9h. Sojn.
mean time) - - - - - — 4 40.52
I2th. 1859, March S\st. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer^No. 2557, fast :
Bv 8 observations on /3 Geminorum, west (at llh. h. m. s.
mm.) - - - - - 1 30 30.08
By 8 observations on « Coronce Borealis, east (at
llh. 53m.) - - . . I 30 30.50
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at llh. 44m.) - + 1 30 30.29
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141 was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at 11//. 08m.) — 4 38.97
13,'/i. 1859, April M. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast :
By 8 observations on /3 Geminorum, west (at 11//. h. m. s.
11m.) . - - . - 1 30 49.87
By 8 observations on x Coron^e Borealis, east (at
11/t. 57m.) - - - - - 1 30 49.94
Resvlt — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at llh. 34m.) - + 1 30 49.90
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at 10//.. 46?//.
mean time) - - - . . — 4 38.70.
VOL. VII. — E
34
l^th. 1859, April 20ih. At the same Station,
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast :
1st Set.
By 7 observations on /3 Tauri, west h. m. s.
(at 9k. 37m.) - - - 1 32 59.29
By 8 observations on cc Bootis, east
(at 9/t. 49m.) - - - 1 32 59.64
//. m. s.
1st Result— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (Rt9h.^3?n.) + 1 32 59.46
2d Set.
By 8 observations on /3 Geminoriim,
west (at 11/i. 207W.) - - 133 00.04
By 9 observations on a. Coronse Bo-
realis, east (at 11 A. 52/71.) 1 32 59.84
2d Re sidt— Chronometer No. 2557. fast (at llh.
mm.) - - - - H- 1 32 59.94
Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si-
dereal time for this station (at 10//. 40/^.) + 1 32 59.70
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141 was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at Sh. 45m.) — 4 41.06
15/7t. 1859, April 21th. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 10 observations on e Bootis, east h. m. s.
(at lOA. 53m.) - - 1 33 52.18
By 10 observations on u, Corona) Bo-
realis, also east (at 11/i. '\om.) 1 33 52.05'
By 20 observalions on 2 East stars • //. m. s.
(at llA. IHm.) - - 1 33 52.11 -f 1 33 52.11
By 10 observalions on /3 Geminorum, west (at 11//.
24m.) - - - - + 1 33 51.84
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 11//. 21m.) - - + 1 33 51.97
35
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141 was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at 97*. 00m. Ji. m. s.
nnean time) . . - - — 4 41.14
16//j. 1859, April 29th. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 9 observations on s Boolis, east h. m. s,
(at 11/t. 00m.) - - 1 34 05.38
By 15 observations on a. Coronce Bo-
realis, also east (at 11/?.. 48m.) 1 34 05.41
By 24 observations on 2 East stars
(atllA. 24m.) - - 1 34 05.40 h. m. s.
h 1 34 05.40
By 17 observations on /3 Geminorum, west (at llA.
24m.) - . - - + 1 34 05.24
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 11/?. 24m.) - + 1 34 05.32
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at 8h. 54m.
mean time) - - - - - — 4 41.48
17th. 1859, May I6th. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By- 11 observations on ^ Geminorum, west (at 11/?. /?. m. s.
41m.) - - - - - 1 36 14.61
By 9 observations on a. Coronse Borealis, east (at
12A. 00m.) - - - . - 1 36 15.19
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 11/?. 50m.) - + 1 36 14.90
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at 8^. l^m.
mean time) - - - - - — 4 41.43
36
18^//. 1859, 3I(nj 19///. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
\st Set,
By 12 observations on cc Coronoe Bo- //.. m. s.
realis, east (at 12//. 26m.) - 1 36 37.93
By 12 observations on e Lconis, west
(at 12//. 44/7/.) - - 1 36 37.12
15/ Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 12//. //. m. s.
35///.) - - . -• + 1 36 37.52
2d'Sc'f.
By 9 observations on y' Leonis, west
(at 13//. 07?//.) - - 1 36 37.31
By 12 observations on ^ Herculis, east
(at 13//. 30///.) - - 1 36 37.87
2d i?es//Z/— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 13//.
19///.) - - - . 4- 1 36 37.59
Sd Set.
By 5 observations on cc Ophiuchi, east
(at VSh. 42m.) - - 1 .36 37.48
By 6 observations on cc Leonis, west
(at 13//. 54?//.) - - 1 .36 37.60
3c/ Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 13//.
48m.) - - - - + 1 36 37.52
Resvlt adopted, or men?!, of the 3 sets — Chronometer
No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station
(at 13//. 14m.) - - - + 1 36 37.55
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar lime for this station (at 9//. 25///.
mean time) - - - - - — 4 40.16
19///. 1859, Jf//// 21.S/. At the same Station.
Siderenl chrononieter No. 2557, fast :
37
15/ Set.
By 9 observations on oc. Coronse Bo- h. m. s.
realis, east(at 12/i. 18m.) - 136 51.65
By 10 observations on s Leonis, west
(at I2h. 40m.) - - 1 36 50.96
1st Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fust (at 12/i. h. m. s.
29m.) - - - - H- 1 36 51.31
2d Set.
By 8 observations on /3 Geminorum,
west (at I2h. 04m.) - - 1 36 50.75
By 8 observations on ^ Herculis, east
(at I2h. 34m.) - - 1 36 51.58
2d ReswZ/— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 12^.
19m,.) - - - - + 1 36 51.16
Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si-
dereal time for this station (at 12//. 34m.) + 1 36 51.24
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at 8/*. 27m.
mean time) - - - - - — 4 41.08
20th. 1859, May 22d. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast;
By 10 observations on « Coronre Bo- h. m. s.
realis, east (at 12/i. 14^7/1.) - 1 36 58.55
By 4 observations on f Herculis, also
east(at 12/i. 57m.) - - 136 58.59
By 14 observations on 2 East Stars,
jzivins weight accordino; to the
number on each, (at V2h. 36m.) 1 36 58.56 //. m. s.
L 1 36 58.-56
By 11 observations on e Leonis, west (at \2h. 44m.) + 1 36 58.15
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 12^.. 40m.) - + 1 36 58.35
38
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at 8/t. 39m.
mean time) - - - - - — 4 41 65
2\sL 1859, May 24.th. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 11 observations on « Coronoe Boreali«, east (at h. m. s.
I2h. 22m.) - - - . ' . 1 37 13.25
By 11 observations on s Leonis, west (at 12/i. S8m.) 1 37 12.75
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 12/t. 30m.) - - +13713.00
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time (at 8//. 21?«. mean time) - — 4 41.60
22d. 1859, June Sd. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
Is; Set.
By 7 observations on ^ Leonis, west h. m. s.
(at 1.5/i. 04m.) - - - 1 38 33.25
By 8 observations on & Cygni, east
(at 15/t. 24m.) - - 1 38 33.60
1st Result — Chronometer No. 2557,
fast (at 15/t. 14m.) - - 1 38 33.42
+ 1 38 33.42
2d Set.
By 10 observations on a, Lyrce, east
(at ISA. 40m.) - - 1 38 33.00
By 10 observations on x, or 12,
Canum Venaticor. west (at 16h.
00m.) . - - 1 38 83.18
2d Result — Chronometer No. 2557,
fast (at ISA. 50m.) - - 1 38 33.09
-f 1 38 33.09
39
Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- h, m. s.
dereal time for this station (at 15/?.. :37m.) + 1 38 33.26
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at lOA. 48m.
mean time) - - - - - — 4 44.22
2M. 1859, June 6th. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
\st Set.
By 9 observations on y' Leonis, west h. m. s.
(at 14/i. 19w.) - - 1 38 51.20
By 12 observations on Cygni, east
(at lU. 51m.) - . 1 38 51.26
Is^ 12e5?/7/— Chronometer No. 2557,
fast (at 14//.. 38m.) - - 1 38 51.23 h. m. s.
4- 1 38 51.23
2^ Set.
By 11 observations on <^ Leonis, west
(at 14^. 04m.) - - 1 38 51.20
By 18 other observations at a later
period of the night, on Cygni,
east (at lOh. 16m.) - - 1 38 51.52
2d Result— Chroi^omeier No. 2557,
fast (at 15A. 10m.) - - 1 38 51.36
4- 1 38 51.36
Sd Set.
By 13 observations on « Lyroe, east
(at 15/*. 18m.) - - 1 38 51.82
By 15 observations on a (or 12)
Cap.um Venaticorum, west (at
IGh. 12m. - - - 1 38 51.50
Sd Result — Chronometer No. 2557,
last (at 15A. 45m.) - - 1 38 51.66
1 38 51.66
40
Result adopted— Chronomeier No. 2557, fast of si- h. m. s.
dereal time for this station (at 15A. Win.) -f 1 38 51.42
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at lO/i. Il7«.
mean time) - - - - - — 4 44.80
24.th. 1859, June lOth. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
Is^ Set.
By 14 observations on 7' Leonis, west h. m. s.
(at 14^. 28m.) - - 1 39 17.98
By 13 observations on y3 Cygni, east
(at 14A. 52m.) - - 1 39 17.98
\st Result — Chronometer No. 2557,
fast, (at 14^. 40m.) - - 1 39 17.98 h. m. s.
h 1 39 17.98
2d. Set.
By 12 observations on ct, Lyroe, east
(at 15A. 37m.) - - 1 39 18.46
By 14 observations on a (or r2)Canum
Venaticorum, west (at 16//. 05m.) 1 39 18.28
2d Result— Chx'onomeWr No. 2557,
fast (at 15/i. 51m.) - - 1 39 18.37
f- 1 39 18.37
M Set.
By 24 observations on y Cygni, east
(at 10//. 55m.) - - 1 39 18.62
By 15 observations on e Bootis, west
(at 17/i. 21m.) - - 1 39 18.40
3(i Result — Chronom(>fer No. 2557,
fast (at 17/t. 08m.) - - 1 39 18.51
\- 1 39 18.51
41
Resvd adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- h. m. s.
dereal time for this station (at 15//. 53m.) + 1 39 18.29
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at 10//. 37m.
mean time) - - . - - — 4 46.59
'Zoth. 1859, June. 22d. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
Is^ Set.
By 10 observations on (^Leonis, west h. m. s.
(at loh. 16m.) - - 1 40 48.05
By 10 observations on B Cygni, east
(at 15//. 29m.) - - 1 40 47.96
Is^ /?fs?//^— Chronometer No. 2557,
liast (.It 1.5//. 22m.) - - 140 48.00 h. m. s.
\- 1 40 48.00
2d Set.
By 9 observations on 64 (or 12) Canum
Vonaticorum, west (at 15//. 40m.) 1 40 47.63
By 11 observations on a Lyrse, east
(at 15//. 56m.) - - 1 40 48.05
2d Result — Chronometer No. 2557,
last (at 15//. A&m.) - - 1 40 47.84
H- 1 40 47.84
3d Set.
By 12 other observations on a3 Cygni,
east (at 16//. 23m.) - - 1 40 48.06
By 17 observations on e Bootis, west
(at 17//. 41m.) - - 1 40 48.31
Sd Result — Chronometer No. 2557,
fast (at 17//. 02m.) - - 1 40 48.18
+ 1 40 48.18
Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si-
dereal time for this station (at 16/t. 04m.) + 1 40 48.00
VOL. VII.
42
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow
of mean solar time for this station (at lO/i. 02m. h. m. s.
mean time) - - - - . — 4 49.83
26th. 1859, June 2Uh. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
1st Set.
By 12 observations on a, Lyroe, east h. m. s.
(at 15/t. 25771.) - - - 1 41 02.05
By 12 observations on x Canum
Venaticorum, west (atl6/i. 02?7z.) 1 41 01.82
1st Result — Chronometer No. 2557,
fast (at 15/i. 42m.) - - 1 41 01.94 h. m. s.
h 1 41 01.94
2d Set.
By 9 observations on <^ Leonis, west
(at 15h. 11m.) - - 1 41 01.74
By 9 observations on ^ Cygni, east
(at 10/t. 46/71.) - - - 1 41 02.16
2d Resvlt — Chronometer No. 2557,
fast (at 15/j. 58m.) - - I 41 01.95
Sd Set.
By 9 observations on /3 Cygni, east
(at 15^. 4677i.) - - . 1 41 02.33
By 11 observations on e Bootis, west
(at ISA. 18771.) - - - 1 41 02.52
Sd Result— Chronometer No. 2557,
fast (at 17A. 02m.) - - 1 41 02.42
+ 1 41 01.95
-f 1 41 02.42
Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si-
dereal time for this station (at IQh. l^m.) + 1 41 02.10
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at 10/t. 03777.
mean time) - - - - - — 4 50.21
43
21th, {Omitted in the proper order of dates.) 1858, March 2'2d,
At Chicago Observing Station, No. I, in lat. 41° 53' 50". 3
N.: long. 5h. 50m. 30.995. ivest of the meridian of Greenwich.
See page 351 of Vol, VI. of the Society's Proceedings.
Mean solar chronometer No. 141, slow of mean time, at apparent
noon:
By 5 pairs of equal altitudes of the sun's upper and m. s.
lower limbs - - - - - — 4 56.26
By comparison. — Sidereal chronometer No. 2557,
fast of sidereal time for this station, at apparent
noon, (say at Oh. 06m. 44s. sidereal time) - + 49 55.67
I desired to get observations on East and West Stars for the time
on the night of iMarch 22d ; but ihe sky was entirely clouded, which
prevented it. On the next morning (March 23) I started with both
chronometers, the sextant and artificial horizon, on a journey to
Fulton and Albany, Illinois. I also visited Lyons, in Iowa. Having
observed for the latitude and longitude of these places — depending for
the longitude on the run of the two chronometers — I returned to
Chicago on the evening of March 29th, 1858, and made the following
observations for the time, viz : —
2Sth. 1858, March 29th. At Chicago Observing Station Ao. I.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 7 observations on « Tauri, west (at m. s.
8h. 48m.) - - - - 50 26.94
By 11 observations on jS Tauri, also west
(at 9/t. 21m.) - - - 50 27.14
By 18 observations on 2 West Stars (at
9A. 08m.) giving weight according to
the number of observations on each - 50 27.06 m. s.
h 50 27.06
By 20 observations on <* Bootis, east (at
lOh. 20m.) . - - . -f 50 26.90
liesvlt — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 9^. 44m.) sidereal time + 50 26.98
44
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141 was slow of
mean solar time (or this station (at 9A. 15m. mean h. m. s.
lime) • - - - - - — 5 01.76
F. S. The following determinations of the Chicago time (Nos. 29
and 'M)) were made after this paper was presented, with reference to
a second determination of the longitude of the City of Rock Island,
viz: —
29th. I'^.dO, July 2^fh. At Chicago Station Ao. 8.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast : //. /u. s.
By 13 observations on s Bootis, west (at 17/i. 44/«.) + 1 45 30.94
By 15 observations on <f Cygni, east (at I8h. 06m.) + 1 45 31.40
Result — ('hronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 17/i. 55m.) - -|- 1 45 31.17
By com,parison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at 9h. 30m.
mean time) - - - - - — 5 03.37
30/^. 1859, July 'Slst. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: h. m. s.
By 10 observations on ^ Cygni, east (at llh. 45m.) -|- 1 45 53.86
By 10 observations on e Bootis, west (at 18//.. Olm.) + 1 45 54.13
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 17A. 53?/^.) - + 1 45 53.99
By comparison — Chronorueter No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time (or this station (at 9//. 16m.
mean time) - - - - — 5 05.63
This ends the series of time-ohs(M'vations made at Chicago durinfr
the period included in this paper.
Rates of the Chronometers.
The rates of the chronometers during the period included in this
paper, were as follows, viz:
45
1st. Bates of Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557.
Elapsed Sidereal 1
Rate per 24
interval. 1
Sidereal Hours.
FROM
TO
1
JL \J
Days and Decimals. 1
-f- Gaining.
1858.
1858. 1
8.
March 22,
March 29,
7401
4 230
Marcli 29,
June 19,
82.256
6 377
June 19,
June 20,--^
1.002
7.075
July 21,
July 26,
5 117
6.369
July 26,
August 4,
8.999
6.260
Aug-usl 4,
August 12,
8.018
5.580
August 12,
August 15,
3 002
5.620
August 15,
August 23,
7.991
6.110
August 23,
September 5,
12.990
5.930
September 5,
September 7,
2079
6.000
September 7,
September 18,
1859.
10.931
5.538
September 18,
January 17,
121 354
7.048
1859.
January 17,
January 27,
10 146
5.220
January 27,
January 28.
0.835
5.230
January 28,
Februa'ry 20, •
23.071
7.140
February 20,
February 23,
3.211
5 120
February 23,
February 27,
3.815
6.550
February 27,
March 4,
5 155
5 800
March 4,
March 8,
3.925
6.480
March 8,
March 15,
7 000
7.590
March 15,
March 19,
4.057
6.793
March 19,
March 31,
12097
7.330
March 31,
April 3,
2.993
6.5.50
April 3,
April 20,
16.963
7.650
April 20,
April 27,
7.028
7.430
April 27,
April 29,
2.002
6.669
April 29,
May 16,
17.018
7.610
May 16,
May 19,
3.057
7.366
May 19,
May 21.
1.965
6.966
May 21,
May 22,
1.011
7.033
May 22,
May 24,
1 993
7.351
May 24,
June 3,
10.130
7.923
June 3,
June 6,
2.982
6.086
June 6,
June 10,
4 029
6 669
June 10,
June 22,
12.007
7.470
June 22,
June 24,
2.007
7025
June 24,
July 28,
34.070
7 897
July 28,
July 31,
2.999
' 7610
*The rates from June 20, to .July 21, 1858, are given at page 362 of Vol.
VI. of the Society's Proceedings.
46
The above table shows clearly that the rate of sidereal chronometer,
No. 2557, was accelerated when it was allowed to remain at rest,
and that it was retarded (the rate of gaining diminished) by the effect
of travelh'ng, independent of the effect of change of temperature.
2d. Rates of Mean Solar Chronometer No. 141.
Elapsed Mean
Ptate per 24 Mean
Solar interval.
Solar Hours.
FROM
TO
Days
-f- Gaining.
and Decimals.
— Losing.
1858.
1858.
S.
March 22,
March 29,
7.385
— 0.744
March 29,
June 19,
82031
+ 0.042
June 19,
June 20,=^
1.000
— 0.760
July 21,
July 26,
5.103
+ 0.701
July 26,
August 4,
8.986
+ 0.690
August 4,
August 12,
7.994
+ 0.455
August 12,
August 15,
2.978
— 0.187
August 15,
August 23,
7.985
-f 0.145
August 23, '
September 5,
12.954
— 0.068
September 5,
September 7,
2.064
+ 0.070
September 7,
September 18,
1859.
10.900
-f 0.020
September 18,
January 17,
121.023
-1- 0.015
1859.
January 17,
January 27,
10.119
— 1.160
January 27,
January 28,
0.832
— 1.295
January 28,
February 20,
23.007
— 0.096
February 20,
February 23,
3.203
— 0.746
February 23,
February 27,
3.804
+ 0.052
February 27,
March 4,
5.140
— 0.008
March 4,
March 8,
3.915
+ 0.245
March 8,
March 15,
6.992
-f 0.346
March 15,
March 19,
4.045
— 0.094
March 19,
March 31,
12.065
+ 0.128
March 31,
April 3,
2 985
+ 0.090
April 3,
April 20,
16.916
— 0.140
April 20, *
April 27,
7.011
— 0.011
April 27,
April 29,
1.996
— 0.170
April 29,
May 16,
16.971
-f 0.003
May 16,
May 19,
3.006
+ 0.377
May 19,
May 21,
1.9.59
— 0.470
May 21,
May 22,
1.008
— 0.565
May 22,
May 24,
1.988
-f 0.027
May 24,
June 3,
10.102
— 259
June 3,
June 6,
2.974
— 0.200
June 6,
June 10,
4.018
— 443
June 10,
June 22,
1 1 .976
— 0.270
June 22,
June 24,
2.000
— 0.190
June 24,
July 28,
33.977
— 0.387
July 28,
July 31,
2.990
— 0.755
* See preceding foot note.
47
We will now give the observations that were made at the statioi,
whose positions were to be determined, following the order in which
they are enumerated in the beginning of this paper.
VII. ASHTABULA, OHIO.
Station — The centre of the Pubhc Square.
Is^. Observations f 09' the Latitude {Approximate) 1858, Avg. 6th.
The sky to the north was cloudy, and that to the south was still
more so, which prevented observations, as satisfactory as could be
wished, for the latitude. It was, however, obtained near enough for
computing the observations on East and West Stars for the tiine and
longitude, as follows, viz : —
By 14 circum-meridian altitudes on y Cephei north,
combined with 2 observations (circum-meridian)
on Altair (x Aquilre,) and 4 on y Pegasi, both
south:— latitude - - - 41° 52' 04" N.
2d. Observations for the Time.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
1st Set. Before the Telegraph Signals.
By 5 observations on a Corouce Bo- m. s.
realis, west (at 20A. U2m.) - 36 34.55
By 12 observations on a Andromedse,
east (at 20h. 28m.) - - 36 34.00
1 st Result. Before the signals — Ch ro-
nometerNo.2557,fast (at 20/t. 15/71.) 36 .34.27 m.
+ 36 34.27
2d Set. After the Signals.
By 8 observations on cc Cygni, west
(at 24A. 2dm.) - - 36 34.58
By 1 1 observations on « Aurigse (Ca-
pella) east (at 25/i. 19m. or Ih.
19m. of Aug. 7th, sidereal) 36 35.11
2d Result. After the Signals — Chro-
nometer No. 2557, fast (at 0^.
54m. of Aug. 7th, sidereal) - 36 34.85
+ 36 34.85
48
Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si-
dereal time lor this station (at 22h. 34m. of Aug.
6th, sidereal) - - -
-f o 34.56
3<Z. For the Longitude.
The above result, for the Ashtabula time, compared with the time-
observations at Chicago, of the 4th and 12th of August, to obtain the
rate of mean solar chronometer No. 141, and applied to the following
telegraphic signals, gives the difference of longitude between those two
places, and the longitude of Ashtabula west of the meridian of Green-
wich, as follows, viz: —
The rate of the sidereal chronometer, from the period of its determi-
nation this night, back to the period of each signal, is deduced, in
this instance, from the two sets of time-observations made this night.
The great elapsed time here, being 4/<. 39/^., seemed to justify this.
Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and
Ashtabula, Ohio, by electric signals for comparisons of time,
August 6th, 1858.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Ashtabula, sidereal time,
(at 21/?. I8?n. sidereal time,) S6m. 34.{)4s.
Rate per sidereal day, -}- 3s.00; or per sidereal hour, + 0s.l25.
Mean Solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar
time, (at llA. 49m. mean time,) 4m. 31s.02.
Rate per mean solar day, -f- Os.455; or per mean solar hour, +
05.01896.
1st. — Chicao-o signals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of
Correct
Chicago
Ashtabula
Chicago
each signal.
Signals given at
Chicago
signals as noted
correct
reduced
Ashtabula, east
Chica'^o
mean solar
at Ashtabula
sidereal time
sidereal time
of the meridian
by moiin sular
time of
by sidereal
of
of
of Chicago
CtiroiKJUieter
Cliicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chicago
obscrving-
No. lU.
signals.
No. 2.')07.
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. m. .v.
h. m. s.
h. m. .v.
h. m. s.
h. in. s.
h. m. s.
11 44 40
11 4'.) 01.02
21 54 50.5
21 18 22.10 120 51 00.72
27 21.38
11 47 10
11 51 41.02
21 57 27
21 20 52.59 !20 53 31.13
27 21.40
12 11 30
12 16 01.01
22 21 51
21 45 16.54 j21 17 55 12
27 21.42
12 14 30
12 19 01.01
22 24 51.5
21 48 17.04 ]21 20 55.61
27 21.43
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Ashtabula 27 21.422
49
2d. — Ashtabula signals recorded at both stations
Times of
signals given at
Ashtabula
by sidereal
Chronometer
Xo. 2557.
Times of
Ashtabula
signals as noted
at Chicago
by mean solar
Chronometer
No. 141.
Chicago
correct mean
solar time
of
Ashtabula
signals.
Chicago
reduced
sidereal time
of
Ashtabula
signals.
Difference of
Longitude by
Ashtabula each signal.—
correct Ashtabula East
sidereal tune of the meridian
of of Chicago
Ashtabula observing
signals. station. No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. 111. s.
h. m. s. 1 h. m. s.
h. m. s. h. m. s.
22 09 49
11 59 80
12 04 01.02 21 05 53.16
21 33 14.57 27 21.41
22 12 49.5
12 02 30
12 07 01.02 21 08 53.65
21 36 15.06 27 21.41
22 15 50
12 05 30
12 10 01.01 21 11 54.13
21 39 15.56 27 21.43
22 18 50.5
12 08 30
12 13 01.01 21 14 54.62
21 42 16.05 27 21.43
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Ashtabula to Chicago, 27 21.42
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Ashtabula,
as above, ------ 02721.42:
Result: — Centre of the Public Square at Ashtabula, east, in
longitude of Chicago observing Station No. 3, by a mean of
the two sets of signals, - - - - —0 27 21.42
Longitude oC Chicago observing station No. 3, west
• f the meridian of Greenwich,
+ 5 50 .31.20
Longitude of the centre of the Ashtabula Public
Square, west of the meridian of Greenwich, - 5 23 09.78
Equal, in arc, to -
Latitude (ap[)roximate) as before,
80M7' 26".7 VV.
41° 52' 04" N.
VIIL ERIE, PENxNSYLVANlA.
Station. — The point of intersection of the two diagonal lines of the
lumber-lot of Mr. William Sandborn, fronting on Sixth street, between
Holland and French streets.
\st. Ob ser cations fir the Latitude. 1858, Avgust Sth.
By 16 observations on Polaris, north, combined with
16 observations (circum-meridinn) on a. Aquarii, ^ ^ ^^
south, - - - - - 42 07 53.8
Same night — By 28 circum-meridian altitudes of
Allair [cc Aquilse,) south, combined with 22 cir-
cum-meridian altitudes of y Cephei, north, - 42 07 55.8
Result — Latitude of station.
42 07 54.8 N.
VOL. VII. G
50
2d. Observations for the Time. Augvst 8th, \ 858.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 9 observations on a Coronse Borealis, west (at m. s.
I9h. 06m.) ..... 33 56.51
By 8 observations on u, Andromedse, east (at 20/t.
24m.) 33 57.29
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 19/t. 45m.) - . + y3 56.90
August 9th, 185S. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
1st Set.
By 13 observations on a Corona:; Bo- m. s.
realis, west (at 19/i. 25m.) 34 02.58
By 12 observations on cc Andromedse,
east (at 20A. 03m.) - - 34 02.45
1st Result — Chronometer No. 2557,
fast (at 19h. 44?/z.) . - 34 02.51 m.
H- 34 02.51
'2d Set.
By 12 pairs of equal altitudes of cc Cygni, observed
east and west (at 20/i. S6m. 38.44s. or meridian
transit) - - - - . -f 34 02.73
Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, last of si-
dereal time for this station (at 20/<. 10m.) H- 34 02 62
?)d. The Longitude.
In obtaining the difTerence of longitude between Erie and Chicago,
we use the time by sidereal chronometer No. 2557, for the meridian
of Erie as derived from the foregoing observations of August 9th.
The rate of that chronometer, carried forward from the period of the
determination of the said time to that of the signals, is derived from
the observations made at Erie on the nights of August 8th and 9th.
The corresponding time for the meridian of Chicago, is derived
from the observations made there on the 4fh and 12th of August,
which give the rate of the mean solar chronometer No. 141, during
that interval, and also the means of reducing the Chicago time to the
period of the said signals.
The signals and the results derived from them were as follows.
viz.
51
Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and
Erie, Pennsylvania, by electric signals for comparisons of time,
August 9th, 1858.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Erie, sidereal time, (al
20//. o9m.. sidereal time,) Sim. 02s.81.
Rate per sidereal day, + 5,9.62; or per sidereal hour, + Os.234.
20, mean solar
Mean solar Chronometer No- 141, slow, of Chica
tli^U,
time, (at ll/t. 15m. mean time,) Am. 29s.67.
Rate per mean solar day, + Os.455; or per mean solar hour, +
Os.01896.
1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations.
Times of
Difference of
Times of signal?
Correct
Cliicago
Erie
Chicago
Longitude by
given at
Chicago
signals, as
correct
reduced
each signal. —
Cliicago,
mean solar
notel at Erie,
.sidereal time
sidereal
Krie east of
by mean solar
time of
by sidereal
of
time of
the meridian of
Chronometpr
Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago observ-
No. 141.
signals.
Xo 2oo7.
signals.
signals.
ing station No.3.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. VI. s.
h. m. s. ^
/*. ?n. s.
h. m. s.
11 11 00
11 15 29.67
21 33 16
20 59 13.19
20 29 03.50
30 09.69
11 13 50
11 18 19.67
21 36 06.5
21 02 03.68
20 31 53.97
30 09.71
11 16 50
11 21 19.67
21 39 07
21 05 04.17
20 34 54.46
30 09.71
11 19 50
11 24 19.67
21 42 07.5
21 08 04.66
20 37 54.85
30 09.71
11 22 30
11 26 59.67
21 44 48
21 10 45.15
20 40 35.40
30 09.75
11 43 39
11 48 08.66
22 06 00.5
21 31 57.56
21 01 47.86
30 09.70
11 46 39
11 51 08.66
22 09 01
21 34 58.05
21 04 48.35
30 09.70
11 49 42
11 54 11.66
22 12 04.5
21 38 01.54
21 07 51.85
30 09.69
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Erie,
30 09.708
2d. — Erie siiznals recorded at both stations.
Times oi
Lifference of
Times of signals
Erie signals
Chicago
Chicago
Erie
Longitude by
given at
as noted at
correct
reduced
correct
each .signal. —
Erie by
Chicago by
mean solar
sidereal
sidereal
Erie east of
sidereal
mean solar
time of
time of
time of
the meridian of
Chronometer
Chronometer
Erie
Erie
Erie
Chicaso observ-
No. 2557.
No. 141.
signals.
signals.
signals.
ing station No.3.
A. m. S.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h.
m. s.
h. m. 8.
21 50 58
11 28 39
11 83 08.66
20 46 35.39
21
16 55.12
30 09.73
21 53 58.5
11 31 39
11 36 08.66
20 49 45.89121
19 55.61
30 09.72
21 56 59
11 34 39
11 39 08.66
20 52 46.38 21
22 56.10
30 09.72
21 59 59.5
11 37 39
11 42 08.66
20 55 46.87 '21
25 56.59
30 09.72
22 03 00
11 40 39
11 45 08.66
20 58 47.36
21
28 57.08
30 09.72
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Erie to Chicago,
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Erie as above,
Result: — Erie Observing Station is east, in longitude, of Chicago
Observing Station No. 3, by a mean of the tvro sets of
signals, -------
30 09.722
30 09.708
30 09.715
h. m. s.
Brought forward, — 30 09.715
Longitude of Chicago observing station No. 3, west
of the meridian of Greenwich, - -f 5 50 31.2
Lonintude of Erie observing station west of tlie
meridian of Greenwich, - - - + 5 20 21.5
Equal, in arc, to .... 80° 05' 22".5 W.
Latitude, as before, - - - 42° 07' 54".8 N.
Mv duties required me to return to Chicago immediately after com-
jileling the above observations. I arrived there on the morning of
the 11th August. The night of that date was unfavourable for obser-
vations, which had to be deferred until the night of the 12th. This
makes the elapsed time between the Chicago observations, w^hich
enter into the above determination of the longitudes of Ashtabula and
Erie, from the 4th to the 12th of August; or 8 solar days, during
which period we depend on the run of mean solar chronometer No.
141, in deducing those longitudes.
IX. TOLEDO, OHIO.
Station. — By a true, azimuth derived from observations on Polaris
(ct Ursa) Minoris) with the theodolite, and a horizontal measurement
with the chain, tVom this observing station to the point of intersection
of the middle of Jefferson street, with the middle of Superior street,
is S. 60° 14' 57" W., and the distance 141 feet.
l.s/. Ohscrvations for the Lalit.vde. 1858, August 13//t.
By 5 circum-meridian altitudes of <f Pegasi, and 7
circum-itK'ridian altitudes of s4 Pegasi, both south,
combined with 14 observed altitudes of Polaris ^
(« Urs. Minoris) north, - - - 41 39 02.85
18^9, Janmiry 2ith. By 1 8 circum-meridian alti.
tudes of /s Orionis, south, combined with 20 ob-
served altitudes of Polaris, north, - - 41 39 0L97
By giving the 2d set twice the weight of the first, we
* get
7?f.s7///—Latitudr> of station, . . 41 39 02.20 N.
53
When the observations were made for the latitude on the night of
August 13th, 1858, the sky to the south was so much clouded that
no more observations could be made in that direction, for that object,
than are above reported. The result then obtained agrees, however,
well with that derived from the satisfactory set of observations made
on the night of January 24th, 1859, on the occasion of a second visit
to the same station. It is believed that the result reported is a pretty
close determination.
26?. Ohservntions for the Time. l&o8, Avgvst lUth.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast :
1st Set.
By 7 observations on u, Coronre Bo- m. s.
realis, west (at 19/>. 29m.) - 48 15.59
By 11 observations on « Andromedse,
east, (at 19/*. 59//i.) - - 48 15.31
2d Result — Chronometer No. 2557,
fast (at 19/i. 44m.) - - 48 15.45 m.
+ 48 15.45
2d Set.
By 12 pairs of equal altitudes of a Cygni, observed
east and west (at 20/i. 36/w,. 38.43s.) - . -f 48 14.85
ResyJt adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si-
dereal time for this station, Aug. 13th, 1858, (at
20//. 10m.) - ^ - - + 48 15.15
3c?. The Longitude.
The above determination of the Toledo time, and the Chicago time
derived from the observations made there on the nights of August
4th and 12th, combined with the following telegraphic signals, give
us the longitude of Toledo, Ohio, as follows, viz :—
54
Determination of the Difference of Longitude between Chicago and
Toledo^ Ohio, by electric signals for comparisons of time, August
13th, 185«.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Toledo, sidereal time, (at
20^. 49m. sidereal time,) 4:Sm. 15s.30.
Rate per sidereal day, + 55.62; or per sidereal hour, + Os.234.
Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar
time, (at 11//. 0.*3m. mean time,) 4m. 286'.5.
Rate per mean solar day, — O5.I8T; or per mean solar hour, —
05.0078.
1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations.
Times of
Pifference ot
Times of signals
Correct
Chicago
Toledo
Chicago
Longitude by
given at
Chicago
signals, as noted
correct
reduced
each signal.—
Chicago
mean solar
at Toledo,
sidereal
sidereal
Toledo east of
by mean solar
time of
by sidereal
time of
time of
the meridian of
Chronometer
Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago observ-
No. 141.
signals.
No. 2557.
signals.
signals.
ing station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
10 58 50
11 03 18.5
21 37 13.5
20 48 58.2
20 32 36.55
16 21.65
11 01 50
11 06 18.5
21 40 14
20 51 58.69
20 35 37.04
16 21.65
11 04 50
11 09 18 5
21 43 14.5
20 54 59.18
20 38 37.54
16 21.64
11 07 50
11 12 18.5
21 46 15
20 57 59.66
20 41 38.03
16 21.63
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Toledo, Ohio, 16 21.642
2d. — Toledo siiinals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of signals
Toledo signals
Chicago
Chicago
Toledo
each signal. —
given at
as noted at
coreect
reduced
correct
Toledo oast of
Toledo, by
Chicago
mean solar
sidereal time
sidereal time
the meridian of
sidereal
by mean solar
time of
of
of
Chicago
Chronometer
Chronometer
Toledo
Toledo
Toledo
observing
No. 2557.
No. 141.
signals.
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. in. s.
21 52 15
11 13 49
11 18 17.5
20 47 38.01 21 03 59.64
16 21.63
21 55 15
11 16 49
11 21 17.5
20 50 38.51 21 07 00.13
16 21.62
21 58 16
11 19 49
11 24 17.5
20 53 39.00 21 10 00.62
16 21.62
22 01 18.5
11 22 51
11 27 19.5
20 56 41.50
21 13 03.10
16 21.60
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Toledo, Ohio, to Chicago, 16 21.618
Ist Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Toledo, Ohio,
as above, --------- 16 21.642
Result: — Toledo OI).serving Station is east, in longitude of Chi-
cago observing Station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of
signals, — () 16
:i.63
55
. /*. m. Sc
Brought forward, — 16 21.63
Longitude of Chicago observing station No. 3, west
of the naeridian of Greenwich, - + 5 50 31.20
Longitude of the Toledo observing station, west of
the meridian of Greenwich, - - -f 5 34 09.57
Equal, in arc, to ... 83° 32' 23".55 W.
Latitude, as before, ... 41° 39' 02".26 N.
From true azimuths from observations on Polaris, with the theo-
dolite, and measured distances from the observing station, we are
enabled to give the following table of the latitudes and longitudes of
positions in the city of Toledo, viz. —
Longitude West of Greenwich.
North Latitude.
'
In are.
In Time.
1. Intersection of the middle of
Jefferson Street, Avith the middle
/
/ //
h. m. s.
of Superior Street, - - - -
41
39 01.57
83
32 25.1G
5 34 09.68
2. Steeple of the Methodist Church
on the most western corner of
Superior and Madison Streets,
41
39 05.92
83
32 22.42
5 34 09.49
3. Steeple of the Congregational
Church on St. Clair Street, be-
tween Jefferson and Madison
Streets, --------
41
39 02.71 : 83
32 20.18
5 34 09.34
4. The Rail Road Depot, (ticket
1
office,) --------
41
38 47.04
83
32 17.75
5 34 09.19
On the map accompanying the report of Captain Andrew Talcott,
of his operations and observations in determining the boundary line
between the States of Michigan and Ohio, in the year 1833 (see
Doc. No. 497 of the House of Representatives, of the 23d Congress,
1st Session), he places Toledo in latitude 41° 38' 43", and in longi-
tude 83° 22' 28"=5A. 33m. 29.875. west of Greenwich, as near as
we can measure by the map scale. Our latitudes agree well, consi-
dering the difference of stations occupied ; but in longitude, my deter-
mination places Toledo 9' 50" in arc = 39.335. of time west of the
position given to it on Captain Talcott's map, as printed on a scale of
5 miles to 1 inch, to accompany his report. This difference in longi-
tude is equal to 8.48 statute miles.
56
X. PRAIRIE DU CHIEN, WISCONSIN.
Station. — This stailon is 122 feet due north from the front door of
the Telegraph Office at the depot of the Milwaukee and Mississippi
Rail Road, on the left bank of the Mississippi river.
1st. Observations fo?' the Latitude. 1858, Ji/hj 12th.
By 10 observed altitudes of c4 Ursee Minoris (Polaris,)
nortli, combined with 24 circum-meridian altitudes ^ ^ ^,
of /3 Aquarii, south; Latitude of station 43 02 01.35 N.
The sky was so much clouded to the north, all night, that I could
obtain no more than ten observations on Polaris, and /3 Aquarii was
the only star that could be observed on, south, for the latitude. It
was only by watching the sky until an hour and a half past midnight,
that the above result could be obtained. Still later watching was
necessary, as will presently appear, to obtain the desired observations
for the time at this place.
2d. Observations for the Time. Same night.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
1st Set.
By 16 observations on a. Coronne Bo- h. m. s.
realis, west(at 18/a. 07m.) - 1 15 39.18
By 9 observations on cc Andromedse,
east (at 20//. 43m.) - - 1 15 39.94
1st Result — Chronometer No. 2557,
fast (at 19A. 25m.) - - 1 15 39.56 h. m. s.
+ 1 15 39.56
2d Set.
By 7 observations on a, Bootis (A retu-
rns) west (at 17/t. 39m.) - 115 39.60
By 12 observations on a, Lyroc, also
west (at 22/t. 05/7?.) . - 1 15 40.49
Mean from 2 West Stars (at 1 9/i. 52?//.) 1 15 40.04
By 12 observations on u Cygni, east
(at 17//. 10///.) - - 1 15 39.43
57
2d Result — Chronometer No. 2557, h. m. s.
tast (at 18/i. 31m.) - - 1 15 39.74 h. ?n. s.
h 1 15 39.74
Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, Oist of si-
dereal time for this station (at 18/?.. 58?w.) + 1 15 39.65
3J. The Longitude.
Tiie above determination of the Prairie du Chien time, and the
Chicago time as observed on the nights of the 12th and 15th of July,
already given at pp. 358 and 359 of Vol. VI. (No. 60) of the Society's
Proceeidings, and the rates of the two chronometers between those two
dates, given at page 362 of the same volume, combined with the fol-
lowing telegraphic signals, give us the longitude of our Prairie du
Chien station, as follows, viz. —
Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and.
Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, by electric signals for comparisons
of time, July 13, 1858.
Sidereal Chronometer xNo. 2557, fast, of Prairie du Chien sidereal
time, (at 18//.. 47m. sidereal time,) Ih. 15m. 396-.61.
Rate per sidereal day, + 4s.91; or per sidereal hour, + 0s.2045.
Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago mean solar
time, (at 11//. 34m. mean time,) 4m. 44s. 51.
Rate per mean solar day, — 06'.03; or per mean solar hour, —
Os.0013.
1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations.
Times of
Chicago
Difference of
Lonsritucle bv
Times of
Correct
signals, as note 1
Prairie duChien
Chicaiio
each .-igual. —
signals given
Chicago
at Prairie du
correct
reduced
Prairie da Chien
at Chicago
mean ?olar
Chien by
sidereal time
sidereal time
west of the me-
by mean solar
time of
sidereal
of
of
ridian of Chi.
Chronometer
Chien go
Chronometer
Chicaw
Chicago
cago observing
No 141.
signals.
No. 2.557.
signals.
signals.
■■station No. 2.
h. VI. s.
h. m. s.
h. /ft. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
11 29 20
11 34 04.51
20 02 50.5
18 47 10.89
19 01 14.35
14 03.46
11 32 10
11 36 54.51
20 05 41
18 50 01.38
19 04 04.81
14 03.43
11 35 20
11 40 04.51
20 08 51.5
18 53 11.87
19 07 15.33
14 03.46
11 58 50
12 03 34.51
20 32 25.5
19 16 45.79
19 30 49.19
14 03.40
12 02 00
12 06 44.51
20 35 86
19 19 56.28
19 33 59.71 14 03.43
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Prairie du Chien, 14 03.436
VOL. VII, H
58
2d.— Pi
airic; du Chien signals r
Bcorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Times of
Longitude by
signals given
PrairieduChicn
Chicago
Chicago Prairie du Chien
each signal. —
at Prairie du
signals, as noted
correct mean
reduced correct
Prairie du Chien
Chien by
at Chicago
solar time
sidereal time sidereal time
west of the me-
sidereal
by mean solar
of Prairie
of of Prairie
ridian of Chi-
Chronometer
Chronometer
du Chien
Prairie du Chien du Chien
cago observing
No. 2.357.
No. lil.
signals.
signals. signals.
station No. 2.
h. m. s.
h. m. s. h. VI. s.
h. m. s. h. m. s.
h. m. S.
20 41 30
12 07 53 12 12 37.51
19 39 53.68 19 25 50.26
14 03.42
20 44 30.5
12 10 53 12 15 37.51
19 42 54.17 19 28 50.75
14 03.42
20 47 31
12 13 53 12 18 37.51 19 45 54.66 19 31 51.24
14 03.42
20 50 30.5
12 16 53
12 21 36.51
19 48 54.16 19 34 50.73
14 03.43
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Prairie du Chien to Chicago, 14 03.422
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Prairie du Chien,
as above, ---------- 14 03.436
Result: — Prairie du Chien observing station is west, in longitude,
of Chicago observing station No. 2, by a mean of the two sets
of signals, - - -f 14 03.429
Longitude of Chicago observing station No. 2, west h. m. s.
of the meridian of Greenwich, - - -f 5 50 31.15
Longitude ofPraire du Chien ob.serving station, west
of the meridian of Greenwich,
Equal, in arc, to -
Latitude of this station, as above.
6 04 34.58
91°08'38".7 W.
43° 02' 01". 35 N.
The above determination will be found, we think, to correspond
very nearly with that of Mr. J. N. Nicollet, derived by him from obser-
vations made in the year 1839, while employed in ex[)loring the hy-
drographical basin of the Mississippi. His station was the American
Fur Company's house, near Fort Crawford. An interesting discus-
sion of the several observations which led him to the longitude which
he adopted for that station, will be found in his report at page 117,
of Senate Document No. 273, of the 26th Congress. 2d Session,
printed in the year 1843.
He there states the longitude of that point to be, //. m. s.
West of the meridian of Greenwich, - - 6 04 35.55
Equal, in arc, to - - - 91° 08' 53".25*
In his table of geographical positions, however, at page 123, he
states that position to be in
Latitude - - . . 43° 03' 06" N.
Longitude, west from Greenwich, - ijh. 04m. 37.35.
^- Erroneously printed in tliat document, 93°, (S:c.
59
I only spent the night in observing at Prairie du Chien, and was
obliged to leave that place early the next morning, on my return to
Chicago. Hence I had no opportunity for making any survey to
connect our two stations, and thus determine accurately their relative
positions. In looking up the Mississippi, however, from my station,
I observed that its course upward appeared, when compared with the
direction of the North Star (Polaris) to be a very little west of north.
The difference of our longitudes, reduced to a common point, is not
probably more than one second of time; and, judging by the eye, of
the distance from my station to the Fur Company's old house, our
latitudes appear to agree very closely.
XI. DUNLEITH, ILLINOIS.
Station. — One hundred feet east from the left shi;reof tlie Mississippi
river, between the freight depot and the passenger house of the North-
western terminus of the Illinois Central Rail Road. From the ob-
serving station to a point perpendicularly under the most northern of
the two cupolas on the north end of the ticket office, of this rail road
depot, is S. 13° W. 250 feet, horizontal measurement.
Ist. The Latitude. 1859, Febrvary 22d.
By .37 circum-meridian altitudes of /3 Orionis, south,
combined with 24 altitudes of Polaris (oc Ursse ^
Minoris,) north, - - - - 42 29 45.16
Same night. — By 26 circum-meridian althudes of a,
Hydrce, south, combined with 14 other altitudes
of Polaris, observed 5 hours later than the pre-
vious set, - - - - - 42 29 44.65
/2e5t//«— Latitude of station, - - 42 29 44.9 N.
2d. Observations for the Time. 1859, February 2\st.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast :
1st Set. Before the telegraphic signals.
By 10 observations on a Arietis, west h. m. s.
(at Qh. 16m.) - - 1 38 14.48
By 1 1 observations on y' Leonis, east
(at U. 39m.) - - 1 38 14.67
60
1st Result. Before the signals —
Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at h. m. s.
6k. 27m.) - - - 1 38 14.57 h. m. s.
1- 1 38 14.57
2d Set. After the telegraphic signals.
By 13 observations on « Bootis (Arctu-
rus)eust (at 10/<. 37m.) - 1 38 15.60
By 14 observations on /3 Geminoriim,
west (at 11//. \lm.) - - 1 38 14.88
2d Result. After the signals —
Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at
10^. 54m.) - - - 1 38 15.24
h 1 38 15.24
Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si-
dereal time for this station (at 8h. 40m.) Feb.
21st, 1859 + 1 38 14.90
1859, Feb. 22d. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
1st Set. Before the telegraphic signals.
By 10 observations on a, Arietis, west h. m. s.
(at 6//.. 03m.) - - 1 38 19.55
By 10 observations on y' Leonis, east
(at Qh. 31m.) - - 1 38 20.09
1st Result. Before the signals —
Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at
6A. 17m.) - - - 1 38 19.82 h. m. s.
h 1 38 19.82
2d Set. After the telegraphic signals.
By 14 observations on /3 Geminorum,
west (at 11 /i. 02m.) - - 1 38 20.52
By 11 observations on cc Bootis, east
(at lU. 26m.) - - 1 38 20.79
2d Result. After the telegraphic sig-
nals Chronometer No. 2557,
fast (at Uh. 14m.) - - 1 38 20.05
u 1 38 20.65
61
Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si-
dereal time for this station (at Sh. 46m.) Feb. h. m, s.
22d, 1859, - . - - + 1 38 20.23
^d. The Longitude.
We have two determinations of the longitude of our Dunleith station.
The first is derived from the time-observations made at that station,
and the signals interchanged with Chicago, on the night of Feb. 21st.
The second is derived from the similar observations and signals made
on the night of Feb. 22d. They both depend in part upon the run of
the mean solar chronometer No. 141, while at rest at Chicago as as-
certained by the time-observations made there on the nights of Feb.
20th and 23d, already given.
The telegraphic signals, and the results, for the 1st determination,
are as follows, viz. —
Determination of the diffei'ence of Longitude between Chicago and
Dunleith^ Illinois, by electric signals for comparisons of time,
February 2lst, 1859.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 25.57, fast, of Dunleith, sidereal time,
(at 9A. 41m. sidereal time,) Ih. 38m. 14.90s.
Rate per sidereal day, -f 5s.308; or per sidereal hour, + 0s.221.
Mean Solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar
time, (at lO/i. 47m. mean time,) 4m. 42s.l4.
Rate per mean solar day, — Os.746; or per mean solar hour, —
Os.03109.
1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of
Correct
Chicago
Dunleith
Chicago
each signal.
Signals given at
Chicago
signals as noted
correct
reduced"
Dunleith west
Chicago
mean solar
at Dunleith
sidereal time
sidereal time
of the meridian
by mean solar
time of
by sidereal
of
of
of Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chicago
observing
No. 141.
signals.
No. 2.557.
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. VI. S.
h. m. s.
A. 7)1. S.
h. m. s.
h. 111. s.
h. in. s.
10 42 10
10 46 52.14
10 19 16.5
8 41 01.60
8 53 06.27
12 04.67
10 45 10
10 49 52.14
10 22 17
8 44 02.09
8 56 06:76
12 04.67
10 48 10
10 52 52.14
10 25 17.5
8 47 02.58
8 59 07-26
12 04.68
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Dunleith,
12 04.673
62
2d. — Dunleith signals recorded at both stations.
Times of
signals given at sig
Dunleith
hj sidereal
Chronometer
No. 2557.
Times of
Dunleith
Chicago
Chicago
Dunleith
signals as noted
correct mean
reduced
correct
at Chicago
solar time
sidereal time
sidereal time
by mean solar
of
of
of
Chronometer
Dunleith
Dunleith
Dunleith
No. 141.
signals.
signals.
signals.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
10 51 10
10 55 52.14
9 02 07.75
8 50 03.06
10 54 10
10 58 52.14
9 02 08.24
8 53 03.55
10 57 10
11 01 52.15
9 08 08.74
8 56 04.04
11 06 10
11 10 52.15
9 17 10.22
9 05 05.51
11 09 10
11 13 52.15
9 20 10.71
9 08 06.00
h. m. s.
10 28 18
10 31 18.5
10 34 19.0
10 43 20.5
10 46 21
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Dunleith to Chicago,
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Dunleith,
as above, --_______
Result: — Dunleith Station No. 1, is west, in longitude of Chi-
cago obsei'ving Station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of
Difference of
Longitude by
each signal. —
Dunleith west
of the meridian
of Chicago ob-
serving station
No. .3.
h. m. s.
12 04.69
12 04.69
12 04.70
12 04.71
12 04.71
12 04.70
12 04.673
siffuals.
Longitude of Chicago observing station No. 3, west
of the meridian of Greenwich,
Determination 1st.
Longitude of Dunleith observing station, west of the
nneridian of Greenwich,
— 12 04.086
+ 5 50 31.20
6 02 35.^
For the second determination, reference must be had to the time-
observations at Dunleith, of the 22d of February; and to those at
Chicago, as before slated, of the 20th and 23d of February, and to
the following telegraphic signals, viz. —
Detei'inination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and
Dunleith, Illinois, by electric signals for comj)arisons of time,
February 22, 1859.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Dunleith sidereal time,
(at 10/i. 00m. sidereal time), \h. 38m. 205.51.
Rate per sidereal day, + 5^.308; or per sidereal hour, + 05.221.
Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar
time, (at I2h. 01m. 425. mean time), 4m. 42s. 92.
Rate per mean solar day, — 05.746; or per mean solar hour, —
05.03109.
63
1st. — Chicago signals recorded
at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of
Correct
Chicago
Dunleith
Chicago
each signal. —
signals given at
Chicago
signals, as noted
correct
reduced
Dunleith west
ChicaffO
mean solar time
at Dunleith
sidereal time
sidereal time
of the meridian
by mean solar
of
by sidereal
of
of
of Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chicago
observing
No. 141.
signals.
No. 265".
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. VI. s.
11 57 00
12 01 42.92
11 38 22
10 00 01. -50
10 12 05.91
12 04.41
12 00 00
12 04 42.92
11 4122.5
10 03 01.99
10 15 06.40
12 04.41
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Dunleith,
2d. — Dunleith siirnals recorded at both stations.
12 04.41
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of
Dunleith
Chicago
Chicago
Dunleith
each signal. —
signals given at
signals, as noted
correct
reduced
correct
Dunleith west
Dunleith
at Chicago
mean solar
sidereal time
sidereal time
of the meridian
by sidereal
by mean .«olar
time of
of
of
of Chicago
Chronometer
Chronometer
Dunleith
Dunleith
Dunleith
observimr
No. 2'- 57.
^0. 141.
signals.
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. 111. s.
h. m. s.
A, m. s.
h. VI. 8.
k. m. s.
11 47 23.5
12 00 00
12 10 42.93
10 21 07 39
10 09 .97
12 04.42
11 50 24
12 09 00
12 13 42.93
10 24 07.88
10 12 03.45
12 04.43
11 53 24.5
12 12 00
12 16 42.93
10 27 08.37
10 15 03.94
12 04.43
11 66 25
12 15 00
12 19 42.93
10 30 08.87
10 18 04.43
12 04.44
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Dunleith to Chicago,
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Dunleith, as
above, ___----
12 04.43
12 04.41
Result : Dunleith station No. 2, is west in longitude of Chicago
station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of signals, + 12 04.42
Longitude of Chicago Station No. 3, - +5 50 31.20
Defcrminaf'ion 2d.
Longitude of Dunleith observing station, west of the
meridian of Greenwich, by this 2d determination
of Feb. 22d, 1859, ... - 60235.62
Determination Isf.
By the ob.servations and signals of February 21st, as
above given, - - - - 6 02 35.88
Resvlt adopted — Longitude of the Dunleith observing
station, west of the meridian of Greenwich, by a
mean of the two determinations, - . 6 02 35.75
Equal, in arc, to ... 90^ 38' 56".25
Latitude of this station, as before given, - 42"^ 29' 44". 9 N.
64
Result — By the measured offset and azimuth, from this station, given
at the beginning of this article XI. the most northern cupola on the
top of the ticket-office of the rail road depot, is in —
Latitude •- - - - 42° 29' 42".5 N.
Longitude, west of Greenwich. - - 6h. 02m. 35.8s.
Equal, in arc, to - - - 90° 38' 57" W.
Dunleith is at the north-western terminus of the Illinois Central
Rail Road, on the east bank of the Mississippi river, and occupies the
site of the old Indian village o^ Sinipi. Extensive earth works, con-
sisting of mounds thrown up in oval forms by the tribe which formerly
resided here, still exist at Dunleith, in a state of perfect preservation.
We had no time to devote to them that minute exploration which
would no doubt show their contents to be similar to those of the numer-
ous Indian mounds examined by Professor J. A. Lapham, of Mil-
waukee, and described in his valuable memoir, published in the year
1855, by the Smithsonian Institution, under the title of "The Anti-
quities OF Wisconsin. "
The position oC Sinipi (now Dunleith), is laid down on the map of
Nicollet, in latitude 42° 36' north, and in longitude, west of the meri-
dian of Greenwich, 6/t. 02/n. 38.6s. = 90° 39' 39"- Nicollet did
not, however, make any astronomical observations at this or any
other point on the Mississippi, between the " Head of the Upper Rapids,
below Port Biron and Parkhurst,"and "Prairie du Chien. We infer
from his report, that the extensive reach of the Mississippi, from lati-
tude 41° 36' 08" to latitude 43° 03' 06", was laid down on his map,
from the surveys made under the direction of the (general Land Office
of the United States, checked by his observations made at the two ex-
treme points above mentioned. (See his table of Geographical posi-
tions, page 123 of Senate Doc. No. 237, of the 26th Congress, 2d
Session.) Nicollet's longitude, thus derived, agrees very closely with
ours; but in latitude he is 6' 18" = 7^ miles north of us. Dubuque
is placed equally out of position, in latitude, on his map; but it appears
to be very correct in longitude.
In the last map issued from the War Department of the "Territory
of the United States, from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean," these
cities arc laid down correctly in longitude, but they are placed four
minutes, = 4^^^ miles too far north in latitude.
The boundary line between the State of Illinois on the north, and
the State of Wisconsin on the south, is defined to be along the parallel
of 42° 30' of latitude.
65
We regret that we had not time to make a connection, by survey,
from our astronomical station at Dunleith, to the stone monument on
the east bank of the Mississippi river, erected to mark the western
terminus of this boundary line. From a close reconnoissance, how-
ever, we infer that the latitude of this monument is about 42"^ 30' 20",
and hence, that the monument is placed about one-third of a mile too
far to the north.
XII. DUBUQUE, IOWA.
This city is situated on the west bank of the Mississippi river, op-
posite to Dunleith, Illinois.
From a reconnoissance and bearings observed from several points
in Dunleith, based on the latitude and longitudeof our Dunleith station,
as already given, we are enabled to give the approximate position of
Dubuque as follows. The distance between the two points being, in
a direct line, not more than one and one-fourth mile, viz. —
Centre of the city of Dubuque.
Latitude, .... 42^ 29' 55" N.
Longitude, west of the meridian of Greenwich, Gh. 02?n. 405.
Equal, in arc, to ... 90° 40' 00"
XIII. FULTON, ILLINOIS.
This city is situated on the east shore of the Mississippi river, 136
miles west of Chicago, b}' the track of the Chicago, Dixon, and Iowa
Air Line Rail Road, of which it is, at present, the western terminus.
Immediately opposite is the city of Lyons, situated on the west shore
of the Mississippi. Observations were made at both places, and the
observing stations were connected by a triangulation and azimuths,
derived from an observation on Polaris (at Ursse Minoris). From the
astronomidal station at Fulton, to that at Lyons, is 3595.5 feet, on an
azimuihal course of N. 08° 43' W. Hence the Lyons station is
-f 12". 89 north of the parallel and -f 44". 29 in arc, = + 2s.95 in
time, west of the meridian of the Fulton Station. We shall have oc-
casion to use this difference of latitude in a])plying a common correc-
tion ( — 1 ".92 in the one case, and + 1".92 in the other), to the observed
latitudes of these two stations, in order to render the difference of their
latitudes consistent with the result of the survey. The survey gave
us, also, the longitude of the Lyon's Station, based on that of the
VOL. VII. — I
66
Fulton Station, derived from comparison by means of the two chrono-
meters, with the longitude of Chicago.
We now proceed to give the observations at Fulton : —
Position of the Fulton Station. — From this station to the intersec-
tion of the middle of Base Street, with the middle of Cherry Street, is
N. 53° 24' 53" W. (true) and the distance is 302 feet. Hence the
reduction in latitude is + 1".71, and in longitude + 3".20 in arc, or
+ 05.214 in time.
1st. Observations for the Latitvde. 1858, March 2Ath.
By 19 circum-meridian altitudes of Polaris (lower
transit) north, combined with 26 circum-meridian ^ ,
altitudes of c« Virginis, south, - - - 41 52 03.25
Correction due to survey, connecting with the Lyons
observino; station, .... — 1.92
Latitude of station adopted, - - 41 52 01. 33 N.
2d. Observations for the Time. 1st. 1858, March 2Ath.
Mean solar chronometer was fast of mean solar time at apparent noon :
By 2 pairs of equal altitudes of the sun's lower limb, + 57«. 10.725.
By comparison — Chronometer No. 2557, was fast of
sidereal time for this station at apparent noon (say h. m. s.
at 0/t. 14m. sidereal time) - - + 1 00 13.75
2d. 1858, March 2Sth.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 10 observations on « Tauri, west, and 9 observa-
tions on fi Tauri, also west (at 8/t. 407n.) + 1 00 31.93
By 24 observations on e Bootis, east (at 10/i. SOm.) + 1 00 31.87
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 9/i. .35m. sidereal time) -f 1 00 31.90
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was fast of
mean solar time for this station (at 9h. 10m.
mean time) - - - . -|- 5 07.94
67
Sd. The Longitude.
1. By the transmission of mean solar chronometer No. 141, from
Chicago to Fulton and back to Chicago, between the 22d and 29th of
March, 1858. Rate, during the elapsed time, — Os.744 per mean
solar day.
1858, March 24/t/i.— Chronometer No. 141, was fast m. s.
of Fulton mean solar time at apparent noon, + 5 10.72
1858, March 22d.~S\o\v of Chicago
mean solar time at Chicago, appa- m, s.
rent noon, - - - — 4 56.26
Elapsed time, 2.007 mean solar days,
allowing for diff. of longitude of
stations, X — Os.744, = — 1.49
Chronometer No. 141, slow of Chi-
cago mean time, at the period of
Fulton apparent noon, of March
24th, 1858, - - - — 4 57.75
-— 4 57.75
(a) Difference — Fulton, west of Chicago, - -f- 10 08.47
2. By sidereal chronometer No. 2557 :
1858, March 2Uh. — Chronometer fast of Fulton si-
dereal time (at OA. 14m. sidereal time) -\- 1 00 13.75
1851, March 22d. — Fast of Chicago
sidereal time (at Oh. 06m. 44s. h. m. s.
sidereal time) - - + 49 55.67
Elapsed time, allowing for difT. in long.
= 2.012 sider.days, X + 4s.23,
the rate per sidereal day, = + 8.51
Chronometer No. 2557, fast of Chi-
cago sidereal time, at the period of
the Fulton time observations, -}- 50 04.18
+ 50 04.18
(6) Difference. — Fulton west of Chicago, - - + 10 09.57
If we take the time-observations at Fulton, of the 28th March, 1858,
68
as the basis of the comparisons, a similar process to the above, will
give us the following additional results, viz. —
(c) By mean solar chronometer No. 141 : Fulton m. s.
west of Chicago, - - - +10 08.96
(d) By sidereal chronometer No. 2557: Fulton west
ofChicacTo, - - - - - + 10 09.15
Mean of the 4 results, a, ^», c, ^, - - - -j- 10 09 04
Longitude of Chicago observing station No. 1, + 5 50 30.99
1st Determination,
Longitude of Fulton observing station, by the run of
the two chronometers, west of the meridian of
Greenwich, - - - - - 6 00 40.03
On this journey, the chronometers were transported in the rail
cars. Each chronometer was carried in a small basket, resting within
a nest of elastic curled hair, with a lining of soft green baize between
the hair and the chronometer. Every pains was taken to protect
them from jolts and all kinds of rough usage. From long experience,
I believe that good results for differences of longitude, derived from
transporting chronometers, depend much more upon this sort of care
and attention to them, than upon any other circumstances attending
the operation. A few seconds of time are easily lost by careless
handling of the chronometers.
In the present month of June, 1859, 1 determined to test the above
result for the longitude, by the method more recently followed, of
transmitting time-signals by the electric telegraph.
For this purpose, the time-observations of Chicago, given under the
dates of June the 22d and 24th, and those now to be given under the
date of June 23d, together with the signals, were made.
1859, June 2M. At the Fulton Observing Station, already
described.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
Is^ Set. Before the Signals.
By 8 observations on « Lyrrc, east h. m. s.
(at 15/i. 20m.) - - - 1 51 04.00
By 12 observations on « (12) Canum
Venaticorum,wcst(atlC/i.OO///.) 1 51 04.21
69
Is^ Result — Chronometer No. 2557,
fast (at loA. 40m.)
h. m. s.
1 51 04.10 h. m, s.
+ 1 51 04.10
2d Set. After the Signals,
By 14 observations on e Bootis, west
(at 18^. 03m.) - - - 1. 51 04.47
By 10 observations on C" Cygni, east
(at 18A. 23m.) - - - 1 51 04.49
2d iJeswZi— Chronometer No. 2557,
fast (at 18^. 13m.) - - 15104.48
Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si-
dereal lime for this station (at 16A. 56m.)
+ 1 51 04.48
1 51 04.29
The above result, and the results of the time-observations at Chicago
of the 22d and 24th of June, api lied to the telegraphic signals, give
us a second determination of the longitude of our Fulton Station, as
follows, viz. —
Determination of the Difference of Longitude between Chicago and
Fulton, Illinois^ by electric signals for comparisons of time, June
23c?, 1859.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Fulton, sidereal time, (at
16A. 29m. 23s. sidereal time), 1^. 51m. 04s.l6.
Rate per sidereal day, + 7s.025; or per sidereal hour, + Os.2927.
Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar
time (at lO/z. 32m. 20s. mean lime) 4?^. 50s.03.
Rate per mean solar day, — 0s.l9; or per mean solar hour, —
Os.0079.
1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations.
Times of
Difference ot
Times of signals
Correct
Chicago
Fulton
Chicago
Longitude by
given at
Chicago
signals, as noted
correct
reduced
each signal.—
Chicago
mean solar
at Fulton
sidereal
sidereal
Fulton west of
by mean solar
time of
by sidereal
time of
time of
the meridian of
Chronometer
Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago observ-
No. 141.
signals.
No. 2557.
signals.
signals.
ing station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
10 27 30
10 32 20.03
18 20 27
16 29 22.84
16 39 31.57
10 08.78
10 30 30
10 35 20.03
18 23 27.5
16 32 23.33
16 42 32.06
10 08.73
10 33 30
10 38 20.03
18 26 28
16 35 23.82
16 45 32.55
10 08.73
10 45 30
10 50 20.03
18 38 30
16 47 25.75
16 57 34.52
10 08.77
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Fulton,
10 08.74
70
2d. — Fulton sisfnals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of signals
Fulton signals
Chicago
Chicago
Fulton
each signal. —
given at
as noted at
coreect
reduced
correct
Fulton west of
Fulton, by
Chicago
mean solar
sidereal time
sidereal time
the meridian of
sidereal
by mean solar
time of
of
of
Chicago
Chronometer
Chronometer
Fulton
Fulton
Fulton
observing
No. 2557.
No. 141.
signals.
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. VI. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
18 29 28.5
10 36 30
10 41 20.03
16 48 33.05
16 38 24.29
10 08.76
18 32 29.0
10 39 30
10 44 20.03
16 51 33.54
16 41 24.78
10 08.76
18 35 29.5
10 42 30
10 47 20.03
16 54 34.03
16 44 25.27
10 08.76
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Fulton to Chicago,
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Fulton, as
above, _----._
10 08.76
10 08.74
Result: — Fulton Observing Station is west, in longitude of Chi-
cago observing Station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of
signals, + 10 08.75
Longitude of Chicago observing station No. 3, -|- 5 50 31.20
2d Determination., June 236?, 1859.
Longitude of Fulton Station, west of the meridian of
Greenwich, by the time-observations and the elec-
tric signals exchanged June 23d, 1859,
\st Determination, March 1858.
Longitude of the same station by the time-observa-
tions, and the transportation of the two chrono-
meters between the 22d and 29th of March, 1858,
above given, ....
6 00 39.95
6 00 40.03
Result adopted — Longitude of Fulton Station, west
of the meridian of Greenwich, by a mean of the
two determinations, - - - - 6 00 39.99
Equal, in arc, to - - - - 90° 09' 59". 85
Latitude of this station, as before, - - 41° 52' 01 ".33 N.
By the triangulation, based on the true meridian, made in March,
1858, taking our departure from the astronomical station whose posi-
tion is above given, we obtain the positions of other stations, serving
as permanent points of reference, in Fulton, as follows, viz. —
71
POSITIONS IN THE CITY OF
FULTON, ILLINOIS.
North Latitude.
Longitude West of Greenwich.
In arc.
In Time.
1. Intersection of the middle of
Cherry Street, with the middle
of Base Street, _ _ . _ .
2. Dome of the Dement Hotel,
3. Steeple of the Congregational
Church, --------
4. The centre of Washington Square,
5. Foot of Cherry Street, on the
east bank of Mississippi river,
at high water mark, - - - -
41 52 03
41 52 04
41 51 59.2
41 52 01.8
o / //
90 10 03
90 10 02.35
90 09 50.3
90 09 38.4
h. m. s.
6 00 40.2
6 00 40.16
6 00 39.35
6 00 38.56
41 52 03 : 90 10 15.2 6 00 41.01
On Nicollet's map, Fulton is placed in latitude 41° 52' 4:3" N.,
and longitude 90° 13' 45" West of Greenwich, which, in comparison
with our result, if we take the centre of Washington Square as the
point of reference, is + 41 ".2 in latitude, and -f 4' 06". 6 in longitude.
In the last edition (that of 1857) of the map of the territory of the
United States, from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean, Fulton is
laid down in latitude 41° 55' 27" N., and in longitude 90° 12' 19" W.,
which, in comparison with our result, is + 3' 25" in latitude, and
+ 2' 41" in longitude.
XIV. LYONS, IOWA.
Station. — Near the middle of the garden of Mr. Benjamin Lake's
house, on Third Street, at the S. W. corner of Third and Exchange
Streets. From the station to the point of intersection of the axes or
middles of these two streets, is N. 45° 49 30" E., and the distance
is 190 feet.
1st. Observations for the Latitude.
Time-stars /3 Tauri west, and cc Bootis (Arcturus) east. Sidereal
chronometer fast 1/i. 00m. 31.2s. at 9A. blm. sidereal. Mean solar
chronometer fast 5m. 11.4s. at 9/j. 36m. mean time.
Latitude of Station. 1858, 3Tarch 27th.
By 22 circum-meridian altitudes of cc Hydrse south,
and 20 circum-meridian altitudes of » Virginis,
also south, combined with 25 circum-meridian
altitudes (at lower meridian transit) of Polaris,
north, ....
Correction due to the observations for lat. at Fulton,
and the survey connecting the two stations.
41° 52' 11".78
Latitude of station adopted.
+ 1.92
41° 52'13".7N.
72
26?. The Longitude.
This we derive from the survey made to connect the Fulton and
Lyons stations, thus : —
Longitude of the Fulton Station, as ^ , ^, h. m. s.
already given, - - 90 09 59.85 = 6 00 ?)9.99
Lyons Station west in longitude, - + 44.29 = + 2.95
Longitude, deduced,of Lyons Station, 90 10 44.14 = 6 00 42.94
Latitude, as before, - - 41 52 13.7
Our survey, based on this result, gives two other positions in Lyons,
as follows, viz. —
POSITIONS IN THE CITY OF
North Latitude.
Longitude West of Greenwich.
LYONS, IOWA.
In arc.
In Time.
1. The intersection of the middle
of Exchange Street, with the
middle of Third Street, - - -
2. The turret of the Female Insti-
41 5^2 U
41 52 10.5
o / //
90 10 42.3
90 11 14.5
h. m. s.
6 00 42.8
6 00 44.97
On Nicollet's map, this position is given -f 30" in latitude, and
-f 5' 50" in longitude greater than our observations give for our
station, which is nearly central of the city.
On the other map mentioned, it is + 2' 02" in latitude, and + 3' 57"
in longitude greater than ours.
XV. ALBANY, ILLINOIS.
This place is sometimes called "New Albany." It is situated on
the eastern shore of the Mississippi river.
Both chronometers were carried from Fulton to Albany and back
to Fulton, between the 25th and 28th of March, 1858. Observations
were made at Albany on the nights of the 25th and 2Gth, both for the
latitude and the time. The longitude of this place is derived from
chronometric comparison with the meridian of Fulton.
Station. — From this station to the intersection of the axes of Maple
and Main Streets, is S. 48° 51' 03" E. (true), and the distance is 89
feet.
l5^ Observations for the Latitude. 1. IS58, March 25th.
By 18 circum-meridian alliludcs of cc Hydra:', south,
combined with 5 altitudes of Polaris, north (clouds
prevented more observations on Polaris) - 41'' 47 23"
73
2d. 1858, March 26th.
By 2li circum-meridian altitudes, at lower meridian
transit,ofPolaris,north, combined with 21 circum- ^ ,
meridian altitudes of «6 Virginis, south, - 41 47 20.2
Latitude of station,— giving the result of the 26th,
three times the weight of that of the 25ih, 41 47 20.9 N.
Reduction to the point of intersection of the axes of
Maple and Main Streets, - - • — 0.6
Result — Latitude of the point of intersection of the
axes of Maple and Main Streets, Albany, Ills. 41 47 20.3 N.
2d. Observations for the Time. 1st. l8oS, 3Iarch 2Dth.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 6 observations on y Geminorum, west (at 9h. h. m. s.
48m.) - - - - + 1 00 33.35
By 12 observations on « Bootis, east (atlO/i. 42m.) + 1 00 34.87
Resvlt — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at lOA. 15m.) - + 1 00 34.1
By comparison — Mean Solar chronometer No. 141,
was fast of mean solar time for this station (at
10^. 00m. mean lime) - • -4-5 23.98
2d. 1858, March 26th.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 10 observations on u Leonis (Regulus), west (at
137t. 50m.) - - - - -f 1 00 39.17
By 10 observations on a Lyrse, east //. ?«. s.
(at 14/i. 10m.) - - 1 00 38.78
By 10 observations on ex. Aquila;, also
east (at 167j. 14m.) - - 1 00 38.14
By 20 observations on 2 East Stars.
(at 15/t. 12m.) - - 1 00 38.46
\. 1 00 38.46
VOL. VII. K
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time h. m. s.
for this station (at 14/t. Sim. sidereal) + 1 00 38.81
By comparison — Clironometer No. 141, was fast of
mean solar time for this station (at 14A. 12m.
mean time) - - - - - + 5 23.05
Rates of Chronometers from the 2Uh to the 28th of March, 1858.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, gains per sidereal day, + 4s.l4
Mean solar chronometer No. 141, loses per mean solar
day, - - - - - — Os.637
Sd. The Longitude.
Albany Station, west of the meridian of Fulton Station, by the
Albany time-observations of March 25th: s.
By the run of sidereal chronometer No. 2557, - + 14.49
By the run of mean solar chronometer No. 141, - + 14.15
By the Albany time-observations of March 26th :
By the run of sidereal chronometer No. 2557, + 14.32
By the run of m.ean solar chronometer No. 141, - -f- 13.97
Mean of these four results, - - - + 14.23
h. m. s.
Longitude of Fulton observing station, - -}- 6 00 39.99
Longitude deduced of the Albany observing station, + 6 00 54.22
Reduction to the intersection of Maple and Main
Streets, ....._ 0.06
Result — Longitude of the intersection of Maple and
Main streets, Albany, Ills., west of the meridian
of Greenwich, - - - - 00 54.16
Equal, in arc, to .... 90M3' 32".4 VV.
Latitude of the same point, as before, - 41° 47' 20". 3 N.
On Nicollet's map, this position is placed in latitude 41° 45' 37" N.
and in longitude OO*" 21' 52" VV., which differs from our result by
— 1' 43" in latitude, and + 8' 30" in longitude. This place is not
laid down on the other m;i|).
A town is now being laid out on the site of an extensive group of
75
Indian mounds, on the eastern shore of the Mississippi, which is to be
called South Albany. It is in Illinois, and is situated a little more
than a mile below Albany. By our survey, and an observed azimuth
of the star Polaris, connected with the above astronomical station,
we make the tallest Indian mound, which will be preserved, according
to the plan, in the public park of South Albany, in —
Latitude, .... 41° 46' 35" N.
Longitude, west of Greenwich, - - 6/t. OOm. 56.93s.
Equal, in arc, to ... 90° 14' 14" W.
Note. — The west end of the ferry which crosses the stream drain-
ing the Marais des Osiers (corrupted into '•'■ Meredosia Marshes''' on
some of the maps, and into '-'■Marais d' Ogee'''' on t)thers) near the left
bank of the Mississippi, on the stage road between Albany and the
City of Rock Island, was found, by an offset in our survey between
Albany and Camanche, to be in —
Latitude, .... 41° 46' 11".6 N.
Longitude, - - 6/i. 00m. 59.9s. = 90° 14' 58".5 W.
XVI. CAMANCHE, IOWA.
This town is situated on the western shore of the Mississippi.
By triangulation from our observing station at Albany, and an ob-
served azimuth of Polaris to obtain the true meridian, we derive the
position of Camxnche, as follows, viz. —
POSITIONS IN CAMANCHE, IOWA.
Latitude, North.
Longitude west from Greenwich.
In Arc.
In Time.
1. Intersection of Main and Maxan
Sti-eets, --
2. Flag-staflF on Chicago Street,
about 100 yards west of the shore
of the Mississippi, - - - -
o / //
41 46 58.9
41 46 51.3
o / //
90 15 10
90 15 14.6
h. VI. s.
6 01 00. G
6 01 00.97
Nicollet's map gives the latitude of Camanche — 1' 22" less, and
the longitude + 10' 20" greater than the above. He probably had
no observing station near this point, but depended on other authorities
for its position.
76
XVII. CITY OF ROCK ISLAND, ILLINOIS.
This city is on the left or south bank of the Mississippi river,*
which, for a short distance above and opposite this place, flows from
east to west in its course. The western terminus of the Chicago and
Rock Iskuid Rail Road, is here. The rail-way connects, however,
by a bridge across the river, with the City of Davenport, in Iowa,
situated on the opposite bank of the river; and, under the name of the
Mississippi and Missouri Rail Road, runs in a direction about
W. N. VV. to Iowa City, distant 54 miles from Davenport.
Station. — The centre of Washington Square (called, on some of
the maps, Church Square) bounded on the north by Illinois street, on
the south by Orleans street, on the east by Madison, and on the west
by Jefferson street.
1st. The Latitude. 1859, February 2Sth.
By 17 circum-meridian altitudes of « Flydrte, south,
combined with 20 altitudes of Polaris, north:
latitude of station, .... 41° .30' -37 ".8
2d. Observations for the Time. 1859, February 28th.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
\st Set.
By 8 observations on cc Arietis, west h. m. s.
(at 6h. 37m.) - - 1 38 38.19
By 8 observations on y' Leonis, east
(at 6//. 56m.) - - 1 38 38.06 h. m. s.
\st Result — Chronometer fast (at 6//..
46^m.) - - - 1 38 38.12
h 1 38 38.12
2d Set.
By 10 observations on /3 Leonis, east
(at 8^. 04?/?.) - - 1 38 38.59
B}' 6 observations on cc Tauri, and 8
observations on /3 Tauri, both west
(at 8/t. 26m.) - - - 1 38 38.25
* A plan for a city, called ''Rock hland City,'' is laid out on Keck river,
about 3 miles south of the " City of Rock Island^ The two places should
not he confounded under names so nearly alike.
i i
2d Result — Chronometer fast (at 8h, h. m. s.
I5m.) - - - 1 38 38.42 h. m. §.
+ 1 38 3S.42
Result adopted— Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si-
dereal time for this station (at Ih. 31ot.) H- 1 38 38.27
Having so good a determination of the ti7ne by this night's observa-
tions, it was a great disappointment, when we went to the telegraph
office, to find the communication with Chicago cut off at La Salle,
througli some misunderstanding there. We were thereby prevented
from passing any electric signals this night, but were obliged to wait
until the next night.
1859, March Isi. Same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 8 observations on « Leonis, east h. m. s.
(at 6^. 34m.) - - 1 38 42.18
By 9 observations on y' Leonis, also
east fat Ih. 04;«.) - - 1 38 42.22
By 17 observations on 2 East Stars (at h. m. s.
6h. 4.9m.) - - 1 38 42.20 = -f 1 38 42.20
By 13 observations on a, Tauri, west (at 8/t. lo/w.) -f 1 38 42.21
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station, (at 7h. 32w.) - + 1 38. 42.20
The above observations for the time at the City of Rock island, on
the. nights of February 28th, and March 1st, give the rate of chrono-
meter No. 2557, for the 24 hours between those dates, + 35.93. This
rate applied to the period of the chronometer error of the 1st of March,
together with the time observations made at Chicago on the 27lh of
February and the 4th of March, and the following telegraphic signals,
give us the longitude of our "City of Rock Island" station.
Although we returned from Rock Island to Chicago on the evening
of March 2d, yet the weather continued so cloudy until the night of the
4th, as to prevent our making earlier observations for the time here.
Thus we have to depend upon five days run of chronometer No.
141, to obtain its rate to be applied to the observations of February
27th, in order to get the Chicago mean solar time of the signals of the
1st of March.
78
Determinalion of the difference of Longitvde between Chicago and
the City of Rock Island, by electric signals for comparisons of
time, March 1st, 1859.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Rock Island, sidereal
time (at Sh. 55m. 42s. sidereal time), Ih. 38m. 42s.43.
Rate per sidereal day, + 3.S.93; or per sidereal hour, + 0s.l637.
Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar
time (at 10/t. 29:^. 44s. mean time), 4m. 43s.50.
Rale per mean solar day, — Os.008; or per mean solar hour, —
Os.0003.
1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude hy
Times of siji'nals
Correct
Chicaso
Rock Island
Chicago
each signal. —
given at
ChicMn-o
signals, as noted
correct
reduced
Hock Island
Chicairo,
mean solar
at Hock Island
sidereal time
sidereal
-west of the me-
ty mean solar
time of
hy sidereal
of
time of
ridian of Chi-
Chronometer
Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chicago
cago observing
No. 141.
signals.
No 2557.
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. in. s. ' h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. VI. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
10 25 00 10 29 43.50
10 34 24
8 55 41.57
9 07 27.26
11 45.69
10 28 00 10 32 43.50
10 37 24.5
8 58 42.06
9 10 27.75
11 45.69
10 31 00 10 35 43.50
10 40 25
9 01 42.56
9 13 28.24
11 45.68
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to the City of
Rock Island, __-__-
11 45.687
2d. — Rock Island signals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Lonuitude by
Times of signals
Rock Island
Chicago
Chicago
Rock Island
each signal. —
given at
signals as noted
correct
reduced
correct
Rock Island
Rock Island hy
at Chicago
mean solar
sidereal
sidereal
west of the me-
sidereal
by mean solar
time of
time of
time of
ridian of Chi-
Chronometer
Chronometer
Rock Island
Rock Island
Rock Island
cago observing
No. 2657.
No. Ul.
signals.
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. m. .?.
h. m". s.
h. m. s.
h. VI. s.
h. VI. s.
10 43 25.5
10 34 00
10 38 43.50
9 16 28.74
9 04 43.05
11 45.69
10 46 26
10 37 00
10 41 43.50
9 19 29.23
9 07 43.54
11 45.69
10 49 26.5
10 40 00
10 44 43.50
9 22 29.72
9 10 44.03
11 45.69
10 52 27
10 43 00
10 47 43.50
9 25 30.21
9 13 44.52
11 45.69
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from the City of llock Island
to Chicago, - - - - - - 11 45.690
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to the City of
Rock Island, as above, - - - - - 11 45.687
Result: — llock Island Station is west, in longitude, of Chicago
observing Station No. 3, l>y a mean of the two sets of
signals, - + 11 45.69
79
h. m. s.
Brought forward, +0 11 45.69
Longitude of Chlcaffo station No. 3, - - +5 50 31.20
Determination Isf.
Longitude of the centre of Washington Square in the
City of Rock Island, west of tlie meridian of
Greenwich, - - - - - 6 02 16.89
P. S. Since presenting the above result, I made, on the 29th of
July, 1859, another visit to the City of Rock Island. It was made
the occasion of a second determination of the longitude of that place,
depending on the time-observations at Chicago given under the dates
of July 28th and 31st, the time-observations at the City of Rock
Island of July 29th, as given below, and the electric signals of that
night. The observations at the same Rock Island Station which was
before occupied, were as follows, viz. —
1st, Observations for the Time. I8r>9, July '29th. At the centre
of Washington Square.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: h. m. s.
By 3 observations on e Bootis, west (at \Sh. 08m.) + 1 57 25.19
By 4 observations on fCygni, east (at 18A. 18m. 405.) + 1 57 25.63
Result — Chronometer No 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 18/^. 13m. 20.s.) - + 1 57 25.41
The night was cloudy, but the sky opened clear just long enough
to enable us to make the few observations above recorded. They
were worked separately and the results were satisfactory. The
extreme difference, for chronometer error, in the three on $ Bootis,
west, being Os.33 and in the four on f Cygni, east, being 15.03. The
extreme difference in three (the first not being counted) on fCygni,
is O5.47. They were all, however, taken into the count.
These stars being nearly of the same declination, north, (e Bootis
27° 40' and f Cygni 29= 39'), the result for the time at Rock Island,
this night, may, we think, be considered satisfactory.
The elapsed time between the Chicago observations which apply
to the first determination (that of March 1st), was five days. That
between the Chicago observations which enter Into the calculation
of this second determination, is only three days. Considering all
circumstances we are inclined to assign equal weight to the two de-
terminations. The second one is as follows, viz : —
80
Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and
the City of Rock Island, Illinois^ by electric signals for com-
parisons of time, Jidy 29th, 1859.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Rock Island sidereal tinne
(at 19h. 53m. 36s. sidereal time), 1/t. 57m. 25s.94.
Rate per sidereal day, + 7s.61 ; or per sidereal hour, -f 0s.317.
Mean Solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar
time (at llA. 36/;i. mean time), 1/t. 57m. 25s.94.
Rate per mean solar day, — Os.755; or per mean solar hour, —
05.03146.
1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of
Correct
Chicago
Rock Island
Chicago
each signal.
Signals given at
Chicago
signals as noted
correct
reduced
City of Rock
Chicago
mean solar
at Rock Island
sidereal time
sidereal time
Island west of
by mean solar
time of
by sidereal
of
of
the meridian of
Chronometer
Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago observ-
No. 141.
signals.
No. 2557.
signals.
signals.
ing station No. 3.
A. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
11 31 00
11 36 04.19
21 51 02
19 53 36.06
20 05 22.29
11 46.23
11 34 00
11 39 04.19
21 54 02.5
19 56 36.55
20 08 22.78
11 46.23
11 36 50
11 41 54.19
21 56 53
19 59 27. 03
20 11 13.25
11 46.22
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to the City of
Rock Island, ______
n 46.227
2d. — The City of Rock Island signals recorded at both stations.
Times of
Difference of
Longitude by
Times of
Rock Island
Chicago
Chicago
Rock Island
each signal. —
Bignals given at
signals as noted
correct mean
reduced
correct
City of Rock
Rock Island
at Chicago
solar time
sidereal time
sidereal time
Island west of
by sidercil
by mean solar
of
of
of
the meridian of
Chrononioter
ChroMonietcr
Rock Island
Rock Island
Rock Island
Chicago observ-
No. 2557.
Xu. 141.
signals.
signals.
signals.
ing station No.3.
h. m. s.
h. m. s. 1 h. m. s.
h. m. 3.
h. m. s.
A. m. S.
22 02 44
11 42 40 111 47 44.20
20 17 04.22 20 05 18.00
11 46.22
22 05 44.5
11 45 40 111 50 44.20
20 20 04.71 20 08 18.48
11 46.23
22 08 45
11 48 40 111 53 44.20
20 23 05.21 120 11 18.97
11 46.24
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from the City of Rock Island
to Chicago, - - - - - - 11 46.23
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to the City of
Rock Island, as above - - - - - 11 46.227
Result: — Tiie centre of Wasliiiigton •Sqnare in the City of Rock
Island is west, in longitude, of Chicago observing Station
No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of signals, - -j- 11 46.228
81
Longitude of Chicago Station No. 3,
h. m. s.
Brought forward + 11 46.23
+ 5 50 31.20
2d Determination. July 29th, 18.59.
Longitude of centre of Washington Square, in the
City of Rock Island, . - - - 6 02 17.43
1st Determination, March 1st, 1859, - - 6 02 16.89
Result, giving each Determination an equal weight:
Longitude of the centre of Washington Square, in the
City of Rock Island, lUinois, vvestof the meridian
of Greenwich, - - - - 6 02 17.16
Equal, in arc, to ... 90° 34' 17".4 W.
Latitude of the same station, as before given, 41° 30' 37". 8 N.
liy survey, departing from this station, based on an observed
azimuth of the sun on the 2d of March, 1859, for comparing our
courses with the true meridian, we obtained the positions of other
points, in the City of Rock Island, which may be useful for future
reference. We give them all in the following table, viz. —
POSITIONS IN THE CITY OF
Latitude North.
Longitude west of Greenwich.
ROCK ISLAND, ILLINOIS.
In Arc.
In Time.
/ //
o / //
h. m. .s.
1. Centre of Washington Square,
4i
30 37.8
90 34 17.4
6 02 17.16
2. Dome of the Court House on
Orleans Street, between Elk and
Deer Streets, ------
41
30 33.7
90 34 42.3
6 02 18.82
3. Steeple of the 2d Presbyterian
Church, on Illinois Street, be-
tween Elk and Deer Streets,
41
30 37.4
90 34 43.7
6 02 18.91
4. Intersection of Jefferson and
Orleans Streets, -----
41
30 35.9
90 34 19.9
6 02 17.33
5. Passenger house of the depot at
the western terminus of the Chi-
cago and Ptock Island Rail Road,
41
30 41
90 34 12.8
6 02 16.85
On the War Department map of 1857, the City of Rock Island is
laid down in latitude 41° 28' 39" N.,and longitude 90° 39' 13' W.;
which is 2 minutes of latitude less, and 4' 31" more, in longitude,
than our observations give.
Note. — By applying a transcript from the Land Office Surveys,
contained in C. H. Stoddard's map of Scott county, Iowa, and Rock
VOL. VII. L
82
Island comity, [llinois — published in 1857, on a scale of 1 mile to 1
inch — to our Station XVII., we obtain the approximate positions of
several places in the vicinity, as follows, viz. —
NAMES OF PLACES.
1. Rock Island City, Illinois, - -
2. Mouth of Rock River ; the west
extremity of the island in the
mouth of said river, - - - -
3. Moline. The south end of the
bridge connecting with Rock Is-
land, ---------
4. Watertown, ------
North Latitude.
o / //
41 28 14.3
41 29 01.
41 30 37
41 32 19.6
Lougitude west from Greenwich.
In Arc. In Time.
o / //
90 35 06
90 30 49
90 25 02
h. m. s.
6 02 20.4
90 35 53 16 02 23.5
6 02 03.3
6 01 40.1
XVIII. FORT ARMSTRONG, ILLINOIS.
This old fort is situated on the point at the west or lowest extremity
of Rock Island; an island in the Mississippi river, between the "City
of Rock Island" and the City of Davenport.
By Hogane & Lambach's map of the City of Davenport, published
in 1857, on a scale of 9 inches to 1 mile, or 5S6f feet to the inch ;
and on C. H. Stoddard's map of the cities of Rock Island, in Illinois,
and Davenport in Iowa, published in 1851, on a scale of 13.2 inches
to 1 mile, or 400 feet to the inch, — scales which admit of minute
measurements of courses and distances, — Fort Armstrong is laid down
in reference to the centre of Washington Square, in the City of Rock
Island, our astronomical station, XVII., as follows, respectively, viz. —
Latitude North
of
Station XYII.
Longitude East of Station XVII.
In Arc.
In Time.
By Hogane & Lambach's map of
1857, - - - -
By Stoddard's map of 1851, - -
-\- 20^93
+ 23.17
//
— 22.87
— 25.46
— 1.524
— 1.697
Mean of the two maps in reference
to Station XVII. - - - - -
Position of Station XVII., by our
determination, ----- _|_
+ 22^05
o / //
41 30 37.8
- 24^.16
-f- 90 34 17.4
s.
— 1.61
h. m. s.
-f- 6 02 17.16
North Latitude.
Longitude West of the meridian
ofGreenwich.
In Arc.
In Time.
Position of Fort Armstrong, Ills.,
deduced, --------
Davenport's House on Rock Is-
o / //
41 30 59.8
41 31 18.7
o / //
90 33 53.2
90 33 19.7
6 02 15.65
02 13.03
83
In Captain Andrew Talcott's report on the Ohio and Michigan
boundary, made in January, 1834, he gives the position of Fort Arm-
strong to be in latitude 41° 31' 09".7 N., and longitude 90° 27' 15"*-
= in time to 6h. 01m. 49s., exceeding us in the latitude, say 10",
and falling short of us in the longitude 26s.55 in time = 6m. 38s.25
in arc = 5.736 miles.
On Nicollet's map, the lower extremity of Rock Island (occupied
by Fort Armstrong), is laid down 1' 20" in latitude less, and 8' of
longitude, = 6.91 miles more than our observations indicate. On
the last War Department map (of 1857), it is laid down in latitude
35" of latitude south, and 5' 24" in longitude west of the position given
by our observations.
XIX. DAVENPORT, IOWA.
This beautiful city occupies the height and slope of an eminence,
on the right bank of the .Mississippi river, immediately opposite to the
City of Rock Island, Illinois.
A mean, derived from courses and distances measured on Stoddard's
map of 1851 , and Hogane & Lambach's mnp of 1857, mentioned be-
fore, and referred to our astronomical station XVII., gives us as fol-
lows, in regard to Davenport, Iowa, viz. —
POSITIONS IN THE CITY OF
North Latitude.
Longitude West from Greenwich.
DAYENPOIIT, lO'^VA.
In Arc.
In Time.
1. The intersection of the middle
of Brady Street with the middle
/ //
h. m. S.
of Fourth Street, -----
41
31 22.9
90 34 25.2
6 02 17.7
2. Centre of the Court House, oc-
cupying the centre of the square.
bounded on the north by Fifth
Street, on the south by Fourth,
on the east by Kipley, and on the
west by Scott Street, - - - -
41
31 24.8
90 34 43
6 02 18.9
On Nicollet's map, Davenport is placed 18" in latitude south, and
7' 37" in longitude west of our position, derived from the preceding
observations.
On the War Department map of 1857, it is placed 16 seconds of
latitude south, and 6 minutes and 5 seconds of longitude west of the
position which our observations assign to it.
* Erroneously printed 90° 26^ 15''^ in his report, as contained in Doc.
No. 497, of the House of Representatives, 23d Congress, 1st Session. See
page 6 of that document.
84
XX. NEW BUFFALO, MICHIGAN.
This place is situated on tiie south east shore of lake Michigan,
nearly opposite to Chicago.
Station. — In Mr. Joshua R. C. Brown's garden. From this station
to the point of intersection of the axes of VVhitaker Avenue and Me-
chanics Street, is S. 5^ 12' VV. (true) 106 feet.
\st. The Latitude. 1859, May 2M.
By 35 circum-meridian altitudes of ot Virginis, south,
combined with 32 altitudes of Polaris (a Ursse ^
Minoris) norlli; latitude of station, - - 41 47 48 N.
Reduction to the intersection of the axes of VVhitaker
Avenue and Mechanics Street, - - — 1
Latitude of ihe point of intersection of VVhitaker
Avenue and Mechanics Street, - - 41 47 47 N.
2d. Ob Starvations for the Time. \st. 1859, March l^th.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast :
By 3 observations on « Tauri, west (at h. m. s.
8h. 42m.) - - - 1 25 07.46
By 8 observations on Ca[)ella (a Au-
riga), also west (at 9/t. 04/71. ) 1 25 07.37
By 11 observations on 2 West Star.-^,
givino; weiaht accordins; to the
number of observations on each,
(at 8h. 53//i.) - - - 1 25 07.42
+ 1 25 07.42*
By 10 observations on a Bool is, east (at i)h. AAm.) + 1 25 09.18*
Result — ('hronomeier No. 2557, last of sidereal time
for this station (at 9A. 19w.) - - -j- 1 25 08.30
Clouds prevented the selection of the best time-stars; and none were
visible for the latitude.
* Here it is evident that too great an index error for tlie sextant was
used in computing the altitudes for the time by the East and West stars.
That error had changed since last observed, which is the cause of the differ-
ence of results East and West; — the west observations giving too little, by
an unknown quantity, and the cast observations giving too much by the
same <|uantity. The mean of the two results elimhiates the error, and gives
the correct time as reported. J. D. G.
85
Sd. The Longitude.
This result for the New Buffalo time, and the results of the time-
observations at Chicago on the nights of the 15lh and 19th of March,
— which last was the earliest date after our return to Chicago from
New Buffalo, that observations could be made, owing to bad weather —
combined with the following telegraphic signals, give us our 1st deter-
mination of the longitude of New Buffalo, viz. —
Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and
New Buffalo, Michigan, by electric signals for comparisons of
time, March \Qth 1859.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, last, of New Buffalo sidereal time
(at lOA. 34m. 285. sidereal time), U. 2bm. 08s.66.
Rate per sidereal day, + 6s.793; or per sidereal hour, + 05.283.
Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar
time (at lOA. 54m. mean time), 4?«. 40s.25.
Rate per mean solar day, — 05.094; or per mean solar hour, —
05.0039.
1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of
Correct
Chicago
New Buffalo
Chicago
each signal.—
signals given at
Chicago
signals, as noted
correct
reduced
New Buffalo
Chicago
mean solar time
at New BuflFalo
sidereal time
sidereal time
station is east of
by mean solar
of
by sidereal
of
r. °f
the meridian of
Chronometer
Chicau;o
Chronometer
Chicago
ChicaTO
Chicago obserT-
No. Ul.
signals.
So. 2.=) 57.
signals.
signals.
ing station No.3.
h. m. s.
//. m. s.
h. in. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
10 49 20
10 54 00.25
11 59 36.5
10 34 27.84
10 30 56.30
03 31.54
10 52 20
10 57 00.25
12 02 37
10 37 28.33
10 33 56.79
03 31.54
11 13 20
11 18 00.25
12 23 40.5
10 58 31.73
10 55 00.24
03 31.49
11 16. 20
11 21 00.25
12 26-41
10 01 32.22
10 58 00.73
03 31.49
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to New Buffalo, 03 31.52
2d. — New Buffalo signals recorded at both stations.
1
1
Difference of
1 Times of
Longitude by
Times of ] New Buffalo
Chicago
Chicago
New Buffalo
each signal.—
signals given at signals, as noted
correct
reduced
correct
New Buffalo
New Buffalo at Chicago
mean solar
sidereal time
sidereal time
station is east of
by sidereal bv mean polar
• time of
of
of
the meridian of
Chronometer Chronometer
Nev*' Buffalo
New Buffalo
New Buffalo
Chicago observ-
No. 2557. ' No. Ul.
signals.
signals.
signals.
ing station No.3.
h. VI. s. h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
12 05 37.5 HO 55 20
11 00 00.25
10 36 57.28
10 40 28.82
03 31. .54
12 08 38 ,10 58 20
11 03 00.25
10 39 57.77
10 43 29.31
03 31.54
12 32 42 11 22 20
11 27 00.25
11 04 01.72
11 07 3.3.19
03 31.47
12 35 42.5 ill 25 20
11 30 00.25
10 07 02.21
11 10 33.68
03 31.47
12 38 43 11 28 20
11 33 00.25
11 10 02.70
11 13 34.16
03 31.46
86
2d Mean.— Electric signals sent from New Buffalo to Chicago, 03 31.516
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to New Buffalo,
as above, - - - - - - - 03 31.520
Result : — New Buffalo Observing Station is east, in longitude,
of Chicago observing station No. 3, by a mean of the two
sets of signals, _ . - - _ —0 03 31.518
/*. m, s.
Longitude of ChicafTO Station No. 3, - _j- 5 50 31.20
1st Determination.
Longitude of New Buffalo Station, west of the meri-
dian of Greenwich, - - - - 5 46 59.68
On the 19th of May, I found T should be obliged to visit New Buf-
falo harbour again, so I determined to make it the occasion of another
trial of the difference of longitude between that place and Chicago.
For this purpose the observations, as recorded, were made at Chicago
on the night of the 19th; and also on the night of the 21st, on my
return from New Buffalo. The night of the 20th was spent at New
Buffalo, where the following time-observations were made at the same
station as before, viz. —
1859, May 20?^.— Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast of New
Buffalo sidereal time:
By 3 observations on oc Coronse Bo- h. m. s.
realis, east (at 12/t. 51m.) - 1 33 13.59
By 8 observations on C Hercules, also
east (at 13/t. 54?n.) - - 133 13.21
By 11 observations on 2 East Stars,
giving weight according to the
number on each (at 13/t. 22m.) 1 33 13.31 h. m. s.
f- 1 33 13.31
By 5 observations on y' Leonis, west, (at I'Sh. AOin.) + 1 33 12.52
iJeswZ/— Chronometer No. 2557, fast of New Buf-
falo sidereal lime (at 1.3/t. 29?n.) - + 1 33 12.91
The night was not favourable for observation. The sky was much
clouded, which again prevented a selection of the best lime-stars.
Those that were observed on were caught, at favourable moments, be-
87
tween passing clouds, and fewer observations were obtained than was
desirable for a close determination of the time.
A set of observations was obtained on a Virj^inis, S., for the lati-
tude; but Polaris, North, was hidden from view, and the result from
meridian observations, on only one side of the zenith, being considered
imperfect for a close approximation, they were not used.
The Longitude.
A second determination of the longitude of this station, is derived
from the above time-observations, made at New Buffalo; combined
with those at Chicago on the nights of May 19th and 21st, and the
telegraphic signals, as follows, viz. —
Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and
New Buffalo, Michigan, by electric signals for comparisons of
time. May 20th, 1859.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of New Buffalo sidereal time
(at 14//.. 23m. 29s. sidereal time), Ih. 33m. 13s.l7.
Rate per sidereal day, + 6s.966; or per sidereal hour, + Os.29.
Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago mean solar
time (at 10^. 26m. 51s. mean time), 4m. 40s.65.
Rate per mean solar day, — Os.47; or per mean solar hour, —
Os.0196.
1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of
Correct
Chicago
New Buffalo
Chicago
each signal. —
signals given
Chicago
sisals, as noted
correct
reduced
New Buffalo
at Chinago
mean solar
at New Buffalo
sidereal time
sidereal time
station is east of
by mean solar
time of
by sidereal
of
of
the meridian of
Chronometer
Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chicago Chicaso observ-
No. Ul.
signals.
No. 2.657.
signals.
signals.
ing station No..3.
h. VI. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
k. m. s.
10 22 10
10 26 50.65
15 56 43
14 23 29.83
14 19 58.31
03 31.52
10 25 10
10 29 50.65
15 59 43.5
14 26 30.31
14 22 58.80
03 31.51
10 37 10
10 41 50.65
16 11 45.5
14 38 32. 5
14 35 00.77
03 31.48
10 40 10
10 44 50.65
16 14 46
14 41 32.74
14 38 01.26
03 31.48
10 43 10
10 47 50.65
16 17 46.5 114 44 33.23 14 41 01.75
03 31.48
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to New Buffalo, 03 31.494
88
2d. — New Buffalo signals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Timos of
Longitude by
Times of
New Buffalo
Chicairo
Chicasro
New Buffalo
each signal. —
signals gi^'en
sijinals.asiioteil
correct mean
reduced
correct
New Buffalo
at New Buffalo
at Chicajio
solar time
sidereal time
sidereal time
station is east of
by sidereal
by mean solar
of
of
of
the meridian of
Clirdiiometer
Chronometer
New Buffalo
New Buffalo
New Buffalo
Chicago observ-
No. 2557.
No. 141.
signals.
signals.
siirnals.
ing station No.3.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. in. s.
h. VI. s.
16 20 47
10 46 10
10 50 50.65
14 44 02.25
14 47 33.71
03 31.46
16 23 47.5
10 49 10
10 53 50.65
14 47 02.74
14 50 34.20
03 31.46
16 26 47
10 52 09
10 56 49.65
14 50 02.73
14 53 33.68
03 31.45
16 29 48.5
10 55 10
10 59 50.65
14 53 03.73
14 56 35.17
03 31.44
16 39 49
10 58 10
11 02 50.65
14 56 04.22
14 59 35.66
03 31.44
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from New Buifalo to Chicago, 03 31.45
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to New Buffalo,
as above, - - - - - - - 03 31.49
Result: — New Buffalo Observing Station is east, in longitude,
of Chicago observing station No. 3, by a mean of the two
sets of signals, - - . -
Longitude of Chicago Station No. 3,
2d Determination.
Longitude of New Buffalo Station,
. _ 03 31.47
+ 5 50 31.20
+ 5 46 59.73
We have here two satisfactory results for the longitude; but the
unfavourable state of the sky on both nights prevented a satisfactory
determination of the latitude of this station. A third visit, made on
the 23d of May, gave an opportunity for a third trial of the difference
of longitude between this place and Chicago, and for observing for the
latitude, 'i'he night, this time, was clear, and good pairs of stars,
both for the time and the latitude, were selected. Those for the lati-
tude, and the result, are already given at the beginning of this article,
XVllI.
Observations for the Time, 1859, May 23c?.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast of New Buff^alo sidereal time:
By 12 observations on a, Coronae Borealis, cast (at //.. m. s.
12/*. 1 9m.) - - - - +1 83 33.47
By 13 observations on e Leonis, west (at 12//. 4l7«.) + 1 33 33.64
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of New Buffldo
sidereal time (at 12A. 3()m.) - - +1 33 33.55
89
The Longitude.
The above result for the New Buffiilo time, and the observations
of the 22(1 and 24th of May, for the Chicago time, combined witli ihe
following telegraphic signals, give us a third result for the longitude,
as follows, viz. —
Deiermination of the Difference of Longitude between Chicago and
New Buffalo, Michigan, by electric signals for compariaons of
time, May 2'Sd, 1859.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, last, of New Buffalo sidereal time
(at 15/j. 11m. 27s. sidereal time), 1^. 33m. 34s.71.
Rate per sidereal day, -f 7s.351 ; or per sidereal hour, + 05.3063.
Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar
time (at 11 A. 02m. 52s. mean lime), 4m. 41s. 76.
Rate per mean solar day, + 0s.02764; or per mean solar hour,
+ Os.00115.
1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations.
1
difference of
1
Times of
Longitude by
Times of signals Correct
Chicago
New Buffalo
Chicago
each sitrnal. —
given ut
Chicago
signals, as noted
correct
retluced
New Buffalo
Chicago
mean solar
at .Vew Buffalo
sidereal
sidereal
station is east of
bvmean solar
time of
by sidereal
time of
time of
the meridian of
Chronometer
Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago observ-
No. 141.
signals.
No. 2.5,57.
signals.
signals.
ing station No. 3.
h. m. s. h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s. h.
m. s.
h. ?«. ,?.
10 58 10 11 02 51.62
16 45 01.5
15 11 26.79 15
07 54.86
03 31.93
11 01 10 11 05 51.62
16 48 02
15 14 27.27 15
10 55.35
03 31.92
11 04 10 11 08 51.62
16 51 02 5
15 17 27.76 15
13 55.85
03 31.91
11 22 10 ill 26 41.62
17 08 55.5
15 35 20.66 15
31 48.78
03 31.88
11 25 00
11 29 41.62
17 11 56
15 38 21.15
15
34 49.27
03 31.88
1st Mean.— Electric signals sent from Chicago to New Buffalo, 03 31.908
2d. — New Buffalo signals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of signals
New Buffalo
Chicago
Chicago
New Buffalo
each signal. —
given at
signals as noted
at Chicago
coreect
reduced
correct
New Buffalo
New Buffalo by
mean solar
sidereal time
sidereal time
station is east of
sidereal
by mean solar
time of
of
of
the meridian of
Chronometer
Chronometer
New Buffalo
New Buffalo
New Buffalo
Chicago observ-
No. 2.557.
No. 141.
signals.
signals.
signals.
ing station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. m. S.
h. m. s.
h. VI. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
16 54 06.5
11 07 13.5
11 11 55.12
15 16 59.85
15 20 31.74
03 31.89
16 57 08.5
11 10 15
11 14 56.62
15 20 01.85
15 23 33.73
03 31.88
17 00 09
11 13 15
11 17 56.62
15 23 02.34
15 26 34.21
03 31.87
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from New Buffalo to Chicago, 03 31.88
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to New Buffalo,
as above, - - - - - - - 03 31.908
Result: — New Buffalo Observing Station is east, in longitude,
of Chicago observing Station No. 3, by a mean of the two
sets of signals, - - - - - — 03 31.894
VOL. VII. M
90
Brought forward,
Longitude of Chicago Station No. 3,
*Sd Determination.
Longitude of New Buffalo Station,
h. m. s.
— 03 31.89
+ 5 50 31.20
4- 5 46 59.31
Summary. — Longitude of this Station :
By determination 1st, of March 16th, 1859, - 5 46 59.68
By determination 2d, of May 20th, 1859, - 5 46 59.47
By determination 3d, of May 23d, 1859, - - 5 46 59.89
Mean, giving double tveight to the last.
Longitude of New Buffalo Station, west of the meri-
dian of (Tieenwich, - - .
Equal, in arc, to . . -
Latitude of this station, as before, -
5 46 59.78
86° 44' 56".7 W.
41° 47' 48" N.
The above results, connected with observed azimuths of the sun,
and distances determined by triangulation in our survey of this harbour,
made in September, 1857, (see map G. No. 57), give the positions of
other points in New Buffalo, as follows, viz. —
POSITIONS IN NEW BUFFALO,
MICHIGAN.
Intersection of Whitaker Avenue
and Mechanics Street (centre),
Passenger house of the Michigan
Central Rail Road Station (cen-
tre), ---------
Intersection of the middle of
Merchant's Street with the mid-
dle of Brown Street, - - - -
, The Light House, - - - -
Latitude North.
Longitvicle West of Greenwich.
o / //
41 47 47
41 47 47.1
41 47 33.1
41 47 43.5
In arc.
o / //■
86 44 50.
86 45 01.4
86 45 16.8
86 45 37.4
In Time.
h. m. s.
5 46 59.:
47 00.09
5 47 01.12
5 47 02.49
In Colton's map of the United Stales, of 1851, this place is laid
down in latitude 41° 51' 30" N., and in loncvitude 86° 42' West.
XXI. NILES, MICHIGAN.
Station. — In the yard in the rear of the Methodist Church, near
the N. W. corner of Fourth and Main Streets. From this station to
the intersection of the middle of Main Street, with the middle of Fourth
Street, is S. 22° 31'. E. 221 feet.
91
Isi. Observations for the Latitvde. 1859, June 8th.
By 14 altitudes of Polaris, north, combined with 2 altitudes of a, Vir-
ginis S., observed at 16 and 21 minutes of time after meridian
passage, we get:
Latitude of station (approximate), - - 41° 49' 56"
Reduction to the point of intersection of Main and
Fourth streets, - - - - — 2"
Latitude (approximate) of the intersection of Main
and Fourth streets, - - - 41° 49' 54" N.
The sky to the south was so cloudy, that a satisfactory set of obser-
vations on a star passing the meridian to the south of our station,
could not be obtained to combine with those on Polaris, north, for the
latitude. The index error of the sextant had, however, been very
carefully measured on the day of these observations, and hence we
believe that the latitude, here stated, is within four or five seconds of
the truth, which is quite near enough for satisfactory results in com-
puting the lime from altitudes of East and West Stars, two sets of
which were obtained to-night.
2d. Observations for the Time.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast :
1st Set.
By 12 observations on y' Leonis, west h. m. s.
(at 14A. 02m.) - - - 1 33 36.16
By 11 observations on oc Lyrse, east
(at 15/i. 06m.) - . - 1 33 36.29
1st Result — Chronometer No. 2557,
fast(at 14/t. 34m.) - - 1 33 36.22 h. m. s.
+ 1 33 36.22
2d Set.
By 11 observations on /3 Cygni, east
(at 15/i. 29m.) - - - 1 33 36.55
By 9 observations on e Bootis, west
(at 18/?. 06m.) - - - 1 33 36.92
2d Result — Chronometer No. 2557,
fast (at 18/i. 06m.) - - 1 33 36.73
+ 1 33 36.73
92
Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- h. m. s.
dereal time for this station (at I5h. 40m.) + 1 33 36.47
This determination of the time, 1 consider very satisfactory. The
difference between the results by the East and West Stars, is, in each
set, very nearly correspondent with the known rate of the chrono-
meter during the elapsed time; which shows that the total arc mea-
sured in each case was actually what the limb of the sextant, after
applying the measured index error, reported. Hence the 14 alti-
tudes of the star Polaris, observed for the latitude, probably gave a
pretty close result, independent of a south star for eliminating errors
of observation.
Sd. The Longitvde.
From the time-observations made at Chicago, on the 6th and lOlh
of June, and those of the Sth, at Niles, and the telegraphic signals of
the Sth, we derive the longitude, as follows, viz. —
Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and
Niles, Michigan, by electric signals for comparisons of time,
June Sth, 1859.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Niles sidereal liri.e (at
16/i. 46m. 37s. sidereal time), Ih. 33m. 36s.78.
ilate per sidereal day, + 6.'?.6688; or per sidereal hour, + Os.2778.
Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar
time (at ll/i. 32m. 56s. mean time), 4m. 45s.72.
Rale per mean solar day, — Os.443; or per mean solar hour, —
Os.01845
1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations.
Times of
Difference of
Longitude by
Times of si;,'nals
Correct
Chicago
Niles
Chicago
each signal. —
given at
Chicago
signals, as noted
correct
reduced
Niles east
Chicat^o,
racjiii solar
at Niles
sidereal time
sidereal
of the meridian
by mean solar
time of
by sidereal
of
time of
of Chicago
Chroiiornct<*r
Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chicago
observing
No. 141.
eignalH.
No 2557.
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
A. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
11 28 10
11 32 55.72
18 20 14
10 40 37.22
10 41 08.88
05 28.39
11 81 10
11 85 55.72
18 23 14.5
10 49 37.71
16 44 09.82
05 28.89
11 ai 10
11 88 55.72
18 20 15
10 52 88.20
10 47 09.83
05 28.87
11 40 10
11 50 55.72
18 38 17
17 04 40.14 10 59 11.79
05 28.35
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Niles,
05 28.375
93
2d. — Niles signals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of signals
Niles
Chicago
Chicago
Niles
each signal. —
given at
signals as noted
correct
reduced
correct
Nilesj east
Niles by
at Chicago
mean solar
sidereal
sidereal
of the meridian
sidereal
by mean solar
time of
time of
time of
of Chicago
Chronometer
Chronometer
Niles
Niles
Niles
ob.serving
No. 2557.
No. 141.
signals.
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. TO. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
18 29 15.5
11 37 10
11 41 55.72
16 50 10.31
16 55 38.68
05 28.37
18 32 16
11 40 10
1] 44 55.72
16 53 10.80
16 58 39.17
05 28.37
18 35 16.5
11 43 10
n 47 55.72
16 56 11.29117 01 39.65
05 28.36
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Niles to Chicago,
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Niles, as
above, __.----
05 28.367
05 28.375
Rest/It: — Niles Observing Station is east, in longitude, of
Chicago observing Station No. 3, by a mean of the two
sets of signals, - - -
Longitude of Chicago station No. 3,
- _ 05 28.37
+ 5 50 31.20
Longitude of Niles observing station west of the meri-
dian of Greenwich, - - - - 5 45 02.83
Equal, in arc, to ... 86^ 15' 42.45"
Latitude (approximate) of this station, as before given, 41° 49' 56" N.
By a careful survey, conn(;cted with this determination, we derive
the positions of other points in Niles, as follows, viz. —
Longitude west of Greenwich.
POSITIONS IN NILES.
Latitude, North.
In Arc.
In Time.
1 . Intersection of Main and Fourth
o / //
o / //
h. m. s.
Streets, - -
41 49 54
86 15 41.3
5 45 02.75
2. Steeple of Trinity Church (Epis-
copal) at the S. E. corner of
Broadway and Fourth Streets, -
41 49 46.1
86 15 40.1
5 45 02.67
3. Steeple of the Presbyterian Ch.
on Fourth Street, between Broad-
way and Cherry Streets, - -
41 49 44.3
86 15 40.1
5 45 02.67
4. Foot of Main Street, on the east
bank of St. Joseph river, - -
41 49 54
86 15 57.7
5 45 03.85
The 4th or last point given in the above tabulation, is the station
where Captain Andrew Talcott observed in the \ear 1833. [t was
pointed out by Mr. William B. Beeson, who resided here at the time.
94
At page 6 of Doc. 497, House of Representatives, 23d Congress, 1st
Session, Captain Talcott states its position to be:
Latitude, .... 41° 50' 09" N.
Longitude west of the meridian of Greenwich, 86° 06' 28". 5 W.
Or, in Time, .... 5k. 447W. 25s.9
Our observations place this station 15" in latitude, south, and 38
seconds of time, or 9' 30" of arc, in longitude, west of the position
assigned to it by Captain Talcott.
Time Observations at Toledo, Ohio.
We now adopt Toledo, as our meridian of comparison, for deter-
mining the longitudes of places eastward of it.
By reference to our Station IX., it will be seen that our observing
station here was determined to be in :
Latitude, .... 41° 39' 02".26 N.
Longitude, .... 5//. 3^??i. 09s.57 VV.
The time-observations made at this station for comparison with
those made at other stations, were as follows, viz. —
1st. 1859, January I8tk. At Toledo Station,
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 9 observations on u Andromedse, h. m. s.
west, (at 3/i. 49?n.) - - 1 06 04.99
By 6 observations on jS Andromedoe,
also west (at 4/i. 25?w.) - 1 06 04.96
By 15 observations on 2 West Stars,
(at 4A. 07m.) - - 1 06 04.98 Ji. m. s.
h 1 06 04.98
By 10 observations on ^ Geminorum, east (at 4^-.
08m.) - - - - -f 1 06 05.78
J2e5w/^— Chronometer No. 2557, fast of Toledo si-
dereal time (at 4A. 07m. 30s.) - + 1 06 05.38
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at 'Sh. \Qm. mean
time) - - . . . — 20 50.63
95
'Zd. 1859, January 2\st. Same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
1st Set.
By 13 observations on /3 Geminorum, h. m. s.
east (at 4/i. 39m. 30s.) - - 1 06 23.07
By 2 observations on se, Andromedse,
and also 10 observations on /3 An-
dromeda, both west (at 4//. 08m.) 1 06 22.84
Ist Result — Chronometer fast (at 4A.
- 54m.) ^ - - 1 06 22.95 h. m.
+ 1 06 22.95
2d Set.
By 5 observations on « Leonis, and 2
observations on /3 Leonis, both east,
(at Ih. 46m.) - - 1 06 23.62
B)> 9 observations on cc Tauri, west
(at Ih. 48m.) - - - 1 06 22.84
2^ Result — Chronometer fast (at Ih.
^Irn.) . . - 1 06 23.23
+ 1 06 23.23
Result adopted. — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of
Toledo sidereal time, (at Qh. 20m.) by giving
weight according to the number of observations
in each set, - - - - + 1 06 23.04
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at 10^. 16m.
mean time) - - - - - — 20 50.38
Sd. 1859, January 2^th. Same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast;
By 10 observations on ^ Geminorum, east (at 3A. h. m. s.
40m.) - - - - + 1 06 36.14
By 10 observations on a. Andromedse, west (at 47i.
03m.) - - - - + 1 06 36.10
96
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of Toledo si- h. m. s.
dereal time (at 3//. 51m.) - - + 1 06 36.12
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at Ih. 36m.
mean time) .....
20 58.04
Ath. 1859, January 26th. Same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 5 observations* on /3 Geminorum, east (at 3h.
46m.) - - - - + 1 06 44.77
By 13 observations on u Andromedse, west (at 4A.
18m.) - . - - + 1 06 45.44
Result — Chronometer No 2557, fast of Toledo si-
dereal lime (at 4/i. 02m.) - + 1 06 45.1
By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of
mean solar time for this station (at Ih. 39771.
mean time) - - - - . _ 20 59.04
\st. Rates of the Chronometers.
The rates of the chronometers, between the 18th and 26th of Janu-
ary, 1859, are given below, for use in computing the longitudes of
Elyria, Cleveland, and Columbus, Ohio, with reference to the meri-
dian of our Toledo observing station, as follows, viz. —
Rates of Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557.
1859.
Elapsed Sidereal
interval.
Rate per 24
Sidereal hours.
To
From
Days and Decimals.
Gaining.
January 18,
January 21,
January 24,
January 21,
January 24,
January 26,
3.092
2.896
2.007
s.
4- 5.710
+ 4.517
+ 4.473
* The sky became suddenly clouded in the east, and no more observations
could be made in that direction, this night.
97
2d. Rates of Mean Solar Chronometer No. 141.
1859.
Elapsed Mean
Solar interval.
Rate per 24 Mean
Solar Hours.
From
To
Days
and Decimals.
-|- Gaining.
— Losing.
January 18,
January 21,
January 24,
January 21,
January 24,
January 26,
3.083
2.889
2.002
s.
+ 0.082
— 2.651
— 0.500
It will be observed that the rate of mean solar chronometer No.
141, changed materially, between the 21st and 24th of January, from
its usual mean rate. This we attribute to the fact that it was kept,
during that time, in a room very much over heated by a large iron
stove. The weather during this time was very cold out of doors,
and, fearing the chronometer might be subject to too cold an atmos-
phere, during my absence from Toledo on a visit to Cleveland, I cau-
tioned the person in whose care it was left at Toledo, for the purpose
of noting by it there the telegraphic signals of the 23d, not to permit
the temperature of the room to fall below 70° of Fahrenheit. He
over shot the mark, and when I returned from Cleveland on the after-
noon of the 24th, on entering the room where the chronometer was,
I was surprised to find the temperature so high that' it was distressing
to remain a moment in the room. It must be remarked, however,
that this new rate, during the short period mentioned, combined with
the time-observations made at Cleveland on the 23d, and the telegra-
phic signals which were interchanged between that place and Toledo
on that night, give a result for the longitude of Cleveland, which cor-
responds very nearly (within 0,5.77 of time) with that which was ob-
tained bv the interchanoje of signals with Chicacro on the nigrlit of
August 5th, 1858.
Both results were derived from observations made under very un-
favourable circumstances. If they do not settle the longitude of this
place definitely, it is believed that they at least give a close approx-
imation to it, as will presently be shown, when we come to treat of
that position.
XXII. ELYRIA, OHIO.
This is the seat of justice of Loraine county, and the nearest lake
port is the mouth of Black river of Lake Erie.
VOL. VII. N
98
Station. — In the court-house public square. This station is 35
feet west of the meridian, and 152 feet north of the parallel of the
dome of the court-house.
Isf. The Latitude. 1859, Janvary l^h.
By 16 circum-meridian altitudes of ^ Orionis, south,
combined with 16 altitudes of Polaris, north: ^ , ,,
Latitude of station, - - - 41 22 02.75
Reduction to the dome of the court-house, - — 1.50
Latitude of the dome of the court-house at Elyria, 41 22 01.25 N.
2d. Observations for the Time. 1859, January 19th.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 10 observations on /3 Geminorum, east (at 'Sh. h. m. s.
50m.) - - - - + I 00 28.47
By 6 observations on a AndromedeB,
west (at 4/^. 08m.) - - 1 00 28.30
By 9 observations on /3 Andromeda^,
also west (at Ah. 457«.) - - 1 00 28.33
By 15 observations on 2 West Stars (at
5/t. 277/1.) - - - 1 00 28.32
f- 1 00 28.32
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 4/t. 08m.) - + 1 00 28.39
Sd. The Longitude.
The above result, combined with the time-observations made at
Toledo on the nights of the 18th and 21st of January, already given,
and the telegraphic signals which were passed between these two
places, give the longitude of Elyria, as follows, viz. —
Determination of the difference of Longitude between Toledo, Ohio,
and Elyria, Ohio, by electric signals for comparisons of time,
January Idth, 1859.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Elyria sidereal time (at
6^. 23m. 23.6s. sidereal time), Ih. 00m. 28s.93.
Rate per sidereal day, + 5s.710; or per sidereal hour, + Os.238.
99
Mean Solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Toledo, mean solar
time (at 10^. 2lm. 405.5 mean time), 20m. 50s.54.
Rate per mean solar day, + 05.082; or per mean solar hour, +
05.0034.
1st. — Toledo signals recorded at both stations.
Times of
Times of
Correct
Toledo
Elyria
Toledo
DifiFerence of
Signals given at
Toledo
signals as noted
correct
reduced
Longitude by
Toledo
mean solar
at Elyria,
sidereal time
sidereal time
each signal.—
by mean solar
time of
by sidereal
of
of
Elyria east of
Chronometer
Toledo
Chronometer
Toledo
Toledo
the meridian of
No. 141.
signals.
No. 2557.
signals.
signals.
Toledo.
h. m. s.
h.
m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
10 00 50
10
21 40.54
7 23 52.5
6 23 23.57
6 17 41.50
05 42.07
10 03 50
10
21 40.54
7 26 53
6 26 24.06
6 20 41.99
05 42.07
10 06 50
10
27 40.54
7 29 53 5
6 29 24.55
6 23 42.48
05 42.07
10 15 40
10
36 30.54
7 38 45
6 38 16.01
6 32 33.93
05 42.08
10 18 50
10
39 40.54
7 41 55.5
6 41 16.50
6 35 44.45
05 42.05
10 21 40
10
42 30.54
7 44 46
6 44 16.99
6 38 34.92
05 42.07
10 33 40
10
54 30.54
7 56 48
6 56 18.94
6 50 36.89
05 42.05
10 3G 40
10
57 30.54
7 59 48.5
6 59 19.43
6 53 37.38
05 42.05
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Toledo to Elyria,
05 42.06
2d. — Elyria signals recorded at both stations.
Times of
signals given at
Elyria
by sidereal
Chronometer
No. 2557.
h. m. s.
8 14 45
8 17 45.5
Times of
Elyria
signals as noted
at Toledo
by mean solar
Chronometer
No. 141.
h. m. s.
10 51 34
10 54 34
Toledo
correct mean
solar time
of
Elyria
signals.
Toledo
reduced
sidereal time
of
Elyria
siornals.
Elyria
correct
sidereal time
of
Elyria
signals.
h. m. s. h. m. s. \ h. m. s.
11 12 24.54 7 08 33.83 7 14 15.87
11 15 24.54 7 11 34.32 7 17 16.36
Difference off
Longitude by
each signal. —
Elyria east of
the meridian of
Toledo.
h. iiu s.
05 42.04
05 42.04
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Elyria to Toledo,
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Toledo to Elyria, as
above -------
05 42.04
05 42.06
Result: — Elyria Observing Station east in longitude of Toledo
observing Station, by a mean of the two sets of signals, — 05 42.05
Longitude of Toledo observing station, — see No. IX.,
ante —
+ 5 34 09.57
Result — Longitude of Elyria observing station, west
of the meridian of Greenwich, - -}- 5 28 27.52
Equal, in arc, to - - - - 82° 06' 52".8 W.
Latitude of this station, as before given, - 41° 22' 02".75 N.
100
By an azimuth of Polaris, observed with the theodolite and chrono-
meter, this night, and offsets measured next morning, from our station,
we get the following positions in Elyria, viz. —
POSITIOXS IN ELYRIA, OHIO.
Latitude, North.
Longitude west of Greenwich.
In Arc.
In Time.
1. Dome of Eljria Court House, -
2. Steeple of the Presbyterian Cli.,
built of stone, on Short Street,
at the S. W. corner of Second or
South Street, ------
o / //
41 22 01.25
41 22 01.21
/ //
82 06 52.3
82 06 55.1
h. m. S.
5 28 27.49
5 28 27.67
XXIII. CLEVELAND, OHIO.
Station. — The point of intersection of the middle of Bank street,
with the north-western margin of Lake street.
Comparison of Longitvde with the Meridian of Chicago,
1858, Avgust 5th.
The night was unfavourable for observation. The sky to the south
was entirely clouded, so that no star could be observed in that direc-
tion for the latitude. The only observations that could be obtained
for that purpose, were two altitudes of Polaris, north, which gave,
approximately, as follows, viz. —
Latitude of station,
Observations for the Time.
By 11 observations on a, Andromeda?, east (at 20h.
28m.) . . . . .
By 3 observations on a Ophiuchi, and 7 observations
on oi Lyra3, both west (at 2lh. 29m.)
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 20/t. 58m. 30s.)
41° 30' 10"
m. s.
-f 40 08.84
-f 40 09.77
+ 40 09.30
Clouds prevented observations on better time-stars in the west.
Both e Bootis and a. Corona? Borealis were carefully watched for, but
in vain ; also ^ Ilcrculis, at a later period of the night, but he also was
hidden from view.
The great discrepancy between the N. Declination of « Andromedce,
and either u 0[)hiuchi, or cc Lyra), combined with the fact that the
latitude — which becomes a term in the equation for computing the
time, — was not closely determined, induces us to doubt if our chrono-
101
meter error can be depended on to-night, nearer than one second of
time. However, as this, even, affords a desirable approximation to
the true longitude of Cleveland, we think it may be well to report the
result. It depends on the time-observations for this night at Cleve-
land, above given, those at Chicago given under the dates of August
4th and 12tli, 1858, and the following telegraphic signals, viz. —
Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and
Cleveland, by electric signals for compai'isons of time, August
5th, 1858.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Cleveland sidereal time
(at 22h. 18m. 47s. sidereal time), 40m. 096-.61.
Rate per sidereal day, -f 5s.58; or per sidereal hour, + Os.232.
Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago mean solar
time (at \2h. 57m. mean time), 4m. 31s.46.
Rate per mean solar day, + Os.455; or per mean solar hour, +
Os.01896.
1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations.
1
Difference of
Times of
i
Longitude by
Times of
Correct
Chicago
Cleveland
Chicago
each signal. —
signals given
Chicago
signals, as noted
correct
reduced
Cleveland
at Chicago
mean solar
at Cleveland
sidereal time
sidereal time
east of the me-
by mean solar
time of
by sidereal
of
of
ridian of Chi-
Chronometer
Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chicago
cago observing
No. 141.
signals.
No. 2557.
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. S.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
12 52 30
12 57 01.46 22 58 57.5
22 18 47.89
21 55 05.74
23 42.15
12 55 40
13 00 11.46 !23 02 08
22 21 58.38
21 58 16.26
23 42.12
12 58 30
13 03 01.40 ;23 04 58.5
22 24 48.87
22 01 06.73
23 42.14
13 14 00
13 18 31.45
23 20 31
22 40 21.31
22 16 39.27
23 42.04
13 17 10
13 21 41.45
23 23 41.5
22 43 31.80
22 19 49.79
23 42.01
13 20 10
13 24 41.45
23 26 42
22 46 32.29
22 22 50.28
23 42.01
13 23 00
13 27 31.45
23 29 32.5
22 49 22.77
22 25 40.74
23 42.03
14 01 54
14 06 25.43
00 08 33
23 28 23.12
23 04 41.11
23 42.01
14 10 40
14 15 11.43
00 17 20.5
23 37 10.59
23 13 28.56
23 42.03
14 16 40
14 21 11.43
00 23 21.5
23 43 11.56
23 19 29.54
23 42.02
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Cleveland, 23 42.056
102
2d. — Cleveland signals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of
Cleveland
Chica-ro
Chicago
Cleveland
each signal. —
signals given
signals, as noted
correct mean
reduced
correct
Cleveland
at Cleveland
at Chicago
solar time
sidereal time
sidereal time
east of the me-
by sidereal
bj^ mean solar
of
of
of
ridian of Chi-
Chronometer
Chronometer
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
cago observing
No. 2557.
No. 1-11.
signals.
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
23 59 32
13 52 54.5
13 57 25.93
22 55 40.14 23 19 22.16
23 42.02
02 32.5
13 55 54.5
14 00 25.93
22 58 40.63 23 22 22.65
23 42.02
05 32
13 58 58.5
14 03 24.93
23 01 40.12 23 25 22.13
23 42.01
20 21
14 13 40
14 18 11.43
23 16 29.05 23 40 11.07
23 42.02
23 42.018
23 42.056
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Cleveland to Chicago,
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Cleveland,
as above, -------
Result: — Cleveland Observing Station is east, in longitude of
Chicago observing Station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets
of signals, .-.-.. —02342.037
Longitude of Chicago Station No. 3. - + 5 50 31.20
1st Approximation.
Longitude of Cleveland Station, - - +5 26 49.16
When the time-signals were being exchanged with Chicago, there was
much excitement and some interruption, from noise, in the telegraph
offices at both places, arising from the celebrations which were going on
in commemoration of the successful laying of the great metallic cable
across tlie Atlantic ocean, which placed the continents of Europe and
America, for a short time, in electro-telegraphic communication. The
news of this important event was, this day, announced by telegraph
all over our country. This accounts for the signals, forth and back,
not agreeing quite so close as usual. Here there is an extreme dif-
ference of Os. 14 of time between the greatest and least telegraphic re-
sult. But if we except 3 out of the 14 signals transmitted, the extreme
difference in the 11 remaining is only 0s.03 of time. So far, there-
fore, as the signals arc concerned, there is probably no appreciable
error in the mean adopted.
Comparison of the Longitude with the Meridian of Toledo.
1859, January 22d. Arrived at Cleveland, from Toledo, this
afternoon. Cloudy all night, and no observations could be made.
January 2'Sd. At the station which was occupied for the obser-
vations of August 5thj 1858.
103
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal timer
1st Set.
By 4 pairs of equal altitudes of the sun, observed
A. M. and P. M., middle time of observations
being apparent noon, or say (20A. 227n.) sidereal
time of the 22d, - - - - + 59 09.3S
2d Set.
By 10 observations on /3 Geminorum,
east, (at 28A. 267W.) - - 59 10.10
By 2 observations on fi Andromedse,
west (at 28/?. 50m.) - - 59 10,51
By E. and VV. Stars, (at 2Sh. 38m.) 59 10.30
4- 59 10.30
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station, January 23d, 1859 (at Oh. 30m.
sidereal), - - - - - + 59 09.81
Here we had, again, an unfavourable night for observation, being
so cloudy that only two observations could be obtained west, for the
time. The clouds were so dense to the north and south, that no ob-
servations whatever could be got for the latitude.
The time derived from the East and West stars, however, agrees
well with that obtained from the equal altitudes of the sun, if we take
into account the usual rate of the chronometer for the elapsed time
between the two sets. This is evidence enough that our approximate
latitude, used as a term in the equation for computing the time by the
stars, was accurate enough for that object. The time may, therefore,
be considered as pretty well determined at Cleveland on this occasion.
But the disturbance in the usual rate of mean solar chronometer No.
141, owing to the very high temperature of the room in which it was
kept at Toledo, during this journey, must be considered. Although
we may suppose that the new rate thus acquired, was probably uni-
form during our absence from Toledo, yet we cannot be certain that
it was so. All things, therefore, being considered, we are inclined to
attribute equal weight to the resulting longitude of Cleveland, from
this journey, and that which was obtained on the night of August 5th,
1858, by comparison with the meridian of Chicago.
The Longitvde.
The result of the time-observations at Cleveland, of January 23d,
above given, combined with that obtained for Toledo, from the obser-
104
vations made there on the nights of the 21st and 24thof January, and
the electric signals of the ^Sd, give us a second approximate determi-
nation of the longitude of Cleveland, as follows, viz. —
Determination of the difference of Longitude between Toledo and
Cleveland, Ohio, by electric signals for comparisons of time,
January 2Sd, 1859.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Cleveland sidereal time
(at Qh. 20m. sidereal time), 59;«. lOs.91.
Rate per sidereal day, + 4s.515; or per sidereal hour, + 0s.l88.
Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Toledo, mean solar
time (at 10/^. Olm. mean time), 20/«. 55s.65.
Rate per mean solar day, — 2s. 65; or per mean solar hour, —
Os.1104.
1st. — Toledo signals recorded at both stations.
Times of
Difference of
Times of
Correct
Toledo
Cleveland
Toledo
Longitude by
signals given at
Toledo
signals, as noted
correct
reduced
each signal.—
Toledo
mean solar time
at Cleveland
sidereal time
sidereal time
Cleveland, east
bv mean solar
of
by sidereal
of
of
of the meridian
Chronometer
Toledo
Chronometer
Toledo
Toledo
of Toledo ob-
No. 141.
sij^nals.
No. 2557.
signals.
signals.
serving station.
h. m. s.
h. m. S.
h. m. s.
h. m. S.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
9 40 10
10 01 05.65
7 19 20
6 20 09.09
6 12 49.45
07 19.64
9 43 00
10 03 55.65
7 22 10.5
6 22 59.58
6 15 39.94
07 19.64
9 45 50
10 06 45.66
7 25 01
6 25 50.07
6 18 30.42
07 19.65
10 03 40
10 24 35.69
7 42 54
6 43 43.02
6 36 23.37
07 19.65
10 09 40
10 30 35.70
7 48 55
6 49 44.00
6 42 24.35
07 19.65
10 12 40
10 33 35.71
7 51 55.5
6 52 44.49
6 45 24.85
07 19.64
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Toledo to Cleveland,
2d. — Cleveland signals recorded at both stations.
07 19.645
Times of
Difference of
Times of
Cleveland
Toledo
Toledo
Cleveland
Longitude by
signals given at
signals as noted
correct mean
reduced
correct
each signal.—
Cleveland
at Toledo
solar time
sidereal time
sidereal time
Cleveland east
by sidereal
by m(!an solar
of
of
of
of the meridian
Chronometer
Chronometer
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
of Toledo ob-
No. 2557.
No. 141.
signals.
signals.
signals.
serving station.
h. m. s.
h, m. s.
h. 7/1. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
, 7 31 05
9 51 53
10 12 48.67
6 24 34.40
6 31 54.06
07 19.66
7 34 00.5
9 54 48
10 15 43.68
6 27 29.89
6 34 49.55
07 19.66
7 37 01
9 57 48
10 18 43.68
6 30 30.38
6 37 50.04
09 19.66
7 54 56
10 15 40
10 36 35.71
6 48 25.35
6 55 44.98
07 19.63
7 57 54.5
10 18 38
10 39 33.72
6 51 23.84 6 58 43.47
07 19.63
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Cleveland to Toledo,
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Toledo to Cleveland,
as above, -------
Result: — Cleveland Station is east, in longitude, of Toledo
observing station, by a mean of the two sets of signals,
07 19.648
07 19.645
07 19.64
105
h. m. 5.
Brought forward — 07 19.64
Longitude of Toledo Station, - - + 5 34 09.57
2d Approximation.
Longitude of Cleveland Station, by the observations
of January, 1859, - - - + 5 26 49.93
\st Approximation.
Longitude of same station by the observations of
August, 1858, as before given, - -j- 5 26 49.16
Approximate Result adopted — Longitude of the in-
tersection of the middle of Bank street with the
north-western margin of Lake street, Cleveland,
Ohio, west of the meridian of Greenwich, - 5 26 49.54
Equal, in arc, to - - - - 81° 42' 23".l W.
Approximate latitude of the same station, as before
given, - - - - 4P30'10"N.
We think the position above given may be relied on as within Is.
of time for the longitude, and within 15 seconds of arc for the lati-
tude; an approximation which may be useful to geographers.
According to this approximation, the new Court House at Cleve-
land is in about:
Latitude .... 41° 30' 05" N.
Long-itude, from Greenwich, - - 81° 42' 06". 1 VV.
Equal, in time, to - - - 5h. 26m. 48.4s.
XXIV. COLUMBUS, THE CAPITAL OF OHIO.
Station. — From this station, to a point perpendicularly under the
centre of the dome of the State Capital, is S. 10° E. (true) 277 feet,
horizontal measurement. Hence, the reduction from our station to
the centre of the said dome is, in latitude, — 2". 7, and in longitude
— 0".62 in arc, = — 0s.04 in time.
1859, January 25th. The night was hazy; but as any errors
from the atmospheric refraction, that might arise from this circum-
stance, are eliminated by the system of observing on norih and south
stars for the latitude, and on east and west stars for the time, the re-
sults obtained to-night, both for the latitude and longitude, are con-
sidered satisfactory.
VOL. VII. O
106
Isl. The Latitude.
By 11 circum-meridian altitudes of j3 Orionis, south,
combined with 15 altitudes of Polaris, north :
latitude of station, - - - 39° 57' 45".9 N.
Reduction to the dome of the State Capital, — 2".7
Result — Latitude of the dome of the State Capital at
Columbus, Ohio, - - - 39°57'43".2N.
2d. Observations for the Time.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast :
1st Set. Before the signals.
By 7 observations on /3 Geminorum, h. m. s.
east (at 4/t. 49/71.) - - 1 04 31.96
By 8 observations on /S Tauri, west (at
8/i. 5l7W.) - - - 1 04 32.58
\st Residt. Before the signals —
Chronometer fast (at 6A. 50m.) 1 04 32.27 h. m. s.
+ 1 04 32.27
2d Set. After the signals.
By 6 observations on cc Tauri, west
(at 8h. 32m.) - - 1 04 32.63
By 4 observations on Leonis, east
(at 9h. 04m.) - - 1 04 32.32
2d Result. After the signals —
Chronometer fast (at 8/i. 48m.) 1 04 32.47
+ 1 04 32.47
Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si-
dereal time for this station (at Ih. 49m. sidereal), + 1 04 32.37
The number of observations in each set would have been greater,
but that the stars were frequently obscured by a mist that was passing.
3(Z. The Longitude.
The above result for the Columbus time, and the results for the
Toledo time, from the observations of the 24th and 26th inst., com-
bined with the following electric signals, give us the longitude of the
State Capital at Columbus, as follows, viz. —
107
Determination of the difference of Longitude between Toledo and
Columbys, Ohio, by etectric signals for comparisons of time,
January 2Dth, 1859.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Columbus sidereal time
(at 7h. 09m. 525. sidereal time), Ih. OA?n. 325.25.
Rate per sidereal day, + 45.473; or per sidereal hour, -f 05.1664.
Mean Solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Toledo mean solar
time (at lOh. 4:7m. 58s. mean time), 20m. 58s.61.
Rate per mean solar day, — 0s.500; or per mean solar hour, —
05.0208.
1st. — Toledo signals recorded at both stations.
Times of
Difference of
Times of
Correct
Toledo signals
Columbus
Toledo
Longitude by
signals given at
Toledo
as noted at
correct
reduced
each signal. —
Toledo
mean solar
Columbus
sidereal time
sidereal time
Columbus
by mean solar
time of
by sidereal
of
of
east of the
Chronometer
Toledo
Chronometer
Toledo
Toledo
meridian of
No. 141.
signals.
No. 2557.
signals.
signals.
Toledo.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
10 27 00
10 47 58.61
8 14 24.5
7 09 52.25
7 07 43.23
02 09.02
10 30 00
10 50 58.61
8 17 25
7 12 52.74
7 10 43.72
0: 09.02
10 33 00
10 53 58.61
8 20 25.5
7 15 53.23
7 13 44 21
02 09.02
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Toledo to Columbus, Ohio, 02 09.02
2d. — Columbus signals recorded at both stations.
Times of
Difference of
Times of
Columbus
Toledo
Toledo
Columbus
Longitude by
signals given at
signals, as noted
correct
reduced
correct
each signal. —
Columbus
at Toledo
mean solar
sidereal time
sidereal time
Columbus
by sidereal
by mean solar
time of
of
of
east of
Chronometer
Chronometer
Columbus
Columbus
Columbus
the meridian of
No. 2557.
No. 141.
signals.
signals.
signals.
Toledo.
A. m. s.
ll. m. S.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
A. m. s.
8 23 24
10 35 58
10 56 56.61
7 18 51.72
7 16 42-70
02 09.02
8 26 26.5
10 39 00
10 59 58.62
7 21 54.21
7 19 45.20
02 09.01
8 29 27
10 42 00
11 02 58.62
7 24 54.70
7 22 45.70
02 09.00
8 32 27.5
10 45 00
11 05 58.62
7 27 55.20
7 25 46.19
02 09.01
8 35 28
10 48 00
11 08 58.62
7 30 55.69
7 28 46.68
02 09.01
8 38 28.5
10 51 00
11 11 58.63
7 33 56.19
7 31 47.18
02 09.01
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent fx'om Columbus to Toledo,
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Toledo to Columbus, as
above, __---__
02 09.01
02 09.02
Result: — Columbus Observing Station, east in longitude, of
Toledo observing Station, by a mean of the two sets of
signals, ----...
02 09.015
108
h. m. s.
Brought forward, — 02 09.01
Reduction to the dome of the State Capital, — 04
Dome of the State Capital is east, in longitude, of
Toledo station, - - - — 02 09.05
Longitude of Toledo observinc^ station, - -f 5 34 09.57
Result — Longitude of the dome of the State Capital
at Columbus, Ohio, west of the meridian of Green-
wich, 5 32 00.52
Equal, in arc, to .... 83° 00' 07". 8
Latitude of this dome, as before given, - 39° 57' 43". 2 N.
Verification of the Positions of Michigan City, Indiana.,
AND Madison, Wisconsin.
The approximate positions of these stations were given in our pre-
vious paper, primed in \"ol. VI. of the Society's Proceedings; the
first numbered as Station II., and the other as Station VI. See pp.
363 to 365, and 385 to 368 of that volume.
We have since had opportunities for testing the results, then re-
ported, by more reliable observations, which we will now give.
II. MICHIGAN CITY, INDIANA.
Station. — The centre of the public square, bounded on the north
by Michigan street, on the south by Fourth, on the east by Franklin,
and on the west by Washington street.
By a survey made with the theodolite and chain, — the true azimuths
of the courses being determined from four azimuths of Polaris, 2 by
direct observation, and 2 others by reflection from the liorizon of
quicksilver, on the 17th May, 1859, with the times by the sidereal
chronometer, — we find that this new station is S. 11° 15' 49" E.,
(true) and distant 1717 feet from our station of Jime 21st, 1858.
Hence the reduction from the station of 1858 to that of 1859, at the
centre of the aforesaid public square is, in latitude, — 16". 64, and in
longitude — 4". 41 in arc, = Os.294 in time.
From the centre of the public square, to the station where Captain
Andrew Talcott observed in 1833, as pointed out to us by Herman
Lawson, Esq., attorney at law, who was here at that time and still
resides here, is N. 12° 05' 25" W., (true) and the measured distance
109
is 227 feet. Hence the reduction from our new station at the centre
of the public square to Talcott's station is, in latitude, + 2". 19, and
in longitude -f 0".63 in arc, = 0s.04 in time.
The positions of other points in relation to our observing stations,
were also fixed by our survey, and will be given hererfter.
It will be remembered that the position of our station of June 21st,
1859, was stated, in our former paper, to be approximately, as fol-
lows, viz. (See Vol. VI. page 363.)
Latitude, .... 41° 43' 25" xN.
Longitude, west of Greenwich, - 57i. 47m. 37s.41
This was the result of a few observations made within the space of
one hour and forty minutes, on that night, and a series of telegraphic
signals for comparing the longitude with the meridian of Chicago.
A reduction of the above determination, to our station of 1859,
gives the position of the centre of the public square, as follows, viz. —
Determination 1st, of June 21st, 1858.
Latitude, .... 41° 43' 09".36
Longitude, west from Greenwich, - 5/t. 47m. 37s. 12
We will now give the observations made in 1859, and the results,
as follows, viz. —
At the centre of the Public Square in Michigan City, Indiana,
1st. The Latitude.
1859, ilfaj/ 11th. By 14 circum-meridian altitudes of
ct Virginis, south, combined with 17 altitudes of o / r
Polaris, north: latitude of station, - - 41 43 08.3
1858, June 21st. By 10 circum-meridian altitudes of
■ Libra?, south, combined with 5 altitudes of Po-
laris, north, reduced from the old, to this station,
as already shown, - - - - 41 43 08.36
Result adopted — Latitude of the centre of the Michi-
gan City Public Square, - - - 41 43 08.33
2d. Observations for the Time. 1859, April 28th.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast :
By 10 observations on s Bootis, east h. m. s.
(at 12h. 11m.) - - - 1 31 05.20
By 10 observations on ex. Coronas Bo-
realis, also east (at llh. 44m.) - 1 31 05.33
no
By 20 observations on 2 West Stars,
(at llA. 28m.) - - 1 31 05.26 h. m. s.
1- 1 31 05.26
By 10 observations on j3 Geminorum, west (at llh.
SOm.) - - ' - + 1 31 05.29
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 11/t. 29m.) - - -f 1 31 05.27
The above result for the Michigan City time, combined with the
observations made on the 27th and 29th of April, for the time at
Chicago, and the following telegraphic signals, give us a second deter-
mination of the longitude of Michican City, viz. —
Determination of the Difference of Longitude between Chicago and
Michigan City, Indiana, by electric signals for comparisons of
time, April 28th, 1859.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Michigan City sidereal time
(at 12A. 47m. 47s. sidereal time), Ih. Sim. 05s.63.
Rate per sidereal day, + 6s.669; or per sidereal hour, + Os.2775.
Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar
time (at lOA. 18m. 32s. mean time), 4ot. 41s.:^2.
Rate per mean solar day, — 0s.l7; or per mean solar hour, —
Os.007.
1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations.
Pifference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of signals
Correct
Chicago
Michigan City
Chicago
each siunal.—
given at
Chicago
signals, as noted
correct
reduced
^lichigan City
Cliicago
mean solar
at Michigan City
sidereal
sidereal
east (if the me-
by mean solar
time of
by sidereal
time of
time of
rieUan of Chi-
Chronometer
Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chicago
cago obserA'ing
No. 141.
signals.
No. 2557.
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
10 13 50
10 18 31.32
14 18 52.5
12 47 46.87
12 44 53.3 7
02 53.50
10 16 50
10 21 31.32
14 21 53
12 50 47.35
12 47 53.86
02 53.49
10 28 40
10 33 21.32
14 33 45
13 02 39.30
12 59 45.80
02 53.50
10 37 40
10 42 21.32
14 42 46.5
13 11 40.76
13 08 47.28
02 53.48
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Michigan City, 02 53.49
Ill
2d Michigan City signals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of signals
Michigan City
Chicago
Chicago
Michigan City
each signal. — ■
given at
signals as noted
coreect
reduced
correct
Michigan City
Michigan City
at Chicaso
mean solar
sidereal time
sidereal time
east of the me-
by sidereal
by mean solar
time of
of
of
ridian of Chi-
Chronometer
Chronometer
Michigan City
Michigan City
Michigan City
cago observing
No. 2557.
No. 141.
signals.
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s. 1 h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
14 27 44
10 22 40
10 27 21.32 12 53 44.82
12 56 38.32
02 53.50
14 30 44.5
10 25 40
10 30 21.32 12 56 45.31
12 59 38.81
02 53.50
14 36 45.5
10 31 40
10 36 21.32 13 02 46.30
13 05 39.79
02 53.49
14 39 46
10 34 40
10 39 21.32 13 05 46.79
13 08 40.27
02 53.48
2(1 Mean.— Electric signals sent from Michigan City to Chicago, 02 53.49
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Michigan City,
as above, - - 02 53.49
Result: — Centre of public square in Michigan City, east in
longitude, of Chicago observing Station No. 3, by a mean
of the two sets of signals, _ _ _
Longitude of Chicago Station No. 3,
Determination 2d.
Longitude of the centre of PubHc Square at Michigan
City,
— 02 53.49
+ 5 50 31.20
5 47 37.71
I was obliged, on the 17th of May, 1859, to go again to Michigan
City, on public duty, and this visit enabled me to obtain a third result
for the longitude of this place, as follows, viz. —
1859, May, 27th. At the same Station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast :
By 13 observations on /3 Geminorum, h. m. s.
west (at 11 A. 43m.) - - 1 33 29.30
By 9 observations on e Leonis, also
west (at I3h. 01m.) - - 1 33 29.23
By 22 observations on 2 West Stars,
(at I2h. 22m.)
1 33 29.26 h. m. s.
}- 1 33 29.26
By 13 observations on a. Coronse Borealis, east (at
I2h. 02m.) ....
+ 1 33 29.30
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at I2h. 12m.) - + 1 33 29.28
112
This result, and the results of the time-observations made at
Chicago on the 16th and 19th* of May, and the following telegraphic
signals, give us a third determination of the longitude of Michigan
City, as follows, viz —
Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and
Michigan City, by electric signals for comparisons of time,
May 17//t, 1859.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Michigan City sidereal
time (at 14/j.. 11m. 12s. sidereal time), lA. 33m. 29s.89.
Rate per sidereal day, — 7.9.366 ; or per sidereal hour, — 0s.307.
Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar
time (at \0h. 27m. mean time), 4m. 41s.02.
Rate per mean solar day, + 05.377; or per mean solar hour, +
Os.01.57.
1st. — ChicajTo signals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of signals
Correct
Chicago
Michigan City
Chicago
each signal. —
given at
Chicago
signals, as noted
correct
reduced
Michigan City
Chicago,
mean solar
at Michigan
sidereal time
sidereal
east of the meri-
by mean solar
time of
City by sidereal
of
time of
dian of Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chicago
observing
No. 141.
signals.
No, 2557.
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. VI. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
10 22 20
10 27 01.02
15 44 42.5
14 11 12.61 14 08 19.03
02 53.58
10 25 20
10 80 01.02
15 47 43
14 14 13.10 14 11 19.52
02 53.58
10 28 20
10 33 01.02
15 50 43.5
14 17 13.58 14 14 20.01
02 53.57
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Michigan City, 02 53.577
2d. — Michigan City signals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of signals Michigan City
Chicago
Chicago
Michigan City
each signal. —
given at signals as noted
correct
reduced
correct
Michigan City
Michigan City
at Chicago
mean solar
sidereal
sidei'eal
east ot the me-
by t^idcrcal
by mean solar
time of
time of
time of
ridian of Chi-
Chrononielcr
Chronometer
Michigan City
Michigan City
Michig;in City
cago observing
No. liooT.
No. 111.
signals.
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. m. .s:
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
15 56 44.5
10 34 20
10 39 01.01
14 20 20.99 14 23 14.55
02 53.56
15 59 45
10 37 20
10 42 01.01
14 23 21.48 14 26 15.03
02 58.55
16 02 45.5
10 40 20
10 45 01.01
14 26 21.98 14 29 15,52
02 53.54
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Michigan City to Chicago, 02 53.55
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Michigan City,
as above, - - 02 53.577
Result: — Centre of Public Sciuare in Michigan City is east, in
longitude, of Chicago observing Station No. 3, Ijy a mean of
the two sets of signals,
— 02 53.56
It was cloudy at Chicago, May 18th, and uo obBervations could be made ou that uight.
118
h. m. s.
Brought forward, — 02 53.56
Add loncritude of Chicago station No. 3, - + 5 50 31.20
3fZ Determination.
Longitude of the centre of the public square of Michi-
gan City, - - - - - 5 47 37.64
We have here three determinations of the longitude of this position:
one from observations in June, 1858, and two from observations in
1859, namely, April 28th and May 17th. The time-stars were much
better selected in 1859 than in 1858, which will appear on a compari-
son of their north declinations. Those in 1859, were all observed
near the prime vertical, but those of 1858 were observed before reach-
ing the prime vertical, east or west, and on different sides of it, though
at nearly equal altitudes. All things considered, we think the two
results of 1859 are each entitled to twice the weight of that of 1858.
On this principle the final result is presented, as follows, viz. —
Summary. — Longitude of the Centre of this Public Square:
h. m. s.
By determination 1st, of June 21st, 1858, - 5 47 37.12
By determination 2d, of April 28th, 1859, - 5 47 37.71
By determination 3d, of May 17th, 1859, - - 5 47 37.64
Result adopted, giving the 2d and dd determinations each a double
weight.
Longitude of the centre of the public square at Michi-
gan City, Indiana, west of the meridian of Green-
wich, - - - - . 5 47 37.56
Equal, in arc, to ... 86° 64' 23".4 W.
Latitude of the same point, as before given, 41° 43' 08". 33 N.
From our survey, based on the above result, and observed azimuths
of Polaris for determining the true courses, we obtain the positions of
other points in Michigan City. The following table shows them all :
VOL. VII. P
114
POSITIONS IN MICHIGAN CITY,
Latitude North.
Longitude West of Greenwich.
INDIANA.
In Arc.
In Time.
1. Centre of the Public Square, -
2. Intersection of the middle of
Franklin with the middle of
Michigan Street, -----
3. Passenger house of the Michi-
gan Central Ptail Road Com-
pany's Station, ------
4. The Light House, - - - -
5. Mouth of Trail Creek, (east
cape of), --------
6. The Episcopal Church on Pine
St. between Market and Fourth
Streets, --------
41 43 08.33
41 43 11.23
41 43 18.91
41 43 22.88
41 43 24.58
41 43 07
8°6 54 23.4
86 54 21.4
86 54 26.79
86 54 32.60
86 54 37.23
86 54 13.28
h. m. s.
5 47 37.56
5 47 37.43
5 47 37.78
5 47 38.17
5 47 38.48
5 47 36.88
In Talcott's map, accompanying his report on the survey of the
Michigan and Ohio boundary of 1833, he lays down the position of
Michigan City in latitude 41° 43' 10". 8 N., and in longitude 86° 43'
26". 9 = 5A. 46m. 53s.8' W. By our observations, his station, here,
appears to be in latitude 41° 43' 10".52 N., and in longitude 86° 54'
24" = 5/i. 47m. 375.6 W. While there is a remarkable agreement
in our observations of the latitude, we place the longitude 43s.76 of
time, = 10' 56". 4 in arc, = 9.42 miles, west of the position assigned
to it on Talcott's map.
Captain Talcott, in his report, gives
the longitude of the south bend of o / /< '*• ^* ^*
Lake Michigan, - - 87 09 06 = 5 48 36.4
By applying our difference of longi-
tude, found at Michigan City, viz:
-f 10' 56".4 = -f 43S.76
We assume, for the approximate longi-
tude of the south bend of Lake
Michigan, until we can have an
opportunity of connecting it by ob-
servation with our primary meri-
dian of Chicago,
The latitude of this bend, is no doubt
very accurately stated by Talcott,
at . - - -
87 20 02.4 = 5 49 20.16
41 37 07.9 N.
115
VI. MADISON, THE CAPITAL OF WISCONSIN.
In our former paper, we gave an approximation to the geographical
position of this place, derived from unsatisfactory observations made
during unfavourable weather, which cut us off from a selection of
pairs of stars well matched in declination for eliminating errors of
observation, either for the determination of the latitude or the longitude.
The approximate result then arrived at appears, from more accu-
rate observations recently made, to have given the latitude too great
by about 9". 5, and the longitude too little by about ls.2 of time.
This, however, was far more accurate than the position assigned to
Madison on any of the maps extant.
These more recent observations are now presented, as follows, viz:
IsL The Latitude. 1859, June Ath. At Madison Station No. 2.*
1. By 21 circum-meiidian altitudes of » Virginis,
soutii, combined with 17 altitudes ofPolaris, north: q
latitude of station, - - - - 43 04 25
2. Same night — By 21 circum-meridian altitudes of
i3 Librae, south, combined with 17 other altitudes
ofPolaris, north, observed at a later hour of the
night than the 1st set, - - - 43 04 25.24
Result adopted— LidxiudiQ of xMadison station No. 2, 43 04 25.12 N.
Reduction to the dome of the State Capital, + 5.68
Latitude of the dome of the State Capital, - 43 04 30.8 N.
Here the stars are well paired with regard to their altitudes when
observed, north and south, and the above result is, therefore, believed
to-be a pretty close approximation to the true latitude of this place.
2d. Observations for the Time. Same night (June Uh, 1859),
and, saine station.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
1st Set.
By 10 observations on « Canum Vena- h. m. s.
ticorum, west (at 16/i. 43m.) 1 45 42.17
By 10 observations on a, Cygni, east
(at 17/i. 00m.) - - 1 45 43.15
* This station and its position relatively with that of the dome of the State
Capital, will be found described in Vol. VL. at page 386 of the Society's
Proceedings.
116
1st Result — Chronometer fast (at 16A. h. m. s.
52m.) - - - 1 45 42.66 h. m. s.
h 1 45 42.66
2d Set.
By 7 observations on ^ Hercules, and .
11 observations on <^ Cygni, both
east (at 16^. 04m.) - - 1 45 42.74
By 9 observations on s Bootis, west
(at 17/i. 25m.) - - 1 45 42.50
2d Result — Chronometer fast (at IQJi.
45m.) - - - 1 45 42.62
+ 1 45 42.62
Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si-
dereal time for this station (at 16^. 48m.) + 1 45 42.64
The above result for the Madison time, and the results of the obser-
vations for the time at Chicago on the 3d and 6th of June, 1859,
already given in tlieir proper places, combined with the following tele-
graphic signals, give us a new result for the longitude of Madison, as
follows, viz. —
Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and
Madison, Wisconsin, by electric signals for compai'isons of time,
June Uh, 1859.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Madison sidereal time (at
15/t. 51m. 45s. sidereal time), \h. 45m. 42&-.43.
Rate per sidereal day, + 65.O86; or per sidereal hour, + Os.2535.
Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago mean solar
time (at 11 A. 12m. 24s. mean time), 4m. 44s.42.
Rate per mean solar day, — 0s.20; or per mean solar hour, —
Os.0083.
1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations.
Times of
si^riiila given
at Chicaj^o
by mean solar
Chronometer
No. 141.
Correct
Cbi(Mf;o
mean solar
time of
Chicago
signals.
h. m. s.
11 07 40
11 10 40
11 25 40
h. m. s.
11 12 24.42
11 15 24.42
11 30 24.42
Times of
Chicago
signals, as noted
at Madist)n
by sidereal
Chronometer
No. 2657.
h. m. s.
17 43 28
17 46 28.5
18 01 31
Madison
correct
sidereal time |
of
Chicago
signals.
h.
m. s.
15
57 45.57
16
00 40. OG
10
15 48.49
Chicago
reduced
sidereal time
of
Chicago
signals.
h. m. s.
16 04 47.93
16 07 48.42
16 22 50.88
DifTerence of
Longitude by
each signal. —
Madison is
west of the me-
ridian of Chi-
cago observing
station No. 3.
h. m. s.
07 02.36
07 02.36
07 02.39
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Madison,
07 02.37
117
2d. — Madison signals recorded
at both stations.
Times of
signals given
at Ma^lison
by sidereal
Chronometer
No. 2557.
Times of
Madison
signals, as noted
at Chicago
by mean solar
Chronometer
No. 141.
Chicago
correct mean
solar time
of
Madison
signals.
Chicago
reduced
sidereal time
of
Madison
signals.
Madison
correct
sidereal time
of
Madison
signals.
Difference of
Longitude by
each signal. —
Madison
west of the me-
ridian of Chi-
cago observing
station No. 3.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
17 52 29.5
11 16 40
11 21 24.42
16 13 49.41
16 06 47.03
07 02.38
17 55 30
11 19 40
11 24 24.42
16 16 49.90
16 09 47.52
07 02.38
17 58 30.5
11 22 40
11 27 24.42
16 19 50.39
16 12 48.01
07 02.38
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Madison to CMcago,
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Madison,
as above, -------
07 02.38
07 02.37
Result: — Madison Observing Station is west, in longitude, of
Chicago observing Station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets
of signals, -..-.. +00702.375
Reduction to the dome of the State Capital,
— 0.23
Dome of the State Capital at Madison, west, in longi-
tude, of Chicago Station No. 3, - + 07 02.14
-f 5 50 31.20
Lonoritude of Chicago Station No. 3
^st Determination.
Longitudeof the dome of the State Capital at Madison, + 5 57 33.34
We also observed for the time at Madison, about midnight of June
5th, 1859, and afterwards exchanged telegraphic signals with Chicago,
which gave us another comparison with the meridian of Chicago for
the longitude of this station, as follows, viz. —
Observations for the Time. At Madison Station No. 2.
1859, June 5th.
Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast:
By 7 observations on cc Canum Venaticorum, west
(at 16/j. 38m.) - - - + 1 45 46.99
By 7 observations on x Cygni, east (at 16h. 56m.) + 1 45 47.48
Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time
for this station (at 16/i. 47m. - - . _[_ i 45 47.23
A comparison of this result with the last mentioned Chicago time-
observations, by means of the following signals, which were exchanged
118
by telegraph after midnight of June 5th, give us another comparison
of longitude between the two places, as follows, viz. —
Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and
Madison, Wisconsin, hy electric signals for comparisons of time,
June 5th, 1859.
Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Madison sidereal time
(at 17/t. 2ljn. 26s. sidereal time), Ih. 45m. 47s.37.
Rate per sidereal day, + 6s.086 ; or per sidereal hour, + 05.2535.
Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago mean solar
time (at I2h. 2ljn. 55s. mean time), 47/i. 43s.63.
Rate per mean solar day, — 05.20; or per mean solar hour, —
05.0083.
1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of
Correct
Chicago
Madison
Chicago
each signal. —
signals given at
Chicago
signals, as noted
correct
reduced
Madison is
Chicago
mean solar time
at Madison
sidereal time
sidereal time
west of the me-
by meau solar
of
by sidereal
of
of
ridian of Chi-
Chronometer
Chicago
Chronometer
Chicago
Chicago
cago observing
No. 141.
signals.
No. 2557.
signals.
signals.
station No. 3.
h. m. S.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
12 27 10
12 31 54.64
19 07 13.5
17 21 26.13
17 28 27.70
07 01.63
12 30 10
12 U 51.64
19 10 14
17 24 26.61
17 31 28.25
07 01.64
12 45 10
12 49 54.64
19 25 16.5
17 39 29.06
17 46 30.72
07 01.67
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Madison,
07 01.647
2d. — Madison signals recorded at both stations.
Difference of
Times of
Longitude by
Times of
Madison
Chicago
Chicago
Madison
each signal. —
signals given at
signals as noted
correct mean
reduced
correct
Madison is west
Madison
at Chicago
solar time
sidereal time
sidereal time
of the meridian
by sidereal
by mean solar
of
of
of
of Chicago ob-
Chronometer
Chronometer
Madison
Madison
Madison
serving station
No. 2557.
No.141.
signals.
signals.
signals.
No. 3.
h. m. s.
//. 7??. S.
h. m. s.
h. in. s.
h. m. s.
h. in. s.
19 16 15
12 3(; 10
12 40 54.64
17 37 29.25
17 30 27.60
07 01.65
19 19 15.5
12 39 ]0
12 43 54.64
17 40 29.74
17 33 28.08
07 01.66
19 22 16
12 42 10
12 46 54.64
17 43 30.23
17 36 28.57
07 01.66
2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Madison to Chicago,
1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Madison,
as above, -------
Result: — Madison Observing Station is west, in longitude, of
Chicago observing station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets
07 01.657
07 01.647
of signals,
- _ 07 01.65
119
h. m. s.
Brought forward, + 07 01.65
Reduction to the dome of the Capital, - - — 0-23
Dome of the Capital, west, in longitude, of Chicago
Station No. 3, - - - + 07 01.42
Longitude of Chicago Station No. 3, - + 5 50 31.20
2d Determination of June 5th. 1859.
Longitude of this dome, - - - - 5 57 32.62
1st Determination, June 4th, 1859, as before given, 5 57 33.34
Result adopted, giving the determination of June 4th
a weight of S, to 2 assigned to that of June 5th,
1859: longitude of the dome of the State Capital
of Wisconsin, at Madison, west of the meridian
of Greenwich, ... 5 57 33.05
Equal, in arc, to - - - - 89° 23' 15".75 W.
Latitude, as before given, ... 43° 04' 30". 8 N.
We offer the above as a closer approximation, to supersede that
heretofore reported, as derived from the less satisfactory observations
of June, 1858.
J. D. GRAHAM,
Member of the Society,
Pending nomination No. 391 was read, and, the balloting
being ordered, a letter from Dr. Dunglison was read, regretting
his necessary absence.
The resignation of Mr. Hazlehurst was then, on motion of
Dr. Hays, accepted.
No further business being before the meeting, the ballot was
scrutinised, and Prof. Samuel H. Dickson, M.D., of Philadelphia,
was declared duly elected a member of the Society, which was
then adjourned.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
Vol. VII. JULY— DECEMBER, 1859. No. 62.
Stated Meeting, Aiignsf 19, 1859.
Present, three members.
Dr. John L. Le Conte, Secretary, in the Chair.
A letter was read from Prof. Dickson, dated at Phila. Ana:.
5, 1S59, acknowledging the receipt of notice of his election.
The following donations for the Library were announced: —
Patent Office Report for 1857. Wash. 185S.— Frowz the U. S. G.
U. S. Coast S. Report for 1857. Wash. IS^S.— Supt. U. S. C. S,
Washington Observatory during 1849, 1850. — From 31. F. Maury.
Astronomical Journal, No. 126. Cambridge. — From B. A. Gould,
Monthly Notices, R. A. Soc. XIX. 8. London. — From the Soc.
Proceedings x\cad. Nat. Sci. 13. Philadelphia. — From the Society.
Journ. Frank Hn Institute. Aug. 1859. Phila. — From the Institute.
Med. News and Library. Aug. 1859. Phila. — Blanchard 6^ Lea,
Index Catalogue, Public Library of Bostc^n. — From Prof. Jeirett.
Supplement, By-laws, 6th Report, &c. of the same. — Prof. Jeicett.
An. Report N. Y. State Library. Albany, 1859. — The Trustees,
11th An. Report, Maryland Inst. Baltimore, 1859.— -i^rom the Ins.
Silziingsberichte K. A. I\lafh.-Nat. C. XXIV. B. III. II. No. 5—6, 7,
8, 9, 10. XXVlil B, No. 1—26. Phil. -Hist. C. XXIII. B. V. H.
No. 5 — 10, I — 8. Almanach 8th year, 1858, and Festrede by
Karajan. — From the Academy of Sciences at Vienna.
A communication for the Transactions, was received from
Prof. Loomis, entitled Observations or the Magnetic Dip
IN THE United States, by Elias Loomis, Professor of Math-
VOL. VII. — Q
122
ematics and Natural Philosophy in the University of the City
of New York, and referred to a committee consisting of Prof.
Kendall, Dr Bridges and Mr. Lesley.
Pending nomination No. 392 was read, and the Society was
adjourned.
Stated Meeting, September 16, 1859.
Present, twelve members.
Prof Cresson, Vice-President, in the Chair.
A letter was read from the American Oriental Society, dated
New Haven, July, 1859, announcing the transmission of a do-
nation to the Libi'ary, and requesting exchanges.
A letter was read from M. F. Maury, dated Washington,
Sep. 2, 1S59, inclosing a communication from Com. Wiillerstorf,
just returned from a scientific voyage of circumnavigation in
the Austrian Frigate Novara, entitled, Essay vpon the deter-
mination of the form of the earth by means of simultaneous
observations with the barometer and aneroid.
A letter was read from G. A. Matile dated Phila. Aug. 27,
in relation to the publications of the Roy. Acad, at Brussels.
The following donations for the Library were announced: —
Amor. Journal No. 83, September. N. Haven. — From the Editors.
Frank. Insl. Journal. No. 405. Sept. Phila.- — From the Institute,
Med. News and Library. No. 20L Sept. Phila. — From the Eds,
African Ropos. XXXV. No. 8. Aug. Wash.— ^mer. Col. Soc,
Astronomical Notices, No. 7, 8. Albany. — From the Editors.
Proc. Boston N. H. Soc. VII. 5, 6, Boston. — From the Society,
Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci. 14. Philadelphia. — From the Acad.
Proc. N. Jersey Hist. Soc. VIII. 4. Newark. — From the Society,
Journal Amer. Oriontnl Society from the beginning. — From the Soc,
Journ. Elliot S. N. H. Vol. 1. 1,2. Charleston.— From the Soc,
N. Y. Mercan. Lib. As. .SSth An. Rep. 1858-9.— From the Asso.
La Bourgofrne, revue G*]nologique, 1 liv. Dijon. — C. Ladrey^ Ed.
Die ])rincipion der lieutigcn physik. Oration by Dr. Andreas, R.
von P]ttingliansen. Oct. 29, 1857. Wien. — 1. R. Acadcimj.
Inquiries concerning a charge of interception in No. 124 of Gould's
Astronomical Journal, by John Patterson. Albany.
123
The committee to which was referred the paper of Prof.
Loomis, reported in favour of its pubhcation in the Transactions,
which was ordered accordingly, and the committee disciiarged.
The decease of Richard Rush, a member of this Society,
(elected Jan. 17, 1S17), was announced by Dr. Bache, as having
occurred in July last. On motion of Judge Sharswood, it was
ordered that Mr. C. F. Ingersoll be requested to prepare an
obituary notice of the deceased.
The paper of Com. Wullerstorf was referred to a Committee
consisting of Prof. Kendall, Prof. F. Rogers and Prof. Cresson.
Prof. Cresson made an oral communication on the aurorae
boreaies, which occurred on the evenings of Aug. 28th and
Sept. 1st, and described minutely their various changes of ap-
pearance. Remarks were made by Prof. Trego, Dr. Emerson,
Dr. Coates and Prof. Lesley.
Pending nomination No. 392, and new nomination No. 393,
were read, and the Society was adjourned.
Stated Meeting, October 7, 1859.
Present, fifteen members.
Prof. Cresson, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Letteis were read from E. Uricoechea, President of the New
Grenada Society of Naturalists, dated Bogota, 10 — 8, 1859,
desiring the publications of this Society; — from Capt. Wilkes,
U. S. N. dated Washington, Sept. 29, announcing the trans-
mission of a donation for the library : — from the Conn. Hist.
Soc. dated Hartford, acknowledging the receipt of No. 61 of the
Proceedings ;— and from Col. Graham dated Chicago, Sep. 20,
enclosing the following addition to his contributions No. 3.
VII. ASHTABULA, OHIO.
Station. — The centre of the North Public Square, bounded on the
north by a lane thirty feet wide, on the south by Division street, on
the east by Main street, and on the west by Park street.
VIII. ERIE, PENNSYLVANIA.
At the end of this article, and immediately preceding the closing
124
paragraph which begins with the words "my duties required me to
return to Chicago," &c., insert the following, viz:
From the above determination of the position of our observing sta-
tion, and measurements therefrom of the azimuths and distances to
other points as laid down on a "Map of the Borough of Erie, with
the water lots and harbour, made by order of the Burgess and Town
Council of tiie Borough of Erie, in 1837, under the supervision of
T. S. Brown, Civil Engineer," we obtain the latitudes and longitudes
of said positions within the City and harbour of Erie, as follows, viz:
Longitude West of the Meridian
POSITIONS IN TIIE CITY AND HAR-
North Latitude.
BOUR OF ERIE, PENNSYLVANIA.
In Arc.
In Time.
1. Centre of the Public Park, or
intersection of the axes of State
o
/
//
/ //
h. m. s.
street and Sixth street, produced.
42
07
51.5
80 05 35.3
5 20 22.35
2. Steeple of the Court House, north
side of Sixth street, between Peach
and Sassafras streets, - - - -
42
07
49.3
80 05 45.23
5 20 23.01
3. Tlie Light House, -----
42
08
42.7
80 04 15.7
5 20 17.04
4. The Beacon Light at the lake-
ward end of the U. S. west pier,
42
09
16.7
80 05 07.5
5 20 20.5
5. Stone monument (supposed to
have been placed by Andrew Elli-
cott), at the west corner of Pa-
rade and Front streets, inscribed
as follows, Yiz :
"1795
Lat. 42° 08^ 14^^
Var. 0° 43^ E." - -
42
08
20.8
80 05 172
5 20 21.15
6. Depot of the Erie and Butfalo
Rail Road, (the Passenger-house),
42
07
19.8
80 05 21. G
5 20 21.44
XXIII. CLEVELAND, OHIO.
In lieu of the last page under this head, substitute the following:
According to the above, we give as the approximate positions of
other points in Cleveland, the following, viz :
POSITIONS IN TIIE CITY OF
Approximate
North Latitude.
Approximate Longitude West of
the Meridian of Greenwich.
CLEVELAND, OHIO.
In Arc.
In Time.
1. The new Court House, - - -
2. The Light House, situated at the
southern coiiier of Water and
Lighthouse streets, - - - - -
3. The IJeacon Light at tlie cud of
the U. S. harbour-pier, - - -
o / //
41 30 05
41 30 07. G
41 30 16.5
o / //
81 41' OG.l
81 42 31.5
81 43 01.1
/;. m. ,v.
5 2G 48.4
5 2G 50.1
5 2G 52
125
Capital should read Capitol on pages 105 (line 26), 106 (bottom
line), 108 (lines 2, 3, 6), 115 (lines 21, 22), 117 (lines 19, 20, 24),
119 (lines 2, :3, 11), of Proceedings No. 61.
The following donations for the Library were announced: —
Astronomical Journal, No. 127. Cambridge. — Fro?n the Editor.
Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, IV. 2. — From the Academy.
Observations on the Genus Unio. VII. 1. — From Isaac Lea.
Quarterly Journal, Royal Dublin Society. XIV. — From the Soc.
Quar. Jour. Chem. Soc. XII. 2. (XLVI). Lend.— From the Soc.
Annales des Mines. XIV. 6 liv. of 1858. — Ingenieurs des Mines.
Estatutos . . . S. N. Neo Granadinos. — From the Society.
Med. News and Lib. No. 202. Phila.— From Blanchard <Sf Lea.
Amer. Jour. Med. Sci. No. LXXVI. — F\:om Blanchard t^- Lea.
Report on Deep River by Capt. Wilkes, 1858. — From the Avthor.
Geol. R.on S. VV. Br. Pacific R. R. by Swallow. — From the Author.
Recherches sur I'origine des roches; Delesse. — From the Author.
Caloric; by Dr. Metcalfe. 2 Vols. Philada. 1859.— Z>r. F. Bache.
Essais sur I'hygrometrie; Saussure. Neuch. 1783. — Dr. F. Bache.
The decease of the eminent botanist, Thomas Nuttall,a mem-
ber of the Society (elected Oct. 17, 1817 \ in Lancashire,
England. Sept. 10, 1859, Wiis announced by Dr. Bache, and
Mr. Durand was requested to prepare an obituary notice of the
deceased.
A quorum for the enacting of laws not being present, the
special business of the meeting was postponed.
A communication was pi-esented for the Transactions, en-
titled Analytical Orthography; An Investigation of
THE Sounds of the Voice and their Alphabetic Nota-
tion, b?/ S. S. Ha/de?na?i,^.AI., which was referred to a com-
mittee consisting of Prof. Lesley, Dr. Le Conte and Judge
King.
On motion of Mr. Fouike, it was resolved that the amend-
ments of the By-Laws shall be the special order of each stated
meeting until finally disposed of.
Pending nominations Nos. 392 and 393, were read.
On motion of iMr. Trego, it was resolved that the Society of
Naturalists of New Grenada, at Bogota, be made a correspond-
ing Society; and the Society was adjourned.
126
Stated Meeting, October 21, 1859.
Present, fifteen members.
Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair.
Letters were read from the Hist. Soc. of Penna. dated Oct.
10: — from the Rhode Island Hist. Soc. dated Oct. 4: — and from
the Bost. N. H. Soc. dated Oct. 6, 1859, acknowledging the re-
ceipt of the Proceedings.
The following donations for the Library were announced: —
Astronomical Journal, No. 128. — From the Editor.
Monthly Not. Royal Astron. Soc. XIX. No. ^.—From R. A. Soc,
Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. VII. 7, 8. — Fro7n the Society.
Journal of the Franklin Institute, No. 406. — From the Institute.
Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci. 5-19, 1-2. — From the Academy.
African Repository, Oct. 1859. No. 10. — From the Amir. Col. Soc.
Cat. Off. and Students, Harvard Univ. 1859-60. — From the Univer,
Providence School Committee An. Rep. 1859. — From the Committee,
Chart of Canal de Haro, &c. Washington T. — From Major Bache.
Tavole . . Vecchia Moneta Tuscana, Fir. 1826. — Prof. Haldeman,
Delia Campagna di Roma. By Reumont, 1842. — Prof. Haldeman,
The Committee, to which was i-eferred the paper of Prof.
Haldeman, reported in favour of its being printed in the Trans-
actions, which was ordered accordingly, and the Committee
was discharged.
The decease of the distinguished naturalist, Thomas Hors-
field,a member of this Society (elected Oct. 16, 1S29), at Lon-
don, Sept. 1859, was announced by Dr. Leidy.
The decease of John Y. Mason, representative of the United
States at the Court of the Tuilleries, a member (elected April
16, 1847), at Paris, Oct. 3, 1859, was announced by Prof. Trego.
A communication was presented for the Transactions entitled:
Revision of thb BupiiESTiDii<: of the United States, by
John L. Le Conte^ M.Z)., and referred to a committee consist-
ing of Prof. Haldeman, Dr. Ruschenberger and I)r Leidy.
Prof. Lesley presented for publication in the Proceedings
a paper, entitled, On the Insensible Gradation of Words.*
Mr. Lesley brought before the notice of the members present,
a measured and leveled section of the Geology and Topography
* Sec page 129.
127
of Kentucky made across the eastern part of tlie State, from
Greenup County to the Tennessee State line, hy Jos. Lesley,
Jr., Asst. under the direction of Dr. David Dale Owen, State
Geologist, in the summers of 1S58 and 1859; — and described
its most remarkable features along the western outcrop of the
eastern coal field.
Nominations Nos. 392, 393 were balloted for, and new no-
mination No. 394 was read.
A quorum for the enacting of laws not being present, the
special business of the evening was postponed.
The ballot being scrutinised, the following persons were
declared duly elected members of the Society: —
Judge Henry Carleton, of Piiiladelphia.
Dr. VVm, a. Hammond, U. S. A.
And the Society was adjourned.
Stated Meeting, November 4, 1859.
Dr. Wood, Pi-esident, in the Chair.
Present, sixteen members.
Letters were read from the R. A. Dijon, the R. S. Gottingen,
the R. Geog. S. London, the R. S. London, the Mass. H. S. ac-
knowledging the receipt of Proceedings Nos. 57 and 58; — from
the iMass. H. S. Worcester, the P. H. S. Philada. and the State
Librarian, Harrisburg, acknowledging the receipt of Transac-
tions, Vol. XL Part 2 ;— from the R. P. A. Berlin, acknowledging
completesets of Transactions and Proceedings; — from the N. H.
S. Emden and R. P. A. Berlin, announcing the transmission
of donations for the Library; — from the Librarian R. L. Rio
de Janeiro, and M. Brockhaus, dated Leipsig, Nov. 10, 1858,
informing the society of new arangements for correspondence
with Brazil and South America.
A letter was read from Henry Carleton dated Philada. Oct.
24, 1859, acknowledging the receipt of notice of his election.
The following donations for the Library were announced : —
Greenwich Observntions for 1857. — From the Royal Society. Lond.
Teneriffe Astron. Exper. Lond. and Edin. 4to. 1859. — From R. Sac.
Maxima and Minima, solved by Algebra, by Ramchundra. (200 pp.)
8vo. London, 1859. — From the same.
128
Proceedings R. S. London. Nos. 32 to 35. 8vo. — From R. Soc.
Philos. Trans. R. S. London. Parts I. II. 1858. 4to.— Fro??i R. Soc,
List of Members, 30th November, 1858. — Fro?n the same.
Report of the Joint Committee of R. S. and B. Ass. for procuring a
continuance of the magnetical and meteorological observations,
(16 pp.) 8vo. — Fro7n the same.
Proc. R. Geog. S. Lond. Vol. III. Parts IIL IV. Y.— From the Soc.
Peelpark R. Mus. and Lib. 10th An. Rep. (40 pp.) 8vo. Manchester.
Journ. Bath and VV. E. S. 1 859. Vol. VII. London.— From the Soc.
Proc. Geoi. and Poly. S. W.R.York. 1858-9. Leeds— From Z/jc^oc.
An. Rep. Leeds Phil, and Literary S. 1858-9.— Fro?w the Soc.
Journ. R. Dublin Soc. Nos. XII. XIII. 1859. Duh.— From the Soc.
Journ. R. Asiatic Soc. Vol. XVII. Parti. Lond, — From the Soc.
Jour. S. x\rts and I. in U. April-Aug. (May wanting.) — Fromthe Soc.
Atlantis.No.II.III.IV.July,1858-July,1859. Lond— C.U. Dublin.
Mem. Acad. I. Dijon. 6 vols. (1857.) Paris. — Fromthe Academy.
Verhand. Natur. Ver. Bonn. 14 J. 2, to 15 J. 4. — Fromthe Univer.
Jahresbericht 44th Natur. Ges. Emden, 1858. — From the Society.
Nachr. G. A. Uni. 1858, No. 1-28. Gottingen.— From the Uni.
Verhand. Gartenbau. 6 J. 2 h. No. 1-14. Berlin. — Fromthe Union.
Monatsb. K. Preus. A. Berlin. July, Dec. 1858. — From the Acad.
Meteor. Inst. Berlin. Weather Tables for 1855-8. — From the Inst.
Jahrbuch K. K. Geol. Reichsan. 1858, JX. 4. — From the Institvte.
Mittheilungen K. K. Geog. Gesell. 1859, III. 1. — From the Society.
L'Acad. Paris, Compte-Rendu. April, 1855. — Fro?n the Academic.
Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1859. L No. ''i.— From the Acad.
Hartford Asylum. 43d An. Rept. May, 1859. — From Directors.
Hartford Retreat. 35th An. Rep. April, 1859.— From the Officers.
Gen. Ass. Conn. Minutes, June, 1859. N. Flaven. — From the Soc.
Method of studying Physiology. J. A. Meigs. — From the Avthor.
Description of Skull from Jerusalem. J. A. Meigs. — Fro?n the Aut.
Cat. of Mammalia in the Museum H. E. I. Co. Calcutta. London,
1851. By Thos. Horsfield.— From, the Avthor.
The Committee to which was referred the paper of Dr. Le
Conle read at the last meeting reported in favour of its publica-
tion in the Transactions, which v.as ordered accordingly and
the Committee discharged.
A quorum for the enactment of laws not being present, the
special business of the evening was again postponed.
Pending nomination No. 394 was read, and the Society was
adjourned.
129
On the Insensible Gradation of Words, bij J. P. Lesley.
What practically happened years ago to every fossil — namely, to
be studied in isolation, its surroundings and alhances unknown, is still
to a great extent, the fate of those fossils of the intellectual world,
words. When a word spoken by the people on this side of the globe
is seen or heard to be like a word spoken by the people on the other
side, if the meanings attached to its duplicate utterance can be allied,
and especially if several such alliances can be catalogued, although
merely as bald facts, ethnological reasoning upon origins and migra-
tions is at once proceeded with. It cannot be denied that the science
of comparative philology, although by no means in its infancy, la-
bours under the defects of this rude method. Its grammars indeed
are getting to be finished and proper tools for the scientific work-
man, but its vocabularies are still of a barbarous and impracticable
kind, mere museums of popular curiosities. It still remains a sub-
ject for future demonstration, that in philology, as in palaeontology,
the boundaries of genus and species are to be accounted conterminous;
that the organic forms pass into each other by almost insensible grada-
tions; and that not by hazard but by plan; and finally not by a plan
dependent upon the merely accidental variation of radical elements,
but on a plan of the variable and alternate development of members
of a complex structure.
Philology, as to its history, has three departments. First, the
purely organic, containing all such involuntary or animal utterances,
as the difl^erent species of men make, for the same natural reason
that different species of animals quack, cluck, crow, scream, bark,
bray, howl or roar, each with sounds fixed by the quality of its or-
gans and by the emotions of its inner nature. It is to be expected
that the child's organs will utter rriodifications of a given sound ut-
tered with the same intent by an adult; and that one child will prefer
guttural and another child labial utterances. It is reasonable, also,
to expect that the African, the Malayan, the Esquimo, the Germanic
groups of languages will be radically characterized by different soft
and hard expressions, by liquid prefixes or guttural affixes, by sibi-
lants, chucklings, and murmurs of their own, as we find they actu-
ally are. The study of this department has been vigorously prose-
cuted in one direction by able men, among whom, in this country,
Kraitzer and Haldeman may be named as taking the lead. These
have pointed out a multitude of true natural expressions. They tell
us, for instance, that the Latin ex, K, S, and the English ou-t, may
VOL. VII. R
130
be known by the very sound itself to mean expulsion from the inside
outward. And so of many other words. But the range of this in-
vestigation has been hitherto kept narrow by the neglect of the other
direction in which these studies should move on. No one has yet se-
riously taken up the true characteristics of natural language, such as
the clucks of Oregon and CafTraria, the final K of the hypoborean
race, the infantine TL of Mexico and other local regions, the softly
vocalized finals of Southern Europe, the utter abandonment of the
Polynesian race to vowelism, the monosyllabic humour of the Sinitic
stock, to study these in the same spirit with which Gardner and Nut-
tall studied the sounds of birds; to study them, in fact, in connection
and in harmony with other specific differences of men not as men,
but as animals. Yet until this is done, comparative philology has
obtained no starting point.
The second department of philology is that of pure Bardic or My-
thologic words — words which are to be studied as inventions and not
as imiohmfary organizations ; to be regarded truly as fossils, scat-
tered, fragmentary, inverted, pseudo morphed ; and, when understood,
instructing us far more likely about migrations of mind than of body;
rather about the exodus of priesthoods and sects than of races; about
a picturesque, mysterious propaganda of symbols by priests and their
initiated, and not about the carriage of household sounds, war cries,
or love whispers, from one locality or habitation to another, by men
still half animals.
And the third department of philological investigation deals with
these same empirical constructions, these originally crystallized bard-
isms, not in their first forms, but in their secondary or sedimentary
condition, as words broken down, pulverized, readjusted and cement-
ed ; as words with some of their elements abstracted and with new
elements infiltrated; tinged by climate and social habits, and meta-
morphosed by the logic, art and science of successive generations.
To use a geological simile, there are many primary regions of phi-
lology like Bretagne and Western Ireland, Northern Spain, Dalmatia
and the Caucasus, Ceylon, New Holland, or any other remote and
secluded lnnds,wheretheelementary sounds of the ancient wordmakers
still present themselves for comparison and analysis almost in their
original phases. On the other hand most of the languages of the
world and all the languages of the historic, artistic and scientific
nations are of a genuine secondary order and need to be studied first
as to their grosser ingredients, and these again secondly in a finer
analysis. And one object of the charts presented here is to show in
131
reference to this last, that a few elements of a primary order are every-
where employed in language as in chemistry, to construct elements
of a second order and a third and a fourth, by a few simple laws of
change, in such a series of gradations, that any word out of the
thousand used commonly by any people may be selected indifferently
and discussed with the same results as any other word ; that even
any given compound word will be found present in some well recognized
form in nearly all the languages known, and yet will have different
meanings in most of them; that there is therefore not the most distant
approach to a common or universal language for all mankind beyond
the fact that all use the same elements in the same endless round of
composition, and cannot get out of this round; that the presence of
the same words in two or more languages is therefore no prima facie
evidence of kinship between the two or more tribes speaking those
languages; that, therefore, ethnology cannot be considered as having
yet taken hold of philology as one of its tools by the right handle, or
turned it to any useful purpose beyond the determination of very local
questions. It can be shown, probably, that the study of philology must
be distributed between — first, a strict investigation by expert naturalists
into the primary animal sounds made by the species or varieties of
mankind; secondly, an investigation of those words in hieroglyphic,
classical and mediaeval history and mytholog}^ which remain to re-
present those old introduced non-animal, transcendental ideas by
invented signs, by arbitrarily attached sounds, and by mysteriously
arrano;od syllables; and thirdly, the classification of all words used to
express such ideas in modern times, according to the laws now so
well understood and obeyed in the study of chemical elements, fossils,
and objects of the actual nature.
The charts appended to this paper will speak for themselves in
explanation of these views. They represent the gradual passage,
through groups of ibrms, of the names which mankind have given to
the five objects, MAN, HEAD, HAIR, HAND and STONE, in 200
languages, more or less. They have been made up from the Russian
Comparative Vocabulary of Catherine I, from the Mithridates, from
Comparative Vocabularies of the dialects of the Caucasus, from Hale's
Volume of the Exploring Expedition, and a few other sources of in-
formation open to all. Very few of the African words, however, are
given, and only enough American words for comparison, as the object
was to illustrate the subject, not to furnish a perfect specimen. In
selecting letters the expression of the sound has been kept in view as
the primary object, where it did not conceal the graduation. Hence
132
K is used for C, TJ for Tsch, &c. but no rule has been exactly observed
throughout. Sometimes Sh is expressed by S, at other times the
importance of the H is shown by writing it in full.
The chief design has been to show how by prefixes and affixes, by
the dropping out of medials, and the rejection novv of the first and
now of the last element, an almost infinite series of changes not only
can be permitted, but have actually realized themselves in the lan-
guages and dialects of the earth; how that no idea can be technically
said to be expressed by man labially, or dentally, or gutturally, or
nasally, seeing that the very same series of dissyllables which in one
direction ends in a single labial, is sure, when followed in another di-
rection, to end in a dental, and when followed in a third direction, to
end in a guttural or nasal; while the very same simple guttural, den-
tal, or labial, reappears in the different series as a vehicle for different
ideas. To illustrate by an example or two: —
HAIR, from such double full forms as GURuGURu (197), CyPy'
HUiR (153), tJe'RaChe'R (159), &c., passes down through one long
range of changes to become a simple labial Fa (164), and through
as long a range of changes in another direction, to become a simple
dental oT (69). MAN passes on from similar full forms down to
such simple forms as Mo, Tshu, or ;^oi. STONE becomes To, Ko,
aL, aN, iSH and oFe. On the other hand, and to illustrate the other
phase of the law, CaLGaSSen (1 37) means Plair, — KuDaCeS (58)
means xMan,— and CiT'XiN (158) means Head. MieZ (56), MeS
(57), mean Man, while MaZda (171), MaZ (107), mean Hair. HaiR
in English and XeiR Hand in Greek, GoiR Man and KeR Stone,
cannot be distinguished philologically. Many other like instances
will appeal to the eye, without further remark; and would be innu-
merable had we some scores of such tables made out.
It follows, from facts like these, that two theories respecting the
great body of monosyllables must be adopted. First, they do not
belong to the organic primary sounds by which our involuntary animal
nature utters itself, and so their study in that department will be a
failure. It is evident that a stone or a bird cannot relate itself in-
differently to all the organs of sjjeech in turn, if that be the kind of
relation by which it gets itself named. If, for instance, its original
organic name, not invented but simply exasperated by all mankind
unconsciously, be TO, then it could not be KO, nor could it be ISH,
nor AN, nor oFe. Are these then alterations? but if that be once
granted, the science of Comparative Philosophy commits suicide.
Secondly, the great body of monosyllables so far from being originals
U Ru
G U
Ru^
U Ru
U
Ru
Lo
U
Ru ;>
H U
Ru 1
U
RuJ
133
are fragments. All language is a breccia, or rather it resembles the
great fossiliferous lime-rocks of the coal measures, full of the parted
joints of encriiii, once connected into living, waving, propagating
stems and flowers of stone. In the construction of charts like these one
can see how the stems came to be disjointed, and the isolated discs to
be so strewn hither and thither among the secondary sediments of
speech, the dialects of different tribes. To illustrate this: here is one
actual formula of fragmentation.
rj,..
Hair <( 196
I 191
L 196
Here we have the reduplicated form of the compound guttural,
labial and lingual, and the dropping away of one part after another,
until nothing but the end remains.
The selection of these five particular objects of speech was made
because they are among the most familiar to men, and have simple or
unequivocal meanings, and therefore ought to be named alike in all
languages, if such a fact were possible. Yet we see how they merely
play different groups of runs upon the same gamut. They were selected
also as good examples of a principal or type arrangement of the ele-
ments in the full form, Ka Ba Ra Ta, the historical meaning of which
I have endeavoured, in papers read before the American Association,
to illustrate. There are undoubtedly many such type forms, all of
which can be wrought out by this method of visible classification.
The positive results to be arrived at then seem to be these — 1. The
same radical sound, Ba fop example (modulated of course as Pa, Fa,
Va, Wa, Ma), can be found in a large majority of languages, standing
as a name for a majority of the objects of thought expressed by speech.
2. In the midst of this apparent wilderness of confusion, a very
evident order will come to view, when all the sounds employed to
represent one idea are classified in vertical columns; and this order
will consist in their various ^rowpmo-^. Each idea is indeed expressed
by all the signs known to the ear of man, but is most often expressed,
or in other words is expressed by the greater nvmher of months^ in
one kind of way, that is, by one group of analogous words larger than
all the other groups. The idea will be recognised as having, so to
speak, a greater run upon one set of elements or combinations. And
we may hope that as Lesquerox has succeeded in recognizing each
134
successive coal bed, not so much by any individual fossil, as by some
different group of plants, the plants themselves being nevertheless
found in higher and lower beds than the one so marked, we in like
manner will be able to distinguish languages ethnologically by this
grouping of forms of words common to all, under special ideas.
'S. Charts like these prove the reality of certain facts in philology
sometimes doubled; the reality, for instance, oi' derivative reversion;
as in the Greek Aoy, Hebrew h)p; Go-bo-l, becomes Go-lo-ba, &c.
This will be of importance in discussing the kinship of neighbouring
nations with inverted names such as Dorians and Rhodians, Italians
and Latins, Berbers and Arabs, &c. I have pursued my own researches
for some years with this in view as an established fact, that the bou-
strophedon manner of writing is a reality in etymology and ethnology,
as it was in mythology and common history. It made no difference
to the inventor of a word whether one symbol or another came first,
for he did not write to express a previously known sound (as we do),
but set down the symbols of his ideas and afterwards accepted
the sounds they gave him. In other words, in this department of
philology letters make words and not words letters.*
4. It seems to be evident that the liquids and dentals, as a rule,
replace each other not by alteration but by alternation, for none of
these columns worked well until the L's and R's were put under one
head and the Ts, Ds and N under another. There are, of course,
many exceptional cases of true organic mutation. — In like manner it
seems clear that the terminal NG of many languages is not a mere
nasality, but that the G is the relic of a lost syllable beginning with
a guttural.
5. The loss of consonantal elements is seen to be indicated by the
presence of diphthongs or groups of vowels, and especially by the
concentrated diphi hongs O and U. Also, the fact appears that not
only any diphthong, but any strong vowel, can in time come to re-
place not the labials only but any one of all the consonants; and our
only salvation from this utter confusion to result from such a law — a
veritable law of disorder or decomposition — is a systematic and general
classification of words, not according to men's theories of etymological
relationships, but in a mechanical way, as we classify fossils and
* Dr. Pickering has draAvn my attention to the curious adventure, reported
by Ilale, of certain New Zealand savages who were drifted to another and
distant ishand, and commemorated their salvation on its shores by deliberately
revertiiug their whole vocabulary, pronouncing every word backwards.
135
minerals, in tables and in columns, to let their groupings reveal them-
selves, and then we can begin again with our philological arguments
on ethnology.
136
Some of the Changes through which the Word STONE passes in
P T
Egyptian, shaft of a
column, (Bunsen)
Pa T
LaB
}
(13)
Celtic
Te B
50
Lesgin (antsug) Caucasia,
Di Pa
(171)
Pehlvi
Te Bou
Karib ^
Tu Mu
Sapibocoro y American.
RuMi
Quichua j
La Pi S
(22)
Latin
La a S
Greek
La Pi De
(23)
Italian
Pa Ta R
167
Moultani ]
Pa aT R
168
Bengali 1
Pu en R
169
Decan | India
Py TTeR
'^y/
Malabar j
Romaic
Pe T Ra
Pe D Ra
26
Portughese
Po r Ra
29
Vallzan
Pi eT Ri
46
Volosch (Walachian)
Pi er Re
(28)
French
Pe i Ro
(27)
Romance
Pi R Na
25
Spanish
Bo i Na
162
Kurile Isles, E. Asia^ ^
Pj u N
126
Tomscago ocr I E. Asia.
Fu a LLa
125
Tavgin J
Fa TTu
188
Magendie, (Australia).
tt Fa Tsh
160
Kamschatka (Joznye) \ -sr -^ .-
(Tigil) I ^- ^- ^^^^•
Ua Tsh
158
a Tu R
Do R
}
80
^"^S^^ \ Caucassian (N. E. Asia.)
Oset / m RTo 168 Tangutch
Du R
79
Ta RRua
15
Basque cc RoT Coptic (Sand.)
Je Re Ra
(171)
Pehlvi 02 Li0of Greek.
Dzo La )
DzjuL /
145
Lamut N. E. Asia.
{
144
Tungus Ocotsck Sea
Jo L
64
Tshjobasch in Russia.
Dzo Lo
Sho Lo
[It^jJTungus ^
Zhu Lo
(146)
Tschapogir
Jio LLo
(141)-
Tungus
- N. E. Asia.
Zho LLo
DiSoLLo
}
139
|- Tungus
Ja Lo
138
J Tungus
TshaLo
135
Mongol
TsheRu
TshaR Tsh
117
119
Casi-cumit | j^_ ^ ^ .
Acuschen /
TshuLu N
Sha Lu N
Tshe Lo N
}
137
136
Calmuck . ^ g.^^^.^
Brat /
STi R N
38
Islandic
STa ai N
1
STo a N
36
Cimbric
ST a N
J
ST ei N
35
German
ST ai Na
33
Teutonic
ST ai Ns
30
Gothic
ST eoN
(40)
Dutch
- Europe.
ST e Na
(13)
Celtic
ST Ne
32
English
ST a N
31
Anglo-Saxon
ST e N
34
Old high German
ST eeN
37
Danish
ST eN
39
Swedish
.
ST iNG
41
Frizian
^
137
the various Languages of Asia^ Europe and America.
Susdalian (Europe)
Arabic
Andu (Siberian)
Lumpocol „
Romance
Lopar (S, Russian)
L^'grtshet } ^^^^"^^ 'r^^*^^'
Albanian (Greece)
Lesquiz-dido (Caucasus)
Irish
Gaelic
Welsh
Tschengis Tartar.
u Ju Ra K Greenland Esquimaux
Ro CCo 24 Neapolitan
Ro CK English
Tcf R P Comanche
fCe T Rus
12
Ha DzaR
1 85
J
Ge Je R
Hi Ntzo Zo
Gi T
118
(152)
Co Du
(^')
Ge D Ca
}
^Ca i LLe
58
Ce Ra
/ 116
\ 115
Gu R
45
Gu L
53
Ca LoC
16
Ca La Zh
17
Ca RreG
(18)
Tu La K
114
Cu
Cy
Cj
6
Ce
1
Cj
Ui
Ce
U
Ci
B
Co
B
Ce
B
Ce
B
Ci
Bi
Ci
Bi
Ci
Bi
TShiBi
TSi Bi
Ci
BBi
VOL
. VII
66 Vogul "It. • XT «
(63) Tscherimiss | ^^^^la N. E.
47 Wenger (Hungary?)
(40) Dutch
(63) Tscherimiss (Russia N. E.)
(71) Oseti, 2. -j ^
70 Oseti, 1. I Caucasus
(67) Vogul, 2. ^
61 Mord
62 Moscow?
56 Corel
(55) Ostland 5- Russia
54 Tschjochous
(55) Ostland
138
Ta
Ta
NGa
NGaiT
131
(130)
Taigin
Carassin
I Polar-Russian
Tu
NuNG
Lake Macquarie (N. Holland)
De
Nai
123
Samoiede Tschuktsch N.W.Am. UiGa K
i
NGa
142
I Tungus
Armenian
(107)
Ga Ca R
i
Na
i41
Maltese
86
HaG Ra
Sa
NGa
(177)
Malabai-
Abassinian
113
HauC
Se
NG
} -
Persian
Abassinian
112
HaC
Sa
NG
Hlyrian
(3)
Cu C
Se
NC
77
Koord
Osetian, 3,
4. 72
Co X
Se
NG
102
Boeliarian
Osetian, 5.
74
Cuu;^
Sa
Xum
(22)
Latin
iRomance
(27)
CoCS
Sa
SSo
(23)
Italian
Shi
Slii
Sh
Sh
149
150
C"'"" \ Asia
Assan J
SW
164
Cliinese (Cipaisk)
i
Sli
161
Japanese (Eponsk)
Zha
(146)
Tscliapogir N. E.
i
z
59
Zuren Asia.
Cabarda
/ My Vy
t My VVa
i
z
60
Permian
Caucasian 111
i
z
65
Votet
Camashin 132
Fi
Tsi
s
(27)
Romanch
Carassin
(130)
Py
TshyS
152
Lumpocol
Samoid
(128)
Py
Tye
s
151
Inbat
Coibal
133
Pi
Ta
s
88
Turian ^
Kasan
Samoid
127
Po
Ta
s
89
Samoid
129
Po
Ta
s
90
Mestsh.
Osetian
(75)
Pj u
Ta
s
91
Bashkir
Samoid
(123)
Pu i
Ta
s
92
Nogai
Polynes.
197
Wei
Ta
s
93
Piodac
.
Samoid
121
Pa i
Ta
Ta
s
s
94
95
Tobolsk
Tshatsc
Samoid
120
fPa
IPa Co
Ta
s
96
Tschol.
Mancliu
163
Fe x^
Ta
s
98
Cusnet
Tschjoc.
157
Fu GoN
Ta
s
99
Barab
Ta
s
101
Teleutsch
Ta
s
103
Khivan
Ta
s
104
Kirguis
Ta
s
105
Turcoman
Ta
s
106
Ecut
Ta
Zh
97
Enesei Tartar
"X
To
Ti
s
T
1 58
Vogul on Tscherdy
ma
Ge
T
So
48
Abari Caucasian \
X\
T
So
51
Lesquis dzar
i
T
So
52
;t""zag ,
«a:
Ty
T
69
Vogul on Berezou
'^X
To
T
67
,, on Bercotursk,
Ho
Ta
Tai
Te
Te Te
Cora (New Mexico
Te
TL
Mexican
Te
Koljusch N, W. coast America
i
Ta
Brazil (3 dialects)
To
i
(128)
Narymscargo ocruga (Samoyed)
To
(71)
Ostet on t
he Naryma (N. Russia)
139
Ci Pa
87
Assyrian
"
Ce Fo
84
Syrian
C Ua
109
Imeretian (Caucasus)
- S.-E. A
Ce Fa
no
Cuban ,,
Ce Fa
108
Cartalin ,,
Ce Fa
E,
(107)
Armenian
C Ua
C Ua
L
Li
155
159
Corean \ m v a •
Kamscliatcadale,2. / ^^' -^^ ^^la.
Gi Be
R
Sidney
Muruya
Bu
Ra
Ma Ra Ma
Peel River }- New Holland
Yu
Ru BaNG
Bathurst
Wa La NG
Wellington J
Ba
Re
166
Tsygan (Himalaya ?)
Be
R
(^7^
Malabar (India)
Me
Ma
a N
N
19
14
Cornish ) ^ „.
Breton f ^- ^^^
Europe
Ma
N
(18)
Welch
1
aC Mu
42
Lithuanian
aC Me
NS
(43)
Lettish
aC Me
NS
44
Crivingo Livonian
Ca Mj
e N
(3)
Polish
Ca M
meN
(3)
Iliyrian
Co Mi
N
8
Polabsk
Ca Mi
Ca Mi
N
N
Russian
Old Schlavonic
- E. Europe.
Ca Mi
N
4
Bohemian
Ca Mi
N
5
Serbian
Ca Mi
N
6
Wendish
Ca Mi
N
7
Sorabish
Ca Mi
N
11
Malo-Russian
1
Ca M
N
o
Slavo-Hungarian
1
Ca M
9
Cashub
J
Gu FF
N
153
Corean (E. Asia),
01 F
e N
82
Zidonian ?
1
a F
Nu
83
Chaldee
- S. W. Asia.
6 F
e N
81
Hebrew (px)
F
e
(27)
Romanch (S. Europe).
Ko
f Stone
Ko Va
Ko Mo
C
- Hungarian Jg^i^-^
Ko Ve
CK
[ Gravel
Oo
Ne
Sahidic Coptic
Pi, the
) oNe
Memphite Coptic
^asc. artic / o Ni
Sahidic Coptic
Pi, „
eNe
aL
}
Coptic
A
N
Egyptian (Bunscn
Vol.
49).
140
Before passing to another example, a few words seem necessary
here. It is evident that the scheme of radicals to represent the above
table of words is the following: —
T
P
LP
LPT
PT
PTR
TR
TRN
(TRP) once
TR K
R K
K
KB
KBR
BR
K R
K RK
K K
It is equally evident that this scheme would be improved,-if it were
not actually completed, had we the words meaning Stotie in all the
other languages of the earth, four hundred more or less. In which
case assuming only the three principal contacts and keeping within
the range of triliterals, it might be represented thus: —
P
PT
PTK
P K
TK
TKP
T P
KP
KPT
K T
TK T
P KP
P P
KP P
KP K
K K
K
K TK
TK T
T T
T
141
But if, as we see by the above chart vvould take place, instead of
only the three primary contacts P, T, K, we must add the Ungual L
or R as distinct from T, and in fact a fourth primary element, while
N plays a prominent role as primary grammatical affix, it is easy to
imagine the great extent to which the perfected scheme will descend.
The point of remark, however, is this: — the scheme is not one made
up artificially like a row of arithmetical numbers or algebraic figures,
to see how many different compounds of three or four or five elements
exist arithmetically in the abstract ; on the contrary, it results from
a process of alternate growth and decay, of alternate additions and
elisions, or of alternate expansions of expression and contractions,
under the influence of two very different, opposite but co-ordinated
laws of speech, by one of which the human mind endeavours always
to enlarge and make more precise its words for better comprehension,
and by the other to shorten and sweeten them for use. Thus language
has a phyllotaxis of its own, by which its stem is regularly occupied
to the utmost possibilities of the occasion.
As to the aboriginal meaning of these words for STONE, or which
came first, or what radicals are original prefixes and what are affixes,
these are recondite questions not involved in this discussion, and
perhaps impossible to answer.
It may, however, not be uninteresting to point out as a possible key
to some of these riddles, the form PTR, PTL, contracted to P'R, P'L,
(Romance Peiro, Coptic Pial, c. Boina, Piorna, Pjun, Fualla, &c. &c.
in the chart), which explains at all events the Greek ^er^*, as P- Tor,
the tor, the tabor, the taurus, the tower, meaning the rock or stone;
and shows why the Apostle of the keys was chosen to bear the church.
The sermon was on the mount. But these sucraestions are foreign from
the subject of this paper.
The Greek A.'^e$ seems to be as true an inversion of tor, or tel, as
the Tangutch RTo evidently is. And here mention cannot be omitted,
however casually, of the intimate mythological connection between
the ideas of STONE and MAN in language. RT was the Egyptian,
ROT the Coptic word for both, while ReT meant form, species,
sculpture; and herein lies the explanation : the principal bardic use of
stone was to represent the human form divine, whether in sculpture
on the native rock or propylon wall, or as set up in ambrose stones alone
or in circles, or as termini, caryatides, images, or columns in the
temple. Idolatry being ancestral worship, the stone PaTaR had the
same name as father, -^aTep, and all standing stones were legendary
giants, or patriarchs turned to stone in some past age of human magic
142
or divine wrath. Yet in the next chart which gives the words for
MAN in the same languages (designated not by their names but by
ciphers to save space) the whole grouping of the chart is different.
A different aspect pervades the columns, and the prevalence of certain
forms stamps a peculiar chaiacter upon the series.
Some of the Phases of the Word 31 AN.
Ma
N
32,36
Ma
Na
30
Ma
Nd
37)
Ma
DuR
}
38
Me
NeSCia
Me
NeSCe
37)
Me
NiSC
31
Me
NiSCo
}
33
Me
N SH
Mi
e NiSHa
89
Me
N SH
35, 40, 51
M
I N SH
34
e
NaSH
83)
e
KoSH
84
NaSHa
17
I N SHaN
8
I N TH
85)
I SH
81)
01 D TS
163)
a
I Nu
162
Mo
No
Japan
Ma
Nii
165
a
I T
192
V
F
I To
I To
\
J
161
Pa
D SuL
85)
Ma
Ni TSeN
177
M
I Ni Ha
174
Ma
NuSHeN
178
Ma NuSia
oRaN Ct
I
J
183
BaaRaN G
194
Boo
N
184
Ma
NuSH
179, 166
Ma NuSH
Mu R D
}
169
MuuR D
168
Me
Me
ReTe
SHio
1
170
Me
S
57
Mi
e Z
56
Mo
u T Z
29
BahaR SHi
51, 52
Bah;
iiR SH
50
Mu
R D
65
Mu
K T
60
Mo
R T
59
Ma
R T
107
Ma
U D
143
Mu
Eu F
77
Ma
Re
110
Ba
loL
139
Bo
lo
140, 146
Ba
lo
141
Bo
le
142, 138
Ba
I
143
By
I
144
Be
I
145
Bo
i
140, 139
Ba
R
13)
Fa
R
16)
Vi
R
Latin
Be
R
47
B
Re
25
Mo
Old Irish
Mo
jMandingo
M
40
Mo
23,24
Ho
Me
28
Cu
M
69, 127, 12!
CuuM
126
Cu
B
75, 130
XJ
B
129
Ge
YaE
83
G
Oi B
13)
N G
Uol
182
TaN Ga
Ma
191
i GueB
Na
171)
i N Ge Mi N
i y Mi ni N
}
54
IN Ge
Mi
Ne
56)
IN ne
Mi
Ne
55
eN
Me
T Shi
123
NeN
Me
T Sh
122
aL
Ma
T S
I
i
56
uL
Mu
T S
Lo
Ma
N
61, 62
NeL
Ma
163)
Se Ka
M
175)
Se Ro
Ma
aN
193
SoNo N
Ma
N
189
Ne Ne
T SH(
'■]
121
MeNe
T SH
eNNe
T SHe
124
NiiNe
Lu
T S
T S
"}
120
TeN Ga
Ta
200
Te Ga
Ta
197
Te Ha
T a
Ta
Ne
]
196
Ti
Ti
198
Ho
Ho
le
T
70
Gu I
ZoN
15
Gu I
70
aGu
113
Gu
112
(Ja
Zi
\
i
TO
ZO
i^
144
Ca
Ce
Ci
Ci
Cy
Cy
Cu
Cy
Ga
C
Ce
KuDaCe
CeL Go La
;^ La Vo L
ui T Hu La
aJeN
Nu
Sa M
tShaN
CuPvuSa M
C RoS
uScaM
elleM
iri
Ta VyLa
Te iRa
S Ha L
Ds a La
Ga
TsHuha
Z Ha
Z a Lai
CoLLe
Go Lo
CoLLe
C La
Co Ly
i
Hi
Ce
Ci
Cu
Ga
Ca
Co
Co
Co
Za
Sa
Se
Si
Shi
Shy
She
Shy
Zhe
Se
Shi
Li
HoMi
HoMo
Ho
Jo Mi
CyMy
Cy
CuMu
Cu
S
T
T
T
T
N
D Zhe
DZhi
DtShi
DShi
NShi
NG
NiS
N
TsHe
TsH
TsH
TsH
TsUi
Ts
TsHe
TsHu
N
N
NG
NG
NeRi
Ne ReSh
TsHerioL
TsHi L Ve C S
LoVieC
Lo VieC
lo VieC
LoVi C
L eC S
Mo GuS
Ke Vi
G
132, 134
131
104, 102
106
92, 94)
95, 97, 101, 120
91
74
70) 89) 90, 91) 103
70)
58)
155)
157
154
153
155
160)
159
160) 158
78
69)
68
66
67
147
150
151
148, 152
136
166)
164
108
109
147
125
27
137
135
45
170)
8
43
1, 5, 11, 12
2, 4, 7, 10
3
6, 9
44
42
63
111
145
TsHu
TsHe
ts ho TsHi
St e
St a
S ie
S He
He
LaKi
D UiNe
D iN
D eN
eN
eDeM
S iN
aDeMiN
uDoM
aDaM
aDeM
aD Mi
TaVo
RoM
La
Le
La
G
G
K
Ka
X
G
Ki
117, 119
49
48
114
116
115
85
118
79
80
184
17
18
14,19
63
64
65
82)
48) 81, 89) 93)
76) 77, 85) 88 94) 102, 105
167, 169)
186, 187
166)
Changes in the Word HAIR.
Fa
104
Mu
77
Pe I
29
Mul
92)
Mo I
76, 102
Ma Lia
21
MaOu
China
PyR
46
Pa U
}
27
Pe L
Va L
167
Ba L
169) 177
Mo Ptia
190
Ba La
166
iWa Ra
Tuscarora
Pi R Su
Penobscot
P RuSa
Robber Di.
Ba RaS
72
WoRoNG
Lake Mac.
U RaN
Wellington
U L Lea
15
Vo L T
17
Vo LoS
11
Vo LoSe
RaS
114
ihe ReSH
51
LeSH
45
Lo SSi
6
V oSSo
7
V LuSSe
9
V LaS
1,2,4,5)
V LaS
m}
3
P Ra
VOL.
VII.-
— T
Pa
B
Ve
Pa
P
Bo
Bu
Fu
Pu
Pe
Ma
Ma
Ma
Be
Pa
P
oP
oB
iB
aP
oP
oP
aUo
oP
oBi
uPa
HoP
nGaP
nGoP
ngeeP
GyP
GeP
C
R Pe
Le BeN
Li SoC
I CaoP
La u Cai
ho C
a C
Ne x^
N
S Cennet
Z
z Da
t Ti
d SHe
t u
teDa
tiDa
De
De
Ty
Te
T
T
Ta 1
T /
T
T
Ta
T
Ta
Ty
T
D
Comanche
14
12
67
42
187
186
163
192
115)
107
171)
43, 44
116)
110
131
130
134
133
132
127, 129
126
73, 74
71, 75
72
130)
125
]22
121
120
49
146
CO Do
53
C A J
DzH
115
K I toNG
Sidney, &c.
I toNG
Liverpool
G I a
N
Bathurst
KuBoaeu
Moreton B.
K Poa
Ti
)
GUI
TsChil
/
Mexican
A Re
. Ch:
ia
Onondago
C nuo_;^
13
G Ra
I GG
16
G I
Go
200
X I R
Gi
188)
C Y L
.88
H A LaL
48
X A I
47
H AaR
33, 34, 35
H AiR
32,40
H AR
38
H OiR
41
H R
31, 37, 39
H R
K UiR
\
J
Huron
cHeVeU
X
28
KaPi L
Le
24
KaPeL
Li
23
KaVeL
Lie
25
KaBeL
Lo
26
GoA L
T
18
KaB a
D
186)
KeV
Dio
]\I
193
G U
BiN
160
CAR
B
55)
GUI
Ba
158
Ci R
BiT
157
CyPy
H
UiR
153
G U Ru
. G
URu
\
r
}
197
U Rii
URu
Lo
URu
196
H
URu
URu
191
196)
Ca L
Ga SseN
137)
tJe L
Ga D
155
n.T U Ri
i C
Tu
138, 141
C le
C
U L Ta
87
11 1
N Ga R N
149
X I
N Ga R N
150
X I
N Ga
152
aU n
s Ko
Hochelaga
Ce
T i G
URi
154
t.]Q Ra x^
tJe RoX
; R
\
159
nJ U Ri
C
Ta
139
mJ URi
('
Ta
140, 146
nJ U Ri
T
Ta
143
nJ U Ri
Ta
145
n U Ri
T
144
in Be
i C
Ta
Te
142
78
11
u
IT
U N
li N
}
136
147
esa
R
C U
N
)
dsi
c
c u
\
79
zi B
Ca
J
B
u
Ca
)
HiU
X^
[
54
HiU
C
SeT
J
iU
s
SeD
55)
U
y
s
s
SeN
SeN
}
137)
i
C
S To
]
J
C
S To
Mexican
c
SiL
Co
S Se
3
Ci
Co
Ca
Sa
}
5
c
RaNs
5
27)
c
RiNis
22
TaO
L
29
TaiK U L
Peel Riv.
Ti a U R
Muruya
T Je
R
61
T Ja
Ra
117
T J U
L
168
T J U
Ly
169
D J
R S
60
D J
R Si
i
81
D Ji
e
R Si
R Si
}
65
T sa
R
1
85
SliiGa
R
/
Shi ie
R
62
Ze Ga
R
1
84
Sa a
R
/
Se a
R
81
Si a
Ru
83
eZ Ha
c
Ce
dZ Hi
c
Ca
0i Ga
Nagailer
GieGa
Chipewyan
T Je
X
T U
c
Cu
T U
c
CasaB
T U
c
Ca
P
To
N
Ge
151
T Ue
128
TsH Ua
114
TLoTs U
118)
Ts H Me
119
T M:
a
108
Turn M
e
Waccoon
To Ma
109
oTo P
102
Jo P
)
uP
(
r
68
i P
J
uY.
199
Sa Pi
88
Sa B
71)
Za B
50, 52
monZa Bo N
Souriquois
148
Sa
U
TsH
ts
Ha
TsH
S
Ho
sH
ts
Ha
TsH
Sh
Ha
TsH
11
Si
T
Ts
ts
He
Ts
ts
He
Ts
tz
a
Ts
s
a
TsH
s
e
S
s
NoS
oT
y
S
Sy
Ta
yT
yT
aT
a
oT
aS
aeTi
!^uiaT
Sum
K
LeR
99
97
96, 98, 101,
104
111
27
89
90, 94, 95
92) 93, 103, 105, 91
91)
64
135
66
123
124
66, 68
69
109
Vogul
Ktiskatchewak
Labrador
Changes of the Word HEAD.
Pe
Pa
iPo
uPo
euPo
eoPo
uMa
hoMa
Bo PPe
Bo PPe
BouPou
oPouBou
GUPOUPOU
PaoP
Vo Ba
UaiVe
Bui
Pei
Poi
Pee
Pie
Will L
Wi Le
Wi L
WijR
WyeR
Maall
Mie 11
ieR
eR
oL
Lo
199
54, 57
162)
200
191, 196,
197
195
Quicliua,
S. America).
Florida Waccoon.
Yaoi.
Carib Islands.
Carib of the
Spanish Main.
162
7
58
63
18
64)
55
56
Delaware
Indian.
New Sweden or
Sankikani in
N. America.
118
118)
65
65)
75
187
149
uLu
oLol
oLlo
BoRla
BiiRua
PuRa
PoLl
P Re
P Re
VaRi
ShuB Le
LaNC
Pa NC
Po NCe
Pa NGa
Pa NCuN
Be CeR
Be Gke
Pa Ccha
Pa Cchu
Pa Ciiacua
NuChi Bu Ku
Be C
Ba G
Wa SSijehe
Ba SH
Pa SH
Bo S
B SHi
Pe N
Ba i N
PeD N
BuDiaN
WoLoXa
BaLa NG
K WaR Te
C UaR Te
C oR Te
C aR Ta
C RieT
Chi uR La
C i RaSSu
C i RaHe
H oLaD
C o LaTsH
C uLu C
C uL ;t
C o L Ca
C o L Ce
C i Go
aC aNGa
aC aNG
iaH aNGe
iCaii
aCa
iaKa
oiKe
iiKa
aGa
oG
132, 133
126
127, 129
Italian Robbers.
Basque.
Australian, Peel R.
English.
62
61
124
Caucas. for forehead,
Araucanian, S. Am.
68
69)
67
66
57
Aymara, S. M.
1 Yarura in
/ South America.
Mobima, S. Am.
Maipoor, S. Am.
117, 119
171)
Arawackan, S. A.
88, 106
14}
64
63
14, 15, 18, 27)
194
19
Wellington, Austra.
Lake jNIacquarie, Au.
Bathurst, Australia.
Caucasian, 4.
115
114
45
Italian Robbers.
172
130
155
107
152
148
151
Tupi, S. America.
Suaransch.
Brazilian.
Mocabi.
Guaransch).
Caucasian, 1.
58
112
113
71
150
^x
70
oG
Huastecan.
Ka
Mudgie, Aust.
Go
165
Ka
Mi
KuK
Kuscatchewan.
Ga
Vu
NG
8
Co
M
TCo
155
Ca
Pu
T
22
Ca
Be
Za
26
Ca
Be
Sa
25
HauPi
T
30,32
HauP
T
35
Ho
F
T
34
HeoFo
D
31
Hu
Vu
. D
39
Ho
Fu
D
38
Ho
Be
D
37
Ho
P
D
40)
Ai
Va
Da
130
Ha
i
D
41
He
a
D
32
NisCo
Ise
Villela, •) South
Lule, J America.
To Co
Ka
Ba
Ra
Australian.
Ca
Pa
La
183
Ke
Fe
Le
20
Ce
Pa
Li
21
Co
Ca
Be
Ve
L
L
1
J
159
sChi
a
Ra
Gypsey Borrow.
tJe
Ro
)
s e
Ro
166
X^
Ro
J
oG
Lu
70)
uGo
L
72
eCa
R
79
Ca
R
76, 77, 102, 167
Ce
Ci
R
R
}
168
Jo
R
59, 60, 65
Za
R
65)
Ze
R
77, 78, 79) 80
Ga
L
13)
Ga
Lo
Ba
Russian
G
La
Ya
1, 2, 3, 5
G
La
Ba
11
Go
Tio
Ba
12
G
Lo
Va
6, 10
G
Lu
Ba
9
H
La
Va
4
Lu
Va
174
Le
Bu
T •
154
Lo
Vu
T
157, 158
Le
u
T
153
Ne
Mb?
iT
131
Ne
Mai
T
1
Abipona,
Na
Pa
NC
South
Na
Ma
GaT
J
Amei'ican
Nlia:\Iha
Cariri, S. A.
Tsa Mb
u
134
151
Ta
\i
1
Caucasian
Ka
Yi
/
Ta
Bi
108
Du
P
Mohegan
aDa
Ma
161
TsheM
GQ)
TsheN
17
C
sheaN
16
aBa R;
a Ca Ma
uGo M
Ce M
GaPo
CaPo
KoPf
CaP
GaP
CoP
GaU
Cayubaba, N. A.
73, 74
49
23
24
34, 35
27,46
13
iO
180
Ne
G UiLo
Mbaya, S. Am.
Tai
GaVoR
175
TeNa
,CaM
156
Do Lo Ci N
145
aPv
Ce M
70)
T
CuM
110
T
Ci N
53
CT
XJ^
158
WiLuSTi
CaN
Minsi, N. Am.
To
Gai
150
Ta
Gai
149
TuL
Gai
136)
To Lo Goi
135, 137)
ToL
Go
137)
BumT
C
186
Be De
Ge
\
170
MeSTeRe
G Ni
j
MaSTeR
T
171
Be TeR
50, 52
Ma Ta
169
Mo No Li
147
TaLa
177
TaLi
176
Da Lei
178
TuLa
179
DeLi
138
DoL
145
DeL
144
Di L
140
Dy L
139, 141, 142, 143, 146
Do i
173
Te U
164
Da U
T U
/
182
Ty
151
eie
Naguiler
eDeie
Chippewyan
TeNeTeie
Hudson bay
TeTe
28 (French)
ToTao
29
aDaDa
48)
DuDi
109 (Caucasian)
152
TioS Te
27
TeS Ta
23
eN Da S
184
Na ScliKo
Kadiak "I N.
Tschegarr / Am.
Na S KoK
Tu S
69)
iiD Zu
163
echu Ja
Sapebocaua,S.A.
T Ju Sha
160
T Sha
111
Ri Sha
87
Re Sho
84
Rei Sho
83)
Rui S MaX
171)
Ra S
86
Ro Sh
81, 82 (Hebrew)
RaaS
I 85
ReeS
i
ReoS
83
Ro Sa Ca =
"my head" in Betoi, S. Amer.
Na c sMa
) Othami
Na
J Mexican
Some of the Phases of the Word HAND.
EeSe Peru, Chequito.
iS Lule, Paraguay.
Villelue
iSiG
iSi P
Po 1
Poo I
Poll I
Mbo }- Brazilian Tribes.
eMe I
GePo I
cHoPa J
iccHi Mo \ Lower
iccHi / Orinoco
Carib Isles
uCaBu Ho
NouCaBo
Nu CaPe Maypure
La GeBa 165
;taMaRa 124
CuMuR \ .o r.T 49
CeVeR | 4«' ^'' ^2
C UeR 50
yt iR 20
Xi Ri 21
Xi Ria 12
C Y R 117
Ga R 135, 186, 137
COL 98, 99, 42)
L 86, 42) 89)
C U L 90, 94, 89) 91) 104
Ca L 95, 96, 97, 101, 91) 105, 101) 102
XSi L 94
Che Li 108
Ga La 141, 103
Ga U 1
N e La /
140
153
NGa La
143
N a La
142
N a Li
146
NGa L
oNCo COL
\
i
144, 145
CeNGa R
150
CeNGa RaN
149
MiNaGiLGe
N
153
MiN Gi LaN
157
CoNMeN X ^^ ^
156
MyN Ga Ga
TZ
154)
X Ca
TSh
158
X Ce
TZ
155
Ca
Z
118
tsHe
Zi
Si
}
54
Ji
T
85
Ci
Z
47
Ce
Zi
55, 56, 57
Ce
s
}
74
C
Ta
Ca
T
66, 68, 69, 167
C
T
74
C
Da
49
Ci
T
71)
Ci
To
125
Ha
D
169, 173
Hu
TTe
131
Cy
TTe
160
Ha
aT
168
Ha
Te
}
177
ea
i
Gi
eT
58
Ha
nT
36
He
nT
33
Ha
nD
31, 32, 34, 35, 39,
40
Ho
nD
37
HaM
DuS
30
HaU
N G
41
C UL
C UL
G
Cu
/
115
C Ui
C U
C
Ci
1
J
114
C U
X
80
C
X
79
C UU
Gh
1
C UU
[
Araucanian
C Ue
J
Cii
176, 178
Hiia
192
X^
109
aHh
111
SHi
110
SCi
179
SHeU
184
Ca
TaLa
134
Mu
DeTaR Ca
123
u
De Na Ga
120
u
Da Da
130
u
TuNoL
129, 128, 127
VOL. VII.—
-U
154
'a aLo
79, 118
u DoL
75)
NoLi
NeLa
I
136
dZeLa
N
)
tSeR
N
117
tSeR
C
J
DoR
N
19
DuR
N
14
D Ra
Na
17
D RieH
86
DoR
45
Te
C
162
Na
c
119
To
GoN
151
To
oN
152
To
No
159
ShTo
N S
154
aN
GoShT
}
76
T
eS T
D
aS T
77
D
eSIiT
102)
aD
eSh
100)
D
tiS T
109
T S
eS Te
110
S
HeShT
77
HaS TaM
172
L
aSh
78
Lee
180
iRi
134)
Tai
182
Te
161
uDa
121, 120, 75
iDa
84
eDa
eD
}
81, 82, 83
FeN
iT
}
86
Many of the above combinations are proven by the fact of their
occurring in the same lann;uao;e, the same fjroup of dialects, or the
same group of well studied alliances. Many others are easily dis-
proved by criticism, being mere coincidences. And many are probably
misplaced, as to the range of their radicals in the vertical rows, and
might be placed to ftir better advantage to exhibit the law of insensible
gradation. But the reality of the law is seen from these tables to be
indisputable, and the further multiplication of tables will but heighten
the illustration of the law. Arrange any one of the words of the
Parable of the Prodigal Son, translated by the Antiquarian Societ . of
Paris into the seventy or eighty local dialects of France, and the law
is at once established. The most incongruous and dissimilar forms
are seen to be organically derived from one another. The French
words^/,9 and garcon and the English boohj/ are but widely separated
155
fragments of a series of forms regularly graded like the words of the
preceding tables. Bou-eBe, Bou-Be, Fiu, Fieu, Pi, Fe, FaiL, FiL,
FiL-(4, VaL, VaLeT, FaNT, afFaNT, eNFaNT, exNFaN, afFaN,
aFaN, eFaN, eFoN, MeNioT, MeNeGe, MaiNaChe, G-aR-CheeN,
GaPwChouN, GaeChoxN, GaiChoN, GouGeaT, GouiaT, Gouia,
GaRCouN, GaRCoN, GaSSox\, HiL, and an abnormal form DRoLei,
belonging to some other series, or to a part of this series too distant to
appear more than this once among the French patois; in fact a word
bearing the same relation to the English DRoLL that FiL does to
FooL, that Boube does to Booby (German Bube, Boy), &c. 6ic. The
most interesting point of this series is the change of FiL to HiL,
through some lost form H'FiL or G.FiL, the reverse of which still
remains in FiL.G, MeNaGe, &:c. This lost form is found in other
languages; as in the Dshar Lesguis Caucasian KiMiR, Child, con-
tracted in tlungarian (as in French patois) to Gi'eR-mek, child. In
the Lesguis Antshong and Chunsagh, on the contrary, we have
TiMiR, the original, so to speak (through Ti'eR), of the French
patois DRoLei; as in the Georgian Suaneti we have BoBosh
(Imeritian Boshi) to explain the French patois BouBe, a contracted
repetition of the original Hebrew form BaR-BaR, the diminutive of
BaR, boy.
Stated Meeting, November IS, 1S59.
Present, eighteen members.
Dr. Wood, President, in tlie Chair.
Judge Carleton, a new member, was presented by Dr. Bache.
A letter was read from Dr. W. A. Flammond, U. S. A. dated
Fort Mackinaw, jNlichigan, Nov. 5, 1S59, acknowledging notice
of his election.
The following donations for the Library were announced: —
Journal Franklin Institute, No. 407. (Nov.) — From the Institute,
African Repository, XXXV. No. IL (Nov.)— From A. C. Society.
Columbia College Annual Catalogue. 1859-60. — Frcm the College.
Inau. Addresses by T. W. D wight and G. P. Marsh. — From the same.
Pasigraphie mittels arabischer Zahlzeichen. Ein versuch von Moses
Paic. Semlin, 1659. — From the Author.
Natural Philosophy, by B. Hobson, M. D. London Miss. Society,
Canton, China; in Chinese, unbound. — From Dr. F. Bache.
156
The death of M. Guillaume Theophile Tilesius (elected
lS19),a memher of this Society, was announced by Dr. Bache.
On motion of Dv. Bache, the followinp; biographical notice of
John Reynell, read June 17, by Dr. B. H. Coates, was ordered
to be printed: —
The writer of this was, a few years since, invited by a deceased
president, to furnish to this Society a brief notice of the above named
member, for preservation in the archives. He has done so, in part
out of reverence for the wishes of the distinguished individual alluded
to, but also partly from a conviction that it is useful and honourahk^,
in associated bodies, to procure and retain such memoirs. "Stare
super anliquas vias" is pre-eminently the motto of learned incorpora-
tions; and, if it be thought to contain within it much that is objection-
able, let us not fail to gather from it its proper and praiseworthy fruits;
among whicli are stability, moderation, impartiality, and the opportu-
nity of benefitting by the example, for good and evil, of those who
have preceded us.
John Reynell was the son of Sannuel and Sarah Reynell, and was
born at Bristol, England, June 15, 1708, old style; but was brought
up at Exeter, in Devonshire, the residence of many of his relatives,
at which individuals among them continued to reside after his death.
His family was, at one time, of some note;* and several branches of
it are said still to hold liege landed possessions. He was designed
and educated for a merchant; and was sent, in a commercial capacity,
to reside in the Island of Jamaica, at the early age of eighteen years.
His advisers appear to have set as high a valuation on the activity of
youth as is done at the present day; and Young England, in him, to
have not been inferior in enterprise to Young America.
He was at that time under strong religious impressions. At his re-
moval to Jamaica, he is found a member of the religious Society of
Friends, in which it is inferred that he had been educated. He was
diligent in tho attendances expected of him in his religious connexion,
and in efforts to obviate breaches of morality which he believed to be
* Barbe's Commoners ; IV. pp. 446, 450. &c. ; and Fuller's Worthies,
Article Devonshire. Sir Ilichard Reynell defended the City of Exeter and
Launcestcr Castle for Richard Coeur de Lion, against Prince John, afterwards
King .John Lackland. Sir Hugh Reynell Avas a INLaster and Governor (not to
be confused with Grand Master) among the Knights of St. .John of Jerusalem,
A. D. 1275; and the small harbour of Port Renelle, in the Island of Malta,
received its name from this Knight, and still retained it in 1838.
157
too much indulged in the island. These were chiefly connected with
slavery? illicit intercourse, and intemperance. He was not an un-
qualified opponent of slavery in all cases and under all circumstances;
and retained one slave with him in the United States to a very ad-
vanced ao-e, toleratino- and comfortino; manv infirmities and eccentri-
cities. The efforts and remonstrances of John Reynell in Jamaica
were not well received; and it was in consequence of this that he
ultimately settled in Philadelphia in 1728.
In our city, he soon acquired the confidence of his acquaintance,
after a moderate interval, a solid and commanding character, and,
finally, a rapid success. After another interval he assumed a style
of liberal hospitality, and maintained a large establishment; and he
closed by an adequate provision for those dependent on him, damaged
only by the derangements in business caused by the war of the revo-
lution. By far the most important of these was the receipt of debts
in paper money; Reynell, in common with all Quakers, and many
others, not being willing to descend to the payment of his own obliga-
tions in the same imaginary representative of value.
John Reynell was not an ambitious man ; and by no means betray-
ed eagerness to have his name freqiiently before the public in connec-
tion with politics or corporate bodies. It occurs in but few instances,
and he seems to have acted on the principle ascribed to Cosmo de
Medici and President JacUson, never to seek for public ofTice, but only
to accept it when the undeniable wish of their fellow citizens. Ho
may have been of opinion that his time was better bestowed, first,
upon his private afFuirs, and then upon institutions in such limited
number that he might feel confident of giving adequate attention to
the service of th(;ni all ; rather than upon a difilised mass of objects,
exposing him to the risk or certainty of occasional neglects. I have
found records of him in only two or thrpc of the incor[)orations of the
city. Of these, two were literary, and the third, charitable, the Ame-
rican Philosophical Society, the School Corporation established by
Penn, and the Pennsylvania Hospital.
Of the body I have now the honour to address, he was a foundation
member; having been elected to the branch styled "The American
Philosophical Society," and of which the president was Governor
Hamilton, January 26, 1768; and becoming a member of the joint
society by the iniion of the two original bodies, January 2, 1769. By
this election of a man of sixty years of age, and much occupied with
private business and the affairs of a religious body, and that during
the short interval between the stam.p act troubles and the more imme-
158
diate movements towards a civil war, it is not likely that the Society
expected direct labours in the way of philosophical research. It is a
high and valuable testimony of esteem for the man, and implies the
ascription of character and influence.
The corporation of "Overseers of the Public Schools founded by
Charter, in the Town and County of Philadelphia," but supported ex-
clusively by private munificence, has never appeared to court popular
applause, but has been long known to many among us for unobtrusive
usefulness. It is not forgotten in the maintenance of a series of schools,
distributed through the city, and intended for the instruction of the
middle classes, as well as for the education of a number of the poor,
whose reception of assistance from charitable funds was kept a pro-
found secret even from tljemselves. So careful have been the Over-
seers to preserve that self respect of the imfortunate which has been
deemed by phil()so[)hers the best safeguard against the increase of
pauperism, that, in place of enjoining, as has been the case in some
parts of the world, the observance of an absurd, ugly, antiquated and
ridiculous uniform, care was taken, on the other hand, that no peculi-
arit}' of dress should distinguish them from their more prosperous
companions; and if necessary, the parents of these children were aided
in procuring for them the materials for a decent and respectable ap-
pearance. The institution was also known for the support of a Latin
and Greek Seminary, which, till a period not far remote, was acknow-
ledged to be the best preparatory school for college in this part of the
United States. A learned and eminent writer in an inland town, has
lately stated to a sister society that he had not heard much of the
eminent men educated at it. There has been, until about the last
thirty j-ears, but little of wliat was em.inent in our city that did not
owe an impoitant part of its education to the Quaker School, in Fourth
Street; and in many cases, it furnished all, with the exception of pro-
fessional instruction. It is not universally known that it furnished
many courses of lectures on popular science, and carried its care for
astronomy and its liberality in the supply of instruments, and the em-
ployment of observers so Car as to furnish, for many years, the only
observations made in this country, fit to rogulate ships"' chnmometers.
For this I (juoto the repoit of a Committee of the Councils of New
York. It has not found equally favourable notice in some of the his-
tories of astrononiical labours in this city.
John Pveynell was made a member of this body October 8, 1742.
He became Treasurer in 1760; and his services, and those of his
predecessor, John Kinsley, furnish a curious instance of tlic customs
159
of the men and of the time, and perhaps a lesson not without utility
at the present day. I have collected it from a careful examination of
the minutes of the board. Kinsley had fallen into the slow illness
which was ultimately the cause of his death. His habit of mutual
and implicit confidence with the board, together with his illness, had
occasioned his accounts to grow a little behind hand in settlement;
but instead of this giving rise to the retention of money belonging to
the Institution, as has been charged in some well known instances, it
had the reverse effect of inducing him to advance his own funds for
the public service. In the first instance, friendship, and afterwards
the instructions of the board, induced John Reynell to assist him, both
by settling his accounts for him, and by advancing Reynell's funds
for the common service; both of them feeling that the charitable and
educational institution must not be allowed to suffer. At length, on
the demise of the old and confidential Treasurer, a iTiinute of respect
and regret was recorded ; but no successor was appointed, and business,
when occasion offered, was only referred to John Reynell to fulfil the
duties which belonged to that office, until, at length, and as if acci-
dentally, repeated recognitions of him in that capacity had taken place.
It may be fairly asked whether modern changes in such habits have
given rise to much improvement.
Of the Pennsylvania Hospital, John Reynell was also Treasurer,
and was the original one, having been elected during the organization,
July 1, 1751, new style. At the annual election, in 1752, he was
removed from the Treasurer's office, to be made a manager; and his
place was supplied, in the prior capacity, by Charles Norris. We may
imagine that he here also acted upon the principle of not undertaking
too many duties; and he may have thought that the Trcasurership,
which he had been exercising in the manner we have just described
for the previous two years, was sufficient. He was continued manager
for twenty-eight years, and for the last twenty-three of them as Presi-
dent. He declined re-election at the annual meeting in 1780.
During the troubles which preceded the revolutionary war, John
Reynell acted in a manner consistent with his character. He was a
whig who disapproved of civil war. Flis name appears signed to the
Address of the Merchants of Philadelphia to the people of the Colonies,
against the Stamp Act. Deeply imbued with a sense of the destructive
tendency of all military struggles, and of opinion, as he repeated it,
that the worst of all wars is a civil war, he could not in any way
promote the sanguinary struggle with England. In peaceable resist-
ance, on the other hand, he was active and persevering; and be
160
believed it possible, by non-consumption of British manufactures, to
compel a just respect to colonial rights. The present writer does not
here enlarge uj)on this fruitful topic. Much may be said in favour
of peaceable resistance; and to show that, if ibe United States had
not been separated from England, it would have been preposterous for
the latter power to pretend to tyrannize over them, that many valuable
sources of advantages would have been preserved, enormous destruc-
tion avoided, and that at a day not far removed from the present time,
the gigantic colony would have superseded the parent as effectually
as Syracuse did Corinth, Carthage Tyre, Athens the Egyptian or the
Hellenic Thebes, or Rome Alba Longa.
John Reynell remained in Philadelphia during the whole war, and
preserved the respect of every one, but was certainly not in the war
to achieve political glory. Commerce was effectually superseded by
the blockades and hostile occupation of the city; and when peace was
restored, the energies of a man of seventy-ihree years of age could
not be expected to push it to any active rivalry with younger men.
Three or four years before the close, he took a nephew of his wife
into partnership; and some two years later, transferred the remainder
of his business to his younger partner. His death took place by a
gradual decline of about four months, with little definite disease, and
which terminated September 3, 1782. In his last confinement he
was attended by his friends Drs. Kuhn and Foulke.
He was married, April 15, 1756, to Mary Nicholas, widow of
Samuel Nicholas, and daughter of Thomas and Beulah Coates. By
this connexion, he had four daughters and a son; all of whom, how-
ever, died in early infancy, except a daughter who nearly attained the
age of fifteen years. Mr. John F. Watson records the death of this
young lady by drowning, in that branch of Dock Creek which crossed
Chesnut street below Fourth street, near or at the ruinous bridge.
Mr. Watson is unable to give me his authority for this. I find no
mention of it in the newspapers of the time; the reports of the grand
juries are not easy of access; and I have no tradition of the circum-
stance. The record in the family bible merely relates that she died
"early in the morning."
As far as has been gathered from incidental indications, John Rey-
nell appears to have ham of the middle size, of considerable bodily
powers, very good health, and a dignified and imposing aspect. His
manner was grave, quiet and somewhat taciturn. His signature is
bold and masculine; and resembles that of John Hancock. There
is no portrait of him. Although conforming to the requiren:ients of
161
the religious body of Friends, in preserving a plain appearance and
using sober colours, he did not observe any peculiar dress, or deviate
in any remarkable degree from tbe custom of tbe time. He used stiuff
and smoking tobacco freely. He did not advocate abstinence from
wine, or even from ardent spirits; but was earnest in enforcing
moderation and temperance.
His mind, naturally endowed with great energy and decision, was
cultivated upon antique models," and he had re;:d history, "Stare super
anfiquns vias," though not quoted, was evidently the basis of the
acquired part of his character. He was not without prejudice in
favour of birth, and advised a young person to connect himself with
"a good stock." He had great confidence in character; aimed at it
himself, and praised it and confided in it when met with in others.
He was eminently moderate, steady and permanent in all his views.
This extended to commerce, which he considered as the business of a
man's life, and a tiling that ought to be habitual. []e does not seem
to have aimed at accumulating a large fortune. This is shown by
his liberal housekeeping, and the extent of his contributions to charity.
During his last illness, it was unexpectedly discovered that, in addition
to liberal contributions of every sort, he had, for many years, dis-
tributed among the poor an amount equal to one half of all his expenses
of living, in absolute and total secresy.
Commerce was steady and profitable; speculation scarcely existed ;
and there w^ere no banks. But he was equally liberal of his time in
the service of others. Besides the secret investigations of poverty
just alluded to, and the service of institutions, he was more remarked
for healing differences among his neighbours and acquaintance than
perhaps any other man, and liis awards were almost always adopted
as decisive.
His personal influence was very great; and several of our most
eminent citizens placed their sons with him, to live in his house, ac-
cording to the custom of the times, in order to acquire a knowledge
and the habits of commerce. Amon" these el^ves were Dr. Georse
Logan and the noted Timothy Matlack.
John Reynell had read extensively; was by no means indisposed
to wit and satire, and valued the writings of Swift. He was aware
of the value of science, as may be judged from his adhesion to this
Society; and his name appears among the subscribers to our first
volume.
At his death the most honorary mention of his usefulness and high
VOL. VII. V
162
character was made public from the most diverse sources; and the
general love of the citizens attended him to the grave.
Pending nomination No. 394 was read.
No quorum for the enacting of laws being present, the special
business of the evening was again postponed; and on motion
of Mr. Foulke, the Secretary was instructed to give special
notice of the fact to each of the members and request a punctual
attendance at the next meeting.
The records of the last meeting of the Board of Officers and
Members of Council were read.
On motion of Dr. Harris, the Committee on the Hall were
instructed to place a new carpet on the hall floor.
And the Society was adjourned.
Stated Meeting, December 2, 1859.
Present, thirty-three members.
Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair.
The Hon. Wm. B. Reed was presented by IMr. Fraley.
The following donations for the Library were announced: — •
Gould's Astronomical Journal. No. 129. — From the Editor.
Jour. Soc. Arts and of the I. in U. May, 1859. Lond. — From the Soc.
Das Astronom. Diagram ; von Dr. Prestel, 1859. — Frojn Dr. Wilson.
Academic Fallacies by M. Coppee, Phil. 1859. 8vo. p. — Fro?n the Aut.
The reading of Mr. Durand's obituary notice of Mr. Nuttall
was postponed to the next meeting.
The death of Washington Irving, aged 76 (elected a member
April 17, 1829), at his residence, Sunnyside, on the Hudson
river, Nov. 28, 1859, was announced by Dr. Bache, and on
motion of Dv. Elwyn, Prof. Coppee was requested to prepare
an obituary notice of the deceased.
Mr. Dubois oirercd for the inspection of the Society, two of the
golden images lately found in the Indian graves, at Ciiiriqui, in Central
America. Both of them have been assayed at the Mint, and they are
reserved as a part of the Mint Cabinet. The one of reptile form is
163
807 thousandths fine, and its intrinsic value is near thirty-five dollars;
the bird is 627 fine, and worth nearly eight dollars.
Some interesting matters of fact may be deduced from these curious
relics; which, from the small rings or loops attached to them, and
from a consideration of the customs and superstitions of ancient heathen
nations all over the world, may be believed to have been worn upon
the person both as ornaments and talismans, and as such sacredly
deposited with the owners upon their decease. We must assume that
these images were manufactured before the Spanish Invasion, and
they mny belong to a high antiquity.
It appears then, that the ancient Indians were familiar with the
mining and metallurgy of gold; and if not very elegant designers,
could make quite respectable castings. They also knew the relative
values of gold and copper; or they would not have troubled themselves
to introduce copper so largely into these sacred emblems or images,
and then covering it up with a pickled surface. For it must be ob-
served that copper is not a natural alloy of gold, as silver is; yet we
find in one of these specimens a large proportion of copper. And in
a considerable quantity of these images, lately melted down at the
United States Assay Office in New York, the proportion of the mass
was 788 parts gold, 190 parts copper, and only 22 parts silver.
Another curious fact is, that they were acquainted with the process of
pickling, or biting out the alloying metals from the surface, so as to
leave a golden exterior. This is specially observable in the reptile
specimen; and many years ago, we noticed the same circumstance,
in relation to similar images found in the mounds of New Grenada,
and shown at the Mint; now in the collection made by the late Jacob
G. Morris, Esq. As the ancient artists had no knowledge of the
mineral acids, they must have employed certain native salts, such as
sal ammoniac and the nitrate of soda, to produce the desired effect.
Central America is a gold-producing region, and formerly we re-
ceived considerable quantities of gold from that quarter. It was
always in artificial laminations, resulting from a process of parting
the silver alloy; whence we infer that the gold naturally is consider-
ably alloyed with that metal. The addition of copper is always of
man's device; and with a judicious proportion of silver, as jewellers
understand very well, a good gold colour is maintained.
The' fact that all these images seem to be in the form of reptiles and
birds of prey, real or fanciful, leads to the idea that they were meant
to propitiate such creatures as were most likely to disturb the repose
of the dead.
164
Mr. Peale presented at Ihe same time for the inspection of
the menibers, another gold image, the surface of uhicli bore no
marks of tlic pickling process, which had been in his possession
many yeai's, and ma}" have been obtained from the same locali-
ties.
The Annual Report of the Treasurer was read; and that of
the Committee of PuI)lication postponed to tiie next meeting.
Pending nomination No. 394 w^as read.
The special business of the meeting was then taken up, and
the amendmciits to the laws recommended by the Cominittee
in their repoil read May 6, 1S59, were adopted with some few
exceptions, pending the discussion of which the Society was
adjourned.
Stated Meeting, December 16, 1859.
Present, thirty-three members.
Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair.
The following donations for the Library were announced: —
Journal of the Franklin Institute. No. 408. — From the Institvte.
Meciical News and Library. No. 204. — From Blanchard <S^ Lea.
Journal [Boston N. H. S. Vol. VIL No. 1. 1859.— From the Soc.
African Repository. Vol. XXXV. No. VZ.—Amer. Col. Sociefy.
Smiihsonian Report for 1858. Sen. Doc. — Hofi. Thos. B. Florence.
Cat. Lii)rary, Mass. Hist. S. Vol. 1, A-L. S\o.—From the ITJoc
Boston Pub. Lib. VII. Ann. Report. 1859. 8vo. — From the Libr.
Second Sup|)lc. to Index. Oct. 20, 1859. p. 8vo. — From the same.
Cat. Fsirmers' High School. Penna. 1859. 8vo. — From Dr. Piigh.
Prospectus Philn. and Luro|.o. Steam Ship Co. — From Cap. Randall.
Quar. Journal Lond. Chem. Society. No. XLVII. — From the Soc.
Do turcarum lin<j;uaj indole ac natura scripsit F. L. O. Roehrig.
Panip. 30 pp. Philadelphia. 8vo. 1860. — From the Author.
The reading of the obituary notice of Mr. Nuttall by Mr.
Durand, was ]:)Ostponed to the next meeting.
The report of the Finance Committee was read, and the
105
appropriations therein recommended for the ensuing year were
ordered to be made, viz:
For
Journals,
^50
?>
Hall,
300
J5
Binding,
50
J5
Publications,
.500
??
General x^ccount,
ISOO
Total, ^2700
Pending nomination No. 394, and new nominations Nos.
395, 396, were read.
The Annual Report of the Publication Committee, postponed
from the last meeting, was read.
The Committee on the sale of the Hall reported the following
recommendation, which was adopted: —
Resolved, That the President be requested to prepare and cause to
be presented to the Congress of the United States a respectful memo-
rial, in the name of the Society, setting forth the facts connected with
the sale of the Hall of the Society to the United States, the action of
the Officers of the Government thereon, and the authority given by
Congress to sell the Hall as the properly of the United States, and
requesting the passage of a law directing the acceptance of the con-
veyance tendered by the Society for said property, and the payment
of the purchase money due to it therefore. Signed F. Fraley, Charles
B. Trego, Isaac Hays, VV. Parker Foulko.
The resignations of Henry A. Boardman and George M.
Wharton, members, were again read and accepted.
The deferred special business of the evening being in order,
Judge Thompson's amendment to Mr. Fraley's substitute was
discussed, and both amendment and substitute adopted.
Amendments to Chapter VH. were then adopted, and the
Society adjourned.
Note. The Laws of tlie Society as amended will be printed
immediately, with a list of members, uniformly with the Pi'O-
ceedings, so that those who desire to do so, may bind them in
with the current Vol. VII.
Errata in No. 60 (Vol. VI.), and No. 61 {Vol. VII.), of the Pro-
ceedings of the American Philosophical Society.
No. 60, (Vol. VI.)
Page.
Line
from top.
348
350
364
31
13
40
369
372
379
10
6
14
55
55
387
8
CORRECTIONS.
0/t.
For ''practicaZ observer," read, practisecZ observer
After "Minoris)" add the word, north.
At the end of the (biirth line from the bottom: for '
02m. 53.9.76," read. Oh. 02m. 53s.763.
For "00s.03,"m;i, 0s.003.
At the end of this line: for '' + 05.251," read, -\- Os.256.
After the word "day," place a comma.
After "(July 3d.)" erase the semicolon, and substitute
a comma in its stead.
At the end of this line: for "104?n. 42s. 16," read, Am.
42s. 16.
No. 61, (Vol. Vll.)
Line
Page.
from top.
•29
28
32
32
37
16
47
1
48
19
50
19
58
14
62
11
65
28
67
22
74
30
82
43
85
30
85
44
89
28
95
8
109
35
118
10
51
44
105
27
108
5
55
6
55
34
108
2
51
3
15
6
115
22
55
23
55
36
117
20
21
55
119
25
2
CORRECTIONS.
For " 7 Leonis," read, y' Leonis.
For " 07," rearf, .07.
For "(at 12//. 347«.)" read, (at \21i. 24m.)
For '-station," read, stations.
For "36/72. 345.04," read, 36m. 34s.4.
For "(at 20//. 86/w. 38s.44, &c.)" read, (at 20/i. 36m.
3^5.44, &c.)
For "12/i. 16m. 53s." in the second column from the
left hand, read, I2h. 16m. 525.
In the fourth column from the left, for " 9//. 02m. 085.24,"
read, 9h. {)5frt. 085.24.
For "astronomidal," ?'ead, astronomical.
For "1851," read, 1858.
For " -f 8' 30"," read, + 6' 20".
At end of bottom line, for"6A. 02m. 1 35.03," reat/, 6h.
02m. 135.30.
In the last line of the fourth column from the left: for
"10/i. &c.," read, 11//. &c.
In the second line from the bottom, and in the fourth
column from the left; for"lO/i. &c." reac?, llA.
&c.
In the first or left hand cohnnn: for "llA. 22m. IO5."
read, 11//. 22m. 00s.
For "(at 4//. OSm.)" read, (at 5//. 08m.)
For "(at 12//. 11m.)" read, (at 11//. 12m.)
For "4m. 435.63," read, Am. 445.64.
Bottom line. For the sign — (minus), read, + (plus).
Bottom line.
3
11
(Foot note.)
^ For "Capital," read, Capitol.
PROCEEDINGS
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
Vol. VII. JANUARY— JUNE, 1860. No. 63.
Stated Meeting, January 6, 1860.
Present, fifteen members.
Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair.
Letters were received from the Elliott Society of Natural
History, Charleston, S. C, dated December 15, 1859, ac-
knowledging the receipt of the Proceedings ; from the Corpo-
ration of Harvard College, dated Cambridge, December IT,
1859, and from the State Historical Society of Wisconsin,
dated Madison, December 20, 1859, acknowledging the receipt
of the last No. of the Transactions.
Letters were also received from the Dublin University
Zoological and Botanical Association, dated Trinity College,
Dublin, and from the R. Saxon Society of Sciences, dated
Leipsig, August 23 and September 3, 1859, and from the R.
Geographical Society, dated London, September 9, 1859,
acknowledging donations for the Library.
The following donations for the Library were received : —
Trans. Zool. Soc. London, iv, parts 5, 6. 4to. — From the Society.
Proceedings, Nos. 339*, 347=^, 384=*^, 392*.— i^rom the same.
Mem. R. Astron. Soc, xxvii. 4to. — From the Society.
Monthly Notices, xviii complete, and xx, No. 1. — From the same.
Journ. R. G-eog. Soc, xxviii. 8vo. — From the Society.
Proc Royal Society, x, Nos. 35, 36. — From the Society.
Report (xxviii) British Association. Leeds, 1858. — From the Ass.
VOL. VII. — w
170
Ann. Rep. (xxvi) E. Corn. Poly. Soc. Falmouth, 1858. — From the
Society.
Proc. Liverpool L. and Ph. Soc, No. 13. — From the Society.
Journ. London Society of Arts, &c., vii, No. 354-58. — From the
Society.
Dublin University Zool. and Bot. Ass., i, parts 1, 1. 8vo. — From
the Association.
Natural History Review or London Quarterly, Vol. i. Vol. ii, 1854,
1855, No. 12, 1856, and, under its new title of N. H. R. and
Quarterly Journal of Science, Vol. vi, Nos. 1, 2, 3. — From Ir.
isr. II. s.
Wallace on Geog. Distribution of Birds. (6 pp.) 1859. — From the
Author.
Jahrb. K. K. Gleol. Reichsanstalt, No. 1, 1859. — From the Institute.
Berichte, R. Saxon Soc. Leipsio- Ph. C, ii. M. P. C, ii, iii. — From
the Society.
Hankel's Elec. Unters., 4th part. (80 pp. 8vo.)— i'Vom the Author.
Hofmeister on Phanerogamen, 1st part. (132 pp.) — From the Author.
Fechner on Schiitzung der Sterngrossen. (70 pp.) — From the Author.
Brockhaus on Nala und Damayanti. (30 pp.) — From the Author.
Verb, des Ver. Gartenbaues, 1, 2, 3 heften, ISbS.— From the Union.
Am. Journ. Science. New Haven, Jan., 1860. — From the Editors.
Am. Geog. and Stat. Soc. Journal, i, No. 10. New York. — From
the Society.
Proc. Boston S. N. H., vii, 9, 10, to p. liJ^.—From the Society.
Ann. Rep. Regents N. Y. Univ. March, 1859. (110 pp.)— i'>077i
the Regents.
Proc. Acad. N. S. Philada., Nos. 20, 21, 1859.— i-Vowi the Academy.
Official Army Register for 1860. — From E. D. Townsend.
Introductory Lectures and Addresses on Medical Subjects, &c., by
G. B. Wood, M.D. Philada., 1859. (460 pp. Swo.')— From the
Author.
Map of Eastern Kentucky, showing the western outcrop of the Coal
Field, by Joseph Lesley. — From the Author.
Mr. Durand, pursuant to appointment, read an obituary
notice of Thomas Nuttall.'"'
The committee to which was referred the paper of Mr.
Chase, on English and Sanscrit Analogues, reported in favor
* See page 297.
171
of its publication in the Proceedings, which was ordered to be
done, and the committee was discharged.*
On motion of Professor Lesley, it was ordered that a list
of the Corresponding societies with which the Society ex-
changes publications be published with the Proceedings.
The judges and clerks of the annual election, held this day
for officers of the Society, reported that the following named
members were elected officers of the Society for the ensuing
year : —
President.
George B. Wood.
Vice-Presidents.
John C. Cresson,
Isaac Lea,
George Sharswood.
Secretaries.
Charles B. Trego,
E. Otis Kendall,
John L. Le Conte,
J. P. Lesley.
Members of the Council, for Three Years.
George M. Justice,
George Tucker,
Robert Patterson,
Henry Vethake.
Curators.
Franklin Peale,
Elias Durand,
Joseph Carson.
Treasurer.
Charles B. Trego.
Mr. J. P. Lesley was nominated for Librarian.
*See page 177.
172 "^
Pending nominations, Nos. 394, 395, 396, were read, and
the Society adjourned.
Stated Meeting^ January 20, 1860.
Present, twenty-four members.
Dr. George B. Wood, President, in the Chair.
Letters were received from the Historical Society of Penn-
sylvania, dated Philadelphia, January 16, 1860, acknowledging
the reception of No. 62 of the Proceedings.
The following donations for the Library were announced : —
Journ. FrankHn Inst, for Jan., 1860, No. 409. — From the Institute.
African Repository, for Jan., 1860. — From the Am. Col. Soc.
Numerical Relations of Elements, by M. Carey Lea. Part 1. (16 pp.
4to.) Philadelphia, I860.— i^rom the Author.
A paper, entitled " Experientise prsecedentes, by William
Sharswood," was presented for publication in the Transactions,
and referred to Dr. Bache, Prof. Booth, and Dr. Uhler.
J. P. Lesley was elected Librarian for the ensuing year.
The Standing Committees were appointed, as follows : —
On Finance. — Mr. Fraley, Mr. Justice, Mr. J. F. James.
On Publication. — Dr. Bridges, Mr. T. P. James, Dr.
Hartshorne, Prof. Coppee, Dr. Wister.
On the Rail — Mr. Peale, Judge King, Prof. Coppee.
On the Library. — Mr. Ord, Dr. Bell, Dr. Stevens, Dr.
Coates, Mr. Foulke.
The list of surviving members was read and corrected.
The number on the list on the 1st of January, 1860, was 374
Of whom are resident in tlic United States, . . 282
And in foreign countries, ...... 92
On motion of Judge King, the Secretaries were directed to
report to the Society the names of such members as appear to
have lost the right of membership.
173
The Society then proceeded to ballot for candidates for
membership.
New nomination, No. 397, was read.
Prof. Trego, Judge King, and Mr. Price were appointed a
committee on the subject of a telescope now in the State
Library at Harrisburg, reported to be the one ordered for the
Transit of Venus in 1769.
All other business having been concluded, the ballot-boxes
were opened by the President, and the following named gentle-
men declared duly elected members of the Society.
P. Angelo Secchi, Professor of Astronomy at Rome.
Aubrey H. Smith, Attorney-at-Law, of Philadelphia.
Dr. Francis W. Lewis, of Philadelphia.
And the Society was adjourned.
Stated Meeting^ February 3, 1860.
Present, nineteen members.
Dr. George B. Wood, President, in the Chair.
A letter was received from Aubrey H. Smith, acknowledg-
ing notice of his election.
Letters were received from the Director of the Russian
Observatory, dated St. Petersburg, August 30, 1859, from
the Royal Danish Society, dated Copenhagen, July 1, 1859,
and from the Corporation of Harvard College, dated Cam-
bridge, January 16, 1860, acknowledging copies of the Pro-
ceedings.
Letters were received from the Society of Naturalists at
Moscow, dated June 13, 1859, from the Director of the Cen-
tral Observatory, dated St. Petersburg, August 30, 1859, and
from the Royal Bavarian Academy, dated Munchen, October
1, 1859, transmitting donations for this Library.
The following donations for the Library were announced : — ■
Annales des Mines, xv, 1, 2 Is. de 1859. — From B. des Fonts, &c.
Bulletin S. Imp. Naturalistes. Moscow. No. 4, 1, 2, 3. — From the
Societi/.
174
Compte-rendu Ph. Cent. Obs. Russia. 1857. 4to. — From the Di-
rectors.
Annales de I'Obs. 1856. Nos. 1, 2. 4to. — From the same.
Oversigt K. Danske V. S. Forhand., 1858. 8vo. — From the Society.
Skrifter K. D. V. S. Nat. Afd., iv, 2; v, 1. 1859. ^io.— From the
Society.
Reports of Council Brit. Meteorological Soc. 6, 7, 8. — From the
Society.
Glaisher's Determination of Mean Temperatures. 1814 to 1856. —
From the same.
G-laislier's Mem. on the Meteorology of England. 1858. — From the
same.
Syro-Egyptian Soc. Correspondence and Papers. 1858 and 1859. —
From the Society.
Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc, xx, No. 2. — From the Society.
Airy's Instructions for Mars in 1860. — From the same.
Proc. Royal Geograph. Soc, iii, No. 6. 1859. — From the Society.
Journ. Soc. Arts and I. in IT., vii, Nos. 359-362. — From the Society.
Medical News and Library, xviii, No. 205. Jan., 1860. — From
Blanchard & Lea.
Amer. Journ. Med. Sci., Ixxvii. Jan., 1860. — From the same.
Report of State Librarian, 1859. Harrisburg. — FroiJi the Lihraria'ii.
Proc Amer. Antiq. Soc, Oct. 21, 1859. Boston. 8vo. — From the
Society.
Proc Acad. N. S. Philada. 1859. — From the Academy.
Wilkes on the Circulation of the Oceans. Philada., 1859. — From
the Author.
Dr. Bache presented a communication from W. Sharswood,
asking leave to withdraw his paper oiFered at the last meeting.
His request was granted and the committee discharged.
Alexander (Joseph Addison). — The Rev. Mr. Barnes
announced the death of the Rev. J. A. Alexander, of Prince-
ton, N. J., a member of the Society, January 28, 1860, oet.
50.
The Rev. Dr. Lcyburn was appointed to prepare an obitu-
ary notice of the deceased.
Gilpin (Heney D.) — Judge Sharswood announced the
death of the Hon. Henry D. Gilpin, of Philadelphia, a mem-
175
ber of the Society, January 29, ast. 58. Mr. Joseph R.
IngersoU was appointed to prepare an obituary notice of the
deceased.
Espy (James P.) — Dr. Emerson announced the death of
Prof. James P. Espy, a member of the Society, at Cincinnati,
January 20, 1860, i^t. 75. Prof. Henry was appointed to
prepare an obituary notice of the deceased.
Jones (Joel). — Mr. Lesley announced the death of Judge
Joel Jones, of Philadelphia, a member of the Society, Feb-
ruary 2, 1860, i^t. 54. Judge Sharswood was appointed to
prepare an obituary notice of the deceased.
Dr. Emerson called the attention of the Society to a quality
of the diamond as producing light after friction in a dark
room. When drawn along, for instance, over the surface of a
polished marble mantel-piece, it emits a phosphorescent light.
In the case of a large diamond, weighing twenty-four carats,
the largest diamond ever found in North America, picked
from a bank of drift near Richmond, Va., and now in the
possession of Samuel W. Dewey, this phosphoric light was
quite vivid and occasional, accompanied with a gentle scintil-
lation. Observations were elicited by this description from
Mr. Lesley, Dr. Le Conte, Dr. R. P. Harris, and Dr. Bache.
Dr. Emerson referred to a flexible sandstone found in con-
nection with diamonds in Stokes Co., N. C, a hill which is
owned by Mr. Dewey.
■ Prof. Trego exhibited a specimen of this itacolumite sand-
stone, showing very plainly its flexible and elastic properties.
Pending nomination, No. 397, was read.
The report of the Secretaries, concerning those members
elect who appear to have lost the right of membership, was
presented and referred to the Committee of Finance.
Dr. Leidy moved that the plaster casts of fossils now in
possession of the Society be deposited with the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the consideration of which
was postponed for the present.
And the Society was adjourned.
176
Stated Meeting, February 17, 1860.
Present, seventeen members.
Dr. Georue B. AVood, President, in the Chair.
A letter was read from Dr. F. W. Lewis, acknowledging
notice of his election.
A letter was read from Edward Sabine, of London, relative
to the decease of Sir Francis Beaufort.
The following donations for the Library were received : —
Trans. Rojal Irish Acad., xxiii, part 2. 4to. 1859. — From the
Academy.
Proc. Royal Irish Acad., vii, parts 1 to 8. 8vo. — From the same.
Lloyd's Memoir on Light through Thin Plates. 4to. — From the same.
Lloyd's Memoir on Determining the Earth's Magnetic Force. 4to. —
From the same.
Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., vii, sigs. 11, 12. Jan., 1860. — Frojji the
Society.
Memoirs Hist. Soc. Penna., vii. (500 pp. 8vo.) — From the Society.
Med. News and Library, xviii. No. 206. — From Blanchard & Lea.
Journ. Franklin Institute, No. 410. — From the Institute.
Ann. Rep. Penna. Inst. Deaf and Dumb. 1859. — From the Board.
Ann. Rep. Y. M. Mercantile Library Assoc. Cincinnati, 1859. —
From the Association.
Beaufort (Sir Francis). — Dr. Le Conte announced the
death of Sir Francis Beaufort, December 17, 1857, vet. 84.
Mr. Lesley presented a communication from Mr. George
Calhoun, of Philadelphia, exhibiting at the same time a model
of his compound ventilator, eliciting explanations from Prof.
Cresson.
Professor Cresson described the effects of the gale of Febru-
ary 9th and 10th at the City Gas Works, destroying a strong
new building, 250 feet long by 57 wide and 54 high, lifting up
the roof of iron, braced and stayed in the strongest manner,
and weighing with its slates 300,000 pounds, and with it large
portions of the walls.
(Continuation on page 292.)
[Read Sept. 17, 1858.]
SANSCRIT AND ENGLISH ANALOGUES.
BY PLINY E. CHASE.
Few Etymologists will be disposed to claim for their favorite
study the dignity of a Science; for neither its elementary princi-
ples, its legitimate ends, nor its ethnological uses in verifying history,
or determining the pre-historical migrations and affiliations of tribes,
are definitely settled. Resemblances, that one investigator regards
as valuable and important, are pronounced trivial, accidental, or
insignificant by another, whose most serious dicta are, in their turn,
made the subject of ridicule by those who advocate a theory of
language differing from his own.
Such students as Bopp, Grimm, Curtius, Pott and others, have
accumulated a mass of information, from which some rules have
been deduced that must be recognized in every attempt to find a
scientific basis for comparative philology. But even their labors
have been ridiculed by sciolists, who, placing undue stress on the
mistakes that are inseparable from all human effort, lose sight of the
merit that rewards all sincere investigation. It is not strange that a
tyro, perplexed between the assumed derivation of "wig" on the one
hand,* and the curious "Ten Paradoxes" of Haldeman on the
other, I should be disposed to assert the worthlessness of Etymology,
and to regard as its fundamental rule, that " all consonants are mu-
tually interchangeable, and all vowels are of no account,'' or to set
the derivation of "fox" from "rainy day" and "mango" from
"King Jeremiah," on a level with the results of the most abstruse
philological researches.
But the earnest student will soon outgrow all disposition to ridi-
cule even what may appear to him as absurd in the deductions of
careful investigators. He will feel that every addition to knowledge
*■ Pilus, pelo, peluco, paruik, periwig, wig.
t See Trans. Am. Phil. So. Vol. XI. page 270.
VOL. VII. — X
178
is an addition to the treasury from which future investigators will
draw their wealth, and he will rather leave the rejection of the base
metal to those who can find a proper use for the good, than attempt
to depreciate the whole by directing our attention exclusively to that
which he imagines may be bad.
All etymological researches may be arranged in three classes, viz. :
1. Immediate or Derivative ; 2. Comparative; 3. Radical or Ger-
minal.
1. Derivative P]tymology is limited to the determination of the
language from which any given word is immediately derived, and
usually without much change of form. Its method is the one adopted
by ordinary lexicographers.
2. Comparative Etymology traces similarities and subordinate dif-
ferences of sound and meaning, between different languages which
are generally, though not necessarily, of the same family or origin ;
and sometimes attempts to assign the cause of such similarity or
difference, whether accidental, organic, derivative, or otherwise.
3. Radical or Germinal Etymology, endeavors to ascertain the
essential elements of words, without regard to their immediate deri-
vation or remote affinities. The most noteworthy example of this
class, is to be found in the labors of the Indian grammarians, who
compiled the lists of Sanscrit radicals, an example that might be
advantageously imitated by supplying similar lists for other languages.
The philological labors of Oriental scholars, such as Grimm, Bopp,
and others, have been mostly comparative. In the sanguine enthusi-
asm of the early students of Sanscrit, the hope was often indulged,
that the key to all languages had been found, and that all dialectic
mysteries would be speedily removed. Since these extravagant ex-
pectations have been generally given up, there has been, perhaps, an
undue tendency in the opposite direction, to disparage the study of
Sanscrit for etymologic uses. In contending against such a ten-
dency it is not necessary to assume any theory with regard to the
relative antiquity and position of the Sanscrit and its kindred lan-
Kuao^es ; it is sufficient to show that the Sanscrit is one of the earli-
est known members of the Indo-European family, and that, therefore,
from its introduction into a comparative list with any other member
of the same family, it is reasonable to hope for aid in ascertaining
primitive roots and determining radical significance.
Whatever value may be attached to the following vocabulary must
belong to it in virtue of its adaptedness to the wants of the com-
parative etymologist. It is a list, not of roots, but of analogues;
179
not of primitive germs from which English words are derived in a
line of direct descent, but of similar forms in which similar ideas
have been clothed by different members of one human family. It
is not to be expected that the points of resemblance should strike all
alike, or that all should agree as to the relative value of different
portions of the list, but it is proper that the compiler should indicate
his own estimate of the comparisons which are merely accidental, as
well as of those which he considers most striking. This is done by
printing the most important words in small capitals, and using the
mark (A.) to indicate what is supposed to be purely accidental.
LIST OF AUTHORITIES.
Bellott, Thomas. — Sanskrit Derivations of English Words.
Bexfey, Theodor. — Kurze Sanskrit-Grammatik.
Bopp, Franciscus. — Glossarium Sanscritum.
'^ '' Comparative Grammar, Eastwick's Translation.
Carey, W. — Grammar of the Sungskrit Language.
CuRTius, Georg. — Grundzlige der Griechischen Etymologie.
DiEFEXBACH, Lorenz. — Vergleichende Worterbuch der gothlschen Sprache.
Diez, Friedrich. — Etymologisches Worterbuch der Romanischen Sprachen.
Donaldson, John Wm. — The New Cratylus.
EiCHHOFF, F. G.— Verglelchung der Sprachen von Europa und Indien.
Haldeman, S. S. — Analytical Orthography.
Kennedy, Vans. — Researches into the Origin and Affinity of the Principal
Languages of Asia and Europe.
Kraitsir, Charles. — Glossology.
Pott, Aug. Friedr. — Etymologische Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der
Indo-Germanischen Sprachen.
Terwen, J. L. — Etymologisch Handwoordenboek der Nederduitsche Taal.
Webster, Noah. — American Dictionary of the English Language.
Welsford, Henry. — On the Origin and Ramifications of the English Lan-
guage.
Westergaard, N. L. — Radices Linguae Sanscrila}.
WiLKiNS, Charles. — Grammar of the Sanskrita Language.
Wilson, H. H. — Dictionary in Sanscrit and English.
180
SANSCRIT ALPHABET.
jfoTE. — The first column contains the letters employed to represent the Sanscrit
characters in the following Vocabulary.
Vowels.
a, pronounced like u in hut,'^ or like a in German.
nearly like a in call,* or in /ar.f
" e in hefal.
like ee in meet,
u in full,
u in ?'?fZe.
ri in merrily, (or nearly like smooth r.)
r lengthened.
" ?i in Zi7^ (nearly).
Ir lengthened.
e in loliere* or a in amiable.f
ei in height.
in 5^0 ?ie.
au, '• '* o?i in our.
^ a nasal, equivalent to either m or ?i. In many words it may be either
omitted or inserted, at pleasure.
<», a substitute for a final aspirate or sibilant.
Gutturals.
C, pronounced like c in car ; never like s.
" c aspirated, (as in Mac-Henry) ; never like ch in cheer.
" g in gun ; never like J.
" g aspirated, as in log-house.
" ng in King.
Palatals.
tf, pronounced like ch in church.
a^
11
ne£
U
u
a
i',
li
lik(
u,
u
n^
a
r,
ii
r^
iC
ir
u
Ir^
a
"n '
e,
Cl
ai,
u
0,
li
ch,
a
S<
u
gh,
li
n,
11
tfh,
U
" tf aspirated.
dj,
il
" j in Jai7.
djh,
11
" dj aspirated.
n,
11
" the first n in o?iion (nearly),
* Wilkins. t Wil
181
Cerehrah.
t, pronounced like t, with the tip of the tongue placed far back against
th, the same sound, aspirated. [the palate,* somewhat like t in art.
d, a cerebral d, pronounced nearly like d in drum. It is sometimes pro-
dh, the same sound, aspirated. [nounced like a hard r or I.
n, pronounced like n, with the tongue back (as in horn).
Dentals.
t, pronounced like Spanish i, with the tip of the tongue against the teeth.
th, the same sound, aspirated, nearly as in hothouse.
d, pronounced like d in day.
dh, the same sound, aspirated.
n, pronounced like n.
LahiaJs.
p, pronounced like ^;.
ph, the same sound, aspirated, nearly as in haphazard.
b, pronounced like b. It is often confounded with the semi-vowel v,
" with which some grammarians consider it to be at all times option-
ally interchangeable. "t
bh, the same sound, aspirated, nearly as in Cohhouse.
m, pronounced like m.
Semi-vowels.
y, pronounced like y in yarn. In Bengal, it is usually pronounced like^.
r, " " trilled r.
1, " " I.
V, " nearly like German w.
Sibilants.
g, pronounced like sh in shun,j- and interchanges with k, z, or 7i.|
f, " " sh in sJioe. Pronounced in some schools like A-'/i.f
S.
li II
Aspirate.
h, pronounced like h.
* Wilkins. f Wilson.
t " Haec litera orta est e c et respondet graeco x. hit. c, lith /.• et sz, Slav.
/; et s, hib. c, ch, et s, germ, /i." — Bopp.
182
APPROXIMATE TABLE OF PHONETIC EQUIVALENTS.
SANSCRIT.
GREEK.
LATIN.
GOTHIC.
GERMAN.
a
d £
a e
a i u
a i U
. . . .
.
i u
ai au
e
a^
d fj UD
a e o
e o
a (o) uo
i
%
i
i ai
i e
....
.
e
- . . .
....
i'
i
i
ei
i
VL
u short
u
u au
U
....
. . . .
....
....
U^
long
u
u
u
e
ai ££ 01
ai e oi
ae oe i u
ai
ei
ai
^ri<i'
au so 00
au
au iu
ou iu io
....
....
u
....
....
au
ao 7jO
au
c ch tf g
y.
c q
h (g)
h (g)
g dj
r
g
k
k (ch)
ghh
X
hg
g
g (k)
t th
r
t
th (d)
d
d
d
d
t
z sz
dh
■f)-
f* d b*
d
t
P Pli
~
P
f
fv (b)
b
/5
b
bh
<P
f b
b
b (P)
n
Y (nasal.)
n
n
n
n n
V
n
n
n
m
!J. V
m
in
ni
r
(>
r
r
r
1
X
1
1
1
y
C '
J
J
j
s f
a
s (r)
s (z)
s (r)
V
digamma
V
V
w
* Occasional.
183
VOCABULARY.
(A.) — accidental,
ags. — anglosaxon.
ar. — arabic.
arm. — arraoric.
caus. — Causative form,
cfr. — (Confer) Compare,
d- — dutch,
dan. — danisli.
dor. — Doric.
ABBREVIATIONS.
fr. — french.
frs. — frisian.
g. — german.
goth. — gothic.
ir. — irish.
it. — italian.
lit. — lithuanian.
n. — norse.
nl — netberlandish.
^v._Welsh.
o. — old.
pers. — persian.
pg. — Portuguese,
prakr. — prakrit.
russ — russian.
s. — Saxon,
slav. — Slavonic,
sp. — Spanish,
sw. — Swedish.
A, An. a, an, demonstrative radicals; ec-as,-a^,-aj, one. Cfr. n
the; 'tj, Dor. 'a; 'ev; nnus ; gotli. ains ; g. em; fr. un.
A-, AN-. a-,an-, negative prefixes. Cfr. 'a-, 'av-, privative ; "w^su,
A-. a''-, to. Cfr. 'a- for "«/7.a ; ad; fr. a. ['^*-; goth. un.
Aam. Cfr. ir^X to measure, nox a cubit, v. Measure.
AB-, ABS-. apa, ava, from. Cfr. "a-6 ; ah; goth. ahu, a/; g. ah.
Abacus, bhacf, to devour. Cfr. p3X to struggle, dust; a,3a^.
Abaddon, a^badh, to bind. Cfr. i3X, to destroy, to be cast away.
Abb. vap, to weave. Cfr. 'u(f-aco; ags. loefan ; g. icehen. [instructor.
Abba, Abbot, pa^, to nourish, pati, a master. Cf. DX, a father or
Ab-ditory, Ab-domen. dha^, to give, to hold, to place ; dha^man,
the body. Cfr. nxn a bound, to establish ; rDiD to close up ;
Ti-f}rj!J.'. ) ah-derey-domen.
Ability, Able, balas, strong. Cfr. :h2 to strengthen, n^x strong ;
-oh'j:;', kahilis, ^xjUco, val-idus; goth. ahrs ; ags. ahal ; fr.
Jiahile. v. Hab-. [mmoy.
A-bominate. bha^m, to be angry or impatient. Cfr. duij.6q) aho-
Abound. pa.d, to heap together ; und, to wet. Cfr. abundo.
ABOUT, at, to roam ; ut, on, up ; pat, to surround. Cfr. ns a hinge,
Above. V. Over. [ii3X he girt about; 'ert'; apud ; ags. ahutan.
ABRIDGE, (abbrevjare.) rudj, avarudj, to break, fr. ahreyer. v.
Abusing, abhisa^sana, abusing. (A.) [Break.
Abyss, pas, to embrace ; pus, to fill. Cfr. "a^iuaao^'
Acantha. ga^dh, to torment; candu^, to scratch. Cfr. "ay.a'^da]
Accipiter. v. Eagle. Cip-. [acantlius.
Accolade, v. Collar.
184
Ac-coramodato. (A.) ca^inada«, giving what is wished. (ca^ma«,
desire, da«, a giver.) Cfr. nroD to long for; xo/m^oj-^ commo-
dum. V. Cou-, Mete. [com-pleo ; fr. ac-complir.
Accomplish, pr, to fill; pul, to be heaped up. Cfr. (rop-'-lrj-pou) )
Ac-cost, Ac-cuse. cu^s, (cu.sati,) to speak, v. Coast. Cfr. |DD to
reason, to reprove ; causa^ ac-cuso.
Ac-coutre. crt, cat, to clothe, to surround. Cfr. li^D to enclose ;
ytr-cu'^- cothur-nus] fr. accoutrer. [fr. as.
ACE. eca**, one. Cfr. inx one; Itq, h.aff-roq-y as; it. asso • sp.
Acel-dama. adjira, a court, or yard. Cfr. ^pn a field ; 'ayp-o:; ;
ager ; g, acker; goth. akrs ; ags. secer.
Acerbity, crb, frbh, to hurt or injure. Cfr. ^iiy to burn, Din a
sharp instrument ; (Tip(po<; ; acerhus.
Acetous, Acid, a, privative ? v. Sweet, acetum, acid us.
Ache. aca«, pain, sin; a^has, sin. Cfr. r\y grief, aflliction; "a/oq,
"ay/oi; ; angor ; ags. ace.
Achieve, tfi^v, to take, to cover. Cfr. nan to cover; xotTrw; capio.
AcHOR. cfar, to ooze, to trickle ; tfar, to go. Cfr, "np an issue,
to gush out ; 'o.y(I>p, yuipi^o^ ^^X^P-
Acker, ac, to wind, or move tortuously.
Acne. a,ca, a mark or spot.
Acolyte, acula, of low family. Cfr, ' ay.6Xou0o<;.
Acop. V. Cap.
Acquaint, v. Know, Cfr. goth. kunnaii ; g. kunde ; ofr, accointcr.
Acre. V. Acel-dama.
Acrid, Acritude. chard, to bite; crt, to cut; cr^ to hurt or injure;
agri«5, the edge of a sword. Cfr. niD, ;^"ip to cut off or down;
acer, acritudo. [end; " axpo-7:o-Xi<; ; acro-teriiim.
xVcRO-POLis, agra, the summit ; palli^, a village, Cfr. "inx the
Act. a^C, adj, to go. Cfr, "ayiu, 'r^yioimi) ago, act- inn ; fr. agir.
Acute, cutt, to cut, Cfr. xo-tw ; a-cutus.
Ad-, (af-, ag-, &c.) a^ to; ath, ad, to go; adhi, over. Cfr. nx
with; Si'X at; dq) goth. at; og. az ; ags. dtt, to; g. zu.
A-damant. v. Dam,
Adays, adya, to-day. Cfr. "rjdrj; hodie] g, heute ; fr. aujom'-dhui.
Add, And. add, to connect ; da^, to give. Cfr. nx with ; "ezc, ri,
Si J ad-do, et ; g. iind ; d. eu, ende.
Adder, ad, to eat; dhu% to strike, to kill ; nat, nud, to hurt or
kill. Cfr. nx torment; "nn to penetrate; "c^Jw, "ey-id-'m; edo,
natrix ; goth. nadrs ; g. natter; ags. aetter. [Dress.
Ad-dress, tra.s, to speak. Cfr. u^m to inquire ; fr. ad-dresser, v.
185
Adeling. id, to praise; al, to be competent. Cfr. ags. ethel ; g.
edel ; sp. hidalgo, v. -Olescent.
Adept, adipiscor, ad-eptus. v. Apt.
A-dieu. it. addio. v. Divine.
Adipose, dap, to accumulate. Cfr. lyata fat; Xi-noq) a-deps.
Adjutant, v. Aid.
Ado. ad, to strive, or endeavor. Cfr. nx trouble, ['aidcu^-, adoro.
Adore, dr, to reverence, a^dara**, respect. Cfr. inn to honor ;
Adroit. V. Dress. [it. avviso.
Advice, a^vis, evident. Cfr. <pd<j-ixa) visus; fr. avis; sp. aviso',
AEGi-s,-lops. adjas a he-goat. Cfr. ipx a wild-goat; "a:$,
Ael-, Aelf-, A1-, &c. al, to be competent; ala<!, large, extensive.
Cfr. Six strength, Sx a leader ; "o)m<; ; "aXdw ; al-tus ; ags. eald,
ald-er ; g. lielfen. [goth. aivs.
Aeon, a^yu, age; evas going, moving. Cfr. aroiv, 'as:'; aevum;
Aerate, i^r, av, to go, to shake ; hari<!, air, wind ; va^, to breathe,
Aest-. V. Ash. [to blow. Cfr\ ix' a river ; 'atjp ; aura. v. Wind.
AFT-er. (ab-) apa, a particle of separation, &c. ; tar, suffix of the
comparative degree. Cfr. 'Wo, Uizi, ^oniau)) ah, ubi ; goth. a/,
afar, aftaro ; g. after ; d. sechter.
Aga. a^, intensive, dji, to conquer, v. Act.
Again-st. can, gam, ga^, to go or approach ; ghun, to turn round ;
aiga,, again. Cfr. ags. on-gean, agen ; g. gegen, gegangen.
Agap^. gup, to guard or protect. Cfr. 'ayar^rj ; cupio. [^a;(dTrj<;.
Agate. cu,d, to burn ; tfa.d, to shine. Cfr. ID sparks, an agate ;
Age. yuga,, an age. Cfr. fr. age. v. Aeon.
AG-ent,-ile,-itate. v. Act. [iJxatroop; "ayr]p.a', agmen.
Agminal. ag, to move, to approach ; man, participial ending. Cfr.
Agnes. agni<!, fire. Cfr. ignis; sp. Inez.
Agog, cac, to be thirsty; ca^^cf, to desire. Cfr. nip to hope, to ex-
pect; it. agognare; fr. a gogo.
Agon-ism,-y. a.gh, to go swiftly, to begin; agha,, pain. Cfr.
"aym-LGiia ; "aycj^Aa ; avgor ; g. angst. v. Act.
Agr-arian,-estic,-iculture. v. Acel-dama. [v. Grat-, Cord-.
Agree, crath, to amuse. Cfr. sp. pg. agradar ; fr. a gre, agreer.
Agrise. ghur, to terrify, ags. agrisan.
Ague, edj, to tremble, v. Ache. [fr. ah.
Ah. a, an interjection of pity. Cfr. nx alas; "a, ac ; ah; g. ach;
Aha. aha, an interjection of ascertainment, commendation, &c. Cfr.
Ahoy, hve, to call, to challenge. [nx; 'ad; aha,
VOL. VII. — Y
186
Aid. ad, to strive ; yat, to persevere, to work ; yuta, joined. Cfr.
adjuto ; it. aiutare ; fr. aider, ajouter. \ya-cillo ; ags. eglian.
A.\\. eel, tfal, to shake, to totter. Cfr. "jSn weak, afflicted ; 'ayXirj ;
Air. V. Aer-ate. A-jutage. v. Aid.
Aisle, Al-ar,-ate. il, to go. Cfr. ala ; fr. aile. ['s^cc/jw; alacer.
Alacrity, al, to be able ; a^cr, to animate, to spur on. Cfr. ijn strongs
Alas, lut, to grieve. Cfr. g. hid; d. leed, Iaas,helaas; ags. lath;
fr. helas. [the face and eyes; /y^<o<;', cholera, color.
Al-cohol. (Ar. al-kahala.) cala, of a dark color. Cfr. ^nj to paint
Alder-man. v. Ael-.
Alexi-. racf, to defend. Cfr. 'aXiqcj.
Algid, v. Gelid. \alis. v. Alter, Ulter-.
Alias, Alien. anya«, other. Cfr. .sSn yonder; "aXXwq-, alias ; goth.
All. achila«5, all, entire. Cfr. Sj all; ullus, soUdus-, goth. alls; g.
Allah, bis God. v. Ael-, All. \_all ; ags. call. v. Ael-
Alle-gory. ghur, to sound, to inquire. Cfr. ipn to investigate;
^ayopebiOy^aAlr^yopia. [^aXdo/iai ', amh-ulo ; fr. aller, allee.
Alley, il, to go; a^vali«, a row, a range. Cfr. ^bn way, journey;
All-odial. ad, to occupy or possess. Cfr. "tdcoc;', g. od-zins ; fr.
Allonge. V. Lunge. [alien; it. allodio.
Allow, la^, to give. fr. allouer.
Almoner, Alms, ma^h, to give ; mas, to measure. Cfr. \lzriiJ.oGU'^t] ;
it. limosina'y g. almosen ; d. aalmoes ; fr. aHmone; ags. aelmcs.
Alone, Aloof, Also. v. All, One, Off, So.
Altar, alalia,, a firebrand; a coal, burning or extinguished. Cfr.
nV a burnt offering; n")N an altar; altare, ara; g. altar.
ALTER-nate. antara«, itara^s, other. Cfr. n:x thou, a person;
"erepoq; alter; goth. antliar; g. ander, dndern) ags. odher ] fr.
autre, altercr.
Alv-eary,-ine. ulva,, the womb, a cavity. Cfr. deX(po<;] aluus, vulva.
Ama. V. Aam. [/aaw ; amo ; h. aimer.
AM-ability,-atory. cam, to love. Cfr. nrDD to long for; iDn beloved;
Am-, Amb-, Ambe, Amei-. am, amb, to go. abhi, a particle im-
plying proximity, superiority, &c. Cfr. 'ap-cfc; "ari^rj ; am-, amh-;
g. um- ; d. om- ; ags. emh-, ijinh-.
Amalgam. Qj/jlo-yim.) mil, to mix.
Amaranth, a, privative; mr, to die; marana, death. Cfr. >no
disease; impahu}, ^a-ijApw^zoq-, umaranthus.
Amaurosis, "'a.imufx'x;. mUT, to wrap round ; mr, to die.
Ambassador, pag, paf, pas, pat, to go ; bhaf, to speak. Cfr. nD3 to
187
go by, "tt/jt/Sa^rri?; goth. andhahts ; ags. emhelit ; it. amhascia-
dore ; sp. pg. emhaxador ; fr. emhassadeur .
Amber, amb, to go; ambara,, a perfume.
Ambi-. ubhaii, both, Cfr. "atj.cpu) -, ambo. v. Am-.
Amble, Ambulatory, v. Alley.
Amen, mun, to promise; man, to think; om, verily, px
A-methyst. mad, to intoxicate; madhu, spirituous liquor. Cfr.
AMi-able,-cable, Amorous, v. Am-ability. \_iJ.s6b(Vj ^a-p-iOoGToq.
Amict. mac, to adorn, amicior.
Amphi-. v. Amb-, Ambi-. [p*^^} amplus ; fr. ample, v. Fill.
Ample, u^bh, to fill; pul, to be great. Cfr. :3 0« an assembly; -Aiy-
Amputate. pat, to cut, to divide. Cfr. yiD, to scatter, to break to
pieces; x6-r.rio; amputo.
Amylaceous. (^a-fiuXov, ami/lum.) v. Mill.
An. V. A.
Anchor. a,c, vane, to move crookedly; sl^q, to divide; anciira«,
a shoot or sprout. Cfr. HDn a fish-hook ; 'a^x?y, "ayxupa ; anchora ;
g. d. anl-er ; sp. ancla ; it. pg. ancora ; fr. ancre.
Anchoret, anaga^ras a hermit (an, privative), aga^ra^, a house.
Cfr. "^jt? a tower, an altar; mp a roof, a city; x(i)pa, ^wm-ywpiw^
Ancient, fr, ancien ; it. anzi, anziano. v. Ante, Antic. \^ava-ywprjrrj<;.
Ancillary. Qi^l, to do, to worship, ancillaris.
An-con,-cone. (V^xwv.) anca,, the flank; anga,, a limb or member.
And. v. Add. [v. Angle.
And-iron. indh, to kindle, to shine. [!^^VP> yovq.
Andro-gynous. nara«!, man; djani^, woman. Cfr. lyJN man;
Anemo-. an, to sound, to breathe, to go. Cfr. ^jn to blow, or
snuff with the nostrils; "a'^tpuq) animus. l^'ayyeloq. v. Call.
An-gel. eel, tfel, to go; a,tf, to move, to speak. Cfr. yih an angel ;
Anger, Angina, Angor. a,gh, to go, to blame or censure ; agha,,
passion; ugra,, anger. Cfr. pjx to cry out; pjn to strangle;
"ayyto, "ayyp'x, ^opyrj', aiujor ; goth. aggvus ; g. eng ; d. ang.
Angle. a»g, a,gh, to go; a^tf, to bend; angas, near, proximate;
a,gula««, a finger. Cfr. 'eyyoq, 'ayxvXoq, "oyxoc; -^ angidus, uncus',
g. winhcl ; d. g. angel, v. Anchor; Ankle.
Anguish, August, fr. angoisse. v. Anger. (angadja«, sickness,)
Anhel-ation, anila, air or wind. Cfr. anJielo. v. Anemo-.
Anil, nilas blue. Cfr. niUon? sp. anil; pg. anil.
ANiM-al, &c. v. Anemo-.
An-kle. a^n-cal, to bind or tie. Cfr. yr,Xr, ; g. dnhel ; d. enkel ;
ags. ancleov ; abp contracted, drawn together, v. Angle, Keel.
188
Anneal, nal, to sliine, to bind or confine; ul, to burn. Cfr. ags. an-cel-.
Ann-als,-ual. hay, to move ; hayanas, a year. Cfr. "evoq ; annus.
An-odyne. tun, to curve, to bend or make crooked. Cfr. 'udwrj.
An-orexy. rac, to taste, to obtain. Cfr. u^D") to obtain; 'optyw.
Ansated. a,s, to share, to divide ; a^sa", a portion, a shoulder. Cfr.
Anser. v. Goose. [ansa.
Answer, anusa^rin, following; anusva^ras echo; anu, after; svr,
to sing, to praise ; svar, to sound, to reprove. Cfr. nnv to cry
out ; nity to sing, to praise ; (Tupc^w ; ags. andswarian ; v. Swear.
Ante-, Anti-. anta<5, final, near, a boundary ; anti, near. Cfr. nx ?
Antelope, ena*?, an antelope. [with; 'avTi; ante.
An-tennae. v. Tend.
Anthem, am, to sound; (i^d, to praise^ to celebrate ;) Cfr. Din, HDH,
a noise ; ''u/xvoq, "odio.
An-tic,-tique. tac, to laugh at; tic, to go, to move; antaga*!, dead,
departed. Cfr. antiquus; fr. antique. [v. Ante.
Antre. antar, within ; antara,, a hole or rent. Cfr. "avr/?ov; antrum.
An-vil. vil, to break or divide, to throw, to direct or send. Cfr.
pS^, to break ; [^aXXw ; jpello. [Ache.
Anxious, ca^ncf, ma^ncf, va^ncf, to desire. Cfr. anxius. v. Anger,
Any. anyas other. Cfr. ullus-, ags. anig] g. einig ; d. eenig. v.
Aorist, Aorta, r, to go. [An, One.
Ap-, Apo-. V. Ab-.
Ape. capi^, an ape. Cfr. c^ip an ape; g. affe ; d. aap ; ags. apa.
Aper-. V. Over.
Apheresis. hr, to seize. Cfr. alpiio.
Apiary, bhas, a bee. Cfr. apis; ags. leo ; sp. aheja ; d. hij.
Apollyon. lu^, to cut. Cfr. 'oUuco, 'A7:oXXuwv.
A-pory. pa^r, to get through or over; pur, to go before. Cfr. "a-r.opo^.
Apo-siopesis. svap, to sleep. Cfr. ffico7:dw.
Apo-stle. v. Stall.
Apo-theca-ry. dha^, to place. Cfr. "aTvo-Orjxr) ;
Apo-zem. gai, to boil. Cfr. C^w.
Ap-paratus, Apparel, Apparitor, pr, to complete, pari, ornament.
Cfr. 'iXS to adorn ; ap-paro.
Ap-parent,-pear. pur, to go before. Cfr. ap-pareo.
Appeasing. (A.) upaga^nti«, appeasing, v. Peace. [ags. appel.
Apple, ap, water; pu^l, to accumulate. Cfr. goth. apcl ; g. apfel ;
Apricate. bhra^5, to shine. Cfr. p")3 a flash ; ^pdcrixa ; apricor.
A-pron. pra, forth, v. Front.
189
Apt. (Ad-apt.) a^p, to obtain ; a^pta^, fit. Cfr. "jaD to gather,
to apply; X3p to join, to cling together; "ar.ro)] aptus.
A-ptera. pat, to go, to move ; vi-pat, to fly. Cfr. "a-Tzrspor:.
Aqua, ap, water; ucf, to moisten. Cfr. pi3X a river; yjio, -oTaixo^)
aqua ; goth. ahva.
Arc, Arcanum, Arch, Archaism, Archives, Archon, Arctation. artf?
to honor, to reverence ; rakf, to guard, to preserve ; arh, to be
worthy, to be powerful. Cfr. iyx"> principal, to lead ; "ap/w,
'apxiw^ arx, area, arcus ; goth. arka ; ags. arc.
Arctic. rcfa<«, a bear. Cfr. "apxroq; ursus ; tr. ours.
-Ard, arthas, thing, kind, sort. v. Art.
Ardent, Arduous, ard, to pain ; u^rddhva*?, high ; ardani*?, fire.
Cfr. "apSrj'^', ardeo ; arduus. v. Ash.
Area, Areole. ra,g, r, to go. Cfr. nnx a road ; ir^ a small floor or
yard; 'pioj-, area.
Arena, irana^, salt or barren soil, desert. Cfr. "eprjiwq] arena.
Argent, radjata^, silver, white. Cfr. :f-in gold; "apyupoq-, ar-
gentum.
Argil, rtftfh, to become hard or stiff; rdj, to be firm; radjata^,
white. Cfr. J"? a clod, mn white; 'a/>n^, "apydoqj'piyoq) argilla.
Argue, rag, to doubt; ra.gh, la.gh, to speak. Cfr. Xoyi'^oiiar, arguo.
ARiSTO-cracy. varilta'^, best. Cfr. "apLGzoq.
Arm. r, kram, to go, to move ; varmma, armor. Cfr. nD"i to
throw; 'apixoq) armus, ramus; ags. g. d. arm.
Aroma, rama^, pleasing, charming. Cfr. "apw/ia.
Arrant, r, to go. Cfr. errans; fr. errant, v. Area.
Array, v. Dress, Read-. [fr. arreter.
Arrest, Arret, rut, to resist or oppose. Cfr. resto? it. arrestare;
Arrow, r, ves, va^ sr, to go ; sara«, an arrow. Cfr. nn*ky to loosen,
dismiss, send forth; n"iD to shoot forth, to spread; ffsiu) ; sa-
gitta ; goth. arhvasna ; ags. arve, areica.
Arsenal, racf, to protect, to preserve; iiau^, a boat, arx navalisf
Arson, v. Ardent, Ash.
Art. artha*!, intelligent; kr, to do; karttr, an agent, a maker. Cfr.
:f"in active, industrious; y.pdroq', ars ; g. art.
Arthritic, Article, Articulate, dhr, to hold; rt, to go; artha«,
thing. Cfr. "apOpo^^, ^apdpTnq; artus, articxdus.
Arundinaceous. ratha^^, ratan. Cfr. arundo.
Aruspice. ara*?, swift ; r, to go ; spag, to inform, to touch, to make
evident ; spaQa*«, a spy. Cfr. aruspex, specio, ar-mentum f
190
Arvel. arv, to kill.
As. V. All, Same, al-sam, sa, (in composition,) with, like; yat,
Asa-foetida. v. Resin. [as. Cfr. 'w^j g. d. ah; fr. aussi.
Ashes, indh, to kindle; ush, to burn. Cfr. i:^x fire; njy;' to
shine; "a^w, 'aiOco] asso, uro, iistus, aestus ; goth. azgo ; ags.
ad, a&he ; sp. pg. ascua ; g. asche.
Ask. va'',cf, va^jtfh, to desire. Cfr. 'a^idw; ags. acsiaii] g. Jieischen,
wiinscJien ; d. eischen ; fr. exiger. v. Wish. \_asperyo.
Asperse. spr§, to bathe, to besprinkle. Cfr. k;id to scatter; ftpiyco;
Askant, Askew, Asquint. ska,d, sku, to go, to move; skabh, to
be dull or stupid. Cfr. g. scliief; d. sclieefj schurf, schuin ;
njtJ? to wander; axa.iu<;. [sp. pg. asno ; fr. ane, {asne.^
Ass. agva*!, a horse. Cfr. asinus; goth. asilus) g. esel ; ags. asal ;
Assart, ^rath, to loosen. Cfr. ijliy to cut; solutus ; fr. assarter.
x^ssation. v. Ash.
Assay, v. Seek.
Assemble, sam, together, with; pul, to collect; samb, to collect.
Asseverate, v. Swear. [Cfr, aoii^dXXio; it. assamblea; fr. assemhUe.
Aster. V. Star. [Cfr. 'ar/ic>^, ""aaOjxa. v. Wind.
Asthma, as, to move, to throw; dhma^, to blow, a^tman, wind, air.
Astonish, Astound, stall, to thunder, to groan. Cfr. (TzhWy attono ;
Astrolabe, v. Star, Lab-. [fr. estonner.
Asylum, a^gaya*', an asylum, an abode or retreat. Cfr. "aaoXo^^.
At. at, to approach ; atra, here ; adhi, ut, above, upon. Cfr. nx
with; nnx to approach ; "err; ad; goth, ai; ags. ^?'.
Atlas, Atlantic, atala^^, immovable.
Atmosphere, v. Asthma, Sphere.
Attach, Attack, tic, to assault, to attack. Cfr. riDn to join; xd'^m)
tactui^ ; fr. attacker, attaquer.
Attic. atta<5, an attic ; att, to surpass or excel.
Attitude, adj, to go, to drive away, v, xict. Cfr. actus-, sp. actitude;
Attorney, v. Turn. [fr. attitude.
Auburn, v. Brown. [g. wachsen. v. Eke,
Auction, vacf, to increase ; vatf, to speak. Cfr. au^ico- auctio;
Audacious, dacf, to expedite, to hurt or kill. Cfr. DpD to set in
order; ^£^£o?; audax ; h. audackux.
Audible, av, to hear. Cfr. |?x an ear; 'ai'w, '<;D?; audihUis, auris ;
fr. ou'ir ; goth. auso ; g, ohr. [ags, nafegar.
Auger, chur, to cut ; djiri, to wound, or injure. Cfr. '^^^^ to cut ;
Augment, v. Auction.
August, (^august us.) odjas, might, splendor.
191
AuLic. alaya<J, a dwelling. Cfr. "avlr^.
Aura. V. Aerate.
Auriga, av, to go ; racf, to direct. Cfr. w^'^ to lead ; ^pd-^a ; rego
Aur-ist, Aus-cultation. v. Audible,
Aurora. aruna<!, the sun, dark red; r, to go. Cfr. nix light; wjotl
Aurum. v. Gold. \_avpwv1 aurora, v. East.
Auspice, av, to go; vis a bird. v. Aruspice. Cfr. avm^ olwvo^; avis.
Austere. sthira"«, firm, steady. Cfr. nv^ to set; abdTTjpuq.
Author. V. Auction. Cfr. auctor', fr. auteur.
Auto-chthon. adas, this, that ; cfoni, the earth. Cfr. auroydov.
Autumn, tam, to be disturbed ; tamas, darkness, gloom. Cfr. ^^\2
Auxetic, Auxiliary, v. Auction. [hidden, sunset ; autumnus.
Avalanche, ava-lu^tf, to pluck up, to separate ; ava-lunthana,
rolling on the ground ; a,tf, to go. Cfr. npS to carry away.
V. Vale. [n\s to desire; aveo, avaritia.
Avarice, vr, vrt, to choose ; vrdh, to increase ; av, to desire. Cfr.
Avatar, ava-tr^, to descend; tr^, to pass over. Cfr. trans.
Avaunt. va^t, to go. Cfr. i:;, -in::, to separate; (^ahw, ihant.
Average, v. Abridge.
Aviary, v. Auspice.
Avidity, v. Avarice,
Away, ava, from. v. Way, [ir. agli.
Awe. atf, to worship. Cfr. :d\s fear; ^ydw] goth. agis ; ags. egesa ;
Awk. ac, to go crookedly.
Axe. tacf, to hew; agri, an edge. Cfr. d^'D to cut; ]i'n an axe;
Axiom. V. Ask. ['«^^') 'a^r^-rj ; ascia, acies ; g. axt ; ags. sex, sese.
Axis, Axle, agu, to pervade; acfa^, part of a car. Cfr. T\J^ an
axis; "a^wv, axis; g. acJise ; fr. axe; ags. ct^x.
Aye. ghuT, a^h, to speak, to afiirm. Cfr. r\x to consent; yi ', jam,
ajo, immo ; goth. g, d.Ja; ags. ja, gyse, gea ; fr. oui.
Aye. V. Aeon.
Bacca. bhacf, to eat. Cfr. «D3 a mulberry tree ; (pay.-/] ; (fdyio.
Back, bhudj, to bend ; bhugna^J, crooked. Cfr. w. log, a swell ;
ir. hoc, to swell; goth. Liugan, ibiiks ; ags. hugan, heogan, hog ;
g. heugen.
Bad. ba^dh, to oppose, to annoy. Cfr. n:]« to perish, or destroy.
Badge, patf, to make evident, to represent, bhadj, to serve, to
Badinage, v. Banter. [share out. Cfr, \rM to discern, a beacon.
Bag. pag, paf, to bind, to tie. Cfr, ■Ktjyio ; pango, pactus ; fr, pocJie,
hagage ; g. sw. pack ; d. pah. v. Back.
192
Bagnio, Baigne, Bain, Bane. v. Bath. [ags. heorn.
Bairn, bhr, to carry, to nourish. Cfr. (pipeiv ) fero ; goth. hairan;
Bake, patf, to cook; bhakta^, (bhadj,) cooked. Cfr. (pwycDj T^iaaw,
pistor ; g. hacken ; d. hahhen ; ags. hacan.
Bale, pu^l, to collect. Cfr. S^n to bind ; -dXXa-, g. hallen ; d. haal ;
fr. halle. [to cut, to strike through ) [^dlXw -,
Bale, bal, to strike, to kill. Cfr. Sdx to lay waste, to mourn ; n^D
Balister, Ball, Ballad, Ballet, Ballatry, Boll, Balloon, Ballot, bhal,
to throw up ; pal, to go ] pil, to throw ; pu^l, to collect. Cfr.
nSs to put away J jSdXXw, TtdXXw, TzdXXa) pila,ful-men ; g. hall;
d. hal ; fr. halle, hallon, houle, hal, hallet, haladin, hallade ;
Balk, valg, to leap. [it. palla, hallare, hallata, halletto.
Balm, Balsam, bal, to live, to nourish bala^, robust. Cfr. /Sa7-
Balneal. v. Bath. [aaiiov, fr. haume. v. Ability.
Baluster, phull, to bud or blossom. Cfr. ftaXaoffrcov- it. halaustro ;
fr. halustre.
Ban, Bandit, Bane, ban, to injure, to sound; pen, pain, to go;
bhan, to speak. Cfr. 33 to divide or separate ; ^svw, (^aivw ;
venenum ; it. hando ; fr. ban ; g. d. hannen ; ags. hana. v.
Funeral.
Band, Bandage, Bandana, bandh, badh, to bind or tie; bandhana<i,
a ligature. Cfr. njD a girdle; Pav>>a); pando; sp. pg. it. handa ;
goth. handi, hindan ; ags. handa, hindan, hendan; fr. hander.
V. Federal.
Bang, bha^dj (bha,ga), to break. Cfr. J3 a fragment; J3 to divide;
J^JD to break in pieces ; ;^p3 to cleave ; g. hdngel. [fr. hanque.
Bank, banh, ma,tf, to increase. Cfr. 'oyxoio', g. d. bank; it. banco;
Banner, pen, pain, phan, ven, to go ; panna*?, downward motion.
Cfr. TtTJvix; ; pannns ; g. fahne, panier ; goth. bandva, fana ;
sp. bandera ; fr. banniere. v. Ban.
Banter, bhad, bhand, to jest. Cfr. d;^^ to spurn.
Baptize, ba^d, to bathe; va, water, pat, to distribute. Cfr. iSarcri'^uj.
Bar. pr^ spr, to protect. Cfr. "id;*, nn3 a bar ; mora ; sp. pg. it.
harra ; fr. harre ; g. qjcrren.
Barb, Barbarian, barb, to go; vr, to cover; bharbh, to injure;
varvara^, a barbarian, woolly hair; barbara«, a blockhead.
Cfr. (^d/yfiapoq ; N"^i3 a wild man ; harba ; goth. bars.
Bard, prd, mrd, to delight, to make happy.
Bargain, argh, to cost, to be worth ; pr, to transact business. Cfr.
Trepdw, 7:piii)', it. harganarc ; fr. harguigner.
193
Barge, Bark, Barque, bhr, to carry ; rdj, to go. Cf'r. /?«/>£<? ; pergo ;
d. hargie, harh ; g. harhe ; fr. barque; sp. it. harca.
Bark, vr, val, barh, to cover ; vale, bark. Cfr. (psXlo:; ; g. horke ;
dan. harh. \_[ia6^aj -, hucca.
Bark, bukk, to bark, to speak ; barh, to speak. Cfr. n^J to bark ;
Barley, pi^, pa^, to drink, to nourish. Cfr. "13 corn ; r.opuq ; far ;
goth. harizeins ; ags. here. [ferm-eniiim ; ags. heorm.
Barm, bhr^, to fry ; gharma^, heat. Cfr. n^^n to burn ; Oipjia ;
Barn, prn, to fill; u^rmi, to cover. Cfr. plenusj urna ; ags. oern.
V. Barley.
Baro-, Baryta, uru, bhu^ri, much; bhr, to bear. Cfr. Nnn fat; /5a/)o<r.
Baron. bharu<«, a husband, a lord. Cfr. "13 a son ; vir ; sp. varon ;
Barouche. (A.) mrutf, to go. [it. harone ; ags. loer.
Barrack, sp. harraca ; fr. haraque. v. Borough.
Barrow, ags. hereive. v. Bear.
Barrow, vrh, to grow or increase, to erect. Cfr. X"i3 fat; goth.
hairgahei ; ags. heorg ; g. hergen, herg.
Base, pat, to go, to fall. Cfr. ni'D a pit; ,3dOoc;, iSd^K;', g. hoden ;
d. hodem ; it. hasso ; sp. haxo ; fr. has.
BASH-ful, (a-bash.) bhef, to fear. Cfr. lyn, ty^ shame.
Bashaw, pati*?, a master; fa, best, excellent. Cfr. nna a gover-
nor; T.uz-'^'.a', dsG-T.uT-rj':', pot-ens: padi-shah.
Basil-ic,-isk. pati'», a master; gi% to adore. Cfr. i3a<j'Mu^.
Basis, Bass, Basso, v. Base.
Basket, pag, to knot or tie ; ci^t, to bind.
Bastard, bust, to disregard. Cfr. niD a vile, mean person ; g. fr.
bastard; d. hastaard ; it. sp. hastardo.
Baste, Bastinado, vast, to hurt or kill. Cfr. Oiyi), 13 to invade, to
spoil; vasto ; it. bastone ; fr. baton, v. Beat.
Bat, Bate, Batter, Battle, v. Beat.
Batch, g. baksel. v. Bake.
Bateau, v. Boat. \bad ; it. bagnio ; fr. bain; ags. baeth.
Bath, ba^d, to bathe. Cfr. i3alavs~io'^ ; balneum, vadum ; g. d. dan.
Bathos, v. Base.
Batten, v. Fat.
Bawl, V. Bleat, Blare. [g. bucht ; sp. pg. bahia.
Bay. bhudj, to bend. Cfr. d. hoog ; ags. hyge ; it. baja ; fr. baie ;
Be. bhu^tobe. Cfr. ^u(jd',/ui, fetus ; a^s. beou; g. bin. v. Fecund.
Be-, abhi, a particle of superiority, proximity, severalty, &c. Cfr.
2 in, among, &c. ; '0-6; goth. hi; g. bei, be-; ags. be, big.
Beach. bha,dj> (bhadjyate,) to break, v. Bang.
194
Beacon, patf, to make evident. Cfr. jnD a beacon; specula; g.
hake; d. haak ; ags. heacen. \_befen, hethe.
Bead, veth, to ask; vad, to speak. Cfr. ND3 to speak; peto ; g.
Beadle, v. Bid.
Beak. v. Peak.
Beam, bamb, to go ; bha^, to shine. Cfr. jSrj/it ; <pdco.
Bear, bhr, to hold or support ; bha^ra^s, a burthen. Cfr. ni3 a
branch; (pipo)) fero, pario, por-to, fer-tiUsj far-ina, fortuna,
forth; goth. hairan ; g. filhren. [goth. hiarja ; ags. hera.
Bear. vira«, powerful, mighty. Cfr. j<-)3 wild, fierce ; Or^p; ferns;
Beast, pagu*:!, a beast. Cfr. /JoD*?; pecus, hestia ; d. heest ; fr. hete.
Beat, ba^dh, to afflict, to strike. Cfr. D^n to beat off ; hatuo ;
Beatific, bha^d, to make happy. Cfr. beatus. [ags. heatan) fr. hattre.
Beau-ty. bha^, to shine, beauty. Gh\ pul-cher, hel-lus ; sp. it. hello ;
Beck. V. Beacon. [fr. hel, heau-te.
Bed. pa,d, to collect, to heap up. Cfr. uCod to cram ; pando ; pers.
Bee. V. Apiary. \hesttr ; goth. hadi ; ags. hedde ; g. hett.
Beer. v. Barley. [ags. hid. v. Beat.
Beetle, pith, to strike, to kill. Cfr. iy:3£) a hammer; j^eto; zu-ru})
Beg. bhicf, to beg. Cfr. E'p3 to petition.
Be-gin. djan, to produce. Cfr. dJ.2 lineage; yi'M)^-, genus; goth.
kin. diKjinnan ; d. nl. nfrs. heyinnen. [Jieissen.
Behest, Behight. cet, to invite, to counsel. Cfr. goth. haitan ; g.
Behoof, Behalf av, to aid, to desire, &c. ; cev, chev, gev, to serve ;
ubh, to fill. Cfr. HDX desire; 2N' to long for; id3 to honor;
^ojcfzliio; juvo ; ags. heliofian; g. heJivf ; d. helioef
Bell, bal, to strike; pel, veil, to move back and forth. Cfr. [id/lta)
Belle. V. Beauty. \^pello ; g. d. hellen.
Belli-, bal, to kill. Cfr. >'S3 to destroy; [id/lu); iSiXoq ) helium.
Bellow. V. Bleat, Bull, Low. [follis; goth. hahjs ; g. d. halg.
Bellows, Belly, pu^l, to accumulate, to heap. Cfr. ^ol^oq ; hidya,
Belo-mancy. bil, to throw or cast. v. Belli.
Belong, lag", (lagna,) to be with or near. Cfr. Xay^^w^w, g. d.
]5ench. V. Bank. [belangen.
Bend. v. Band.
Beneath, v. Nether. [bencj honus.
Bene-, pun, to be pure or virtuous ; pan, to praise. Cfr. 'e-av^iu) ;
Bequeath, v. Quote. [fr. hoise.
Berry, bhacf, to eat. Cfr. hacca ; goth. hasi ; ags. heria ; g. heere ;
Berth, v. Bear.
Besom, pas, to bind, to move, to obstruct or hinder. Cfr. 'o, spoil,
plunder; :od3 arced; -drrffiOj ags. hesm ; g. hesen ; d. hezem.
195
Better, Best, (a-bet.) bath, pat, to be powerful ; bad, to be steady
or firm ; bhat, to cherish, or maintain ; bha^d? to be happy ;
bhadra«, excellent. Cfr. pd^ to trust; /JeArcwv; potior ; goth.
hatiza, hatista ; ags. hetan, hetre, best; g. lesser, beste ; d. beter,
Bet. bhat, to hire. Cfr. nna to allure; ags. bad ; g. wette. [best.
Beverage, Bib-acious. pa^ (pibati,) to drink. Cfr. -cVw; bibo ;
it. bevere ; sp. beber. [to command; nnD a governor.
Bey, Beg. pidj, to adore, to be strong; bhadj, to serve. Cfr. npa
Bezel, pag, to bind. v. Besom.
Bib-, ira-Bibe. v. Beverage.
Bid. put, bad, to speak ; vidh, to command. Cfr. x£33 to speak ;
Tzeido)', invito J peto ; fr. re-peter ; goth. bidjan ; g. beten, bitten]
d. bidden ; ags. bidan.
Bide, (a-bide). bad, to be steady or firm; rv2 a house; iSddoq; ha-
BlER. V. Bear. \bit-o ; goth. beidan ; g. bitan ; ags. bidan.
Big, Bight. bahu«!, great; bhudj, to bend; mah, to grow or in-
crease. Cfr. in2,p3 empty; ixiya^) rtiagnus. v. Back.
Bigot, cut, to be dishonest ; cu^t, to be niggardly.
Bijou. V. Jewel.
Bile, bhil, to divide or separate ; bal, to nourish, to support. Cfr.
j'72 to strengthen; x^3 to separate, to put away; ^dXlo)) pello,
Bilk. goth. bilaikan. v. Balk ? \bilis ; fr. bile.
Bill, bhil, to divide or separate ; bil, to cleave ; bal, to explain. Cfr.
vhii to separate; ^(iXXw) rj.ridau) ; pllum ; ags. bil, bile. v. Ball.
Billow. bala«, strength; bala^ha,, water; pul, to collect, to heap
up. Cfr. :^i3 a river or stream ; uollio ; fluo.
Bin. pu% to collect. Cfr. panarium ; ^oth. bansts ; iv. panier.
Bin-ary. v. Bis.
Bind. v. Band.
Birch, Birken. bhu^rdja«, a tree, called by travellers a kind of
birch ; (the bark is used for writing on.) Cfr. ags. birce ; g.
birhe ; d. berk.
Birth, v. Bear. Cfr. partus; goth. gabaurth ; g. geburt ; d.
Bis. V. Both, Bit, Deuce. [cjeboorte ; ags. beortlt.
Bit, Bite, bhid, to cut; bhitta,, a bit. Cfr. '^2 to separate; -in3 to
divide; di-vido ; goth. beitan ; g. beissen ; d. bijten; ags. bitan.
Blab, lap, hlap, to speak, v. Lip.
Black, (Blanch, Blank, Bleach, Bleak.) lich, to write to paint ; ladj,
to hide, to shine ; lu.tf, to blot out ; loc, to see, to shine ; bhla^g,
to shine. Cfr. Xeuxuc;-, lux] g. bleich ; d. bleeh; ags. Mac, blaec.
Bladder, Blade, v. Broad.
196
Blame, Blas-pheme. bru^s, vrii''s, to injure. Cfr. fr. hlesser,
hla{s)mer ; it. hiasmo ; (iAa(j-^rjfj.iaj, ^Idr.ru). v. Bale.
Blare, Blate, Blatter, mlet, to be mad ; ma^, to sound ; balh, to
speak ; lat, to speak with difficulty, v. Bleat.
Blaze, Blazon, pluf, pruf, plas, to burn ; bhla^s, to shine. Cfr.
nxiD brightness; Tzop, (ployiioq) flamma', g. hlasen; fr. hiaser.
Bleach, Bleak, v. Black.
Bleat. (Bawl, Bellow, Blate, Blatter.) v. Blare, Peal. Cfr. D^D
to leap out; oh'S to escape, to cast out; ^XrjyaoiJ.ai; halo, hlatero,
plaudo; ags. hisetan ; d. hellen, hlareUj hlaten ; sw. hladra.
Bleed, v. Blood.
Blemish, v. Blame.
Blend, Blind, andh, to be blind; bal, tokill; mil, to mix. Cfr.
bb:} mixture, a blemish in the eye ; V^l to destroy ; ra-^Ao^ ; g.
d. ags. hlind. [hleiths ; ags. hletsian. v. Glad.
Bless, Bliss, Blithe, la^d, to give joy. Cfr. Isetus ; w. Had; goth.
Blight, bal, tokill; ghat, to injure.
Blood, bal (balati,) to live; bala,, blood; plu, to flow. Cfr. :^3
to strengthen; yXioj, (iAu^w, fluid us ; goth. hlotli ; g. hlut.
Bloom, Blossom, Blow, phull, to blossom. Cfr. <plo6q, ^Xdarriim ;
flos; goth. hloma ; g. hlume ; ags. hloma, hlosma.
Blot, Blotch. lata«, fault, defect; latfh, to mark. Cfr. iD)b to cover,
to hide; litura ; goth. blauthj an.
Blow, Bludgeon, bhal, to strike; ladj, lut, to strike. Cfr. phn
to break, vhs to strike through, (idUw, TiXrjffffcu ; plaga, plango,
fllgo, flagellmn ; goth. hllggvan ; ags. hliuwan ; fr. fleau ; w.
Blowze, Blush, v. Blaze, Flash. [fflangell.
Blunder, v. Blind. [beer. v. Bear.
Boar. vara^ha<5, a hog. Cfr. apcr, verves; ags. bar; g. eber; d.
Board, v. Broad. [d. boot; fr. batteau ; sp. hote.
Boat. pota*5, a boat; badh, to bind Cfr. pcrs. ags. bat ; g. bot;
Bob, Bobbin, pa.b, ba^b, to go.
Bode, budh, to know, to understand. Cfr. pn3 to spy out; ags.
Bog. v. Back. \hodian, bodigan; on. boda. v. Bid.
-Bogue. (dis-em-.) v. -l^ouch. \bauljan ; fr. bouillir.
Boil, pu^l, to collect, to heap up. Cfr. (plum) bulUo ; goth. a?//-
Boisterous. v. AVasto.
Bold, bal, (balati,) to live; bala«!, robust, powerful. Cfr. /iskriiov;
goth. baltha ; eg. bald ; ags. beald ; it. baldu. Cfr. Able.
Bolis, Boll, Bolster, v. Balistcr, Bed.
197
Bolt. pa% to guard, to protect ; bala«, strong. Cfr. 13^3 an oak ;
tAXXu), r.aXro'^, ^dllw) pilum^pello ; ags. holia ; g. holzen ; d. hout.
Bolus, pul, to heap up. Q?v. ^a>loqyholus. v. Balister.
Bomb, Boom, bamb, to go. Cfr. ^y'ti to move, an anvil, a bell; ^uii^oq.
Bon, Bonus, Boon, pun, to be pure or virtuous ; ban, to ask. Cfr.
Bond. v. Band. [;?!£) to shine ; bonus, v. Bene.
Boot, Bottle, put, to embrace, to bind. Cfr. nnn a bottle ) '^^2 shut
up; fr. hotte, houteille ; it. hotte, hottiglia.
Booty. bha^ti«, wages, fee.
Booth, v. Bide.
Border, v. Broad.
Bore. v. For-.
Borough, pura^, a town, a city. Cfr. n3 a borough ; rJjpyoq) goth.
hairgs ; ags. hurg ; fr. hourg ; it. horgo ; g. d. dan. hurg, berg.
Bosc-. V. Bush.
Bosh, bha^r, to speak. Cfr. iil22 to speak; ^ao-xw; fateor.
Bosom, pu^r, to nourish ; puf, to cherish or nurture, to increase. Cfr.
B'li) to spread, to become fat, to be fruitful ; ^uffdoj, (iouj ; ags.
bosm ; g. busen ; d. boezem. [goth. bajoths ; g. d. beide.
Both. ubhaya«, both. Cfr. na, nn^ to divide; "aiKfo)) ambo, bis;
Bother, ba^dh, pith, to vex. Cfr. n;'3 to disturb.
Bottle. V. Boot.
Bottom. V. Base.
Bouch, (de-.) bhudj, to eat. Cfr. <pdyoj; fr. boucJie ; sp. pg. boca ;
Bouge, Bough, Bought, v. Back. [it. bocca.
Bound, v. Band.
Bounty. Cfr. bonitas ; it. bontd ; fr. bonie. v. Bonus.
Bout. V. But.
Bow, Bowels, Bower, v. Back.
Bowl, Bowlder, v. Ball, Bellows. [g. bilclise. v. Fight.
Box. pacf, to take. Cfr. pi3 to obtain ; T.u^iq ; buxus ; ags. box ;
Brabble, rap, to speak; rab, (rajb,) to sound, to go; rup, to disturb.
Cfr. rabidus ; d. rabbelen, brabbelcn.
Brace, Brach-ial, Bracket, prtf, to touch, to join together. Cfr. "]")3
to bow the knee ; (ipayiwv ; bracMum ; sp. brazo ; fr. bras,
Brachy-. {^pa/uq.') v. Breve. [braque?'.
Brack, v. Break.
Brady-. nirdu<!, gentle. Cfr. ^paduq.
Brag. V. Brave.
Brain, v. Bray, Vary.
Braid, bhrud, to cover, to collect. Cfr. 1*13 to stretch, to scatter.
198
Bramble, vran, to wound. Cfr. ags. hrsembel; d. hraam ; g. hrom-
heere ; fr. framhoise.
Brancli. bhra,^, to fall from. v. Brace, Break.
Brand, Brandy, v. Burn. \^frendo, vi-hro ; iv.hr anler^hr and ir.
Brandish, Braugle. vran, to wound ; vabhr, to go. Cfr. vuln-eroj
Brass, bhra^s, to shine. Cfr. p-\3 to glitter; (ipdaffw; pg. hraza ;
Brat. V. Brother. [sp. hrasas.
Bravado, Brave, pamf, harsh, rough ; ra^gh, to be able, or equal to.
Cfr. t<n3 fierce; p~i3 violence; (Zpd/oj- prohus ; g. hrav ; it. sp.
pg. bravo; fr. hrave. \_ferus, aprugnus. v. Boar.
Brawn, pra^na*?, strength, power; vara^ha^, a hog. Cfr. «"ii3 fierce;
Bray, Breach, Break, Brake, Breech, vra^tf, (vrcna,) bha^dj,
to break ; ava-rudj, to break. Cfr. ;»:-), p*^i3, p^3 to break ;
^pdxoqj 'pr^yim, (ipdyw ;fractus, hracca ; goth. hrikan; g. hrechen;
ags. hrecaii, liracod, hracan, hrsec ; fr. hroire, hreche, braies.
Breast, v. Bristle.
Breed, v. Broad, Brood. [/5/?aCw; it. hrezza ; sp. hrisa.
Breeze, rf, pref, bhref, to move. Cfr. ly-iD to spread, to scatter ;
Breve, (ab-breviate.) ri^v, to take. Cfr. ;?n to break ; V^/'-aa, /3/?a-
/u<;; Irevls ; it. sp. hreve ; fr. href. v. Bray.
Brew, bhr^, to fly ; prdj, to mix. Cfr. (ppuyo ■ frlgo ; ags. hriwan ;
g. hrauen ; w. hrwc.
Bride-groom, bha^rya^, a bride ; bhr, to foster, to cherish ; praudha*?,
married ; prd, to delight. Cfr. T]'^B a nuptial bed ; k"<3 to choose ;
Tzpt^oj ; prendo ; goth. hrutJis ; g. hraut ) d. hruid ; ags. hryd.
V. Gam.
Bridge, pari-ga^, to go around. Cfr. pl3 a cross road ; r.ztpoj ; pergo;
ags. hrycg ; ofrs. hrigge ; g. hriicke ; d. hrug. v. Bray, Bring.
Bridle, bhrud, to collect, to restrain. Cfr. n-)D to gather; ags. hridel;
Brief, v. Breve. [d. hreidel ; fr. hri'de ; ofrs. sp. hrida.
Brig, rig? to move. [it. hrigata ; sp. pg. hrigada.
Brigade, Brigand, prtf, to join together, v. Break, fr. brigade;
Bright, barh, bhra^dj, to shine. Cfr. nn^ shining ; nXD to glorify ;
ttD/? ; goth. bairhfs; ags. beorht ; ^. pracht.
Brim-stone, Brindle, Brine, v. Burn. [d. brengen ; ags. bringan.
Bring, bhr, to bear. Cfr. ipipo) ) fcro ; goth. briggan ; g. bringen ;
Brink, v. Break. [d. borstel.
Bristle, pras, to spread, or diff"usc. Cfr. D^d to spread; g. borste;
Brittle, vardh, to divide. Cfr. -i")D, D^iD to divide ; n'^D broken
Broach, v. Break. [asunder ; ags. brittan ; w. brad.
Broad, Board, a-, prath, to extend ; prthu«, broad. Cfr. n"i3 to
199
stretch; -lazbq; latus, patulus ; gotli. braids ; g. Ireit ; d. dan.
breed; ags. brad ; fr. d. plat; g. platt ; sw. y?a^.
Broider. v. Braid, fr. broder ; sp. pg. bordar ; d. borduren.
Broil, bhr^, to fry. Cfr. it. brodo, brogJio ; sp. brodio ; fr. bruler,
brouiller ; d. braaden ; ags. w. broth, v. Brew.
Broker, vrc, to take or accept ; vrh, to grow or increase. Cfr. :-i3
to exchange, to recompense; T.payiJ.a;fructus; d. gebruiken; g.
brauchen ; ags. brucan,
Broncho-cele. v. Branch, ci^l, to bind, to fasten with a needle; cul,
to collect, to heap up. Cfr. Sl3 to contain ; xtjIt].
Bronto-logy. bran, to sound. Cfr. ^po'^rrj.
Bronze, bhr.g, to shine, v. Brass, Brown.
Brooch, prtr, to join, to bind together.
Brood, Breed, bhrud, vrud, to cover, to collect. Cfr. ags. brod ;
bredan ; g. briiten ; d. broeden.
Brook, bhrg, bhrag/to fall; bhr, to bear; rach, to go. Cfr. "jid
a pool of water ; nn a ditch ; ^piy^ai, ^poyco) bracliium ; ags. broc.
Broom, v. Bramble. \brucan ; g. bruch ; d. broek. v. Rain.
Broth. V. Broil. [ags. bord. v. Board.
Brothel, g. bordell ; d. bord eel ; it. bordello] sp. borda ; fr. borde;
Brother, bhra^tr, a brother. Cfr. 12 a son; a^pdrpa-, /rater ; zend.
brata ; goth. brothar ; g. briider ; d. broeder ; russ. brat; it.
/rate; fr. frere.
Brow, bhru^, the brow; bhrud, to cover. Cfr. n"i£) a canopy;
\ifpv^) frons, palpe-bra ; goth. braJiv ; on. bragdhi; ags.
bruva ; g. braue ; d. braauw. [d. bruin, v. Burn.
Brown, varn, to color. Cfr. ags. fr. brun ; sp. it. brwio ; g. braun ;
Brownie, prn, to fill, to please or gratify. [Break.
Browse, ras, to taste. Cfr. ly-iDtobite; n~i3 to eat; fipaxnc;. v.
Bruise, bruf, vrus, to strike, to injure. Cfr. D*i£3 to break; 'prj/rffoj',
ags. brysan ; fr. bri'ser. [m to lament; 'prjrcop', fr. Srwi^.
Bruit, bru^, (bravi^ti, brute,) rut, to speak; rat, to call out. Cfr.
Brunette, v. Brown, Burn.
Brunt, ru^th, to resist.
Brush, sp. it. brusca; fr. brosse. v. Bristle, Bruise.
Brusque, v. Break. [tus ; it. sp. bruto.
Brute, rut, to strike against, to resist. Cfr. n*^D wild; 6rjp', bru-
Bubble, BuIjo. ba,b, pal, to go ; pul, to collect, to heap up. Cfr.
313 hollow; ^3 worthless; /3o//3o^; bubo, bulla; d. bobbel.
Bucc-. mucha^, the mouth.
Buck. bucca«, a he-goat. Cfr. ags. bucca ; d. bok ; g. bock.
200
Bucket, Buckle, v. Back.
Bud. bhid, to cut, to break through; bud, to cover, to send forth.
Cfr. 12 to separate; D3}; to break through; ^uto>} it. hottone ;
Buddie. V. Bath. [fr. houton ; sp. hoton ; d. hot.
Budoje. V. Back.
Build, pul, to be heaped up. Cfr. b'D a gate, a post ; tMtj ; ags.
Bulb. V. Bubble. [hi/Id; g. hild ; d. heeld.
Bulge, Bulk, valg, to leap. v. Bal-, Bolus, Back, Bubble.
Bull, bali^, a bull ; bal, to kill ; bala^, strength. Cfr. pbi to destroy;
(id}JM ; bellua, helium ; g. hidL v. Bleat.
Bull, Bullet, Bulwark, v. Balister, Bubble.
Bump, ba^b, to go.
Bunch. pa,tf, to spread, v. Back.
Bundle, v. Band.
Bungle, va^c, to be crooked, to make crooked.
Buoy. g. hoje ; d. hoei ; fr. houee. v. Back.
Bur, Burrow, Bury, vr, to cover. Cfr. 1)2 a pit ; n^;; an inclosure ;
Burden, v. Bear. [ags. hiir, hurre, hyrian, hurgan.
Burg, Burgeois, Burglar, v. Borough.
Burn, bhr^, to fry. Cfr. pi:i to ghtter; izop ; pr una y few eo, furor,
fornax ; goth. hrinnan ; ags. haernan, hri/7ie ; g. hrennen ; d.
Burse, Bursar, v. Purse, [harnen, hranden ; dan. hraende. v. Fire.
Burst. V. Bristle.
Bush, puf, to flourish, to grow; bhu^f, to adorn. Cfr. lyiD to grow
up; ^00)- it. hosco ; sp. pg. hosque ; g. husch ; d. hosch.
Bust, pust, to bind or tie. v. Waist. \hout. v. Beat.
But, Butt, (a-, de-,) but, to strike ; badh, to bind or tie. Cfr. fr.
Butler. V. Boot.
Button. V. Bud.
Buttress, v. But, Truss.
By. abhi, near. v. Be-.
Cab, Cabin, cub, to cover. Cfr. \^2D to cover, t^SJ to bend, I2p
to bury; xutzzo), xo^tj, ya^oq] capio, caput ; it. capanna ; sp. pg.
cabana; fr. cahane ; w. cao, cahan.
Cable, Couple, pul, to collect; capala«, assemblage. Cfr. SijD
to double: S^D, '72n to bind; avii^dDM) copulo ; fr. coupler,
cahle ; g. d. kahcl ; gael. cahal. [j^cKje, caque ; ags. coeg'jian.
Cache, catf, to bind. Cfr. npD, no:: to hide; /.tyjco; fr. cacher,
Cac-. cacfa', sin. Cfr. y.axuq.
Cach-, Cackle, Gaggle, Giggle, each, gaggh, to laugh. Cfr. ^U
gladness ; lynD to crow ; pnv to laugh ; ytldui, -/.ayxd^o) ; cachinno ;
Cad. cud, to be boyish. [g. gackern ; sp. cacarear.
201
Cadaverous, calevara,, the body.
Caddis, Caddy, Cade, tlhad, to cover; cud (cu,d,) to heap, to pre-
serve. Cfr. ID a cask, a vessel; y.d8o<;- cadus ; w. cadw.
Cadence, gad, to fall. Cfr. cado ; it. cadere ; sp. pg. cadencia ;
fr. cadence. [xo-tw, ffyi^o) ; cdedo^ caes-.
Caes- (-arian, -ura.) ca^s, tfhid, to cut. Cfr. 2iDp, ytap to cut oflf;
Cag, Cage, Catch, catf, to bind; cudj, to steal, v. Cache.
Caitiff, chet, to alarm ; chela*!, vile, bad, low ; cheta^, hunting ;
tfi^V, to take. Cfr. pp low, vile, worthless ; yj^ro^ ; captivus ;
it. cattivo ; fr. chetif.
Cajole, tfhal, to deceive. Cfr. Snj to counterfeit; fr. cajoler.
Cake. V. Cook.
Cal-. y.aXuc;. v. Clever.
Calabash, carb, to go, to approach. Cfr. f]-iD to swell; 3*^^ to
approach; /.dX-rj; curvus, carpentum ; g. kiirhiss', sp. calahaza ;
fr. calehasse.
Calaboose, cul, to enclose ; labh, to take. Cfr. k'73 to close, to
contain, a prison ; 2^3 a cage ; y.dladoq, Xaix[idvio ; sp. calahozo.
Calamar. ca^la*', black. Cfr. it. calamaia ; sp. calamar.
Calamity, clam, to be weary or exhausted. Cfr. dSd dishonor,
ignominy; xaXdiif]) calamitas.
Calamus, calamar, a writing-reed, wild rice. Cfr. So to support;
xauX.oq, ydXa/ioi;, ; caidis, culmus, calamus.
Calash, cal, to go. Cfr. xiXXm ; ante- es.-ceUo, pro-cella ; d. kales ;
sp. calesa ; fr. calecJie. [calcular ; fr. calculer.
Calculate, cal, Cul, to number. Cfr. calculo ; it. calcular e ; sp.
Caldron, Cale-fy, Calender, ul, tfur, to burn ; djval, to shine, to
blaze. Cfr. *113 a furnace ; nSp a caldron ; xaiu) ; caleo, caldarius;
it. caldo, caldaro ; sp. calda, caldera ; fr. chaud-ron. [v. Call.
Calendar. ca^la«, time. Cfr. nSn time; nS3 old age ; xa/.iw ? calendse.
Calf, cala^, weak; cal, to cast; calabha^, a young elephant; garbha,
offspring. Cfr. "jSn weak ; ^r\ to spring, to grow up ; xdX-uq ;
calvus; goth. kalho ; g. hahl, halhe ; os. nl. d. ags. half.
Caliginous. cala^, black ; chaludj, obscurity. Cfr. nSd to shut
up; call go ; goth. halja.
Call, cal, to sound, to throw or cast. Cfr. Sip sound ; nSd to call
aloud; xaXico-, gallus, calator ; ags. (jT/llan ; g.gallen] d.kallen;
w. galw ; fr. challenge.
Calli-. calyas sound, perfect. Cfr. xaX.oq) goth. hails.
Callipers, cu^l, to enclose; pr, to fill. Cfr. SiD, nSd to contain;
"iXi3 to be puffed up ; xa/Mr.ro) ?
VOL. VII. — 2 A
202
Callid, Callous, Could, cal, to throw, seize, count, think, ohserve,
hold, &c. Cfr. bbD to perfect; "73^ to bring, to lead; calleo.
Callow. V. Calf.
Calm, clam, to be wearied ; gam, to be appeased, to calm. Cfr.
dSh to sleep, to dream ; '/aXdm ; it. sp. pg. calma ; fr. calme.
Calumny, cal, to cast; hul, to strike. Cfr. ob^ calumny; calumnia ;
fr. calomnie ; goth. holon ; ags. Jiolan.
Calx. giW, a rock; calca, dirt, sediment. Cfr. ybo a rock; x^^^^)
sileXy calx ; g. d. dan. kalk ; fr. chaux.
Calyptra, apo-Calypse. v. Callipers.
Calyx, cul, to enclose ; calica^, a bud ; calaga,, an earthen pot.
Cfr, xSd, Si J to contain; xuXc^, y.dXu^', calyx; ags. calic; it. fr.
cnNce ; g. kclch ; d. kelk.
Cam, Camber, Cambrel, Camera, Camous. cmar, to be crooked.
Cfr. nop to gird; xa/jApa- hamatus, camera', fr. camhrer, cTiamhre,
camus ; w. cam; sp. pg. camara; g. Tcammer ; d. kamer.
Camel, cramela^ a camel. Cfr. S:3J a camel; xd/n^Xot;', camelus;
g. kamel ; d. dan. kameel; ags. gamol. v. Cam.
Camisade. gaman, quiet; if, to give. Cfr. "jxii^ tranquil; xw/aa,
xdfjyw) somnus ; it. camiscia ; sp. pg. camisa ; fr. chemise.
Camp. ca,p, to shake, to tremble ; cup, to be angry ; cu,p, to spread.
Cfr. liDn to tremble, to hasten ; f]ip a circuit ; xutztco ; xdfj.Tzru) ;
campus; it. sp. pg. campo ; fr. camp, champ; g. d. kamp.
Camphor, carpu^ra*?, camphor. Cfr. "nSD camphor; xatpoopd; g. d.
kamfer; fr. camphre.
Can, Canister. cu% to contract or close. Cfr. pJ covering; dJ3
to gather together ; xdy^m, yMmaxpir^, xw^Oapoq ; canistriim ; g.
kanne ; d. kan ; ags. canna ; w. cant; fr. canastre.
Can. djan, to produce ; djna^, to know. Cfr. ye'^'^dco, yvcbaxw ; prs.
kunda ; goth. kunnan ; ags. cunnan ; ^. kcjinen, konnen ; d.
kunnen. v. Begin. [Cane.
Canal, chan, to dig. Cfr. yaiMo • canalls) fr. sp. pg. canal, v.
Cancel, ca^tf, cil, to bind. Cfr. pjp a lattice; xiyxXiq] cancello.
Cancer, v. Conch.
Candid, Candle, Candor, can, tfa^d, to shine. Cfr. ni3, "ip' to
burn; ydvoq) scintilla, caudeo, -cendo ; w. canu ; g. scheincn,
schon ; prs. kandil', sp. it. candela; fr. chandelle; ags. candel.
Candy, chanda'^, candied treacle ; chand, to break ; chanda,, a
kind of sugar cane. Cfr. r\'D'D sweet cane ; t3Jn to sweeten ;
condio ; it. candire.
Cane, Canon, can, to go; ca^nda**, a stem, a reed. Cfr. njp a
reed ; xd^vaj xd^wv ; canna ; sp. pg. cana ; fr. canne.
203
Canine, Canaille, gvan, {Qun,) a dog. Cfr. xt»wv; canis ; goth.
hunch; os. g. d. ags. hund ; fr. cliien.
Cannabine. gani*!, hemp. Cfr. xM'd linen; y.dwai^i^] cannabis; ir.
canaib ; ags. haenep; g. hanf; d. hennep ; dan. hamp ; fr.
Cannon, Canoe, v. Cane, (can, to sound ?) Canny, v. Can. \chanvre.
Cant, Canter, ca^t, to go. Cfr. CDJn to shoot forth ; nJn a spear ;
Canto, can, (canati,) tfan, to sound. Cfr. njj a harp; xavay^-q;
cano, canto; it. canto ; sp. pg. cantar ; fr. chanter.
Canvas, v. Cannabine. Cfr. d. kanefas ; it. canavaccio ; fr. canevas.
Canvass, baf, vaf, to strike. Cfr. ofr. cannahasser.
Cap, Cape, Capital, Captain. cu,p, to cover. Cfr. L^aD to cover;
■/.aXoK-Ta), y.ui3rj, xtxpwv ', caput; g. kappe ; d. kaap, kap ; ags.
cseppe ; fr. cJief, chapeau ; it. cappa, capo ; w. cap. v. Cephalic.
Capable, crp, to be able. Cfr. capax ; fr. capahle.
Capon, tfap, to pound. Cfr. "liJD to cut off; y.6-rwj y.d-iow; capo ;
g. kapaun, happen ; d. happen, hapoen ; fr. couper, chapon.
Caprice, vrg, to choose.
Cap-ture. v. Cip.
Car. tfar, to go. Cfr. ni^ to dance; mp to flow; carrusj curro ;
g. d. harre ; w. car ; fr. courir, char ; sp. it. pg. carro.
Carbon, tfu^r, to burn ; bha^, to shine ; gra^, to cook, to sweat.
Cfr. "^ID a furnace; mn to kindle ; 3-ii' to burn; /.dp^o), haydpa ;
carlo; it. carhone ; sp. carhon ; fr. charhon.
Carcass, tfartf, to kill. Cfr. y^p destruction; d. harhas ; it. pg.
carcassa; fr. carcasse.
Carcer. ca^ra^, a prison, binding; tfacra**, a wheel. Cfr. "pD to
bind; 2D'^D a circle; xipyoq, y.bxloq', carcer, circus, curvus; goth.
karhara ; g. herher ; os. karkdri ; og. hriny ; goth. g. rings.
Carcinoma, carcata^, a crab. Cfr. y.apxi>uq, xapxt'^oj/xa.
Card, chur, (churati,) crt, to cut. Cfr. mD to cut off; /apdrrw,
^dpTqq'j carduus, caro, careo, charta, curtus ; g. karte ; d.
kaardj kaart ; dan. kort, karde ; sp. pg. carda ; fr. carde.
Cardiac, hrd, the heart. Cfr. "I'p the ventricles of the heart;
xdpdta; cor ; goth. hairto ; g. herz ; ags. heorte ; fr. coeur.
Care, or, to make, to do; ca^ras, effort; ca^ra^ afiliction. Cfr.
mo sick, to prepare; xrjpoq, xbpoq) creo, cura; goth. kara ; w.
Career, v. Car. \_cur ; ags. ceari(j.
Caress, ras, to love. Cfr. iy*iK a desire; tynx to betroth ; "epioq-,
cams; fr. caresser. v. Care.
Caret, Caries, v. Card.
204
Cargo, grhf to take. Cfr. :13 tribute; it. caricare, carico ; sp.
cargar, cargo ; fr. charge, v. Car.
Carminative, gra^m, to call ; cur, man, to sound. Cfr. ydpixa j
carmen ; fr. cliarme ; ags. cyrm ; w. garm.
Carmine, crmis, a worm^ an insect, the red dye. Cfr. N'"ip a worm;
boiD crimson; it. carmesino, carminio ; sp. fr. carmin.
Carnal, Carnelian. ci^ra^, flesh. Cfr. n^iy flesh; xpiaq; cam-;
fr. charnel.
Carol, cur, to sound. Cfr. Sip sound; N^p to call; it. carola.
CARP-al. carabha<«, the wrist; grh, grbh, to seize. Cfr. f]"): the fist;
Carry^ Cart. v. Car. \^a.p-aXoj] carpo, carpus ; it. carpire.
Cart -el, -oon, -ouch. v. Card.
Carve, chur, to cut; cr^, va^, to strike, garv, to strike. Cfr. 3"in
a knife; x-cpw, caro, carpo ; g. kerpen; d. kerven ; ags. cearfen ;
fr. crever. v. Sculp-.
Cascade, Case, Casual, cas, to go, to move ; cat, to go, to rain.
Cfr. cado, casus; it. sp. pg. caso ; fr. cas, cascade; it. cascata.
Case, (-mate, -ment,) Caste, Castle, cus, to embrace; tfi, to collect.
Cfr. HDD to cover; xddoq, xuffm;, xiarrj] cista ; goth. g. kas ;
dan. kasse ; ags. cest ; fr. caisse ; it. cassa, casa.
Castigate, cag, caf, to hurt; casa^ a whip; tig, to assail. Cfr.
r\^p to smite; "[Dn to punish; castigare ; sp. pg. castigar ; fr.
Castor, castu^ri^, mark. Cfr xdariop', fr. sp. pg. castor. [cliatier.
Cassiteria, (Caster?) casti^ra^, tin. Cfr. xaGairepoci) cassiteron.
Cat. cat, to approach; cit, to approach, to terrify; tfat, to kill.
Cfr. '7:3p to slay; Dip to contend with; xarri; xrzi-vco] catus ; it.
gatto ; sp. pg. gato ; fr. chat ; g. kdtze ; d. dan. kat.
Cata-. cat, to go, to approach, to encompass, to appear. Cfr. T^)::)
like it ; xazd.
— comb. cu,b, to cover. Cfr. nnp a sepulchre ; xopiSuq.
— ract. rig, rug, rcf, rif, ruf, to strike. Cfr. ^^pi to strike against ;
DD"1 bruised; '^pd<7<7co, "pd^co, xa-apd.xrriq ', cataracta.
— rrh. r, to go. Cfr. xardppuoq; catarrluis.
Catch. V. Cage.
Catechise, ya^tf, to ask ; vatf, to speak ; chya^, to narrate. Cfr.
n3' to dispute ; nnx yells ; xax-rfi-iio^-i^io.
Catenary, ci^t, to bind ; cat, to encompass. Cfr. "inj to compass,
to enclose; "iDp to bind ; y-ifrrrj-, catena; s^. cadena ; q. kette;
d. keten ; fr. chaine.
Cater, Gates, chet, to cat; ghat, to act, to strive or endeavor;
205
tfat, to ask, to seek. Cfr. xaTrrw, capto; it. cattare; sp. captar ;
fr. capter, acheter.
Cathartic. Qudh, to cleanse, or purify. Cfr. NDn to cleanse, to
purify from sin; mn beauty, glory; -/.ddapffiq; catliarticus,
Cath-olic. V. All. [castus (cad-tus?)
Cathode, hu^d, to go. Cfr. "odd:;, [n^: cattle.
Cattle, gotra^, a herd of kine ; gadi, a steer ; gotra,, wealth. Cfr-
Caudle, Caustic, Cautery, cut, to be hot ; ca^s, to shine, v. Hot.
Caul, cul, to collect, v. Hold, Calamus.
Cautious, cit, to know; tfit, to observe. Cfr. xoiiUj ^ay.oow] caveo,
cautus ; goth. skavja, skaus, skauns ; g. schauen, sclibii.
Cavalry, agva'*, a horse. Cfr. 'Aa^d)lr^(;) cahallus', sp. cahallo ; fr.
clieval, Gavalerie.
Cave, djabh, to gape ; cu,b, to cover. Cfr. nnp a grave, f]ip a
vase; •/.or.rj, xot^bDm'^. xocfoq-y cavea, citpa ; it. cava} fr. cave.
Cavern, gahvara^, a cavern. [v. Coop.
Cease, cas, to go. v. Cede.
Cede, (ac-, con-, de-, pre-, &c.) fad, sad, (sidati,) to go or move,
to lack energy. Cfr. x^^^} cedo; it. cedere ; sp. pg. fr. ceder.
Ceil, -Ceal, (con-ceal.) gal, to cover; tfil, to clothe. Cfr. x^D to
shut up. -AaX-br^TU) ; celo ; fr. celer.
-Ceive. (con-, de-, re-, per-.) tfi^v, to take. v. Cip-.
-Cele. (Broncho-, Cysto-.) v. Cell.
CEL-er-ity. (ac-, ex-,) gal, r, to run ; sel, eel, to go. Cfr. nS^ to
go; SSp swift; -/.Olo}) salio, celer ; it. cehritd ; sp. celeridad ;
fr. celerite.
Celestial, Celiac, cha^, sky, vacuity; ehila«, void. Cfr. Sip a bowl;
Xdoq^ xoVMq'y coelum, coeliacus ; goth. hall ; g. hohl ; d. ags. hoi.
CELL-ar, Celt, eul, to collect; gal, hul, to cover; gala^ a house.
Cfr. nSd a prison, a sheepfold ; xaX-u-ru), xtjXtj, xaXid, xolXoq; celo,
cella ; goth. hallus ; g. keller ; d. kelder ; it. pg. cella ; w. celt,
celtiad ; it. sala ; fr. salon. [<rt>v; cum, ccementum ; fr. ciment.
Cement, sam, together; a^t, to bind. Cfr. ;»Diy to gather together;
Cemetery, gam, to be tranquil. Cfr. xoi/xdo), xoi/x7jTrjpio>', ccemeterium.
-Cend. (ac-, in,-), v. Candid.
Ceno-taph. dap, to heap up; tap, to burn. Cfr. Odr.zw, zdcpoq.
Censer. ca^,g, can, to shine.
Censor, ga^s, to point out, to praise, to injure. Cfr. censeo, censor.
Cent. v. Hundred. [pg. it. centra.
Centre, cendrai, centre. Cfr. xivrpov, centrum; fr. centre; sp.
206
Cephalic. capa^la*«, the skull. Cfr. xecpaXt^ ] caputj capillus ; goth.
haubith ; ags. lieafod ; g. kopfj havpt ; d. kop, Jioo/d.
-Cept-. V. Ceive.
Cereb-ral. v. Cranium. [creo ; fr. ceremonie.
Ceremony, cr, to act, to make. Cfr. nip to prepare; x^^P) ceremo7iiaj
-Cern. (con-, dis-,) \ cr^, to know; earn, to pierce; ^rat, a particle
Certain, (as-,) ) and prefix, implying belief or reverence. Cfr.
n'^D to know ; xpcvw, xpiatq, xdpza ; cerno, credo, crinien, certus ;
Cervine, v. Cranium. [it. pg. certo ; fr. certain.
Cespitous. 5afpa„ young grass. Cfr. csespes.
Cesura. caf, to strike; cut, to cut. Cfr. HDD, 3t3p to cut; (txc^w-
csedOf caesum, caesura ; fr. cesure. [d. koopen ; ags. ceapian.
Chaffer, tfi, to collect; a^p, to obtain. Cfr. yjio-, 'afdw, g. kaufen;
Chain, v. Catenary. [clidire, contracted from cadiere.
Chair, fad, (sad,) to sit. Cfr. piy to rest; sedeo ; w. cadair ; fr.
Chalc-. hri^cu«?, hli^cus tin. Cfr. xahMq,
Chalice, v. Calyx.
Chalk, v. Calx.
Challenge. a4j> la.dj? lu,dj> to speak, v. Call.
Chamade. v. Claim.
Chamber-lain, lain, to go. v. Cam.
Champ, tfap, to grind, to pound; tfam, to eat; clip, to throw or
cast. Cfr. nap to cut off; xo^rrw; fr. couper, cliampaytr.
Champain, Champion, v. Camp.
Chance. ca,S, to go; gad, to fall. Cfr. g. schanze ; d. kans ; fr.
Chancel, Chancery, v. Cancel. [chance, v. Cadence.
Chandelier, v. Candid.
Change, cfa^dj, tla^tf, to go. Cfr. it. cangiare ; fr. changer.
Channel, v. Canal.
Chant, v. Canto.
Chaos, v. Celestial.
Chap, djabh, to gape. v. Chop, Gape.
Chap, (-eau,-el,-iter,-lain,-let,-ter.) v. Cap, Chaffer.
Char, Chore, tfar, to go, to act; tfu^r, to burn. Cfr. mp to
meet, to prepare ; yiopio). v. Carbon.
Character, chur, to cut, to dig. Cfr. yapafffno, yapaxrijp ; char-
acter ; it. carattere ; fr. charactere. v. Card.
Charge, Chariot, Charon, v. Car, Cargo.
Charge, tfartf, djardj, to speak, to blame.
Charity, (car-itas.) v. Care, Comity.
Charm, v. Carminative.
207
Charnel. v. Carnal.
Chart, (-el,-er.) v. Card.
Chary, v. Care.
Chase, tfagh, caf, chaf, tfaf, to strike, to kill ; gag, to leap. Cfr.
rwi^p to shoot; "inD to destroy; cogo; it. cacciare ; sp. cazar ;
fr. chasser. v. Seek. [Cfr. r\DD torn ; /a{,^w, ydaixa.
Chasm, tfun, to cut; chan, to dig; cas, to cut; cus, to embrace.
Chaste, (-en, -ise.) cus, to embrace. Cfr. yJjw^ z£<j-ro?; casfus; it.
sp. pg. casto ; fr. chaste, v. Cast, Castigate, Cathartic.
Chat, tfat, to ask; tfatu, agreeable discourse; cath, to narrate.
Cfr. mn to rejoice; mn to speak in parables; xwrcV./w; in-quit;
Chattels, tfatula^s, placing, fixing. [d. houten.
Chaw, tfah, to grind; tfarv, to chew. Cfr. aiayw^j) g. kaueUj
Cheap. V. Chaifer. [d. kaauwen.
Cheat. tfa^ta«, a rogue. Cfr. fjnn to rob.
Check, tfac, to repel, to resist. Cfr. "|Diy to still.
Cheer, cur, to sound. Cfr. i<"<p to proclaim ; xaipio', iv.gairim;
fr. cJiere. v. Care.
Chelonian. hariiiuta*s, a tortoise. Cfr. yj^-oq, /j?.(ov7).
Chemise, v. Camisade.
Chest, v. Case.
Chevalier, v. Cavalry.
Chew. V. Chaw.
Chide, tfad, to be angry. Cfr. Dip to contend with ; ags. cidan.
Chief. V. Cap, Achieve.
Child, (ags. cild.) cil, tfal, to play, to cast. v. Calf.
Chiliad, cal, to count; cul, to collect, to count; chal, to collect.
Cfr. hrip to assemble, a congregation ; h)j to hold ; ydid^.
Chill, djal, to be cold ; tfal, tfel, to shake. Cfr. ihi frozen ;
xp-uoq] gel-idus; goth. kalds ; ags. cyl, col, ceald ; g. halt,
Jciihl ; d. Jell, koelj koud ; fr. geler ; sp. jalea.
Chin, hanus the jaw. Cfr. yi'^uq; gena ; goth. kinnus; ags. cinne ;
China, tfi^na, China. [g. kinn ; d. kin.
Chine, Chink, v. Chasm.
Chip. V. Champ.
CniR-ography. cr, to do, to make; caras the hand; hr, to seize;
harana*!, the hand. Cfr. m3 to prepare ; yeip ; creo, cohors.
Chisel, cas, to cut. Cfr. nn an edge tool; n: to cut; cuspis ;
fr. ciseau, ciseler.
Chit, tfat, to cut; tfit, to send; dja^ta^, a child.
Chivalry, v. Cavalry.
208
Chlorine, v. Green.
Choir, cur, ghur, to sound; ga^, to sing, to go; i^r, tfar, to go.
Cfr. N'»p an assembly, to proclaim; yuipiio^ X"P**') sp. pg. it.
coro ; fr. choeiir ; ags. g. cJior ; d. hoor.
Choke, tfacc, to torment, to inflict pain.
Choi-, calas black, v. Alcohol.
Chondro-. tfhajd, to cover ; cha<d, to break, to grind. Cfr. yjhdpoi;.
Chop. V. Champ, Chaffer.
Choose, djuf, to investigate, to like; gel, to seek. Cfr. tya'J to
grope; quaeso ; goth. kiusan ; ags. ceosan; g. klesen; fr. choisir.
Chord, crt, to encompass; tfrt, to tie. Cfr. T)d to tie, to bind;
yopdij', chorda; goth. gairda ; g. gurt ; d. hoord ; it. corda ;
Chore, v. Char. [fr. corde; w. cord. v. Career, Curl.
Chor-. V. Choir, Chord. [,ZP^^'} XP'-'^') fric-.
Chris-, cr^, ghr, to pour out, to scatter. Cfr. "iip to gush out;
Chromatic, charu^i, white ; hari««, tawny. Cfr. nnp spotted ; nin
white; //>w,aa.
Chuck, (wood-.) QU^cara*!, a hog. Cfr. pers. zend. cluih.
Chuckle, v. Cach-.
Chud. cfad, to eat.
Chunk, tfun, to cut.
Church. V. Cyrio-. Career.
Churme. ags. cyrm. v. Carminative.
Churn, tfu^rn, to pound. Cfr. ags. cyrln, cernan.
Chute, tfyut, to fall. Cfr. fr. chute, v. Cadence.
Chyle, v. Diachylum.
CiD-. (ac-, in-, de-, oc-,) v. Cadence, Caes-.
-Cide. gath, to kill.
Cil. (con-, coun-, os-.) v. Call, Cel-.
-Cile, -Cle. (domi-, taberna-.) gal, to cover; gala^ a hall. Cfr.
bjn a palace, a temple; •/.aX-6-ra> ; -cilium, -culum. v. Ceil, Cell.
Cincture, fa.dj, sa^dj, to embrace, to cling to. Cfr. cinctura;
Cinder, fr. cendre. v. Candid. [fr. enceindre.
Cinque, pa.tfan, five. Cfr. -ivrs; quinque ; fr. cinque.
Cion. gi, to sharpen.
CiP-. (anti-, per-, re-,) tfi^b, to take. Cfr. r\2'^ to take captive ;
r|D the hollow of the hand; capio.
CiRC-. v. Career, Chord.
Cirr-. V. Curl.
-Cise. V. Caes-.
-Cist. V. Case.
209
Cit-. fev, sev, to serve, to dwell ; gi^, to lie down, a^-gi^, to dwell.
Cfr. io^iyatribe; zsi-; xoc-; -/.(u/j.oi;, xcb/j.rj'^ civitas,civis ; it. ciftd ;
sp. ciudad; fr. cite.
Cite, (ac-, ex-, in-, re-.) cet, to invite; cath, to narrate. Cfr. cito ;
goth. haitan; ags. Jisetan ; d. lieetcn ; sp. pg. citar ; fr. citer.
Civ-. V. Cit.
C1-. cal, to sound, seize, go, count, think ; cul, to collect.
Clack, cal, to sound; loc, to speak. Cfr. V: a bell; in^ a message;
•/.alia), Aa.y.iw, Ir^/.iio ', loquor, glocio ; ags. clugga, cloccan ; d.
Tcloh, Mahhen ; fr. daquer, cloche.
Claim, Clam-, (ac-, de-, pro-, re-.) gra^m, to call. Cfr. iti3, j<np
to call ; y.dAzoj ; clamo ; ags. Mem ; ir. glam ; fr. clameur. v.
Clamber, v. Clim-. [Call.
Clan, cul, to collect, to be of kin ; cula^, family tribe. Cfr. '?np
a congregation; n'Sd to contain; ir. cJann.
Clang, Clank, la^gll, to move, to speak. Cfr. Sip sound ; vlarf-cio ;
clang o ; g. Mang ; d. Jdan/c.
Clap, clap, to speak, to make a noise. Cfr. abD to roar; y.olA-zw]
crepo, alapa ; g. d. Idappen ; ags. clapiKin ; fr. claj^per.
Clash, Clatter. Mas, to sound ; clad, to cry out ; cleg, to impede,
to strike, to speak. Cfr. y.laXa), xilaoD^; classicum; g. Idatschen ;
d. kletsen, Jdateren.
Clasp, Class, Clause, Clavicle, (cala^ a small part.) v. Clan. Cfr.
D^p contracted; y.Xztffro!; ) classi's, clausiis.
Clavate, Clove, Club, crv, to strike, to kill ; lup, to cut ; tfulump,
to break. Cfr. ^hj, 2^3, an axe, a hammer ; ^br\ knives ; y2d,3a ;
clava ; w. chop a ; g. klopfel ; d. Idaver.
Claw, Cleat, Clew, cul, to collect. Cfr. yjiXri ; g. Maue, Idohen ;
d. klaauw, Jduicen. v. Clan. [g. d. klei ; fr. glu.
Clay, li^, lag", to adhere; cul, to collect. Cfr. yXia, y.oXla; lutum ;
Cleave, lup, to cut off. Cfr. Xi-sr^ ; g. kliehen, klippe ; d. klieven,
Clepe. V. Clap. \_kUp ; ags. clif, cliojian. v. Clavate.
Clever. calya«, skilful, perfect; vara«, excellent. Cfr. r\hj to finish;
Click, v. Clack. [-13 to purify; y.aluq.
Cliff. V. Cleave.
Clim-. I cram, lain, to go. Cfr. /Miiaq.
Clin-. J li^, (li^na,) to adhere. Cfr. yli\>aj.
Clip. calpana«, cutting. Cfr. ags. clypan. v. Cleave.
Cloak. Mag, to cover. Cfr. SiD to contain ; pj a cloak ; ylaVm^
Clock. V. Clack. \_ylaiw:;) d. laken; ags. lach.
VOL. VII. — 2 B
210
Clod, Clot, did, to be moist; lut, to adhere, to roll on the ground.
Cfr. ylu^io'j lutum ; g. Mosz, Motz ; d. Idoot, Mutt; w. cluder.
Cloister, Close, v. Clasp. [v. Clan, Clasp.
Cloth, gud, tfil, to clothe ; lud, crt, to cover. Cfr. y^n apparel ;
£3N^ to cover; y.Xetduu)] celoy clando ; g. hleid ; d. Meed; ags.
dath. V. Clasp.
Cloud, (Clout. V. Clod, Cloth.) djalada^, a cloud.
Clove, lava,, cloves, v. Clavate.
Clown, (colonus.) v. Colony.
Club. V. Clavate.
Cluck. V. Clack.
-Clude, Cluster, Clutter, v. Clasp.
Clutch, grutf, to steal.
Clyster, v. Clod.
Co-. V. Con-. [it. coccliio ; sp. fr. cocJie.
Coach, cat, to go, to cover; cutf, to go. Cfr. g. kutsche ; d. koets;
Coal. cala«5, black; ul, djval, to burn. Cfr. bnJ a live coal;
xr^MCD'y caleo'y ir. gual ; ags. col ; g. holdc ; d. hool.
Coast, ca^ftha^, limit, boundary; cas, (casati,) to approach; cus,
to embrace. Cfr. nvp extremity, end; costa ; fr. costCj cote;
Coat. V. Catenary. [g. kiiste ; d. kust.
Cob. V. Cap.
Cock, cac, to be proud. Cfr. ags. coc ; fr. coq.
Cochlea-, Cockle, v. Conch.
Cocoon, fr. cocon. cu^n, to contract or close.
-Coct. V. Cook.
Cod; Code, cud, to collect; cad, to cut, to preserve. Cfr. id a
vessel; (yyj^y}] codex; it. codice ; sp. codlgo ; fr. code.
Coff-er, -in. Coif, cu.bh, to cover. Cfr. -/.ocptvoq; g. d. k offer ; fr.
Cognize, v. Co-, Know. [p^ff''^, cofin-, sp. pg. cofre. v. Cap.
Cohort. V. Chir-.
Coil, Coleo-, Cullis. chal, to gather ; cul, to collect, to flow homo-
geneously. Cfr. -/.ohoq] colo , coluber ; fr. cueillir, coider ; it.
cofjliere. v. Calyx.
Coin, tfun, to cut; cona, a corner, an angle. Cfr. ywAa; ciineus ;
pg. cunho, quina ; sp. cuna, csquina ; it. conio ; fr. coin.
Colander, v. Coil.
Cold, Cool. v. Chill.
Color. V. Al-cohol.
Collar, (de-collate.) gala«, the throat. Cfr. iSp a collar; rpd-
yr^Xoq-j gula, collum, collare ; i^-p. collar ; goth. os. g. d. nl. hah.
211
Collect. (A.) hlag", to collect. [to nourishj to contain; colo-nia.
Colony, (ac-colent.) cul, to collect ; cal, to go. Cfr. Sid to support,
Colt. V. Child.
Coluber, v. Coil.
Column. V. Culminate.
Com.. V. Con-.
Coma, ^am, to be tranquil. Cfr. jNiy tranquil ; y.wiia; somnus.
Come, gam, to go, to approach. Cfr. roip to arise, to assault;
xoiii^M'j comes; goth. quiman ; g. hommen ; d. homen ; ags.
CoMELr. comalas beautiful, pleasing. [cuman.
Comity, cam, to desire, to love. Cfr. n^D to desire greatly; xo/iiw^
comisj cams, (ca[m]rws;) ir. caomh. v. Cit-.
CoMMOD-. V. Con, Mode.
Common. sa^ma^nya«, common. Cfr. ;':2iy to gather together;
xoiv6<;- communis ; goth. gamains; g, gemein ; d. gemeen; ags.
gemaen ; fr. commun. [commimiquer ; it. comunicare.
Com-mune. ma^n, to consider. Cfr. com-munico ; fr. communier,
Com-pany. pen, to go. Cfr. nj3 to go away ; autj.-i3aivw ; pen-na ;
it. compag7iia ; sp. companla ; fr. compagnie.
Complice, v. Plic-.
Compt. V. Accompt, Count.
Comrade, v. Cam.
Con-, sam, together, with; cu^n, to contract, or close. Cfr. ]'Dp,
IDp, in:; to close up; ;'niy to gather together; ffuv ; cum; goth.
ga-; ags. g. d. ge-.
Con. v. Can.
Conch, gancha*?, a shell. Cfr. p^nahvuid; xo-^/tj- concha; fr.conque.
-Cond. (abs-, re-,) cund, to keep, to preserve. Cfr. condo.
Condiment-, Condite. v. Candy.
Cone, can, to go; cu% to curve; ga^n, to sharpen; conas an
angle. Cfr. f]Jp a tent; xwvog; conus ; it. sp. co7io ; fr. cone;
w. con. [goth. thairh.
Con-tra-ry. tr'', to overcome, to surpass. Cfr. zepito ; trans, con-tra ;
Con-tund, -tuse. tud, to beat, to strike. Cfr. tundo.
Con-vey. vah, to carry. Cfr. velio.
Coo. cu, to sound, to complain, v. Cuckoo.
Cook, patf, (pactUj,) to cook; cvath, to boil. Cfr. rs'-rw; coquo ;
Cool. v. Chill. [g. kochen; d. koken ; ags. cocan ; sp. cocer.
CooLY. V. Clan.
Coom, Comb, gajb, to collect. Cfr. xu/x^tj ; cumulus.
212
Coop, cuppas a cave, a hollow. Cfr. ^ip a vase; -/.ucpoq) ciipa ;
g. hufe; d. kuip, kop ; fr. cuve, coupe, v. Cave.
Cop, -e. V. Cut, Cap.
Copulate, v. Couple. [Char, Ash.
Cor-olla, -ona, -pus, -ridor, -sair, -tes^ -uscate. v. Career, Chord, Car,
Cord. v. Chord.
CoRD-ate, -ial. Core, (ac-, con-, dis-, re-.) v. Cardiac.
Coriaceous, v. Curry.
Cork, Cort-ical. crt, to encompass, to cut. Cfr. cortex; g. kork ;
d. kurk ; sp. corcJio. v. Chord.
Corn-ea, -er, -et. v. Cranium, Kernel. [y.6(T/j.o(;.
Cosmetic, -ical. ga^s, to direct, to govern. Cfr. iivD to set right;
Cosset, cus, to embrace ; QelQ, to leap. Cfr. Di^p a lamb.
Costal, (ac-cost.) v. Coast, Case.
Cot. cota*«, a hut; chatti^, a bed, or bier. Cfr. "in3 to enclose;
nriD to hide; xsuOco, xocttj', g. koth ; d. kot ; w. ctvth.
Cotton, cat, to surround, to cover. Cfr. \DJ linen, flax ; g. kattun ;
Cotyl-. V. Cut. [d. katoen ; it. cotone ; fr. colon.
Cough. capha*s, phlegm ; ca^s, to cough. Cfr. nt<p to vomit ; pers.
cliafa ; yjcu, yzlbdaoiiai ; tusds, ; g. husten.
Coulter, hal, to plough; crt, to cut. Cfr. culter ; g. koUer ; d.
kouter ; it. coltro ; fr. coutre.
Coun-sel. cun, to advise; gi% to reflect, to repeat. Cfr. p3 to
ordain ; ^Nty to ask ; consilium ; it. consiglio ; pg. consellw ; fr.
conseil.
Count, (ac-, dis-, re-.) gan, to count (A.); cu.s, to speak. Cfr.
Counter, v. Con-tra. [it. contare ; fr. conter. v. Com-, Put.
Counterpane, cutapa^, a goat-hair blanket.
Country, v. Con, Terra.
Coup. V. Champ.
Couple, v. Cable.
Courage, (ac-, dis-, en-.) v. Cardiac.
Cour-. V. Car. [ags. curt. v. Chord.
Court, crt, to encompass. Cfr. curia; it. sp. pg. corte; fr. cour;
Cousin, cus, to embrace; cu^s, to speak. Cfr. g. kosen ; d. kozen ;
Coutean. v. Cut-. [fr. cousin.
Cove-r-t. (al-.) cuvra,, a forest, v. Cave, Culvert.
Cow. gall's, a cow. Cfr. n'J cattle; g. kuh ; d. dan. koe ; ags. cu.
Cowl. V. Cucullate.
Coy, Cozy, (ac-, de-.) cus, to embrace. Cfr. xoaw ; fr. ac-coisir.
213
Crab, crb, to move, to hurt. Cfr. vApo.fioq) carahus ; g. hrabhe ;
d. hrab.
Crack, rudj, to break. Cfr. _j,»j-i to break; 'priyvuuj, 'p(o^; g. l-rachen;
d. hrahen ; it. croccare ; fr. craquer, roche ; sp. rajar ; pg.
rachar. v. Break.
-Cracy, -Crat-. cratu«, power; cr, to do. Cfr. -/.pdzoq] creo.
Craft, crp, to be able. Cfr. g. sw. dan. Jcraft.
Crag. V. Crack.
Crane, ghrnn, to take, to seize. Cfr. j"ip power; yipavoq] grus ;
g. krahn ; d. hraan.
Cranium, giras, the head; earn, to pierce or bore. Cfr. pp a
cornet, a horn ; xapa^ y.ipaq^ y.paviov ; cranium ^ cer-ehrurriy cervus,
cornu, crinis, crista; goth. Jiaurn ; g. 7u7m, hirscJi ; it. cresia ;
Crank, v. Crook. [fr. crete. v. Horn.
Cranny, cam, to pierce, to cut. Cfr. xpc'^w ; cerno ; fr. cran.
Crapulence, ^ira*?, the head ; pal, to go. Cfr. -/.pai-dArj ; crapula.
-Cras-. gvas, to-morrow. [v. Craw.
Crash, erf, to plough ; rad, ert, to cut ; er^, to strike ; ghrf, to rub,
to grind. Cfr. lyin to plough ; d"»J to break in pieces ; DID to
trample upon, to destroy; yapdaGm-j rado ; goth. hriustan ; g.
hratzen ; d. krassen ; it. crosciare ; sp. cruxir ; fr. ecraser,
gr alter.
Crasis. er^, to throw, scatter, cover, fill. Cfr. nij to mingle; Dip
-Crat. (auto-, demo-,) v. -Cracy. [a clasp ; xepdoj, -/.pdatq.
Cratch. V. Crash.
Crate, hr, to take. Cfr. onn a reticule; y.paziw) crates, v. Crash.
Crater, ert, to cut. Cfr. jIid to cut ; y.parr.p. v. Crasis.
Craunch. cru^tf, to make small, v. Crash.
Crave, hrap, to speak; rabh, to sound, to be pleased with. Cfr.
D1"i to plead a cause; crepo ; goth. liropyan ; d. roepen ; ags.
crafian, lireopen ; w. crevu.
Craw, Crop, er^ ubh, to fill. Cfr. ^'^^2 to swell; xpu-rco-, corpus;
g. kropf; d. krop ; it. groppe ; fr. grouppe.
Crawl, il, to go. v. Car, Creep.
Craze, v. Crash.
Creak, v Croak. \crema ; fr. creme ; g. ralim ; d. room.
Cream, cram, r, to go. Cfr. Dnp to cover; xpe/jAw, cremor ; sp.
Crease, v. Crash, Crescent.
Create, er, to do, to make. Cfr. r^'^3 to prepare ; xpahm ; cresco,
creo; sp. pg. criar ; fr. creer, croitre.
214
Cre-brous. pr^, bhr', to fill. Cfr. creher.
Cred-it. (ac-, dis-.) v. Certain.
Creek, v. Crack. [serpo ; d. hruipeii ; ags. creopan.
Creep, crap, srp, rep, to go ; crp, to be weak. Cfr. "ep-io ; repo,
-Creet. (dis-.) v. -Cern.
Cremation, gra^ to cook, to sweat ; chara^s, warm; gharma?, heat.
Cfr. niD a furnace ) ^ipiJ.rj ; cremo ; goth. varmja. v. Carbon.
Cremor. v. Cream.
Cren-ate. v. Cranny.
Creo-sote. v. Carnal.
Crep-itate. hrap, to speak, to sound, v. Clap.
-Crepid. (de-.) v. Cripple.
Cresc-ent, -Cretion, -Crement. (ac-, in-.) cr, to make. v. Create.
Crest. V. Cranium.
Crevice, v. Carve.
Crib. V. Carp. [sp. criha ; fr. crihle.
Cribble, gvabhr, to break, to perforate. Cfr. crihro, crihellum ;
Crime, cr^, to injure, to know. v. Certain.
Crimp, ri^ph, to injure. Cfr. f]n to break ; rumpo ; g. d. hrimpen.
Crimson, cr, (caromi,) to make; 9ona«i, crimson, v. Carmine.
Cringe, Cringle, Crinkle, v. Crook. \^pel. v. Creep.
Cripple, crp, to be weak. Cfr. f]"iDweak; g. hri'qypd ; d. k?-eii-
Crisis, Crit". v. Certain.
Cristate, v. Cranium.
-Croacli. (ac-, en-.) v. Crook.
Croak, crug, to cry out; grdj, to growl. Cfr. ?-)3 to call aloud ;
xpd^ojj xpdt^ojy y.Tjpu^', crocio ; it. crocciarc ; g. Icrachzen ; d.
Crock. V. Crook, Ewer. [Icraaijen.
Croft. V. Carp-, Craw.
Crone, dji^rna^, old, decrepit. Cfr. yipcov^ ir. criona.
Crook. crUitr, to bend. Cfr. pD to wrap, to bind ; xtpxo:;; riuja ;
Crop. V. Carp-, Craw. [goth. hnujrj ; fr. cwc.
Crosier, Cross, v. Crash, Croak.
Crotch, Crouch, v. Crook. [v. Clap.
Croup, hrap, to speak, to sound. Cfr. goth. hropijan ; ags. hreopan.
Crow, ca^rava^, chara«5, a crow ; crug, to cry, to call. Cfr. xopw-^T^^
xopa^; comix, curuus; og. Iiraban ; goth. liruk ; g. krahe. v.
Crown. V. Cor-ona. [Croak.
Crud, Crude, crud, to cat, to be thick. Cfr. i"ij to gnaw ; roch,
crudiis ; sp. it. crudo ; fr. crud. [^crudclis ; fr. cruel.
Cruel, crudh, to be angry ; cru'ra^, (crudhras?) cruel. Cfr. xpuuco-
215
Cruet, gru, to flow, to pour out. Cfr. 'ptuj -, uro, criior.
Cruise, Crusade, Crush, v. Cross.
-Cruit. (re-.) v. Cresc-.
Cruller, v. Curl.
Cruse. V. Cruet, Ewer.
Crust, Crut. crt, to cut, to surround. Cfr. yy, 7)•^D to cut; //>w?;
crusta ; g. kruste ; d. korst ; it. crosta ; fr. croute.
Crutch. V. Crook.
Cry. gr^, to sound; crad, to call, to weep. Cfr. ?*i3 to call aloud;
Nip to call; y.paXio, y.rjpu^', goth. greitan ; ags. grdedan ; d.
hrijten ; sp. pg. gritar ; it. gridare ; fr. crier.
Crypt, grbh, to take. Cfr. y.pu-rco. v. Carp-.
Cub-. V. Cumb-.
Cuckoo, cu, to sound, to complain ; cocila«, the cuckoo. Cfr.
■/.oxxu^ ; cnculus ; fr. coucou ; g. Jcuckuck ; d. koeJcoek ; sp. ciico.
Cucullate. tfil, to clothe; cul, to collect. Cfr. a^j to contain;
xohu:;', cuculiis ; sp. coguUa ; pg. cogula ; ags. cugele.
Cud. cha^d, cud, to eat. Cfr. xr/jo<;.
Cucumber, (cucumis.) sucha^ga, a cucumber.
Cuddle, cud, to collect, v. Caddis, \_xo-zoj ; pers. kafa. v. Cab.
Cuff, cup, to be angry; copayati, he strikes. Cfr. y: to strike;
Cull. V. Cell, Coil.^
Culm. V. Calamus. [columen.
Culminate, tful, to erect ; gal, djal, to cover. Cfr. culmen, columnar
Culpable, crp. to be weak. Cfr. f^-ij weak ; culpa, v. Clavate.
Culter. V. Coulter.
Cultivate, hal, to plough, v. Coil.
Culver. calarava«, a pigeon.
Culverin. fr. couleuvrine ; it. coluhrina. v. Coluber.
Culvert, cul, to collect, to flow continuously ; cul, to enclose, to
cover; vr, (vrta,) to cover, v. Cull.
Cumb-ent, -er. (ac-, en-, in-, re-, sue-.) CU,b, cub, to cover, to pros-
trate. Cfr. 12D heavy; r\2D to extinguish; \^2D to cover;
xi>(ioq) cuho, ciniiho.
Cumulate, (ac-.) gvi, to swell; mal, to hold. v. Con. Cfr. xuiujj
xufxa; cumulo ; it. ciimulare ; fr. comhler, cumuler.
Cuneal. v. Coin.
Cunning, v. Can.
Cup. V. Cave, Coop.
Curd. V. Crude.
Cure, (ac-curate.) v. Care.
216
Curiality. gu^ra«, a hero. Cfr. zD/>yc, y.bptoq ; curia.
Curl. curala«, a curl. Cfr. d. krullen ; it. crollare ; fr. crouler.
CuR-rent, -ricle, -sive, -sory. v. Car. [coriarius; fr. corroyer.
Curry, chur, to cut, to scrape. Cfr. "W^"^ a curry-comb ; corium,
Curse, crug, to cry out. Cfr. x")ptocall; ags. cursian.
Curt, djr, to make short or low; crt, to cut. Cfr. xecfjio; ciirtus;
Curt-ain, -al, -ate. v. Cork. [g. kurz ; ags. sceort.
Curule. V. Car.
Curve. V. Career.
-Cuse, (ac-, ex-.) v. Ac-cost.
Cuss-ion. (con-, dis-.) caf, to strike, to kill. Cfr. con-cussio.
Custody. V. Case, Chaste.
Cut, -icle. cut, to cut, to despise. Cfr. Dip to cut off, to disdain ;
7.6-zuj ; csedo, cudo, cutis, acutus. v. Cuttle, Escutcheon.
Cuttle, tfhad, tf ud, to cover, to hide; cud, to collect; cat, to
rain, to surround, to cover. Cfr. in3 to hide ; nnD to enclose ;
yoTuq] cutis; ags. cudele.
Cycle, cue, to take ; ga^ch, to embrace ; catf, to bind ; cutf, to
curve. Cfr. "jiDacave; -/.uyloc; -, cyclus.
Cylinder, cal, to throw or cast ; cul, to flow homogeneously. Cfr.
^^y to roll; y.oXio), y.ohydpoq; cijlindrus ; sp. it. ciUndro ; fr.
cylindre.
Cyma. cu^ma,, a lake, a pool, a pond. Cfr. yhfj-a. [it. cembalo.
Cymbals. ] gamb, to move, to join. Cfr. y.bfjpolov] cymhalum ;
CYMBi-form. J camb, gamb, to go, to move; cambu^, a shell;
CUmbha«, a small water-jar. Cfr. y.uixftoq; cymha.
CYN-anche, -ic. gvan, (Qun,) a dog. Cfr. x^wy; canis, cyntcus ;
goth. Iiunds. [g. hirche ; d. herk ; dan. Icirke ; ags. circe.
Cyrio-. gu^ra«, a hero ; ^u^r, to be brave. Cfr. y.bpioq, y.optay.oq ;
Cyst. v. Case.
Czar, sur, to possess supreme power, v. Cyrio-.
Dab, Daff, Daft, Deaf. da,b, dabh, to throw, to heap up ; tup, to
strike. Cfr. 21 dung; pDi to beat violently; b2D to dip; tutztio',
in-duo ; fr. dauber, etouffer ; goth. daub; g. tauh ; d. doof.
Dactyl. V. Digit.
DAG-ger. dagh, tudj, to strike, to kill. Cfr. in, riDT to beat, to
bruise; "»pi he pierced; oac'Cw; oa'iy-rjp', g. d. degen ; it. daga ;
pg. adaga ; fr. daguc.
Dainty. danta«, a tooth. Cfr. 'oo<hz-] dens; fr. dent; it. pg.
dente ; goth. funthus ; g. zahn ; ags toth.
Dairy, duh, to milk. Cfr. russ. doyu.
217
Daisy, v. Day.
Dale, Deal, Delve, Dole, dal, to cut, to divide, to pierce. Cfr.
;rbn to cleave; ddl-aaaa) dolo ; goth. daih, dal- ; g. tlieil, thai;
d. dan. sw. dal ; ags. dael, dal, delfan.
Dam, (a-damant.) dam, to subdue ; da,b, to heap up ; dama^, mud.
Cfr. nr21 to destroy; :ddn to stop; da/jAw, odaap, ' a-odiiac; ]
domo, domin-us, -a; goth. domjan ; g. ddmmen, damm ; d.
dammen, dam, doemen.
Dame, dam, a wife. Cfr. sp. pg. it. dama ; fr. dame. v. Dam.
Damp, tim, to be moist ; tip, to drop. Cfr. y-Di a tear, liquor ; f^iD
to overflow; 'a-ao?; db-rco; g. damp/; d. dan. damp ; it. tanfo.
Dandle, ta.d to beat. Cfr. tundo ; g. tclndeln ; it. dondolare ; fr.
Danger. tu4j, to strike, to be strong, to live. [dandiner.
Dangle, ta^g, to shake, to tremble. Cfr. dan. dlnyler.
Dapifer. dap, to heap up. Cfr. daipdrjq, (JsT-vov ; dapes.
Dare, (Durst.) dhrf, to dare, to be bold. Cfr. ^appico; goth. ya-
daursan ; g. diir/en ; d. darren, durven ; ags. durran.
Darlins;. v. Dear.
Darn, dhr, to hold. Cfr. N-in a chain; fr. dame; w. darn.
Dart, tard, trd, tu^r, dhu^r, to strike, to kill ; da^ru, wood. Cfr.
1112 to cast out; dopu; trudo ; it. sp. pg. dardo ; fr. dard.
Dash, das, to throw; da^s, to strike, to kill. [data; fr. date.
Data, Date, da^ (datta,) to give. Cfr. didwiu; do, datum; it. sp.
Datura. dhattu'ra««, the thorn-apple.
Daub. v. Dab. [dauhtar ; g. tochter ; d. dochter ; ags. dolitar.
Daughter, duhitr, daughter. Cfr. Ouyarr^p', pers. dochtar ; goth.
Daunt, dam, (da^nta,) to subdue, v. Dam.
Dawn, Day, Dazzle, dina*!, diva., dyu, day; dah, to burn. Cfr. dlo^;
dies, divum, dlu ; goth. dags; g. tag-en ; d. dag-en ; ags. dseg ;
it. giorno; fr. jour.
De-. di^, to perish, to destroy ; da^, to divide.
Deacon, can, to go, to love. Cfr. xJp zealous; -/.(rAu), otdxovuq;
diaconus ; it. sp. dlacono.
Dead, tud, to strike, to kill. Cfr. g. todt ; d. dood.
Deaf. V. Dab.
Deal. v. Dale.
Dean. v. Deacon, Dec-.
Dear, dr, to revere, to respect; dhr, to maintain. Cfr. lyni to care
Death, v. Dead. [for; dipo)-, g. theuer ; d. duur ; ags. deor.
De-bacle. bha.dj, (bhactva^) to break, [sp. pg. debate; h.dehat.
De-bate, bhat, (Caus.) to speak. Cfr. nD3 to speak; <fdziq)fatus ;
VOL. VII. — 2 c
218
De-BILITY. durbala«5, weak. Cfr. dehilis ; sp. debil ; it. fr. dehile.
V. Ability. [devoir ; sp. deher.
Debit, Debt, div, to traffic. Cfr. deh-eo, -itum ; it. dovere ; fr.
DEC-ade, -imal, &c. da^an, da^amas tenth. Cfr. dt/.a; decern ; fr.
dix, decade; goth. tig, taihun ; g. zehn ; ags. ti/iij teightliian.
Decay, v. Cadence.
Deck, tac, tidj, to sustain; tvatf, to cover. Cfr. riyoq) tegOj
tectum; g. dach, decken ; d. dekhen, dah ; ags. theccan, thac.
Decorous, yagas, fame, praise, splendor, Cfr. do/.-, do^a; dec-, dig-.
Decree, v. -Cern. [v. Die-.
Dedition, deed, dha^, to place ; dadh, to give, to perform, to pos-
sess. Cfr. rc&rj/it, didajju; goth, ga-deds ; g, that; d. dan. daad ;
Deep. V. Dip. [ags. daed.
Defy. fr. dejier. v. Faith.
Degree, v. Grade.
Dei-fy. deva<5, a deity. Cfr. i^so^; deu?, ; fr. dieu ; it. dio.
Deipno-. v. Dapifer.
Dele-ble. lu^, to cut off, to destroy. Cfr, rh^ to cut off; /^Jw ; deleo.
Delft, Delve, v. Dale.
Delic-ate, -ious, Delight, v. Like.
Dell, v. Dale.
Deluge. V. Lave. Cfr, diluo, diluvium ; it. sp. diluvio ; fr, deluge,
Demi-, dvi, two. Cfr. 5i-, diq-, di-midium ; fr, demi. v. Semi,
Medium. [_-uis ; it. tana; fr. taniere ; ags. den.
Den. tan, to extend, to expand. Cfr. ")ji3 a rock; refVw; ten-do.
Dendroid. (8ivdpow.) v. Tree.
Dent-al. danta«, a tooth, v. Dainty,
Dermal, dvr, to cover; dr^, to tear, to rend. Cfr. di(>tj.a, dipco.
Derrick, dr, dhr, to hold.
Des-cry. v. Certain, \_desidero ; fr. desirer ; it. desirare. v. Seat.
Desiderate, Desire, sad, to sit, to despond, to encounter. Cfr,
Desk. V. Disc. \_poto ; ^v. despot e. v. Potent.
Despot, deg, a region; pati^ a master. Cfr, dta-uzr^q-, it, sp. des-
Destiny, difta„ destiny. Cfr. desfino ; fr. destin.
Destroy, (destruo.^ v. Strew.
Desultory, (desilio.) v. Salient.
Deter, dr^, (Cans,) to terrify, to deter. Cfr. zap-drrrra) ; dc-terrco.
De-tri-ment, -tus. v. Tear.
Deuce, Deutero-, (Bis, Bin-.) dva^ dvau, dvi*', dvitaya,, two;
dviti^ya**, second. Cfr. ::3 to divide, to separate ; :3n a twin;
219
,3'yiujj diurepoCf duOj oi^j otdu/wq '^ binus, duo; goth. fuz, tvai ;
g. zwei ; nl. d. tice ; ags. tied; fr. deux.
Devil, di^, (di^yati,) to destroy; bal, to strike, to kill. Cfr. dul^oXnq)
diaholus; g. teufel; d. duivel ; fr. diahle ; it. diavolo.
Dew. dha^V, to wash, nn to wash; deocoj dicpuj] g. thau; d. dauiv ;
ags. deaiij.
Dexter, dacfa^, dextrous. Cfr. dz'^io:;] dexter ; goth. taihsus.
Di-. V. De-
Diabolic, v. Devil.
Dia-chylum. cul, to flow homogeneously. Cfr. yulu^.
Diaconal. v. Deacon.
Dial, Diary, v. Dawn. [diamante.
Diamond, v. Dam. Cfr. ^addfiaq, -w^Toq] g. d. fr. diamant ; it. sp.
Die-, (apo-, ab-. de-, e-, in-, pre-, &c.) di^, to give, to point out, to
order, to narrate. Cfr. pn to observe ; osu-, SUtj, ddy-u?.o<;, doxiwj
d6yfj.a, do^a ; rdaawj zayoq ; cZi'co, dux, disco, digitus, disertus,
in-dex ; fr. dieter, dovjt ; goth. taikns ; g. zeichen ; d. teelcen.
Dicker, v. Dec-.
Did. V. Dedition.
Didactic, Didascalic. v. Disc-.
Die. di^, to perish ; day, to kill.
Dif-find, -fission, bhid, to cleave. Cfr. n3 to separate; dif-jindo.
Digit, v. Die-, Dec-. Cfr. <^d-/.xoloq; digitus; goth. taiho; g. zehe.
Dignity, v. Decorous.
Di-lute, -luvial. v. Deluge.
Dim. tamas, obscurity; dhu^ma^, smoke. Cfr. x'OD he was defiled;
1:dD to conceal; tenehree ; goth. dumbs; dan. dum ; g. dilii-hel,
stumm ; ir. teim ; ags. ofrs. dim. v. Damp,
Din. dhan, to sound; dindi, din. Cfr. pi strife; rovo^r; tinnio,
tono ; ags. dyn. v. Tone.
Dine. v. Dawn. fr. diner ; ags. dynan. [dencgan.
Ding, dagh, tu.dj» to strike. Cfr. riDi to break or bruise ; ags.
Dip. dip, to throw, to cast. Cfr. do-rcj; goth. daupjan, diups ;
g. tup/en, tie/; d. doopen ; it. tuffare ; ags. dippan. v. Dab.
Diploma, v. Deuce, Couple.
Dire, dr^, (Cans.) to terrify; di^, to fly. Cfr. i)ioq; diviis. v. Deter.
Dis-. das, to throw.
Disard. v. Die-. [Siay.oq', discus; s]^. it. disco ; fr. disque.
Disc, Dish, das, to throw; cas, to go, to cut. Cfr. dd a thin plate;
Disc-, Disert. v. Die-.
Dishevel, v. Cap. Cephalic.
220
Distinguish, v. Sting. \detto. v. Die-.
Ditto, tatha^, (A.) thus, so -, dig, to point out, to narrate. Cfr. it.
Diu-. V. Dawn.
Dive. V. Dip. [fr. divin.
Divine. deva«, a god; divya^, divine. Cfr. 0^6^, dluq-, deus, divinus;
Divorce, (divortium.) v. Vert. \ryw\5 stockings.
Dizen. ta^s, to adorn ; dhu^s, to make beautiful; da^s, to give. Cfr.
Djerrid. dju% to kill.
Do. vi-dha^, a^-dha^, to do.
Doc-ile, -imacy, -tor. v. Die-.
Dodd. tud, to cut.
Dodge, Dog. da^gh, to avoid, to guard, to hurt or kill; da^g, to
bite. Cfr. n:i to break or bruise ; ddyyco ; lac-ero ; goth. tahja ;
Dogma. V. Die-. ' [fr. do(jue ; d. dog. v. Attack.
Dole. v. Dale.
Dolabriform. do, to cut off; lu^, to cut. Cfr. dolo, dolahra. v. Dale.
Dole, Doole, Dolor-, Dolt, tal, tval, to be disturbed by fear, anxiety,
&c. ; du^, to grieve, to be afflicted. Cfr. d'id to grieve ; doleo,
dolor ; goth. duals.
-Dom, Domain, Domin-, Domit-. v. Dam, Dome.
Dome, da^bh, to collect, to heap up ; dha^man, a house, dignity.
Cfr. pi a wall or building; diiio), Sw/xa; domus ; goth. doms,
timbrijan ; fr. dome; it. domo ; d. dom.
Don-, da^, da^s, to give ; da^na,, a gift. Cfr. ddvoq, dtdw/jA, doatq ;
dono ; fr. donne?-, dose.
Doom. V. Dam.
Door, dva^r, (du%) a door, a passage ; dvr, to cover. Cfr. ^nn
a gate; Din the beams; 6upa; for is ; goth. daur ; g. tlior^
tliilr ; d. dcur. [iioree
Dorado, dru'', gold. Cfr. i"n a drachm of gold; sp. dorado ; fr.
DoR-mant. drai, to sleep. Cfr. n"iD fatigue; dapOw^io; dormio ;
fr. dormir ; g. traum ; d. droom.
Dose, Dotal, (anec-, anti-.) v. Don-.
Dot. tat, to strike or beat.
Double, dvi^, two; pul, to collect. Cfr. OL-Aooq; duplus ; g.
doppelt ; d. duhhel ; it. dojipio ; sp. dohle ; fr. double.
Doubt, dvis two; path, pad, to go. Cfr. du-bito ; sp. dudar ; it.
dubitare; fr. douter ; g. zwei-felu ; d. twij/elen.
Douche, Douse, tudj, to strike, v. Dash.
Dough, dih, to smear, to increase, to accumulate. Cfr. ags. dah;
g. tei</; d. decg, dijen.
221
Dove, dev, to complain, to lament. Cfr. 221 to murmur; goth.
duho ; g. tauhe ; d. duif ; ags. dufa.
Dower, da^ra^ a wife ; damn's, cutting, dividing.
Dox-. V. Die-, Decorous.
Dr-. (abble, -ip, -op.) dru, to flow, to run. Cfr. dpiixw ; goth. truf.
Dr-achma. dhr, to hold. Cfr. "j-ii a drachm of gold ; dp-daau},
Drab. v. Trapes. [ppayjrq) fr. dragme; it. drama.
Drag, dhradj, trac, to go; dra^gh, to be wearied, to be long; (Caus.)
to extend, to increase; dhr, to hold, to carry. Cfr. rT^D fatigue;
Tpiycj ) traho ; goth. ags. dragan ; g. iragen ; d. dragen ; fr.
Dragoman, tare, to speak, to discuss. [traire.
Dragon, drg, to see. Cfr. Wll to search, to inquire; dip/.co, dpdxwv,
draco; g. drache ; d. draah ; fr. dragon.
Dragoon, dra^, to flee; djana«, a man. Cfr. opaixeV^-, goth.
driugan ; it. dragone ; fr. sp. dragon.
Dram. v. Drachma, [thresh; ■]-ir> to cast out; opaoruu:;.
Drastic, drf, to conquer, to overcome. Cfr. *|m to tread upon, to
Draught, Draw, Dray. v. Drag.
Drave. v. Drop.
Dread, dr^, to fear; darad, terror. Cfr. x"it loathing; terreo;
Dream, v. Dormant, Dragoon. [^gs- dreorlg ; g. traurig.
Drear, v. Dread.
Dredge, v. Drag.
Dregs, dra^ch, to be dry. Cfr. rpu'^, rpoyia, rpoyiu). Oipw ; torreo,
tergo ; g. trochcn, dilrr ; d. droog^ dor ; ags, drig.
Dress, ra^dj, to shine, to govern. Cfr. rego, dirigo ; it. dhizzare,
Drib-ble. v. Drop. [diritto; fr. dresser, droit.
Drift, Drive, turv, thurv, durv, dhurv, trup, to strike. Cfr.
TM a goad; f]"iCO to tear, to prey; opu-rto, TptjSuj ; goth, dreiban;
Drill. V. Thirl. [g. treiben, treffen ; d. drijven ; ags. drifan.
Dromedary, dram, to run. Cfr. dpopAq; dromas ; sp. pg. it.
dromedari'o.
Drone, drai, to sleep; drun, to injure; druna«, a bee; dhran, to
sound. Cfr. goth. drunjus; ags. drsen ; g. drone, dronen; it. irono.
Drop, Drip, Droop, dru, (dravati,) to flow. Cfr. p-^i to sprinkle;
dpoffoq'j drupae; g. irop/en ; d. droppen ; ags. dropan.
Dropsy, "udpwip) hydrops, v. Hydra.
Droso-meter. v. Drop, Roscid.
Drought, v. Dregs.
Drowse, v. Dormant.
Drub. v. Drift.
222
Drudge, v. Drag.
Drug. v. Dregs. [dryades.
Druid, Dryad, da^ru", wood; druma«s, a tree. Cfr. opoq; druidae,
Dry. v. Dregs.
Dual, Duel. v. Deuce.
Dub. V. Dab.
Due-, (ad-, con-, de-, e-, pro-, re-.) Ducat, Duchy, v. Die-.
Dudojeon. v. Das^-a'er.
Due. V. Debit, (sub-due. v. Tame.)
Dug. duh, (dugdhe,) to milk. Webster refers tins word to the
root of digitus, v. Die-.
Dulc-. gllla'5, raw sugar. Cfr. yluy.bq) dulcis.
Dumb, Dump, dam, to subdue; da,bh, to deceive, to injure. Cfr.
DH silence; goth. ditmhs ; ags. dumb; g. stumm, dumm ; d.
dom. V. Dam.
Dung, da^gh, to quit or abandon.
Dungeon, ta^dj? to shrink, or contract.
Duo-, Duple, v. Deuce, Double.
DuR-. dhr, to hold, to detain; dhr^, to grow old; du^ra««, distant;
dur, dus, difl&cult, bad. Cfr. '^n an age ; duq- ; dwo, durus,
-turnus ; fr. dur, -er.
Durst. V. Dare.
Dust. tusta„ dust. Cfr. "]tyT dust and ashes ; li'iD blemished; nl.
d. ags. dust.
Dys-. v. Dur-.
Each, eca"?, one. Cfr. ir. each. v. Ace.
Ead-, Ed-, i^d, to praise, to celebrate. [.7<*<^'^"-
Eager, gur, to make an effort. Cfr. ace?' ; it. agro ; fr. aigre ; d.
Eagle, a^gu, quickly. Cfr. ^loy.oq] aq-uihi, ac-cipiter ; sp. aquila ;
fr. aigle.
Ear. V. Aud-ible.
Earn-est. gur, (gu^rna,) to make an effort. Cfr. sw. g. gem ; ags.
georn ; g. d. crust. .
Ease, a^s, to sit. Cfr. iDx a pillow; ~rj(7-zai] oti'um, esscda ; goth.
azetaha ; ags. aeth, eadhe ; it. agio; fr. aise.
East, uf, to shine, to burn; iifa<J, dawn. Cfr. lyx tire; ewq-,
aur-ora ; g. ost ; d. fjost.
Eat. ad, to eat. Cfr. i;? the mouth; "etJw; edo ; goth. at, itan ;
ags. ytan ; g. esseUj etzen ; d. eten, etsen.
Eave. V. Over.
Ebb. V. Ab-.
223
Ebriety. (elrietas.) pr^, bhr, to fill, to satisfy.
Ec-. ef, to go. Cfr. 'sx, 'cc; ex.
Echelon, tfel, ^al, to go. Cfr. scala ; sp. cscala. v. Celer-.
Echo, cu, chu, to sound; vatf, to speak. Cfr. bip sound; 'ij/iw ; echo.
Ec-lipse. lep, to go. Cfr. "f/.-Xzid".^; eclipsU.
Eco-nomy, Ecu-menic. oca««, ve5a<5, a house. Cfr. oV/.o-woiiia;
oeconomia, vicus ; goth. veilis ; d. icik ; ags. wic.
Edda. V. Ode.
Eddy, Edematous, hud, to go, to collect, to be sunk. Cfr. oidicu.
Eden, dhan, to produce; dhana„ property; dhanya^, fortunate.
Cfr. pj; pleasure, delight.
Edge, tidj, to whet, to sharpen ; utfh, to finish, to bind. Cfr. Sdx
a knife; 'az^y ; acus, acies ; ags. erg ; sw. egg ; g. ecke ; fr. aigu.
Edifice, adhi, over, upon ; adhiva^sa*', an abode. Cfr. aedes, aedi-
Jicium.
Eft. V. Aft-.
Egg. anda., an egg; ava, from, out of. Cfr. \pih', ovum; g. d.
ei ; ags. deg ; dan. eg. v. Ec-.
EGO-tism. aham, I. Cfr. "eym; ego.
Egregious, v. Greg-.
Egyptian, g-up, to guard or protect. (Webster.)
Eight, aftan, eight. Cfr. \r/.76; octo ; goth. ahtau ; g. acJit ; d.
agt ; ags. ealita ; it. otto.
Eisen-rahm. ay as, iron. Cfr. g. eisen-rahm. v. Cream.
Either, ags. segtlicr. v. Ace, Other.
Eke. yudj, to join; u^h, to collect; utf, to be gathered together.
Cfr. ip;' to bind or tie together; ac ; goth. auk; ags. eacan ;
g. audi; d. ook. v. Auction.
Elastic. lastaca<«, the middle of a bow, (from la^, to grasp;) lut, to
resist, to strike against. Cfr. it. sp. elastico ; fr. elastique.
Elephant, pilu^ an elephant. Cfr. hj'S an elephant; "eU(paq.
El-ement, Elf. al, to suffice, to be competent ; il, to go, to send.
El-lipse, E-lope. v. Ec-lipse.
Else. ags. elles. v. Alias.
Ember, ags. emh-ren, ymh-ryne. v. Am-, Ilun.
Em-blem, -holism, v. Balister.
Q-o-'
r^piiiii.
Embrocation, vrf, to rain. Cfr. 'c/ji-
Embryo. bhruiia«5, the foetus. Cfr. "zij.^jpoo^^. v. Bear.
Emerald, maracata*?, emerald. Cfr. [xdpaydoq, ffimpaydoq-j sma-
ragdus; g. d. dan. smaragd ; it. smeraldo ; sp. pg. esmeralda ;
fr. emeraude.
224
Emetic, v. Vomit.
Em-peror, -pire, -poriiim. pur, to lead, to go, a city ; pr^, to guard,
to protect. Cfr. d:^D a governor; -opsuuj ; im-pcrator ; it.
imperadore ; i\\ empereur ; ixgs./aran.
Em-piric. v. Peirastic.
E-munctory. ma.dj) to clean, to purify. Cfr. emungo.
En-. V. In, A, An.
Enceinte, v. Cincture.
En-comium. cam, to desire, to love; tfam, to eat. Cfr. xaj/xog,
Uy/.cufx'.ou. V. Comity.
End. anta«, the end. Cfr. gotli. andeis ; g. ende.
En-deictic, -diet, y. Die-.
Enemy, in-imlciis ; it. nemico ; sp. enemigo ; fr. ennemi. v. Am-
ability.
En-ergy. ardj, to work, to make. Cfr. "spyw ; iirgo.
En-gine. djan, to produce. Cfr, DJJ lineage; yc^'^dco -^ gcn-ero, in-
genium ; sp. ingenio ; fr. engin.
Enigma, ni^, to meditate, Cfr. ahiaGoim'.^ ar^iyim.
En-omoty. 'ev-w/aorw. v. Amen.
Ensi-form. asi, a sword.
Ensue, v. Seek.
Enter, Entrails, Entry, antar, within, antra,, an entrail. Cfr.
"£vrc/>a; biter , infro, venter ; sp. eiitrar ; it. entrare ; fr. entrer.
En-viron. vr, to cover, to surround. Cfr. sp. hirar ; fr. virer,
environner.
Envy, invideo ; iw eiivier. v. Yid-.
Ep, Epi. ('£-£'.) upa, api, abhi, near, beside, with.
Ephod. IDN. V. Band.
Ep-ic. V. Fable.
Epicede. 's-r/.rjotwv. cad, to weep. Cfr. Dip to grieve.
Epulation. epulse, (edi-p)nlije ? Ainsicorth.) v. Eat, Full.
Equal. eva„ as, like ; eca^, one, the same ; vifu, equally. Cfr. "jix
thus; IcFoq, er/.io ) sequus ; goth. iha, ihns ; g. ebcii.
EQU-erry, -estrian. aQva«, a horse. Cfr. '':--o^; equiis ; fr. ecu}/er,
ecuric. v. Esquire.
Era. i^r, (air-,) to go. Cfr. aera ; sp. era. v. Err.
Ergo, ardj, to make ; ii^rdja«, power. Cfr. "spyo) ; ergo, cc-crc-
eo, -itus ; it. esercizio ; fr. e.re refine, v. Work.
-Erne. v. Urn.
Err. i% r, to go. Cfr. dh' to pervert; "epfkr^; erro ; goth. alrzis ;
g. irre ; it. errare ; fr. errer.
225
Erruncate, (ab-, av-.) averrunco. luntf, to pluck up.
Escalade, v. Echelon.
Escape, v. Scamper, Shaft.
Eschar, v. Carbon.
Escheat, fr. echeoir. v. Chute.
Escutcheon, scu, to cover. Cfr. ffy.ozo!; ; cutiSy scutum ; it. scudo ;
sp. escudo ; fr. ecu-sson ; ags. scylan, scyld ; sw. sl-yla ; g. d.
schild. V. Shade. [cutcheon.
Esquire, fr. ecuyer ; sp. escudero ; it. scudierc. v. Equerry, Es-
EssENCE. as, (asti,) to be. Cfr. nti^' existence; 'e^rr:'; esse-ntia]
goth. g. ist ; it. essenza ; fr. essence.
Establish, stu^p, to heap up, to erect ; sta.bh, to fix, to support.
Cfr. 2"^' to place; stahilio ; it. stahilire ; fr. etahlir.
Estate, stha^ to stand. Cfr. arazoq; status; g. d. staat; it.
stato ; sp. estado ; fr. etat.
Estival, Estuary, v. Ash.
Etch. g. etzen ; d. etsen, v. Eat.
Eternal. seternuSy (xvi-turnus.) fr. eternel. v. Aeon, Dur-.
Ether. iddha«, shining, clear. Cfr. ald-co,-r,p) ccther ; ags.wceder;
g. wetter; d. weder.
Eth-ic, -nic. edh, to grow or increase. Cfr. "eOoj/'eOvo:;) ethicus,
-nicus ; g. heide. v. Use.
Ethiop. Ab^to(^'. indh, to kindle. Cfr. "ac^'/oj-, cesfus.
Etio-logy. yat, to make, to strive. Cfr. Ni'^ to produce ; aizLu.
Etymo-logy. satya*!, true. Cfr. "sru/io:;.
Eu-. su, good, easy, well. Cfr. eu.
Euch-ology, Euc-tical. ya^tf, to ask. Cfr. "tu/o/iat. [Equal, Ab-.
Even, iva, eva„ even, so, as. Cfr. goth. iba, ihns ; g. ehen. v.
Ever. (ags. efre.') v. Aeon, Hora-.
Evil. aMla*?, foul, turbid ) abala^, weak, feeble ; vyala«!, wicked,
villanous. Cfr. Sd: foul, vile; goth. uhils ; g. ilhel ; d. euvel ;
ags. efel. ["ejzw; e-vito.
Evitable. vitt, to abandon; vitf, to separate. Cfr. 13 to separate;
d. ooi ; ags. eowa.
Ewe. avis, a sheep. Cfr. "oj*?; ovis ; goth. avis-ti ; sp. oheja ;
Ewer, hvr, to bend, to curve. Cfr. goth. hrugg ; ags. hwer ; g.
Ex-. V. Ec-. [krug ; d. kroeg ; fr. cruche.
Examine, gam, to be tranquil, to inspect. Cfr. p'k^ gross, stupid;
-lO'k^ to observe; o-y^a; exam-en, -ino ; pg. enxame ; fr. essaim.
Example, v. Sample.
Execute, v. Seek.
VOL. VII. — 2 D
226
Excellent, ucfa^la^, excellent. (A.)
Exegesis, v. Act.
Exercise, Exergue, v. Ergo.
Exhaust, hr, to seize. Cfr. 'apbio ; Jiaurio.
Exile. V. Sally.
Exist. V. Essence, Estate.
Exodus, hod, to go. Cfr. m;? to pass by ; "odo^.
Expatiate, pat, to go. Cfr. ncD3 to depart; rerawjpa^eo, ej-pa^ior.
Expedite, v. Speed.
Exper-. pr, to be busy, to labor. Cfr. ns£! power; -t'lpa; experior.
Extra. V. Con-tra-ry.
Exult. V. Salt-.
Eye. acfi, (nayana,,) the eye. Cfr. |';r; "o^^-s. "ox-Aoq] oculus;
goth. augo; g. auge ; d. oog ; it. occhio ; sp. ojo ; fr. oeil ; dan.
di/e; ags. eag.
Fable, djap, Map, to speak ; a^b, to sound. Cfr. ndi speech ; "e-w •
fahulor ; it. favola ; sip. hablar ; f v. fable, v. Fac-und.
Fac-. bhu^, to be, (Caus. bha^v-.) Cfr. -otioj, (fuco^/acio; fr.
/aco7i, /aire, faisahle.
Fac-und, Face, vatf, bha^f, to speak ; vactra,, the mouth or face ;
vafc, to see. Cfr. <pd^(o, (pdco, (pdjj.a) fama^ facundus, fades,
fa turn, fahula, facetus, fades.
Fadge, Fagot. pi4dj, to join ; pas, pag, to bind. Cfr. Tzrjyco • fasda,
pango, figo ; goth. fahan, fashja ; ags. foegen, fengan; g.
Faeces, v. Fetid. [fangen.
Fail, il, to go ) wi-W, to lie down, to perish ; la,b, ava-la^b, to fall ;
phal, to divide ; sphal, to tremble. Cfr. biD: to fail, to fall ;
<7(pdXlaj) f alio, fahus, labor, foliuin ; ^. fehlen ; d. falen ; it.
fallire ; fr. faillir.
Fain, bhadj, to enjoy. Cfr. goth. faginon ; ags. fagen. [van.
Faint, pen, pain, ven, to go. Cfr. vanus ; fr. faner; goth. ags.
Fair, bha^, to shine, ags. fcvger ; goth. fagrs.
Faith, vid, (veda,) to perceive, to know. Cfr. -eiOw) videre,fi.do,
fides; it. fede; goth. ags. vitan ; g. w'lsscn ; sp. ye; ix. foi,feal.
Fald-. V. Fold.
Fall, False, Falter, g. fallen ; d. v alien ; ags. fcallan ; fr. affalcr ;
g. falsch ; d. valsch ; sp./a/so. v. Fail.
Fame. v. Fac-und. Webster says of <pdio, '^ I suspect this root to
be contracted from <fayoj or (fa/.o), Class Bg."
Fa-MILY. pa^, to protect ; mil, to associate. Cfr. ^dd a family j
227
{<br3 to gather together; pa-ter, mil-es, fa-mil-ia, famulus ; it.
famiglia ; fr. famille.
Famine, bhacf, to eat. Cfr. cr/^o; ; /am^.s, (fagmes ?) fr. fa iin.
Fan. va^, (va^na,) to blow, to breathe. Cfr. (po-adw, v annus ; fr.
van; g. icanne ; d. wan; ags. ya?i?2. ^tasia, fanaticus.
Fan-, bha^ to shine, to appear. Cfr. ^aft», c>a{vaj, (pa'^rdXio ) phan-
Fane. (fanum.) van, to serve, to honor.
Fang. V. Fadge.
Fanion. v. Banner.
Far, Fare, para, remote -, pur, to go before. Cfr. nna absence ;
Tzoppco, TzopzUio ; foris, porro, prce, pro ; ags. feor, faran ; goth.
far an ; ^. falireUj fern ; d. varen, veer, voor ; iv. forain, liors.
Farce, v. Force. [v. For.
Fardeh v. Bear.
Fart, pard, to fart. Cfr. -ipdu) ; pedo ; g. furz.
Fascia, v. Fadge. [/5«c--zajvw ; fascino.
Fascinating, va^, to desire; vagi, subjugating, fascinating. Cfr.
Fash, paf, vaf, to strike.
Fashion, v. Facile.
Fast. V. Fadge. upavasta., hunger. (A.)
Fastidious, bhaf, to rail, to reproach; bha^f, to address; bhas, to
blame or abuse, to eat. Cfr. 113 to loathe, to despise; (paffiq)
fastidiosus. [v. Sting.
Fastigiate. (fasiif/iatus.) dha^ to place; tidj, (Caus.) to sharpen.
Fat. vath, pi, pi^v, to grow or be fat. Cfr. OGD to fatten, to cram ;
"113 fat; :3'3 a collopof fat; tzXw^^ ] pinguis, fatuus ; ags. g-fett;
Fate. V. Fac-und. [d. vet.
Father, pa^, to protect, to nourish ; pitr, father. Cfr. :-|£i a tutor,
a nurse; 3X a father or instructor; Tza-Tjp; pater; ags. feeder ;
g. fader; d. vader ; sp. \i. padre; fr. per e.
Fathom, Fatiscence. pat, to surround ; put, to embrace, to bind ;
pa^d, to collect. Cfr. nn-) to enlarge; g. faden; d. vaden ;
ags. fcethem ; goth. fatlia.
Fatuous, vathara^, stupid, slow, dull. (A.) v. Fat.
Fauces, bhacf, to eat. Cfr. ns the mouth ; TtyD to chew the cud ;
Fault. V. Fail, Fall. \<pa.yu)) faux.
Favillous. bha^, to shine. Cfr. ~iN£) brightness ; <pdw ; favilla.
Favor, dha^, to place, to give. Cfr. nxn a bound, affection; Mu)',
Fay. V. Fadge. \_fa-vor,fau-tor ; it. favore ; fr. faveur.
Fealty, v. Faith.
Fear, bhri^ bhi^ bhef, bhref, to fear ; bhi^ru^, timid. Cfr. ^i-
228
l^oiiat) vereor, pavor^ formido ; goth. faurJitei ; d. vaaren ; ags.
fc^ran; iv. frayeur, effroi. v. Bashful, Far.
Feasible, Feat, Feature, v. Fac-ile.
Feast. V. Festival.
Feather, pat, to fly ; patra,, a wing. Cfr. Trho/im ; -rUov ; peto^
penna, (^petnd) ; g. feeler ; d. veder ; ags. /ether.
Febri-. v. Fever.
Feet, (af-, con-, de-, in-.) v. Fac-ile.
Fe-cund. bhu^, to be. Cfr. ^o- } fu-, fe-tus, -cundus. v. Facile, Fat.
Federal, badh, to bind ; vid, to know, discover, obtain, wed. Cfr.
D2V to pledge; n^y a band; foedus, vador.
Fee. pa5, to bind; pagu's, an animal. Qir. pecu-nia ; goih./aihu;
og. film ; g.vieh; d. vee ; dan./ee; ags. /eo7i. v. Fend-.
Feeble, v. Ab, Ability. Cfr. a-aOevy^q ; de-hilis ; it. fievole; si^./eble;
fr. foible.
Feed, pa^, puf, bhat, to nourish ; ad, bhudj, to eat. Cfr. r\2 the
mouth; rJ.oij.o.i', pa-sco, -hidum ; goih. fodj'an ; g. fiittern ; d.
voeden ; ags. foedaii.
Feign, vantf, to deceive. G^r. fingo ; goth. hi-faihon ; d. veinzen ;
arm. fincha ; sp. fingir. v. Figure.
-Feit. (counter-, sur-.) v. Fac-ile. [Filter, Fleece.
Fell, Felt, vil, to clothe or cover, to break or divide, v. Bale, Fail,
Fellow, Felly, pel, phel, vel, to go, to vacillate. Cfr. i^Sa to wallow;
volvo ; goth. walu'ia ; g. felge ; d. velg ; dsiXi. falge ; ags. fcclge.
Felon. V. Fail. [v. Follow.
Fem-. va^ma<!, abreast; va^ma^ a woman ; dhe, to drink. Cfr.
TL^7jA0(;, "^^'f/^ 'd femina ; fr. fem-elle, -inin.
Fenerate. dhan, to produce fruit; dha^, to place, to give. Cfr. dav-
Feod, Feoflf. v. Fee, Feud. [ecTf*^; foenus.
Fer-. (ali-, bi-, con-, de-, re-, suf-.) v. Bear.
Ferine, Ferocious, svr^, spr^, dhvr, to injure, to destroy; dhr, to
hold, to carry ; bharv, to strike, to fight. Cfr. Nli3 wild, furious;
■&flp, fT/P, (fi^clpuj ] ferox, ferus, furia. [yireii.
Ferial, pr, to delight. Cfr. nxa to beautify; feri.ce ; g. feier ; d.
Ferment. gharma'=5, heat. Cfr. ron the south; ^ipp-q) fervere,
-menturti ; goth. varmja. v. Burn.
Fer-millet, -reous. dhr, to hold ; dhi^ra«!, firm, solid, strong. Cfr.
"sdpdloq, ffidrjpoc; '^ fir-mus, fer-rum ; sp. hierro ; w. fer (solid);
Ferry, v. Bear Fare. [fr. fer, ferme.
Fervent, v. Ferment. [Cfr. con-fiteor, -fessus.
-Fess. (con-, pro-.) bhaf, pat, to speak; bhas, to blame, to threaten.
229
Fesse. v. Fadge. \^festa ; ir. fete.
Festival, Fete, bhas, to eat. Cfr. festum ; g. /est; d. feesi; it.
Fetid, foetidus. v. Putrid, Vice.
Fet-. V. Foot.
Fetus. V. Be, Fecund.
Feud. V. Faith, Hate. [Ferment.
Fever. Cfr. fervere, fehris; it. fehhre ; sp. jiehre ; fr. fievre. v.
Fiance, v. Faitb.
Fib. V. Fable.
-Fie-, (amphi-, de-, pro-, suf-.) v. Fac-ile.
Fickle, tfal, vi-tfal, to vacillate ; vidj, to tremble. Cfr. pia to
stagger; vacillo ; sw. vackla ; ags. wicelian, Jicol.
Fict-. V. Fac-ile, Feign.
-Fid. (bi-.) bhi.d, bhid, to cut, to divide. Cfr. findo,fidi.
Fidelity, -ucial. (af-, con-.) v. Faith.
Fidget. V. Fickle.
Field. Cfr. g. ags.feld; d. vellen, veld; sw. dan./e?^. v. Fail, Fell.
Fiend, bhi^ to fear. Cfr. goth.y?;'a7i; g. feind; d. vijand ; ags.
Fierce, v. Ferine. \_feond. v. Hate.
Figary. v. Yag-.
Fight. piidj» pif) to strike. Cfr. >♦ jij to assault ; ~6| ; pungo, pugna ;
goth. veigan ; g. fechten ; ags. feahtan ; dan. fegter. v. Vigor.
Fig-ure, -ment, -ulate. pi^djj to paint, to delineate. Cfr. tzocxcUo) ;
p mgo, jingo, fuco, jig-ura ; fr. figu re.
Fil-ament, File, Fili-form. pa^li^, a sharp edge, a line, a row or
range. Cfr. filum ; pg. it. fila ; sp. kilo ; fr. file, filet.
Filch, vitf, to separate; bhil, to cut; vil, to cover, to hide.
-File, (de-) v. Filth.
Filial, bal, to live, to nourish; ba^la<!, young; ba^l-a^, -a'', a child,
a colt; pota«, a young animal; pa^l, to keep, to guard. Cfr.
T.wXoq; pidlus, filius, filiu ; goih.fida; fr.fils,fille. v. Feminine.
Fill, pr^, to fill ; pul, to be great or large ; pu^l, to collect, or heap
up. Cfr. 7:i).iw, TzoXoq, -6/ug, -liwz', -pleo, plus, plemis, vulgus;
goth. filu, fulls ; g. fiillen, viel, voll, volk ; d. vol, volk, vullen ;
^gs. fi/llan,folc ; fr. foule.
Fillip, pil, to throw, to cast or send ; pi^lu's, an arrow. Cfr. r.dXXiu ;
Filly. V. Filial. \_pello, piluni ; g. pfeil.
Film, val, vil, to surround, to cover. Cfr. tlXio; velo, velamen;
it. velame ; ags. filni. v. Veil.
Filter, (from Felt.) pu^l, to collect; pil, to press. Cfr. r.diio',
pilo ; it. feltro ; sp. filtro ; fr. filtre.
230
Filth. V. Evil, Foul.
Fin. phan, pad, (pannas) logo. Cfr. penna ; g. dan. y?»ne; d.
vin ; ags.Jinn.
Find, vid, (vindati,) to find. Cfr. eiSiuj ; video; ^oth. Jinfhan ;
Q.gs. findan ; ^. Jinden ; d. vindeii.
Finger, goih. figgrs ; g. sw. dfin. 2igs. finger ; d. vingcr. v. Fadge.
Fire, pu^ to purify; pruf, to burn. Cfr. "iNi) brightness; rrup,
TzpTJffLc;; -huro,prii-; g. feuer ; d. vuur ; dan. sw. 2ig^. ft/r.
Firm. v. Fermillet.
First, pra, before ; prathama^, first ; parama*!, first, best. Cfr.
T^pv>, ~p6j T.pojzuq', prcc, princeps, primus ; gotli. faur) d. vor^
filrst ; d. voor, vorst.
Fisc. V. Fadge, Basket.
Fish, Fisk. pay, to go; payas, water; ac, ic, to go. Cfr. "r/.u),
\yjybq) piscis; goth. dan. sw. fisk ; g. fiscJi ; d. visch ; ags. fisc ;
it. pesce ; fr. poisson.
Fiss-. bhid, bhi4, to break, to cut. Cfr. 12 to separate ; findo,
fissura, fidis ; ^y. fissure ; g. heissen.
Fist, muf, to steal or take; mufti, the fist; pag, pust, to bind. Cfr.
r.b^, r.uyiiri', g. faust ; d. vuist ; ags. fi/st. v. Pugil.
Fit. pat, to fly, to fall ; pat, vat, to clothe, to surround ; hita«,
proper. Cfr. -:'--rw; peto.
Five, pantfa, five. Cfr. -i^ze, Tzi/j-t; quinque; goth. fimf; nvm.
pemp ; g./iinf; d. vijf ; dan. sw.fem. ags. fif.
Fix. figo,fixum. v. Fadge.
Flagrant, Flame, bhla^g, bhra^dj, to shine. Cfr. (pliyuj ; fidgeOj
Flagellant, Flail, v. Blow. \_flagro, fiamma.
Flake, Flask, Flax, Flex-, v. Plic-.
Flash, pluf, plas, to burn, to set free. v. Blaze.
Flat. V. Broad.
Flea, Flee, Fleet, vli^ plih, pli', plu, to go. Cfr. -Xioj, r.li^ ; volo ;
goth. tldiulian ; g. fiicgen, flichcn ; d. vliegen ; ags fieogan.
V. Float.
Fleece, vil, vr, u^rnu, to cover; u^rna^, wool. Cfr. "epcov, villus,
vellus, lana ; russ. volna ; goth. vidla ; og. wolla ; g. woUe,
fiicss ; d. vcl, vlies ; ags. fcl, fli/s.
Flicker, Flight, Flit. v. Flea.
-Flict. (af-, con-, in-.) Fling, v. Blow.
Flimsy, v. Limber.
Float, plu, to go, to swim. Cfr. r/Aiuj, -kw-oq', pluo, pluvia,fiumen ;
goth. flodus; ags. fiota ; g.fioss; d. vlot ; fr. flotte ; rnss. plot.
231
Flock. V. Fill, Plic-.
Flog. V. Blow.
Flood, Flow, Flu-, (af-, con-, re-,) Flue-, Fluv-, Flux-, v. Flea, Float.
Flower, Flor-, Flos-, Flour-. phuU, to blossom. Cfr. ^uAAov,
ftXaariu)', flos, fioreo, folium; it. Jiorc, foglia ; sp. fior ; fr.
jleur, feuille.
Flush, Fluster, v. Flash.
Fly. V. Flea.
Foal. V. Filial.
Foam. V. Fume.
Focus, Fair, dhucf, dah, to burn, to kindle; bha^, to shine. Cfr.
(fdio, ifwq) focusj for-mosiis ; goi\i. fa(jrs ; ags. /ce(jr ; s^. fuego ;
it. fuoco; pg./o^o; fr. feu.
Fodder, v. Feed.
Foe. V. Hate.
Foil, Fol-. V. Fail, Flower.
Foin. V. Point.
Fold, pul, to collect; pa% to keep, to guard. Cfr. goth. fcdthan ;
figs, fealdan ; g. fallen ; dan. folder ; russ. j^halda. v. Cable.
Folk. v. Fill.
Follow, pal, val, ga^, to go. Cfr. -o/Jcu ; g. folgen ; d. vohjen ;
Sigs. fohjian.
Fo-ment. v. Focus.
Font. V. Found.
Foot, pad, a foot. Cfr. Z)2 to tread under foot; -od-] pcd- ; goth.
fotus ; g. fuss ; d. voet ; ags. fof ; fr. p/<:r7.
For. para, after, distant, attached to ; pra, forth. Cfr. Ttapa, Tzspa,
Ttoppw^ per, pro, prce, 2)or- ; goth. fiur; g. fur, vor, ver- ; d.
voor ; ags. for; fv. p)our ; it. per ; sp. pg. jjo?*.
For-, (bi-, per-.) pa^r, to get through or over ; pra, forth. Cfr.
(papoio; foro; g. hohren. v. Ter-.
For-age. v. Fare, Vor-.
Force, Fort, vi^r, vrf, to be powerful. Cfr. vireo, fortis ; it. forza ;
sp. fuerza ; fr. force, v. Bear.
Ford, (af-) Fore, Foreign, -est, -feit. v. Far, For.
Forge. V. Burn, Ferreous.
Fork. V. Furc-.
Form, dhariman, form.
Formidable, v. Fear.
Forth, v. Far.
Fortu-ne, -itous. v. Bear, Fare.
232
Foss-il. pat, bhid, vas, to cut. Cfr. y)^ to break to pieces ; DD a
piece ; fodio, foss- ; it. fossa, fossile ; fr. fosse, fossile.
Foster, v. Feed.
Fougade. v. Focus.
Foul, puy, to stink, to putrefy. Cfr. -uf}u}',pus, puteo ; goth fuls ;
^.faul; d. vuil ; a^s, ful, faul. v. Evil.
Found, Fount, bhu^, to be; pud, to leave; bus, to pour out. Cfr.
^ua>; fundo, fons, facio ; it. fondare, fonte ; fr. fonder, fon-
taine. v. Funnel.
Four, tfatur, (tfatva^ras,) four. Cfr. r^^ro-a^osi?, -cVu/^e? ; ^je^ori7w?7i,
quatuor ; Qoih. fdvor ; g. d. vier.
Fowl, pacfa'', a wing ; pacfalu, a bird ; vah, to flow, to convey.
Cfr. ^^:d to rush; (fsoyw- fugio, passer; goth. fugls; g. d.
vogel ; ags. dan. fugl. [d. vos.
Fox. pacf, to seize. Cfr. al6-raj~ ; goih.. f aha, faulio ; g. fuchs ;
Fract-, Frag-, Frail, Franch-, Frang-, Frank, Fray, Freak, Freck-,
Free. v. Bray, Friend. ["a^a>/j.a; fra-gro.
Fragrance, ghra^ to smell; ghra^na, odor, the nose. Cfr. '/>:v,
FRATER-nal. V. Brother.
Fraught, Freight, v. Bear, Fare.
Freeze, bhri^, to fear, to hold ; bhref, to fear ; bhr^, to hold, to
fry. Cfr. (ppiaau)-, frigeo, frigo ; goi\\, frius ; og. friusan; d.
Fre-quence. pr^, to fill. \yrlezen ; ags. frysan.
Fresh, vrf, to rain, to be powerful ; prf, to sprinkle; rf, bhref, to
move. Cfr. g. d. frisch; dan. frisk ; ags. fersc ; it. sp. pg. //-esco.
Fret, Fri-, Fric-tion. ghrf, to rub, to grind, or pound; ghr, to
sprinkle. Cfr. /jhw ; frictio ; goth. fr tan ; g. fressen ; d.
vreien ; ngfi. frctan. v. Eat.
Friend, pri^, to please, to desire or love. Cfr. -pdo:; ; -perior,
fruor ; go\\\. frljon, friond ; g. freue, freund ; d. vriend; ags.
freon, freond ; dan. frende.
Frieze, Fringe, v. Bray.
Frig-. V. Freeze, Rig-.
Frith. V. Far, For-.
Frog. Vlih, to roar. Cfr. 'p^rA^o-, rngi'o ; ngs. frog a ; d. frosch.
Frolick. pri^, to please; la.gh, to leap. Cfr. /.(xyw^; goth. lai/ain ;
g. froh, frohlocl-en ; d. vro-lljk.
From. goth. ags. /rr/m. v. Far, For.
Front, Frown, pra^nta^s, edge, border, v. Brow, For.
Fruct-, Frug-, Fruit, bhr, to bear. Cfr. fruor, fructas, fruges ;
g.fruclU; d. vruclit ; \i. frutto ; fr. fruit, v. Friend, Orchard.
233
Frush, Fnis-. v. Bray.
Fry. bhr^, bhrdj, to fry. Cfr. (ppoyw -, frigo ; fr. frire.
Fuc-, Fudge, v. Figure.
Fuel. V. Focus.
Fug-, bhadj, to separate, to fly. Cfr. (poyrj ; fuga.
Fu]g-. bha^dj, bhra^dj, bhla^g, to shine. Cfr. (fXiyio ; falgeo ; g.
Ful-iginous, Ful-some. v. Foul, Fill. [blicke, hlitze.
Full, pu^rnas full. v. Fill.
Fulmin-. v. Bal-ister. \_fumus ; fr. fumee.
Fume, dhu^ma'', smoke; phena'», foam, vapor. Cfr. i%!ia; spuma,
Fun-ambulist. put, to bind. Cfr. funis. [v. Found.
Fund, budhna'?, the root of a tree. Cfr. 7zui%/j.rjv', fundus; g. hoden.
Funeral, van, to kill. Cfr. <f6vo<;; funus. v. Bane.
Funnel, va^, (va^n,) to blow, to breathe. Cfr. w. ficn, fynnon^
Fur, Furnish, v. Fleece. \_fynel, fwnt.
Furc-ate. vrc, to take ; dhr, to hold. Cfr. furca.
Furl, dhr, to hold. Cfr. ir. ferler ; ^^. aferrar ; ^^. ferrar.
Furlough. V. Fare, Leave.
Furnace, v. Burn.
Fuse. V. Found.
Fu-TURE. bhu^ (bhavitr,) to be. Ch. <p6-aj ; fu-{, -turns.
-Fy, V. Fac-.
Gab, Gaby, djap, gup, to speak ; djabh, to gape. Cfr. ags. gahhan;
Gabel, Gable, v. Cable. [it. gahhare ; fr. gaber,Jabofer.
Gad. ga^, to go; gud, to drive away; gada^, a club. ags. gad.
Gag-gle. V. Cach-.
Gain, djan, to produce. Cfr. ^ewa'w; gi'gno ; goth ga-geigan ;
Sigs.gpian; g.geioinnen; sw. gagna ; s^. ganar ; fv. gagner.
Gairish. ghr, to shine. [v. Again-st.
Gait, ga^, gam, (gata,) to go; gati, motion. Cfr. goth. gatvo ;
g. gasse ; dan. gade ; sw. gata.
Gala, tfal, to sport ; djval, to shine. Cfr. sp. it. fr. gala ; fr. Joli.
Galaxy, gal, to eat, to flow. Cfr. ydXa; glutio.
Gale. v. Chill.
Gall. V. Choi-.
Gall-ery, -eon, -ey. cal, to throw, to go. Cfr. it. galera^ galeone,
galleria ; dan. g. gallerie ; fr. galerie, galere ; sp. galeria,
Gall-inaceous. v. Call. [galeon, galera.
Gall-on. cal, to count, to hold.
Gal-lop. 9al, to run. v. Leap.
GAM-bol, -brel, Gamble, Game, Gambit, Gammon, gam, ga.b, to
VOL. VII. — 2 E
234
go ; gaina*«, a game played with dice and men, as backgammon,
&c. Cfr. it. s^. gamla ; fr. jamhe, gamhiller ; n^s. gamen.
Gam-, (amphi-, bi-, mono-, poly-.) cam, to love; yama„ a pain;
upa-yam, to marry; djam, a wife. Cfr. ydrxoc;', goth. guma ;
ags. goma ; g. -gam.
Ganch. CTl.tf, to be crooked. Cfr. it. gancio ; sp. pg. gancho.
Gander, Ganza. v. Goose.
Gang. ca<c, to go. Cfr. goth. gaggan ; og. os. ags. gangan ; ags.
g. d. dan. gang.
Gan-oid. v. Candid. [sw. gapa.
Gap, Gape, djabh, to gape. Cfr. ags, geapan; g. gaffen; d. gaapen;
Gar. djiri, to injure, to wound. Cfr. goth. gairu.
Garbage, Garble, v. Carp.
Garden, Garth, crt, to surround. Cfr. y^dproq) liortus; goth. gairda^
gards ; 2igs. geard ; g. gurt, garten ; it. giardino ; sp. fr. jar din.
Gargle, Gargoyle, grdj, to grumble, to roar ; gr, to sprinkle ; gr^,
to swallow. Cfr. g. gurgeln ; d. gorgelen ; it. gargagliare ; fr-
Gar-land, -ment, -nish. v. Career. \_gargouiUer.
Gar-ret, -risen, vr, to screen, to cover, v. Guard.
Gar-rulity. gr^ to sound, to speak, Cfr. yT^poq; garrio ; w. gair.
Gas. gha,s, to flow, to ooze, Cfr. g. geisf ; d. geest ; ags. gast.
Gash, caf, chaf, tfaf, tfhaf, djaf, to strike, to kill.
Gasket, v. Case.
Gastric, djathara*?, the belly. Cfr. yaffzyjp ; goth. qvifhrs.
Gate. v. Gait.
Gather, ghat, ga^dh, to put together. Cfr. i: a troop; "^ij a
fold; ^oth. g aid dj a ; g. gatten ; ^. gaderen ; ags. gadina?!.
Gaud, gud, gudh, to play. Cfr. gaudeo.
Gaunt, cu^n, tfu^n, to contract.
Ge-. V, Con-.
Gear. v. Ger-.
Gel-, (ag-, con-,) v. Chill
Gemini, yama,, a pair.
Gen-, djan, to produce; djaiia«, man. Cfr. ylvoq; genus, genius,
genitus ; it. gen ere ; ir. genre, v. Begin.
Geniculate, Genu-, v. Knee.
Gent-. V. Gen-.
Geo-, Gee, gau««, the earth, Cfr. yvj.
Ger-. (ali-, belli-, con-.) hr, to take, to convey.
Geranium, v. Crane,
GERO-comy. djr^, to grow old. Cfr, yipwv.
235
Get. hud, liu,d, to collect, to take ; tfat, to seek. Cfr, ya'^d-dvw ;
pre-lieiid-o ; goth. hi-git-an ; ags. gitan ; it. cattare. v. Gather,
Ghast-, Ghost, v. Gas. [Gen-.
Ghoul, gal, to eat.
Gibber, Gibe. v. Gab.
Gibbous, cubdja**, crooked. Cfr. ::: prominent; xutztw, xu<p6^j
Giddy, cad, to be confused, ags. gidig. \_gihbus ; ir. gibheux.
Giggle. V. Cach-,
Gimp, guph, gUjph, to string, to sow, to tie.
Gin, -Gine. v. Gen-.
Ginger, gringa^rai, ginger. Cfr. ^tyyv^epiq) zinziber; sp. gengibre;
Gir-. V. Career. [fr. gingembre.
Gird. v. Garden.
Girl, gauri^, a young girl.
Glab-. V. Glib.
Glac-. V. Glass, Gel-. [ags. sw. dan. glad.
Glad, Glee, hla^d, to gladden, to be glad. Cfr. laetus ; goth. Mas;
Glance, Glass, las, to shine. Cfr. glacies; ags. dan. g. d. glas,
fr. glace. [^glaucus.
Glaucous, Gleam, Glim-. glail«, the moon. Cfr. yXauy-uq, yXTf^oq)
Glib, lip, to anoint, to smear. Cfr. glaber ; d. glippen.
Glis-ten, Glit-ter, Glose, Gloss, Glow. v. Glance, Glaucous, Cauldron.
Glottis, lad, to loll the tongue. Cfr. ylajrra.
Glue-, Glut, Glyc-. gal, to eat, to ooze; gulya«, sweet. Cfr.
yXoy.bq) didcisj glutio ; ir. engloutir. [di. knag en.
Gnaw. nacha«, a finger nail. Cfr. xvaw ; ags. gnagan ; g. nagen;
-Gnize, (a-, CO-,) Gnom-, Gnos-. djna^, to know. Cfr. y^^ajaiq;
gnosco ; goth. kann ; ags. cnawan ; g. kennen. v. Can.
Go. ga^, to go. Cfr. g.gehen; d. gaan ; ags. g an.
Gob. V. Gab. [dan. ^wc?; d. ags. god.
God. gud, to guard, to preserve. Cfr. goth. guth, gud ; g. gott ;
Goel. V. Yellow.
Gold, hir-ana^, gaura,, abhra,, gold; djval, to shine; gauras
yellow. Cfr. yp-uaoq] goth. gul-th ; d. goud ; dan. guld ; g.
Golf. V. Clavate. [ags, gold. v. Yellow.
Goll, Golore. v. Claw.
-GoN. (dia-, hexa-, poly-.) cona««, an angle. Cfr. ywvia. v. Cone.
Gondola. caiitha^la«, a boat.
Gong, gandj, to sound. [d. goed ; sw. dan. ags. god. v. God.
Good. Qudh, to be pure. Cfr. ayarUq; goth. goth, gods ; g. gut;
Goom. V. Bride-goom, Gam-.
236
Goose, ha^sa*, a goose. Cfr. ;^^'v; anser ; g. d. gans ; it. ganza ;
Gore. V. Achor. [si^. gaiizo ; dan. gaas ; ags. gandra, gos.
Gore, gu^r, to hurt, to injure. \_gorja ; ^v. gorge, v. Gargle.
Gorge, grdj, to roar, to sound. Cfr. garrio, gurges ; sp. gorgeavj
Gormand. gr^, to eat; ma^d, to rejoice. Cfr. fr. gourmand.
Gorse. v. Grass.
Gout. V. Gutta, Gust-.
Grab, grah, grbh, to take, to seize; djrbh, to gape, to yawn. Cfr.
Ypdcpo)-^ scriho ; goth. greipan ; g. greifen, schrapen ; it.
gra2')pare.
Grace, hrd, the heart; hrdya^i, grateful, pleasant ; crath, to amuse.
Cfr. xaipio, /dpiq • gratus, gratia ; fr. gre, grace; it. g7'azia.
Grab-, hrud, to go. Cfr. gradior, gradus; sp. it, grado ; fr.
grade; ags. hrad, hraes, hreosan; g. grad ; d. graad.
Grain, v. Kernel.
Gramin-. v. Grass. [fr. grand.
Grand, djr^, to grow old. Cfr. yipujv; grandis; sp. it. grande ;
Grap-, Grasp. V. Grab.
Grass, gr^, gras, to eat. Cfr. ypdoj-, gra-men ; goth. g. d. gras.
Grat-. V. Grace, Crash. [sp. it. grave, v. Grab.
Grave, gurus, gurvi^, heavy, difficult. Cfr. [iapbq; gravis ; fr.
Gravy, cravya,, flesh. Cfr. -/.piaq; cam-is. [v. Grand.
Gray, djr^, to grow old. Cfr. it. grig io ; g, grau ; d. graauw.
Graze, v. Grass, Crash.
Great, v. Grand, Crescent.
Grease, v. Chris-. [d. greetig ; sxgs. graE^dig ; fr. gre.
Greed-, grdh, to desire, to be greedy. Cfr. goth. gredon, gredags;
Green, hari^, green; harina«, yellowish white. Cfr. yXiopoq)
viridis ; g. griin ; d. groeii. [Crj-
Greet. cra,d, to weep, to call. Cfr. a^s. gretan ; d. groeten. v.
Greg-, (ab-, ag-, con-, se-.) hrag, to cover; hrud, to collect. Cfr
grex ; goth. hah^da ; g. herde ; ags. heord.
Gress-. (ag-, con-, re-.) v. Grad.
-Gret. V. Greet.
Grief, v. Grave.
Grim, Grum. ghur, to be frightful or terrible. Cfr. horreo; g
harm, grimm ; sw. dan. g. d. gram; ags. grim, gram.
Grip, Gripe, v. Grab.
Grisly, v. Ilorr-.
Grist, Grit, ghrf, to grind.
Grope, Group, Grovel, Grub, Gruff, v. Grab.
237
Grot. garta«, a hole, a cavern. Cfr. d. grot; g. dan. fr. grotte ;
it. grotta.
Guaranty, Guard, Guerdon, vr, to select, to screen, to cover. Cfr.
(fpoupoq-j 'opdco; vereor, verus ; goth. vars ; g. wartj wahr ; d-
waar, waaren ; it. guardare ; sp. pg. guardar ; fr. garder.
Guest, ghas, to eat; djuf, to like, to please. Cfr. gustare, hostis ;
Guise. V, Wise. [goth. gasts ; g. d. ags. gast ; fr. gouter, hote.
Gular, Gul-, Gulp. v. Collar.
Gules, fr. gueules. djval, to shine. \_goIfo.
Gulf, cul, to collect. Cfr. y.6)-oq; d. golf ; fr. gol/e ; it. sp. pg.
Gun. V. Cannon.
Gurge, Gurgle, v. Gorge.
Gush, Gust, Guzzle, v. Gas, Guest.
Gutta, Gutter, tfut, to wet, to drop; gad, to flow. Cfr. ;^uro^«
gutta ; fr. goutte ; sp. pg. gota. \_gen-itor ; goth. gvens.
Gtn-. djan, to produce; djani^, a woman. Cfr. yoWj, yewdw^
Gypsum, gup, to conceal, to protect. Cfr. t]U to shut up; yuipo^.
Hab-, Haft, a^p, to obtain, to have ; av, to keep. Cfr. ^acpdo) ;
habere; goth. liahan ; g. haheii ; d. hehhen ; sp. Jiaher ; pg.
haver ; it. avere ; fr. avoir; ags. hahhan. v. Cip-.
Hail, Hale, Hal-, v. Ael-, All, Call, Calli-, Haul.
Hair, vr, u'rnu, to cover; urna^, wool. Cfr. "e/j.'ov; hirsutus; g.
Halloo. V. Alloo, Call. [d. dan. haar ; ags. haer.
Hall, alaya^s, a dwelling, v. Cell, -Cile.
Halm. V. Calamus, Culminate.
Hals-. V. Collar. [halts, v. Hold.
Halt, chol, (cholati,) to be lame. Cfr. ywXoq; daudus ; goth.
Ham. V. Cam, Home.
Hand. hUjd, to collect, to take. Cfr. /w^d-d'^oj -, pre-hend-o ; goth.
handus ; g. d. dan. ags. hand. \hangan ; g. d. hangen.
Hang, yudj, (yUjCte,) to join. Cfr. Jungo ; goth. hahen ; ags.
Hank. ajC, to count, v. Hook.
Hanker, v. Hunger.
Hap-. V. Hab-. [har-asser.
Har-. hr, to take, to seize, to steal. Cfr. car-po; g. d. heer ; fr.
Har-bor. pura^, a city. v. Borough, [g. hart ; d. hard ; fr. hardi.
Hard. djaratha«, hard, solid. Cfr. xpdzoq) cert- are ; goth. hardus ;
Has. as, to take or receive.
Haste. V. Heat.
Hat. V. Hood.
Hate, het, va^dh, to vex, to oppose ; dvif, to hate. Cfr. xoro^,
238
^odixTffw) odium; goth. hatari; g. hassen; d. haien; ags. Tiatian.
V. Cut, Heat. [d. lialen.
Haul, cal, to throw or cast, to seize. Cfr. xOlw; -cello; g. liolen ;
Haulm. V. Calamus, Culminate. [sp. it. pg. anca.
Haunch, anca^, the flank, v. Anchor. Cfr. g. hanke ; fr. handle;
Have. V. Hab-.
Haw. V. Hedge. \liav-ik ; ags. haf-oc.
Hawk, Havoc, v. Cip-, Auction. Cfr. ac-cip-iter ; g. hah-icht; d.
Hawser, v. Haul.
Hay. tfho, to cut. Cfr. goth. hawi ; g. hauen, heu-en ; d. houiven,
liooi ; ags. heawian, hseg. v. Hedge.
Head. v. Cephalic, Heap.
Heal. V. Hail. [v. Cip-.
Heap, ubh, to fill. Cfr. goth. ags. hup ; g. haufe; d. hoop, heup.
Hear, gru, to hear. Cfr. g. horen ; d. hooren ; ags. heoran.
Hearse, v. Har-, Rehearse.
Heart, v. Cardiac.
Heat. huta««, burnt as an oblation ; heti^, flame ; hat, to shine ;
cut, to burn. Cfr. TWD to burn; y.aiw] asstus ; goth. hais, haistSj
heito ; g. hitse^ hastig, heissen; d. heet-en, hitte, hitsig ; ags.
haetan ; sw. het-ta ; dan. hede. v. Ash.
Heav-en. nabha«, sky ; upa, excess, over. Cfr. goth. hafjan ; g.
Heazy. ca^s, to cough. \liehen ; d. heffen ; ags. heofan. v. Heap.
Hebd-. V. Sept-.
Hecatomb, v. Hundred.
Hederal. hed, to encompass.
Hedge, yudj, to join; hed, to surround. Qh. jungo, cingo ; g.
hecke ; d. haag ; ags. hseg, hegge ; fr. hale.
Hedr.- v. Sanhedrim. [d. hoeden ; ags. hedan.
Heed, gu^d? hed, to surround, to guard. Cfr. xrjdiu)', g. huten ;
Heel, gal, to run. Cfr. salio, calx ; d. dan. hiel ; sw. dan. hael ;
Hegemonic, Hejira. adj, to go. [ags. hel.
Height, hi, to enlarge; utftfa^, high. Cfr. aug-ustus ; goth. hauh;
g. hoch ; d. hoog ; ags. heag.
Heinous, han, to kill; ena'^, sin, off"ence. [it. ercde ; fr. heritler.
Heir, hr, (hara<!,) to seize. Cfr. ^a^' to inherit; alpiio; hse)-es ;
Hele, Hell. v. Ceil, Cell, Coal.
Heli-. v. Solar. [g. d. ags. helm.
Helm, djal, Qal, to cover. Cfr. galea; goth. hilms ; sp. jelmo ;
Help, clrp, (calp-,) to become, to make, to suflBce. Cfr. goth.
hilpan ; g. helfcn; d. help en ; ags. helpan.
239
Hemi. v. Semi.
Hemp. V. Cannabine. [d. haan, hen; ags. Tien, henne.
Hen. can, to sound. Cfr. can-ere ; goth. liana ; g. Jiahn, henne;
Hence, hi^na*!, left, abandoned. Cfr. goth. hina; g. hin ; ags. heona.
Hend. (ap-com-pre.) v. Hand.
Hept-. V. Sept-.
Herald, v. Cry.
Herbs, arbha*!, herbs.
Herd. v. Greg-.
Hered-, Heret-. v. Heir.
Here-tog. v. Har-.
Hero, gu^ra*!, a hero. Cfr. xbpioq, 'ripwq. v. Har-, Vir-.
Heron, v. Crane.
Herp-. V. Serpent.
Hest. V. Heat.
Hestern. v. Tester-.
Hetero-. v. Alter-.
Hex-. V. Six.
Hey. hay, to sound ; hve, to call.
Hiccough- hicca^, hiccough. Cfr. d. dan. hik ; fr. hoquet.
Hide, gudh, to encompass. Cfr. y.eui^io ; condo ; ags. hydan ; g.
hilten ; d. hoeden ; sip. ipg. cuidar. v. Heed.
Hie. hay, to go.
Hiem-. v. Hyem-.
Hight. huta**, called.
HiLAR-lTY. hil, to dally, to wanton. Cfr. 'dapoq; hilaris. v. Glad.
Hill, cul, to heap up. Cfr. /.rjXr] ; collis ; sw. hoi; ags. hyll.
Himalaya. hima<«, cold; laya«!, habitation.
Hind. V. Hence.
Hinge, yundjana^ uniting, joining with. v. Hang.
Hint, tfi^t, to consider, to meditate. Cfr. it. cenno.
Hip. V. Heap.
Hippo-. a5va«, a horse. Cfr. {^iySoq,) "i-r^o^; equus ; goth. aihvus.
Histrionic, has, to laugh.
Hit. hi, (heta^) to throw; hita<s, suitable; nth, to strike, to knock
Hitch. V. Hook. [down. Cfr. sw. hitta ; dan. hitter.
Hither, v. It.
Hive, Hob. v. Heap.
Hoard, v. Har-.
Hoarse, hras, to sound.
Hock. V. High.
240
Hod. V. Hood.
Hog'shead. v. Ox. Cfr. g. oxJioft ; d. okshoofd ; sw. oxhufvud.
Hold, Hole, Hollow, chal, cul, to collect. Cfr. ags. healdan ; g.
halten; d. houden. v. Calyx, Cull, Coil.
Holo-, Holy. V. Hail.
Homage, homa^, burnt offering, accompanied by prayers.
Home. 9am, to be tranquil. Cfr. zw/a^, •/.oiixdiu -, goth. haims; g.
d. heim ; ags. hmni.
Homo-, sama*', similar, complete. Cfr. "ajia, 'o/iuq, 'otioloi;', simid,
similis ; goth. sama ; g. sammeln ; g. zaam.
Hone, han, to strike, to kill. Cfr. 'axovrj ; ags. hsenan ; sw. hen.
Hon-, can, to desire, to love. Cfr. xuvio) ; honos, honestus.
Hood, hud, to collect, to heap together. Cfr. goth. haidus ; ags.
had, hade, hod; g. heit ; d. heid.
Hoof, Hoop, Hop. V. Heave, ^apha*?, a horse's hoof.
Hook, ac, a^c, to wind. Cfr. run a hook; 'ay/.(i»; uncus; ags.
Hoot, cutt, to despise, to censure. [Aoc; g. haken ; d. haah.
HoRA-, Hour, hora^, an hour; va^ra^ time, opportunity; hr, to
to take. Cfr. "wpa; hora ; g. iihr ; d. ^iiir ; it. ora ; fr. heure.
Horde, v. Greg-. [Jio'.r ; dan. hore.
Hore. hr, to destroy, to take by violence. Cfr. g. ags. hure ; d.
Horn, gr^, to wound; grngaj, a horn. Cfr. g. sw. dan. horn; d.
hoorn ; sp. cuerno ; it. pg. corno ; fr. come. v. Cranium.
Horr-. hri^, to be ashamed; ghur, to be terrible. Cfr. horreo; g.
grausen. \]iors ; g. ross ; d. ros ; fr. rosse ; it. rozzo.
Horse, hr, to take; href, to neigh; hari^s, a horse. Cfr. ags. sw.
Hort-. ard, to ask.
Horti-. V. Garden.
Hose, cus, to embrace. Cfr. g. hose; d. kous ; ags. hos ; fr. chausse.
Hound. V. Canine.
House, a^va^sa*!, a house, v. Case, Cot, Hose. Cfr. g. hause ;
d. huts; goth. ags. sw. dan. hus ; it. casa.
Hovel, Hover, Huff. v. Heap.
How, Hoy. hu^, an interjection of calling, contempt, &c. ; hve, to call.
Howl. V. Call, Wail. '
Hud, Huddle, hud, to heap together.
Hue. V. How.
Hug. V. Hedge.
Huge. V. Height. [g. hiilse; d. nl. hulse ; ags. hid, hide.
Hulk, Hull, hul, to cover, to go. Cfr. xaX-uTzoj ; goth. hu?jan ;
241
Hum. V. Hymn. \humusj humilis.
Hum-, ucf, to moisten; bhu^mi*!, earth. Cfr. 'uy-poq', uv-eo, umovj
Hump. V. Heap.
Hunch. V. Angle, Hook.
Hundred, gata^, a hundred. Cfr. "s-xarov; centum; goth. hunda ;
g. hundert ; d. honderd ; ags. dan. hundred; it. quintale ; fr.
quintal.
Hunger, Hunks, Hunker, ca^^cf, a^nca^^cf, to desire ; gr^, to eat.
Cfr. goth. liuhrus ; og. os. hungar ; g. ags. dan. sw. hunger ;
Hur-. r, to go ; ara«, quick, v. Har-, Car. [d. honger.
Hurt, tfrt, to hurt; ard, to harass; arti^, pain. Cfr. ags. hyrt ;
Husk. gufca«, dry, [it. urtare ; fr. heurter.
Hussar. aQva^, a horse. Tartar, usivar, cavalry.
Hut. v. Cot.
Hyd-. u^6., to moisten. Cfr. "ud-wp ; unda ; goth. vat-o. v. Water.
Hyem-. himas cold. Cfr. yz'.tjM'^; hiems.
Hygiene, v. Veg-.
Hygro-. ucf, to sprinkle, to moisten. Cfr. 'oypu:;.
Hymen, yam, to stop, to restrain ; upa-yam, to marry. Cfr. 'ufiTj^^.
Hymn, am, to sound ; sumna*!, a hymn.
Hyp-, Hypo-, upa, a particle of vicinity, inferiority, &c. Cfr. 'u-u ;
Hyper-, v. Over. [suh.
Hypno-. svapna<!, sleep. Cfr. "u-^^uq) somnus ; on. sve/n.
I. aham, I. Cfr. 'eym-, ego; goth. d. ik ; g. ich ; ags. ic ; sw.
jag; sp. yo; it. io ; fr. Je.
Ich-. ich, to go. Cfr. "ty'^oq, ''uw, \yOoqj 'ty6p. v. Achor.
Idea, Idol. v. Wit.
Idem-. V. It, Item.
Ign-. agni^, fire. Cfr. ig)ds.
111. il, to lie down.
Imi-tate. v. Homo-.
Imper-. v. Emperor.
In. ni, in, on, a negative particle; antar, within. Cfr. 'cv; in;
Index, v. Die-. [goth. in, inna ; ags. g. d. it. in; fr. sp. en.
Ingenu-. v. Gen-
Injure. dju^r, to injure. ♦
Inter-, v. Enter.
Intimate, antama*!, nearest. [aveugler.
In-veigle. va,g, vadj, to go; vah, to carry. Cfr. vagor, veho ; fr.
In-vite. V. Bid. [w. irad ; sw. d. vrede ; ags. wrae,th.
Irate, arati^, anger; radh, to hurt or injure. Cfr. 'epidw; ira ;
VOL. VII. — 2 F
242
Irk. Frcfy, to envy; to feel impatient at another's prosperity, v. Ergo.
Iron, a^ra,, oxide of iron; ayas, iron. Cfr. ass; gotli. eisarn ; g.
eise?i, eisern ; d. yser; ags. i)'en ; dan. ie7'n.
Is. as, to be. Cfr. u' he is; 'e^rr^'; est; goth. g. ist ; fr. est.
Isa-, Iso-. V. Equal. [-esque.
-Ish. if, to do often. Cfr. -esco ; ags. -isc ; dan. -z's/i:; g. -isch ; fr.
Issue, if, su, to go. Cfr. fr. issue; it. nscire.
It. ida^, this. Cfr. oozoq] id; goth. zVa; g. es; d. /ic^^; ags. hit.
-It. (ad-, in-,) it, to go. Cfr. it, iter, iterum ; goth. ith ; g. wleder.
Item, iti, thus. Cfr. vVa, item, idem.
Jabber, v. Gab.
Jackal. grca^la«, a jackal.
Jane, djani^, a woman.
Jangling, djhandjhana,, a jangling.
Janty. v. Genteel.
Jape, tfap, to deceive, v. Gab.
Jaw. v. Chaw.
Jeer, a^-cfar, to accuse, to revile, v. Shear.
Jelly, v. Chill.
Jeo-; Jeu. V. Jovial.
Jet. V. Shoot. \^^. joyel ; it. gioiello.
Jewel, djval, to shine. Cfr. g. sw.Jmcel; d.Juwccl; h\ Jof/au ;
Jilt, tfal, tfill, to wanton.
Jinde. v. Jande.
Joe-, Joke, djacf, to laugh.
Join, yu, yudj, (yu.cte,) to join; yu^ni^, union. Cfr. !^£uy'^o/xt ;
juxta,jun<jo,jugum; goi\\. julc ; it. giunyere ; iv. joindre. v.
Jolly. V. Gala. [Yoke.
Jolt, tfal, to shake. \_jouter.
Jostle, Jounce, djas, to strike. Cfr. it giostrare ; s^.justai'; fr.
Jour-. V. Dawn.
Jovial, Joy, - Joice. dji,v, to exhilarate ; djuf, to like, to please.
Judge, Judic-. dja^s, to protect ; dig, to order, to explain, to give.
Cfr. dixTj ; Jus, Judex ; fr. Juger.
Jug-, (con-,) Jung-, v. Join.
Juice, tfu^f, to drink, to suck.
Jump, tfa.p, to go, to move; djhampa«, jumping.
Jungle. dja,gala<!, desert, wild.
Junior, yuvan, yu^ni^, young. Qiv. J uvenis. Junior.
Jur-. tfar, to be certain.
Jus-. V. Judge.
243
JuVEN-. V. Junior.
Juxta-. V. Join.
Kale. V. Caul.
Kal-. V. Calli-.
Kedge. catf, to bind.
Keel, cil, to fasten, to pin. Cfr. g. d. kid; dan. Mil ; fr. quiUe.
Keen. ga% to sharpen. Cfr. ags. cene ; g. hiilin ; di.hoen. v.
Keep, gup, to guard or protect, v. Cip-. [Knife, Know.
Keeve. v. Cave.
Keg. V. Cag.
Kelter. v. Cloth.
Ken. V. Can, Know.
Kennel, v. Canal, Canine.
Kentle. v. Hundred.
Kerf, Kerve. v. Carve.
Kern, cam, to pierce or bore; tfu^rn, to pound, to grind.
Kettle, cut, to make crooked; cuta«!, a water pot; cathira^ hard,
solid, an earthen vessel. Cfr. '^-\\> a kettle; -/.otuIti) catiUus;
goth. hatils ; on. had; g. hessel ; d. nl. hctel ; ags. cetel.
Key. V. Cag.
Kibe. V. Chap.
Kid. dja^ta«, (djan,) born. Cfr. n: a kid; hoedus ; g. d. Jcind.
Kilt. V. Cloth.
Kimbo. V. Cam.
Kin, Kind. v. Gen-, Kid.
Kindle, can, to shine ; indh, to kindle, v. Candid.
Kirk. V. Church.
Kirtle. crt, to surround, to clothe. Cfr. sw. hiortel ; ags. cyrtel.
Kiss, cus, to embrace. Cfr. g. hilssen ; d. kussen; ags. cyssan.
Kitchen, v. Cook.
Kite. V. Cat. [nl. hue ; fr. genou.
Knee. dja^iiu««, the knee. Cfr. yo^^u; genu; goth. hiiu ; g. d.
Knife, tfun, to cut. Cfr. ags. cnif; dan, kniv ; sw. hnif; fr. canif.
Knit, Knot. v. Net.
Knout, cnath, to hurt, to kill.
KNOW-ledge. v. -Gnize. ladj, to be manifest; lotf, to perceive.
Knuckle, cangula^, the hand. v. Nail.
Koran, cur, to sound. Cfr. Ar. harciy to read, to call, to teach.
Lab-. la,b, to sound, to fall ; lap, to speak ; labh, to get. Cfr.
Lachrymal, v. Tear. [labor, labium.
Lackey, v. Legate.
244
Lad. lat, to be childish ; lad, to frolic.
Lag-. V. Languid.
Lagoon, Lair, Lake. v. Lay.
Lame, la^b, to fall. Cfr. ags. lame ; g. sw. laJim ; d. dan. lam.
Lamp, lip, to smear, to burn. Cfr. ki-oq, kdnr.w ; limpichis, lam-
Lane. lain, to go. [pas ; fr. lampe.
Language. la,gh, la.dj> to speak. Cfr. lingua; it. linguaggio ;
fr. langage. [Cfr. Xayyiw, layapoi^) languidus.
Languid, Lank, landja^ sleep; la,g, to limp; la.gh, to diminish.
Lap-, Lapse, v. Lab-.
Lascivious, laf, to desire. Cfr. Xdw^ UaGoimi^ lascivus ; goth.
Lash, luf, to hurt or injure. \liistus ; fr. lascif; it. sp. lascivo.
Lat-. (ab-, col-, de-, re-.) luth, to rob; lud, to cover or conceal.
Latration. lat, to cry out. [Cfr. A7y'»97y ; -latio, latens.
Laud. V. Loud.
Launch, lu.tf, to pluck up.
Lav-, dha^v, to wash.
Law, Lawn, Lay, Lea. lag, to touch ; hlag", to collect ; la,gh, loc,
to speak. Cfr. Xiyw, lex, lego, liigeo, locus; goth. lagyaw, ags.
Lazy, alasa^, lazy. [lecgan, laga ; sw. lag ; it. legge. v. Loc-.
Lead. v. Load.
League, hlag, to collect. Cfr. ligo ; it. lega; sp. liga; fr. h'gue.
Leap, lep, to go. Cfr. Xei-Kio) goth. hlaupan ; ags. lileapan ; g.
laufen; d. loopen. [leder ; ags. lether.
Leather, lud, to adhere to, to cover. Cfr. goth. hleithr ; g. d.
Lea, Ley. v. Loc-.
Learn, v. Lore.
Leave, lep, rev, to go. Cfr. Xdnw ; ags. Isefan.
Lech-. V. Lick.
Lect-. V. Law.
Leden. lad, to use the tongue, ags. lyden.
Leef, Leof V. Love.
Lees, Leese, Lesion, Leze. v. Lash, Less.
Leg-. V. Law, Log-.
Leg. la.g, to go.
-Lepsy. V. Lab-.
Less. v. Olig-.
Lesson, (lectio.) v. Log-, Lore.
Leth-. V. Lat-.
Lev-, laghu'5, light. Cfr. \Xaybq\ leva, levis; ags. liht ; g. leicht ;
d. Ugt ; fr. leger.
245
Lewd, lad, to wanton; lud, to embrace. Cfr. g. ludern ; w. llodig.
Liable, Liaison, -liance. (fr. lier.) v. Lig-.
Lib-, lubh, to desire; lubdha^s, covetous. Cfr. li-rw, luhet, Uhet,
libido; goth. Hubs; g. Helen; d. lieven; ags. leof, lufian.
LiBRATE. li, equality, sameness; bhr, to bear.
Lice, licca^ licfa^ a nit, a young louse. Cfr. g. laus ; d. hds ;
Licit. V. Law. [ags. sw. dan. lus.
Lick, lih, to taste, to lick. Cfr. ppS to lick; Xdyio-j lingo ; goth.
hi-laigon ; g. lechen ; d. likken ; fr. lecher.
Licorice, (^glycyrrliiza.^ v. Glue-.
Lid. lud, to cover. Cfr. tDi'7 to cover; -/.XeLo--, daudo, cludo ; ags.
Lie. V. Law. \]ilid; d. dan. lid.
Lief. v. Lib-.
Liege, v. Lig-.
Lieu. V. Loc-.
Lift, labh, to get. Cfr. -/M-tsiv) goth. Idifan; ags. Idlfian. v. Lev-.
Lig-. aMig, to embrace. Cfr. Ibyoq) ligare. v. Law.
Light, las, la, dj, loc, to shine. Cfr. huxu^j Xuyvoq) lux; goth.
liuhath; g. licht ; ags. leoht. v. Lev-.
Like, laf, to desire; latfh, to mark. Cfr. 'ij-Acxo?; de-lecto, ta-lis ;
goth. leikan, leiks ; g. gleicJi; d. lijk ; ags. lician, lie.
Limb-er, Limp, lamba*', pendulous, v. Lame.
Lime, v. Loam.
Lin-. V. Lig-.
Ling-, Link. v. Long, Lang, Light.
Ling-, lich, lijg, to go, to move.
Lip. lap, to speak; la^ba^, broad, pendulous. Cfr. lahinm; g.
Liquid, li^, to liquefy. [dan. ags. lippe ; d. lip ; pers. lah, lih.
-Lish, List, Litany, v. Lust, Like.
Lit-, lut, to resist, or oppose. [os. ags. hladan ; g. laden.
Load, lud, to cover, to rest in or on. Cfr. goth. af-hlathan ; og.
Loam, lip, to smear; liinpa«, smearing, plastering. Cfr. Xi-oq;
limus; g. lehm; d. leem ; ags. lam; dan. liin; w. llim; fr. limon.
Lob, Lobe. v. Lab-.
Loc-. locals, a division of the universe ; loc, to see. Cfr. locus.
Lock. V. Plic-. [ags. logian.
Lodge, la^dj? lu^dj, to dwell. Cfr. it. loggia ; fr. loger ; sp. alojar ;
Loin. V. Clin-.
Log-, la.gh, loc, lotf, to speak. Cfr. Xiywy Xoyoq-, loquor.
Loll, lal, to loll, to thrust out the tongue. Cfr. XaXioj ; g. lallen.
246
Long. lagna<!, connected with; la,g, to go or move. Cfr. longus;
Looby. V. Lab-. [gotb. Iciggs ; g. lange ; d. dan. ags, lang.
Loose. V. Less.
Look, loc, to see. Cfr. Xzoggw ; ags. locian ; g. higeii.
Lop. lu,p, to cut.
Lope. V. Leap.
LoQ-. V. Log-.
Lore, las, to be skilful ; to do anything skilfully or scientifically.
Cfr. goth. lasjan; g. lehren, lernen ; d. Icercn ; ags. Iseran.
Lot. la,d, to toss, or throw up; lu^ to cut. Cfr. goth. lilauts ; ags.
hlot ; g. hs ; d. lot; it. lotto ; fr. lot-ir.
Loud, gru, to hear ; lut, to speak ; cla.d, to call ; hla^d, to sound.
Cfr. xXozo^) duo; goth. liliuma; og. Idut ; g. laut ; ags. gelilyd.
Lounge, v. Long.
Louse. V. Lice.
Lout. V. Lad.
Love, Lub-. v. Lib-.
Low, Loy-. V. Law, Lay.
Lubber, v. Lab-.
Luc-. V. Light.
Luck, Lucre, lac, to obtain. Cfr. lucrum; g. gliicJc ; d. luh.
Lud-. lad, to frolic, to use the tongue. Cfr. ludo, laiido.
Lull, lul, to rest in or on ; to embrace.
Lumb-, Lump. lamba«, large, pendulous, v. Lab-.
Lum-. \lu{c)men.'] v. Light.
Lump. V. Lop.
Lunge, (allongcr.) la.dj, to strike.
Lup-. V. Wolf.
Luscious, Lust. v. Lascivious.
Lus-. V. Lud-, Light.
Lute. V. Loud.
-Ly. V. Lig-. [diminish.
Lys-, Lyt-. (ana-, cata-, dia-.) lu^ to cut; lu^f, to steal; lig, to
Ma. ma^, a mother.
Mace, maf, to strike, to kill. v. Mass. [g. mahrele.
Mackarel, Macklc, Made, Maculate. ma,C, to adorn. Cfr. macula ;
Macro-, maha^n, great, much ; mahas, lustre, greatness ; ma.tf,
to fill ; majh, to grow, or increase ; mahasa,, knowledge. Cfr.
Iiiyac;, iw.y.()o^; 7nagnus, magisier, magus; goth. mickels ; ags.
maegn, micel ; sp. mucho.
247
Mad. mad, to be intoxicated ; un-mad, to be insane. Cfr. goth.
r/a-maids ; ags. gemaad ; it. matto.
Madder, Madre-. ma<d, to adorn.
MAG-ist-. (Al-magest.) v. Macro-.
Maggot. V. Musquito.
Magic, ma^ya^ trick, illusion. [g. magd ; d. maagd.
Maid, madhya^, a young woman. Cfr. goth. magafhs; ags. msegth ;
Mail, mal, to hold, to wear.
Main, Maj-. v. Macro-, Man-, Many.
Make. ina,gh, to begin; ina,h, to grow or increase. Cfr. goth.
mag cm ; g. mogen, machen ; d. mogen, maken ; ags. tnagan,
macian. v. Macro-.
Mal-. mala*!, filth, sin ; malma<5, black, vile, foul j malla«, strong,
robust; the cheek and temples. Cfr. [liXaq, [xeXa'^io, fioXwio )
maJus, mallgnus, mala; goth. mail, halva ; fr. mal. v. Mail.
Male. ma^la«, a man.
Mall-, mall, to hold, to have. Cfr. malleus; sp. mallo.
Mamma, ma^, a mother, a woman's waist.
Man, -Min-. man, to know, or understand ] mna^, to learn ; manas,
the mind; manu^, man; mantr, a counsellor. Cfr. irmWj
mens, mon-, lio-min-, liu-man- ; goth. ags. g. d. dan. man; g.
menscJi, (manufya**,) meinen.
Man-. ma^na<5, an agent, taking, seizing. Cfr. manus; fr. main.
Mand- (-ible, -il, -ucate,) Mantle. ma,d, to divide, to surround, to
decorate. Cfr. imvduaq; g. d. mantel; ags. maentel ; it. sp.
Manger, v. Maw. [rnanto ; fr. manteaii. v. Mend-.
Mania. manyu«, anger, sorrow.
Many, ma^h, to grow, or increase. Cfr. im-man-is ; goth. manags ;
g. mancTie ; d. ags. menig ; dan. mange.
Mar. mr^, to die, to kill, to injure. Cfr. ;?*to sickness, disease ;
liapaivu) ; marceo, morior ; goth. marzjan ; ags. merran ; sp.
marro.
Marble, mam^, a desert, sand. Cfr. ixapjiapoq', marmor ; d. mar-
mer ; it. marmo ; sp. marmol ; fr. marhre. v. Mur-.
March, ma^rg, martf, to go. Cfr. g. marscJi ; d. mark; fr.
marcher ; sp. pg. marchar.
Margarite. mandjari^, a pearl. Cfr. ijApyapoy, goth. juarkreitns.
Margin, marya^, a boundary.
Marine, Marsh, mi^ra^i, the ocean. Cfr. mare; goth. marei ; g.
d. meer ; w. mor ; sp. mar; fr. maree.
248
Mark-, mrg, to seek, to investigate j mr^, to see, to consider, v.
Marmor-. v. Marble. [March, Margin.
Maroon. aruna^J, tawny, dark red.
Martin, v. Mur-.
Marvel, v. Mir-.
Mash, Mas-, Mass. maf, to injure, to kill; matf, to pound; macf,
to mix. Cfr. /mffffw- massa ; g. meischen, masse; fr. macher,
Master, (^magister.') v. Macro-. \_masse. v. Measure.
Match. ma,tf, to shine. [riiitli ; g. mit ; d. maat, met.
Mate, math, to kill; meth, to associate. Cfr. sp. ma tar ; goth.
Mater-, v. Mother, Matter. [fj.a'^0-. v. Mead-.
Math-, medh, to understand, to know. Cfr. ":d'7 a scholar; /xaO-,
Matter. ina^tr-a^,-a„ requisite, material ; the primitive subtle or
invisible type of visible elementary matter ; ma^, to measure.
Cfr. ritrpio) ; metior, materia.
Mattock, mu^d, to shave or cut, to grind or pound.
Mature, v. Mead.
Maul. V. Mall-. [_machus; s^.magen; d.maaiy; fv. manger, estomac.
Maw. bhudj, to eat ; maitf, to pound or grind. Cfr. <pdyaj ; sto-
Max-. v. Mash, Macro-.
May. V. Make. [nioi.
Me. ma^, me. Cfr. 'eas; me; goth. mik ; g. mAch ; d. mij ; fr.
Mead, madhu, honey, spirituous liquor ; madhura^, sweet; matta*5,
intoxicated. Cfr. idOu ; maturus ; g. meth ; d. mede ; ags. meda ;
Mead-, mu.d, to shave or cut. [dan. mod.
Meal, malanaj, rubbing, grinding, &c. mala., dirt, sediment. Cfr.
IwXrj ; molaj mollis; goth. malan ; g. mahleii) d. malen.
Mean. v. Common, Many, Man, Medium,
Meander, mi^ to go or move; me, to exchange. Cfr. mearc, 71111-
tare, movere, migrare.
Meas-. mas, ma^ to measure; ma^d? to divide, to separate; ma^tra^
quantity, measure. Cfr. nt^D measure; niD to measure; /xerri,
ixezfjiuj'j metior, modus, mensura ; g. mass, messen ; d. mcten,
maat ; fr. metre, mesure.
Meddle, Medium, madhya,, middle, intermediate. Cfr. /lerd,
lUffuq; medium; goth. midja ; g. mitte, mittler ; d. midden,
middelen; ags. midel; sp. pg. mediario ; fr. moijcH. v. Meas-.
Meditate, v. Math-.
Medley, v. Mate.
Medul-. mid, to be greasy ; meda«, fat.
Meed, medha^, oblation, sacrifice. Cfr. iu(T06q; goth. mizdo ; g.
249
miethe ; ags. med. v. Meas-.
Meer. v. Marine.
Meet. v. Mate^ Meddle^ Meas-.
Mega-, v. Macro-.
Melan-. v. Mai-.
Melee, Mell. niela<t, assemblage ; mil, to mix.
Melli-. madhulih, a bee. Cfr. ixih', mel; goth. milith. v. Mead
Mellow. V. Meal.
Memento, v. Man. [inerjan
Memory, smr, to remember. Cfr. fispt/r^a, [lipnepa) me-mor ; goth
Men-. manda«, sick, lazy, vile ; mad, to ask. Cfr. menda, e-mendo
mando, mendico ; fr. amender, mendier.
Mens-, ma^.sa^, flesh ; ma^s, the moon, a month. Cfr. ptrju^ /irjvr]
mensa, mensis; goth. mena, menotJis ; g. mond, monat. v. Man
Mer-. V. Marine. [Meas-
Merc-. V. Mark-.
Mercy, mrf, to sufier patiently, to pardon. [merse
Merge, Mers-. mrdj, to cleanse ] mrf, to sprinkle ; masdj, to im
Mes-, Mess. v. Meddle, Misc-, Mens-.
Meta-. mith, to unite ; mithyas, mutually. Cfr. /xera, [xera^o ; mufo,
mutuus ; goth. mith; g. mit. v. Meet, Band.
Mete, Metre, v. Meas-.
Metheglin. v. Mead.
Metro-, v. Mother.
Mew. mu^, to bind, to tie; mudj, to sound.
Mezzo-. V. Mes-.
Mica, ma^tf, to shine.
Mickle. V. Macro-.
Mic-turition. mih, to sprinkle, to shed ; megha", a cloud ; meha^J,
urine ; mu^tr, to void urine ; miltf, to let loose, to part with.
Cfr. ^oiuyJio/oiii'j^Xrj) mictus ; goth. maihsf us.
Mid-, v. Meddle.
Midge. V. Musquito.
Mien. v. Man.
Might. V. Make. [sw. dan. mild. v. Meal.
Mild. mrdu«, mild. Cfr. /xstk^oq-, mollis; goth. milds ; ags. g. d.
Mil-, Milit-. mil, to mix, to associate ; malla<5, a wrestler, a boxer.
Cfr. 'opL'Muj, "a/xtXAa, [xajloq; miles, molior, mille.
Milk, mrdj, to cleanse, to purify. Cfr. 'aixiXyw ; mulgeo, mulceo ;
Mill. v. Meal. [^g. milch, melken ; d. melk-en ; dam. maelk,
VOL. VII. — 2 G
250
Milt. V. Mild.
Min-. manda*!, manage, little; mi^ (mi^na^ti,) to injure, to kill.
Cfr. iMvbdiDj ixtiwv) minus, minutus ; goth. mins ; ags. mznsmn.
Mind. V. Man.
Mingle, v. Many.
Minnow. mi^na««, a fish.
Mir-, mrg, to see, to consider ; mari^tf ica^, the mirage. Cfr. mi-
ror, miracalum ; it. maravlglia ; fr. merveille, miroir.
Mire, mrd, to trample on, to grind to powder; earth, clay. v. Marine.
Mirth, mrd, to rejoice, to be or make happy.
Mis-. (/Mffoq.) mifa', envy. lynissa ; sw. dan. d. mis; fr. mes-.
Mis-, Miscel-. misr, to mix. Cfr. miscere, miscellaneus ; goth.
Mist, mif, to sprinkle, v. Mict-, Mis-.
-Mit, Mite, mud, to quit or leave; mita, moderate, few or little.
Cfr. mitis, mitto ; dan. mid; ags. fr. mite.
Mitigate, mid, to be soft, to be friendly.
Mix. misr, macf, to mix. Cfr. lu^u)-, 7niscere ; g. mischen; ags.
Mizzen. v. Meddle. [rniscan ; it. mischiare ; pg. mexer.
Mnem-. v. Man.
Moan, man, to sound inarticulately, ags. msenan.
Mob. (mobiiis.) ma^b, to go.
Mod-. V. Mete.
Moiety, (medietas.) v. Meddle.
Moist. V. Mist.
-Mol-. V. Meal. [mola ; fr. mole. v. Mai-.
Mole, mal, to hold; mul, to be rooted or firm. Cfr. fiioXaq-, molesj
Men-, Monk, ma^na^, measure in general, whether of weight, length,
or capacity. Cfr. iio'^oq, iio'^ay6(;. v. Man, Un-.
Mong-. V. Many.
Monitor, mantr, a counsellor.
Month, Moon. v. Mens-.
Moo. (mugio.) mudj, to sound.
Mood, budh, to observe, to know; mud, to rejoice. Cfr. goth.
mods; g. muth ; d. meed ; ags. sw. dan. mod. v. Mod-.
Moor. V. Amaurosis, Marine, More, Mur-.
Moot. v. Meet.
MoR-. v. Mar. [marteau, mortier.
MoRD-. mrd, to grind, to pound. Cfr. mordeo, mortarium ; fr.
More. g. mehr ; d. meer ; dan. mcere. v. Macro-.
-More. (Sepho-,) Morose, muhera^s, a blockhead, a fool. Cfr.
Morgue, ma^rg^, to seek. [^^wpoq) morosus.
251
Mors-, Mortar, v. Mord-.
Mosaic, mus, to cut, or break to pieces.
Most. V. Macro-.
Mot-. V. Mouth.
Mother, ma^tr, a mother, the earth. Cfr. iJ.dTqp, fj.7JT7]p, fnjrpa'j
mater, matrix; g. mutter; d. moeder ; ags. sw. dan. moder ; it.
sp. pg. madre.
Motion, Move, me, to exchange, to return. Cfr. ''aij.^i^u), fwlroi;-
meare, mov-, mot-, mom-, mut-. [See Curtius, p. 287.]
Mould. V. Meal, Mud.
Mouse. mu'Ta*', a mouse. Cfr. /wq; mus ; russ. mishe ; g, mans.
d. muis ; dan. sw. ags. mus.
Mouth, put, to speak. Cfr. ;xodo<;; goth. mathlei, muntlis ; g. dan.
mund ; d. mond ; ags. mAitli, masthelan; it. motto; sp. pg.
Mow, Much. V. Macro-, Mead-. \_mote ; fr. mot.
Mucil-, Muck, Mucus, Muggy, v. Micturition.
Mud. mu,d, to grind or pound; mid, to liquefy, to be soft; mud,
to mix ; mrd, earth. Cfr. /ludduj; madeo; g. moder ; d. modder.
Muff-, mav, to bind, to tie. Cfr. g. sw. dan. muff; d. mo/.
Mul-. mil, to mix, to associate, v. Meal.
Munch. V. Maw. [ditia.
Mund-. mu^d? to be pure, to cleanse, to sink. Cfr. mundus, mun-
MuRAL. mur, to surround, to bind together. Cfr. murus ; w. mur.
Murder, mr^ mrdh, to kill. Cfr. ixopzo:;', mors ; goth. maurthr;
ags. morth-er ; g. dan. sw. mord; d. moord ; it. morte ; fr.
meurtre. \\t. mormorare ; sp. pg. murmurar ; fr. murmurer.
Murmur. marmara«, a rustling sound. Cfr. iiopiibpco; murmuro;
Murrain, marana,, death, dying, v. Mar.
Mus-. mag, to sound, to be angry; mr^, to deliberate. Cfr. p.oZ(o,
fxouffa', musso, musa, musica ; fr. muser, musique. v. Mash.
Mush. V. Mash. [sp. pg. musquito.
MusQUTTO. magaca«, a musquito; mitfh, to torment. Cfr. musca;
Muss. ma5, to be angry, v. Mash.
Must, mastu**, whey. [moustache; sp. mostacJio.
Mustache, mastaca"?, the head. Cfr. /xoffza^ ; it. mostacchw ; fr.
Mute, Mut-. mu^ ba.dh, to bind; mu^cas, dumb. Cfr. /luxog,
[xbdoq; mutus; it. muto; fr. muet ; sp. mudo. v. Motion, Meta-,
Mutilate, muf, to break. [Meet.
Mutter, ma^tr, to speak privately, v. Muse.
Muzzle. V. Mouth.
Mynchery. v. Mon-.
252
My-. Qj.vio^ fiuiw, fiuffTTjptov.) V. Mute.
Myth. V. Mouth.
Nadir, v. Under, Nether.
Nag. nach, to go. v. Equ-.
Naiad, nay, to go.
Nail, -Naculum, (Super-.) nacha«, a finger nail; nal, nah, to
bind, to tie. Cfr. "ovwf; unguis, ungula ; goth. ga-nagljan ; og.
nagal ; ng. d. sw. nagel; ags. nsegel.
Naked, nagna'^, naked. Cfr. goth. naqvaths; g. nackt; g. naakt;
ags. nacod. (cat, to cover or screen; guth, gu<d, to surround.)
Nakir. v. Nee-.
Name, na^man, a name. Cfr. "ovoixa ; nomen ; goth. namo ; g.
name ; d. naam ; ags. nama ; it. pg. nome ; fr. worn; pers. nam.
Narrow, Near. nediya*«, nicafa^, nicata«, near ; nah, to bind or
tie; upa-ni'', nacf, to approach. Cfr. goth. nehra; g. nahe;
d. naaken, naauw ; ags. neara, neah, neaJig.
Nas-, Naze. v. Neese.
Natant. nat, to beat, to strike ; nay, to go.
Nau-, Nav-. nau<s, a boat. Cfr. va6<r; navis.
Nave-1. na^bhi^, the nave of a wheel, the navel , na^bhi^la,, the
hollow of the navel. Cfr. 'oii<pa?.6q -, umbilicus; g. nahe-l ; d.
navel ; ags. nafa, nafela.
Neat. ni^ta*J, correct, modest; nu^ta^, new. Cfr. nilidus ; w.
Nebul-. v. Nephel-. [iiitli ; it. netto ; fr. net. v. Nit-.
Necessity, Neck, nah, to bind or tie; nach, to move. Cfr. 'a'myx-q',
necesse ; ags. Jineca ; g. Slacken; d. 7ie7c ; it. sp. pg. nuca.
Necro-. nacc, nag, to destroy, to perish. Cfr. i'ixuq, vey.puq ; nex,
noceo, neco ; goth. naus. [d. nood ; ags. neod.
Need, na^th, na^dh, to ask or beg. Cfr. goth. nauths; g. noth ;
Needle, (goth. nethla ; ags. naedl.) v. Net.
Neese, Ness, nas, na^sa^ the nose. Cfr. nasus; g. nase,nieseln,
niesen ; d. nens, niezen neuzelen ; ags. nese, niesan ; i\\ nez ;
Negro, v. Night. [it. naso.
Neigh-bor. v. Near. [■>is(piXr)) nuhcs, nebula ; og. nibid.
Nepiielin. nabha«, a cloud; nabholaya««, smoke. Cfr. vi(poq,
Nephew, Nepo-. naptr, a grandson. Cfr. v/roos^r; nepos; it.
nipote; fr. neveu ; g. neffe ; d. neef.
Nereid, na^ra^ water. Cfr. *^nj a river ; vqpri'i^. [fr. ncrf.
Nerve, nr, man ; nr, to lead, to guide. Cfr. vsbpov, 'avijp ; nervus ;
Nest, ni^da^, a nest. Cfr. nidus; fr. nid ; g. d. ags. nest; it. sp. nido.
Net. nah, (nahyati, naddha^) to bind or tie. Cfr. vi^io) nodus;
253
goth. nati; g. netz, knoten ; d. net, hnod ; ags. net, cni/ttan.
V. Neat. Inteder ; d. dan. neder.
Nether, nad, to fall off or from ; nata«, bent, reclining. Cfr. g.
Neur-. V. Nerve.
New, Neo-. navas new. Cfr. >io^; novus, nuper, nuntius ; goth.
niujis ; g. neu ; d. nieuw ; ags. neow ; fr. neuf.
Nex-, Next. v. Net, near.
Niche, Nick, ni, in; tfho, to cut; nitfita*!, covered, overspread.
Cfr. it. nicchia; sp. pg. nicho ; fr. niche; g. nicken; d. knik.
NiD-. V. Nest.
Nig-, Nigh. V. Near.
Night, Nigr-. nig (nit,) nacta,, night. Cfr. vo^) niger, nox ;
goth. nahts; g. nacht ; d. 7iagt ; ags. mhf.
Nimble, namb, to go.
Nimbus: v. Nephel-. [neun; d. nig en ; ags. nig an ; sw. nijo.
Nine, Non-. navan, nine. Cfr. nonus, novem ; goth. niun ; g.
Nit-, nat, to shine, to dance. Cfr. nitor, nitidus.
Niv-. ni^v, to moisten, to sprinkle, v. Snow.
No, Nay, Ne-, Non-. na^ no. Cfr. vt;-; ne-, ni-, nee, non; goth.
ni;' g. nicht ; fr. no/i ; ags. na, ne.
NocENT. V. Necro-.
NocT-, Nyct-. v. Night. [nuto.
Nod. nat, to shake, to move slightly. Cfr. iij to shake, to tremble;
Nod-, Qwdus,) Noose, v. Net.
NoM-. nam, to bow in homage or worship, to sound, v. Name.
Nook, Notch. V. Niche.
Noon. V. Nine.
North, nr, to guide ; nrd, to sound ; na^ra^, water.
Nose, Noz-. v. Neese.
Noso-. v. Necro-.
Note. V. Know.
Noun, -Nounce, -Nown (re-.) v. Name.
Nov-. V. New, Nine. [d. sw. dan. nu. v. New.
Now. na^, na^, same, like; nu"?, time. Cfr. vw; nunc; goth. g.
Nox-, Noi-, Noy-, Nuisance, v. Necro-.
Nub-, v. Nephel-.
Nun-. V. Nine, -Nounce. ["w; 0.
0. 0, an interjection of calling, reminiscence, or compassion. Cfr.
Oak. och, to adorn, vacf, to increase. Cfr. g. eiche ; d. eik;
V. Eke.
254
Oar. (ags. a?\) r, to go. v. Rem-.
Oasis, vas, to dwell or inhabit, to clothe.
Oat. V. Eat.
Oath, a^d, a,t, i^,t, to bind. Cfr. goth. aiths; g. eid; d. eed ; ags. ath.
Ob. v. Ep-.
Obed-, Obey, abhi-vad, to salute respectfully; vidheya««, compliant.
Ob-scure. v. Sky.
Ocean, v. Eke.
Ochre. hari<!, tawny, green. Cfr. 'lay^poq) ochra ; fr. ocre.
Oct-, Ogdo-. v. Eight.
OcuL-, OcELL-, Oeil-, Ogle. V. Eye.
Odd, -s. va4> to divide. ['aet'^w; oda, ode.
Ode. vad, to speak ; i^d, to praise, to celebrate. Cfr. "udo), 'wdrj,
Odium. V. Hate.
Odont-. v. Dainty.
Oeco-. v. Eco-.
Of, Off. v. Ab.
Oft. v. Aft-.
Ogre, ugra*!, cruel, fierce, savage. [ulda.
-OiD. vid, to know, to describe, to be fixed or steady. Cfr. el'dw,
Oil, Ole-, Olive, ulca^, fire; li,p, to smear; lavana^, light, lustre.
Cfr. "eXacov'y oleum, oliv- ; goth. ahv ; g. bl ; d. oh'j ; ags. oel ;
fr. huile. [fr. oindre, oint.
OiNT. a.dj, (atCta^,) to anoint. Cfr. ungere, unctum ; sp. pg. untar ;
Oker, Okra. v. Ochre.
Old, -Olete, -Olescent. al, to be competent or able. Cfr. Sx pro-
tection, "71X strength; "aXdw, 'aXxyj^j alo, oleo ; g. alt; d. oud ;
ags. eald.
Olig-. lu^ to cut; li^, to lessen. Cfr. \))uyoq, 'eXdaawv, ags. Ices.
Omphal. v. Umbil-. [goth. ana; g. an; d. aan.
On. ani^, a limit, a boundary; antar, within. Cfr. 'sv, "avw; in ;
One. v. Un-.
Onoma-. v. Name.
Onych-, Onyx. v. Nail.
Oo-. V. Egg.
Ooze. V. Issue.
Open. V. Up, Over. [ibhya*?, opulent.
Opi-, Opt-, Opu-. a^p, to obtain ; ibh, to accumulate ; ibha«, best ;
Oper-, pr, to labor. Cfr. -spdu) ; operor, ops.
Optim-. uttamas best.
255
Option. V. Pet-. [aiththau ; g. oder ; ags. other.
Or. uta<!, a particle of deliberation. Cfr. adrdp, aire; aut ; goth.
Orange, suranga*?, the orange. Cfr. aurantium, syringa. v. Gold.
Or-, Orat-. ru, rat, to speak, to sound ; r, to attack, to arouse. Cfr.
"opu); oro, orator, oraculum. \orho, rapio.
Orb-, Orphan, ru^p, to form; ri^v, to take. Cfr. "opcpw^oq) orhis,
Orchard, rdh, vrdh, to increase, to grow. Cfr. >:C«; liortus ; goth.
vaurts, aurti-yards ; og. wurz ; ng. wurzel ; ags. viirt, ort-geard.
Orchestra, rach, rdj, to go, to move. Cfr. "opyjoimi-, ^opyr]aTpa.
Ord-, Ortho-. urd, to measure ; rdh, to augment, to please ; ra^dh,
to complete, to be right ; hrud, to collect. Cfr. "pabioq, 'opdoq ;
ordo, ordlno ; pers. radah ; goth. ga-raids, raidjan, raihts ;
ags. hrad, gerad ; g. hereit ; d. reeden, lereid ; fr. it. sp. sw.
dan. g. ir. russ. ord-.
Organ, Org-, Orig-. rdj, to be strong ; vradj, to prepare ; ratf, to
work, to make ; r, to attack, to excite, to go ; u^rdja*J, effort,
exertion. Cfr. "epyuvj "opyw^ov, ^opyrj; origo, urgeo, orgamim ;
goth. vaurhjan ; g. d. loerk ; ags. wircan. [orno, urna.
Orn-. u^rnu, to cover, to conceal ; varn, to color. Cfr. obpdvo<; ;
Oro-. giri«, a hill. Cfr. "opoq) s\?i\. gora.
Os-. ag, to eat. [ostrea.
OsTEO-, Ostra-. asthi, a bone. Cfr. '''uffzpto'^, 'oaziov, os, osseus,
Other, antara,, itara^, other, different. Cfr. "eztpo:;) alter, itero ;
goth. antliar ; g. ander, oder ; ags. other; fr. autre; sp. otro.
Otter. lldra*«, an other. Cfr. "udpoq, "£vodpt<;; Intra; g. d. ags.
otter; sw. utter; it. loutra ; fr. loutre. v. Water.
Ourano-. v. Orn-.
Oust, Out. vahis, ut, out, outwards. Cfr. "en-, ultra ; goth. us,
ut; g. aus ; d. uit ; ags. sw. ut; dan. ud ; fr. oter, outrager, outre.
Ov-. v. Egg.
Ovation, a^-vad, to celebrate.
Oven, tfu^r, uf, av, to burn; agni^, lire. Cfr. no a furnace; zA-or
x/?-c/?avo<7, aow; goth. a^ihns ; sw. ugn ; ags. g. ofen; d. oven.
Over, upa, upari, upon, above. Cfr. 'uTzip; super, aperio ; goth.
ufar; og. oha ; ags. ah-ufan ; g. ilher ; d. dan. over ; fr. ouvert.
Ovine, v. Ewe.
Owe, Own. ag, to receive; Vq, to possess. Cfr. "£/<^; goth. aigan ;
ags. agan, agen ; dan. egen ; g. d. eigen.
Owl. ulu^ca«, an owl. Cfr. 'oXoluyjidq', ululare ; ags. ula ; g.
eule ; d. uil ; sw. ugla. [d. os ; sw. dan. oxe.
Ox. uclan, an ox or bull. Cfr. goth. auhsa ; ags. oxa ; g. ochse ;
256
Oxy-. Qo^uq.') acf, to pervade.
Oyster, v. Osteo-.
Pa-, pa-', to nourish, v. Feed.
Pac-. V. Peace.
PacE; Pad. pat, path, pad, pas, to go, to move; pad, to heap
together; pad, a foot; pathin, a road, a way. Cfr. Tzariuj,
Tzdro:;, 7:id(v^, -riXa, Tzovq, Tzirotiat ; peto, pes, pedester, passas,
spat tor ; it. passo ; sp. paso ; fr. j^^^f^^, pcLS, passer ; g. pass ;
Pacha, Padisha. v. Bashaw. [d. pas, pad. v. Foot.
Pack, Pact. v. Bag.
Paed-. V. Puerile. [^paglna ; fr. page.
Page, patf, to spread; pacfa*«, a side; pa,dji^, a journal. Cfr.
Pail, pul, to collect. Cfr. rMXa.
Paillasse. pala«, straw. Cfr. palea ; fr. paille, paillasse.
Pain, pUjth, to hurt, to suffer pain ; van, to serve, to be distressed;
pain, to grind ; pu^s, to punish, to pain. Cfr. r^h^oq^ r^o^joq^
T.iyrjq^ TcivoijLai'j poena, penuria ; ags. pin, pine; g. pein ; d.
pijri ; fr. j^eine. [^peindre.
Paint, pi^dj* (pitCte,) to dye or color. Cfr. 2^^'^9o, pictus; fr.
Pair, para's, more, other, different; pr^, to fill; para^, back. Cfr.
Tzapd; per, par ; sp. pg. g. sw. arm. fr.^ar; g. d. p)aar ; iv.pair.
Palace. palli<!, a house, a village. Cfr. -uXiq ; palatium ; g.pfalz;
it. palazzo ; fr. palais.
Pal-adin. pall, to go.
Palanquin. palyanca«, a bedstead.
Pale, Paleo-, Pall. palita«, old, grey-haired. Cfr. -akaioq, -ohoq-,
palUdns ; fr. pale. v. Pole, Fail, Pale, Veil.
Paleaceous, Paleous, Pallet, v. Paillasse.
Palestra, pil, to throw. Cfr. tAXt) ; pello.
Palsgrave, v. Palace.
Palsy. V. Para, Lys-.
Pamper, Pan-, Panada. pana«, the bread-fruit tree ; pa^, to drink.
Cfr. panis, hiho ; \t. p)cine, here, ijamhere. [pan, to praise.
Pan-, Pander, pand, to accumulate ; pandas an eunuch, a catamite ;
Pandit. pandita«», a scholar, a teacher.
Pang. V. Pain.
Panic. pa,d, to go, to heap together, to destroy; pannas falling.
Cfr. xavjxo?; w. paiinu ; it. sp. pa7uco ; h. panique.
Pansy, fr. j'^ensee. man, to think.
Pap, Papa, pa^, to drink, to nourish, to protect; papus, a nurse, a
257
protector. Cfr. -do/j.ac, r.d--a^ ; papilla ; it. pappa, j[)ap)a ; g.
Par, Para. v. Pair. [d. fr. sp. papa.
Par-, Parade, pr^, to fill, to please, to protect, to labor. Cfr. parens,
parsimoiiia, paro ; it. parata ; sp. paracla ; fr. parade.
Paradise, paru^, Paradise. Cfr. DT^D a pleasure-garden ; rzapddsiaoq.
Par-eel. v. Part.
Parch, bhrdj, to parcli, to fry.
Pardon, v. Per-, Don-.
Parent, v. Bear.
Parget, prtf, prdj, to touch, to be in contact with, to paint.
Parry, para^, backward.
Par-see. v. Pyr-.
Part, prthac, separately; pari, a prefix, implying part. Cfr. pars;
fr. part ; sp. it. parte, v. Brittle. \_perdiz ; fr. perdrix.
Partridge, pard, to break wind. Cfr. r.ipdu), -ripoi^; perdix ; sp.
Pas, Pass, Passion, Passive, v. Pace, Patience, Push.
Paste, pust, to bind, to smear; piftac, kneaded. Cfr. r.dGau),
Tzaaroq ; pistor, pastillus, pastino ; it. sp. pasta ; it. pastiglia ;
fr. pastille.
Past-or, -ure. puf, to nurture ; bhacf, to eat. Cfr. i^udy.o) ; pasco.
Pat. pat, to fall, to alight, pathya^, suitable. Cfr. -i—oj', g.
pass; d. pas ; v^. pat. v. Pace.
Pat-en, -ent. pat, to move, to encompass; pata«!, a screen of cloth;
patra,, a leaf. Cfr. -Aary?; pateo, patera, patina.
Paternal, Patr-, Parri-. v. Father.
Path, Patrol, Patten, v. Pace.
Path-, Pati-ence. pat, to be powerful. Cfr. -dOoq ; potens, patior.
Patois, put, path, to speak. Cfr. peto, p)etltio.
Paunch. pa,tf, to spread; pUtdja'', a collection.
Pauper, pa^pa^, vile, abandoned, profligate. Cfr. pauper ; sp.
pobre ; fr. pauvre.
Pause, pas, to obstruct. Cfr. reddens; pausa ; fr. g. dan. pawse.
Pav-. pay, to go ; vi-pay, to spread. Cfr. pavo ; w. paw.
Paw. V. Pace.
Pawl. V. Pole.
Pawn. pa^na«, trade, traffic ; panas price, a wager. Cfr. pendo,
pensio; g. pfennig, pfand ; d. penning, pand ; ags. pejiig, had.
V. Bet, Bind, Peace. [pagar ; h. payer.
Pay. pijdjj to impinge, to give. Cfr. -aiio; it. pagare ; sp. pg.
Peace, pag, to bind, to tie, to move. Cfr. r.rffoz; pactio, pax,
pecten, pectus, piguus; fr. paix.
VOL. VII. — 2 H
258
-Peach, (im-.) pa^tf, to make evident, to state fully.
Peak, pitrtf, to cut, to divide. Cfr. Tzixcu-, pecteji, pecto ; ags. ir.
peac ; fv. 2^^'que ; sip. pico ; it. hecco ; ^. j^ichen ; di. p)ihken.
Peal, pil, to throw, to cast or send ; pi^l, to prohibit, Cfr. jSa/Jio ;
Peck, Pec-, v. Peak. \^peIlo, halo. v. Bleat.
Pecker, Pica, pica^, the Indian cuckoo.
Pegu-. pa5u«, an animal. Cfr. 7:aju ; pecu, pecul-. v. Fee.
Ped-. v. Pace, Speed.
Peddle, v. Pet-.
Peel. Ml, bhil, to tear, to detach. Cfr. pilo ; sp. pelar, pillar ;
fr. peler, piller. v. Peal, Fell.
Peer. v. Par.
Peg. V. Bag, Peace.
Peir-. pr, to make exertions. Cfr. r.etpdw. v. Experience.
Pel-, Pell-,' Pelt. v. Peel, Ball. Ipinan.
Pen. (v. Feather.) pen, to go, to embrace, to grind. Cfr. ags.
Pen-. V. Pain, Paint.
Pend-, Pennant, v. Banner.
Penny, Pension, v. Pawn.
Pensive, v. Pansy.
Pent-, v. Five, Pend-.
Penury, v. Pain. [jzlnoToq ] plehes, po-pidus. v. Fill.
People, pu^l, to accumulate ; pr, to fill. Cfr. -Xripri:;, TzXiw:;, T./.-qf^uq,
Pepper, pippali^, pepper. Cfr. -i-spt; p)iper ; ags. pepor ; g.
pfeffer ; ({.pepper; fr. poivre. [nicl't^, 7:s7:rr/.6:;.
Peptic, patf, to cook, to ripen ; pa^tfaca**, digestion. Cfr. Ttiffffw,
Per, Peri, -Pire. pr, to complete ; pari, a prefix of ubiquity, en-
circling, diffusion, &c. Cfr. ~spt', per. v. Emperor.
Perch, prtf, to touch, to come in contact, to restrain.
Peril. V. Peri, Coil, Pcir-.
Pert, pr, to delight; pr', to fill, to satisfy, v. Peir-.
Pesade. v. Pace. [fr. pessaire.
Pessary, pas, to bind, to tic, to obstruct. Cfr. pessus; it. pessario ;
Pest, Pester, Pestle, pas, to obstruct, to injure or kill ; pif, to grind,
to pound. Qh. p)estis, pistillum ; it. i^este ; fr. j^cste, pester.
Pet-, pat, to surround or encompass ; patu'?, blown, expanded ; pat,
to go, to move; put, to be or become small; veth, to ask. Cfr.
rJtf^oq^ TLtrdu), T.izalo-^ ; peto, impetuSy pateo ; fr. petale, petit.
V. Pace, Bid, Feather.
Petecchiae. pati^«, yellow.
259
Pha-, Phan-, Pheno-, Phas-. bha^ to shine, to be luminous or
beautiful. Cfr. <pd(Oj (paJyu)^ (pdpoq.
Phag-. bhadj, to possess, to enjoy; bhacf, to eat. Cfr. (pdyw.
Phal-. phal, to divide, to split. Cfr. ipdlayz.
Phasis, (apo-, em-.) bhaf, to speak.
Phil-, pri^, to love \ pal, to preserve or protect.
Phlegm^ Phlog-. bhla^5, to shine. Cfr. (pliyio, (pliyiia, oXoyi^w.
Phon-. bhan, to speak. Cfr. tpw^-j. v. Sound.
Phor-. v. Bear.
Phos-, Phot-. V. Pha-.
Phosphorus, bha^svara^s, shining.
Phthong. (a-, di-, tri-.) bhat, to speak ; dhvan, to sound. Cfr.
Phyl-. V. Flower, Pel-, Phil-. [cpOu^y^yoq, (pdxiq.
Phys-, Phyt-. bhu^, to be, to become. Cfr. (pboj^ (fbaiq, (pozov.
Physic, bhifac, a physician.
Piazza, v. Plat-.
Pica. V. Pecker.
Pick. V. Peak.
Pict-. pi^, to shape, to decorate. Cfr. r.oiy.ilaq, • pictura. v. Paint.
Pid-. V. Pet-.
Pie. V. Paste, Pecker, Pict-.
Piece. pi5, to be reduced to constituent parts ; pif, to bruise to
powder. Cfr. DD a piece, ni^a, to cut or hew in pieces; it.
Pier. V. Bear. \_pezzo ; sip. pieza ; fr. piece, v. Peak.
Pierce, prtf, to touch ; prth, to throw or cast ; prf, to hurt or injure.
Cfr. fr. percer.
Piety, pu^dj, to reverence; pi4j> to adore. Cfr. pius, pietas ; sp.
it. pg. pio ; fr. pieux, piete, ; it. pietd ; sp. piedad.
Pig. pi^ga^, a young animal ; puccasa«, low, vile.
Pigeon, (it. piccione ; fi\ pigeon.) v. Pecker.
Pight, Pike. v. Peak.
Pigment, v. Paint. [r.oyixaloq.
Pigmy, pacf, to take or accept; (vaca^, a crane.) Cfr. r.v^; r^uyix-q)
Pigno-. V. Peace.
Pile,- Pil-. pil, to cast or send ; pal, to go ; pul, to collect ; pul,
to be heaped up. Cfr. Vd a post; -ohrioc, tzuayj, TzJXoq-, pila,
palus, palor ; g. pfahlj pfeiler ; d. paal, pijl, pijlaar ; it. sp.
pila ; sp. pilar, pillar ; fr. pile, pilieVj piller. v. Pel-.
Pimple, piplus, a freckle, a mark.
Pincers, Pinch, (fr. pincer.) v. Piece, Peace.
260
Pine, Pinguid, pinna's, fat. Cfr. -~io^, -iru^ -, pinus ; sp. it. pino ;
Pinge. V. Pay. [fr. pin. v. Pain, Pen.
Pinion, Pinnate, v. Pen.
Piquant, v. Peak.
Pirate, v. Peir-.
Pirouette, v. Vort-. [Cfr piscis; fr. dan. pisser ; g. d. pissen.
Pis-, pis, pif, to go or move ; bis, vis, to throw or send, to put forth.
Pist-, Pistil. V. Paste, Pest. [ags. p2/t.
Pit. puta<5, a shallow concavity; pat, to fall. Qh\ puteus ; d. put;
Pitch. V. Fadge, Peak.
Pittance, v. Petty. [fi\ pit ie. v. Piety.
Pity, pith, to feel pain or affliction; pi^da^ pity. Cfr. patior ;
Pix. V. Box. [content. Cfr. placare, placere. v. Bless.
Plac-. pluf, to be fond of or kind to ; pr, to satisfy, to please or
Place, {^.i^latz; d. plaats ; sp. plaza ; it. piazza ; fr. place.) v.
Plag-. V. Blow, Lay. [Lay, Plat-.
Plaice. V. Plat-.
Plain, Plan-, plu, to go. Cfr. -lavoM^ izidov, Tzsdt^oc;, planus ; sp.
Plaint. V. Blow. \y^. piano ; fv. g. &w. plan. v. Pace.
Plait, pli^, plu, plih, pref, to go ; prtf, to touch, to join. Cfr. fr.
■plisser ; ^.pletli; dun. /letter, v. Plec-.
Plash, pluf, to be moistened, to sprinkle.
Plasm, Plaster, plus, to distribute. Cfr. Tddatxa, "eij-Xaqpu'^)
emplastrum ; it. impiastro ; g. pjlaster ; d. pleistre ; sw. dan.
plaster ; fr. platre.
Plat-. pa^tra««, a vessel, {patera.) v. Broad, Ball.
Plaud-. V. Loud.
Pleas-. V. Plac-.
Plebeian, -Plement, Plen-, Pleo-, -Plete, Pleth-. pr^, to fill ; pul, to
become great; pu^l, to collect; pu^rna«, full. Cfr. -Xyji%q',
plehes, populus ; <^ot\\. fulls ; og. folc. v. Fill.
Plec-, Pledge, Plex-, -Plevy, Pli- Plic-, -Plice, Plight, -Plish. prtf,
prdj, (prctas) to touch, to mix. Cfr. -Aixw, tzXoxtj, dinla^ ;
p)lecto, amplector, ^)//co, duplex; ags. pi Hit -an ; g. pjiielit ; d.
-Plode. v. Loud. [dau.p//V/^; fr. plevje; it. piegare. v. Plait.
Plot. V. Plat, Plait.
Plough. plava«, leaping, jumping, tumbling. Cfr. g. pfluij ; d.
ploe<j ; ddiU. plov ; digs, plage ; iv. plog.
-Ploy, (em-, de-.) v. Plec-.
Pluck. lu,tf, to pluck up, to cut, to pare or peel. Cfr. fr. epluclier ;
g. pfiucken ; d. pluhhen ; ags. hjccan^ aluccaUy pluccian.
Plug. ■
V. Plag-.
Plume.
V. Ply.
Plump.
V. Lumb-.
Plunder,
. lu^t, lu.d, to 1
steal.
Plunge.
V. Lunge.
Plural.
V. Fill.
Plush.
V. Pile, Fleece.
261
Cfr. g. plUndern ; d. plunderen.
Pluvial, Ply. v. Float, Plait. (Sup-ply. v. Fill.)
Poach, Pocket, v. Bake, Pack.
Pocul-. V. Pap, Culvert.
Pod-, pat, to surround ; pa<d, to collect, v. Pace, Potent.
Poecil-. V. Pict-.
Poem. V. Fac-. [fr. point, v. Peg.
Point, pijdj, to impinge; bhajdj, to break. (]h. pungoj punctum ;
Poke. V. Pack, Push.
Pol-. V. Fill.
Pole, pallava'', a shoot, a branch ; pul, to be lofty or high ; pall,
to go. Cfr. TziXiOj Tzolicoj -oXoq) polus, palus] ^. pfoM^ pol ; d.
yaalj pool; fr. pole.
Polem-. V. Pile.
Police, purl's, a city. v. Palace. \_polhmnt.
Polish, Polite, Poll, palyul, to cut. Cfr. polio, poUhis ; fr. polirj
Poll. pula«, bristling.
Polt. V. Ball.
Poly-, v. Pale, Fill.
Pom-, pa^, to drink, to nourish.
Pond. pa<d, to accumulate; pat, to encompass, to portion, to dis-
Pont-. [po(7i)s.] v. Pace. [tribute ; pat, to fall. v. Pen, Bind.
Pool, palvala*?, a small pond ; palala^, mud, mire ; bul, to dive ;
pul, to accumulate. Cfr. -riloq; palus ; \f.pwll; g. pfuhl;
Poor. v. Pauper. [d.. poel ; ags. pol, pul.
Pope. V. Papa.
Popul-. V. People.
Por-, Port-, pr, to be busy. v. Far, Bear.
Pos-. puf, to divide, to distribute. Cfr. ttoo-o?; posifus. v. Put, Fast.
Pot. pa^tra«, an earthen vessel ; puta«5, a cup, a concavity; put,
a hell to which the childish are condemned. Cfr. -KiSoq', g.
2:)ott ; d. w. fr. ijot.
Pot-, pa^, to drink ; pat, to be powerful ; pati<!, a master. Cfr.
Tzoatq, TzoTvia, 8£<T-6zrj<; -J potior, potens. (De-pot. v. Put.)
Potch. V. Pack, Push.
262
Pother. V. Bother.
Pouch. V. Bag.
Poudr-, Pound, Powder. pU(d» to grind, to pound.
Poverty, v. Pauper. \^poder ; fr. pouvoir.
Power, pat, to be powerful. Cfr. potentia; it. podere ; sp. pg.
Pr-. pr, to be busy or active, to nourish, to protect, to please. Cfr.
Ttpdffffo), -Kpayiia', sp. practica ; it. pratica ; fr. pratique.
Prae-. v. For.
Praise, praga^sa^, praise. [ags. raed.
Prate, rut, rat, to speak. Cfr. tppd'^w • sw. prata ; d. praaten ;
Prav-. (pravus.') pravana«, crooked, decayed.
Pray, Preach, Prec-. pratMh, to ask or inquire ; pra-vatf, to teach,
to expound. Cfr. precor, rogo, praeco ; \t. pregare ; ^. preg ;
g. frageiij sprechen ; d. vraagcn, preeken ; fr. prieVj preclier.
Pre-, v. For.
Prem-. v. First.
Presby-. (npsffjSuq.) prabhu«!, strong, able, eternal.
Pretty, pri^, to please, to satisfy, to be pleased or satisfied ; prati,
towards, a little. Cfr. dan. prydet; sw. prydd ; w. pryd; ags.
prdetCj prytj pryde ; d. pret. v. Pride.
Pred-, Prey, radh, to injure or kill.
Previous, pu^rva**, previous.
Prick, prtf to touch, to restrain.
Pride, prd, to delight, v. Pretty.
Prim-, Prin-, Prior, Pro-, v. First.
Priv-. V. Rap-.
Proa. V. Prow.
-Proach. v. Prick. [proprius.
Prob-. pra^pta^, obtained, placed, fixed, proper, right. Cfr. proho,
Prone. prana<!, old; pranata«, bending, stooping; pravana^, bent.
Propinq-. v. Pro-, -Pinge. [Cfr. pronus.
Prose, Pross. bru^, to speak or tell.
Proud. praudha<!, impudent, arrogant, v. Pride.
Prove. V. Prob-. [v. Pro-.
Prow, pru, to go, to move. Cfr. prora ; it. prua, proda ; sp. proa.
Prox-. V. Prick.
Prude-, Prudent, vrt, vrdh, to select, to speak, to shine. Cfr. <fpadrj ;
prudens; <^ot\\. /rod ; g. sprbdc ; d. vroed, preutscli ; fr. prude.
V. Pride.
Pter-, Ptos-, Ptote. pat, to move, to fall. Cfr. r.repuvy tztuxth;.
Publ-. V. People.
263
Pucker, v. Bag.
Pudder. v. Bother.
Pud-, (re-.) pud, to leave, to quit. [fr. houdin ; w. iioten.
Pud-die. pad, to heap together, to accumulate. Cfr. g. d. ijudding ;
Puerile. puttra<5, a son, a child ; pota«!, the young of any animal.
Cfr. ra.';-, Tiibloq] 'piier, 'pupa, putus.
Puff, pavas air, wind. Cfr. pers. d. 2^0/ ; g. dan. i^^^ff-
Puo'. V. Pio;.
Pugil, Pugn-. pacf, to take or accept, to take a part or side. Cfr.
Ttu^y -oyirq ] pugil, pugna, pugnus ; g. faust. v. Fist.
Puiss-. V. Pot-.
PuL-. V. Pile.
Pullet. V. Filial.
Punch, Punct-, Pung-. v. Point.
Punish, v. Pain.
Pundit, pandita*!, a learned man.
Pur-. V. Pair, For. [fr. w. pur.
Pure, paras, best ; pu^ to purify. Cfr. purus ; it. sp. puro ; ags.
Purse, pr, to fill; bhr, to carry; vr, to cover. Cfr. ^upaa) hyrm)
it. borsa ; fr. bourse. [jfjuteo ; ^o\h.. fuls.
Puru-, Pus. pu^ya,, pus; pu^y, to stink. Cfr. rMw, tzOov; pus,
Push, paf, to move, to oppose, to touch. Cfr. d. iniis; fr. pousser.
Put. put, to fasten, to bind together ; pat, to portion, to distribute,
to encompass. Cfr. puto ; fr. bouter ; d. poot-en. v. Pace, Pos-.
Put-. V. Puru-.
Pyl-. V. Pile. .
Pyr-. V. Fire.
Pyth-. budh, to know, to understand.
Pyx-. V. Box. [ciuar-.
Quadr-, Quar-. tfatur, four. Cfr. rirrape:;, rizpa- ; quatuor, quadr-,
Quail, Quake, cvel, tfal, hval, to shake; chadj, to churn or agi-
tate. Cfr. it. quagliarn ; sp. cuajar; fr. cailler ; ags. cicellan,
cwalian. [what. v. Quot.
Qual-, Quant-, cva, where; ca^ndas, a quantity; ca«, ca^ ci„ who.
Quarrel, cur, to sound; ghur, to be terrible, to inquire, to sound.
Cfr. queror ; g. d. kirren ; it. querela; fr- querelle.
Quarry, chur, to cut, to scratch.
Quash, caf, to hurt, to injure. Cfr. quatior, quass- ; g. quetschen ;
d. kwetsen ; ags. cwysan ; it. squassare ; fr. casser. v. Cut.
Quat-. V. Qaadr-. \huiveren ; sp. quiebro ; w. cioibiaio.
Quaver, cep, to shake, to tremble ; vabhr, gvabhr, to go. Cfr. d.
264
Queach. v. Quick. [gJiena; goth. qvens; og. os. quena ; ags. cvsen.
Quean, Queen, djani^, a woman ; cani^ a girl. Cfr. yo'^TJ ; zend.
Queek. v. Quail.
-Quedry. (Sur-.) v. Heed.
Queer, hvr, to make crooked. Cfr. g. d. quer, querlen.
Queme. (ags. cioeman.') cam, to love.
Quench, ca^tf, to bind; cu.tf, to contract, to be confined.
Quer-. V. Quarrel, Queer. [question.
Quest, djuf, gavef, to seek, to investigate. Cfr. quaastus ; fr. sp.
Quib-. V. Quaver. [g. quick; d. Tcioik ; ags. cwic.
Quick, dji^v, to live; cutf, to go. Cfr. vigere, vivere; goth. quivs ;
Quid-, v. Qual-.
Quill. V. Calamus, Culminate. \colcha.
Quilt, cu^l, to cover, to screen, to enclose. Cfr. it. coltre ; sp. pg.
Quincy. v. Cyn-, Ache.
Quintal, v. Hundred.
Quip. V. Quaver.
Quire, tfhur, to cut. v. Chor-, Quer-.
Quirk. V. Queer.
Quis-. V. Quest. [d. hwijten ; pg. sp. quitar ; fr. quitter, v. Cede.
Quit, ha^ (djaha^ti,) to leave; vitta, to leave. Cfr. g.qmttiren;
Qviver. v. Quaver, Quick.
Quiz, Quo-. V. Qual-, Quest. [much ?
QuoT. catham, a particle of interrogation ; cati, how many ? how
Quote, Quoth, cath, chya^, (chya^ti,) vad, to relate. Cfr. ■/.oriUoj-
in-quit; goth. qvitlian; ags. cvedhan.
Rab-. raph, rab, ra,v, to go, to move; rabhasa«5, speed; sa^rabdhas
furious. Cfr. 'pirrw; repente, ratio, rapidus ; it. rahhia; sp.
rahiar ; d. revelen. v. Rap-.
Race, rf, href, to go; rayas speed. Cfr. :fn a race; w. rhed,
Rack. v. Break. \_rUedu, rhaz, graz ; sw. resa ; d. ras. v. Grad-.
Racy, ras, to taste, to relish.
Radiant, v. Ray. [r ado, o'odo, radix ; d. radijs ; ags. rendan.
-Rade, Radic-. rad, to dig, to tear; rada«, a tooth. Cfr. "pi^a-y
Raff. V. Rab-.
Raft. V. Row.
Rag. V. Break. [v. Rab-.
Rage, (rabjes.) rudj, to afflict, to disorder; ra^ga«, mental affection.
Raid, radh, to injure or kill. v. Ride.
Rail, ragh, to be right or correct. Cfr. regula ; g. riege, riegel.
Raiment, v. Ray.
265
Kain. ritf, to scatter, to divide; radja^, dust; vrf, to sprinkle.
Cfr. fipixoj] rigo ; goth. rign ; g. d. regen; ags. liregnan.
Raip. V. Rep-.
Raisin, ras, to taste, to relish ; rasa", juice, exudation ; rasa^ the
grape. Cfr. g. rosine; dan. rosin; fr. raisin, v. Red.
Rajah, v. Reg-. [racier, v. Break.
Rake, rdj, to acquire. Cfr. ags. Q^acan, racian ; g. rechen ; fr.
Ram-, ra^ph, to go, to move, to injure or kill ; ram, to sport or play.
Rane. v. Run. [fr. ranger.
Range, Rank, ra^ch, to go, to move ; ratf, to arrange. Cfr. it. rango;
Rant, ran, to sound; rat, to speak; rud, to weep. Cfr. nn to
mourn, pn to shout; rana ; tv. rlionta.
Rap-, ri^v, to take. Cfr. " apTzdf^tv^ ; rapere ; goth. hi-rauhon ; g.
herauhen ; ags. reafian ; sp. rohar. v. Rab-.
Rase. V. -Rade. [rash. v. Grad-.
Rash, rf, to go; ruT, anger, passion. Cfr. g. d. rasch; sw. dan.
Rat. (ags. rset; g. rafze ; d. fr. rat; sp. pg. rato.) v. -Rade.
Ratch. V. Break.
Rat-, Rate, Rath-, r, rt, hru^d, ard, to go; rat, to speak ; ra^dh, to
effect, to accomplish. Cfr. 'piw, 'pTJrwp', ratus, ratio; ags.
raedarij hratJie, Tirad ; goth. rodjan, raths, raidjan ; g. reiten,
hereit, reden ; d. reeden, redcn, hereid ; it. ragione, razionale ;
Rauc-. v. Rough. [fr. raison. v. Ord-.
Rav-. V. Rap-.
Raven, v. Crow.
Raw. V. Crude, -Rade.
Ray. ra^dj, to shine ; ra,dj, ray, to go ; rad, to divide, to split.
Cfr. radius ; it. raggio, radio ; fr. rayon ; sp. pg. rayo.
Raz-. V. Rade.
Re-, pa-ra^, back.
Reach, rdj, to acquire, to go, to stand or be firm; rdjU", upright.
Cfr. '^ptyoiOy 'opiyw ; regere, rigere, /rigere, rex, regio, rectus,
por-rigere ; goth. raihts, raJcJan ; g. reichen, reich, reclit,
rechen ; d. reiken, rehhen ; ags. recan ; it. recere.
Read-, v. Rat-.
Reak. v. Reach. [_real ; fr. reel. v. Rat-
Real, ra^, to give ; rai^s, wealth, property. Cfr. res ; it. reale ; sp.
Realm, v. Reg-.
Reap, Reave, v. Rap-, Crop.
Reason, Rede. v. Rat-.
Reck, rec, to suspect, or think probable, v. Reach.
VOL. VII. — 2 I
266
Rect-. v. Reachj Reg-.
Red. rohitas mddj; ru^, rutf, to shine; ru^dlia«, budded, blown;
rudhira^, blood. Cfr. ''spvd^poq, "podov^ '^pobawq) roseus, ruber ,
rufus, rutilus, russus, radius ; goth. ga-rindjo, rauds; ags. reod^
Reed. v. Rod. [onide ; g. roth; d. rood; fr. rouge, v. Ray.
Reef, Reeve, ri^v, to take, to screen. Cfr. gotb. -raip ; g. reifen ;
d. reep, rib, rif, reef; sw. ref; dan. rift, riv.
Reg-, Reig-. racf, to guard, to protect, to preserve; ra^dja^, a prince.
Cfr. rex, rego, regida. v. Reach.
Re-hearse, hraf, to speak ; hras, to sound.
Relish. V. Lick.
Rem-, r, ra^v, to go; aritra,, a rudder. Cfr. 'epirrj^, 'spsT/ioq-,
ratis, remus; ags. ar, rother ; g. ruder; sw. roder ; d. dan. 7'oer.
Reminiscence, v. Man.
Rend. v. -Rade.
Repent, rep, to go. v. Creep, Serp-, Pain.
Rescue, scu, to raise or lift; a^-scu, to seize, to take. Cfr. it.
riscuotere, riscattare ; sp. rescatar ; pg. resgatar. v. Get, (Re-
ex-captare.) [fr. resine.
Resin, r, to go; rasa«, juice, exudation. Cfr. 'pi(o, 'p7)Ti>7j', 7'esina;
Revel. V. Rap-.
Revere, v. Fear.
Rhetoric, ret, to speak, v. Rat-.
Rheum, -Rhoea. r, to go. Cfr. 'picu, 'peu/ia,
Rhin-. ri^na«!, oozing, dripping. Cfr. 'piv.
Rhod-. V. Red
Rib. V. Reef
Rich, -Rick, ra^djyas, a government, a principality; rctha^, rictha,,
wealth; rdj, to acquire, to gain or earn. Cfr. goth. reiks ; g.
reich; d. rijk ; ags. ric ; sp. onco ; fr. riche. v. Reg-.
Rick-. V. Ridge.
Rid-. V. -Rade. [d. rijden ; ags. ridan. v. Rat-.
Ride, ri^, to go; ratha^s, a carriage. Cfr. rhcda, rota; g. rciten ;
Ridge, Right, Rigid, v. Reach.
-Rif V. Reeve.
Rigation. v. Rain.
Ring. ra,g, to go. v. Career, Chord.
Rif-, Rip-, Rive. v. Rap-. [fr. rite.
Rite, ri^ti^, usage, practice, observance. Cfr. rifus ; it. sp. rito;
River, (ar-rive.) ri^ riv, to go. Cfr. 'piio; rivus; it. riviera ;
Rix-. V. Reg-. [fr. riviere.
267
Roach, V. Red.
Road. V. Grad-, Ride.
Roam. V. Ram-.
Rob. V. Rap-.
Rock. V. Crag.
Rod. rudj, to hurt or injure, to bend or break, v. Radio-, Ray.
Rodent, Root, -Ros-. v. -Rade, Ray.
Rodo-. V. Read.
Rog-. V Pray,
Roil, V. Broil.
Romp-. V. Ram-, Rup-.
Rook. V. Crow.
Rope. V. Reef.
Roscid. rasas water; vrf, to sprinkle. Cfr. dpoffo^j^epdr)] ros-cidus.
Rose, Rouge, v. Red.
Rosin. V. Resin.
Rostrum, v. Root.
Rota-. V. Ride. \j'aiic7i, Jiriig ; d. ruig.
Rough, ru^cf, to be harsh. Cfr. raucusy ruga ; ags. rug ; g. rauhj
Round. V. Run.
Roup, rap, to speak.
Rout-. V. Rup-, Road, Ride, Root.
Rove. V. Rab-.
Row. V. Rail, Rank, Rem-.
Roy-, v. Reg-.
Rub-, Rud, Ruf-. v. Red.
Ruck, Rug-, v. Rough.
Rudder, v. Rem-.
Rude, rod, to disrespect, v. Raw. [d. rouwen ; ags. reowian.
Rue. ru, to roar 3 rud, to weep. Cfr. 'wpuw; rumor , rudo; g. reuen;
Ruin, sru, to flow ; r, ra,v, rev, to go. Cfr. ruo, ruina ; sp. it.
Rule. v. Reg-. Iruina; fr. riiine.
Rumble. ra,b, to sound, to go. Cfr. it. romhare ; g. rummeln ;
Ruminating, romantha,, ruminating. [d. rommelen.
Rumor, v. Rue.
Run. rn, ran, to go; ara„ swiftly. Cfr. goth. rinnan ; g. rennen,
rinnen ; d.renne7i; a.gs. rennan.
Rup-. lup, to cut, to rob. Cfr. rumpo, rup-. [ags. reosan.
Rush, rf, to go; ruf, to be angry. Cfr. g. rausclien ; d. ruisclien ;
Russet, Rust, Rutil-. v. Red.
Rustle, ras, to sound.
268
KuT. rata,, copulation. Cfr. fr. rnt. v. Ride.
Ruth. V. Rue.
Rye. V. Ray, Rough.
Sabre, subh, to hurt or kill.
Sacchar-. v. Sugar.
Sack, sag, to cover j sevaca<!, a sack; sagh, to hurt or kill; satf,
to follow. Cfr. adyoq, (jd/./.oq] saccus, sequoi', sagum.
Sacr-. sag, to coverr Cfr. saccr ; w. seg-ru.
Sad-, gat, fad, sad, to be weary or dejected, v. Sed-.
Safe, Sage, (salvja.) v. Sal-.
Sag. V. Swag. [saggio ; fr. sage. v. Seek.
Sage, su^tf, to give information, to espy. Cfr. sagio, sag ax ; it.
Sagit-. srdj, to quit, to shoot; srga^, a short arrow, v. Sack.
Sail, hval, gal, cfal, sva^g, to move, to shake. Cfr. w. liioyl; ags.
g. sw. segel ; dan. sejl ; d. zeil.
Saint, fan, to give, to serve or honor; ga^iita«, meek, purified. Cfr.
Sake. V. Seek. \_sancwj sanctus ; it. sp. santo ; fr. saint.
Sal-, fal, sal, to go, to move ; sarvas, all, whole, entire ; sev, to
serve. Cfr. ooXs, 'oXooq, "oXoq', salvus, salve, sahi-, salio ; ags.
w. sal; goth. sels ; g. selig. v. Well, Whole.
Saline, Salt. sara«, salt. Cfr. "aXq; sal; it. sale; fr. sel; goth.
Saliva. sala„ water. [sw. dan. ags. salt; g. salz.
Saloon. V. Cell-.
Salpinx. Qu% to make a loud noise.
Same, Sample, sam, together; sama«5, like, similar. Cfr. "afxa,
"ojioloq, 'oixaXuqj 'o'luq', simiil, similis, ex-em/plum ; goth. sama,
samatli; g. sammeln, ziemen ; d. zaam ; dan. sw. samme ; ags.
same; fr. semhler. [firm, steady, v. Saint, Sound.
Sane, Sane-, san, to give, to serve; sat, (san,) true, best, venerable,
Sand. fanda«, a heap.
Sanies, gan, to move.
Sanscrit, sa^scrta^, finished, perfect, completed. \jjovi8pu)v.
Sanhedrim, sam, together; dhr, to hold, to support. Qiv.'edpd-^u).
Sarplier. v. Serp-.
Satchel, v. Sack.
Sate, Satis, v. Sane, Sed-. Cfr. satis; goth. saths ; g. satt.
Satrap, cfetra,, a field ; pa^, to protect.
Sauce, (salsus.) v. Saline.
Savage, sa^la**, a tree. Cfr. silva ; sp. salvage; it. selvaggio ;
Save. V. Sal-. [fr. sauvage.
Saw, Sax-, sagh, Qaf, to hurt, to kill ; go, to whet or sharpen ;
269
ga^na«, a saw; fiv, siv, to sew, to stitch. Cfr. ^a.yalo^^\ seco,
suo, saxum, seg- ; g. saum, scigen ; goth. siujan ; d. zaagen ;
ags. seax, seam, shoian ; it. segare ; fr. scier. v. Sched-.
Sawder, sa^d, to flatter.
Say. gatf, to say or tell ; su^tf, to give information. Cfr. goth.
sag an ; ags. ssegan, sacgan ; g. sag en ; d. zeggen ; pers. sachan.
Scab, scabh, to impede ; sen, to go, to cover. Cfr. <jxd7ZTU)j a-Adipr^ ;
scabies, scabo ; goth. skaban, sldp ; ags. scseb ; g. scJiahe, schiff;
Scale, Scall, Scallop, Scalp, v. Shell. [d. scab. v. Coop.
Scalene, schal, to stumble or fall, to gather, to collect. Cfr.
axalrf^oq, crxohoq ; ags. scul ; g. schel, schiel ; d. scheel.
Scamper, fatb, tfajp, to go, to move. Cfr. d. schampen ; it. cam-
pare, scampare ; sp. escampar ; fr. escampcr.
ScAND-, Scant. sca(d» to go, to leap.
Scape. V. Shaft.
Scare, ghur, to be frightful or terrible.
Scar-, cha^ri^, a scar. v. Shear. [scateran.
Scat-, tfat, to cut, to rain. Cfr. a/.todio; scateo, dis-cutio ; ags.
Scathe, chad, schad, gath, to hurt or kill. Cfr. 'aay.t^q; goth.
skathjan ; ags. scatJdan ; g. schaden ; d. schaaden.
Scav-. v. Shave.
Seel-, schalat, stumbling, (either in action, conduct, or speech.)
-Scend. v. Scand-. [Cfr. scelus ; fr. scelerat.
Scent. gandha<s, scent.
Sceptre, cfap, to send, to throw. Cfr. (j/.rJTcrcu, (j/.r/Tzrpov ] sceptum.
Sched-. tfhid, schad, to cut. Cfr. <t/J^oj, a'/^idrj ; scindo, scheda,
schedida ; goth. skants, shaidan ; ags. sceadan, sceat ; g. d.
scheiden, schof, scJioof ; it. scotto ; sp. escote ; fr. ccoL
Schism, Schist, v. Sched-.
School, cul, cfal, schal, to collect; tfal, to sport, to play. Cfr.
ff/o^TJ', schola ; ags. sceol, scol ; g. scJude ; d. school; it. scuola ;
Scia-. V. Sky. [fr. ecole.
-Scind, Sciss-. v. Sched-.
Scint-. V. Candid.
Scollop. V. Shell.
Scob", Scoop. V. Scab.
Scop-. V. Skep-, Scab.
Scorb-, Score, Scor-. v. Scar-.
Scorch. V. Char.
Scot-. V. Sched-, Shade.
270
Scour. V. Shear. [it. scoreggia ; fr. escourgee.
Scourge, cardj, to pain, to harass; ra^dj, to rule. Cfr. rego, corrigo;
Scov-, Scow. V. Scab.
Scowl. V. Scalene.
Scabble. v. Grab.
Scran ch. v. Craunch.
Scrap, Scrape, Scrawl, v. Grab.
Scratch, v. Cratch.
Scream, gra^m, to call, to summon, (ags. Jireman.)
Scribe, Script-, Scriv-, Scrub, Scruple, v. Grab, Carp-.
Scringe, v. Cringe.
Scrutiny, gru, to listen.
Scud, Scug, Scum, scu, to go, to cover. Cfr. ags. sceo, sceog, sceotan;
dan. shoe, shyggevj skyder, skud ; g. schuh ; d. schoew, sw.
Scull. V. Shell. IsJcudda. v. Shed, Shoot.
Sculp-. clrpta«, made, formed, cut.
-Scure. (ob-.) v. Shade.
Scurf. V. Shear.
Scut-. V. Escutcheon.
Scythe, v. Sched-.
Sea. sava,, water ; fatf, to moisten, to sprinkle ; fasdj, to move.
Cfr. goth. saws; ags. sas, secge, garsege ; g. see ; d. zee ; sw. si'd.
Seal. V. Sigil.
Seam. v. Saw. [Cfr. fr. dierclier ; it. cercare.
Search, sardj, to gain or get ; sa^tf, to follow ; tfartf, to inquire.
Secant, Sect-, v. Saw.
Second, Sectator. v. Seek.
Seat, Sed-, See. sad, fad, to set, to sit. Cfr. "ei^w/iat ; sedeo, sido,
sedo, sella ; goth. sita, safjan ; g. setzen, sitzen ; d. zetten, zitten;
ags. setan, sitan ; it. sedare ; fr. seoivj siege, v. Sad-, Seek.
Sedge, Seg-. v. Saw.
Seed. v. Sow.
See. V. Sight.
-Seech, Seek, satf, sa^tf, to follow; su^tf, to espy; sagh, to strike;
guc, sec, to go ; sacha^, sachya«, a friend, an associate. Cfr.
sequovj socuts, secutuSj secundus ; g. suchcn ; d. zoeken ; ags.
Seem. v. Same. [secaiij sacan; fr. suivre.
Seethe, v. Sweat.
Seignor. v. Senate.
Sembl-. v. Same.
Semi-, sa^mi, half. Cfr. "rj/xt-auq ; semi.
271
Seminal, v. Sow.
Senate, Sen-, sajhati^s, assemblage, multitude; fan, to serve or
honor; sanat, always. Cfr. "£vo<^; senex, senatus; goth. sineigs.
Send, nud, to send.
Sense, Sent-, sat, to manifest, to point out. Cfr. sentio, sensus.
Sept-, saptan, seven. Cfr. y^^, 'eTrrd-, sepiem; goth. sihun; g.
siehen ; ags. seo/an ; fr. sept; it. sette ; w. seith.
Septic. 5av, to alter, to change ; 5ava^, 5apa«, a corpse.
Seq-. v. Seek. [fr. serein, soir.
Ser-. sur, to shine. Cfr. r]niy a seraph, a fiery serpent ; serenus ;
Serf, Series, -Sert. gu^rp, to mete ; srp, sr, sarb, to go ; sev, to
to serve ; sarat, thread. Cfr. (letpd, slpu), elpspoq ; sero, series,
servus, servio. [vite.
Sermon, svr, to sound, to praise, to sing; ^ra^m, to counsel, to in-
Serpent. srp, to glide; sarpa^J, a serpent. Cfr. "sprzio', serpo,
Serve, v. Serf. [^serpens; w. sai-f.
Serum, sa^ra,, water.
Sess-, Set. v. Seat.
Setous. sata««, a mane, a crest. Cfr. seta, setostis; fr. seton.
Seven, v. Sept-.
Sew. V. Saw, Seek, Sice-.
Sex. v. Saw, Six.
Shabby, v. Scab.
Shade, tfhad, to cover, to hide ; scu, to cover. Cfr. ffxcd-, ohseurus;
goth. skadiis ; ags. scad, scuva, seed ; g. schatten, schiltzen ; d.
scliaduio, scJiutten. [schaft ; dan. sw. shaft.
Shaft, cfap, to send, to throw. Cfr. scapus ; ags. scea/t; g. d.
Shag. trhaga«, a goat ; fag, to cover.
Shake, fee, to move.
Shale, v. Shell.
Shallop, tfal, gal, to move, to tremble, to shake. Cfr. sp. pg.
chalupa ; fr. cJialoupe ; g. schaluppe.
Shamble, v. Scamper, Scand-.
Shame, fam, to be confused, to distress.
Shard, Share, Sharp, v. Shear, Carve.
Shatter, cfad, to break ; efata<!, broken, torn, rent. v. Scathe.
Shave, v. Scab, Champ.
Shaw. V. Shade.
She. sa^ she. Cfr. se ; goth. si; ags. seo ; g. sie ; d. zij.
Sheading, v. Sched-.
272
Sheaf, fi, to tic, to bind; fiv, to sew, to stitch.
Shear, cfur, tf hur, to cut ; hr, to take. Cfr. ay.iDpia^ ^opdio • ags.
scearan ; g. scfieren ; d. scheeren.
Sheath, Shed, scad, to shed, to pour out. v. Shade, Suade, Sched-.
Sheen, v. Shine.
Sheet. V. Sched-.
Shell, galea**, a portion, bark, a fish-scale; tfhalli^ skin, bark,
rind, &c. ; tfali«, a cover. Cfr. ags. scale, scell; g. schale; d.
Shelter, v. Ceil, Shield. [schaal.
Sherd, Sherif. v. Shard.
Shield, galitas covered, v. Escutcheon.
Shilf. (g. scMIf.') gil, to glean.
Shimmer, fimbh, to shine.
Shine, can, fijbh, tfa^d, to shine. Cfr. goth. skauns ; ags. scinan ;
Ship. V. Scab, Shaft. [g. scheineii, sclion. v. Cand-.
Shire, v. Shard.
Shirt. V. Curt.
Shive. V. Champ.
Shoal, v. School.
Shock, v. Shag.
Shoe. V. Scud.
Shoot, cfot, to throw ; cfatna«, a man of the second, or military
class. Cfr. scateo ; ags. sceotan, scytan ; g. schiesseii, scliossen j
d. schieteii; iv.jeter. v. Shatter.
Shop, cfapa*!, a house, an abode, (ags. sceoppa.)
Short. V. Curt.
Shoulder, (ags. sciddcr.) scandha^J, the shoulder.
Shout, fa^t, an interjection of calling.
Shove. V. Champ.
Show. V. Skep-.
Shower, a^sa^ra^, a hard shower ; cfara«, water, trickling.
Shr-. V. Scream.
Shred, v. Curt, Shear.
Shrieve. v. Shire, Eeevc.
Shrine, gran, to give, to present ; scu, to cover.
Shrink, gra^c, cru,tf, to go. v. Cringe.
Shroud, (ags. scriid.) grath, to bind, to tie.
Shrug. V. Reach.
Shuffle. V. Shove. [v. Dire.
Shudder, fad, to wither, to despond, to break ; sadara«, fearful.
273
Shun, Shy. (ags. scunian.) §unya«!, empty, void; 9yai, to go. v.
Scud. [sechc.
Siccity. ^uf, to dry; guTca"!, dry; sicata^*!, sand. Cfr. siccus; fr.
Sick. V. Sigh.
Sickle. V. Saw.
Side, Siege, v. Seat, Seek.
Siesta, fas, fasti, to sleep.
Sigh, gutf, sorrow, distress; ^utfy, to squeeze out, to pain or distress.
Cfr. ags. sican ; goth. swogjan ; d. zuchten.
Sight. SU^tf, to espy; su^tfa^, sight. Cfr. ags. gesiht ; g. sicheiij
gesicht ; d. gepji'gf ; dan. sigt. v. Seek.
Sigil-, Sign, su^tf, dig, to make known; sadjna^, gesture, signal.
Gfr. ozLAwiu; signum, sig ilium ; goth. sigljan, taikns ; ags.
sigel, tacen ; g. siegel, 7:eiclien ; d. zegel, teehen ; it. sigillo,
Sike. V. Siccity. [^scgno ; dan. segl, tegn ; fr. sccau, signe.
Silence. qV\, to meditate, to reflect profoundly and abstractedly.
Cfr. sileo ; goth. cnia-silan ; fr. silence.
SiLEX, Sill. 5ila^, a stone, a rock, the timber of a door-frame, a
transverse beam. Cfr. calx, silex ; ags. s^l ; g. sclucelle ; fr.
Silvan, v. Savage. [scw?7.
Sim-, v. Same. [siggvan ; g. singen ; d. zingeu ; ags. singan.
Sing, gi.dj, to make an inarticulate sound, to tinkle. Cfr. goth.
Sink. sa,cu<!, a hole.
Sire, Sirius. sur, to shine, to possess supreme power ; su^rya**, the
sun. Cfr. fr. sire, sieur. [^gs. sweoster.
Sister, svasr, a sister. Cfr. goth. svisfar; g. scl nc ester ; d. zuster ;
Sit. v. Sed-. [zes ; sp. seis.
Six. faf, six. Cfr. W\i} six; "s^; sex; goth. sciihs ; g. seeks; d.
Size. V. Sched-, Sed-.
Skaddle. v. Scathe.
Skald. V. Call.
Skar. V. Scare.
Skate. V. Scud.
Skeel. V. Shell. [^gs- sceawian.
Skep-. spa9) to perceive, to inform. Cfr. (j/.i--; specio, speculum;
Skew. V. Askant.
Skiff. V. Scab.
Skill. qV\, to learn ; gilita*!, skilled.
Skillet. V. Shell.
Skim, Skin. v. Scud, Sched-.
Skipper, v. Ship, Slip.
VOL. VII. — 2 K
V. Light.
[v. Lab-.
Cfr. ags.
depan ; g. schliip/en ;
d. sleppen.
V. Slat-.
V. Lao^.
274
Skirt. V. Short.
Skittish, cit, to fear, to terrify.
Skivers, v. Shave.
Skulk. V. Shelter.
Skull, v. Shell.
Skute. V. Scow.
Sky. y. Shade.
Slabber, v. Lab-, Saliva.
Slash. V. Lash. \scMottern ; fr. eclafer ; sw. sUfa.
Slat-, glatha^, loose, dishevelled, relaxed, unfastened. Cfr. g.
Slaver, v. Slabber.
Sleep, srp, to creep; svap, to sleep; svapna's, sleep, dream. Cfr.
"u-voq-^ sopor, supinus, somnium; goth. ags. slepan ; g. schlaftm;
d. slaapen ; on. sofa.
Sleek, Slick, Slight.
Slip, srp, to creep.
Sloop, v. Shallop.
Sloth, Slottery, Slut.
Slouch, Slow, Slug-.
Small. V. Meal.
Smaragd. v. Emerald.
Smack, Smash, v. Mash.
Smerk, Smicker, Smile, smr, to remember, to delight; smara«!,
the deity of love ; smi, to smile ; smi^l, to wink.
Smoke, v. Mic-turition,
Snail, Snake, Sneak. na^ga«, a snake; snigdhas, smooth, greasy,
cooling. Cfr. g. schnake, schnerke; ags. snegel, snaca ; dan.
Sneeze, fnas, to eject from the mouth, v. Neese. \_snef/cl, snog.
Snick. V. Nick.
Snivel, fnu, to ooze, to drop.
Snore, Snort, nard, to sound.
Snow, ni.v, to moisten, to sprinkle ; fnu, to ooze, to drop. Cfr.
vifa; ningcre, nivis, nix; lit. snegas ; slav. snegu ; goth. snaivs ;
g. schnee ; d. sneuw ; ags. snaw ; fr. neige ; pg. it. neve.
Snudge, Snug v. Near. [g. so; d. zo.
So. sva^, individuality, affirmative quantity. Cfr. goth. ags, sva ;
Soak, fatf, fitf, to wet, to sprinkle. Cfr. npty to irrigate; ags. socian.
Soar, sr, to go, to run.
Soc-. V. Seek.
Sock-, sag, to cover; sadjdja^, covered, clothed; sacti<!, junction,
275
cohesion. Cfr. soccus ; ags. socc ; g. socke; d. zok ; it. socco ;
fr. socque. v. Sack.
Sod. ga^d, young grass, mud. v. Sed-, Seethe.
Soda. V. Cathartic.
Sofa. V. Sleep.
Soggy. V. Soak.
Soiree. To, to end ; sa^ya«, evening.
Solar, su^ra*!, haili«, the sun ; prakr. sula. Cfr. "rjhoc;; sol.
Solute, Solve, lu^ to cut. Cfr. /.uoj; soIvo ; goth. knis ; g. los.
Some, sam, asseujblage, collection.
Somni-. gam, to pacify, to calm; gamani^, night, v. Sleep, \_zoon.
Son. su^nu<, a son. Cfr. goth. sunns; ags. sunn; g. sohn ; d.
Son-, Song. v. Sound, Sing.
Sooth, sat, satya«, true. Cfr. 'sreoq-^ ags. soth; ir. seacUi. v. Sed-.
Soothe. V. Sed-, Snade.
Sop. V. Soup.
Sopite, Sopor-, v. Sleep.
Sore, Sorrow. gara«, injury, hurt; gr, su^r, to hurt; saroga«,
sick; svr, to be diseased, to pain or torture. Cfr. n"iiy sad,
sorrowful; goth. sciir, saurga ; g. schicer, sehr, sorge ; d. zeer,
Sorgho, v. Sugar. [ztoaar, ziceer, zory ; ags. sar, swar, sorg.
Soss. v. Sed-.
Sot. gatha*!, a blockhead, a fool.
Sound, sa^-nad, gabd, svan, to sound ; gundh, to cleanse, to purify.
Cfr. sonus, sanus ; ags. fr. sp. son; it. suono ; g. gesund.
Soup. sii^pa«, sauce, soup.
Sour. tfu% to burn.
Souter. V. Suture.
South, v. Sweat.
Sover-. v. Super-.
Sow. su^cari^ a sow; fu^ to bring forth. Cfr. <7D?, u?; sus ; goth.
svein ; g. sau, schioein ; d. zeug ; ags. svga. [ags. savan.
Sow. fiv, to sow. Cfr. semen, sevi ; goth. saian ; g. sllen ; d. zaajen ;
Space, Spade, pat, pad, spa^d, to go, to move ; sphat, to open, to
break; pa^ta«, breadth. Cfr. pateo, spatula, spatium; g. spaten,
spatzieren ; \i. spazio ; fr. espace ; d. spaade. [w. pange.
Spangle, Spank, bha^dj, to shine, to break, to destroy. Cfr. ^s^^'w;
Spar, spardh, to rival, to envy.
Sparg-, Sparse, prdj, to scatter; sprg, to bathe.
Spatiate, Spatula, v. Space.
276
Spatter, v. Spit. [Cfr. specio, species, speculor ; ags. specan.
Speak, Spec-, spag, to inform, to make evident; spaQa?, a spy.
Speed. V. Pace, Space.
Sper-. V. Spir-, Sparg-.
Spet, Spew. V. Spit.
Sphere, spha^y, to become large or bulky ; spha^ra<«, large ; sphur,
to swell; svar, heaven. Cfr. ffcpalpa; spTiaera ; it. sfera ; fr.
Spic-, Spike, v. Peak, Speak. [sphere.
Spider, v. Speed?
Spile, Spill. V. Pile. [spiritus.
Spir-. spr, to live, to breathe ; sprh, to desire. Cfr. spero, spiro,
Spit. rti^V, to spit. Cfr. -ruw; spi/o, sputum; goth. speiva ; g.
Splanch-. v. Spleen. [sputzen ; ags. spittan.
Splash, pluf, to sprinkle.
Splay, spha^y, to become large or bulky.
Spleen, plihan, the spleen. Cfr. o-ttAt^'v, oTjAy/yiv^ ) lien, splen.
Split, sphat, to break or divide.
Spoil, Spool, pu^l, sphul, to collect, to heap up.
Spoon. pil% to collect.
Sport, spr, to please, to gratify.
Spot, Spout. V. Spit.
Sprawl, Spray, Sprig, v. Kay.
Spread, sphur, to swell, v. Broad.
Spring, Spry, sprh, to desire, to long for.
Sprinkle, v. Sparg-.
Spud. V. Spade.
Spy. v. Spec-.
Squadron, Square, v. Quadr-.
Squalid. ca^la«, black. Cfr. zeAajvo?; squalidus; slav. kalu; w. quaJ.
Squall, Squeal, v. Yell.
Squash, Squeeze, v. Squash.
Squill. V. Shell.
Squint, v. Askant.
Squirt, gr, to sprinkle.
St-, ftha^ to stand.
Stab-, Stack, Stad-, Staff, State. stabdha««, hard, stiff, rigid;
stambha", a post, a pillar, a stack ; ftha^, to stand, to stop, to
stay. Cfr. (Tzd(7i<;, (jri^oq, ffzadcov ; slips, stipula, stahilis, stasis,
statua, stamen, status ; goth. stahs, staths, standan, stains ; g.
stah ; ags. staf.
277
Stag-, Stair, ftag, to cover; stigh, to ascend. Cfr. ffrcxog; ve-
stigium; goth. steiga, staiga ; g. d. steigeii', dan. stigei^ ; ir.
Stake. V. Stig-. [staighre.
Stal-. sthal, to stand, to be firna ; sthala., a tent, a hillock. Cfr.
(tzWmj (jrileyoq] g. stellen, stall, sti'el ; d. sfal, steel; ags. stasi,
sfaelg.
Stamen, stlia^man, strengtli, power; stheman, fixedness, firmness.
Stammer, ftam, to be confused.
Stanch, ta-tf, to go, to shrink or contract.
Star. ta^ra<!, a star, the pupil of the eye ; str, to strew, to spread
on or over ; a^f tra„ the sky. Cfr. 'affzrjp ; astrum, stella ; goth.
Stas-, Stat-, Stead, v. Stab-. [stairno ; g. stern; ags. steorra.
-Staur-. stha^vara«, stable. Cfr. aro.up6c; in-, re-stauro.
Steal, sten, to steal; steya,, theft. Cfr. g. stelilen ; d. steelen;
ags. stelan. v. Toll-. [ags. steam.
Steam, fti^'m, to be wet or moist, to reek, to steam. Cfr. d. stoom;
Steep, stu^p, to heap, to pile.
Steer, sthira^, firm, steady, a bull; sthaura,, strength, power;
sthaurin, a pack-horse; ved. sthu^ra^, a bull. Cfr. mn an ox;
raupo:;}, tanrus ; goth. stiur ; d. stier ; ags. steor, styrcy steoran.
Steg-. sthag", to cover. Cfr. (Triyoj, nztyaWK:. [v. Star.
Stell-. V. Star.
Stem, stambha*!, a post, a stalk, a stem ; stambh, to stop, to hinder,
Cfr. (jziiJ.(pohr^, \i.(^ztij.(pr,q,) stemma ; g. stamm ; d. sw. stam ;
ags. stem. [^rsvo?; tenuis.
Steno-, Stent, tu^n, to contract ; tanu*!, small, thin, minute. Cfr.
Ster-. str, to strew, to spread on or over; sthira<«, firm, steady. Cfr.
azipsot;, azepfjoq] stercus, stei'ilis, strata; goth. stairo.
Stick, stac, to resist, v. Stig-.
Stiff. V. Stab. [etouffer ; g. stop/en ; d. stoppen.
Stifle. sta,bh, stubh, to stop, to hinder. Cfr. zofw; tupa ; fr.
Stig-. tig, to assail; tidj, to endure, to sharpen. Cfr. gzI^cd, ffziyixa;
-stinguo, -sfigare, stimulus ; goth. stiggs, stiks, stales, v. Stick.
Stil-. til, to be greasy, to anoint.
Stile, (ags. stigel.) v. Stair.
Stilt, sthal, to stand, to be firm.
Stim-, -Stinct, (in-,) Sting, v. vStig-.
Stint. V. Steno-. [stipes, stipare, stipulari.
Stip-. stha^payat, fixing, placing ; stu^pa<5, a heap. Cfr. ffzoTtoq ;
Stir-. V. Ster-, Stair.
Stive. V. Stifle.
278
Stoak, Stoecade, Stock, v. Stick.
Stolid. V. Stult-.
Stomach, v. Maw.
Stone, stha^nus, firm, steady.
Stool, sthal, to stand. Cfr. ^oth.stoh; g. stuhl ; ags. sto/.
Stoop, Stop. V. Stifle.
Str-, Strab-, Strad-, Strao-.. Strahl-, Street, &c. v. Ster-.
Straight, v. Rect-.
Strike, strh, to hurt, to kill.
Stub-, Stuff, Stumble, Stup-. v. Stifle, Stip-.
Stult-. sthula<i, stupid, ignorant. Cfr. stoUrhis, stultus.
Stun, stan, to thunder, v. Astonish.
Stunt. V. Steno-.
Sturk. V. Steer.
Sty. (ags. sti(je, stigan.^ v. Stag-.
Style. V. Stool.
Styptic. V. Stop.
Su-, (-perb.) su, well. Cfr. 'eo.
SuADE, Suage, Suas-, Snav-. svad, sva^d, fvad, to be sweet or
agreeable, to taste^ to cover; vad, to speak. Cfr. n'D to entice;
Wjouq; suavis, suadeo ; goth. sutis ; ags. svete; g. silss ; d. zoct.
Suance. v. Seek.
Sub-, v. Hyp-.
Succulent, Suck, tfu^f, to drink, to suck. Cfr. siigo, siicciis ; g.
sauyen ; d. zuigen ; ags. sucan ; fr. sneer.
Such, su^tf, to give information.
SuD-. V. Sweat.
Suds. V. Soda, Sweat.
Sudden, (^suhito.) v. Sub-, -It.
Sue, Suite, v. Seek.
Sug-. v. Suck.
Sugar, garccara^, clayed or candied sugar ; icfuvica^ra«, sugar ;
icfu«, the sugar cane. Cfr. ffax^afjo'^; saccharum ; g. zucker ;
Sulc-, SuU. hal, to plow. [d. suiker; it. zucchero ; fr. sucre.
Sulphur, gulva^ri^, sulphur.
Sultry. V. Solar.
Sum, -Sumc. V. Con-, Same.
Summer, sumbh, to shine, to be beautiful. Isorme ; d. zon.
Sun. su^nu«5, syu^na«5, syona«, the sun. Cfr. goth. ags. siiima ; g.
Sunder, Sundry, gu.d, to break; sa^ndra^J, abundant, clustering;
279
dr^, to divide, to tear. Cfr. goth. sundro ; ags. sundrian ; g.
Super-, Supra-, Sur-. v. Over. [sondern.
Supine, v. Sleep.
Supper. V. Soup.
Sure. Qu^r, to be firm or immovable.
Surf, srp, to go, to move; frbh, to strike, to kill.
Surge, srdj, to leave, to quit.
Surly, v. Sour.
Suture, fiv, to sew; syu^ta**, sewn; su^tra,, a thread. Cfr.
■/.aryfTooj 'y sua, siit- ; goth. siuja.
SwAG, Sway, sva^g, to go, to move. v. Vag-.
Swallow, gval, to go quickly. Cfr. g. scJticcdhe ; d. ziccduiv ; ags.
swaleice. v. Gul-.
Swear, svar, to reprove, to sound. Cfr. assevero; goth. sicarav ;
g. scliicbren ; d. zweren ; ags. swerian, answaran.
Sweat, fvid, to sweat; sveda^ sweat, steam. Cfr. loo-:) sudor ;
g. schiceiss ; d. ziveet ; ags. sicaf.
Sweet. sva^du«, sweet, agreeable, v. Suade.
Swell, Swim, gvi, to move, to go, to grow, to increase; ^val, to
run. Cfr. goth. lif-svalleins ; g. schiceUen ; d. zwellen ; ags.
Swelter, v. Solar. \swellan.
Swing, Swinge. Svajg", to go or move. Cfr. g. schun'injen ; d.
?:wingelen ; ags. siciugan.
Swink, Switch. gvaiC, ^vatf, to go, to move.
Sylvan, v. Savage.
Synagogue. sama^yoga«, assemblage.
Syringa. v. Orange. [tagious. v. Attach.
Tach, Tack, Tact, Tag, Take, ta.c, to bind, to tie ; tva^tfa*, con-
Tacit, tu^fni^m, silently. Cfr. taceo, tacitua.
Tail. v. Tel-.
-Tail, (de-, en-, re-.) v. Deal.
Talc. V. Tallow.
Tale. V. Toll.
-Taliate. (re-.) tula^, resemblance; tulya<!, like.
Talk, tare, to speak, to discuss.
Tall, tal, to be full or complete, to fix or establish. [d. talk.
Tallow, til, to be greasy, to anoint. Cfr. g. sw. talg ; dan. talge ;
Tally. dhuli«, a number, v. Deal.
Talon, tala,, the sole of the foot. Cfr. talm ; fr. sp. tcdon.
Tame, v. Dam.
Tang. V. Stig-, Tach.
280
Tank. ta^C, to bind, to tie; ta^ca*, a cleft, a chasm. [ags. thdst.
Tanta-. tat, that, therefore. Cfr. goth. thata ; g. das; d. dat ;
Tap. tu^p, to strike, to hurt or kill. Cfr. ru-oq, ro-no.
Taper, -Taph. di^p, to shine, to blaze; tap, to burn. Cfr. rdifoq,
Ti(ppa; it. dopjyiere ; w. tampi/r ; ags. taper.
Tar. tr^, to pass over or across ; to float or swim.
Tare, Tariff, dr^, to tear, to divide. Cfr. rsipw, dipw; fero ; g.
Tassel. taiS, to adorn, to dress. [zehren ; d. teeren ; dan. taerer.
Taste, tfaf, to eat ; da^g, to bite.
Tatter, tud, to tear, to pull to pieces.
Tattle, tut, to dispute.
Tattoo, tat, tad, ta^d* to beat, to strike.
Taur-. V. Steer.
Tauto-. V. Auto-, Tanta-.
Teach, v. Doc-.
Tead. Qasda.) tad, to shine.
Tear, tuga^, bamboo manna ; tuh, to give pain ; duh, to milk, to
give pain ; dag, to bite or sting ; agm, a tear. Cfr. ddxpu ;
Tear. v. Tare. [lacrj/ma ; goth. tar/r ; w. daigyr.
Teat, dhe, to drink ; duh, to milk. Cfr. n the breast, a teat ;
Tm%q] goth. daddja ; g. zitze ; d. tet; it. tetta ; sp. pg. teta.
Technic, Tect-onic. tacf, to pare, to make. (yfr. riy'^ri; tex-tura ;
-Tect, Teg-, (de-, pro-.) v. Deck. [fr. tissue.
Teens, v. Dec-. [tcr-minus.
Tel-, tal, to be full or complete, to found. Cfr. ziXnq, rsAeoT-rj ;
Tell. V. Talk.
Tern-. V. Tim-.
Temp-, tamb, to go or move.
Tempt, Ten-, Tend, tan, to expand, to extend, to diffuse ; tanu^s,
minute, thin; tanti**, expansion. Cfr. retxo, zzrw^q, ri^^wv ;
tendo, tenco, tenuis, iento, tcnaXy tener ; goth. tJiauja ; fr. tenter ;
Ten, V. Dec-. [g. d'dnn ; d. dun.
Tenebrous, tama^, darkness, gloom. [Tophet; zi<fpa) tepeo.
Tepid, tap, to heat or be hot ; tapta-cumbha«, a hell. Cfr. nan
Teratology, tara*!, passing over or beyond.
Ter-, Term, tr^, to pass over, to overcome ; dr, to hurt or kill ; dr^,
to tear, to rend ; ti^r, to finish or complete ; tarman, the top
of a sacrificial post. Cfr. reipo), zpi^M, zzpiu)^ ropoq, zipf^pir^;
termOy terminus, trans, fero, teres, terebra, trihida ; goth. thairh;
og. durh; g. treten, dureh ; d. door ; ags. thurh. v. Three.
281
Terrace, ti^ra^, a shore or bank ; dara^, a cave, a valley.
Terror, -Ter (de-.) tras, to fear, to frighten. Cfr. zpiw, rapdffffo) ;
terreo. v. Dire.
Tess-. tas, to throw, to toss. Cfr. r.iaaoq) tesselu.
Test, da.g, to bite, to see; drg, to see.
Tetanus, v. Tempt.
Tetter. dadru«, tetter ; ta^tr, to spread, to extend or expand.
Text. V. Technic.
That. V. Tanta-, The.
Thatch. V. Deck.
Thaw. V. Dew.
The. sa<!, sa^, tad, he, she, it ; tat, that. Cfr. "o, "tj, z6 ; is, ca,
id', goth. sa, so ; ags. sa, seo; g. de?', die, das.
Theatre, Theory, dhyai, to meditate; ni-dhyai, to look. Cfr.
■&ea.o>xa',, i^iiarpo'^, d^swpia) tJieatruiiij theoria.
Thee, te, with or by thee.
Theo-. V. Divine. [radical. Cfr. rb'h^iii, ^im, ^'H(ji^.
-Theca, Theme, Thesis, Thetic, Thew. dha^ to place; dha^tu*?, a
There, dhr, to place.
Therm-, v. Warm.
Thin. v. Ten-.
Think, v. Thought.
Thir-. V. Three.
Thirl. V. Ter-. [diirry dilrste ; d. dorst ; ags.^thi/rst.
Thirst, trf, to thirst. Cfr. ripffo/iat ; toi'reo ; goth. thaursja ; g.
This. di5, to exhibit, to explain. Cfr. g. diese ; d. deeze. v. The.
Thole, dal, to pierce, to cut; dala,, a sheath; dul, to excite, to
raise. Cfr. tollo ; goth. tliidan ; g. d. dulden ; ags. tliol, tholian.
Thomas, dva^, two. Cfr. on a twin ; oioutioq.
Thong, ta^c, to bind, to tie.
Thorn, Thorough. tarunacha<!, druiiacha«, a thorn, v. Ter-, Tree.
Thorp. V. Tribe. [du ; fr. it. sp. pg. russ. tu ; ags. thu.
Thou, tva^, thou. Cfr. go, to, ray, tu; goth. thu; g. dan. sw.
Thought, dhyai, to think ; dhya^ta^, thought.
Thousand, sahasra^, a thousand. Cfr. goth. thusundi; g. tausend;
d. duizend ; sw. tusend ; ags. thusend. v. Ten, Hundred.
Thr-. V. Ter-.
Thrash, Thresh, dhrf, to overcome, to hurt or kill. Cfr. goth.
tliriskan ; g. dreschen ; d. dorschen ; ags. therscan.
Thrave. v. Drift.
VOL. VII. — 2 L
282
Three. tri<s, traya«, three. Cfr. rpi-^ rpsig-, tri-, ter, tres; goth.
ihrij tlireis ; g. drei ; d. drle ; sw. dan. it. tre ; ags. thriy thrir/,
Thren-. {-^p/jwoq.) dhran, to sound. [fhreo ; ^y. trois.
Thread, Thrid, Through." v. Ter-.
Throw, Thrust, dhra^d, to cut or pierce; trad, to act, to endeavor;
dhras, to throw. Cfr. ■\^7\ to cast out; trudo ; ags. thrawan ;
Thump, v. Tap. [g. drehen.
Thunder, stan, to sound, to thunder ; stanayitnu^, thunder. Cfr.
tono, tonitru ; g. donner ; d. donder ; sw. dunder ; it. tuono ;
fr. tonnerre. v. Tone.
Thwart, (v. Vert-.) dhvr, to bend, to make crooked.
Tick. Tie, Tig, Tigh, Tight, v. Tack.
Tierce, v. Three.
Tile. (ags. tlgel.) v. Deck.
Till, tul, to resemble ; tal, to fix, to establish ; til, to go.
Timber, v. Dome.
Time. v. Temp-. [timor.
Timid, Timo-. tarn, to desire, to be distressed. Cfr. n/mco; timco,
Tinder, da^h, to burn ; indh, to kindle.
Tine. v. Dent-.
Tingle, Tinnient. v. Tone, Sing.
-Tinguish. (dis-, ex-.) v. Tang.
Tinsel, ta^s, to adorn.
Tiny, tu^n, to shrink, v. Thin.
Tire. v. Ter-.
Tissue. V. Technic.
Titan, tat, to be high or elevated.
Tithe. V. Dec-.
Title, (titulus.) tul, to resemble, to weigh or measure.
To. V. Ad-.
Toad, tudd, to despise.
Toe. V. Digit.
Toga. V. Deck.
Together, v. Gather.
Toil, Tol-, Toll, tful, to raise, to elevate ; tul, to weigh or measure;
dul, to raise, to throw up. Cfr. toJlo, fult, folero. v. Deal,
Token, v. Die-, Sigil- [Tel-, Till.
Tomb, da.b, to heap up. Cfr. uMJ to stop or close up; ro,a/3"s;
fumeo, furtudus ; w. tom^ fwm ; fr. tomhe.
Tone, tan, to spread, to extend ; ta^na^, a tune. Cfr. retv
tono, tonus; g. sw. fr. ton; d. (oon ; it. tuono.
IVW, TO-^Oi
283
Tongs, Tongue. ta,g, to move, to tremble ; ta^djj to shrink or con-
tract. Cfr. goth. tuggo; g. zunge ; d. tong ; sw. ags. tunga.
Too. tu, but, again, and. v. Ad-.
Tool. (fr. outil) V. Use.
Tooth. V. Dainty.
Toot, tus, to sound.
Tornado, drun, to make crooked, to approach.
Torrent, taranta**, a hard shower.
Torrid, v. Dry, Thirst.
Toss, tas, to toss.
Tot. ta^ta«!, a term of affection for any one, especially for juniors.
Touch. V. Tact.
Towel, dha^v, to wash.
Tr-, Tra-, Trans-, v. Ter-.
Trace, Tract, v. Drag.
Trade, tra^dj to act, to be busy.
Tram, dram, (dpaixv.v.) to go.
Tramp, Trap. tril,p, to hurt or injure.
Trapes, trapa^, an unchaste woman.
Travail, Travel, pal, val, to go.
Tread, v. Ter-, Throw.
Treasure, tras, to hold, to seize or take.
Treble, v. Three. [ags. treo.
Tree, taru^s, dru^, a tree. Cfr. opoq, dhdrxr^; trahs ; goth. triu;
Trem-, Trep-. dram, to go, to move; drbh, to fear; trap, to be
modest, to be ashamed. Cfr. tremo, trepidus.
-Tress, (dis-.) tras, to fear, to terrify, to tremble, to hold.
Trestle, v. Truss.
Tret, Trethings. ' trut, to cut, to break, v. Ter-.
Trey, Tri-. v. Three.
Tribe, trapa^, family, race.
-Trie-. V. Drag.
Tripod, tripada^, a tripod.
Trist. trasta«, timid, fearful.
Troth, Trow. v. True.
Trouble, drbh, to fear, to give pain. \trovare ; fr. trouver.
Trover, Trowel, durv, dhurv, to strike. Cfr. g. d. treffen ; it.
Trowsers. v. Truss.
Truce, True, dhr, to continue, to hold; dhru, to be firm or fixed;
-Trude. v. Thrust. [dhruva«, fixed, certain, ascertained.
Trull. V. Str-.
284
Trump, tu^ra^, any musical instrument ; tu^ri^, a trumpet.
Trun-. V. Run.
Trunk, dr^h, to grow.
Truss, Trust, tras, to fear, to liold, to seize or take ; dhrf, to be bold.
Try. V. Ter-. [^fiimorj tumidus.
Tu-. tu, to increase, to hurt, to become full. Cfr. rbloq) tuber ^
Tuck. V. Tack.
-Tude. tud, to strike. Cfr. tundere, tud-, tus-.
Tumult, tumula«, uproar.
Tune. V. Tone.
Tunic, tan, to extend ; ava-tan, to cover, v. Ten-.
Tup. v. Tap.
Tur-. tur, tvar, to hasten ; tarb, to move. Cfr. ropft-q; turha, turma.
Turn. V. Tornado.
Turpentine, v. Tar.
Turpitude, trapa^, shame.
-Tus-. V. -Tude.
Twang, dhvan, to sound.
Twain, -Tween, Twin, Two. v. Deuce.
Twinge, Twitch, tva^tf, to go, to move.
Twink. tvif, to shine.
Tympan, Type. v. Tap. [uher.
Tiber-, Udder, u^dha^, an udder; udara„ the belly. Cfr. oMap ;
-Ult-. ut, uttara«, uttama'*, up, upper, uppermost, best ; ati, over,
beyond. Cfr. "uarspoq, "uararo':; ] idtra, idteriovj idtiimis, opti-
Umbil-. v. Navel. [r)ius. v. Old, Oust.
Um-bra-. vr, to cover.
Um-pire. v. Emperor. [solitary, v. A-, An-, A, An, On.
Un-. u^n, to diminish ; yu, to unite ; yu^ni**, union ; va^na«, alone,
Uncial, v. Hook.
Undated, v. Hyd-.
Under, adhara^, below.
Unguent, Unction, v. Oint.
Ungulate, v. Nail.
Up. v. Over.
Uran-, Urn. vr, u^rnn, to cover. Cfr. obpaW>:;. v. Orn-.
Urge. v. Org-.
Urine, va^ri, water. Cfr. obpov] urina.
Ursine, v. Arctic.
Us. asma^n, us. [fr. user; it. usai'e.
Use, Utensil, Util-. yat, yas, to persevere. Cfr. "edio-, utor, usus;
Usher, if, to go.
285
Usquebaugh, v. Whiskey.
UsT-. V. Ash.
Usurp. V. Serp-.
Uter-. v. Udder.
UTmost, Utter, v. Out. (ud-i^r, to send forth.)
Vac-, Yag-. vi^, vacc, va,c, vag, vadj, to go ; vahata«, an ox ;
vatsa*!, a calf. Cfr. vaco, vacuum, vagus, vacca, vitula ; fr.
Vacillate, vi-tfal, to vacillate. [vague, v. Ox.
Vague. va^gya«, doubt.
Vail, Vale, val, to cover, to surround or enclose, to go. Cfr. velo,
velum, vallis, vallum, valor, valvas-, velox ; fr. voile, val; g.
luall; ags. weal. [yalidus.
-Vail, (pre-, a-,) Val-. bal, to live, to be strong. Cfr. vale, valeo,
Van-, ven, va^tf, to go. Cfr. ^ahio ; vanus, vanesco, venio ; fr. venir.
Vapor. va^rpa«, vapor.
Varic-. variftha*, largest.
Varnish, varn, to color, to spread or extend ; vr, to cover.
Vary, vr, to select; va^ra««, a multitude.
Vassal, vaga^, subdued.
Vast-, vast, to devastate, to move, to kill; vyastas pervaded,
spread, Cfr. vasto, vastus; ags. tvesfan ; it. guastare.
Vase, Vat. vat, to surround, to speak. Cfr. vates ; d. vat ; ags.faf.
Veal. V. Vac-.
Vec-. V. Veh-.
Ved-. V. -Vide. ['^/'•■'/^J vegeo, vigor, augeo. v. Auction.
Veg-. odj, to live, to be strong ; vadj, to move, to prepare. Cfr.
Veh-. vah, to carry, to convey. Cfr. veho, via, vehemens, veJiicu-
lum ; goth. vegs, vigs ; g. ivagen, iceg ; it. vettura ; fr. voiture.
Veil, Vel-. v. Vail. [v. Vac-.
Vend, van, to transact business. Cfr. (Lvoq; veneo, vendo.
Vener-. van, to serve, to honor. Cfr. ''o'^tj/h-, venero, Venus.
-Vene, Veney. ven, to go, to move. v. Van-.
Venge. van, (vanayati,) to injure. Cfr. vindico ; iv. venger.
Vent-, va^, va^t, to go, to blow ; va^ta*?, va^ti^s, air, wind. Cfr.
"aupa-, ventus, ventilo ; goth. vaia, vinds ; g. wind ; fr. ventiler.
Ventr-. v. Enter, Udder.
Venus, ven, to seek, to love.
Ver-, -Vere. v. Guard.
Veranda, varanda**, a portico.
Verb, bru^, vrdh, vrt, to speak ; svar, svr, to sound. Cfr. 'spiio ;
verhum; goth. vaurd ; g. ivort; ags. word.
286
Verb-, vrdh, to grow -, hari«!, harit, green. Cfr. viridis ; fr. verd.
Verge, vrdj, to sliun, to avoid.
Verm-, v. "Worm.
Vers-, Vert-, vr, to cover, to surround ; vrt, to turn, to excel, to
be fixed or stable ; vrtta,, verse, metre. Cfr. vertere, versuSj
vortex; iv. environ ; goih. vairths ; g. werth ; ags. icurth.
Very, bhu^ri^, much; urus, great. (A.)
Vesper, divas, day; para, subsequent. Cfr. 'ear.ipa; vesper.
Vessel. V. Vase. [gotb. vast I ; fr. veste.
Vest, vas, to clothe; vastra^, clothes. Cfr. "bgOo^', vestis, vestio ;
Vet-. vi''ta'5, gone, departed. Cfr. vefus.
Veto, vad, to speak.
-Vex, -Vey. (con-, de-.) v. Veh-.
Vex. bhicf, to be weary or distressed.
-Viate, -Vious. vi^, to go, to move. v. Way.
Vibrate, vabhr, to go, to move.
Vice, vif, vit, faeces, ordure. Cfr. fdeces, foeteo, vltium.
Vicar, vicrtas, altered, changed. Cfr. vicarins, vice, vicissitudo.
Vicinage, vitfh, to approach. [vis-.
ViD-. vid, to know; bud, to perceive; i^f, vifc, to see. Cfr. video j
-Vide. V. Wide.
ViDUAL. V. Widow.
Vig-. V. Veg-. *
Vile. V. Evil, Foul.
Villa, vil, to cover; vilai, a cave.
Villous. V. Fleece.
Vindic-. v. Venge. [y/r, virtus; goth. vair.
Virago, ViR-. vi^ras powerful, robust; vi^ra^ a matron. Cfr.
Virent, Virid-. v. Verd-.
Viru-. vif, to pervade ; vifa«, poison. Cfr. \6q-, virus.
Vis-, v. Vid-, Vicar. Ivisiter.
Visit. viQ, to enter, to pervade. Cfr. viso, visito; w. gwest ; fr.
Vital, vid, vrt, to be, to exist; djiv, (djiMtas) to live.
Viti-. V. Vice.
Vitr-. vid, to break ; vida,, manufactured salt.
Vituline. v. Vac-.
Vituperate, v. Tap-.
Viv-. V. Vital. [fr. voyelle, voix ; it. voce, vocale ; sp. voz.
Voc-, Voice, vatf, to speak. Cfr. vox, voco, vocalis, vocahulum ;
Vogue. V. Vac-.
287
Void, vi, a privative particle; vid, to divide, to break. Cfr. viduus;
Voiture. v. Veil-. [it. -voto ; fr. vuide. v. Wide.
Vol-, val, vel, vli^, to go; vr, to choose; vi^, to desire. Cfr. volo;
fr. voler, vouloir ; goth. viljan ; g. wollen ; d. willen ; ags. willan.
Volcano, ul, to burn. [fr. vomir.
Vomit, vam, to vomit ; vamathii«, vomiting. Cfr. "ziiiw; vomo ;
Vortex, v. Vert-.
Vouch, Vowel, v. Voc-.
Vot-, Vow. va^t, an exclamation on making an offering of boiled
butter; vat, to divide, to speak. Cfr. votus, votum ; it. sp.
coto ; fr. votifj vceu. v. Wish.
Voyage, vadj, to go. Cfr. ags. tcoeg ; ags. g. wer/ ; fr. voie, voyage.
Vulgar, v. Fill.
Vuln-. vran, to wound. Cfr. vuhius; fr. vulnerahle ; goth. vunds.
Vulpine. vrca«, a wolf; valbh, to eat. Cfr. hj-o:;; lupus, vulpes ;
goth. vul/s. [v. Water.
Waddle, Wade, ba^d, to bathe. Cfr. vado ; g. waten ; d. loaaden.
Wag-. va,g, vadj, to go. Cfr. g. wagen, hewegen ; d. waagen,
betceegen ; ags. wagian, wecgian. v. Vacillate, Veil-.
Wages, vetfa^, wages.
Waif, Waft, vap, to sow, (in composition, to scatter), [guaiolare.
Wail, hve, to call Cfr. \)oa{; vse; ags. u-a; g, weh ; it. guai,
W^ain. V. Wag-.
Waist, vas, to divide, v. Bust.
Walk, vargh, valg, to go.
Wall. v. Vail.
Wallow, Waltz, v. Vol-.
Wan, Wane. v. Un-, Van-, Faint.
Wander, va^th, to move alone.
Want. tfha,dao wish, desire, v. Wan, Wish.
War. vaira^, hostility; ha^ra«!, war.
Ward. V. Vers-, Ware.
Ware, Warn, Warrant, vr, to screen, to choose, to prepare. Cfr.
digs, tear, ware, icarnian ; g. warnen. v. Guaranty.
-Wark. v. Org-. [d. warm.
Warm. gharina«, heat. Cfr. Oip/ir) ; fermentumj ferveo ; goth. g.
Wart, vr, to cover. Cfr. verruca ; fr. verrne ; g. loarze ; ags. weart.
Was. vasati, was.
Wash, ucf, vif, to sprinkle. Cfr. g. icaschen ; ags. tvsescan.
Waste, v. Vast-.
288
Water. uda„ udaca,, water; uttas wet. Cfr. g. wasser ; d. wafer.
Wattle, vat, to surround^ to tie. [v. Hyd-.
Waul. V. Wail.
Wave. V. Wag, Waif.
Wax. v. Auction.
Way, Weak. v. Veil-
We. vaya,, we.
Weal. v. -Vail. [sw. vapen.
Weapon, vap, to shave, to scatter. Cfr. ags. wepn; g. d. icapen ;
Weather, va^, to blow ; tra, suffix of agency, v. Ether.
Weave, Web, Weft. v. Abb.
Wed. vid, to marry ; u^dha*!, married. [d. waanen.
Ween, ven, to reflect, to discern. Cfr. ags. tvenan ; g. louhnen ;
Weet. v. Wit.
Weigh, vidj, to separate or divide, to shake or tremble, v. Veh-, Wag.
Well, vela^, tide, flow ; villa^, a pit. v. -Vail.
Welkin, vala'^hacas a cloud. Cfr. ags. ivohj loolcen ; g. wolke.
Wend. (ags. wendan.) vandi, a ladder.
Werth. V. Vert-.
West, vasati^s, night; asta<J, sunset.
Wet. v. Water.
What, Wh-. ca«, ca^, ci„ who, which, what ; ut, tvat, what ; cva,
where; cataras, which of two, whether. Cfr. quis, quid;
goth. waiht ; g. zvas ; d. wat ; dan. sw. hvad ; ags. Jiicset ; fr.
Wheel, hvai, vel, to move, to shake. l^^^h 9:^^ '} '^^- ^^h ^^^^•
Wheeze, v. Whistle.
Whelm, hul, val, to cover.
Wherry, v. Ferry.
Whether, Which, (vitf, to separate, to discriminate.) v. What.
While, cal, vel, to count or declare the time, ca^la^, vela^, time.
Cfr. goth. hiceila ; g. iveil; d. wijl; ags. hivilc.
Whine, hve, to call ; van, dhvan, svan, cun, cvan, to sound. Cfr.
'^}J a harp or organ; y.twfioq; liinnio ; goth. qvalnon ; g. welnen ;
ags. cwainan.
Whip, vip, to throw; vep, to shake or tremble, v. Vibrate.
Whirl. V. Vert-.
Whish, Whisper, Whist, v. Tacit, Whistle.
Whisk, vase, to go.
Whiskey, vifa,, water. Cfr. ir. uiage ; w. wijsfj.
Whistle. Qvas, to breathe. Cfr. Jisfula ; ags. hwisprian, hwi'stle.
Whit-tle. V. Cut.
289
White, gvit, to be white; Qveta«, white. Cfr. ^oth. Jiveifs ; g.
iveiss ; d. wit; ags. hwit.
Whither, Who. v. Wh-, Whether, What.
Whole. V. Hail.
Whor-. V. Yert-.
Whore, dja^ra^s, a paramour ; va^rasvi^, a harlot.
Why. V. What.
Wick, Wich. v. Eco-.
Wicked, v. A^ac-.
Wide, Widow, vid, to divide ; vidhava^, a widow. Cfr. td to
separate; dl-vido, vidiius, vidua; goth. vidico ; ags. wid, widew ;
g. weit, loittwe ; d. loijd, weduwe ; it. vedova.
Wife. V. Weave.
Wild. V. Vail.
Will. V. Vol-.
Win. vinna<!, gained.
Wind, Winnow, AVinter. v. Vent-.
Wind, vajd, to surround or encompass.
Wing, va^dja^, a wing.
Wire. V. Vir-.
Wis, Wise, Wit, Witch, vid, (vetti,) to know, to dwell, to be fixed
or steady; vig, to enter, to pervade, (in composition, — to dwell,
to place, to rest;) vi^efa^, sort, kind, manner. Cfr. ef^w;
video ; goth; vitan ; ags. wis, v:itan ; g. weise, wissen ; d. wijs,
loeeten ; sip. it. (juisa ; iv. guise.
Wish, if, va^jCf, ya^jtlh, vag, to desire. Cfr. goth. vens ; g. wiln-
scJien ; d. wenschen ; dan. dusker ; &w. onska ; ags. wiscan.
With, Withe, vitas a branch and its shoot; vat, to surround, to
tie. Cfr. vitis, vitex; goth. gavithan ; g. wider, weide ; ags.
with, toithig. v. Meta-.
Wither, vi^t, to perish, to decay.
Wizard, v. Wis.
Woe. V. Wail.
Wolf. V. Vulpine.
Woman, v. Fern-.
Wonder. va4> to worship, to praise.
Woo. (ags. ivogan.) va^h, to endeavor, v. Wish.
Wood, iddhma^, fuel.
Wool. V. Fleece.
Word. V. Verb.
VOL. VII. 2 M
290
Work. V. Org-.
"Worm. crmi««, a worm, an insect. Cfr. vermis; ags. wyrm; g.
wurm ; d. ivorm.
"Worse, Worth, v. Vers-.
Wor-ship, Wr-. v. "Ver-.
Wort. V. Orchard.
Wot. V. Wis.
Wound. vUjdh, to hurt or injure. Cfr. g. ivunde; d. wond ; ags.
wund.
Wrath. V. Irate.
Wreath, v. Vert-.
Wreck, v. Bray.
Wrench, Wretch, Wriggle, Wrinkle, vrtf, vrdj, to quit, to shun -,
vrdjanas crooked, wicked.
Wrestle, Write, Writhe, Wry. v. Vers-.
Wright. V. Work.
Wurzel. V. Orchard.
Yacht, Yager, ya^, to go.
Yak. V. Ox.
Yard. v. Garden.
Yawn. V. Chasm.
Ye. V. You.
Yean. v. Gen-.
Year, i^r, to go; va^ra,, a time. Cfr. zcnd. f/dre ; g. jalir ; d.
jaar ; ags. gear.
Yearn, v. Earnest.
Yeast, (ags. gist.) v. Gas.
Yell. (ags. gyllan.') v. Call.
Yelk, Yellow, djval, to shine, to flame ; gaura^ white, pale red,
yellow, gold. Cfr. gilvus, he.hiis ; ags. gealeiv ; g. gelb ; d.
geel ; nor. Jaulne ; £r. Jamie ; it. giallo ; sip. Jalde.
Yelp, djalp, to speak, to prattle. Cfr. ags. gealpan ; dan. gylpcr.
Yeoman, v. Common.
Yes, Yea. v. Aye.
Yester-. hyas, yesterday. Cfr. y/^i^) 1 tester mis ; goth. gistra;
g. gestern ; d. gisteren ; a<^s. gf/stern.
Yet. yat, since, wherefore.
Yoke, yudj, (yucta««,) to join; yugas a yoke. Cfr. :oy6v, Uoy,
jugumjung-jux-; goth. Juk; g. Joch ; d.juk; ags. geoc ; it.
giogo; sip. yugo ; iv.joug.
291
Yolk. V. Yellow.
Yoa. yu^ya,, you.
Young, Youth, yuvan, yu^ni^, young. Qfv. juvenis, junior ; goth.
ji^gg^'^ ^'jung; d.jong; ags. geong ; fi\ jeune.
Zeal, gol, to run.
Zeugma, Zygo-. v. Yoke.
Zocco. V. Sock.
ERRATA.
For f and j, wherever they may occur, read f, J.
In the Greek font, the character used for a final sigma, is q.
In the Hebrew font, the following letters are somewhat pzecZ ; "]
1 ^; 1 y, □ D.
The dots in r, r^, and other letters, are sometimes omitted.
Page 13, line 26, for ^2i<, read ii'jx.
24,
((
13, ^^
>U*i, read ;n-i.
28,
a
39, ''
nop read njp.
35,
u
14, ins
!ert a comma after '^family."
45,
i(
7, for ds^iozj read dt^toq.
45,
li
30, ^^
divus, read cllrus.
54,
a
13, "
Fend-, read Feud-.
60,
((
3, "
pain, read pair.
63,
a
15, -
gvens, read qvens.
65,
i(
29, insert hi.d, to go, to move.
76,
i(
8, for
' miracalum, read miraculum.
76,
a
40, "
Sepho-, read Sopho-.
78,
i(
9, -
g. naakt, read d. naakt.
80,
li
19, ^^
ol3a, read olda.
81,
i<
25, '^
other, read otter.
83,
Cl
41, "
piguus, resid 2^ i'gmis.
89,
u
40, "
Qaadr-, read Quadr-.
90,
u
22, "
Qviver, read Quiver.
96,
a
5, -
Scabble, read Scrabble.
96,
a
28, ^'
"e!^ajrj.ac, read "s^o/iac.
101,
a
15, -
Snade, read Suade.
104,
a
19, ^'
Snav-, read Suav-.
292
(Continued from p. 176.)
Another exactly similar retort-house, standing within ninety
feet of the one destroyed, as well as several smaller buildings
around, was left comparatively uninjured. The conjecture
was ventured that the waves of the gust may have corre-
sponded in time with the normal vibrations of a roof of that
particular shape and area. Upon this possibility, when the
building is reconstructed, such isochronous vibrations will be
guarded against by a lattice-work of horizontal braces from
wall to wall, at an angle of forty-five degrees from end to end
of the building, stiffened by girders. In attempting to escape,
two of the workmen were killed ; the rest, paralyzed by terror,
crouched on the floor, and were all saved. The building fell
forward, in the direction of the wind, the roof falling partly
outside of the fallen walls. Professor Cresson contrasted those
narrow, vortical, undulatory meteors which prove so destruc-
tive when they traverse the American forest. Mr. Lesley
described the Medford (Mass.) storm of 1851, in which the
undulation of the tornado was rendered visible from each side
of its track by the column of mud which it absorbed and held
suspended in the air.
The minutes of the Board of Ofiicers and Members of
Council were read; and, on motion of Prof. Cresson, the
resolution, recommended for the adoption of the Society, was
discussed, and, on motion of Judge King, postponed to the
next meeting.
Pending nomination, No. 397, was read.
The chairman of the Committee on the Hall reported the
selection and purchase of a carpet, and moved that the com-
mittee have authority granted them to renovate the principal
room of the Society and the Librarian's room, which was
granted.
On motion of Mr. Fraley, the Librarian was authorized to
comply with the request of the Librarian of the Toronto Uni-
versity, and furnish Nos. of the Proceedings from No. 59 on-
ward, and place the Toronto University upon the list of Cor-
responding Societies.
And the Society adjourned.
293
Stated Meeting, March 2, 1860.
Present, twenty members.
Professor Cresson, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Mr. Aubrey H. Smith, a newly-elected member, was pre-
sented, and took his seat.
Letters were read from the Public Library at Boston,
acknowledging the reception of Part 2, Vol. xi of the Trans-
actions, and from W. Polman, of the University of New
York, which was referred to the Librarian, with power to take
order.
The following donations for the Library were announced : —
Ann. Rep. (8th) Free Pub. Lib. New Bedford. — From the Trustees.
African Repository, xxxvi, No. 2. — From Amer. Col. JSoc.
Proc. Acad. N. S. Philada. 1860. Sig. 1. — From the Academi/.
Monthly Notices R. Astron. Soc. xx, No. 3. — From the Society.
Astronomical Journal, Cambridge, Mass. vi, xi. — From the Editor.
Hayes's Arctic Boat Journey. Boston, 1860. 8vo. — From the Author.
Report Supt. U. S. Coast Survey for 1858. 4to. — From the Supt.
Hallowell (Edward). Mr. Foulke announced the death
of Dr. Edward Hallowell, a member of the Society, who died
February 20, 1800, ^et. 51 ; and, on motion of Judge Shars-
wood, Mr. Foulke was appointed to prepare an obituary notice
of the deceased.
Mr. Lesley drew the attention of the members present to
the geological account of the Arctic Archipelago, affixed by
the Rev. Samuel Haughton, President of the Geological So-
ciety of Dublin, to Capt. McClintock's Narrative. The coal
measures of the extreme north land of America are therein
described as older than the carboniferous formation ; as suc-
ceeding the upper silurian limestones ; containing numerous
beds of highly bituminous coal, with one fossil shell, — the
Atrypa fallax of the carboniferous shale of Ireland ; finally,
as overlaid by a series of blue limestone beds full of charac-
teristic carboniferous marine shells, among which occurs the
294
Terebratula aspera (Schlotlieim) of the Eifel. President
Haughton says, " It is therefore highly probable that the coal-
beds of Melville Island are very low do\Yn in the series, and
do not correspond in geological position with the coal-beds of
Europe, which rest on the summit of the carboniferous beds."
The coal itself in some respects resembles some of the gas-coals
of Scotland, w^hich form a system older than that of the South
Welsh coals. The corals, collected apparently from the same
beds, are a curious mixture of silurian and carboniferous types.
" The same blending of corals has been found in Ireland, the
Bas Boulonnais, and in Devonshire." He concludes by saying,
"I do not believe in the lapse of a long interval of time be-
tween the silurian and carboniferous deposits, — in fact, in a
Devonian period."
Mr. Lesley described the subconglomeritic or false coal
measures, first recognized stratigraphically by Dr. R. M. S.
Jackson in Northwestern Virginia, in 1841, and botanically
by Leo Lesquereux, in 1851 ; the system being best developed
in Wythe and Montgomery Counties in Southern Virginia, in
Southeastern Kentucky, and in Nova Scotia. He considered
it probable that this earlier carboniferous era, illustrated in
Ireland, Scotland, and elsewhere further east by workable coal-
beds, would determine the age of the Arctic coal-field. The
carbonaceous slate deposit of the lowest Devonian rocks, such
as have been searched for coal in Perry and Juniata Counties,
Pennsylvania, and have actually yielded thin coal-seams in
Western New York, may better represent the German De-
vonian coal-measures.
Stated Meeting, March 16, 18G0.
Present, sixteen members.
President Dr. Wood, in the Chair.
Letters were read from the Oberlausitzischen Gesellschaft,
dated Giirlitz, Dec. 21, 1859, requesting information; from
295
the Chicago Historical Society, dated February 29, 1860,
desiring to form and sustain friendly relations with the So-
ciety ; and from the Editor of the Gas Light Journal, dated
New York, March 13, 1860, offering to sell a printing press,
said to be the one on which Benjamin Franklin worked when
a boy of fourteen years of age. On motion of Mr. Fraley,
the offer was declined. On motion of Dr. Bache, the Chicago
Historical Society was placed on the list of corresponding so-
cieties.
The following donations for the Library were announced : —
Reinwald's Catalog. Annuel. Vol. ii. Paris, 1859. — From the Autlior.
Bulletin Soc. Geog. Paris, xvii. Jan. to June, 1859. — From the So.
Robinson^s Armagh Cat. of 5345 Stars. 8vo. 1859. — From the Aut.
Cat. of Printed Books of N. Y. Hist. S. Lib. 8vo. l^b^.—From So.
Journal of the Franklin Institute, No, 411. — From the Institute.
Mayor Henry's 2d An. Mes. Phil. I860.— i^/'om City Councils,
African Repository. March, 1860. — From Amer. Col. Society.
Saggio di Bitterologia Messicana di Luigi Bellardi. Part 1. 4to.
Torino, 1859. — From the Author.
Mr. Lea read a letter from Dr. James Lewis, of Mohawk,
N. Y., accompanied by drawings descriptive of a self-register-
ing thermometer, registering on a fillet of paper, with a prick-
ing point, at intervals as short as fifteen minutes if desired.
REGISTERING THERMOMETER. BY JAMES LEWIS,
MOHAWK, N. Y.
The apparatus, for convenience of description, may be di-
vided into three parts.
First. The Thermometer, consisting of a bundle of iron and
brass wires (No. 13 wire measure), which bundle comprises,
within a length of about 15 inches, the equivalent of about 45
inches of iron wire antagonized by an equal length of brass
wire. These wires are arranged around a centre, instead of
being placed in alternate pairs each side of a centre, for the
purpose of making each individual wire contribute its share of
stiffness to the stiffness of the whole bundle ; also for the
purpose of giving equal rigidity to the circular plates which
296
connect the wires at their extremities, so as to avoid as much
as possible the elasticity which is being constantly multiplied
by arranging the rods at unequal distances from the centre in
a straight line each side of the centre.
The whole number of rods or wires in the bundle is eleven,
six of these (in three pairs) are iron, and on these the force
of compression is exerted. The force of extension is applied
to four brass wires (two pairs), arranged alternately with the
iron wires around the centre, and also to a single brass wire
in the centre (which single brass wire is the equivalent of a
pair).
It will be seen that the above arrangement makes the first
pair of iron rods form the base of the Thermometer, and the
last (single) brass wire the terminus.
The base of the bundle of rods is secured against a proper
foundation in a pendant position : on this foundation is placed
the support for the fulcrum of a very strong lever, bearing on
knife edges. The short arm of the lever is connected with
the central brass wire of the bundle, and multiplies the differ-
ence of the rates of expansion of the two metals composing
it eight times ; a second lever still further repeats this five
times. The long arm of the second lever, by means of a
chain (made of flat links and rivets), communicates movements
to a pulley resting on friction wheels, which pulley is made in
two parts, one of which is eight times larger than the other
(allowance being made for the semi-diameter of the chain on
the smaller portion of the pulley).
A slender silk cord runs over the larger part of the pulley
and sustains a delicate weight, which is guided between two
slender parallel rods (brass wire No. 32 wire measure), which
parallel rods are kept in tension by means of springs.
The above comprehends the essential features of the Ther-
mometer. All the parts should be constructed with as much
nicety of adjustment as a fine watch, and with the exception
of the two metals in the rods, and perhaps the knife edges
and shafts or pivots of the friction wheels, the whole work
should be of brass, of a uniform quality and temper as near
(Continued on page 316.)
297
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF THE LATE THOMAS
NUTTALL.
Thomas Nuttall, an Englishman by birth, but an Ame-
rican by his scientific labors and reputation, was born in 1786,
in the market-town of Settle, in the West-Riding of York-
shire, of parents apparently in humble circumstances. At an
early age, and scarcely possessing anything more than the
rudiments of education, he was apprenticed to the printing
business, either in his native town or in the city of Liverpool,
where he had an uncle engaged in the same occupation.
Nuttall resided several years in Liverpool, working as a
mere journeyman printer. A misunderstanding with his rela-
tive, upon whom he was somewhat dependent, induced him to
leave that city and go to London in search of employment.
There he met with troubles and pecuniary embarrassments,
being sometimes, as he has related himself, so destitute of
money as to be uncertain, on going to bed, where he would
get his breakfast next morning. A love of the natural
sciences, he said, — and perhaps also a hope to improve his
position in the world, — brought him to the United States in
1808, when only twenty-two years of age.
Young Nuttall was endowed with a strong, clear intellect ;
his mind was of a meditative cast, and his thoughts were more
particularly bent towards the contemplation of the great works
of Nature, which became the objects of his investigations for
the remainder of his life. Those who remember him, at the
period of his arrival in Philadelphia, speak of him as being
already a well-informed young man, possessing the language
and history of his country, and somewhat familiar with some
branches of natural history, and even with Latin and Greek.
Such an acquisition of knowledge in a youth of twenty-two,
who, at a tender age, had been removed from the benches of
a village school to be apprenticed to a mechanical occupation,
VOL. VII. — 2 N
298
calls forth the natural inquiry, " How did that young man
find time to study?" The inference may justly be this: his
hours of rest from labor, his hours of recreation and sleep
were diligently employed in the pursuit of knowledge. Nay,
at the very printing-case do we fancy to see him carrying
books and stealthily devouring their pages.
These studious habits, which elevated him finally to the
high rank he attained in sciences, followed him throughout
his long career. When, in 1824, Prof. Torrey was preparing
for publication his Flora of the Northern and Middle States,
which he dedicated to his friend Thomas Nuttall, with high
compliments, the printer who was engaged upon it asked the
Professor who was that Nuttall so frequently referred to in
his work, adding that he had once worked with a printer of
that name, who spent the greatest part of his time in reading
books, and he would not be surprised if he w^ere the same
man. Prof. Torrey rejoined, " that his surmise was correct ;
the printer of former times had proved a most arduous laborer
in the field of science, and was now a distinguished botanist,
and an officer of one of the first scientific institutions of the
country."
Nuttall landed at Philadelphia in the spring of 1808. "In
the ship Halcyon," does he say, emphatically, in the beautiful
preface to his Sylva, '^' I arrived at the shores of the New
World ; and after a boisterous and dangerous passage, our
dismasted vessel entered the Capes of the Delaware, in the
month of April. The beautiful robing of forest scenery, now
bursting into vernal life, was exchanged for the monotony of
the dreary ocean and the sad sickness of the sea. As we
sailed up the Delaware my eyes were riveted on the land-
scape with intense admiration. All was new ; and life, like
that season, was then full of hope and enthusiasm ; the fo-
rests, apparently unbroken in their primeval solitude and re-
pose, spread themselves on either hand as we passed placidly
along. The extending vista of dark pines gave an air of
deep sadness to the wilderness. The deer, brought to bay
and plunging into the flood from the pursuit of the Indian,
299
alone seemed wanting, to realize the savage landscape as it
appeared to the first settlers of this country."
That Nuttall had already devoted himself to the study of
some branches of natural history, cannot be doubted. Minera-
logy seems to have been his earliest and favorite study; but as
to Botany, in which he has acquired his great reputation, it is
evident, from the following anecdote, related by himself, that
he was totally ignorant of its first principles. The morning
after his arrival in Philadelphia, anxious to see the surround-
ing country, he crossed the High Street Bridge, and walked
along the Lancaster Turnpike. In a marshy ground by the
road his attention was attracted to a spot where a common
Greenbrier [Smilax Rotundifolia) was creeping up a tree.
Egad ! said he to himself, there is a Passion-Flower ; and
he plucked some branches of it, which he brought home for
inquiry. Ilis fellow-boarders could not satisfy him, but re-
ferred him to a certain Professor Barton, a great botanist,
whose residence was near at hand. Nuttall, without loss of
time, and with the branch of the presumed Passion-Flower in
his hand, called on Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, and this
first visit decided his vocation to the worship of Flora, to
whose shrine he remained devoted to the last day of his life.
Prof. Barton received Nuttall with his usual politeness ; and
struck with the intellectual countenance of the young man,
he invited him to a scat, and entered into conversation with
him, pointing out the difference between the two genera,
Smilax and Passiflora ; and beginning a dissertation upon
the principles of Botany, and the infinite pleasure which this
beautiful science aff'orded to its votaries. Nuttall, on taking
leave of the Professor, felt deeply impressed Avith the words
that had fallen from his lips, and from that moment he de-
termined to apply himself to the study of plants.
An intimacy between those two remarkable men was thus
the consequence of a great botanical mistake in the future
eminent botanist and great explorer of the North American
Flora. It was then early in the spring of the year, and
during the whole season of flowers, our enthusiastic young
naturalist rambled over the neighboring fields, bringing his
300
treasures to his friend and patron, studying them with him,
and preparing them for the herbarium. His earliest botani-
cal excursions out of the vicinity of Philadelphia were in the
lower part of the peninsula, between the Delaware and Chesa-
peake, and subsequently on the coast of Virginia and North
Carolina. So zealous was he in the pursuit of his vocation,
that he was deterred by no trifles. At the season of the year
when, in the Southern swamps, the musquitoes were very nu-
merous, and had made such an impression upon his face and
hands as, unconsciously to himself, to give him the appear-
ance of a man attacked with small-pox, upon approaching a
habitation he was refused admittance by the people of the
house, and with difficulty could he persuade them that he was
only bitten by insects.
On his return from those explorations, he made the ac-
quaintance of Mr. John Bradbury, a Scotch naturalist, who
had come to America for the purpose of visiting the interior
of the country, and to collect new objects of natural history.
Nuttall, with eagerness, embraced this opportunity to gratify
his ardent desire for distant travelling, and his passion for
the study of Nature ; he offered to accompany Bradbury, and
his request was accepted. They started together from St.
Louis with a party of traders and hunters, on the 31st of
December, 1809, less than two years after his arrival in this
country. They crossed the Kansas and Platte rivers, passed
through different Indian tribes, reached the Mandan villages,
where Lewis and Clarke had spent the winter of 1804 and 5,
ascended still higher the Missouri River, and returned, after
having experienced the greatest fatigues and dangers. They
were pursued and robbed by the Indians, and Bradbury fell
into their hands, and was very near being massacred by
them ; he only saved his life by taking his watch to pieces,
and distributing the works among them as trinkets. As to
Nuttall, overcome by fatigue and hunger, driven to despair in
the midst of the wilderness, and unable to go a step farther,
he laid himself down with resignation, and would inevitably
have died, had he not been found by a friendly Indian, who
301
placed him in his canoe and rowed him down the Missouri
River to the first settlements of the white men.
Nuttall returned to Philadelphia from this journey up the
Missouri, in the beginning of 1811, bringing with him ample
treasures of plants, seeds, minerals, and other objects of
natural history. For eight consecutive years, he remained
settled in our city, occupying his summer months in botanical
excursions to the banks of the Ohio, through the dark forests
and brakes of the Mississippi, to the distant lakes of the
northern frontier, through the wilds of Florida, &c. During
the inclement season, he employed his time in studying his
collections, and preparing his materials for his admirable
work, " The Grenera of tJie North American Plants.'''
Naturally reserved, little fond of company, and absorbed
by his studies, his circle of acquaintance was very limited.
Professor Barton, Messrs. Zaccheus Collins, Reuben Haines,
Correa de Serra, a few other devotees of science, and three
or four families of Philadelphia and Germantown, were the
only persons whom he visited. To them he frequently spoke
of his mother and a favorite sister, for whom he expressed
great tenderness ; otherwise, his habitual intercourse was with
the principal horticulturists of the vicinity, with William Bar-
tram, Col. Carr, with McMahon, to whom he dedicated his
genus 3Iaho7iia, and others. The seeds of the numerous new
species of plants, which he had brought with him from his
explorations, he raised himself, and cultivated in their con-
servatories, with the view to study them more accurately,
and distribute them to correspondents at home and abroad.
He visited them alternately, spending sometimes with them
several days at once. Col. Carr, the only surviving member
of these old horticulturists, tells me that Mr. Nuttall had a
room expressly reserved for him at his house, called NuttalVs
room, which he occupied occasionally for a whole week.
In 1817, Mr. Nuttall, already a fellow of the London
Linnean Society, was elected a member of the American
Philosophical Society, and corresponding member of the
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. This double
election placed him at once in contact with the learned com-
302
munity and elite of the Philadelphia circles. He began, at
that time, to publish scientific essays in the Journal of the
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences : — 1st, Observa-
tions on the genus Eriogonum^ and oi^der Polygonacece ;
2d, An account of ttvo new genera of Plants ; of a species of
Tillea^ and another of Limosella, recently discovered on the
banks of the Delaware, in the vici7iity of Philadelphia.
3d, Description of Collinsia, a new genus of Plants, dedicated
to his friend and patron, Z. Collins.
The Genera of the North American Plants was published
the ensuing year, 1818, in two vols. 12mo. Upon this work,
principally, stands the reputation of Mr. Nuttall, as a pro-
found botanist. Professor Torrey, in the preface to his Flora,
justly remarks, " that it has contributed, more than any other
work, to the advance of the accurate knowledge of the plants
of this country." It is well known that he set up himself
the best part of the types, and such was his accuracy in type
composition, that some parts of his work were set up without
a single error, and others, even without copy, reduced to
writing.
Mr. Nuttall had long entertained the idea of visiting the
regions of the Arkansas as a fresh field of exploration, pro-
mising to afford him an abundant harvest of new and interest-
ing materials. In this enterprise he was assisted by Messrs.
Correa de Serra, Z. Collins, Wm. Maclure, and John Vaughan,
who procured him the means to perform this distant and
hazardous journey.
He left Philadelphia on the 2d of October, 1818, and pass-
ing through Pittsburg, and down the Ohio and Mississippi,
arrived at the mouth of the Arkansas River, on the 13th of
January. He reached the post of Arkansas on the 22d fol-
lowing, and Fort Bcllcpoint on the 24th of April. There he
left the river Arkansas to ascend on foot the Pottoe, one of
its tributaries, and, with Major Bradford and a company of
U. S. soldiers, he proceeded across the wilderness to the con-
fluence of the Kiameska and Red Rivers. Hence he returned
to the garrison of Bellepoint with abundant collections.
Having there obtained accommodation in the boat of a gentle-
303
man, proceeding to a trading establishment at the confluence
of the Verdigris River, one hundred and thirty miles distant,
he ascended again the Arkansas up to the Grand River, and
made an excursion to the Osage salt-works. On his return
to the trading establishment of the Verdigris, he set out
again on foot to the Salt Lake River, the western limit of his
journey.
It was then the middle of August ; the heat was excessive ;
but could not abate the unconquerable ardor of our explorer.
At last, wearied by long and difficult marches, under the rays
of a burning sun, suffering from thirst, insufficient food, as
well as from exposure to the night dews ; being, moreover,
harassed by the necessity of constant vigilance, to avoid
being entrapped by the neighboring Indians, his constitution
sunk under so many trials of body and mind. He was seized
with violent fever, among the Osage tribe, from whose treach-
ery and dishonesty he experienced both losses of effects and
perils of life, and was long deprived of the pleasures of his
usual excursions. He finally succeeded, with much trouble
and sufferings, in reaching the garrison of Bellepoint, where
he remained sick until the 16th of October, when he started
again to visit the hot springs of Washita. On the 3d of No-
vember following, he arrived at Fort Pecannerie, now Lewis-
burg, on his way home, and reached New Orleans on the 18th
of February, 1820, his constitution much impaired. Thus did
Nuttall, in his enthusiastic love of science, perform, in the
space of sixteen months, an arduous and perilous journey of
more than five thousand miles, mainly over a country never
visited before by scientific explorers, and still in the undis-
puted possession of the wikl Indian.
Mr. Nuttall had returned to his old quarters in Phila-
delphia, early in the spring of 1820. AVith his usual activity
and perseverance, he went immediately to work, arranging
his Arkansas collections, and preparing the narrative of his
journey, which he published the following year, under the
title of. Journey into the hiterior of Arkansas in 1818 and
1819, with an Appendix, consisting, — 1st, of An Account of
the ancient aboriginal Population of the Banks of the Missis-
304
sippi; 2d, A History of the Watches ; 3d, Observations on the
OhicJcasaws and Ohoctaws ; 4th, 3Ieteorological Observations.
From 1820 to 1822, he contributed the followmg memoirs
to the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences : — A G-eo-
grai^hical Description of the Valley of the Mississippi. De-
scriptions of rare Plants recently introduced into the Crardens
of Philadelphia. Observations on the genus Orysopsis. Re-
marks on the Species of Corallorhiza indigenous to the United
States. On the Serpentine Rocks of Hoboken^ ayid the Minerals
tvhich they contain. About the same time, he was also en-
gaged in mineralogical studies, with some rude attempts at
chemical analysis ; and in delivering lectures on Botany to
classes of young men. His style of lecturing was not remark-
able for its eloquence, but he always succeeded in inspiring
his pupils with his warmth and passion for his favorite science.
At the end of 1822, Mr. Nuttall was called to Cambridge,
to fill, in the Harvard University, the place of the late Mr.
Peck. He was not elected Professor of Natural History, but
simply appointed Curator of the Botanic Garden, the fund
of the Massachusetts Professorship of Natural History being
insufficient for the support of a professor. Mr. Nuttall had
consequently but light duties of instruction assigned to him.
He delivered only occasional lectures on Botany to the stu-
dents and residents of Cambridge ; his time was almost ex-
clusively devoted to the culture of rare plants and to his
favorite studies, mineralogy and ornithology included. While
at Cambridge, Mr. Nuttall led very much the same retired
life that he had done in Philadelphia ; he made few acquaint-
ances, and the late Mr. James Brown was, perhaps, his only
intimate friend. The house which he then occupied, and
which is now the present habitation of the Professor of
Botany, retains yet traces of some ingenious arrangements to
favor his recluse habits.
During the first six or seven years of his residence in
Cambridge, Mr. Nuttall paid a visit to Philadelphia in com-
pany with several gentlemen of Boston, on their way to the
coal and iron districts of Pennsylvania. Joined by Dr. Pick-
ering, they proceeded to Pottsville ; hence over the mountains
305
to the Susquehanna, and up its west branch as far as the
crossing of the Alleghany ridge.
Mr. Nuttall, aware that he was doing little for science, did
not relish much his residence at Cambridge ; he used to say-
that he was only vegetating, like his own plants. At last,
his friend, Mr. Brown, induced him to write a work on Orni-
thology, a science which he had been cultivating almost since
his arrival in this country. He set to work with great zeal,
and, in 1832, produced his " Manual of the Ornithology of
the United States and Canada.'' That work, framed on
Temminck's admirable treatise on European Ornithology, was
published at Cambridge, in two volumes of about six hundred
pages each, illustrated by excellent wood-cuts. It is written
in elegant and graceful language, and is a production very
creditable to Mr. Nuttall, and an evidence of the energy and
perseverance with which he could apply himself, almost simul-
taneously, to the study of several branches of natural sciences.
About the same time, appeared his ^^Introduction to Sys-
tematic and Physiological Botany^'' a rare little book, which
was favorably reviewed in Silliman's Journal. During his
residence at Cambridge, he also published in the above journal
the following papers, viz. : " A Catalogue of Plants from
Florida;'' '^ Remarks on the Minerals of Paterson and
Sparta^ Neiv Jersey ;" and his '''Reply to Mr, Seyhert." In
the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, his " Re-
marks and Inquiries concerning the Birds of Massachusetts."
In the Transactions of the Philosophical Society, '•'A De-
scription of a new Species of Sarracenia." And in the
American Journal of the Medical Sciences, " An Account of
the Jalap Plant as an Ipomoea," appended to a paper on the
subject by Dr. R. Cox.
Towards the beginning of 1833, Mr. Nuttall returned to
Philadelphia, bringing with him a collection of plants gath-
ered by Capt. Wyeth, during a journey overland to the
Pacific. Capt. Wyeth was soon to start on a second expedi-
tion, and Nuttall had decided to accompany him ; but, not
succeeding in obtaining a prolonged leave of absence from
the college authorities at Cambridge to perform this long
VOL. VII. — 2 o
306
journey, he concluded to resign his office of Curator of the
Botanic Garden. During his short residence in our city,
preparatory to his arduous journey across the continent, he
was assiduously engaged at the Academy of Natural Sciences,
studying Capt. Wyeth's plants, and preparing his memoir on
those which he had collected himself in the interior of Ar-
kansas. The result of these labors was the publication of
several valuable papers in the Journal of the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences: 1st. '^ A Catalogue of Plants
collected cliiefly in the Valleys of the Rocky Mou7itains,
towards the source of the Columbia River, by Nathan B.
Wyeth.'' 2d. " Collections toivards a Flora of the Territory
of Arkansas.'' 3d. '''Descriptions of some of the Rarer
Plants indigenous to the United States."
Indeed, Mr. Nuttall was a most indefatigable laborer in
the domain of science. From morning until night, he was
seen working in the Academy, scarcely ever leaving his task
to attend to his meals. There, at that time, I made the ac-
quaintance of the great American botanist, — I say American,
because no other name could be given to him, his reputation
belonging to this continent, as he has specially been the
illustrator of the North American Flora, and of no other.
His appearance and manner made a lasting impression
upon those who approached him. He was a remarkable-
looking man: his head was very large, bald, and bore the
marks of a vigorous intellect ; his forehead expansive, but
his features diminutive, with a small nose, thin lips, and round
chin, and with gray eyes under fleshy eyebrows. His com-
plexion was fair, and sometimes very pale from hard labor
and want of exercise. His height was above the middle ; his
person stout, with a slight stoop ; and his walk peculiar and
mincing, resembling that of an Indian.
Nuttall was naturally shy and reserved in his manners in
general society, but not so with those who knew him well. If
silent or perhaps morose in the presence of those for whom he
felt a sort of antipathy, yet, when with congenial companions,
he was affable and courteous, communicative and agreeable.
From long solitary study, the cast of his mind was contem-
307
plative and abstracted ; but when doubts and difficulties were
solved, he was apparently light and buoyant. *' At the con-
clusion of a piece of work," says one who has been most
intimate with him, " I have seen him rise from his chair,
approach the stove, and, in his own peculiar way, put his
hands behind his back, and, for an hour or two, pour forth a
torrent of narrative and scientific facts on which was the cast
of his own philosophical thoughts and conclusions. I have
frequently seen him in social circles, when he was the delight
of the company, from his cheerful and natural replies to all
interrogatories, and his voluntary details upon the subject of
his travels and adventures."'''
I may be permitted here to relate a few anecdotes charac-
teristic of the great naturalist. In one of his solitary excur-
sions in the wilderness Nuttall got lost, and not returning, the
party did not wait for him, but resumed their march, sending
out some friendly Indians to look for him and conduct him
upon his journey to rejoin the company. The Indians per-
formed their duty faithfully. Looking upon him, however, as
a great medicine man, they were afraid to approach him.
They therefore surrounded him, and kept at a respectful dis-
tance. Nuttall was soon aware that he was watched by sa-
vages, and not knowing their character, whether friends or
foes, he was in the greatest state of alarm. From all he had
already experienced at their hands, he had the utmost horror
of the Indians. Therefore hiding himself, and taking advan-
tage of every ravine, every tree and bush, he succeeded in
regaining the track of the caravan, which he followed for
three days without food or sleep, when, to his infinite delight,
he overtook it and was relieved from his anxieties.
On another occasion Nuttall was rambling in the vicinity of
the camp, when a band of Indians, apparently hostile, made its
appearance. The alarm was immediately given, with orders
to arm and be ready for the expected attack ; but Nuttall was
not among them. A friend, uneasy about him, ran in search
'•" This delineation of Mr. Nuttall's person and character has been fur-
nished to me by Prof. Carson, to whom, as well as to Dr. Pickering, Mr.
Lea, and other friends, I owe many of the details herein mentioned.
308
of him in the direction he had taken. It was not long before
he perceived the great naturalist, at some distance, quietly
occupied in examining a plant. He hailed him, with signs to
return quickly. " We are going to have a brush with the
Indians," said he, '^is your gun in good order ?" Alas ! the
gun had been freely used to uproot plants, and was filled with
gravel to the muzzle. Had Nuttall used it in this condition,
it would inevitably have burst in his hands and killed or
wounded him severely.
In crossing over the Rocky Mountains the caravan sepa-
rated in two parties, each following a different route and
having rendezvous at Fort Hall. One of the parties had the
good fortune to meet with plenty of buffalo cows, upon which
they freely feasted and became fat. The other, on the con-
trary, to which Nuttall belonged, suffered much from fatigue,
and scarcely found anything to eat except a few lean grizzly
bears. On arriving at Fort Hall, Nuttall had lost so much
flesh that his old companions could scarcely recognize him ;
and upon one of them expressing his surprise at the great
change in his appearance, he heaved a sigh of inanition, and
retorted : "Yes, indeed, you would have been just as thin as
myself, if, like me, you had lived for two weeks upon old
Ephraim (grizzly bear), and on short allowance of that too!"
Mr. Dana, in his book "Two Years Before the Mast," re-
lates an amusing anecdote of Nuttall, who was a passenger on
board the same vessel. While opposite Cape Horn, and close
to the land, his passion for flowers revived at once, and he
entreated the captain to be put ashore, that he might make
acquaintance with the vegetation of this dreary spot. The
wind was then blowing furiously, and the vessel surrounded
with icebergs and in danger of being wrecked. Still, Nuttall,
undaunted by any circumstance, insisted upon being landed,
even for a few hours. His request, of course, was sternly
refused by the captain, to the great disappointment and dis-
pleasure of our naturalist, who could not conceive such an
indifference for the cause of science in a seafaring man.
Nuttall was excessively economical in his habits and care-
less about his dress ; none of his Philadelphia friends, I be-
309
lieve, ever knew where he resided, nor in what manner he
lived. The profession of savant is not a very profitable one,
yet with the few opportunities he had to advance his interest,
he had succeeded, through the most strict saving, in laying aside
a competency for his old age, even had he not inherited the
estate of Nutgrove. He once travelled on foot to Westches-
ter in his usual travelling dress, carrying his provisions with
him, and a basket of minerals which he intended exchanging
for Westchester specimens. Without stopping at any hotel,
he visited the mineralogists of the place, and having accom-
plished his object, the gentleman with whom he had made
exchanges, asked him where he would send the package, and
what direction he would put on it ? Nuttall answered simply
to write Thomas Nuttall, and he would call himself for it.
At this name, so well known by scientific men, the gentleman
retorted, ''Any relation, sir, to the great botanist?" "I
believe, himself," said Nuttall. Upon this he was cordially
invited to a more tempting dinner than that he was carrying
in his basket.
At last the time appointed for the departure of Captain
Wyeth's expedition was at hand, and Nuttall bade adieu to
his Philadelphia friends. He was accompanied by Mr. John
K. Townsend, a young naturalist who was sent out on the
joint account of the Philosophical Society and of the Academy
of Natural Sciences. The expedition was undertaken by the
Columbia Fishing and Trading Company, for the purpose
chiefly of establishing trading-posts beyond the Rocky Moun-
tains and on the coast of the Pacific. Capt. Wyeth had col-
lected at St. Louis and Independence a party of men to cross
the continent, and this party Messrs. Nuttall and Townsend
joined at St. Louis on the 24th of March, 1834. On the
29th following, they both started on foot from the capital of
Missouri, arrived at Fulton on the 6th of April, and at
Brownville on the 8th.
There they were joined by Capt. Wyeth, and embarked
with him on a steamer for Independence, where the whole
party had rendezvoused. " On the 28th of April," says Mr.
Townsend, " at 10 o'clock in the morning, our caravan, consist-
310
ing of seventy men and two hundred and fifty horses, began
its march. Capt. Wyeth and Milton Sublette took the lead,
Mr. Nuttall and myself beside them ; then the men in double
file, each leading with a line two horses heavily laden ; Capt.
Thing (Wyeth's assistant) brought up the rear ; then the band
of missionaries, with their horned cattle, rode along the flanks,
and they proceeded over
' Vast savannas, where the wandering eye,
Unfixt, is in a verdant ocean lost,'
across the arid plains of the far West, beyond the steppes of
the Rocky Mountains, down to the Oregon, and to the ex-
tended shores of the Pacific."
I shall not follow our bold adventurers in their long and
perilous journey, so well described in Mr. Townsend's narra-
tive.* They successively crossed interminable green plains
and great sandy wastes, grassy glades and black hills, high
mountains and delightful valleys, along refreshing streams ;
sufi'ering from fatigue, thirst, and hunger ; tormented by gnats,
constantly alive to the danger of the short rattlesnake of the
prairies, of the grizzly bear, that formidable inhabitant of the
mountain, and withal to the arrow and tomahawk of the sa-
vage and treacherous Indian, always prowling about the white
men's caravans to steal or murder. But what's all that, if
our naturalists can gather the harvest of the cherished objects
of their explorations ? " To me," said Mr. Nuttall, '' hard-
ships and privations are cheaply purchased, if I may but roam
over the wild domain of primeval Nature, and behold
' Another Flora there, of bolder hues,
And richer sweets, beyond our garden's pride.'
How often did I realize the poet's buoyant hopes amidst my
solitary rambles. My chief converse has been in the wilder-
ness w^ith the spontaneous productions of Nature ; and the
study of these objects and their contemplation have been to
me a source of constant delight."
* Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia
River, &c. Philadelphia, 1839.
311
On the 3d of September, they came in view of the noble
Columbia River; they descended its course partly on foot,
partly in canoes, and stepped on shore at Fort Vancouver,
the end of their journey across the continent. Six months
and three days had elapsed since they had left Philadelphia.
Such was the first part of this adventurous journey. They
remained at Fort Vancouver the rest of the autumn, still ex-
ploring the environs of the Fort, and revisiting the fertile
Valley of the Walla-Walla; but, anxious to escape the wet
and unpleasant winter of that region, and to visit other parts
where the inclemency of the season could not interfere with
the prosecution of their respective pursuits, they took passage
on board a Boston brig, ready to sail for the Sandwich Islands.
They put to sea towards the middle of December, and landed
on the Island of Oahu, on the 5th of January, 1835.
Here, for the first time, Mr. Nuttall enjoyed the beauties
of a tropical vegetation, ^' a climate that knows no change,
but is that of a perpetual spring and summer." There he
remained a couple of months, visiting the different islands of
that happy group, and collecting plants and sea-shells. Thence
separating from his companion, Mr. Townsend, he took pas-
sage on board a vessel sailing for the coast of California, where
he landed early in the spring, to enjoy new emotions of plea-
sure. All again was new to him ! He remained in California
a great part of the spring and summer, actively engaged in
making collections, and returned to the Sandwich Islands,
where he embarked on a Boston vessel, to come back to the
United States, round Cape Horn.
Mr. Nuttall arrived in Boston in the beginning of October,
1835. When he went to the counting-house of Messrs. Bryant
& Sturges, the owners of the vessel which had brought him
home, with the view to pay for his passage, these gentlemen
courteously refused to receive the money of one who had been
travelling, not for his own amusement, but for the benefit of
mankind !
Upon his return to the United States, he again took up his
abode in Philadelphia, working alternately upon his rich col-
lections of plants, minerals, and land and sea shells. In the
small room of the Academy, then corner of Twelfth and George
312
Streets, Mr. Nuttall and Dr. Pickering were always seen
working together ; one at his own collections, the other on
the Schweinitz Herbarium. These two great naturalists lived
in the most perfect harmony, both being enthusiastic lovers
of natural science. They were met occasionally, walking
together, on a fine day, visiting the different gardens and
conservatories of the neighborhood. In these walks, Nuttall
would freely relate the particulars of his life ; he spoke of
having expectations in England ; that an uncle who had suc-
ceeded in his business, had assured him he would be his heir.
He mentioned having set up with his own hands, the types of
an edition of one of Priestley's works, and gave also an
account of his first visit to Professor Barton, and of the
beginning of his botanical studies, &c.
Conchology was then a new object of study to Mr. Nuttall.
He took much interest in it, usually spending the daylight in
the Academy building, without troubling himself about his
meals. Dr. Pickering, after an hour's absence in the middle
of the day, would sometimes find him stooping over one of the
cases of shells, as unmoved as a statue, in the same place and
position as when he left him.
In 1840, Mr. Nuttall published in the Transactions of the
American Philosophical Society, a long and interesting
memoir, entitled: ^'Descriptions of neiv species and genera
of plants in the natural order CoMPOSiTiE, collected in a tour
across the continent to the Pacific, a residence in Oregon, and a
visit to the Sandivieh Islands and California, in the years 1834
and 1835." And soon after another paper, headed : '' Descrip-
tion and notices of new and rare playits of the natural orders
LoBELiACEyE, Campanulace^, Vaccinie^ and Ericace^,
collected in a journey across the Continent of North America,
and during a visit to the Sandwich Islands and Upper Cali-
fornia.'' Having then been induced to write an appendix to
Michaux's Sylva, he entered upon this undertaking with his
usual energy, and completed it in a very short time, but hav-
ing been obliged abruptly to leave this country, the work
could not be published under his auspices. The manuscript
was placed in the hands of Mr. Dobson, who had been engaged
to superintend its publication. At the death of this gentleman.
313
some of the letter-press having been found defective and re-
jected, the entire publication of that work was retarded for
several years ; it was at last completed in 1846 by the late
Dr. Lambert, a protege and pupil of Nuttall.
The preface appended to that work is a beautiful piece of
elocution. In reading it, you feel carried along with him
through all his adventurous journeys; you partake of his
fatigues and dangers, of his feelings of awe in the midst of
the wilderness, and of admiration at the sight of the luxuriant
vegetation of the tropics ; you enjoy his delight, amounting to
ecstasy, whenever he discovers objects that have not met his
eye before, and you shudder with him amidst the mountains
of ice, which in an unusual array oppose his passage around
Cape Horn, the dreary extremity of South America. At last,
you see him landing again on the shores of the Atlantic, and
in his transports of joy, he exclaims : " Once more I hail those
delightful scenes of nature, with which I have been so long
associated," Then, he closes his elegant peroration with this
warm farewell to this country, " But the oft told tale ap-
proaches to its close, and I must bid adieu to the New World,
its sylvan scenes, its mountains, wilds, and plains, — and
henceforth, in the evening of my career, I return, almost an
exile, to the land of my nativity !"
Poor Nuttall ! Yes, indeed, he may well say " almost an
exile, to the land of his nativity." He had left it thirty-four
years past, and was returning almost a stranger to its people
and customs. He was strongly attached to the United States.
Here were almost all his associations ; he had friends who
were dear to him ; and, wherever he went, whether in the
valley or on the mountain, by the shores of the sea or the
margin of the quiet stream, he felt surrounded by old ac-
quaintances, his dearest flowers ; or met, by chance, a new
object for his admiration.
But an uncle, without family of his own, had bequeathed
to him an estate, called Nutgrove, in the neighborhood of
Liverpool, and he must go and take possession of it. The
will was incumbered with a clause most distasteful to him,
requiring him to reside at least nine months of the year in
England for the remainder of his life. He hesitated, for a
VOL. VII. — 2 P
314
considerable time, whether to accept the inheritance, with its
restrictions ; but consideration for his sisters and their families,
induced him at last to go to England, and take the rural estate
left to him. He returned only once to this country after
this ; and, as he could not be more than three months absent
in the year, he took the three last months of 1847 and the
three first of 1848, thus passing with us about five months
of the inclement season, when the nature he loved so much
was dead to him. only to revive when he was forced to turn
his back upon her.
In this short visit, his usefulness at once revived. Finding
himself at the Academy, among his old associations, with ma-
terials at hand, he at once set to work, and studied the plants
brought by the late Dr. William Gamble, from the Rocky
Mountains and Upper California ; the descriptions of which
were published in August, 1848, in the Journal of the Acade-
my of Natural Sciences.
It does not appear that the bequest of the Nutgrove estate
had placed Mr. Nuttall in a position of affluence. The estate
was, it is said, incumbered with annuities, and burdened with
a heavy income tax. He had, moreover, a numerous family
of relatives to support. By his old American friends, who
visited him at his English abode, he was found living in the
fashion of a plain farmer, w^orking on his grounds and nur-
series among his men, like one of them, and eating at the
same table with them. He used to say that it was difficult,
in England, to enjoy the benefits of a moderate fortune, for
the government took good care to exact the superfluous.
When, in April, 1854, Dr. Pickering visited Mr. Nuttall at
Nutgrove, he perceived him, on entering his grounds, stooping
on one knee, examining a growing plant. Nuttall, turning
his head and recognizing his old friend, arose and came for-
ward, saying — " How strange it seems to me to see you in
this country ! " He invited him in, and they spent several
hours together, conversing about old acquaintances, walking
through his conservatories, and looking over his collection of
living Rhododendrons. Dr. Pickering saw him again some
months after, and perceived a change that he could scarcely
account for, namely, — that he who had been accustomed to
815
roam thousands of miles all over North America, in times
when it was really dangerous to do so, should now attach im-
portance to and speak emphatically of having derived great
satisfaction of a single visit to Ireland, and further, should
have never visited the continent of Europe, close at hand.
Mr. Nuttall spent the last seventeen years of his life on his
estate of Nutgrove, employing his time in the culture of rare
plants, and especially Rhododendrons, which his nephew, Mr.
Thomas J. Booth, had brought with him from the mountainous
districts of Assam and Bootan, in Eastern Asia, and the
new species of which he has published, at different times, in
British scientific periodicals. At last, after a long and la-
borious life, entirely devoted to science, the great explorer of
American botany met with an accident which ultimately
resulted in his death. In his eagerness to open a case of
plants which he had just received from Mr. Booth, he unfor-
tunately overstrained himself, and from the time of his injury
he gradually sunk and died, on the 10th of September last
(1859), at the age of seventy-three, leaving, I am told, his
estate and collections to his nephew and pupil, Thomas J.
Booth, like himself an ardent naturalist and daring explorer.
Through his love of study, firmness of mind and devotion
to the natural sciences, Mr. Nuttall raised himself, from the
condition of a mere artisan, to the exalted position of a highly
scientific man. No other explorer of the botany of North
America has, personally, made more discoveries ; no writer
on American plants, except perhaps Professor Asa Gray, has
described more new genera and species. His name will live
as long as our Flora remains an object of study, and will be
perpetuated, among the cherished objects of his particular
attention, in a beautiful genus of the order Rosacese, Nuttallia
cerasiformisj which his friends and colleagues. Professors Tor-
rey and Gray, have dedicated to him. Let this great naturalist
be set up as an example to young men similarly disposed, and
an evidence that steadiness in the pursuit of knowledge will
have its reward, and may lead to eminence. Honor to the
memory of him to whom science is so much indebted, who so
long lived in our midst, respected and loved for his usefulness,
his unaffected manners, and amiability in the social circle !
316
(Continued from page 296.)
as practicable. The first lever should be very strong and
light, and for this purpose may be made of skeleton form, of
considerable lateral dimensions, or rather vertical, the lever
being in a horizontal position and acting vertically. The
second lever and pulley are very delicate and slender.
The position of the pulley, as above arranged, enables me to
place a dial over it, with an index attached to the projecting
shaft of the pulley.
One solid plate of metal (brass) forms the support and
union of all the parts sustaining the rods, levers, and pulley.
The lower extremity of the parallel rods being held by
springs, may not necessarily have a continuous metallic sup-
port from the other parts.
The second part of the apparatus does not require the nice
mechanical precision of the first part ; its purpose being
merely to record the indications of the Thermometer.
The recording portion of the apparatus consists of a train
of cylinders carrying a fillet of paper, the axes of the
cylinders being parallel with the parallel wires which guide
the registering point of the Thermometer.
One of these cylinders presents the surface of the paper to
the registering point, which passes very near, but not in con-
tact with it, the movements of the registering point being
across the paper. A series of levers and springs, which can-
not be well described without diagrams, gives the proper
"feed" to the cylinders and paper. But as this part of the
apparatus is susceptible of an endless variety of modifications,
it is unnecessary to speak of it further.
Connected with the cylinders is a hammer, made with re-
ference to the ividtTi of the fillet of paper. This hammer im-
parts the necessary force to the registering point to make a
small hole in the paper fillet, and is, when not in action, held
from contact with the registering point by means of a recoil
spring, which spring is adjustable by means of a screw. The
levers connected with the feed of the cylinders are operated
by the back movement of the hammer.
The third part of the apparatus consists of a common ma-
317
rine clock, with jewelled movement, to secure its action in
cold weather. In practice, it will be necessary to have clock
movements constructed with special reference to the number
of records it is desired to obtain. A common thirty-hour
clock, in order to have the necessary power to move the
hammer^ requires to have each alternate pin removed from
the wheel that actuates the hammer lever ; the lever requires,
also, to be modified so as to accommodate the change. This
change, if quarter-hourly records be required, will make it
necessary to re-wind the clock too often.
My apparatus has the striking part of a clock constructed
to move both the time and striking trains, as the equivalent
of the striking 'part of one clock ; the whole service of the
spring being turned upon the striking train — the time train
being removed, its space being occupied by the necessary
levers. A marine clock, with time movement only, imparts
the time to the striking part, very much as in any ordinary
clock, except that the shaft of the minute wheel has/owr pro-
jections instead of one, so that I can obtain records four times
each hour. A peculiar arrangement, difficult of description,
enables me to change the rates from quarter-hour to half-
hour, or hour movements of the hammer.
In describing the Thermometer, I omitted to mention that
the lower end of the central brass wire in the bundle of com-
pensated rods, was furnished with an adjusting screw, by
means of which the index and registering point may be ad-
justed to any desirable point.
My fillet of paper is 2 j inches wide. This enables me to
obtain a range of nearly 50° without shifting the position of
the registering point. In a trial of one week I have not
found any occasion to readjust the index and registering point.
I have much difficulty, however, in the scale of my apparatus,
and this arises from using a mercurial thermometer as a
standard of comparison, the tube of which is probably unequal
in its dimensions in various parts, and the scale not corrected
to correspond. At first, I constructed my scale from tem-
peratures —10° to -1-80°, about 164° on my dial. Subse-
quent comparisons show that between 30° and 40° of the
318
Mercurial Thermometer, 10 of the Mercurial Thermometer
correspond to 9 of my dial. I have, therefore, no depend-
ence on the mercurial instrument I have, especially as no ten
degrees of the two instruments will agree, except the 10 on
which a correction is made, although they agree over a long
range at extremities.
In presenting this account of my apparatus, I desire that a
knowledge of it may be made widely public, for the benefit of
those scientific men who may appreciate it, and desire to use
a similar apparatus constructed under their own supervision.
The details of all the parts are susceptible of numerous modi-
fications. I have not so much devoted my attention to the
test arrangement of all the parts, but have confined my efforts
more particularly to perfecting the Thermometer in that form
which will make it most reliable and least susceptible of im-
provement. The rods are on the outside of the case which
incloses the dial, registering apparatus, and clock. The ap-
paratus is very sensitive. The rods move the index freely to
\ degree, and the ticking of the clock attached imparts just
enough vibration to overcome resistance to a very minute
fraction of a degree. Indeed, on watching the index while a
slight change of temperature occurs, the index may be seen
to advance or recede with the tickings of the clock, almost
creating the impression that they are only parts of one move-
ment.
Yours, JAMES LEWIS.
Pending nomination, No. 397 was read.
Dr. Wm. Harris, from the committee appointed to procure
a portrait of Judge Kane, reported it finished and in the hall
of the Society, and presented the bill for painting, framing,
&c., which was ordered to be paid.
And the Society adjourned.
319
Stated Meeting, April 6th, 1860.
Present, twenty-four members.
Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair.
Letters were read from the Smithsonian Institution, dated
January 10, 1860, from the Geographical Society of Paris,
Feb. 20, 1860, from the Boston Public Library, Feb. 21,
1860, from the Massachusetts Historical Society, March 13,
1860, acknowledging the receipt of publications of the Society.
The following donations for the Library were announced : —
Bulletin de la Soc. (ieog. I, xviii, July — Dec. '^9.— From the Society.
Monthly Notices R. Astron. Soc. Vol. xx, No. 4. — From the Society.
Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, signatures 13, 14. — From the Society.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, sig. 4. — From the Academy.
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, Vol. vii, Nos. 1-3. — From the Lyceum.
Amer. Jour, of Science, New Haven, March, 1860. — From the Editors.
Amer. Jour, of Med. Sci. April, 1860. — From Blanchard & Lea.
Med. News& Libr., Mar. & Apr., I860.— i^z-owi Blanchard c& Lea.
Jour, of Franklin Inst. No. 411, March, 1860. — From the Listitute.
History of the Religious Society of Friends, by S. M. Janney, in
four Vols. Vol. 1, second edition, 480 pp. 8vo. Phila. I860.—
From the Author.
What may be Learned from a Tree, by Harland Coultas. Second
edition, 200 pp. 8vo. Phila. I860.— iVowi the Author.
Ann. Address on the Events of the Year, before the Phil. Co. Me-
dical Soc., Feb. 22, 1860, by Benjamin Horner Coates, M.D., 30
pp. 8vo. Phila. 1860. — From the Author.
Communication from the Director of the Mint to the Secretary of
the Treasury, relative to a proposed Branch 3Iint at New York,
12 pp. Svo. Phila. I860.— /Vom the Board of Trade.
Total Eclipse of July, 1860, 6 pp. 8vo. Washington, I860.— From
the Nautical Almanac Office.
Reflections upon the Temporary Star of 1572, by Alex. Wilcocks,
M.D., 12 pp. 4to. Phila. 1840.— i^rom the Author.
Obs. on the Genus Unio, by Isaac Lea, Vol. vii. — From the Author.
Extracts from Proc. A. N. S. Phil, by Isaac Lea, 24 pp. Svo. —
From the Author.
Polar Exploring Expedition. A Special Meeting of the Am. Geog.
320
and Stat. Soc, March 22, 30 pp. 8vo., with Map, New York?
UQO.—From W. P. Fonlke.
Paulding (J. K.) — Prof. Trego announced the death of a
member of the Society, the Honorable James K. Paulding,
April 4th, 1860, aged 81.
Dr. Emerson called the attention of the Society to a fact
in optics, which seems to have been but little noticed. A very
simple experiment illustrating the combined action of the
mental and optical faculties concerned in vision. A person
standing before a mirror, holding a picture before him, with
its face also towards the mirror, will find the reflection of the
hands or right and left sides of a picture reversed, the right
hand appearing the left and the left the right. But this
reversion does not extend to the person holding the picture,
or others by his side, whose right and left sides are recognized
only as right and left. This illustrates the effects of education
of the eye, which having recognized through repeated obser-
vations the true relations of the two sides and hands, admits
without hesitation the mental evidence, but refuses to accept
any but optical evidence from the flat surface of the picture.
Dr. Leyburn, pursuant to appointment, read the following
obituary notice of the Rev. J. Addison Alexander, a deceased
member of the Society.
OBITUARY NOTICE OF JOSEPH ADDISON
ALEXANDER, D.D.
BY JOHN LEYBURN, D.D.
Joseph Addison Alexander, was the third son of the late
Archibald Alexander, D.D., of Princeton, N. J., and was
born in the city of Philadelphia, April 24th, 1809. On his
maternal side he was the grandson of James Waddell, the
celebrated blind preacher of Virginia, immortalized by Wirt
in the British Spy, His father having removed from Phila-
delphia to Princeton, young Alexander became a student of
the College of New Jersey, where he graduated in 1826, with
valedictorian honors, a great achievement for a youth of seven-
321
teen. He then became an associate of the principal of the
Eclgehill School at Princeton, where he remained until 1830,
when, at the early age of twenty-one, he was chosen adjunct
professor of languages in the College. Here he remained till
1833, when he resigned his post, which he had filled with
signal success, and sailed for Europe, where he spent a year
in prosecuting his studies, chiefly at Halle and Berlin. On
his return home he completed his theological course, as he had
begun it, with his eminent father. In the year 1838 he was
licensed to preach the Gospel, and in 1839 was ordained to
the full work of the ministry. But several years before his
licensure, he began to assist in the instructions of the Theolo-
gical Seminary at Princeton, and in 1839 was elected Profes-
sor of Oriental and Biblical Literature in that institution, by
the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church. In 1851
he was transferred by the Assembly to the department of Bibli-
cal and Ecclesiastical History ; and by the Assembly of 1859,
his professorship was entitled that of Hellenistic and New
Testament Literature. It was while occupying this post that
death found him, and closed his mortal career.
This cursory enumeration of the official positions which he
filled with eminent, and without exaggeration it may be said,
unparalleled ability, though indicative of the high estimation
in which he was held, gives, however, a Avholly inadequate idea
of a man who, beyond all question, was one of the most
extraordinary this country has ever produced. From his
childhood he exhibited a remarkable precocity. He scarcely
needed schools or teachers, such was his passion for knowledge.
His facility in the acquisition of languages seemed almost to
approach intuition. When but a boy of twelve years, finding
an Arabic grammar in his father's library, he commenced
studying it, and at fourteen had so mastered the language
that he read the Koran through in the original,— a linguistic
feat in all probability which has no parallel. From Arabic he
turned his attention to Persiac, after which he acquired He-
brew, Syriac, and Chaldee, and this before he had fairly
reached the age of manhood. Later he familiarized himself
with Sanscrit. As for Greek and Latin, they were almost
VOL. VII. — 2 Q
vernacular to him. Of the modern languages he had mas-
tered French, German, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Danish, and
Coptic, and how many others, is not certainly known ; but
after having got so many, a new acquisition of a cognate
tongue was to him a matter of a few^ weeks or days. One
who knew him as well perhaps as any living person, informs
the writer of this that, as a matter of literary recreation, Mr.
Alexander was every year exploring some new field in this
department of learning, and that it would he "easier to enu-
merate the languages he had not studied, than those with
which he was familiar."'
But, as his eminent colleague the Rev. Dr. Hodge says of
him, notwithstanding these wonderful attainments, "his power
of acquiring languages was the very smallest of his gifts."
His intellectual pov*^er was as general as it was great. He
was great in everything he understood, and great in all his
faculties. "The greatest man," says Dr. Hodge, "whom I
have ever known : all whose powers and attainments were
consecrated to the cause of truth and of Christ." A high
compliment, truly, coming as it does from one who himself
occupies the front rank amongst the scholars of the age.
As an author he is best known by his elaborate commenta-
ries on various portions of the Scriptures, which readily gained
for him a high reputation among the learned of the Old
World, as well as of the New. He was a profound biblical
critic. The vast stores of Germany in this department were
perfectly at his command, as well as every other repository of
the labors of his predecessors or contemporaries. Indeed, the
only exception we have ever heard mentioned to his commen-
taries, is that they are too learned, — that there is an exube-
rance which amounts to prodigality. His store of antiquarian,
historic, and biblical knowledge, was wonderful.
What was a most valuable accompaniment of his passion
for acquisition in the fields of learning, was his remarkable
memory. The tenacity of this faculty with him, too, extended
to everything, — not merely to leading ideas or historical
facts, but to words and names, — and that even where there
seemed to be no special call for its exercise. As an instance
323
in point, one of his colleagues mentions that, at the beginning
of the seminary term, when forty or fifty new students have
usually matriculated, and without regard to the order of their
names, it has not unfrequently happened that the next day,
when the names of these students would be needed, he would
take his pen and write down the entire list in the order of
their matriculation, giving even the middle letter in each
name, and the classes they were to enter, purely from
memory.
His investigations were always thorough and exhausting.
Every topic was examined wdth minuteness, even to such
remote circumstances as would escape ordinary minds. In
communicating his knowledge, too, he was in like manner
remarkable. His command of language has seldom been
surpassed. He always seemed to have at his tongue's end
the most appropriate words to express his ideas, and it was a
pleasure to sit and listen even to the cadence and flow of his
copious vocabulary.
As a writer of '"facetirc," he possessed a wonderful power.
The Philadelphia iNIonthly Magazine, edited in 1827-8, by
Dr. J. C. Snowden, and published by Dobson, contains many
of his earlier pieces, and the Princeton Magazine is full of
them. His perception of the ludicrous was acutely instinctive,
and his wit and humor choice and exhaustless. As a reviewer
he was well known as occupying the very front rank. The
Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review, was indebted to
him for a large portion of its most attractive and telling
articles. These he produced apparently without effort. With
the greatest ease he could " steer from grave to gay," now
writing a playful slashing criticism upon some unfortunate
author, and now dealing with some ponderous question of phi-
lology. Some of these articles are among the most brilliant
and scathing in the whole range of periodical literature.
Of his poetical talent the public knew less than of any
other. What he published was anonymous, and when a piece
Avould occasionally be traced to him, as in the case of '' The
Doomed Man," it seemed to annoy him.
To Dr. xA.lexander's powers as a preacher, thousands can
324
bear witness. When occupying one of the Philadelphia pul-
pits for a year or more, he drew crowds, which filled not only
the church but the vestibule. In his manner there was
nothing of what are considered the graces of oratory. He
usually read his sermons closely, without action, and in a
rapid monotonous tone ; but the copiousness of thought, the
affluence of language, and the richness and vividness of his
imac^ination, charmed every one. It was as if one were
listening to a Macaulay, discoursing from the pulpit on the
sublimest of themes.
Almost the entire life of Dr. Alexander was occupied in
study. He was a recluse in his habits, and characterized by
remarkable diffidence. This latter quality made him shrink
from society, and left the impression very generally that he
was deficient in the social element. But those who had
access to him in private, well know that there was no more
genial companion. He was full of the most entertaining con-
versation, and much as he kept himself aloof from the world,
seemed always thoroughly familiar with current events, and
with the actors in them.
In his method of writing he was at times almost whimsical,
or at any rate altogether unique. He seemed to weary with
following any one form in preparing his manuscripts, and
would Avrite on sheets of paper of various shapes and dimen-
sions, and with the lines taking every conceivable direction.
I remember once to have seen specimens of his manuscripts,
which had the lines running around the large sheet, so as to
form a complete circle.
In these cursory statements we are aware that but a most
inadequate view has been given of this extraordinary man.
Volumes rather than a short obituary paper, would be required
to portray, in anything like their amplitude and proper pro-
portions, his gifts and attainments. His death at the age of
little over fifty, when only yet in the midst of his prime, is a
loss to American learning, and especially to biblical literature,
which can with difficulty, if ever, be supplied. His sedentary
habits undoubtedly undermined his constitution and shortened
his life. For the last two or three years he had lost his former
325
full and almost plethoric appearance, and had begun to wear
the aspect of premature old age. Some months before his
death, he was attacked with bleeding at his lungs; this, how-
ever, was but one of the effects of another disease, which had
been for some time prostrating and wearing down his health.
The real destroyer of his life was that exhausting and terrible
complaint, diabetes. From this he had suffered, unknown
even to his friends. His end at last came, with but little
indication that it was just at hand, and in a few hours after
an attack which rendered him insensible he breathed his last.
But to him the event was evidently not unanticipated. His
mind had been more than usually engaged in devotion, and it
is worthy of remark, as illustrative of the simplicity of his
piety, that he occupied himself during much of his time after
he was disabled from severe study, in committing hymns to
memory. But instead of chanting in Greek the ancient
hymn of Clemens Alexandrinus, or some other such time-
honored lyric, which a scholar like himself might have been
supposed to prefer, his favorite hymn was that so often sung
in the prayer-meetings of the humblest Christians :
" Just as I anij without one plea,
But that thy blood was shed for nie," &c.
His splendid intellect and his vast resources were all brought
into subjection to his Christian faith. He had no fellowship
with that pride of learning which exalts itself even above the
revelations of Divine wisdom. He was as lowly in his esti-
mation of himself, as he was exalted in the opinions of his
fellow-men, and especially did he regard himself as incompe-
tent to sit in judgment upon his Maker, and decide, as too
many attempt to do, what he should and what he should not
have revealed.
On the 28th of January, 1860, Joseph Addison Alexander
died, and was laid beside his eminent father and brother, and
a galaxy of the illustrious dead, in the graveyard at Princeton.
Pending nomination, No. 397 w^as read.
Mr. Foulke, on behalf of the Committee on the Library,
326
read a report from the Committee on the Condition of the
Library, its rearrangement, and the preparation of a new
Catalogue, offering the following resolutions, which, on mo-
tion, were adopted : —
Resolved : That the Treasurer is hereby directed to refund
to the Librarian of the Society, the sum of four hundred and
sixty-six dollars and fifteen cents, paid by the Librarian for
assistance in rearranging and cataloguing its library. Re-
solved : That the Librarian is hereby authorized to make in
conjunction with the Committee on the Library, the arrange-
ments necessary for printing a catalogue of the books in the
Library of the Society.
Dr. Leidy presented a list of plaster casts of natural his-
tory belonging to the Society, and moved that the casts
therein mentioned be deposited with the Academy of Natural
Sciences, upon the same conditions as a deposit formerly made
by the Society with the Academy, a complete list of said casts
to be presented at a future meeting, which was agreed to.
A communication was read from Prof. A. D. Bache, re-
questing the signatures of the officers of the Society to a me-
morial to Congress, in relation to observations proposed to be
made of the eclipse of the sun on the 18th of July next,
recommending the sanction of Congress to the making of
observations by the officers of the United States Coast Sur-
vey. On motion of Prof. Cresson, the officers of the Society
were authorized to affix their signatures to the said memorial.
On motion of Prof. Kendall, the St. Louis Academy of
Science and the American Oriental Society of New Haven
were authorized to receive the Transactions of the Society.
And the Society adjourned.
^Stated Meeting, April 20, 1860.
Present, nineteen members.
Dk. Fkanklin Bache in the Chair.
Dr. F. W. Lewis, a newly-elected member, was presented to
the President by Dr. Le Conte.
327
Letters were received from the Committee of the Miners
and MetaUurgists, assembled at Vienna, per Charles F. Loo-
sey, New York, Nov. 15, 1859, and from the Prince Jablo-
nowski Society, dated Leipzip:, Nov. 20, 1859, transmitting
donations for the library.
The following donations for the library were announced : —
Bericht liber die Erste allg. Versammlung von Berg-und-hiit-
tenmiinnern zn Wien, 10 zn 15 May, 1858. — From the Associa-
tion .
Mittheilungen der K. K. Geographische Gesellschaft, 1859, heft 2.
— From the Society.
Jahrbuch der K. K. Greologische Reichsanstalt. 1859. No. 2. —
From the Institute.
Ansprache, . . . 1st decen. K. K. Geol. B. von W. Heidinger. —
From the Institute.
Die fossilen Mollusken des Tertillr-beckens von Wien, von Dr. Moritz
Homes, 2 B. Bivalves, 4°. (Extract.) — Fro^n the Author.
Ueber des Marsilius Ficinus Work : de Vita Studiosonmi, von Dr.
"W. B. Weitenweber. (Extract.) — From the Author.
Denkschrift iiber die Gebriider J. Swatopluk und C Boriwoj Presl.
von D. "W. B. Weitenweber. (Extract.) — From the Author.
Die Grundzlige der Aristotelischen Psychologie, von W. F. Volk-
man. — From the Author.
Leibnitz nnd Comenius, von Dr. F. B. Kvet. (Extract from the
Abhand. der K. Bohm. Gesell. derWiss. 4°.) — From the Author.
Correspondenzblatt des Naturforseherschenden Vereins zu Biga, 10th
J. — From tlie Union.
Preisschriften. Fiirstl. Jablonowski'schen Gesell. vii, H. Wiske-
man, Die Antiche Landwirthschaft und das Thiinensche Gesetz,
&c., Leipzig, 1859. — From tlie Socicf//.
Abhand. Math. Phys. C. der K. Bay, A. W. >^th vol. 2d pt.—
Frojn tlie Academ?/.
Almanach der K. Bayerischen, Acadeniie der Wissensehaften, fur
1859. — Frojn the Academ?/.
Gelehrte Anzeigen, Nos. 47 and 48. — From the Academy.
Untersuchungen iiber die Lichtstarke der Plancten, &c. Aus den
"Monumenta Saecularia" der K. B. A. W. 2 C. von Ludwig Sei-
del. Miinchen, 1859. — From the Academy.
Erinneruna; an Mito-lieder der Academic von Dr. Von Martius. —
From the Academy.
328
Journal of the Franklin Institute, No. 412. April, ISQO,— From
the Institute.
Buffalo Young Men's Association, 24tli An. Rep. 1860. — From the
Association.
Geological distribution of Gold, by P. Nisser. Melbourne. 1859.
12°. — From tJie Author.
History of Ink, by J. Davids & Co. New York, I860.— i^/-o?>i the
Author.
Lithographic illustrations of a new method of laying an Atlantic
Cable. By Wm. II. Horstman. — From the Author.
Astronomical Journal. Cambridge. No. 132. — From the Ed.
African Repository. April, 1860. No. 4. Wash.— i^rom A. C. S.
Catalogue of the Pennsylvania State Library. 425 pp. 8vo. By
W. De Witt.— i^/-om B. A. Schaffer.
Professor Henry addressed the Society upon the theory of
storms and atmospherical electricity, which elicited remarks
from Judge Carleton and Dr. Emerson (to be printed in the
next number).
Pending nomination, No. 397 was read.
Mr. Fraley took the chair, and on motion of Dr. Franklin
Bache the following resolutions were adopted :
Resolved, That the President be requested, as representa-
tive of this Society, to communicate, so far as opportunity may
permit, with the scientific and literary institutions abroad, with
our foreign members, and with those persons that have been
enrolled on our list of correspondents.
Resolved, That the Secretary be instructed to furnish to
the President the necessary documents, duly authenticated, to
carry into effect the foregoing resolution.
And the Society adjourned.
PROCEEDINGS
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
Vol. VIL MAY— DECEMBER, 1860. No. 64.
Stated Meeting, May 4, 1860.
Present, fifteen members.
Judge Sharswood, Vice-President, in the Chair.
A letter was read from the Scientific Association at Riga,
dated October 26, 1857, transmitting a copy of its proceed-
ings.
The following donations for the Library were announced : —
Monthly Notices of the Royal iVstronomical Soc, Vol. XX, March 9.
Quarterly Journal Chemical Soc, No. XLVIII. London.
Journal Geol. Soc. Dublin, Vol. I — VIII. Vol. II wanting.
Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences. Philadelphia. \lishers.
Medical News and Library, No. 209, May, 1860. — From the puh-
Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. of Sci., 13th meeting at Springfield, Aug., 1859.
Proceedings Mass. Hist. Soc, 1859, '60. Boston, 8vo., 460 pages.
Cat. of Lib. Mass. H. S., Vol. II, M— Z. Boston, 1860, 650 pages.
x\stronomical Journal, No. 113 (VI, No. 13). Cambridge, Mass.
Evangelical Repository, May, 1860, XVIII, No. 12.— From Mr.
Young.
Mr. Lesley invited the attention of the members to the
occurrence on both sides of the Atlantic, in Ireland and in
Pennsylvania, and at the same geological horizon, of certain
VOL. VII. — 2 R
330
beds of copper slates. In volume VIII of the Journal of
the Dublin Geological Society, page 86, the gray copper
ores, which characterize the red slates at the base of the so-
called Carboniferous formation in the North and South of
Ireland, are said to lie two thousand six hundred and forty
feet below the base of the carboniferous limestone. Whether
these rocks be Devonian or Carboniferous has been discussed
by Mr. Jukes and Dr. Griffith, and decided by the latter, with
the concurrence of Prof. Haughton and other British geolo-
gists, in favor of their classification as Carboniferous, on the
ground of their containing fossils of that type.
It is remarkable that, along the base of the Alleghany
Mountains, where our Pennsylvanian sub-carboniferous forma-
tions X and XI, so immensely thick at Pottsville, have thinned
away to a few hundred feet, — and also in northeastern Penn-
sylvania, Avhere the three formations IX, X, XI, are all together
reduced to a thickness of not much more than two thousand
feet, bringing the undeniably Devonian formation VIII, up to
within that distance of the coal, there occurs a copper-ore
slate horizon a few feet thick, which will exactly correspond
in position to the copper-slates of Ireland.
The Society was then adjourned.
Stated Meeting, May 18, 1860.
Present, fifteen members.
Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair.
The following donations for the Library were announced : —
Annalcs dcs 3Iines, Vol. XV, 3d part, and Vol. XVI, 4th pt. of 1859.
Intorno alia influenza dell 'Elettrico nolle formazione della Granuola,
&c. An Svo. pamphlet memoir of Prof. Zantcdcschi.
American Journal of Science for May, 18G0.
Journal of the Franklin Institute for May, 1860.
Centennial Anniversary of the Foundation of the Germantown Aca-
demy, 1860. 8vo. pamphlet, 58 pages. Philadelphia.
331
The Motion of Fluids and Solids relative to the Earth's Surface ;
comprising Applications to the Winds and the Currents of the
Ocean. By W. Ferrel. 8vo. pamphlet, 72 pages. New York.
Taken from the 1st and 2d vol. of the Mathematical Monthly.
Dr. Franklin Bache announced the decease of Judge Thomas
Sergeant, a member of the Society, who died on the 5th
of May, in the 79th year of his age ; and, on motion, E.
Spencer Miller, Esq., w^as appointed to prepare an obituary
notice of the deceased.
Mr. Dubois offered, for the inspection of the Society, a
specimen of the Washoe ore, which is now attracting so much
attention ; with a report of its content in silver and gold, as
just ascertained by Mr. Eckfeldt.
The ore is a galena, interspersed with pyrites and siliceous
matter, and, in general appearance, altogether different from
the forms of galena which we are accustomed to see. Nor
would its physical characters lead any one to suspect that it
could be so rich in the precious metals. The specimen is from
the Comstock vein ; and it may be stated (although probably
known to the members present) that the centre of these mining
operations is about three hundred and thirty miles in a north-
easterly direction from San Francisco, within the line of the
territory of Utah, in a country destitute of vegetation, and
very scantily supplied with water.
From a careful assay, the specimen yields to the pound
avoirdupois, silver to the amount of $2 35, and gold to the
amount of 26 cents ; altogether $2 61 per pound, or, in the
usual language of valuation, five thousand two hundred and
twenty dollars to the ton. A considerable quantity of this
silver has already been sent to the Mint for coinage.
Dr. Wood, the President of the Society, delivered, in con-
formity with the laws of the Society, the following discourse : —
Among the regulations of the Society is one directing that " the
President shall, at some time within the year, deliver to the Society
a discourse on some literary or scientific subject, accompanied by such
suggestions with regard to the affairs of the Society as he shall judge
proper.''
332
In the novelty of niy position last year, I overlooked the exact
purport of this law; and I must now offer an apology for the appa-
rent neglect. My object in addressing you, on this occasion, is to
fulfil the duty for the present year.
Two things are required by the regulation ; one, a discourse on
some literary or scientific subject; the other, suggestions on the
affairs of the Society. I shall follow the order here laid down. As
the length of the communication is left to the discretion of the
President, I shall study to make it brief; so that, if it have no other
merit, it may at least lay claim to that of wasting but little of your
time and attention.
1. There is a point in philosophy which, I think, deserves more
consideration than it ordinarily receives : I allude to the evil of too
hasty generalization ; of leaping to general conclusions inconside-
rately from one or a few ex'periments or observations. This habit
has, in my opinion, more than any other one cause, since the general
acceptance of the inductive system of philosophy, contributed to the
disturbance of admitted truth, and to the introduction of crude and
unsound hypotheses, incapable of standing the test of time, yet pro-
ductive, while they lasted, of no little practical mischief. I will
cite a few examples.
A fact in geology is observed which, at first sight, seems to be in
conflict with the Mosaic account of creation ; and the inference is
hastily drawn that we must surrender our faith in Scripture. Further
observation reconciles the seeming discrepancies ; but, in the mean-
time, much evil has been done by unnecessarily disturbing settled
modes of thought, and, to some extent, even the existing relations
of society.
Under certain experimental arrangements, living organized beings
have been apparently produced out of inorganic matter, through the
influence of electricity ; and the conclusion is inconsiderately arrived
at, that the general opinion of science as to the necessary propagation
of vegetables and animals from pre-existing germs is unsound. Men
are thrown into confusion as to their own origin and responsibilities,
which interferes materially with their mental health, if it produce
no more serious consequences. Subsequent observation shows that
all this disturbance is baseless, by proving the experiment not to
have been conducted with due care.
Under what have been called Mesmeric influences, which I believe
to be nothing more nor less than means of producing a certain degree
of irregular mental action, a curious morbid condition of the system
333
sometimes takes place, accompanied with unusual and seemingly
wonderful phenomena ; and many minds, not content with the simple
facts observed, have pushed them into absurdities of an exciting
character, which, in their practical operation, have led to great evil,
the corruption of morals, the peopling of Insane Asylums, and some-
times even to suicide. A closer scrutiny limits the observed wonders
within the ordinary recognized course of nature ; and a better philo-
sophical habit of thought would have obviated all the mischief.
It was found, upon feeding dogs exclusively on gelatin, that life
could not be supported by this principle ; and the inference was
drawn that gelatin is not nutritious, and that all our notions relative
to the nutritive properties of calf's-foot jelly, and the usefulness of
soup societies, were based upon a great error of fact. Further ex-
periments have shown that there is scarcely a single proximate
organic principle which is capable of maintaining life, when used
exclusively as food ; and that it is by the combination of such prin-
ciples that nutrition is eifected. The same remark applies to all
those hasty conclusions, which, from the result of one or a few ex-
periments, would exclude from the category of nutritive food, many
other substances which have always formed a part of the habitual
diet of man.
It is well known that many chemists, founding their opinions upon
similar partial observations, maintain that starch and other analogous
substances do not nourish the system, but are useful simply by gene-
rating heat, through their oxidation or combustion in the body. The
necessary conclusion is, that all physicians have labored under an
egregious error, when they have used starch in the form of barley-
water, rice-water, arrow-root, tapioca, sago, &c., for the support of the
sick and feeble, and must surrender the experience of their profes-
sional lives and that of ages before them, to these presumed results
of scientific induction. But they who reason thus do not sufficiently
consider that, in certain hot climates, where the habitual temperature
is often above that of the human body, and where the great struggle
is to keep cool enough, millions upon millions of people live mainly
on rice or sago, the former of which consists chiefly of starch, and the
latter is pure starch. It is inconceivable that the prominent article
of diet of such numbers, persons too in good health, and often of
great powers of enduring fatigue, should consist of a substance having
no nutritive power, and fitted only for generating animal heat, which,
under the circumstances, is not needed, and is, indeed, often in
excess.
334
These are a few of the ahnost numberless instances that might be
adduced, illustrative of an habitual departure from sound principles
of induction in the search after truth ; but they are sufficient to show
the great evil of this error, not only in relation to opinion, but in its
effects upon the well-being of mankind.
We are peculiarly prone to it in this country, perhaps in conse-
quence of the habit we have acquired, mentally as well as physi-
cally, of hastening onward impatiently to our ends, and, consequently,
of recklessly overleaping or pushing aside considerations, which are
nevertheless, in general, essential to a safe and satisftictory issue. It
is, therefore, desirable to raise a conservative voice against this over-
eagerness, and strive as much as may be to restrain it within safe
limits.
There are three prominent modes in which partial or insufficient
experiment or observation may lead into error.
In the first place, the fact, though in itself true, may not have
been sufficiently studied in its various relations, or sufficiently com-
pared with other known facts, which might invalidate the conclusions,
hastily drawn from it when viewed isolatedly. Of this we have an
example in the inference already referred to, as to the non-nutritive
and heat-generating qualities of starch, employed as an article of
diet; the attention of the observer having been confined to the
results of a few partial experiments, and quite turned away from that
grand experiment in the course of constant performance by millions
of our race.
Secondly, the seeming fact may prove, on close investigation, not
to be a fact at all, but a misunderstood result of inaccurate experi-
ment; as in the production of organized beings through electric
influence, out of inorganic matter; the truth being that sufficient
care had not been taken to exclude living germs from the field of
experiment.
Thirdly, the observed fact may lead to erroneous conclusions from
want of attention to that general principle in nature, through which
all objects of human thought or notice, of whatever kind, which may
be associated together by any relation whatever, have a tendency to
an irregular instead of equable distribution, clustering more or less
at one time or place, and deficient in another; so that, when objects
are diffused with perfect equability, they are known at once, as a
general rule, to owe this condition to art. An ignorance or forget-
fulness of this great principle has been the source of innumerable fal-
lacies, often highly injurious in their influence. Such fallacies are
335
especially abundant in the practice of medicine, and are among the
strongest supports of all kinds of quackery. I will adduce a single
example. Scarlet fever may be a very mild and harmless, or a ter-
ribly malignant disease. It often happens, without any discoverable
direct cause, that the milder cases cluster ; great numbers occurring
successively or simultaneously under the notice of a particular prac-
titioner, perhaps without the presence of a single dangerous case
among them. No matter what may be the remedy employed,
whether good or good for nothing, they all terminate favorably.
They would do so, if left entirely to themselves. Suppose, under
these circumstances, the practitioner be an ignorant quack ; he will
obviously get the credit with the community, ignorant of the princi-
ple to which we are now referring, of possessing remarkable skill in
the treatment of scarlet fever ; and he himself, if equally ignorant,
will acquire great confidence in the remedy he may have employed.
The evil is that, in consequence of this confidence, born of an error
in practical philosophy, the quack and his remedy are subsequently
relied on in cases of a dangerous character, and requiring great skill;
and it is easy to understand how much mischief may ensue.
A glance at the subject I have thus introduced to the notice of
the Society, is sufficient to show its great extent and importance.
A volume might easily be filled with illustration and commentary.
But I content myself with the slight sketch given, fearing that even
this may have been tedious to those, quite as conversant as myself
with the matters referred to.
2. It remains, in order to fulfil my whole duty on this occasion,
that I should make such suggestions as occur to me, with regard to
the affairs of the Society.
Under this head I have little to say. In looking over the Trans-
actions of the past year, and comparing them with those of preced-
ing years, I find good reason for encouragement. Should an equal
advance be maintained in the future, it will not be long before the
Society will be able to boast, that it is doing all that can be reason-
ably expected of it. In the Proceedings, too, it has by no means
been idle. The laws have been revised, modified, and newly
printed ; some effete regulations having been abolished, and new
ones introduced, which it is hoped may work advantageously for the
interests of science. Complete catalogues of members, with informa-
tion as to the period of election and decease, residence, &c., have
been prepared, and printed in a style conformable with that of the
laws and regulations.
336
For the future I have only to suggest, a livelier zeal on the part
of individual members in general ; an encouraging voice from the
older to the younger and more enterprising; an increase of our
working men by the adoption into the Society of as many as show a
strong disposition and ability to labor effectually in any one of the
great departments of learning and science ; and, lastly, the offering of
pecuniary aid, in limited measure, to meritorious investigation, when
such aid may be necessary, and can be advantageously applied.
Another object worthy of attention, which should, indeed, never be
lost from view, is the providing of fire-proof accommodation, whether
in this or another building, for our invaluable library.
Lastly, I would refer briefly to a matter which concerns myself
as your presiding officer. At the stated meeting, on the 16th of
December last, upon the motion of the Chairman of the Committee
on the sale of the Hall, a resolution was adopted requesting the
President to prepare, and cause to be presented to Congress, a memo-
rial in relation to the Hall, requesting the passage of a law to carry
into effect the agreement for its purchase, made by the government.
In compliance with this resolution, and in conjunction with the
Chairman of the Committee referred to, I have prepared memorials to
the two houses of Congress ; but it has been considered most pru-
dent, under present circumstances, to postpone their presentation; as
there is reason to hope that steps may ere long be taken, which may
render any measure of this kind unnecessary.
Most of the Society are aware that I have in contemplation a voy-
age to Europe, and that I may not meet them again for a year or
more. Indeed, I have to thank you for your kindness in supplying
me with a document, which, by recognizing me as your accredited
representative abroad, will, I hope, in a considerable degree, facili-
tate the attainment of some of the ends for which I visit P^urope.
In taking my leave of you, gentlemen, I wish to assure you, that I
shall continue to have the interests of the Society at heart, and,
should opportunities offer during my absence, shall most gladly avail
myself of them for the furtherance of these interests.
May IStJi, 1860.
Judge Carleton made a communication on the subject of
Free Agency, or Liberty and Necessity ; referring to the
opinions of Locke, Edwards, Sir William Hamilton, and other
metaphysicians, and expressing his conviction of the entire
simplicity and intelligibility of this subject of so many con-
337
troversies, seeing that all human science must consist of facts,
or assemblages of facts, perceived by means of the senses ;
and that, therefore, metaphysics must rest as much on per-
ceptible facts as does any of the so-called natural sciences.
He promised to pursue the subject at a future meeting.
The minutes of the last meeting of the Board of Officers
and Council were read, and, in accordance with a recommen-
dation therein, the Dublin Geological Society, the London
Philological Society, and the Liege Academy of Sciences,
were ordered to be entered on the list of Corresponding
Societies, and a copy of the New Series of the Transactions
to be given to the first-named.
Pending nomination No. 397, and new nominations, from
398 to No. 415, were read.
A bill was presented for the painting of a portrait of Dr.
N. Chapman by Waugh, after Sully, amounting to $125, and
was ordered to be paid.
And the Society adjourned.
Stated Meeting, June 15, 1860.
Present, seven members.
Judge Sharswood, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Letters, announcing donations to the Library, were read
from the Academy at Vienna, dated July 7 and December
17; the Academy at Stockholm, dated November 25; and
the Academy at Amsterdam, dated November 30, 1859.
Letters, acknowledging the receipt of donations from this
Society, were read from the London Linnean Society, dated
June 1, 1859 ; from the Historical Society of Pennsylvania,
dated Philadelphia, May 29; from the Royal Library at
Berlin, dated February 29 ; from the Natural History Society
at Bonn, dated February 1 ; from the Imperial Academy at
Vienna, dated February 24 ; and from Prof. Von Leonhard,
of Heidelberg, dated February 26, 1860.
VOL. YII. — 2 S
338
The following donations for the Library were announced :
Sitzun2:sberichte der K. K. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien.
Math. Naturwissensclwftliche Classe: XXXIII Band,Nos. 27,
28, 29. XXXIV, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. XXXV, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12. XXXVI, 13, 14, 15, 16. XXXVII, 17, 18, 19, 20.
Register zu den Banden XXI bis XXX. — Phil. Eht. Classe:
XXIX Band, Nos. 9 and 10 in one. XXX, No. 1. XXXI,
4, 5, 6. XXXII, 7. Register zu den Banden XXI bis XXX.
Ahnanach ftir 1859.
Verhandlungen des Xaturhistoreschen Vereines des Preussischen
Rheinlande und Westphalens zu Bonn, xvi Jahr. 1st, 2d, 3d,
and 4th heften, 1859.
Verhandelingen der K. Akad. van Wettenschappen. Letterkunde. I
Deel, 4to. 1858, Amsterdam. VII Deel, 4to. 1859.
Verslagen en Mededeelingen, 8vo. IV Deel, Stuk 1, 2, 3.
" " Natuurkunde, 8vo. VIII '' one vol. 1858.
" '' IX " Stukl, 2, 3. 1859.
Jaarebock. 1858.
Handlingar Kong. Svenska Vetenskaps Ak. Vol. II, part i. 1857. 4to.
Ofversigt Forhandlengar, XV year. 1858. 8vo.
Beiiittelse Fysik, for year 1853, by E. Edlund Insekteras,
Myriopodernas, Arachnidernas. Naturalhistoria, 1855-1856.
C. H. Boheman.
Frigate Eugenia, Voyage. Zoologie, III, 4to. Marked 6 on back.
Proceedings of the Royal Geograph. Society of London, IV, 1.
Transactions of the Linnean Society, XXII. Parts iii, iv. 4to.
Journal of the Proceedings of the same. Zoology — II, Nos. 7, 8 ;
III, 9, 10, 11, 12 ; IV, 13, 14, 15. Botany— II, 7, 8 ; III, 9,
10, 11, 12; IV, 13, 14, 15. Supplement, Nos. 1 and 2.
President Bell's Address, 2 copies. List of members, 2 copies.
Memoirs de I'iVcad. Imperiale de Dijon. 2d scries, 7th vol. 1858'9.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronom. Society, No. 6. 1860.
Proceedings of the American Anti([uarian Society. 1860.
Catalogue of the Library, Massachusetts Hist. Society, vol. I. A — L,
Proceedings of the Boston Society Nat. Hist., vol. VII, Nos. 15, 16.
Annual Report (42d) of the Trustees, New York State Library.
Supplement to U. S. Military Acad. Lib. Catalogue. N. Y., 1860.
Proceedings and Debates of the 3d National Quarantine and Sanitary
Convention, held in New York, April, 1859, 8vo. bd. 700 pp.
Proceedings of the Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., 1860. Sigs. 6, 7, 8.
Journal of the Franklin Institute. June, 1860.
339
Medical News and Library. June, 1860. — From the pitblisliers.
Ann. Report (27th), Philada. Board of Trade (170 pp. bound),
1860.
Rep. Sup. Com. Schools of Pennsylvania (bound, 300 pp.), 1859.
Sabrie's Book Circular, Nos. 6, 8. 1860.
Blanchard & Lea's Book Circular. 1860.
African Repository. May, 1860.
On Numerical Relations existing between the Equivalent Numbers
of Elementary Bodies, by M. Carey Lea, part 2. From the Am.
J. of Sci. and A. XXIX. May, I860.— i^rowi the autlior.
Pacific Railroad Reports, Vol. XI, House of Representatives. 1859.
Pacific Railroad Reports, Vol. XI, Senate. Washington. 4to.
Astronomical Journal. Cambridge, No. 134. — From the editor.
R. Isti. Lomb. List of members, <fcc., 4to. 4 pages.
On the Alloys of Copper and Zinc, by Frans. H. Storer (from the
Mem. of Am. Acad. Nat. Sciences, viii), 4to. 56 pp. pamph.
Dr. Bache announced the decease, on the 5tli of June last,
of Samuel B. Ingham, a member of this Society, in the 80th
year of his age ; and Judge Sharswood was requested to pre-
pare an obituary notice of the deceased.
Dr. Bache announced also positive intelligence of the de-
cease of Mr. H. S. Tanner, a member of this Society, having
taken place some two or three years ago.
Mr. Lesley described a self-registering combined thermome-
ter and barometer, made and kept at work by Mr. Becker,
mathematical instrument maker, in Columbia Street, Brook-
lyn, New York. A chronometer movement causes a small
slate to advance for twenty-four hours from one end of a box,
towards a Becker compound aneroid pile at the other end,
armed with two long slender brass tentacles, between the
ends of w^hich the slate passes forward. Small slate-pencils,
at the tips of the tentacles, are made to touch the two sides
of the slate simultaneously, five minutes before each of the
twenty-four hours of the day, and are simultaneously removed
five minutes after each hour. The record-curves (barometric
on the one side of the slate, and thermometric on the other),
consist therefore of short lines, each ten minutes long. At
the end of the twenty-four hours, a detent shoots the slate
back and a new record begins. Instead of a slate, paper
340
cards can be used and filed away. The weather reports in
the ''New York Times" are furnished by Mr. Becker's in-
strument. The Becker aneroid pile is essentially the same
wdiich Mr. Beaumont employs in his manufacture of steam
gauges and aneroid barometers, in Centre Street, New York.
Pending nominations Nos. 397 to 415 were read, and the
Society adjourned.
Stated Meeting, July 20, 1860.
Present, six members.
Professor Cresson, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Letters acknowledging the reception of the last issue of
Transactions, Proceedings, Laws, and List of Members, were
read from the Royal Academy at Berlin, dated December 31,
1859 ; the Horticultural Society, Berlin, April 5 ; the Royal
Society, Edinburgh, April 28, 1859 ; the Massachusetts His-
torical Society, and Mr. EdAvard Everett, of Boston, June 16 ;
the Corporation of Harvard College, June 18 ; the American
Antiquarian Society, June 25 ; the Connecticut Historical
Society, Hartford, and Charles W. Polman, of New York, in
behalf of the Westeraas Library, in Sweden, June 20 ; the
New Jersey Historical Society, Newark, and the State Li-
brary, at Harrisburg, June 20; the Smithsonian Institution,
at Washington, dated March 16, March 21, and April 15,
and the Academy of Science, at St. Louis, June 23, 1860.
Letters announcing donations were read from the Royal
Academy, Berlin, dated December 31 ; the Imperial Aca-
demy, Vienna, March, 1860 ; the Horticultural Society, at
Berlin, April 5, and W. C. H. Staring, of Harlem, January
16, 1860.
341
The following donations for the Library were announced :
Monatsbericht der Koniglichen Preuss. Akad. der Wissen. zu Berhn,
Jan. to Dec, 1859, except May. — Abhandlungen derselben fiir
1858. 1000 pp. 4to. Fiir 1854. 800 pp. 4to, being 2d sup-
plement-band and separate memoir, as follows :
Die Spuren der Astekischen Sprache im nordlichen Mexico, und
hoheren Amerikanischen Norden. Zugleich, eine musterung der
Volker und Sprachen des nordlichen Mexico, und der "Westseite
Nord Amerikas, von Guadalaxara an bis zum Eismeer : von Joh.
Carl Ed. Buschmann, Berhn, 1859.
Sitzungberichte der Kaiserlichen Akad. der Wissenschaften. Ma-
thematiscli naturwissenschaftUche Classe, XXXVII Band, Nos.
21, 22 ; XXXVIII, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 ; XXXIX, 1, 2.
Phi'losophisch-historische Classe, XXX Band, 2, 3 heften, Fe-
bruary, March, 1859; XXXII 2, 3, 4 October, November,
December, 1859, 8vo.
Bulletin de FAcademie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersburg,
Tome I, feuilles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 4°. (This commences
a new series and reunites the two former bulletins, Physeo-
Mathematique and Historico-Philologique ; but the Melanges
will continue to be published separately in six classes : Astro-
nomy and Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, Biology, Rus-
sian, Grecian, and Asiatic.)
Memoires de I'Academie, in fifteen separate numbers, composing
Tome I, 4to.
Verhandlungen des Vereines zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in
den Konigliche Preussichen Staaten, VII Jahrgang, 2 heften,
Oct., Dec, 1859. 8vo. (This ends the series. The Society
has resolved to make Koch's Wochenschrift its future organ.)
Wochenschrift des Vereines zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den
Konigliche Preussichen Staaten fiir Giirtnerei und Planzen-
kunde. Redigirt von dem General Secretair des Vereins, Pro-
fessor Dr. Koch, Nos. 1 to 13. From 5 Jan. to 29 Marz.,
1860. Berlin. Large 8vo.
Monographic des brachiopodes fossiles du terrain cretace superieur
du Duche de Limbourg, par J. Bosquet. Extrait du troisieme
Vol. des Mem. pour servir a la description geologique de la Neer-
land. Acad. R. des Sci. Haarlem, 1859. 4to. (To be followed
by others, if acknowledged.)
342
Extrait dii programme de la Societe Hollandaise des Sciences, pour
I'annee 1860. 4 pages, 4to.
The Northmen in Iceland. Societe Royal des Antiquaires du Nord.
Seance annuelle de 14 May, 1859. (Bound vol. 50 pp. 8vo.
containing list of members, &c.).
Cabinettel for American ske oldsager, page 9 to 13. 8vo. and 4 page
circular.
Monthly Notices of R. Astronomical Soc. Vol. XX, No. 7.
Quarterly Journal of the Chem. Soc. No. xlix.
Transactions of the Roy. Soc. of Edinburgh, Vol. XXII, Part 1, for
1857'8, and 1858'9. 8vo.
Proceedings of the same. Session 1858'9. 8vo.
Astronomical Journal, No. 135. Cambridge, Mass.
Proceedings of the B. S. N. IL, Vol. Yll^ll, 18. 8vo.
Thirty-sixth Annual Report of the Officers of the Retreat for the
Insane at Hartford, Conn., April, 1860. Pamph. 40 pp. 8vo.
Am. Journal Sci. Art., July, 1860. XXX, SO.— From the ed.
Mercantile Lib. Assoc, Thirty-ninth Ann. Rep., 1859'60. 8vo.
Charter, &c. of the Cooper Union, 1859. 8vo. — From J. T. Hodge.
Journal, Franklin Institute, July, 1860. (XL, 1.)
Proceedings, Acad. N. S., Philadelphia, Sep., 145, 192. 1860.
Am. Journal of the Medical Sciences, July, 1860. — From the pub.
Medical News and Library, July, 1860. — From the puhlii^hcrs.
African Repository, July, 1860. — From the Am. Col. Soc.
Second Ann. Rep. Chicago Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, pre-
sented by the Board of Surgeons, May 1, 1860. 8 pp. 8vo.
Wahnemungen bei einer bereisung des Kupfer-und bleigebietes im
N. AV. theile der V. S. N. Amer., Von Dr. Charles Meyer
Wetherill, aus dem Englishen manuscript iibersetzt von A. H.
Grafen Marschall. (Aus dem Jahrbuche der K. K. G. R.
Wien, VII J., 1856, IV vier. Seite 111.)— From the author.
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. XI. — From the In.st.
Journal of the Select Council of the City of Philadelphia, Nov. 10,
1859; May 3, 1860. 8vo. Phila. 1860.
Report of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, for 1859, by
Thomas S. Kirkbride, M.D. 8vo. j^amph. — From the author.
Professor Lesley exhibited and explained a new aneroid,
made lately to his order, by Becker & Sons, 54 Columbia
Street, Brooklyn. Two piles of six small air-boxes each,
343
operate side by side together, through a medial rod and two
bent levers, upon a pinion on the axle of the index. The
pinion is driven by a T ratchet, set crosswise of the second
lever end. It is bent to an arc of about one and a-half inches
radius, and armed with forty minute teeth. The heel of this
lever is provided with adjusting screws to determine the pro-
portional motion of the index to the air-box lids. The index
point, outside, traverses the entire circuit of the dial-plate
during a rise or fall of tiuo mercurial inches, so that the half-
hundredth divisions on the dial-plate enable the topographer
to read altitudes of five feet, which he can subdivide by the
eye, after practice, into single feet. The instrument is made
with great nicety and beauty, and satisfies a want long felt
by practical field geologists. The accomplished maker con-
siders it thermo-compensating ; but Mr. Lesley's long expe-
rience with aneroids of various make and size, leads him to
believe that this beautiful instrument, so far in advance of any
other yet constructed, will prove no exception to the rule, that
it is necessary to provide for each instrument its own scale of
thermometric variation. The adjusting screws within, will
enable the observer to make the instrument conform either to
a mercurial standard reading half-hundredths of a mercurial
inch, — or to a hypsometric standard of a thousand feet. In the
former case, a proportional correction must be made of thou-
sandths of an inch to a foot ; in the latter case, the instru-
ment will, within a moderate range, make the correction itself.
To meet the difficulty of recording great altitudes (over two
thousand feet), Mr. Becker has applied an exterior adjust-
ment. A large set screw, marked with the barometric inches
on a small scale, projects below, and returns the index to the
place of commencement after that a great ascent or descent
has carried it round the circle.
Prof. Cresson described the plans of Prof. Lowe, the aero-
naut, for crossing the Atlantic in thirty hours, by a balloon
of seven hundred thousand cubic feet capacity (using but four
hundred thousand), charged with city gas (of forty pounds to
the thousand feet ascensional power), and floating in the
highest, and therefore swiftest, northeastward moving strata
344
of the atmosphere, the intense cold of which he will oppose
by slaking lime in iron box-stoves.
Pending nominations Nos. 397 to 415 were read and bal-
loted for; and, there being no further business, the ballot-
boxes were opened, and the following named gentlemen
declared duly elected members of the Society :
Dr. F. V. Hayden, of Washington.
Mr. Sidney George Fisher, of Philadelphia.
Sir Roderick Impy Murchison, of England.
Rev. Adam Sedgewick, of England.
Prof. L^once Elie de Beaumont, of Paris.
Prof. Henry Milne Edwards, of Paris.
Dr. H. D. Bronn, of Heidelberg.
Dr. Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm Bischoff, of Miinchen.
Dr. Hermann Von Meyer, of Frankfort-on-Maine.
Prof. Andreas Wagner, of MUnchen.
Prof. Joseph Hyrtl, of Vienna.
Sir William Logan, of Montreal.
Prof. Heinrich Rose, of Berlin.
Prof. George Jager, of Stuttgard.
M. St. Clair Deville, of Paris.
Prof. William H. Harvey, of Dublin.
Prof. Jean Baptiste Dumas, of Paris.
Mr. Edward Verneuil, of Paris.
Mr. Claude Bernard, of Paris.
And the Society was adjourned.
345
Stated Meeting^ August 17, 1860.
Present, two members.
The following donations for the Library were announced : —
Bulletin de I'Academie Royale, 1858. T. IV, V, 1859. T. VI, 8vo.
Tables gen^rales et analjtiques du Recueil des Bulletins de I'Aca-
demie. Ire serie. Tome I a XXII (1832 and 1856), 8vo. 1858.
Memoires Couronnes et autres Memoires, publics par I'Academie.
Tome VIII, 8vo. 1859. Tome XXTX, 4to. 1858.
Memoires de TAcademie, 4to. Tome XXXI. 1859. Bruxelles.
Annales de I'Observatoire, 4to. Tome XIV. 1859. Bruxelles.
Obs. des Phen. Period. (Ex. de T. XXXI, des Mem. de I'Acad.)
Annuaires de TAcad. et de TObs. for 1859. 12mo. and 16mo.
Rjmbybel van Jacob Van jMaerlant. Published by the Government
and in the name of the Academic, with Introduction, Variis
lectionibus, &c., by T. David, Professor of the Catholic High
School ; in Low Dutch, 8vo, unbound. Tweede deel. (The
first part hereafter.) 1859.
Discours de M. A. Quetelet. Pamphlet. 8vo.
Note sur un Principe Remarquable en Geometric, par M. E. Quete-
let. Pamphlet. 8vo.
Obs. des Passages de la lune, &c. A. Quetelet. 8vo.
Eclipse de Soleil du 15 Mars, 1858. 8vo.
Meteorologie et Astronomic. 1858. 8vo.
Note sur I'Aurore de 21 Av. 1859.
Sur les Etoiles filantes et le Magnetisme terrestre. A. Quetelet. 8vo.
Geodesic, Magnetisme. 8vo.
Magnetisme Terrestre. 8vo.
Reduction du Temps des Oscillations d'une Aiguille aimantee a un
arc evanouissant.
Lettre de M. Hansteen a M. Er. Quetelet. 8vo.
Sur le Magnetisme terrestre. A. Quetelet. 8vo.
Table de Mortalite, &c. A. Quetelet. 8vo.
(The above are pamphlet extracts from the bulletins of the Aca-
demic.)
VOL. VII. — 2 T
346
Institutes of Medicine, by Martyn Paine. 8vo. 5tli edit. 1859.
27tli Annual Report of the R. Cornwall Polytechnic Society. "
Stated 3Ieeti7ig, September 21, 18G0.
Present, twelve members.
Judge Sharswood, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Letters were read from newly-elected members, Sir William
Logan, dated Montreal, August 1, 1860, and Mr. Sidney
George Fisher, dated Rising Sun Lane, July 30, 1860, ac-
knowledging the receipt of notice of their election.
Letters, acknowledging the receipt of the Society's publi-
cations, were read from the Royal Academy at Bruxelles, the
American Oriental Society, and the American Statistical
Society.
The following donations for the Library were announced : —
Transactions of the Philosophical Institute of Victoria (January,
August, 1859), vol. IV, part i. J. McAdam, Hon. Secretary
and Editor. Melbourne, 8vo.
Catalogue of the Lepidepterous Insects in the Museum of Natural
History at the E. I. House, by T. Horsfield and F. Moore.
Vol. IL 8vo. London. 1858-59.
Monthly Notices of the R. Ast. Soc, XX. No. 8.
Proceedings R. S. Edinburgh. Sessions 1 858-' 59.
Journal R. Dublin Soc, No. xvi (January), xvii (April). 1860.
Proceedings B. S. N. II. Sigs. 19, 20 (July, August). 1860.
The Astr. Journal. Nos. 186, 137, 138, Idd.—From the alitor.
Araer. Jour. S. and A. for September, 1860. — From the editors.
Journal A. Oriental S., VI. Nos. 1, 2. 1859-'60.
Ann. Report, School Com. Providence, R. I. June, 1860.
Collections, Conn. Hist. S. Vol. I. 1860. Bound, 332 pp., 8vo.
Proceedings Acad. N. S. Phil. Sigs. 12 to 24. 1860.
Journal Franklin Institute, for August and September, 1860.
Medical News and Library, '' " From thr pntj/islurs.
The Evangelical Repository, XVIII, Nos. 3 to 6, 10 to 12; XLX,
Nos. 1 to 4. 1859-60.— i^rom W. Younf/.
347
Jour. Proc. 76tli Convention, Protestant Episcopal Church in the
Diocese of Pennsylvania, held in Philadelphia, May 22-4. 4to.
1860. 8vo. 240 pp.
Jour. Proc. General Convention, Protestant Episcopal Church in the
United States, 1859, with Constitution and Digest of the Canons.
Phila., 1860. 8vo. (600 pp.) like the last, unbound.
Twelfth Ann. Report Maryland Institute. Bait, 1860. Bd. vol. 8vo.
The African Repository, for August, September, 1860.
Boletin de la Sociedad de Naturalistas Xeo Granadinos. Bogota,
Londres, 1860. Pamphlet, 24 pp.
Notes on the Apparent Universality of a Principle Analogous to Vege-
tation, on the Physical Nature of Glass, and on the Probable
Existence of Water in a State Corresponding to that of Glass,
by Ed. W. Bayley, F.R.S. (Proc. Royal Society, X, 450).
1860. 8vo. Pamphlet. 11 pp.
Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis, Physico-Chemica et Mathematica;
Oder systematisch geordnete Ubersicht der in Deutschland
und dem Ausland auf dem Gebiete der Gesammen Naturwis-
senschaften und der Matharaatik neuerschienenen Biicher.
Heraussieo^eben von E. A. Zuholds. IX Jahr, 2 heft. Juli bis
Dec, 1859. Gottingen. 8vo. (unbound, p. 140 to 250.) [With
alphabetical register.]
Illustrated Catalogue of Optical Instruments. McAllister & Brother.
Philadelphia, 8vo. Pamphlet, 100 pp.
On the Impurities of Commercial Zinc, &c., by C. W. Elliott and
F. H. Storer, (Mem. A. A. A. S.) 4to. Pamphlet, 40 pp.
The Manufacture of Vinegar, its Theory and Practice, by C. M.
Wetherill. Philadelphia, 1860. 8vo. 300 pp.
Artificial Lactation, by C. M. Wetherill. (Trans. Indiana State
Med. Soc.) May, 1860. 8vo. Pamphlet, 6 pp.
On the Relative Cost of Illumination in Lafayette, Indiana, by C. M.
Wetherill. New York, 1860. Large 8vo. pamph., 12 pp.
The Mountain. By R. M. S. Jackson, M.D. Philadelphia, 1860.
8vo. 600 pp.— i^roHi Br. C. Meigs.
The decease of a member of the Society, M. Andrd Marie
Constant Dumeril (born at Amiens, January 1, 1774), at
Paris, in August last, aged 86, was announced by the Libra-
rian.
An obituary notice of the late Mr. H. D. Gilpin was read
by Mr; Joseph R. Ingersoll, as follows :
348
It is Dot always easy to account for the success that appears habi-
tually to accompany the career of particular individuals. Where
great merit exists, the circumstance seems naturally to explain itself.
But good fortune is not necessarily or at all times the companion of
great qualities. It is in some respects capricious, and many persons
in ordinary life have thought that they had reason to put faith, as
Bonaparte did in war, in the influence of a friendly star. One of
the richest private men of the age is said to have disclaimed all right
on the score of abilities and skill, or even of careful management of
his aifairs, and to have imputed his wonderful prosperity to what he
modestly called luck. A very moderate degree of merit, and a
seeming indifference to opportunities for gathering riches within
easy reach, do not prevent the accidents of many a life from being
marked with a frequent attainment of wealth. It may happen, too,
though perhaps more rarely, that much positive desert, combined
with laborious and apparently well-directed exertions, will fail to
receive a just reward in what are regarded the gifts of fortune.
Each of these conditions must be looked upon as an exception to a
sound general rule. As such they are far from disproving its reality
or its soundness. They serve, indeed, while the departures from it
are only occasional, to confirm the existence and establish the truth
of a principle, worthy to be cherished in all the relations of life.
Otherwise they would be strange contradictions in practice of some
of the best lessons of philosophy. They are at variance with esta-
blished maxims of wisdom, with daily lessons of experience, with
doctrines of universal morality, and with the earnest and virtuous
promptings of conscious and enlightened duty. Could they be con-
sidered in any other light, they would go far to impeach the instruc-
tions which should never be lost sight of, that foresight and discre-
tion are commonly the companions of virtue, and that folly is often
the forerunner of crime. Cause and effect, are inherent in our
nature. Their immediate connection is not always to be seen. It
is nevertheless true that almost every event in the history of indi-
viduals or nations, although not easily to be traced to its sometimes
hidden origin, is the result of a possibly remote, but efficient cause.
Merit and demerit, and the fruits of them in conduct must have
their consequences. The safest lesson that philosophy can teach, is
that the fortunate are the wise. Contingencies exist in all human
affairs against which the utmost prudence cannot always guard.
Open hostility sometimes, and that of a secret and insidious kind
still more frequently, is entertained against the deserving. The
349
maxim is well founded, that every beginning is arduous. Difl&cul-
ties unseen and unknown as well as such as are perceived, beset its
path, and do not always vanish when the novelty of the undertaking
is worn away. The wisest cannot at all times foresee everything
that is before them ; and the bravest may be unable to overcome
combinations whether anticipated by the efforts of reason or over-
looked by them. With all these possible dangers and obstacles,
there can be no doubt that an union of good qualities of head and
mind and heart, carried firmly into practical use, will not only always
deserve, but will in general command success. Clear intelligence,
sound morality, and benevolent feeling, animating the conduct, and
manifested with unaffected simplicity in outward deportment, will in
most instances, dispel difficulties however obstinate, and triumph
over the most formidable dangers. It is happy, not only for the
individual possessor of them, but for the best interests of social life,
with which he is surrounded, that these ingredients of character,
each of them of value in itself, but inestimable when combined in
spirit and practised together, are reflected by general esteem, respect,
and gratitude.
To the honor of human nature it is sometimes seen, that success
has been almost uniformly the companion of merit during the career
of a long and active life. This companionship of desert and reward
may not always have attracted the observation of the unthinking
world, but the truth has nevertheless existed, although by the mass
of men unperceived, and the discerning few have known, that it
at least was hidden in the centre. The one has been the natural if
not the necessary consequence of the other, and not a mere acci-
dental coincident. Even commonplace attention to duties is pro-
ductive of obvious results. Why should not loftier habits be equally
fruitful in the accomplishment of great ends ? Industry is neces-
sary for the attainment of knowledge and skill. Warm friendships
must be for the most part a return for acts and feelings of kindness
and regard. Sympathy is the most grateful emotion of the heart.
Tokens of respect from the world are the result not merely of hero-
ism and other brilliant qualities, but more commonly of good con-
duct in the every-day intercourse of life, and especially of liberality
and kindness in word and action. Happily illustrations are not
wanting in familiar intercourse. The absence of them would be a
sorry proof of the degeneracy of the age. If they are rare, the fact
cannot justly be pleaded in extenuation of wilful error, or of an
under-estimate of the value of wisdom and virtue, or of determined
350
and persevering eiForts to do what is right. Other and more exalted
motives for good conduct, besides and above the policy of it, are
experienced in a self-approving conscience, and the tranquil feeling
of satisfaction, if not of elevated enjoyment. Should it happen now
and then that disappointment of positive reward follows proper
actions, the monitor within is a lasting and more than sufficient
equivalent.
In proceeding to discharge, however imperfectly, the duty I am
called upon to perform, the course of reflection which has been
submitted, seemed not inappropriate as preliminary; and could
scarcely escape the mind of one who was long in friendly relations
with the subject of this obituary notice. He was a striking proof of
merit and success in apt and ordinary coincidence. A record of his
course of life becomes appropriate to this Society. It is history
teaching by example, which is a rich department of the science of
philosophy. A familiar acquaintance with his character and his
pursuits, which were always in consistency with it, will not be an
unprofitable lesson. His conduct was such, that although not many
of his contemporaries may be found to resemble him, yet an imita-
tion of it, while worthy of the efforts of the most ambitious, need not
be avoided by any extreme of modesty. Without resorting to any
violent efforts, either in transactions of business and the performance
of duty, or in the exhibitions of voluntary usefulness, he appeared to
reach the desired ends, by steady and well-directed pursuit. Per-
haps the very absence of excessive effort was, unconsciously to him-
self, one of the efficient causes of their being attained. A mind and
body gently stimulated to moderate but adequate activity by due
self-reliance, and happy in the continual exercise of it, under the
guidance of integrity and good feeling, but avoiding errors that are
too commonly consequences of undue zeal and precipitancy, are the
most likely to succeed. The possessor of them, to quote from high
authority, is '' like a tree planted by the rivers of water, that bring-
eth forth his fruit in his season ; his leaf also shall not wither, and
whatsoever he doeth shall prosper." Discretion is the essence of
wisdom. It is the master key that ought to unlock fortune's casket.
This golden rule is as ancient as it is general and true. In applica-
tion and exercise, it is nearly as multiplied as the families of the
huuian race. All history confirms, and experience exhibits to the
concurring sense of the wise and virtuous, that to be discreet is to
deserve if not to command good fortune.
It is a remarkable circumstance that in what was probably the last
351
act of business in the life of one who was so circumspect upon nearly
every other occasion, the characteristic precaution of our departed
fellow-member seems to have been forgotten by him. The will of
Mr. Gilpin is believed to have been prepared by him some weeks,
and perhaps even months, before it was executed. It was then writ-
ten by himself, without conference or consultation with any one. It
was not at any time exhibited or made known even to his wife, be-
tween whom and himself unlimited confidence prevailed. One offer
or more was made by him to that effect, which was declined by her
from motives of delicacy, or a feeling of tenderness and sensibility ;
and the contents were not actually known by her either before or
after its execution, either in the original draught or final copy by the
scrivener. He could scarcely have been aware of the extremity of
his illness, and how nearly he had approached its fatal end, or the
formal completion of the needful work would not have been delayed
so long. He may, in a condition of much and increasing feebleness,
have lost sight at the moment of the recent law of Pennsylvania,
forbidding at the approach of death bequests to bodies politic or per-
sons, in trust for religious or charitable uses. Or he may have
hazarded a construction of the terms of the statute, which will give
rise to difficulty. It would have been clearer and better for his
cherished views, if the will had been made perfect in all respects,
immediately after the original was written by his own hand. This
original was destroyed, and a copy, literal in all particulars, was
adopted. This was executed on the 17th of January, 1860, in the
presence of three witnesses, in due and sufficient form. The life of
the testator was then drawing towards its close, with all the percep-
tions of a bright intellect altogether unimpaired. He lived but twelve
days afterwards. On the 29th of January, 1860, he breathed his
last. Probate in the proper office was made on the od of February.
Each event occurred within less than thirty days of the date and
execution of the will.
It has been feared by some that the course of these transactions
may prove to have been unfortunate for the ultimate objects of bounty
and public spirit, named in the testament. A calendar month cer-
tainly did not elapse between the date of the instrument and the
melancholy event which prevented the possibility of explanation or
correction by the hand that made it, if such should be found to have
been important. If these fears have any foundation, a counterpart
may be made to appear of the maxim which claims good fortune for
the legitimate offspring of discretion, by exhibiting evil fortune as
352
resulting from its absence at a critical moment. At the same time
a signal proof may be afforded how the uniform facility with which
discretion and success have gone along hand-in-hand together, with
scarcely a failure, during a somewhat protracted life, may together
cease as it approaches its close.
The will is peculiar, and strongly indicative of the character of
the framer. With some small exceptions, the great bulk of a large
estate is given in terms of warm affection and gratitude to the writer's
amiable wife for her life. This is happily subject to no sort of con-
tingency. It will take effect and be enjoyed by her in immediate
and undisputed possession. This large endowment is accompanied
by requesting her, however, to pay therefrom to his mother, whom
he mentions in terms of the strongest endearment, annually, during
her life, the sum of two thousand live hundred dollars. He gives
to his wife absolutely all his furniture of every description, plate,
and wines, except his books, manuscript and printed, and his pic-
tures, statues, and works of art; and of these she is to have the
uncontrolled use and possession during her life. Should his mother
outlive his wife, he gives her, during her life, the income of his
estate. Subject to the gift, devise, and bequest to his wife and
mother, which he desires to be carried into full effect, he gives to
the executors and trustees named in the will all his estate, real and
personal, in trust for the following purposes. After the death of his
wife and mother, whichever shall last occur, and after the entire
payment of certain bequests, then to appropriate, &c., the rest and
residue of the estate, as it may then be, in three equal parts. First,
one-third part to certain trustees named, in trust, to invest and rein-
vest the same at interest in public stocks of the city of Philadelphia ;
and after a period of ten years, and as much longer as they may
deem expedient, then to appropriate the income accumulated up to
that time to the erection of a fire-proof library building, to be a part
of a fire-proof edifice of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, when
one shall be erected, to be in itself fire-proof, entirely distinct from
any other portion of the said edifice, though connected with and
forming a part of it; and to be designated "The Gilpin Library of
the Historical Society of Pennsylvania." After the Society's edifice
and this library building shall be finished, then to appropriate to the
use of the Gilpin Library animally the entire income of the said one-
third part of the rest and residue, and to continue to invest and rein-
vest the principal in the public stocks aforesaid. He also directs the
executors and trustees of his will to deliver to the last-named trus-
353
tees, when they shall deem it expedient, his entire library of books
and manuscripts which he may possess at his death, to be placed in
that Library.
The second of the one-third parts of the rest and residue he be-
queaths in a manner similar to the first, for the erection of a fire-proof
gallery of the Fine Arts, to be a part of a fire-proof edifice of the
Academy, when one shall be erected, but to be entirely distinct,
though connected with and forming a part of it ; to be designated
'^ The Gilpin Gallery of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine
Arts." After the building and edifice shall be entirely completed,
the entire income of this one-third to be annually appropriated to the
use of the Gilpin Gallery, and the principal to continue to be invested
and reinvested. He also requests the executors and trustees of his
will to deliver to the trustees of the Gilpin Gallery all his pictures,
statuary, and works of the fine arts, which he may possess at his
death, including, if she will permit it, his wife's own portrait and
statue, to be placed in and never to be taken from the Gallery. The
remaining third-part of the rest and residue he bequeaths in a similar
manner to the others, for the erection of a fire-proof library building,
to be a part of a fire-proof edifice of the Historical Society of Chicago;
to be designated ^' The Gilpin Library of the Historical Society of
Chicago." After the edifice and building shall be completed, the
entire income of this one-third to be appropriated to the use of this
Gilpin Library, and the principal to continue to be invested and
reinvested.
These principal items of the will have thus been set forth as cha-
racteristic marks of the taste and tendencies of the testator. His
preference for books and works of art was habitual, and it was clearly
manifested in his own collections, consisting of a large private library,
and of marble statuary, which he had imported from Italy, and other
productions of the same character. The above description of the
legacies will serve also to furnish means of judging how far the
danger may or may not be imminent of failure and disappointment
in the expected fruits of benevolence and public spirit, from a correct
interpretation of the Act of Assembly of Pennsylvania, which has
been alluded to. In the event of such failure, these bounties would
become subject to distribution according to law, without any guide
from the will of the testator, as it contains no ultimate residuary
clause, or other provision against contingencies. Could this possi-
bility of defeat to his sanguine and cherished hopes have been ima-
gined, it might readily have been guarded against by a few words of
VOL. vri. — 2 TJ
354
conditional direction, wliicli would have given certainty to favorite
purposes, in defiance of jealous legislation and strained judicial con-
struction.
An Act of Assembly of 26tli April, 1855, contains a section (11)
in these words : " No estate, real or personal, shall hereafter be be-
queathed, devised, or conveyed to any body politic, or to any person,
in trust for religious or charitable uses, except the same be done by
deed or will, attested by two credible, and at the same time, disin-
terested witnesses, at least one calendar month before the decease of
the testator or alienor ; and all dispositions of property contrary
hereto shall be void, and go to the residuary legatee or devisee, next
of kin, or heirs, according to law : Provided, that any disposition of
property within said period, honafide made for a fair valuable con-
sideration, shall not be hereby avoided."
This statute has been the subject of judicial determination before
the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. A will was made in 1856, and
the testator died within less than a calendar month from its date.
The residue of the estate, after payment of debts and liabilities, was
left '^in trust for the uses and purposes of Friends' Boarding-School
at West Town." The heirs and next of kin filed their bill, alleging
that the school was a religious and charitable institution ; that they
were the parties who would have been entitled to the estate if there
had been no will ; and asking for an order upon the executors to
transfer the same to them. Learned and able arguments were sub-
mitted on both sides. It was contended for the complainants that
the words of the statute, ^^ religious and charitable uses," are used
in their broadest significance. The effect of the will would be to
cheapen education to those who could pay, and give it gratuitously
to those who could not. This, it was submitted, constitutes a chari-
tahle institution. It was also a religious institution. It was esta-
blished to encourage "a guarded education of their youth." It was
confined to them, and was to be managed with "religious care and
circumspection." On the other side it was contended that the words
of a statute are to be taken in their ordinary and familiar significa-
tion, for jtis et norma loquendi is governed by usage. But if the
usage have been to construe the words of a statute, contrary to their
obvious meaning by the vulgar tongue, and the common acceptation
of terms, such usage is not to be regarded. It was plain that the
Legislature was using words in their popular, and not in their scho-
lastic or technical, sense : that not a single instance was to be found
355
where the Legislature intended the words '' charitable" or "religious''
to embrace the idea of " literary" or " scientific" bodies.
The court adopted the views of the complainants. " It was true,"
they said, '' that the words of a statute are generally to be understood
in their usual and most known signification, not so much regarding
the propriety of grammar as their popular sense/' But when terms
of art or technical terms are used (and there is nothing in the statute
to show that they were used in a restricted or popular sense), '4hey
must be taken according to the acceptation of the learned in the art,
trade, or science," to which they properly belong. The court enter-
tained no doubt that the words were intended to embrace objects of
a religious, literary, and scientific character, as well as those which
related to the poor and afflicted. It was therefore decided that the
dispositions in the will were void ; and that the executors make dis-
tribution among the heirs and next of kin.
It would scarcely be in place here to question this learned deci-
sion ; or, perhaps, even to examine into its bearing upon the will of
Mr. Gilpin. The friends of the deceased, however, and the public
at large, have made his bequests the topic of remark and discussion
from the time they were known. A^aluable institutions of literature,
science, and art, are deeply interested in the construction of them.
They are to take eifect in any event, only at what may be hoped is
a remote day, after the death of the wife and mother of the deceased,
whichever shall last occur. The significance of these bequests in
amount, the high character of the institutions "for which they are
designed, the characteristic public spirit and liberality breathed in
them, even the mystery which belongs to their future and distant
development, and the curiosity and concern naturally felt in the dis-
position of a large estate, different as it is from the more common
course of testamentary disposal, have combined to prompt and justify
a somewhat minute explanation. It is given in order that the friends
of the deceased and the public at large may be prepared to meet the
question, if it shall ever be formally agitated. It may not be wrong
to add, that, although no technical judgment has been pronounced,
yet sound legal minds are believed to have formed opinions favorable
to the complete and literal fulfilment of the expressed purposes of
the will.
In recurring to the habits of Mr. Gilpin's life, and noticing sum-
marily its incidents, a combination will be found of devoted attention
to ofiicial duty in successive places of public employment, and of
readiness to turn to voluntary exercises, sometimes having public
356
ends in view, and sometimes of a more social character. He was
industrious in botli. In the latter kind of exercises he either obeyed
the call of associations, political or literary, with which he was more
or less closely connected, or entered from his own praiseworthy im-
pulses, upon an arena where good taste and scholarship were dis-
played in speech and writing, congenial to his own feeling, and the
pleased instruction of his friends. These employments were varied
by a relaxation of literary leisure in the companionship of books,
which supplied his stores of knowledge, and a moderate and cheerful
indulgence in the enjoyments of domestic and social intercourse, in
which he took a lively interest, and was always well received. He
was not only never idle, but never without what may be regarded as
sufficient occupation of the mind. He conversed freely and sensibly,
always with entire delicacy of thought and speech, and with entire
freedom from everything like personal detraction. Had his bodily
exercises been as carefully attended to, his life would probably have
been prolonged. It was perceived too late that he had not submitted
to enough of this important discipline to give vigor to his frame,
or to resist the encroachments of disease. Sedentary habits were
agreeable to him. He preferred the repose of study to the activity
of exercise. He did not even afford himself habitually the ordinary
relief of an occasional walk, which in itself would have been an irk-
some effort to him. Always desirous of occupation, and seeking to
be in the way of it, he turned to his library even at unseasonable
moments. This would occur at a late period of the evening which
had been passed for hours in the society of his friends. These
habits will serve to explain the constancy of the engagements of his
pen. He appears never to have tired of his desk. AVhen not using
it at the invitation of others, he gave it employment as a kind of
duty or agreeable exercise for himself. This was, perhaps, the rather
indulged from the fact, that among his accomplishments was that of
writing an excellent hand.
With such tastes as these, which appear to have been inherent in
his nature, and were fully developed in the progress of years, it was
a happy circumstance that he had passed that portion of boy-
hood, which receives the elements of education, in a country where
classical learning is especially cultivated. He had been at an
early period carefully imbued with it. A school, at Hemel-Hemp-
stead, twenty-three miles from London, was kept by Dr. Hamilton,
a highly respectable and well-known teacher, who received and
educated a very limited number of young gentlemen at a time.
357
Young Gilpin was at this school for four years, and the well-
grounded tastes and acquirements there instilled never abandoned
him. His immediate paternal ancestors were Americans, coming
from a British stock. His father (Mr. Joshua Gilpin), was a
highly respectable merchant of Philadelphia, and afterwards re-
moved to the State of Delaware. He there continued to reside
during the remainder of his life, connected with his brother in a
large manufacturing establishment on the Brandywine. He parti-
cipated, as long as his health continued, in the relations of social
life, and in institutions of literature, science, and taste, in Philadel-
phia. He died after some years of delicate and infirm health, at the
age of seventy-four, at Kcntmere, in Delaware, that being the name
given by him to the house which he built and occupied as his
family residence. This name was derived from the legends and
annals of the Gilpin family, in the north of England. It is stated,
that about the year 1206, the Baron of Kendal gave to Richard de
Guylpyn the ancestor, the manor of Kentmere, for his prowess and
skill in killing a wild boar which had annoyed the forests of West-
moreland and Cumberland.
Henry D. Gilpin was born in Lancaster, England, the birthplace
of his amiable mother, who survives him at an advanced age. His
birth took place, April 14th, 1801 ; and his death, January 29th,
1860. He was thus in his fifty-ninth year, or fifty-eight years, nine
months and fifteen days old. In very early infancy, he was brought
(September, 1801), to this country with the family, which remained
here until the year 1811. They, then, all returned to England.
He was placed at the school which has been mentioned, and derived
from good instruction, constitutional and habitual industry, and apt
faculties, fondness for the languages of Greece and Rome, and
advancement in an acquaintanceship with them, both of which
were cultivated and improved during his life. In 1816, they
returned for a permanent residence to the United States. The sub-
ject of our memoir received his college instructions at the University
of Pennsylvania. After taking his degree there, he entered upon
the study of the law, and was admitted to practice in 1822 : having,
while a student and under age, filled with credit, the place of Secre-
tary of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, of which he
afterwards became one of the directors.
He was now a member of a learned profession, and prepared to
engage in its duties and responsibilities. He did not, however, at
any time plunge into the vortex of early professional life to the
358
extent and with the chances that are common. He appeared will-
ing to abide his time : secure in the possession of sufficient abilities,
great good feelings, amiable manners, and strict integrity. He
made his way in due season without having encountered, what Mr.
Gibbon considered it necessary to traverse, under the spur of neces-
sity, — *' the thorny labyrinths of the law.^' He was happy at all
times in the friendship of those who could promote his interests,
while they extended to him personal kindness, and he cultivated
the regard of such individuals with benefit to his private relations,
and success in his public career. If he was favored with the smiles
of fortune principally while engaged in official life, he was always
faithful and intelligent, as well as upright and laborious as a civil
officer of the government. He held in succession, several important
places : District x\ttorney of the United States for the Eastern Dis-
trict of Pennsylvania (30th December, 1831) ; a second time 31st
December, 1835 ; Government Director of the Bank of the United
States (January, 1833) ; Solicitor of the Treasury (May, 1837) ;
Attorney-General (January, 1840). He was nominated for the post
of Governor of Michigan, and rejected by the Senate, 20th January,
1835, by a bare majority. His nomination for the second term of
Bank Director was rejected. That also of District Attorney, for a
second term, was at first rejected, although on the renewal of it, con-
firmed. His political friends, and those too of a personal character,
deemed these rejections to be owing to the state of party feeling,
rather than to any doubt of fitness on the part of the nominee.
During a portion of the time of his official residence at Washington,
the Commissioners under the Mexican Treaty met, and Mr. Gilpin
represented as an advocate, many of the largest claims that were
adjudicated by the Board. On these respectively, he received a
commission, which amounted in the whole to so considerable a sum,
as to become a broad foundation for the resources which he enjoyed
and judiciously invested during life, and bequeathed in ample bene-
volence at his death.
If public offices were filled by him with much direct and incidental
pecuniary advantage, places of a social and municipal kind were oc-
cupied with like fidelity and no emolument. He was, for a conside-
rable length of time, a J)ircctor, and afterwards President of the
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts; and was a Director and
Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Historical Society. He was
elected a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania December 7,
1852, and presented his resignation April 0, 1858, on account of
359
the state of his health and engagements. He was elected by the
Common Council a Director of the Girard College June 25, 1856, to
serve from the ensuing July 1. In organizing the board, he drew
the two years term; and " served faithfully and acceptably" until
the 1st of July, 1858, when his term of office expired.
Discourses were delivered by him on various occasions. He was
attached to the Democratic party, and not unfrequently pronounced
an address to bodies of his associate politicians, and occasionally to
literary and other societies. Of these the following have been pre-
served : —
1826, November 29. Annual Discourse before the Pennsylvania
Academy of the Fine Arts.
1836, January 8. Speech at the Union and Harmony Celebra-
tion by Democratic citizens of Philadelphia.
1836, July 4. Speech at the Democratic Celebration of the Second
Congressional District.
1845, May 23. Address before the Philomathean Society, at the
University of Pennsylvania.
1847, November 22. Eulogy on Silas Wright, before the Young
Men's Democratic Association.
1851, November 13. Eulogy on Silas Wright, before the Society
of the Alumni, on the occasion of their annual celebration, at the
University.
1851, June 2. Eulogy on Silas Wright, before the Academy of
the Fine Arts.
1856, October 13. On the American Missions in Greece, at St.
Luke's Church.
1856, December 4. Address on the Character of Franklin, before
the Franklin Institute.
The controversy between the Executive of the Government and
the Bank of the United States took place when Mr. Gilpin was a
public director of that institution. It was carried on with zeal and
acrimony. He was the author of various documents issued by the
Government directors, and particularly of a memorial addressed to
Congress, in alleged vindication of his immediate colleagues and
himself, from an attack in the memorial of the majority of the board,
which claimed a restoration of the deposits withheld by orders of the
Government. This memorable dispute was kept in active agitation
for a considerable length of time. It left behind much bitterness of
feeling, which has probably not been altogether assuaged to the pre-
sent day.
360
At an early period of professional life he contributed frequently
to the press. In the year 1825 he undertook the editorship of the
"Atlantic Souvenir/' and wrote largely for its pages. In 1826 he
completed the " Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of In-
dependence" by the publication of the last three volumes. A new
edition was soon prepared by him, with an original preface and many
additions. He was a frequent contributor to the " American Quar-
terly Review/' which was established in Philadelphia in the year
1829. A series of " Political Portraits" will be found also on the
pages of the " Democratic Review/' several of which are from his
pen. Those of Edward Livingston and of Josiah Johnston are
among them. A biographical notice by him of Mr. Livingston is
also among the many well-written documents on the files of this So-
ciety. He was authorized to superintend the publication, under the
auspices of Congress, of the '•' Madison Papers /' and it was done
with great skill and fidelity, in three volumes, 8vo., 1840.
Shortly afterwards, the opinions of the Attorneys-General of the
United States, previous to March, 1841, were published under his
inspection.
He was the reporter of a volume of cases decided by Judge Hop-
kinson, in the United States District Court for the District of Penn-
sylvania, published in 1837.
He had compiled, in 1825, "A Northern Tour/' being a Guide
to Saratoga, Lake George, Niagara, Canada, Boston, &c. &c.
He edited the "Atlantic Souvenir," 7 vols. 12mo, 1826-1832.
An Autobiography of Walter Scott was compiled from passages in
his writings; published 1831. 1 vol. 12mo.
A very early publication consisted of " Essays on Import Duties
and Prohibitions ; translated from the French of Comte Chaptal, by
Henry D. Gilpin," 1821.
He was the author of a preface to the Biography of Napoleon
Bonaparte, by Sir Walter Scott.
The first political piece written by him is believed to have been
a memorial of sundry citizens of Pennsylvania, relative to the treat-
ment and removal of the Indians.
He prepared an Address of the Democratic Committee of Corre-
spondence of Philadelphia in August, 1832 ; and in October of that
year united with Judge Baldwin in an Address of the Democratic
Committee of Correspondence of the City of Philadelphia, relative
to the Missionaries and the State of Georgia.
He was jointly the author of a Report of the Debts and Effects of
361
the Bank of the United States and the Value of its Capital Stock
on the 3d of March, 1856.
The Van Buren Executive Committee issued a Life of Martin Van
Buren in Philadelphia, 5th January, 1844, written by Mr. Gilpin.
He was the author of many reviews of works of great variety — of
history, travels, biography, poetry, discoveries, annals, law, &c.
He was occasionally devoted to the poetic muse. Productions of
his in verse are found in the '^ Atlantic Souvenir."
His pen was prolific, and indulged itself in great variety. It drew
freely from the resources of his own cultivated mind, and found ready
illustration and support in the pages of a large library, by which his
desk was surrounded. This love of literature and science was in-
dulged of late years in occasional visits to the Astor Library in New
York, which is rapidly developing itself into one of the most valuable
and interesting collections of the age. The learned superintendent
of that institution always received him with the congenial feelings of
an instructed and inquiring intellect; and the kindest relations sub-
sisted between them to the close of Mr. Gilpin's life.
It was not until one of the later years of his career that he visited
the home of his ancestors, and there met and made many friends.
He travelled with his excellent wife on the Continent of Europe,
and penetrated into remoter regions of other sections of the world.
He refreshed his knowledge of antiquity, which had been derived
from books, by navigating the ancient Nile, and beholding the monu-
ments of Egypt, which have stood amid the changes of mankind for
thousands of years. While in Europe, not only did the scenes of
modern elegance attract his notice in the capitals of Britain, and
France, and Prussia, and Germany, but Rome became the object of
especial and devoted study, not less than literal enjoyment. Her
classic exhibitions and memorials of the past, as well as her splendid
displays of modern and ancient art combined in gorgeous pageantry,
and all the solemn and magnificent exercises of an attractive and
brilliant form of worship, were before him. Greece, too, the land of
Xenophon and Homer, as well as of Plato and Socrates, of Solon
and Lycurgus, of Themistocles and Leonidas, of Demosthenes and
Pericles, of scholars and philosophers, and statesmen and legislators,
of heroes and orators, was not trodden without a full measure of
delight.
He returned home and renewed his social and literary occupations.
These were pursued for some few years with satisfaction and enjoy-
ment. It was not long, however, before his health began to fail. A
VOL. VII. — 2 v
362
frame not constitutionally robust, and still unhappily sedentary during
a great portion of the year, although relieved by occasional excur-
sions, could scarcely fail to exhibit symptoms of diminished health.
Some of his favorite habits of a public nature were restrained, as he
thought, from mere inclination ; but an insidious malady was gra-
dually doing its fatal work almost without being self-perceived.
Strength failed him by degrees, and he was compelled to deny him-
self the little bodily exercise, to the utility and past neglect of which
he had at length become sensible. On the 29th of January his career
was closed by the hand of death. His merits will be long preserved
in the recollection of his country and his many friends.
Most men who have lived lives of usefulness, and left distin-
guished names, have made themselves remarkable for qualities more
or less peculiarly adapted to a particular pursuit. They have either
manifested early tendencies for vocation and success in their proper
spheres, or have anxiously cultivated faculties adapted to them.
While duties uncongenial to their habits, inclinations, or abilities
may neither have been sought by themselves, nor selected for them
by others, they have entered upon employments accidentally provided
for them, with inadequate facility and force, although their general
capacities may have been fully equal to them. Faculties will com-
monly take their own direction, and in that direction they are most
likely to excel. It might be suposed that talents which would make
a brilliant advocate, would shine in the office of a statesman or in
that which is prepared by the same course of study, of a judge.
Such is not at all times the case. Disappointment is often felt by
warm friends and long-standing admirers, not only at the beginning
of the new career which is always hard, according to the familiar
adage, but in the progress, which does not become easy, or the result
successful. A lesson of practical wisdom might be learned from
daily observation, that should serve to caution against yielding to
ambition or the desire of gain, by exchanging a position which time
has rendered familiar, and proved to be well adapted to the holder
of it, for one of uncertain and precarious enjoyment, and doubtful
accomplishment. It was the happy disposition of our late fellow-
member, whose name you desire to record with honor, to be suited not
to one pursuit alone, but to many. We have seen that in his lite-
rary occupations, by which he began to distinguish himself in early
youth, and continued to do so throughout his life, he was happy as an
eloquent and attractive writer, rendered especially so by his classic
style. His professional habits were marked with an industry that
363
knew and feared no exliaustion, and without which substantial repu-
tation has rarely been attained. Politically, he was invited to dis-
charge some of the most responsible trusts under the General Govern-
ment, and without the preliminary habits of legislative experience,
he brought to them ample supplies of intellectual intelligence and
practical fidelity. In social life he always bore an active and liberal
part, mingling with the amenities of personal deportment, a well-
conducted and generous hospitality. Throughout all these depart-
ments his classic stores gave him a never-failing standing and a
general welcome in the most cultivated intercourse. Through the
whole, were diffused the grace and gentleness of a temper the most
amiable, which was conspicuous in conduct and manners, in business
and in friendly association : while a well-known integrity and kind-
ness of purpose, obtained for him respect and confidence along with
affection and esteem amon^- all who knew him. No one could be
more gentle in carriage and kind in feeling in the closest relations
of domestic life.
An obituary notice of the late Mr. Washington Irving was
then read by Professor Coppde, as follows :*
Mr. President and Gentlemen of the
American Philosophical Society : —
My brief experience in this Society has taught me, that upon the
decease of distinguished American members, it is usual to appoint
their friends, or those particularly acquainted with their lives,
social as well as public, to make fitting records of their reputation
and their worth. This is at once appropriate and just.
In this instance that rule has not been followed. Many of our
fellow-members enjoyed the friendship of our late illustrious colleague,
Washington Irving. My personal acquaintance with him did not
extend beyond a passing introduction.
I think the inference is plain. In honoring me with this appoint-
ment, the Society has called upon a member of professed literary
position and avocation, to record the eulogy, and to analyze the literary
* For the facts and statements in this paper, the writer is indebted to the
prefaces and notes to various editions of Irving's works ; to Bryant's Eulogy j to
"Irvingiana ;" to the courtesy of M. Thomas, Esq., of Philadelphia, and to the
excellent and comprehensive work of Mr. S. Austin Allibone, which on all such
subjects supplies at once facts, correct judgment, and a genial sympathy with
authors.
364
character of him who has been, not unjustly, styled the Father of
American Literature. It is in this view that I regard the appoint-
ment; it is upon this inipress^ion I shall act. I shall attempt, with
all humility, to present to you a few philosophical criticisms upon his
works ; I shall endeavor to indicate the characteristics of his genius;
to mark his place in the grand Historic array of English Literature,
of which American Literature, — he being its most prominent figure,
— is destined to form a very brilliant part.
Nor should I be doing justice to the eminent Society before which
I appear, did I shrink from pointing out what seem to me the few
defects and irregularities, which, like necessary exceptions, give
point to his greatness, his power, and the immortality of his fame.
I am well aware of the difficulties I encounter. I can advance
little that is not already generally known. Irving's life has been
for a long period known and read of all men; his every literary
movement has been watched with eager interest. Nor shall we be
wanting in more complete records of his career. His life-long friend
and compeer, Mr. Bryant, has pronounced his eulogy, not without a
somewhat critical analysis of his literary career; his nephew, Mr.
P. M. L'ving, will soon present to the world the history of his life,
which will become an invaluable introduction to his beautiful works.
Washington Irving was born in the city of New York, on the
third day of April, 1783, the year which closed the war of American
independence. The locality of his birth is still pointed out. It is
now covered with stores, and is the scene of busy commerce. His
father was a Scotchman, his mother an English woman : strong
and good reasons for that partiality which he is said to have always
manifested towards the Old Country.
He entered early upon the career of an author, without having
amassed those riches of classical scholarship which, up to that period,
had been regarded in England and America as essential pre-requi-
sites: but which, in this practical modern age, seem to be no longer
of necessary importance.
In 1802, when he was nineteen years old, he was a regular con-
tributor to the Monuiifj Chronicle, a Democratic newspaper, edited
by his elder brother. His assumed name was in keeping, as we
shall see, with the character and style of his productions : it was
'' Jonathan Oldstyle." These seem to have been the first fugitive
efi"orts of an imaginative mind, by way of variety to the exact and
solid realities of his special study, which, at that time, was the law.
During this period he was a great walker, and wandered around
New York in every direction, but particularly upon the banks of that
365
most attractive river, the Hudson. Here he could still gather the
stories of the Revolution from those who had been the local actors in
its scenes. He explored inlet and promontory; and was involuntarily
putting away on the fly-leaf of memory's scrap-book such legends as
that of Sleepy Hollow. On the opposite shore were Nyack and
Haverstraw, with their undying memories^ to be recalled in connec-
tion with the life of Washington.
He struck acquaintance with the old people ; chimed in with the
old customs, and listened with a double purpose to fireside legends
and incidents.
In the year 1804 he was threatened with pulmonary disorder;
and, abandoning for a time his legal studies, he set out to repair and
confirm his health. He travelled in England, France, Spain, and
Italy ; everywhere a man of acute and practical observation, laying
up in memory many sketches and tales of travel for future use, and
cultivating that taste for art which lends such a charm to his descrip-
tions.
In 1806 he returned to New York, and having resumed the study
of the law, was at the close of that year admitted to the Bar.
But alas for the respectable profession of the law, to him the little
taste of literature had given birth to greater desire. He was resolved
to drink deep of the Pierian spring.
In 1807 appeared " Salmagundi ; the Whim-Whams and Opinions
of Launcelot Langstafif and others." The writers were Washington
Irving, James K. Paulding, and William Irving. Modelled upon
the '' Tatler" and. the " Spectator," and their numerous progeny, the
''Idler," the ''Ptambler," and others, the last of which had been dis-
continued only fifty years before, this publication appeared in num-
bers, genially satirizing the whims and follies of the day, and giving
amusement and literary variety in a period of great literary dearth.
The studied style and quiet humor might place some papers of
" Salmagundi," almost without detection, among the numbers of the
" Spectator."
Disentombed, and placed among the many noble works which have
produced his fame, it stands like a lay figure among the living.
Irving himself set but little value upon it. In spite of Mr.
Bryant's eulogy, it does not contain, in my humble opinion, a fair
promise of Irving's future powers. I speak, perhaps, to some who
enjoyed "Salmagundi" in their youth, and who may consider it
harsh judgment; but I think that, had it not been for the later fame
of Irving and Paulding, '' Salmagundi" would scarcely be now
remembered.
366
It must, however, be observed that our illustrious author was even
thus acquiring that freedom of motion, that momentum, which was
to launch him upon a prosperous, an unchecked career.
In 1809 he again appeared before the world, and this time he took
it by storm. In connection with his brother, Dr. Peter Irving, he
had sketched the plan of ^^ Knickerbocker's History of New York."
He elaborated and finished it himself To test its character and
merits, we may refer to two results, antithetical indeed, but equally
significant.
If it raised up troops of friends, it awakened the self-righteous
indignation of all the Knickerbockers of New York, the family of
Vans, from Van Brummel, the inventor of Suppaun, to the Van
Kortlands and Van \yinkles, who thus indicated its power, and its
truth also, for it proved them the lineal descendants of Walter the
Doubter, William the Testy, and stout old Peter Stuyvesant, who
hated the English and Swedes, and who believed nothing good but
what was Dutch, and nothing Dutch but what was good. Sir Walter
Scott laughed over it until his sides ached, and his laughter was
contagious, for the whole party at Abbotsford was made merry by it
as it was read aloud.
Irving made a good-natured apology in print when he found that
he had hurt the feelings of the living representatives of the Dutch
families, as was indicated, among other ways, by Mr. Verplanck's
pained and sorrowful allusion to it in one of his historical discourses;
but, I believe, the later generations of Knickerbockers, accepting the
apology, and, in part, becoming ashamed of this puerile testiness,
now claim the work with pride, as the first fruits of New York
genius.
From 1810 to 1817, Irving, having relinquished the law, was a
merchant, — partner with his two brothers in an establishment con-
ducted both in New York and Liverpool.
In this copartnership, Washington Irving was, however, not a
very active member. He was already the favorite of his brothers,
on account of his great literary promise, and he was admitted to the
mercantile house as a means of eventually securing to him an inde-
pendence which would give him literary leisure.
Success as a merchant, independence secured by invoices and
commissions, might have paralyzed his pen : indeed, during the
period just mentioned, his right hand seemed in some degree to
forget its cunning.
He wrote a few sketches, principally naval biographies, in just
367
four volumes of the '^ Analectic Magazine," conducted in Philadel-
phia by Mr. Moses Thomas ; of this he was for a few years the
editor. The special interest connected with his contributions is due
to their being published during the war of 1812, which made our
navy and its worthy officers popular and famous.
His own reviews and biographical sketches are without any dis-
tinguishing mark in that periodical; those of Verplanck and others,
being subscribed by certain letters. They are principally biographi-
cal sketches of Thomas Campbell, of Major Murray, of Robert Ful-
ton, of Wertmiiller, of Captain James Lawrence of the Chesapeake,
of Lieutenant Burrows, of Commodore Perry, of Commodore Decatur
before his death, and of George Frederick Cooke the actor. These
are written in a popular style and are very interesting.
For the convenience of Irving, who resided in New York, Mr.
Thomas had the magazine printed there, instead of in Philadelphia.
Irving, with characteristic modesty, has refused to permit these
magazine sketches to be collected in a volume.
Prosperity as a merchant might have led to no greater efforts of
his genius : but that mysterious Providence, which orders all things
right, withheld this success. In 1817 the mercantile house failed.
Irving was thrown upon his own resources. His pen became his
staff and support. Thus one merchant-prince out of thousands of
aldermanic tastes and proportions was lost to the metropolis. One
Irving, with no rival, was gained to American literature.
In 1819 he published the " Sketch-Book." The pieces were writ-
ten in London, but sent to America for publication. The pseudonym
was "Geoffrey Crayon, Gentleman."
It was received in both countries with unusual favor. In America,
because it was the work of an American, in a time when there was
no American literature ; in England, because it was in parts illustra-
tive of English life and manners, and because it leaned genially and
reverently to English customs and prejudices, at a time when we
were taught by even Christian example to love all our enemies, ex-
cept the English ; a sort of qualification to the Sermon on the Mount,
yet existing in the creed of many. The " Sketch-Book" was essen-
tially English ; it was almost the first American book read in Eng-
land ; it was praised, I had almost said nnduli/, by English reviews.
No! it was worthy of all their praise; for, does it not contain that
noble notice of Roscoe, his fellow-merchant and author, his fellow-
sufferer by the reverses of commerce ? In it have we not the won-
derful sleep of Rip Van Winkle, and the fearful headless horseman
of Sleepy Hollow ?
368
To an author avowedly seeking bread as well as fame, it was par-
ticularly successful. For the copyright of his next work, ^' Brace-
bridge Hall," he was offered one thousand guineas before Murray
saw the manuscript.
I must pass over the " Tales of a Traveller," published in 1824,
and severely criticised by the "London Quarterly," "Blackwood's,"
and the "Westminster Review," to come to his greatest work, the
''Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus." I have said his
greatest work ; I make no exception. It was an admirable choice
of a subject. Columbus was the discoverer of America; it was
scarcely a fond hyperbole which announced —
"A Castilla y Leon,
Nuevo mundo dio Colon."
He was, besides, a man whose history was full of romance ; whose
life was more stirring than that of fabled heroes in epic poem, or
prose fiction. Irving was conceded to be the originator and f^ither
of the literature which was to flourish upon the soil discovered by
Columbus, and was therefore the fitting chronicler of such a life.
In 1825, there had been published in Madrid, — a spasmodic flash of
the dying flame of Spanish letters, — a compilation of voyages and
discoveries, called "Coleccion de los Viages y Descubrimientos," &c.
At the suggestion of the American Minister to Spain, Mr. Alex-
ander H. Everett, the equally gifted brother of Edward Everett, and
Mr. 0. Bicb, American Consul at Madrid, Mr. Irving, then in the
first vigor of a new and increasing reputation, examined these with
the intention of translating some of them ; but, afterwards, becoming
much interested in them and other records which were freely thrown
open to him, he determined to accost his great subject in an original
work.
The "Columbus," commenced thus under most favorable auspices,
was rapidly, but carefully, written ; it appeared in 1828. Imbued
with the spirit of the old chroniclers, gifted with an imagination
equal to all the demands of his almost pictorial undertaking, he ex-
hibits a regulated and calm historic judgment, which resists the
temptation and checks the tendency to romance. It is a beautiful
modern restoration of old chronicle. He did not design it to be a
philosophic history. He guards himself, by calling it not a historj/,
but a life.
With the magic power of an iirtist, he has more than compensated
369
for the lack of philosophy, by the apparent reality of his representa-
tions and the exquisite coloring of his descriptions; he brings the
distant near; or rather, he carries us, like some Arabian enchanter,
into that far distance ; he plants us upon the deck of the Caravel ;
we stand beside that lonely admiral, that visionary viceroy of undis-
covered realms, in his darkest moments : we share in
'-the emotions dread that filled
His frame on that October night,
When watching by the lonely mast
He saw on shore the moving light,
And felt, though darkness veiled his sight,
The long-sought world was his at last." — B. Simmons.
Laying no claims to philosophy, the charming narrative was
addressed to the great world of English and American readers, and
that world has pronounced its opinion, in loud and continued
applause.
Such I understand to be the significance of the gold medal pre-
sented by Greorge IV, to Irving, for the greatest excellence in histo-
rical composition. There were two medals ; the other was presented
to Mr. Hallam. In both these awards, unlike as were the medallists,
the first gentleman in Europe only echoed the voice of the educated
people of England and America, who had already signified their
approbation and delight.
The literary ofispring of his Columbus, or rather of his Spanish
researches, were numerous, and worthy their illustrious progenitor.
They were the Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada, published in
1829; the Voyages of the Companions of Columbus, 1831; the
Alhambra, 1832; the Legends of the Conquests of Spain, 1835;
and, much later, during his rural retirement at Sunnyside, on the
Hudson, the History of Mahomet and his Successors.
The Voyages of the Companions of Columbus, may be regarded
as an appendix to his Columbus ; not so rich in interest nor so care-
fully written; and, by no means, so generally read.
But as I read his story of Granada and the Alhambra, my fancy
beholds him wandering in the gardens of the deserted palace, and
plucking a beautiful flower from the luxuriant roses in the court of
the lions. We stand by his side, we share his thoughts.
I fancy him gazing in reverie upon the Sierra Nevada and the
Alpuxarras beyond, still resonant of Moorish war-cries and Christian
defiance, as in the day when Granada was the last stronghold of the
VOL. VII. — 2 x
370
Moors in Spain, and wlien, at length, witli an echoing sigh, Boabdil
el Chico turned to leave it forever.
These are but glimpses, beautiful, never to be forgotten, but not
satisfactory; they awaken a burning desire for a wider, even a pano-
ramic view of those thrilling scenes. We would know, what indeed,
Irving did not design to tell, the details of that romantic history
from which we may gather the philosophy of the Arab Moors in
Spain.
There is not in history a more marvellous or more interesting
subject than this.
Islam, proclaimed in the beginning of the seventh century, had
succeeded in revolutionizing the Southern and Eastern world.
When the angel showed to Mahomet the silken cloth covered with
writing, he emulated the meekness of Moses ; he said he could not
read : his faith was to be one of labor, of practice ; the written word
was to be supplied only to meet the practical need. Then began
the life of action : leaving their barren and rocky deserts and ledges,
the Arabians carried the sword of the prophet everywhere. The
first caliphs went to Greece and to Persia. Then they swarmed upon
Egypt ; they ran along the northern ledge of Africa. Mauritania
came under their sway; its inhabitants were absorbed into the ever
increasing army of the faithful ; the fierce races of Tripoli, Tunis,
Algiers and Morocco, robbers on land and already pirates at sea,
were now imbued with a new spirit ; religion without moral obliga-
tion, — fatalism and antinomianism combined ; and, receiving the im-
pulsion from their conquerors and converters, they rushed together,
as Arab-Moors, across the small strait; and, in 711, not a century
from the public annunciation that there was but one God, and
Mahomet was his prophet, they had made their inefi'aceable mark in
Spain by the victory on the banks of the Guadalete. They spread
over Spain like summer fire ; only in the Asturias and in Biscay
was a small kingdom of Christian Spaniards. The Moors were else-
where masters : and in some respects they deserved to be.
They brought great improvements in the science of numbers and
quantity; they originated alchemy , from which turbid fountain we
have the noble and limpid stream of chemistry; they adorned that
beautiful land with grand works of architecture ; splendid palaces,
magnificent arabesques, fine roads. Industry, ready and practical,
was their social law. Literature and poetry, adorned with the figu-
rative language of their Eastern origin, found, as yet, no rival in
the North, where neither trouv^res, menestraux, nor troubadours
had sprung into distinct and illustrious existence.
371
And yet into all these wonders of philosophy and art, English
genius had scarcely looked : it was, it still to a great extent remains,
a terra incognito., a historic land of the most inviting and attractive
beauty.
On the hither confines stood Prescott in his '' Ferdinand and
Isabella;" and, again, in his masterly summary, preceding the story
of the Moriscoes in his ''Philip 11."
In this same general field had wandered Irving in his " Alhambra,''
and his " Conquest of Granada." These were but the well-told stories
of a wanderer, who sojourned there for a brief space in a desolate
chamber of the Alhambra, which is still pointed out. His midnight
rovings through the haunted courts and spirit-peopled streets of that
suburban city, within the precincts of the great city ] his long inter-
rogative gaze at the arabesques, and tumbling columns of the
alcazar; were only answered by a voice as from the dying past —
^' Come and interpret our meaning ; we are but the symbols of a
hidden wisdom which the world should know." Through Mr.
Irving's Chronicles that voice has been heard and to some extent
heeded.
It is worthy of especial notice that the history of Spain has fallen
to the share of American writers, and nobly has the task been thus
far performed. Prescott and Irving have approved themselves as
master builders, and Mr. Ticknor, in his excellent work, has given
voice and melody to the historic throngs which people this grand but
unfinished structure. The great work yet remains to be completed.
With such exaiuples and incentives; the field yet purely Ameri-
can, the subject yet only prepared for exploration, let us hope that
it will be occupied by competent laborers, not unworthy the fame of
their illustrious predecessors.
Our space forbids the mention of all Mr. Irving's works. Some
of them were but literary job-work, well performed indeed as such,
but having small claims to immortality.
His "Life of Oliver Goldsmith" is an easy, pleasant, unlabored
efibrt. Many have supposed that Irving and Goldsmith were alike
in many respects. Irving fosters the error by quoting some Italian
verses apostrophizing Goldsmith as his master and exemplar. I pro-
nounce the resemblance of men incorrect. They are of the same
literary school only ; that is the likeness.
Hazlitt, a severe, but never an ignorant critic, calls the " Sketch-
Book" and "Bracebridge Hall" good American copies of British
essayists and novelists. " Not only Mr. Irving's language," he says,
372
" is, with great taste and felicity, modelled on that of Addison,
Goldsmith, Sterne, or McKenzie, but the thoughts and sentiments
are taken at the rebound, and, as they are brought forward at the
present period, want both freshness and probability."
This is unjust; but it furnishes us with a clue to the determina-
tion of Irving's literary resemblance to Goldsmith. He is truly of
that school, j-M?- inter primos.
Mr. Br^^ant, in an affectionate spirit of generous eulogy, can scarcely
find words to express his pleasure in perusing and re-perusing the
biography of Goldsmith. Charming as it really is, it is a work of
supererogation. Goldsmith's beautiful poems are his best, and should
be his only eulogy ; for Goldsmith's life and character, apart from
these, entirely destroy the ideal which his genius has raised in our
minds. Time cannot impair the clustering beauties of the "Deserted
Village :" but Oliver Goldsmith is scarcely worth a biography. The
chaplet of Irving, the glowing tribute of Macaulay, cannot make his
tomb a pilgrim-shrine.
Mr. Irving, after seventeen years of varied and delightful expe-
rience of merited honors abroad, returned at length to the banks of
the Hudson in February, 1832, and there settled himself for an
enviable life ; a life of domestic retirement and social comfort, but
of unremitting literary labor. He bought a little farm, the modesty
of which claimed the admiration of Mr. Thackeray, in that beautiful
eulogy, ^^ Nil Nisi Bonum.^' He made his own home, its gables,
its walks, and its lawns, and its immortal memories. Its literary
name was "Wolfert's Roost;" its popular and characteristic cogno-
men was " Sunnyside."
His retirement was interrupted by his appointment as Minister to
Spain, which post he held from 1842 to 1816. This was not his
first diplomatic experience ; he had been Secretary of Legation at
London in 1829. In 1810 he returned to Sunnyside. There loved
and reverenced by his relations — the younger being to him like chil-
dren — distinguished by his friends, as the one most worthy of atten-
tion and respect, — cherished by his country, honored by the civilized
world, — in a region of which he was the idol — for he had rendered
it illustrious — he journeyed calmly to the end of his years, with one
wish unfulfilled. At length there came a period when he might
attempt the desired task. Measuring his remaining span of days,
and testing the remnant of his strength, — finding his intellect unin-
jured, and his fine fancy undimmed, — the biographer of Columbus
determined to write the life of Washington. It was a noble and
373
manly determination. How well that work has been accomplished
every one knows, for every one has read the work. The fame of the
writer gave a prestige to the book before it was read. The charm of
the narrative causes the reader to forget the writer in the perusal.
It is on record that, when Washington Irving was an infant, his
nurse, seeing George Washington, then President for the second
term, pass by, ran with the child to the august patriot, saying, " This
bairn was named for you, sir," and asked his blessing on the boy.
It was kindly bestowed. If this blessing rested, in any sense as a
holy obligation, to be gratefully acknowledged in after life, Irving
has acknowledged and repaid it. All things considered, his " Life''
is the fittest and noblest monument yet erected to the memory of
Washington.
And yet Irving was too good, too uncritical, too reverential, to
come boldly up to the great task of writing almost contemporary
history. He enters upon it not as a historian, but as a panegyrist.
Indeed, sir, may I be pardoned for saying it, the history of Wash-
ington remains to be written. I question whether an American can
do it ; certainly it is yet too soon to look dispassionately at the mag-
nificent theme. We are too near the colossus to discern its propor-
tions. Washington is the American idol. We will bear the most
extravagant, the most ill-directed, praise. Calm analysis of his cha-
racter and actions is tame, if not offensive.
I would not be misunderstood ; I share this reverence ; I bow at
the shrine of Washington; but I discern the difficulty, and have
ventured to point it out.
Of all the biographies, that which errs the least in this respect is
the work of that cool, calm, and deliberate writer, Chief Justice
Marshall.*
But Marshall erred unconsciously in another particular. He knew
Washington well; and having all the information which we could
desire, his very familiarity with the subject caused him to neglect,
to consider as unimportant much which would greatly elucidate the
subject. Thus his work is too concise ; there is no character-painting,
no portraiture. We scarcely obtain fair glimpses of the great man
as he strides amid the thrilling scenes of Colonial and Revolutionary
history.
Mr. Sparks, having with great labor edited the writings of Wash-
* A just statement of the various Lives of "Washington, and clear distinctions
of their merits, have been given by George W. Greene, Esq., in his "Biographi-
cal Studies."
374
ington, wrote his Life rather as an introduction to these, than as a
finished biography. Indeed, in a few words in praise of Marshall's
Life, he disclaims the intention of entering into competition with it.
These are the principal biographers of Washington. It was, then,
to supply a great want that Irving undertook this labor of love.
All the materials of former writers — and but little, if anything
more — came into his hands. It was not so much his object to inves-
tigate originally and profoundly, as to invest what was already known
with the charm of his narrative style ; to make a book which men
should read, — men and children who leave Marshall and Sparks upon
the shelves unread ; in a word, to do for Washington what he had
done for Columbus.
This was a task of great difficulty. Columbus was the hero of
romance or epic ; Washington the man of stern realities. And yet,
in this design, Irving has perfectly succeeded.
Chastened by age, and drawing nearer to the seat of eternal truth
and justice, his charity is manifest in every page. We are struck
with the evident anxiety to do justice throughout this work. Justice
to the English is not an American failing. Mr. Irving had been
accused of English partiality on several occasions. He had once
altered a line of Bryant's poem when it was to be republished in
England. He had published his own works with an aifectionate
preface in America; and had left it out in the English edition ; and
although the explanation in both cases was perfectly satisfactory,
there were some grumblers left.
In Irving's Washington, the English are treated by a generous
enemy. Even Tarleton, who, like Claverhouse, had been always
represented as a devil incarnate, appears here as a stern, cold, and
most energetic partisan officer, who would have done his work well
anywhere, but was particularly relentless in pursuing those whom he
regarded as traitors and rebels. I have seen the spots and heard the
stories of his furious raids ; but I think his cruelty is usually over-
drawn.
If I may be permitted to criticise the work in general ; for I
should be unjust in searching for faults in detail, unless I could
present also many of its numerous beauties, I would say that Irving
lacks the power to analyze character ; and in this work, he fails to
collate events and men so as to produce true scenic eifect, lie
gives you a beautiful current narrative, but not a true dramatic
representation, as in his Columbus. These, with its spirit of pane-
gyric, are its greatest faults. Let me oflfer a counter illustration :
375
Amid mucli that is entirely rechercJie, and difficult to read, I
would point out men and scenes in Carlyle's Frederick the Great, of
this vivid and dramatic character. Frederick William and the
Crown Prince are as masterly portraits as any within the range of
historic representation.
To complete, and not to derange the symmetry of this beautiful
and illustrious life, death came at last. His great work finished ;
his greatness, which had been achieved in an age of greatness, the
age of Scott, of Rogers, of Bj-ron, of 3Ioore, of Hallam, thus consum-
mated and sealed; the cosmos of his literary creation, adjusted and
equipoised; his old age green and happy, he awaited the signal of
its approach. Nor did temporal things, as fortunate and pleasant as
they were to him, veil the glories and the priceless value of an
eternal inheritance. He looked for an unfading crown, when that
of earthly laurel and myrtle should hang fading upon his tomb. He
had not long to wait ; there was no lingering of disease : Euthanasia,
the dark angel with silver light upon his wings, gave but one
gentle touch like the hand of sleep, and he had departed to a better
country, "even a heavenly." The artist had gone to render a happy
account to the Great Master.
An artist, in the noblest sense of that word, he claims the poet's
eulogy.
Emigravit is the inscription on the tombstone where he lies : —
Dead he is not, but departed, for the artist never dies.
This departure took place on the 28th November, 1859.
There is no cause to mourn : to his immediate friends, of whose
circle he was the chief ornament, it is, indeed, an irreparable loss :
to the great world he lives still and ever in his beautiful works.
A few remarks as to his character, his influence, and his rank,
must conclude this humble notice.
To say that Irving, as a writer, belongs to the old regime, that he
is like Addison, may now seem like faint praise ; for we live in a
day of increasing intellectual activity, a day when many minds edu-
cated and strengthened by the accumulations of knowledge and the
conflict of opinions, subsidize all learning and all knowledge, and
send it forth condensed through the columns of a myriad press.
But who is there among us who cannot go back to the time when
Addison, long dead, still ruled the world of letters ? when he
was the model of an English style. I remember well being often
told so, in the sententious words of Dr. Johnson, now sounding
376
simply absurd, that he who would acquire a fine English style must
give his days and nights to the study of Addison.
Mr. Irving comes upon the literary stage just in this period. He
adopts Dr. Johnson's advice : he models his style, I had almost said
unconsciousli/, upon the English essayists; but, writing amid new
circumstances and modern accessories, he is not trammelled by their
dicta ; he becomes less and less Addisonian, and more and more
his own excellent and unequalled self. His English was pure and
vigorous Saxon. Mr. Marsh, in stating his vocabulary, finds in
" the Stout Gentleman'' eighty-five per cent of Saxon words, and in
"Westminster Abbey" seventy-seven per cent; — the additional
number of Latin words in the latter, being due to the description
of armorial hearings^ chivalrous exploits, and pageantry of the
crusaders."^ His style became less ornate as he advanced in years.
Let any one compare the stately ornaments and studied construc-
tion of his " Columbus," which are criticised by Hazlitt, with the
conciseness and almost severity of his '' Washington." In the one,
his fancy finds vent in epithets superlative and sonorous, but not
always carefully chosen : in the other, he is a purist, using words
which express the exact meaning and no more ; and yet never be-
coming bald in expression, or losing the harmony of his periods.
In all his works, his style is like the flow of a noble river, whose
surface is not of lake-like smoothness, but is ever changing with the
beautiful ripples and varying color of the waters, as they flow be-
neath the light of a noonday sun.
Of him, more than in any American writer, Buffon's aphorism is
true : "The style is the man himself." He stands as the connecting
link between the present and the past of English literature, nobly
acknowledging the demands and the pressure of the present stirring
period, but checking with the truest conservatism that great revo-
lution which was sweeping away all former English poetry, with
Wordsworth and the Lakers, and ignoring all the essayists as anti-
quated and outlandish.
We are struck with the fact that much of his reputation is a home
reputation; his honor, unprophet-like, began in his own country,
and was based upon the simplest legends and stories. Perhaps this
was one secret of his success. The legend of Sleepy Hollow, is
an old tradition of the early fiirmers. His " Rip Van Winkle" is
from the German of Grimm, and Grimm found it among the pea-
sants of Germany.
* Lectures on " English Language," 126.
377
" The rude peasant sits
At evening in his smoky cot, and draws
"With charcoal, uncouth figures on the wall.
The son of genius comes, footsore with travel,
^ T\? ^ T^ T? TV
He takes the charcoal from the peasant's hand.
And by the magic of his touch at once
Transfigured, all its hidden virtues shine,
And, in the eyes of the astonished clown,
It gleams a diamond ! Even thus transformed.
Rude popular traditions and old tales -
Shine as immortal poems, " * *
Longfellow's Spanish Student.
Such is the magic of Irving in the Sketch Book, the Crayon Miscel-
lany, the Tales of a Traveller, and many of his minor works.
The life of Irving is remarkable for its unity and completeness;
he was an author and nothing else. He did not divide the admira-
tion of his countrymen by a variety of professions. Bancroft was a
teacher, a politician, a diplomat, as well as a historian ; Bryant is
an editor as well as a true poet; Everett, a divine, a statesman, and
a scholar; Webster, a lawyer, a senator, a jurisconsult, and an emi-
nent orator; Holmes is a doctor, a professor, and a comic poet and
satirist; but Irving occupied a single ground: he was a literary
man, to whom we might point as of that profession and no other.
Connected with this unity of life is the remarkable symmetry of
his literary career. It had most eminently the Aristotelian requi-
sites of discourse — a beginning, a middle, and an ending.
Tracing with Columbus, in the early aspirations of his genius, the
relaxing bounds of ocean, he may be called the Columbus of Ameri-
can letters; and he who, in his dignity, his purity, his self-respect,
and his eminence, may most properly be called the Washington of
our literature, crowns his glory by becoming the historian of Wash-
ington.
In conclusion, I beg you to look for a moment at Mr. Irving's
sagacity in the choice of themes. A part of his success is due to his
great subjects : they attract attention before perusal ; but woe to the
tyro who shall attempt them; his failure must render him ridicu-
lous. On the other hand, assured fame to him who can master and
control them as did Mr. Irving; who lives to complete his great
design ; and who, receiving the summons to a nobler immortality,
when he is emphatically ready to die, verifies in the best manner the
postulate of Solon. He was happier than Croesus in his most fortu-
nate days.
VOL. VII. — 2 Y
378
As time rolls on, the brightness of his individual virtues, the in-
cense of friendship, the adulation of contemporaries, will be slowly
disjoined from the literature of his works. They will be measured
by the more rigorous standards of rhetoric, and the canons of histori-
cal criticism; and his place will be more justly assigned him among
the writers of his age. Without that indiscriminating eulogy which
is unjust to others, simple justice will then rank him as the first of
the purely literary authors of his period.
A communication was read from Col. Graham, dated Chi-
cago, July 19, 1860, relating to certain geographical deter-
minations, and the discovery of a lunar tidal wave in Lake
Michigan, as follows : —
Chicago, Illinois, July 19, 1860.
To the Secretary of the American Philosophical Society, Philadel-
phia :
Dear Sir : I have made all the necessary astronomical observations
and electric sis-nals for determininc: the latitude and longitude of
o C O
twelve additional positions in the West ; but have been so pressed
with my public duties, that I have not been able to take up their
computation. When I can find time to do so, I will communicate
them, as heretofore, for the " Society's Proceedings.^' I find that,
in several instances, they will give results difi"ering much from those
given in the published maps.
I have now nearly completed a paper, which I intend to offer for
publication in the " Society's Transactions," on the Discovery and
Demonstration of the Existence of a Semi-Diurnal Lunar Tidal Wave
on Lake Michigan. It is based on nine thousand one hundred and
eighty-four (9184) observations made on the tide-gauge, at Chicago,
of the elevation of the surface of this lake, between the 1st of Janu-
ary and the 1st of July, 1859.
The observations were carried on uninterruptedly, both day and
night (except in a few instances, when violent storms would have
rendered them inaccurate), at intervals of half an hour, as a general
rule, and sometimes at intervals of fifteen minutes of time apart.
From this series of observations we deduced the half-hourly (and
in two places the quarter-hourly) co-ordinates of altitude of the lake
surface, compared with the time (before and after) of the moon's
meridian transit, as follows. Here each co-ordinate, expressed in
decimals of a foot, is derived from a mean of three hundred and
forty (340) observations.
-fS;
'«"
*.
h
i\
•^
|-
■K.
N,
1
=-,
1
^
■K
H>>
-Cc
1
KM.
5-35
.O. Lunar Zpw Water
5-00
V008
4-30
Voifi
4-00
\030
3-30
\040
3-00
\o53
2-30
A
ZOO
\
.087. . .
130
089. .
1-00
,115 A
1
0-30
130 \
140 A
030
.146 Luruu
0-45
143 J
i-oo
134 /
1-15
J34.
130
130^
ZOO
116. i
Z-30
UZ
3-00
Odz....
3-30
066..
4-00
.... .048
4-30
040
5-00
....032
530
,. .OZ4
6-00
.±030
630
--012 .
650
.O. Lunar Lon- fiater
I^uniif Hit]h IVater .^ 2:
P
^
1 ^
% ^
t: p
^,
>
$^ -
::;
t,3
^
i>^
i N
::i
C^
-i
S
~jc.
t_j
■J
D
5-
>
-.
T^
>—'
"
rt
-jC.
379
TABLE 1.
Showing the half-hourly (and in two places the quarter-hourly)
co-ordinates of altitude of the average semi-diurnal lunar tidal
wave at Chicago, on Lake Michigan, derived from 9184 obser-
vations made between January \st and July \st, 1859.
Mean solar interval of
Observed elevation
time before or after the
of the Lake sur-
moon's meridian tran-
face in decimals
sit.
of a foot.
H. M.
FT. dec's.
G
^5.35
0.000
Lunar mean low water.
.2
5.30
0.004
"C
5.00
0.008
o
2
4.30
0.016
CO
4.00
0.030
O m
a g
3.30
0.040
3.00
0.053
o '*^
2.30
0.078
+2
2.00
0.087
2
1.30
0.089
^
^
1.00
0.115
M
0.30
0.130
"0.00
0.140
Moon in the meridian.
f0.30
0.140
Lunar mean high water.
0.45
0.143
1.00
0.134
G
rt
1.15
0.134
1.30
0.130
2.00
0.116
m .
2.30
0.112
Ir
3.00
3.30
0.082
0.066
CO
4.00
0.048
rC3
4.30
0.040
5.00
0.032
5.30
0.024
( Slightly discrepant, owing to a
{ preponderance of unfavorable
6.00
0.030
6.30
0.012
1. winds at this period.
L6.50
0.000
Lunar mean low water.
The accompanying profile, marked Fig. 1, shows the mean semi-
diurnal tidal wave at Chicago, projected from the foregoing co-ordi-
nates, embracing every vicissitude of winds and weather, &c., which
occurred during the whole six months' observations. It shows the
altitude of this mean tidal wave to be, at its summit, one hundred
and forty-six thousandths (.146) of a foot, equal to If inches; and
the average time of high-water is thirty minutes after the time of
the moon's meridian transit.
380
On a close examination of all tbe observations embraced in the
series, we find one hundred and eighty-nine (189) which we think
ought to be rejected, because influenced in an extraordinary degree
by unfavorable winds. This would reduce the number of observa-
tions in the series to 8995 ; and each co-ordinate of altitude would
depend on a mean of three hundred and thirty-three observations,
and stand as follows, viz. :
TABLE 2.
Shotving the Jialf-Jwurli/ (and in two places the quarter-hourly) co-
ordinates of altitude of the average semi-diurnal lunar tidal
wave, at Chicago, on. Lake 3Iichigan, as derived from 8995
observations, made between January 1, and July 1, 1859.
Mean solar interval of time
Observed elevation of
before or after the moon's
the Lake surface in
meridian transit.
decimals of a foot.
Lunar mean low water.
rt
H. M.
5.35
0.000
j3
5.30
0.005
5.00
0.004
s
4.30
0.013
m
4.00
030
8'^
3.30
0.041
3 c <
c 2
3.00
0.054
o "^^
2.80
0.078
•^
2.00
0.090
P
1.30
0.098
^
1.00
0.108
1— 1
0.30
0.127
^0.00
0.148
Moon in the meridian.
ro.30
0.153
Lunar mean high water.
0.45
0.148
a
1.00
0.137
.2
1.15
0.134
-73
1.30
0.132
o
2.00
0.113
M •
2.30
0.107
^o-|.
3.00
0084
o 5
a B
3.30
4.00
0.056
0.040
o
4.30
0.031
u>
5.00
0.025
5.30
0.023
<
000
0.024
0.30
0.010
G.50
0.000
Lunar mean low water.
H.2£.
5-36 .O. £iniurr.,.u- llnter
4-0()\\030
">
J tU'>
078.
148
1'30
n,,//, ir„/,-t
t-
i c
~ L-
^ /
^
.">
$^ $:
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~
f^
~
Im
^. ^
—
^^
^ 5>
X
1 —
—
o.
-
s-
1^ Q
./'>'/<';
-'y'-e J
381
The accompanying profile, marked Fig. 2, shows the character of
the mean semi-dinrnal tidal wave projected from the modified gene-
ral result given in the foregoing Table 2. It gives, for its altitude at
its summit, one hundred and fifty-three thousandths (0.153) of a foot,
equal to lyVo '^^^^ ) ^'^^ thirty (30) minutes after the time of the
moon's meridian transit is still indicated as the average time of lunar
high water. We would adopt this mean result in preference to that
shown in Table 1, and in the drawing marked Fig. 1.
From one day before to two days after the period of the moon's
conjunction, and opposition to the sun, the observations upon the
tide-gauge were made, continuously, both day and night, at regular
intervals of fifteen (15) minutes of time apart. This was for the
purpose of ascertaining, as near as possible, the time of lunar high
water at the period of the spring tides, and also the elevation of the
tidal wave at its summit, when influenced by the combined attrac-
tion of the sun and moon, acting in the same or nearly in the same
direction.
For this object a separate tabulation was made of all the quarter-
hourly co-ordinates which occurred from about twelve (12) hours
before, to twenty-four (24) hours after the period of each conjunc-
tion and opposition of the sun and moon, from the new moon of
January 4th to new moon of June 1st, inclusive.* In this way we
hoped to obtain, at each conjunction and opposition, three semi-
diurnal tides, each of which would sufficiently approximate in cha-
racter to a semi-diurnal spring tide, and a mean of all would tend to
eliminate errors arising from the disturbing forces, caused by irregu-
larities in the strength and courses of the winds.
We were fortunate enough to obtain good quarter-hourly observa-
tions, for as many as twenty-four (24) of these spring tides, as
follows, viz. :
At the conjunction of January 4th,
" opposition of January 18th,
^' conjunction of February 2d,
" opposition of February 17th,
*' conjunction of March 4th, . .
" opposition of March 18th, . .
* The winds -were so boisterous, and caused so great perturbations of the lake
surface, at the periods of the opposition of .June 15th, and the conjunction of
June 30th, that we were obliged to reject the observations made at those periods,
in making up the co-ordinates of altitude for the spring tides. — J. D. G.
3
tides.
3
3
3
3
1
382
At the conjunction of April 3d, ... . None; too stormy.
" opposition of April ITtli, .... 3 tides.
" conjunction of May 2d, 1 "
" opposition of May 16th, 1 "
" conjunction of June 1st, 3 "
" opposition of June 15th, ..... None; too stormy.
'' conjunction of June 30th, .... None; too stormy.
Total, ... 24
A direct mean of each quarter-hourly co-ordinate of altitude ob-
tained from these twenty-four observed spring tides, is shown in the
following Table 3, and the mean spring tidal wave, projected there-
from, is shown in the accompanying profile, marked Fig. 3. The
whole number of observations incorporated in these, is twelve hun-
dred (1^00), and each co-ordinate is here derived from a mean of
twenty-four (24) observations.
Thirty minutes after the time of the moon's meridian transit ap-
pears, again, as the time of high water at lunar spring tides, and we
have two hundred and fifty-four thousandths (.254) of a foot, equal
*^ ^Too(J inches. United States measure, as the difference of eleva-
tion of the lake surface between high and low water of spring-tides.
We designate, as the establishment for the port of Chicago,
H. M.
i foot, 0.30.
It is probable that, if the effects of unfavorable winds, and all
other disturbing forces which produce irregular oscillations in the
elevation of the lake surface, could be fully eliminated, a semi-diur-
nal lunar tide would be shown, at the periods of the maximum
springs, as great as one-third of a foot, or four inches.
The time of low water, and the times of duration of the flood and
ebb tides, are given approximately. The extreme rise of the lake
tide being so little, and hence the time of the turn from ebb to
flood, — attended frequently by disturbances of the winds, — being
often uncertain within half an hour, it can only be determined with
precision by means of numerous observations made at short intervals
of time, say three to five minutes apart, from about one hour before
to one hour after the turn of the tide from ebb to flood.
HM.
6 00
O.ZlULiir Lotr Wiiftn^
5-45
VOOLi
5-30
\oi4
$:
5-15
\j>Z9
s .
5-00
. 035
^'
4-45
.\o4Z
'l/ll
4-30
.\o49
'-;
,^
>^
"i.
^
:,
4-15
_^.\oS7
^
-.:
^
4'00
3 45
.07R\
^08l\
^
5 2
3-30
089\
"^
^ ^
5
^.
3-15
.0.91 \
^
^ V
—
i .^
;..
3-00
101... \
>
V -V,
•5
:?
Z-^4^5
IZl \
^ \
— ■
S~
^
<
—
L—
^
Z-30
JZR \
^
^ ^
G
V.
Z-15
.145. \
-\
\
~
:>
>> V.
2
^
^
Z'OO
1-45
153 1
-IffS^- A
^ "-
<^^
- .
1-30
1-15
178 A
-187.
\
1" 1
■^
1-00
0-45
.ISS. \
.Z16. \
r. ^
^
.V, .
I
l2
0-30
.225.
1 -^ "^
^ ".
-
N
0-15
.226\
-233.
1 ^ ^
I
C
I ^ ^
■^ $
'~k
■— =
0-15
-248
-A -^ ^-
< ^
—
0-30
-254
\ 1. Ill) III- /I/,/// \\'ii/rr
< ^
~
l-
0-45
1-00
1-15
.241
.22^.
/ 5^ ^
/ - ^
/ ^ ^
7 i^ S
^ ■
E-
>
u.-
.228
^ ^
-\' "^
~
1-30
.221
i ^
-
•^
145
I22I
: I
-. -
'J-
1—;
ZOO
.201 /
< ^.
^ 1
■T-
a
Z~15
176^ /
i 1
^ <
-3
|2^
5: -j
~
Z~30
-161 /
■^ ^
^^ \
'■'i-
1-^
. Z-45
3-00
.140 /
.120.-.--./
^ ^
<■ ^
-^
a
^
31 J
HZ y
^
>. ^
5
3
3 30
103 -\
5
—
3-45
-0.93 -./
\
$- ^
j:-.
4 00
-07Z /
<.
> ^S
4-15
066l
<
^
\
^,
430
07z\
2-
^
f.
! 5.
4 45
OOZ-
SJ
?•
5-00
.059.1
%
1
515
.....1.040
■^
:^
5-30
....L040
>cl>.
5-45
6 00
6-15
b'-Zfi
...\.04Z
. \.f>50
./.tri7
r
383
TABLE 3.
Showing the quarter-hourly co-ordinates of altitude of the average
semi-diurnal lunar sjjring tidal leave at Chicago, on Lake Michi-
gan^ as derived from 1200 observations, made at and near the
several periods of conjunction, and opposition of the sun and
moon, hefween January Sd and June 2d, 1859.
Mean solar interval of
Observed elevation
time before or after the
of the Lake sur-
moon's meridian tran-
face in decimals
sit.
of a foot.
H. M.
FT. dec's.
f6.00
0.000
Low water of lunar
5.45
0.006
spring tide.
5.30
0.014
5.15
0.029
•
5.00
0.035
-UJ
4.45
0.042
C
4-30
0.049
2
-t.^
4.15
0.057
4.00
0.079
'B
3.45
0.081
1
3.30
0.0S9
fl
3.15
0.091
3.00
0.101
o
o
2.45
0.121
s
2.30
0.129
-5
2.15
0.145
2.00
0.153
^
1.45
0.169
1.30
0.178
1.15
0.187
1.00
0.195
0.45
0.216
0.30
0.225
0.15
0.226
0.00 1
0.233
Moon in the meridian.
384
TABLE ^.—Continued.
H. M.
FT. dec's.
ro.i5
0.248
0.30
0.254
High water of lunar spring tide.
0.45
0.241
1.00
0.229
1.15
0.226
1.30
0.221
.-^
1.45
0.221
1=
2.00
0.201
&
2.15
0.179
E
2.30
0.161
'9
2.45
0.140
'%
3.00
0.120
S^
3.15
0.112
^M
3.30
0.103
8
3.45
0.093
s
4.00
0.072
o
4.15
0.066
■^
4.30
0.072 1
Slightly discrepant owing to
- a preponderance of unfavorable
_ winds at this particular period.
5-1
t4_
4.45
0.067 J
<1
5.00
0.059
5.15
0.046
5.30
0.040
5.45
0.042 1
I Slightly discrepant, owing to
< a preponderance of unfavorable
( winds at this particular period.
6.00
0.050 r
6.15
0.027
6.28
0.000
Low water of lunar spring tide.
In conclusion, we present the foregoing observations as solving a
problem which has been generally heretofore denied or doubted, and
as proving the discovery of a semi-diurnal lunar tidal wave, of the
dimensions herein described, on Lake Michigan ; and hence we infer
a similar one on the other great fresh-water lakes of North America.
J. D. Graham,
Member of the Society.
Dr. Bache read an extract from a letter, dated Caermar-
then, Wales, July 26, 1860, received by him from the Presi-
dent of the Society, Dr. George B. Wood, in relation to the
recent discovery, in the valley of the Somnie, in the northwest
of France, of fossil bones, associated with rude implements of
flint, certainly made by man, in the same geological stratum.
385
Prof. Cresson described some remarkable electrical pbeno-
mena, observed by bim during tbe summer, sbowing clearly
tbe dispersive mood of ligbtning.
In one instance, the lightning, after descending along the
exterior of a maple tree, without damage to the tree, passed
from the tree to a line of rails in an adjacent post-and-rail
fence, where it parted in two opposite directions, to the dis-
tance of nearly eighty feet in each direction, demolishing the
fence by bursting open the posts and splintering the rails :
fragments of the rails being thrown to the distance of sixty
feet or more.
In the other case, the lightning was seen to strike a cherry
tree, standing about fifty feet from a line of telegraph wires,
tAYO in number, to which, from the tree, it leaped, and was
then seen to pass in opposite directions along the wires. In
one direction (eastward) it seems to have escaped wholly
by the posts, many of which were splintered and several of
them entirely demolished. Westwardly, the posts were left un-
injured, the charge keeping the wires to their termination
at a telegraph station at the City Gas Works, in the First
Ward, nearly four thousand feet distant, destroying some
of the instruments and stopping the clock at the precise
moment of the occurrence of the phenomenon.
The Society was then adjourned.
Stated Meeting, October 5, 1860.
Present, nine members.
Judge Sharswood, Vice-President, in the Chair.
A letter from the State Historical Society of Wisconsin
was read, transmitting donations for the library.
The following donations for the Library were received : —
Cat. State Lib. Wisconsin. H. Rublee. Madison, 1860. Pamph.
8vo. — From the Society.
VOL. VII. — 2 z
386
Cat. of Autographs. J. G. Bell, Manchester, Eng. 18G0. P. 8vo.
Special-Karte des Wisconsin, &c., G. Richter. Wisel, 1849. 8vo.
Geol. Ann. Eeps. for 1855'8. Percival, Hall, Daniels. 3 pamph. 8vo.
Wisconsin State Hist. Soc. Pteports and Collections, IV, V. 8vo.
Wisconsin Ann. Messages of Gov. A. W. Randall, for 1858'9. 8vo.
Jahresbericht des Gen. Adj. Wisconsin Militz. 1855. Pamph. 8vo.
Jaarlijksch Rapport van den Staats Opziener, &c. 1855. Pamph. 8vo.
Raport fra Undersogelses-Committeen, &c. 1859. Pamph. 8vo.
Laws of Wisconsin Organization and Government of Towns.
E. M. Haines. Chicago, 1858. Pamph. 8vo.
An. Report of Commerce, Manuf , Pub. Imp., and R.R. System of
Milwaukee for 1855'6'9. Pamph. 8vo.
School Code of Wisconsin. 1859. Pamph. 8vo.
An. Rep. (11th) on the Com. Schools of Wisconsin, by L. C. Draper.
1859. Pamph. 8vo.
Proceedings of the Board of Regents of Normal Schools, 1st Meet-
ing. Madison, 1857. Pamph. 8vo.
An. Rep. (12th) of B. of R. of Univ. of Wise, for 1859. Pam. 8vo.
Rep. of Trus., &c. W. S. Hosp. for the Insane. 1859. Pamp. 8vo.
Wiscon. Senate Jour., 1858'9 ; App. 1857'8. 6 vols. Madison. 8vo.
Wisconsin Assem. Jour., 1857'8 ; Appendix, 1857'8. 5 vols.
Wisconsin Laws for 1857'8'9; Private Laws, 1858'9. 5 vols.
Wisconsin Revised Statutes. Chicago, 1858. 8vo.
Wisconsin S. Agri. Soc. Trans., V. Madison, 1860. 8vo.
Ollendorff's Neue Methode zur Erlernung der Russ. sprache; mit
Schiissel. M. Joel. 2 vols. Frankfurt a M. 1854. 8vo.—
From Prof. Rokn'f/, of Philadelphia.
Logique de Hegel, traduit pour le premier fois, en accompagnee
d'une introduction et d'une commentaire perpetuel, par A. Vera.
2 vols. Paris, 1859. Syo.— From Prof. Rohrig.
Connecticut State Agricultural Society Transactions. 1859. Hart-
ford, 1860. 8vo.— i^>'077i the Soc.
St. Louis A. Sci. Trans. Vol. I, No. 4. 1860. S\o.—From the Ac.
Canada Geological Survey, Report of Progress for 1859. Montreal.
8vo. — From Sir W. Logan.
Lon. Chem. S. Quar. Jour. No. L. 1860. 8vo. — From the Sue.
Evangelical Repos. June to Sept., 1860. Phila. — From Mr. Young.
Cambridge Astronomical Journal. No. cxl. — From the Fd.
Amer. Jour. Med. Sci. No. Ixxx. — From the Publishers.
Med. News and Library. No. ccxiv. — From the Pub.
387
The following obituary notice of Judge Joel Jones, late
member of the Society, Ayas read by Judge Sharswood : —
The subject of this obituary notice was born the 22d October,
1796, in Coventry, Connecticut. On his father's side he was a
lineal descendant of Col. John Jones, who married Henrietta, the
second sister of Oliver Cromwell, and was one of the Judges who
sat on the trial of Charles the First. Colonel Jones was one of
Cromwell's House of Lords in 1653, and Lord Lieutenant of Ire-
land from 1650 to 1659. He was tried and beheaded for high trea-
son October 17, 1660. His son, William Jones, was for several
years Deputy Governor of New Haven and Connecticut. From
him Joel Jones was the fourth in descent.
Joel entered Yale College in 1813, and graduated in 1817. He
was, during this time, between the ages of seventeen and twenty-one,
and was able to support himself by teaching school. The necessity
he was under of doing this was, no doubt, a great advantage to him,
as it has been to so many others. Nothing makes so accurate a
scholar, or lays a more thorough foundation in the classics, while the
habits of close attention and patience which are cultivated are of the
utmost importance. Mr. Jones graduated with the highest honors
of his class. He studied law with Judge Bristol, of New Haven,
and afterwards in the Litchfield Law School, under the care of
Judges Keeves and Grould. Upon the completion of his studies, his
parents removed to Wilkesbarre, in this State. Joel accompanied
them, and was admitted to practise law in Luzerne. He did not
open an office there nor until he determined to settle in Easton.
Here he occupied himself laboriously in law studies, and distin-
guished himself in some cases which required much research into
forgotten if not obsolete law. He was counsel in the case of Barnet
V. Ihricj in which the old remedy of assize of nuisance was revived;
and his argument for the plaintiff in error in the Supreme Court
(17 S. & R. 187) is at once a testimony to his learning and industry.
In 1830, the Legislature passed resolutions for the appointment by
the Governor of " three competent persons, learned in the laws of
this Commonwealth, as commissioners to revise, collate, and digest
all such public acts and statutes of the Civil Code of this State, and
all such British statutes in force in this State, as are general and per-
manent in their nature." Governor Wolf, who, having been a mem-
ber of the bar of Northampton County, and associated with Mr.
Jones, was well acquainted with his capacity, appointed him, with
388
the late William Eawle, Sr., and Thomas I. Wharton, to perform
this highly important work. The commissioners were employed
upon it for five years ; but it was suffered to expire before it was
completed. They reported annually to the Legislature, and many of
their bills were adopted, though some of the most important were
never acted upon. It is undoubtedly a useful and even necessary
work, from time to time, to revise and digest the statute laws. What-
ever opinion may be entertained upon the subject of codification
generally, this much will be yielded. Acts of Assembly are often
hastily penned by men who have no accurate knowledge of what the
law was before, or even if well drawn they are often attended in the
course of their passage by sudden amendments, hastily proposed and
adopted. In making such revision, however, two things ought care-
fully to be observed, — that there should be no such change of lan-
guage as would imply a change of the law, without a distinct report
that such was the intention. The second is, that all the acts thus
revised should be expressly repealed by their titles. The commis-
sioners were not as careful as they might have been in these respects.
It was perhaps their intention, at the close of their labors, to have
reported a list of all the acts to be repealed, but it was never reached ;
and the consequence is, that, under the general clause repealing all
such statutes or parts of statutes as were supplied by the Revised
Code, the old statutes must still be referred to and studied to see if
all their provisions have been supplied ; and it is often an embarrass-
ing question to determine how far they have been. As to the first
point, the neglect of it has rendered it necessary for the Supreme
Court to adopt a new canon of interpretation for the Revised Code
specially; and the same thing has been done in New York. In
other respects, though very slow in their labors, the commissioners
evinced great learning and a sound conservative spirit in desiring
rather to adapt the plastic character of our common-law forms of
procedure to the objects of chancery jurisdiction, without creating
separate courts of equity or vesting the judges of the common-
law courts with unusual powers without the intervention of a jury.
The opinion is a very common one at the bar, that it would have
been better that our old familiar system of law and equity, alike
administered by court and jury, which grew up among us by custom,
— the silent legislation of the people, — had been continued and ex-
tended, rather than the present hybrid system introduced — law and
equity on one side of the court, and equity exclusively on the other
— in which the orator for equity grounds his bill for relief upon what
389
may be true in England or other States, but is a downright falsehood
here, that he has no remedy or an inadequate one at law.
About the period when his labors as commissioner came to an end,
— in 1835, — he was appointed by Governor Wolf one of the Judges
of the District Court for the City and County of Philadelphia. He
held this place for ten years, when, upon the renewal of the court in
1845, Judge Thomas M. Pettit having declined a reappointment as
President of the Court, Judge Jones succeeded to his place. He
continued to act as president for three years, when he resigned upon
his election as President of the Girard College for Orphans. As a
judge he was remarkable for great courtesy, immovable patience,
and unwearied attention. He was therefore a safe though, it must
be confessed, a slow judge. When he had once formed and expressed
an opinion at Nisi Prius, which was after great deliberation, he was
hardly ever known to change it. His law learning was very con-
siderable, but it lay more among the ancient than the modern books ;
and it was with much diflGiculty that he could turn the current of his
ideas upon legal subjects into new channels. Hence his decisions
often seemed grounded upon mere technicalities, yet while it was
certainly only the justice of the law which he aimed to administer,
as every judge ought, yet it was evidently his great desire suum
cuique trihuere whenever it could lawfully be done. He occupied
the post of President of Girard College only eighteen months. His
views and those of the Board of Directors not according on certain
points connected with the institution, he resigned his post, and in
the succeeding autumn was elected Mayor of Philadelphia, which
place he filled for one year.
After this he returned to the bar in this city, at which he con-
tinued till his death, which took place February 8d, 1860, in the
sixty-fourth year of his age. He always was and continued a bard
student. After his return to the bar, he revised and enlarged Bou-
vier's Law Dictionary, and published a small volume entitled, " A
Syllabus of the Law of Land Office Titles in Pennsylvania." He
contributed to the American Law Register, and wrote a series of
articles on American jurisprudence and the moulding of common-
law forms to equitable doctrines, for several English law periodicals.
He was an excellent Hebrew and Greek scholar, and an earnest
student of the Bible in the original tongues. He published a vo-
lume entitled, '' The Patriarchal Age, or the Story of Joseph," in
which much critical acuteness as well as extensive Oriental erudi-
tion was exhibited. It has received hio-h commendations from the
390
most eminent biblical scholars. He contributed largely to the reli-
gious periodicals on various topics, and for some time edited a religious
magazine called '' The Literalist." The title of the magazine indi-
cated what was the fact, that he was a firm believer in the literal
fulfilment of Scripture prophecy; and a large part of his time ap-
pears to have been devoted to the illustration and defence of this
opinion. He left many manuscripts, some of which, — notes and
comments on parts of the Bible, — are soon to be published.
He was truly exemplary in all the relations of life, a sincere
Christian, and a good man. Kind in his disposition, yielding in
his temper, affable in his manner, unbending in his integrity, and
pure in his life ; his memory, as that of the just, is blessed.
Geo. Sharswood.
September 21st, 1860.
The decease of Andrea Mustoxidi, of Corfu, at Vienna,
July 29, 1860, was announced by Professor Trego.
The subject of human remains in the Diluvial Formation,
brought forward at the last meeting, was discussed.
And the Society was adjourned.
Stated Meeting October 19, 18G0.
Dr. F. Bache in the Chair.
Present, five members.
Letters were read from the Batavian Society, dated Rotter-
dam, January 12th ; from P. A. T. Peters, dated Altona,
April 16th ; and from the University of Toronto, dated
October 11th, 1860, acknowledging the receipt of the Trans-
actions and Proceedings.
The following donations for the Library were received : —
Journal of the Franklin Institute Philada., for Oct. — From tlie Iiiaf.
African Repository, for October, Washington. — From A. Colon. S.
Minutes of the 151st An. Meeting of the General Association of
Connecticut. New Haven, 1860. 8vo. Pamph. 86 pp.
391
Mr. Lesley made a verbal communication respecting a
deposit of quartz crystals and a deposit of a silicate of alu-
mina between the roof rock and the top layer of an anthracite
coal bed, and exhibited a fossil plant from the same neigh-
borhood.
And the Society adjourned.
Stated Meeting November 2, 1860.
Prof. Cresson, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Present, seven members.
Letters were read, acknowledging the receipt of the Trans-
actions and Proceedings, from the Imperial Society of Na-
turalists at Moscow, dated May 12th ; the Imperial Academy
of Sciences at Vienna, dated April 20th ; the Royal Saxon
Society at Leipsig, dated May 1st ; the Royal Society of
Sciences at Gottingen, June 3d ; the Royal Academy of Bel-
gium, dated Bruxelles, March 20th ; the Literary and Philo-
sophical Society of Manchester, dated May 31st ; and the
Philosophical and Literary Society at Leeds, dated July
24th, 1860.
A letter was read from the Royal Bavarian Academy of
Sciences, dated Munich, June 12th, 1860, acknowledging the
receipt of Transactions and Proceedings, and requesting a com-
plete second set of Transactions and Proceedings, for reasons
stated, and an equivalent proposed, which, on motion of Mr.
Fraley, was committed for consideration to the committee
on the Library, with power to act.
Letters were read, transmitting donations for the Library,
from the Imperial Academy at Vienna, dated June 25 ; the
Royal Society at Gottingen, dated June 16th ; the Imperial
Academy at St. Petersburg, dated April 23d ; and the Royal
Geographical Society of London, dated July 24th, 1860.
392
The following donations for the library were received : —
Memoires de I'Acad. Imp. de St. Petersbourg. T. II.
Memoires par Divers Savants. T. YIII. 1859. 4to.
Bulletin de TAcad. T. I, feuill. 10 to 36. Unbound. 4to.
Pulkowaer Beobachtungen des Grossen Cometen von 1858 ; von
Struve und Winnecke. St. Pet., 1859. 4to.
Missbildungen, von Dr. W. Gruber.
Beitrag zum Yerstandniss des Liber Census Daniae, von C. Schirren.
Analyse und Kritik der Schrift Georgs von Brevern : der L. 0.
D. u. die anfange der geschechte Harriens u. Wirlands (1219-
1244). St. Pet., 1859. 4to. [All three last memoires pub-
lished by the Academy.]
Transactions ("Schriften," afterwards ^'A^erhandlungen") der Iluss.-
Kais. Mineralogischen Gesell. zu St. Petersbourg. XVII, 1831 ;
Plates, 1831 ; XVI, 2, 1842 ; (these three in Russian ; the
following in German); I, i, 1842; Jahr 1847; 1848'9 ;
1850'1 ;"l852'3 ; 1854; 1855'6; 1857'8. St. Pet. 8vo. (Each
volume unbound, from 300 to 400 pages.)
Sitzungsberichte der K. Akad. phil. hist. CI. XXXIII, i, ii, 1860.
math. nat. CI. XXXIX, iii, iv, v; XL, vii, viii, x, 1860.
Mittheilungen der K. K. Geog. G. Jahr. Ill, iii. Wien. 8vo.
Jahrbuch der K. K. Geol. R. Jahr. X, iii, iv, 1859. Wien. 8vo.
Jahresbericht(45th)derNat.G.inEmd. (1859). Emd.,1860. 12mo.
Kleine Schriften. VI, Der Barometerstand Ostfrieslands, von Dr.
Prestel. VII, Ein Betrag zur Klimatologie des Harzes, von C.
L. Schoof ; 2r Abdruck. Claustal, 1860.
Abhandlungen der K. G. zu Gottingen, A^III (1858'9). 1860. 4to.
Nachrichten, von der G. A. Univ. Nos. 1-20 (1859). 16mo.
Cat. der Antiken-Sammlung. Fr. von Thiersch. Munich, 1860. 8vo.
Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. VI, xlv,
xlvi. Lausanne, 1859'60. 8vo.
Annuaire de I'Acad. R. de Belgique (1860). 16mo.
Bulletins de I'Acad. (1859). T. VII, VIII. 8vo.
Mem. Couronnees ct Autres Mem. IX (1859), X (1860). 8vo.
Annuaire de I'Obser. R. de Bruxelles (1860). 1859. 32mo.
Sur le Population de la Tcrre, d'apres Di6terici.
Relation d'un Voy. en Sicile et. . . . I'ltalie, 1858.
Pr(§cis de I'Hist. de I'Astron. aux E. Unis. (All three 32mo extr.,
from 1' Annuaire, and by Ed. Mailly.)
Sur la Difference de Long, des Observatoires de Bruxelles et de
393
Berlin, determinee en 1857 par signaux galvaniques. (Trans.
from Encke's Mem. in M. Acad. R. de Berlin, for 1858, and
extr. from 4to Annales de I'Obs. R. de Bruxelles.)
Rymbjbel von J. v. Maerlant. Ill, J. David. Brux., 1859. 8vo.
Prospectus, Results.... Schlagintweit, 1854-8. To be published in 9
vols. Text, 3 vols. F. Atlas, by Brockhaus, of Leipsig.
Annales des Mines. XVI, v, vi. XVII, i. 1859'60. Paris. 8vo.
Phil. Trans. R. S. London. CXLIX, i, ii. 1859. 4to.
List of Fellows, &c. &c., 30th Nov., 1859. 4to.
Proceedings R. S. L. X, xxxvii, xxxviii, 1859'60. 8vo.
Notices of Proc. R. Inst. G. B. and I. IX. Lon., 1858'9. 8vo.
List of Members, &c. for 1858. London, 1859. 8vo.
Additions to the Library from July '58 to July '59. 8vo.
Report of Br. Ass. Aberdeen Meeting, 1859. Lon., 1860. 8vo.
Journal R. Geog. S. XXIX. London, 1859. 8vo.
Proceedings. IV, ii, iii. London, 1860. 8vo.
Ray Society, Inst. 1844. The Oceanic Hydrozoa, a Description of
the Calycophoridse and Physophorid^e. Obs. during the voy.
of H. M. S. Rattlesnake, in 1846-1850, &c., by T. H. Huxley.
London, 1859. 4 to. — From the R. S.
Jour, of the S. of Arts, &c. VIII, ccclxxvi to ccccli. Lon., 1860. 8vo.
Ast. &c. Obs. Greenwich Obs. (1S58). Lon., 1860. 4to.— i^rom R. S.
Obs. at Mag. and Met. Obs. at St. Helena, with Discussions of Obs.
at C. of G. Hope, &c. &c., by Sabine. II, 1844-'49. Lon.,
1860. ^to.— From tlie Brit. Gov.
Journal of the R. Asiatic S. XVII, i, ii. Lon., 1860. 8vo.
Memoirs.... Lit. Phil. S. Manchester. XV, ii. Lon., 1860. 8vo.
Proceedings of the same. No. 1, 1858'9, pp. 60 to 250. 8vo.
On the Phosphates and Arseniates, by Dalton. Man., 1840. 8vo.
Leeds Phil, and Lit. S. An. Rep. for 1859'60. Pamph. 8vo.
Sensorial Vision ; a Paper by Herschel. Leeds, 1858. 8vo.
The Physical Condition of the People in its bearings upon their
Social and Moral Welfare; a Paper, by Bickersteth. Leeds,
1860. 8vo.
Rep. of Proc. of Geol. S. W. R. Yorksh. (1859). Leeds, 1860. 8vo.
Journal of R. Dublin S., Oct., 1859. XV. 8vo.
Proceedings B. S. N. H. VII, xxi, xxii. Boston, 1860. 8to.
Cat. of Officers, &c. Harvard Un. for 1860'1. Cambridge. 16mo.
Proceedings Ac. N. S. Philadelphia, 1860. 25 to 28 sigs. 8vo.
Observations on the Form of the Occiput in the Various Races of
VOL. VII. — 3 A
394
Men, by J. A. Meigs, M.D. (Extr. from last.) Philadelphia,
1860. 8vo. — From the outlior.
The Laws of Race as connected with Slavery, by the author of
'^ The Law of the Territories," ^' Rustic Rhymes," &c. Phil.,
1860. 8vo. Pamph.— i^rom ^S'. G. Fisher.
On motion the German Geological Society at Berlin and
the Socidt^ Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles at Lausanne
were ordered to be placed on the list of corresponding so-
cieties.
And the meeting was adjourned.
Stated Meeting, Nov. 16, 1860.
Present ten members.
Mr. Isaac Lea, Vice President, in the Chair.
Letters were received from the Imperial Society of Na-
turalists, dated Moscow, 1st and 13th June ; from the Royal
Society of Sciences, dated Upsala, 4th August ; from the
Royal Saxon Society, dated Leipsig, 5th and 9th July ; and
from Thos. Lawson, Surgeon-General U. S. A., dated Wash-
ington, 7th November, 1860, — transmitting donations for the
Library.
A letter was received from the Royal Society of Sciences,
dated Upsala, 7th August, 1860, acknowledging the receipt
of copies of the Transactions and Proceedings.
The following donations for the Library were announced : —
Librorura in bib. Speculae Pulcovensis anno 1858 exeunte contento-
rum catalogus systcmaticus. 0. Struve, Petropoli, 1860.
Small 4to, unbound, 950 pages. — From the Vice-Director of
the Observatory.
Receuil de Memoires presentes a I'Academie des Sciences par les
395
Astronomes de Poulkova, &c. 0. Struve, V.D. Vol. II. St.
Pet. 1859. 4to.
Bulletin de la S. I. des Nat. de Moscow ) pub. par Dr. Renard ;
ii, iii, iv, 1859 ; i, 1860. 8vo.
Nouveaux mem. de la S. I. des N. de Moscow; T. XI, XII, 1859'60.
4to.
Aorsskrift, K. Yetensk. S. i Upsala. 1° °arg. 1860. 8vo.
Nova acta R. S. S. Upsaliensis. Ser. tert. Vol. II. 1856-8. 4to.
Berichte . . . . der K. Sachs. G. der Wiss. zu Leipsig; math.
physiche dasse, i, ii, iii, iv (1859) ; philoloy .-historische classej
i, ii, iii, iv (1859), i, ii (1860) ; 8vo.
Auseinandersetzung .... absoluten storungen der kl. planeten ;
3d abh. Von P. A. Hansen. Leipsig, 1859. 8vo.
Die Melaneiscben sprachen .... mit den Malaiisch-Polynesischen
spraclien ; von H. C. von der Gabelentz. Leipsig, 1860. 8vo.
Beitrage zur anatomic der Cycadeen ; von Gr. Mettenius. Leipsig,
1860. 8vo.
Ueber seitenknospen bei Farnen ; von G. Mettenius. Leipsig,
1860. 8vo.
Die classen der Hanefitischen rechtsgelehrten ; von G. Fliigel.
Ueber verhaltnisse des binocularen sehens; von G. Th. Fechner.
Leipsig, 1860. 8vo. (These six last are from the Abhand. der
K. S. S. der W.)
Bulletin de la S. de Geog. 4th Serie, Vol. XIX. Paris, 1860. 8vo.
Memoirs of the E. Ast. S. XXVIII (1858'9) Lond. 1860. 4to.
Monthly notices of the B. A. S. XX, ix. London. 8vo.
Barthes and Lowell's bimonthly list of books. London. 8vo.
Proceedings of the L. and P. S. of Liverpool. No. XIV, 1860. 8vo.
Journal of the Franklin Institute. No. 419, Nov. Phil. 8vo.
Statistical report of the sickness and mortality in the U. S. A. from
Jan. 1855 to Jan. 1860 ; by R. H. Coolidge, M.D., Ass. Surg.
U. S. A. Washington, 1860. 4to. (514 pp. bound). Senate
Document No. 52, oOth Cong., 1st Session.
The death of Hartman Kuhn, a member of the Society, at
Philadelphia, on the 6th inst., aged 76 years, was announced
by Dr. Franklin Bache.
New nomination No. 416 was read.
Dr. Bache renowned the subject of discussion at the last
meeting, and moved that the Librarian be instructed to have
396
notices of the meetings sent to all members residing within
ten miles of the Hall of the Society, with appended notes,
stating the business, stated or special, of the meeting to be
held, which was agreed to.
And the meeting was adjourned.
Stated Meeting, December 7th, 1860.
Present, twenty-eight members.
Professor Cresson, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Letters acknowledging the receipt of the Society's publi-
cations were received from the Society of Antiquaries, dated
London, November 16th ; and from the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania, dated Philadelphia, November 26th, 1860.
A letter was received from the Royal Academy, dated
Lisbon, January 1 9th, 1858, announcing the transmission of
thirty-two volumes of their publications.
A letter from G. B. Airy, Astronomer Royal, dated
Greenwich, October 20, 1860, was read, furnishing a list of
the publications of the observatory, from which deficiencies
in the series may be supplied.
A letter from the President, Dr. G. B. Wood, was read,
dated Paris, November 5th, 1860, giving information of a
new Society (La Socidt^ de I'Anthropologie de Paris), and
the donation of its first publications. On motion of the
Librarian, that Society, and the Socidte Academique de
I'Aube, at Troyes, w^ere ordered to be placed on the list of
corresponding societies.
The following donations for the Library were announced :
Bulletins, Soc. d' Anthropologic. T. I; i, ii. Paris, 1859 '60. 8vo.
Memoires de la meme. T. I ; i. 1860. 8vo. — From Dr. Wood.
Essai sur la theorie de la variation diur. barom., sur la const, de I'cther,
&c. (Soc. Acad, de I'Aubc), Par. C.-L. Henry. Troyes. 1860.
8vo. — From the Author.
397
Memoria da Acad. R. de Lisboa. T. XII ; ii,— Sec. Ser. T. I, II, III,
(5 Vols.)— Nova Ser. T. I; i, ii; T. II; i, (5 Vols.) 4to.
Portugalia monumenta Mstorica, 2 fasciculi.
Annaes das Sci. e Let. T. I., 13 Nos.
Noticias ultramarinas, T. VI., 2 Nos.
Annales da Marinha. T. II., 1 No.
Colleccao de opusc. reimp. T. I ; i. ii. — From the Academy.
Zoological Society, P. Ill, 1859 ; I, II, 1861. London. 8vo.— /Vom
(lie Society.
American Oriental Soc. Proc. Oct. 17. New Haven, 1860. 8vo.
American Journal, for November. New Haven, 1860. 8vo.
Astronom. Journal, No. 141. Cambridge, 1860. 4to.
Life Insurance Convention, at N. York, May 23, 1860. 8vo. — From
the Girard Ins. Co.
Med. News and Library. Dec, Phila., 1860. 8vo. — From the Pub.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc. pp. 413-476. Phila., 1860. 8vo.
Obs. on the Grenus Unio. Isaac Lea. VIII. i. Phila., 1860. 4to.
On Diseases peculiar to Women. By H. L. Hodge. Phila., 1860. 8vo.
Introductory Discourse on Speculative and Inductive Medicine; Med.
Dep. Penn. Coll., Oct. 8. By H. Hartshorne, M.D., Phila.,
1860. 8vo. — These from the Authors.
Further Remarks on Numerical Relations between Equivalents. By
M. C. Lea (Ex. Am. J. S. and A.) Nov. 1860. Svo.
Catalogue of the flowering Plants and Ferns of Ohio. By J. S. New-
berry, M.D. (Ohio Agric.Rept., 1859.) Columbus, 1860. 8vo.
Report on the Economical Geology of the Route of the Ashtabula
and New Lisbon R. R. By J. S. Newberry (made Nov. 1, 1856).
Cleveland, 1857. 8vo. — These from the Authors.
Munsell's Catalogue of Rare, New, and Second Hand Books. Albany,
1860. 8vo.
Address before Agr. Soc. N. Castle Co. By S. G. Fisher, 1860. Svo.
Etat Atmospherique le 16 Oct., 1860, a 8 h. m. Paris, (for all
Europe) ; one sheet, 4to.
New Jersey Historical Soc. Proc. IX; i. 1860. pp. 56, 8vo.
An obituary notice of Dr. Chapman was read by Dr. John
B. Biddle :
Nathaniel Chapman, ninth President of the American Philoso-
phical Society, was descended from an ancient and honorable Eng-
lish family.
398
His paternal ancestor came to Virginia with the very first colony,
under the auspices of Raleigh, to whom he was nearly related by
blood. He had been a captain of cavalry in the British army, and
received a considerable grant of land in the new territory, upon
which his distinguished kinsman had just bestowed the appellation
of the Virgin Queen.
The old seat of the Chapman family in Virginia is still in their
possession, on the river Pomonkey, some twenty miles above Rich-
mond. A branch of the family, about the year 1700, migrated to
the adjoining State of Maryland, and fixed itself on the banks of
the Potomac, nearly opposite Mount Vernon. They retained the
designation of the ancient settlement, and called the new estate
Pomonkey. From this branch Dr. Chapman is descended.
His father, however, returned to Virginia upon his marriage, and
passed his life there. His wife was of that Scotch stock, of which
so many were attracted to Virginia, in the early days of her tobacco
trade. She was the daughter of Allan Macrae, of Dumfries, in
Virginia, a merchant and tobacco factor, who accumulated a large
fortune, which he bequeathed to his children.
Nathaniel Chapman, the second son of George Chapman and
Amelia Macrae, was born on the 28th May, 1780, at his father's
seat, Summer Hill, in Fairfax County, Virginia, on the banks of the
Potomac. The ancient town of Alexandria, then the capital of north-
eastern Virginia, was within a few miles of the seat of the Chap-
mans ; and about equidistant stood the future site of Washington.
At Alexandria, not many months before the birth of Chapman, in
the December of the preceding year, was born another distinguished
physician, who for nearly fifty years shared with him the best prac-
tice of Philadelphia, — Joseph Hartshorne.
These young men, destined in after life, in a distant city, to a long
career of honorable rivalry, received the foundation of their scholastic
education together, at the classical academy of Alexandria, founded
by General Washington, and then under the direction of his able and
accomplished friend and chaplain, the Rev. Dr. McGrath. Chap-
man remained here six years. Subsequently, for brief periods, he
was an inmate of two other colleges, to neither of which, however,
did he consider himself under any obligation.
The academical training of the Alexandria College must have been
superior. Hartshorne and Chapman were both distinguished for
thoroughness and accuracy of scholarship, and, through life, beyond
399
most of their professional contemporaries, were remarkable for devo-
tion to general literature and belles-lettres.
At a very early age Chapman commenced the study of the profes-
sion which he so long illustrated and adorned. In the year 1797,
when but little more than seventeen years of age, he came up to
Philadelphia, for attendance on the medical lectures at the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania. For two years previously he had been engaged
in a course of preliminary reading, under the guidance of two neigh-
boring physicians, both in their day men of no little note. A year
he spent in the ofl&ce of Dr. John Weems, of Georgetown, afterwards
and now of the District of Columbia. Weems, a close friend and
near relation of the Chapman family, was a practitioner of much
local eminence. From his office. Chapman passed under the care of
Dr. Dick, of Alexandria, then and still favorably known in the
annals of American medicine.
At seventeen, a stranger, without fortuiie, connections, or influ-
ence. Chapman launched his bark in the crowded metropolis of the
United States. At thirty-three, he had reached the front rank of
his profession. Seated in a leading chair of the renowned American
school of medicine, with the most desirable practice of a great city
at his command, an eminent social favorite, distinguished as a wit
and conversationalist, he enjoyed a position which left him nothing
to desire. A rare combination of qualities had achieved this bril-
liant success. Energy, industry, professional aptitude, literary at-
tainments had not alone accomplished it ; there were moral, no less
than intellectual, attributes which pushed him forward in the career
of fortune.
A winning demeanor, remarkable conversational powers, an address
which was the unmistakable pledge of a sympathizing heart, — these
were the traits which at once made Chapman troops of powerful
friends, and carried him over the heads of able competitors for the
great prizes which he so early secured.
Upon his arrival in Philadelphia, Chapman became the private
pupil of Rush, then in the zenith of his popularity and influence.
With Rush he soon made himself a favorite, and there is little doubt
that he was early destined by his preceptor for introduction into the
University, if not for the succession to the Chair of Practice.
The Medical Faculty of the University of Pennsylvania, in the
days of Chapman's pupilage, presented an array of names, which,
with scarcely an exception, have become historical. Shippen, Wistar,
400
Rush, Barton, and Woodhouse, filled the four chairs^ to which the
organization was limited.
Shippen, the senior of the Faculty^ and one of the founders of the
school, had the three branches of Anatomy, Surgery, and Midwifery,
with Wistar for his adjunct. Surgery was not a distinct professor-
ship until 1805, when the commanding ability of Physick as a prac-
titioner and teacher of surgical art led to the creation of the addi-
tional chair. It was not till 1810, after the death of Shippen, that
the claims of Midwifery, as an independent practical branch of medi-
cine, were admitted. Shippen, whose brilliant social as well as pro-
fessional reputation is part of the traditional history of Philadelphia,
is described by a student of those days — no friendly critic of the
University Faculty, — Caldwell, as "in stature and figure, countenance,
and general appearance, and style of manners, one of the most elegant
and gentlemanly personages of the times, possessed of an excellent
and well-cultivated mind, a polished, and when excited, an impres-
sive, if not an eloquent public speaker.''
Wistar, then comparatively young, and destined to be the survivor
of the Faculty, was the personal favorite of the class. In general
education beyond the standard of his day, with a preparatory profes-
sional training which an easy fortune had enabled him to prolong at
home and abroad, fluent, imaginative, self-possessed, he has probably
never been surpassed as a finished and instructive lecturer.
Barton's reputation in Natural Science gave no little eclat to the
school. As a lecturer (in the admission of Caldwell^ who showed
much rancor to his memory), " he was eminently instrumental in
giving to his branch the respectable rank it holds at present in our
Schools of Medicine, Previously to his promotion to the chair of
Materia Medica, the lectures delivered from it, in the United States,
consisted of very little else than dry details of the names, classes,
imputed properties, doses, and modes of preparation, and exhibition
of medicinal substances."
Woodhouse, then recently elected to the chair of Chemistry, was
distinguished as an experimental chemist. By Priestley, he was pro-
nounced "equal, as an experimenter, to any one he had seen in
either England or France." An enthusiast in devotion to analysis,
he would doubtless have accomplished something brilliant, but he
was cut off by apoplexy at the early age of thirty-eight.
Rush, however, was beyond cavil the bright star of the school,
facile princeps. His theories have disappeared before the light of
modern physiological investigation. But his genius made a lasting
401
impression on the medical opinions of his countrymen, and his ardor,
fervor, and faith, were irresistible with his students.
Upon his graduation in the spring of 1800, Chapman presented
an inaugural thesis on Hydrophobia, written at the request of Rush,
in answer to an attack on the Professor's favorite theory of the
pathology of that disease. He had previously prepared an essay on
the sympathetic connections of the stomach with the rest of the
body. This paper, afterwards read before the Philadelphia Medical
Society, contained the germs of Chapman's doctrines, regarding the
pathology of fever, as well as the 7nodus operandi of medicines.
During his pupilage, Chapman found leisure to contribute to peri-
odical literature. About this time " The Portfolio" was established,
under the editorship of the celebrated Dennie. Our young Doctor
wrote several articles for this journal, under the signature of Falk-
land. They refer chiefly to European politics, and are strongly
tinctured with the anti-Gallican and anti-Bonapartist views, which
then pervaded the Federal party of the country, of which the "Port-
folio" set were strong partisans.
Chapman did not obtain the advantage of an hospital residence,
upon his graduation in Philadelphia. His friend and compatriot,
Hartshorne, was more fortunate. " Through the assistance of his
uncles (then influential managers of the Hospital), and of other
relatives, Hartshorne was enabled, in 1801, to secure an appoint-
ment to the post of Resident Apprentice and Apothecary, then
vacant in the Pennsylvania Hospital." But Chapman, destitute of
influence in these quarters, determined to seek the most celebrated
schools and hospitals of Europe, with the view to the completion of
his medical education.
He remained abroad three years, nearly one of which he spent in
London, a private pupil of Abernethy's. This celebrated man had
great powers as a teacher, and an unrivalled faculty of impressing
the minds of his students. The founder of the Physiological School
of Surgery, and the author of a rational constitutional treatment of
surgical diseases, he carried his pathological views also into the do-
main of Medicine. Constitutional disorders, he maintained, either
originate from, or are allied with derangements of the stomach and
bowels, and can be reached only through these organs. These doc-
trines probably took no little hold of the mind of his young Ame-
rican pupil. They are traceable throughout his future teachings
and writings.
There was something, moreover, congenial in the temperaments
VOL. VII. — 3 B
402
of the two men ; but Chapman had Abernethy's humor, without a
tinge of his coarseness and causticity.
Edinburgh, however, was at this time the medical metropolis
of the world ; and, in ISOl, Chapman went there for a sojourn of
two years. The influence which the Edinburgh medical school had
long exerted over the profession of America is forcibly described by
Dr. Jackson in his Discourse commemorative of Dr. Chapman.
" The celebrity it had acquired from its Monros, Cullen, Brown,
and Gregory, had not been eclipsed by the Paris or German schools,
or rivalled by those of London or Dublin. The medical school of
the Scotch metropolis was the cynosure of American physicians
during the colonial period, and continued to be so until within the
last twenty-five years. Most of the eminent medical men of Phila-
delphia, New York, and Boston, of the latter part of the last century,
were its alumni. I doubt whether, at that time, more was known
of the European continental schools than the mere existence of two
or three of repute. All of the medical doctrines, ideas, principles, and
practice of this country were derived from the Edinburgh school, or
from English writers. Our knowledge of the works, contributions
to science, doctrines, theories, and practice of the French, German,
and Italian medical schools and profession, with some very limited
individual exceptions, does not date beyond twenty-five or thirty
years."
The great ornament of the Edinburgh school, Cullen, had been,
at this time, some years dead. But his teachings survived, and,
indeed, pervaded not only the British isles, but the North American
continent. Nowhere were they more implicitly received than in our
own country. The lectures of Kuhn, who a short time before had
occupied the chair of Theory and Practice in the University of
Pennsylvania, are described by Caldwell as '^ strikingly characterized
by the doctrines and notions of Cullen, and not a few of them actual
copies of his lectures." And ''Cullen's First Lines," down to a
period within the recollection of many of our older physicians,
was the time-honored text-book of the Practice of Medicine in the
United States.
The doctrines of Cullen, which are to a certain extent founded
upon those of Hofi'man, had effected a revolution in medical theories.
They superseded the Immoral pathology of Boerhaave, and based
diseased action solely upon derangement of the solid organs of the
body. The system of Cullen, afterwards rudely simplified by
Brown, and again modified by Rush, retained its hold over the
403
British and American mens medica, until the comparatively recent
discoveries of chemical analysis revived the old humoral opinions, so
consonant with the instincts of mankind. Chapman carried away
with him for life the doctrines of the Edinburgh school. He was,
to the close of his medical career, in the language of Dr. Jackson,
" a most uncompromising vitalist and solidist."
His residence in Edinburgh was agreeable as well as instructive.
His pleasant manners and social powers brought him into intimacy
with a number of distinguished men, particularly Lord Buchan,
Dugald Stewart, and Brougham. He seems to have anticipated the
career of Brougham ; for, not long after his return to the United
States, he republished Brougham's speech before the House of Com-
mons on the British Orders in Council, with a biographical sketch,
in which the eminence of the future chancellor was predicted.
Lord Buchan, the eccentric but warm-hearted friend of America
and Americans, paid the young A'irginian the compliment of a public
breakfast, upon his departure for his own country. The occasion
selected was the birthday of Washington, and a large number of dis-
tinguished persons, including most of the literary celebrities of the
modern Athens and many of the nobility, male and female, were
present. Lord Buchan, at the close of this entertainment, commit-
ted to the custody of his young friend an interesting relic, valuable
from a double historical association. He had, some years previously,
presented to General Washington a box made from the oak that
sheltered Wallace after the battle of Falkirk, with a request to pass
it at his death to the man in his country who should appear to merit
it best. General Washington, declining so invidious a designation,
returned it by will to the Earl, who intrusted it to Dr. Chapman,
with a view to its being ultimately placed in the cabinet of the Col-
lege at Washington, to which General Washington had made a
bequest.
LTpon his return to the United States, Chapman determined to
select Philadelphia as the theatre of his professional career. An offer
of partnership in Virginia had been made to him by his old precep-
tor, Weems. But he chose the wider field, and in 1804 commenced
the labors of his profession in Philadelphia. His success was imme-
diate ; and for a period of nearly fifty years he commanded whatever
he could attend of practice in the most refined and opulent circles
of our city.
As a practitioner, his qualifications were unrivalled. The charm
of his manner was no less effective in the sick-chamber than his skill
404
in distinguishing and relieving disease. His lively conversation and
ever-ready joke were often more soothing than anodyne or cordial ;
and when roused by urgent symptoms, he was unequalled in re-
sources, as he was devoted in attentions. As a consulting physician,
his great powers were particularly conspicuous. Rapid and clear in
diagnosis, inexhaustible in therapeutics, self-relying, never dis-
couraged, never '^ giving up the ship,'' he was the physician of
physicians for an emergency.
At the bedside. Chapman dismissed speculative theories of morbid
action. His remedies were drawn from observation and experience;
and no man wielded more dexterously and successfully the known
resources of his time. In our day, a less depressing therapeutics
has come into fashion, and the means of combating disease are
doubtless more numerous than were in Chapman's hands. But,
"Take him for all in all,
We shall not look upon his like again."
He was singularly indifferent to the emoluments of his profession.
Careless in his accounts, resolute in refusing bills to his numerous
family connections and personal friends, always moderate in his
charges, he realized scarcely a tithe of the receipts which some of his
successors in fashionable practice have rolled up. No more generous
and less covetous man ever lived.
Public teaching early attracted Chapman's aspirations. Very soon
after his return from Europe he gave a private course on Obstetrics,
a branch which had then merely a nominal place in the lectures at
the University. His success led, in 1807-8, to a connection with
James, already known as a teacher of obstetrics. In 1810, the Pro-
fessorship of Midwifery in the University was conferred upon James,
with an understanding that he should be assisted by Chapman. His
introduction into the University was now fixed; but an independent
chair was not placed within his reach until, in 1813, the death of
Rush occasioned a rearrangement of the school.
Barton, who had long filled the chair of Materia Medica with dis-
tinguished eclat, was induced to exchange it for that of the Theory
and Practice; and the former chair, thus made vacant, was confer-
red upon Chapman.
The transfer of Barton to a department which was congenial neither
to his taste nor studies, could scarcely have promoted the interests
of the University, or his own reputation. His health, too, proved
405
unequal to the new demand upon his mental exertions; and the
hereditary gout, to which he had long been a martyr, aggravated into
hydrothorax, in less than three years terminated his life.
During the brief period in which Chapman occupied the chair of
Materia Medica, his courses were eminently satisfactory to his
classes. Dr. Jackson considers them ''an advance on those of his
predecessor," and Caldwell bears strong testimony to his success.
His lectures were afterwards embodied in his "Elements of The-
rapeutics and Materia Medica/' a work justly pronounced by Dr.
Jackson to have been " the best treatise in the English language on
those subjects at the time of its publication, '^
In this work, the articles of the Materia Medica are treated in
their character as remedial agents, and with chief reference to their
employment in the treatment of diseases, — a method afterwards
adopted by many of the French writers, especially by Trousseau and
Pidoux, in their brilliant Treatise on Therapeutics.
Chapman's Therapeutics is an original work — original in its plan,
original in its execution. As a text-book, it is of course superseded
by later publications ; but the American student will do well not to
^' lay it on the shelf.'' The chapter on Emetics will never be obsolete.
The solidist doctrines of the day were adopted by Chapman in
explanation of the modus operandi of medicines. Their absorption
into the blood had scarcely yet been demonstrated by physiology;
and the principle of sympathy, which he employed to account for
morbid action, he applied also to the explanation of medicinal im-
pressions. But, with singular candor, when Magendie's experiments
on the absorption of medicines were announced. Chapman " engaged
Drs. Coates, Lawrence, and Harlan, to repeat them at his expense;''
and, upon their confirmation, although he made no public recantation
of his views, he would never permit the publication of another edition
of his work.
It had already gone through seven editions, one of them surrep-
titious; and "when still in great demand, the author refused to
have it reprinted, because he thought it required a thorough re-
vision."*
The great event of Chapman's life was his appointment, in 1816,
to the Chair of the Theory and Practice of Medicine and Clinical
Medicine, in the University of Pennsylvania. He filled it for more
* Manuscript letter of Dr. Chapman.
406
than a third of a century, with distinguished success; and left it
with a national reputation.
His lectures were enriched with varied erudition ; in style forcible
and terse. His medical opinions, accordant in the main with the
approved dogma of his time, were in much original. His practical
precepts were judicious and impressive.
As a lecturer, he is well portrayed by his colleague, Dr. Jackson,
" as self-possessed, deliberate, and emphatic. Whenever warmed
with his subject, his animation became oratorical. Often the tedium
of dry matter would be enlivened by some stroke of wit, a happy
pun, an anecdote, or quotation. He was furnished with stores of
facts and cases, drawn from his own large experience and observa-
tion, illustrating principles, disease, or treatment, under discussion.
His bearing was dignified, his manner was easy, and his gestures
were graceful. He had a thorough command over the attention of
his class, with whom he always possessed an unbounded popularity.
His voice had a peculiar intonation, depending on some defect in
the conformation of the palate, that rendered the articulation of cer-
tain sounds an efi"ort. The first time he was heard, the ear expe-
rienced difficulty in distinguishing his words. This was of short
duration ; for once accustomed to the tone, his enunciation was re-
markable for its distinctness. Students would often take notes of
his lectures nearly verbatim,''*
Chapman's leading Theory of Medicine was comprised in the great
principle, Sympathy. His predecessor. Rush, refining on the soUd-
ism of the Scotch school, had reduced all diseases to a unit, — con-
sidering them to be mere expressions of different states of excita-
bility and degrees of excitement. Chapman '^ recognized the dif-
ferences in the vital endowments of the tissues and organs,
and the diversities of pathological conditions." He restored the
classification of diseases which Kush had discarded. Adopting the
prevailing anti-liumoral views, he refused, however, to deny the
obvious and well-defined varieties in the manifestations of disease;
and skilfully expanded his theories to include them.
In his teachings, exclusive contemporaneous dogmata were enlarged
and generalized; and his practical tact never permitted them to
lead him to unsound therapeutical deductions.
His scheme of therapeutics stands the test of time. It is essen-
* Dr. Jackson's Discourse.
407
tially the same as was taught by his distinguished successor, — modi-
fied, indeed, by the discoveries of modern chemistry, but in the
main unshaken by physiological and pathological revolutions.
In the spring of 1850, the decline of health and physical powers
led Dr. Chapman to abandon the field of labor which he had so long
and brilliantly occupied. He resigned his chair, and withdrew
from practice and society. For three years, he survived, in the
seclusion of his family; slowly and almost imperceptibly, without
apparent disease, by gentle and gradual decay, passing to the other
world. His death took place on the 1st of July, 1853.
The highest complimentary distinctions, which his professional
brethren could accord, had been paid Df. Chapman. He was for
many years President of the Philadelphia Medical Society ; and was
by acclamation, in 1848, elected first President of the American
Medical Association. Many medical and learned societies of Europe
also enrolled him among their members.
At the time of his death. Dr. Chapman was one of the senior
members of this Society, to which he was elected on the 17th of
April, 1807.
In 1846, he was elected to the Presidency of the Society. He
held it three years, declining a re-election in 1849.
In addition to his courses at the University, Chapman, for a long
period, gave clinical lectures in the hospital of the Philadelphia
x\lmshouse. He, moreover, for upwards of twenty years, delivered
a summer course of lectures in the Medical Institute of which he
was the founder.
Chapman's personal popularity was not inferior to his professional
position. His temperament was cast in the happiest mould. Social
in disposition, with an unfailing gaiety of spirit, a wit — a punster —
delightful as a companion, and enjoying company, he, for a genera-
tion, occupied a position unrivalled in the society of Philadelphia.
To these brilliant qualities, he united the kindliest feelings and the
gentlest temper. He was utterly without malice ; frank, open-
hearted, and open-handed.
His jokes and puns are familiar in our Philadelphia ears as house-
hold words; and those who enjoyed the charm of his society will not
soon forget his cordial, blithesome manner, and his bright, cheery
look.
Dr. Chapman's published writings are numerous. His " Thera-
peutics '' has been alluded to. Many of his lectures appeared in the
" Medical Examiner" of Philadelphia, in the years 1838, 1839, and
408
1840j and were afterwards republislied, with others, in separate
form. The published lectures comprise the following subjects, viz. :
Eruptive Fevers, Diseases of the Thoracic Viscera, Fevers, Dropsy,
Gout, and Rheumatism. A Compendium of his Lectures was also
published by Dr. N. D. Benedict.
In 1820, Dr. Chapman commenced the publication of " The Phi-
ladelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences,'' which he
continued to edit for many years. This Journal, continued to the
present dayj'under the name of " The American Journal of the Medi-
cal Sciences," is now well known throughout Europe and America
as the oldest and first of American medical journals.
In 1808, Chapman published a work entitled ^^ Select Speeches,
Forensic and Parliamentary," with critical and illustrative remarks,
in five 8vo. volumes, which excited much attention.
In 1804, Dr. Chapman contracted a matrimonial alliance, from
which he derived unalloyed happiness. His wife, Rebecca Riddle,
(daughter of Colonel Clement Riddle, of the Revolutionary Army,
an intimate friend and confidential correspondent of Washington's),
still survives him.
The decease of Major John Le Conte, a member of the
Society, at Philadelphia, on the 21st of November, 1860,
aged 77, was announced by Dr. Coates, with a brief sketch
of his life. Mr. Foulke also paid a deserved tribute to the
learning and virtues of the deceased, of whom, on motion of
Dr. Elwyn, Dr. Coates was appointed to prepare an obituary-
notice.
Judge Carleton made a verbal communication upon the
subject of the Association of Ideas, in continuation of re-
marks at a former meeting. Mr. Foulke and Dr. Bell car-
ried on the discussion of the subject.
The annual report of the Treasurer was read and referred
to the Committee of Finance.
The annual report of the Publication Committee was read
by Dr. Caspar Wister.
Pending nomination, No. 416, was read, and the Society
adjourned.
409
Stated Meeting, December 21, 1860.
Present, twenty-two members.
Prof. Cresson, Vice-President, in the Chair.
A letter was read from W. H. Harvey, dated Dublin, De-
cember 6, 1860, accepting membership.
A letter was read from Dr. Casper Morris, dated Philadel-
phia, December 18, 1860, resigning membership.
Letters acknowledging the receipt of the Society's publica-
tions were read from the Lusatian Society at Gorlitz, dated
September 14 ; the Koyal Academy at Amsterdam, dated
March 24 ; the Royal Society of Antiquaries, and M. C. C.
Rafn, at Copenhagen, dated October 15, 1860.
Letters announcing donations were read from the Royal
Society of Antiquaries at Copenhagen, dated October 15 ;
the Lusatian Society at Gorlitz, dated September 15 ; and
the Royal Academy at Amsterdam, dated August 15, 1860.
A circular letter was read from C. St. A. Bille, dated
Copenhagen, September 17, 1860, explaining the appearance
of a series of articles in French in the columns of his paper,
the "Dagbladet," on the subject of the Schleswig-Holstein
difficulties, with two specimen sheets of the paper.
A letter was read from C. C. Rafn, of Copenhagen, dated
October 18, 1860, detailing the publications of the Royal
Society of Antiquaries of the North.
A letter was read from H. "Wheatland, secretary of the
Essex Institute, dated Salem, Massachusetts, December IT,
1860, announcing a donation, and requesting a set of the
Proceedings for the library of the Institute. On motion, the
request was granted.
A letter was read from the president. Dr. Wood, dated
London, November 29, and Paris, December 1, 1860, inform-
ing the librarian of the measures he had taken to forward
their diplomas to foreign members lately elected, and to
obtain sets of the publications of the Geological and Ordnance
Surveys of Great Britain and France. The secretaries were
VOL. VII. — 3 c
410
authorized to make application to the French authorities for
the publication of the French Survey. And so much of the
letter as related to certain parts of the British series was
referred, on motion of Dr. Bache, to a committee of three,
consisting of Mr. Lesley, Mr. Trego, and Mr. Foulke.
A letter was read from Matthew S. Henry, dated Philadel-
phia, December 20, 1860, offering for sale at not less than $100,
a MS. vocabulary of the Delaware Indian Languages. The
volume (of 800 pages) was exhibited, and the application of
the author was, on motion, referred to a committee of three,
to be appointed by the president, and announced at the next
meeting. The president appointed Dr. B. H. Coates, Mr.
Lesley, and Mr. Foulke.
The following donations for the library, were announced :
R. S. N. Antiq. Copenhagen, extract from statutes, list, &c. 4, 16,
12 pp. 1860. — From the Society.
Runeindskrift i Piraeus j interpretee par C. C. Rafn (pp. 250).
1860. Copenhagen. 8vo. — From the same Society.
Jaarbock van de K. Akad. van W. te Amsterdam. 1859. Svo.
Verslagen en Mededeelengen. Afd. Lett, vijfde deel.
Afd. Nat. tiende deel. Amsterdam. 1860. 8vo.
Catalogus van de boekerij der K. A. I. 2. Amst. 1860. Svo.
Verslag over den Paalworm, pp. 150. Amst. 1860. 8vo.
Neues Lausitz. Mag. XXXVII, i, ii, pp. 500. Gorlitz. 1860. 8vo.
Quar. Jour. Chem. Soc. London, LI. 1860. 8vo. — From the Society.
Proc. Royal Soc. London, X. No. 39. 8vo. — From the Society.
Proc. S. Ant. London, IV, iil-lii ; 1, i, 2d Ser. Nov. IT.—Dec. 22,
1859.— List of members for 1859 and I860.—
Archgeologia, XXXIII. 1860. ^io.—From the Society.
Proc. B. N. S. H. VII (23, 24). 1860. 8vo.— i^rom the Society.
Cambridge Ass. Jour., No. 142. — From the Editor.
Proc. Acad. N. S. Philadelphia (33), 1860. ^Yo.—From the Acad.
Journal Franklin Inst. No. 420. Philadelphia. 8vo. — From the Inst.
Patent Office Report, for 1859. "Wash. Svo. — From the Bureau.
Smithsonian Inst. R. for 1859. Svo. — Smith. Misc. Contributions : —
Cat. of described Lepidoptera of N. A. J. Gr. Morris. 1860. Svo.
Cat. of described Diptera of N. Amer. R. Ostensacken. 1860. Svo.
Cat. of PubHcations of Societies, and other Periodical Works in the
Lib. of S. I. July 1, 1858. Foreign Works. Wash. 1859.
411
African Repository. December, 1860. — From A. Col. Society.
Desc. of Bond's Isodynamic Escapement. Boston. 1860. pp. 4.
Lunar tidal Wave in Lake Michigan. J. D. Graham. 1860. pp. 7.
Dr. Bache read a circular letter of the relatives of M.
Steen Anderson de Bille, a member of the Society, and for-
merly Charge d'Affaires of Denmark, near the United States
government, announcing his decease, at Bruxelles, November
28, 1860, at the age of 79. Dr. Bache and Dr. Hays de-
scribed the virtues and attainments of the deceased ; and, on
motion of Dr. Leidj, Dr. Bache was appointed to prepare
an obituary notice.
Mr. Franklin Peale exhibited a numerous collection of
Indian arrow-heads, flint-knives, and pottery, with the fol-
lowing remarks :
The members of the Society are aware, from the proceedings of
the various learned societies, which have been laid before them, and
particularly from the establishment of an institution with express
reference to the subject, which was placed upon the list of our cor-
respondents at the last meeting, that much attention is now given to
the works of Man, found with the remains of extinct animals, in
Diluvial deposits and in Bone caves.
It is not my intention to enter into an investigation of this branch
of research, as our resources are much too meagre at this time ; but
I solicit the indulgence of the Society, in behalf of a few remarks
upon a department of Ethnology that, I cannot help observing, has
been too much neglected in this country.
The learned Conservator of the Museum of Copenhagen, so rich
in Scandinavian Antiquities, several English Philosophers, includ-
ing Messrs. Lyell and Prestwick, have recognized the term " Stone
Period of the Human Eace,'' as that condition in which the art of
working metal was unknown; followed by the ^^ Bronze Period,"
that in which rude art fashioned the alloys of copper into weapons
of war and utility ; and ending with the '' Iron Period,'^ the last,
that in which the working of iron, and its conversion into steel,
brings us to the summit of our career in Arts, Sciences, and their
congeners, Literature and the Fine Arts.
Retracing this order, it is not necessary to pause upon the latter
period, but proceed at once to state, that in the territory of the
United States the Bronze Period may be said to have scarcely had
412
an existence. It is true, tliat various articles have been found,
made of copper, usually taken from the Mounds, even as far south
as Florida, but which, it is almost certain, had their origin in the
deposits of native copper of the Lake Superior region ; where rude
excavations and stone implements give frequent and reliable evi-
dence of the source from whence such articles, and they are compa-
ratively rare, have been derived.
But the Stone Period of the inhabitants of our portion of the
Continent is rich beyond all precedent, as far as we are able to
judge, in specimens, scattered over the whole face of the country,
but recent in date for, they were left by the " Red Man,'^ whose
fate it has been to pass out of existence before the path of the White
Invader, leaving only his traditions, and these evidences of his hard,
but inevitable destiny.
Is it not singular, that, in all ages and in nearly all portions of the
world, the same means, in this rude state of existence, should be
employed by Man to supply his wants ? From it, we may draw con-
clusions that, in the words of Dr. Davis, the author of ^' Crania
Britannica,'^ when discussing the subject in connection with the
Egyptians and Ancient Britons, " plead for the unity of the
human race much more powerfully and more rationally than the
metaphysical arguments, with which the doctrine is usually sus-
tained.^' '^It shows that man, in the same state, is everywhere the
same ; so much so, that the selfsame simple ornaments, produced
by the selfsame instruments or the same materials, are to be seen
everywhere alike. Nay, we may go further than this even, and
show that the same instrument is made everywhere by the same
number of strokes, given in exactly the same direction. There
must, therefore, have been the same wants, the same powers and
capabilities, the same skill, and actually the same taste or the
same desire for the beautiful, with exactly the same means of
gratifying it."
In a preceding paragraph are the words " but of recent date :''
this expression is used for reasons that will appear in the course of
this communication, for there are Tribes still living on this Continent
who use stone implements, because the white trader has not yet
supplied them with the metal which supersedes its use 3 and some of
the specimens, which arc herewith submitted to the inspection of
the Society, were derived from Tribes that have given way recently
to the gold-seeking pioneers of California. These facts bring us to
the immediate object of this communication, which is, to point out
413
the close similitude of the specimens selected from my cabinet^ and
laid before the Society, with the figures of "Prominent forms of
flint implements found in the Valley of the Somme/' at Amiens
and Abbeville, described in the proceedings of the Literary and
Philosophical Society of Liverpool, in a communication by Henry
Duckworth, F. E. G. S., &c. They are so much ahke, that they may
almost be viewed as the identical specimens from which the artist
made his designs.
There is no reason to mistrust the authenticity of the source from
whence the figured specimens were derived, and that they were the
works of man's hand, no one at all conversant with the subject can
for a moment doubt; the general form and conchoidal fracture leave
no room for error; and the presence of bones of the extinct animals
associated with them in undisturbed diluvium, and in bone caves, is
well established.
The conclusions from these accepted facts of association of the
bones of the elephant, rhinoceros, cave bear, hyena, and other
extinct animals, with flint knives, arrow-heads, and other " worked
flints,'' of man's making, do not involve any necessity of an earlier
or more remote origin of our race, than is usually received as ortho-
dox, but evidently brings the existence of these animals down to a
later and contemporaneous period.
M. Boucher de Perthes, is unquestionably the pioneer in this
research ; but he is an enthusiast in his science, and some of the
figures in his first volume, if faithful, will require a like tempera-
ment to see, as he saw; or more correctly, perhaps, be it said, as his
engraver desires the observer to see.
The forms of the specimens submitted to the inspection of the
Society are well-nigh identical, as are those of various other speci-
mens from my cabinet, with those from Amiens and Abbeville.
We do not know with certainty what the material of the French
and English specimens is, but have reason to believe that they were
made of flint, as the prevalence of that mineral and the proximity
of chalk account alike for its origin and abundance. They are
undoubtedly, like those of this country, composed of a silicious
base. Ours, likewise, are of horn-stone, jasper, &c., and all the
varieties of transition from simple sandstone to pure chalcedony :
But here all similitude ceases ; these are taken from the surface of
the earth, emphatically from the soil, or turned up by the plough,
which had, on some former furrow-trod path, turned them under it;
or they were found on the borders of our rivers, the caving banks of
414
which, by the freshet's flow, have been washed away, leaving the
heavier stone implements at rest among the pebbles and sand of
their shores.
What their age is no man can tell; but we do know that their
use gave way to the advent of the white man; some of them
undoubtedly buried or abandoned, like the tomahawk of war on
the approach of the peaceful Penn and the benevolent founders of
our State.
With regard to the use of the implements under immediate con-
sideration we are left entirely to conjecture. They have not the
pointed or lance form of the true spear-head, of which there are
abundant specimens (a few are laid upon the table) ; but have an
oval form, frequently without sharp edges, and have been distin-
guished by the term, ^'almond-shaped implements/^ That they
were " sling-stones,'^ as some have supposed, is much less probable
than that they were inserted, in rows, into wooden handles or staffs,
like certain ancient weapons of war, — the beak of the saw-fish, or
the shark's tooth, offensive weapons of the South Pacific islanders of
the present day.
In connection with this subject, the attention of the Society is
solicited to the interesting fact, that during the Stone Period the
manufacture of pottery was simultaneously practised, in a rude state
it is true, but sufficiently perfect to answer most of the needs of a
savage existence, with attempts at ornament, and in some instances
graceful forms, that show an effort for the beautiful. A band
frequently surrounds the brim, occasionally turned over, although
they were sometimes moulded without this ornamental form; for
the makers of these utensils, like the makers of arrow-heads, had
different degrees of excellence in their art, and exhibit as striking
differences in correctness of eye and neatness of hand, as we see, in
this our day, of skilful workmen, and the botched jobs of appren-
tices who have mistaken their calling.
The attempts at the ornamental decoration of pottery are fre-
quently, if not invariably, exhibited in diagonal^ lines, alternating
at intervals, and parallel lines, and dots ; the first reminding us of
the rude attempts, with a like object, in certain early samples of
Saxon architecture. There is also exhibited a graining of the sur-
face, evidently made by or with the ^^cob," from which the Indian
corn has been removed.
These pots were round on the bottom, plain, and without legs.
The material is clay, in a crude state, nothing but the stones
415
being removed ; sand and other impurities were neglected, and they
are entirely unglazed.
They were baked by the application of fire to the interior, of suffi-
cient force to render the fragments, which are so abundant, imper-
ishable by time or exposure.
A similar condition of art, under similar circumstances, is strik-
ingly exemplified by fragmental specimens of pottery of the Ancient
Irish. The specimens of that art laid upon the table, were taken
from a ^' clough'^ or mound in County Down, Ireland, which was
opened in the present year.
These specimens show a ruder condition of art, and are orna-
mented by diagonal lines, also ruder than in the American specimens ;
but the material, both in treatment and composition, is similar, and
like them, were burnt by application of fire to the interior.
As a closing remark, the condition of the arts, as exemplified by
the relics of the Stone Period, and the pottery which accompanied
it, are strikingly similar, wherever and whenever that condition
existed. The rude Ancient Briton, the early Scandinavian, fash-
ioned these implements as the savage of this day fashions them,
and doubtless supplied his wants, and gave expression to his aspira-
tions by the same rude means.
Professor Trego considered the unsymmetrical and almond-
shaped specimens as merely unfinished or half-formed arrow-
heads and knives, and described rocks of red jasper near
Easton, at the base of which a manufactory of implements
existed in Indian times, immense numbers of perfect and
imperfect specimens remaining to the present day. Mr.
Foulke drew the attention of members to a recent article,
written by a learned member of this Society, in *' Black-
wood's Magazine," giving his opinion of the antiquity of the
remains found in the Valley of the Somme. Mr. Peale
alluded particularly to a specimen, placed by virtue of its
material among a group of chalcedonic lance-heads col-
lected from the region beyond the Mississippi, which was
picked up upon the banks of the Schuylkill. As that material
cannot be obtained in Pennsylvania the fact stands in evi-
dence of the wide range of Indian trade in articles of war-
fare. Dr. Coates illustrated the use of the weapons from
archseological history ; and, from a comparison of the pic-
416
ture-writing of the Mexicans with the identical but ruder
ornamentation of buffalo robes and tent covers in the Valley
of the Upper Missouri, and from other things, deduced his
opinion that the developement of art and civilization may be
traced from the north southward. Mr. Peale, in reply to
questions, described the characteristic "pecking" process by
which the best Celts found were prepared for the polishing
process and final perfection.
The annual report of the Finance Committee was read and
its recommendations in regard to the official bonds of the
late and present treasurer were adopted by the Society.
The appropriations recommended for the ensuing year were
ordered to be made, viz. :
For Journals, $50
Hall, 100
Binding, 50
Publications, in addition to the interest on Publication
Fund, 500
General account, 1760
Total, $2460
Pending nomination No. 416 and noAV nomination No. 417
were read.
Mr. Justice tendered his resignation as a member of
Council, which was accepted.
On motion of Dr. Bache Dr. Morris's resignation was
accepted.
And the Society adjourned.
O'DEX TO VOLUME VII.
Airy (G. B ), letter from, 396'.
Alexander (J. A.), decease, 174'.
obituary read, 320-325.
Altona Obs. letter, 390'.
Amendments to laws.
made standing special business, 125''.
adopted, 164', 165\
Amsterdam (R. A.), 7^ 19', 3373, 409', 409-.
Zoological Garden, letter, 73.
Analytical orthography (Transact.), 125».
Aneroid barometer, 342\
Annual election, 1859, 1".
1860, 171^
Annual address, 331-336
Annual reports, 1859, 164\
1860, 488'.
Appropriations for 1860, 165'.
" 1861, 416'.
Arctic coal (Lesley), 293\
Auroras of Aug. and Sept. (Cresson), 123'.
Bache (A. D.), eclipse ex., 326'.
Bache (F ), notices, 396'.
obituary of De Bille, 411".
Balloon (Cresson), 343'.
Bancroft, expected eulogy on Prescott, 6-.
Beaufort, deceased, 176'.
Beck (C. F.). deceased, 13^.
Becker's thermometer. 339 .
aneroid, 342^
Berlin R. Ac, 19', 127^ 337^ 340", 340".
Agricultural Society, 19'.
Horticultural Society, 340^ 340'.
Geol. Society, made corresp., 394'.
Bernard (C), elected, 344^
Biddle, obituary of Chapman, 397-408.
Bierens de Haar, letter, 7^.
Bille (C. St. A.) Dagbladet, 409^.
see De Bille.
Biographical notice of Reynell, 156-.
Bischoff (T. L. W.), elected, .344^.
Board of Officers, 20^ 162', 292"', 337-.
Boardmau (11. A.), resigned, 165^
Bond (W. C), deceased, 6'.
Bogota S. N. N. G., letter, 123^
VOL. VII. — ?f I)
Bogota, S. N. N. G. made correspondent,
125^
Bonn X. H. Society, letter, 33 7».
Boston Athengeum, letter, 15'.
N. H. Society, letter, 126'.
Public Library, 8', 293', 319', 340".
Bowditch Library, merged, 8'.
Brockhaus, letter, 127\
Bronn (H. D.), elected, 344^
Brussels R. A. B., 16', 122^ 346^, 39P.
Calhoun's Ventilator, 176^.
Cambridge Philosophical Soc, letter, 19-
Harvard College, 169^ 173^ 340^
Carey (H. C), resigned Pub. Com., 17'.
Carleton (H.), elected; accepted^ 127^,
presented, 155'.
obs. on free agency, 336'.
obs. on association of ideas, 408'.
Carpet ordered, 162'.
reported, 292^.
Catalogue of Library, ordered, 326',
Chapman's portrait paid for, 337'.
obituary read, 397-408.
Charleston Elliott Society, 169'.
Chase on Sanscrit analogues, 170'.
published, 177-291.
Chicago Historical Society, 295'.
Chiriqui images (Dubois), 162'.
Coal, Arctic (Lesley), 293'.
Coates (B. H.), obituary Reynell, 22^.
obituary printed, 156-162.
Peale's collection, 415'.
Committees, standing, appointed, 5', 1722.
Com Publication, report postponed, 164'.
Com. Library, report, catalogue, 326',
Com. Hall, 7', enlarged, 19'.
carpet, 162', 292'.
Com. sale of Hall, report, 165'.
Com. on the state of the Society, 5'.
named, 6', reported, 18'.
postponed, 21', 22", 125', 128', 161'.
Mr. Fraley's substitute, 22'.
amendments adopted, 164'.
Com. on Arctic expedition. 18'.
418
Com. on Franklin MSS. , report, 20'.
Com. on Kane's portrait, 318'.
Com. Library, case of E,. B. A. S., SQl''.
Com, on British and French surveys, 410i,
Com. on Harrisburg telescope, l73^
Com. on members without rights, 175^
Com. on Chase's paper reported, 171'.
Com. on Durand's paper, IS'', 16\
Com. on Haldeman's An. Or., 125^.
Cora. onHayden and Leidy's paper, 12', 13'.
Com. on Loomis' paper, 122'.
Cora, on Le Conte's paper, 126s, 128^.
Cora, on Wullerstorf's paper, 123^
Com. on Sharswood's paper, 172-, 174\
Contributions to Geography No. 3, 25-119.
J. D. Graham, Addenda, 123'.
Copenhagen R. Danish S., 7^ 173\
R. S. A. du N , 409-, 409^
Coppee appointed obit. Irving, 162^.
read obit. Irving, 363—378.
Copper horizon (Lesley), 330'.
Correspondence, 328'.
Correspondence opened with G. G. S., 394".
Bogota S. N. H., 125\
Chicago H. S., 295'.
Dublin G. S., 337'.
Lausanne S. V. S. N., 394'.
Liege Academy, 337'.
London Philosophical Society, 337'.
Soc. Acad, de I'Aube, 396'.
Paris Anthropol. S., 3963.
Toronto University, 292^
Council, resignation of Mr. Justice, 416-.
Cresson J. C, added to C. Hall, 19'.
on Aurora? of Aug. Sept., 123'.
on Gale of Feb. 7, 9, 176^
on Lowe's balloon, 343'.
on electrical phenomena, 385'.
De Beaumont, L. E., elected, 344^
De Bille, S. A., deceased, 411\
Decease of Alexander, J. A., 174'.
Beaufort, 176».
Beck, C. F., 13^
Bond, W. C, 6^
De Bille, 411'.
De Tocqueville, 203.
Duraeril, 347'.
E.spy, J. P., 175'.
Gilpin, H. D., 174\
Hallowell, E., 29.3».
Ilorsfield, T., 126'.
Humboldt, 20'.
Ingham, S. B., 339".
Irving, W., 162'.
Jones, J., 175'.
Kuhn, H., 395'.
Le Conte, J., 408^
Leslie, C. R., 22'.
Mason, J. Y., 126^.
Mustoxidi, A., 390-.
Mutter, T. D., 13'.
Nuttall, T., 125^.
Paulding, J. K., 320'.
Rush, R.. 123'.
Sergeant, T., 331'.
Tanner, H. S., 339'.
Telesius, 156'.
Walsh, R., 16\
Delaware vocabulary, 410'.
De Tocqueville, A., deceased, 20^
Dewey's diamond, 175^
Deville, St. C, elected, 344-'.
Diamond phosp., Emerson, 175".
Dickson, S. H., elected, 119'.
accepts, 121-.
Dijon R. Acad., 127''.
Diluvial remains, see Wood, 390'.
Dublin U. Z. and B. A., 169^.
Geol. Soc. made correspond., 337'.
Dubois, Chiriqui images, 162"3.
Washoe silver ore, 331'.
Dumas, J. B., elected, 344^
Duraeril, A. M. C, deceased, 347^
Dunglison, letter, 119'.
Durand, sketch of botany of Utah, 15'.
appointed obit. Nuttall, 125'.
obit, of Nuttall postponed, 162\ 164'.
read, 170'; published, 297-315.
Eclipse expedition, 326^.
Edinburgh R. S., 340^
Edwards (H. M.), elected, 344^
Election, annual, 1, 171.
Bernard, C, 344^
Bischoflf, T. L. W., 344^
Carleton, H., 127'.
Bronn, H. D., 344'.
De Beaumont, L. E., 344'.
Deville, St. C, 344=.
Dickson, S. H., 119'.
Dumas, J. B., 344^
Edwards, H. M., 344-.
Evans, C, 6'.
Fisher, S. G., 344".
Hammond, W. A., 127-.
Harvey, 344'^
Hayden, 344^
Hyett, 344\
Jager, G., 344\
Logan, W., 3U\
Murchison, R. I., 344^
Lewis, F. AV.. 173', 176<.
Lowrie, W. H., 17'.
Palmer, W. R., 17".
Rose, IL, UP.
Sedgewick, A., 344''.
Secchi, P. A., 173'.
Smith, A. IL, 173', 173'.
Thompson, 0., 5'.
Vaux, W. S., 171
Verneuil, E., 344^
Yon Meyer, H., 344-.
Wagner, A., 344^.
Wister, C, 5'.
Electrical phenomena, 385'.
Elwvn, appointed obit. Le Conte, 40S».
Emden, N. H. S., 127'.
Eraerson, diamond phosph.. 175^.
on a fact in optics, 320".
419
English and Sanscrit analogues, 171.
Espy, J. P., deceased, 175'.
E;say on determ. form of earth, 122'.
Ethnological remains, 384'.
Evans, E. C, elected, b'\
accepts, 6'.
is introduced, 9'.
Everett, E., letter, 8'.
Expedition to study the eclipse, 326^
Extinct vertebrates of Nebraska, 10^
Finance Com. report, 64\ 416^.
Fisher, S. G., elected, 344=.
accepts, 346'^
Fossil casts deposited in A. N. S., 1753.
Leidy, 326'.
remains of the Somme, 384^.
Foulke, motion, 9'.
added to Com. on Hall, 19\
motion, 125'.
appointed obit. Hallowell, 293^.
Peale's collection, 4152.
Fraley, substitute amendments, 22^
Franklin Inst. Letter, 19', 23'.
Franklin's Printing Press, 295".
Frazer, J. F., resignation, 2', 9',
Free Agency, Carleton, 336-.
Gale of February 9th, 10th, Cresson, 176^
Gaslight Journal, letter, 295'.
Geol. distribution of animals, 13^
Geol. sketch of Judith R., 11^.
Giessen U. Hesse S., 7^ 23'.
Gilpin, H. D., deceased, 174^.
" obituary read, 347-363
Gcirlitz U. L. S., 294', 409', 409^.
Gottingen, R. S., 127^ 3915, 2,%V.
Graham, J. D., donations, 2', 6'.
Communication for Proceed., 24».
Communication, 123^
Corrections, 125'.
Errata, 167"8.
Lunar tidal wave, 378-384.
Greenwich R. Obs., 2P, 396^
Hague Royal Library, 17^
Haldeman. An. Or., 125^, 126'.
Hallowell, E. D., deceased, 2933.
Hammond, W. A., elected, 127*.
accepts, 155*.
Harrisburg State Library, 127", 340'.
Hartford, Conn., H. S., 15^ 123^
Hartshorne, E., chosen, Publ. Com., I7i.
Harvard College, 15^
Harvey, W. A., elected, 344^.
accepts, 409'.
Hayden, F. V., on the Bad Lands, 11^
elected, 344'^
Hays, I., resigns from Publ. Com., 17'.
added to Com. on Hall, 19'.
Hays, L I., Arctic Explor., 18'.
Hazlehurst I., resigns, 2S^
resignation accepted, 1193.
Henry, J., appointed obit. Espy, 175'.
on Storms, 328\
Henry, M. S., Indian Vocab., 410'.
I Himalaya mineral, 4>-
! Hindu hot springs, 4'.
Horsfield's heirs claim MSS., 92, 12'.
1 Horsfield, T., deceased, 126^
' Humboldt, deceased, 20^.
■ Hyett, J., elected, 344^
Indian relics, Dubois, 162' 3.
Peale, 4111-5.
Vocabulary, Henry, 410'.
Ingersoll, C. F., app. obit. Rush, 123'.
Ingersoll, J. R , app. obit. Gilpin, 175'.
Ingham, S. B., deceased, 339*.
Insensible gradation of words, 126^.
Lesley, 129-155.
Iron ore of XI, Lesley, 13'.
Irving W., deceased, 162'.
obituary read, 363-378.
Itacolumite, Trego, 175».
Jager, G., elected, 344".
James, T. P., chosen on Publ. Com., 17'.
Jones, J., deceased, 175'.
obituary read, 387-390.
Jordan & Bro., Horsfield, 9-.
Judith River geology, \1\
Justice, microscope stand, 22'.
resigns from Council, 416'.
Kane's portrait. 318'.
Kentucky section, Lesley, 127'.
King's motion for list of Members, 172^.
Kuhn, H., deceased, 395'.
Lausanne, S. Y. S., made Cor.. 394'.
Lawson, T., letter, 394'.
Le Conte, geol. dist. of animals, 13''.
communication for Trans., 126'.
Le Conte, J., deceased, 408^
Leeds, P. & L. S., 39P.
Leidy, papers for Transactions, 10', 11'.
plaster casts, 175', 326'.
Leipsig, R. S. S., 7', 23', 169', 391^ 394'.
Prince Jab. S., 327".
Lesley, iron ore of XI, 13'.
Storms of 1620, 16',
nominated librarian, 3', 171'.
elected librarian, 5', 172^.
Insensible gradation of Avords, 126'.
Calhoun Ventilator, 176'.
Arctic coal, 293'.
Copper horizon, 329'.
Becker's thermometer, 3392.
Becker's aneroid, 342'.
Quartz on coal, 391'.
Lesley (J.), section of E. Kentucky. 127'.
Leslie (C. R.), deceased, 22'.
! Lewis, registering thermometer, 295^
I Lewis (F. W.), elected, 173'.
I presented, 326'.
j Leyburn, appointed obit. Alexander, 174'.
Library Committee, report, 326'.
Librarian, estimate of shelving, 6'.
instructed to remit proceedings to
members, 9'.
nominated. 3', 171^
420
elected, 6', 172^.
instructed. 396'.
Lit'ge Ac. S., made correspondent, 337'.
Lisbon R. A., 396-.
List of members, 14'.
ordered to be {)rinted, 15^.
report of progress, 17i.
report of secretaries, 18\
who have lost rights, 172^.
surviving, read, 5', 172^.
List of correspondents to be printed, 171'.
Loomis, communication for Trans., 12P.
Committee, rej^orted, 123'.
Loosey (0. F.), letter, 23", 327'.
Logan (W.), elected, 344".
accepts, 346-.
Lombardini (E.), letter, 23'.
London S. of Antiq., 2P, 3962.
Brit. Geo!, survey, 409'.
R. Geng. Soc, 127^ 169^ 391'.
Linnean Society, 337\
Philolog. Soc, made corresp., 337'.
Royal Society, 127'.
Lovering, A. A. A. S., 14'.
Lowe's Balloon, 343'.
Lowrie (W. H.), elected, 17=.
accepts, 17^
communication, 19^
Lunar tidal wave, 378-384.
Lynch (W. F.), accepts, 2'.
Madison, AVisc. S. H. S., 169^ 385'.
McClintock's Arctic Nar., 293\
Magellanic premium resolutions, 21'.
Manchester L. and P. S.. 39P.
Mason (J. Y.), deceased, 126^
Matile (G. A.), letter, 16', 122^.
Maury (M. F.), letter, 122'.
Members names omitted, 172'.
Miller (W. H.), letter, 8'.
Miller (E. S.), appointed obit. Sergeant,
331'.
Microscope stands, 22'.
Mineral from Simla, 4i.
Moon photographs, 15'.
Morris (C), resigns, 409'.
resignation accepted, 416^.
Moscow S. N. H., 7', 173', 391^ 394'.
MSS. reclaimed (Ilorsfield), 9^
Munich R. A., 19', 19', 173', 391'.
Munnikurrun mineral, 4'.
Murchisoii (R. I.), elected, 344"'.
Mustoxidi (A.), deceased, 390'.
Mutter (T. D.), deceased, 13'.
Nebraska fossils (Leidy), 10'.
Newark, N. J., H. S., 340^
Newcastle N. H. S. N., 23'.
New Haven A. 0. S., 122', 346\
to receive Trans., 326'.
New York A. Stat. S., 346'.
Lyceum, 12\
University, regents, 6'.
Notice cards to be jirinted, 396'.
Nuttall (T.), deceased.
obituary postponed. 162'. 161'.
obituary read, 170'.
published, 297-315.
Obit, notices, Librarian instructed, IS^.
Obituary of Alexander ordered, 174=.
read, 320-325.
of Beck ordered, 13'.
of Chapman read, 397-408.
of De Bille ordered, 411'.
of Espy ordered, 175'.
of Gilpin ordered, 174\
read, 347-363.
of Hallowell ordered, 293^
of Ingham ordered, 339^.
of Irving ordered, 162'.
read, 363-378.
of Jones ordered, 175i.
read, 387-390.
of Le Conte ordered, 408^.
of Mutter ordered, 13^
of Nuttall ordered, 125^
read, 297-315.
of Rush ordered, 123'.
of Sergeant ordered, 331'.
Observ. on Mag. Dip. (Loomis), 121*.
Optics (Emerson), 320'.
Palmer (W. R.), elected, 17'.
accepted, 17'.
Pancoast appointed obit. Mutter, 132.
Paris Ant. S., made correspondent, 396^.
Iin. Inst. France, 19'.
Geographical Society, 319'.
Geological Survey, 409'.
Paulding (J. K.), deceased, 320'.
Plaster casts, Leidy, 175', 320'.
Peale, Chiriqui images, 164'.
Indian remains, 411-415.
Peters, P. A. T., 390'.
Photographs of the Moon, 15^.
Polman, C. (Westeras L.), V, 293',
Powel, motion to print list, 14'.
photographs of the Moon, 15\
Prescott, W. H., decease, 6".
President's Address, 331-336.
Philadelphia Hist. S., 127^ 172^ 337^
Printing Press of Franklin, 295'.
Proceedings No. 60 printed, 15".
No. 61 begins at, 1.
No. 62 •' 121
No. 63 " 169
No. 64 " 329
See Correspondence.
to be remitted to members, 9'.
, a set granted to Esse.x Inst., 409^
Publication Committee, resignations, 1
report read, 165', 408'.
Quartz on coal, 391'.
Rafn, C. C, letter, 12°, 409', 409^
Reed, W. B., presented, 162"-.
Resignation of Ilazelhur.^t, 23'-.
lioardman, 165'.
Wharton, 165».
Morris, 409'.
340'.
3963.
421
Revision of the Buprestidas, 126'.
Reynell, J., obit, read, 22'.
— ^published, 156-162.
Riga Sei. Ass., 329».
Rio, R L., 127^
Ritchie's Coil, i\
Rogers, F.. added to Com. on Hall, 19^.
Rogers, R. E., exhibits Coil, 4^ 7".
Rose, H., elected, 344'.
Rotterdam. Batavian S., 23', 390».
Rush, R., deceased, 123i.
Ruschenberger, appointed, obit. Beck, 13'.
Sabine, Ed., letter, 176\
Salem Essex Inst., 409^.
Sanscrit analogues, 177-291.
Secretaries ordered to report list of mem-
bers, &G., 172\
Sedgewick, A., elected, 344'.
Sergeant, T., deceased, 331'.
Sharswood, W., Ex. prje., 172-.
withdrawn, 174^
Sharswood, appointed obit. Jones, 175'.
obit. Ingham, 339^
Silver ore, Dubois, 331'.
Smith, A. H., elected, 173'.
introduced, 293'.
Standing Com. appointed, 5', 172''-
Staring, W. C. H., letter, 340».
Stockholm R. A., 19^ 337^
Storms of 1620, Lesley, 163.
Henry, 328'.
St. Louis A. to receive Trans., 326'.
letters, 340'.
St. Petersburg I. Acad., 39r.
Corps of Eng., 23^
C. Observ., 23', 173=, 173'.
Tanner, H, S., deceased, 339^
Transactions to be sent to
St. Louis Acad., 326\
Am. Or. Soc, 326\
Dublin 0- S., 337'.
R. B. A. S., 391'.
Telescope Committee Report, 173'.
Thermometers, Lewis, 295''.
Becker. 339^.
Tilesius, S. T., deceased, 156'.
Toronto Un. made Corresp., 292^.
letter, 390^
Thomas, J., presents mineral, 4i.
Thompson, 0., elected, 53.
accepts, 6'.
is introduced, 9'.
amendment adopted, ]65».
Treasurer's An. Rep. 164^ 408'.
Trego, presents mineral, 4'.
Itacolumite, 175^
Peales collection, 415-.
Troyes Soc. A made Corresp., 396'.
Upsala R. S. S., 394=", 394'.
UricoecheaE., letter, 123».
Yaux, W. S., elected, 17^
accepted, 17'.
Verneuil, E., elected, 344\
Vienna A., 337^ 337^ 340', 3913, 391'.
Geol. Inst., 73.
Miners and Met. Ass., 327'.
Von Leonard, letter, 337*.
Von Meyer, H., elected, 344^^.
Wagner, A., elected, 344',
Walsh, R., deceased, 16^
Washington, Sm. Inst., 16', 319', 340'.
Washoe silver ore, 331'.
Westeras Lib., Polman, 340'.
Wharton G-. M., resigns, 165'.
Wheatland, H.. 409^
Wilkes, letter, 123^
Wister, C, elected, 5=.
accepts, 6'.
is introduced, 9'.
Wood, elected president, 2'.
documents for Europe, 328'.
annual address, 331-336.
letters from Europe, 384^ 396^ 409'
Worcester, A. Aiit. S., 340-.
Mass. Hist. S., 127', 319',- 340\
Wullerstorf's communication, 122'.
Committee reported, 123'.
Zentmeyer's microscope stands, 22'.
ERRATA.
Page 63. Line 2 from bottom. For "4th and 12th'' read "12th and 15th."'
Page 379. In Table 1, opposite to OA. oQm. after the moon's meridian passage,
or time of lunar mean high water. For "0-140 of a foot'' read
"0-146 of a foot."
Page 381. Line 9. For "period" read "periods.''
.4t^ -ti.'tri^.
fm^i^^^mm
%.
^'^
r^m
M
;-m^^
;Mr^
M;)s
.«r^^i-
