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Author:  Fruit  Growers  Association  of  Adams  County 
Title:  Proceedings  of  the. .  .annual  convention 
Place  of  Publication:  Bendersville,  Pa. 
Copyright  Date:  1911 


Master  Negative  Storage  Number:  MNS#  PSt  SNPaAg016.6 


THE 


Fruit  Growers  Association 


\ 


of  Adams  County 


Pennsylvania 


ORGANIZED  DECEMBER  18,  1903 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF   THE 


SEVENTH  ANNUAL  CONVENTION 


HELD    IN 


Fruit  Growers  Hall,  Bendersville,  Penna. 

Wednesday,  Thursday  and  Friday 


Dec.  13,  14,  15,  1911 


-^^ 


Spray  with  Bowker's  "Pyrox 

and  secure  fruit  that  is  free  from 
insedt  damage  and  fungus  disfigure- 
ment. "PYROX"  fms  the  barrel 
with  the  kind  they  used  to  put  on  top. 

Bowker's  Lime  Sulphur 

for  all  scale  insets  is  made  heavy 
and  rich,  and  for  that  reason  is  more 
effeaive  than  lighter  mixtures ;  and 
as  a  rule  it  co^s  no  more.  When 
you  clean  up  your  trees  with  Lime 
Sulphur,  be  sure  to  use  Bowker's  for 
it  is  the  kind  vou  can  rely  on  to  do 
effective  work. 

WE  SHIP  FROM   BALTIMORE 


WRITE  FOR  AGENCIES  TO 


T^rWXTirX^Tl     INSECTICIUH 

tS  yJ  W    IV  £j  JV      43  Chatham  Street,  Bost< 

E.  C.  TYSON,  State  Agent,  Flora  Dale,  Pa. 


U.    -^a) 


Officers 

President Robert  M.  Ei.don,  Aspers 

1st  Vice  President,  C.  J.  Tyson,  Flora  Dale 

2nd  Vice  President, Q   A.   Griest,    Guernsey 

Zrd  Vice  President,  Q  E.  Raffensperger,  Arendtsville 

Ath  Vice  President,  E.   P.  Garrettson,    Biglerville 

Sth  Vice  President,  J.  G.  Stover,  M.D., Bendersville 

Recording  Secretary, Josiah  W.  Prickett,  Biglerville 

Corresponding  Secretary,  ....  Edwin  C.  Tyson,  Flora  Dale 

Treasurer, Wm.  S.  Adams,   Aspers 


,V 


Executive  Committee 

Robert  M.  Eldon, Aspers 

^-  J;  ^;^^^^'  Flora  Dale 

^'  ^  ^«^^^^^^   Guernsey 

C.  E.  Raffensperger,  Arendtsville 

E.  P.  Garrettson,  Biglerville 

J.  G.  Stover,  M.D.,  Bendersville 

Josiah  W.  Prickett,  Biglerville 

Edwin  C.  Tyson,   pj^,^  ^^i, 

Wm.  S.  Adams,  Aspers 


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■BB-WWWW 


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J.  G.  HARRISON  &  SONS 

Box  425,  BERLIN,  MD. 

C  You  will  become  a  regular  customer  if  you  try  our  stock,  hence  this^ 
special  offer  of  first-class  trees  at  bargain  prices.     We  want  a  trial  order 
from  you,  and  will  make  it  worth  your  while  to  send  it. 


y 


Membership  Roll 

Adams,  Wm.   S.,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Adams,  Mrs.   W.   S.,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Asper,  D.  C,  Aspers,  Pa. 

Asper,  Chas.  F.,   Aspers,  Pa. 

Anderson,  H.  W.,    Stewartstown,  Pa. 

Anderson,  Joseph  W.,    Stewartstown,  Pa. 

Anderson,  H.   M.,    New  Park,  Pa. 

Arnold,  J.   Raymond, York,   Pa. 

Armold,  Wm.  H.,  (Gettysburg,  R.  F.   D.,  Pa. 

Bream,   Samuel,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Bream,    Dill,    Bendersvil'le,   Pa. 

Bream,   Wm.   E.,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Bream,   H.  J.,   Aspers,  Pa. 

Bream,  M.  F.,   y^^k    Springs,    Pa. 

Boyer,    W.    W.,    Arendtsville,  Pa. 

Black,  Wm.  H.,    piora  Dale,  Pa. 

Baugher,    H.    O.,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Baugher,   Ira,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Baugher,    Martin Aspers,  Pa. 

Bucher,  John,    Pendersville,  Pa. 

^^^t,  J.  E.,   Wellsville,  Pa. 

Butt,  J.  L.,  Gettysburg,  Pa. 

l^.osler,   Frank   C Carlisle,  Pa. 

Brough,  Edward liiglerville.  Pa. 

Busey,   Rev.    B.    P.    S.,    Bendersville,  Pa. 

Bassett,  Charles  E.,  Fennville,   Mich. 

Batterman.  D.  F.,    Gettysburg,  R.  F.  D.  No.  5,  Pa. 

Boyer,  George  E.,   Arendtsville,  Pa. 

Butler,  Allen,  irikj^s  Park,  Pa. 

Bushman,  S.  F.,  Gettysburg,   R.   F.    D.,   Pa. 

Bushey,  J.  Blain,   Biglerville,  Pa. 

Brandt,  John  Ira,    Mt.  Joy,  Pa. 

Behrhorst,  C.  E.,   Pittsburg,   Pa. 

Baltzley,    S.    E.,    Orrtanna,  Pa. 

Brame,   Edw.,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Blessing,  David   H.,    Flarrisburg,  Pa. 

Black,  Moses,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Blair,   C.  I.,   Aspers,  Pa. 

Bream,  W.  A.,   Gettysburg,    Pa. 

Cocklin,  Miss  Alice,   Bowmansdale,  Pa. 

Cocklin,  J.   A.,    Siddonsburg,  Pa. 

Cocklin,   B.  F.,    Mechanicsburg,  R.  F.  D..  Pa. 

Cook,   Arthur   E., Aspers,  Pa. 

Cook,  J.  W.,   Flora  Dale,  Pa. 

Cushman,   G.   R.,    Baltimore,  Md. 


.'-;^^C 


V 


SCALIME 

(A  Concentrated  Solution  of  Lime  and  Sulphur) 

^^ Equal  to  the  Best,  and  Better  than  the  Rest'* 


SCALIME  has  been  on  the  market  for  several  years,  and  has  given  per- 
fect satisfaction  wherever  used.  It  is  made  of  the  best  material,  by 
skilled  workmen,  and  is  always  uniform. 

PROF.  JOHN  P.  STEWART,  who  is  the  author  of  Pennsylvania 
State  College  Bulletin  No.  92,  on  concentrated  Lime-Sulphur,  says  :  **A 
concentrated  Lime-Sulphur  should  be  a  clear  solution,  of  known  definite 
strength,  and  contain  nothing  but  Lime,  Sulphur  and  Water. ' ' 

If  the  liquid  is  not  clear  it  may  have  been  doctored  to  increase  the 
density.  If  the  strength  or  density  is  not  known  it  will  be  impossible  to 
dilute  it  properly  to  obtain  sprays  of  different  densities,  and  if  it  contains 
anything  except  Lime,  Sulphur  and  Water,  the  added  substances  are  of  no 
advantage  and  may  be  a  detriment. 


Horticultural  Chemical  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

Gentlemen  : — During  the  past  season  1911,  I  used  eight  (8)  barrels  o^ 
Scalime  on  my  Peach  and  Apple  Orchards  with  entirely  satisfactory  results, 
and  shall  continue  to  use  the  same.  I  can  heartily  recommend  your  goods 
to  anyone  using  spraying  materials,  as  I  know  they  will  give  satisfaction. 

Very  truly  yours, 
^    '  J.  C.   Saylor. 

GUARANTEE 


SCALIME 


We  guarantee  that  SCALIME  contains  nothing 
but  Lime  Sulphur  and  Water,  and  that  the  strength 
or  density  is  1.30  s.  g.  (33  degrees  Baume)  and 
if  diluted  in  the  proportion  of  1  gallon  SCALIME  to  9  gallons  water  wil 
kill  all  the  SAN  JOSE  SCALE  with  which  it  comes  in  contact. 


PRICES  OF  SCALIME 


50  gals.,  1  barrel 

10    **       Jacketed  Can 

5 

1 


ii 


it 


t» 
«« 


it 


•• 


$10.00 

2.75 

1.75 

.75 


For  Prices  on  Car  Load  Lots,  Address 

Horticultural  Chemical  Co. 

662  Bullitt  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


7 

Cluck,  J.  C, Biglerville,  Pa. 

Carey,    Calvin,    Gettysburg,  R.  F.  D.  No.  5,  Pa. 

Carson,  E.  E.,  Bendersville,   Pa. 

Cole,  A.  W.,   Orrtanna,  R.  F.  D.,  Pa. 

Crouse,  E.  A.,    Gettysburg,  Pa. 

Deardorff,  Anthony,   Mummasburg,  Pa. 

Deardorff,  Henry,    Arendtsville,  Pa. 

Deardorff,  H.  W.,   Tillie,  Pa. 

Deardorff,  W.  B.,   Gettysburg,  R.  F.  D.  No.  5,  Pa. 

Deardorff,   J.    A.,    Cashtown,  Pa. 

Dull,  Thomas, Aspers,  Pa. 

Dunlap,  James  M.,   Walnut  Bottom,  Pa. 

Dunlap,  F.  S.,  Newville,  Pa. 

Day,  T.  F.,  Aspers,  Pa. 

Dougherty,    Dorsey,    Gettysburg,   Pa. 

Dickey,  Samuel,    Oxford,  Pa. 

Deatrick,   H.   G., Hunterstown,  Pa. 

Eldon,   Robert   M.,    , Aspers,  Pa. 

Eldon,  Mrs.  R.  M.,  Aspers,  Pa. 

Eppleman,  J.   W.,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Everhart,  G.  W.,   York,  Pa. 

Elliott,  Chas.  H.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Eiholtz,    S.    Mc,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Eppleman,  E.  E.,   Aspers,  Pa. 

Eppleman,   H.   C,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Finnef rock,   Thomas Bendersville,  Pa. 

Fohl,    George    E.,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Fiddler,  F.   B.,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Forney,  D.  J.,   Gettysburg,  Pa. 

Funt,    J.    W.,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Felty,  G.  B.   O.,   Millersville,  Pa. 

Griest,  C.  Arthur,   Guernsey,  Pa. 

Griest,  Mrs.  C.  A Guernsey,  Pa. 

Griest,   C.    S.,    Guernsey,  Pa. 

Griest,    A.   W.,    Baltimore,  Md. 

Griest,  Frederic  E.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Griest,  G.   G.,    30  Church   St.,  N.  Y.  City. 

Griest,  Maurice,   105  W.   163d   St.,   N.   Y.   City. 

Griest,    Chas.   J.,    York  Springs,  Pa. 

Garrettson,  J.  V.,  Aspers,  Pa. 

Garrettson,   Frank,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Garrettson,  Eli  P.,  Biglerville,  Pa. 

Garrettson,   Harriet,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Garrettson,  J.  B.,   Aspers,  Pa. 

Garretson,   Robert,    Flora  Dale,  Pa. 

Garrettson,   John,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Garrettson,   Eli,    Gettysburg,  R.  F.  D.  No.  6,  Pa. 

Grove,  W.  E.,  York  Springs,  Pa. 


11 

il 


4 


I 


ISONM 


No.  191   Vertical 
BARREL  SPRA  YER 

This  is  but  one  of  9  New  Combinations  for 

the  man  with  a  small  orchard,  a  small  farm,   for  his  garden,  and  odd 
jobs  around  the  home,   for  the  poultryman.      The  nine  include: 

Horizontal  Barrel  Sprayer 
Vertical  Barrel  Sprayer  Pumps  (2) 
Horizontal  Barrel  Wagon  Sprayer 
Vertical  Barrel  Wagon  Sprayer 
Vertical  Barrel  Sprayer  &  Truck 
Double  Acting  Hand  Spray  Pump 
Bucket  Sprayers  (2) 

No.  191  has  out- 
side pump — easy  to 
8:et  at  the  brass  ball 
valves  and  hemp 
packing:. 

Used  with  any  kind  of  solu- 
tion, hot  or  cold. 

Furnished   with  barrel  if    or- 
dered.     Fits  any  barrel. 

Furnished  as  in  cut,  or  with 
one  or  two  leads  of  hose. 

If  interested,  ask  to-day  for 
special  circulars  and  have  your 
name  put  on  our  list  for  **Jron 
Ag:e  p^arm  and  Garden  News" 
and  the  new  printed  matter,  cov- 

erin^r  our  full  line  of  Potato  Machinery,  Garden  Tools,  IVaction 
and  Barrel  Sprayers,  Orchard  Cultivators,  Rakes,  etc.  Ask  us  about 
our  new  Power  Sprayer. 


TEMAN  M 


Box  54  V 


GRENLOCH,  N.  J. 


r 


'f 


i 


I 


*''! 


9 

Gardner,  L.  M.,  Jr.,  York  Springs,  Pa. 

Gochnaucr,  J.    I).,    York   Springs,   R.   F.   D.,   Pa. 

Gochnaucr,  Jacob  S.,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Gracey,'  Rol)crt Newville,   Pa. 

Gove,   Mary   K.,    Hendersville,    Pa. 

Guise,   J).    H.,    ICmmittsburg,   Md. 

Gardner,    C.    W.,    York  Springs,  Pa. 

Haskell,    H.    F.,    Uriah,  Pa. 

Hiester,  Gal)riel,    Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Heyser,  Wm., Jack's  Mountain,  Pa. 

House,  O.   P.,   Aspers,  Pa. 

Harris,  Edwin,   Aspers,  Pa. 

Harris,  Meriam Bendersville,  Pa. 

Hoffman,  W.  C,   Biglerville,  Pa. 

Hoffman,  Iv  N Biglerville,  Pa. 

Hoffman,  Daniel Aspers,  Pa. 

Hoffman,    (George Arendtsville,  Pa. 

Hoffman,   Willis Biglerville,  Pa. 

Harsbman,   U.   W.,    Waynesboro,  Pa. 

Hoke,  David,   Hanover,   Pa. 

Huber,  Charles  H (Gettysburg,  Pa. 

Hartman,  Geo.   I.,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Hull,   1).  W.,    Waymart,    Pa. 

Heckenluber,  G.  T.,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Hummel,    P.    T Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Huber,   Henry   S.,    Gettysburg,    Pa. 

Hazard,  Willis  Hatfield,   West  Chester,  Pa. 

Hershey,    C.    A.,    McKnightstown,   Pa. 

Heilman,  J.    R.,    Palmyra,  R.  F.  D.  2,  Pa. 

Hertig,    John Arendtsville,  Pa. 

Hart,  H.  V.,    Martinsburg,  W.  Va. 

Houck,  P.  1,.,    (Gettysburg,  Pa. 

Jacobs,   Samuel Gettysburg,  R.  F.  D.  No.  5,  Pa. 

Jacobs,  Daniel   C,    Gettysburg,  R.  F.  D.  No.  5,  Pa. 

Keller,    H.   M Gettysburg,  R.  F.  D.  No.  5,  Pa. 

Klinefelter,  U.  S.,   Biglerville,  Pa. 

Kane,   J.   A Biglerville,  Pa. 

Kane,  J.   Lewis Gettysburg,  R.  F.  D.  No.  G,  Pa. 

Knouse,  J.  A Arendtsville,  Pa. 

Knouse,    David Arendtsville,  Pa. 

Koser,  Rev.   D.  T Arendtsville,  Pa. 

Koser,  G.  W Biglerville,  Pa. 

Klepper,   C.    \\ Arendtsville,   Pa. 

Kunkle,  John    R.,    Gettysburg,  Pa. 

Longsdorf,   C.   L Biglerville,  Pa. 

Lawver,   Rufus   W.,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Lawver,  J.    Edw Biglerville,  Pa. 

Longsdorf,  Dr.   H.   H.,   Dickinson,  Pa. 


lO 


C  It  is  not  only  the  growing  of 
the  fruit  that  demands  your  atten- 
tion, but  the  manner  in  which  it 
is  packed  as  well. 


Corrugated  Caps 


White  Paper  Caps 


Cushions 


G.P.READ 

199DUANESt.,NEWY0RK 

BRANCH      ALBION.  N.y. 
MANUFACTURER        AND 
DEALER    IN    SUPPLIES      a 
I  USED  BY  THE     FRUIT 

GROWER  AND  SHIPPER 
FOR  THE    PICKING, 
PACKING  AND  PROTECTING 
OF     HIS     FRUIT. 


Lace 
Circles 


CThe  use  of  my  goods  at  the 
time  of  packing  increases  the  value 
of  your  fruit  10%. 

Send  for  booklet  on  Fruit  Packing  Supplies. 
IT  IS  FREE. 


II 

Lady,  Hiram  C,  Arendtsville,  Pa. 

Lupp,   Reuben, Biglerville,  Pa. 

Lau,  L.   B., E;ast  Berlin,  R.  F.  D.  No.  3,  Pa. 

Large,  Mrs.  E.  S.,  Orrtanna,    Pa. 

Large,  Miss  Katherine,   Orrtanna,   Pa. 

Lewis,  W.  J.,    Pittston,  Pa. 

Lott,   J.    Kerr,    Gettysburg,  R.  F.  D.  No.  2,  Pa, 

Lott,  David,  Gettysburg,  R.  F.  D.  No.  6,  Pa. 

Michener,  Mrs.   Chas Bendersville,  Pa. 

Myers,  George  P.,  Biglerville,  Pa. 

Mcllhenny,   Wm.   B.,    Gettysburg,  Pa. 

McKay,  Geo.  H.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Mayer,   Dr.   L    H.,    Willow  Street,  Pa.    • 

Morrison,  Mrs.  W.   S.,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Miller,    John    H.,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Minnich,  D.  N,,   Chambersburg,    Pa. 

Miller,    N.    G.,    Marion,  Pa. 

Miller,  C.  C,  Marion,  Pa. 

Minter,  Thomas  L.,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Musselrnan,   C.   H.,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Musselman,    J.    Elmer,    Gettysburg,    Pa. 

Minter,  Mrs.  D.  G.,   Gettysburg,  R.  F.  D.  No.  5,  Pa. 

Myers,  Levi    M.,    Siddonsburg,   Pa. 

Miller,   Robt.    C,    Gettysburg,  Pa. 

Miller,  E.  M.,   Hanover,  Pa. 

Moyer,  Mrs.   H.   B, Cape  May,  N.  J. 

Moyer,  Dr.   H.   B.,    Cape  May,  N.   ^. 

Mickley,  J.  W.,  Fairfield,  R.  F.  D.,  Pa. 

Mickley,  L   D.,    Cashtown,  Pa. 

Morgan,  Miss  F.  K.,  Orrtanna,  Pa. 

Musser,  Will  M.,   Lampeter,   Pa. 

Myers,  Emory  J.,    York  Springs,  Pa. 

Middleton,  T.  Elliott,  Boiling  Springs,  Pa. 

Maloney,  W.  J.,   Dansville.  N.  Y. 

Newcomer,   Aaron,    Smithburg,  Md. 

Naylor,  H.  A.,   Aspers,  Pa. 

Osborne,   C   L,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Osborne,   Allen,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Oyler,  Geo.,   Gettysburg,  R.  F.  D.  No.  5,  Pa. 

Oyler,  George  C,  Gettysburg,  R.  F.  O.  No.  5,  Pa. 

Ogden,   David,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Orner,   P.    S.,    Arendtsville,  Pa. 

Prickett,   Josiah    W.,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Peters,  Z.  J.,   Guernsey,  Pa. 

Peters,  H.  W.,   Aspers,  Pa. 

Peters,    W.    R.,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Peters,  Geo.  M Aspers,  Pa. 

Peters,   Curtis,    Biglerville,  Pa. 


-    *•  ■ 

.      ■..71 . 


T2 


Up-to-Date  Fruit  Growers 

ANY  good  apple  growers  are  using  Lime-Sul- 
phur, but  the  most  up-to-date  growers  in  the 
United  States,  Australia  and  Africa,  use 
"SCALECIDE,"  —  not  because  somebody 
else  is  using  it,  but  their  own  judgment  and 
experience  tells  them  that  the  greatest  per- 
fection in  fruit  and  foliage  is  produced  by  the  continued  use  of 
"SCALECIDE"  with  less  labor  and  less  expense.  "SCALE- 
CIDE"  has  no  substitute.  It  is  the  only  oil  containing  distinct 
fungicidal  properties. 

Poor  Orchards  Made  Good 


C  Six  years  ago  one-half  the  trees  in  the  orchard  of  the  Fair- 
view  Orchard  Company,  Kearneysville,  W.  Va. ,  were  tagged 
by  the  inspector,  who  reported  it  the  woist  scale-infected  or- 
chard he  ever  saw.  After  four  years'  use  of  "SCALECIDE' 
exclusively  as  a  Winter  wash,  the  same  orchard  is  pronounced 
one  of  the  cleanest  in  the  State,  and  produced  in  1910  over 
10,000  barrels  of  apples,  which  sold  for  over  $29,000.  If  the 
continued  use  of  "SCALECIDE"  brings  an  orchard  that  is  half 
dead  to  life,  is  it  reasonable  to  expect  injury  to  a  good  orchard  ^ 
"SCALECIDE"  shows  greater  fungicidal  properties  than  any 
other  Winter  wash. 


B.  G.  PRATT  COMPANY 

M'f'g  Chemists  50  Church  St.  New  York  City 

E.  C.  TYSON,  Flora  Dale,  Pa. 

State  Agent  for  Pennsylvania 


13 

Peters,  John  N.,    Eendersville,  Pa. 

Pitzer,    Harry   C,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Patterson,    Jas.    A.,    Stewartstown,   Pa. 

Pratt,  B.  G.,  New  York  City. 

Pittentorff,   C.   S.,    York  Springs,  Pa. 

Raffensperger,  Chas.  E., Arendtsville,   Pa. 

Raffensperger,    Roy,    Arendtsville,   Pa. 

Rice,  E.  E.,    \spers,  Pa. 

Rice,  C.  E.,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Rice,  Way])right,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Rice,  C.  S.,  Arendtsville,  Pa. 

Rice,  Luther  vS.,   Arendtsville,  Pa. 

Rice,  Oscar  C,   Arendtsville,  Pa. 

Routzahn,    George    R.,    Bendersville,  Pa. 

Rinehart,    E.    S.,    Mercerslnirg,   Pa. 

Rinehart,   J.    J.,    Smithhurg,   Md. 

Roberts,   Arthur,    Gettysburg,  R.  F.  D.  No.  5,  Pa. 

I-^ittenhouso,  Dr.  J.  S.,   Lorane,  Pa. 

Repp,   Albert   T.,    Glasslmro,  N.  J. 

Riddlemoser,   H.  E.,   McKnightstown,  Pa. 

Roth,  John,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Rice,    Edwin    A.,    Arendtsville,  Pa. 

Rex,    Raymond,    Idaville,   Pa. 

Stover,  Dr.  J.  G.,    Bendersville,    Pa. 

Stover,   Mrs.   J.   G.,    Bendersville,   Pa. 

Slaybaugb,   E.   B.,    Aspers,    Pa. 

Slaybaugh,    Elmer, Aspers,    Pa. 

Smith,  G.  Frank,   Aspers,    Pa. 

Smith,   J.    H.,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Shank,  George  H.,  Biglerville,  Pa. 

vShank,   C.    B Biglerville,  Pa. 

Shcely,  Daniel  M Tillie,  Pa. 

Sheely,    Alien Bendersville,  Pa. 

Sheely,  Geo.  D.,   New  Oxford,  Pa. 

Shull,  Jno.  A.,    Tillie,  Pa. 

Shull,    Robt.    H.,    Tillie,  Pa. 

Stoncr,    C.    A.,    Gettysburg,  Pa. 

Schuchman,  G.  W.,  Carlisle,  Pa. 

Stable,  Charles  E.,    Gettysburg,  Pa. 

Spanglcr,  George  E.,  Gettysburg,  Pa. 

Snyder,  E.  B Jack's  Mountain,  Pa. 

Snyder,   Jacob   S.,    Idaville,  R.  F.  D.,  Pa. 

Snyder,  W.  L.,   Bendersville,  Pa. 

Snyder,  L.  S ^'ork  Springs,  Pa. 

Starner,  C.   S.,    . . , Aspers,  Pa. 

Stitzel,  J.  A.,   Aspers,  Fa. 

Stauffer,  Chas.  B) Gettysburg,  Pa. 

Spangler,    A.    R.,    Aspers,   Pa. 

Sachs,    Edw , Biglerville,  Pa. 

Shoemaker,  J.  M.,   Mechanicsburg,  Pa. 


14 


Feed  the  Tree  ! 

^  Dempwolf 's  Spring  Special  Brand  has  proven  highly 
effective  as  a  Fertilizer  for  orchards. 


Analysis : 


Ammonia, 


\ 


Formula : 

2%      Ingredients  Used  for  Ammonia, 

Nitrate  of  Soda. 
Ground  Fish. 
Dried  Ground  Blood. 
High  Grade  Animal  Tankage. 
Dempwolf*s  Special  Ammonia  and 
Phosphoric  Acid  Compound: 

7  %       Ingredients  Used  for  Phosphoric 
Acid: 

Dissolved  Phosphate. 
Ground  Fish. 

High  Grade  Animal  Tankage. 
Dempwolf's  Special  Ammonia  and 
Phosphoric  Acid  Compound. 

Potash  (Soluble  in  water),     1 0  %      Ingredients  Used  for  Potash  : 

Muriate  of  Potash. 


Available  Phosphoric  Acid, 


Ask   Your  Local  Agent  for  his  Brand,  or  write  direct  to 

York  Chemical  Works 

YORK,  PENNA. 


ma^^ifm^^ 


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IS 

Sharrah,    Jacob,     McKnightstown,  Pa 

Strasbaugh,  E.  F.,    Orrtanna,  Pa. 

Sheaffer,  Henry  C, Dillsburg,  No.  1,  Pa. 

Sheely,   A.   D.,    Arendtsville,   Pa. 

Tyson,  Edwin  C,   Flora  Dale,  Pa. 

Tyson,  Mrs.  M.  W.,   Flora  Dale,  Pa. 

Tyson,   Chester  J.,    Flora  Dale,  Pa. 

Tyson,   Mrs.   B.   H.,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Tyson,   Wm.    C,    Guernsey,  Pa. 

Tyson,  Mrs.  M.  E.,  Guernsey,  Pa. 

Tyson,    A.    R.,    Norristown,   Pa. 

Taylor,   Hanson   W.,    Biglerville,  Pa. 

Taylor,  Daniel  R.,   Biglerville,  Pa. 

Taylor,    Henry,    Biglerville!  Pa! 

Taylor,  Jerry,' Aspers,  Pa. 

Trostle,    Francis,     York  Springs,  R.  F.  D.,  Pa. 

Thomas,  Mrs.  Dr.,    Gettysburg,   Pa. 

Taughinbaugh,  J.  L.,   Hunterstown,  Pa. 

Weidner,  A.   I.,    Arendtsville,  Pa. 

Wolfe,  C.  A.,   Aspers,  Pa. 

Wolfe,    Harry,    Aspers,  Pa. 

Wolf,  Dr.  W.  E., Arendtsville,  Pa. 

Wolf,  Charles  M„   York   Springs,  Pa. 

Weaver,  Mrs.  C.  M.,   New   Oxford,   Pa. 

Weaver,   David, Biglerville,  Pa. 

Wilson,  B.  F.,  Biglerville,  Pa. 

Weaner,  Chas.  C,  Bendersville,  Pa. 

Weaner,  W.  C,   Aspers,  Pa. 

Wertz,   D.   M., Quincy,  Pa. 

Wible,   R.   E.,    Gettysburg,  Pa. 

Wickersham,   Ruth   A.,    Bendersville,  Pa. 

Wickersham,  Robt.  A.,    Bendersville,  Pa.    ' 

Wagner,  Harry,   Carlisle,  Pa. 

Wright,  Ryland,  Aspers,  Pa. 

Williams,  J.  L.,   Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Weigle,   H.   M.,    Gettysburg,  Pa. 

Walter,  J.  C,   Biglerville,  Pa. 

Warren,  Blain,   Bendersville,  Pa. 


i6 


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Only  thorough  work  with  the    bc^t    machinery    \\[\\ 
accomplish  t!ie  best  paying  results  from  spraying. 

You  must  spray  if  you  would  have  perfect  fruit,  and  it 
doesn't  pay  to  bother  with  a  cheap  outfit.     It  means  no 
end  of  trouble  and  it's  too  risky — you  have  too  much 
at  stake. 

Goulds  Sprayers  have  proved  their  su- 
periority by  years  of  service.  We  make 
the  sprayer  best  suited  to  your  condi- 
tions. It  will  last  for  years  because  all 
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resist  the  action  of  chemicals.  **Y<)u 
can  depend  on  a  Goulds"  to  work  when 
ever  and  as  long  as  you  require. 

Send  for  Our  Booklet: 
How  to  Spray— When  to  Spray— What  Sprayers  to  Use" 

It  discuss  s  tlic  mattrr  thorouyhlv.     It  givrs  valuable 
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CONSTITUTION 

PrivAmbi^e:. 

Being  interested  in  fruit  growing  and  believing  that,  by  organization,  we 
may  materially  advance  our  common  interests,  we  hereby  adopt  the  following 
Constitution  and  By-L,aws : 

ARTiaE  I.— Name. 

This  Association  shall  be  known  as  The  Fruit  Growers'  Association  of 
Adams  County. 

Articu  U.— Object. 

The  object  of  this  Association  shall  be  to  encourage  the  co-operation  of 
the  fruit  growers  of  Adams  County  for  the  protection  and  advancement  of 
their  common  interests. 

1st.  By  securing  and  disseminating  such  scientific  and  practical  informa- 
tion as  shall  promote  the  general  advancement  of  the  fruit  growing  interests 
m  this  county,  and  shall  tend  to  the  improvement  of  the  quality  and  quantity 
of  our  products. 

2d.  By  securing  such  legislation  as  may  be  advantageous,  and  prevent- 
ing that  which  may  be  detrimental. 

3d.  By  securing  such  improved  facilities  in  transportation  as  shall  tend 
to  give  us  more  expeditious  and  economical  distribution. 

4th.  By  endeavoring  to  secure  a  better  and  more  uniform  system  of 
packing  and  package. 

5th.  By  devising  some  system  of  marketing  our  products  which  will  open 
up  and  develop  the  markets  and  give  to  the  grower  a  fair  and  remunera- 
tive return. 

6th.  And  by  endeavoring  to  obtain  such  improved  systems  of  crop  re- 
porting as  shall  furnish,  through  co-operation  with  other  similar  Associa- 
tions, accurate  information  concerning  production;  thereby  enabling  the  fruit 
grower  to  know  the  exact  situation. 

Articuv  lU.— Membership. 

1st.  Candidates  for  membership  may  be  elected  by  a  majority  vote  of 
the  members  present,  and  upon  the  payment  of  $i.oo  into  the  treasury  shall 
be  entitled  to  membership  until  the  next  Annual  Meeting. 

2d.  Any  member  may  renew  his  membership  by  the  payment  of  annual 
dues,  but  upon  failure  to  pay  dues  within  three  months  after  Annual  Meet- 
ing, shall  require  re-election. 

3d.  No  member  shall  receive  the  benefit  of  coinmissions  or  of  co-oper- 
ative buying  by  the  Association,  to  an  amount  greater  than  $i.oo  for  the  term 
of  one  year  after  election  to  membership. 

Articlk  IV.—Diies. 

The  annual  dues  of  this  Association  shall  be  One  Dollar  ($i.oo)  pay- 
able to  the  treasurer  at  the  ineeting  imtnediately  preceding  the  annual  meet- 
ing, for  which  the  treasurer  shall  issue  a  receipt,  this  receipt  to  constitute 
a  certificate  of  membership  for  the  succeeding  year. 

Articlk  Y.— Officers. 

Its  officers  shall  consist  of  a  President,  a  First,  Second,  Third,  Fourth 
and  Fifth  Vice  President,  a  Recording  Secretary,  a  Corresponding  Secre- 
tary, and  a  Treasurer,  all  of  whom  shall  be  elected  by  ballot  at  each  An- 
nual Meeting,  to  serve  for  the  term  of  one  year  or  until  their  successors 
shall  be  chosen.  These  nine  (9)  elective  officers  shall  constitute  an  Execu- 
tive  Committee. 


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We  Ihank  our  man})  kind  friends 

for  their  patronage  through  the  season  of  1911 

And  wish  all  Apple  Growers 

A  Happy  New  Year 


an 


da 


Large  Crop  of  Apples 


for  1912 


MUSSELMAN 

CANNING 
COMPANY 

Biglerville,  Pennsylvania 


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19 

ARTICI.K  YI.— Quorum. 
Five    (5)    members   shall   constitute   a   quorum   for   the   transaction   of 


ARTICI.E  Vll.— Amendments. 


The  Constitution  and  By-Laws  of  this  Association  may  be  amended  at 
any  regular  meeting  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  members  present,  a  notice  of 
the  proposed  amendment  having  been  presented  in  writing  at  a  previous 
regular  meeting.  b  i'  o 

ARTICI.E  yill.—Pruit  Districts. 

For  the  purpose  of  distributing  the  work  of  the  Association  and  ex- 
tending Its  scope  the  County  of  Adams  shall  be  divided  into  the  follow- 
ing seven  (7)  districts:  District  One,  or  North  District,  to  consist  of 
Menallen  Township ;  District  Two,  or  West  District,  to  consist  of  Franklin 
lownship;  District  Three,  or  Southwestern  District,  to  consist  of  Highland 
Liberty  and  Hamihonban  Townships ;  District  Four,  or  South  District  to 
consist  of  Cumberland  Freedom  and  Mt.  Joy  Townships,  and  that  portion 
of  btraban  Township  lying  south  of  the  Western  Maryland  Railroad*  Dis- 
I7f *  ^^^^'  ''''  S^'r*^^?  District,  to  consist  of  Germany,  Union,  Conowaga, 
Mt.  Pleasant,  Oxford,  Reading,  Berwick  and  Hamilton  Townships-  Dis- 
trict bix  or  Northeastern  District,  to  consist  of  Latimore,  Huntingdon  and 
lyrone  Townships;  District  Seven,  or  Central  District,  to  consist  of  Butler 
lownship  and  that  portion  of  Straban  Township  lying  north  of  the  West- 
ern Maryland  Railroad. 

Article  IX.— Committees. 

The  following  five  (5)  committees  shall  be  appointed  annually  by  the 
newly-elected  Executive  Committee  and  announced  at  the  January  meeting, 
as  follows:  A  committee  on  programs,  a  committee  on  membership,  a 
committee  on  statistics,  a  committee  on  exhibits  and  a  committee  on  crop 
reports;  each  committee  shall  be  composed  of  one  or  two  members  from 
each  of  the  seven  (7)  districts  of  Adams  County,  as  designated  in  Art  8 
and  one  or  two  from  each  of  the  Counties  of  York,  Cumberland  and  Frank- 
lin. 

BY-LAWS 

Article  I.— Duties  of  President. 

The  President  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the  Association  and  have 
a  general  supervision  of  its  affairs. 

Article  ll.~Duties  of  Vice  Presidents. 

The  highest  designated  Vice  President  present  at  any  meeting  shall 
preside  in  the  absence  of  the  President;  all  of  the  five  vice  presidents  shall 
serve  on  the  Executive  Committee  in  conjunction  with  the  other  elective 
officers;  and,  in  addition,  each  vice  president  shall  have  special  duties  as 
follows : 

The  First  Vice  President  shall  be  chairman  of  the  program  commfttee, 
and  be  responsible  for  the  preparation  of  a  program  for  each  regular  meet- 
ing, same  to  be  announced  at  the  preceding  meeting. 

The  Second  Vice  President  shall  be  chairman  of  the  membership  com- 
mittee, and  shall  use  every  effort,  personally  and  through  members  of  his 
committee,  to  extend  the  membership  and  secure  renewals. 

The  Third  Vice  President  shall  be  chairman  of  the  committee  on  sta- 
tistics, and  shall  be  responsible  for  the  preparation  of  statistics  showing 
number  of  orchards  in  Adams  County,  and,  as  far  as  possible,  in  York, 
Cumberland  and  Franklin  Counties,  with  quantity,  age,  kind  and  variety  of 
trees  planted  therein,  for  the  use  of  the  Association,  adding  thereto  as  new 
orchards  are  planted  or  old  ones  extended. 


20 


Cut  Down  the  Number  of  Sprays 

YET  GET  BETTER  PROTECTION 

ELECTRO  ARSENATE  OF  LEAD 

(The  Powdered  Form) 

••  •  1.  T.  =t;rW«  loiwest  because  of  its  amorphous  (non-gianular) 
as  your  insecticide.  I*  ^t''^'''' '""^''f  "f.^  ,  „  _,,.  stronger  than  other  brands 
form  and  its  exceptiona  fineness^,  ^J^^^",",!^^, /'^V  r^/;^,     ,„„i,i„ed  with 

K:d:%Tttrfest\1-t"ere^TsSVanTof  1  perVnt.  water-soluble  ar- 
senic present.      ^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^  ^  ^^   ^^^^^  ^^  ,„  30^  ,b.  bbls. 

ELECTRO  LIME-SULPHUR  SOLUTION 

a  sure  death  M  San  Jose  Scale  and  all  scale  and  svicking  insects.  We  guarantee 
ft  .r.  fP,t  53  detrrees  Baume  and  to  contain  the  maximum  percentage  of  soluble 
fulphur-the  aSte  il^ecticide.  It  is  a  cherry  colored  liquid  free  from  sedi- 
ment.     This  is  the  coming  summer  fungicide. 

Packed  In  SO  eal.  bbls.,  30  and  25  gal.  'A  bbls.,  5  and  1  eal.  cans 

ELECTRO  BORDO-LEAD  MIXTURE 

(In  Paste  Form) 

This  is  a  mixture  of  our  20  per  cent.  Arsenate  of  Lead  P^^/^  ^"^  |}f »/;. 
Bordo  Pulp  properly  proportioned-a  combined  insecticide  and  fungicide  es 
pecially  adapted  for  spraying  grapes,  ground  crops,  etc. 

TROUTMAN  ORCHARD  HEATERS 

We  are  the  e'astern  and  foreign  distributors  f<.r  this  positive  means  of  in- 
suring orchards  and  ground  crops  against  frost.  They  give  the  -me  heat  hV 
and  burn  50  per  cent,  longer,  with  equal  amount  of  fuel,  than  any  other  device. 

SPRAY  HOSE 

which  stands  wear  and  high  pressure,  yet  cost  no  .■""'•'= ''''XfltranvlengA 
cotton-covered  rubber  hose  of  exceptional  durability  furnished  m  any  lengtn 

with  or  without  couplings. 

ELECTRO  BRANDS 

Keroaene  Emul.ion;  Insecticide  Soap,  contact  '"»^«'^i^T«!!"Leim"for 
spraying.     Pine  Tar  Creosote  for  treating  wounds  in  trees.     Tree  Le.nn  for 
banding  trees.     Bordo-Pulp,  a  concentrated  Bordeaux. 
Every  grower  ought  to  have  a  copy  of  our  new  booklet, 

"SPRAYING  SIMPLIFIED" 

the  most  concise  and  comprehensive  booklet  on  spraying  ever  issued. 


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21 

u-u'?^^^  ^"^u""^^  ^'""^  President  shall  be  chairman  of  the  committee  on  ex- 
hibits, and  have  entire  charge  of  securing  fruit  for  exhibits  and  displaying 
same  as  directed  by  the  Association.  f    ^    s 

The  Fifth  Vice  President  shall  be  chairman  of  the  committee  on  crop 
reports  and  have  entire  charge  of  collecting  and  compiling  same  for  use 
of  the  Association. 

Article:  111.— Duties  of  Recording  Secretary. 

The  Recording  Secretary  shall  write  the  minutes  of  the  meetings  of  the 
Association  and  have  charge  of  its  Records  and  Reports. 

ArTicliC  IV.— Duties  of  Corresponding  Secretary. 

The  Corresponding  Secretary  shall  conduct  the  correspondence  of  the 
Association  and  shall  receive  for  so  doing  his  necessary  expenses  for  sta- 
tionery postage,  etc.  He  shall  also  act  as  Recording  Secretary  in  the  ab- 
sence of  that  officer.  ^ 

Article  V.— Duties  of  Treasurer. 

The  Treasurer  shall  receive  and  keep  an  accurate  account  of  all  moneys 
belonging  to  the  Association,  paying  out  same  on  an  order  of  the  Association, 
signed  by  the  President.  He  shall  make  a  report  of  all  receipts  and  disburse- 
ments at  the  annual  meeting  or  at  any  time  at  the  request  of  the  Associa- 
tion. He  shall  mail  a  notice  of  dues  to  all  members  one  week  prior  to  the 
November  meeting,  at  which  time  all  dues  are  payable,  and  shall  issue  cer- 
tihcates  of  membership  in  exchange  for  all  dues  received.  He  shall  also  keep 
a  roll  of  members  who  have  complied  with  Article  IV  of  the  Constitution 
and  embody  same  in  his  annual  report. 

Article  YL— Duties  of  the  Executive  Committee. 

The  Executive  Committee  shall  have  general  supervision  of  the  affairs 
ot  the  Association,  auditing  all  bills  and  accounts  and  carrying  out  the  pur- 
poses of  the  Association.  ^ 

Article  VIL-Meetings. 

There  shall  be  a  regular  meeting  of  the  Association  on  the  second  Satur- 
day of  each  month  at  7:30  p.  m.,  unless  otherwise  ordered.  The  meeting 
held  in  December  to  be  regarded  as  the  Annual  Meeting.  Special  meetings 
may  be  convened  by  the  Executive  Committee  at  such  time  'as  they  may  ap- 

Article  VUL— Initiation  of  Officers. 

All  new  officers  shall  assume  the  duties  of  office  at  the  opening  of  the 
meeting  immediately  following  the  one  at  which  they  were  elected  excect 
that  the  newly-elected  Executive  Committee  shall  prepare  and  announce  at 
the  January  meeting  the  membership  roll  of  the  five  (5)  committees  speci- 
nea  in  Art.  9,  and  the  chairman  of  program  committee  shall  prepare  a  pro- 
gram for  the  February  meeting  and  announce  same  at  the  January  meeting. 

Article  IX,— Order  of  Business. 

1st.  Reading  of  minutes  of  previous  meeting. 

2d.  Nominations  and  elections. 

3d.  Reports  of  committees. 

4th.  Deferred  business. 

5th.  Communications. 

6th.  New  business. 

7th.  Discussion  of  questions. 


22 


l!ll 


11 


it 


SEED 
POTATOES 


My  Seed  Potatoes  are  grown  specially  for 
me,  under  contract,  in  Arostook  County,  Maine. 

(Every  potato  grower  knows  that  Arostook  County,  Maine, 
produces  the  finest  seed  Potatoes  in  the  world.) 

Those  who  have  grown  New  York  State,^  or  Michigan 
or  home  grown  seed  and  then  this  fancy  Maine  Grown 
Seed,  have  nothing  further  for  any  except  Maine  Seed, 
There  are  many  potatoes  sold  as  Maine  Seed  that  never 
saw  Maine — beware  of  them. 

YOU  GET  .GENUINE  MAINE  SEED  FROM  ME 

Place  Your  Order  Now  for  March  or  April  Delivery 

FIVE   CARLOADS  COMING 

MOST  OF  THEM  ALREADY  SOLD 

Irish  Cobbler,  Early  Ohio.  Bovee.  Beauly  of  Hebron,  Early  Rose, 
Green  Mountain,  Gold  Coin.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  Rural  New  Yorker, 
Carman  No.  3,  Qyick  Crop,  Early  Harvest,  Rose  of  Enn,  Early  Per- 
fection, American  Giant,  Early  Eureka,  Noraton  Beauty ,Qyick  Lunch. 
Any  of  the  above  $4.50  per  sack  (2K  BushcU) 

WALTER  S.  SCHELL 

Quality  Seeds 
1307-1309  Market  St.         :::         HARRISBURG,  PA. 


Bliss  Triumph  (Early  Round  Red),  (a  $5.00.      F.  O.  B.  H'b'g 


4|> 


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PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

SEVENTH  ANNUAL  CONVENTION 

OF  THE 

FRUIT  GROWERS'  ASSOCIATION 

OF 

ADAMS  COUNTY,  PA. 


The  Seventh  Annual  Convention  was  called  to  order  by  the 
President,  Robert  M.  Eldon,  at  2 :  oo  p.  m.,  Wednesday,  December 
13,  191 1,  in  Fruit  Growers'  Hall,  Bendersville,  Pa. 

The  convention  was  opened  with  prayer  by  the  Rev.  D.  T. 
Koser. 


PRESIDENT'S   ADDRESS. 


Rout.  M.  Eldon. 


We  are  glad  to  welcome  members  of  the  Fruit  Growers'  Asso- 
ciation, visitors,  lecturers  and  patrons  to  the  seventh  convention 
We  are  in  practically  new  quarters.  By  the  offer  of  increased 
rentals,  the  fruit  growers  organization  so  encouraged  the  owners  of 
the  old  hall  that  they  were  moved  to  add  much  thereto,  which  I  am 
sure  you  will  appreciate  during  the  days  of  this  week.  The  growth 
of  the  organization  from  less  than  forty  at  the  first  meeting  in  1903 
to  more  than  two  hundred  sixty  in  191 1  is  most  gratifying.  Some- 
times there  is  a  failure  to  renew  for  a  year,  ])ut  mostly  the  man  or 
woman  once  a  mem]:)er,  comes  promptly  forward  with  a  renewal. 
Not  all  of  our  membership  own  orchards  or  fruit  trees  but  join 
because  since  the  coming  of  the  fruit  growers'  association  they  find 
that  they  can  get  better  and  cheaper  fruit,  or  because  as  business 
men,  professional  men  or  laborers,  they  know  that  the  fruit-grow- 
ing industry  has  greatly  increased  the  amount  of  money  returned 
to  the  county,  a  part,  and  a  very  large  part  of  the  gross  returns  is 
certain  to  come  to  them  in  the  usual  course. 

A  number  have  joined,  if  for  no  other  reason,  because  they  say 
that  to  sit  and  see  and  hear  at  convention  time  is  worth  the  price. 
1  can  see  several  of  these  now,  and  there  are  others  also  filled  with 
the  good  American  desire  to  help  a  good  thing  along.  Join  the 
Fruit   Growers'   Association   and   become  part  owner   of    a   large 

23 


f 


24 

amount  of  good-fellowship.  You  will  later  get  a  copy  of  the  Pro- 
ceedings which  will  be  of  value  to  you.  A  text  book  on  Horticul- 
ture. Not  theory,  but  the  boiled  down  experience  of  practical  men. 
A  real  text  book  on  the  subject  of  Horticulture,  well  worth  the 
money. 

More  than  the  usual  care  has  been  exercised  during  the  past 
year  in  spraying  for  the  scale  insects  and  for  the  codling  moth  and 
its  co-laborer  the  curculio.  It  is  impossible  to  expect  that  any  of 
the  trio  named  or  of  many  other  pests  attacking  tree,  foliage  or 
fruit  will  ever  ])ecome  exterminated,  but  we  believe  that  all  may  be 
held  in  check  by  careful  and  timely  work. 

Several  of  our  members  have  noticed  the  same  fault  in  spray- 
ing operation,  namely,  that  the  nozzle  man  kept  too  close  to  the 
tree  so  that  some  of  the  branch  tips  at  about  the  level  of  the  oper- 
ator's face  were  entirely  missed.  1  have  called  the  attention  of  my 
helpers  to  this  at  least  a  score  of  times  during  the  past  season,  and 
we  found  at  picking  time  that  the  few  scale  present  were  on  the 
fruit  from  these  branches.  l]y  the  use  of  bends  for  the  rods  or 
angle  nozzles,  the  old  fault  of  poorly  sprayed  lower  branches  has 
been  cured. 

To  do  a  good  spraying  job,  high  pressure  and  large  air-chamber 
space  are  of  the  first  importance.  A  good  pump  and  a  willing 
pump-man  are  good  but  the  compressed-air  sprayer  is  the  coming 
sprayer.  Either  a  central  plant  where  an  engine  and  compressor 
can  charge  the  power  tank  of  the  sprayer  while  the  spray  liquid 
tank  is  being  filled,  or  the  portable  engine  and  compressor  outfit  fills 
the  bill  as  no  direct  pumping  outfit  can  possible  fill  it.  The  first 
of  these  two  types  is  the  lighter  while  the  second  is  perhaps  the 
safer  and  more  efficient.  This  second  type  can  reach  full  spraying 
pressure  while  the  operator  is  straightening  out  the  hose  and  rod, 
and  it  has  a  constantly  increasing  air-chamber  space  at  maximum 
pressure. 

The  occurrence  of  Cedar  Rust  has  been  much  less  prevalent 
during  191 1  than  during  1910,  but  there  is  apparentlv  no  way  of 
determining  whether  this  is  due  to  climatic  conditions  or  to^  the 
general  cutting  away  of  the  cedar  trees.  If  the  scientists  are  cor- 
rect in  their  statement  that  the  cedar  trees  and  the  apple  trees  are 
alternate  hosts  for  the  fungus,  it  would  be  sound  argument  to  say 
that  the  cutting  of  the  cedar  trees  is  the  chief  factor  in  the  lessened 
amount  of  the  fungus  injury. 

Many  trees  in  the  neighborhood  suffered  severely  from  fire 
blight,  which  is  certainly  the  most  distressing  of  the  apple  orchard- 
ist's  troubles,  requiring  a  cure  that  is  no  cure,  but  a  partial  or  entire 
destruction  of  the  tree. 

The^  ai^ples  seem  to  have  had  a  poor  blooming  season  yet  set  a 
heavy  tfop  as  did  also  cherries.  Peaches  bloomed  freely'but  fell 
off,  probably  due  to  overbearing  in  1910  and  lack  of  other  care. 
Small  fruits  were  generally  disappointing. 

The  apple  crop  was  the  largest  in  the  history  of  the  county,  but 
at  the  present  time  figures  are  not  available.  Its  quality  was  good. 
Perhaps  a  part  larger  than  usual  went  to  the  cannery  and  evapor- 
ator, on  account  of  the  general  large  crop  throughout  the  country. 


< 


^* 


i 


•i     4m 


25 

t  ^  7^:^  a^,tTt  .rs"S  "^A  r .  -inc^r  •iiS 

We  have  but  on^Ln^t^^^^l^^^^  ^  rone  nJ^Te 
ment  withm  a  raduis  of  several  mil^c      "vu^        i      7 1  i       ^j^^^S^' 

T^::^'-'''^  ^~^J'^  thl'jhtto^:: 

SyTe'  Sers'of 'tlfi '"'•  evaporating  plant  owned  and  operated 

ti^fp^^s  dfo/^jrssro  ,0  i.^-N-:  ^^  i^oivt-s 

..hit^h^r  T£  :.rpSsl,fAn'Sn1';  ^S-t^a3tS; 

in"off  J  '^^  '°""'-'  ^/'^■'''^-  '^^^'^y  ''-<^-"^e  w;  wa  ,t  to  ke  p  the 
cup  offered  as  a  pnze  for  best  exhibits,  l,ut  principally  1  ecaSse  he 
habit  of  wninmg  ,s  a  good  habit  to  cultivate,  when  the  accomnlish 

The"  a!-    %nr.t  ^^•""'"^  /°^'  l'""''  "°^  >"J"-  ^^"  oSe^fSwIn 
the  race.     Our  sister  counties  have  good  individual  growers  who 

are  certain  to  have  good  fruit  on  exhibition,  but  not  ha^n^  been 

organized  so  long  as  have  the  Adams  county  growers   they  do  not 

pull  together  as  perhaps  we  do.         It  takes  not  oX  careTn  erow 

ng  fine  fruit  but  continued  effort  in  following  it  through  a"  the' 

Si'onlSnTr  ^'r  "^'"'"^  *°  J"^'^'"^-  E-r  since  our  orgln^ 
ization  began  to  compete  as  a  county  exhibitor  it  has  alwavs  hnd 

a  number  of  its  members  on  hand  to' take  advantage  of  the  dioi^e 

The  nrn  -t?  '''/'^'*  I'-'  ^""^  ''  ^'""^'^y  ''^'^'^^  -^  clisp  ay  d 

the  be  t  1  nd  17.  ""'""^  ^"  "'''"'''^  ""'  o'"-  o^^'"  convention  is 
the  best  k  nd  of  training  m  preparation  for  the  second  and  more 
elaborate  display  at  the  State  meeting. 

Join  the  State  Society  and  attend  ^its  sessions.     Help  to  make  it 
he  best  in  the  country.     Tt  should  have  two  thousand  members  'nd 

Silrco' mty^^  """  °'  '"'"  •^'^^"'^^  ^^"-  ^--  ^'-  firsttuTpfo' 
the  sS  lhina'''"rf.^T"'-'  ■^•'^'^."^■•^^'■o"  '-'"^  persuade  others  to  do 

=,  th'rc-eX^r  -' ''''  •^^°" '-'  "-^  j^'-"  -^'^^  ^^" 


?3(0 


^^'■■' 


■^ii" 


26 


I 


'ii 


Twig  Blight  of  Appi,e. 


APPLE  DISEASES. 


PRor.  IT.  R.  FuLTox,  Pennsylvania  State  College. 

I  have  been  asked  to  speak  on  the  subject  of  apple  diseases 
Fully  twenty  of  these,  affecting  all  i)arts  of  the  apple  tree  have 
come  to  my  notice  in  l^ennsylvania.  Fortunately  the  majority  are 
only  slightly  injurious;  several  that  are  very  serious  in  other  se-'- 
tions  of  the  country  occur  very  infrec|uently  with  us.  We  can  con  • 
sider  only  the  most  important  apple  diseases  to-day. 

These  diseases,  for  our  purpose,  may  be  classified  as  funrau^ 
and  bacterial  diseases,  and  physiological  diseases,  remembering^that 
bacteria  are,  after  all,  merely  a  special  kind  of  fungi  Those  of 
the  first  class  are  caused  by  living  i)lant  organisms  of  very  small 
size,  tnat  may  spread  from  plant  to  plant ;  and  these  diseases  are  in- 
fectious or  contagious  in  character.  However,  climatic  and  local 
weather  conditions,  as  well  as  other  conditions  of  environment  mav 


footh'old  lyX^lti^^V:  :S^^j^^^  after  gaining 

oe'^iirnlet'reTwnr  ""^  *^'^  'h'  ^'^'"^^'^  "^to  account   and  le 
iUes  witrrXence  '^o  S^^^^^^  '",^?^^  '''Z^'^^^  *«  its  peculiar! 

of  well  knowXatmeit 7or  a^nt'^'^^^^^^  .  ^°n  illustration  think 

cations  of  a  VropTiunlZ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^ree  appli- 

tl.e  petals  fall,  and  a  tlS  two' wee      later N^^^^  'T.^^''' 

^tcr  of  t^- ^ti-  «{^=v-? 

the  so-called  winter-snores  th^t  fort-.-,  oi^    i     ^     \'^^^i^}i  lor  :5car)  is 

apple  leaves  infectedX  p ttlrye'r  wi'th  "^""f  ^'"'^'  °^^'"'" 
turity,  are  scattered,  and'  retZ  the.r  vitaHtv'S;  7u    "'^'^  ."'"' 

fr^r^  fi-.^  4--        •    1-         /     Jcinen  leaves,  by  plowing  them  under  bp- 

Tr  nor'.';  I?""  i";P'c""''  ^''"  °^^'^  ^"^  J°"^than  are  affected  Me 
Northern  t  ''■"''  ^*'^'"^'"  ^^'"^^^'''  -^fc^"tosh.  Spitzenl  urg  and 
men  nf  ^^.^'^  """'^-^  susceptible.  Discrimination  in  the  treat 
n  ent  of  varieties  varying  in  susceptibility  will  promote  efficienrv 
and  economy  not  only  for  scab,  but  for  other  troublS  A  wet  roo^ 
spring  favors  Scab.     Our  climatic  conditions,  fortunate^    are  W 

can  ?o?Th'°  ^"'''  ^'evelopment  than  those  farth  r  "rth  •  and  w" 
can  for  this  reason  safely  omit,  in  the  average  season  and  on  f h^ 
average  variety,   the   early  application,   just  '.efo^r^he'blos.Jom: 

md  fnnv'nf'"  ?^-^"'^'  ''!'  ^'^"^^  ^'''''  ""protected  young  leaves 
Sfe  n  a    rbl  in  h:,"/'"''''-'^  'V''  -■"'='".?-'--l  partJ;  thf  infec- 


-m 


'^ 


28 


/^. 


Gymnosporangium   Macropus. 

1.  Cedar-apple  with  gelatinous  horns.  2.  A  spore  from  a  gelatinous  horn 
germinating  and  producting  four  infection  spores,  one  of  which  is  de- 
tached. (Very  highly  magnified).  3  and  4.  Apple  leaf  and  fruit  with 
the  cluster-cup  stage  of  the  fungus. 

We  were  speaking  of  the  spray  applications,  for  us  usually  two 
in  number,  made  when  the  petals  fall  and  two  weeks  later,  that  are 
timed  particularly  for  Scab  control.  These,  let  us  remember,  will 
also  be  more  or  less  effective  for  Cedar  or  Orange  Rust  on  leaves 
and  fruit,  for  Blotch  on  leaves  and  fruit,  for  Sooty  Mold  on  fruit, 
and  for  Black  Rot  Spot  (Sphaeropsis  and  Frog  Eye  Spot  flllos- 
porium)  on  leaves.  The  diluted  lime-sulphur  material  seems  to  be 
satisfactorily  effective  against  these  troubles,  and  is  preferred  to 
Bordeaux  mixture.  Where  Blotch  and  Black  Rot  prevail,  care 
should  be  taken  to  cover  twigs  and  limbs  at  one  of  the  sprayings; 
and  as  thorough  as  possible  pruning  out  of  affected  woody  parts 
should  be  practiced. 

Sometimes,  when  cool,  moist  weather  prevails,  there  may  be  a 
midsummer  outbreak  of  Scab;  and  usually  the  leaf  spotting  fungi 
and  Sooty  Mold  and  Blotch  of  the  fruit  continue  to  cause  infec- 


I 


29 

tion  until  late  in  the  season.    Furthermore,  Bitter  Rot  and  Fruit 
Spot  usually  begin  their  attacks  after  the  fruit  is  half  erown    In 

fn  th;ratter'naTt  ol'th  ^°^'  ""'^T  ^°*'  ^^  VohUelh  R'oTr.e'o 
ZlinstTjfC°/^^'-  ■  M°'^  ^^"^""^  protection  is  afforded 
against  all  of  these  if  a  fungicidal  application  is  made  in  Tulv  at  the 

uT  ^1]^"  r^y-'ig,  ?«  ^lone  for  the  second  codling  nidi  brood 
W.  here  Bio  ch  and  Bitter  Rot  prevail,  Bordeaux  mixture  msrbe 

hiTervalsTf  tlT"  T'  ''''  ^P"">-^^'°"  "^^^^  *-°  -  ^^"2  SS  a 
diseases  ''  °"  '■^"'''''  susceptible  to  these  destructive 

place"^  Toth  or/ir  "r'  ^'^^'^'^  '"^'  ^^'"^^  ^^^  "^^y  "«t  be  out  of 
apples  in1he  So,  h  T^'^"  are  among  the  most  serious  affecting 
apples  in  the  South.     They  occur  m  Pennsylvania  to  a-  small  decree 

"  'Bilter^r^*  ^^  °"  '''.'  '''''  ''''  ^'->'  ^^'"  -  grea'te "foothoir 
.        Litter  Rot  spots  are  brown  and  circular,  and  the  rot  extends 

nward  in  a  cone-shaped  area  quite  rapidlv,  so  that  it  may  reach 

the  core  by  the  time  the  surface  area  is  the  size  of  a  hTdoHar 

The  surface  is  dotted  with  spore  pustules  which  emit  mm  e  flesh: 

htroi'  "ThJ  fn'""  r^  ^^""'^  '''■''''  ''^'y  '"  ^'-  developmen  of 
the  ro  .     The  fungus  lues  over  winter  in  mummied  apples  on  the 

aSr  "  when  '  tl/''"'  '^'/  '■°*  .°"  '""^  ^''>'''''''  and 'iSthe  limb 
Wj^n  Is  Sel^Tsuff:  itr '•     ^^   '^"^   ~-^-'^^   --^- 

in.  rnl°*'Tlf  *^'i*'  '•'*'  r"''^?""  ?^  *'^^  ^"""'t,  without  directly  caus- 
ing rot.  The  skin  is  discolored,  and  sometimes  thickened  so  that 
sma  1  raised  areas  are  apparent.  These  are  covered  with  mii  u?e 
black  dots  in  which  the  spores  are  formed.  When  attacked  earlv 
he  fruit  IS  dwarfed  and  deformed.  The  fungus  attacks  eaves  ana 
wigs,  surviving  the  winter  in  the  latter,  lien  Davis  is  the  most 
susceptible  of  our  commercial  apples. 


*3fei 


•y'«r. 


M^'m 


d-  -J- 


K"'^ 


'-^''^:^^ 


A 


'^¥-4^,/t**K, 


'l!*i^.-3f 


*  >n 


'^^X^*^^^ 


Unsprayed  York  Impkriai.  Trkic  Almost  Defouated  by  Uaf- 

Spot. 


M 


30 

The  Fruit   Spot  that  can  be  controlled  by   Tulv  soravine-  is 

iLr^rTLT i'^  T""™"-^  ^'"''^"  ^^P^^^  ^'^^"^  '-6  °f  -  - 'hTr^s 
,nH  .       f  ^fP^^  ^'■^'^"  "'^  '■«'  *'ia"  the  surrounding  color' 

?^ted  deenir  r,  ^''^'  '"^'  '"°""  "'^  '^'^^'^'-     ^^^e  flesh  is^lot  a^ 
ittted  deeply.     They  are  more  numerous  towards  the  apex  of  the 

f.ut,  and  frequently  occur  at  lenticels.     The  cause  of  this  frui? 

spot  ,s  the  fungus  Cylindrosporium  pomi,  which  infects  the     ru 

during  July  as  a  rule,  and  can  be  readily  prevented  by  one  or  two 

a  phcations  of  almost  any  fungicide  during  the  first  ha^Fof   TuTv 

We  must  not  confuse  this  disease  with  that  known  as  Fmit  Rt 

ttlTed  by  ^;;;t:°  '^  ^"^  ^°  ^""^-  --^■'  -^  can  not  bf  co^^'! 

as  fn^;tn"'  '■"'"^•"•^^'-  t^t  t'le  requirement  for  summer  spraying 
as  for  any  spraymg,  and  the  returns  to  be  obtained  from  it  depend 
on  the  presence  o  certain  fungi  that  develop  then,  the  growing  of 
varieties  susceptible  to  their  attack,  and  the  occurrence  of  weafher 
conditions  that  would  favor  their  development ;  and  that  the  r^osJ 
satisfactory  results  will  be  oI,tained  when  judicious  s  ravine  iT  an 

sS.  L 'aLrall°'  ^°"'  T''''''  °^  -'^"-  an73  ?io'n" 
spraying  is,  after  all,  an  expedient  to  catch,  as  it  were   the  thief 

to  muLTv'h  V-Tf-     ^''  "^  ^^^  '°  't  that' we  do  not  allow  way 
to  multiply  by  which  he  may  enter.  ^ 

There  are  certain  transmissible  diseases  that  can  not  be  sptis 
factonly   controlled   by   spraying,    such   as   Tw^g    iTl ighf  and     he" 
cankers  produced  by  the  Black  Rot  and  Bitter  Rot  fund    and    he 

^chelr'^f  T  '"^  T'  ■■^t"-     O"--  °"'y  -eans  of  Siifg  thlse 
in  check  IS    o  discover  the  trouble  at  an  early  period  in  its  dfvelon 

ment   and  tlioroughly  remove  all  affected  tis^sie  ^^' 

shoots 'IheS'  oT'nn""'?-  ^"°''"  T  ^■'■^  ^^^^Sht,  attacks  young 
voune  fruit      As  1  ^'^'e'' .''"^hs,  and  sometimes  the  blossoms  o? 
young  truit.     As  soon  as  blighted  twigs  are  noticed    thev  sbnr.M 
be  cut  off  well'below  the  affected  part  and  the  cut  surf^L 
ever  small    touched  with  a  swab  wl?  litl    a  dllct^lt    :;,'":; 

lull  a^^oiS  T'54,;r2;vr  ^  ^:^^^'  ^p^^ 

shouW    e  painted  over  as  well  as  disinfected  ^ 

b-ise  of  11''.^°'  f  T  *""['  '*  causing  the  death  of  the  bark  at  the 


But  when  all  these    hZ/J         ^,      ^'■""'''  ''as  caused  trouble. 

ri  ti;^6S^  Srr  r  "  -s »- -^ 

riif  o     .1  1  t  ^"^  ^^  ^^^^  trouble,  and  the  affected  area  nit 

out  as  thorouHi  y  as  mav  he  le^vino-  fi.L  i;  t  ,  '^V  ,  "  ^^^^  ^"^ 
edee  for  heiHni  Tul^  ,  leaving  the  hve  bark  with  a  smooth 
cage    lor   nealing.      The   cut    surface    should   be   washed   with    l.i 

cxposea  surface  is  large,  and  above  ground,  a  coating-  of  P-raftino- 
wax  will  prevent  drying  out,  and  promote  healing      DiseasfJtS 

t  on's  o^irS'lS'  toT  ""'^'"^^  '  '""  ^™'^  offr.S  TiKlVt    1  - 

ing  would  doubtless  be  he^fn!  '^'  ''^  '"'"'"'•■  l^-"""' 

We  come  next  to  those  constitutional   disorders  that  we  call 

f „;,;.;■    r  :         ,    '"  ^'^rangements  of  the  normal  Dhysioloeical 
functions  of  the  plant  parts,  usually  due  to  unfavora  k  invfron 
mental  conditions.     Our  knowledge  of  them  at  p?e.°en    is  n  eaere " 

applicawli   ""'Su  T''^  'rr'  ""'-^^^"--^^  '-"-^  unfor'tunatdv  of  ISed 
applicability.     Such  troubles  are  Fru  t  I^it   rnerhat^s  mnr^  ncinii 

known  as  Baldwin  Spot,  although  this  tirm  al  o  ometin.er^n' 
fusingly  applied  to  Fruit  Spot  mentioned  above"  l^Sery  cZ' 
WatcM-y  Apex,  Sun  Scald.  Sticky  Skin,  and  probably  Jonathan  Spot' 
i'ruit  Pit  .shows  rather  large,  vaguely  outlined  slitrhtlv  de 
pressed  spots  that  suggest  finger  print^  i,ruises.  Under  f he  e  he" 
flesh  IS  dead  for  some  distance,  and  later  the  surface  becomes  dead 
orheTsh  !;^:^-"t'-^^'^ccte<l  areas  can  be  found  in  uTh^terTor 
01  the  tiesli.     The  cause  is  supi)ose<l  to  be  lack  of  .sufficient  moisture 

^onrwe*;  io  ■■'"'■'  T  fniit  developinent,  especially  sudden  "age 
tron    wet    o  very  dry  conditions.     It  mav  be  that  tillage  methods 
can  be  so  developed  as  to  equalise  the  soil  water  supplf  Lffic  entH" 
to  reduce  this  trouble  to  a  minimum.  ^  s>"mcienti> 

Watery  Core  and  ^Vatery  Apex  .seem  to  be  different  forms  of 

dl  :rto'™"'' "     ?r'",""'  ^'^^■^■■^"^■>'  "f  -^tcr  may  cause  the 
eel    sap  to  reach  .such  higli  concentration  as  to  kill  the  living  sub- 

spaces  in  the  apple  tissue,  giving  tlie  waterv,  instead  of  the  whitish 
opaque  appearance ;  or  a  sudden  access  of  water  after  the  cell  san 
has  become  highly  concentrated,  may  result  similarly  ^ 

vSuii  Scald  is  injury  to  the  cells  from  intense  heat      It  is  ar 
compamed  by  abnormal  ripening  of  tissues  in  the  vicinity      It  may 
l>e  aggravated  by  liquid  on  the  surface  of  the  exposed    ruit  and  is 

I>d^"Thad^."^  °"  '■■"^  ""'"^'■^'  ^'^''"'•^^^  *^'  t'-  -"'«  rays'a?te? 


■'^'■f/vi'TT; 


^vJ 


ill! 


32 

I  do  not  know  of  any  explanation  for  the  condition  known  as 
Sticky  Skin  or  Dead  Skin.  Microscopically  the  tissues  in  such 
cases  seem  fairly  normal. 

The  Jonathan  Spot  is  also  hard  to  explain  in  the  light  of  our 
present  knowledge.  It  seems  not  to  be  due  to  any  organism. 
Whether  or  not  it  is  related  to  the  physiological  Fruit  Pit  is  an 
open  question.  Perhaps  we  will  find  eventually  that  it  is  a  trouble 
distinct  from  others  enumerated.  It  has  been  suspected  to  be  a 
form  of  arsenic  injury,  but  tests  made  in  191 1  by  the  U.  S.  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  indicate  that  heavy  applications  of  arsenic 
do  not  increase  the  amount  of  spotting.  It  develops  much  more  on 
apples  in  ordinary  storage  than  on  those  in  cold  storage  and  atten- 
tion to  this  point  is  advised  when  apples  give  indication  of  develop- 
ing this  trouble. 


33 


FivK-YEAR-OtD   Peach   Tree   Showinc   Great   Spread  of  Roots.     Root 

bHowN  17  Feet  Long. 


,*^ 


^■m 


•    »  Zi""-    ^    .      '^^    £^*  LM^     ^^  ^-  ' 


••^Wssi;***^  v..^t 


Apples  From   Ux sprayed  Trees.    Large  Pile.  Culls. 
Small   Pile  ox  the  Right.   Saleable   Fruit. 

(Photo,  by  Peairs.) 


I 

i 


PEACH  CULTURE. 


JoiixN  F.  Borm,  Middkburg,  Snyder  County,  Pa. 

Peach  culture  is  very  different  to-dav  from  what  it  was  2? 
years  ago  and  m  many  localities  the  cultivation  of  this  delicious 
fruit  has  l^en  entirely  abandoned.  It  is,  however,  a  fruit  so  well 
known  m  Pennsylvania  that  a  description  is  not  necessary.  Years 
ago  a  peach  tree  would  live  to  i,ear  almost  like  an  apple  tree,  espec- 
a  y  the  seedlmg  which  to-day  is  harder  in  bud  than  budded  trees, 
but  the  tree  Itself  seems  to  have  lost  the  vitality  it  once  had  and  is 
no  more  a  longer  lived  tree  than  trees  from  the  nursery.  What 
brought  about  these  changes  ?  ^       w  uai 

I  believe  that  Providence  had  a  great  deal  to  do  with  produc- 
tion.    It  seems  to  me  that  a  man  is  limited  in  all  lines  of  production 
in  my  opinion,  surely,  the  man  who  bites  off  more  than  he  can  chew 
will  make  a  flat  failure  in  peach  culture. 

It  is  not  extensive  but  intensive  peach  culture  that  pays  The 
man  who  caii  do  the  proper  thing  at  the  proper  time  is  always  the 
man  who  offers  the  choicest  fruits  on  our  markets  and  that  is  th- 
only  fruit  that  pays  the  producer. 

Common  and  poor  fruit  was  never  very  renumerative  with  me 
Ihe  subject  of  peach  culture  .seemed  to  me  like  a  funnel,  lookine 
mto  It  at  the  small  end.  the  farther  vou  see  into  it,  the  wider  the 
subject  gets.  I  always  feel  my  inability  to  do  justice  to  this  subject 
1  he  novice  then  would  ask  what  are  the  requirements  to  be  a  suc- 
cessful peach  grower.     My  anwer  would  be,  the  Man,  the  Loca- 


m  .J...  .MB.      '  JH 


34 

Hon,  and  the  Soil,  would  be  the  chief  requirements;  and  the  most 
important  of  the  three  is  the  Man  himself  because  he  may  cause 
failure  where  the  most  favorable  conditions  exist. 

He  must  take  a  liking  to  the  business.  Having  such  a  man, 
next  in  importance  is  the  soil.  I  do  not  expect  to  find  it  disputed 
when  I  say  God  made  the  soil  complete — by  which  I  mean  that  vir- 
gin soil  contains  all  the  required  elements  to  produce  both  the  tree 
and  the  fruit.  Where  shall  this  soil  be  located?  By  all  means  on 
the  hills,  where  there  is  an  air  drainage,  get  above  the  frost  line,  do 
not  make  the  mistake  of  putting  your  orchard  in  a  ravine  where  it 
is  thought  by  many  the  cold  winds  cannot  strike  them.  We  have 
all  learned  and  often  heard  the  remark  on  a  cool  evening — If  the 
wind's  calm,  we  will  have  a  frost.  What  does  this  mean?  It 
means  as  long  as  the  wind  blows,  moisture  will  not  settle,  and  as 
long  as  moisture  does  not  settle,  frost  cannot  form ;  but  just  as  soon 
as  the  motion  of  the  air  ceases  then  moisture  will  gather  and  freeze. 
In  many  so-called  sheltered  places  where  not  sufficient  air  can  get 
in,  moisture  will  settle  and  cause  the  loss  of  a  crop  of  fruit. 

Having  the  location,  next  in  order  would  be  the  trees,  I  never 
expected  the  nurseryman  to  grow  these  for  me.  All  I  want  from 
the  nurseryman  is  the  starter.  I  never  wanted  the  heavy  first  class 
trees,  neither  would  I  recommend  a  very  small  tree.  For,  should 
a  dry  season  follow,  heavy  loss  would  be  the  result,  as  the  tree 
which  should  be  planted  in  early  spring  has  no  way  of  taking  nour- 
ishment until  fibers  form,  and  in  a  dry  season,  would  die  or  dry  up, 
if  too  light  before  fibers  form.  If  too  heavy  not  enough  rootlets 
come  with  the  tree  from  the  nursery,  and  this  goes  to  the  other  ex- 
treme. Having  trees  to  caliber  one-half  inch  planted  a  little  deeper 
than  they  stood  in  the  nursery,  in  ground  plowed  deep,  and  pre- 
pared as  for  a  crop  of  corn  is  about  right.  After  the  trees  are  set 
fifteen  feet  apart^each  way,  then  comes  the  work  of  the  pruning 
knife,  here  again  the  medium  sized  tree  has  the  preference.  Any 
one  familiar  with  the  peach  tree  from  the  nursery  knows  full  well 
that  a  tree  has  a  set  of  branches,  then  buds,  then  another  set  of 
branches,  then  buds  again.  In  heavy  trees  the  tree  has  to  be  cut 
either  right  above  the  collar  which  is  too  low ;  or  at  the  second  set 
of  buds  which  is  too  high ;  giving  the  tree  too  much  leverage  when 
planted  in  the  full  sway  of  the  wind.  Potatoes  or  any  cultivated 
crop  may  be  grown  for  two  years,  after  which  time  the  entire 
ground  should  be  given  to  the  tree,  and  thoroughly  cultivated.  The 
leaders  should  be  cut  back  for  three  years,  that  is  the  time  required 
to  grow  peach  trees  of  bearing  size.  The  peach  tree  is  unlike  the 
apple.  The  apple  has  fruit  spurs  while  the  peach  bears  its  fruit  on 
the  previous  year's  growth  of  wood. 

Consequently  we  must  have  a  succession  of  new  growth  of 
wood.  By  thorough  cultivation  and  proper  pruning  and  not  allow- 
ing the  trees  to  overbear,  the  desired  new-growth  can  be  controlled, 
and  fair  crops  can  be  produced ;  unless  the  winter  season  becomes 
too  severe.  Properly  ripened  peach  buds  will  stand  a  temperature 
of  15  degrees  below.  A  man  has  far  more  control  than  is  generally 
believed  by  not  allowing  the  tree  to  overbear.  This  is  the  whole 
secret  of  getting  the  buds  in  proper  shape.     Otherwise  the  tree  has 


I 


ul 


.  *7 


pointed  iron.  The  peach  borer  hL J  '."^''^  Pocket-knife  or  some 
but  feeds  on  the  Cambium  layer  and  iT  i"'  T?^  ^'^'  '^^  ^PP'^' 
m  the  roots,  can  be  easily  destroyed  ^^°''  ^^  ^'''  ^°^" 

thorouS?lne"in"eti;fp,S"^^^^^^^^  -st  be  carefully  and 

and  sulphur  is  the  most  satisS'orv  ^..  ,  ^'^''^"'^  °P^"-  Lime- 
time,  for  both  the  scale  and  SngT^  '"^^'"^''  '^"°^"  ^^  the  present 

learn' wS  frolT'JTr:^''  '  "^^^"^  ^''^'^  '  ^^-^  yet  to 
grown  at  the  expensf  o^the  neth""^  ^'%^  ''''^^''^  ^^at  I  not 
what  crop  can  be  grown  in  a  nS  ''r'  a  ^'•^^"^"tly  I  am  asked 
answer  is  always  t  plach  Cron  Th.-^  '  '^^"  ^^'"'S'  ^"^  "V 
among  peach  trees  is  first  notkedTn  th  ''"'"  '^"°^"  ^'  "Yellows," 
fruit.  "^"'^^^  ""  the  premature  ripening  of  the 

dicate  that  a  tree  with  yellow  leaves  T    taken  7'  .'^"'^  ™*  '"" 

b;?errw^.icTcat^.feTiLgr;;i^^ 

respond  very.readi,;'|fpX\'^re.^"™4^^^^^^^  and  such  trees  wil^ 

may  p^emS  it  Sttd  Zwt  7^°^ '^o.^iage,  dark  green. 

way  I  know  to  hold  ths  disease  in  ?'.°'-^  *''"  ^'■'"^^^-     The  only 
burn  on  the  spot  '"  "^'^''^  ''  ^o  remove  the  tree  and 

wou/d^:ri\';rrnL^Sli^.£]:rr,r  ^",f  i'^^  p-*^'^  '--^ss 

but  I  have  changed  my  mi/^  "s  Se The  s'ffo  ^'""^^^ 
It  appearance  in  sufficient  number.  tn.ilf  ^^"  J°^^  ^cale  has  made 
by  the  negligent  fellow  thev  are  "-.t'"''^- '''°'"  ''"'^''"^'  P'anted 
pat  fellows  are  in  the  peach  bus^-n.«  .  ^""""''l  ^"'^  ^^^  ^^and- 
stay.  The  Syndica  e  or  incornor^t.T  u^^^  ^"^  '^^^  ^'^  ^ere  to 
that  they  arecarrying  on  "hd?Si°''''-t:;'^.'°^  ""''''  '«arn 

to  have  thousandsVfY  es  S  orSSs  w^^^^^  d.smterested  help,  and 
ing  labor  over  too  lart^  7,,  .  orchards  wi  1  necessitate  them  spread- 
going  on  all  the  dme  ^         '"■''^^  '"^  *'^^  '^'^^^  ^^  slighted  work 

forenTan'  ^^'sS'::^;]^^:^  ^^T  '^ •■{  -^"^'-wHere  one 
cessfully.     The  big^st  n  Se  T  .  'I'  ''"''  '^°"*''o'  ^^em  suc- 

n^y  peach  businesS  1  Tti  time  rh^H^f  .^'^  ^'^'^  ^  '"'''^^'^ 
sand  trees  in  cultivation  an?  l  •    ^  ''.^tween  43  and  44  thou- 


3< 


orchards  had  finer  fruit  than  mine.  You  see,  I  wanted  to  be  one 
of  those  speciaHsts,  but  1  soon  discovered  that  the  old  saying  that 
the  big  fish  eat  the  little  was  not  true.  In  fact,  I  believe  the  time 
will  soon  be  here  that  the  little  fish  will  eat  the  big.  At  least,  I  do 
not  fear  the  competition  of  large  orchard  companies,  but  I  do  fear 
the  competition  of  the  fellow  who  has  only  as  many  acres  in  culti- 
vation as  he  can  look  after  himself. 

To  summarize—would  say,  the  right  man— the  right  location— 
the  right  soil — with  all  requirements  strictly  carried  out,  from  the 
planting  of  the  tree  to  the  marketing  of  the  fruit,  will  find  peach 
culture  as  profitable  as  the  culture  of  any  other  fruit. 

R.  M.  Eldon.  Do  you  have  any  trouble  in  getting  the  right 
men  to  do  your  work? 

n^u  ^^'  ^^y^^'  ^^^^^  ^^  i"^t  my  trouble,  to  get  that  kind  of  help. 
1  he  labor  problem  is  the  biggest  trouble  I  have  in  my  business.  I 
do  not  have  much  trouble  to  dispose  of  my  fruit.  It  requires  in- 
telligent help  and  I  cannot  always  get  enough  of  the  right  kind. 

C.  S.  Griest.  Jn  picking  vour  fruit,  how  often  do  vou  go  over 
the  same  trees  ? 

Mr.  Beyer.  About  twice.  That  is  the  time  they  should  be 
sorted,  too. 

Member.     Do  you  use  any  commercial  fertilizer? 

Mr.  Beyer.  I  had  a  commercial  fertilizer  made  for  the  peach 
crop,  lo  per  cent,  available  I>hos.-acid  and  8  per  cent.  Potash  and 
I  could  not  see  any  difference.  I  could  see  a  difference  on  the 
clover  and  other  crops  afterward. 

Member.     How  much  to  the  acre? 

Mr.  Beyer.     One-half  ton. 

Member.     Any  diffe  e-ce  in  the  color  of  the  fruit? 

Mr.  Beyer.     None  whatever. 

Member.     Did  it  seem  to  increase  the  quantitv  ^ 
Mr.  Beyer.     Xo.  ^  ' 

Member.     Did  you  use  barnvard  manure  ? 

Mr.  Beyer.     Xo  indeed. 

Member.     Do  you  take  off  premature  fruit  ? 

Mr.  Beyer.  The  first  symptom  is  the  premature  rii)ening  of 
the  fruit,  and  about  the  third  summer  if  you  do  not  take  the  tree  out 
It  would  die  Itself. 

Member.  How  often  do  you  cultivate  in  a  season^ 
Mr.  Beyer.  That  depends  a  little  on  the  rain-fall.  If  I  have 
my  man  in  the  orchard  to-day,  and  we  should  have  a  hard  rain  to- 
morrow, that  same  portion  would  have  to  be  cultivated  just  as  soon 
as  the  ground  gets  into  proper  condition.  It  is  moisture  the  peach 
grower  is  after  more  than  anything  else.  About  8o  per  cent,  of  the 
peach  IS  moisture.  In  fact,  taking  all  crops,  moisture  is  the  chief 
e  ement.  We  know  a  layer  of  loose  ground  acts  just  the  same  as 
straw  manure.  We  can  take  a  harrow  and  loosen  the  ground,  and 
that  acts  as  a  mulch.  ' 

Member.     Do  you  use  a  spring-tooth  harrow  for  cultivation? 
Mr.  Beyer.     I  do. 

Member.     Do  you  head  them  back  each  vear; 


K 


i»  A" 


V- 


37 
Mr.   Beyer.     The  first  season   I  cut  the  leaderc;   hn^i.      Ti.« 

so  as  ,0  kefp  i.  from  gjo™  VoZo,  ^^p^""*  '"  ""  '""«  ^■•-"- 

Member.     Do  you  grow  the  Champion  ? 
Mr.  Beyer.      I  do.  ^ 

Member.     Do  you  grow  the  Carman  ? 
Mr.  Beyer.     We  do  not  grow  very  many. 

Belief  SeoTgia?^''  "  ^'^  ''^^""'^^  '^^'--"  ^^e  Carmen  and 

semi^cirngs"''  "^^°"-     ''''  '^^^  «"-  ^°  ^-  but^ot'^li^ras'S 
grow^gt  the  pTesl  time^   '"'''''^   '-^^'^^   ^^^'   ^^    ^ave 

recomt;.fdra  sLfrde^rfc^^ri^eta^re^^^Tai^  nol 
good  on  low  ground,  but  where  you  have  the  altkude   thl  ^.^ 

Mixon.     We  have  some  new  varieties  but  they  are  not  tested  out 

Member.     Have  you  the  Iron  Mountain  ' 
Mr.  Beyer.     I  have. 

Late  wST     ^'  """"'  "'"'''  '''^"'■^"'^^  •'^^^^^'^  that  and  Ford's 
Mr.  Beyer.     Not  much. 
Member.     Does  the  Iron  Mountain  have  more  color? 

much  about° the' frnit?  '^^'''^'  ^'■'^^'"^  ^"^  '^^•^  "«t  tell  you 
mucn  about  the  fruit.     I  prefer  to  grow  the  varieties  that  I  have 

Member.     Do  you  get  any  fruit  the  third  year' 

Mr   Beyer.     Sometimes  a  few,  but  I  always  aim  to  ^rnw  th,. 

S::  '^elrbut'ItTs  It^h"'-     ^°"  fl'''^-  ^  P-*"  ^^'--P  in 
Memher      n  t'.'^e-^Pense  of  the  tree.     It  does  not  pay. 

sumnfeJto'nihs?"  '""  '"'^^^  '"  '^^"'"^  ''  ^'^  *"-  ^urilg'the 

of  tr^rthaTurimL^dtsrAuS^      '  ^""''  ''''''  ^^"  ^'^^ >^ 
Member.     Do  you  prefer  that  to  winter  pruning' 

ready  to  sp^Jv.''       ^  '^°'  ^""''"'^  '^'''"  ^^^  '^^'°"  ^°™^^  ^^^  ^re 

after'fhe'^tar?  ^"  ''°"'"  '"''"'■'  "'^  '''''  "^^'^'^  "^"^'^  y"""?  g-'o^'"' 

I  An^^l  ^°^^A  ^^^^  f°-  ^  ^^"  ^"'y  SP^^I^'  of  my  own  locality 
il°  T  ?"'"•'''■  ^  P^^^''  ^'■^"'^^'■d  profitable  after  ten  years  It  [<; 
better  to  start  a  new  one  and  take  the  old  trees  out.  I  MSdsooner 
spend  my  tmie  on  a  voung  orchard. 


>?-.■.- 


38 
Member.     How  many  years  have  you  been  practicing  sum- 
mer pruning? 

Mr.  Beyer.     About  seven.  .     ,  ,         ,  .  4.:, 

Member.     How  do  you  find  time  to  prune  m  July  and  August  ? 
Mr.  Beyer.     I  am  talking  about  young  orchards  now. 
Member.     How  many  baskets  do  you  pick  off  a  four-year-old 

peach  tree? 

Mr.  Beyer.     About  two.  . 

Member.  Do  vou  aim  just  to  grow  especially  nice  large 
peaches  and  put  them  in  carriers  or  do  you  put  them  m  baskets .-' 

Mr.  Beyer.     Baskets.     I  use  carriers  sometimes,  too. 

Member.     Do  you  find  it  more  profitable  m  baskets  ? 

Mr  Beyer,  that  depends  upon  the  crops  in  New  Jersey, 
Maryland  and  the  southern  states.  You  have  to  watch  the  market. 
Some  seasons  it  pavs  to  use  carriers  and  sometimes  not. 


39 


ii; 


Adams  County  York  lMPERiAi,s-"None'  Better  Grown." 


THE   INFLUENCE   OF  FERTILIZATION  AND   OTHER 
IN  APpfE^'"''  ^'^'^'''  ''''''°^'  ^'^^  AnS  GROWTH 


Dr.  J.  P.  Stewart,  Experimental  Pomologist,  State  College,  Pa. 

The  Pennsylvania  Experiment  Station  has  been  conducting 
experiments  bearing  upon  the  above  subject,  during  the  past  five 
years.  Altogether,  it  has  now  in  operation  18  such  experiments 
involving  1 1  soil  types  and  3660  trees.  In  many  respects,  this  series' 
of  experiments  is  by  far  the  most  comprehensive  of  any  similar 
series  thus  far  reported  in  America.  In  number  of  soil  types  •  in 
the  number  of  treatments  and  checks ;  in  number,  variety  and  ranee 
ot  age  of  the  trees ;  in  duplications  of  the  experiments  of  a  given 
type ;  in  the  amounts  of  fruit  involved ;  and  in  the  fact  that  the  ex- 
periments are  distributed  over  the  state  and  located  as  a  rule  in 
regions  generally  recognized  as  being  well  adapted  to  apple  produc- 
tion—in  all  these  respects  we  believe  that  the  Pennsylvania  orchard 
experiments  enjoy  distinct  advantages  over  most  previous  effort^ 
to  answer  the  questions  involved. 


■■■■  ;\;i'tr 


40  - 

The  results  considered  in  the  present  paper  are  chiefly  from 
lo  experiments,  containing  2219  bearing  trees  and  involving  10  dif- 
ferent son  types.  Some  of  the  general  features  of  these  experi- 
ments are  given  in  Table  I. 

Table  I.     Location,  Soil  Typks,  Variktiks  and  Treks  in  Ex- 

PKRiMKNTs  Away  From  thk  Coijj:gk. 

^^P^-  Age  No.  of 

No.       County.  Soil.  Varieties.  1911  trees. 

2151  Adams  Porters    loam     York  &  Stayman,   ....         12  yr.         160 

216  Franklin      Montalto  fine 

sandy    loam      York  &  Jonathan,   ....  12  160 

220  Bedford       DeKalb  stony 

^       ,  ,.  loam  York  &  Baldwin,   13  &  23  160 

217  Franklm      Montalto 

loam  York  and  Gano,   18  358 

218  Franklin       Hagerstown 

«.^     -n   ^r      1  clay  loam         York  &  Albemarle,   ...     12  &  16         400 

219  Bedford        Frankstown         York,    Jonathan,    Ben 

,„,     -,,         .         ^,^^o"y   lo^"^  Davis  &  Gano,   9  320 

221  Wyommg     Chenango  fine 

^.  sandy   loam      Spy  &  Baldwin 39  115 

336     Chester        Chester  loam      Grimes,  Smokehouse  & 

o^^o  TVT  Ar  1     .       .1  Stayman,    9toll     120&105-' 

337-^  Mercer         Volusia  silt 

^^„     T  .r^?^"?  ^^y*   Baldwin   &    Rome  4        180  &  180 

338  Lawrence     \  olusia  silt 

loam  Baldwin,   23  80  &  105 

339  Bradford      Lackawanna 

silt  loam  Baldwin   &  Fallawater,  17        120  &    16 

It  will  he  noted  thf t  the  soil  tvpes  range  from  heavy  clav  loams 
in  expernnent  218,  through  silt  and  plain  loams  to  light  sandy  and 
stony  loams,  in  experiments  216  and  219. 

The  first- three  experiments  deal  with  the  influence  of  fertil- 
izers, and  involve  10  treatments  and  6  checks  in  each  case.  The 
next  four  experiments  deal  with  cultural  methods  and  involve  12 
treatments  in  each  case,  except  the  last,  which  has  six.  The  last 
four  experiments  are  a  combination  of  portions  of  the  first  two 
types  and  deal  with  both  fertilizers  and  cultural  methods^  As 
shown  in  the  table,  the  trees  are  of  10  varieties,  though  with  one 


41 


1  The  names  and  addresses  of  the  owners  of  the  orchards  in  which  these 
experiments  are  located  are  as  follows:  215,  Tyson  Brothers,  Flora  Dale! 
Fa  216  D  M.  Wertz,  Quincy;  220,  Mrs.  S.  li.  Brown,  Manns  Choice-  *>17 
kw.  p/;  ^^^"'t?^''  Ed.  Nicodemus,  Waynesboro;  210,  J.  H.  Sleek,'New' 
S;r  • -J?  A  M  1?' -^  '  Meshoppen;  336  A  Darlington  Strode.  West 
ton  330  'f  T  A^-n  /m'  Oreenville;  338,  J.  B.  Johnston,  New  Wilming- 
ton,  .i.w,  J:-.   1.  Mynard,  New  Albany. 

2  In  the  two  sets  of  figures  in  this  and  the  following  experiments    the 
first  gives^lhe  number  of  trees  under  fertihzer  experimenf.  the  second  those 

onl/'a  nS"plot     "'■      '"'"^°^'-    '"   P"'^''^^''"^"'  •'•"''   '^e  latter  includes 

3  Trees   set  out   in   connection   with    these   experiments   and   not   yet   in 
bearing,  hence  excluded  from  consideration  at  this  time. 


»  ▼ 


-4] 
i 


A  Thrifty  Orchard  on  Hac.erstown  Clay  Loam. 

exception  there  are  two  or  more  varieties  in  each  experiment  In 
age  at  the  present  time,  the  bearing  trees  range  from  o  to  ^o  years  • 
and  smce  the  work  started  they  have  produced  over  i,3i5.oci)  pound.s 

In  this  one  item  of  fruit,  we  may  call  attention  to  the  facts  that 
so  far  as  American  experiments  are  concerned,  this  amount  is  more 
than  treble  that  reported  in  any  other  single  experiment,  and  very 
distnictly  more  than  the  total  fruit  reported  from  all  other  similar 
expermients  combined.     This  does  not  mean  that  the  importance 
of  the  experiments  elsewhere  is  to  be  minimized  in  the  least   but 
It  should  help  to  emphasize  the  fact  that,  in  those  cases  where 'con- 
clusions or  attitudes  are  in  conflict,  very  careful  attention  should  be 
given  to  the  actual  and  relative  amounts  of  evidence  upon  which 
the  differing  attitudes  are  based.     In  fact,  within  our  own  experi- 
ments we  can  find  the  counterparts  of  practically  all  those  reported 
eLsewhere.     If  we  had  fewer  experiment.s— for  example,  only  one 
on  fer  ihzation  and  another  on  cultural  methods,— our  conclusions 
could  be  much  more  easily  formulated,  and  we  might  readily  be- 
come ardent  partisans  on  either  side  of  the  questions,  the  side  de- 
pending merely  upon  which  of  the  present  locations  our  experi- 
ments chanced  to  have.    In  other  words,  if  we  attempted  to  base  our 
conclusions  upon  any  one  or  two  of  our  present  experiments   those 
conclusions  would  be  very  diflferent  from  any  we  would  now' form- 
ulate, on  the  basis  of  all  the  results.     There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
when  the  whole  triith  is  known,  we  shall  be  able  to  account  for  all 
ot  the  facts,  and  this  is  what  we  are  undertaking  to  do. 


1910-n."'^  ^"''"'*^''  ^'^'*''^'  **^  °"''  ^""'^t''*  ^"^  an'l  our  Annual  Report  for 


42 
The  Influence  of  Fertilization. 

The  first  factor  to  which  we  shall  give  attention  is  that  of  fer- 
tilization. Can  the  yield,  color,  size  and  wood-growth  ^  of  apples 
be  influenced  by  fertilization,  and,  if  so,  how  and  under  what 
conditions?  This  has  always  been  an  important  question,  and  five 
years  ago,  when  we  were  starting  our  experiments,  we  could  find 
no  data  upon  which  to  base  a  definite,  well-founded  answer.  We 
do  not  say  that  we  can  fully  answer  it  yet,  but  such  progress  as  we 
have  made  may  be  partially  seen  in  Tables  II  and  III. 


Table  II.     Influivnck  or  Fkrtiijzkrs  on^  Yikld.     (Johnston  Or- 

chard,  B-vpcrimcnt  338). 

(Total  yields  of  fruit  on  each  plot  and  annual  yield  per  acre.) 


Plot 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7             8 

9 

10 

Check 

N.P. 

N.K. 

Check 

P.K. 

N.P.K 

Check     Manure  Lime 

Check 

yr. 

lb. 

lb. 

lb. 

lb. 

lb. 

lb. 

lb.          lb. 

lb. 

lb. 

1908,     .. 

90 

528 

2  37 

446 

57 

759 

211         278 

558 

106 

?909,     .. 

675 

6,018 

5,257 

1,932 

3,089 

6,621 

2,008     3,531 

1,216 

1,266 

1910,     .. 

2,575 

3,265 

1,822 

3,168 

3,552 

2,108 

1,629     6,149 

3,185 

3.505 

1911,      .. 

283 

7,563 

7,816 

017 

1,227 

8,209 

1,362     4,874 

388 

106 

3-year 

totals, 

3»533 

16,846 

14,895 

5,717 

7,868 

16,938 

4,999    14.554 

4.789 

4,877 

Bushels 

per  A., 

141. 3 

673-8 

595.8 

228.6 

314-7 

677.5 

200         582.1 

191. 5 

195 

Table  III.     Ei^^KCT  oF  Fertiuzkrs  on  Yie:i.d.     {Johnston 

Orchard), 

(Average  returns  from  certain  treatments  during  past  three  years.) 


Treatment           ^        Checks 

(Av.  1,4,  7, 10) 

Manure 
(Plots) 

N-Fertilizer  P.K. 
(Av.  2,  3,  6) 

-Fertilizer 
(Plots) 

Totals   3   yr.,    ....     4,781     lb. 
Ratios 100 

14,554     lb. 
304.4 
100 

16,226     lb. 
339.4 
111.5 

7,868     lb. 
164.5 

•   •    •   • 

•   •   •  • 

Average 

An.  Yield  per  A.,      191.2  bu. 
Av  .Gain  per  A., 

582     bu. 
390     bu. 

649     bu. 
457     bu. 

314.7  bu. 
123     bu. 

These  tables  are  from  one  of  our  ''combination"  experiments,  in- 
volving both  fertilization  and  cultural  methods,  and  started  in  1908. 
The  fertilizers  have  therefore  had  a  chance  to  affect  the  crop  only 
during  the  past  three  years,  and  it  is  for  that  period  that  the  totals 
and  annual  yields  per  acre  are  computed. 


'^Quality  is  omitted  from  consideration  at  the  present  time,  not  because 
we  do  not  consider  it  important,  but  because  as  yet  we  have  no  measure  of 
quality  sufficiently  accurate  and  impersonal  to  enable  us  to  make  satisfactory 
comparisons  of  the  fruit  under  different  treatments. 


(  f ' 


^ 


43 
Even  a  glance  at  these  tables  can  leave  no  doubt  as  to  the  oosi- 

Tt  win  h^'''^?:3^f '^^^  ^''^^^^  fertilization  on  the  y'dd  of  a^^^^^^ 
It  will  be  noted  that  the  checks  run  fairly  uniform,  averaS  a 
httle  over  190  bushels  per  acre  annually.  Lime  applickti^S  fSe 
annual  rate  of  1,000  pound  per  acre)  have  giv^S  ab  ost  exLtlv 
the  same  returns  as  the  averaee  check      TVi^  tfi^Ic^K  !        ^  Y 

cornbination  has  affected  yiel^Ltt-casI'ltSe  tcidedTy'  C?^ 
raised  it  by  123  bushels  per  acre.  This  may  be  partly  due  to  f 
shght  superiority  mocation,  as  indicated  by  the  fact  that Tts  ad 
jacent  check  is  the  highest  in  yield  and  is  within  86  bushels  of  ?he 
phosphate-potash  treatment.  While  this  increase  in  yield  is  fairlv 
trtfof pTot  f tL"  "°M -^^  T  '""^  ^^^^^^  ora^pe^ran'rofS 

dsTlalC  ilSritni  -/LS  thafVe^eTsTotethLl 
^rdintl'f^c^nSded  fTr"orcha??s'  ^'^^  *''^  '^  '""^  ^^■^^"-^'- 

plot  ?''ln'?is'nloTThf.'''^"^'-^  "'^S  '?y  '^'  '"^""••^  treatment  of 
plot  t<.     in  this  p  ot,  the  trees  are  making  a  luxuriant  growth   both 

n  wood  and  foliage,  and  the  yields  have  been  increfsed  W  So 

bushels  per  acre  annually.-a  very  satisfactory  exchange   for^?. 

tons  of  stable  manure     Even  this  increase  in  yield,  Sever    \s 

considerably  less  than  those  obtained  on  the  plots  receivinJankro 

gen-carrying  fertilizer     Under  the  latter  treatment  oTK  Xs" 

the  average  annual  y^eld  has  been  increased  from  191  bushels  on  the 

?f  ^.J  h„sf  1  '"'^'^  r  *^  ^'''^'''^  P'°*-^'  ^'  ai? annual  ,Wa'' 
of  457  bushe  s  of  apples  per  acre.     This  resulted  from  fertilizer 

applications  that  actually  cost  less  than  $17,  and  the  eTsentills  of 

which  can  be  bought  at  retail  for  about  $10  per  acre      Dur  n^  the 

fr'thr  ••  M*'"  'rf'  -^^^^  °^  ^'^^  experiJient^  as  shownTn  laW 
II,  the  yield  on  plots  2  and  3,  compared  with  that  of  their  adjacent 

tTrHffu\'-'^  ""^  '7  '°  ''  '^'  y'^ld  «"  the  checks  be  ng  a 
the  rate  of  54  bushels  per  acre,  while  that  on  the  intervenine  nitro- 
gen p^o  s  was  922  bushels.     Surely  it  is  not  necessary  "^further 

t^t^roTapptr^''^^^  '^""'^^^'°"  "^^^  ^-y  p-^-"^'^  ^^- 

There  is  no  reasonable  possibility  of  these  results  bein?  due  to 
any  other  agent  than  the  fertilizers.  The  trees  are  all  of  the  same 
vane  y  and  same  age.     They  receive  the  same  spraying,  pruning  soH 

torm      1  he  treatments  are  abundantly  checked.     In  fruit    f^lia^e 
growth  and  general  health  of  trees,  the  benefits  stop  abrSy  where 
the  fertilizers  stop,  and  similar  resuus  are  being  obtained  by  the 
wTr'.i^"  other  parts  of  the  orchard,  on  the  same  and  other  varieties 
with  the  combinations  of  fertilizers  found  effective  in  the  experi- 

m^Jj"  ■1^^%\V°  t'^^'^^lSt^e  values  of  the  different  fertilizer  ele- 
iTmite;  T.  ^",f  ^" '"  ^able  II  that  nitrogen  is  evidently  the  first 
iimiter.  1  hus,  the  phosphate  and  potash  combination  in  plot  ■;  has 
uiiZen  Zlt-'^  of  123  bushels  per  acre,  while  by  the  addition  of 
cS  of  .«?K  <^o";b.nation,  in  the  adjacent  plot  6,  we  get  an  in- 
crease of  486  bushels.     In  other  words,  the  addition  of  nitrogen  to 


c  ;■■";" 

^3:^ 
.:.^ 

i 

,  .•  ■■■  f  -J 

f 


44 

the  treatment  ordinarily  advised  for  orchards,  resulted  here  in 
nearly  quadrupling  the  benefit.  In  plot  3,  where  the  phosphates  are 
omitted,  it  will  also  be  noted  that  there  is  an  annual  deficit  which 
amounts  to  nearly  80  bushels  per  acre.  This  doubtless  indicates 
that  phosphorus  is  the  second  limiter  and  that  the  yield  in  plot  3  is 
])eing  reduced  by  lack  of  this  element.  Potash  applications,  on 
the  other  hand,  have  been  practically  of  no  avail  in  this  experiment. 
This  may  be  seen  by  comparing  plots  2  and  6.  The  annual  addi- 
tion of  150  pounds  of  actual  K2O  in  the  latter  treatment  has  resulted 
in  a  gain  of  only  3.7  bushels  of  apples. 

The  above  results  were  obtained  without  any  aid  from  tillage 
or  cover-crops,  the  fertilizers  being  merely  sowed  over  the  surface 
of  untilled  soil,  on  which  there  was  a  light  sod  composed  chiefly 
of  mixed  grasses.  Here  the  question  may  be  raised  as  to  whether 
equal  or  superior  benefits  may  not  have  been  obtainable  with  some 
form  of  cultural  methods.     This  question  is  answered  in  Table  IV. 

Table  IV.    Culturxl  Methods  ano  Fkrtilizkrs  on  Yields. 

(Johnston  Orchard). 


Plot 
Treatment 


XIII 


Sod 


lb. 

1908 1,170 

1900,    17,982 

1910,    2,940 

1911,    3,550 

Totals  last  3  yrs.,   24,472 

Ratios,    100 

Ratios,   

Ratios,    

Average  Annual  Yield 

per  Acre,  3  yr.,  223.7  bu. 

Average  gain  per  A., 


XII 

XI 
Tillage  and 

(Av.2&6) 

Sod-Mulch 

Cover  Crop  N-P-Fertilizer 

lb. 

lb. 

lb. 

2,265 

2,843 

2,813 

7,455 

10,702 

27,649 

16,789 

17,254 

11,752 

2,629 

7,500 

34,502 

26,873 


35,456 


73,903 


109.8 
100 


144.8 

302 

131.9 

275 

100 

208.4 

• 

245 . 7  bu. 
22      bu. 


324.1  bu. 
100     bu. 


675.7  bu. 
452      bu. 


In  this  portion  of  the  experiment,  which  is  devoted  to  cultural 
methods,  the  plots  are  larger  and  contain  35  trees  in  each.  The 
yields  of  plots  2  and  6,  from  the  fertilizer  portion,  therefore,  are 
raised  to  their  corresponding  values  for  plots  of  equivalent  size. 
No  fertilizers  were  used  on  the  cultural  methods  plots,  until  the 
season  just  past.  They  were  used  then  uniformly  on  all  treatments, 
primarily  because  the  sod  plot  had  gone  two  years  with  very  little 
fruit,  though  all  the  trees  of  these  plots  were  plainly  in  need  of 
something  additional. 

In  Table  IV  the  sod  plot  shows  a  little  higher  annual  yield  than 
the  average  of  the  checks  in  the  fertilizer  portion,  this  being  due 


« 


ti  ^Ba 


fW 


i 


to  an  exceptional  crop  that  occurred  on  this  plot  in  1909,  and  from 
which  the  plot  has  not  yet  recovered.  In  the  next  plot,  we  see  the 
effect  of  adding  a  mulch  to  the  sod  treatment.  In  this  case,  al- 
though all  the  herbage  that  grows  is  left  in  the  orchard,  and  a 
turther  application  of  3  tons  of  straw  per  acre  is  added  to  the  plot 
the  average  annual  gain  is  only  22  bushels  per  acre.  In  the  next 
plot,  we  find  that  tillage  and  leguminous  cover  crops  have  given  a 
tair  increase,  amounting  to  100  bushels  per  acre  on  the  average 
Ihis,  however,  is  hardly  to  be  compared  with  the  4^2  bushel  in- 
crease shown  m  the  next  case,  which  is  obtained  without  tillaee 
of  any  kind,  merely  by  the  addition  of  a  fertilizer  that  carries  the 
elements  that  are  evidently  lacking. 

In  some  quarters  one  'would  gather  the  imi)ression  that  apples 
can  scarcely  be  grown  without  tillage.     While  we  have  nothing 
against  proper  tillage  as  an  orchard  treatment,  yet  this  and  other 
results  from  our  experiments  show  that  it  is  by  no  means  indispen- 
sible  HI  the  production  of  first  grade  apples  and  that  it  can  be 
readily  over-emphasized  like  anything  else.    There  are  many  situa- 
tions that  are  otherwise  very  well  suited  for  apples,  where  tillage 
IS  decidedly  inadvisable,  and  where,  with  proper  management,  the 
trees  would  get  along  very  much  better  without  it.     In  such  situa- 
tions It  IS  undoubtedly  preferable  to  sow  the  orchard  down  to  some 
leguminous  crop  as  a  permanent  cover  and  follow  the  mulch  system 
properly    supplementing    it    with    fertilization.     For    this    purpose' 
hairy  vetch  i.s  doubtless  preferable,  on  account  of  its  relatively  low 
moisture  draft,  and  its  usually  excellent  .staying  powers  when  once 
well  .seeded  down.     Whenever  it  is  crowded  out  by  the  grasses  the 
orchard  may  be  re-plowed  and  again  sowed  to  vetch,  if  the  trees 
seem  to  require  it. 

Data  on  Fertilizers  from  Other  Experiments. 

Thus  far  we  have  confined  our  attention  to  a  single  experiment 
primarily  because  the  contrasts  in  it  are  so  great  that  both  the  exist- 
eiice  and  nature  of  the  eflfects  could  scarcely  fail  to  be  recognized 
lo  go  through  each  experiment  in  this  way  would  be  impossible 
in  our  present  space,  hence  we  have  conden.sed  into  the  next  two 
tables  a  statement  derived  from  the  results  of  six  experiments  in- 
cluding the  one  just  discussed.  These  tables  show  the  average  ef- 
fects of  the  diflferent  fertilizer  elements,  obtained  in  six  experi- 
ments, during  periods  covering  from  three  to  five  years  as  indicated 
1  he  eflfects  are  calculated  as  closely  as  possible  and  are  expressed 
in  terms  of  per  cents,  of  benefit  based  on  the  normal  performance 
of  the  treated  plots.  The  methods  followed  in  making  the  calcu- 
lations are  described  briefly  in  our  Bulletin  100  from  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Station,  and  described  in  full  in  our  Annual  Report  for  1910- 


46 

Table  V.    Ei^i^e:ct  oi^  Fertilizer  Elements  on  Yield,  Color, 

Size  and  Growth. 

(Calculated  Percents  of  Benefit.) 


Expts.  336,  338  &  339 


Nitrates  in  combination,    . . 
Phosphates  in  combination. 
Potash   in   combination,    . . . 

Complete   fertihzer,    

Manure,    

Lime   alone,    


Yield 

Color 

Size 

Growth 

1908-11 

:  1911 

1909-11  : 

1909-11 

1908-11 

Per  Ct. 

Per  Ct. 

Per  Ct. 

Per  Ct. 

Per  Ct. 

94.05 

163.1 

13.3 

4.81 

24.11 

36.65 

35.8 

—.95 

4.04 

3.97 

4.65 

6.42 

—.1 

13.2 

4.17 

122.5 

166.4 

—16.0 

5.93 

27.50 

144.1 

169.8 

14.3 

30.8 

37.49 

19.5 

3.07 

—2.9 

19.4 

8.04 

Table  VI.     Fertilizer  Elements  on  Yield,  Color,   Size  and 

Growth. 


(Calculated  Percents  of  Benefit.) 


Expts.  215,  216  &  220 


Yield 
1908-11     1911 


Color 


Size      Growth 


1908-11     1908-11     1907-11 


PcrCt.     PerCt.     Per  Ct.     Per  Ct.     Per  Ct. 


Nitrates  in  combination,    41.7  18.05  — 12.35 

Nitrates  alone, 30.0  39.10  —16.00 

Phosphates  in  combination,    .  15.4  9.35  — 1.55 

Phosphates   alone,    —7.4  —7.37  2.80 

"Floats"    alone,    —18.8  6.4  7.70 

Potash  in  combination,   15.2  12.80  6.55 

Complete   fertilizer,    68.8  65.7  —16.00 

Manure,    101.—  221.90  —9.90 

Lime  alone,    — 1 2.0  15.1 —  .8 


-1.67 
-6.23 

-1.21 

-1.92 

5.67 

4.30 

4.73 

-1.05 


14.83 

18.33 

.62 

—6.00 

2.71 

19.10 

24.70 

3.1 


In  general,  these  tables  corroborate  and  extend  the  deductions 
obtained  from  those  already  considered.  The  addition  of  the  results 
from  the  other  experiments  have  reduced  the  apparent  benefits 
somewhat  and  the  relative  values  of  certain  materials  are  also  slight- 
ly changed.  We  have  included  the  results  of  the  first  year  in  the 
yields  of  Table  V,  which  also  reduces  the  apparent  benefits,  since 
the  fertilizers  had  not  yet  had  time  to  operate.  Even  at  that,  how- 
ever, we  see  that  the  yields  during  the  4-year  ])eriod  have  been 
nearly  doubled  by  the  addition  of  nitrates,  in  experiments  336,  338 
and  339  and  with  the  same  material  they  have  been  increased  by 
41  per  cent,  in  the  younger  experiments  of  Table  VI. 

Phosphates,  when  used  in  combination  with  nitrogen  or  in  a 
complete  fertilizer,  maintain  their  position  as  the  next  limiter  after 
nitrogen,  though  they  are  closely  pressed  by  potash  in  Table  VT.  On 
the  other  hand,  neither  acid  phosphates  nor  ''floats"  nor  lime,  when 
used  alone,  have  shown  any  consistent  benefits  on  yield  thus  far. 
Their  apparently  negative  influences  on  yield  may  be  smoothed  out 


/ 


i 


f= 


\') 


h' 


i* 


47 

in  time,  as  indicated  by  some  of  the  results  of  the  na^t  v^or     Tv, 
IS  some  evidence,  however  that  cert;,in  !^f\^  past  year.    There 

of  an  off  year  for  the  similar   Lf      ^        ^      '  ^*^*^^  ^^^  ^^^her 

ceptions,  thus  far  in  our  experinirnts  as  .  tt.\  \  ^  ^^"^  '''" 
has  given  important  incren.i.  X!  •  ^  ''^'?'^'  wherever  manure 
or  ^r^.ss.AX;^'^::;^^^^::^:-^  --„  approached 

Correlation  Between  Yield  and  Growth. 

Data  and  Deductions  on  Color. 

In  regard  to  color,  it  will  be  observed  in  Tables  V  anrl  mt  ,u  . 

1  his  refers  only  to  the  red  colors  in  annW      ThJ     11 
can  probablv  not  be  ^ffe^nSL     '        ^"  apples.      Ihe  yellow  colors 

conslituen  ■  of  thi  «r,a„    i^  k      "m''  °,\"!'  ""'"  ''»"''•  '^  " 
numtor  of  aincL    and  "^K    „  1  ■,'    ! 'i"'  ■*!'«  i""''™«<i  by  a 

.he  a,„„„„,  frSV  r^;l:a '     r  7,£   aTe^XroTlVT' 

In  other  words   we  o-pt  Kor^i.  f^  w    a         a  ^^^^^^  or  maturity. 


\\.. 


\\ 


ii 


"-'-'-^'•-■^' 


Pi 


>  .  u 


48 

as  late  picking,  light  soils,  open  pruning,  and  sod  culture  will  in- 
crease color.     Opposite  conditions  decrease  it. 

From  this  viewpoint,  the  reduction  in  color  caused  by  the  ni- 
trates and  the  manure  is  easily  explained.  It  is  evidently  due  to 
delayed  maturity.  That  such  is  the  case  was  shown  the  past  sea- 
son, especially  in  the  Johnston  orchard,  where  the  fruit  of  the  nitro- 
gen plots  was  left  on  the  trees  until  it  reached  approximately  the 
same  stage  of  maturity  as  that  on  the  checks  when  they  had 
been  picked.  The  difference  in  the  dates  of  picking,  which  cor- 
respond closely  with  the  delay  in  maturity,  was  exactly  three  weeks, 
—-from  September  28th  to  October  19th.  And  when  the  final  pick- 
ing was  done,  the  amount  and  brightness  of  the  color  on  the  nitrate 
plots  was  actually  greater  than  it  had  been  on  the  checks.  The 
average  increase  in  color  on  the  treated  plots,  2,  3  and  6,  over  the 
checks,  I,  4  and  7,  was  actually  as  great  as  10.3  per  cent.  The  great 
importance  of  maturity  on  the  trees  in  increasing  color  is  thus 
clearly  shown. 

The  importance  of  sunlight,  we  had  already  determined  in  an 
earlier  experiment.  In  it,  we  found  that  after  the  apples  were 
picked,  exposure  to  sunlight  increased  their  redness  by  35  per  cent., 
while  the  checks  in  the  dark  and  those  exposed  to  electric  light 
showed  no  definite  increase. 

We  may  also  mention  the  facts  that  color  may  be  materiallv 
affected  by  certain  kinds  of  spraying  and  by  internal  variations  such 
as  appear  in  the  solid-colored  variants  from  the  Gravenstein  and 
20-Ounce.  These  points  also  are  discussed  in  our  Annual  Report 
for  1910-11,  but  space  is  too  limited  for  further  consideration  here. 

Relation  of  Fertilization  to  Size. 

Again  referring  to  Tables  A'  and  \7,  we  see  that  nitrates  have 
apparently  reduced  the  average  size  of  the  fruit.  Phosphates  have 
given  only  a  slight  benefit,  if  any ;  while  potash  and  manure  have 
given  quite  important  increases.  This  ai)parent  benefit  from  potash 
is  interesting,  and  it  may  indicate  an  actual  fact,  since  size  depends 
so  much  upon  moisture  and  potash  has  been  credited  physiologically 
with  the  ability  of  increasing  the  osmotic  power  of  plant  cells. 

All  these  apparent  influences  on  fruit-size,  however,  must  be 
considered  in  their  relation  to  the  size  of  the  crop  on  the  trees.  A 
year  ago,  we  j)lotted  a  number  of  curves  from  data  given  in  connec- 
tion with  a  fertilizer  experiment  at  the  New  Jersev  Station,  in 
order  to  determine  definitely,  if  possible,  whether  any  relation  exist- 
ed between  these  two  factors— fruit-size  and  size  of  the  crop  on  the 
tree.  We  found  that  no  correlation  exists  below  what  we  may  call  a 
certain  critical  ])oint,  and  that,  under  the  New  Jersey  conditions,  the 
number  of  fruits  on  even  moderate-sized  trees'  had  to  exceed  about 
1400  per  tree  before  any  percei)tible  correlation  appeared.  Above 
this  critical  point,  however,  it  is  probable  that  crop-size  is  the  dor- 
mant influence  on  the  size  of  the  fruit,  though  the  exact  position  of 
the  critical  point  may  doubtless  be  raised  or  lowered  somewhat  by 
loral  conditions  of  moisture,  plant  food,  etc. 


49 


In  our  judgment,  this  has  a  bearing  upon  the  fact  that  nitrogen 
has  apparently  ^f ailed  to  increase  the  size  of  the  fruit  in  our  experi- 
ments.    The  crop-size  was  raised  so  much  that  full  size  of  the  fruit 

was  not  obtainable. 

It  also  has  an  important  bearing  upon  thinning.  It  means,  in 
general,  that  if  one  thins  an  apple  tree  of  even  moderate  size  be- 
fore the  number  of  fruits  has  reached  a  critical  point,  which  may  be 
1400  or  more,  he  can  hardlv  exi)ect  to  modify  the  size  of  the  re- 
maining fruit,  and  the  most  'effect  of  the  thinning  will  be  an  actual 
reduction  in  total  weight  of  apples  at  least  for  that  year.  Excep- 
tions to  this  may  appear  in  varieties  of  extra  large  sizes,  or  in  sea- 
sons or  locations  that  are  exceptionally  dry. 

It  also  means  that,  below  the  critical  or  the  thinning  point,  there 
is  opportunitv  for  the  other  factors  to  exert  their  influence.  It  is 
here  that  such  factors  as  fertilizers,  cultural  methods,  moisture-sup- 
ply, and  hereditv  show  their  eff'ects,  and  they  may  co-operate  in 
such  a  way  as  to  materiallv  raise  the  critical  point.  This  assumes 
that  the  varietv  is  properlv  located  in  respect  to  temperature  and 
length  of  growing  season,  both  of  which  are  factors  that  may  have 
an  influence  on  fruit-size.  We  also  may  mention  here  the  factors 
of  pollination  and  number  of  seeds  per  fruit,  which  have  been  found 
to  affect  fruit-size  by  Frost  and  Muller-Thurgau  in  Germany. 

A  Suggested  Fertilizer  Formula,  with  Conditions  and  Time  for 

Application. 

Having  thus  seen  something  of  the  possibilities  of  fertilizers 
in  orcharvis,  it  remains  to  point  out  some  of  the  practical  applica- 
tions. In  general,  we  mav  sav  that  where  there  is  probability  that 
plant  food  is  needed,  a  good  fertilizer  is  one  carrying  about  30  pound 
actual  nitrogen,  50  pound  actual  P2O5,  and  25  to  50  pound  K2O 


rfl'y 


'■^smuk 


f 


■^..r.^^^ 


I 

I 


4 


50 

per  acre.  In  many  cases,  the  smaller  amounts  of  K2O  will  doubt- 
less give  better  net  returns  than  the  larger,  though  there  are  some 
soils  where  this  is  apparently  not  the  case.  In  certain  of  our  cul- 
tural methods  experiments,  a  fertilizer  similar  to  this  has  very 
good  results,  especially  in  connection  with  tillage.  In  some  cases 
in  connection  with  sod  or  mulch  treatments,  however,  it  has  seemed 
probable  that  the  nitrogen  was  hardly  sufficient  in  the  above  form- 
ula, though  this  is  a  point  that  will  have  to  be  determined  more  or 
less  by  local  trial.  The  nitrogen  can,  of  course,  be  furnished  by 
manure  or  leguminous  plants  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  if  this  is 
found  desirable. 

In  a  few  of  our  orchards,  moreover,  no  form  of  fertilization 
has  as  yet  produced  a  material  response.  This  we  consider  due  to 
the  presence  of  other  limiters,  of  which  improper  moisture  supply  is 
frequently  important :  though  there  are  many  other  possible  limiters. 

The  existence  of  such  orchards  emphasizes  the  need  of  local 
tests  before  making  large  and  regular  expenditures  for  fertilizers. 
These  tests  can  be  readily  made  by  treating  one  part  of  the  orchard 
and  leaving  the  remainder  unfertilized.  In  the  case  of  most  young 
orchards,  or  in  any  orchard  that  is  doing  well  in  growth  and  fruiting 
and  retains  a  thrifty  foilage  well  through  late  August  and  Septem- 
ber, it  is  doubtless  safest  to  fertilize  only  a  small  portion  of  the  or- 
chard for  two  or  three  years  and  leave  the  larger  part  unfertilized. 
The  fact  that  the  trees  are  well  loaded  in  a  given  year,  however,  is 
no  sufficient  reason  for  omitting  the  fertilizer  that  year.  In  fact, 
that  is  one  of  the  best  reasons  and  times  for  applying  a  proper  fer- 
tilizer rather  liberally,  in  order  to  prevent  the  total  absence  of  a 
crop  the  following  year,  and  in  the  long  run  to  tend  to  steady  the 
annual  production. 

In  case  of  the  reverse  conditions, — old  orchards  or  those  not 
retaining  a  Ihrifty  look  throughout  the  season  or  not  growing  and 
bearing  satisfactorily, — it  is  best  to  reverse  the  procedure,  and  fer- 
tilize the  larger  portion,  leaving  only  a  small  block  to  test  the  value 
of  the  treatment.  In  all  cases,  however,  we  strongly  advise  the  use 
of  a  check  until  the  real  value  of  the  treatment  is  well  established. 
It  is  neither  desirable  to  throw  away  money  by  too  much  liberality 
in  the  treatment  of  a  crop,  nor  to  fail  to  realize  its  possibilities  by 
too  niggardly  a  treatment.  Hither  course  is  an  economic  blunder, 
and  the  latter  is  especially  deplorable  because  its  effects  is  to  de- 
crease the  productivity  of  the  whole  nation. 

The  time  of  application  also  we  consider  important,  especially 
in  the  case  of  the  nitrates.  While  our  evidence  is  by  no  means  com- 
plete on  this  point,  yet  we  believe  that  it  is  quite  posible  to  make  the 
applications  either  too  early  or  too  late  for  satisfactory  results.  In 
fact,  we  have  some  evidence,  from  the  work  of  certain  orchardists, 
that  leads  us  to  believe  that  very  distinct  harm  may  be  done  by  ap- 
plying nitrogen  too  near  to  the  fruit-setting  time,  especially  in  the 
case  of  peaches.  Other  evidence  indicates  that  nitrates  applied  too 
early  in  the  season  may  be  wholly  lost  to  the  trees. 

So  that  all  things  considered,  we  feel  that  nitrates  should  be 
applied  not  earlier  than  petal-fall  in  apples  and  probably  not  later 
than  the  ist  of  July,  though  some  of  our  best  results  have  come 


51 

from  applications  as  late  as  July  8th.     Most  any  time  during  the 
period  indicated  will  probably  get  the  most  out  of  the  nitrate  appli- 

With  the  other  less  soluble  and  slower  acting  materials,  the 
time  of  application  is  much  less  important.  We  know  some  careful 
observers,  who  even  advocate  the  application  of  phosphate  and  pot- 
ash in  the  fall  on  peaches,  and  claim  that  they  get  the  best  results  m 
that  way  Our  own  feeling  on  this  is  that  the  tmie  of  application 
for  the  mineral  fertilizers  is  of  relatively  little  importance.  In  any 
event,  they  are  rather  quickly  fixed  in  the  soil  and  they  do  not  leach 
readily.  Hence,  we  apply  them  along  with  the  nitrogen,  letting  the 
time  of  application  for  the  latter,  which  we  do  consider  important, 
govern  for  all. 

Fertilization  and  Cultural  Methods  for  Apple  Orchards. 

R.  A.  Wickersham.  What  would  have  been  the  result  if  you 
came  into  this  section  where  they  have  good  soil? 

Dr.  Stewart.  We  got  some  very  good  increases  in  our  experi- 
ment in  the  Tyson  orchard  this  past  year,  which  was  the  first  full 
crop  on  this  experiment. 

Member.     Do  you  prefer  Nitrate  of  Soda? 

Dr.  Stewart.  We  use  it  as  a  carrier  of  about  half  of  the  nitro- 
gen.    Dried  blood  or  other  carriers  should  be  satisfactory  for  the 

remainder. 

Dr.  Mayer.     Is  the  nitrate  plowed  in  or  harrowed  in  or  put 

on  the  surface?  ,  ,  r     1         ^1 

Dr.  Stewart.  It  is  put  on  the  surface  and  left  there  to  be 
washed  down  in  some  cases,  while  in  others  it  is  harrowed  in.     I 

should  not  plow  it  in. 

Member.     What  variety  in  the  Johnston  experiment? 

Dr.  Stewart.     Baldwin. 

Member.     Did  vou  try  lime  on  sod  ? 

Dr.  Stewart.     Yes,  we  tried  it  every  way. 

Member.     Did  vou  trv  Basic  Slag? 

Dr.  Stewart.     Not  yet.     We  expect  to  begin  something  with 

it  next  season. 

Member.     Are  you  going  to  give  us  the  formula . 

Dr.  Stewart.     Yes,  we  will  come  to  that  afterwhile. 

Mr.  Newcomer.     How  about  the  color  of  the  fruit,  is  it  a 

high,  brilliant  color?  1      ^t    1  .       r 

Dr.  Stewart.  When  we  picked  the  fruit  on  the  N -plots  ot 
the  Johnston  experiment  this  year,  there  was  more  color  and  bright- 
er color  on  them  than  had  l^een  on  the  checks. 

Mr.  Allis.     Have  you  figures  on  the  average  cost  of  fertilizer  f 
Dr.  Stewart.     $14.00  per  year.     $14.00  per  year  has  given  us 
an  annual  increase  of  450  bushels  of  fruit. 

Member.     How  about  the  treatment  where  the  grass  grows 

rink  ' 

Dr.  Stewart.     If  the  grass  grows  rank,  I  would  try  to  get  rid 

of  it.     I  would  plow  it  up  and  plant  vetch. 

Member.     Have  you  had  very  good  cover  crops  in  that  or- 
chard ? 


iiifi 


I] 


'■:,i.!C:^ 


■  >"-Tf^iWTvr'*v"'« 


i 


52 

Dr.  Stewart.  Yes,  very  good  cover  crops.  Many  of  them  as 
fine  as  could  be. 

Member.  Won't  the  roots  get  so  near  the  surface  in  a  few 
years  that  the  mulch  and  manure  will  not  have  much  effect  ? 

Dr.  Stewart.  This  has  not  occurred  in  five  years.  I  would 
not  attempt  to  say  what  is  going  to  happen  in  the  next  five. 

Member.     What  is  the  relative  cost  of  the  two? 

Dr.  Stewart.  The  cost  of  manure  is  usually  much  greater. 
The  commercial  fertilizer  that  we  are  suggesting  costs  about  $10.00. 

E.  C.  Tyson.  When  you  speak  of  $10.00,  do  you  mean  $10.00 
per  acre? 

Dr.  Stewart.     Yes,  $10.00  per  acre. 

Member.  The  comparison  in  results  between  manure  and  fer- 
tilizer is  hardly  fair.  The  manure  would  cost  us  about  $30.00  in 
place  of  $10.00. 

Dr.  Stewart.  Well,  it  is  certainly  not  against  the  manure. 
There  is  much  more  plant  food  in  it.  It  is  much  in  favor  of  the 
manure,  so  far  as  that  is  concerned. 

Dr.  Stover.  Which  one  pays  best  according  to  your  chart,  so 
far  as  your  expenses  are  concerned  and  the  results  obtained? 

Dr.  Stewart.  So  far,  I  should  say  that  in  general  we  have  a 
good  deal  more  net  gain  out  of  a  properly  compounded  fertilizer. 
The  net  results  thus  far  have  been  greater. 

Relative  Values  of  Fertilizers  in  Tyson  Orchard. 

The  relative  values  of  the  different  fertilizer  elements  as  indi- 
cated by  the  results  in  the  Tyson  experiment,  No.  215  are  of  con 
siderable  local  interest,  hence  the  yields  in  this  experiment  are  given 
separately.  ^They  are  shown  in  Table  VTI  for  the  last  four  years, 
the  fertilizers  having  been  applied  first  in  1907. 

Table  VII.     Yiklds  in  Fkrtilizkr  Expkrimknt  215.     (In  Tyson 

Orchard). 


(Yields  in  pound  i)er  plot,   1908-11.) 


Plot    Treatment 

1  Check,  

2  Nitr.  &   Phos.,   . 

3  Nitr.  &  Potash, 

4  Check,    

5,  Phos.   &   KCl,    . 

0  Phos.  &  K2S04, 

'  v^necK,    

8  Comp.   Ftlzr.,    . . 

9  NitrojT^en,    

10  Check 

11.  Acid  Phos.,    .... 

12  Raw  Phos.,   .... 

13  Check,    

14  Manure,     

15  Lime 

16  Check,    


Per  Cent. 

1908 

1900 

1910 

1911 

Totals 

Benefit 

14 

95 

346 

2,053 

2,508 

26 

73 

301 

2,277 

2,677 

16.3 

43 

115 

418 

3,043 

3,619 

72.6 

21 

54 

260 

1,555 

1,890 

26 

146 

476 

2,828 

3,476 

78.0 

61 

179 

483 

2,352 

3,075 

52.8 

18 

45 

235 

1,777 

2,075 

21 

74 

:u)o 

2,885 

3,280 

64.4 

17 

83 

239 

1,746 

2,085 

8.9 

17 

89 

150 

1,579 

1,835 

3 

43 

153 

1 ,359 

1 ,558 

—18.5 

4 

62 

164 

2,010 

2,240 

12.6 

31 

46 

103 

1,886 

2,066 

1.5 

52 

190 

2,333 

2,590 

24.2 

27 

86 

186 

1,765 

2,064 

—1.9 

10 

76 

115 

1,922 

2,123 

Total  fruit  involved,  last  4  years  39,161  lb. 


S3 

/\s  shown  in  the  table,  the  first  important  crop  on  these  trees 
appeared  in  1911.  Although  some  rather  conspicuous  differences 
were  brought  out  by  this  crop,  and  also  in  some  of  the  totals  we 
are  reserving  judgment  in  regard  to  the  significance  of  the  results 
here  until  we  get 'further  returns.  The  figures  are  given,  however, 
so  that  those  interested  mav  see  just  what  the  results  to  date  are, 
and  draw  their  own  conclusions.  There  are  some  slight  irregular- 
ities in  this  experiment  in  age  of  trees  and  of  Stayman  grafts,  but 
we  have  made  corrections  so  far  as  possible  to  eliminate  their  in- 
fluences. ,    .    .  ,         ,1 

A.  careful  study  of  this  table  brings  out  the  rather  surprising 
fact  that  thus  far  the  ruling,  element  on  yield  here  has  not  been 
nitrogen,  but  potash.  The  relatively  low  influence  of  nitrogen  is 
consistently  shown  in  the  results  of  plots  2  and  9  and  also  in  the 
manure  plot.  The  strong  influence  of  potash  is  shown  just  as  con- 
sistently in  the  results  of  plots  3,  5,  6  and  8.  It  is  evident,  there- 
fore, that  so  far  as  can  be  judged  from  present  indications  in  this 
experiment,  a  fertilizer  relatively  rich  in  potash  should  be  used. 

These  indications  mav  be  connected  with  certain  things  in  the 
previous  treatment  of  the 'soil  here  and  with  the  fact  that  the  usual 
orchard  tillage  has  been  maintained  over  the  tree  roots.  Thus  the 
necessity  for  nitrates  has  doubtless  been  reduced.  The  appearance 
and  o-rowth  of  the  trees  on  the  nitrogen  plots,  however,  is  such  that 
we  pl-efer  to  await  further  returns,  before  coming  to  any  final  de- 
cisions. 


Showing  expanse  of   roots    (15   feet  on  one  side  and   18  feet  the  other 
side)  of  tree  set  deep  in  1897.    Tree  13  years  old  when  dug. 


Ml 


^li 


«r..«  «<...- •n»l>i.-  r.i.ti-»TMr;<^~?'J-<'>«*.g 


\ 


I 


n't 


fl- 


» 


ri 


54 


Packing  Fine  Adams  County  AppUS. 
(Mammoth   Black   Twig.) 

SIZE,  COLOR  AND  QUALITY  IN  FRUITS. 

DR.  U.  P.  HEDRTCK,  Horticuli^Ncw  York  Agricultural  Ex- 
perimental Station,  Geneva,  N.  Y. 

Mr.  President,  Ladies  and'c^men:     It  is  a  genuine  pleasure 
for  me  to  meet  the  Adams  County  Fruit  Growers'  to-day      My  ac 
nua  ntances  and  colleagues  in  New  York,  who  have  been  here,  have 

meetings  vou  have  in  this  Association,  and  have  had  here  f or  years^ 
rjalf  the  more  pleasure  because  I  feel  that  the  two  states,  the  one 
ioun  ing  the  otheV  ought  to  be  in  closer  contact  m  -Je-  perta m 
\L  to  fruit  growing  than  they  are.  My  subject  to-day  is  bize, 
Color  and  QuaS  in  Fruits."  1  want  to  discuss  the  relative  values 
of  these  thVee  principal  characters  in  fruit  in  particular,  in  regard 

''  "^IZ  rrrth^trf  :ra  cl^crimination  agaii.t  some 

sound  oths  l)ut  it  is  well  to  face  postive  facts  no  matter  how  dis- 
r^rLab^^^  discrimination  is  unjust  for  when  the  same  market 

Srdes  of  mos    eastern  and  western  fruits  are  compared,  connms- 
feurs  findX  eastern  the  better.     Unfortunately,  public  opmion 


55 

does  not  always  march  with  the  opinion  of  the  connoisseurs.  The 
difference  between  professional  and  popular  judgment  in  this  mat- 
ter comes  about  because  of  the  general  misconception  of  the  relative 
value  of  size,  color  and  quality  in  fruit.  It  is  to  a  consideration  of 
the  values  of  these  attributes  that  I  ask  your  attention  for  a  short 
time  with  the  hope  of  suggesting  something  to  stem  the  present  com- 
parative unpopularity  of  the  products  of  eastern  orchards. 

Appreciation  of'  fruits  comes  through  three  of  the  five  senses- 
taste,  sight  and  smell,  though  the  last  is  of  little  importance,  bang 
so  intimately  connected  with  taste  as  to  almost  be  a  part  of  it.  The 
senses  of  taste  and  sight  remain.  We  grow  fruit  to  eat  and  it  would, 
therefore,  seem  that  taste  should  set  the  seal  and  symbol  on  a  good 
fruit  But  somehow  a  great  number  of  people  imagine  that  size 
and  color  are  of  more  importance  than  quality  and  judge  fruit  by 
the  eye  rather  than  by  the  mouth.  A  misunderstanding,  it  might  be 
said  a  quarrel,  has  thus  arisen  between  the  advocate  of  taste  and 
si"^ht  Extremeness  of  view,  misapprehension  of  purpose,  and  not 
a  little  intolerance,  is  shown  on  both  sides.  Let  us  discuss  fairly 
and  without  prejudice  the  properties  of   fruits  which  give  them 

When  the  nurservman  sets  his  net,  in  shape  of  an  illustrated 
catalogue    for  the  fruit  grower,  he  baits  it  with  gorgeous  illustra- 
tions  showing    fruits   of   heroic   proportions.     The   most   frequent 
descriptive  phrase  accompanying  this  alluring  bait  is,  "of  largest 
size ''     In  his  turn  the  fruit-grower  usually  makes  an  exhibit,  or  a 
sale  or  a  present  of  his  wares,  with  the  apologetic  yarn  that  he  kept 
the  'largest  for  his  own  use,  or  he  had  larger  last  year ;  or,  if  you 
catch  him  in  his  orchard  he  lets  vou  know  that  he  could  grow  larger 
fruits  if  he  were  onlv  so  disposed.     All  this  shows  a  craving  after 
size— a  craving  that  has  been  bred  and  is  now  stimulated  by  com- 
petitive exhibitions  in  which  size  is  usually  given  first  place.     This 
has  ^one  on  for  so  long  that  now  in  the  eyes  of  the  "average  per- 
son/' personification  of  what  we  call  the  pu])lic,  size  is  esteemed 
about  the  highest  qualitv  a  fruit  may  possess.     This  feeling  finds  ex- 
pression manv  times  at  every  fruit  exhibit  when  onlookers  remark 
in  a  deprecatory  tone,  "I've  seen  lots  of  apples  larger  than  those 
What  are  the  true  merits  of  size  in  fruits?     The  question  needs 
careful  consideration.     We  cannot  make  advance   in  horticulture 

until  we  know  what  we  want.  .       •      i-  .•     <ui 

In  tree  fruits  for  the  kitchen,  fair  or  large  size  is  distinctly 
meritorious,  saving  waste  in  paring  and  coring  or  pitting  though 
even  here  there  are  exceptions  for  one  does  not  want  a  huge  baked 
apple,  a  mammoth  peach  for  canning,  nor  large  plums  for  Preserv- 
ing lUit  for  all  dessert  purposes  the  medium  sized  fruit  should  be 
preferred  and  the  Fameuse  or  a  little  Lady  apple,  a  Seckel  or 
Doyenne  pear,  a  Crawford  peach  and  a.  Green  Gage  or  Jefferson 
plum  are,  or  should  be,  as  acceptable  as  any  varieties  of  their  kinds. 
Certainly  no  one  wants  to  make  two  bites  at  a  cherry,  strawberry,  or 
anv  of  the  small  fruits.  Size  in  fruit  is  often  poor  economy 
whether  on  the  fruit  stand,  in  the  hotel  or  for  the  home,  for  a  small 
or  medium  fruit  frequently  answers  the  same  purpose  that  a  larger 
one  would.     It  is  true  that  some  of  the  varieties  of  our  tree-fruits 


1 

1 

Hi 

■\      ■ 

■  .>',i^ 

■   •■ .  ■  ".-■<»■■ 

^- 

; 

-     -    M'. 

■'Mism^ 


ri.. 


i0^>--H 


Hi 


'■"^''^*^-^ 


; .-.  ii-yii-c?  I"'".' 


56 

miRht  be  increased  in  size  to  advantage  and  the  value  of  many  grapes 
and  small  fruits  would  be  enhanced  by  greater  size  j    ^ 

Not  aUvavs  but  often,  undue  size  in  any  variety  is  accompanieci 
bv  in^eHo    qS  ity      Tl  is    s  especially  true  if  size  has  been  brought 
S^^h^^S^^  rich  land  in  which  case  the  fruit  may  ac  ua  ly 
be  said  to  be  ^'bloated/'     The  water  and  food  are  not  properly  as- 
sSed^n^^  L  highly  flavored  solids  of  tl.e  -^a^^^^^^^^^^^ 
are  diluted  or  adulterated  with  water.     This  is  the  condition  ot 
niich  S  the  western  fruit  which  because  of  -^?-f^^^^^^^^ 
in^  the  less  showy  and  less  bulky  eastern  product  to  the  rear,     bo 
Z   ext  a    arge  specimens  of  tree  or  small  fruits  in  this  region  in 
whicrsize  is  fttailied  by  high  feeding  or  by  such  abnorma  prac     es 
Is  ringing,  usually  lack  in  quality.     From  a  1  this  we  must  conclude 
that  nferf  size  is  about  the  least  needed  quality  for  a  good  f rmt 

The  dispute  as  to  whether  color  is  more  desirable  than  qualitv 
is  iu St  L  warni  as  the  one  over  size  and  quality.     Each  has  stout 
adiofates  Td  while  both  are  necessary  in  a  first-class  market  fruit, 
X  there  should  be  any  question  about  the  supremacy  of  quality 
oZ  color,  is  unanswerable.     We  grow  fruit  to  eat.     What  a  para- 
dox to  grow  that  which  is  unfit  to  eat  provided  only  that  it  have  high 
color      Here   again  western   fruit  has   a   decided   advantage  over 
Sat  from  the  East,  for  the  question  of  color  is    argely  one  of  cl  - 
mate      The  fruit  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Pacific  Coast 
is  certainly  more  highly  colored  than  that  grown  east  of  the  Missis- 
siDoi      The  sunlit  West  must  ever  produce  fruits  of  brilliant  hues 
ff  like  the  complexion  of  Shakespeare's  dusky  Moor,  the  color  o 
fruits  ''is  but  the  Inirnished  rays  of  the  Inirmshed  sun.       \et  we  ot 
the  East  make  a  fetish  of  color  and  often  tmies  laud  1    as  being 
quite  equal  or  even  more  desirable  than  quality  in  a  first-class  ^-a- 
riety,  not  only  a  mistake  in  judgment,  Init  an  advertisement  for  the 
fruit' of  our^western  competitors.  ,11 

Tust  now  the  fashion  is  for  red  apples  and  pears  though  red 
is  not  necessarily  handsomer  than  any  other  color  and  certainly  does 
not  make  the  fVuit  taste  better.  lUit  fashions  in  colors  of  fruits 
change  in  markets  and  countries  just  as  fashions  in  colors  of  dresses 
or  coats  or  hats  or  ties  change.  At  one  time  russet  apples  or  pears 
were  in  great  demand.  In  some  markets  \e  ow  Newtowns,  or 
P>ellflowers,  or  Rhode  Island  Greenings  are  still  preferred.  Soiiie 
markets  like  white  fleshed  peaches ;  others,  the  yellow  fleshed  ihe 
value  of  a  l)lack  or  a  red  or  a  vellow  skin  on  a  sweet  cheery  depends 
upon  the  market  to  which  it  is  sent.  Color  is  for  most  part  quite 
aside  from  the  intrinsic  value  of  any  of  these  fruits  else  we  shou  d 
not  have  differences  and  changes  in  fashion.  A  hungry  man  should 
be  as  trulv  thankful  and  should  say  grace  with  just  as  much  unction 
over  a  Yellow  Newtown  as  over  a  Jonathan  or  a  Spitzenburg. 

Is  high  qualitv  associated  with  intensity  of  color?  A  popular 
fallacy  associates  qualitv  with  color.  Some  say  high  quality  is  cor- 
related with  low  color,  hence  the  oft  repeated  phrase,  '  handsome 
l^ut  poor";  others  sav  high  quality  goes  with  high  color.  Baldwin 
apples  <?rown  in  sod'are  most  l^rilliantly  colored.  Nine  out  of  ten 
people  will  choose  the  highly  colored  fruit  as  the  best  favored  but 
•it  needs  onlv  a  taste  to  convince  to  the  contrary.     The  tilled  truit 


57 

is  crisper,  juicier  and  richer,  a  fact  attested  to  by  all  who  have  had 
to  do  with  exj^eriments  in  which  the  fruit  is  grown  under  the  two 
methods  of  culture.  In  this  case  the  low  colored  fruit  is  normal 
while  the  high  color  is  the  hectic  flush  of  disease.  So  in  every  in- 
stance, a  seeming  parallelism  between  color  and  quality  may  be 
explained.  Individual  instances  seem  to  show  correlations,  but  a 
general  survey  of  all  instances  shows  that  there  are  no  correlations 
either  between  kinds  of  color  or  intensity  of  color  and  quality. 

I  quite  realize  that  it  is  necessary  for  a  variety  to  have  a  vogue, 
because  of  some  character  or  characters  to  create  or  satisfy  a  spec- 
ial demand,  in  order  to  ''catch"  the  market.  Ikit  need  its  reputation 
necessarily  be  made  by  its  size  or  its  color?  If  so,  our  western 
friends  in  all  prol)a])ilities  have  us  ])eaten.  Ikit  when  it  comes  to 
making  a  reputation  for  high  quality,  for  choicely  good  apples,  high- 
ly flavored  pears,  unimpeachal:)ly  good  peaches,  and  honeyed  plums, 
the  products  of  the  middle  and  far  West  are  only  toleral)le  in  com- 
parison. Why  do  not  we  in  the  East  make  the  most  of  the  condi- 
tions that  have  been  given  us  and  grow  fruits  of  quality  and  stake 
our  reputation  on  it?  Let  the  westerners  continue  to  grow  their 
huge,  highly  colored  fruits.  In  time  the  public  will  distinguish  be- 
tween "quality  fruits"  and  those  recommended  l)y  their  bulk  and 
the  color  of  their  hide. 

We  come  now  to  a  discussion  of  quality,  a  word  rolled  under 
the  tongue  by  fruit-growers  and  consumers  alike  but  which  like 
"good  cheer"  in  the  fable  is  fish  to  one,  flesh  to  another,  and  fowl 
to  a  third.  We  need,  therefore,  to  define  the  term.  In  brief,  qual- 
ity is  that  combination  of  flavor,  aroma,  juiciness  and  tender  flesh 
which  make  fruits  fit  for  the  palate.  But  this  is  not  all.  The  thing 
that  gives  charm  to  the  attractions  of  the  world,  whether  ])ooks  or 
pictures,  or  music,  or  i)eoi)lc,  or  fruits,  is  that  subtle  undefinable 
thing  called  personality.  A  Northern  Spy,  a  Mcintosh,  a  Seckel 
l^ear,  a  Green  Gage  plum,  an  lona  grape,  for  examples,  all  have 
distinct  and  charming  ])ersonalities  which  contribute  no  small  part 
to  the  high  quality  of  these  fruits.  But  many  fruits  have  it  not 
and  the  sorts  named  lose  it  when  grown  under  some  conditions. 
This  personality  may  ])e  quite  aside  from  any  tangible  quality.  It 
is  akin  to  the  charm  of  a  woman  of  which  Al aggie  says,  in  the  cur- 
rent play,  IVIiat  Bverx  IVoman  Knows,  "If  a  woman  has  it  she 
needs  nothing  else  in  the  world,  and  if  she  has  it  not,  nothing  else 
in  the  world  is  of  any  use."  A  high  quality  fruit  should  have  some 
such  personality.  Is  charm  marketable?  It  is  in  marriage  mar- 
kets.    It  ought'always  to  be  in  fruit  markets. 

High  quality  does  not  have  the  commercial  value  that  it  should 
but  it  is  coming  to  be  worth  more  and  more.  There  are  two  kinds 
of  taste,  natural  taste  and  acquired  taste.  Only  savages  have  a 
natural  taste ;  to  them  crude,  unrefined  tasteless  foods  answer  all 
purposes.  But  civilized  man  has  an  acquired  taste  and  with  each 
succeeding  stage  of  civilization  it  becomes  more  delicate  and  more 
refined.  Once  they  but  know  where  it  can  be  obtained,  people  will 
buy  and  pay  for  fruits  of  high  quality — fruits  with  delicate  and  re- 
fined flavors  and  aromas  and  juicy  tender  flesh.  Such  fruits  should 
be  the  food  of  the  great  mass  of  the  American  people  while  coarse, 


f 


-r-J'. ,  . 

~        ■          *  >■'. 

.■•>i- 

■   ■    I-    ^f. 

r^<.. 

•    '"  .--->'■, 

-':  ^    •*•» 

'"a  *■ 

:;R 


How  THE  York  Imperial  Grows  in  Adams  County. 
(Every  Apple  Perfect.) 

turnipy  fruits  should  go  only  to  those  who  cannot  f"  ^f^  iljf ^'•;"^^! 
between  a  Jonathan  and  a  Ben  Davis,  a  l-.artlett  and  ^  fieffer.    Peo 
pk  need  only  to  be  educated  as  to  what  fruits  are  of  h,gh  quality 
and  a  profitable  demand  will  be  created.  ,  ,  •  . 

t^may  be  asked  why  the  fruits  of  the  Atlantic  are  of  higher 
quality  than  those  of  the  Pacific  ^ea-board !  It  i  l^Jgf  J^^. 
tlr   ^i  T  have  said  before,  of  food  and  water.     I.ut  what  comouw 

;s;,  t^^:  eL;.,a..  pu.c« ;.  is  ^^r^^^t  z 

£.::  tT^t'SI  WS-    S"  .K  A,,,.o,f,  water,  S„. 

rnrf  ^'veTaualitv      In  His  distrilnition  of  favors  He  has  seen  fit  to 
charactering  of  this  region  by  their  quahty  and  those  of 

western  r^^^^^^        by  their  size  and  color.     We  who  have  Quahty  have 
S  talkinT-^^     about  color  and  size  which  we  have  not      Sobe 
second  thought  should  show  us  that  we  should  make  most  of  that 
which  we  have— quality. 


59 

There  is  of  course  a  great  difference  of  opinion  as  to  which  the 
high  quality  varieties  are  of  the  several  fruits.  This  is  as  it  should 
be  for  if  all  mankind  liked  the  same  varieties  we  should  have  but 
one  sort  each  of  the  several  fruits.  Fruit-growing  would  thereby 
be  greatly  lessened  and  what  in  Heaven's  name  would  all  the  nur- 
serymen do !  It  is  well  that  there  are  many  varieties,  the  number 
is  a  measure  of  the  merit,  and  to  pick  out  those  of  high  quality  each 
man  must  choose  for  himself,  wading  through  the  dismal  swamp  of 
varieties  until  he  finds  what  pleases  him.  The  difficulty  is  to  bring 
the  good  varieties  before  the  public. 

In  what  has  been  said  I  have  sought  to  establish  two  facts; 
namely,  that  high  quality  is  the  chief  of  all  the  attributes  of  fruit ; 
and  that  the  fruits  of  the  East  have  it  in  greater  degree  than  do 
some  of  their  competitors.  I  have  presumed  to  say,  too,  that  East- 
ern fruit-growers  take  small  account  of  quality  which  should  be 
their  chief  asset ;  rather  do  they  magnify  the  importance  of  size  and 
color,  that  which  they  have  not,  nor  cannot  have  as  some  of  their 
competitors  do  have.'  lUit  there  is  little  use  in  this  discussion  if 
one  cannot  be  somewhat  precise  in  telling  how  the  condition  that 
prevails  can  be  bettered.     To  this  end  1  have  a  few  suggestions  to 

offer specific  suggestions  for  individuals  and  general  ones  for  the 

Society  for  this  is  a  case  where  concerted  action  between  individuals 
and  societies  is  necessary.     Speaking  to  individuals: — 

First.  The  individual  fruit-grower  of  this  region  must  come 
to  realize  in  growing  fruits  for  color  or  size  they  are  beaten  by  the 
West  and  that  their  long  suit  is  to  grow  for  quality.  This  is  true 
now  but  it  will  grow  more  and  more  so  as  the  years  go  by.  A  man 
should  grow  sorts  for  the  market  that  he  is  willing  to  eat  hmiself. 
If  individuals  will  make  a  reputation  for  the  high  quality  of  their 
fruits,  a  reputation  will  soon  be  established  for  the  region. 

Second.  Let  every  man  deprecate  above  all  things  the  oft  made 
assertion  that  the  public  wants  trashy  stuft'— cares  only  for  ap- 
pearance and  not  for  qualitv.  It  is  the  fashion  of  the  times  to 
decry  the  public.  Certain  papers  say  the  public  wants  only  yellow 
journalism;  some  writers  hold  that  the  people  will  read  only  light 
or  vulgar  fiction;  rag-time  music  is  supposed  to  suit  the  public; 
theatres  will  present  only  sensational  plays ;  following  the  fashion 
some  fruit-growers  hold  that  the  public  has  the  tooth  of  a  gorilla, 
the  taste  of  a  buzzard,  the  stomach  of  an  ostrich,  and  by  choice  fills 
its  maw  on  Ben  Davis  apples  and  Kieffer  pears.  It  is  not  true  that 
the  public  likes  poor  fruit,  the  better  the  fruit  the  more  of  it  will 
be  eaten.  The  public  is  slow  moving  but  once  it  learns  true  worth 
in  fruit  its  appetitie  will  be  for  the  good  varieties.  It  will  not  be 
content  with  poor  or  mediocre  sorts.  If  it  must  wipe  the  tongue 
around  the  mouth  and  titillate  the  palate  in  order  to  find  the  flavor 
of  apples  and  pears,  it  will  take  to  oranges,  bananas,  grape-fruits 
and  pineapples. 

Third.  It  is  a  good  policy  in  this  world  not  to  break  rudely 
with  the  old  but  to  run  smoothly  into  the  new.  It  would  hardly 
be  wise  for  any  man  to  cut  down  or  graft  over  certain  apples,  or 
pears  or  plums,  or  pull  out  certain  grapes  beause  they  are  of  poor 


^vi'^H^ 


■■vl 


iin^i 


<Mi 


it 


60 

quality.  But  in  the  planting  of  new  orchards  a  man  should  look 
wdl  to  the  quality  of  the  varieties  he  selects  Speaknig  broadly 
and  noting  the  Kieffer  pear  as  the  most  marked  exception,  fruits  of 
fine  flavor  can  be  grown  as  easily  as  grosser  tasting  ones.  Here  wc 
have  a  seeming  paradox  for  the  best  things  m  life  most  often  come 
only  by  the  greatest  care  and  extreme  labor  of  mmd  or  body.  In 
planting  for  the  future,  then,  plant  for  quality. 

Fourth  Never  in  the  history  of  the  world  have  there  been  so 
manv  men  directing  their  efforts  towards  the  improvement  of  plants 
S  r  recent  discoveries  in  plant  breeding  and  the  accumula  ed 
knowledge  of  centuries  the  efforts  that  are  being  put  forth  are 
l,ound  to  result  in  many  new  introductions  within  the  "e>c  Jew 
years  \  man  may  be  pardoned  if  he  clings  to  some  of  the  medi- 
ocre Varieties  we  now  have  for  these  are  the  elder-born  to  whom 
we  have  become  attached  in  tenderly  carrying  them  through  a  he  p- 
less  infancv,  but  as  the  physicians  and  midwives  of  horticu Iture 
bring  in  the  new  born  let  us  l)e  chary  of  a  blessing  until  their  char- 
aclef  for  high  quality  is  established.  Let  them  be  '•born  o  blush 
unseen"  and  if  christened  let  them  remain  in  the  limbo  of  the  nur- 
seryman-s  catalogue,  if  high  quality  be  not  among  their  accomplish- 
ments Let  us  raise  the  standard  of  excellence  and  accept  only  new 
fruits  which  are  superior  in  quality  to  their  predecessors. 

Fifth      The  nurserymen  can  do  much  to  encourage  the  growing 
of  good  fruit  and  to  secure  the  appropriate  recognition  of  high  qual- 
ity     The  country  is  filled  with  men  and  women  from  city,  town 
and  country  who  want  to  grow  fruit  for  pleasure  and  profit     When 
these  embryonic  fruit-growers  pick  the  shell  and  get  ready  to  plan 
they  go  to' a  nurseryman  for  trees.     Now  if  the  nurseryman  will 
sell  all  unfleged  fruit-growers  (the  old  hands  should  be  able  to  take 
care  of  themselves)  varieties  of  quality  rather  than  what  they  can 
spare,  fruit-growing  and  in  the  long  run    the  nursery  trade,  will 
have  been  he%ed.     Some  nurserymen  hold  it  to  be  their  inalienable 
rieht  to  substitute  when  varieties  run  short.     If  all  such  will  only 
4n  in  a  choicely  good  variety  instead  of  an  odd  or  an  end,  there 
will  be  less  poor  fruit.     Nurserymen  say  they  grow  the  varieties 
that  fruit-growers  want.     In  reality,  however,  they  very  largely 
force  planters  to  take  sorts  that  grow  readily  and  make  good  look- 
ing trees  in  the  nursery.     Thus  Canada  Red,  Winter  Nelis,  cherries 
on  Mazzard,  plums  on  St.  Julian,  cannot  be  had  in  the  average  nur- 
=;erv     Trees  for  the  orchard  must  be  grown  m  the  nursery ;  trees 
grown  in  the  nursery  must  be  sold  to  the  fruit-grower ;  the  weal  or 
the  woe  of  the  fruit-grower  is  the  weal  or  the  woe  of  the  niirsery- 
man      If  tree-growers  would  push  the  sale  of  varieties  and  trees 
that  are  truly  most  useful  to  the  tree-planter,  nurserymen,  fruit- 
growers and  'the  public  all  will  be  gainers  thereby. 

I  eaving  now  the  individual  there  are  some  things  that  horti- 
cultural organizations  can  do  to  forward  the  interests  of  high  qual- 
ity fruit  and  hence  the  interests  of  all  eastern  fruit-growers. 

It  should  be  the  business  of  eastern  horticultural  societies,  one 
and  all  to  make  the  public  familiar  with  the  names  and  the  qualities 
of  fruits     With  this  knowledge  fruit-buyers  would  pay  the  dif- 


1 


V 

(n 


•'i 


i 


61 

ference  between  good  and  poor  quality  varieties  just  as  they  pay 
the  difference  between  a  porterhouse  and  a  pot  stew.     Why  should 
they  not?     There  are  several  ways  of  reaching  the  public  in  this 
matter     Fruit-growers  and  their  customers  may  both  gain  knowl- 
edge o'f  what  are  the  best  fruits,  and  which  of  them  may  be  grown, 
by  a  full  and  frank  discussion  of  the  whole  matter  at  horticultural 
nieetings      County  and  state  fruit  organizations  ought  to  do  more 
in  the  way  of  making  instructive  exhibits  both  at  their  meetings  and 
at  the  fairs      In  these  exhibits  much  more  attention  ought  to  Iv 
paid  to  fancy  fruit— high  quality  fruit.     Indeed    it  seems  to  mc 
tliat  hia-her  premiums  ought  always  to  be  offered  for  choicely  gooO 
fruits  in  plates  or  in  boxes  or  barrels  than  for  the  varieties  of  poorer 
quality.     Sometime,  and  it  ought  not  be  long  delayed,  the  fruit 
growers  of  the  East  ought  to  get  together,  through  their  horticul- 
tural organizations,  and  hold  a  monster  fruit  show  in  one  of  our 
great  cities  as  the  fruit  growers  of  the  Middle  West  and  the  North- 
west are  now  doing  yearly.     These  great  fairs  are  likely  to  be  held 
yearly  in  the  West.     Is  the  East  to  be  behind  in  this  matter?     if . 
such  a  fair  is  ever  held  we  must  advertise  in  no  uncertain  way  the 
high  quality  of  eastern  fruit.     This  is  a  matter  in  which  the  East 
has  been  altogether  too  modest.     The  world  thinks  the  western 
fruit  is  best ;  teach  them  otherwise.     A  rhyme  of  the  trade  once  be- 
fore quoted  in  this  connection  is  worth  repeating  :— 

"He  who  whispers  down  the  well, 
.\l)out  the  goods  he  has  to  sell. 
Does  not  reap  shining,  golden  dollars.^^ 
Like  he  who  climbs  a  tree  and  hollers. 

In  conclusion:     Why  do  I  discuss  this  matter?     Is  it  to  en- 
courage fruit-growing  only  for  a  select  few  who  have  the  cultivated 
taste  ^    Not  by  anv  means.     The  common  taste  which  falls  to  with 
a  vigorous  appetit'ite  upon  any  fruit  presented  is  now,  and  must 
ever  be,  the  chief  customer  of  the  fruit-grower.     But  taste  of  the 
multitude  should  be  educated  by  all  possible  means  for  better  and 
better  fruits.     Why?     Because  in  the  long  run  it  means  the  con- 
sumption of  a  great  deal  more  fruit  the  country  over ;  and  for  the 
selfish  reason  that  the  Eastern  States  can  grow  fruit  of  exceptionally 
high  quality  but  cannot  compete  with  other  regions  in  size  and  color 
of  fruit      bo  I  hold  that  it  is  reprehensible  to  grow  fruits  of  poor 
quality?     Possibly  not,  but  it  would  seem  in  the  course  of  time  the 
wiping  out,  root  and  branch,  of  the  apple  and  pear  industry  of 
the  East  if  all  fruit-growers  grew  poor  varieties ;  besides  it  woiild 
present  the  vile  and  sordid   sj^ectacle  of  people  deliberately  de- 
voting themselves  to  growing  poor  fruit  when  they  might  as  well 
grow  good  fruit.     Do  I  say  that  high  quality  is  the  only  requisite 
of  a  good  variety?     No,  indeed.     There  are  a  score  of  requisites  of 
fruit  and  tree  that  go  to  make  a  good  variety  but  among  these  qual- 
ity is  not  now  receiving  appropriate  recognition  and  it  is  for  such 
recognition  that  I  am  pleading.     Is  this  a  matter  of  sentiment  or 
of  business?     Both.     I  am  not  averse  to  putting  some  sentiment  in 
fruit-growing  but  I  hope  I  have  not  been  arguing  before  a  packed 
jury  in  trying  to  convince  this  society  that  it  is  business  as  well  as 


62 

sentiment  to  grow  good  fruit.  Is  this  not  an  affair  to  be  dealt  \vilh 
by  fruit-growers?  Yes,  but  in  most  well  regulated  enterprises 
someone  must  have  the  thankless  task  of  blowing  a  whistle  to  wake 
people  up  or  to  tell  them  that  it  is  time  to  get  to  work.  I  have 
been  tooting  the  whistle  and  if  I  have  tooted  a  little  long  and  a 
trifle  loud  it  is  because  of  some  anxiety  lest  the  fruit  growers  of  the 
East  should  fall  behind  or  possibly  get  locked  out. 


-o- 


Trinitv  of  Success  in  orcharding — 

CULTIVATE— FERTILIZE— SPRAY 


— Bailey. 


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Eight- Year-Old  Unprunki)  York  Imperial  ApplK 

Tree. 


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63 


Adams  County  Grows  Fine  Fruit. 

THE    MAKING    OF    CONCENTRATED    LIME-SULPHUR 
AND  ITS  USE  ON  APPLES  AND  PEACHES. 


'  Dr.  J.  P.   Stkwart,  Experimental  Pomologist,  State  College,  Pa. 

Historical  sketch  of  lime-sulphur,  and  advantages  in  home  pre- 
paration. . 

Ingredients:  Need  for  high  purity  m  hme— should  be  90 
per  cent.  CaO  or  better  and  preferably  with  less  than  3  per  cent. 
HgO  All  present  commercial  sulphurs  are  pure  enough ;  fineness 
important.     Powdered  commercial  sulphur  is  preferred  because  of 

low   cost.  ^.         ,  1       iv      .• 

Formula:  1-2-1,  or  1-2- 1.2,  is  best.  Smiple  and  effective 
One  pound  of  good  lime  enough  for  2  pounds  sulphur ;  excess  of 
lime  favors  crvstallization,  increases  sediment  and  fails  to  increase 
scale-killing  powers.  Clear  solutions  without  extra  lime  here  dur- 
ing past  two  summers  have  completely  eradicated  scale  on  apple 
trees,  with  three  spravings  at  summer  strength. 

One  gallon  of  final  product  is  about  right  for  carrying  i  pound 
lime  and  2  pounds  of  sulphur  in  home  preparation.  Gives  a  density 
of  about  1.24  or  28/2°  Be\  Smaller  volumes  give  greater  densities 
but  poor  utilization  of  materials.  Much  larger  volumes  are  un- 
economical in  cooking  and  in  storing.  Variations  in  formula  for 
special  uses  and  conditions.  •  n     1    1 

The  volume  should  not  be  permitted  to  run  materially  below 
desired  final  volume  at  any  time  during  the  cooking  as  this  increases 

the  sediment. 

Utensils:  Cooker,  measuring  stick,  hydrometer  and  strainer. 
Desirable  forms  of  each.  Upward  straining  type  of  strainer  is  best. 
Cheap  unstandardized  hydrometers  to  be  avoided,  and  they  are  in- 
tended to  test  concentrate,  not  to  use  as  a  float  in  diluting  tank  as 
an  indicator  of  when  the  proper  amount  of  water  has  been  added. 

Cooking  Time:  Until  the  sulphur  is  evidently  dissolved, 
usuallv  40  to  50  minutes;  either  too  much  or  too  little  boiling  objec- 


H 


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-iiMiMttdlHinflHifariMaife 


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64  ■ 

tionable.     Color  not  a  safe  guide.     Keep  pellets  and  lumps  of  sul- 
phur broken  during  the  cooking. 

Storage :  Avoid  acids,  CO2,  and  unnecessary  contact  with  air. 
Use  oil  films  or  tight,  well-filled  containers.  Three-year  old  sam- 
ple at  the  college  unchanged.  Crusts  formed  in  storage  may  be  re- 
dissolved,  diluting  as  usual  according  to  density. 

Dilution:      (a)  Process  zvith  specific  gravity  hydrometer. 

Rule:  Decimal  of  concentrate  divided  by  decimal  of  desired 
spray  equals  total  dilution. 

Examples : — 


.24  .24 

—  :=  8  or  — 
.01 


=  24  or  —  =  38  4-7 


.27 


or 


=  90 


03  .01  .007  .003 

This  means  that  a  concentrate  testing  1.24  is  to  be  diluted  to  i 
to  8  (total)  to  get  a  winter  spray  for  scale,  which  should  test  1.03, 
etc. 

(h)  Other  methods:  Dilution  tables  and  floating  hydrometer 
in  diluting  vessel.  Latter  is  unreliable  as  an  indicator  of  proper 
water  addition,  diffusion  too  slow.  (For  further  discussion  of  these 
and  other  matters  pertaining  to  lime-sulphur,  see  our  Bulletin  115.) 

Densities  and  Application  Times  for  Different  Purposes. 

San  Jose  Scale,  1.03,  trees  dormant;  or  T.or  in  summer  at 
''hatching"  time,  followed  by  i  or  2  later  applications  at  ten-day  in- 
tervals or  as  young  reappear.     Other  scales,  same. 

Blister  mite,  T.025,  just  as  buds  ])egin  opening. 

Peach  leaf  curl,  1.02,  just  before  the  buds  o])en. 

.-^pple  and  Pear  Scab  and  apple  worm.  About  1.007  with  lead 
arsenate  if  three  api)lications  are  given;  t.oi  alone,  or  with  the 
arsenate  il  only  one  application  is  given.  Applications:  (i)  When 
l)lossonis  are  beginning  to  show  ])ink  ;  (2)  :\[ay  begin  when  petals 
are  two-thirds  off  and  finish  within  ten  days  thereafter;  (3)  About 
two  weeks  after  second  application. 

Broivn  Rot,  Ciircnlio  and  Scab  of  stone  fruits,  (i)  T.ead 
arsenate,  lime  and  water  (2-2-50),  when  calyces  or  ''shucks"  are 
shedding.  (2)  Self-boiled  lime-sulphur,  8-8-50,  and  2  i)ounds  lead 
arsenate,  about  a  month  later.  (3)  Clear  lime-sulphur  solution. 
1.003,  01*  self-boiled  limc-sul])hur,  without  any  arsenical,  about  3  or 
4  weeks  before  fruit  ripens.  The  former  alternative  in  (3)  avoids 
staining  of  fruit,  is  cheai)er  and  handier  and  has  been  satisfactorilv 
safe  in  our  tests  the  past  two  seasons.  Tt  should  not  be  used  exten- 
sively however,  without  preliminary  trials  in  the  locality  and  on  the 
particular  varieties  to  be  sprayed.'  Peach  spraying  not  yet  as  un- 
qualified a  success  as  apple  spraying. 

Spray  Injury. 

Sometimes  very  important.  When  the  sulphur  solution  is  used 
at  proper  densities,  the   injury  may   follow  excessive  applications 


41 


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65 

(see  our  Bui.  106),  or  be  due  to  reactions  between  the  lime-sulphur 
solution  and  the  arsenical,  making  the  latter  soluble.  Lime  sulphur 
solutions  containing  any  material  quantities  of  soda  or  potash  are 
especially  dangerous  in  the  latter  respect.  (See  our  article  on  Peach 
Sprayiingin  191 1  Report  of  State  Hort.  Assoc). 

We  have  wholly  prevented  the  latter  action  on  peaches  during 
the  past  summer,  either  by  using  lead  ortho-arsenate,  Pb3  (ASO4) 
2,  with  the  lime-sulphur  solutions,  or  by  precipitating  the  sulphur 
from  solution  with  iron  sulphate  before  adding  the  ordinary  arsen- 
icals.  The  former  method  is  preferable,  which  indicates  the  desir- 
ability of  manufacturing  the  ortho-arsenate  here  in  the  East  as  well 

as  in  California. 

It  also  is  probable  that  the  ordinary  mixed  lead  arsenates  can 
be  safely  used  with  lime-sulphur  solution  by  adding  to  them  some 
free  lead,  preferably  in  the  form  of  lead  acetate  or  "sugar  of  lead," 
before  combining  them  with  the  solution.  The  amount  of  the  lat- 
ter actuallv  required  depends  on  the  percentage  of  soluble  arsenic 
and  of  acid  arsenates  present  in  the  commercial  lead-arsenate  sam- 
ple and  also  on  the  amount  of  free  lead  already  present.  In  gen- 
eral, however,  one-fourth  to  one-third  of  a  pound  of  "sugar  of  lead" 
should  be  sufftcient  to  render  safe  the  two  pounds  of  ordinary  lead- 
arsenate  paste. 


Advantages  of  Spraying. 
(I^arge  Pile  Perfect.) 


S?#^;*': 


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dite 


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■AdlkHiMiMidB^S 


lU  kl>  ^O^f^^vUUawk^^  .' 


66 


I 


I 


Picking  Adams  County  York  Imperial. 
(Nothing  but   Fancy   Fruit  in   Sight.) 


EDUCATING  AN  ORCHARD. 


Clark  Allis,  President  Nezv  York  State  Fruit  Groivers'  Associa- 
tion, Medina,  N.  F. 


t 


Mr.  President,  Fruits  Growers  of  Adams  County:  I  had  sup- 
posed that  the  Garden  of  Eden  was  in  Orleans  County  but  it  seems 
that  this  must  be  the  site  because  this  is  Adam's  County.  In  our 
county  the  chief  commercial  apple  is  the  Baldwin.  Baldwins  and 
Greenings  are  in  the  lead,  and  wmII  continue  to  lead  for  a  long  time. 

Like  a  child,  the  education  of  an  orchard  should  begin  before  it 
is  born.  When  possible,  buy  trees  of  a  firm  who  gets  its  buds  or 
scions  from  bearing  trees  that  bear  good  apples,  for  there  is  a  great 
difference  in  apples.  We  have  in  one  orchard  what  is  known  as 
''Gray  Baldwins"  and  under  no  conditions  are  they  as  good  as  our 
red  Baldwins.  Two  years  ago,  in  cutting  over  $500.00  worth  of 
scions  for  one  of  your  southern  nursery  firms,  we  did  not  cut  any 
from  the  Gray  Baldwins.     I  want  a  tree  to  be  thrifty,  large  and 


67 

fairly  straight  with  three  or  ipore  good  branches  low  down.     I  do 
not  cut  back  the  roots  or  top  unless  broken.  ^^       ^ 

One  of  the  first  things  I  remember  was  "<ipple  sprouts     and 
those  ^'Remembers"  were  very  painful,  at  hor-t  or  in  school,  and 
I  objected  to  the  trimming  of  apple  trees  or  boys.    My  father  was  an 
orchard  fiend,  takes  after  me,  and  all  his  trees  were  cut  back  to  the 
main  stalk— he  had  five  boys.     When  I  began  to  set  trees  for  my- 
self, I  followed  the  same  bad  plan  until  I  was  convinced  ''behead- 
ing'^  young  trees  was  not  the  way  to  make  the  best  orchard  and  most 
money.     Two  farms  near  me  were  bought  by  city  men,  one  man 
a  shipshod  lumber  dealer  who  made  a  failure  at  the  lumber  business 
and  the  other  a  Polander,  who  did  not  know  a  tree  from  a  boot 
jack;  both  set  out  young  trees  without  any  trimming  at  all,  both  set 
their  trees  next  the  road  where  I  could  see  them  at  any  and  all  times. 
Of  course  I  broke  that  good  old  Bible  saying  "Fret  not  thy  gizzard 
out''  and  proceeded  to  ''Fret,"  but  it  did  no  good.     Those  fool  trees 
grew  better  than  any  I  had  ever  set  out  and  it  made  me  disgusted. 
I  found  the  same  conditions  in  a  western  orchard  I  visited.     I  also 
saw  the  experimental  trees  in  which  Mr.  Foster  Udell,  "the  Baldwin 
king"  of  Brockport,  N.  Y.,  proved  out  his  belief  that  trimming  of 
young  trees  was  a  mistake.     His  untrimmed  trees  were  away  ahead 
of  his  trimmed  trees  and  still  continue  to  lead.     My  first  planting  of 
untrimmed  trees  was  in  1908:  I  set  2,000  and  all  started  to  grow  but 
one,  and  but  six  died  later.     Several  Baldwins  at  three  years  of  age 
bore  40  or  more  large  apples.     This  orchard  at  three  years  had 
many  apples  and  next  year,  as  a  four  year  old,  we  hope  for  a  good 

Orchard  men  tell  me  that  I  am  making  a  mistake  to  let  the  trees 
bear  so  voung,  but  I  don't  agree  with  them,  and  will  not  take  off 
any  apples  except  to  thin  and  encourage  the  trees  to  be  annual  bear- 
ers This  orchard  has  the  largest  trees  for  its  age  of  any  orchard 
I  have  seen.  Bearing  apples  will  not  hurt  virgorous  trees  like  these 
in  the  least.  All  the  trimming  this  orchard  has  received  is  to  cut  out 
branches  that  cross ;  these  are  cut  in  summer.  Every  tree  set  since 
IQ08  on  our  farms  goes  in  without  trimming.  The  past  season  trees 
set  without  trimming  have  endured  the  worst  drought  known  to 
Western  New  York  better  than  trimmed  trees.  I  think  our  station 
at  Geneva  carried  on  experiments  on  this  line  this  year,  which  are 
favorable  to  the  untrimmed  trees.  ^ 

I  like  a  low  headed  tree  for  my  experience  shows  that  trees 
headed  low  keep  their  large  limbs  farther  from  the  ground  than  high 
headed  ones.  We  are  setting  our  permanent  trees  4.2  to  45  feet 
apart  with  three  fillers  to  each  permanent  tree.  The  trees  are 
I  dipped  in  commercial  lime-sulphur,  34°  Beaume  test  i  to  9.  We  do 
^  not  dip  the  roots  except  as  an  experiment  and  have  never  seen  any 
bad  results  from  dipping  the  roots.  The  practice  of  dipping  trees 
before  setting  is  one  that  cannot  be  too  highly  recommended,  for 
the  dipping  is  so  much  more  thoroughly  done,  is  a  great  saving  in 
time  and  does  not  require  nearly  as  much  liquid  as  in  spraying. 
We  spray  young  trees  the  same  as  the  old  ones. 

The  year  before  the  orchard  is  set,  I  prefer  to  have  some  cul- 
tivated crop  on  the  ground.    The  ground  is  staked  out  so  a  dead 


» 


1.1 


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I 


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68 

furrow  comes  for  every  row,  a  common  or  subsoil  plow  being  used 
^looIenTp  the  ground  to  a  good  depth.  In  plantmg  we  give  the 
roots  plenty  of  rSom,  putting  in  fine  top  sod  well  shaken  m^^^^^^^^^^ 
cavities  firmly  packed  with  the  feet,  except  the  last  few  mches 
Sh  are  leVloSse  as  a  mulch.  The  trees  are  set  deeper  than  they 
rrec^rownm  nursery.     In  filling  the  holes,  we  either  bank  up 

welfS.  loose  dirt  which  we  cultivate  down  to  a  level  through  the 
Teason  or  leave  the  hole  below  the  level  and  throw  up  with  the  cul- 
fvator.     The  former  way  is  preferable  if  the  season  ^s  wmdy 

For  the  first  few  years  some  cultivated  crop  planted  in  hills  to 
suit  the  width  of  the  rows  is  advisable  so  the  orchard  can  be  cult  - 
vated  both  ways.     Tomatoes  or  sweet  corn,  smaller  stalks,  the  lat 
S  not  iXnted^too  close  to  the  trees,  are  good  crops  with  some  cover 
Soi'sown  every  year.     Any  of  the  legumes  are  good,  >ut  we  usu^^^^ 
Iv  sow  a  mixture  of  mammoth  clover,  vetch  and  cow  horn  turnips. 
Mr.  Udell,  the  Baldwin  grower,  attri])Uted  his  success  to  ^P^owing  1^^ 
orchard  using  buckwheat  for  a  cover  crop.     He  said.     My  father 
was  the  first  one  to  use  buckwheat  in  orchards  in  our  section      He 
bein   ts  use  about  fifty  vears  ago.     His  orchard  has  not  failed  to 
produce  a  crop  in  over'40  years."     To  derive  the  most  good  from 
a  coVer  crop  it  should  be  allowed  to  grow  until  May  or  June ;  bu   on 
?evel  ground  some  of  our  l)est  orchardists  plow  late  in  the  f a  1    o 
lave  tfme  in  the  spring.     Fall  plowing  should  never  be  done  in  hilly 
ground  for  ^Erosion''  is  a  bad  man  to  have  on  the  farm  or  in  the 

''''^' Spraying  is  the  most  disagreeable  and  costly  job  ever  invented 
and  4atan"  never  comes  around  the  farm  at  that  time  for  there 
ore  no  ''idle  hands,"  everybody  works,  even  father,  he  has  to  keep 
tiie  steam  pump  running  water  into  the  large  supply  tank.     We  use 
-  gasoline  rigs  with  tanks  of  300  gallons  capacity.     One  man  on  the 
tank  to  drive  and  spray  the  tops,  one  man  on  tlie  ground  with 
a  ^o'foot  lead  of  hose  to  spray  the  lower  limbs.     The  orchards  are 
spraved  twice  before  blossoming  and  once  after.     The  first  spraying 
I  to^Q  or  10  lime-sulphur  for  scale  and  blister  mites      The  second 
^Dravine  i  to  20  with  arsenate  of  lead,  4  pound  to  6  pound  to  50 
illons      As  soon  as  the  blossoming  is  nearly  done  the  spravmg 
begins  on  the  Greenings  as  they  are  about  the  first  to  drop  their 
netals   usin^  i  to  ^S  or  40  commercial  lime-sulphur  and  arsenate  ot 
lead.  ^  We  have  no?  tried  spraying  in  August,  yet  will  this  coming 

'"''' "Ss  past  season  has  been  so  hot  and  dry  fungous  diseases  have 
not  bothered  after  apples  were  set.     Unsprayed  orchards  this  year 
were  free  as  well  as'  the  sprayed  ones,  but  unsprayed  orchards  did 
not  set  much  fruit.     Already  some  are  saying,  'Svell  spraying  hardly 
paid  last  year  so  I  won't  do  much  at  it  this  coming  year.        Ihe  lack 
of  spraving  on  buds  never  showed  better  than  for  the  past  two  sea- 
sons     Last  spring  a  young  orchard  adjoining  my  farm  blossomed 
full      I  would  have  given  $1,500  for  his  crop  and  sprayed  it.     l 
offered  $;oo  per  acre  for  this  orchard.     The  man  did  not  spray  or 
work  his  orchard,  he  had  a  failure.     A  friend  bought  a  power  spray- 
er but  he  spraved  his  neighbors  orchard  at  the  right  time,- leaving 
his  own  orchard  for  a  later  job.     It  rained  so  he  could  not  do  his 


69 

own  orchard  when  it  should  have  been  sprayed.  But  he  won't  do 
so  again,  for  his  neighbor  had  a  fine  crop,  while  he  did  not  have 
any. 

Fruit  growing  is  one  perpetual  picnic.  It  is  ''up  guards  and 
at  them''  fifteen  months  out  of  twelve,  although  we  do  not  have 
to  fight  borers  in  apple,  but  it  is  worth  it  for  it  pays  in  dollars  as 
well  as  in  the  satisfaction  there  is  in  handling  a  crop  of  nice  fruit. 

Apple  packing  is  the  most  serious  question  we  have  in  the  fruit 
business  to-day  and  dealers  are  the  worst  sinners  and  are  more  to 
blame  for  the  poor  apples  packed  than  the  farmer.  We  are  pack- 
ing No.  I  ''Fancy"  2  1-3  in.  up  and  No.  2—2^  to  2>4,  both  grades 
faced  with  good  apples  of  grade  in  the  barrels  with  the  rest  of  the 
apples,  the  same  from  face  to  the  headed  end,  corrugated  caps  are 
used  in  both  ends,  a  padded  head  is  used  to  press  the  apples  down 
first,  then  the  head  is  put  in.  The  best  press  we  have  seen  is  the 
Davis  platform  press  with  a  large  heavy  iron  ring  nearly  the  size  of 
the  head  to  bring  the  pressure  on  the  head  where  needed,  instead 
of  the  center.  This  ring  is  an  idea  we  have  worked  out  ourselves 
and  proves  very  satisfactory. 

Up  to  the  present  time  we  have  put  our  apples  in  storage  as 
soon  as  they  can  be  packed  with  the  packers  sorting  as  fast  as  picked. 
All  the  drops  and  culls  are  drawn  to  the  evaporator,  keeping  the 
orchard  cleaned  up  as  we  go. 

At  the  evaporator  apple  prices  are  very  satisfactory,  65  cents 
per  100  pounds  for  all  that  are  on  the  ground"  and  the  culls.  We  ex- 
pect to  have  a  cold  storage  on  our  own  farm  and  draw  the  apples 
to  the  storage,  and  if  we  are  in  a  hurry  the  apples  will  not  be  sorted 
until  they  are  all  picked.  The  apples  then  will  be  cooled  off  and 
will  stop  ripening.  Will  not  ripen  a  bit  from  the  time  they  are 
picked  until  they  get  into  storage. 

Prof.  Hedrick.  Three  years  ago  last  spring  we  set  out  24 
Baldwins,  24  Bartlett  pears,  24  Elberta  peaches,  24  Lombard  plums 
and  24  cherries.  Twelve  we  pruned  as  we  had  been  doing  in  the 
past,  thinning  out  the  branches  to  form  the  frame  work  of  the  trees, 
cutting  the  remainder  back  to  stubs.  Is  that  the  way  you  do  it  here, 
Mr.  President? 

Mr.  Eldon.     Many  of  them  do,  probably  not  quite  so  short. 

Prof.  Hedrick.  Perhaps  that  is  a  little  shorter  than  the  aver- 
age.    We  cut  out  all  the  branches  that  we  did  not  want. 

Member.     What  age  trees? 

Prof.  Hedrick.  Two  year  old  trees.  The  other  dozen  we  cut 
out  the  branches  we  did  not  want  but  did  not  cut  them  back.  These 
trees  were  set  out  a  little  late  in  the  season.  To  my  great  surprise, 
the  trees  that  were  not  cut  back,  in  every  instance,  grew.  We  did 
not  lose  a  tree.  Of  thev  trees  cut  back  we  lost  one-half.  In  the 
three  years  that  have  elapsed  since  then,  the  trees  that  were  not  cut 
back  to  the  stubs  have  made  the  best  growth.  Over  the  old  method 
of  cutting  back  when  the  trees  were  set  out  and  then  pruning  very 
severely,  I  am  sure  that  we  have  made  that  great  gain  of  strengthen- 
ing the  tree  by  not  cutting  back  but  simply  thinning  out  the  branches. 
All  of  you  who  have  wqrked  about  fruit  trees  know  that  the  largest 
and  best  formed  buds  are  on  the  ends  of  the  branches.     We  are 


Nl  I 


I 


V 


♦ 


70 

tryins:  the  experiment  of  doing  no  pruning  whatever,  except  to  cut 
out  branches  that  cross  and  branches  that  spring  from  the  body  that 
are  not  wanted.  We  are  not  cutting  back  any  from  the  branches 
that  we  want  saved,  hoping  to  get  a  somewhat  better  formed  tree. 
So  much  depends  upon  the  conditions  and  so  much  upon  your  idea 
of  a  tree,  that  I  am  not  writing  down  any  arbitrary  rule. 

Member.     Do  you  not  think  if  you  stimulated  the  growth  of 
the  slow  growing  trees  with  fertilizer  you  would  get  a  quicker  lot 

of  fruit? 

Prof.  Hedrick.     Well,  it  is  possible.  ^     . 

Member.  The  untrimmed  tree  is  higher  up  in  the  air  in  two 
or  three  years  than  the  one  cut  back  severely,  but  not  so  stocky 

Prof.  Hedrick.     When  you  begin  pruning  young  trees  you  have 

to  keep  at  it.  .        ,        ,      ,         1       i^-     i.- 

Member.     Did  you  ever  try  cutting  them  back  and  cultivating 

a  eood  growth  the  first  year  and  never  pruning  any  more? 

Prof.  Hedrick.  I  have  not  seen  that  done.  I  think  we  would 
have  too  many  branches  without  cutting  back. 

Member.     Did  vou  cut  the  peach  trees  back  ? 

Prof.  Hedrick.  ^  We  cut  those  back  to  whips,  and  curiously 
enough  it  happened  to  be  one  of  those  seasons  in  which  the  trees 
refused  to  throw  out  buds  from  whips.  Some  of  our  peach  men  are 
going  to  set  their  peach  trees  the  same  as  we  do  the  apples,  without 
any  pruning  whatever.  . 

Dr.  Stewart.  I  wonder  if  we  are  justified  in  saying  that  win- 
ter pruning  stimulates  growth  when  even  in  winter  we  are  cutting 
off  those  most  vigorous  buds  that  you  refer  to,  and  I  have  noticed 
that  growers  in  England  find  that  all  pruning,  regardless  of  season, 
tends  to  reduce  growth  and  fruiting,  so  that  my  question  here  is 
whether  or  not  we  are  really  certain  that  winter  pruning  stimulates 

prj*owth. 

Prof.  Hedrick.     I  do  not  cut  off  any  summer  or  winter  unless 

the  limbs  cross  then  they  have  to  come  off. 

Dr.  Stewart.     Personally,  I  do  not  believe  that  winter  pruning 

stimulates  growth.  ,       ,       .      „    , 

Prof.  Hedrick.     Well,  you  do  not  and  I  do,  that  is  all  there  is 

of  it. 


71 


A  Cluster  of  Adams  County  Grown  "Winter 
Banana,"    (every  specimen  perfect.) 

TILLAGE  VS.  SOD-MULCH. 


Dr.  U.  p.  Hkdrick,  Horticulturist,  Geneva,  New  York. 


I 


Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  Commercial  fruit 
growing  is  a  comparatively  new  development  in  America.  The  first 
settlers  of  the  new  world  brought  seeds  of  fruits  from  the  old 
world,  for  it  was  impossible,  with  their  slow  sailing  vessels,  to  bring 
grafts  or  the  trees  themselves.  All  of  the  old  orchards  came  from 
seeds.  The  first  great  impetus  to  American  fruit  growing  came 
just  after  the  Revolutionary  War,  when  a  great  number  of  men  in 
different  parts  of  America  became  interested  in  introducing  new 
fruits  in  America.  They  shipped  to  the  old  world  the  trees,  flowers 
and  plants  that  were   found  growing  wild   in  this   country,  and 


.4» 


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brought  back  varieties  of  the  different  European  fruits.  Horticul- 
ture had  its  beginning  at  that  time.  Steam  navigation  gave  another 
impetus.  Before  that  time  trees  and  fruits  could  be  carried  over 
the  ocean  onlv  with  the  greatest  difficulty.  With  the  advent  of 
steam  navigation  these  difficulties  were  removed  and  many  varieties 
were  introduced  into  America.  At  the  same  time  the  codlmg  moth 
apple  scab,  wooly  aphis  and  other  pests  which  before  that  time  could 
not  be  carried  across  the  ocean,  were  introduced 

The  third  and  chief  impetus  came  after  the  Civil  War.  -It  came 
with  the  better  transportation  facilities  whereby  fruits  could  be 
transported  from  place  to  place.  Until  that  time  fruit  had  been 
carried  from  the  producer  to  the  consumer  only  by  horses,  but  now 
railroads  and  steamboats  came  into  use.  Later  developments  have 
been  the  use  of  refrigerator  cars,  cold  storage  plants  and  means  ot 
evaporating  and  canning  fruits. 

In  the  old  days  the  fruits  were  wholly  an  adjunct  to  the  farm. 
The  tree<^  were  planted  near  the  house  and  along  lanes  and  fences 
and  in  sod,  and  the  orchards  were  pastured.     The  trees  received 
comparatively  little  care.     There  was  but  little  money  to  be  made 
from  fruit  growing,  but  with  the  development  of  commercial  fruit 
interest  it  was  found  necessary  to  change,  and  men  began  to  culti- 
vate their  orchards.     It  was  found  that  the  trees  responded  to  good 
care      Fifteen  or  twenty  years  ago  practically  all  the  Experiment 
Stations  were  united  in  the  belief  that  orchards  were  improved  by 
cultivation   and   tillage.     There   were   some   exceptions   where   or- 
chards were  planted  on  hillsides  or  wet  land.     Some  of  these  excep- 
tions were  so  remarkable  that  much  attention  was  called  to  them. 
One  or  two  of  our  agricultural  papers  in  particular,  began  to  cite 
the^e  exceptional  cases  as  best  for  all.     This  led  to  a  controversy 
as  to  the  merits  of  sod  and  tillage.     Our  Experiment  Station,  at 
Geneva.  N.  Y.,  felt  that  it  was  necessary  to  try  the  two  methods  side 
by  side.     I  want  now  to  give  you  an  account  in  some  detail  of  one 
of  these  experiments. 

Aly  subject  implies  a  controversy.  The  disputed  question  is, 
Will  an  apple  orchard  thrive  and  fruit  l^etter  under  tillage  or  in 
sod  with  the  grass  used  as  a  mulch?  The  Geneva  Experiment  Sta- 
tion is  conducting  two  experiments  to  settle  this  question.  This 
paper  is  largely  a  report  on  one  of  these  trials  of  the  two  methods 
of  orchard  management,  the  other  not  having  been  carried  far 
enough  to  warrant  a  report.  In  a  controversy  of  any  kind  terms 
must  be  defined,  and  to  properly  understand  an  experiment  the  con- 
ditions under  which   it   is  undertaken  must  l)e   considered  and   I 

hasten  to  these  tasks.  ...  , 

Is  it  necessary  to  define  tillage?  The  definition  is  short  and 
clear.  To  till  is  to  plow,  cultivate  or  to  hoe  the  soil.  Tillage  is  an 
humble  word  with  its  flavor  of  soil  and  its  suggestiveness  of  sweat- 
ing toil  but  it  is  an  old  word  and  should  be  an  honored  one.  It  has 
rendered  rnankind  untold  and  untellable  service;  it  is  practiced 
wherever  there  is  agriculture  in  the  world  and  nearly  all  of  the 


73 

plants  which  minister  to  the  needs  of  human  kind  have  been  im- 
proved by  tillage.  To  plow,  cultivate,  or  hoe,  to  turn  and  stir  the 
soil,  and  so  improve  the  crop,  or  so  improve  the  soil,  these  simple 
operations  were  the  beginnings  of  agriculture  and  the  beginnings  of 
civilization  and  they  have  been  the  chief  tasks  of  all  civilized  peo- 
ples. Tillage  is  so  universal,  and  is  so  essential  a  part  of  agricul- 
ture that  those  who  oppose  it  for  any  domesticated  plant  should 
look  well  to  its  origin,  to  its  history  and  to  its  present  place  in  agri- 
culture before  charging  it  with  evil. 

There  are  two  words  to  define  in  the  compound  word  sod- 
mulch.  Sod  is  soil  made  compact  and  held  together  by  the  matted 
roots  of  living  grass.  A  mulch  is  an  organic  material  placed  about 
trees  to  prevent  evaporation  and  to  furnish  humus.  The  sod-mulch 
advocates  divide  into  several  sects  in  their  manner  of  making  use 
of  sod  and  mulch.  One  sect  keeps  sheep  on  the  sod,  another  pigs, 
and  still  another  says  the  grass  is  not  sufficient  and  must  be  supple- 
mented with  straw  or  manure. 

We  can  understand  the  experiment  to  be  discussed  better  if  we 
take  a  brief  glance  at  the  philosophy  of  tillage  and  that  of  sod-mulch. 
The  objects  of  tillage  are  so  well  set  forth  by  one  of  the  leading 
living  authorities  on  the  subject.  Professor  F.  H.  King,  that  I  give 
them  without  a  change  of  a  single  word. 

'^  (i)  To  secure  a  thorough  surface  uniformity  of  the  field, 
so  that  an  equally  vigorous  growth  may  take  place  over  the  entire 
area. 

"  (2)  To  develop  and  maintain  a  large  effective  depth  of  soil, 
so  that  there  shall  be  ample  living  room,  an  extensive  feeding  surface 
and  large  storage  capacity  for  moisture  and  available  plant-food 
materials. 

"  (3)  To  increase  the  humus  of  the  soil  through  a  deep  and 
extensive  incorporation  of  organic  matter  so  that  there  may  be  a 
strong  growth  of  soil  micro-organisms  and  the  maintenance  of  a 
high  content  of  water-soluble  plant-food  materials. 

"  (4)  To  improve  the  tilth  and  maintain  the  best  structural  con- 
dition in  the  soil,  so  that  the  roots  of  the  crop  and  the  soil  organism 
may  spread  readily  and  widely  to  place  themselves  in  the  closest 
contact  with  the  largest  amount  of  food  materials. 

"  (5)  To  control  the  amount,  to  regulate  the  movement,  and  to 
determine  the  availabilitv  of  soil-moisture,  so  that  there  shall  never 
be  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  indispensible  carrier  of  food  ma- 
terials and  through  the  plant. 

"  (6)  To  determine  the  amount,  movement  and  availability 
of  the  water-soluble  plant- food  materials  present  in  the  soil,  so  that 
growth  may  be  both  rapid,  normal  and  continuous  to  the  end  of 
the  season. 

(7)  To  convert  the  entire  root  zone  of  the  soil  into  a  com- 
modious, sanitary  living  and  feeding  place,  perfectly  adapted  to  the 
needs  of  the  roots  of  the  crop  and  to  the  soil  organisms, — adequate- 
ily  drained,  perfectly  ventilated  and  sufficiently  warm. 


fl'lVM:; 


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74 
"  <9<\  To  reduce  the  waste  of  plant-food  materials  through  the 
destruction  of  weeS  and  the  prevUon  of  their  growth,  through 
pSention  of  surface  washing  and  dnfting  by  winds 
^       U  is  impossible  by  any  other  means  than  *'!  age  to  obum  for 

£:ii:s  S^'  ]:::^^s;^r^rr:^^^^  with 

'"'  ?amTo«,\oo,  in  being  able  to  give  the  philosophy  of  the 
sod-mukh  andTn  the  words  of'' Mr    Grant  Hitchmgs^  who^^ as  al 
know  has  been  one  of  the  chief  advocates  of  it.     Mr.  Hitchmgs 

'^^'"This  svstem  gives  one  practically  the  whole  Spring  and  Sum- 

..,awber™s,g,«n  pea.   earlv  P°'f  ~^l^«,'„„'jf  i„\rad'of  paym^ 
r^Ho  ™e,S£s  aL  c„W^^  Other  ad.an.agas  are  .ha.  you 

.hf  mulh  me.hod  you  Lum..late  humus  in  your  so,l;  w,.h  clean 

cultivation  you  burn  it  out  or  exhaust  it.  ,1-1 

vf>Qr«  old   five  acres  tilled,  five  acres  m  sod.     The  soil  is  a  meaium 
leavy  cky  loam  rl^h.  and  containing  enough  gravel  to  -ake  't  p-- 
ous''  It  was  sekcted  as  typical  of  the  average  f ^^Jard  so,  lo^^^  W^^^^^ 
nrn  TvT^w  York      The  exper  ment  being  earned  on  is  a  broader  one 
San  a  simple  trial  of  t  llage  and  sod-mulch.     The  experimenters 
hone  ?o  add  something  to  what  is  now  known  about  the  food  an 
Sk  of  trees-how  trees  take  them  in,  make  use  of  them,  and  w_U 
what  effects  •  what  influence  soil  temperature  and  soil  ventilation 
Lve  on  the 'development  and  function  of  tree  roots;  and  among 
stmoSer  problems!  what  the  relationships  between  grass  and  the 

'^^''ltTho,!j^l  be  said  too,  that  the  experiment  is  t«  ™n  t^"  ^^^^^^^ 
least  and  that  the  results  now  given  cover  but  If  !•  ^^  '  a  '"'r. 
period  and  are  therefore  in  some  respects  inconclusive  and  super- 


75 

icial.  For  instance,  the  discussion  now  centers  around  the  yield 
if  fruit.  While  of  course  the  crop  is  the  ultimate  criterion  of  or- 
;hard  treatment  yet  the  effect  upon  the  trees  as  indicated  by  the  leaf, 
ood  and  root  development  is  quite  as  important  an  index  of  the 
fvalue  of  tree  treatment  as  the  crop  of  fruit. 

The  care  of  the  two  plots  in  the  Auchter  orchard  has  been  as 
'follows :  The  tilled  plot  is  plowed  in  the  spring  and  cultivated  from 
four  to  six  times  ending  the  cultivation  about  August  first,  at  which 
time  a  cover  crop  of  barley,  oats  or  clover  is  sown.  On  the  sod- 
mulch  plots,  the  grass  is  cut  once  or  twice  during  the  season  and 
allowed  to  lie  where  cut  and  decay  into  a  mulch.  The  grass  crop 
has  usually  been  large,  but  last  year  it  was  enormous,  thick  and  tall, 
standing  to  the  top  of  the  fore  wheels  of  a  buggy  and  no  one  could 
say  that  it  was  ever  insufficient  for  a  good  mulch.  In  all  other 
details  of  care  the  treatment  has  been  the  same  in  the  two  plots. 

The  ultimate  criterion  of  the  relative  merits  of  the  management 
to  which  an  orchard  is  subjected  is  the  crops  of  fruit  obtained.  It 
is  important,  however,  that  trees  should  grow  well  and  for  the  meas- 
ure of  vigor  there  are  several  characters  of  the  trees  available  ;  as  the 
leaf  area  on  the  tree,  the  length  of  new  wood  formed ;  the  number 
of  new  shoots  and  the  color  of  leaf  and  wood.  The  properties  of 
the  fruit,  as  size,  color,  time  of  maturity,  keeping  qualities  and 
flavor  must  be  noted.  We  come  now  to  a  discussion  of  these 
criteria. 

The  effects  of  the  two  methods  of  management  on  yield  of 
fruit  are  shown  by  the  following  figures : 

Bbls.  sod  Bbls.  tillage 

1004 615.1  591.9 

1905,     233.  278.9 

1906,  210.3     531.1 

1907,  275.3     424.3 

1908, 325.3     722.5 

Average  yield  per  acre  on  the  plots  for  the  five  years :  sod,  72.9 
barrels:  tillage,  109.2  barrels;  difference  in  favor  of  tillage  per  acre» 
36.3  barrels.  These  results  scarcely  need  comment.  For  an  aver- 
age of  five  years  the  tilled  plot  shows  an  increase  of  a  little  over  one- 
fourth  above  the  sod-mulch  plot.  The  figures  first  read  show  that 
each  succeeding  year  the  difference  becomes  greater,  indicating  a 
continuous  loss  of  vigor  in  the  sod-mulch  trees. 

One  of  the  chief  advantages  of  the  sod-mulch  method,  as  put 
forth  by  its  promulgators  is,  that  it  is  a  much  less  expensive  method 
of  caring  for  an  orchard.  The  average  expense  per  acre  of  the  two 
methods  of  management  for  five  years  was  $17.92  for  sod;  and 
$24.47  ^or  tillage,  a  difference  of  $6.55  in  favor  of  the  sod.  It  is 
true  that  the  outgo  has  been  greater  for  the  tilled  plot  but  the  in- 
come has  been  greater.  The  cost  of  production  has  been  materially 
less  for  the  tilled  trees  and  that  is  the  main  point  in  the  whole  dis- 
'cussion.  A  cheap  and  easy  way  of  growing  apples  is  not  neces- 
|sarily  the  most  renumerative  way. 

Leaving  the  yield  of  fruit  for  a  brief  consideration  of  the 
[effects  of  the  two  treatments  on  tree  characters  we  can  mention  first 


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76 

the  leaf  area.  Measurements  of  leaf  area  were  not  made  but  the 
merest  glance  through  the  orchard  would  show  that  there  were  more 
and  larger  leaves  on  the  tilled  plot  than  on  the  sod-mulch  plot.  The 
experienced  orchardist  knows  that  sparsity  of  foliage  and  smallness 
of  leaf  can  indicate  but  one  thing,  ill-health. 

So,  too,  there  was  something  amiss  with  the  color  of  the  leaves. 
It  did  not  need  a  trained  eye  to  detect  the  difference  in  color  of  fol- 
iage in  the  two  plots.     The  dark  and  rich  green  of  the  tilled  trees 
could  be  noted  a  half  mile  from  the  orchard  indicating  an  abundance 
of  food  and  moisture  and  the  heyday  of  health,  while  from  the  same 
distance  it  could  be  seen  that  the  foliage  of  the  sod-mulch  trees  was 
pale  and  sickly.     Of  all  the  signs  of  superiority  of  the  tilled  trees 
the  color  of  the  foliage  spoke  most  eloquently  and  more  than  one 
man  of  the  hundreds  who  visited  the  orchard  was  heard  to  say 
as  his  eyes  lighted  on  the  contrasting  colors  of  the  sick  and  of  the 
well  trees  ''that  satisfies  me."     The  absence  in  color  in  the  leaves  of 
the  sod-mulch  trees  was  due  to  a  lack  of  chlorophvl  or  leaf-green 
Chlorophyl  is  essential  to  the  assimilation  of  plant-food  and  when 
It  IS  lacking  the  trees  become  starved  and  stunted.     The  leaves  on 
the  sod-mulch  trees  assumed  their  autumnal  tints  a  week  or  ten  days 
earlier  than  those  on  the  tilled  trees  and  the  foliage  dropped  that 
nnich  earlier,  thus  seriously  cutting  short  the  growing  season  of 
the  grassed  trees  and  thereby  impairing  their  future  vitality. 

The  new  wood  produced  by  the  grassed  trees  tells  a  similar  tale 
of  injury.  It  was  not  half  that  produced  on  the  tilled  trees-  the 
twigs  were  not  plump  and  well  filled  out ;  there  were  fewer  \iew 
shoots ;  and  the  wood  of  the  mulched  trees  lacked  the  clear,  bright 
rich  brownish  tint  of  health  so  that  in  mid-winter  one  could  pick 
om  mulched  trees  and  tilled  trees  by  the  color  of  the  wood. 

As  to  color  there  is  no  question  but  that  the  fruit  from  the  sod- 
"].  ^]^'^  'f.i""^^  ^^^^  highly  colored  than  that  from  the  tilled 
plot.  1  his  difiference  varies  with  the  season.  JMulched  fruit  ripens 
trom  a  week  to  two  weeks  earlier  than  tilled  fruit.  If  the  varietv 
and  the  season  are  such  that  the  tilled  fruit  can  remain  on  the  trees 
some  days  after  the  mulched  fruit  must  be  picked  the  difference  in 
color  IS  much  less.  The  lighter  color  of  the  tilled  fruit  is  readily 
and  clearly  explamed.  The  coloring  matter  in  the  skin  of  the  apple 
like  that  in  the  leaves,  consists  of  chlorophyl  or  leaf-green  The 
coloring  of  ripening  fruit  is  due  to  the  changing  of  the  chlorophyl 
ot  the  skin  into  the  colored  substances  of  autumnal  tints.  There- 
fore since  the  sod  fruit  ripens  earlier  it  colors  earlier  and  in  most 
seasons  better. 

The  abnormally  high  color  of  the  sod  fruit  in  this  orchard  is 
one  of  the  most  marked  signs  of  the  deleterious  effect  of  the  sod 
on  the  trees.  Every  man  of  experience  has  observed  that  when  a 
tree  is  starved,  stunted,  girdled,  or  injured,  its  foliage  and  its  fruit 
take  on  high  color.  Radiant  color  in  fruit  or  leaf  is  often  the  hectic 
flush  of  a  diseased  patient.     The  bright  color  of  the  fruit  of  the  sod- 

r^'ui    V'u^'  "'""^  ^^  purchased  at  the  expense  of  the  vigor  and  the 
nealth  of  the  tree. 


77 


I' 


A  WelIv  T11.1.KD  Orchard. 


The  latter  ripening  period  of  the  fruit  on  the  tilled  plot  would 
be  a  defect  with  some  varieties  and  in  some  localities  but  in  general 
in  New  York  late  ripening  is  an  advantage. 

Fruit  from  both  plots  for  the  five  years  has  been  kept  in  cold 
storage  to  test  the  relative  keei)ing  qualities.  This  work  has  been 
in  charge  of  Mr.  G.  H.  Powell  the  cold  storage  expert  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  who  writes  me  in  brief :  ''There 
appears  to  have  been  little  practical  difference  in  keeping  quality 
between  fruit  from  sod  land  and  fruit  picked  a  few  days  later  from 
the  tilled  land." 

There  is  but  little  difference  in  the  quality  of  the  fruit  when 
specimens  can  be  had  at  the  same  degree  of  maturity.  But  the  tis- 
sues of  the  sod-mulch  fruit  begin  to  break  down  so  quickly  after 
harvesting  that  at  any  time  after  this  period  the  tilled  fruit  is  better 
in  quality.  This  has  been  true  in  all  of  the  five  seasons,  a  fact  af- 
firmed by  repeated  testing  by  those  in  charge  of  the  experiment  and 
attested  by  many  who  have  seen  the  fruit  at  the  Geneva  Station,  at 
horticultural  meetings  and  at  institutes.  The  more  pleasing  color 
of  the  sod-mulch  fruit  leads  many  to  think  it  is  of  higher  quality 
but  it  requires  only  a  taste  to  convince  to  the  contrary. 


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78 

In  considering  the  causes  of  the  differences  noted  between  the 
two  systems  of  management  we  can  do  little  more  than  state  the 
hypotheses  which  seem  to  account  for  the  results.  The  experiment 
is  by  no  means  concluded  and  definite  reasons  cannot  be  advanced 
until  all  the  proof  is  in.  Yet  it  seems  to  me  I  am  warranted  in  offer- 
ing the  following  hypotheses : 

First.  Plant  food  is  more  available  in  the  tilled  plot  than  in  the 
sod  plot.  That  there  is  an  abundance  of  the  plant  food  necessary  for 
the  welfare  of  the  trees  and  the  production  of  crops  in  both  plots  is 
certain.  For  the  trees  in  the  tilled  plots  showed  in  all  respects, 
good  feeding,  and  such  trees  in  the  sod-mulch  plots  as  could  get  anv 
considerable  portion  of  their  roots  in  soil  where  there  were  no 
grass  roots,  likewise  seemed  to  be  well  fed.  Moreover,  two  of  the 
chief  elements  of  plant  food,  potash  and  phosphoric  acid,  were 
added  to  a  part  of  the  trees  in  each  plot  for  three  successive  sea- 
sons and  without  appreciable  results  in  either  case.  It  is  evident 
that  there  is  plenty  of  food  in  the  sod  land  but  for  some  reason  it  is 
not  available  to  the  apple  trees.  The  trees  are  starving  in  a  land  of 
plenty. 

Second.  The  sod-mulch  does  not  conserve  moisture  as  well 
as  tillage.  The  chief  study  in  the  Auchter  orchard  for  the  summer 
of  1907  was  that  of  the  water  content  of  the  soil  in  the  two  plots. 
One  hundred  twenty-eight  samples  of  soil  were  taken  at  different 
times  during  the  summer  and  under  conditions  safe-guarded  in  every 
way  possible  to  determine  accurately  the  amount  of  moisture  in  the 
soil.  The  analyses  showed,  approximately,  that  the  water  content 
in  the  tilled  soil  during  the  past  summer,  was  twice  as  great  as  in 
^he  sod  plot,  thereby  substantiating  what  has  long  been  claimed  that 
tillagewis  a  better  means  of  conserving  moisture  than  mulching. 

Trees  must  have  water.  If  an  apple  tree  bears  ten  barrels  of 
fruit,  there  are  about  eight  and  one-half  barrels  of  water  in  the  tree's 
output.  In  a  full  grown  apple  tree  it  is  estimated  that  the  total  leaf 
area  is  about  1,000,000  square  inches.  Mr.  F.  C.  Stewart  of  the 
Geneva  Station  has  counted  the  stomata  or  pores  on  a  square  inch 
of  the  apple  leaf  and  finds  that  a  fair  average  is  about  150,000  per 
square  inch.  Or  for  the  leaf  area  of  the  whole  tree,  150,000,000,000 
pores..  Now  to  supply  the  demands  of  its  ten  barrels  of  apple  chil- 
dren while  these  mo,ooo,ooo,ooo  pores  are  constantly  giving  mois- 
ture is  enough  to  drive  a  tree  to  drink  and  the  apple  tree  becomes 
a  hard  drinker.  When  in  the  heat  and  drought  of  summer,  the 
apple  tree  is  compelled  to  share  its  scant  supply  of  water  with  the 
thirsty  horde  of  hangers-on  found  in  an  orchard  sod  the  trees 
rnust  suffer.  Still  further,  a  diminished  water  supply  entails  a  cut- 
ting off  of  the  food  supplv.  Plant  food  enters  the  tree  as  a  solu- 
tion and  an  apple  tree  suffering  from  lack  of  water  as  a  necessary 
consequence  suffers  from  a  lack  of  food.  A  thirsty  plant  is  a 
hungry  plant. 

Third.  The  sod-mulch  soil  is  less  well  aerated.  In  the  ex- 
periments we  are  carrving  on  I  have  not  attempted  to  secure  evi- 
dence on  this  point.  It  is  obvious  that  sod  interferes  with  the  air 
supply  in  the  ground  beneath  it  and  it  is  not  hard  to  believe  that  such 


M 


r:'-< 


79 

interference  would  hinder  the  proper  development  and  prevent  the 
proper  work  of  roots.  The  muffler  of  mulch  which  forms  a  part 
of  this  system  of  orchard  management  would  of  course  intensify  the 
deleterious  effects  of  the  sod  in  the  above  respect. 

Fourth.  The  soil  temperature  is  lower  in  the  sod-mulch  plots 
than  in  the  tilled  plots.  It  is  possible  that  the  harmful  action  of 
grass  on  trees  may  be  accounted  for  in  part  by  the  influence  of  the 
sod  on  the  temperature  of  the  soil.  During  the  summer  of  1907 
the  soil  temperatures  were  taken  in  the  tilled  and  mulched  plots 
twice  a  day  for  41  days  at  the  depth  of  six  and  twelve  inches  and 
under  as  nearly  comparable  conditions  as  circumstances  would  per- 
mit. At  both  depths  the  difference  was  in  favor  of  the  tilled  plot. 
At  six  inches  the  difference  was  slight,  being  only  one-third  of  a 
degree  but  for  the  greater  depth,  twelve  inches,  the  average  in 
favor  of  the  tilled  plot  was  1%  degrees.  It  is  not  an  assumption 
to  say  that  the  higher  temperature  is  most  favorable  to  the  growth 
of  the  apple  tree,  for  plant  physiologists,  soil  physicists  and  bacter- 
iologists agree  that  an  increase  in  soil  temperature  is  favorable  to 
plant  growth.  As  one  of  them  puts  it,  "The  soil  is  a  great  factory 
that  has  its  production  vastly  increased  as  the  temperature  rises." 

Fifth.  There  are  probably  differences  in  the  biological  or 
''germ  life"  activities  taking  place  in  the  soil.  This  is  a  matter  upon 
which  I  am  not  qualified  to  speak  with  certainty.  But  I  know  that 
the  men  who  are  studying  soils  find  that  there  are  various  kinds  of 
micro-organisms  inhabiting  the  soil  which  have  much  to  do  with 
the  proper  functioning  of  the  roots  that  grow  therein.  The  soil  is 
teeming  with  countless  millions  of  living  organisms  which  bring 
about  necessary  changes  of  one  kind  and  another  in  that  soil ;  with- 
out them  higher  vegetation  would  not  grow.  Now  the  activities  of 
these  beneficient  organisms  are  dependent  on  soil  conditions  and 
King  tells  us,  in  the  quotation  given  above,  that  tillage  induces  a 
strong  growth  of  soil  micro-organisms ;  that  it  improves  tilth  so  that 
soil  organisms  may  spread  readily  and  widely ;  and  that  it  converts 
the  root  zone  into  a  commodious  and  sanitary  living-place  for  the 
soil  organisms." 

Sixth.  The  gfrass  may  have  a  toxic  or  poisonous  effect  on  apple 
trees.  At  the  Fifthieth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Western  New  York 
Horticultural  Society  the  speaker  gave  an  account  of  a  series  of  pot 
experiments  which  seemed  to  show  that  grass  roots  in  some  wav 
poisoned  peach  trees  erowing.  The  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture  has  published  a  number  of  observations  and  experi- 
ments to  show  that  different  plants  growing  in  the  same  soil  may 
poison  each  other. 

I  am  able  to  give  also  the  results  of  a  most  excellent  series  of 
experiments  planned  and  carried  out  on  the  Woburn  Experimental 
Farm  in  England.  These  experiments  were  planned  to  show  the 
effects  of  growing  trees  in  grass,  the  latter  to  be  used  as  a  mulch. 
The  following  gives  the  gist  of  the  results  of  the  experiments  in 
question : 

"As  to  the  general  effect  produced  by  grass  on  young  apple  trees, 
the  results  of  the  last  few  years  have  brought  forward  nothing 


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80 

which  can  in  anv  way  modifv  our  previous  conclusions  as  to  the 
intensely  deleterious  nature  of  this  effect,  and  we  can  only  repeat 
that  no  ordinary  form  of  ill  treatment— including  eyen  the  combma- 
tion  of  bad  olanting,  growth  of  weds  and  total  neglect— is  so  harm- 
ful to  the  trees  as  growing  grass  round  them.  -  '^  ''^  The  eyidence 
which  we  shall  bring  forward  will,  we  belieye,  be  sufficient  to  dis- 
pose of  the  yiews  that  the  grass  effect  is  due  to  the  interference  with 
either  the  food  supply,  the  water  supply  or  the  air  supply  of  the 
tree,  and  that  it  must  in  all  probability  be  attributed  to  the  action 
of  some  product,  direct  or  indirect,  of  grass  growth  which  exercises 
an  actively  poisonous  effect  on  the  roots  of  the  tree."  I  do  not  put 
forth  the  'statement  that  grass  poisons  the  apple  as  one  having  been 
proved  but  I  say  that  it  may  be  so. 

In  conclusion  you  are  warned  that  particular  cases  do  not 
warrant  general  conclusions.  The  Auchter  experiment  is  in  many 
respects  a  particular  case  and  the  apple  grower  must  bear  in  mind 
that  under  other  conditions,  his  own  perhaps,  the  trees  might  have 
behaved  very  differently.  The  Auchter  orchard  was  selected  as 
being  typical'  of  Western  New  York  conditions  and  the  results  ob- 
tained may  therefore  be  regarded  as  especially  applicable  to  this 
region.  But  there  are  peculiarities  of  soil  and  location  which 
might  change  them  even  in  Western  New  York,  and  no  doubt  they 
would  be  more  or  less  changed  in  Pennsylvania.  It  is  a  simple 
matter  for  an  orchardist  to  plow  up  a  part  of  a  sodded  orchard  and 
cultivate  it  for  a  few  years:  or  as  easy  for  one  who  has  a  tilled 
orchard  to  lav  a  part  of  it  down  to  grass,  cutting  the  grass  as  a 
mulch,  and  in'a  few  years  he  can  see  what  happens.  We  want  more 
experimenters  among  fruit  growers  and  these  are  good  experiments 
to  try  when  a  man  becomes  dissatisfied  with  the  crops  of  apples  he 

is  getting. 

The  opportunity  of  giving  another  warning  can  not  be  lost. 
The  sod-mulch  method  is  heralded  as  the  cheap-and-easy  method. 
But  some  men  can  not  stand  cheajvand-easy  methods.  If  they  be- 
gin by  applying  it  to  tillage  they  are  likely  to  look  for  a  cheap-and- 
easy  way  o'f  planting,  the  Stringfellow  way  for  instance,  a  cheap- 
and-easv  way  of  pruning  and  a  cheap-and-easy  way  of  spraying 
Some  will  di'sembarass  themselves. with  the  necessity  of  taking  care 
of  their  trees  at  all  and  in  the  end  will  wind  up  as  ornery,  no-account 
apple  growers.  I  do  not  mean  to  sav  that  all  will  but  some  of  them 
will.  You  remember  no  doul)t  in  Pilgrim's  T^rogress  how  Bunyan's 
characters  had  their  natural  associates.  Thus  the  young  lady  whose 
name  was  Dull  chose  as  her  com])anions.  Simple,  Sloth,  Linger- 
after-Uist,  Slow-pace,  No-heart  and  Sleepy-head.  Cheap-and-easy 
has  his  natural  associates  and  they  are  a  bad  lot.  Take  care  how 
you  cultivate  their  acquaintance.  Better  keep  them  under  a  sod- 
mulch. 

In  chemistry,  physics,  astronomy  and  all  of  the  exact  sciences 
the  workers  cons'titute  a  jury  of  keen,  trained  men  before  which  new 
doctrines  can  be  tried.  '  The  jury  is  always  sitting  and  false  doctrine 
is  quickly  weeded  out.  Agriculture  has  no  such  jury.  Its  workers 
are  scattered;  many  are  apathetic;  they  differ  in  training  and  in 
degree  of  intelligence ;  and  they  speak  many  languages.     There  can, 


y- 


I 


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't 


81 

therefore,  be  no  suitable  jury  to  try  new  doctrine,  and  there  are  no 
recognized  authorities  to  approve  or  disapprove  of  them.  It  comes 
about,  therefore,  that  false  and  erroneous  doctrines  often  grow  un- 
heeded and  choke  out  the  true  and  the  useful.  Agriculture  needs 
now  and  ever  to  be  defended  against  false  doctrine.  I  am  ventur- 
ing to  play  the  part  of  a  defender  to  day  and  if  I  have  gone  far 
in  defense  of  tillage  and  in  condemnation  of  sod-mulch  it  is  because 
there  is  need. 

C.  J.  Tyson.  Has  there  been  any  possibility  of  advantage  of 
cover  crops? 

Mr.  Hedrick.  The  tilled  plot  of  the  orchard  has  always  been 
well  supplied  with  nitrogen  through  cover  crops  plowed  under.  The 
sodded  trees  have  always  responded  to  applications  of  Nitrate  of 
Soda. 

Mr.  Allis.  Have  you  any  figures  showing  the  increased  income 
from  that  orchard  after  it  got  on  its  feet  from  cultivation? 

Mr.  Hedrick.  T  have  the  figures  that  were  published  in  our 
bulletin.  For  every  $100  we  have  taken  from  the  sod  plot,  we  have 
taken  $150  from  the  tilled  plot.  T  think  I  may  say  that  during  the 
time  this  experiment  has  been  running  in  western  New  York  there 
has  been  a  tremendous  increase  in  number  of  tilled  orchards.  There 
are,  of  course,  a  good  many  neglected  orchards  now  in  sod,  but  more 
and  more  the  growers  of  this  fruit,  as  with  other  fruits,  are  coming 
to  till  their  trees  as  they  till  their  corn  or  any  other  crop.  I  believe 
that  Mr.  Allis  will  agree  with  me  that  tillage  is  almost  the  invariable 
rule  in  western  New  York. 

C.  J.  Tyson.  I  think  that  this  su1)ject  was  suggested  here  for 
the  reason  that  we  are  not  by  any  means  of  one  mind  on  the  ques- 
tion of  sod  and  tillage,  and  simply  for  the  sake  of  bringing  out  the 
other  side,  I  would  like  to  ask  your  opinion  of  this  proposition: 
Whether  the  expenditure  of  the  difference  in  the  cost  of  handling 
the  sod  and  the  tillage  in  manure,  mulch,  fertilizer  or  sod,  might  not 
bring  as  good  results  as  the  tilled  method  ? 

Prof.  Hedrick.  It  won't  bring  it  in  New  York.  We  have 
tried  that  very  thing.  We  have  used  Nitrate  of  Soda  in  excess  and 
yet  we  can't  bring  the  trees  up  any  way  near  the  capacity  of  those 
that  are  tilled.  T  have  seen  the  two  methods  carried  on  so  long, 
both  in  eastern  and  western  New  York,  and  have  worked  so  much 
with  these  kinds  of  tillage  with  trees,  that  it  seems  to  me  almost  cer- 
tain that  where  tillage  can  be  given  it  is  the  better  of  the  two 
methods. 

Member.     Do  oats  and  l)arley  supply  nitrogen  ? 

Prof.  Hedrick.     Oats  and  barley  do  not  supply  Nitrogen. 

R.  M.  Eldon.  If  land  is  moderately  steep  or  rolling,  how 
would  you  alternate  tilling  it  and  leaving  it  in  sod? 

Prof  Hedrick.  That  can  be  done  well,  especially  if  you  use 
clover  as  sod.  Bluegrass  would  not  do  so  well,  but  to  alternate 
clover  with  tillage  is  a  very  good  plan  on  land  that  is  too  steep  to 
till  every  year.  The  addition  of  organic  matter  in  the  shape  of 
straw  or  hay  is  absolutely  impossible  in  New  York.     You  must  grow 


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on  the  land  the  mulch  you  are  going  to  place  under  the  trees.  If 
you  can  buy  straw  at  a  reasonable  rate,  to  cover  the  ground,  it  will 
far  better  take  the  place  of  tillage  than  the  sod-mulch. 

Member.  Have  the  eight  year  old  trees  in  the  Hitchings  or- 
chard borne  any  fruit? 

Prof.  Hedrick.  No.  In  the  last  two  years  we  have  had  blos- 
soms and  ought  to  have  had  crops  of  fruit,  but  both  years  the  blos- 
soms have  been  killed  with  frost,  which  accounts  for  our  not  having 
had  a  crop. 


83 


One   Section  op  Adams    County  Fruit  Which   Won   Blue   Ribbons   at 
Recent  Fruit  Show  in  Pittsburg — York,  Stayman  and  Grimes. 


m^OM'S  -'V. "'''''. 


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An  Ohio  Cold  Storage  House. 


COLD  STORAGE  A  NECESSITY, 


Mr.  Clark  Allis,  Medina,  N'.  Y.,  Commercial  Orchardist  (500 
acres  in  apple),  and  President  Neiv  York  Fruit  Groivers  Asso- 
ciation, 


Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  The  reason  I  have  been 
studying  lately  on  the  storage  problem  is  because  the  buyer  seems 
to  have  a  corner  on  the  storage  question,  with  us,  and  wants  a  large 
share  of  the  profit.  What  I  say  may  not  be  right  or  to  the  point,  but 
it  is  as  I  have  found  it.  T  saw  a  clipping  in  a  paper  this  week  in 
which  the  opportunity  is  so  great  that  I  am  not  sure  but  some  of  our 
fruit  growers  had  not  better  go  into  this  instead  of  fruit  growing. 

Millions  in  It. 

A  brilliant  plan  for  getting  rich  is  being  worked  out  by  an 
enthusiastic  promoter.  Only  the  chance  to  buy  stock  in  it  ("tele- 
graph your  order!")  remains.  The  company  is  to  operate  a  laree 
cat  ranch  near  Oakland,  California.  To  start  with,  the  promoter  will 
collect  about  1,000,000  cats.  Each  cat  will  average  twelve  kittens 
a  year.  The  skins  will  run  from  10  cents  each  for  the  white  ones 
to  75  cents  for  the  pure  black.  This  will  give  12,000,000  skins  a 
year  to  sell  at  an  average  of  30  cents  apiece,  making  a  revenue  of 
about  $10,000  a  day  gross.  A  man  can  skin  fifty  cats  per  day  for 
$2.  It  will  take  one  hundred  men  to  operate  the  ranch,  and  there- 
fore the  net  profit  will  thus  be  $9,800  per  day.  The  cats  will  feed 
on  rats  and  a  rat  ranch  will  be  started  next  door.  The  rats  multi- 
ply four  times  as  fast  as  cats.     One  million  rats  will  give  four  rats 


I 


82 

on  the  land  the  mulch  you  are  going  to  place  under  the  trees.  If 
you  can  Iniy  straw  at  a  reasonable  rate,  to  cover  the  ground,  it  will 
far  better  take  the  place  of  tillage  than  the  sod-mulch. 

Member.  Have  the  eight  year  old  trees  in  the  Hitchings  or- 
chard borne  any  fruit? 

Prof.  Hedrick.  No.  In  the  last  two  years  we  have  had  blos- 
soms and  ought  to  have  had  crops  of  fruit,  but  both  years  the  blos- 
soms have  been  killed  with  frost,  which  accounts  for  our  not  having 
had  a  crop. 


83 


A 


N 


Hr< 


v^^ 


OxK   vSkctiox   of   Adams    County   Fruit   Which   Won    Blui-:    Ribrons   at 
Rkcknt  Fkuit  Show  in  Pittsburg— York,  Stayman  and  Grimks. 


An  Ohio  Cold  Storage  House. 


COLD  STORAGE  A  NECESSITY, 


Mr.  Clark  Alus,  Medina,  N'.  Y.,  Commercial  Orchdrdist  (500 
acres  in  apple),  and  President  New  York  Fruit  Groupers  Asso- 
ciation. 


Afr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  The  reason  I  have  been 
studying  lately  on  the  storage  problem  is  because  the  buyer  seems 
to  have  a  corner  on  the  storage  question,  with  us,  and  wants  a  large 
share  of  the  ])rofit.  What  T  say  may  not  be  right  or  to  the  point,  but 
it  is  as  I  have  found  it.  I  saw  a  cli])])ing  in  a  pa])er  this  week  in 
which  the  opportunity  is  so  great  that  T  am  not  sure  but  some  of  our 
fruit  growers  had  not  better  go  into  this  instead  of  fruit  growing. 

Millions  in  It. 

A  brilliant  plan  for  getting  rich  is  being  worked  out  bv  an 
enthusiastic  promoter.  Only  the  chance  to  buy  stock  in  it  (''tele- 
graph your  order!")  remains.  The  company  is  to  operate  a  laree 
cat  ranch  near  Oakland,  California.  To  start  with,  the  ])romoter  will 
collect  about  1,000,000  cats.  Each  cat  will  average  twelve  kittens 
a  year.  The  skins  will  run  from  to  cents  each  for  the  white  ones 
to  75  cents  for  the  ])ure  black.  This  will  give  12,000,000  skins  a 
year  to  sell  at  an  average  of  30  cents  apiece,  making  a  revenue  of 
al)out  $10,000  a  day  gross.  A  man  can  skin  fifty  cats  per  dav  for 
$2.  It  will  take  one  hundred  men  to  operate  the  ranch,  and  there- 
fore the  net  profit  will  thus  be  $9,800  per  day.  The  cats  will  feed 
on  rats  and  a  rat  ranch  will  be  started  next  door.  The  rats  multi- 
ply four  times  as  fast  as  cats.     One  million  rats  will  give  four  rats 


INTENTIONAL  SECOND  EXPOSURE 


ill 


Kturt 


84 

per  day  for  each  cat.  The  rats  will  feed  on  the  carcasss  of  the  cats 
from  which  the  skins  have  been  taken,  giving  each  rat  a  fourth  of 
a  cat  The  business  will  be  self-supporting  and  automatic,  ihe 
cats  will  eat  the  rats  and  the  rats  will  eat  the  cats,  and  the  company 
will  get  the  skins.     Telegraph  vour  order. 

My  county  ^Xittle  Orleans,"  is  less  than  twenty  by  twenty-hve 
miles  in  size,  yet  it  produces  more  apples  than  any  place  the  same  size 
in  the  world,  and  has  thousands  of  acres  of  young  orchards  not  pro- 
ducing vet,  '"but  soon."  Five  shipping  points  in  western  New  York 
ship  m6re  apples  than  the  entire  states  of  Washington  and  Oregon. 

Our  county  has  seven  cold  or  chemical  storage  houses  with  a 
capacity  of  313,000  barrels,  which  did  not  begin  to  take  the  apples 
produced  this  year  when  a  light  crop.  What  will  the  fruit  growers 
do  with  their  apples  when  a  full  croj).  This  year  many  of  the  apples 
were  sent  out  of  the  county  to  be  stored,  as  long  as  storage  could  be 
obtained.  When  no  more  storage  could  be  secured,  apples  were  sold 
at  a  low  price.  Some  storages  that  had  promised  to  take  growers 
apples  suddenly  gave  out  the  notice,  '' Storage  all  taken,  no  more 
room."  One  storage  that  gave  out  this  report  had  an  agreement  with 
a  western  buver  not  to  raise  the  price  of  apples  and  they  would  both 
get  apples  cheap  and  the  western  buyer  would  store  20,000  barrels 
with  this  storage.  This  buyer  takes  annually  from  our  town  for  a 
couple  months  work  enough  clear  money  to  buy  one  of  the  best 
farms  in  the  countv.  It  is  reported  now  that  the  storage  was  not 
filled.  M^ny  growers  could  get  no  storage,  so  sold  out  and  when 
they  finished  drawing  could  have  secured  from  ^o  cents  to  75  cents 
per  barrel,  more  for  their  apples  than  they  sold  for  earlier.  This 
was  a  clear  loss  and  could  have  been  saved  if  there  had  l)een  storage 

room.  .  ,       ,  4.    r 

My  storage  bill  this  year  is  over  $2,000  besides  the  extra  cost  ot 
drawing  apples  to  the  stoVage  and  the  loss. of  time  waiting  to  unload 
when  at  the  storage.  During  the  busy  time,  an  hour  or  more  of 
waiting  to  unload  is  quite  a  frequent  occurrence.  Then  again  the 
loss  on  a  crop  stored  in  the  ordinary  storages  from  the  practice  of 
the  storage  men  in  alwavs  expecting  to  handle  all  the  apples  stored 
with  them.  Besides  the  legitimate  40  cents  storage  charge,  they 
alwavs  want  to  make  a  profit  as  big  as  possilile  and  some  years 
doubling  their  monev.  One  time  the  storage  men  by  accident  froze 
the  top'three  tiers  of  barrels  over  my  entire  block  of  apples.  The 
damage  was  not  discovered  until  I  took  an  out-of-town  dealer  to 
look  at  the  apples.  The  storage  man  said,  "Well,  I  knew  your 
apples  were  very  badly  covered  with  fungus,  so  I  put  the  tempera- 
ture down  to  keep  the  fungus  from  si^reading."  He  stop])ed  it. 
He  bought  the  apples  and  when  he  took  them  out,  said  they  were  the 
best  apples  in  the  storage. 

For  some  time,  I  have  had  an  idea  of  a  farmers'  storage,  but 
at  the  present  time  all  the  farmers,  who  were  interested  and  ready 
to  go  in,  have  been  bought  off  with  promises  or  scared  out  by  a  mis- 
representation of  conditions.  When  I  began  to  look  up  the  storage 
proposition,  I  thought  I  knew  a  lot  about  storage,  but  it  is  like  mak- 
ing books,  "There  is  no  end."  In  our  section  there  are  two  kinds  of 
chemical  storages  used  and  each  advocate  is  sure  his  kind  of  chem- 


f 


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I*-. 


I 


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85 

ical  is  the  only  one  to  use.  The  ammonia  system  most  generally 
used  has  to  be  pumped  at  a  pressure  of  200  to  300  pounds  to  the 
square  inch,  and  in  case  of  a  leak  or  break  in  the  pipe  has  been  dis- 
astrous to  the  workmen,  and  in  some  instances  large  damages  have 
been  obtained  against  the  owners.  The  next  chemical  in  popularity 
is  Carbonic  acid  gas  CO2,  but  it  has  the  disadvantage  of  requiring 
a  pressure  of  from  900  to  1300  pounds  per  square  inch.  The  users 
of  each  chemical  tell  of  the  dangers  of  the  other  kind  and  the  benefits 
of  their  particular  plants.  With  each  one  it  requires  a  double  set 
of  machinery  complete  in  every  way  to  guard  against  a  breakdown 
and  heavy  losses;  for  the  storage  company  is  liable  for  the  loss  by 
over  cooling  or  loss  from  lack  of  cooling,  if  you  can  make  out  a  case, 
Init  they  will  always  put  up  the  cry  of,  "poor  stuff"  and  try  to  prove 
that  the  reason  why  the  fruit  did  not  keep  was  entirely  owing  to 
poor  quality. 

The  ammonia  storage  men  claim  for  their  system,  that  if  any 
escapes  by  a  leak  or  break,  the  odor  is  detected  instantly  and  the 
defect  attended  to  at  once.  They  also  claim  a  cheaper  method  than 
gas  to  start  in  with  and  should  a  gas  system  break  or  leak,  there  is 
no  way  to  discover  it  as  the  gas  is  nearly  or  quite  odorless. 

Carbonic  Acid  gas  users  claim  there  is  less  danger -to  workmen 
from  the  gas  than  from  ammonia,  and  the  gas,  what  little  does  es- 
cape acts  as  a  preservative  and  keeps  fruit  much  better  than  the 
ammonia  system. 

One  of  the  large  storages  of  80,000  barrels  capacity  uses  Car- 
bonic acid  gas.  This  storage  is  a  stock  company  and  the  company 
does  nothing  but  straight  storage  business,  never  buying  fruit. 
Their  stock  has  averaged  net  20  per  cent,  profits,  besides  a  surplus 
since  it  was  built,  for  a  period  of  twelve  years.  One  of  the  houses 
using  ammonia  have  paid  big  dividends  since  they  started,  seven  or 
eight  years  ago,  and  a  retiring  partner  this  year  received  200  per 
cent,  for  his  stock. 

The  third  system  of  chemical  storage  for  fruit  that  it  adapted 
to  the  north,  is  what  is  known  as  the  "Gravity  Brine  System."  Mr. 
G.  Harold  Powell,  formerly  with  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture but  now  with  the  Citrus  Union  of  California  at  a  salary  for 
the  first  year  of  $10,000,  says  where  natural  ice  can  be  secured 
cheaply,  the  "Gravity  Brine  System"  is  the  best  and  by  far  the 
cheapest.  Mr.  Powell  has  spent  much  time  studying  and  investi- 
gating cold  storage  problems  for  the  U.  S.  Department  and  is  one 
of  the  best  informed  men  on  that  line  in  the  country.  Madison 
Cooper,  of  Calcium,  N.  Y.,  has  erected  nearly  150  storages  of  this 
kind  in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Canada  is  more  kind  to 
her  fruit  growers  than  Uncle  Sam,  and  where  storage  buildings  are 
needed  pays  30  per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  new  storages. 

The  "Gravity  Brine  System"  is  a  chemical  cold  storage  the 
same  as  the  other  two,  but  uses  ice  and  salt  with  calcium  carbide. 
Usually  at  the  side  of  a  brine  storage  house,  is  erected  a  room  for  ice 
well  insulated,  where  ice  is  kept  for  use  in  the  storage.  No  saw- 
dust or  other  covering  is  used  to  keep  the  ice,  depending  entirely  on 
the  insullation.  When  operating  the  storage,  ice  is  run  through  the 
ice  breaker  to  an  elevator  which  carries  the  broken  ice  to  the  tanks 


86 


87 


,1 


fTWiV  OBvwr 


I-OMaiTUDlNAl.   SeoTIOM 
LONGITUDINAI.    SECTION   OK  A    "GrAVITY   BriNH)   SySTEm"    CoLD    STORAGE    HoUSE. 

(Courtesy,  Madison  Cooper  Co.) 

in  the  top  of  the  building  where  it  is  mixed  with  salt.  This  mix- 
ture goes  into  the  tanks  which  have  pipes  filled  with  calcium  carbide 
and  water.  These  pipes  go  through  all  the  storage  rooms  thus 
cooling  them  to  the  required  temperature.  There  is  a  complete 
system  of  ventilation  for  all  the  rooms  drawing  out  the  bad  air,  which 
contains  carbonic  acid  gas  that  is  thrown  off  by  the  fruit  and  re- 
placing with  fresh  air.  Pears  going  into  storage  hot  in  the  sum- 
mer weather  throw  off  more  carbonic  acid  gas  than  do  the  apples, 
which  are  put  in  in  cooler  weather,  and  replacing  with  fresh  air. 
These  fans  are  run  on  frosty  nights  in  the  fall  and  when  cold 
weather  comes  can  be  used  at  any  time,  thus  saving  the  cost  of  ice 
in  operating  and  giving  fresh  air  to  the  fruit. 

Mr.  Hartwell,  who  ran  three  cold  storages  at  one  time  but  who 
is  now  managing  the  8o,ooo  barrel  ammonia  plant  at  Brighton,  N.  Y., 
came  to  the  conclusion  that  the  old  way  of  storing  fruit  with  no 
ventilation  was  bad  on  the  fruit,  so  at  a  big  expense  has  put  in  a 
complete  line  of  fans,  piping,  etc.,  that  will  change  all  the  air  in 
the  rooms  in  a  short  time.  Carbonic  acid  gas  in  any  quantity 
through  the  lungs  is  a  narcotic  poison,  while  taken  through  the 
stomach  does  not  act  as  a  poison,  but  is  refreshing.  Mr.  Cooper 
and  Mr.  Hartwell  both  claim  and  seem  to  be  able  to  prove  that 
carbonic  acid  gas  is  detrimental  to  fruit  and  should  be  removed. 
This  idea  has  not  been  absolutely  settled,  but  in  visiting  the  different 
houses,  one  cannot  help  but  notice  better  air  and  freedom  from  fruit 
and  other  odors  in  rooms  where  fan  circulation  is  used  than  in 
rooms  where  the  same  air  is  kept  through  the  entire  season  and 
from  year  to  year.     The  air  is  damp  and  heavy  with  no  life  in  it. 


vl-' 


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y^A^ 


f 


THE  COOPEIL  QRAVmr  DKINE  5Y3TEM 
AND  CHLORJDE  OF  CALCIUM  PROCESS 


Brine  Tank  and  Coils  of  a  "Gravity  Brine  System"  Cold  Storage. 

One  feels  depressed  in  the  room  not  ventilated  besides  the  unpleas- 
ant odor  from  the  damp  barrels.  Some  kinds  of  wood  give  off  a 
disagreeable  odor  and  when  barrels  are  made  from  these  kinds  of 
wood,  the  odor  from  them  for  the  entire  season  is  almost  sickening. 
The  ammonia  and  carbonic  acid  gas  systems  of  storage  call  for 
houses  of  40,000  or  more  barrels  capacity  to  keep  the  cost  of  operat- 
ing down  to  a  paying  basis.  Two  complete  duplicate  systems  of 
machinery  must  be  always  ready  in  case  one  should  break  down  and 
two  competent  skilled  engineers  must  always  be  on  hand,  one  for 
day  and  one  for  the  night  shift,  and  in  the  Brighton,  N.  Y.,  stor- 
age three  engineers  working  on  an  eight-hour  shift  at  $25.00  each 
per  week,  and  these  must  be  kept  the  year  round  for  they  cannot 
be  picked  up  when  wanted.  They  also  employ  two  firemen.  This 
makes  the  operating  of  storage  plants  very  expensive  where  ma- 
chinery is  used.  The  cost,  at  the  present  time,  of  an  up-to-date 
storage  house  is  about  $2.00  per  barrel  for  the  plants  requiring  dup- 
licate machinery  and  about  $1.50  per  barrel  for  the  ''Gravity  Brine'' 
houses,  thus  giving  the  brine  operated  houses  the  advantage  in 
building  as  well  as  in  operating.  Electric  power,  where  a  cheap 
rate  can  be  secured,  is  the  cheapest  power,  but  the  new  internal 
combustion  engine  like  the  Deisel  &  Busch  using  crude  petroleum  is 
worth  investigating  as  petroleum  is  a  very  cheap  material  to  pro- 
duce power.  The  ice  and  brine  plant  requires  no  high  priced  or 
expensive  machinery  in  duplicate,  but  with  its  systems  of  fan  cir- 
culation the  outside  cold  air  can  be  utilized,  thus  insuring  good  air 
and  saving  ice.  The  size  of  the  plant  does  not  enter  into  the  prob- 
lem as  with  the  two  first  propositions,  but  natural  ice  at  a  low  cost 


■  '.;■  f    . 


X<-;,tJ-':M 


88 

seems  to  be  the  one  necessary  item.  With  the  brine  system,  if  one 
owns  it  himself,  he  can  sell  his  fruit  at  any  time  and  stop  storage 
and  insurance  charges.  If  your  apples  were  in  some  commercial 
storage,  the  fixed  charges  for  the  season  must  be  paid,  no  matter 
when  the  fruit  is  disposed  of. 

I  have  been  working  on  the  storage  deal  this  fall  and  have  de- 
cided on  a  10,000  barrel  gravity  brine  plant  for  our  own  use.  Will 
put  the  apples  in  barrels,  heading  them  without  pressing,  putting 
them  into  storage  as  soon  as  picked  without  sorting.  If  help  is 
scarce,  sorting  the  fruit  on  rainy  days  or  between  kinds,  or  after 
the  crop  is  entirely  picked.  If  help  is  plenty  will  keep  a  sorting  gang 
at  the  storage  drawing  all  the  apples  there  to  sort.  Should  we  leave 
our  apples  to  sort  until  picking  is  done,  it  would  l)enefit  the 
evaporator  man  by  allowing  him  to  evaporate  the  drops  before  they 
decayed  and  holding  the  picked  cuils  to  the  last. 

We  will  have  our  storage  house  on  our  farm  between  the  steam 
and  trolley  tracks,  with  siding  from  both.  Will  also  have  a  large 
evaporator  on  same  siding,  thus  insuring  short  hauls  for  picked  and 

dropped  apples. 

Storage  is  absolutely  necessary  and  notwithstanding  so  much 
rot  published  for  the  last  few  years  in  city  papers  about  storages 
making  living  more  expensive,  it  tends  to  equalize  the  cost  of  liv- 
ing. Without  storage  it  would  either  be  a  feast  or  a  famine,  a  glut 
in  the  market  and  produce  of  all  kinds  selling  below  cost  of  pro- 
duction and  then  a  market  bare  of  the  same  things  that  had  been 
wasted  for  the  lack  of  storage  facilities.  Cold  storage  is  an  infant, 
but  a  few  years  old,  but  he  is  growing.  Mr.  Case,  of  Sodus,  one 
of  the  best  growers  in  the  state  said  that  he  lost  a  lot  of  apples  this 
year  at  the  last  end,  the  apples  just  got  ripe  and  dropped  off.  If 
he  had  had  a  storage  to  liave  drawn  his  unsorted  apples,  he  could 
have  saved  his  entire  crop,  sorting  them  after  the  apples  were  all 

picked. 

Mr.  Lewis.     What  is  your  plan  in  regard  to  temperature? 

Mr.  Allis.  I  never  ran  a  storage,  but  think  a  temperature  of 
from  30  to  32  would  be  right,  or  prol^ably  to  35. 

R.  M.  Eldon.     ^^'e  would  have  no  difficulty  in  getting  natural 

ice. 

C.  J.  Tyson.     Do  you  know  the  quantity  of  ice  needed? 

Mr.  Allis.  Mr  Cooper  came  to  see  me  last  week.  He  said 
that  for  a  house  holding  10,000  barrels,  it  would  require  1,000  tons 
of  ice  in  a  year. 

C.  J.  Tyson.  How  late  would  you  figure  on  holding  the  apples 
with  that  quantity  of  ice? 

Mr.  Allis.  I  think  that  their  idea  until  the  following  spring, 
until  June.  My  idea  has  been  for  some  time  that  many  apples  have 
been  nearly  ruined  in  storage.  They  come  out  from  in  the  center, 
while  apples  kept  in  a  cool  cellar,  about  40  degrees,  are  kept  in  bet- 
ter condition  than  in  the  cold  storage.  I  think  apples  will  go  to  the 
consumer   in   better   shape    from    the   excessive   cold   of   the   cold 

storage. 

Member.     Would  apples  freeze  at  32? 
Mr.  Allis.     No,  not  in  a  barrel. 


I 


k . 


89 

* 

R.  M.  Eldon.  During  January  and  February  would  you  con- 
template using  the  natural  temperature? 

Mr.  Allis.  With  such  weather  as  this  I  think  apples  would  keep 
without  ice  at  all. 

E.  C.  Tyson.  It  would  be  necessary  for  you  to  think  of  the 
maxium  amount,  would  it  not,  as  some  years  you  would  not  use 
any  scarcely? 

.    Mr.  Allis.     As  I  understood  Mr.  Cooper,  1,000  tons  was  the 
maximum  that  would  ever  be  required. 

E.  C.  Tyson.  What  does  he  allow  for  waste  between  the  times 
of  storing  the  ice  and  using  it  next  fall  ? 

Mr.  Allis.  If  the  house  is  properly  constructed  and  insulated 
there  will  be  very  little  waste.  I  think  Mr.  Hedrick  has  had  quite 
a  little  experience  and  can  answer  some  questions  that  I  do  not 
know  anything  about. 

Mr.  Hedrick.  While  I  was  teaching  in  the  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, Michigan,  I  worked  for  several  years  in  connection  with  the 
college  storage  house,  holding  over  6,000  barrels  of  apples.  I  can 
give  you  any  information  about  running  it  but  cannot  give  you  the 
figures.  The  system  worked  satisfactorily.  It  cost  50  cents  per 
ton  to  put  up  our  ice.  We  had  no  trouble  in  keeping  it,  there  was 
very  little  waste.  Sometimes  the  ice  would  be  in  the  house  three, 
four  or  five  years.  This  small  storage  plan  worked  very  well  in- 
deed. There  are,  I  believe,  one  or  two  in  the  Hudson  River  dis- 
trict. 

Member.     Was  the  storage  room  insulated  with  cork? 

Mr.  Hedrick.  It  was.  There  were  two  thicknesses  of  cork 
and  two  cavities,  or  air  spaces.  The  cork  was  only  thin,  there  was 
no  3-inch  cork. 

Member.  Must  ice  be  taken  from  the  storage  room  and  put 
somewhere  else? 

Mr.  Hedrick.  Yes  it  must  be  taken  from  the  storage  room, 
mixed  with  salt  and  put  in  the  top.  You  must  understand  that  you 
have,  in  the  top  of  your  storage,  a  system  by  which  you  make  brine 
and  crushed  ice,  and  a  pipe  system  running  through  your  room 
which  carries  brine. 

Member.     Is  this  circulation  carried  on  ])y  gravity? 

Mr.  Hedrick.     It  is  carried  on  by  gravity  entirely. 

Member.     What  would  be  the  life  of  the  tanks  in  regard  to 

salt?  --■  '  '  '      ' 

Mr.  Hedrick.  We  have  used  this  house  for  several  years. 
It  is  still  in  use.  So  far  as  I  know  the  pipes  have  never  been 
changed.  It  is  calcium  chloride  in  the  pipes,  I  do  not  know  what 
the  life  of  the  pipes  would  be.     You  might  have  to  renew  them. 

Member.  As  the  pipes  run  through  the  tank,  I  should  think 
that  salt  would  corrode  them  and  very  likely  would  be  sharp. 

Mr.  Allis.  I  asked  Mr.  Cooper  that  same  question,  and  he 
said  that  the  life  of  the  pipes  was  several  years. 

Member^*     Do  you  remember  the  size  of  those  pipes  ? 

Mr.  Hedrick.     About  ij/^  inch.     They  ar^  not  expensive  pipes. 

E.  C.  Tyson.  Is  the  question  of  ice  a  daily  process  while  in 
operation  in  hot  weather? 


'J:^m^'' 


m: 


90 

Mr.  Hedrick.  In  hot  weather  it  is  a  daily  job  to  have  a  man 
crush  the  ice  and  take  care  of  it.  At  this  time  of  year  it  is  probably 
a  weekly  job,  taking  an  hour  or  two  to  put  the  ice  in. 

Mr.  Allis.  A  7I  understand  it.  the  elevator  runs  from  the  ice 
house  to  the  upp^' story  where  the  ice  is  mixed.  There  is  also 
another  point  I  hity:thought  of  in  this  system,  that  the  ice  storage 
room  would  be  nearly  empty  at  the  time  you  picked  your  apples  in 
the  fall.  You  can  store  your  apples  in  that  room  until  you  have  to  fill 
it  with  ice  the  next  winter.  I  asked  Mr.  Cooper  about  that  and  he 
said  it  would  work  all  right.     That  would  give  you  that  extra  room. 

E.  C.  Tyson.  Do  I  understand  that  the  temperature  is  auto- 
matic ? 

Mr.  Hedrick.  The  temperature  is  pretty  nearly  automatic. 
If  you  are  looking  after  it  closely  you  can  make  it  automatic.  It 
varies  little  more  than  chemical  storage. 

E.  C.  Tyson.     What  attention  would  be  required? 

Mr.  Hedrick.  Putting  in  more  ice  and  more  brine,  keeping  that 
more  regularly  supplied  in  order  to  have  a  lower  temperature,  and 
m  openmg  the  ventilators  and  running  the  fans.  It  is  always  an 
easy  matter.  And  there  are  also  automatic  thermometers  to  help 
vou  out. 

Member.     What  runs  the  fans? 

Mr.  Hedrick.  Electricity.  In  a  plant  the  size  of  Mr.  Allis'  it 
would  almost  be  necessary  to  have  a  small  engine  or  electric  power. 


91 


Starting  Melons  in  Hotbed. 


A  Fine  York  Imperial  Apple  Tree. 


BUSINESS  METHODS  IN  MARKETING  APPLES. 


W.  J.  Lkwis,  Pittston,  Lucerne  County,  Pa.,  Commercial  Orchard- 
ist  and  President  of  the  Fruit  Growers'  Association  of  Luzerne 
County, 

Mr."  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  We  up  in  Luzerne 
have  for  sometime  recognized  the  fact  that  in  the  Adams  County 
association  you  had  one  of  the  strongest  societies  in  the  east.  One 
that  was  doing  more  for  itself  and  its  members,  and  one  that  had 
been  and  still  is,  an  important  factor  in  the  development  of  the  fruit 
industry  in  this  section.  For  that  reason  I  have  looked  forward 
with  pleasure  to  the  time  when  I  could  meet  with  you.  That 
anticipation  of  pleasure  is  now  more  than  fulfilled.  I  have  assur- 
ance also  that  my  being  here  at  this  time  will  be  a  pleasure  to  you. 
Lest  you  might  take  that  feeling  for  one  of  conceit  I  will  explain 

why  I  have  it. 

A  few  weeks  ago  at  our  Luzerne  County  meeting  your  Mr.  C. 

"^J.  Tyson  was  with  us  and  gave  us  two  very  interesting  and  instruc- 
tive addresses.  While  there  he  asked  me  to  come  to  this  meeting 
and  address  you  on  the  subject  which  has  been  assigned  to  me.  I 
tried  to  be  excused  with  the  plea  that  I  had  been  so  busy  the  last 
15  years  trying  to  learn  how  to  grow  and  market  fruit  that  I  had'nt 
had  time  to  learn  how  to  tell  about  it  in  public,  but  he  said  ''Oh,  they 
.  are  a  good  natured  bunch  down  in  Adams  county  and  will  put  up 

'^'  with  most  anything.''     So  I  have  risked  your  everlasting  displeasure 
and  will  do  the  best  I  can. 

I  When  I  get  up  to  talk  in  public  I  am  reminded  of  a  story  I 
read  a  few  weeks  ago.  A  young  man  was  to  address  his  first  audi- 
ence.   After  he  had  been  duly  introduced  he  forgot  everything  he 


I 


■'WM 


v^ 


PvA'-■-l'■'.»'^■■v?'.J3•)J 


':^.>\:i^:f^-f^ 


[: 


92 

had  intended  to  say.  His  mind  was  entirely  a  blank.  The  only 
hTng  he  coufd  think  of  at  all  was  a  little  story  he  had  read  ni  a  paper 
a  few  days  before,  so  he  had  to  give  them  that^  He  saul  •  Friends 
greaTora'iory  is  almost  a  thing  of  the  past.  The  kmdo  oratory 
that  sways  men's  minds  and  influences  their  whole  life  is  almost 
gone,     clsar  is  dead,  Abraham  Lincoln  is  dead  and  I  am  not  feel- 

ine^  verv  well  myself.''  .        ,  .        .     ^. 

I  am  just  a  little  reluctant  to  bring  up  this  subject  in  the  pres- 
ence of  you  people  who  have  had  considerable  experience  in  the 
growing  and  marketing  of  fruit,  many  of  you  being  much  older  and 
having  had  more  experience  than  I  have  had,  but  we  have  all  had 
dffferfnt  experiences  and  these  things  appeal  to  us  m  d.fterent  ways 
For  this  reison  I  shall  hope  to  call  your  attention  to  a  few  thing 
in  marketing  as  I  have  seen  them,  with  the  hope  that  it  may  be  of 
some  little  value  to  you.  While  my  subject  is  the  marketing  of 
fruit,  what  1  shall  say  along  this  line  will  apply  equally  as  well  to 
any  or  all  other  farm  crops. 

The  advances  that  have  been  made  along  horticultural  lines  the 
past  few  years  are  simply  wonderful.     We  naturally  expect  any 
new  industry  just  starting  up  to     make  marked  progress,  but  in 
horticulture  'we  have  one  of  the  oldest  industries  known,  as  we 
presume  that  ever  since  the  apple  was  in  the  garden  of  hden  more 
or  less  fruit  has  been  produced.     And  now  after  these  thousands  of 
years  to  start  up  and  make  such  progress  is  nothing  less  than  mar- 
velous    The  sources  from  which  we  may  learn  how  to  grow  crops 
are  many.     We  have  our  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
our  several  state  departments,  our  agricultural  schools.  Farmers 
Institutes,  books,  papers  and  last  but  not  least  these  associations 
but  unfortunately,  while  these  tell  us  how  to  grow  crops,  they  don  t 
give  us  much  instruction  on  the  marketing  of  them.     \ow,  that 
seems  to  me  one  of  the  most  important  things  we  have  to  consider : 
it  is  the  end  of  the  business  from  which  we  get  the  price  to  buy  the 
necessities,  comforts  or  luxuries  of  life  as  the  case  may  be. 

Notwithstanding  the  wonderful  progress  that  we  have  made 
along  the  line  of  crop  production,  we  must  admit  that  other  indus- 
tries have  better  systems  of  marketing  their  product  than  we  have. 
And  yet  I  do  not  recall  the  first  practice  followed  in  marketing  other 
products  that  would  not  apply  equally  as  well  to  ours. 

1  do  not  know  of  any  better  way  that  1  can  call  your  attention 
10  a  few  things  I  wish  to  at  this  time  than  by  a  short  study  of  the 
methods  of  those  engaged  in  other  lines  and  comparing  their  ways 
with  ours.  Just  for  the  purpose  of  comparison  1  am  going  to  try 
and  call  your  attention  to  some  of  the  ways  and  workings  of  the 
International  Harvester  Company.  As  you  all  know  they  are  a 
large  corporation  with  many  factories  turning  out  many  different 
implements,  and  yet  they  make  Intt  one  thing  in  each  factory^  This 
might  suggest  to  us  the  advisability  of  being  a  specialist.  I  think 
the  day  of  the  specialist  if  not  already  here  is  coming  very  fast. 
Many  arguments  might  be  brought  in  support  of  this,  but  the  one 
having  to  do  with  my  subject  is  this :  H  we  are  growing  but  one  crop 
we  can  produce  that  in  sufficient  quantity  so  that  our  influence  is 
felt  in  any  market  that  we  care  to  enter,  and  to  the  extent  we  can 


1-^ 


') 


93 

make  our  influence  felt,  just  to  that  extent  can  we  control  prices. 
This  fact  might  dictate  to  us  as  to  what  market  we  should  go.  A 
market  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  our  supply.  ^ 

Another  point  to  which  I  wish  to  call  your  attention  is  the 
matter  of  cost.     We,  in  order  to  market  intelligently  must  know 
the  exact  cost  of  any  product  we  put  upon  the  market.     From  what 
I  have  seen  since  I  have  been  in  your  county  I  believe  you  have  a 
better  development  along  horticultural  lines  than  we  have  in  Lu- 
zerne   yet  if  I  should  ask  you  how  many  of  you  knew  the  exact 
cost  of  any  product  vou  ever  put  upon  the  market  I  doubt  if  one 
of  you  could  tell  me.'   I  hope  for  your  sake  that  I  am  wrong  about 
this      It  is  a  principle  as  old  as  the  hills  that  in  order  to  trade  (and 
that  is  what  marketing  is)   intelligently  you  must  know  the  value 
of  what  vou  are  trading  in.     This  matter  of  cost  may  look  like  a 
bio-  job  to  you  and  I  will  admit  that  it  does  require  some  study  and 
thought  to  work  out  a  system  to  properly  work  out  the  cost  of  our 
different  crops,  but  when  vou  have  such  system  once  started  it  onlv 
requires  a  few  minutes  each  dav  to  keep  it  in  shape.     Bear  in  mind 
that  the  International  Harvester  Company  have  their  own  ore-mines 
and  forests  from  which  they  take  their  raw  material  and  their  busi- 
ness requires  a  much  more  complicated  svstem  to  know  the  cost  of 
their  product  and  vet  they  have  it  because  it  is  absolutely  necessarv 
that  they  should.   'l  believe  it  is  very  possible  for  us  to  make  a  nice 
little  profit  on  four  or  five  acres  of  some  crop  and  loose  it  on  a  pair 
of  pigs  or  a  dozen  chickens  or  visa  versa  just  because  w^e  don  1 

know  the  cost.  ^  -    ^'         r  .u^ 

Another  thing  this  companv  does :  At  some  certain  time  ot  the 
year  they  take  a  complete  inventory,  so  that  they  can  tell  to  the  cent 
Whether' their  operations  for  the  year  have  been  at  a  profit  or  loss. 
What  would  it  be  worth  to  us  now  as  fruit  growers  if  we  had  done 
this  every  year  and  should  do  this  again  on  the  first  day  of  next 
Tanuary  and  then  set  down  and  figure  out  just  what  we  had  made  or 
lost  during  the  year  that  is  past  and  then  take  our  cost  account  and 
tell  just  what  crops  we  grew  at  a  profit  and  which  ones  at  a  loss. 
What  a  guide  to  us  in  our  future  work.  ^        .  .  t^ 

Another  thing  they  do  very  extensively  is  advertising.     It  was 
said  a  year  or  two  ago,'  in  the  sale  of  automobiles  for  instance,  on  a 
$2,000  machine,  that  absolutely  $1,000  of  that  was  spent  for  adver- 
tising and  placing  the  machine  on  the  market.     Now  I  am  not  say- 
ing that  it  would  pay  fruit  growers  to  spend  so  large  an  amount 
proportionately  as  this,' but  there  are  many  little  and  cheap  ways 
that  we  can  use  to  call  the  attention  of  the  pul)lic  to  the  value  of  the 
apple  as  a  food.     lust  last  week  in  conversation  with  a  western 
apple  man  he  told  me  that  it  didn't  make  anv  difference  where  you 
went  or  for  what  purpose  in  Spokane  you  heard  the  apple  talked 
about      Those  western  fellows  are  just  filled  up  with  it  and  we  can 
see  the  result  of  that  kind  of  advertising  in  our  eastern  markets. 
I  heard  another  good  authority  say  that  if  fruit  growers  would  ad- 
vertise and  educate  as  extensively  as  the  breakfast-food  people  did 
that  there  wasn't  enough  apples  grown  in  the  United  States  to  sup- 
ply the  population  of  Pennsvlvania.     Bear  in  mind  that  their  pro- 
duct has  no  value  as  a  food  in  comparison  with  ours. 


m 


\^ 


94 

Another  thing  it  does'nt  make  any  difference  whether  a  mow- 
ing machine  is  sold  at  home,  in  South  America,  Africa  or  Austraha, 
the  identity  of  the  manufacturer  and  the  place  of  manufacture  is 
never  lost  sight  of.  The  only  place  that  this  doesn't  count  in  is 
the  junk  heap  where  the  price  has  fallen  from  about  $45.00  to  $2.00 
Friends,  there  is  entirely  too  much  of  our  product  sold  as  junk,  it 
you  are  turning  out  a  product  that  you  are  ashamed  of,  let  it  go  as 
junk,  but  if  what  you  have  for  sale  is  as  good  as  the  average  stamp 
your  reputation  on  to  it,  show  the  consumer  that  you  are  not 
ashamed  of  it  and  you  will  be  surprised  what  a  lot  of  confidence 
you  can  inspire  in  him  and  what  a  price  he  will  pay  for  it. 

As  illustrating  that  and  another  thought  in  advertising,  we  sell 
a  good  manv  of  our  apples  in  our  local  market,  and  two  years  ago 
we  thought  of  putting  a  shipping  tag  on  each  of  our  baskets  It  was 
not  addressed,  simplv  put  on  the  basket.  The  merchant  asked  what 
we  put  those  on  for,  and  we  said  we  wanted  the  basket  back.  He 
said  he  would  keep  the  baskets  for  us,  but  some  other  fellow  might 
find  out  where  he  was  getting  the  apples  and  compete  with  him  I 
told  him  if  I  found  our  baskets  sitting  out  without  our  tag  on  them 
we  would  quit  him.     That  is  advertising  and  identity. 

Another  thing  that  the  International  Harvester  Company  does 
when  they  have  a  machine  ready  to  go  out  they  never  go  out  to  a 
fence  corner  and  pick  up  some  old  piece  of  wood  to  make  a  case 
for  it.  If  you  wanted  to  buy  that  machine  and  it  had  an  old  case  on 
it  you  would  think  it  was  an  old  machine.  They  use  a  nice,  new, 
bright  case.     It  pays  them  to  do  it.  r     -      ^ 

I  do  not  know  how  you  people  here  market  your  fruit  alto- 
gether, but  in  our  countv  I  have  seen  apples  as  good  as  the  average 
of  these  exhibited  going  to  market  in  boxes  that  hens  had  roosted  in, 
in  old  weather-beaten  boxes,  and  I  have  seen  them  in  a  dog-coop.  I 
do  not  believe  you  do  anv  of  these  things  or  I  would  not  dare  say 
so  much.  But  to  get  back  to  the  marketing  end  of  it,  we  must  put 
up  our  fruit  in  a  package  that  is  going  to  add  to,  rather  than  detract 
from  its  appearance. 

Another  thing  that  thev  do,  they  rake  this  country  over  with  a 
fine-tooth  comb,  as  it  were,  to  get  the  very  best  man  they  can  for 
a  salesman.  What  constitutes  a  good  salesman?  In  the  first  place, 
he  should  be  good-looking ;  any  of  us  can  fill  that  bill.  He  ought  to 
be  reasonably  well  dressed ;  any  of  us  can  fill  that.  He  must  be 
a  man  of  fairly  even  temperament.  It  does  not  make  any  difference 
what  appears,  he  must  not  get  angry.  In  other  words,  he  must 
always  be  able  to  turn  the  bright  side  of  the  deal  out  for  the  in- 
spection of  the  public. 

For  illustration  I  want  to  tell  you  of  an  incident.  A  farmer 
went  into  a  grocery  store  to  sell  potatoes.  He  wanted  80  cents  a 
bushel  for  them.  The  groceryman  came  out  and  shook  hands  with 
him  and  asked  him  how  things  were  going  out  on  the  farm,  and 
whether  he  had  pretty  good  crops,  and  by  that  time  they  had  reached 

the  office.  .  , 

The  farmer  sat  down  and  poured  a  tale  of  woe  into  that  man  s 
ear  that  would  have  made  even  Job  turn  green  with  envy.  The 
groceryman  had  troubles  enough  of  his  own.     The  groceryman  dis- 


t 

I 

t 


T 

4 


i^ 


\ 


i 


'i^^r 


95 

pised  him  because  he  saw  that  that  man  dispised  his  business.  He 
did  not  care  to  do  business  with  him.  He  said  ''I  will  give  you  70 
cents  for  your  potatoes."     The  man  would  not  take  it. 

The  next  day  another  man  zamt  in  and  shook  hands  with  the 
groceryman,  and  by  that  time  the  groceryman  had  somewhat  re- 
covered from  the  host  of  the  day  before,  and  he  asked  him  the  same 
questions  and  treated  him  the  same  way.  They  had  not  been  in  the 
office  fifteen  minutes  before  the  groceryman  was  ready  to  turn  his 
business  over  to  that  farmer.  This  farmer  had  been  prosperous  the 
whole  year.  The  fact  was  that  the  first  man  had  been  the  most 
prosperous  of  the  two  but  he  did  not  know  how  to  advertise.  He 
sold  all  the  potatoes  for  85  cents.  Never  let  the  other  fellow  see 
how  dark  your  side  is ;  keep  good  natured  and  you  can  sell. 

A  salesman  must  have  confidence  in  himself  and  faith  in  his 
product.  That  implies  a  whole  lot.  In  the  first  place,  to  have  con- 
fidence in  himself  he  can  make  his  way  anywhere  and  go  anywhere. 
If  he  thinks  he  is  going  to  make  a  sale  and  get  a  good  price,  he  is 

going  to  do  it.  .  .  ,     . 

Now  in  conclusion,  there  are  quite  a  good  many  little  tricks  in 
marketing  that  I  might  call  your  attention  to.  I  mean  there  are 
little  ways  of  keeping  your  customers  good  natured.  I  do  not  mean 
dishonestly.  To  sum  up  what  I  have  said,  we  ought  to  get  more 
actual  business  into  our  marketing.  We  have  got  the  best  business 
on  earth.  It  is  worth  a  good  deal  more  consideration  and  atten- 
tion than  we  give  it.  In  proof  of  the  fact  that  we  have  the  best 
business  on  earth,  I  would  challenge  any  one  of  you  to  name  any 
other  business  that  you  are  acquainted  with  that  would  stand  the 
lack  of  attention  that  we  give  ours,  and  see  if  you  can  think  of  any 
business  that  would  stand  the  methods  we  use.  It  may  be  that  you 
people  down  here  are  very  much  more  advanced  along  these  lines 

than  we  are. 

There  has  been  quite  a  considerable  controversy  the  last  year 
or  two  in  regard  to  the  per  cent,  of  the  consumer's  dollar  that  the 
fruit  grower  gets,  and  the  "Rural  New  Yorker"  has  it  figured  down 
that  we  get  only  35  cents,  or  less,  of  the  consumer's  dollar.  I  won- 
der how  it  would  work  if  we  would  say  that  the  consumer  is  paying 
$3.00  for  one  dollar's  worth  of  goods.  If  the  consumer  was  not 
responsible,  it  would  be  up  to  the  growers  to  make  the  change.  We 
have  got  a  whole  lot  the  best  end  of  the  string,  it  seems  to  me.  I 
do  feel  sorry  for  the  large  bulk  of  consumers.  If  the  conditions 
are  as  we  see  them,  the  next  move  is  up  to  them,  and  any  move 
that  is  made  to  remedy  that  condition  must  come  from  the  con- 
sumer.    That  is  about  all  I  have  to  say  on  this  subject,  and  I  thank 

you. 

R.  M.  Eldon.     Are  you  interested  in  storage? 

Mr.  Lewis.  We  are  only  interested  in  storage,  at  the  present 
time,  in  the  natural  storage.  We  have  a  little  storage  building  of 
our  own,  and  I  am  not  just  prepared  to  say  that  that  storage  would 
work  out  on  an  extensive  scale,  but  by  choosing  varieties,  we  keep 
apples  in  that  storage  that  we  sell  all  through  the  fall  and  winter 
season,  and  keep  them  up  to  the  middle  of  May  and  June,  with 
very  little  loss.     Moreover,  we  have  customers  who  say  they  will 


i  \ 


96 

rbsolutelv  not  buv  cold  storage  apples.     Whether  the  flavor  goes 
out  of  coW  storage  apples,  I  do  not  know,  but  they  thmk  the  apples 

^'^  r  T'^1"'dI  ^;;°'lron^the  cars,  or  how  do  you  get 

''^Vr.Tetfs:  Practically  all  the  apples  we  grow  we  grade  and 
the  better  erade  we  box,  just  as  you  have  these  boxed  here  and 
those  we  shin  all  o^er  the  world,  and  what  we  call  seconds,  are  fairlv 
good  applt  which  we  sell  in  local  markets,  hauling  them  .n  bushel 
baskets,  by  wagon.  .     1    n  :> 

SrSis^  YefsirTwe'^t  ^e  in  bulk.     There  are  just  a  few 
Httle^^inJ; X  I  might  c'all  your  attention  to..     We  have  our  regu- 
lar customers  that  we  supply.     We  have  six  m  ^  'l><^«^-^'^[^  j/°'^ 
in  the  city  of  Pittston,  and  four  m  Scranton.     Anyone  outside  ot 
those  few  we  would  not  sell  a  bushel  at  any  price. 

People  get  anxious  for  anvthing  they  can  t  get.  .^  f ter  we  ha^  . 
markS  to%hem  a  little  while,  a  fellow  once  in  a  while  will  get  a 
Ht?le  independent  and  when  that  fellow  tells  us  his  rec,uest  for  that 
dav  or  the  next  dav,  it  mav  be  lo  bushels.  When  we  go  there  the 
next  day  we  onlv  give  him' six  bushels.  Tf  we  just  try  to  give  him 
one  eSa  one  he  would  fade  away,  but  if  we  cut  hun  short  he  gets 

'""MrHoucr\ou  speak  of  having  your  own  storage      Can 
vou  keep  vour  apples  without  using  ice?     1  think  tnat  would  take 
he  flavor.-    How  do  vou  preserve  your  apples  to  keep  them? 

Mr  Lewis.     We'have  a  storage  built  of  concrete  i6  feet  wide 

and  80    eet  long  and  10  feet  high.     We  went  into  a  bank    our  feet 

so  when  the  thing  was  completed  we  had  taken  out  just  enough 

d^rt  to  cover  the  top.     It  can  be  arched  over  with  concrete  or  stone 

orXZ:ir  is  th'e  cheaper^     We  ventilate  it   from  the  tojx       n 

nicking,  we  take  our  apples  just  as  they  are  picked,     ^ot  over  13 

S    20  minutes  from  the'  time  they  are  taken  from  the  trees  we  hav^ 

them  in  the  storage.     The  important  point  in  storage  is  to  get  them 

romptlv  in  storage.     At  picking  time  we  have  occasionally  a  co Id 

ay  and  a  cold  night,  and  any  day  it  is  colder  outside  than  inside 

we  open  yentilatoPs  and  then  close  them  again.     We  have  it  well 

enough  insulated  that  we  can  hold  it  at  whatever  point  we  have 

^  '     Mr  Houck.     Would  it  be  an  advantage  to  have  a  mode  of  forc- 
ing cold  air  underneath  and  letting  the  other  pair  pass  out  at  the 

*^^ '  Mr.  Lewis.     Tf  you  hold  a  match  up  to  the  chimney  you  can  tell 

which  wav  the  current  is.  i         •      i    ij:j 

Member.     TTow  many  apples  will  a  cave  that  size  hold. 
Mr   Lewis.     We  have  this  in  bins.     We  grow  quite  a  number 

of  varieties.     We  pile  them  8  feet  in  bulk.     We  put  in  the  side  bins, 

Sie  kinds  we  know  we  are  going  to  keep  the  longest.     By  being  very 

economical  in  space  it  will  hold  7,  500  bushels 

C    T   Tyson      What  do  vou  think  of  the  attitude  of  the  con- 

sumer'to  help  himself  out  by 'taking  fruit  direct  from  the  grower. 

Are  they  inclined  to  do  it? 


f.'l  > 


i^*^ 


^V 


97 

Mr.  Lewis.  The  class  of  people  that  are  doing  that  are  the 
wealthy  class,  but  the  people  that  I  fear  are  almost  at  the  starving 
point  do  not  seem  to  consider  that  at  all.  They  do  not  seem  to 
care  about  it. 

W.  S.  Adams.     What  are  your  leading  varieties? 

Mr.  Lewis.  That  is  a  hard  question  to  answer.  We  have 
yy  varieties  in  bearing  and  there  are  only  a  few  of  those  that  are  not 
profitable.  Tf  I  were  to  set  another  orchard  I  would  not  set  more 
than  nine. 

E.  C.  Tyson.  Tf  you  were  growing  apples  with  a  view  of  mar- 
keting in  carloads  you  would  not  want  so  many  varieties.  Not  over 
nine. 

Mr.  Lewis.     Some  people   advise  two  or  three. 

Member.  Have  you  selected  a  list  of  nine  that  you  consider 
best  for  your  locality? 

Mr.  Lewis.  Yes,  nine  or  ten.  T  could  give  you  that  list  for 
our  location,  but  you  know  something  about  our  latitude  and  our 
soil  is  a  silty  loam.  Tt  is  a  little  different  soil  from  anything  they 
have  ever  found  in  this  state.  Our  altitude  is  750  feet.  If  you 
will  bear  those  conditions  in  mind  I  will  give  you  the  list.  If  we 
want  to  start  in  early  we  take  the  Yellow  Transparent,  then  the 
Red  Astrachan  for  the  first  general  purpose  apple.  Now,  I  do  not 
know  what  your  conditions  are  here  as  to  local  markets.  I  do  not 
know  if  it  is  advisable  to  grow  summer  apples  in  carload  lots.  You 
come  nearer  getting  a  supply  of  good  eating  apples  in  the  winter 
than  in  the  summer.  Tt  seems  to  me  that  the  summer  apple  is  the 
])rofitable  apple  if  it  is  taken  right  off  the  tree  and  sold  without  any 
liandling  and  without  storage. 


Gravenstein, 

Mcintosh, 

Baldwin, 


Wealthy, 

Smokehouse, 

Stark, 


Duchess, 
Wagner. 


They  are  all  good  bearers,  have  good  color  and  all  the  quality 
that  we  can  ask  of  an  apple  in  our  section. 

W.  W.  Boyer.  The  best  grade  you  talk  of  shipping  all  over 
the  world,  in  what  package  do  you  ship  them,  and  how  do  you 
find  the  market? 

Mr.  Lewis.  We  ship  them  in  barrels  and  boxes,  wrapped. 
We  find  the  markets  partly  through  fruit  shows,  advertising  in  that 
way.  If  you  were  able  to  go  into  the  remotest  corner  of  the  United 
States  and  do  something  just  a  little  bit  better  than  anybody  else  has 
ever  done  it,  you  could  not  hide  it,  the  people  would  get  there  to  find 
out  about  it.  Tf  you  will  ])ox  apples  that  are  just  a  little  better  than 
the  average  in  the  city  markets,  it  is  just  a  question  of  finding  here 
and  there  a  customer.  One  customer  will  tell  another,  that  one  will 
tell  another,  and  in  that  way  you  will  get  your  market. 

Member.  Do  you  ship  direct  to  the  customer?  We  ship  di- 
rect to  the  consumer. 

Member.     Do  you  know  what  your  storage  cost  you? 


t 


98 

Mr.  Lewis.  $1200.  We  built  the  storage  at  picking  time,  and 
every  two  or  three  weeks  an  out-of-town  commission  man  came 
to  buy  our  crop.  One  came  in  one  day  when  we  were  picking  and 
asked'if  we  were  ready  to  sell.  We  told  him  we  were  always  ready 
He  said.  "I  bought  a  whole  lot  around  this  country  for  65  cents  but 
these  are  just  a  little  better,  and  if  you  will  keep  still  I  will  give 
you  80  cents."  I  told  him  to  go  with  me  to  where  we  had  a  few 
piled  up  and  show  me  how  many  he  was  going  to  pick  out  When 
he  got  there  his  eves  were  quite  a  little  bigger  than  when  he  was  in 
the  orchard.  He'said,  "I  will  give  you  $1.25,  but  I  see  hat  you  are 
not  ready  to  sell."  I  said  "No,'  we  are  not  ready  to  sell.  We  did 
a  little  better  than  that.      We  had  4,000  bushels.  •     .  .„ 

A  good  little  storage  would  be  a  good  thing  for  you,  just  to 
hold  as  a  club  over  the  buyers. 


The  Stayman  Grows  Largic  When  Weli.  Cared  For. 


K 


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>''v-J  . 


99 


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<:<'■.> 


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v.»        . 


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»«^«S.  A.- 


m*mm 


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s     — .         ♦• 


***%■»■*  * 


l*.-*^i.. 


js  •  «»*. ; 


Williams'  Early  Red. 
A  very  satisfactory  Red  Apple  for  early  summer. 

THE  EASTERN  FRUIT  GROWERS'  ASSOCIATION,  ITS 

PLANS  AND  PROSPECTS. 


Mr.  N.  T.  Framk,  Secretary,  Martinshurg,  W,  Va. 


Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  Down  in  Berkeley 
County,  West  Virginia,  we  are  accustomed  ordinarily  to  say  that 
there  are  two  leading  County  Horticultural  Societies  in  this  part 
of  the  country ;  first  the  Berkeley  County  Horticultural  Society  and 
second  the  Adams  County  Horticultural  Society.  I  shall  go  home 
from  here  and  tell  my  people  that  we  must  immediately  call  a  special 
metting  and  start  a  fund  to  put  up  a  building.  I  see  that  we  are 
second  to  you  in  Adams  County  which  we  cannot  afford  to  be.  We 
are  going  to  have  a  building. 

Personally,  I  have  for  a  long  time  wanted  to  get  to  Adams 
county.  Now  that  I  am  here  I  assure  you  that  I  am  very  much 
gratified  to  see  the  audience  that  is  here  to  discuss  the  subject  of 
marketing.  If  there  were  no  other  impression  or  information  that 
I  could  carry  away  from  this  meeting  I  should  feel  that  I  had  been 
well  repaid  for  coming  over  here  simply  to  hear  Mr.  Lewis'  practical 
talk  on  marketing  problems.  He  told  us  a  whole  lot  of  things  that 
will  do  us  all  good,  and  I  particularly  agree  with  him  that  in  com- 
mercial fruit  growing  even  in  Adams  County  and  Berkeley  County, 


,^0_            V,  ,          .         .                          -            -    =^1^^= r^-- 

98 

Mr.  Lewis.  $1200.  We  built  the  storage  at  picking  time,  and 
every  two  or  three  weeks  an  out-of-town  commission  man  came 
to  Iniy  our  crop.  One  came  in  one  day  when  we  were  picking  and 
asked  if  we  were  ready  to  sell.  We  told  him  we  were  always  ready 
He  said.  '•!  bought  a  whole  lot  around  this  country  for  65  ^ent^  l^ut 
these  are  just  a  little  better,  and  if  you  will  keep  still  I  will  give 
you  80  cents.-'  I  told  him  to  go  with  me  to  where  we  had  a  few 
piled  up  and  show  me  how  many  he  was  going  to  pick  out.  When 
he  got  there  his  eves  were  quite  a  little  bigger  than  when  he  was  in 
the  orchard.  He'said.  '"I  will  give  you  $1.25.  but  I  see  that  you  are 
not  ready  to  sell."  I  said  "No.'  we  are  not  ready  to  sell.  We  did 
a  little  better  than  that.      We  had  4,000  bushels. 

A  good  little  storage  would  be  a  good  thing  for  you,  just  to 
hold  as  a  club  over  the  buyers. 


yy 


I .. 


^Iv 


'U.i 


/■ 


'    vli 


The  Stayman  Grows  Largu  Whun  WulIv  Cared  For. 


WiLUAMs'  Early  Red. 
A  very  satisfactory  Red  Apple  for  early  summer. 

THE  EASTERN  FRUIT  GROWERS'  ASSOCIATION,  ITS 

PLANS  AND  PROSPECTS. 


Mr.  N.  T.  Framk,  Secretary:,  Martiiisburg,  W,  Va. 


Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  Down  in  Berkeley 
County,  West  Virginia,  we  are  accustomed  ordinarily  to  say  that 
there  are  two  leading  County  Horticultural  Societies  in  this  part 
of  the  country ;  first  the  Berkeley  County  Horticultural  Society  and 
second  the  Adams  County  Horticultural  Society.  I  shall  go  home 
from  here  and  tell  my  people  that  we  must  immediately  call  a  special 
metting  and  start  a  fund  to  put  up  a  building.  I  see  that  we  are 
second  to  you  in  Adams  County  which  we  cannot  afford  to  be.  We 
are  going  to  have  a  building. 

Personally,  I  have  for  a  long  time  wanted  to  get  to  Adams 
county.  Now  that  1  am  here  I  assure  you  that  I  am  very  much 
gratified  to  see  the  audience  that  is  here  to  discuss  the  subject  of 
marketing.  If  there  were  no  other  impression  or  information  that 
I  could  carry  away  from  this  meeting  1  should  feel  that  I  had  been 
well  repaid  for  coming  over  here  simi)ly  to  hear  Mr.  Lewis'  practical 
talk  on  marketing  problems.  He  told  us  a  whole  lot  of  things  that 
will  do  us  all  good,  and  I  particularly  agree  with  him  that  in  com- 
mercial fruit  growing  even  in  Adams  County  and  Berkeley  County, 


INTENTIONAL  SECOND  EXPOSURE 


lip 

111  I 


M 


I 


lOO 

we  ought  to  have  ripe,  well  developed  apples  to  put  on  the  market  in 
the  fall,  whereas,  at  the  present  time,  we  are  then  putting  on  the 
markets  cull  apples  that  are  not  fit  to  eat.  When  you  or  I  pick  up 
a  basket  of  grapes  from  a  fruit  stand  and  take  them  home  they 
look  fairlv  good  Init  when  we  taste  of  them  find  them  green,  we  do 
not  buv  any  more  grapes  for  some  time.  Now,  the  man  or  woman 
in  New  York,  or  Savannah  or  New  Orleans  who  attempts  eating 
York  Imperial  apples  in  the  fall,  does  not  buy  any  more  apples  until 
he  or  she  is  forced  to  do  it.  We  want  to  have  a  ripe  apple  on  the 
market  in  the  fall  season  even  if  we  sell  that  apple  at  cost  We 
shall  be  educating  the  people  to  use  our  later  apples  when  they  do 

ecome  npe.^  has  nothing  definite  to  do  with  the  Eastern  Fruit 
Growers'  Association.  Two  years  ago  a  number  of  fruit  growers 
from  our  section  went  to  Washington  and  appeared  before  the  Com- 
mittee of  Agriculture  to  further  the  passage  by  Congress  of  a  bill 
giving  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  authority  to  quarantine  against 
infested  nursery  seedlings.  There  seemed  to  be  inadequate  methods 
of  detecting  the  imported  brown-tail  moths.  We  felt,  in  our  sec- 
tion, that  if  a  nest  of  brown-tail  moth  should  get  scattered  we  could 

not  aflford  to  sprav  against  it.  r       j       i     o 

When,  however,  we  reached  Wa.shington.  we  found  only  a 
handful  of  fruit  growers  from  two  or  three  sections.     We  put  up 
an  argument  before  the  Aericultural  Committee  which  was  admitted- 
ly strong,  but  we  could  claim  before  that  Committee  to  represent 
onlv  a  handful  from  the  fruit  growing  industry.     We  learned  that 
a  number  of  your  people.  I  think  several  of  you  gentlemen  from 
Adams  countv,  had  l)een  down  to  Washington  furthering  the  pass- 
age of  the  so-called  T.aFean  Bill,  standardizing  packages.     We  were 
in  favor  of  the  LaFean  bill.     Your  people  went  down  to  push  the 
LaFean  bill,  we  to  inish  the  Simmon  bill.     If  we  had  all  been 
there  backing  both  bills,  we  might  have  got  favorable  reports.     It. 
therefore,  seemed  advisable  that  some  form  of  interstate  organiza- 
tion be  effected,  and  last  vear  at  the  Hotel  Raleigh.  Washington,  the 
Eastern  Fruit  Growers'  Association  was  organized.     Many  of  you 
have  copies  of  the  constitution  with  the  minutes  of  that  meeting  last 
vear      In  concise  terms,  tlie  idea  of  the  Eastern  Fruit  Growers'  As- 
sociation is  that  the  organization  is  a  legitimate  lobby  m  the  interest 
of  fruit  growing  in  \'irginia.  West  \'irginia.  :\laryland.  Pennsyl- 
vania, Delaware  and  District  of  Columbia,  and  to  further  legislation 
which  will  help  our  fruit  growers.  .     ,        ,  ^         •         „ 

If  anv  matters  come  up  before  the  Agricultural  Committee,  the 
officers  of  the  Eastern  Fruit  Growers'  Association  are  expected  to 
be  advised  of  that  fact  and  arrange  for  hearings  at  which  all  the 
fruit  growers  can  be  represented.  There  are  certain  interstate 
problems  which  affect  this  whole  territory  that  neither  your  state 
society  nor  tlie  Maryland  state  society,  nor  the  \'irginia  state  society, 

can  alone  successfully  solve.  ,    ,  ,    ,  •         ' ,    • 

The  second  annual  meeting  has  just  been  held  this  week  in 
Washington,  and  in  this  connection  T  would  like  to  beg  the  pardon 
of  the  \dams  countv  society.  When  we  arranged  for  the  Washing- 
ton meeting  T  told  Air.  Lupton  I  thought  tliere  would  be  no  con- 


r 


lOI 

flicting  dates  this  week.  It  was  unfortunate  that  we  should  have 
picked  out  a  date  that  made  it  impossible  for  any  of  your  people 
to  be  in  attendance. 

At  the  meeting  at  Hotel  Raleigh  on  Tuesday  and  Wednesday 
of  this  week,  the  matters  discussed  were  as  follows :  It  was  decided 
that  in  the  following  line  of  work  laid  down  we  might  more  profit- 
ably confine  the  membership  to  the  five  states,  Virginia,  West  Vir- 
ginia, Maryland,  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware,  taking  in,  of  course, 
any  people  from  the  District  of  Columbia.  We  did  not  feel  that  we 
necessarily  would  be  antagonistic  to  New  York  or  to  Georgia  and 
states  farther  south,  although  matters  might  come  up  where  there 
would  be  a  conflict  of  interest ;  but  we  felt  that  we  could  accomplish 
more  by  limiting  the  membership  to  these  states.  You  will  notice 
by  the  constitution,  that  the  Eastern  Fruit  Growers'  Association  is 
open  to  membership  to  commercial  fruit  growers  or  men  and  women 
engaged  in  scientific  research  work  relating  thereto  in  the  five  states 
mentioned.  The  membership  fee  is  $i.oo;  for  societies,  $5.00.  It 
is  to  be  hoped  that  Adams  county  will  join  as  a  society  and  a  num- 
ber of  you  as  individuals. 

What  shall  the  standard  package  law  be?  You  people  are 
backing  a  proposed  LaFean  Jjill  standardizing  a  28^2  inch  barrel 
stave.  We  were  fighting  for  just  such  a  barrel.  In  Virginia  the 
state  law  makes  standard  a  barrel  one  inch  shorter  with  a  27}^  inch 
stave.  If  any  effective  legislation  on  standard  packages  is  to  be 
passed  by  Congress,  the  fruit  growers  who  are  vitally  affected  must 
go  before  Congress  united  and  demand  the  same  standard.  If  you 
people  from  Pennsylvania,  and  we  from  West  Virginia  and  Mary- 
land go  down  before  the  Agricultural  Committee  in  favor  of  a  28>4 
inch  barrel,  but  the  strong  Virginia  Society  send  a  big  delegation 
up  there  claiming  that  such  a  standard  is  unjust,  and  there  should 
be  a  273^  inch  barrel,  it  is  very  likely  that  the  bill  will  never  come 
out  of  tiie  Committee,  which  fact  proves  the  necessity  of  an  organi- 
zation like  the  Eastern  Fruit  Growers'  Association.  The  result  of 
the  discussion  was  that  a  committee  of  five,  one  from  each  of  the 
five  states,  was  appointed.  This  committee  is  expected  to  canvass 
the  sentiment  of  their  various  states.  I  hope  we  can  persuade  the 
Virginia  people  that  they  are  wrong.  If  we  do  persuade  them  then 
the  fruit  growers  will  go  before  congress  united  in  effecting  legis- 
lation along  that  line. 

I  have  here  a  table  of  rates  on  which  Hagerstown  is  taken  as  a 
basis  for  this  section.  On  the  shipments  going  to  points  like  New 
Orleans  or  Jacksonville,  the  freight  rates  from  all  stations  are  just 
the  same  as  the  Hagerstown  rates.  Now  the  point  is  this :  The  price 
of  apples  through  this  whole  York  Imperial  belt  depends  largely 
upon  the  lowest  price  in  any  one  section.  If  the  dealer  can  buy 
York  Imperial  apples  in  Winchester  or  Martinsburg  for  $2.50  he 
will  not  come  here  and  buy  yours  at  $2.75.  This  York  Imperial 
belt  is  well  defined,  and  my  experience  is  that  the  lowest  market 
price,  packing  and  other  things  considered,  governs  the  territory. 
The  rate  from  Rochester  to  Memphis  is  thirty-five  cents  per  hun- 
dred, and  from  Hagerstown  to  Memphis,  thirty-five  cents  per  hun- 
dred.    Your  York  Imperial  may  not  go  so  exclusively  to  the  south- 


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em  markets  as  ours  do.     A  great  many  of  your  ^PPjf '  "^X^;*^^'^'. 
po  south      A  buyer  comes  in  here  with  the  idea  of  buying  20,00c. 
barrels  of  apples^     He  finds,  however,  upon  investigation  that  he 
can  buy  20.0S  barrels  of  New  York  apples  and  get  them  into  south- 
em  ma^rkets  as  cheap  as  or  cheaper  than  he  can  get  o""  '"•    Now 
as  a  matter  of  justice,  we  believe  we  are  entitled   o  ^  differentml  as 
we  are  several  hundred  miles  nearer  to  this  market    ^tth's  meeting 
in  Washington  on  Wednesday,  the  members  pledged  a  fund  ot 
$2  000  S  to  hire  an  attorney  to  bring  this  matter  be  ore  the  Inter- 
SrC—rce  Commission.     We  feel  that  you  people  will  be  will- 
ing to  co-operate  and  bear  your  share  of  the  burden. 
^   Prof    Symons  of  the'  Maryland  Agricultural  College,  read  a 
report  on  gfmmons  Bill,  which  will  have  to  be  -mtrod"^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
season  giving  the  right  to  quarantine  against  infested  nursery  seed 

''"^'■prof    Waite  together  with  Dr.   Haywood  and  Prof.  Quain- 
tance  aU  of  whom  are  members  of  the  Insecticide  Board  explained 
something  of  the  workings  of  that  Board  and  the  present  law  re- 
ceding spray  materials.     The  law  is  broad  enough  so  that  any  in- 
fectidde  and  fungicide  which  bears  evidence  of  having  been  adul- 
terated can  be  confiscated  and  the  manufacturer  prosecuted      But 
the  evidence  must  be  collected  by  the  regular  agent  of  the  depart- 
ment     If  any  of  you  gentlemen  suspicion  that  you  have  adulterated 
Tpray  materials  write  ?o  the  Department  at  Washington  telling  why 
vou  thS  they  are  adulterated,  and  give  the  name  of  the  brand  and 
name  of  the  manufacturer,  which  will  give  the  Department  a  sug- 
"Sfon,  and  maybe  one  of  their  inspectors  will  pick  up  samples  of 
tha    particular  brand  in  some  other  sections  and  if  they  are    ound 
to  be  adulterated  the  Department  will  have  evidence  on  which  to 

prosecute   ^^^^^^  Fruit  Growers'  Association  felt  that  apple  crop  re- 
ports should  be  in  terms  of  barrels  rather  than  in  percentages      No 
one  seemed  to  know  what  would  be  a  100  per  cent  crop.     It  is  an 
abstract  proposition.     Our  growers  on  the  other  hand  are  accus- 
tomed to' esdmate  in  terms  of  barrels  when  they  place  their  order 
for  empty  barrels  with  their  coopers.     We  think  in  terms  of  bar- 
rels ancl  ie  sell  on  the  basis  of  barrels    The  Eastern  Fruit  Growers 
Association,  therefore,  resolved  unanimously  to  request  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  to  work  out  a  more  satisfactory  method  of 
fruit  crop  reporting.     A  suggestion  was  made  that  just  as  the  de- 
partment at  one  time  detailed  Prof.  Scott  to  work  out  the  problem 
Ef  spraying  peaches  with  self  boiled  lime-sulphur  and  then  send 
him  lo  fruit  growers  meetings  over  the  country  to  teach  the  growers 
the  result  of  his  experiences  so  now  we  would  like  to  have  a  man 
detailed  from  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  to  study  with  the  owners  and 
shippers  and  market  men  the  subject  of  apple  crop  '"eporting  and  to 
formulate  definite  blanks  and  methods.     If  this  specialist  could  then 
be  sent  to  the  horticultural  society  meetings  so  as  to  educate  the 
erowers  in  attendance  upon  a  uniform  method  of  reporting  from 
all  the  different  sections  there  would  be  in  the  course  of  a  few  years 
many  thousands  of  trained  crop  reporters  using  the  same  standard. 
This  we  believe  would  be  a  great  benefit  to  the  growers. 


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The  Eastern  Fruit  Growers'  Association  elected  the  follow- 
ing officers :  As  President,  Mr.  S.  L.  Lupton,  Winchester,  Va. ;  as 
Vice-President  from  West  Virginia,  Mr.  C.  W.  Thatcher,  Martins- 
burg;  Vice-President  from  Maryland,  Mr.  E.  P.  Cohill,  Hancock; 
Vice-President  from  Virginia,  Dr.  S.  S.  Guerrant,  Callaway;  Vice- 
President  from  Pennsylvania,  Mr.  D.  N.  Minnick,  Chambersburg ; 
Vice-President  from  Delaware,  Mr.  G.  L.  Soper,  Magnolia;  as 
Treasurer  Mr.  E.  I.  Oswald,  Chewsville,  Md. ;  as  Secretary,  Mr. 
N.  T.  Frame,  Martinsburg,  W.  Va. ;  as  members  of  the  Executive 
Committee  the  five  state  vice-presidents  as  named  above. 

I  again  extend  to  the  Adams  County  Society  the  invitation  from 
the  Eastern  Fruit  Growers'  Association  to  become  an  affiliated  mem- 
ber ;  and  to  all  of  you  as  individuals  the  invitation  to  become  mem- 
bers. 

I  want  to  read  here  a  paper  on  marketing  the  York  Imperial 
apple.  This  paper  was  endorsed  by  the  meeting  on  Wednesday.  I 
was  requested  to  bring  this  paper  before  the  five  state  meetings. 
This  paper  is  entitled  ''Styles  in  Fruit"  and  is  relative  to  some  mar- 
ket problems. 

Styles  in  Fruit. 

In  a  recent  issue  of  ''Farm  and  Fireside"  edited  by  our  fellow 
orchardist,  Mr.  Herbert  Quick,  of  Morgan  County,  West  Virginia, 
appeared  column  after  column  of  advertising  matter  addressed  to  the 
farmers  and  the  farmers'  wives  to  convince  them  of  the  necessity  of 
dressing  in  an  up-to-date  style,  filling  their  homes  and  barns  with 
up-to-date  equipment  and  going  to  town  in  an  up-to-date  auto- 
mobile. 

Mr.  Quick's  paper,  as  I  understand,  carries  twice  each  month 
to  some  half  million  homes  this  appeal  to  country  people  to  send 
their  money  to  the  cities— to  the  so-called  trade  and  manufacturing 
centers.  Yet  large  as  is  the  amount  of  such  advertising  carried  by 
"Farm  and  Fireside"  it  is  but  a  drop  in  the  bucket  compared  to  the 
whole  volume  of  carefully  prepared  advertising  matter  going  into 
the  homes  of  the  producers  in  this  country  with  the  purpose  and 
intention  of  educating  them  up  to  the  point  of  being  up-to-date,  of 

keeping  in  style. 

This  oft  repeated  and  long  continued  appeal  has  produced  a 
marked  eft'ect  in  the  industrial  life  of  this  country.  Countless  cities 
profiting  in  the  hundreds  of  channels  of  trade  opened  up  by  the  ad- 
vertising campaigns  of  the  last  twenty-five  years  have  doubled  and 
tripled  in  population;  while  the  country  districts  offering  only  a 
passive  resistance  to  their  exploitation  by  the  cities  have  in  very 
many  cases  gone  backward. 

The  cities  with  the  aid  of  their  advertising  compaigns  have  been 
sending  into  country  homes  their  patented  luxuries  and  trade-mark 
necessities  at  fancy  prices ;  while  the  country  districts  have  blindly 
competed  with  each  other  in  the  open  market  to  dispose  of  their 
foods,  wools  and  cottons  in  bulk  quantities  with  no  thought  to  pro- 
vide "styles"  in  raw  materials  and  eatables  so  as  to  bring  back  from 
the  cities  at  fancy  prices  some  of  the  money  sent  there  for  the 
•tylish  but  high-priced  city  products  which  the  country  people  have 


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been  persuaded  to  believe  form  a  necessary  part  of  their  every-day 
living. 

As  any  man  knows,  who  feels  it  necessary  to  buy  a  new  derby 
hat  this  year,  because  his  old  one,  perfetly  good  yet,  is  this  year 
out  of  style,  the  styles  in  men's  hats  are  controlled  not  by  the  con- 
sumers, but  by  the  hat  trade,  from  manufacturer  to  retailer,  whose 
businesses  would  all  be  much  restricted  if  the  wearers  were  allowed 
to  use  their  old  hats  until  worn  sufficiently  to  demand  new  ones. 

Every  woman  who  studies  this  year's  fashion-plates  and  finds 
that  she  an  hardly  re-trim  her  old  hat  because  of  change  in  shapes, 
realizes  that  not  she  but  the  milliners  control  the  styles  in  hats. 
They  may  like  to  make  it  appear  that  a  demand  for  the  change 
comes  from  the  ultimate  consumer  but  as  yet  99  per  cent,  of  the 
ultimate  consumers  do  not  know  what  the  change  will  be  until  they 
see  the  ^'Ladies'  Home  Journal''  or  the  "Woman's  Home  Compan- 
ion" such  a  pretext  is  nonsense.  The  millinery  trade  controls  the 
wires  that  re-create  the  fashions. 

And  so  it  is  all  down  the  line  of  city-made  goods.  If  the  coun- 
try communties  are  to  turn  the  trade  balances  back  to  a  position 
favorable  to  them  they  must  fight  the  advertisers  with  their  own 
fire.  A  few  country  districts  have  already  learned  this.  Hood 
River  apples  for  instance  sells  at  25  cents  apiece,  not  because  of 
their  superior  quality  but  because  of  the  organized  advertising  that 
has  educated  a  certain  class  of  consumers  to  demand  such  apples  at 
any  price.  vSuch  advertising  has  been  supplemented  with  proper 
growing  and  packing  and  all  the  other  details  of  successful  market- 
ing but  exactly  the  same  fruit  without  the  advertising  would  never 
have  made  land  worth  several  thousand  dollars  an  acre  in  Hood 
River.  Hood  River  has  turned  the  trade  balances  in  its  favor  be- 
cause it  has  made  it  stylish  to  eat  Hood  River  apples. 

Why  shouldn't  the  fruit  growers  of  West  \  irginia,  \'irginia, 
Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  unite  on  an  advertising  campaign  and 
make  it  stylish  to  have  Grimes  Golden  apples  at  all  times  in  the 
fruit  dish  and  York  Imperial  apple  pie  with  which  to  finish  every 
meal  ? 

The  conditions  in  the  apple  trade  appear  to  the  writer  very 
favorable  for  the  taking  up  at  this  time  such  a  cam])aign.  Growers 
are  gradually  learning  that  they  place  themselves  in  a  very  weak 
position  when  they  sit  around  and  wait  for  tlie  cash  buyers  to 
come  to  them  to  get  their  apples.  With  the  apples  ready  to  pick, 
no  storage  facilities  provided  and  no  means  of  getting  in  touch  with 
consuming  markets  many  growers  this  last  year  were  forced  at  the 
last  minute  to  take  whatever  they  could  get  irrespective  of  what  the 
market  warranted. 

Others  growers,  and  wiser  ones  in  my  judgment,  turned  over 
to  expert  selling  agencies  the  inspection  and  marketing  of  their 
crops  on  five  year  contracts.  Such  a  contract  enal)les  them  to 
concentrate  their  energy  upon  the  successful  ])roduction  of  their 
apples  knowing  that  they  will  get  for  them  the  best  that  the  market 
afifords,  and  at  the  same  time  enables  the  commission  man  to  begin 
a  year  ahead  to  help  create  the  market  for  next  year's  crop  know- 
ing that  he,  and  not  someone  else,  will  have  that  crop  to  handle. 


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The  further  development  of  this  idea  until  the  bulk  of  the 
apples  of  these  four  states  would  be  put  into  the  markets  through 
well  established  and  strong  selling  agencies  would  produce  the  ma- 
chinery through  which  I  believe  we  could  control  very  largely  the 
styles  in  apples  as  the  hat  trade  does  in  men's  derbies. 

From  correspondence  and  conversation  with  growers  and  com- 
mission men  I  am  convinced  that  a  considerable  number  of  both 
would  l)e  mutually  glad  to  enter  into  long  term  contracts  if  the 
matter  were  presented  to  them  in  such  a  way  and  under  such 
auspices  as  to  have  their  confidence.  I  suggest,  therefore,  that  at 
the  meetings  held  this  winter  of  the  state  horticultural  societies  of 
West  Virginia,  Virginia,  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  that  commit- 
tees already  existing  or  new  committeis  if  necessary  be  instructed 
to  confer  with  similar  committees  of  the  other  three  state  societies 
to  adopt  a  recommended  form  of  selling  contract  between  growers 
and  selling  agencies,  to  provide  for  securing  funds  for  advertising 
appropriation  and  advertising  agency  to  be  recognized  as  an  official 
agency  of  the  four  state  societies  to  carry  out  such  an  advertising 
plan. 

As  details  for  consideration  by  these  committees  I  suggest : 
First  that  the  form  of  contract  recommended  be  for  not  less  than 
iive  years  duration ;  that  it  provide  for  high  standards  of  pack  and 
thorough  supervision ;  that  it  recjuire  of  the  selling  agency  strict 
accountability  but  that  it  give  him  very  free  hand  in  meeting  the 
market  conditions  and  that  it  provide  that  2  per  cent,  of  the  gross 
sales  under  such  contract,  one  per  cent,  to  come  out  of  the  grower 
and  one  per  cent  out  of  the  selling  agency,  l)e  turned  over  to  the 
officially  designated  advertising  agency  to  finance  an  advertising 
campaign  to  make  our  apples  stylish  in  the  city  markets. 

To  the  advertising  agency  that  may  be  selected  this  suggestion 
is  offered :  Already  the  York  Imperial  apple  is  favorably  known 
in  many  southern  markets,  where  the  house-wives  have  learned  to 
call  for  the  big  red  lop-sided  apple.  This  style  in  apple  should  ])e 
encouraged.  If  all  of  the  house-wives  can  be  persuaded  to  do  the 
same  thing  and  taught  also  to  send  l^ack  other  apples  if  the  corner 
grocer  is  so  unwise  as  to  send  a  substitute  around  to  her,  the  re- 
tailers and  the  wholesalers  will  eventually  be  forced  to  stock  with 
York  Imperial  apples.  To  get  the  same  they  must  come  to  some 
orchard  in  our  section  of  the  country  beginning  with  Adams  county, 
Pa.,  in  the  North  and  ending  practically  with  Augusta  County,  Vir- 
ginia, in  the  South,  and  only  a  few  miles  wide.  Outside  of  this 
limited  area  there  may  l)e  some  York  Imperials  grown  but  not  many. 
In  other  words  there  is  this  unique  situation  in  a  restricted  area 
producing  for  some  years  a  commercial  crop  of  York  Imperial 
apples  cannot  exceed  a  few  hundred  thousand  barrels  this  must  all 
come  from  comparatively  small  territory  in  the  Shenandoah,  Cum- 
berland and  Potomac  valleys.  This  apple  is  already  favorably 
known  in  certain  markets  so  located  geographically  as  to  be  most 
availa])le  from  this  section.  It  is  an  apple  of  such  peculiar  shape 
that  any  house-wife,  however  ignorant  previously  she  may  have  been 
of  apples,  can  be  easily  taught  to  identify  it. 

Prosperous  cities  have  grown  up  around  manufacturing  plants 


io6 

producing  patented  articles  with  which  other  plants  could  not  com- 
pete but  almost  without  exception  one  of  the  most  important  de- 
partments of  such  a  plant  putting  out  a  specialty  has  been  its  adver- 
tising department.  .  j  j       4.- 

Why  shouldn't  we  in  this  section  so  organize  and  so  advertise 
that  we  can  dictate  the  styles  in  apples  in  certain  markets  particular- 
ly with  reference  to  the  York  Imperial.  Every  apple  of  this  va- 
riety bears  its  own  trade-mark,  which  we  alone  are  producing  in 
commercial  quantities.  •      . 

If  the  West  Virginia,  Virgina,  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania 
state  societies  will  appoint  committees,  who  can  get  together  and 
organize  so  as  to  devise  and  work  a  plan  along  this  line  which  should 
be  possible  for  this  section  to  get  back  in  extra  profits  from  our 
apples  some  of  the  hard-earned  money  that  we  have  sent  to  the  cities 
for  stylish  and  high-priced  but  not  yet  needed  derbies,  hats,  etc. 


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FpF   PFPFPFPFPF 
PFFFFFFFFFFFF 

PFP   FPFPFPFPFP 
FFFFF         FFFFFF 

FPFP      P      PFPFPF 
FFFFF         FFFFFF 

pFP   FPFpFpFPFP 
FF^FF.FFFFFFFFF 

FPF   pFpFpFpFPF 
FFFFFFF   FFFFFF 

pFP   FPFpFpFPFP 

Fig.  I. 


4 


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I 


'■ 


F 

P 

F 
F 

P 

F 
F 

P 
F 


F 


F 


F 


p  p  P  P 

F  F  F  F 

F  F  F  F 

p  p  P  P 

F  F  F 

F  ^ 

p  P  P  P 

F  F 

F  F  F 

p  p  P  P 

F  F  F  F 

F  F  F  F 

p  P  P  P 

F  F  F  F 

F  F  F  F 

p  P  P  P 

F  F  F  F 

F  F  F  F 

p  P  P  P 

Fig.  2. 


P  P 

F  F 

F  F 

P  P 

F  F 

F  F 

P  P 

F  F 

F  F 

P  P 

F  F 

F  F 

P  P 

F  F 

F  F 

P  P 

F  F 

F  F 

P  P 


Two  Methods  of  Hexagonai.  Planting  With  Fillers. 

"P"  represents  Permanent  Trees  and  "F"  shows  location  of  fillers. 
Fillers  are  omitted  in  center  of  each  illustration  to  show  more  clearly  appear- 
ance of  orchard  after  fillers  are  removed.  It  will  be  noticed  in  Fig.  2  that 
each  filler  occupies  the  exact  center  of  an  equilateral  triangle  formed  by  the 
permanent  trees.  Fig.  i  is  probably  best  where  small  growmg  sorts  are 
planted  as  fillers  among  larger  growing  varieties.  Fig.  2  is  better  when 
planting  only  one  variety,  which  must  be  thinned  when  approaching  maturity. 


--iai 


1 08 


109 


BIGLERVILLE 
NATIONAL  BANK 


BIGLERVILLE,  PA. 


Capital       -         -         -        $50,000.00 

Surplus  and  Undivided  Profits     25,000.00 


Pays  3y2%  on  Time  Deposits 
Your  Account  Solicited 


^  We  call  the  attention  of  fruit  buyers  to  the  advantages 
of  Biglerville  as  a  shipping  point,  and  especially  to  the 
facilities  offered  by  this  bank  for  making  collections  on 
shipments  of  fruit  to  any  point  in  the  United  States. 


C  L.  LONGSDORF,  Pres.  R.  H,  LUPP.  V.  Pres. 

E,  D,  HEIGES.  Cashier 


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REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  FRUIT  EXHIBIT. 

Dr.  I.  H.  Maykr,  Mr.  Clark  Allis,  Mr.  Aaron  Ni: wcomkr. 

Your  Committee  on  Fruit  1)Cg  leave  to  oflfer  the  following  re- 
nort.-  The  exhibit  consists  of  al)out  270  plates  and  1 5  boxes  ot 
aiMjl-es  one  plate  of  pears,  one  plate  of  sweet  potatoes  and  two 
Ses  of  corn.  Twentv-five  exhibitors  contributed  and  your  Com- 
mittee desires  to  compliment  each  and  everyone  upon  the  high  qual- 
ity of  the  exhibits,  as  follows : 

Rufus  Lawver,  8  plates — 
2  plates  Stayman.  2  plates    Sutton. 

2  plates  Winesap.  i   plate  for  name. 

I  plate  Stark. 

John  N.  Peters, 
8  plates  York  Imperial.  ' 

C.  A.  Wolfe, 

'    9  plates  York  Imperial. 

H.  E.  Wolfe,  3  plates— 
I  plate  York  Imperial.  i  plate  Mammoth  P.lack  Twig. 

I  plate  Willow  Twig. 

W.  S.  Adams,  12  plates — 
I  plate  Pound.  2  plates  Peck's  Pleasant. 

I  plate  Sutton.  3  pates  Jonathan. 

I  plates  Rome  P>eauty.  i  plate  Smokehouse. 

I   plate  Winter  Rambo. 


E.  P.  Garrettson,  56  plates— 
2  plates  l^aradise.  4  Plates  Smith  Cider. 

4  plates  York  Stripe. 
9  plates  Red  Doctor. 
2  plates   Smokehouse. 

5  plates  Baltzley. 

6  plates  York  County  Cheese. 

1  plate  Sweet  Potatoes. 

Z.  J.  Peters,  3  plates— 

2  plates  Smokehouse.  i  plate   York    Imperial,    1910 


1-  I '^ 

5  plates  Cole. 

7  plates  Stayman 
2  plates  Grimes. 

2  plates  Summer  Rambo. 

8  plates  York  Imperial. 


crop  kept  in  cellar. 


I  ' 


John  H.  Miller, 
2  plates  for  name. 


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The  best  bolster  spring  made.     Complete  and  ready  for  use  as  »?W-    War- 
ranted  and  guaranteed  in  every  way.    These  spnngs  are  just  w^^^  **  j*Vx^^^ 

GARDNERS,  FRUIT  GROWERS,  PEDDLERS,  DAIRYMEN  and  TEAM- 

STERS  want,  as  they  will  make  their  rough  wagons  ride  as  easy  as  any  bpnng 
Wagon,  thus  saving  them  the  cost  of  Spring  Wagons  and  enabling  them 
to  deliver  their  Fruits,  Vegetables,  Eggs,  etc.,  unbruised  and  unbroken  trom 
hauling  and  in  as  good  condition  as  when  they  left  home. 

With  taese  Springs  on,  wagons 
w  ill  pull  esier  and  last  longer,  har- 
ness wear  longer  and  horses  work 

easier. 

These  Springs  don't  work  on  top 
of  the  Bolster,  like  other  Bolster 
Springs,  but  on  each  side  in  shackles, 
on  the  same  principle  as  any  high 
priced  Spring  Wagon.  These  Springs 
can't  be  broken  by  overloading  or 
rebounding  like  a  Spring  Wagon. 

By  overloading,  the  springs  will 

work  down  on  each  side  of  the  Bolster  and  the  wagon  will  become  rough 
again.  In  fast  driving  over  rough  roads  the  springs,  not  being  attached  to  the 
bed  or  bolster,  can't  be  broken  by  rebounding  or  liftmg  up  of  the  bed. 

No  one  using  a  rough  wagon  should  be  without  The  Reiter  Bolster  bpnng. 
as  they  will  save  the  cost  the  first  year.  Remember  they  are  warranted  and 
guaranteed  in  every  way.  Made  to  carry  from  1 ,000  to  1 0,000  pounds. 
Measure  your  wagon  between  standards  and  order  a  set  ;  pve  them  a  tair 
trial  and  let  your  neighbors,  friends  and  the  dealer  you  got  them  from  know 
what  you  think  of  them. 

W.  C.  REITER,  Sole  Maker 

Price,  on  Application.  WAYNESBORO.  PA. 


American  Farm  Wagon 

you  can  haul  or  carry  any  and 
everything  equal  to  any  spring 
wagon  and  at  one-half  the  cost. 


-,itHim»tkM 


\ 


t 


III 

Robert  Eldon,  15  plates — 

2  plates  Baldwin.  4  Plates  Ben  Davis. 

I  plate  Fallowater.  2  plates  Rome  Beauty. 

I  plate  Grimes.  3  Plates  Jonathan. 

3  plates  Stayman. 

C.  A.  Griest,  2  plates — 

1  plate  Smith  Cider.  i  plate  Mann. 

C.  S.  Griest's  Sons,  7  plates — 

2  plates  Ben  Davis.  5  Plates  York  Imperial. 

B.  F.  Wilson,  40  plates — 
13  plates  York  Imperial.  3  Plates  Paradise. 

5  plates  Smokehouse.  n  plates  Jonathan. 

3  plates  Smith  Cider.  4  Plates  York  Stripe. 

1  plate  Mann. 

H.  C.  Pitzer,  15  plates — 
3  plates  Paradise.  2  plates  Smith  Cider. 

8  plates  York  Imperial.  2  plates  Grimes. 

Robert  Garrettson,   11   plates — 

3  plates  Ben  Davis.  i  plate  King. 

2  plates  Stark.  4  Plates  York  Imperial. 

1  plate  Belleflower. 

J.  V.  Garrettson,  20  plates — 

4  plates  Paragon.  5  Plates  York  Imperial. 

2  plates  Baldwin.  i  plate  York  County  Cheese. 

1  plate  Hubbardson.  i  plate  Coal. 

2  plates  Stark.  ^     ^  2  plates  Lehigh. 
2  plates  Strinetown  Pippin. 

C.  E.  Raffensperger,  12  plates — 
4  plates  York  Imperial.  i  plate  Hubbardston. 

1  plate  Domine.  i  plate  Grimes  Golden. 

2  plates  York  Stripe.  3  Plates  Red  Doctor. 

H.  M.  Keller,  12  plates — 

2  plates  Lady  Blush.  i  plate  Stayman. 

8  plates  York  Imperial.  i  plate  York  Stripe. 

C.  W.  Peters,  9  plates — 
4  plates  York  Imperial.  2  plates  York  County  Cheese. 

3  plates  Winesap. 

M.  F.  Stoner, 
I  plate  Griffins  Beauty. 

E.  H.  Snyder  &  Son,  5  plates — 

2  plates  Rome  Beauty.  2  plates  Nero. 

I  plate  Ben  Davis. 


"T— * 


o 

z 
S 

o 

H 

flu 

0 


I 


I 


112 


Bale  Lock 
Extension 

Quicksand  Positive  , 

Always  keep 


r  f )  p  e  hand 
close  to  lad- 
der when  ope- 
rating top  sec- 
tion. Pull  rope 
to  raise  the 
travelings  sec- 
tion. To  lower 
travelings  sec- 
tion carry  the 
hand  slig^ht  ly 
to  the  rig^ht 
while  Bale  is 
in  vertical  po- 
sition. To  lock  it,  carry 
hand  to  the  left,  always  keep- 
,  ing:   rope   hand    close  to  the 

^ili-^-v     ladder  and  the  Bale  will  drop 
in  position  and  lock  it  secure. 


Tilley's  Omega  Tripod  Step  Ladder 


1 


i  <T-. 


'First-class  in  every  respect.  Stiff,  rigid, 
light  and  durable.  All  flat  steps  to  stand  on. 
The  two  lower  steps  are  supported  by,  and 
rest  on  rounds  which  tie,  support  and  thor- 
oughly  brace  the  main  ladder.  Fully  cov- 
ered by  patents  dated  December  26,  1910." 

**  Beware  of  false  statements  from  unscru- 
pulous competitors  who  are  trying  to  force 
the  sale  of  their  inferior  goods  by  intimida- 
tion. The  Patentee  and  Manufac- 
turer is  responsible,  reliable,  able 
and  willing  to  protect  his  patrons 
and  himself  against  bluffers." 


s 


i1 


JOHN  S.  TILLEY 


- 


Manufacturer  of  Ladders  and  Step  Ladders  of  every  description 

Factory,  WATERVLIET,  N.  Y.  | 


Represented  in  Pennsylvania  by 


fr 


EDWIN  C.  TYSON,  Flora  Dale,  Pa. 


I 


113 
Oscar  Rise,  6  plates— 

1  plate  Jonathan.  i  plate  Winesap. 

2  plates  Stayman.  2  plates  York  Imperial. 

Rice  Bros.,  3  boxes — 

I  box  Paragon.  j  box  Griffins  Beauty. 

I  box  York  Imperial. 

Tyson  Bros.,  9  boxes — 
'  2  boxes  York  Imperial.  7  boxes   Stayman. 

Jacob  Garrettson,  2  plates — 
I  plate  Hickory  King  Corn.  i  plate  Learning  Corn. 

The  a^)ples  are  well  developed-only  a  few  showing  blemishes. 
The  boxed  apples  were  well  graded,  and  the  fact  that  all,  excepting 
one  box,  were  packed  four  tier,  led  your  Committee  to  notice  the 
size  of  many  of  the  plate  specimens.  We  hasten  to  say  that  size 
is  not  everything,  but  size  is,  we  have  been  told,  the  one  thing  lack- 
ing in  eastern  apples.  We  determined  the  circumference  of  many 
of  the  specimens  exhibited,  and  wish  to  place  on  record  the  follow- 
ing: 


Summer  Rambo,   . 

Cole 

Stayman  Winesap, 
King, 


12J/2  in. 

13      " 
12 

121/ 


t( 


(( 


Rome  Beauty,  .......  12 

Nero, 10^ 


Stark, 12 

Black  Twig, 12 

Paradise,    n 

Summer  Rambo,  13 


(C 


it 


it 


(( 


it 


(( 


Red  Doctor,   11  ^  in. 

York  Stripe ii>^  " 

York  Imperial, iiyi 

Tonathan, 10% 

Baltzley,    1314  " 

Fallowater,    12 

Sutton's   Beauty iiy^ 

York    County    Cheese,  9 
Griffins  Beauty,   10 


tt 


(t 


tt 


tt 


tt 


ft 


And  we  might  continue  the  investigation  as  to  size  with  cor- 
responding figures.  We  know  that  even  figures  can  be  made  to  lie, 
but  the  figures  giv.en  can  be  verified,  and  will  be  found  in  nearly  all 
cases  quite  conservative. 

Given  color  and  finish,  such  as  these  exhibits  show,  plus  size, 
and  above  all,  quality,  such  apples  will  command  the  best  markets 
not  only  in  the  east,  but  everywhere. 

T.  H.  Maykr,  M.  D., 
Commercial  Horticulturist,  Willow  Street,  Pa. 

,  Clark  Altjs, 

Commercial  Orchardist,  Medina,  N.  Y. 

Aaron  Nkwcomkr, 
Commercial  Peach  Grower,  Smithburg,  Md. 


=>.,.^c% 


114 


115 


M 


Make  New  Orchards 

Yield 

Early  Fruits 

r\0  this  by  breaking  up  the  hard, 
^"^^  impervious  subsoil.  The 
young,  tender  roots  will  then  have 
access  to  an  abundance  of  nutri- 
tious plant  food  stored  in  this 
larger  growing  area. 

Start  your  new  orchards  in  the 
quickest,  cheapest  and  simplest 
way  by  planting  trees  with 


2-Yr.  Old  Tree  Set  with  Spade 


2-Yr.  Old  Apple  Tree  Set  with  Da  Pont  Dynamite 

Red  Cross  Low  Freezing  Dynamite 

The  shattered  subsoil  allows  growing  space  for  expanding  roots. 
Makes  deeper,  broader,  richer,  moister  root-making  areas  free  from 
destructive  insects,  grubs  and  fungus  growth.  Dynamiting  conserves 
necessary  moisture  and  makes  the  soil  open  to  air  and  rainfall. 

The  two  pictures  represent  Bellflower  apple  trees  in  orchard  of 
Mrs.  John  Rawley,  Grant's  Pass,  Ore., 
April  1911,  The  tree  planted  in  dy- 
namited hole  is  two  years  old,  Nov. 
1909  and  June  1910  branches  pruned. 
Photograph  above,  taken  April  15, 1911, 
shows  a  vigorous  tree  with  healthy  and 
fine  colored  foliage. 

The  tree  in  lower  picture  is  of  same 
stock,  planted  in  spade  dug  hole,  given 
same  cultivation  after  planting  as  other 
tree.  Slow  growth  prevented  pruning. 
Its  trunk  is  less  than  half-inch  in  diam- 
eter— many  branches  of  dynamited  tree 
are  larger  than  this.  Not  one  of  250  trees 
planted  in  dynamited  holes  died — a  proof 
that  Du  Pont  Dynamite  insures  sure, 
rapid,  vigorous  growth  in  all  orchards. 

Address  Dept.  18  for  "Tree  Planting"  Booklet 

E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  Powder  Co. 

Established  1802  Wilmington,  Delaware 


ADAMS  COUNTY  FRUIT  RECORDS 

Shipments  Over  Gettysburg  &  Harrisburg  R.  R. 


«i 


-o 

"O 

u 

^ 

<v 

(U 

CD    rt 

O    «^ 

ice  Paid 
1.  for  Bui 

o 

- 

Is.  shipp 
bbls. 

Is.  shipp 
bulk 

o 

rs  Apple 
bis.  to  C 

ars  Potat 
)us.  to  Ca 

ice  Paid 
r  Bbl. 

ice  Paid 
IS.  Potat 

r^ 

jn  _^ 

rO 

o.  Ca 
50  B 

J-i    <y 

Jr^ 

U     3 

pq  c 

• 

o 

• 

o 

• 

o 

• 

> 

PhP:i 

>  <u 

PLIM 

>' 

y. 

:2 

^ 

~4 

<:pl. 

<:plh 

Gettysburg 

(G.  &  H.  R.  R.) 


Biglerville, 


Guernsey, 


Bendcrsville, 


7 


1905 
1906 
1907 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1903 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1903 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1903 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 


318 

28 

127 

12 

50 

41 

8813 

7932 

2785 

17164 

4956 

10785 

20017 

37897 

2870 

1771 

1414 

4798 

2173 

7320 

11659 

13600 

4163 

4000 

1109 

2824 

2264 

3531 

5628 

8894 


333 


987 


165 
4216 

137 
1500 

552 
2413 
1166 
1329 
2760 


1267 
363 

2351 
1561 
6268 

1200 

2132 

366 


651 

28 

127 

12 

50 

41 

9800 

7932 

2950 

21380 

4956 

10922 

21517 

38449 

5283 

2937 

2743 

7858 

2173 

7320 

12926 

13963 

4163 

6351 

2670 

9092 

2264 

4731 

7760 

9260 


65 
53 
20 
142 
33 
73 
144 
256 
35 
20 
18 
52 
15 
49 
86 
93 
28 
42 
18 
61 
15 
32 
52 
62 


$2.25 


12 
6 
1 

10 


1.00  $0.70  

2.20  1.50  $0.50 
.75   .65 
1.50   .55 


1.40 
2.50 
2.00 
2.00 


11 
2 

15 
7 
5 

12 


2.35 
1.50 
2.50 
2.00 
2.00 


1.50 


.55 
.65 
.5a 


16 
20 
22 
21 
15 
30 
7 


o   ox 

1.40 
2.50 
2.00 
2.00 


1.50   .50 

65 

1.50   .50 


iii    , 


i 


116 


f^Mi^^^^MiM^ 


The  Be^  Spraying  Equipment 
Money  Can  Buy 

THE  OWNER  OF  A  DEYO  POWER  SPRAYER  knows  that 
he  has  a  completely  equipped  outfit  and  no  extras  to  buy. 

HE  KNOWS  that  it  is  operated  by  a  DEYO  engine  and  will  run 
whenever  he  wants  it  and  as  long  as  he  wants  to  use  it. 

HE  KNOWS  that  the  tank  is  built  of  selected  material  by  ex- 
pert workmen. 

HE  KNOWS  that  the  mechanically  operated  agitator  assures  him 
of  a  perfect  mixture  at  all  times. 

HE  KNOWS  that  he  has  a  short  rig  with  which  he  can  make  any 
turn  in  his  orchard. 

HE  KNOWS  that  there  are  no  belts  or  chains  to  catch  on  limbs 
or  clothing. 

HE  KNOWS  that  he  can  disconnect  the  engine  from  the  pump  in 
one  minute  and  use  it  for  any  power  purpose,  and  then  connect  it  to  the 
pump  in  another  minute. 

HE  KNOWS  that  he  has  the  best  sprayer  that  money  and  brains 
can  build. 

BUY  A  DEYO  POWER  SPRAYER  AND  LET  THE 
OTHER  FELLOW  WORRY. 

We  have  a  large  catalog  completely  describing  the  DEYO  POWER 
SPRAYERS,  which  we  will  gladly  mail  you.     Write  for  it  to-day. 

Deyo-Macey  Engine  Co. 

BINGHAMTON,  NEW  YORK 


117 


yjiH** 


Adams  County  Fruit  Records 

Shipments  Over  Gettysburg  &  Harrisburg  R.  K.— {Continued) 


^^-^ 

t/i 

TD 

-o 

u 

a>  ^-N 

^ 

<iJ 

OJ 

Vi    nj 

0  u 

Is.  shipp 
bbls. 

Is.  shipp 
bulk 

0 

• 

«3 

rs  Apple 
bis.  to  C 

0.  Cars  Potat 
)00  bus.  to  Ca 

ice  Paid 
r  Bbl. 

ice  Paid 
1.  for  Bi] 

CQ   C 

• 

0 

• 

0 

• 

0 

No.  Ca 
(1.50  B 

• 

> 

V.  Pr 
er  Bb 

> 

;z; 

;2; 

:^ 

< 

<Ph 

O 
•  .-I  ra 


Gardners, 


Starners, 


Hunters  Run, 
(Goodyear) 


G.  &  H.  R.  R., 
Total 


wm. 


^L^ 


1903 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1903 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1903 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 


997 
912 


985 
5215 


1982 
6127 


13 
41 


6905 
433 
2275 
1566 
3900 
682 
664 
1572 
487 
1825 
2500 
2018 
625 
160 
295 
1417 
1704 
1289 
2103 
3750 
17468 
15617 
6295 
34797 
12017 
27037 
43523 
70100 


5440 

4571 
3722 
4800 
1016 
133 
219 

8 

2192 

668 

160 
262 
514 

510 
2190 

300 

4385 

9908 

3450 

19217 

6426 

13003 

7049 


12345 
433 
6846 
5288 
8700 
1698 
797 
1791 
487 
1833 
4692 
2686 
625 
320 
557 
1931 
1704 
1799 
4293 
4050 
21853 
25525 
9745 
54014 
12017 
33463 
56526 
77149 


82 
3 
46 
35 
58 
11 
;) 
12 
3 
12 
31 
18 
4 
2 
4 
13 
11 
12 
29 
27 
146 
170 
65 
360 
80 
223 
377 
514 


4  $1.75  $1.50  $0.50 

1 

1.35  


2.00 


o 
4 
3 
3 
4 
3 
2 


1.50 
2.50 
2.00 
2.00 


.65 
.55 


8 
5 
12 
1 
1 
1 


1.50 
1.75 
1.50 
2.50 


.75 

.85 


.50 
.50 


2.00 


47 
35 
56 
39 
26 
57 
9 


1.45 
2.50 
2.00 
2.00 


.75 
1.50 


.65 
.55 
.50 


Gardners — 1906,  2  cars  pears;  1907,  i  car  pears;  1908,  2  cars  pears;  1910,  2  (jars 
pears,  4  cars  peaches;    191 1    5   cars  pears.  ' 

Bendersville — 1908,  2  cars  pears;  1910,  i  car  pears;  4  cars  peaches;  191 1,  1009 
baskets  peaches,   3  cars  pears. 

Hunters  Run — 1908,    i   car  pears;    1910,   i    car  pears;    i    car  peaches. 

■RiKlerville — 1910,  i  car  cherries;  4  cars  cider  syrup;  43  cars  canned  apples;  5  cars 
evaporated   apples;    191 1,   3   cars  cider   syrup,    100   cars   canned   apples;    8   cars  evaporated 

Guernsey — 191  o,   7   cars  peaches;    191 1,   210   pkgs.   pears;    240  pkgs.   plums;   650   pkgs. 

cherries 

Starners — 1910,  2  cars  peaches;    191 1,   300   bushels  pears;   200  baskets  peaches. 


ii8 


Deming  Spray  Pumps 

WHY  You  Should  Use  Them 


(} 


w 


li! 


"Century"  Barrel  Spray  Pump.  Has  submerged 
cylinders  ;  all  brass  working  parts.  Easy  to  oper- 
ate ;  will  maintain  strong  and  steady  pressure. 

YOU  know  now  that  you  can  raise  better  fruit  and  more  of  it 
at  that— IF  YOU  SPRAY.  You  can  get  better  results 
with  a  Deming  outfit  because  it  will  require  fewer  repairs — 
is  better  able  to  stand  the  rough  usage— than  any  other  pump.  We 
can  make  a  better  pump  because  we  have  better  facilities — larger 
factory — longer  experience. 

<L  Our  book,  ''How  My  Old  Orchard  Paid/'  gives  the  experiences 
of  a  Pennsylvania  farmer  who  used  a  Deming  Sprayer.  It's  interest- 
ing and  valuable.      Send  for  it  and  our  Spray  Pump  Catalogue. 

THE  DEMING  COMPANY 

SALEM,  OHIO 

Manufacturers  of  Hand,  Windmill  and 
Power  Pumps 

HARRIS  PUMP  &  SUPPLY  CO. 

PITTSBURGH,  PA. 
General  Distributing  Agents 


> 


♦ 


/ 


fl> 


119 


Adams  County  Fruit  Records — {Continued) 

Shipments  Over  Western  Maryland  R.  R. 


CQ    C 

o 


J2^ 


o 


o 

en 

pq 
o 


Vm 

go 

en 

en  ^- 

;2;w 


<^  is 

c2s 


en 


en 


oi 


:?; 


< 


u 

o 


pHpq 

<PLH 


en 

0) 

o 

.^   TO 
W   en 


Fairfield, 


Virginia  Mills, 


y         Orrtanna, 


McKniffhtstown, 


Seven  Stars, 


1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1903 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1903 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 


1215 
300 
300 


320 
326 


3300 

1062 

3659 

3177 

2686 

741 

8216 

704:^ 

3438 

7895 

2296 

3393 

1785 

7724 

14275 

26297 

28 

63 

42 

50 

26 

175 


809 


2024 
300 
300 


13 
2 
2 


3 
2 
2 


560   560  


8800 

1620 

1519 

30 


2342 
1020 
840 
4045 
3846 

178 
254 
1155 
251 
2030 
1800 
2231 


4 
400 


9120 

1620 

1845 

30 

3300 

1062 

3659 

5519  ' 

3706 

1581 

12261 

10889 

3438 

8073 

2550 

4548 

2036 

9754 

16075 

28528 

28 

63 

42 

50 

30 

575 


61 
11 
12 


22 
7 
24 
37 
25 
10 
82 
73 
23 
54 
17 
30 
13 
65 
107 
190 


•I » 


1  $2.00  $1.50  $0.50 


l^ 


2.40     1.50 


2.00 


1 

1-6 

3 

•   •   • 

1-3 
2 

% 


1.00 
2.15 
1.75 
2.50 


1.00 
1.85 


.47 
.50 


1.50 


2.00 


2.00 


<^.. 


120 


121 


\>\ 


i    I 


1  r 


Jsi  us  to  send  you  Spraying  Calendar  and  Directions^^ 

NO  matter  whether  yours  is  a  large  or  a 
small  spraying  contract,  our  book  on 
Spraying  and  Sprayers  will  be  a  great 
help  to  you.  It  tells  you  what  spray  mixtures 
to  use,  how  to  prepare  mixtures,  when 
to  spray  and  how  to  spray  to  secure  the 
best  results. 

A  SPRAYER  to  Suit  Your  Needs 

Our  line  includes  everything  from  the 
small  hand  sprayer  up  to  our  Watson- 
Ospraymo  Potato  sprayers  and  our  famous 
Power  Orchard  Spraying  Rigs. 

Our  LEADER  Orchard  Sprayers- 
are  typical  modern  machines  for  large 
spraying  operations.   Equipped  with  liquid 


--FREE 


Agitators   and   Strainer  .Clean. 

ers      High-class  Gasoline   Engine- 
can  be  used  separately  to  furnish  power 
for  all  kinds  of  farm  work. 

The  EMPIRE 

KING— the  old  re- 
liable   Barrel  Spray- 
,     ing  Outfit.     A  great 
-p  sprayer    for    general 
-  purpose   work,    sole 
I  reliance  of  thousands 
for     spraying     fruit, 
vegetables,  shrubbery 
and  small  trees.    Me- 
chanical Agitation  of 
liquid    Automatic- 
Strainer  cleaners. 

Hand,  Bucket  and  Knapsack  Spray- 
er*. Something  to  suit  every  require- 
nient— every  one  the  best  of  its  kind. 

Be  sure  to  nvrite  and  get  our  sprayer 
hook  before  buying  anything  tn  the 
sprayer  line.     Mailed  free.     Address: 


FIELD  FORCE  PUMP  CO.  eiImiIa,  n?  y 

GEO.  H.  HOFFMAN,  Agent,  Arendtsville,  Pa. 


\ 


U 


I 


O' 


M 


i 


Adams  County  Fruit  KecorAs— {Continued) 

Shipments  Over  Western  Maryland  R.  K.—iContinued) 


Gcttvsburg,    . . . 
(W.  M.  R.  R.) 


New  Oxford, 


Abbottstown, 


East  Berlin, 


W.  M.  R.  R.   ... 
Total 


1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1903 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 


50 

1140 

49 


50 

1193     2333 
49 


15      1-3  $1.80  $0.90  $0.70 
V2     2.25     2.25        .60 


10 

1 

18 

6738 

10380 

7447 

7720 

4536 

8873 

22946 

33959 


205 

1 

160 


1320 
1447 
13948 
2891 
4870 
7135 
6637 


215 

2 

178 

6738 

11700 

8894 

21668 

7427 

13743 

30081 

40596 


2 


1 
45 
78 
59 
144 
49 
91 


•    •    •    • 


3 

7 

1     1.75   

1-3  2 . 50     1 . 50 

201     2V2    

270     1^/4     2.00 


Ivittlestown— 1910,  3  cars  apples,  2  cars  potatoes;    191 1—2  cars  apples. 
Dillsburg— 1910,  2  cars  apples;    191 1;  2   cars    apples. 
McKnightstovvn — 191 1,    i   car  pears. 
Orrtanna — igw,   620  baskets  peaches. 
Charmian — 191 1,  48  barrels  apples. 


■i^^-. 


122 


1 


Save  Your  Fruit  From  Damage. 

THE  widespread  increase  of  the  codling:  moth  and  other  insects  injuri- 
ous to  fruit  trees  causes  an  annual  loss  to  growers  of  seven  million 
dollars  a  yean  The  surest  way  for  you  to  prevent  your  fruit  from 
being:  wormy  or  badly  damaged  is  to  carry  out  a  regular  plan  of  spray- 
ing with  some  reliable  material* 

Sherwin-Williams 
NEW  PROCESS  ARSENATE  OF  LEAD 

is  a  general  insecticide  for  all  leaf-eating  insects*  It  is  superior  to  many 
other  brands  on  the  market,  because  it  contains  the  arsenic  in  exactly  the 
right  proportion  and  the  proper  chemical  combination,  thus  insuring  a 
material  that  will  not  injure  or  scorch  the  foliage  but  is  sure  death  to  in- 
sects feeding  on  the  leaves*  It  is  extremely  miscible  in  water  and  will 
combine  readily  with  Lime-Sulfur  and  Bordeaux  Mixture*  Light  in  grav- 
ity, it  remains  well  in  suspension  so  that  a  uniformly  poisonous  spray 
can  be  thrown  from  the  finest  nozzle*  For  prices  and  turther  informa- 
tion on  this  product,  come  in  and  see  us.  ••# 

''PARASITES  LIVE  ON  THE  PROFITS'' 

Save  your  fruit  and  crops  from  damage  with 

Sherwin-Williams  High  Quality  Insecticides 

S-W  New  Process  Arsenate  of  Lead  (Paste)  S-W  Paris  Green 

S-W  New  Process  Arsenate  of  Lead  (Powdered)  S-W  Bordeaux  Mixture 

S-W  Lime-Sulfur  Solution  S-W  Pruning  Compound 

S-W  Carbolinol  (Vermicide) 

Send  for  our  Hand-book,  "Spraying  a  Profitable  Investment" 

THE  SHERWIN-WILLIAMS  CO. 


PHIUDELPHIA,  PA. 


Manufacturers  High  Quality 
Insecticides  and  Fungicides 


NEWARK,  N.  J. 


^*^ 

« 


123 

Adams  County  Fruit  Records— (  Continued) 

Total  Fruit  Marketed  in  County. 


Total   shipped, 


u 


Q4 

o 


a 
o 


■4-* 
O 

o 


en   03 

go 

CO  .—1 

.  o 
d  ^ 


C/3 

(£2 

d§ 


•r  »- 


•  - no 
•^  O 

?^ 


Evaporated, 


Canned, 


Cider, 


Total  fruit, 


1903 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1903 

1905 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1905 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1903 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 


V) 

o 
PlhM 

>  tv 


24206 
25997 
13742 
42517 
16553 
35910 
67219 
104659 


4385 
11228 

4897 
33165 

2891 
11296 
20138 
13686 

6547 
10670 

8333 


28591 
37225 
18639 
75682 
19444 
47206 
87557 
118345 

6547 
10670 

8333 


191 

248 

124 

504 

129 

314 

583 

789 

44 

71 

56 


52 
38 
63 
40 
27 

61  y2 

10 


$1.50  $0.75  $0.60 
2.50  1.50  .50 
2.00  1.20  .50 
2.00   .75  1.00 


.75 


24206 
25997 
13742 
42517 
16553 
35910 
67219 
104659 


4666 

8600 

21750 

2400 

10000 

1673 

12398 

16700 

25000 

9524 

6670 

5714 

11120 

12500 

10932 

24298 

4897 

61022 

11234 

34074 

56558 

72936 


31 
57 


67 
11 

82 


4666 

8600 
21750  145 

2400   16 
10000 

1673 
12398 
16700  111 
25000  167 

9524   63 

6670 

5714 
11120 
12500 
35138  234 
50295  335 
18639  124 
103539  690 
27787  185 
69984  465 


1.00 


44 
38 
74 
83 


52 

38 

63  2.25  1.75 

40  1.50   .75 

27  2.50  1.50 


123777  825  61%  2.00  1.20 


.55 
.60 
.50 
.50 


177595  1184       10     2.00       .75     1.00 


Comparison  of  Percentages 


u 

— -o 

0.) 

c4  ^> 

'O 

■*-•  u 

• 

Cent,  to 
t  compa 
O1903 

0    (D 

■4-> 

cl 

c 

0 

^  rt 

u   d 

t-i 

0  g 

<i>  u 

<u 

CLi 

CL, 

Pu,^ 

1903 

70 

12 

18 

1905 

52 

22 

26 

1907 

41 

32 

8 

1909 

51 

16 

7 

1910 

54 

16 

7 

1911 

59 

8 

12 

10 
18 
14 
14 


9 
8 
9 
7 


100% 
143% 
295% 
200% 
356% 
500% 


124 


125 


1  in 


TO  RAISE  GOOD  FRUIT  or  VEGETABLES  YOU  MUST 


SPRAY 


"ORCHARD  BRAND 

SPRAY  MATERIALS 


n 


are 


Known 


and  used  by  the  best  Fruit  and  Vegetable  Growers. 

^^QQCHARD  BRAND'' 


LIME  SULPHUR  SOLUTION 

A  combined  scale  remedy  and 
Fungicide. 

SOLUBLE  OIL 

A  Scale  remedy  for  Apple  and 
Pear  trees,  Ornamental  Shrub- 
bery and  Hedges. 

ARSENATE  OF  LEAD 

For  all  leaf  eating  or  chewmg 
insects. 

BORDEAUX  MIXTURE 

A  Fungicide. 

ZINC  ARSENITE 

An  Insecticide. 


BORDEAUX  ARSENATE  LEAD 
MIXTURE 

A  Fungicide  and  Insecticide. 

ATOMIC  SULPHUR 

The  best  known  Fungicide. 

ATOMIC  SULPHUR  combined 
with  ARSENATE  OF  LEAD 

A  complete  Fungicide  and  In- 
secticide. 

ATOMIC  SULPHUR  combined 
with  ZINC  ARSENITE 

A  remedy  for  the  control  of 
Bugs  and  Blight  on  Potatoes 
and  similar  Truck  Products. 


Our  Fam.  Census  Plan  mil  Enable  You  to  Gro^  Fruit  and  Vegetables 

Successfully. 

IT  IS  FREE  W^»T^  ^^^  ^^^^*^ 

Thomsen  Chemical  Company 

BALTIMORE,  MD. 


State  College  Students  at  Work  Gathering  Tomatoes. 


One  of  the  Greenhouses  at  State  College,  Showing  the 

Student   Plots. 


-^mm 


■1  ^■■•^ 

-■'7    '. 
It,.,  ■;' 


124 


J2K 


TO  RAISE 


GOOD  FRUIT  or  VEGETABLES  YOU  MUST 


SPRAY 


"ORCHARD  BRAND 

SPRAY  MATERIALS 


n 


are 


Kno^^ 


n  and  used  by  the  best  Fruit  and  Vegetable  Growers. 

^nDCHARD  BRAND'' 


LIME  SULPHUR  SOLUTION 

A  combined  scale  remedy  and 
Fungicide. 

SOLUBLE  OIL 

A  Scale  remedy  for  Apple  and 
Pear  trees,  Ornamental  Shrub- 
bery and  Hedges. 

ARSENATE  OF  LEAD 

For  all  leaf  eating  or  chewing 
insects. 

BORDEAUX  MIXTURE 

A  Fungicide. 

ZINC  ARSENITE 

An  Insecticide. 


BORDEAUX  ARSENATE  LEAD 
MIXTURE 

A  Fungicide  and  Insecticide. 

ATOMIC  SULPHUR 

The  best  known  Fungicide. 

ATOMIC  SULPHUR  combined 
with  ARSENATE  OF  LEAD 

A  complete  Fungicide  and  In- 
secticide. 

ATOMIC  SULPHUR  combined 
with  ZINC  ARSENITE 

A  remedy  for  the  control  of 
Bugs  and  Blight  on  Potatoes 
and  similar  Truck  Products. 


Our  Far,,.  Census  Plan  Will  Enable  You  to  Grou^  Fruit  and  Vegetables 

Successfully. 


IT  IS  FREE 


WRITE  FOR  BLANKS 


Thomsen  Chemical  Company 


BALTIMORE,  MD. 


f 


i      V 


I 


•V' 


I 


v« 


*7 


Statk  Collkc.h:  Students  at  Work  Gathering  Tomatoes. 


Onic  ok  the  Greenhouses  at  State  College,  Showing  the 

Student   Plots. 


intentional  second  exposure 


126 


127 


■•'•v,-f 


■i; 


W--: 


.  K 

■.■i« 


TX/RITE  TODAY  for  catalog  and  30  day 

*^  trial  offer.     Pick  the  machine  suited 

to  your  soil  and  orchard  and  use  it  for  a 

Send  for  This  Free  Book 

"Modern  Orchard  Tillage"-  written  by  hj^hly 
successful   orchardtst  —  contains  information 
that  may  be  worth  hundreds  of  dollars  to  you 
Sent  for  the  asking. 


THIS  low-priced  harrow  for  orchards  and  vineyards 
—and  general  use— is  a  world-beater.  Wonderfully 
light  of  draft  —  weight  carried  on  wheels,  not  on 
horses  necks.  Great  worker  ^  20  to  30  acres  a  day  with 
one  team— and  every  inch  of  soil  cultivated  thoroughly 
—lifted  and  turned  in  long  wavy  level.  Best  of  all  — 
It  hangs  low  and  has  great  extension— making  it  a  snap 
trees  without  horse  or  driver  disturbing  boughs  or  Iruit. 

Your  Orchard— At  Our  Risk! 

month — and  send  it  back  if  you  don't 
find  it  the  finest  cultivator  made. 


}mi 


V^  4ht  Draft  Harrow  Co.' 

910  E.llcvada5t.  Mawhalltown.  la. 

Sole  Pennsylvania  Representative 

EDWIN  C.  TYSON,  Flora  Dale,  Pa. 


I.' 


\A» 


1 

r 


Intensive  Methods   in   New    Carlisle,   Ohio   Greenhouses — 
Three  Crops  ok  Lettuce  in  One  Bed. 


Starting  Musk  melons  in  Hotbeds. 
(Courtesy  of  C.  G.  Woodbury,  Lafayette,  Ind.) 


tC;f  V'' ..^■/;'>f  ^•;^-  ^Aii^.f  *S^i*^ 


128 


The  Christmas  Store 

Ready — Everything  ready.    The  Gift  things  have  all 

been  here  for  several  days 


HANDKERCHIEFS— The  Great  Christmas  article.  Never  so 
many  as  now.  Ladies',  Gentlemen's  and  Childrens.  A  beau- 
tiful line  of  them — Ic.  to  $1.00  each.  Japanese  hand-marked 
linens,  all  sizes.     Other  linens  of  all  kinds. 

GLOVES,  FURS,  BLANKETS,   RUGS,   HOSIERY 

A  beautiful  line  of  Ladies'  Neckwear  for  Christmas.     Gent's 
Neckwear.    Special  prices  give  on  Ladies'  Coats  for  Holidays, 

See  our  line  of  Christinas   Fancy  Novelties   before  purchasinfr  elsewhere 

DOUGHERTY  &  HARTLEY,  cemsBURG 


Grasselli 


Grasselli 

ARSENATE  OF  LEAD 


IP/ 


sr^ 


T1APK 


>^7^^ 


♦♦♦ 


i£US  PAT QESi 


Grasselli 

Lime  Sulphur  Solution 


Extensively  used  wherever  fruit  is  grown. 

Distributors  in  all  consuming  districts. 

Write  for  name  of  nearest  distributor. 

THE  GRASSELLI  CHEMICAL  CO.  OF  PENNA. 


811  Bessemer  Bldg. 
PITTSBURG,  PA. 


2143  N.  American  Street 
PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 


i 


r 


K  ' 


i 


INDEX 


.A 
Addresses — 

President's,    ^^  ^^ 

"Apple  Diseases,"   ; ZTtl 

"Peach  Culture,"  // [ ^^:^g 

"The  Influence  of  Fertilization  and  Other  Factors  Upon 

..«.      Yield,  Color,  Size  and  Growth  in  Apples,"  -jq-c-j 

;;Size,  Color  and  Quality  in  Fruits," .  54.62 

The  Making  of  Concentrated  Lime-Sulphur  and  its  Use 

on  Apples  and  Peaches,"  fi^  fie 

''Educating  an   Orchard,"    '..'.'/,'.'/.'.'.'.[  66-'-o 

"Cold  Storage  a  Necessity,"  8^-00 

"Business  Methods  in  Marketing  Apples,"  ..........'.['..[  gi-ng 

"Eastern  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  Its  Plans  and  Pros- 
pects,"      OQ-106 

Apple-Diseases, 26-^2 

Importance  of  Grading,   ..*.....*.*..*.*..'  * '  04 

Varieties,    ^^ 

Scab, y^v/^y^v.'^y^[ ll 

Amendments,    *  * "  i. 

Adams,  W.  S.   (Adv.),  ^  ^  i  *.'.'.*.  1  !!*.!!*.".!*.!;'.!  i!.*  i"  "  n6 

Ammonia  Storage,     g^ 

Aiiis,  Clark, v^'^v^v^\v^'.v  5h '66-70,  si,  83-90 

Advertisers —  '    ^  ^ 

York  Chemical  Works   (Fertilizers),   14 

Bateman  Mfg.  Co.   ( Sprayers) , 8 

Musselman  Canning  Co.   (Greeting), 18 

Goulds  Mfg.  Co.   (Sprayers),   \ /,[  16 

Bowker  Insecticide  Co.  (Spray  Materials), 2 

U.  S.  Klinefelter  ( Barrels) , 135 

Grasselli  Chemical  Co.  (Spray  Materials),  .............  128 

B.  G.  Pratt  Co.   (Spray  Materials),  12 

First  National  Bank  of  Gettysburg,  134 

Gettysburg  National  Bank,    ,[[[  130 

J.  G.  Harrison  &  Sons  (Nursery  Stock), ,..,  4 

W.  C.  Reiter   (Bolster  Springs),  no 

P.  S.  Orner  ( Barrels ) ,   130 

Bendersville  National  Bank,   ] .  140 

Biglerville  National  Bank,  108 

The  Deming  Co.    (Sprayers),    ng 

Field  Force  Pump  Co.   (Sprayers),   120 

Walter  S.   Schell    (Seeds) 22 

Thomson  Chemical  Co.   (Sprav  Materials),   121 

John  vS.  Tilley  (Ladders),  ...; 112 

E.  L  duPont  de  Nemours  Powder  Co.    (Dynamite),   114 

Battlefield    Nurseries,    130 

Citizens'  Trust   Co.,  Gettysburg,    129 

Light  Draft  Harrow  Co.  (Orchard  Harrows),  126 

The  Sherwin-Williams  Co.  (Spray  Materials), 122 

Deyo-Macey  Engine  Co.  (Sprayers),  116 

Madison  Cooper  Co.   (Gravity  Brine  Storage),  138 

Franklin  Davis  Nursery  Co 134 

G.  P.  Read   (Packages  and  Cushions),  10 

Hamilton  Orchard  Heater  Co., 132 

W.  H.  Tipton  (Photograph),  132 

Dougherty  &  Hartley    (Dry  Goods),    128 

Edwin  C.  Tyson   (Horticultural  Requisites),   141 

Vreeland  Chemical  Co.    (Spray  Materials),    20 

T.  S.  Hubbard  Co.  (Grapevines  and  small  fruits), 132 

Horticultural  Chemical  Co.    (Spray  Materials),   6 

W.  S.  Adams  (Warehouse) ,  136 


128 


The  Christmas  Store 

Ready— Everything  ready.    The  Gift  things  have  all 

been  here  for  several  days 


H ANDKERC H I EFS— The  Great  Christmas  article.  Never  so 
many  as  now.  Ladies',  Gentlemen's  and  Childrens.  A  beau- 
tiful line  of  them— Ic.  to  $1.00  each.  Japanese  hand-marked 
linens,  all  sizes.     Other  linens  of  all  kinds. 

GLOVES,  FURS.  BLANKETS,   RUGS,   HOSIERY 

A  beautiful  line  of  Ladies'  Neckwear  for  Christmas.     Gent's 
Neckwear.    Special  prices  give  on  Ladies'  Coats  for  Holidays, 

See  our  line  of  Christ?nas   Fancy  Novelties   before  purchasing  elsewhere 

DOUGHERTY  k  HARTLEY,  Gettysburg 


Grasselli 

ARSENATE  OF  LEAD 


fi?f|?f|p 


Grasselli 

Lime  Sulphur  Solution 


Extensively  used  wherever  fruit  is  grown. 

Distributors  in  all  consuming  districts. 

Write  for  name  of  nearest  distributor. 

THE  GRASSELLI  CHEMICAL  CO.  OF  PENNA. 


811  Bessemer  Bldg. 
PITTSBURG,  PA. 


2143  N.  American  Street 
PHILADELPHIA.  PA. 


t 


# 


i  c^ 


f 


IRREGULAR  PAGINATION 


13» 

INDEX 


Addresses — 

President's,    

"Apple  Diseases," 23-25 

"Peach  Culture," '.\ 26-32 

"The  Muence  of  Fertilization  and '  Other*  Facto^; '  Upon  ^^'^^ 
Yield,  CoIoi%  Size  and  Growth  in  Apples,"         ^ 

The  Making  of  Concentrated  Lime-Sulphur*  *a*nd  *i*ts  *Use 

on  Apples  and  Peaches,"  u  us  use 

"Educating  an   Orchard,"        .                 J^-OS 

"Cold  Storage  a  Necessity,"     ^"^^ 

;;Business  Methods  in  Marketing  Appies,"'  WW','. ^f  ^ 

pect^""'*  Growers'  Association,  Its  Plans  and'Pr'os-  ^  ^^ 

Apple-Diseases, 99-io6 

Importance  of  Grading,   ......*.*. ^^'^^ 

Varieties,    94 

Scab,  ;;;;;; 97 

Amendments,    27 

Adams,  W.  S.   (Adv.),  '.'.V.\\ ^9 

Ammonia  Storage,     .    .                      ^3" 

Allis,  Clark,  ...?.!.         •  •  •        „     ^    §5 

Advertisers—  ^i,  66-70,  81,  83-90 

York  Chemical  Works   (Fertilizers), 

Bateman  Mfg.  Co.   (Sprayers),   ^i 

Musselman  Canning  Co.   (Greeting),  .....'.' Jt 

Goulds  Mfg.  Co.  (Spravers),  ......;    J? 

f,°^^^!:,.^"s^c,*icide  Co.  (Spray  Materials*)*,*  V.'.'.WV. I 

U.  S.  Klinefelter  (Barrels), ^3 

Grasselli  Chemical  Co.  (Spray  Materials),*  .*;.*.*.*.'.*; J^ft 

B.  G.  Pratt  Co.   (Spray  Materials),  . . . .    . . .         'f° 

Pirst  National  Bank  of  Gettysburg,  ...               ^i. 

Gettysburg  National  Bank,    1^^ 

Jir^;.^^^^'*'^^"  ^  ^^^"s  (Nursery  Stock)*,*  \V. a 

W.  C.  Reiter   (Bolster  Springs) , ,,i 

P.  S.  Orner  (Barrels),   .......             "^ 

Bendersville  National  Bank,   ....             i^° 

Biglerville  National  Bank,  '.'.*  *. V^ 

The  Deming  Co.    (Sprayers),   V.'.*.'.*;.".V.*.V.*.V.*.*  *  *  ir8 

Field  Force  Pump  Co.   ( Sprayers ) ,   Iz. 

Walter  S.   Schell    (Seeds);   ...........         ^^2 

loCr^:ri&^^^^^^^^     ''^'''''''  ''••••••  •  *  •  •  •  •  •  \r 

BatLfield' Nu'rLr'^er"".  "!'"'"  "^^   (D^nami'te*);  * ! !  .*  [  ul 

Citizens'  Trust  Co.,  Gettysburg,   ,'/,[', J^q 

Light  Draft  Harrow  Co.  (Orchard  Harrows),  ...*;..*;.***;  126 

The  Sherwin-Williams  Co.  (Spray  Materials), 122 

Deyo-Macey  Engine  Co.  (Sprayers), „6 

Madison  Cooper  Co.   (Gravity  Brine  Storage),  ....*.*..*.**.'  1^8 

Franklm  Davis  Nurserv  Co J^^ 

G.  P.  Read  (Packages  and  Cushions),  '..' [ fo 

Hamilton  Orchard  Heater  Co., jJ; 

W.  H.  Tipton  (Photograph),  .* ^ 

Dougherty  &  Hartley    (Dry  Goods),    .....*.'..*.*.*.*.*;.'.*.*.*"  128 

hdwin  C.  Tyson   (Horticultural  Requisites), t.t 

Vreeland  Chemical  Co.   (Spray  Materials),   ! .  to 

1.  b.  Hubbard  Co.  (Grapevines  and  small  fruits), 1-52 

Tx/'^'c'^^A"'"^^  Chemical  Co.    (Spray  Materials),   6 

W.  S.  Adams  (Warehouse), j^^ 


132 


Hamilton  Reservoir  Orchard  Heater 


C  THE  REGULATED  FIRE  or  Heat  Control  is  secured 
only  in  this  heater  and  is  of  the  greatest  importance  in  "Out 
ot  doors"  heating. 

C  Write  us  for  literature  telling  you  all  about  this  wonderful 
heater  and  what  it  has  done  for  thousands  of  growers. 

HAMILTON  ORCHARD  HEATER  CO. 

Grand  Junction,  Colorado 


W.  H.  TIPTON 

The  Leader  in 

O(?oto  gagfatong 

GETTYSBURG,  PA. 

<L  All  the  latest  effects  in  Artis- 
tic Portraiture.  Souvenir  Store 
connected  with  Studio.  Battle- 
field Views,  Souvenir  Albums, 
Post  Cards,  etc. ,  etc. 


Established  44  Years 

Grape  Vines 

Larger  Stock  and 
Be^  Varieties 


20  and  22  Chambersburg  St. 


CFor  e:arden  and  vineyard 
planting;  also  Currants,  Goose- 
berries and  other  small  fruit 
plants.  Parties  intending?  to 
plant  are  requested  to  corres- 
pond with  us. 

Our  Catalogue  is  Free 

T.  S.  HUBBARD  CO. 

FREDONIA,  N.  Y. 


< 


HV 


*> 


1-1' 


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133 

Adams  County  Fruit  Records,   24 

Gettysburg  &  Harrisburg  R.  R.  Shipments,  !.!.*!...!.!! .'  .*  115,  117 

Western  Maryland  R.  R.  Shipments, 119    121 

Total  Fruit,  \  '^23 

Adams  County  Orchard  Photographs,   39   54   66 

Advantage  of  Low  Heading, [["  [  '      '57 

Advertising,   '..['.['.'.','.'.'.'.'.[  93,  103 

Spraymg, 55 

Storage,  83,  99 

B 

Bateman  Mfg.  Co.   (Adv.),  g 

Bendersville  National  Bank   ( Adv.) ,   ...........[  140 

Biglerville  National  Bank  ( Adv.) , 108 

Bowker  Insecticide  Co.  (Adv. ) , 2 

Battlefield  Nurseries    (Adv.), 130 

Bolster  vSprings,  \  '  j  jq 

By-laws, 19-21 

Boyer,  John  F.,  33-38 

l^arrels, \  130,  135 

Cushions,  Caps  and  Circles  for,  10 

Dimensions    of,    jqi 

Basic  lag,   \  mj 

Business  Methods  in  Marketing  Apples, .*  91,  140 

c 

Committees,  List  of, ig 

Duties    of,    19,  21 

Cultivating  Machinery,    '126 

Constitution,    7 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas  Storage, 85 

Cultivation, 3J5 

Cedar  Rust,  . , \[  24,  27 

Citizens'  Trust   Co.,    129 

Cold  Storage,  Need  of,  83-90 

Compressed  Air  Sprayers,   24 

Crop  Reports,   102,  115,  117,  119,  121,  123 

Concentrated  Lime-Sulphur  Solution,   63 

Commercial  Lime- Sulphur,  6,  2,  20,  122,  124,  128,  141 

Color  of  Apples,  Data  on,  47 

D 

DuPont  de  Nemours  Powder  Co.  (Adv.), 114 

Deyo-Macey  Engine  Co.   (Adv.), 116 

Deming  Co.  (Adv.) ng 

Davis,  Franklin  &  Co.   ( Adv. ) ,  134 

Dues,    17 

l^uties  of  Officers, 19-21 

Diluting  Concentrated  Lime-Sulphur  Solution,  64 

Discussion  following  address  of — 

John  F.  Boyer,  36 

Dr.  J.  P.  Stewart,  c;i 

Clark  Allis,   69,  88 

Prof.  U.  P.  Hedrick,   81 

W.  J.  Lewis,   95 

E 

Executive  Committee — 

List  of,   3 

Duties  of,  21 

Eldon,  R.  M., 23,  36,  69,  81,  88,  95 

Experimental  Orchards,  Report  on,  35-53 

Educating  an  Orchard,   66-70 

Eastern  Fruit  Growers'  Association,   99 


134 


ESTABLISHED  1850 


1,200  ACRES 


TREES 

WE  ARE  WHOLESALE  GROWERS  OF 

First  Class  Nursery  Stock 

OF  ALL  KINDS 

Fruit,  Shade,  Ornamental  Trees,  Shrubbery,  Hedges,  Small  Fruits,  etc.. 
Asparagus,  Strawberries  and  California  Privet 

IN  LARGE  QUANTITIES 

The  BEST  Is  the  CHEAPEST.     Ours  is  the  CHEAPEST  because  it  is 
the  BEST.     Handling  Dealers'  orders  a  specialty.     Catalogue  free. 

Franklin  Davis  Nursery  Company 

BALTIMORE,  MARYLAND 


FirstNationalBank 

GETTYSBURG,  PA. 

Capital,  $100,000.00;  Surplus,  $150,000.00 


S.  M.  BUSHMAN,  President 


J.  ELMER  MUSSELMAN.  Cashier 


^  Pays  Interest  on  Certificates  for  six 
months  or  more   at  3>^^  per   annum. 


SAM'L  BUSHMAN 
J.  L.  BUTT 


DIRECTORS 

G.  H.  TROSTEL 

W.  S.  ADAMS 

C.  H.  MUSSELMAN 


JNO.  D.  BROWN 
P.  A.  MILLER 


Accounts  Solicited  However  Small 


i 


\ 


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%  •?  ♦/ 


KiJ 


F 

First  National  Bank,  Gettysburg  (Adv.), jia 

Fruit  Districts,  ^o 

Frame,  Nat  T.,  '.'.'.'.'/.'.'.'.'.'.". oo 

Formula  for  Lime-Sulphur  Solution,  .../../.. 6^ 

Fruit   Exhibits,    Report   on, 109 

Adams  County  Records,  ne    117 'no    121    12^ 

_Part  at  Pittsburg  Fruit   Show    (Illustration),    ....'....;.  '    82 

Fertilizers,    j. 

For  Orchards, !!.'!.*!!.*      ^6  39   5-? 

Experiment  in  Adams  County, ....,...../..,.[  '      '52 

Fungicide,  2,  *6, *20,*i22,'  124,  128,  141 

G 

Gould  Mfg.  Co.  (Adv.),  16 

Grasselli  Chemical  Co.  (Adv.), *  128 

Gettysburg  National  Bank  ( Adv.) .  ......./..,  130 

Gettysburg  &  Harrisburg  R.  R.,  (Fruit  Shipments  Over),".!*.!!!  115,  117 

Griest,  C.  S.,   ^5 

H 

Horticultural  Chemical  Co.  (Adv.),  5 

Harrison,  J.  G.  &  Sons   (Adv.),   !.!!!!!!  4 

Hamilton  Orchard  Pfeater  Co.    (Adv.),   ! . ! !  132 

Hedrick,  Prof.  U.  P.,  54.62,*  69,  71-82,  89 

Houck,  P.  L.,   95 

Horticultural  Requisites,  !.!!!!'  141 

I 

Illustrations — 

.    Twig  Blight  of  Apples.  26 

Cedar  Rust,   28 

Diagonal  Pack,  ! !  140 

Side  View  of  Boxes, 106 

Apples  from  Unsprayed  Trees, 32 

Advantage  of  Spraying, 65 

Fine  York  Imperial  Apple  Tree,  91 

Packing  Adams  County  Apples, , 154 

Picking  Adams  County  York  Imperial, 66 

Well  Tilled  Orchard,  yy 

State  College  Greenhouses, 125 

Well  grown  Winesap  Tree,  49 

Ohio  Cold  Storage  House,  83 

Section  of  Gravity  Brine  Storage,   86 

Extent  of  Tree  Roots,  33,  53 

Brine  Tank  of  Cooper  Storage  System,  87 

Plate  of  Adams  County  Apples.   63 

Cluster  of  Adams  County  Winter  Banana,  71 

Two  Methods  of  Planting,  107 

Basket  of  Adams  County  York  Imperials, 39 

Dish  of  Strawberries, 38 

Cluster  of  Adams  County  York  Imperial 58 

Low  Headed  Apple  Tree,  143 

Thrifty  Orchard  in  Hagerstown  Clay  Loam, 41 

Unsprayed  Tree  Defoliated  by  Leaf  Spot,   29 

Ohio  Greenhouse, 127 

Unpruned  York  Imperial  Eight  Years  Old, 62 

Starting  Muskmelons  in  Hot  Bed,   127 

•     Skinner  vSystem  of  Irrigation,  129 

Adams  County  Blue  Ribbon  Fruit  at  Pittsburg  Show, 82 

Stayman  Apple,   98 


136 


Hill  Top  Orchards  Warehouse  Co 


ASPERS,  PA. 


4»*4» 


Flour,  Feed  and 
General  Merchandise 


BELL  PHONE- Mt.  Holly  Exchange 
UNITED  PHONE— Biglewille  Exchange 


i 


U.  S.  KLINEFELTER 


MANUFACTURER  OF 


Standard  Apple  Barrels 


Of  Excellent  Quality 


DEALER  IN 


Fruit  Baskets 

Of  Various  Kinds 

BIGLERVILLE.  PENNSYLVANIA 


United  Phone 


> 


r 


<rU 


^ 


^  t 


137 

L 

Laf ean  Apple,  Package  and  Grade  Bill,  100,  lOI 

Ume-Sulphur — 

Method  of  making,  03 

Strength  to  use  Commercial,  04 

Lewis,  W.  J.,   88,  91-^ 

Light  Draft  Harrow  Co.  (adv.),  ^^" 

M 

Membership — 

Roll  of, 5,  7,  9,  II,  13,  15 

Constitutional    requirement    for,    I7 

Increase  in,    f ^3 

Marketing.    9^ 

Mulching,  effect  of,   45 

Musselman  Canning  Co.   (adv.),   1° 

Madison  Cooper  Co.   (Adv.),   I30 

o 

Officers — 

List  of, 3 

Consist  of,   -^7 

Duties  of, 19-21 

Objects  of  Association, ^7 

Order   of   Business,    ^^ 

Orchard —  ^q 

Cultivation  of,    ^ 

Orange  Rust  in,    •• ^7 

Orner,  P.  S.   (Adv.),  ^30 

P 

Pratt  Co.,  B.  G.  (Adv.), l^ 

President's  Address ^    ^     ^3 

Pruning,  Methods  of,    ^7-09,  70 

Peach  Culture z:^    ,S 

Planting,  Method  of,   ^7,  107 

R 

Reiter,  W.   C.    (Adv.),    ^w 

Read,  G.  P., 

Report  of  Fruit  Exhibit, ^^ 

s 

Size  of  Apples  not  a  True  Test  of  Value,  55 

Size.  Color  and  Quality  in  Fruits,  54-o- 

Spray  Injury,  ..•••••••/;•••: ,22 

vSherwin-WilHams   Co.    (Adv.),    1^2 

Schell,   Walter   S.    (Adv.),    ^2 

Svmmons   Bill * '  ^«  #!;^  z^,-   ^^ 

Stewart.  Dr.  J.  P 39-53,63-65,70 

Spravcrs,  Various  Types  of,   ^4 

Sod  Mulch,  Tillage,   /J 

Defined,     73 

Advantages  of 74 

Effect  on  Foliage /O 

Spraying,  Importance  of  care  in, 24 

Value  of,   f 

Stvles  in  Fruits,  ^°3 


138 


4 


Cold  Storage 


is  the  best  way  of  keeping  fruit. 

Everybody  Knows  That 

CL  Write  for  description  of  the  best 
cold  storage  system. 

€LAs  simple  to   operate  as  an   ice 
cream  freezer. 

(See  remarks  of  Clark  AUis  elsewhere  in  this  book.) 

Printed  matter  on  request. 

MADISON  COOPER  CO. 

No.  123  COURT  STREET 
CALCIUM,  N.  Y. 


V4 

t 


-'    r^ 


139 

Storage — 

Common,    95 

Cold,    89 

Cost  of,    87,  98 

Of  L/ime-sulphur,    64 

T 

Tillage  V.  Sod-Mulch,  71 

Defined,    72 

Object  of,  y^ 

Affect  of,  on  keeping  in  storage, yy 

Affect  of,  on  Soil  Temperature,   79 

Trees,  Heading  of,  37,  67 

Tipton,  W.  H.    (Adv.),    132 

Thomson  Chemical  Co.   (Adv.), 124 

Tilley,  John  S.   (Adv.),   112 

Tables— 

T.  Experimental    Orchards,    40 

11.  Influence  of  f ertiHzers  on  Yield,  42 

III.  Effect  of  Fertilizers  on  Yield,  42 

IV.  Influence  of   Cultural   Methods   and  Fertilizers   on 

Yield, 44 

V.  &  yi.  Effect  of  Fertilizer  Elements  on  Yield,  Color, 

Size   and    Growth,    46 

VII.  Yield  of  Fertilizer  Experiment,  Tyson  Orchard, 53 

Results  of  Sod  and  Tillage  on  Yield  compared, 75 

Twig  Blight,  26 

Time  for  thinning  and  pruning,  36,  37 

V 

Varieties — 

Apples,    97 

Peaches,    37 

Vreeland  Chemical  Co.  (Adv. ) ,  20 

W 

Western  Maryland  R.  R.,  vShipments  over,  19,  •  21 

Well  Tilled  Orchard,    77 

Y 

York   Chemical   Co.    ( Adv.) ,    14 

York  Imperial  (Illustrations  regarding),  39,  58,  62,  66,  99 


I40 


The  Bendersville  National  Bank 

BENDERSVILLE,  PA. 

Pays  3.65  %  Interest  on  ALL  Certificates 
of  Deposit  for  SIXTY  DAYS  or   more 

YOUR    ACCOUNT     RESPECTFUL/.  Y     SOLICITED 

Noo.26,  1910  Nov.  26,  1911 

Surplus  and  Profits  (earned)      $4,770. 1 1         $7,499.88 
Assets $109,712.58    $161,315.33 

OUR  DEALINGS   WITH  CUSTOMERS  ARE   ALWAYS   CONFIDENTIAL 

CALL  TO  SEE  US 

You  will  Receive  Prompt  and  Courteous  Treatment 

J.  G.  STOVER.  President        S.  B.  GOCHNAUR,  Vice  President        I.  C.  BUCHER.  Cashier 


i 


\ 


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141 


Orchard 


Requisites 


<»» 


"NOT  THE  CHEAPEST-  BUT  THE  BEST 


NO  matter  how  favorably  your  orchard  may  be  located,  as  to 
elevation,  typography,  soil  texture,   fertility  or  proximity  to 
good  markets,  success  will  not  be  yours  to  the  full  satisfy- 
ing extent  we  all  desire  unless  you  do  certain  things  and  DO  THEM 
WELL.     How  well  these  needful  things  are  done  will  measure  your 
success.     Do  not  be  satisfied  with  anything  short  of  the  highest  rank. 

C  Having  determined  to  do  your  work  intelligently  and  thorough- 
ly, do  not  consider  anything  but  the  BEST  TOOLS  AND  MA- 
TERIALS. The  labor  cost  is  always  the  highest  cost.  Do  not 
handicap  good  labor  with  poor  implements. 

C  We  are  prepared  to  furnish  anything  needed  in  orchard  work. 
It  has  been  our  constant  aim  to  reach  the  highest  rank  of  efficiency 
in  material,  tools  and  machinery.  Catalogs  are  yours  for  the  asking. 
The  list  below  indicates  some  of  the  more  important  things  we  handle. 


SOME  THINGS  WE  HANDLE 


"Scalecide" 

Lime-Sulphur 

Pyrox 

Disparene 

Weed  Killer 

Formaldehyde 


Gasoline  and  Compressed  Air  Sprayers 
Traction,  Barrel  and  Hand  Sprayers 
Hose,  Rods,  Nozzles,  Fittings 
Pruning  Saws,  Shears  and  Ladders 
Orchard  Harrows.  Cultivators  &  Heaters 
Picking  Bags,  BaskeU  &  Metal  Vessels 


Baskets,  Boxes,  Barrels  and  Crates 
Sorters,  Presses,  Pliers 
Magnifiers  and  Hydrometers 
Potato  Machinery 
Fertilizers  for  Farm  and  Orchard 
Flower  Food,  etc.,  etc. 


Write  or  'phone  us  reg^arding  your  wants.      We  shall  be  glad  to  quote 
WHOLESALE  RATES  TO  MEMBERS  F.  G.  A. 


Edwin  C.  Tyson 

Wholesale  Orchard  Tools  and  Supplies 


Box  57 


FLORA  DALE,  PA. 


142 


Low  Headed  Appi.e  Tree — 8  Years  Old. 
Orchard  of  George  T.   Powell — Dwarfed  by  late  summer  pruning. 


Eighth  Annual  Convention,  will  be  Held 
December  I8,  I9,  20,  I912. 


1 


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