Full text of "Proceedings of the ... annual convention"

See other formats

Author: Fruit Growers Association of Adams County
Title: Proceedings of the. . .annual convention
Place of Publication: Bendersville, Pa.
Copyright Date: 1912

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg016.7

•v

THE

• •

Fruit Growers Association

tr*

^e.

1 % •

of Adams County

Pennsylvania

ORGANIZED DECEMBER 18, 1903

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

':^

EIGHTH ANNUAL CONVENTION

HELD IN

Fruit Growers Hall, Bendersville, Penna.

Wednesday, Thursday and Friday,

December 18, 19, 20. 1912

•t

Get FIRS T Prize
For Your Fruit

Spray with Bowker's "Pyrox"

and secure fruit that is free from insect dam-
age and fungus disfigurement. "PYROX" fills
the Barrel with the kind they used to put on
top.

Bowker's Lime Sulphur

for all scale insects is made heavy and rich, and
for that reason is more effective than lighter
mixtures ; and as a rule it costs no more. When
you clean up your trees with Lime Sulphur, be
sure to use Bowker's for it is the kind you can
rely on to do effective work.

WE SHIP FROM BALTIMORE

WRITE FOR AGENCIES TO

nWlCFR INSECTICIDE C

V^ T T *V MLt IX 43 Chatham Street, Bo*ton, [

E. C. TYSON, State Agent, Flora Dale, Pa.

Officers

President, Robert M. Eldon Aspers

^st Vice' President, C.J.Tyson, Flora Dale

2nd Vice President, C. A. Griest Guernsey

3rd Vice President, C. E. Raefenspkkgkr, Arendtsville

4//I Vice President, E. P. Garrettson, Biglerville

5//. Vice President, J- G. Stover, M.D Bendersville

Recording Secretary, Chas. A. Wolfe, Aspers

Corresponding Secretary Edwin C. Tyson, Flora Dale

Treasurer, Wm. S. Adams Aspers

Executive Committee

Robert M. El don, . . .

C. J. Tyson,

C. A. Griest,

C. E. Raffensperger.
E. P. Garrettson, . .
J. G. Stover, M.D., .
Chas. A. Wolfe, . . . .

Edwin C. Tyson. .. .

Wm. S. Adams,

Aspers

Flora Dale
. . Guernsey
Arendtsville
. Biglerville
Bendersville

Aspers

. Flora Dale
Aspers

"HOW TO GROW
AND MARKET fRUrT

CThe BOOK that tells ''how" and
**why/' It is brand new and thor-
oughly up-to-date. Nearly 1 50 pages,
24 pages of pictures. With an order
for $5.00 worth of trees or plants, this
book is free. The price otherwise is
50 cents— rebated on first $5.00 order.

1913 CATALOGUE- FREE

€LThe bluest and best we have ever
issued. It's full of fine color plates
and information valuable to fruit grow-
ers. Edition is limited. Send now
for copy.

VALUABLE FARMS FOR SALE

Membership Roll

Adams, Wm. S., Aspers, Pa.,

Adams, Mrs. W. S., Aspers, Pa.,

Asper, D. C, Aspers, Pa.,

Asper, Chas. F., Aspers, Pa.,

Anderson, H. W., Stewartstown, Pa.

Anderson, Joseph W., Stewartstown, Pa.

Anderson, H. M., New Park, Pa.

Arnold, J. Raymond, York, Pa.

Bream, Samuel, Biglerville, Pa.

Br<^am, Dill, Bendersville, Pa.

Bream, Wm. E., Biglerville, Pa.

Bream, H. J Aspers, Pa.

Bream, M. F., York Spnngs, Pa.

Boyer, W. W Arendtsville, Pa.

y^K Black, Wm. H., Flora Dale, Pa.

U Baugher, H. G., Aspers. Pa.

Baugher, Ira, Aspers, Pa.

Baugher, Martin, Aspers, Pa.

Bucher, John, Bendersville, Pa.

Belt, J. E., Wellsville, Pa.

Butt, J. L., Gettysburg, Pa.

Bosler. Frank C ' Carhsle, Pa.

Brough, Edward, Biglerville, Pa.

Bender, Lee M., Martinsburg, W^ Va.

Bassett, Charles E Fennville, Mich.

Bingham, W. O St. Thomas, Pa.

Boyer, George E., Arendtsville, Pa.

Bushman, S. F., Gettysburg, R. F. D., Pa

Brame, Edw., Aspers, Pa.

Blessing, David H Harrisburg, Pa.

Black, Moses, Aspers, Pa.

Blair, C. I., Aspers, Pa.

Bream, W. A., Gettysburg, Pa.

Cocklin, B. F Mechanicsburg, R. F. D., Pa.

Cook, Arthur E., Aspers, Pa.

Cook, J. W Flora Dale, Pa.

Cullison, Robt Tillie, Pa.

Crowe, John W., Gettysburg, Pa.

Carey, Calvin, Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5, Pa.

Carson, E. E., ' Bendersville, Pa.

Cole. A. W Orrtanna, R. F. D.. Pa.

Crouse, E. A. Gettysburg, Pa.

Fig. 761 Duplex double acting power Spray pump
for connecting by belt to any gasoline engine

C You can get better results with a Deming Sprayer be-
cause it will require fewer repairs, and is better able to
stand the rough usage than any other pump We have
had more experience ; we operate a larger factory than any
other spray pump manufacturers.

C This Duplex pump is only one of 27 Deming spray pumps
for all spraying conditions. Our 1913 Catalogue contains
full particulars. Write for it.

THE DEMING COMPANY, Salem, Ohio

Manufacturers of Hand, Windmill^ Power and Spray Pumps

^t-

f*'^

DcardorflF, Anthony, Mummasburg, Pa

Deardorff, Henry, ., Arendtsville, Pa.

Deardorff. H. W Tillie, Pa.

Deardorff, W. B., Gettysburg, R. F D. No. 5, Pa,

Dill, Dr. M. T., Biglerville. Pa.

Dull, Thomas, Aspers, Pa.

Dunlap, James M Walnut Bottom, Pa.

Davis, Wm Vork Springs, Pa.

Day, T. F Aspers, Pa.

Dougherty, Dorsey Gettysburg, Pa.

Dickey, vSamuel Oxford, Pa.

Deatrick, H. G Hunterstown, Pa.

Diller, A., "^o^^ Springs, Pa.

Eldon, Robert M Aspers, Pa.

Eldon, Mrs. R. M Aspers, Pa.

Eppleman. J. W \spers. Pa.

Everhart, G. W York, Pa.

Eby, Amos Mt. Joy, Pa.

Eiholtz, S. Mc Biglerville, Pa.

Eppleman, E. E Aspers, Pa.

Eppleman, H. C Aspers, Pa.

Estabrook, F. L Athens, Pa.

Finnef rock. Thomas Bendersville, Pa.

Fohl, George E Biglerville, Pa.

Fiddler, W. B Aspers, Pa.

Felty, G. B. O Millersville, Pa.

French, Albert, ^ 545 Mountain Avenue, Mont-

clair, N. J.

Griest, C. Arthur Guernsey, Pa.

Griest, Mrs. C. A Guernsey, Pa.

Griest, C. S Guernsey, Pa.

Griest, A. W Baltimore, Md.

Griest, Frederic E Philadelphia, Pa.

Griest, G. G 30 Church St., N. Y. City.

Griest, Maurice 105 W. 163d St., N. Y. City

Griest, Chas. J Vork Springs. Pa.

Garrettson, Frank .\spers. Pa.

Garretson, Eli P Biglerville, Pa.

Garretson, Harriet Biglerville, Pa.

Garrettson, J. B Aspers, Pa.

Garretson, Robert Flora Dale, Pa.

Garrettson, John Aspers, Pa.

Garrettson, Eli Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 6, Pa.

Grove, W. E York Springs. Pa.

Gillan, R. J ^"^t. Thomas, Pa.

Groupe, Foster C Tdaville, Pa.

Gardner, L. M., Jr., York Springs, Pa.

With a DEYO POWER SPRAYER

You arc READY to spray the day conditions arc ripe

^ No delay tinkering the machine.

^ No endless adjusting to make it work right

fl No countless parts to buy and wait for until the vital time to spray

has passed.

Deyo Power Sprayer

is always ready, always satisfactory, because it's made right, of best
materials, by skilled mechanics, under the personal instruction and direction
of Mr. Deyo.

C You, as a Fruit Grower, know that the San Jose Scale
IS worse this year than ever before. Make your plans early,

therefore, to give your orchard the proper care. No investment pays so
well as the money put into a Deyo Power Sprayer.

€L J^rite us to-day and we will send you at once our illustrated booklet
telling all about the Deyo Power Sprayer, and give y^ou some facts,
in regard to it that are hard for an^ Grower to get away from,

DEYO-MACEY ENGINE CO.

BINGHAMPTON, N. Y.

We manafactnre notbinc bat DEYO POWER SPRAYERS and DEYO ENGINES- -Eof ine Size. 1^ t» 16 H.P

Gochnauer, J. D York Springs, R. F. D., Pa.

Gochnauer, Jacob S., Aspers, Pa.

Gracey, Robert, - Newville, Pa.

Gove, Mary E., Bendersville, Pa.

Guise, D. H., Emmittsburg, Md.

House, O. P., Aspers, Pa.

Harris, Meriam, Bendersville, Pa.

Hoffman, Jas. O., Arendtsville, Pa.

Hoffman, E. N., Biglerville, Pa.

Hoffman, Daniel, Aspers, Pa.

Hoffman, George, Arendtsville, Pa.

Hoffman, Willis, Biglerville, Pa.

Harshman, U. W., Waynesboro, Pa.

Huber, Charles H., Gettysburg, Pa.

Hartman, Geo. R., Biglerville, Pa.

"""' ^- ^ Waymart, Pa.

Hummel, P. T., Harrisburg, Pa.

Hazard, Willis Hatfield, West Chester, Pa.

Hershey, C. A., McKnightstown, Pa.

Heilman. J. R.. Palmyra, R. F. D. 2, Pa.

Hertig, John, Arendtsville, Pa.

Hart, H. V., Martinsburg, W. Va.

Jacobs, Daniel C Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5, Pa.

Keller. H. M Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5, Pa.

Klinefelter, U. S., Biglerville, Pa.

K^"^' J- A., Biglerville, Pa.

Kane, J. Lewis, Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 6, Pa.

Knouse, J. A \rendtsville, Pa.

Knouse, David Arendtsville, Pa.

Koser, Rev. D. T Arend,tsville, Pa.

Koser, G. W., Arendtsville, Pa.

Kunkle, John R Gettysburg, Pa.

Longsdorf, C. L. Biglerville, Pa.

Lawver, Rufus W Biglerville, Pa.

Lawver, J. Edw Biglerville, Pa.

Longsdorf, Dr. H. H, Dickinson, Pa.

Lady, Hiram C Arendtsville, Pa.

Lupp, Reuben Biglerville, Pa.

^^"' ^' B East Berlin, R. F. D. No. 3, Pa.

Large, Mrs. E. S., Orrtanna, Pa.

Large, Miss Katharine Orrtanna, Pa.

Lewis, W. J Pittston, Pa.

Lower, Dr. S. E., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Michener, Mrs. Chas., Bendersville, Pa.

Myers, George P., Biglerville, Pa.

■ ■■■'>J<'V-

C It is not only the growing of
the fruit that demands your atten-
tion, but the manner in which it
is packed as well.

Corrugated Caps

White Paper Caps

Cushions

G.PREAD.

199DUANESt.,NEWY0RK

BRANCH ALBION. N.Y.
MANUFACTURER AND
. DEALER IN SUPPLIES >
U5ED BY THt FRUIT i
GROWER AND SHIPPER
FOR THE PICKING,
PACKING AND PROTECTING
OF HIS FRUIT.

Lace
Circles

CThe use of my goods at the
time of packing increases the value
of your fruit 10%.

Send for booklet on Fruit Packing Supplies
It is FREE.

f\ 1

'I »

McIIhenny. Wm. B., Gettysburg, Pa.

McKay, Geo. H... puii'j i if- r.

Maver Dr T H Philadelphia, Pa.

Mayer, Ut.l. H ^j,,^^

Mo nson, Mrs^ W. S ^spers. Pa.

Minter,Tho.as\.,...\-:::::::::::::::::::::SSr^^^^^^^^^

Musselman, C. H Biglerville Pa.

Musselman, J. Elmer Gettysburg. Pa

Minter, Mrs. D. G., .... r„„ . ^ r, \r^ ^ .,

Myers, Levi M.. .... ^ddon k'^- V' ^^ ^°- 5' ^^

Miller, Robt. C. S.ddonsburg. Pa.

Miller, E. M., Gettysburg^ Pa.

Moyer Dr. H B.; : : ^'"T' m r

Mickiey, J. w., r ""^Y^'/J-
Mickiey I. D ::;: FairfieH R^F. D., Pa.

Musser,WillM ^T T' l"'

■., , ' ,, , Lampeter, Pa.

Maloney, W. J r. n »r ,,

M^r • . ^ T- Dansville, N. Y.

McCormick, C. E nt u r,

XT . Glenburn, Pa.

^ewcomer, Aaron c,„ituu in-j

Naylor, H. A Sm.thburg. Md.

M- r Vu • ' ■ V Aspers, Pa.

Nissly. Christian L Klorin Pa

^''''^' ^'^'" ^ 558 Abbottst'n St., Hanover. Pa.

Syl'er,' G^e^rge C. ■.■.■.■; .' ?llTT'^' I I ^^ ^^"^ '' P""

^'^""' P- S Arendtsville, Pa.

Prickett^ Josiah W.. Biglerville, Pa. \

Peters, Z. J., r^ '

Peters. H. V, i :.::::::: ::::::: i.-.w.Sp^rPa'-

Peters. Geo M Aspers, Pa.

P?"" ,T\; Biglerville, Pa.

PiWr'H r Bendersville. Pa.

Pitzer, Harry C ^ p^

Patterson, Jas. A Stewartstown. Pa.

^'^"' ^- ^' New York City.

Raffensperger. Chas. E Arendtsville. Pa.

Raffensperger. Roy Arendtsville, Pa.

Raffensperger Harry ^,,„, ^^ •

Rice C K Aspers, Pa.

Rce, Waybnght Biglerville, Pa.

P ' T.u" "o Arendtsville, Pa.

Rice, Luther S., . a j-l •« ^

Arendtsville, Pa.

What Does Your Spraying Cost ?

Spray Material is not the Greatest Cost

C Good labor is becoming more scarce and more expensive
each year.

€L Would you like to cut your labor bill in half, and insure
better, cleaner trees and fruit ? Let us tell you how.

COne spray-tank full of "SCALECIDF' will spray as
many trees as two spray-tanks full of Lime Sulfur, in each instance
spraying until every twig is covered and the trees drip.
^^ €L The N. Y. Experiment Station reports that 9 gallons of
SCALECIDE'' spray has the same covering power as 17 gallons
of Lime-Sulfur. We know of an orchard that required 25,000
gallons of Lime-Sulfur in 1911 and was sprayed in 1912 with less
than^ 11,000 gallons of "SCALECIDE'' with better results.
Don't say you don't believe it until you have made a fair and square
test of it.

C Suppose that it takes 1-50 gallon barrel of **SCALECIDE''
to spray your orchard—what will it cost .? What would it cost to
do the same work with Lime-Sulfur ?

1 barrel **SCALECIDE,'' making 800 gallons of spray 1 to 15,
will cost delivered in Pennsylvania and vicinity - $25.00
Cost of labor for applying at l>^c per gallon - 12.00

$37 00
It will require 1500 gallons of Lime-Sulfur to spray the same or-
chard, which will require 3^3 barrels of the best commercial Lime-
Sulfur 1 to 8, at $4.50 per barrel - - $15.00
Labor of applying 1500 gallons of spray at l>^c
per gallon - - - . - 22.50

which demonstrates that if you pay over $4.50 per barrel for Lime-
Sulfur (you cannot make it at home for that), you are oavinff more
than for **SCALECIDE'' at $25.00 per barrel.

"Scalecide" Costs More by the Gallon, but Less by the Orchard

C No spray is cheap that does not do the work.

C The Missouri Experiment Station reports that **SCALECIDE"
killed 100% of scale (by count) in five out of seven tests, while Lime-Sulfur
tailed to do so once in ten tests in the same orchard.

T • ?• J*^^ ^"^^* ^"^ "^^^* productive orchards in the U. S. have never had
Lime-Sulfur on them but -SCALECIDE" has been used exclusively as a
Winter wash since planting. We will take pleasure in referring you to them.

B. G. PRATT CO., 50 Church Street, New York City
E. C. TYSON— Pennsylvania Agent— Flora Dale, Pa.

i ? >

/^ I ^
^1 -f

Rice, Oscar C, Arendtsville, Pa.

Routzahn, George R., Bendersville, Pa.

Rinehart, E. S., Mercersburg, Pa.

Rinehart, J. J., Smithburg, Md.

Roberts, Arthur, Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5, Pa.

Reist, Henry G., no Avon Road, Schenectady,

N. Y.

Reist, Eli G., Mt. Joy, Pa.

Repp, Albert T., Glassboro, N. J.

Riddlemoser, H. E., McKnightstown, Pa.

Roth, John, Biglerville, Pa.

Rice, Edwin A., Arendtsville, Pa.

Rex. Raymond, Idaville, Pa.

Rhoads, C. A., Friedens, Pa.

Stover, Dr. J. G., Bendersville, Pa.

Slaybaugh, E. B Aspers, Pa.

Slaybaugh, Elmer Aspers, Pa.

Smith, G. Frank Aspers, Pa.

Smith, J. H., Biglerville, Pa.

Shank, George H Biglerville, Pa.

Sheely, Allen Bendersville, Pa.

Sheely, Geo. D New Oxford, Pa.

Shull, Jno. A Tillie, Pa.

Shull, Robt. H Tillie. Pa.

Stoner, C. A., Gettysburg, Pa.

Schuchman, G. W Carlisle, Pa.

Spangler, George E Gettysburg, Pa.

Snyder, E. B jack's Mountain, Pa.

Snyder, Jacob S Idaville. R. F. D., Pa.

Snyder, W. L., Bendersville, Pa.

Snyder, L. S York Springs, Pa.

Starner, C. S., Aspers. Pa.

Stitzel, J. A., Aspers. Pa.

Stauffer. Chas. B Gettysburg, Pa.

Sachs. Edw Biglerville, Pa.

Stock, E. C 3610 Clifton Av. Balto. Md.

Strasbaugh. E. F Orrtanna. Pa.

Sheffer. E. Kate Boiling Springs, Pa.

Sheely. A. D Arendtsville. Pa.

Smith, J. Russel, Swarthmore, Pa.

Tyson, Edwin C Flora Dale, Pa.

Tyson, Mrs. M. W Flora Dale, Pa.

Tyson, Chester J piora Dale, Pa.

Tyson. Mrs. B. H Aspers, Pa.

Tyson, Wm. C, Guernsey, Pa.

Tyson, Mrs. M. E. Guernsey, Pa.

fl Dempwolf's Spring Special Brand has proven highly
effective as a Fertilizer for orchards.

Analysis :

Ammonia,

Formula :

2% Ingredients Used for Ammonia:

Nitrate of Soda.
Ground Fish.
Dried Ground Blood.
High Grade Animal Tankage.
Dempwolf 's Special Ammonia and
Phosphoric Acid Compound.

Available Phosphoric Acid, 7% Ingredients Used for Phosph

Acid:

one

Dissolved Phosphate.
Ground Fish.

High Grade Animal Tankage.
Dempwolf 's Special Ammonia and
Phosphoric Acid Compound.

Potash (Soluble in water) , 1 0 % Ingredients Used for Potash:

Muriate of Potash.

Ask Your Local Jlgent for this Brand, or write direct to

York Chemical Works

YORK, PENNA.

]

^ I #

^ I f
f 1^

Tyson, A. R, Norristown, Pa.

Taylor, Hanson W., Biglerville, Pa.

Taylor, Henry, Biglerville, Pa.

Trostle, Francis, York Springs, R. F. D., Pa.

Thomas, Mrs. Dr., Gettysburg, Pa.

Taughinbaugh, J. L., Hunterstown, Pa.

•

Ullrich, L. L., Biglerville, Pa.

Weidner, A. I, Arendtsville, Pa.

Wolfe, C. A Aspers, Pa.

Wolfe, Harry Aspers, Pa.

Wolf, Dr. W. E Arendtsville, Pa.

Wolf, Charles M., York Springs, Pa

Weaver, Mrs. CM., New Oxford, Pa.

Weaver, David, Biglerville, Pa.

Wilson, B. F., Biglerville, Pa

Weaner, Chas. C, Bendersville, Pa.

Weaner, W. C, Aspers, Pa.

Wertz, D. M., Ouincy, Pa.

Wible, R. E., i. Gettysburg, Pa.

Wickersham, Ruth A., Bendersville, Pa.

Wickersham, Robt. A., Bendersville, Pa.

Wagner, Harry Carlisle, Pa.

Wright, Ryland Aspers, Pa.

Wright, T. F., \spers, Pa.

Williams, J. L Gettysburg, Pa

Weigle, H. M. ^nrrisburg, Pa.

Walter. J. C Biglersville, Pa.

Why Not Get the BEST
Spray Pump?

Why try to do good spraying — thorough
spraying — the only kind worth while— with
cheap tools ? Don't waste your money and
time on a cheap spray pump — ^get a

GOULDS

^t*

^■^vl

Reliable SPRAYER

Coulds Sprayers are designed and built
to give the best service and to last. They
develop, with a minimum of effort, the
power needed to force the spray into every
crack and crevice. All parts are made to
resist the action of spray chemicals — one
reason they last. You can choose from
our Ime to meet every spraying re-
quirement.

The entire line is
fully described and
illustrated in our
booklet,

"How to Spray,
When to Spray.
Which Sprayer
to Use"

Send for this
free booklet.

You will find its
authentic spray for-
mulas an exceedingly
valuable guide to your
spray work.

The Goulds Mfi{.Co.

"Largtst Manufactunra tf
Pumps for Evtry Strvic§"

130 West Fall Street
Seoeca Falls, New York

CONSTITUTION

Preamblk.

< i > niav m1?ii."ll"^'i^'' '" ^'■"" growing and believing that, by organization we

* •

ARTTCI.K J.~Name.

AdaS^ C^unTy'.'^'^''" '^'^" ^" ^"^^" ^' ^^^ ^^"^^ ^^^^^^^' Association of

Article U,— Object.

r.f ,u^^f "^^j^"^^ ""^ ^^''% Association shall be to encouraRe the co-ooeration

of lhei/rm^„rT„^terLir^"^ ^"""'"^ '"' ''' ''-'-'-" -'^ ^"-'"-m

tion asshan n'™f fi""^ disseminating sucli scientific and practical informa-
tion as shall promote the general advancement of the fruit growing interests

quamJtv T^; pTol^ts^" '''"' '" ^"^^ '-■>->--"* of ^the%^l'i'jrrnd
ing fhat wh'ich may"y"dttr!nfS°" " ""'' "^ advantageous, and prevent-

fr. J'^L ^^ secunng such improved facilities in transportation as shall tenil
to give us more expeditious and economical distribution

pacfi and' pa"ctge°""^ '° "™''' " '^"" ^""^ """'' ""'^"^^ ^>^t-" °f
5th. By devising some system of marketing our products which will
°ive"r"e?ur" "'''"'' ''" "'"'''''' ^"'^ ^'''' '° '^^^ S^°-^^ a^a?r and'einunera-
6th. And by endeavoring to obtain such improved systems of croo re-
porting as shall furnish, through co-operation with other smilar Assoclal
f'rTit' or""""'.' -nformation concerning production; thereby enabling the
fruit grower to know the exact situation. '"umiK me

Articlk UI.— Membership.

1st. Candidates for membership may be elected by a majority vote of
the members present, and upon the payment of $1.00 into the treasury sh^l
be entitled to membership until the next Annual Meeting "^^^"""y «"»"

2d Any member may renew his membership by the payment of annual

lS'sha"ll re^cTuirl^S-^le^^ior '"" ^■'"''''' '•""" '"''"''^ ^''^ Annual Xt'

oper^aL^yiTh^Jhe^'^pS ll^^^^^Lf gr^arS"!: °o^ ^Ir Z
term of one year after election to membership.

Article IV.—Dues.

M.V^^u'^T''^ "^"^ °^ ■!'''' Association shall be One Dollar, ($1.00) pay-
fni or wh cTfhrT^' *''" "'««i"g.i'""iediately preceding the annua/ m'fel
ing, tor which the Treasurer shall issue a rece pt. this receipt to constitute
a certificate of membership for the succeeding year. constitute

Article Y— Officers.

A ^^- 1'^^"^^-^ ^l!?" !^?"*'^' °^ a President, a First, Second, Third Fourth
t\rv ,'„ . .^1" President a Recording Secretary, a Correspond ng Secre-
tary, and a Treasurer, all of whom shall be elected by ballot at each An-
nual Meeting, to serve for the term of one year ot until their successors

tte Commit"- "^'"^ "'"' ^"^ '''''''' °«"^^ '""^'^ <=°"«t't"'« -Tx^c"

.■■i'V^.CTi

III

t t

MAY THE

NEW YEAR

BRING

A BUMPER
APPLE CROP

MUSSELMAN

CANNING
COMPANY

BIGlERVIllE, PA.

|V,»»-

^
..j»

ARTictE yi.~Quorum.

■ busiS ^^^ ™^'nbe'-s shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of

Article \'ll.— Amendments.

anvTi'.fMr^^"'"*V*'°",^"'^ By-Laws of this Association may be amended at
orthe^nronnr/'"^ ''J * t^^-thirds vote of the members present, a notice
reg^ar meedng. ^"'"''"^""' "^^^'"^ l'^^" presented in writing at a previous

Article VUl.— Fruit Districts.

tendh^°/ il^^i'"."'"'!^ °l distributing the work of the Association and ex-
W Te^-en r,?'^!)' l""- ."^""PJ-^ ^^ ^^^""^ ^'^^" ''^ ^'^'ded into the follow-
M?naltn tI^I ^""n- V -^"i"*^* ^"^V °'" N°"h district, to consist of
Townlhrn nl^.^'fV?"*""' I*°V°'' ^"t District, to consist of Franklin
L,Wv TnH H ■ J'l!'^^' ^' Southwestern District, to consist of Highland,
ron^S .f r Ham. tonban Townships ; District Four, or South District, to
of Sfr=,h°.n T,!^^"^"^,- F'-e^dom and Mt. Joy Townships, and that portion
frW p1,.= ^°'^"^ "P 'yj,"^ ^"""^ °^ *« Western Maryland Railroad; Dis-
Mt mi ' . ^^^'"? District, to consist of Germany, Union, Conowaga,
t^irt S V n:^'V°^^'■*'; ^^^^}''^: ^"^'^^ ="d Hamilton Townships ; Dis^
r^lIW No^heastern District, to consist of Latimore, Huntingdon and
Tyrone Townships ; District Seven, or Central District, to consist of Butler

e'rrMa'r'^ard'Railrord""" "' '*"'^" '""""^'^'P '^'"« """^^ '' ^^e West-

Articlk IX.—Committees.

n. 1'^'^'^ following five (5) committees shall be appointed annually by the
newly-elected Executive Committee and announced at the January meeting
as folows: A committee on programs, a committee on membership, a
committee on statistics, a committee on exhibits and a committee on crop
If^"^ V.l^ committee shall be composed of one or two members from
each of the seven (7) districts of Adams County, as designated in Art 8

FrankHn ""' ^'^'^ ^^""^ ""^ ^^^ Counties of York, Cumberland and

BYLAWS

Article I.— Duties of President.

The President shall preside at all meetings of the Association and have
a general supervision of its affairs.

Articlk U.— Duties of Viee Presidents.

The highest designated Vice President present at any meeting shall
preside in he absence of the President; all of the five vice presidents shall
s^ve on the Executive Committee in conjunction with the other elective
otiicers; and, in addition, each vice president shall have special duties as
follows : i vo «o

The First Vice President shall be chairman of the program committee
and be responsible for the preparation of a program for each regular meet-
ing, same to be announced at the preceding meeting

The Second Vice President shall be chairman of the membership com-
mittee and shall use every effort, personally and through members of his
committee, to extend the membership and secure renewals

The Third Vice President shall be chairman of the committee on sta-
tistics, and shall l)e responsible for the preparation of statistics showing
number of orchards in Adams County, and, as far as possible, in York
Cum],erland and Franklin Counties, with quantity, age, kind and varietv of
trees planted therein, for the use of the Association, adding thereto as
new orchards are planted or old ones extended

No Change in Name, Location
or Bank Since 1852

U. Grant Border, Pres.

C. H. Evans, Vice Pres.

. Evans
& Company

218 Light Street

Baltimore,

Maryland

Madi

Apples Their Specialty
For Sixty Years

hibitT''LHZ''"' ^l" President shall be chairman of the committee on ex-
s'^ml^as-dlr^cTed ^TthelYsfciaLr "-'"^ *^"'* '"' ^^'''''^ ^^ '''^"'^^-^
reoorts^ .^'i' h.^'" P."""'^^"* shall be chairman of the committee on crop
of'the Association. '"'"' ''"^' °' '^""'^'^""^ =*"^ '=°'"1'"'"^ ^^^^ f- "^e

ARTICI.E III.— Duties of Recording Secretary.

The Recording Secretary shall write the minutes of the meetings of the
Association and have charge of its Records and Reports. ""^^""^^ °^ ^"^

Articlk lV.~Dutics of Corresponding Secretary.

\.J}^-^''''''^T''u^l^^ Secretary shall conduct the correspondence of the
Association and shall receive for so doing his necessary expenses for sta

rc^ofK^^Lrr^- ^^ ^'^" ^''^ ^^' - ^--^-^ S^ecretT/t ^^:e at

Article V.— Duties of Treasurer.

belo JJin/fn^?hrA^ s"^^."' .'•^"i^'e and keep an accurate account of all moneys
sfined W he Pr.^rH^nl^"H • "f^ir^ T' '^""^ °" ^" "^'l" °f 'he Association,
mfnts at the fnnf'l .^^ '''*" ""^^^ ^ '■^P"''' "^ ^" ^^"'Pts and disburse^

tTof hI i.n ^. ^'"'■^^ °r ?' *"y ""'^ at 'he request of the Associa-
tion. He shall mail a notice of dues to all members one week prior to the
November meeting, at which time all dues are payable, and shall i°suecer
tihcates o membership in exchange for all dues^ received He hall also
keep a roll of members who have complied with Article IV of the Con°
stitution and embody same in his annual report.

Article VL— Duties of the Executive Committee.

„f >u^\ Executive Committee shall have general supervision of the affairs
of the Association, auditing all bills and accounts and carrying out the pur-
poses of the Association. ^ '^ P"*^

Article VU.— Meetings.

There shall be a regular meeting of the Association on the second Satur-
day-^ of each month at 7 : 30 r. m.. unless otherwise ordered. The meetinK
held in December to be regarded as the Annual Meeting. Special meetinef
point '^^ ^ ""' Executive Committee at such time as they may "p-

Article Wll.— Initiation of Officers.

All new officers shall assume the duties of office at the opening of the

meeting immediately following the one at which they were elected except

hat the newly-elected Executive Committee shall prepare and announce at

fied in'r7o"and"fi;e':.L™''"'''"?'P '"°" "^ '^' ^-^'^ <S) committees speci-
nea in Art 9, and the chairman of program committee shall prepare a oro-

gram for the February meeting and announce same at the January meeting.

1st.
2d.

3d.

4th.

5th.

6th.

7th.

Article lX.~Order of Business.

Reading of minutes of previous meeting.
Nominations and elections.
Reports of committees.
Deferred business.
Communications.
New business.
Discussion of questions.

r'-- ■'''■-'■.''it

HOW ABOUT IT ?

HU your SPRAYER unreliable — does it break down
when you need it most ?

C Are you always repairing or replacing small parts ?

C Does your engine refuse to start ?

€L Is your spray fine and penetrating—your agitation perfect ?

CIn short are you PERFECTLY SATISFIED with
your Sprayer ?

IF NOT— Investigate the

AIR-TIGHT SPRAYER

'I-

I. J

H *

SIMPLE— ISN'T IT?

Complete Power Plant

AIR TIGHT SPRAYER

C Only SEVEN moving parts.

a A thousand L.ESS parts than the average Sprayer.

C AH steel construction.

C Two-cycle air cooled engine, develops TWICE the power
required.

C Write for descriptive catalogue.

AiR-TiGHT Steel Tank Company

PITTSBURGH, PA.

200 GALLON SPRAYER-ONE MAN AT TREE BEHIND

E. C. TYSON, Gen'l Agt., FLORA DALE, PA.

,..-^;.u

"Keystone Farm Right^'

Dynamite

Should be used by

PROGRESSIVE ORCHARDISTS

It advances tree growth from one to two years,
over old planting methods.

Mellows the Soil.
Destroys Harmful Insect Life.
Conserves Moisture Over Drouth Periods.
Loosens up Soil A round Old Trees, afford-
ing greater root expansion, thus bringing
orchard back to normal bearing.

"Keystone Farm Right" Dynamite

, is valuable in Removing Stumps and
Boulders, Breaking up Hardpan and
Subsoil, Digging Post Holes and Ditches,
Draining Wet and Marshy Land.

Write for Illustrated Booklet, '^Farming with Dynamite*'

Keystone National Powder Co.

EMPORIUM, PA.

SOLD IN ADAMS COUNTY BY

Lower Bros. R. L Nesbit & Co. Basehoar & Mehring

Table Rock

LittlettowB

'4i

•■1

4»

X
o

PQ
■Ji

X
>

O
U

Q
<

"Keystone Farm Right''

Dynamite

Should be used by

PROGRESSIVE ORCHARDISTS

It advances tree growth from one to two years,
over old planting methods.

Mellows the Soil.
Destroys Harmful Insect Life.
Conserves Moisture Over Drouth T^erioJs.
Loosens up Soil A round Old Trees, afford-
ing greater root expansion, thus bringing
orchard hack to normal hearing.

Keystone Farm Right" Dynamite

is valuahle in Removing Stumps and
Boulders, Breaking up Hardpan and
Suhsoil, Digging Post Holes and Ditches,
Draining Wet and Marsh}) Land,

Write for Illustrated Booklet, ** Farming with Dynamite' *

Keystone National Powder Co.

EMPORIUM, PA.

SOLD IN ADAMS COUNTY BY

Lower Bros. R. L. Nesbit & Co. Basehoar & Mehring

Table Rock DilUburg Littlettown

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

o
m

H
<

It.

.ifm?i:-

^i%

■"'t^

i I

"Keystone Farm Right"

Dynamite

Should be used by

PROGRESSIVE ORCHARDISTS

It advances tree growth from one to two years,
over old planting methods.

Mellows the Soil.
Destroys Harmful Insect Life.
Conserves Moisture Over Drouth T^eriods.
Loosens up Soil Around Old Trees, afford-
ing greater root expansion, thus bringing
orchard back to normal bearing.

Keystone Farm Right" Dynamite

is valuable in Removing Stumps and
Boulders, Breaking up Hardpan and
Subsoil, Digging Post Holes and Ditches,
Draining Wet and Marshy Land.

Write for Illustrated Booklet, ''Farming with Dynamite''

Keystone National Powder Co,

EMPORIUM, PA.

SOLD IN ADAMS COUNTY BY

Lower Bros. R. L. Nesbit & Co. Basehoar & Mehring

Table Rock

Littlestown

'* 1 1

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

EIGHTH ANNUAL CONVENTION

OP THE

FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

ADAMS COUNTY, PA.

The Eighth Annual Convention was called to order by the
President, Robert M. Eldon, at 2:00 p. m., Wednesday, December
18, 1912, in Fruit Growers' Hall, Bendersville, Pa.

The convention was opened with prayer by the Rev. D. T.
Koser.

Following a few well chosen words of welcome by the Presi-
dent, the program was proceeded with as follows :

PEACHES.

Prof. F. N. Fagan, Ass't Professor of Horticulture, Pennsylvania

State College,

I wish to sound a warning note, not that I believe it myself, but
the press and public at large are inclined to believe it — that is that
there is, or rather might be an over production of apples. We read
nearly every day of some large planting of this fruit and the talk
is that when all their young trees come into bearing, the ones just
planted and the ones that have been planted within the past five or
ten years, that there will not be enough people in the United States
to use the fruit. That may hold good if people believe their own
township is the whole United States, but the facts are that many
families of ordinary means, in our large cities, cannot afford apples
at the prices they must pay each year to get them. So please under-
stand that I do not take much stock in the over production idea of
the apple. But I do know there is, on an average, an under pro-

duction of peaches. In many localities, we find not enojigh produ^^^
tion of this good fruit to supply the wants of the usual housewife
not to mention the wants of the village, borough, town and ^ity. I
believe I know what some of you are thinking,- We haven t the
soil or location to produce peaches." Am I right Agam, you may
say we will let Michigan, West York State, Northeast Pennsylvania
and Northern Ohio ship us our late peaches for canning and the
South Atlantic States and South Central Mississippi valley ship
us our early dessert peaches. Well, let the above sections ship us
their products and still you will not have enough You can compete
with them and to confirm this statement, talk with your local
dealers and grocerymen, and see if they don't tell you that home
grown peaches will bring a better price and also that they would

rather handle them. ^ w .t, ^ u^c

Now, as to soil for peaches, we have been taught that peaches
were very exacting as to soils. This teaching is all right but I am of
the opinion that it has been carried to the extreme. The very habit
and nature of the peach root tends to teach the above. Feach
roots are very fibrous, the fibrous roots being more abundant than
the stocky heavy ones, indicating as we study tree r(K)ts, that the
peach prefers a loose soil, and popular opinion has tied this tact to
a light, sandy soil. When I speak of light soil, I mean light soil
as we speak of it on the farm. As a matter of fact, our loams and
clayey loams and even clays can be made very light to handle and al-
so pliable, if we install an abundance of organic matter into it, and on
such soils the roots of the peach will be able to develop and obtain
plant food, and grow. If one has a clay or loam (a heavy soil) and
should desire to grow peaches on it, he should work it well, add
manure, and plow under some form of green manuring crops be-
fore planting the peaches. Do this before you plant, because it may
take you two, three or even four years to fit such soil for peaches.
Remember the presence of plenty of organic matter is of great im-
portance. . xl. i. •

Now, for the exact location for this planting. I learn that in
the mountainous sections of southern Pennsylvania, and eastern and
central Pennsylvania, that late spring frosts occur very seldom, pro-
vided the elevation is above the surrounding neighborhood. This
item is as important as organic matter to the soil. Have good air
drainage to protect your trees from spring frosts. It is late spring
frost that gets the peach crop more than the low temperature in the
dormant season. Peaches have stood a 17 degree below zero tem-
perature without injuring the buds. A tree must be dormant and
should have hardened its wood well and in good season to stand such
temperatures. Nevertheless, they have stood it and will stand it

again too. . _

The stock you plant, in a general way regardless of variety, 1
will say should be one year old budded stocks, from a nursery com-
pany that will be glad to have you visit their blocks of trees, and
select at digging time the stock you want. You may have to pay a

il"

little extra for this stock, but remember, the first cost is the best
money you will ever spend. Get good trees that have made enough
growth in one season to convince you that these trees have estab-
lished themselves well upon their own roots. Don't select the largest
tree, not the smallest, but the average sized one. Let us say alx)Ut
one-half to five-eighth inch trees. And in regard to this nursery
tree, insist that the tree is allowed to ripen its wood well.

Planting time I believe should be in the spring before the
growth starts in nature around us; use nature as a guide. The
tree roots should be pruned to the extent that all broken and
mashed or dried-out roots are not put into the ground. Very often
together with the pruning, that lifting the tree from the nursery
does, and the pruning away of injured roots, one will find that
most of the fibrous roots that you were so proud of when you
saw the tree lifted, will have disappeared. Don't discard it, for the
tree will come along all right. Plant the tree in the ground about
the depth or a little lower than it stood in the nursery, which will
be indicated by the diflferent color of the bark above the ground and
that below. In setting the tree, firm the soil well around the roots
— get down on all fours if necessary and firm the soil, by hand,
allowing no air pockets to form under the roots. And don't be all
day at this planting job either. Roots are not meant to be ex-
posed to sunlight and air, so don't try to start something new with
nature. She will not stand for such tricks of mankind.

Now, as to planting distances, I have noted that at bearing age
the trees fill up the surface of an acre very completely when planted
twenty feet each way, which will give about one hundred and
twenty-four trees per acre, or planted on the corners of a twenty
foot square, which will give you one hundred and eight trees to the
acre.

The pruning of the young peach is very important and should
be done at once after planting in the Spring. If the young tree is
not too large and has not branched too much, the cutting back to a
wisp or single stock, will be about right, since you take away with
this cutting all possible chance of the skeleton branches or head
of the tree from coming out any higher than this cut which gen-
erally is made about eighteen inches to two feet above the surface
of the ground. Some cutting-back or pruning is necessary to even
up the unbalanced condition of the tree-top with its root system,
which has been badly disturbed by the loss of roots in the process
of lifting, and then the root pruning. Remember right here that
nature balanced the roots with tree tops, and we cannot unbalance
nature without something unusual following. In this pruning, plant
both feet solid on two sides of the tree so your weight will help
hold the tree solid in the ground and make your cuts clean with
a good sharp big handled knife. If the tree is large and has made
some branch growth below the two foot height save them, at least,
the ones you want and cut back the branches to about half their
length and to an outside bud. Remember, in selecting skeleton

branches to keep them far enough apart (three to four branches are
enough) and keep them as far apart as you possibly can, and at the
same time, pointing out into the space you expect to have filled with
tops and peaches, later on. During the next two years practice
cutting back each skeleton branch in early spring while the tree
is still dormant, to the extent of taking out a third^or even a half
of the growth the tree made the season before, ^ome think this
practice retards bearing, but while there are some experiments,
I believe being conducted aiming at this point I am unable to say
what such pruning will do, other than to cause good stocky skele-
ton branches to develop with good diameter and strength enough
to hold up the future crops of fruit. I cannot help but believe,
when I see such methods followed, producing good strong branches,
and at the same time bearing as much fruit as a small tree three
vears old can stand under, that it is not such a bad practice after
all If that sounds too "fairy-like", I will add two more years and
say that under such methods of pruning (and by the way, with no
better location and soil than thousands of Pennsylvania farms have)
one grower cleared a little over, as he said, "$5,000.00 off of three
thousand trees, five years old." Not so bad when we consider that
at the age of three or four years, combined, the same trees had
paid for the thirty acres, and their own expenses, besides.

As to culture, in brief, Til say cultivate the peach orchard, not
just once, but cultivate it as a garden and use some form of coyer
crop to protect the soil and tree roots in the winter. I am beginning
to believe that deep freezing of the soil is as injurious to the tree
and future crops as is late frost injury to the bud and currant
crop. The cover crop will also give us a chance to return to the
soil some organic and humus material. The cover crop may be a
non legume, such as barley, even rye or a good crop of weeds. It
might also be a legume if one believed that the trees were not re-
ceiving enough nitrogen. I do know of clover being used between
every other row in the orchard and allowed to stand two years
while the alternate rows were cultivated two years.

This subject brings up the question of adding plant food to the
peach orchard. The addition of plant food to ordinary every-day
farm crops is very common, but some how or other, a large number
of people believed trees would do all right without plant food and
were not demanding food as other crops. I wish, here, to use the
idea of Professor Green of Wooster, Ohio, Experiment Station,
in one of his reports on the peach section of Ohio.

"The grape industry having failed, for no other apparent
reason than the lack of plant food to keep the vines alive, grape
vines were taken out and immediately replaced by peach trees.
During all this time, continued cultivation was given the land
without the addition of any form of organic matter. Large crops
of peaches were harvested and the trees began to decline the same
as did the grapes. During all these years, no plant food had ever
been returned to the soil and by the help of the Experiment Sta-

tion, the growers began to realize they would have to add some food
to the soil or go out of business. So they began adding manure,
cover crops and commercial fertilizers and under such treatment,
the trees gradually regained their strength and today, it is a highly
specialized peach section."

I do not wish to go into the varieties of peaches or the details
of spraying. This information can be had in bulletin form froni
our different State Experiment Stations. I do wish to bring out
the point that we should not allow our trees to bear more than they
can hold up nicely. In other words, use no props but practice
thinning. When the peaches are about the size of blue damson
plums, thin them down to about five or six inches apart on the
branch. This practice will pay you big. If you are skeptical, try
this on a few trees this coming season.

Discussion.

Mr. Bassett. How about diseases?

Prof. Fagan. I have said nothing in regard to disease and
disease control, but I want to name the diseases that are apt to
be troublesome. In the first place, if peach yellows has entered
into your orchard, it will need close attention. Another disease
that you will have to fight will be peach leaf curl. Another dis-
ease that you are apt to find in nursery stock is crown gall. If you
find crown gall in peach trees, do not plant them, for the simple
reason that they will never amount to very much. Some nursery-
men say that it will not hurt peaches or apples.

R, A. Wickersham. Do any nurseries have crown gall in
peach trees?

Prof. Fagan. Yes, lots of them.

R. A. Wickersham. Where?

Prof. Fagan. All through Ohio there is lots of crown gall on
peaches. Crown gall on the peach does not look quite like it does
on the apple. It is not the white slimy knot that is often present at
the union of two roots.

R. A. Wickersham. Is crown gall found in any other states ?

Prof. Fagan. I have thrown out crown gall trees from ad-
joining states. Ohio has it, West Virginia has it, Virginia has it,
Indiana has it, Michigan has it, and Pennsylvana will have it. If
you buy nursery stock infected with crown gall, do not accept it.
I would not plant it.

Mr. Bassett. How about "Little Peach"?

Prof. Fagan. "Little Peach" is a disease that will play havoc
if it enters. I understand that there is some little peach in Pennsyl-
vania. Little peach and peach yellows are diseases that we do not
know much about. A man that will find an absolute cure for
peach yellows other than cutting down the tree, would make an
immense fortune. The fact that yellows will destroy your trees

'ir^^T/r.^i;:

means that you must give them accurate care when the yellows
shows up. It is improperly named. The first conditions do not
show up in any form of a yellow tint, it shows up in the premature
ripening of the fruit. It may show up on one limb. If it ripens
its fruit in that way, take your knife and cut across the cheek
and if you see a streaking of red across the peach, taste that peach
and you will think it is the worst peach you ever tasted. And if
you do find such things, then look at the root. If you do not find
borers there, then examine the bark and see if there are any bark
beetles feeding on the bark, if it is not so infested, do away with
it The best thing you can do is to cut that tree out and burn it,
even though it has a nice crop of peaches on it. I will just tell
you what two men I know of have done. There used to be quite
a peach section in Columbiana County, O. It was noted for
peaches. The yellows entered there and the advice that some of the
experienced fruit people in counties further east gave was that
whenever you see such signs, cut out the trees and burn them.
That was two years ago. One man has followed the practice of
cutting out every tree that showed any signs of yellows, and the
following year, after he had taken out the stump and hauled in
some fresh ground, he planted another peach tree, and at the
present time that orchard looks as good as any peach orchard that
you will see.

On one side of the fence is a perfectly healthy, normal peach
orchard. On the other side of the fence is an orchard almost
ruined with the yellows. The only way you can account for it
is that the one man has cut out the trees as the yellows appeared,
taking out the stump and planting another tree, and the other man
neglected it.

R. A. Wickersham. Is there any certainty that the cutting
out does any good ?

Prof. Fagan. There is absolutely no certainty at all, but cut-
ting out will check the disease.

Question. How about crimson clover as a cover crop?
Prof. Fagan. Crimson clover lends a good deal of nitrogen
and I see no objection to using it. Here in Pennsylvania it might
add too much nitrogen for you.

R. M. Eldon. How about early Spring cultivation? Could
that clover be destroyed without plowing it ?

Prof. Fagan. Crimson clover would be pretty hard to destroy
without plowing. You might destroy it by plowing it with a heavy
disc.

Question. Do you think producing too much nitrogen in the
soil would be apt to produce yellows ?

Prof. Fagan. You can unbalance a tree just as readily with
plant food as you can unbalance a steer in the feeding proposition,
and you might get too much nitrogen. I do not think so, however.

Question. In the way of commercial fertilizers to feed the
orchard, what would you use? What kinds, in what proportion
and how much?

Prof. Fagan. I believe you have Prof. Stewart on the pro-
gram, and as he has been working among fertilizers, perhaps he
will answer that question. Phosphoric acid 16% pure is all right.
I would add actual nitrate of soda to the peach orchard somewhere
around 15 lbs. Not over that.

W. E. Grove. Do you think it practicable to do all your
shipping by express ?

Prof. Fagan. It is according to how much the basket is going
to cost you to get it into the market. It would probably be 12 cts.
to 20 cts. per basket. If 12 cts. I would say that you would make
money at that.

Mr. Newcomer. Do the little hair-like roots on peach trees
indicate crown gall?

Prof. Fagan. Not at all. The hair-like roots on peach trees
are no indication of crown gall. When you get peach trees some
varieties are that way and others have nice, large roots, but some
varieties have too many of those fine, fibrous roots.

Question. Do you object to that kind, or do you prefer it
to others that are a little larger ?

Prof. Fagan. Not at all. We would trim off the other roots
to a few straight roots, and then plant them. Those small roots will
die anyway when they are put in the ground.

Question. Professor, do you think extreme cold winters and
extremely hot summers have anything to do with bringing on peach

yellows ?

Prof. Fagan. No, I do not think it has anything to do with it.
A weakened condition of the tree subjects it to any form of insect
injury or disease injury. That is the only way that a hard winter
or a hot summer would have any effect on the presence of such
diseases.

We generally believed that peach trees were short-lived. Some
of them will live to be 25 or 30 years old and still are good. We
do not care how old a tree is, so that it brings in the peaches, that
is what we are looking for.

Question No. 14. Wanted — Experience of a fruit grower
who has used barnyard manure freely on peaches?

Prof. Fagan. I have known of barnyard manure being used
to good advantage in the bearing peach orchard. A winter dressing
of about five tons to the acre annually has been followed by con-
secutive crops of peaches and I believe it to be a good thing.

Question No. 15. How can we prevent rot of peaches?

Prof. Fagan. You can prevent rot in peaches, first by good
pruning, getting all the benefit from sunlight possible. Th^
spray with self-boiled lime sulphur. (See Pennsylvania Experi-
ment Station bulletin, entitled "Peaches for Pennsylvania", by

'■v^.

':^M

Jno. P. Stewart, or U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmer's

Bulletin No. 440). ^ ,. x • ^u-

Question No. 16. Will it pay to use orchard heaters m this

county? , , .. Ml i.

Prof. Fagan. I am unable to say whether it will pay to use

orchard heaters in Adams County or not. All I can say is to

experiment if you have losses in crops coming from late spring

frosts. . . ,. ^ 1. ^

Question No. 17. Does it impair vitality of young peach trees

to store in cellar over winter ?

Prof. Fagan. It does not injure the vitality of young peach
trees to store them in a good cellar over winter.

Question No. 19. Does any grower with personal experience
favor planting peach fillers in apple orchard ?

Prof. Fagan. I have seen successful crops of peaches for a
few years, as fillers in the apple orchard. If a man has the nerve
to cut out the filler at the proper time, he will have received
something from the orchard in advance of the apple crop. If
soil conditions are all right for peaches, I say grow them in the
apple orchard.

Established 44 Years

Grape Vines

Largest Stock and
Best Varieties

€LFor garden and vineyard plant-
ing; also Currants, Goose-
berries and other small fruit
plants. Parties intending to
plant are requested to corres-
pond with us.

Our Catalogue is Free

T. S. HUBBARD CO.

FREDONIA. N. Y.

ESSENTIALS IN SPRAYING.

(C. E. Bassett, Fennville, Michigan.)

In the first place, the mixing station deserves considerable more
attention than most fruit growers give it. If this is not complete
and convenient in arrangement, valuable time is lost, the spray may
not be mixed properly and various other difficulties arise. I think
one of the best mixing stations I ever saw was designed to make
Bordeaux for a fifty-five acre vineyard of grapes. A storage tank
that held thirty-four barrels was mounted upon a tower eight feet
high. A gasoline engine in a little shanty beneath the tank filled
it with water. A well built platform upon which were placed the
stock solution barrels was about six feet above the ground and
five feet below the bottom of the storage tank. A two inch hose
was used to transfer the water from the storage tank to the two
dilution barrels. Each of these had a one and one-half inch faucet
or valve which were caused to empty at the same time into a trough
which, in turn, emptied into the strainer, placed in a hole in the top
of the spray tank. While the dilute copper sulphate and dilute
lime were passing down the trough, the poison was poured in.

To my mind, a better arrangement could not possibly be made.
With stock solutions of both lime and vitrol handy, and with the
poison within easy reach, the owner could prepare and load one
hundred gallons of Bordeaux in eight minutes. The only change
necessary to adapt this to any sized sprayer would be to change the
size of the dilution tanks. In all cases the dilution tanks should
have a capacity of, at least, one-half of the spraying tank. For
larger orchards perhaps a fifty barrel storage tank would be better,
especially if you depend upon a windmill for pumping water.

If you make lime and sulphur, this arrangement can be modi-
fied so that the boiler which furnishes the steam for boiling the
mixture can pump the water into the storage tank. The steam can
also be used to dissolve the vitrol, if you prefer to do that way
rather than keep a stock solution. I have seen sixteen pounds of
vitrol dissolved by steam in three minutes.

The gasoline engine has been so much improved of late, is
so inexpensive to operate, and requires so little attention, that its
use as a power in spraying is greatly increasing. The horizontal air
cooled engine is preferred by most orchardists as it is considerably
lighter than the water cooled engine, because it dispenses with the
cooling tank. Which ever style, — air cooled or water cooled engine
is used, I think it is best to have from two to two and one-half
horse power. A less powerful engine is more apt to be overloaded,
will not do as good work or last so long, and cannot be adapted

to so many other uses about the farm. The f fj^/.^^'^jjfd^^
produce and maintain a pressure of, ^Ueast one hundred s^enty
^ A^ o«ri tf x»rrnilH he better to have it two nunarea pounub.

'"'^ The'difficulties that arise in the use of the gasoline engine are
,,«!uallv due to weak batteries or gummed up sparkmg plugs, to the
nresence of waS or dirt in the gasoline, or to an improper propor-
Son Tak Tnd gas. These parts should be frequently exammed

^"' S whfris the"trmethod of coupling up the pump and
.nmn^ whether bv belt drive or piston drive, is a question m my
S ' However,'? cannot see any'spedal ff -t-g^° ,^^",7^:
over the other. Most all power outfits should be P/ov»ded with a re
Slf valve for the return to the tank of some of the liquid when the
preslut becomes too high Manufacturers now make these so
that iron or steel seats and springs can be put in when spraying
w Jh lime and sulphur. One firm, has the spring on the outside, so
that the sorav mixture cannot injure it.

* The Eozzle that seems to give the greatest satisfaction for
general use in orchards, both for lime and sulphur and Bordeaux,

fX nozzle inown as the "F"end '^If" J} ^'^^.^^'^^fln
makes a fine sorav and carries a considerable distance. JN early an
SSns have a nS of this type. The angle nozzle is very handy ;
Crits ule ?he operator can throw the spray in several different
SL ions by sim?ly turning the extension rod. Any nozzk ^^^^^^^
made into an angle nozzle by the use of an elbow of thirty to forty

"^'^'The bamboo extension rod is to be preferred to the iron gas
oioe kind as they are lighter and not so tiresome to handle. Other
SSssories that all well equipped orchard sprayers include, are
kather Slubber drip guards on the extension rods, a good stop
cock an5 pl^^^^^^ of gSod three or four ply hose, one-half inch m

diameter. spraying outfit for orchard or park use

shouSSe equipped wTth a^tower^ This is especially desirable with
iS apple and pear trees. Without it one cannot possibly do a
thoroueh job In spraying for the scale, if every spot on each
Sr twig^ is not cohered with lime and sulphur, or other spray
used a flw of them will be left to multiply and re-mf ect the tree
and fJ^it They seem to have wonderful enduring and reproduc
?rve Sties. Also in spraying for the first brood of codling moth
and for the scab up-to-date growers now consider it an essential
Ifgtu^sol^t the spray will be deposited in and ?bout every
little calyx cup. That is where most all of the early injury is done
to the apple. In the pear, the scab does not seem to be so par-
ticular as to the point of attack.

Towers should be about six or eight feet above the bed of the
wagon. If you can not reach the top of any apple tree you have
with such a tower, I advise you to cut off the tree severely. I
have seen several instances where such a procedure has given ex-
cellent results.

The agitator: I want to say just a word about agitators. No
one longer uses the jet agitator in which a portion of the spray
stream returns to the tank, except in outfits having an abundance
of power. We need all the power we can get to keep up the pres-
sure in the nozzle, and besides, they do not give satisfactory agi-
tation; nor do the bulk-heads in the horizontal half round tanks
give the agitation desired for there is not enough movement to the
wagon or cart. There are too many hand mechanical agitators
in use. They require too much attention which should be given to
the spray rod. Some form of automatic mechanical agitator is de-
cidedly better. These may receive their power from a sprocket
wheel fastened to a wheel of the wagon, or from an eccentric on
a movable axle, or from the engine shaft. They are made to pro-
duce various different movements, but I believe that the propeller
type excels them all. In this, a shaft runs lengthwise and near the
bottom of the tank; upon this are fastened propellers or paddles.
The shaft revolves and gives the spray liquid a rotary and upward
motion and produces ideal agitation. Properly made, strained and
agitated spray liquids should leave only a very small amount of
sediment in the tank.

Another point,' that should be mentioned that contributes consid-
erably to the facility of spraying, is the cleaning of the spray tank,
hose and nozzles with clear water after each day's work to remove
all sediment that may have collected. A large amount of the clog-
ging of valves and nozzles can be attributed to the failure to do this.
By all means, thoroughly clean out every barrel, tank, valve, or
other part of your spraying equipment at the end of the season.
Oil the working parts well and put them in a clean place, then when
the spraying season opens the next year, everything is ready for
business, and no valuable time is lost in scraping, washing, "cuss-
ing and discussing."

In conclusion, let me emphasize the necessity of keeping the
plungers, couplings, the stop cock, and nozzles all well packed so
they will not leak and deluge you as well as the tree. Careful at-
tention given to many of these details saves time and material,
makes the sprayer more efficient, takes away a large part of the dis-
agreeableness of spraying and makes it, as I have heard many
say, a joy and pleasure, especially when the crop is harvested in
the fall.

DUTIES OF CITIZENSHIP.

Mr. H. W. Colli ngwcx)d, Editor "The Rural New-Yorker.

(''The Hope Farm Man.")

I assume that it is the highest national ambition of every one
here that this country may remain a republic, in fact as well as
in name, but if this government is to remain a republic, two things
must be understood. There must ever be a class of free men so
situated in life that they can and will do independent and fearless
thinking and acting. Without such a class a republic is impossible.
We cannot have such a class unless we can in some way keep alive
the small, independent freeholder of land — the farmer. Thi^'
farmer cannot, and will not exercise his independent and fearless
freedom unless he can feel that his business is profitable aitd has
something of the poetry or sentiment of life in it. I wish to build
my argument on these propositions. Frankly, I do not see how
the republic can endure when our business and our liberties pass
into the hands of great corporations, and vast owners of land and
property through their political agents. The hope for it lies in
maintaining the home of the smaller freeholder.

At the top of a hill in a New England country town lies the
village burying ground. It is a bleak and lonely place, yet an
honored and hallowed spot. In that graveyard stands a granite
stone with this inscription:

JACOB MILLER.
God gave him new life, therefore we have brought him home.

That man was the village pauper ; the one lazy, shiftless
wretch who would not work. If you know anything of the New
England people and their character, you will understand how they
despised a pauper, and hallowed their dead. A prince could hardly
have won a place to lie beside them in their graveyard except
through some great moral sacrifice. How then did this pauper
come to be there ? The war broke out, and Lincoln issued his call
for men. This poor, shiftless man felt for the instant something of
that thing which leads all men on to some great test of manhood,
without which they will not go. That man volunteered and went
to the front. He died as a soldier should, and the people at home
said that "God had given him new life/* and so they brought him
and buried him beside their own. What they meant was that in
some miraculous way God had shown that man his sublime duty
as a citizen; something out of the ordinary routine of life, that
he might do his share to preserve this republic as a free govern-
ment.

;^i

^f*/

a, >,

< V-

V5 C

^ 3

< -o

>•

< c

^ C

o ■*
PQ

-■' '■■■ '-^^^^aH

^^^^^v;^*'^r,'}^

'^HH

sHS*

Iff

■ ■ ■■ ■■ 1 ,"

DUTIES OF CITIZENSHIP.

Mr. H. W. C01.LINGWOOD, Editor ''The Rural New-Yorker,

{''The Hope Farm Man/')

I assume that it is the highest national ambition of every one
here that this country may remain a republic, in fact as well as
in name, but if this government is to remain a republic, two things
must be understood. There must ever be a class of free men so
situated in life that they can and will do independent and fearless
thinking and acting. Without such a class a republic is impossible.
We cannot have such a class unless we can in some way keep alive
the small, independent freeholder of land — the farmer. Thi^-
farmer cannot, and will not exercise his independent and fearless
freedom unless he can feel that his business is profitable and has
something of the poetry or sentiment of life in it. I wish to build
my argument on these propositions. Frankly, I do not see how
the republic can endure when our business and our liberties pass
into the hands of great corporations, and vast owners of land and
property through their political agents. The hope for it lies in
maintaining the home of the smaller freeholder.

JACOB MILLER.
God gave him new ufe, therefore we have brought him home.

That man was the village pauper; the one lazy, shiftless
wretch who would not work. If you know anything of the New
England people and their character, you will understand how they
despised a pauper, and hallowed their dead. A prince could hardly
have won a place to lie beside them in their graveyard except
through some great moral sacrifice. How then did this pauper
come to be there ? The war broke out, and Lincoln issued his call
for men. This poor, shiftless man felt for the instant something of
that thing which leads all men on to some great test of manhood,
without which they will not go. That man volunteered and went
to the front. He died as a soldier should, and the people at home
said that "God had given him new life," and so they brought him
and buried him beside their own. What they meant was that in
some miraculous way God had shown that man his sublime duty
as a citizen; something out of the ordinary routine of life, that
he might do his share to preserve this republic as a free govern-
ment.

'"f

,-r

> V

O
X

a. >,

Ml C

v. c5

< '^

S<
>"

< c

H •-
'^ C

O '
CO

■am

I
>

wpfesr

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

w^~,.

^mmm

I shall claim first no one really does his full duty as a citizen
without making some sacrifice, and feeling something of sentiment
about his work. In a republic, from the very nature of things,
every great public benefit must be made up of a thousand little
bits of self-denial or personal loss on the part of individuals. It
follows as a natural law that if we would get any great abuse or
wrong out of public life, a mighty penalty must be paid for it, and
you and I and the rest of us must pay our little share. This was
so of slavery, and it will be so of other evils which we are fighting
to remove from public life. We must buy them, pay for them
out of our own comfort or prejudice before we can kill them.
The sentiment I have mentioned may be expressed in various ways.
We may show it in packing a superior box of apples for the real
joy of doing it, in making a good farm, in pride in a home, in a
dozen ways which come into the ordinary life ; in doing things for
which we expect only a sentimental or a spiritual reward. For the
truth is that no man can do his full duty as a citizen for money
value alone, or for the material things which he may hope to get
out of life. Duty calls a man or a woman up to higher ground
than that, doing things as I have said for the real joy of helping
and improving the conditions of life.

You may say that this is hard doctrine, but can you think of
any real duty which does not involve some sort of a struggle or
moral discipline? If that be so of small duties, how can we hope
to escape the larger struggle in the greatest of all patriotic duties,
that of keeping our republic so that the common man may have
a fair chance ? And that is what it amounts to. We owe no patri-
otic duty to the rich and great, or to those who have obtained more
than their share. They owe a duty to us. Our duty lies rather
to the plain common man who is denied the rights which should
belong to him under a republic. I am not old enough to know it
or prove it, but older men have told me that the ten years from
'50 to '60 was the golden age of farming in America. There was
little aid from science at that time, and less from invention. We
never dreamed that we should be called upon to spray or ferti-
lize, or do dozens of things which now seem necessity. It cannot
be said that in those days the well-to-do farmer could be as com-
fortable upon his farm as now. There were no such markets as
now, and nothing to compare with our transportation or national
wealth; yet for independence of character, love of home, and real
glory in our business, that period was, I believe, ahead of this one.
I think that on the whole our citizenship was of a higher character.
Why? Because at that time our farmers were inspired through
their whole daily life by a great moral question regarding labor,
and the God-given right of man to labor and to a home of his own.
That was what the slavery question meant to most of our farmers.
Men could not be free in hand and heart and soul, so long as
slave labor or degraded labor was permitted in the same country.
These old farmers before the war saw the point quicker than we

do that the foundation of all wealth and of real liberty lies at
the last analysis in the free human hand. The first practical duty
of citizenship was then, as now, to guard the rights of common
labor, and this cannot be done successfully through any selfish
material movement for personal gain.

If you will stop and think for a moment, you will see that
every battle in the world's history which has led to a real reform
has been started in the country and carried on by plain country
workmen. These things come out of the hills and the silent places
where men have time for thought, and where they brood over the
injustice of society. From Moses to Lincoln the leaders in this
movement have been mostly farmers, or else farm bred men, who
carried into other work this rankling injustice which would make
the labor of the human hand inferior.

If you look at him fairly, Moses will rank as a model for
good citizenship. I have often tried to picture in my mind that
wonderful scene where he stood before the Egyptian king. I can
see the listless king upon his throne with the gang of fawning
parasites and politicians around him. What a hopeless place ap-
parently for a plain man or farmer to enter, yet all at once that
crowd of sneering hangers-on parts as though someone had driven
a mighty cleaver through it. A plain man strides through the
opening and stands before the astonished king. And such a man!
He was a farmer, tanned by the sun and wind of the desert, clad
in rough skins, staff in hand. Had he been alone he would have
been laughed out of the room, if not torn apart. Yet no man dared
touch him, and he could look the king in the eye and say with au-
thority "Let my people go/' He was not alone, because invisible
companions stood there at his side. They had come with him out
of the desert, over the mountains and through the rivers, to stand
there with him and silence that throng. These companions were
the courage and the faith which God puts into the hearts of those
who honestly try to do their duty.

Perhaps you will say that I pay too much attention to this side
of the case. Why do I not spend my time giving specific direction
as to what a man may do ? No, for it is the foundation of it all. I
watched for three years the erection of a great building in New
York. For eighteen months there was nothing but a great hole in
the ground, with a high fence around it. It seemed as if the build-
ers were making no progress at all, and the public began to sneer
and laugh at them. Yet what they were doing was the most im-
portant thing of all, and that was to dig down and down until they
could lay the foundation of that great building solidly upon a rock.
In like manner it will be as I believe hopeless to take up the real
duties of citizenship until we can in some way understand and
recognize that our work is to be part of a genuine moral crusade.

But granting that this is so, what is the need of any such ele-
ment in public life? We are told that the country is prospering,
and that conditions are as good as they ever have been. Who

«%«

% iU

A h

»)' ^

tells you this ? Probably those who have the advantage in some way
over what I have called the plain rights of free labor, or else it will
be those who have stopped growing, and thus do not care. An old
soldier who fought at Gettysburg told me what he was thinking of
at the crisis of that battle. Those of you who live here can picture
the scene far better than I can. This man told me that he stood with
his regiment waiting for the long irregular line of Confederate sol-
diers coming across the valley at a charge. Had that great line
broken through it would have swept on to Philadelphia. If it were
beaten back, the tide could never rise again. The guns above him
were roaring, and this man, waiting for the shock, thought out the
cause of it all. The night before he started for the war his old
father, a* lame man, who could not go to war, back on a New
England farm had told him this:

"John, this war is at bottom an industrial conflict to see
whether this nation is to be ruled by plain hand working people,
or by an aristocracy of some sort. Probably not more than ten or
fifteen percent, of the Southern people are really slave holders,
but this small proportion has created a monopoly of political power.
This war is to settle the question, shall the plain working people
rule, or shall there be a government of the aristocracy which our
ancestors ran away from?"

This man said he heard that above the roar of the guns, and
when at last the tide went back he felt that his children and his
children's children were to have forever the free and fair chance of
plain manhood.

Well," I said, "you earned it for them."

^No, I was mistaken. All we won that day was the chance to
gain true freedom, but not freedom itself, because freedom is a
growth; it cannot stand still. It goes up or down and we will go
down into the hands of the ruling classes unless those for whom it
is designed, and who pray for it, are willing to give a part of their
lives in order that it may live. We nearly threw away our chance
because we did not watch it, and because we could not make our
children understand just what citizenship means. The glory of
what we had done overpowered us. We lived in it for years, and
while we lived in this fool's paradise, silent, sleepless and strong
forces were quietly at work with graft, special privilege and "joker"
legislation, gathering the power in their hands. They have bought
that most precious thing in life — manhood, until we have an aris-
tocracy and power more dangerous to free labor and harder to
fight than the old slave holding aristocracy. That was localized,
and an entire section could be aroused against it. The new indus-
trial aristocracy enters into every township of the country. We
let it get by us when we substituted the glory worship of the old
flag for our plain hard duty, and we were not able to make our
boys understand it as we did."

Now at heart this old soldier is right. There is no man here
who will deny that gigantic evils have grown up in our country

(^^

((•

through graft, special privilege and corrupt legislation. No one
can deny that this evil bites down to the very heart of our form
of government, because it takes power away from the small free-
holder of land. No one can deny that we men of middle age and
older have let this thing get past us, while we neglected the real
duties of citizenship. No one can deny that in some way we have,
up to this year, somehow found ourselves unable to make our young
men see as we did just what was coming. The last campaign for
the first time in forty years put a real moral issue into public life.
That was essentially what it meant, and the response to it justifies
what I have claimed about the need of a sentiment in public life.
We know that the future of this country, all we have and all that
we cherish, lies in the hands of children and younger- men and
women. Some of you who are rich and think you are great, may
say that the future of Pennsylvania lies in the great vaults of
Philadelphia, in the great iron foundries of Pittsburgh, in your coal
mines, or even in the orchards on your hillsides. You are wrong.
It lies in the hands of little children who are playing to-day on
your streets or on your farm, and the childhood which these chil-
dren enjoy will determine the future of your republic. For they
are the nation, and put into a sentence, the supreme duty of grown
up men and women is to see that every child has the God given
right to a fair childhood, and that every young man and every
young woman has the God given right to labor with self-respect and
independence. The first great duty of citizenship therefore is one
of understanding. My friend the old soldier said he could not
make the next generation following him understand. Let us fairly
comprehend why.

Emerson remains the great American philosopher, because
he fired many short sentences at the truth, and usually hit the bull's
eye. He puts our thought into a few words. ''Manual labor is the
study of the external world. The advantage of riches remains with
him who procured them, and not with the heir." When a man
starts with nothing and obtains a competence, he becomes uncon-
sciously the master of it. The property may be money, land, exper-
ience or reputation, but the man who acquires it knows the value
of every dollar or every atom of it, because he has weighed and
sampled it drop by drop of his blood and sweat. And thus it be-
comes his slave, but when he turns it over to his untrained son,
what was the slave of the father becomes the master of the boy!
The problem for each generation as one follows another along the
avenue of the years is this old problem of taking the slave of the
father as a master, conquering it by character and toil, and making
It in turn a slave. That is the whole story of historical development.
As I read old history, it seems to me one long, monotonous record
of building up great cities which prospered for a time only to be
pulled down when finally the time came when the son was unable to
conquer and dominate the slave of his father. Rome, Carthage,
Athens, all rose to power over the dead body of that thing which

we still call "personal freedom," and which lies with the small
freeholder. These cities conquered country provinces and made
them pay tribute. Their entire scheme was one of developing city
and town. They never improved the agriculture of any province,
but drew the best blood away from it and made the production of
food a work for menials. On this false basis the city rose to splen-
dor and power, until finally it was always pulled down. And who
pulled it down? Men who came out of the star-lit deserts; men
who wandered out of the frozen north, where for centuries they
had brooded over their wrong and hoarded in their hearts that
spirit of home and of freedom which should ever remain as a part
of the nature of the small freeholder of land. For in every age,
and with every race of men, it is this man with the small parcel
of land which he controls who has finally kept alive the world's
liberties. It is therefore the great problem of government to keep
this class of men prosperous and contented. The men who founded
those old cities like the men who founded this republic, and who
fought for it during our war, recognize this foundation truth of
history, yet each and all of them have somehow failed to make
the generation which followed them understand it as they did.
As an illustration of what I mean, suppose you sit down with my
boy, with your boy, or any group of young men, and try to tell
them the true story of your competence or of your political con-
victions. Eight chances to ten the boy will get the form of it> but
will not get the spirit. You cannot make him understand fully,
because you are talking the hard language of experience which is
a language he has never learned. It is as if you were talking to
him in a foreign tongue. You will not and cannot reach common
ground with him on material things, not until you strike that strange
and unknown quality which we call sentiment, or the spiritual side
of public life. All through these long years men have been handing
the slave which they have conquered, over to their boy, not realiz-
ing that they have set a master over the young men without giving
the true weapon needed to reduce him to a useful servant. For you
and I, and all the rest of us have talked to our children and to
others too much from the viewpoint of material success. The
bright, clean and hopeful minds which are to take the slave of
our generation have not understood just what the legacy means.
You see it all comes back every time we start to the same point, the
life, the essential thing of all freedom is the moral or spiritual side
[of it. That is the one universal language of manhood which binds
[one generation to another, the great conquering force which makes
the slave of the father easier for the son to handle.

Granting all this, what can I do; what can you do to help the
:ause of the common man? There are certain well defined things
which we should stand for always, definitely, openly, everywhere.
Let me name a few of them. Legislation against child labor.
When tender children are driven to work before their time, you
and your children are injured in two ways. Whenever children

anywhere are denied the right to a fair childhood, your children and
mine must face in the future a moral competition which could not
help but sadden them. To work little children or to overwork
men and women, means degrading competition for you and me
on much the same principle that the slave was the real enemy of
free labor. I think farmers, of all men, should support labor laws
which prevent what I call degraded hand labor.

Fair Credits for Farmers.

There is now a movement on foot to establish in this country
a system of agricultural credits which will enable a farmer to
obtain cash in his business as readily as the merchant or business
man. You may not in this neighborhood feel the need of such
credits as they do elsewhere, yet that is no reason why you should
not support the principle. In the European countries such a sys-
tem has been established, and has practically saved the European
farmers from bankruptcy. We have in this country for years
been trying to teach our farmers how to grow larger or better crops.
This education always means an added expense for tools, methods,
fertilizers, and also for transportation. That is one reason why
so many farmers have been unable or unwilling to take up this
science or improvement. It costs too much in cash, and they have
not been able to obtain credit, for it would seem as if agricultural
development and money march side by side. Thus we have in
a way been putting the cart before the horse in our agricultural
development, by offering the farmer an education which makes
money expenditure necessary ; at the same time we have made it
impossible for him to obtain the needed money, after seeing that
he could use it to advantage. In Europe and England, as I think
wisely, the reverse of this has been worked out. Farmers were
given fair credits ,and taught the possibilities of co-operative work
before scientific education was put so much before them. That
is one trouble, in this country, with scientific education, it has been
of most benefit to the rich and the strong who have the needed
capital to put the theories in practice. It is a patriotic duty of
every farmer to help as he can the extension of this credit system.

Parcels Post.

For years as you know, our people have been held up and
robbed by the Express Companies and Railroads for transporta-
tion service. While every other civilized nation has reformed its
postal service so as to give fair competition, this government has
persisted in charging such high rates of postage that our farmers
are denied the direct trade with consumers which European farmers
enjoy. On January ist we are to begin in this country a new system
of Parcels Post. It is not all we need, or all we deserve, but it
is a beginning, and the extension of it to what we need will de-

Vv* ^

4', •

pend upon the way our farmers use it. It is, I believe, the duty
of every farmer to make the greatest possible use of this service.
We c^n make it grow and develop as we did rural free de-
livery, if we will patronize it and make it pay from the start.
There is more at stake in this thing than you imagine. It means
the beginning of a revolution in transportation and business putting
both back nearer to the people. I do not see how we can help
following the English system of gradually putting railroads, tele-
graphs, telephones and similar utilities more or less under govern-
ment control. I think that is the universal tendency of the times.
In England the result of this has been to give the small freeholder
and the tenant a fairer share. While fifteen or twenty years ago
it was openly stated that English agriculture was ruined, to-day the
English farmer is, on the whole, better off than ever before. This
is true even in the face of the fact that imports of food into Eng-
land are greater than ever before. It is not due so much to the
increased production, or better farming, as to the fact that through
fairer transportation and co-operation English farmers get more
of the dollar than they did before. I think the same thing is to
follow here, and that Parcels Post is the beginning of the use of
public utilities for the direct service of the people. We as farmers
have it in our power to bring this about, or to make a failure of
the system.

Pure Food and Honest Packing.

I think it is the duty of every citizen to support all laws to
prevent deception of any sort. Guaranteed food and packing is
the foundation of direct trade to the consumer. He has been
deceived so often that he' will gladly give his money to the man
who hands him a square deal and a fair bargain. Pure food and
package legislation with Parcels Post are the connecting links to
bring producer and consumer together. When you can do that
you have the whole thing in your hands. I could name other spe-
cific things which all good citizens should support, no matter what
party they think they belong to. These are not party questions,
but patriotic questions, because they get down to the root of things,
the rights of the small freeholder to live and prosper.

The old soldier I mentioned, and others of us could not make
the boys understand because we kept on talking party to them,
instead of patriotism. For years you and I voted for the shell of
an old party name, while our boys wanted the heart and soul of
something which we could not give them. Let me tell you what
we have been doing by this illustration. Suppose one party made
a wise "resolve'' that fruit diseases are a menace to prosperity.
They resolve that lime and sulphur is the remedy, and they pledge
themselves to use it. Along comes a sulphur manufacturer and
puts up $25,000 to pay campaign expenses. After election that
man feels that he has bought and paid for the right to demand that

each member of that party must use Hme-sulphur. Of course every
good party man will do it and pay the full price, but now comes
the other party. It also denounces plant diseases as a menace and
pledges its members to use Bordeaux mixture. Up steps a manu-
facturer of sulphate of copper with another $25,000, which carries
the same right to demand that all good party men use Bordeaux
and also pay full price. You may smile at this, but in a larger way
that is just about what we have been doing, and what we have
been teaching our boys as their political duty. We want and we
need a different plan. We want to all get together on the propo-
sition that plant or political disease is a menace, but that we do not
care what you use so long as you kill it.

Granting this, again the question comes, how can we do our
duty? I mention three ways, — organization, courage, steadfastness.
You are doing the first right here. I see some of your fruit in New
York. People group around it and watch the apples and the labels.
You have grown slowly and well. Every man who packs an hon-
est box or barrel of apples gets into his heart a little of that pride
and joy in his business which means more than dollars in his
pocket. For I suppose you realize that through the years few
really enduring things are made with the hands. Progress is
through heart and character, for as the old hymn puts it, "Not the
labor of my hands shall obey my Lord's commands." In learning
how to combine over an apple you men are also learning uncon-
sciously how to get together for the larger and nobler things of
life. These may be packed in a box of apples as well as in a pic-
ture, a sermon or a poem. Do you recognize how the cohesive
strength of a great army depends upon that little joint in the human
arm which we call the elbow? Soldiers tell me that when they
march into battle ninety per cent, of the regiment feel that they
would gladly run if they could, and if they were alone. But on
either side they can touch another man's elbow. He is just as
frightened as they are, but all are depending on the light touch of
that elbow to hold them in line.

You men in Adams County are showing us the way by build-
ing a home organization. That is the way it must come, dozens and
hundreds of smaller packing societies first of all, and then these
welded together into a federation. No one likes to be drilled, and
least of all a farmer, yet drill is all there is to it when the battle
comes.

And the duties of citizenship also involve courage of a rare
and patient sort. It requires rare courage for a man of common
life to leave his party when he knows it is wrong and give a fair
reason for leaving it. No coward could possibly stand for an un-
popular cause which he knows is right. There are dozens of things
in business, we meet them day by day. They might be profitable
right now, yet to do them means taking an unfair advantage of a
neighbor or a customer. It requires rare courage to refuse to aid
them, or to point them out to others, yet only in this way can th©

t'~^

plain people expect to drive dishonesty out of high places, for the
morality of high places comes from that in the lower walks of life.
It is not the complacent compromiser, but the clean fighter who
can move the world onward. Suppose that right here in this town,
or in Adams County there could be organized a body of men who
would swear to put patriotic feeling absolutely above party. These
men would denounce dishonesty at home or at Harrisburg. This
would not be done bitterly with meanness or malice, but on the
highest ground of patriotic duty. These men would organize and
vote absolutely only for clean and capable men, the best citizens
they could find. They would stand by this resolution, and by these
men through loss, ridicule or abuse. Do you know what would
follow; within a few years the great majority of the people of
Adams County would be solidly behind these men, and all over
Pennsylvania this county would have a political reputation equal to
that it now enjoys and will enjoy for apples. You would attract
attention from every political boss in the State, and you can gen-
erally measure the efforts of a man for really good citizenship by
the abuse he receives from the boss. There would be attempted
bribery, bulldozing, bluff, and personal abuse. If the men I speak
of would live through it all with courage and patience as Moses did,
as Lincoln did, as every great leader has done, Adams County would
be famous throughout the world, for it would give the world a
model for good citizenship and political life without graft, but with
business honor. I do not speak of the impossible. I am telling you
just exactly what will be done in some community and some county
in the future by just such a body of men as you can find here.

And the good citizen must be steadfast. By that I mean patient
and enduring. One trouble with us all has been impatience with
the slow and the faltering. Those of us who have received the
blessing of competence or education or powe^, are like those men
who cannot make the younger generation understand, because we
have forgotten the language which may go with poverty, depres-
sion, lack of hope or of opportunity. I think our trouble is that
we ourselves out of our superiority cannot understand the real les-
son of growth or the obligation which we owe to society.

^^^^^ynTTTTT^HnTTt^tTHtW^y^^^^^Tff'WtHfWHTWWWWWW^P^^

TEST YOUR LIME-SULPHUB SOLUTIONS.

WINTER INJURIES TO FRUIT TREES.

Prop. M. a. BI.AKK, Horticulttmst, New Jersey Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.

Mr. President, Members of the Adams County Fruit Growers'
Association: Ever since I have been located in New Jersey I have
heard a great deal about the good qualities of Adams County, ana
I certainly agree with all the statements I have heard. I have also
heard that this is the real home of the York Imperial apple, and you
certainly have some very fine ones on the stage this morning.

Sometimes we say things that are not presented in such a
manner as to mean just what we intended they should, so I have
written a paper which I am to present to you this morning on
"Winter Injuries to Fruit Trees." . ^u t

The winter of 1911-1912 was a most severe one, both irom
the standpoint of low temperatures, and in the variety and amount
of winter injuries to trees and shrubs of all kinds. , r v

The weather during December, 191 1 was so mild that the truit
buds of the peach made considerable development throughout the
eastern peach districts. These conditions were followed by unu-
sually low temperatures in January and February, combined with

dry cold winds. . ,,11

The foilage of such hardy trees as white pine and hemlock
suffered marked injury, and California privet was severely killed
back in numerous instances.

Bark splitting and collar injuries were unusually common, es-
pecially upon peach trees, although the cherry and the apple re-
ceived severe injuries in some instances.

The sap wood of peach trees was discolored even in the extreme
southern end of New Jersey, yet, very little twig killing occurred
even in the northern end of that state.

The warm weather of the early winter followed by extremely
low temperatures combined with high, dry and cold winds, account
for the severity of the damage done.

A discussion of the various forms of winter injury to fruit
trees would seem to be a matter of considerable interest to fruit

growers at this time.

The various forms of winter injury to fruit trees can be classi-
fied as follows : Root injuries, twig and wood injuries, trunk split-
ting, bark splitting, collar injury, sun scald and bud killing.

This is rather an imposing list, yet unfortunately, with the
possible exception of root killing, I think that all fruit growers of
considerable experience can recall an acquaintance with the entire
list at one time or another.

^ ♦

Although an extremely low temperature is an important factor
in causing winter injuries, yet, extreme variations in temperature,
lack of moisture in the soil, high winds, the kind and variety of
tree and its condition are all of much consequence.

The weather conditions, during the late summer and fall and
just preceding winter should never be overlooked in investigating
any case of winter injury.

It is a commonly stated fact that a late, sappy wood growth is
responsible for the severity of winter injuries to our fruit trees.
This is undoubtedly true in numerous instances, especially in the
extreme northern fruit districts, but it is equally true that a se-
vere drought and sudden check in the development of the trees, in
the late summer and fall, may result in winter injuries equally se-
vere. This latter fact has been generally overlooked in emphasizing
the importance of well ripened wood to withstand the winter.

Evaporation takes place from the branches and twigs of trees
and shrubs throughout the winter, and if one will but examine the
twigs of fruit trees following a very cold, dry period, the bark of the
twigs will appear to have lost some of its brightness and fullness
and may even be slightly shriveled. If the cold, dry period is fol-
lowed by rain and high temperatures the bark on these same twigs
will become much brighter and more full. The tree has taken up
more moisture and it is indicated in the appearance of the bark.

Serious injuries are certain to occur to fruit trees whenever the
soil freezes to the full depth of the root system, followed by a con-
siderable period of dry, cold winds. The twigs and branches of the
trees may be actually frozen dry, especially if the soil was dry pre-
vious to freezing.

Apple trees in full bearing are sometimes killed outright, in a
single winter, in the Dakotas and in some of the provinces of Can-
ada. Root injuries are caused by low temperatures and by alter-
nate freezing and thawing of the roots. Such injuries are quite
common in extreme northern fruit districts, and are most severe
in those localities when the soil is dry and the ground free from
snow, during cold periods.

Experiments conducted by the Nebraska Experiment Station
are of much interest in this connection. Fruit trees were planted in
boxes, containing different amounts of moisture ranging from 15 to
25 per cent, just before winter. Some also received a straw mulch,
others were covered with snow whenever snow fell, and some were
stored in a cool dry cave. More than sixty per cent, of the trees
died in the boxes where the moisture content was 15 per cent. Less
than 15 per cent, of the trees died where the moisture content was
19 per cent. Not a single tree died in the boxes mulched with straw,
although the moisture content was only 16 per cent. Some trees
died in the boxes that were occasionally covered with snow and
whose moisture content was 15 per cent., but the injury was much
less than in the uncovered boxes containing the same amount of
moisture.

No root iniury, whatever, occurred to the trees stored in a cool,
dry caveTnd it ias inferred that cold and dryness are the im-

^^*Th/?Sha"t ^oot'r^jJSS rsfsevere in dry soil is that the
cold d.^ a J comesTn contact with the roots and dry freezmg re-

'"'*\rees whose roots are entirely billed or severely injured ^
likelv to die immediately, and before growth begins. Irees less se
verdv rnjured may start into growth and then suddenly die with a
crop of fmk upon the trees, while still others may contmue a Im-
gerSig eStencruntil insects and diseases and further wmter m-

^"" Hrcr^^ereil^o'llssen the dangers of root injuries? We
know thit certlfnTcks are more hardy than others and m districts
wTeTe much root killing occurs this is a matter of the firs im-
Irtancr In general, root injuries to fruit trees in central At-
SitS Coast districts are not of the most severe kind and, yet,
Snr hSuries in certain forms may finally result in much damage.

1 Xd civer Sop upon the' soil will tend to prevent deep
f reezing k will also help to retain snow and moisture, and may be
an iSS^rtanrf actor in the prevention of root injuries in winter.

"tw5 and wood injuries commonly occur in connection with
root injuries, but such' is not always the case. The twigs and
branches of trees are sometimes injured when no root injury occurs

^""^ Verv'^bw temperatures are likely to result in considerable kill-
m.r hack or twie iniury, especially upon the more tender fruits.
This is most sef ere upon strong, rich, moist soils where a late
W Growth cicurs or where a sivere drought suddenly stops wood
^rTwth in mid-summer. Varieties of apples, peaches and other
frSus- whkh tipen their crop relatively late in the season are often
mofe severely injured than varieties which ripen their fruit early.
The late ma?uri^ varieties are obliged to keep m a more active
Jrowng condition in order to mature their crop, and have a very
fhort tfme "n which to give their entire energy to the maturing of

rui? bids to Withstand winter conditions. An example of this oc-
rurred in New Jersey in the winter of 1910-1911, when the fruit
bids of manvTati varieties of peaches failed to pass a comparative y
S wiSe? successfully. We undoubtedly have two extremes to
^ard aeainst, a too prolonged wood growth and a too sudden and
Sv cS to wood growth The former njay \,e of much greater

importance n northern fruit districts, but the atter is of equa or
Tore importance in southern New Jersey and districts south of that

'°*'^*in*severe winters, injury to the sap wood of the larger branches,
.nH the trunk may occur in addition to twig killing. The youn^: sap
t^odmly be Sled while the cambrium remains alive and continues
wood may DC Kuc ^^^^ ^^^ becomes spongy,

?rm5nl^umrb"oVn' or'black. ani a split trunk or a broken

i.^

4 ^

f^ S

branch becomes the open door for various wood destroying fungi to
enter.

Trunk splitting is perhaps most common upon peaches, cher-
ries and plums, but unfortunately, our other tree fruits are not alto-
gether free from such trouble. It is believed to be the result of a
sudden and severe drop in temperature causing a contraction of the
bark and outer layers of wood and that it is most likely to occur to
trees that have made a late growth.

Bark splitting is much more common than trunk splitting and
occurs under conditions similar to those which cause trunk split-
ting. A warm, moist, late fall, followed by snow and a sudden
and marked drop in temperature are ideal conditions to bring about
trunk splitting and bark splitting. The age, variety and actual con-
dition of the bark and wood of the tree will, of course, determine the
extent of the injury.

Sun scald is a term applied to a type'of bark injury in winter.
It is most common and severe upon young trees in northern and
western fruit districts. It consists of the killing of the bark upon
portions of the trunk, and sometimes of the main branches, where
most directly exposed to the sun*s rays. This injury, therefore,
occurs principally to the south side of trees, and is most likely to
occur during the late winter when bright days are followed by cold
nights.

Where the trunks of the young trees are short and partially
shaded by the branches, such injury seldom occurs. However the
trunks of rather high-headed trees can be artificially shaded by
laths, pieces of corn stalks, veneer, or even sprayed with whitewash
if there is much danger of injury of this nature.

Collar injury is much more common and serious than sun
scald or bark splitting with either apples or peaches. During the
past few years extensive injury of this nature has occurred to
peaches in nearby districts.

The term collar in the vocabulary of the nurseryman and the
fruit grower, is a term applied to that portion of the trunk of a
tree where the bark of the trunk above ground meets the bark of
the root at the soil line.

Upon young trees this is readily detected by the difference in
color of the bark. But unless the tree has been grafted or budded
at this point, there should be no very marked differehce in the bark
structure. There generally is, however, a marked difference in the
ability of the bark of the trunk and the bark of the root to with-
stand exposure to weather. The bark of the root being accustomed
to the protection of the soil is likely to be severely injured if such
protection is removed by the washing away of the soil or by having
it removed in an attempted freeze out of borers.

The collar of a fruit tree, in fact, is a very critical point in the
whole structure of the tree. It is where the freezing and thawing
process is likely to be most severe for within a comparatively short

'II

space up and down the trunk the bark above ground may be frozen
solid, while just below it may be free from frost and vice versa.

During high winds the twist and strain upon a young tree may
be severe at the surface of the soil, especially if the ground is
frozen. Fruit trees are commonly planted so that the point of bud-
ding is at or near the surface of the soil, and even though the
union between the top and the root be a most congenial one, never-
theless, it is the point where the freezing and thawing process is
most likely to find a weakness.

It is not so remarkable then that fruit trees suffer considerably
from collar injuries, which commonly result in what is termed

collar rot.

The actual decaying of the bark is secondary and is preceded by
winter injuries, which actually damage the bark. Such injuries are
quite common in New York State and our more northern fruit
sections, especially with varieties of apples, such as the King and
Gravenstein.

Collar injury to apples is not common in New Jersey, but
much damage has occurred to peaches. Collar injury or collar rot,
if severe, results in the killing of a section of the bark completely
around the tnmk, near the surface of the soil, while above and
below this point the bark of trunk and roots may be free from in-
jury. The tree is now girdled and will continue to live until the
stored up food, in the roots and top, is exhausted, when it will sud-
denly die.

In less severe cases where only a portion of the bark is killed
the tree may continue in fruit bearing for several years. But un-
less given attention, the injury is likely to grow more severe each
year. Borers, bark beetles and other enemies add to its troubles and

the tree dies.

Collar injuries which effect the bark, but not severe enough to
destroy it at first are quite common upon peach trees. The effect
of slight damage is usually first observed in a rolling and early
ripening of the leaves in the middle or latter part of the following
summer, and if not too severe the fruit will be forced up to a larger
size than upon normal trees in the same orchard. Such forced fruit
is sometimes slightly bitter, but in any case, it can always be de-
tected by its coloring. Minute white dots, even in the highest col-
ored specimens tell the story. Trees injured only to this extent are
likely to decline rapidly unless cut back and well cared for.

The killing of fruit buds is a form of winter injury that is
better understood, generally, than some of the other forms of in-
jury, already mentioned, but the exact cause of the injury in each
case is not as easily determined as is sometimes supposed.

Late fall growth with immaturity of buds, low winter tempera-
tures or a premature starting into growth during mild periods are
common causes widely accepted. Let me add to these above-
mentioned factors the poor development of fruit buds due to dry
and unfavorable soil and weather conditions, in summer and fall.

f^^

4 w

I .

Minor winter injuries to the twigs and wood of fruit trees
sometimes occur, which have the effect of a slight check to the vege-
tative growth of the tree. This may not be apparent in the color
of the foliage, but is shown in the slight forcing effect on the fruit.
Sometimes the fruit upon certain twigs of a tree will be forced to a
large size, while others will be below normal in size and may even
fail to ripen. Even very large and very small fruits may occur on
the same twig in cases of minor winter injuries to the wood.

What methods of orchard practice can now be followed to
prevent or lessen the various winter injuries to fruit trees?

All forms of winter injury are most severe upon low and poorly
drained land.

Peaches especially should be set upon elevated sites in all sec-
tions not influenced by large bodies of water. There were prac-
tically no peaches in Connecticut or northern New Jersey the past
season below 6oo feet elevation, while there were good to full
crops upon standard varieties at 6oo to 900 feet elevation.

The state experiment orchard at High Bridge had the best crop
in its existence, while the peach section of Annandale and Lebanon
produced but little fruit. The orchard at High Bridge is at an ele-
vation of 650 to 700 feet, while most of the orchards about Lebanon
do not exceed an elevation of 400 to 500 feet, and many are not
above 200 to 300 feet. The past season clearly demonstrated the im-
portance of proper elevation.

Very dry soils may be listed with poorly drained soils as a thing
to be avoided.

Hardy varieties of fruit should be given first consideration.

Vigorous and well-grown stock should be purchased. Any
weakness of the tree itself makes it more susceptible to winter in-
juries.

Thorough cultivation and proper fertilization during the grow-
ing season is essential to promote vigor. Trees weakened by neglect
are more susceptible to winter injuries.

A good thick cover crop in the orchard retains moisture, pre-
vents deep freezing and may lessen or prevent root injuries.

Much collar injury may be prevented by mounding the soil up
about the trunks of the trees just before freezing weather in early
winter. This applies especially to peach trees.

Apple trees which have a portion of the bark killed at the col-
lar line should receive prompt treatment. The injured bark should
be cut away and the wound coated with a good fungicide such as
Bordeaux Mixture. Fungi which cause decay of the bark occur
generally in the soil and will quickly attack injured bark, while if
the injured part is removed and a fungicide applied the development
of the rot and further injury to the tree may be prevented.

If the injury is serious annual treatment of the wound is
recommended, and a mound of soil should be made about the trunk
every year just before winter.

r-^:it

Neglect of cultivation, especially in a dry season, is likely to
add to the severity of winter injuries. The dryer the season the
more important it is to keep up cultivation, not only for the bene-
fit of the crop on the tree, but for the crops to follow.

Good care and close attention to details in the management of
an orchard are far reaching in effect. Vigorous, healthy and well-
cared for trees are able to successfully battle single-handed against
many enemies, but weak, neglected trees are so besieged with trou-
bles that both grower and trees become discouraged and give up the
fight.

Take good care of your trees and they will respond by taking
care of themselves.

Discussion.

Prof. Stewart. I would like to ask Prof. Blake if he has had
any experience with June buds.

Prof. Blake. In practically all cases I would prefer a one year
old tree to a June budded tree. We have found it difficult to find
large, vigorous June budded stock. If you can secure June buds
from two to two and one-half feet high they might be satisfactory,
but we have often had difficulty in securing them from one foot to
eighteen inches high. We have found that the better the soil condi-
tions the better the smaller grades will do.

R. M. Eldon. Would you prefer northern grown trees to
Tennessee grown peach trees ?

Prof. Blake. I would not make any difference there provided
the trees were well grown and free from disease. That is the im-
portant point, to have them well grown and free from diseases.

Mr. Bassett. What of storing trees in cellars for winter.

Prof. Blake. If they are properly stored I think the trees are
all right.

Mr. Bassett. What do you mean by "properly stored" ? How
are you going to handle them so that they will be ?

Prof. Blake. They should be stored so that they do not dry out.
I should say that if the trees are taken up in the late fall and put in
the storage house where the roots are kept moist and the tempera-
ture held between 35 and 40 degrees, I should say the trees are
properly stored. I have planted a good many stored trees in my
experiments and we have taken measurements of the growth of the
trees, and I cannot see where there is very much difference between
stored trees and freshly dug trees. On the other hand, stored trees
in many cases should always be soaked in water for sometime before
they are planted.

Mr. Bassett. As compared with the practice of heeling in,
which is the old common practice, have you had any comparison
with trees stored in cellars against trees that were heeled in ?

Prof. Blake. Our experience has been with cellar-stored trees
against freshly dug trees. If the trees are properly stored, I do not
see why they are not just as good as trees left out over winter.

fit

4#k

0¥

Mr. Newcomer. In a peach orchard three years old that wa$
badly frozen last season but made a good growth this season, is
there any possibility that these trees, with treatment, will bear
fruit for any length of time?

Prof. Blake. If proper attention is given it from now on it
ought to be very successful. I had some experience with an orchard
three years ago that went through a severe winter. The orchard
revived and bore a very heavy crop after that.

Member. I have an orchard in that condition. Last winter
it froze down and looked as though it had been burned over by
fire. We have given it as first-class cultivation as we know how and
it made a good growth, but the trees in many instances seem de-
cayed at the heart.

Prof. Blake. If the trees are well cared for I think the chances
are you can get profitable crops. I certainly would not give it up.

C. J. Tyson. What would you think about the probability of
trees overcoming winter injury to the hard wood?

Prof. Blake. If they make a good growth they will overcome
that injury, of course, but will be weaker than trees that have not
been effected in that way. Some orchards that have been injured in
that manner continue to bear good crops. The wood in the centre
is not quite so strong.

R. A. Wickersham. Have yoa in your observation ever seen
trees bearing fruit on one side and the other side not bearing, on
account of hard winds ?

Prof. Blake. That fact occurs in some instances. The bees
and insects that pollinate the fruit will not work in the face of a
very cold wind. You will find the bees all on one side of the tree,
and if it happens to be a variety that needs cross-pollination, the
fruit will set largely on that side of the tree. It has been very
clearly shown that the pollen of the apple is not carried by the wind
to any extent. Sometimes, of course, the weather might be so
cold that the wind itself would injure the blossoms on one side of
a tree.

A. W. Griest. To go back to injury of peach trees by cold, last
spring I planted out a lot of peach trees, and about one-third of
them, later in the season, started to grow and send out those shoots
from down near the ground. One-third of them did not start at all,
but I found later, in pruning the trees, that every tree was injured
at the heart. The wood was absolutely dead. What would be the
result with those trees if I let them grow? Some of them afterward
made a very fine growth, sending up large, healthy shoots.

Prof. Blake. The trees that made a good growth I think will
overcome it. As the trees are young I do not think the injury is
sufficient to permanently injure them. They ought to come out of
it all right.

C. J. Tyson. Would you give the same answer if they were
apple trees ? We had the same experience with some apple trees last
spring.

.- ^ ■ r

Prof. Blake. Yes, if they made a good growth I think with
good care they will overcome that injury.

Mr. Bassett. There is one important matter right here, at least
it is important with us, that I want to bring up, and that is the
selection of nursery stock. We do not like the average cellar-stored
tree. Now the professor is absolutely right if the tree is perfectly
stored, but that is the problem. I do not say that they do not store
them right, but the results we have had, of late years, from cellar-
stored trees have been bad. We compared right side by side trees
that were stored by nurserymen and by our own farmers in Mich-
igan. They were stored in the fall and came to us in spring de-
livery. Spring delivery trees are cellar stored trees. The results
in every instance have been three or four times as good from the
heeled-in trees as those stored in cellars. In other words, we had
four or five times the loss from trees stored in cellars than from
the old-fashioned way of heeling them in. If you come to our sec-
tion now you will find very few cellar stored trees. The main
thing is the vitality of the tree. As I said before, they should be
properly stored and not piled up like so much cord-wood.

Another thing the professor spoke of is that stored trees are
liable to be dried out, and he suggests soaking the trees. When I
presented that subject before the Illinois meeting a man objected
very strenuously to the idea of soaking the tree. He objected and
stated as the basis of his objection the fact that he had compared
trees that he applied water to when planting with non-soaked trees,
and the result was that the trees that were watered when planted
were very poor, as compared with trees that were not watered,
which indicated that water should be kept away when planting. I
question whether that is the case, but it is worth thinking about. In
our section we do not want the ordinary stored tree. We want our
trees gathered in the fall, shipped to us, and then heeled in. I think
lots of our troubles came from stored trees.

Question. How do you heel them in ?

Mr. Bassett. In heeling them in you understand we dig a deep
trench, open every bundle and very thoroughly pack the soil around
the roots so as to cover them. The wind blows the snow over them
and in that way they are protected. They come out of the winter
in the very best condition and the result is we get the finest, green,
elegantly shaped trees.

Prof. Blake. Certainly, if you take up fresh trees in the fall
and heel them in yourself and take care of them, they will be in
good, fresh condition, and nearly all of the stored trees are more
dried out than fresh stock, and I find that wetting the roots is an
important factor in the way they will start out into growth. Where
they are stored, or dried out in transit, if you want to get the best
results I certainly would put them in water before they are planted.
If a plant has a large quantity of water in it it can stand a good deal
of drying out without injury.

^
>

)

R. M. Eldon. What objection is there to watering the trees as

you plant it ?

Prof. Blake. If the soil is properly prepared I do not think it
is necessary. It seems to me if the ground is plowed as early in
the spring as possible and then the trees put in. they certainly
should be in fine condition.

Question. Does not pouring of water on the tree do away with

air spaces ?

Prof. Blake. I do not see why there should be any injury from
pouring water on the trees. The wet ground should be covered up
with dry soil. The soil should be in fine condition early in the
spring.

U. S. KLINEFELTER

MANUFACTURER OF

Standard Apple Barrels

Of Excellent Quality

DEALER IN

Fruit Baskets

Of Various Kinds
BIGL£RVILL£, PENNSYLVANIA

United 'Phone

First National Bank

GETTYSBURG, PA.

Capital, $100,000.00; Surplus, $150,000.00

S. M. BUSHMAN. President

J. ELMER MUSSELMAN. Cwhier

flPays Interest on Certificates for six
months or more dX 3%% per annum.

SAM'L M. BUSHMAN
J. L. BUTT

DIRECTORS

G. H. TROSTEL

W. S. ADAMS

C. H. MUSSELMAN

JNO. D. BROWN
P. A. MILLER

Accounts Solicited However Small

HILL TOP ORCHARDS
WAREHOUSE COMPANY

Flour, Feed and General Merchandise

LUMBER OF ALL KINDS

Lath, Shingles, Etc.

Apple Barrels

A lot of two year old apple trees, all the leading varieties

W. S. ADAMS, Prop.

ASPERS, PA.

)

■>!>

♦

THE USE OF FERTILIZATION IN APPLE ORCHARDS.

Dr. J. P. Stewart, Experimental Pomologist, State College, Penna.

The proper fertilization of an orchard is largely a local prob-
lem. It is no less a problem, however, because it is local. The same
is true, to a marked extent, of many other orchard operations, not
excepting cultural methods. It is true that of late it has become a
fashion among horticulturists to assume that the whole truth is
known about cultural methods, that there is but one proper method
for orchards and that all growers who do not follow it are either
shiftless or ignorant. But the fact is, that even with cultural meth-
ods, the practice found best for one particular soil or location, or
for one age of orchard or fruit effect, is by no means certain to be
best for all others or even the best for the adjacent farm. In gen-
eral, therefore, it appears that there are at the present time, com-
paratively few horticultural principles or practices which are really
exact and general in their application. Most of them seem to be
quite subject to important exceptions, and hence usually they re-
quire some local modification or adjustment, if the best results arc
to be secured.

So it is with orchard fertilization. We know that it is likely
to be important and we can now give approximate general direc-
tions for it. But when we come to the actual fertilization of a par-
ticular orchard, some local tests and local adjustments are usually
desirable.

The Amounts of Plant Food Actually Taken up by a Mature

Orchard.

That there is an important need for fertility in any orchard
that is actively producing and growing, there can be no reasonable
doubt. The actual extent of this need can be approximated chem-
ically by determining the average composition of apple wood, leaves,
and fruit, and applying these figures to what may be considered
good annual amounts of these three products. This we have done
both for apples and for a 25-bushel crop of wheat, with the results
shown in Table I. The annual weights for apples are based on a
yearly production of 100 pounds each of wood and leaves and 14
bushels of apples per mature tree. All these amounts are distinctly
less than those actually observed and reported, but inasmuch as they
give an annual yield of 490 bushels per acre of 35 trees, they are
considered sufficient for the present purpose.

58
Table I.— Relative Plant-Food Draft of Wheat and Apples.

(In lbs, per acre annually, based on American and German Aver-
ages,)

Wheat Wheat Wood Lvs. Fruit Apple
Grain Total Lb. I,b. I,b. Total

Annual weights, 1,500 4,200 3,500 3,500 24,500 31,500

Nitrogen (N), 30.0 43.7 11. 3 25.6 16.2 53.1

Phos. acid (P2O5), . 10. o 15.8 3.6 5.3 6.4 15.3

Potash (K2O), 9.8 26.8 6.6 15.9 41.5 64.0

Lime (CaO), 0.84 8.0 29.1 29.5 3.0 61.6

Magnesia (MgO), .. 3.0 6.1 4.4 8.9 3.4 16.7

Iron (FeO), .... 0.5 1.5 0.8 2.8

In the first place it will be noted, that in total food draft, the
apples exceed the 25-bushel wheat crop in every constituent except
phosphoric acid, and in it they fall behind only by half of a pound.
Notwithstanding this fact the trees are usually able to maintain
themselves much better and longer than wheat. This is probably
largely because of their much longer season of root-activity, their
more natural demands,* the annual return of most of the plant
food in their leaves, and their ability to curtail production for one
or more seasons when conditions become unfavorable. Without
going into details, however, it is quite evident that very important
amounts of plant food are annually removed by an apple orchard.
Scarcely any soil can furnish all these materials indefinitely in the
amounts and times required, and unless proper assistance is ren-
dered, there must come a time when production is materially re-
duced and oflf-seasons occur.

It is also interesting to note the relatively large amounts of
nitrogen, potash, and lime, and the comparatively small amount of
iron annually taken up by the apples. Nearly all the lime remains
in the wood and leaves, while a large proportion of the potash is
found in the fruit.

This large amount of lime seems to have some significance, so
far as the wood is concerned, because, as shown later, in most of
our experiments, its application has improved the growth. In view
of the small amount of lime required by the fruit, however, its
application should not be expected to materially aflfect the yields, and
this corresponds with our field results. Moreover the total effect
of adding lime alone surprisingly small, in comparison with the
relatively large amounts that are taken up. Either these amounts
are merely drawn in and deposited mechanically by the transpira-
tion stream, and hence are largely without physiological significance,
or else the average soil is still able to supply the lime needed.

♦This is especially marked in the case of the fruit as compared with the
demands of the grain in wheat. For further discussion, see article by the
writer in the Annual Report of the Pennsylvania State College for 1910-11,
pages 447 to 449-

With iron the case is very similar. This element is almost uni-
versally present in agricultural soils and the total amount required
is so small that its addition can scarcely be expected to produce
any important effect. This also is borne out by such experimental

results as are now available. , ^ . - .^

From the large amount of potash carried by the fruit, one might
suppose that its addition to the soil would be very important in im-
proving yields, and this idea has been widely proclaimed, especially
by those considering only the chemical composition of the fruit.
As indicated later, however, it seems that most orchard soils are al-
ready sufficiently supplied with potash in available forms and that
the chief shortages occur in the nitrogen and phoshates. This is
the case notwithstanding the fact that the latter materials are actu-
ally required in considerably smaller amounts. . , ,. ,

From these facts it is evident that there is comparatively little
relation between response and requirements in the case of plant
food and that something more than a knowledge of the chemical
composition of the fruit and wood is needed before one can prop-
erly fertilize an orchard. Even with the additional knowledge of
the composition of the soil, the problem is not much simplified
because it is impossible as yet to duplicate sufficiently the conditions

existing in any soil. i. , . ^ j

A chemist may determine the total amount of plant food pres-
ent, but he can not yet determine their actual availability to the trees
with sufficient accuracy to be of much value. The practical and
proper fertilization of an orchard, therefore, becomes an experi-
mental problem, and its solution is dependent primarily upon the
pomologist or horticulturist. In other words, the question is not
so much what amounts of plant food are annually taken up, nor
what amounts are present, but rather it is what responses are made
when certain kinds and quantities of plant food are actually added

to an orchard soil. . . • -^t. x

It is to get light on the latter question in connection with ten
different types of soil that we have been working at the Pennsyl-
vania Station since 1907. Altogether in the case of apples we have
ten experiments on bearing trees, and two on young trees involving
a total of more than 2,800 trees, located in different parts of the
State, all of which bear more or less directly upon the present ques-
tion. For the present, however, we shall call special attention to but
three of these experiments, since they bring out most clearly the
principal points involved.

Effects of Plant-Food Additions to Orchards.

Some of the effects of adding plant-food to orchards are shown
in Table II. This table gives the yields obtained during the past
five years in a lo-plot experiment with Baldwins, now 24 years of
age, located on a Volusia silt loam in Lawrence County, north of
Pittsburgh. In estimating the influence of the treatments, the

ItEBfftt

yields of the first year are excluded because they can never be
materially affected by the applications of the first season. The yields
are given in pounds, and also in bushels per acre annually for the
last four years.

Table II. — Influence of Fertilization on Yield.

(Johnston Orchard.)
{Yields in pounds and bushels per acre; 1908- 19 12.)

Plot 123456780 10

Check Nit A Nit. & Check Phos. A Comp. Check Manure Lime Check
Phos. Potash Potash Ftlsr.

Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb.

1908 90 528 237 448 57H 759 211 278 658 108

1909, 675 6,018 5.257 1,932 3.089 6,621 2.008 3.531 1.216 1.266

1910, 2.575 8.265 1,822 3.168 3.552 2,108 1.629 6.149 3.1S5 3.505

1911 283 7.563 7.816 617 1.227 8,209 1.362 4.874 388 106

1912 1,024 1,225 696 1,382 1,385 189 1,226 6,698 741 474

ToUl 4 yrs., . 4,557 18,071 15,591 7,099 9,253 17,127 6,225 21,252 5,530 5,351

Bu. per A. An-
nually, 136.7 542.1 467.7 213. 277.6 513.8 186.7 637.5 165.9 160.5

An. Gain over
Chk* Bu. per
Acre, 377.9 293.6 108.4 339.6 463.8 8.8

*The average check or unfertilized plot produced 174.2 bushels per acre annually
during 1909-12.

In the first place, it will be noted that the checks, or unfer-
tilized plots, have run fairly uniform, producing an average annual
yield of 174.2 bushels per acre during the last four years. Lime
alone (at the rate of 1,000 pounds per acre annually) has shown no
improvement over the average check, and as a matter of fact it has
averaged 8.3 bushels per acre less, a deficit that is doubtless largely
or wholly due to incidental and natural fluctuations. The phosphate
and potash combination has affected the yield here rather distinctly.
This may be at least partly due to a possible advantage in location,
as indicated by the fact that its adjacent check is the highest pro-
ducer among them and is averaging within 64 bushels of the phos-
phate-potash treatment. The growth on the latter plot, however, is
nearly 3 per cent, less than the normal unfertilized plot, and its
general appearance is not appreciably superior to that of the checks.
It is evident, however, that these trees are still vitally in need of
something, although it should be noted that they are receiving the
fertilization commonly advised for orchards, — largely on the basis
of chemical analysis

This need is being quite thoroughly met on the adjacent plot 6,
which differs from number 5 only in the addition of nitrogen. The
mere addition of nitrogen in this case has more than tripled the gain.
Wherever nitrogen appears in the treatments very large yields are
observed, and the foliage and growth of the trees are very satis-
factory,— the average gains in trunk-girth ranging from 25 to 90
per cent.

Fig. 5. COMMKRCIAL FkRTILIZKRS VS. NoTHlNG.

The row on the left has received no fertiHzer. That on the right has re-
ceived nitrogen and phosphate. The net increase on the latter was $267.00
per acre X'ariety Baldwin. Treatment identical except as to fertilizer.

Fig. 6. Manurk vs. Nothing.
Row on left received stal)le manure third year. Produced 373-8 hushels
per acre. Row on right received nothing and produced 27.9 bushels pel
acre. Treatment otherwise identical. X'ariety York Imperial.

,,. : 'A-' •*'. >..>
■.■•^'^f"^■'v■^(^•i,'^■,1c>'4^«'K"i

■ 1. ■■■ .". ■M.-.'ir--'; '*f.-. r- .-V'!

AJ3 , , ,

h-^

Table II. — Influence of Fertilization on Yield.

(Johnston Orchard.)
{Yields in pounds and bushels per acre; 1908-1912.)

Plot 123456789 10

Check Nit. & Nit. & Check Phos. & Comp. Check Manure Lime Check
Phos. Potash Potash Ftlzr.

Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb.

1908, 90 528 237 446 57^ 759 211 278 658 106

1909, 675 6,018 5,257 1,932 3,089 6,621 2,008 3,531 1.216 1,266

1910, 2,575 3,265 1,822 3,168 3,552 2,108 1,629 6.149 3,185 3,505

1911 283 7,563 7,816 617 1,227 8,209 1,362 4,874 388 106

1912, 1,024 1,225 696 1,382 1,385 189 1,226 6,698 741 474

Total 4 yrs., . 4,557 18,071 15,591 7,099 9,253 17,127 6,225 21.252 5.530 5.351

Bu. per A. An-
nually, 136.7 542.1 467.7 213. 277.6 513.8 186.7 637.5 165.9 160.5

An. Gain over
Chk* Bu. per
Acre. 377.9 293.5 108.4 339.6 463.3 8.8

*The average check or unfertilized plot produced 174.2 bushels per acre annually
during 1909-12.

In the first place, it will be noted that the checks, or unfer-
tilized plots, have run fairly uniform, producing an average annual
yield of 174.2 bushels per acre during the last four years. Lime
alone (at the rate of 1,000 pounds per acre annually) has shown no
improvement over the average check, and as a matter of fact it has
averaged 8.3 bushels per acre less, a deficit that is doubtless largely
or wholly due to incidental and natural fluctuations. The phosphate
and potash combination has aflfected the yield here rather distinctly.
This may be at least partly due to a possible advantage in location,
as indicated by the fact that its adjacent check is the highest pro-
ducer among them and is averaging within 64 bushels of the phos-
phate-potash treatment. The growth on the latter plot, however, is
nearly 3 per cent, less than the normal unfertilized plot, and its
general appearance is not appreciably superior to that of the checks.
It is evident, however, that these trees are still vitally in need of
something, although it should be noted that they are receiving the
fertilization commonly advised for orchards, — largely on the basis
of chemical analysis

^m-^

yfm

- ' VV« ' • - ■

^^ •

"^^^.^

■■'•-., I • '

sv^-'f Vfe >■''' . .*•

Fig. 5. CoMMKKClAI. KkkTIUZK.KS VS. NoTHlXG.

The row on the left has received no fertihzer. That on the right has re-
ceived nitrogen and phosphate. The net increase on the latter was $267.00
per acre. X'ariety P.aldwin. Treatment identical except as to fertih/er.

t ^.1

•tr5^--;v

• 'A 1 •■ . vi. ' *

♦ ,-; ,v*f-'

:2#"55iir '

Fig. 6. Maxiki: vs. Xottiixo.
Row on left received stahle manure third year. Produced 373-^ hushels
per acre. Row on right received nothing and produced -7(; huslieis pe:
acre. Treatment otherwise identical. \ ariety N ork imperial.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

l?<t'>^,-.,-:k-.-r;. './,■■ - .

■5?'!"^-^^;;

(>>

■♦!►

^ :»^

f m ♦

Plot 2, receiving nitrogen and phosphate only, at the present
time shows a better gain than number 6, which receives potash in
addition This is directly connected with the almost complete crop-
fauire that occurred on the latter plot this past season, and it is
a?so doubtless partly attributable again to natural fluctuations in
Sitshows: however, that no additional potash is needed m this
orchard, so far as yields are concerned.

Phosohates are next in importance to nitrogen here, as indi-
cated by the 42-bushel average deficit that occurs in plot 3 as com-
oared with number 6, when phosphorus is omitted in the former,
aSd also by the high yields on number 2. Manure, as a result of the
extra iTrgI crop of 191 2, when most of the other plots were having
af off sefson fs now in the lead in this experiment with the tre-
«!lnL,raveraffe vield of 637 bushels per acre annually for the past
?our years ThTs gSes an annual gain over the check of 463 bushels
S? acre which is a very satisfactory exchange for 13 tons of
manure This benefit from manure is doubtless largely due to its
nitrogen content, the proof of which becomes more evident later. ^

Time Required for Results to Appear.— It is a common im-
pressToTthat ?ong times are required to determine the value and
kind of fertilizer needed for an orchard. It will be noted here
and in the foHowing experiment, however, that both these facts were
SorougWy ev^ent^n the season immediately following the one in
which the fertilizers were first applied. In other words, both the
value of fertilization and the kind of fertilizer ^f^'^'fjU^^^^^y
evident in these two cases within a single year after the first appli-
S ion and the conclusions formulated then have not been materially
Sang;d by the results of the 4 to 5 additional years that we now
S^ In most other cases, also, where these facts did not appear
in the first two or three seasons of bearing they have not appeared
n the five or six years now available. This is of special iniportance
irJonn^^tfoVwiL the local tests recommended ater rt^ough in
thptn we advise at least 3 years of trial, for the sake 01 a wiacr
maSi^of safety and greater stability in the resulting conclusions.

Results from the Brown Orchard.

This exoeriment is located in Bedford County on DeKalb
stony^foU^rSual, foot-hill soil, chiefly of sandstone origi^
which is commonly used for orchard purposes^ JvoVes the same
case are York Imperial, now 24 years old. It '"^°\^f *J^_f ^^^
treatments as those in the Johnston orchard andjour ot^^^^^^

Operative years are given in Table 111.

Table III.— Influence of Fertilization on Yield.

(Brown Orchard.)
{Yields in pounds per plot, 1908-1912.)

Benefit An. Gain

over over av.

Plot Treatment 1908 1909 1910 1911 '^'^ Totals Normal^Check*

1 Check 2,402 25 4,052 i,S88 453 8,520 ••••■■

2Nitr&Phos 4,i53 5885.9202,2197,28120,161 204.8 376-5

3 Nitr. & Potash .... 3,079 783.8381.5675,40213,964 196.6 259.2

4 Check 754 9 4701,260 3092,8^ ••;••• •••;••

SPhos.&Mur., 1.014 2522.3811,643 665.906 79.9 75.2

6Phos. &Sulf 292 2661.3681.299 3563,581 4-8 10. 1

T rjipck 254 192 1,115 1,568 1,117 4.240 .•••

i N Ph. & Poia. ■ . . . i.2?9 4542.4363.2414,93112.281 208.7 253.7

9 Nitrogen, 863 1.575 1203,0821,6147,254 96. "3.

10 Check ... 458 515 787 1,448 222 3,430 •••

nAcifphos.;-::::::: 104 U 787 794 642,641 25.9 .6.2

laRawPhos lOO 124 581 703 1231.631 55-9 35.5

T -J Check 266 257 2,096 498 727 3,044

1^ Manure;:. 6211,947 778 7,334 i,ii7 11, 797 273.9 240.2

i^ Lime 152 160 1,029 1,060 288 2,689 90 14.0

16 Check, *! 246 36 943 387 166 1,778

♦The annual gains over their "normal production'; are indicated in plots

2 and 3. Their annual yields were 564.5 and 391 bushels per acre respectively
The average check, omitting No. i, was 3,220 lb. per plot, or 90.16 bu. per
acre annually.

In general we have the same types of results here as in the
preceding experiment,— large gains from nitrogen, phosphates and
manure with relatively small effects from potash, and agam no ad-
vantage at all from line. There are greater irregularities in this ex-
periment, owing somewhat to its greater size, but chiefly due to
the presence of a woods on the mountain side above the hrst check
plot, from which the latter is separated by a single row of trees.
The leachings from the floor of that woods have acted much like a
nitrogenous fertilizer, and as a result the trees nearest the woods,
although of the same age as those farther down, are considerably
larger, thus accounting for the greater yields of the first 2 or 3 plots
This influence practically disappears, however, before the fourth
plot is reached, as shown by its low yields,— those of a typical check.
The differences observed in the last two columns are due partly
to these irregularities, partly to a certain amount of leaching and
cross-feeding on the part of some of the checks in spite of separation
rows below each treated plot, and partly to a different method of
calculation. In one column the benefit is figured on the basis of the
normal production of the immediate plot concerned, which method is
supposed to eliminate soil irregularities to the greatest possible ex-
tent. When the adjacent checks are being benefited by leachings or
cross-feeding, however, this method fails to show the full benefit
due to the treatment. This failure is especially evident in plot b.

^1^

s»

Ai '^

-^l «

which shows an apparent negative influence in the "normal" column
rnd a Sve influence of ten bushels per acre annually in the col-
umn bS on the average check. The apparent negative influence
rduedfrecS to extra yields in the adjacent check plot 7 which is
aooareSly receiving some benefit from plot 8 as a result of cross-
3w The same thing appears in the negative figures shown by
SotsTi and ^2 though tley are not entirely dimina^d by using the
average check as thi basis. The average check, however, is not
endrelv free from the cross-feeding influences since it only dis-
putes the eX yields and hence it is probable that the negative
tributes me cAu a ;r . j- qJ t^g last column merely indicate

&?heL^mSerials havfno^de^^^ influence when applied by
SeLelvelTnlX further deficits are attributable simply to natural

^"''ReSng now to the results themselves, and especially to those
treatment™ ot Lluded in the preceding experiments, we may riote
ffrftthTt the muriate of potash in plot 5 has given much better
Sns S n'?heTulphate in t^e adjacent plot. This is contrar^^^^^^^ the
r^siilts of the Massachusetts Experiment, but similar results are
now beinff shown in all of our own experiments wherever this com-
SSson of curs Hence the differences in the Massachusetts experr-
Kpdseem.bedueto.^^^^^^^^^^

fs1uea?t"r to\'a"^^^^^^^^ in view of the facts that it

is cheaper more soluble, and much less subject to "caking" in the
mixtu?es wTare now using and recommending it for apples.

In pots ii and 12, and other similarly treated plots m our ex-
perimenrwe see the Apparent futility of attempting to materiaUy
Lnrove vields by applv ng phosphates alone. This is not aue to me

„i.r„ge„ in im^ving y^eld. ,„„„.„„._,. i, softer fairly

i„ thi res^ee. appUs -" f ^*f .^c. r»' ^ "S^^^^^ as
SPrortrtl^'n S aS .£ .ay aCualiy b. .he fin.,

"""on lh€ Other hand, it should be noted here that in plots 2, 3
and g°where"]rfnr.'. plan, .cods are hgng .^PP'"". *%t«r;4

fl'

also, are especially notable in plot 8, which shows a distinct gain in
every year except 1909, and in that year the yield would have been
fully 1,000 pounds greater had there been sufficient moisture avail-
able, to properly mature the fruits that were actually present.

In plots 2 and 3, the fertilization has not been complete and also
the yields have been so large in the even-numbered years that it
was impossible to prevent some alternation with lighter crops in the
odd years. This same general condition is evident to a considerable
extent in the Johnston orchard. In other experiments, however,
and especially in one primarily on cultural methods in the Fassett
orchard, with proper fertilization and with crops ranging between
300 and 600 bushels per acre, we have had steady increases on Bald-
wins and Spies similar to those in plot 8, which extended over a
period of five years before any decrease appeared.

The unusual size of the 191 2 crops on plots 2 and 3 in the
Brown experiment should also be noted. While their adjacent
checks, I and 4, were showing an average yield of 73.2 bushels
per acre, plots 2 and 3 were producing the tremendous average of
1,217.5 bushels per acre, and 1,006 bushels of this were picked fruit.
The terminal twig-growth of the checks, also, would scarcely
average half an inch for the season, while that of the fertilized plots,
in spite of their enormous crops, averaged from 6 to 8 inches with
frequent terminals running up to 2 feet. And all these differences
were brought about solely as a result of differences in fertilization.
The spraying, pruning, soil management, variety and age of trees,
and all other visible features were just the same on the checks as
on the fertilized plots.

Results in the Tyson Orchard.

In the two preceding experiments, we have seen very large an-
nual gains resulting from certain fertilization, particularly that rich
in nitrogen and phosphorus, regardless of whether these elements
were carried in manure or in commercial forms. In these cases also,
the gains from potash were relatively small or entirely absent. Thus
far in the Tyson experiment, so far as yields are concerned, we have
practically the reverse conditions.

The trees in the latter experiment are much younger, being now
but 14 years of age. The varieties are York Imperial and Stayman
Winesap, the latter having been top worked on certain York rows
about 6 years after planting. The soil is a relatively heavy, silt
loam, and tillage and annual cover crops have been maintained
near the trees practically uniformly since the orchard was started.
The annual growth and general appearance of all the trees in this
experiment are much better than those of the average check trees
in the two preceding experiments. Practically no fruit had been
borne by these trees, when our experiment was started in 1907,
and there has been but one fairly full crop since then, — that of
191 1. The treatments are the same as in the Brown Experiment and
the results are shown in Table IV.

: ♦

I
)

4
I

Table IV. Influence of Fertilization on Yield and Growth in

Experiment 215.

(Tyson Orchard.)

(Yields in pounds per plot, 1908-1912.)

6 -3 -a

i ""< ^

I <J^ N

Treatment. ^ >m .S u.

pj z! ****** ^ ^ *** ^ ^

I CVkecV 14 95 346 2,053 549 3.057 ••

3 Nitr. and Potash. .. 43 "5 4i8 3,o43 54^ 4.i6i 50.9 43-0 17-7

i Check 21 54 ^^o 1,555 7^9 2,609 .... •••• •••;

5Phos.'and Mur 26 146 476 2M 495 3.97i 46.1 36.5 8.1

6 Phos. and Sulf.; . . . . 61 I79 4832,352 975 4.050 43-2 36.8 2.3

y Check 18 45 235 1.777 862 2,937 •• ;;•;

§cSmp.' Firtilizer. ... 21 74 3002,885 i90 3.470 267 22.9 12.7

9 Nitrogen 17 83 229 1.746 55i 2,626 3-5 4.7 79

10 Check 17 89 150 1,579 504 2,339 ..•• •••• "' '

1? Acfd Phos ... 3 43 153 1.359 655 2,213 9-8 15.8 4.4

2 rSw p& ::....:: 4 il 16^2,0x0 8423.082 20.0 .1.4 o.s

Ii Manure" ?$ 5» 1902.333 2622,852 4.i 4- >4.6

t Ume (ind Ftizr.), . 27 86 .86 .,765 ...U 3..77 13.4 -3.. «•«

16 Check, "0 76 "5 >.9" 739 2,866

As already indicated, the relative youth of these trees make
both their yields and differences much less than those m the pre-
ceding experiments. With increasing age, it is probable that some
of the results may be different, especially in view of the relative
growth that is now being made under the different treatments. At
present, however, certain facts are of interest.

In the first place, the practical failure here of both manure and
nitrogen is quite remarkable. The regular annual application of 12
tons of stable manure, in this case, has resulted in an annual gam of
less than 4 bushels of apples per acre. During the same time,
nitrogen alone has shown no gain at all, and nitrogen and phos-
phates, which were so effective in the preceding experiments, here
show an annual gain of only 12 bushels per acre,— not enough to pay

for the treatment. . -r ^ • ^.u

Potash on the other hand, in direct contrast to its effect in the
experiments above, here shows a distinct gain in yield wherever it
is applied. The best of these gains,— in combination with nitrogen,
is only 43 bushels per acre annually, but this is more than a 50 per
cent, increase over the normal yield, and it shows a fair profit over
the cost of treatment, besides giving over 17 per cent, of an in-
crease in growth. Potash applications therefore, have evidently
been of value in this orchard, even when those of manure and
nitrogen and phosphates were largely failing.

The Action of Manure vs. that of Commercial Fertilizers.—
The above facts, taken in connection with those shown in the two
earlier experiments, indicate that the plant-food action of manure is
practically identical with that of a commercial fertilizer rich in
nitrogen and phosphates. It also apparently indicates that the pot-
ash in the manure may be less readily available than that carried in
commercial forms. The old controversy over the relative value of
manure and commercial fertilizers therefore, is without any par-
ticular significance so far as plant food is concerned Either type
of fertilizer may be successful or either may be a failure depending
upon the particular conditions involved. „u,^ a„^ tn

The manure, however, often has some additional value, due to
its mulching effect. This, of course, can not be duplicated by com-
mercial fertilizers alone though it may be duplicated by any other
kind of a mulch, as has been shown especially in our experiment 339
in Bradford County. The matter of availability also must be often
considered and it is for this reason that the relation between manure
and nitrogenous fertilizers should be well understood. Besides this,
it sometimes happens that large and regular applications of manure
result in a distinct increase in the amount of b hght, and also in an
undue increase in the size of the fruit and in the amount of punky
pitting in the latter. In such cases, a reduction in the applications or
the partial or complete substitution of a proper commercial fer-
tilizer is desirable.

A Summary of Fertilizer Influences on Apples.

It is impossible in the present space to consider all our experi-
ments singly, to the extent done with the three just considered
Before passing to the last stage of our discussion, however, it
seems desirable to present a very brief summary of the fertilizer
influences shown in six of our experiments, including the three just
considered. This summary shows the calculated influences of the
various fertilizer elements on the four important characteristics of
apples, viz: their yield, color, average size and the amount of wood-
growth The relative values of the different elements during a five-
5ear period, in terms of per cents, of benefit over the normal results
obtained without fertilization, are shown in Table V,

Table V.— Influence of Fertilizer Elements on Apples.

{Average Benefits over Normals, 1908-1912.)
(a) Expts. 215, 216, and 220

Yield Color Size Growth

percent, percent, percent, percent.
*^ 1907-12

Nitrates in Combin ^-7

Nitrates alone 32.5

Phos. in Combin. 20.2

II. 0

0.7

12.7

4.3

2.1

0.3

10.43

15. 5X
2.28

\
t

'1 ^

tri V

••

«. » 10 7 2.7 0.6 2.45

Phos. alone, ]^'7 ^^ g ^^

Potash in Combin ^S- 1 ^-z ^ - ^^

Complete Fertilizer 78-3 ;5.4 SJ J^ J^

S^ion;;-::::::::::::::::::::: ^'^ -3 -o 6.31

(b) Expts. 336, 338 and 339 ^9^'^^ '^''^ '^''^ '^'''

»T- . • /-^-.Wn 74. S 12-7 0-4 27.00

Nitrates in Combin.. 74S / ^

Phosphates in Combin 33-5 ^^ '*^ ^.79

Potash in Combm 3° ■'* '■ ^^

Complete Fertilizer 8^-5 5- ^5-^ ^

Sr^^ione;-::::::::::::::::::::: t.s 1^4 X5.9 xs.48

Without going into details it may be noted that in general the
same influences that have materially increased the yields have also
inSeased the growth. In other words, our best growing plots have
as a rule been^our best fruiting plots. On sound, healthy trees this
wilt generaUy be the case unless either occurs to an abnormal ex-
ten ^n which case the other may be somewhat reduced Mild m-
iuries may also stimulate yields at the expense of growth,
juries may most marked exception to our rule above ap-

nears in the case of the phosphates, especially in the lower section
Ef the table This may be connected with the fact that the old wood
esoedallv is very low in phosphoric acid, as shown in Table I, and
our pre ent definite growth determinations are based upon increase
?n tmnk-Srths alone^ On twig-growth, however f/,,? „'Sar
ndirate that ohosphate additions have been very helpful, particular-
l^tnfhe B?owrort^ This also tends to bring it in line with our

rule ^ °^^^ Average Size—So far as fertilization is con-

cerned manure and potash are the only materials that have consist-
^X beSd size ^he manure influence is doubtless very largely
d?iC"ts mulching or moisture conserving effect, since moisture
makes t^p atout 84 6% of this fruit, on the average.* The potash
h^fluence aho so far as it is a definite benefit, is probab y brought
atout through the same medium, inasmuch as potash is credited
S some ability to increase the cosmotic power of the cells thus
rnlblfng them to compete more successfully for whatever water is

^"' There is also a distinct possibility that the apparent benefit
of pSsh on any size may be largely due to the fact that it is as-
^ocfated whh much lower yields than the other materials, especially
nUmgen Conversely their failures to increase size may likewise
Ee due to their assodation with markedly increased yields.

Thi« hr^K out the general proposition to which we have called
definite atSneleXe,t th'at 'with a normal moisture supply

♦See Table XVIII in the writer's article in the Annual Report of the Penn-
sylvania State College for 1910-11, page 435-

'^tSee a^»^cle referFed to in foot note 2, pages 500-503.

the dominant influence controlling size in apples is the number of
fruits on the tree, after this number has passed a certain optimum
or "critical point." This point, however, is relatively high, our
data showing that even on trees up to 15 years of age, little or no
correlation appeared until the number of fruits had reached 1,400
or more per tree. Above this point, proper thinning is the most
important means of increasing the size of the fruit. Below it,
the size can usually be markedly affected by moisture supply, cul-
tural methods, manure and possibly by fertilizers,— especially those
rich in potash. The latter factors may also co-operate in such a way
as to materially raise the critical point. In general, however, proper
thinning and moisture conservation are the most important means
of improving fruit size.

The Control of Fruit Color.— In Table V, it will be observed
that none of the fertilizer treatments has resulted in any marked im-
provement in color. Slight and irregular benefits are shown by
potash and some of the phosphate applications, but nothing of any
importance. The same is true of iron applications so far as ex-
perimental evidence is concerned.

These facts again lead up to the general propositions that color
in apples can not be materially increased by fertilizer applications,
and that the red colors of apples are essentially dependent upon
maturity and sunlight. Conditions that tend to increase one or
both of the latter factors, such as late picking, open pruning, light
soils, and sod culture tend to increase the red color. Opposite con-
ditions decrease it.

These propositions make it clear why the nitrates and manure
apparently injure color. It is simply done by retarding maturity
and diminishing the available sunlight as a result of the increased
density of foliage. To determine the truth of this, in 191 1 we left
the fruit on the nitrate plots in the Johnston orchard, until it had
reached approximately the same degree of maturity as that at-
tained by the checks when their fruit had to be picked on account
of dropping. The delay required was fully three weeks,— from
September 29th to October 19th,— and even then the latter fruit
picked much harder than that on the checks, besides showing a
much lower percentage of drops. The amount of color on the
nitrate plots at the latter date also was actually greater by 10%
than that shown on the checks at their picking time.

The occasional marked increase on color as a result of spray-
ing is largely explainable on similar grounds. The sprays reduce
the worminess and thus enable the fruit to remain longer on the
tree. It also may reduce somewhat the amount of foliage as a result
of spray-injury thus permitting more light to reach the fruit. In
general, however, in improving color, chief reliance must be placed
on those methods that tend definitely to secure fuller maturity on
the tree and to get the maximum amounts of light to the fruit.

«9
Applying Present Data to Individual Orchards.

In the three experiments discussed separately above, it was
noted that the materials found most valuable m ?>« ^f-f t^^^r^'^^
practical failures in the third, and vice ^ersa. In stiH ^^^^^^
might show cases where no form of fertilization has y« f °^" J
profit. These and other cases prove conclusively the local nature
Ef the problem. Hence not even the experiments of others can
offer more than general advice on fertilization of a particular

""^'^This advice can doubtless be made more exact after a personal
examination of the orchard concerned, by one who is familm^^^
orchard fertilization work, or it may be done with a greater cer
?ainty if the owner will give attention to some of he «>ore impor
tant characteristics of orchards needing fertilization. These are

best observed in late summer and fall. rertainlv

In general the characteristics of the orchard that ^ ce^ain y
in need of a fertilizer are those of starvation. They are usually
sufficiently familiar to need no extended description. They are
?ounTmost commonly in the older oixhards thf ^J^^ °J" ^^-^^
well but no loneer are doing so, tho still fairly free from important
biases or improper drainage. The foliage is sparse and pale

fnS orchids, Ld the anLal growth^tops^y.l^^LTS
Qhort— often no more than half an inch,— and from this it may
raS?e w to two or three inches. In such cases one can usually
appfy fe'rtmzeTfairly liberally with F-tical conM^g, °^^ profits

orchards or°n^ny orchard that is still growing and fruiting wdU

the orchard left unfertilized as a check. 5„tprmediate or-

ThPse trials are especia ly necessary m the intermediate or

orchard.

A General Fertilizer Recommendation for Apples.

For preliminary use in such cases, and for permanent use on
the part of those who are unable to carry «" . f ^jl„^^ 'jf ^ JS^^^
i<i shown later, we are now recommending the general «r"iizer
inc^S in T^ble VI. The fertilizers are stated m amounts per

acre rather than in amounts per tree, because of the varying num-
bers of trees that are planted on an acre. The amounts per tree for
any particular case are readily obtainable, however, by dividing the
present amounts by the given number of trees per acre. With voune
trees the amounts may be reduced approximately in proportion
to the area covered, making this area correspond with that of the
roots so far as possible.

Table VI. A General Fertilizer for Apple Orchards.

(Amounts per Acre for Bearing Trees,)

Nitrogen
30 lb. (N)

Phosphoric acid
50 lb. (P2OS)

Carried in:

Carried in :

^5? l^- ^itrate and 150 350 lb. Acid Phos.
Id. D. Blood.

or in
or in

. ... 200 lb. bone meal.

150 lb. Ammon. Sul-

^^tc- or in.

Potash
25 to 50 lb. (K2O)

Carried in :

50 to 100 lbs. Muriate,
or in

100 to 200 lb. low-grade
Sulfate.

300 lb. Basic Slag.
For Young Orchards, reduce these amounts in proportion to area covered.

This table means that a fertilizer carrying about 30 pounds of
actual nitrogen, 50 pounds of actual phosphoric acid and 2? to w
pounds of actual potash should be applied on an acre of bearing
trees Where potash is not known to be lacking the smaller amount

w-^u tu"^^"^' °« ^'*^'' ^ '""'^ *^«t'"e 't "lay even be omitted entirely.
With the smaller amount of potash, the essentials of the present
combination are carried in 500 pounds of a 6-10-5 fertilizer, and
with the larger amount they are carried in the same weight of a
b- 10- 10 fertilizer or its equivalent. In the usual ready-mixed ferti-
•fu"' J.^\"»t''ogen is likely to be carried in ammonium sulfate,
with which some liming may be necessary if many applications are
made, and especially if leguminous cover crops or permanent covers
are desired. In special or m homemade mixtures, the various ele-
ments may be carried in any of the materials indicated in the table
In our work the nitrogen is carried in the combination of
nitrate of soda and dried blood indicated in the table. This com-
bination carries about equal amounts of nitrogen in each material,
and It thus gives a quick action as well as one that is prolonged
well through the season. The nitrogen, being the costliest and most
active ingredient, requires close watching and possible variations
in amount, in order to get the most out of it. It may also be secured
wholly or in part, by the use of stable manure or leguminous cover
crops where they are available. With the other carriers indicated
in the table, we have very little evidence on their relative values

{

-f ^r.A ViPtire those that are actually least expensive or most
Sn^enitn? should Kosen. AH applications should be made an-
nually" subject to the variations indicated below.

Time and Method o! Application.

The time of application we believe to be of distinct importance

1 ne "P« "^ /»" , nitrates Whi e our evidence on this is

especially m *« "\* °* "S aregood indications that nitrates

by no ^f^''^J'°^^^\^^ ^X -^l^^ season and thus be wholly

loft Til trees'' 0?hrev?denc: leads to the opinion that distinct

Se1Vui?be"a^^^^^^^^^^
'J£^«is%^ Tho^uM^vt^^^^^^

„f Z ation^ven taportanl and that very large increases in
; el?& been It/ined'fron, ntoderate W"«- of n,W« of

Se?' 1S,'apraUons^ke| *^^

Se X^oK ijx^rSnurFmi, Farm, July applications proved

-^^urti'eT^r-th^^Cp-So^-^^ii^^^^

is light much — VPP -"rde" „n s-ci»^^^^^ of

Some of the most careful observers. m commercial wor^

apply their phosphates and potash m the fall on their P^acn «

chards, and believe that this gives best results jhus far ho^^^^^^

we ha;e felt that the time of ^PPl'*^^*i°"i°/ *utkTfiS^

relatively little importance since ^ey a^ ^ther^^^^^^^^^^^^^

soil, in any case and they do not leach readily, wen ,^vv.y^

to scatter the fertilizer or manure broadcast over the surface
"iiTproceedings of the Society for Horticultural Science 19". P- 37-

p «

the ground, taking care not to get it too close to the tree trunk
where there are few absorbent roots, and extending the applications
well out beyond the spread of the branches. To conform more
closely with the distribution of feeding roots, the rate of application
is made heaviest in the central part of this area, or in general it
is applied heaviest under the outer two-thirds of the spread of the
branches. This fertilization may either be left on the surface to
be washed in by the rains or it may be harrowed or lightly plowed
into the soil. With all this done, it should be remembered that
the fertilizer applied in any given season can hardly materially
affect the yield in that year, since the fruit buds are formed in
the latter part of the preceding season. Important results therefore,
should not be expected before the following season, at the earliest,
and as indicated in some of our experiments, they may not appear
until considerably later and still prove of value.

Determining the Actual Needs of an Orchard.

The general fertilizer formula indicated above is for use only
until the exact needs of the particular orchard can be determined.
In other words, it is intended to meet only immediate demands.
If in the meantime one wishes really to answer the question of how
to fertilize his own orchard, he can do so by following the plan out-
lined in Table VII. This plan is especially adapted to the needs of
commercial orchardists and to "community*' tests on the part of the
smaller growers.

Table VII. Plan for Local Orchard-Fertilizer Test.
(Pounds for a Mature Tree in Bearing.)

1 Check. Untreated.

2 Niter, 2^ lb. ; D. Blood, 35^ lb. ; Ac. Phos. 10 lb.

3 Niter, 25^ lb. ; D. Blood, 3 J^ lb. ; Potash 2 Jb.

4 Acid Phos. 10 lb. ; Potash 2 lb.

5 Check.

6 Niter, 2^ lb. ; D. Blood, 3J^ lb. ; Ac. Phos. 10 lb. ; Potash 2 lb.

7 Same as VI, plus Lime, 12 to 25 lb.

8 Manure, 400 lb.

9 Check.

This plan should be located in a typical part of the orchard,
and should include not less than five average trees of the same
variety and age, in each plot. All the trees should be labeled and
carefully measured at a fixed point on the trunk, and definite
records of their growth and yields should be kept for at least three
years. Frequently good indications of the orchard's needs may be
obtained in less time than this, as is shown above in the Johnston
and Brown orchards, but at least this amount of time should be al-
lowed and more should be used when necessary.

The same time and methods of application and other precau-
tions should be followed as described above. The materials are

^iv

tC-^

indicated here in amounts per bearing tree instead of per acre as
above and the same reductions should be made for younger trees.
In other words, if only a third of the ground is to ht covered, then
only about a third of these amounts should be used, if the rate of
application is to be kept within proper bounds.

These general precautions, together with the exercise of proper
judgment on the part of the grower, are entirely sufficient to carry
this plan to a successful conclusion and definitely settle the ferti-
lizer needs of any ordinary orchard within a few years. If addi-
tional rules and precautions are desired, however, they can be
found in the Annual Report of the Pennsylvania State College for
1910-11, pages 409-11. In addition, it should be remembered that
an orchard may not show the need of a fertilizer when young, but
may develop this need later, especially when heavy bearing is
reached. This means that the cases that appear negative at any
one time often need further tests and attention later.

Discussion.

E. C. Tyson. Would the result in the Brown experiment in-
dicate that phosphoric acid might be eliminated from the applica-
tions ?

Dr. Stewart. No, it does not. It simply means that you are
not likely to get the benefit from an application of phosphoric acid
alone that you would when applied along with some other material,
unless you should happen to have an abundance of all other neces-
sary elements. Then you might get it by applying phosphoric acid
alone.

Mr. Bassett. Is that in Pennsylvania, Professor?

Dr. Stewart. It was in one part of Pennsylvania. The soil
in this particular case had been cropped heavily for a long time and
was very much exhausted. I might say for Pennsylvania soils,
however, that we have averaged about thirty bushels of wheat to
the acre for the past twenty years on the College Farm that is run
in connection with the Experiment Station, which will probably
compare favorably with similar averages in any other state.

Mr. Bassett. I was afraid you were slurring the state, that
was all.

Dr. Stewart. There is a difference in the way even good soil
may be handled. Notice, however, that even in this soil, the best
trees in the orchard are the ones planted in the old sod pasture
with a spade. No cultivation before planting nor since. One
hundred pounds of straw to the tree were used as a mulch for the
first two years. Since that time the growth between the trees has
been sufficient to maintain a mulch. These trees that were just
planted in sod were not permitted to have grass growing over the
roots, however, and that is the thing we must emphasize. Grass
growing over tree roots is objectionable and is bound to stunt the
trees. Where we have grass growing over tree roots we usually

I \

I H

9 ^

get the poorest results that we can get anywhere. But where we
keep the grass growth down with mulch without any cultivation,
we get the excellent results you see here.

This and other similar results raise the question as to whether
we have not over-emphasized the necessity of stirring the soil about
the roots of trees. The natural condition for tree growth is with
an undisturbed root system, and it is a question whether the tillage
of trees has not been over emphasized, especially so far as it applies
to apple trees.

Question. Does that hold good in peaches?

Dr. Stewart. I would not want to say, because our opinion is
that the peach needs tillage much more than the apple, and until we
get some definite basis for changing that opinion we will let it stay
as it is. I should not be surprised, however, in view of these results,
that a person could also develop a very satisfactory system of
mulching and fertilization for peaches as well as for apples.

While we are on this question of young orchards and cover
crops, I want to call your attention to some of the figures we have
here. We have tried thirteen diflferent cover crops with the results
indicated on the chart. Notice the best of these has been alfalfa,
when used as a permanent cover and a mulch. We do not let the
alfalfa grow over the tree roots, however. You see the percent, of
gain is 206. The next best is vetch which has 160%. The third
in value to the trees is crimson clover ; fourth is rape, which we have
recently changed to a combination of rape and cow-horn turnips.
Then comes millet. Millet, I am inclined to think, has a lot of virtue
as a cover crop that it has not been fully credited with. Some of
these others, soy beans, etc., are far down in the list.

Of course we can't guarantee that this will happen everywhere,
but that is what is happening in our experiment at the Station.
We are getting very good crops of the beans and also of cowpeas
and other annals, but the trees are not showing any particular
benefit from these crops, and the fact that the crops themselves are
so good may help to explain what has checked the growth of the
trees.

Vetch comes out just as expected. It is much superior to the
other annual covers, probably largely because its moisture draft is
so low. It also fixes nitrogen from the air.

W. E. Grove. Have these crops been fertilized?

Dr. Stewart. They had one uniform fertilization and received
an application of lime once.

C. J. Tyson. Has the culture of the soil been uniform ?

Dr. Stewart. The culture of the soil has been uniform in all
cases except alfalfa. The alfalfa is a mulch proposition and was
cultivated but once, at the beginning of the experiment, to get the
alfalfa started.

R. A. Wickersham. Are these crops ever allowed to grow
over the roots ?

4 h

^ *

Dr. Stewart. Yes, in the case of the annual covers, they grow
up pretty close to the trees. That is as close as ordinary crops arc
usually sown.

In this connection it seems to me one of the most important
things we can do now is to work with different plants to find out
which is the best one to grow as a permanent cover crop. That is,
to find out which is the best crop to grow in connection with the
mulch system, and how best to handle it.

R. A. Wickersham. Do you leave all the alfalfa lay where it
drops ?

Dr. Stewart. We do not leave any of it remain where it drops.
We rake it up and put most of it around the trees. When we get
too much to put around the trees it is hauled away.

Mr. Bassett. What percent, of the total nitrate and minerals
required by the fruit is contained in the seed ?

Dr. Stewart. I can't answer that. I have collected analyses
of fruit and its parts from all over the world, and none of them
have distinguished the seed composition sufficiently well to enable
one to answer your question accurately. It is safe to say that the
percent, is comparatively high, however.

Mr. Bassett. If the fertilizing value is in the seed, then does
not a bushel of cider apples really reduce the fertility more than a
bushel of fancy apples? I want to prove that it pays to thin fruit.
I want to establish that idea.

Dr. Stewart, You are quite right about that, in my judgment.

ArendtsviUe Planing Mill and Barrel Factory

p. S. ORNER, Prop., ArendUville, Pa.

Manufacturing of Apple Barrels and Staves a Specialty

Millwork of all Description and Lumber of all kinds

PRICES LOW
Call 'Phone or Write --- --• --- BothThoncs

THE AMERICAN
AGRICULTURAL
CHEMICAL CO.

OF BALTIMORE, MD.

a «.

High-Grade, Reliable

Fertilizers for All Crops and for Permanent

Improvement of the Soil

» r

IITE JUSTLY CLAIM that there are
" NO BETTER FERTILIZERS than
ours, for they are as good as experience,
materials of the highest agricultural value,
unsurpassed facilities, and close and care-
ful attention to manufacturing can make
them. OUR FERTILIZERS ARE IN
FINE DRILLING CONDITION, and
are put up in GOOD, STRONG SACKS.

PEACH PACKING AND PACKAGES.

Prof. M. A. Blake.

« <

Mr, President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

I think I would like to change the wording of my topic a little,
to "Harvesting and Packing of Peaches." As our time is short, I
will try to cut my talk down and make it as brief as I can.

First, I would say that the work the Experiment Station has
been doing in New Jersey, in regard to peach growing in that state,
is to try to solve the problems of peach growing. The station has
peach orchards in two different parts of the state. We pick, pack,
and market the fruit, the returns come into the state and are turned
over to the state. We do not pretend to say that all of these prob-
lems we try to solve are new. In fact, all of them are pretty largely
handled by the fruit grower. The idea is to help the average man
and to try to help the leading man in every way possible. Try to
co-operate with them and we think that is the best method to accom-
plish results.

When it comes to the harvesting, marketing, and packing ques-
tion, of course we must say that the locality has a good deal to do
with the problem, so that these remarks that I will make this after-
noon are given to you for what they are worth. And if I give you
an idea here and there that will do you some good I shall be glad
of it.

Peaches can be graded and packed in the open air without shel-
ter, but to my mind, if one has an orchard of any size, it is necessary
to have a packing-house, not only because you are protected from
the rain, but because the work can be done much more rapidly and
cheaper.

One thing that has been found in some of our local markets in
New Jersey, is that too little attention is paid by fruit growers to
the uniform ripeness, grade and quality of fruit sold. We all know
that the perfect peach is only secured by being fully ripened on the
tree. The peach must be ripe before it is picked to have the full
flavor.

I have gone into markets in local towns in New Jersey where
there would be peaches that would not be ripe for a week and some
would be over-ripe in the same basket. This is not advertising our
home-grown crop in the right way. It is often necessary to sell the
second grade fruit in the local market because it is not worth while
to ship it, but it should nevertheless be graded according to maturity,
size and quality. Where large quantities of fruit are shipped it is
often impossible to get the highest grade of fruit grown in that
locality. It is easy to tell by the color of the fruit when it is ready

to pick. We have had some experience in hiring Italians to pick
peaches, and it seems to be the rule with those we are able to obtain
in southern New Jersey that they want to test the maturity of the
fruit by pinching with the fingers and we find it a problem to get
them to pick it according to its color. . . xt

The common commercial package that has been used in New
Jersey for a good many years, is the so-called Delaware peach
basket, as illustrated by Fig. i. This package, however, is going
out of use in New Jersey, especially the southern part of the state,
except where they can haul the peaches in to market by team, such
as to Philadelphia and other points. ^ . , .

Let us consider for a moment the qualities desired in a com-
mercial package for shipping. First, the package should be cheap;
in the second place, it should be light, and it should be strong and
durable. A package that is easily opened or broken into is not de-
sirable. Fruit in a package of such size that it can be thrown easily
from one man to another is more likely to be damaged than fruit
in a heavier package. The box and the basket should be arranged
somewhat, the grade should be the same all the way through. Often-
times the commercial package of a district is the package used for
picking. The objections to the Delaware peach basket as a shipping
package or for a ^king package, are that the baskets are not al-
ways well made, and accidents will occur; there is also a tendency
to throw them sometimes when they are being loaded into a car
rapidly. And when it comes to the matter of a cover for shipping
this package, a burlap or a wooden cover is used. I think that the
burlap cover should be discarded in all cases, unless for a local
market. I have seen baskets of peaches ready for market, piled one
above another with nothing between the fruit in the top of one
basket and the wooden bottom of another except the burlap. The
wooden cover is much to be preferred to the burlap cover as it will
give more protection to the surface of the fruit.

Fig. 2 illustrates the Delaware basket with a so-called wooden
cover. This cover will protect the top of the fruit much better than
burlap, and is less easily removed in transit, but in order to prevent
this package being slack when it goes into the market, it has to be
very full and tightly packed. From the standpoint of the New York
market, this package is not very well liked by the New York com-
mission men. The same grade of fruit in this commercial package
will not sell as well as in the Georgia carrier. On an average we
have found that when a basket will sell for 75 cents the same grade
of fruit will sell at from $1.50 to $1.75 in the Georgia carrier.

The Climax basket, Fig. 3, is another package used for peaches,
and probably more in Ontario, Canada, than elsewhere. This pack-
age is easily opened and is not very satisfactory as a shipping pack-
age.

Fig. 4 illustrates the so-called bushel basket package. We have
used it somewhat experimentally but it does not serve the purpose
as a shipping package for New Jersey conditions. Too large a bulk

of fruit is contained in one space and the covers are sometimes re-
moved and the fruit stolen.

Some fruit has been shipped from our experiment orchards in
the California fruit crate, illustrated by Fig. 5. This is a style of
package where the individual fruit receives attention. The pack is
the same all the way through and every peach must be the same
grade and size to make a desirable pack. Commission men have told
us that it did not sell well when used for eastern grown peaches,
and that in the New York market the people believed it was Cali-
fornia fruit, and that the Georgia carrier was to be preferred. So
far as the prices we received for fruit in this package were con-
cerned, however, they were practically the same as we received for
the same grade of fruit in Georgia carriers.

Fig. 6 illustrates the Georgia peach carrier with which you are
all familiar. This package has been gradually taken up by the
growers in the southern part of New Jersey as the best shipping
package. These packages as they come packed with fruit from
Georgia, contain six baskets. The fruit stand men usually take the
fruit out of these six baskets and fill up seven smaller tills. These
carriers, as they come from the south, are new, and when the fruit
man takes the fruit out as soon as received, they are hardly stained
and are in good condition. These crates prove a bargain to some
peach growers about New York and Philadelphia because they can
secure them from S to 6 cents each.

When the matter of packing peaches in such package as the
California fruit crate or the Georgia carriers is considered, we
need to have fruit that is of the same size and grade. If we have
large, small and medium sized fruit on the same tree and harvested
at the same time, the work is necessarily slow. We need to grow
fruit of uniform size to have it pack well. One of the first things to
consider is the thickness of the setting of the fruit on the trees. I
have in mind a grower in New Jersey who had a tremendous crop
last season. The trees were planted 22 feet apart each way six years
ago and this year the trees were simply bent double with the crop be-
fore the fruit began to color. He was inclined to thin the fruit, but
was persuaded by others not to do so, with the result that he had a
hard task tying the trees up so that they would not be ruined by
breakage, and the fruit was not nearly as large as it should have
been. When we have a heavy set of fruit on the trees it ought to
be thinned. In most cases we can say that no two fruits should be
closer than four inches apart. Some varieties, however, are much
smaller than others, and need to be thinned even more severely. I
do not mean to recommend thinning where there is only an occa-
sional cluster of fruit upon the tree, but where there is a good set
of fruit through the tree in general, thinning should be resorted to.
The work of thinning should be done about the time of the so-called
"June drop," when we can determine which fruits are weakly pol-
linated, or aflfected with curcuHo or have been blemished in some
manner. It is very easy to thin the fruit upon well pruned trees.

Thinning often seems like a waste of fruit, but the specimens left
on the tree will be of much larger size, and this becomes especially
important when there is a large crop and prices are low except for
the best grades.

Fig. 7 illustrates average fruits taken from thinned and un-
thinned Greensboro trees a season when prices were not very high.
The large fruit at the right in Fig. 7 sold readily but the small sized
fruit from the unthinned trees at the left was hard to move. Un-
questionably, thinning is an important part of the peach business.
Fruit properly thinned, especially the Elberta, will nearly all pack
into the same grade. I have seen lots of Elbertas packed in New
Jersey and some in Georgia, where at least 75 per cent, of the fruit
would all go into one grade.

I hope that few of you have trouble with peach scab in this
vicinity. We know that this can be controlled by proper spraying
with self-boiled lime-sulphur. Wherever there is scab there is
likely to be considerable brown rot also, and this of course adds to
the number of culls on the packing table.

The following system of summer spraying is now generally
practiced by successful growers in southern New Jersey. Arsenate
of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water, just as the petals fall. A
second spraying of arsenate of lead and self-boiled lime-sulphur is
given just as the calyx is being shed from the fruit. Where there
IS much injury by curculio, the first spraying is quite important, for
as soon as the peach reaches the size of a large green pea so that
the calyx begins to come off, the curculio begins to feed. On
varieties like Greensboro, that ripen early, two sprayings of self-
boiled lime-sulphur three weeks apart are generally sufficient, but
mid-season and late varieties should have at least three sprayings to
prevent scab and rot.

I took the opportunity this summer to visit the peach section
of Fort Valley, Ga. I thought no better section could be selected
to observe methods of packing and shipping. I was entertained by
Mr. J. H. Hale and had a most pleasant and profitable trip The
land about Fort Valley is generally flat and easily cultivated. From
my observations this valley appears to be the garden spot of
Georgia.

In the Fort Valley district a spur track is run out from Fort
Valley to the large orchards and iced cars are delivered right at the
packing houses. I found the general cultural and orchard manage-
ment conditions there about the same as elsewhere. There are
growers who fail to adopt the best methods, just as in other peach
districts. There are growers about Fort Valley who fail to appre-
ciate the importance of summer spraying, and in one large orchard
which I saw, the fruit was badly scabbed and rotting rapidly. The
weather conditions in the south this year were very favorable to rot
and this accounts for the fact that at times the market was very un-
satisfactory, because much of the fruit would not stand up after it
reached the dealer.

4, A

^
•^

The trees in Fort Valley district are pruned to form low heads,
] and when the fruit is ripe and the trees well loaded, the branches
bend down and the fruit is picked from the ground. Colored labor
is the help that is largely depended upon for picking, and in some
cases for packing, and also for loading the cars. In Mr. Hale's
orchard, at the time I visited it, there were about 100 college stu-
dents employed, most of them from the University of Georgia.
Many such boys work in the packing houses and are paid in such a
manner that those who do well are encouraged to stay and by the
time the main crop comes on most of the poor packers have left.

Mr. Hale employs a ticket system to determine the amount of
work done by each picker and grader, and when these tickets are
checked up at the end of each day, the superintendent has a record
of how many baskets each grader has handled, and how many
baskets each girl and each man has picked. I tried the ticket
system in the harvesting of our fruit in our experiment orchard
at Vineland and found it a very good plan. Each picker had a
card, and during the first day's picking, a basket of fruit reached
the packing table which was too green, and by referring to the card
in the basket we found it had been picked by No. 17. A little later
another basket was found with the fruit somewhat green and the
ticket showed picker No. 17. It was only necessary to shout out to
the orchard foreman that No. 17 was picking the fruit too green.
The man in charge of the packing house can tell exactly what sort
of work each picker is doing. This system also seemed to bring out
some rivalry among the pickers to see which could pick the most.
We had one man as a picker who was a school teacher, and when the
records were footed up each day we found that our school teacher
was picking more peaches than any of the Italian pickers.

I was somewhat surprised to find that most of the colored la-
borers at Fort Valley seemed to receive practically as high wages as
the Italian labor we have in southern New Jersey. I found some of
the colored laborers at Mr. Hale's very bright. In taking a photo-
graph of several men loading peaches upon a wagon, one of them re-
marked, "Look out boss, don't take my feet or you won't have no
picture."

One of the important things in packing a Georgia carrier is
to have it full enough to give the cover a noticeable bulge, a point
which the amateur packer often fails to get onto.

I want to bring up one or two suggestions with regard to the
expenses of marketing peaches from various points. The distance
from Fort Valley, Ga., is eleven or twelve hundred miles. The
freight by the carload is about 55J/2 cents, the cost of icing would be
about 16 cents, and cartage in New York about 5 cents. An empty
crate in Georgia will cost not less than 15 cents, when nailing, label-
ing, etc., is considered. Compare these expenses with those from
Vineland, New Jersey, to New York. Distance to New York, about
one hundred miles ; freight 14 cents ; cartage 5 cents. The crates,
if new ones purchased from eastern dealers, might cost 20 cents, but

.■;„-t'j.vT'' '

if they were ordered direct from the south by the carload, the cost
might be cut down somewhat.

Consider the difference in the cost of marketing peaches from
these different points. There is much complaint here in the eastern
districts about southern and western competition, but a glance at the
above figures will show that the grower at a distance is under heavy
shipping expenses, and the eastern grower really has a marked ad-
vantage.

I have tried to encourage peach growers to form organizations
whether they did any buying and selling or not, simply for mutual
benefit. Growers about Hammonton did so, and a little later in the
summer, at the time of peach shipping, they complained of the
freights being very late.

I suggested that the association take up the matter with the
railroad and to write to the Experiment Station giving us details,
and we would take it up with the railroad also. This was done and
alxjut three or four weeks later I wrote to the President of the Asso-
ciation and asked him about results. He said that the freight serv-
ice had been so much better that he had written the freight agent a
complimentary letter. The desired results were accomplished by a
proper presentation of facts to the railroad. It seems to me that if
all of us who are interested in these things in any one state would
co-operate and take them up in the proper way, we could accomplish
the desired results.

The Georgia carrier to one who has never packed it may seem
to be a formidable package, but it is a good deal like the apple box.
We need to know how to pack it and just what pack to use and then
it is not so difficult.

In most of the packing houses the packer simply packs. The
empty crates are piled up behind him, and as soon as he packs a
crate he sets it down on the floor and some one else takes it away.
He takes an empty crate from the pile and goes on packing. The
packers should be under the ticket system also. First class packers
are said to be able to pack 200, 225, and sometimes 250 crates a day
of eleven hours, at Fort Valley. The men whom we employ in
our experiment orchards at Vineland averaged at the rate of 280 to
300 crates a day of ten hours, when packing Elbertas the past season.

Fig. 8 illustrates the 2-1 three tier pack. This pack does not
look quite as compact as some of the straight packs, but will insure
the arrival of the fruit in better condition. Fig. 6 illustrates the 2-2
three tier pack which is desirable for the medium grades. The 2-1
pack is the best style for the larger fruit. No straight packs should
be used for peaches in Georgia carriers.

The question has come to us a number of times as to whether it
would pay to wrap peaches, so we wrapped several lots and sent
them to market to see what the result would be, but failed to get a
much better price. If we were sending a special package a long
distance, perhaps the wrapping would help to protect the fruit, but
under present conditions I do not think it will pay in the east.

<f\

4\\

The question of labels is another important matter in peach
packing and marketing. We encourage our growers in New Jer-
sey to use labels. I know from experience that a label is very de-
sirable if one is selling uniform and high grade fruit.

As I stated at the beginning of my lecture, some of these mar-
keting methods that have been discussed may not apply to your con-
ditions, but I trust that they have been interesting and will stimu-
late new thoughts and ideas.

Question, — What is your formula for self-boiled lime-sulphur?

Prof, Blake, — I use the standard 8-8-50 formula, that is 8
pounds of lime, 8 pounds of sulphur and 50 gallons of water. It
is always prepared, however, in quantities of about three or four
times the standard formula.

ESTABUSHED 1850

1.200 ACRES

TREES

WE ARE WHOLESALE GROWERS OF

First Class Nursery Stock

OF ALL KINDS

Fruit, Shade, Ornamental Trees, Shrobbenr, Hedges, Small Fmits, etc.

Asparagus, Strawberries and California Privet

IN LARGE QUANTITIES

The BEST is the CHEAPEST. Ours is the CHEAPEST because it is
the BEST. Handling Dealers' orders a specialty.

Franklin Davis Nursery Company

BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

:J:i>W-

:t-->i

THE WICKERSHAM NURSERIES

R. A. WICKERSHAM. Proprietor
MECHANICSBURG. PA.

(^^

Specialties

Peach and Apple Trees

WE HAVE WHAT YOU
OUGHT TO HAVE : : :

It will be to your interest to see or write us.
If not sure that

OUR TREES ARE BEST

Come and see and be convinced.

Trolley from Harrisburg and Mechanicsburg
Every Half Hour ::: Stop at Nursery

GRAPE GROWING AND ITS POSSIBILITIES ON A GEN-
ERAL FRUIT FARM.

Mr. Lloyd S. Tknny.

Mr, President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

I come with a little hesitancy to talk to you on the culture of the
grape. It is not one of our large crops. However, as I understand
the conditions in this county, you are not contemplating going into
the grape industry on a large commercial scale. It is a question of
the possibilities of the small vineyard for home use. It is along that
line that I am going to give you a sort of a rambling talk this after-
noon.

First, as to soil : you will need a well drained soil. After that
you have said about all that is necessary. Some of the very best
vineyards are on soil we would call comparatively heavy. Our vine-
yards at home are on a soil of this quality. I have never been able
to see that the quality which we have been able to produce is infer-
ior on account of the type of soil we have. So I say if you have a
soil on which the peach or many varieties of apples will do well,
you have a soil which will answer well for grape growing.

Varieties. — There is no fruit that offers greater possibilities
for one who loves varieties than grapes. It is a fruit that takes
but little room, the number and wealth of varieties is immense, and
if you desire to encourage the love of classification of fruits in
yourself and children, th6re is absolutely no fruit that will surpass
the grape. We have difference in color an difference in the type
of growth. There are shades and delicacies of flavor, hard to surpass,
in the grape. Commercially I would advise just about two varieties
of grapes for our locality. I would say 75^0 of the vines should be
Concord and the other 25% should be Niagara. I appreciate the
fact that some would change that around, and some would put 50%
of each and some would add other varieties. I am talking from my
own personal knowledge. These two are more easily grown than
most of the other varieties and the net returns are decidedly the
best. The Concord will bring more money. However, the Niagara
crowds it closely, and on some soils you can get larger clusters
and a better type of fruit. The Niagara is the leading white grape
and the Concord the black one.

Here are some other varieties— The Delaware does splendidly
in some localities and the Catawba does well in places. It is a late
grape and if you have difficulty in ripening the Salway peach you
might have difficulty in ripening the Catawba grape. Rogers va-
rieties are subject to diseases and are difficult to grow, and I would
advise amateurs at least to keep away from most of the Rogers

varieties. The Hartford Prolific is planted in some localities, but
I would not advise it. There are, as I say, a host of other varieties.
I would stick to the old time variety— the Concord — adding as I
saw fit more or less of the Niagara.

The vines should be planted in the spring. We get good strong
vines, usually two years of age. A few years ago we secured two-
year Concord plants for ic. each, You cannot do that now, but the
price is not large. Plant comparatively deep. Have the soil just
as you should have it for all sorts of fruit, in a fine condition, so
that the plants may readily take root.

That means a moist soil. I have seen vineyards put out in a
very dry condition, where it was necessary to carry a little moist
earth to put around the roots. The hole was then filled with earth
that was almost dry. As to distance apart, possibly I will not give
what would be the best distances to plant the vineyard commercially,
but I should say that the rows in your vineyard should be amply
wide to allow a spring-tooth harrow to go through between the
rows with two feet to spare. That will give you seven or eight
feet distance in the rows. About eight feet is my preference be-
tween the rows. Personally, I believe in giving all of our fruit a
good deal of space. You will get finer fruit and your yield per acre
will be larger if you do not crowd your vines and trees.

Some people get along permanently without trellises. For the
first two years you can tie the vines to a stake, but by the beginning
of the third year you should have a wire and post trellis. You can
find many different methods, consequently you will find some people
training to one wire, some to three wires, some even using as high
as five wires. I have seen quite extensive commercial vineyards
where as high as five wires were used. I prefer either the two or
the three wire trellis. To persons who desire to grow fancy fruit
I should advise the three wire method.

Just a word as to how to construct the trellis. The first wire
will be two feet from the ground, the second will be 20 inches
above, and the third wire about 20 inches above that, that would
bring the top wire somewhere in the neighborhood of 5 feet.

Some portions of the stem are perennial and from these parts
there are grown each year, the canes which will bear the fruit. The
perennial parts remain an indefinite time, some times as long as
thirty years or even more. We have them as old as this in our own
vineyards and I cannot see but that these old portions produce as
healthy bearing wood as the young vines. Let me repeat that the
fruit is borne on parts of the vines which grew the year preceding.
There is a portion of each vine which does not bear the fruit but
which produces the wood each year and it is on this wood that the
fruit is.

With the three wire system, the perernial part of the vine
comes to the lower wire and here divides, one old cane going to the
right for about four feet and another part going to the left for an
equal distance. On the the right hand portion two canes are left

each spring which will produce the fruit on that half of the vine.
These canes extend from the perennial part, which runs along the
bottom wire, in an upward direction to the top wire. The two
bearing branches will be about two feet apart. The perennial por-
tion on the left side will also have two bearing canes on it, making
four in all for the vine. About half way between these four canes
will be four other new growing canes each summer, which m turn
will become the bearing wood the following summer. No doubt
many of you will wonder if these four canes will produce enough
fruit to make it worth the while. As a matter of fact, too much
fruit will be produced on them and it will be necessary to thin out
some of the clusters in the early part of the summer. Once again
'et me impress this fact upon you. A single vine will need no more
than four bearing canes, each cane being about four feet in length.
Each summer must see four new canes being grown on each vine
to replace the four then producing the fruit. It is a continuous

process. . .

Pruning.— Prune early in the spring before the vine has made
any growth. The pruning consists largely in cutting out the por-
tion of the vine which produced the fruit the preceding year. In
pruning, it is necessary to see that the four new canes are present
and in case there have been others growing, these should be cut out
when we prune. In cutting off the canes that produced the fruit
the year before, it is well to leave one bud, which will furnish the
erowine part for the following summer.

In the spring, after your trellis has been repaired, your posts
reset and wires tightened, you tie those four canes to the horizontal
wires. Tie first to the top wire. In former years we used four-ply
twine. We tied the cane sufficiently tight with the four-ply twine
so that it will not move with the shaking of the wind However,
in recent years we have replaced the four-ply twme with a very fine
stove-pipe wire. I have not seen that used very much in the com-
mercial vineyard, but it has proven satisfactory with us. We hold
one end close to the wire and wind it first around the wire and then
twice around the vine and wire. We buy the wire m the rolls and
have them cut into three sections. This gives us a wire about 6
inches in length. After tying the top, then we go through, ^k'ng a
four-ply string and tying tightly around the middle wire sufficiently
tight to keep it from swaying with the wind. .

Let me give you another system of training your vines. This
is a two-wire system. It is a little bit more economical m building
the trellis, which instead of having our perennial part horizontally
placed, we put it up to the top wire. Now that is perennial and does
not bear fruit. We leave that there from year to year, and along the
lower wire, running to the right 4 feet, we have a young cane to
produce the fruit, and also on the left a young cane comes out
to produce fruit. Along the top wire we have a similar cane
This is just turning the process around. The bearmg wood is
wound loosely around these wires and tied, to keep it from unwind-

ing. Now, the objection to this system is this: there is a tendency
for all the fruit and the young growth to become tangled around the
horizontal wire instead of hanging free where they may be cut
easily in the fall without being torn to pieces.

In the upright system, you have the fruit hanging over a greater
surface, freer and more apart from the other bunches, and it is
more easily sprayed, so that in general you are getting a finer type
of fruit with that, system than under the old time two wire system.

When the growth starts in the spring there is too much growth
there, and you have to do a process of summer pruning. The
grape is one of the things that we do prune in the summer. Usually
two buds, or sometimes three buds are starting to grow, and we
do not want but one there. We have a process called rubbing off,
whereby all the growing shoots but one are taken off.

The grape is peculiar in that the fruit produced next season
is on wood that is not yet grown. These upright canes produce
the fruit but they do not produce it directly. They will produce
it by sending out laterals. After those laterals have grown out a
leaf, they put out a fruit bud, then they send out another leaf and
another fruit bud.

Each bud will put out a good normal shoot, which, under good
conditions will produce two, three, or even four clusters of grapes.
Now, if you want to produce fancy fruit, all of these clusters ex-
cept one or two should be rubbed off. The three and four clusters
usually are small ones, and if you allow them to go on to maturity
the grapes will not be large. If you want to you can figure how
many clusters you are going to have on your vine. You have four
canes each about four feet in length. If the nodules are about
six inches apart on each one of the canes, you would have about
seven or more laterals coming out, and on each of those you will
have two clusters, so you would have somewhere from twelve to
fourteen or even twenty clusters on a cane, making from sixty to
eighty clusters per vine. If those are large clusters you are going
to have a pretty large yield. That is the fruit that is usually mark-
eted. Let me urge the importance of growing large clusters.

Cultivation. — You must have a very thorough clean cultiva-
tion; you cannot grow grapes in sod. I have never yet seen a
section or a locality where you could grow grapes successfully in
sod. They need thorough cultivation. Have all your winter prun-
ing done before the buds have pushed out any. The vines are very
subject to bleeding. Like the maple the sap flows out very abund-
antly. But it does not do that if the trimming is done before the
growth starts. Cultivate once a week whether it rains or not. If
you should have a light shower after you cultivate, cultivate again,
so that you always have a dust mulch over the surface of your soil.
The grape needs lots of water in the soil. I do not believe there
is anything more I need say with regard to the cultivating methods.
A word or two in regard to the diseases and method of spraying.

< >

^'1 M

We are fortunate in our locality not to have many grape dis-
eases, so I can't give you very much information along that line.
I remember though as a small boy that it was about the time that
the black rot of the grape manifested itself in the country and
wrought such havoc, and we knew no method of controlling it for
several years. As a youth, I had to go out to pick off the rotten
grapes. We would put them in a bag, empty them in a basket at
the end, and take them off and burn them. We took every precau-
tion we knew how to take without avail. We now know that black
rot can be controlled by Bordeaux mixture. Bordeaux mixture
will control it absolutely. We cannot use the commercial lime-sul-
phur spray in the vineyard as the grape is more susceptible to
injury than peach foliage. I have not tried self-boiled lime-sulphur.
Do not know with what success it has been tried. I am of the
opinion it has never been very successful.

There are certain other diseases that occasionally get into the
vineyards and are very serious. We do not have them in our lo-
cality. I cannot tell you definitely how to control them from my
practical experience.

Marketing. — If you begin to harvest your York Imperial
apples about the first of October, Concord and Niagara would begin
to ripen about the first of September. However, the summer
weather very materially affects the ripening of the grape.

We continue to harvest all through September till frost comes.
It is not uncommon for a vineyard with fruit still on to be caught
with an early frost. Late spring frosts, in some localities, do a great
deal of damage. If the Httle buds are killed in the spring, you are
killing in a large measure, the crop for that season. The grape is
not so delicate, however, as the peach, with regard to spring frost.

You do not pick the grapes all at one time, you pick over the
vineyard several times. You pick as to ripeness, and that means
when the color has reached the standard for that variety. The
grape will not ripen any at all after it is severed from the vine.
You must allow it to ripen on the vine in order to produce good
quality. It is like the peach in that respect, probably more so.

Your method of picking will almost entirely depend upon your
marketing facilities. Now, with us, our fruit goes direct on wagons
to the Rochester market, consequently we do not do any packing at
all. We pick in 18 or 20 lb. market baskets without any gradmg
only as we grade when we pick. Our pickers know that the very
poor clusters are to be left on the vine. The clusters are simply
laid in the market basket, until it is rounding full. That is a
simple and cheap method. Some people pack in smaller baskets.
Some in two or three pound splint baskets. They take them into
market and sell to grocerymen in a basket that is retailed to the
consumer. The fruit in the larger baskets is sold to the consumer by
the pound. If, on the other hand, you ship by railroad, you must
use the Climax basket with a wooden cover. Load it in the car m

that way. The basket that is more often used is the small 4 or S lb.

A fair yield with us is i8 tons of grapes from about 5 acres.
It has not been uncommon in the past for us to run over that and
it is not uncommon for us to run down to 15 tons. It you sell m
bulk and allow the buyer to pack, as is done m some localities, you
cannot afford to grow them for less than $35.00 or $40.00 per ton.
However, $30.00 per ton with a big crop, probably will bring a
larger return to the farmer than wheat or general fruit crops.
When you get above $40.00 your returns, of course, are good, and
if you can get $50.00 the profits are splendid.

The grape is a fruit that is easily handled as to the fertility of
the soil. Thorough cultivation with an occasional cover crop, will
maintain the fertility of the soil for 40 or 45 years.

Question. What do you fertilize with ?

Mr. Tenny. That is a very good question which I neglected
to cover. Not a pound of commercial fertilizer and only an occa-
sional thin coating of stable manure has been used in our vineyards

for over 40 years. . ^ 1 ^

W. H. Black. Whatisthebest variety for early use?

Mr. Tenny. I think that the best we have on our place is

Moore's Early. ^ . . • ,• 4. uu

The Brighton is a very good grape. It is rather delicate with

us to market. It is a little subject to cracking and liable to rot.

The clusters are very large. The Worden is another fine black grape.

If you are going to have a home vineyard the Worden should be in

it You cannot ship the Worden by freight successfully.

J. W. Prickctt. When is the proper time to spray to prevent

Mr. Tenny. Begin soon after the growth starts and keep it up.
If you have rot in your vineyard, spray as frequently as once every
week or ten days. If you do not have the rot, two or three spray-
ings during the season would keep your grapes in good condition.
Some advise spraying in the dormant season with lime-sulphur.
We have so few diseases that we have not thought it advisable to do

J. W. Prickctt. Does it control the rot, do you think, to spray

in the dormant season? . .

Mr. Tenny. I am afraid not. It might assist in controlling it,
but you could not depend on it. If you have the rot bad in your
vineyard it is a question of eternal vigilance.

M. E. Tyson. How about a little green bug that attacks the

vine and eats out the bud? t_ • 1.. t.i • u

Mr. Tenny. It is probably the flea beetle. It is a bright bluish
green in color. Arsenate of lead will control it at 2 lbs to 50 gallons
of water.

THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT,

♦

^1^

r -.

Mr. Keller E. RockEy, in charge of Demonstration Work, Penn-
sylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission,

In 1904 the diseased condition of the chestnut trees around
New York City was noted, and an examination of them showed that
they were being attacked by a fungus disease which was unknown at
that time. It has since been found that the disease had been present
there and elsewhere for some years before that time, but is impos-
sible to determine when it first appeared. The disease was studied
and classified during the winter of that year. It was placed in the
genus Diaporthe and named Diaporthe Parasitica, making it a new
species of a genus which contained only harmless fungi. The dis-
ease is commonly called the '^chestnut blight" or the "chestnut
canker disease." It is a fungus or a low order of plant life which
grows upon the cells of the bark and to some extent the wood of the
chestnut tree. The disease advances in each direction, the tissues of
the cells are broken down, the flow of sap is cut off, and the tree
killed by girdling. The disease is spread to other parts of the tree
and to other trees by means of spores. These spores are of two
kinds, called for convenience the summer and winter spores, al-
though both types are produced to some extent at nearly all seasons
of the year. The summer spores may be seen coming out from the
pustules in small threads after the manner of paste squeezed from
a tube. These threads are yellow, about one-quarter of an inch
long, and are forced out shortly after a rain. These spores are
readily dissolved in water and wash down the trees, infecting them m
other places. They are sticky and carried, to some extent, by in-
sects. The winter spores are shot out into the air when the bark is
soaked after a rain and are disseminated chiefly by the wind.

On display here are specimens and photographs showing the
appearance of the blight so that I will not go into that part of the
subject in detail. I hope, however, that you will notice: ist. The
small, red pustules which bear the spores and appear only m the
crevices of rough barked trees. 2d. The peculiar mottled appear-
ance of the inner bark of the canker with the fan-shaped mycelium.
By either of these characteristics, the disease may be identified.

In scouting for the chestnut blight there are danger signals
which make the work easier and more accurate. A canker, espe-
cially on smooth bark, will very shortly discolor the outer bark,
turning it from green to reddish brown tint. On young growth the
cankers cause a hypertrophy or swelling which is very evident as
vou will see by the specimens. The bark over the cankers usually
cracks open and a closer examination will reveal the pustules grow-

ing in the crevices, or the characteristic inner bark. The most evi-
dent danger signal, however, is the wilting of the leaves upon
branches which have been girdled by the blight. As soon as the
branch or tree is girdled the passage of water from the roots of the
tree is shut off and the leaves begin to droop and soon take on their
autumnal coloring. While a branch bearing withered leaves is not
conclusive evidence that a tree is infected with the blight, such
branches demand a closer inspection, and in the vicinity where the
blight is working are nearly always caused by the disease. In the
winter the same signal is observed in the withered leaves and un-
developed burrs which persist on certain trees or branches. It has
been found by our men that they can cover more ground and do bet-
ter work after the leaves fall than in the summer, because the light
shows up the cankers along the trunk, and the unusual branches,
leaves and burrs are seen more clearly. Under a canker usually
appear sprouts which are caused by the daming of the sap which is
deflected to the growth of such sprouts. A small cluster of sprouts
along the trunk of a tree is unusual unless the blight is at work im-
mediately above. Further investigation will show whether or not

this is the case.

All of these features can be seen in the display and a careful
examination of them will make any man competent to look over
his timber and determine very closely the amount of infection on the

trees.

The Bureau of Plant Industry in Washington has been inves-
tigating this disease since 1908. In the spring of 191 1, a bill for the
investigation and control of the chestnut tree blight disease in Penn-
sylvania was passed and the work began in August, 191 1. The
method upon which the commission is working consists briefly in
determining the area of blight infection and in removing diseased
trees west of a certain line with the purpose of preventing the
western spread of the blight. The commission has obtained as ac-
curately as possible the amount of infection in the various parts of
the State and the results are given in a map on display here. The
State is divided into two districts by a line along the western edge of
Susquehanna, Wyoming, Columbia, Union, Snyder, Juniata and
Franklin Counties, which is approximately the western line of seri-
ous blight infection. West of this line a large portion of the State
has been scouted and the remainder will be finished early in 191 3.
Blight infections have been found in counties adjacent to this line,
also in Fayette County, near Connellsville, Warren County, near
Warren, and in Elk County, near St. Mary's. These three infec-
tions were directly traceable to infected nursery stock and in one
case the blight had spread to adjacent trees. A large area of dis-
eased chestnut in Somerset County illustrates the harm done by
shipping infected nursery stock. The center of this infection is a
chestnut orchard, where about 100 scions from an infected eastern
orchard were grafted to native sprouts in 1908. Evidently these
scions brought the disease into this region for the grafts have all

Am>

i%^

V 1^

4|^

<-f*^

-a
a>

b£

I- u

M o

> B

- B

u. C

'^ 5

<^ C/3

< 3

. o

been killed by the blight and every tree in the orchard is killed or
affected by the disease. On adjoining tracts over 5,400 infected
trees have been cut and there are a number of others in process of
removal, radiating in all directions from the orchard as a center
to a distance of three miles. In other words, since 1908, the few
cases of infection brought into this orchard have spread three
miles at least and more than 6,000 trees have become infected.

Another infection of 143 trees was found in Elk County.
These infections are interesting in showing the rate at which the
blight may travel in healthy timber. It is thought that three trees
at the center of infection were diseased in 1909, although it is pos-
sible that one of these trees was already infected in 1908. In 1910,
27 additional trees were infected; in 191 1, 50 additional trees, and
in 191 2, 228 additional trees. The disease spread in all directions
from the center of infection to a distance of 700 feet. The same
rapid spread has marked the progress of the blight everywhere. A
few infected trees upon a tract will mean more infected trees in
each successive year until the stand is completely destroyed. In
many stands around Philadelphia it is hard to find a healthy tree.
Unless some action is taken that will be the condition in this locality.

These infections have all been removed and it is the expecta-
tion that by the end of January, 191 3, all scattered spot infections
will be removed from the territory west of the line previously
mentioned, and that, to the best of our knowledge, these western
counties will be free from blight. In 1913 the field force will be
concentrated on the advance line and the work will be carried east-
ward. The commission has the power to compel the removal of
infected trees. In the western part of the State this was used in the
few cases where it was necessary. As a rule, however, the owners
are not only willing but anxious to get rid of the infected trees, and
our field men are given hearty support by individuals, granges and
other organizations. The timber owners of Elk County had printed
and posted an announcement that the chestnut blight had been found
in the locality and warned the people to be on the lookout for it.

On the other hand, the commission has deemed that it was only
just to place agents in the eastern part of the State >yhere the
ravages of the blight are most seriously felt. The commission has
had an agent for a short time at least in each of the eastern counties
of the State but their time has been taken up principally by those
who requested an inspection of their timber with the view of de-
termining the amount of blight infection and the best method to be
pursued in combating it and realizing on the timber.

This display is a part of the educational work which is being
carried on for the purpose of acquainting the timber owners with
the appearance of the blight disease. A similar exhibit was made
in about thirty of the county fairs of the State and the appreciation
of the public was so clearly shown that next year it is the intention
of the commission to continue and perhaps increase this phase of
the work. Many of the Teachers' Institutes now going on were

reached by a display and lecture, among them the Adams County
Institute. We have arranged to have a speaker at fully one hundred
of the Farmers' Institutes this winter, among them New Oxford and
Biglerville. We are arranging also to have a public display at niany
of the public schools and colleges, where instruction in the blight is

^""^ Publications which go into the subject more fully than is pos-
sible in this paper can be obtained free of charge upon request.
The commission advises the cutting of mfected timber for the fol-
lowing reasons: ist. Infected trees will be rapidly killed and the
wood of such trees deteriorates very rapidly. 2d. Infected trees a -
lowed to stand means the certain spread of the disease to surround-
ing trees, resulting in the death of the whole stand in a few years
3d It will mean the loss of valuable material through decay and

If the owner of chestnut timber land in this county does nothing
he may expect to lose every chestnut tree and he will most likely
find that after this time the timber is in such bad condition that it

will not pay to take it out. , , , ,

Every man who owns a chestnut tree should learn to recognize
the blight and then look over his trees. Upon request we vfiW try
to send a man to help determine how much blight there is, and
help mark the infected trees. ,

The infected trees can be made up into whatever is most profit-
able; every farmer can use a certain amount of chestnut in posts^
and cordwood each year, and probably manufacture some ties and
poles at a profit. In this way he can utilize the infected trees that
should be cut, and get rid of them, which is the chief consideration.
Beyond this he must bark the stumps to the ground and burn the
bark over the stumps. By cutting a low stump this is not an ex-
pensive undertaking and the sprouts will be healthier and more vig-
orous. If it is not done the sprouts will eventually all become in-
fected and unless other species come in to take the place of the
chestnut no revenue will be received from the land for the next fifty

years. .

It should not be understood that one cutting will be enough to
eradicate the blight entirely unless all chestnut trees are cut. On
the other hand, it will probably be necessary to go into the stand
the following year and cut out more trees, but if the work is prop-
erly done, the second year the number of trees will be fewer and
after several years the blight should be completely cleared out. This
means an effort on the part of timber owners, yet in this way he is
utilizing his material and he is encouraging the growth of the trees
that are left. Thinnings are often made for this purpose alone. In
many places in various parts of the State timber owners go to-
gether, each promising to take care of his own timber, and as a con-
sequence the whole district is being cleared of the blight. Such an
organization for mutual protection will be given every encourage-

4
fir

r N

4 i

ment and all the help possible by the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree
Blight Commission.

Where the blight percentage is high it would often be wise to
make a clear cutting of chestnut and if there are other species in
the mixture perhaps the chestnut could be eliminated, and the
land stocked to other species. In many cases the chestnut is being
clear cut and the ground planted to pine, spruce or hardwood trees.

The commission has established a Department of Utilization,
which is collecting information on the various industries which use
or might use chestnut, listing the buyers and owners of chestnut, and
assisting the owners of blighted chestnut in marketing the timber
to their best advantage. The department is trying to increase the
demand of chestnut by calling attention to its many good qualities,
and thus utilize a large quantity that must necessarily be thrown
upon the market. In spite of the large amount of blighted chestnut
much of which is being cut the market price of chestnut lumber in
many places throughout the State looked for a drop in price, but in-
stead are confronted with an increase of from $i.oo to $3.00 per
1,000 feet within the past three months. There is at present a very
good market for first and seconds. No. i common and sound wormy,
in inch boards and all sorts of dimension material. Chestnut owners
need not be afraid to cut their timber into different grades of
lumber because there is a ready sale for material of this kind.

There is a good market, also, in almost every locality, for poles
and ties. Cordwood presents a difficult problem of disposal. The
best market for this is in the central part of the State at the extract
plants the nearest one being at Newport, Perry County. The com-
mission has secured from the Pennsylvania Railroad a special tariff
on blighted chestnut cordwood so that this product may be profitably
shipped from greater distances than before.

Although the chestnut wood has only about 65 per cent, of the
heating value of good oak, it makes a good summer fuel, since it
makes good kindling, burns rather quickly, and does not produce the
lasting intense heat that oak does. A good argument for using
chestnut instead of oak or hickory for fuel is that the small chestnut
might in a few years be killed off by the blight while the oak,
hickory, etc., will grow in value.

There has been more or less discrimination against blighted
chestnut. This has been in many cases unjust since the blight does
not appear to injure the value of the wood for most purposes for
which it is used. However, the owners sometimes fail to realize
that blight cankers are favorable places for the entrance of wood
borers and that where a large number of trees are being considered
a percentage of them may be materially injured by insects. This is
a secondary result of blight infection. When telephone poles are
barked it is often seen that borers have attacked the wood under
blight cankers and have not touched any other part of the tree, and
these cankers are attractive spots for wood destroying fungi. Tele-

phone poles cut from trees which have been dead for some time are
very apt to be rejected.

The question of quarantine is often brought up. The com-
mission has inspected all chestnut nursery stock shipped from nur-
series within the State and has provided for inspection of all such
stock entering the State. This should prevent a repetition of in-
fections in the western part of Pennsylvania which might destroy
millions of dollars worth of timber. It has also prohibited the
shipping of unbarked chestnut cordwood from the eastern part of
the State across the advance line. There is no other quarantine on
poles, ties or other barked material across this line, nor a quarantine
of any kind upon any material shipped from place to place east of
this line.

The State Foresters are cutting the blighted trees over the
neighboring State reserve, of 20,000 acres. The Reading Railroad
owns several thousand acres of timberland adjoining the Adams
County line and the State Reserve, which is in the same condition
as so much of the timberland around this vicinity. Repeated fires
have occurred after the first cutting and no revenue has been re-
ceived from the land for the last 10 years. The growth is of very
poor quality and the stand in a bad condition. Some of the trees
have become blighted and the railroad saw that unless they did
something the whole tract would become a waste. They have seen
that their agent became familiar with the blight, have had him in-
spect the timber and remove the infected trees. They have done
more than this. They have seen that such work would not be
fully justified unless they expected to realize something on their
timber, so they are now making an effort to prevent fire, which is
the other big enemy to timber land. In such a way the blight will
be beneficial in forestry just as the San Jose scale has proven itself
beneficial in the fruit industry. Taking care of the blight will neces-
sitate better methods and more attention to the growing timber and
help the State prepare for the timber famine which is coming within
the next 50 years.

The chestnut in Pennsylvania is the most valuable timber in the
State, when all things are considered. It is the most abundant,
grows most rapidly, sprouts well and will grow in very poor soils.
Seventy million dollars is a conservative estimate of the value of the
standing chestnut in the State. Adams County has its share of valu-
able chestnut land.

Can you afford to lose the chestnut timber? From the studies
made in Adams County it appears that there is an average infec-
tion of only 4 per cent. In York County the infection runs about
50 per cent. What I wish to emphasize is that this county has a
good chance to entirely eradicate the blight. The amount of in-
fection is not high. There are numerous portable mills all over the
chestnut area and even the market for cordwood, the only product
difficult to dispose of, is good.

4»

K*#^

*♦

V f

<i^

Fig. I. — C. T. R. C. Bltghtkd Tri-i-: Partially Killkd.

Fig. 2.—C. T. P.. C. A Stand or Chkstnut Kntirixv Killkd nv Blight.

/*;u^

»?/ ■'■■■■ ;■•

•■ " ■■■-;i^;

'-'^"^-'--' '' •

phone poles cut from trees which have been dead for some time are
very apt to be rejected.

■i

^«

* ♦

V f

Fig. I. — C. T. r>. C. l')Lir.HTKi) Trkk Partially Killkd.

fijr. 2.— C. T. P.. C. A Stand or Chi'.stntt Kxtirkuv Kimj:i) hv I^ijcht.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

m- '^^m

^^^■1/'^"

^^^^'-"i;

V"-' ""-''^^^^H

^^^^P')-. '

^-.>','-'r'->r '>:^^^H

^^Hr^V.%>,^

' "^M

;■y'^^0^^^

^^^^Bft'"

^:u^"^''::i-^!^^^^H

^^^^^^^^^^^^K *'

Every tree which has the infection at any place should be cut
because that tree will eventually be killed and by being left it is
afforded an opportunity to throw out spores continually.

Valuable orchard or ornamental trees may be treated by cutting
out the canker, disinfecting and painting the wound. A bulletin,
which goes into this subject in detail, may be secured free of charge
upon request.

In southern Europe chestnut orcharding is a well-established
and profitable industry. In the United States chestnuts have been
considered a marketable commodity ever since the Indians carried
them to the settlements and traded them for knives and trinkets.
The demand has always exceeded the supply, and at the present
time about two million dollars worth of nuts are imported from
Europe annually. With the development of the better varieties of
the nut has come an increased activity in American orcharding.
The chestnut orchard industry promises to become one of very
large importance, especially upon the poorer types of soil.

At the present time there are in what is known as the Blight
area of Pennsylvania, which includes about one-half of the State,
about IOC orchards from 12 trees up to 400 acres in extent. These
orchards are in varying stages of blight infection, some of them
being entirely free, due to the attention which has been given
them.

The blight came as a very serious blow to this industry. Some
of the orchards have been completely annihilated and the income re-
duced from several thousands or more dollars per year to nothing.
Whether or not the blight will completely wipe out the orcharding
industry is a subject of considerable discussion. Personally, I be-
lieve that chestnuts will be raised commercially in Pennsylvania in
increased abundance, and as the various phases of the blight subject
are brought to light, the work of keeping the blight under control
will be more easily and accurately done. At the present time tnc
blight is being kept under control in some orchards by examining the
trees often and by treating an infection as soon as it appears, or cut-
ting out the tree. If this policy is successfully pursued for several
more years it will be demonstrated conclusively that chestnut can
be grown in spite of the blight and this will mean an opportunity to
use vast areas of waste land in Pennsylvania in a highly profitable
manner. The results which have been attained in other fruits by
selection and hybridization in recent years have been noteworthy.
Certain pure strains of Japanese and Korean chestnut seem to be
resistant to the blight and it is not unreasonable to suppose that we
may eventually see an immune hybrid chestnut of good size and
quality.

Discussion.

W. H. Black. How general is the infection in Adams County?
Mr. Rockcy. I understand it runs about 4 per cent, as an

average. In some districts it will run as high as 25 per cent. It jus:
depends on how bad a start it happens to get. ^

Mr. Tcnny. Does this bark fungus gain entrance to a healthy
tree or must it come through a wound ?

Mr. Rockey. It has been said that the infection can enter with-
out a wound of any kind, but such instances are very rare. If the
tree has healthy bark all the way through, it would stand a much
better chance of remaining healthy. The natural cracks in the bark
are not so susceptible as those made by outside means. I might
say that downstairs we have several cards, and if any of your peo-
ple would like to have an inspection of your timber, and if you will
write your name and address on the card, the agent will come
around and see you. If you have only three or four trees on your
property that are infected you can see that it will pay you to remove
them so that next summer you will not be confronted with fifty

more.

Mr. Williams. Is there any cost to have this done ?

Mr. Rockey. That is absolutely free of charge. In the eastern
part of the State is where the timber owners are losing the most
money. The commission thought it was only right to do what they
could for these people. For that reason there is no charge at all.
None of the work is compulsory in this locality.

'I'I^1717C ^^*^* Shade, Ornamental Trcct, Shrubbery,
Jl IxJElilliO Hedges, Small Fruit, Asparagus, Strawberries,
^=^==^==^ California Privet, Locust and Gitalpa Speciosa
for timber. Hoot to offer

FIRST-LASS NURSERY STOCK ^^s::^^^

AImo Largm and SmtiB Spray Pamp9 and Fittings

Cdl. Witte or Phone

C. A. Stoner, Propr. BATTLEFIELD NURSERIES Gettysburg, Pa.

Office and Packiat Grouadt : 42 Wott Hick St««t

COVER CROPS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE SOIL.

Dr. Lipman.

In discussing cover crops this morning I shall attempt to answer
four general questions. In the first place, what are cover crops?
Second, what advantages may result from the use of cover crops?
Third, what disadvantages may result from the use of cover
crops ? Fourth, how may cover crops be used for the improvement
of the soil and the crop?

As to the first of these questions, there is more or less mis-
understanding or confusion as to the meaning of the term or terms
"cover crops", "green manure crops" and "catch crops". Logically,
a cover crop is any crop that will prevent leaching or erosion.
That was the main purpose in the growing of cover crops. It
was intended to have a crop on the soil during a certain portion of
the year to prevent the washing out of soluble plant food or the
erosion of the surface soil if the topography be rolling. A green
manure crop, most of us understand, is a crop that will take the
place of animal manure to some extent. It will increase the con-
tent of vegetable matter, and also it might add to the plant food
content of the soil. Green manure crops will, in other words,
increase the content of vegetable matter out of which humus is
made. And finally, a catch crop is a crop that may be used as a
cover crop. The catch crop may be harvested or plowed under.
The green manure crop is intended to be turned under, so that
there are really important differences in the character of each crop.
Recently we have come to understand cover crops to mean green
manure crops, sown not merely to protect the soil but to add some-
thing to the soil.

As to the next question: what advantages might result from
the use of cover crops ? In studying the history of cultivated land
we find that there is a tendency for such cultivated land to deter-
iorate in quality. Stating it briefly, any soil that is placed under
cultivation, produces, in its new state, large crops which gradually
decline. Then after a time if the markets, population and other
conditions justify it, that land will be improved again and will
be made to produce more than the virgin soil ever produced.

Some of you may have read a little book, "The Farmers of
Forty Centuries," that was published by the late Prof. King, of
the University of Wisconsin, regarding his travels in China and
Japan. It shows in a very striking way what the soils which have
been cultivated for thousands of years have done in supporting a
very large population. We know that our soils must deteriorate
under prevailing practices, and it must come to pass in the develop-

mMaaaaai r i»in i ■ i.»nii-iiw

100

ment of any agricultural territory that there will be a decline
from a higher to a lower state of production. There must come
a time when the fruit grower, dairyman or any other type of
farmer will have to think of ways and means to maintain the fer-
tility of the soil and to improve the fertility of the soil, and when
he reaches this point he will be confronted with certain questions
he must answer if he is to accomplish the purpose which is before
him. He must answer the question as why soils deteriorate. They
deteriorate because they lose a larger or smaller portion of
their available plant food, and therefore, cannot furnish the grow-
ing crop with building material as fast as the crop may need it
for profitable production.

Soils may also deteriorate not because they lose too much
plant food for profitable production, but because the texture of the
soil itself has deteriorated. Instead of being open and mellow,
permitting conditions that would favor the circulation of air and
moisture, the soil has become compact and the moisture does not
penetrate as it should. The farmer who is able to answer these
questions is also able to find the causes that lead to soil deteriora-
tion, and he is ready to seek then for remedies that will enable him
to counteract these tendencies. If you examine one hundred soils
from any territory that has been under cultivation for a generation
or more, and try to inquire into the deficiencies of these soils, you
will find most of them deficient in the element nitrogen. The next
largest proportion will be deficient in phosphoric acid, some will be
deficient in potash and there might be many deficient in lime.

In a soil deficient in nitrogen, a cover crop could be used to
restore the nitrogen, hence it behooves the fruit grower to use
cover crops that will restore this element. If the soil has deterior-
ated in texture because it has lost too much of its vegetable matter,
he must use cover crops to restore the vegetable matter that has
been lost. These points are recognized well enough in the use of
cover crops, but there are two or three other facts that are not as
readily recognized.

Why is it that a soil left to itself tends to grow more pro-
ductive? It has been the impression in farming districts in Europe
and elsewhere, that soils must rest, that soils that are allowed to
rest will regain a portion of their fertility.

Indeed, there are still localities in Europe where the land is
allowed to grow up with weeds for a few years so as to recover
some of its lost fertility.

Why is it that some of our best soils are prairie soils? The
vegetable matter accumulating, plants growing and dying, and
growing again, produce in time a deep layer of vegetable mold.
Why is it that some of our best soils are forest soils? These for-
est soils when cleared of their timber growth, are able to pro-
duce large and profitable crops for some years, as shown in Penn-
sylvania. Why is it that when we analyze any cultivated soil, we
find certain forms of plant food concentrated in the surface soil?

f»

lOI

We find that the surface soil contains more phosphoric acid than
the sub-soil.

We can understand why there should be more nitrogen in the
surface soil, for it is all of atmospheric origin, but we know that
the phosphoric acid or the lime or potash are derived from the
rock out of which the soil is made. The answer to this question
may be found evidently in the explanation that the roots of plants
go down into the sub-soil and bring up certain parts of the plant
foods found in the sub-soil. In other words, we must recognize
the fact that there is constant loss from all cultivated land or even
from land that is not cultivated, as well as gain. That is true of all
soils, but when land is placed under cultivation the losses exceed
the gains. When land is allowed to rest, allowed to be occupied
by vegetation, then the gains are greater than the losses and the
soil has time to become richer.

We cannot maintain a satisfactory texture and likewise satis-
factory plant food conditions unless we provide for the mainten-
ance of a sufficient i>upply of vegetable matter in the soil. This can-
not be done unless animal manures are used or green manures are
employed. Commercial fertilizers are not sufficient. Hence the
significance of cover crops. First, cover crops will prevent the
washing out of soluble plant food. Second, cover crops will in-
crease the content of plant food in the surface soil, particularly
nitrogen. Third, cover crops will increase the content of vegetable
matter in the soil and will improve the water-holding power of the
soil. Fourth, cover crops will provide for a larger store of mois-
ture in all sections where snow falls and is likely to drift, and in
the case of orcharding cover crops have certain advantages which
they have not under other conditions of providing for the susten-
ance and growth of the fruit trees when that may seem desirable
to the fruit grower. I will discuss that at greater length presently,
because it is an important feature from the fruit grower's stand-
point.

We need not discuss the loss of plant food at this time, per-
haps, nor need we discuss the moisture relations as modified by the
holding of snow.

In the purchase of plant food we recognize that nitrogen is
an expensive constituent of commercial fertilizers. We also rec-
ognize that cultivated land, whether in orchards, fields or meadows,
may lose a considerable amount of nitrogen. That is, where soil
is cultivated, the loss may amount to 30, 40 or 60 lbs. a year. If
we are to restore that amount of nitrogen at a cost of 25c, there is
a value of $10.00 per acre that must be replaced. In cropping
methods or types of farming where the crop is worth a great deal,
$10.00 per acre would not mean very much, but even at that
it is likely to be an important item. We know from experiments
that have been carried on in most states, that the addition of nitro-
gen in cover crops may amount to as much as 100, 125 or 150 lbs.
per acre. By selecting a cover crop of the right quality we can dis-

I02

pense with the need of purchasing nitrogen in commercial ferti-
lizers. This, therefore, is one of the strong features in the use of
cover crops, provided we use cover crops that will add nitrogen to
the soil.

The deterioration of cultivated land which I mentioned a few
moments ago, is due more to the lessening of the supply of avail-
able plant food rather than to the lessening of the supply of the
total plant food.

Now, there is a point which most of us are likely to overlook.
The soil of this portion of Pennsylvania contains, I should say, at
least 2% of potash. You see that you have a very great accumula-
tion of potash in these soils, and yet it often happens that the pro-
gressive fruit grower will use commercial fertilizers containing
potash, and by adding 50 or 60 or 100 lbs. of potash will often get
a return from this small amount of fertilizer. There are differ-
ences in the quality of the potash in commercial fertilizers and in
the soil, but if we found means for making that potash in the soil
available, is there any objection to our dispensing with the use of
potash in commercial fertilizers? None at all. So far as the soil
is concerned, the supply .of potash is practically inexhaustible.

There is no claim that could be made as to the possible deter-
ioration of the soil because of the removal of potash.

When we come to study the methods of "Farmers of Fcfrty
Centuries" that Prof. King refers to in his book, we are surprised
at the cheapness of human effort. Farmers in China will take the
soil off an acre of land to the depth of two or thret inches, and
grow a rice crop on the sub-soil. They will then return the surface
soil which they had meanwhile comforted and will grow something

else on it.

In the addition of nitrogen and vegetable matter to the soil,
the two great functions of cover crops are before us, of adding and
transforming plant food, aside from the function of conserving
plant food in so far as the cover crop prevents leaching of soluble
plant food during the Fall or early Spring. I will refer presently
to the kind of cover crops we use and how they accomplish the pur-
poses that we are considering, but I want to point out, before I pass
on, that there are certain purposes in the use of cover crops in fruit
growing that are a disadvantage rather than an advantage in other
types of farming.

In looking at the apples on the stage this morning my attention
was called to some spots on the apples which are supposed to be
due not to any fungous, but to the physical condition in the tissue
of the fruit itself caused by something in the soil on which that
fruit was produced. The statement was made, by someone that
there was too much nitrogen in the soil. It is an old belief that
when too much nitrogen is present in the soil the tissues will be
more tender and the vegetation will be more rank and very much
more subject to the attack of fungous diseases, and furthermore,
that there may be a breaking down of the tissues. The fruit grow-

ft>

Fig. I. A S1NC1.K Plant of Crimson Clovkr.

♦-*>.*--*.^/

.-S.,, 11-..., ■!.,..,,. *,,>■•.,■ =

I02

There is no claim that could be made as to the possible deter-
ioration of the soil because of the removal of potash.

When we come to study the methods of "Farmers of Fcfrty
Centuries" that Prof. King refers to in his book, we are surprised
at the cheapness of human effort. Farmers in China will take the
soil off an acre of land to the depth of two or threS inches, and
grow a rice crop on the sub-soil. They will then return the surface
soil which they had meanwhile comforted and will grow something

else on it.

In looking at the apples on the stage this morning my attention
was called to some spots on the apples which are supposed to be
due not to any fungous, but to the physical condition in the tissue
of the fruit itself caused by something in the soil on which that
fruit was produced. The statement was made, by someone that
there was too much nitrogen in the soil. It is an old belief that
when too much nitrogen is present in the soil the tissues will be
more tender and the vegetation will be rnore rank and very much
more subject to the attack of fungous diseases, and furthermore,
that there may be a breaking down of the tissues. The fruit grow-

Fis. I. A Sixc.i.i- Plant oi' Crimson Clovkk.

• f

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

■i'^Mf

"1-^.

^\r-

'i •

y-'

103

er recognizes also, as every farmer recognizes it, that too much
nitrogen in the soil is inimical to the production of a large crop of

fruit.

I know a market gardener who used animal manure year after
year. He finally reached a point where he could produce the crops
that were formerly produced. He has been forced to learn that
a large amount of nitrogen tends to force large growth rather than
to encourage seed production, and when there is too much nitro-
gen in the soil it effects the wood and the fruit buds are not set as

they should be.

If we use alfalfa or vetch or crimson clover as cover crops,
we are apt to reach a point when the cover crops are likely to do
more harm than good, because of the excessive wood growth,
which is a disadvantage in the case of fruit. For this reason : the
fruit grower will often resort to the use of cover crops for the
special purpose of stopping the further development of tissue in
the tree in late summer, and when he has that purpose in mind he
will prefer to use barley or oats perhaps, rather than crimson clover,
vetch, etc. In this particular case he wants to get out of the soil as
large an amount of nitrogen as he can to prevent the soil from mak-
ing that nitrogen and the trees from getting it, so as ripen and
mature earlier in the season.

C. J. Tyson. Dr. Lipman, will you allow a question? In the
case of cover crops of cowpeas, are the nitrates available to the
tree and tree roots in the same season in which the growth has taken
place, or is it necessary for the plants to decay?

Dr. Lipman. It may to some extent. This question happens
to bear on investigations that I have been making for several years
on the influence of what we call "associated" growth of legumes
and non-legumes.

To answer your question directly, I should say that there is a
gain even in the same season, but it will depend on other factors.
In the case of cowpeas and soy beans grown with corn, in our ex-
perience the yield of corn was decreased rather than increased, be-
cause it happened that the season was exceptionally dry and mois-
ture was the limiting factor. Before the trees could be stopped
from lack of nitrogen they were stopped by lack of moisture m the
soil. The corn had enough nitrogen but did not have enough mois-
ture. I think that Hedrick has come to that conclusion that trees
can benefit from legume cover crops.

So much for the advantages of growing cover crops. As to the
disadvantages, I have already referred to one. That is the excess-
ive forcing of wood growth. The soil is itself inclined to be de-
ficient in phosphoric acid and potash unless provisions were made
for using enough fertilizer during the season when the cover crop

IS being produced. 1. , 1 j

As to moisture, I think I have already referred to that and
need not say anything more about it. We might pass on to the ques-
tion, what could the farmer do to utilize cover crops in a practical

■MttMrkHMMMMM

way, to increase his crop yields? It is for the farmer to decide
whether his soil is deficient in nitrogen or not. If the trees are mak-
ing all the growth he thinks they ought to make, then it would not
be wise for him to grow leguminous cover crops. He might better
depend on barley, oats, or winter wheat and not grow legumes.
There is danger of excessive wood growth. I remember an ex-
perience of ours in one of our experimental peach orchards at Vine-
land. This particular area of land of gravelly loam had been re-
duced to the point where it would not grow corn. It was soil that
would be regarded as exhausted. We planted our peach trees
there, and Prof. Blake, after watching them the first season said
"I do not believe I would care to have more wood growth than the
trees are making, and I should not care to apply any leguminous
cover crop." I told him that, looking at it from the standpoint of
the soil chemist, it was true perhaps, but it does not follow that
next year or the next after you will not want to grow a cover
crop. Now, we find that the trees that gave us the best returns
were those that had received applications of nitrate of soda. They
had too much nitrogen, or enough of it, earlier in their history.
So when it comes to the practical application of the teachings on
the value of cover crop, we must use our judgment in deciding
what is best to use; whether they will make enough wood growth
or not.

But on the other hand, he would be quite safe in using more
legumes, and if he prefers his vegetable matter to die down and
leave the winter cover dead, he might use barley. If you prefer
something early in the Spring, he might use winter rye. If he
feels that the soil is deficient in nitrogen, he has a number of
legumes from which to choose.

What legumes could the fruit growers of Adams County, Penn-
sylvania use with any dependence, for increasing the supply of
nitrogen as well as of vegetable matter in his soil? Winter vetch,
clover or alfalfa. Alfalfa in this connection may be new to you,
but I believe that with proper inoculation, alfalfa may be a very
good cover crop. And of course cow peas, and soy beans should
be included in the list. So we have not many legumes available
for our purpose. Of all those that I mentioned, perhaps alfalfa and
winter vetch are the most promising. For soils that are not well
drained or inoculated, winter vetch would be the most satisfactory
cover crop. Winter vetch has the advantage of being very resis-
tant. In Michigan peach orchards winter vetch is regarded as
the best cover crop. Winter vetch is hardy and does not depend on
inoculation as much as does alfalfa, and will add considerable
quantities of nitrogen and vegetable matter to the soil. It makes
a very good cover and under favorable conditions, will form a solid
mat. The amount of nitrogen added by winter vetch will range
from 50 to 100 pounds per acre. Alfalfa is a promising cover crop,
where the soil is deep and well drained, and properly inoculated,
it will make enough growth in the early fall and spring to furnish

105

a large amount of nitrogen. It will have the advantage of growing
down deeper in the sub-soil than will vetch. Cow peas or soy
beans might be used to advantage. I should prefer soy beans for
this section of the country ; they are more hardy, richer in nitrogen,
and are not subject to blight to the same extent as cow peas. Cow
peas will not require inoculation to the same extent but they will
do much better in soil that is inoculated, than will soy beans. These
can be used to advantage wherever conditions would permit.

In order to be able to utilize the cover crop to best advantage
we must see that they make their growth. To make this point clear
let me tell you of a personal experience of mine. I happened to be
down in Monmouth County, N. J., in the potato section of that
county. One of the potato growers showed me a field of crimson
clover that was sown after the potatoes had been removed, on the
26th day of August. I was there on the loth or 12th day of Novem-
ber, and there was a mat of crimson clover on the soil five or six
inches high. The farmer said to me, "I am not at all concerned
about winter killing. I have all the nitrogen and all the humus I
need for next year, and if it is killed it matters little to me." Yet
under the same conditions, crimson clover sown at the end of
August might have made a growth of an inch or two. Why was
there, in this case, so much growth ? Evidently that potato grower
had been using large quantities of fertilizer. He had a good soil
and that crimson clover made more growth in three or four weeks
than it would have made in another soil in two months. It is not
a practice in this country to fertilize the cover crop. We expect
the cover crop to shift for itself.

In Germany they recognize that they can profitably stimulate
the growth of the cover crop. If we are to utilize a cover crop
particularly its vegetable matter in the fall or early spring, as the
case may be, we have to see that the cover crop finds the best condi-
tions for its growth, and these conditions are particularly important
to provide for when we are growing legumes. Legumes require
a large amount of lime. The amount of lime might be enough for
the apple trees themselves, but not enough for the cover crop. You
might have enough phosphoric acid for the slow growing trees
but not enough for the quick growing ones. So that in the prac-
tical utilization of cover crops you must make proper provision for
the presence of lime, and for the proper inoculation of the land.
These are the more important points in the use of cover crops and
because of the great length at which I have discussed these points,
I do not feel that it would be proper for me to discuss the matter
any longer, except in so far as you may wish me to answer specific
questions.

C. J. Tyson. Do you think it practical for us to try to save seed
of winter vetch ?

Dr. Lipman. Yes, if you could grow winter vetch with rye, or
preferably winter wheat. Rye matures a little early for vetch. I

io6

think it is quite feasible to grow your own seed. Of course you
will have to have rye or wheat with it to hold up the vetch and to
get the seed. The only difficulty arises in the fact that when the
wheat and vetch are grown together it is hard to separate them.

FOR SPRA YING

USE COOPER'S

GROUND SULPHUR

'^"'"'^Esr 99'A TO 100% PURE

— S= —

CHAS. COOPER & COMPANY

ESTABUSHED 1857

1 94 Worth Street NEW YORK CITY

WORKS: NEWARK, NEW JERSEY

Monthly Price List Issued

SOME PROBLEMS CONFRONTING THE APPLE GROW-
ER OF TO-DAY.

Lloyd S. Tenny, Hilton, New York.

Mr, President and Fruit Growers of Adams County:

The great aim of the apple grower of to-day is the same as that
of most other lines of industry, namely, to make money. His prob-
lems, therefore, have to do with those things which make it impos-
sible or difficult for him to make his living. We may divide these
broadly into two classes; first those problems which have to do
with the size and character of his crop and in the second place,
those problems connected with the turning of his product into
money, namely the marketing problems.

During the past years we have heard much about increasing the
productiveness of our orchards. Our experiment stations have de-
voted most of their time in studying orchard management and the
control of insect pests and plant diseases, or those phases of farm-
ing which tend to produce larger and better crops of fruit. It would
not do to say that too much time has been spent in studying these
phases of the subject but it is certainly true that 'too little attention
has been given to the other side of fruit growing, namely the
marketing problems. Even so there are certain problems still con-
fronting the grower which have not been solved to the satisfaction
of all. Of these I shall speak first.

With regard to the young orchard, there is still the problem
of varieties. This is one, however, that has been cleared up con-
siderably in very recent years. A few years ago, there was a feel-
ing on the part of many of our best growers that it was better to
try some new varieties and what these should be was a real problem.
This idea fortunately has been pretty generally done away with
and now we recognize that the safest rule to follow in selecting
varieties for a new orchard is to choose only those varieties which
have been well tested out for the section in which we wish to plant
This does not mean of course that one should never try out new
varieties, but these untried ones should be set with the idea that
it is an experimental orchard and should not be selected for large
commercial orchards. So we fruit men in Western New York
have gone back to planting such varieties as the Baldwin, the
Rhode Island Greening, the Northern Spy and others of these old-
time varieties. We know what these will do under our soil con-
ditions and with our orchard management. Many other varieties
will do well under different conditions but it is still a question
whether they will do as well with us as they do in other places and
it is a pretty safe rule to follow to plant only those varieties which
cannot be surpassed by the growers in another section.

107

io8

Then we also have the problem of laying out the orchard and
determining the distance apart to plant. This too has been pretty
generally solved in recent years. We are realizmg that human
nature is weak and that it is best to plant our trees the full distance
apart without fillers of the same kind of fruit for it is very doubtful
if one person in ten will cut out the fillers as soon as they should
come out. Thus a few years ago we were setting our trees 20 by
25 feet or thereabouts, with the idea of taking out every other
tree ; now the tendency is to put them at least 40 feet in each direc-
tion. In the peach sections, many growers are using peach fillers
and finding the practice is an excellent one for the peach trees will
of themselves come out before there is much crowding. Notwith-
standing the advice of many of our scientific men, this practice has
increased rather than decreased, and nearly every fruit grower
who has tried the system, likes it very well. Many of our growers
are setting permanent trees farther apart than they did a few years
ago and it is not uncommon to find an orchard set with such va-
rieties as Northern Spy, Baldwin, or R. I. Greening, where the
trees are 45 feet apart or even 50 feet. Where apple fillers are still
being used, such varieties as Wagener, Wealthy, Alexander, Twen-
ty-Ounce, and Yellow Transparent are being used.

Another problem connected with the growing of the apple
which is still unsolved in the mind of the average fruit man is the
one of pruning or shaping the young tree. Our old orchards have
leaders in the center. The western orchards from which we are
getting our finest looking fruit to-day have open centers. Of these
two methods of pruning a young tree, which is the better? The
majority of us must confess that we do not know. A few things
are very evident, however, as one visits the younger apple orchards
in the various parts of the East. In the first place, the growers are
heading their trees much lower than they did years ago. It is doubt-
ful if the average head is placed much over two feet above the
ground at the present time. Formerly it was four feet or even
more. I believe that almost without exception, the best growers are
not shaping their trees with distinct leaders in the center. A great
many men, however, do not want the true vase-shaped form. They
are rather leaving from three to five main branches, no one of them
being of greater weight or importance than any of the others. The
center of the tree is being filled more or less, as the grower may
wish, with lateral branches coming out from these first main
branches. Under this system it is possible to thin out the center of
the tree whenever it is desired, as the branches which make up the
center are comparatively small and unimportant and so may be
cut out without detriment to the health and general make-up of

the tree. ^. , , , , ,

Now for a few words regarding the cultural problems in our
orchards. Dr. Lipman has given us an excellent paper on the cover
crops for our orchards. We all admit that cover crops are neces-
sary, at least if we practice thorough tillage. For us in most sec-

109

tions of New York we have settled the matter that tillage is neces-
sary, for without it we can neither get the crop of fruit nor can we
secure the size of apple that will bring the most money. This much
therefore is settled; we must cultivate our orchards and we must
grow cover crops. Unfortunately, however, there are certain dis-
advantages that follow from these practices, chief among which
is that the grower is not securing the high color on his fruit that he
would like to get. This is a real problem and one of vital import-
ance, for it is still true that the average buyer buys with his eyes
and unless a fruit be attractive in color it will not find a ready
market at a good price. Our problem is, therefore, how may we
still till and grow cover crops and yet increase the color of our
fruit. Possibly this may be done by the addition of some commer-
cial fertilizer. Those who have done the most work on the subject,
however, rather doubt this.

The common practice in tilling an orchard and putting in the
cover crop is so well known that it is not necessary for me to des-
cribe it to you. I do, however, want to give you the outline of a
system which is used by a few of our best growers and which may
possibly help in solving this question of better color. The orchards
are plowed very early in the spring. It is possible to use the disk
instead of the plow if the owner prefers this method of getting
his orchard under cultivation. The cultivation is very thorough
all during the early part of the summer but it is not carried on to as
late a date as is generally done. Just as soon as the leaves on the
trees are very dark in color showing a good rank growth and a
healthy state, then the owner stops his cultivation and puts in his
cover crop ; this may be as early as the first of July or even before
that date. When the cover crop is sown as early as this, it generally
gives good results and a good stand of clover is obtained. This in
turn tends to stop the growth and to ripen the wood, which is a
fundamental condition for good color. Frequently the cover crop
reaches such a stage that it is necessary to mow the orchard once
in the fall. The following spring the orchard is again plowed and
the same process is repeated. The great objection to this method as
I see it is that it will tend to give us an over supply of nitrogen
from the annual growth of the leguminous cover crop. I doubt too
whether it would be possible to use any non-leguminous cover crop
when it is sowed as early in the summer as this is. At any rate,
this paper does not try to solve this problem ; it aims only to point
out some of the greater problems which confront the apple gro>yer
of to-day. A broader view of this same problem is the production
of a higher grade of fruit. This does not apply to color alone but
includes also the finish of the apple as well as freeness form blem-
ishes of all kinds and description. As competition becomes keener,
that section will live where the greatest proportion of the fruit is
of a strictly fancy grade, other things being equal. ,. . ,

After all I cannot believe that our greatest problem lies in the
field of growing more or better fruit ; rather is it connected with the

twmng of this fruit into more money. In other words it is a mar-
keting problem, rather than one of culture. We are begmnmg to
realize that the marketing of our fruits is a complex problem and
one that but few of our fanners can solve. It is because of this
that so many middlemen have become connected with our fruit
business. Granting that they are all honest, which we know is not
the case, even then the system of marketing through several middle-
men is an expensive system and one not favorable for the grower to
get the roost out of his fruit. Some better system must be intro-
duced. This is a problem which confronts the fruit growers in
nearly every part of the country. The system that has solved the
problem for the agricultural folk in several sections of the country is
that of co-operative selling. The citrus growers of California con-
trol their own marketing system through the California Fruit
Growers' Association. In this way proper distribution is obtained
and top prices may be maintained. Before co-operation can succeed,
however, we must have developed a better system of packing, for
without uniform grading of a high character it is not possible for
the growers to market their own fruit.

These are only some of the many problems that confront us as
fruit growers. We can never hope to have all our problems solved ;
it is doubtful if we ever want to have them all solved, for a business
without problems would scarcely oflfer the attractions for the intel-
ligent young man whom we hope to have associated with us in this
great industry of fruit growing.

ALFALFA.

DX. LiPMAN.

Mr. President and Friends :

The Arabs came to Spain to destroy and occupy the territory
that belonged to the natives. They brought with them a plant
which by most of us is now called alfalfa. The Spaniards, when
they went to the new world to look for silver and gold, brought
seeds of alfalfa with them and left it along the western coast of
South America to become acclimated and to find its way up the coast
to the North. We find, therefore, that the spread of alfalfa in this
country was from the west to the east, rather than from the east to
the west, even though attempts to grow alfalfa were made in the
east before the end of the i8th century.

The spread from the west to the east presents to us a very in-
teresting story. For instance, in 1891 Kansas had 35,000 acres of
alfalfa. Now Kansas has perhaps ij4 millions of acres of alfalfa.
In view of the soil enriching qualities of this crop, we can under-
stand what alfalfa has done and even now is doing for Kansas, Col-
orado, Nebraska and California. But it is not only in the West and
Middle West that alfalfa is doing great things for the improvement
and enriching of soils, for near our own doors alfalfa has been
becoming more and more prominent. , „ ,. , ^, «r:.

Only the other day I saw it stated in a bulletin from the Wis-
consin Experiment Station that twenty years ago the crop was
practically unknown in that State. But Wisconsin has now 25.000
acres and in the next three years will have 50,000 acres m alfalfa.
In our own State, New Jersey, there were probably less than 200
acres of alfalfa ten or eleven years ago. Now we have between
three and four thousand acres of alfalfa. Its spread m New York
and Pennsylvania has been no less significant. Indeed, it is safe to
predict that alfalfa growing in the Eastern States has passed the
experimental stage. From now on we may expect to see the rap^d
spread of alfalfa and the enhancing of its reputation as a soil
enriching crop. Its ability to restore worn out soils will be appre-
ciated as fully as it was appreciated by the Romans who praised it
for its health-restoring as well as its soil-restonng qua it.es They
referred to it as "Herba medica," the medicinal plant and fed it
to animals that had lost their appetite, I".So"th Amenca^too
alfalfa has come to be a potent factor in ^"'^^^Zf .^Z^^^^'
Thanks to it the wild prairie is converted into arable land and «•««-
dered fit to grow profitable crops of wheat. In a word, then, al-
falfa eains an enviable reputation wherever it is given an opportu-
Sytf demonstrate its value. Hence I shall attempt to point out

III

112

this afternoon why alfalfa is a desirable crop and to outline the
methods that must be followed in order to assure its success.

Alfalfa is a soil enriching crop because it has the power to in-
crease the content of nitrogen in the soil. For example, we have
raised seven tons of alfalfa per acre at New Brunswick. We had
one ten acre field of alfalfa that gave us an average yield of six
tons of field cured hay per acre. We expect to average at the
College Farm, five tons per acre of field cured alfalfa hay. The
average lOO lbs of alfalfa hay will contain 2j4 to 3 lbs. of nitrogen,
equivalent to 15 or 18% of protein.

After the removal of the crop there are left in the soil very
large quantities of roots and stubble, which increase the content of
nitrogen. Alfalfa is, therefore, a soil enriching crop because it adds
nitrogen to the soil. Moreover it has another feature that is not
recognized as widely. It has the ability to improve the soil be-
cause of its deep rooting habits, and because of its ability to open
up channels which are followed by the roots of succeeding crops.
Further arguments are hardly needed to convince us that wherever
possible we should grow alfalfa, and should make it a part of our
crop rotations. It should be grown wherever farm, dairy or beef
animals are kept. A ton of alfalfa is worth as much for feeding
purposes as a ton of wheat bran.

But while we recognize the value of the crop, and admit the
desirability of growing it, we cannot but admit also that there are
certain difficulties to overcome in the growing of alfalfa that cause
many people to fail and to become discouraged. I think though
that people who have had some experience in alfalfa growing con-
sider the difficulties not at all impossible to overcome. That is,
when the demands of the crop and of the soil are recognized, the
growing of alfalfa is no more difficult than the growing of clover.

We learn, as we begin to grow alfalfa, that while there are soil
types better adapted to this crop than other soil types, we also learn
that practically every type of soil will grow alfalfa provided cer-
tain conditions are met. Whatever the soil type may be, it must of
all things be well aerated. A soil compact enough to prevent the
proper circulation of air is not well suited for the growing of al-
falfa. We must have a soil that is deep and one that is well aerated.
We must have a soil that is not acid. We learn a great deal about
lime when we come to study alfalfa growing.

Crops differ in their lime requirements. There are those that
will grow by preference on sour soil, and there are even legumes
that will prefer a sour soil. We have a wide range, in other words,
in the needs of different crops for lime, but of alfalfa it may be said
safely that there is hardly any other crop that will make as great a
demand on the soil for lime. Therefore for the growing of alfalfa
successfully we must provide not only a well drained soil, but one
abundantly supplied with lime.

Some years ago we were carrying on experiments in southern
New Jersey on a very light, sandy soil, whose owner had previously

i0M

112

this afternoon why alfalfa is a desirable crop and to outline the
methods that must be followed in order to assure its success.

Some years ago we were carrying on experiments in southern
New Jersey on a very light, sandy soil, whose owner had previously

►4

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

113

seeded one of the fields with alfalfa. When we started with our
work there that field was, I think, probably seven or eight years old,
alfalfa had disappeared but for a few isolated plants here and
there, with the exception of one corner where it still was very good.
I asked the owner if he could explain why that particular corner
of the field still had a fine set of alfalfa. He said: "I have no ex-
planation to offer except possibly this : Just prior to the seeding of
alfalfa we limed our land at the rate of one or one and one-half
tons per acre. We had a load or two left over and I told the boys
to dump it in one corner. Probably that may explain why that
alfalfa is growing so vigorously."

I want to emphasize the importance of using enough lime not
only to secure a successful stand, but also enough to keep the plants
in full vigor.

There is a field of alfalfa in California that is fifty years old
and the plants are still there. We also know that alfalfa grows al-
most naturally in the irrigated sections of the United States. When
we stop to examine the character of these soils we will find they are
all rich in lime.

In our own State, New Jersey, the people who have grown
alfalfa without any particular effort are mostly located on limestone
soil. The lime permits the alfalfa to hold its own against other
crops, weeds, and particularly grasses. Unless the environment is
agreeable to alfalfa it will be crowded out. Too much cannot be
said, therefore, of the importance of adding an abundant supply
of lime to the soil, not only to secure the growth at the beginning
but to maintain it for some years.

Now, in the course of years, there has come to be an adjust-
ment between the plants and the bacteria. We do not understand
this adjustment, but we know that clover and alfalfa are not normal
plants when not inoculated. They are abnormal plants and in order
to become normal plants they must have nodules on the roots. I
do not mean to say that we cannot grow alfalfa without bacteria.
In fact alfalfa plants are grown in old gardens without any sign of
nodules. Thus we have plants which derive their nitrogen from the
soil rather than from the air, making the soil poorer rather than
richer. When we study successful alfalfa production we recognize
the three important attributes — proper soil drainage, the presence of
lime and of inoculation. The third is as important as any and
is as likely to be absent as any. We must therefore provide for the
inoculation of the soil.

I To begin with, the successive steps in the process, as it is
followed by most successful alfalfa growers, what are the important
stages in the growing of alfalfa ? In the first place, the alfalfa
grower will provide for a clean seed bed. In other words, in the
competition with weeds or grasses the young alfalfa plants are more
likely to win out in the struggle when a clean seed bed is provided.
Therefore alfalfa is seldom grown after timothy or sod of any sort,
but preferably after the land has been covered by some cultivated

1X4

crop. The rota:iion may De corn, oats and peas or potatoes and
alfalfa. But whatever the rotation, successful alfalfa growers will
provide for a clean seed bed.

In the next place the alfalfa grower will supply a generous
amount of lime. You will at once ask how much lime should be used
and what kind of lime should be used. These questbns are often
raised by men who are confronted with them. The amount of lime
will vary with the soil. The heavier, the more ; the lighter, the less
lime. But for light, sandy soils we should need at least a ton of
lime to the acre, on the basis of burned lime. I have seen splendid
alfalfa grown with not more than a ton to the acre. On soils that
are not lime-stone soils it would be safer to apply possibly one and
one-half tons. Heavy clay soils that have not been limed for sev-
eral years should have fifty bushels to the acre. Some of it applied
before plowing and some after plowing would give the best results.
As to the form of lime, that is whether it be ground limestone,
or slaked lime it is immaterial, provided enough be used, except that
for very heavy day soils, I should prefer to use slaked lime. For
medium soils it does not make a great deal of difference. One ton
of freshly burned lime, properly slaked, will go practically twice
as far as one ton of ground limestone.

As to chemical composition, magnesian lime is, for practical pur-
poses, as good as non-magnesian lime. It will give just as good re-
sults, except on light sandy soils.

Having applied the lime the alfalfa grower is confronted with
the next questton as to the plant food to use. Should he use stable
manure, or commercial fertilizer, or both ; and how much is he to
use? In our earlier experiments we used barnyard manure. We
secured beneficial results wherever barnyard manure was used, but
we also found that the growth of grass and other plants was stimu-
lated and the crowding out of the alfalfa proceeded in a more rapid
way. In our work now we prefer not to use any manure at all
except for the preceding crop. We find that a direct application
of barnyard manure is not desirable. We now depend entirely on
commercial fertilizer. We used to employ a mixture composed of
equal parts of bone meal, acid phosphate, and muriate of potash.
Because of the increased cost of bone meal we find that it is very
much cheaper to use a mixture of acid phosphate and muriate of
potash. You will find that for almost every soil this mixture is
cheaper and quite as effective. It consists of 300 pounds of acid
phosphate and 100 pounds muriate, applied at the rate of 400
pounds per acre. In the case of light, sandy soil it would be better
to use 150 pounds instead of 100 pounds muriate. We make prac^
tically the same application every year. The material is not costly.
Acid phosphate may be bought for $12.00 or $13.00 per ton and
muriate for about $40.00 or $41.00 per ton.

The fertilizer cost for the alfalfa crop, considering the bene-
fits derived, is therefore a minor matter. The crop gets its nitrogen
from the air and we do not need to supply it. I might say, though,

I
I

■4 <«•.->

Fig. 2. Alfalfa Plants Showing Nodules on Their Roots.

tJ'i..

■ ! ,■■ ■

P-;<

i64K

114

crop. The rotation may De corn, oats and peas or potatoes and
alfalfa. But whatever the rotation, successful alfalfa growers will
provide for a clean seed bed.

In the next place the alfalfa grower will supply a generous
amount of lime. You will at once ask how much lime should be used
and what kind of lime should be used. These questions are often
raised by men who are confronted with them. The amount of lime
will vary with the soil. The heavier, the more ; the lighter, the less
lime. But for light, sandy soils we should need at least a ton of
lime to the acre, on the basis of burned lime. I have seen splendid
alfalfa grown with not more than a ton to the acre. On soils that
are not lime-stone soils it would be safer to apply possibly one and
one-half tons. Heavy clay soils that have not been limed for sev-
eral years should have fifty bushels to the acre. Some of it applied
before plowing and some after plowing would give the best results.
As to the form of lime, that is whether it be ground limestone,
or slaked lime it is immaterial, provided enough be used, except that
for very heavy clay soils, I should prefer to use slaked lime. For
medium soils it does not make a great deal of difference. One ton
of freshly burned lime, properly slaked, will go practically twice
as far as one ton of ground limestone.

As to chemical composition, magnesian lime is, for practical pur-
poses, as good as non-magnesian lime. It will give just as good re-
sults, except on light sandy soils.

Having applied the lime the alfalfa grower is confronted with
the next questk)n as to the plant food to use. Should he use stable
manure, or commercial fertilizer, or both ; and how much is he to
use? In our earlier experiments we used barnyard manure. We
secured beneficial results wherever barnyard manure was used, but
we also found that the growth of grass and other plants was stimu-
lated and the crowding out of the alfalfa proceeded in a more rapid
way. In our work now we prefer not to use any manure at all
except for the preceding crop. We find that a direct application
of barnyard manure is not desirable. We now depend entirely on
commercial fertilizer. We used to employ a mixture composed of
equal parts of bone meal, acid phosphate, and muriate of potash.
Because of the increased cost of bone meal we find that it is very
much cheaper to use a mixture of acid phosphate and muriate of
potash. You will find that for almost every soil this mixture is
cheaper and quite as effective. It consists of 300 pounds of acid
phosphate and 100 pounds muriate, applied at the rate of 400
pounds per acre. In the case of light, sandy soil it would be better
to use 150 pounds instead of 100 pounds muriate. We make prac-
tically the same application every year. The material is not costly.
Acid phosphate may be bought for $12.00 or $13.00 per ton and
muriate for about $40.00 or $41.00 per ton.

The fertilizer cost for the alfalfa crop, considering the bene-
fits derived, is therefore a minor matter. The crop gets its nitrogen
from the air and we do not need fo supply it. I might say, though,

4-
t

Kig. 2. Alfalfa Plants Showing Xoiulks on Thkir Roots.

^•/^

.ij
f,-'

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

t^' '..•''»'

a;
ft
a
ei
b
A
c.
f<
ir.
oi

th
m

se
w
lai

tnt
po
ch
ph
po
to
tic
At
tm

fit!

in this connection, that some of our agricultural papers recommend
the use of nitrate of soda at the time of seeding. The reason given
for this is that the young plants do not develop the ability to get
nitrogen out of the air at once. To tide them over the period of
scarcity it might be well to use nitrate of soda. In my own opinion
this is not necessary except where the soil is very poor, but after all
it is not advisable to attempt the growing of alfalfa on the poorest
land. It is better to improve it with fertilizers and manure, for
alfalfa does not do well on land that lacks fertility.

The next step that we have to consider after we have applied
the lime and fertilizer is the question of inoculation. We must
decide how to introduce those bacteria that are to form a partnership
with the plants, and developing on their roots, will enable them to
draw nitrogen from the atmosphere. The farmer has at his dis-
posal several methods of inoculating the soil or "vaccinating'' the
soil, as some one has put it. He might take soil from a field where
alfalfa has grown, or he might use what is called an artificial cul-
ture of bacteria. Such cultures may be secured free of charge from
the Department of Agriculture at Washington. The process of pre-
paring cultures is rather simple. The bacteriologist will go out
into a field and will dig up a quantity of plants. He will wash off
the roots in clean water, break off one of those little nodules, which
contains many thousands of bacteria, and will immerse it into a so-
lution of corrosive sublimate or strong alcohol, to kill the bacteria
adhering to the outside of the nodule. He will then cut that little
nodule open, and with a sterile needle will transfer some of the con-
tents into a solution made up of several salts that can be bought at
any drug store. This solution is for the bacteria a culture medium,
just as flour and water make a culture medium for yeast in bread
[making. In any favorable culture medium the bacteria multiply
very rapidly. Some of the commercial cultures, instead of coming
in liquid form, are sold as a jelly similar to that bought for making
mdding.

I cannot emphasize too much the importance of inoculation,
IS well as of liming and of proper preparation of the seed bed.

Something should be said about the seed. Failures in alfalfa
[growing occur in spite of proper liming, inoculation and fertili-
zation, and these failures are almost always attributable to poor
seed. The Colorado Experiment Station has been carrying on some
very interesting experiments for the last two years on alfalfa seed
from different sources.

A great deal of the seed that comes from southern Europe is

not hardy enough for our climate. Unfortunately, however, many

of us do not inform ourselves as to the source of the seed. We

should make certain that it is derived from a proper source. So

Imany of us fail to make proper inquiries concerning the origin of

[the seed, and for this reason fail in the growing of alfalfa.

If time would permit I should like to discuss the second part
)f alfalfa production, the handling and curing of the hay, but I

ii6

have taken up a considerable amount of time, and if your president
thinks it is in order to continue the discussion I shall be glad to do
so.

LESSONS FROM WESTERN APPLE GROWERS.

Mr. Tenny. In a field where potatoes were grown last summer
when would you seed to alfalfa?

Dr. Lipman. We find that between the 15th and the 25th of
August is the best time for us under all conditions. We have tried
spring seedings and have had success, but on the whole we find the
best time in August because we can get our seed bed ready, particu-
larly as the growth of weeds is sufficiently retarded by that time.
In Wisconsin they get the best results by seeding in the spring.
They use 20 pounds of alfalfa seed and about 50 or 60 pounds of
barley per acre for spring seeding. The climate will determine
the best time to seed. If you go far enough south I dare say you
will find spring seeding most satisfactory. In Adams County, I
am quite certain that from the loth to the 15th of August would
be the best time. I might add here that in Ohio they have been
experimenting in various ways. For instance, they have used
alfalfa as a catch crop, now and then, with good success. Then they
have used alfalfa as we use clover for seeding with oats. There are
various ways in which it may be used, and now and then one man
will succeed where others fail, but as a general method for southern
Pennsylvania or New Jersey and almost all of New York, seeding
in August, on the whole, will give the best results. Prof. Hopkins
of the Illinois Station, has made the claim that the bacteria will
form nodules on the roots of sweet clover, and will also form nod-
ules on the roots of alfalfa.

R. A. Wickersham. Could you grow sweet clover as success-
fully and profitably as alfalfa?

Dr. Lipman. I do not think so. I think that sweet clover
will not compare favorably with alfalfa for yield, but at the same
time sweet clover has its uses and will grow on soil too heavy or
too wet for alfalfa. Where alfalfa can be grown successfully, all
people who have compared the crops will admit that it is a better
crop than sweet clover.

A. W. Griest. For alfalfa started this fall, what would you
recommend as a fertilizer, after the first cutting next summer ?

Dr. Lipman. I would recommend 300 pounds of acid phos-
phate and 100 pounds of muriate of potash. No nitrogen. The
crop is able to get its nitrogen from the air.

Question. How would you apply that fertilizer?
Dr. Lipman. You would want to broadcast your fertilizer.
We have taken the matter up in New Jersey now as to keeping al-
falfa in for a longer time— possibly about 20 years. If we could
keep alfalfa in for 12 or 14 years it might be cheaper to put it in
rows rather than broad cast it. We intend to find out whether it
would pay to have alfalfa sown in rows.

*i}

Mr. C. E. Bassett.

The average farmer is not a good business man. That is a
harsh statement, but we may as well face it and make the most of
it. If we ever take a look at our competitors it is to become jealous
of their successes or to gloat over their failures, rather than to study
their methods so as to adopt what brings success or avoid the plans
which lead to defeat.

It is reported that within two years the Pacific Coast will have
over 15,000,000 bearing apple trees. That is interesting to the
eastern grower, because he ought to plan his work so as to meet
that competition. My home town of Fennville, in western Mich-
igan, is known to very few of my hearers — is hardly on the map,
so far as you are concerned — and still it ships more apples to cold
storage every year than does the world-wide known Hood River
Valley. Western New York and southern Pennsylvania also have
points that excel Hood River in the quantity of apples grown and
shipped, but it is in the quantity and natural quality that we lead,
while it is the finish and excellence of pack that has put the Pacific
Coast points on the map in big red letters.

We all have a general knowledge of western conditions, but it
was this summer, while visiting that section, that I had an oppor-
tunity to study their problems by seeing for myself and by talking
with the growers. The western land agents know just how to use
the brightest tints of printer's ink when describing their wonderful
land bargains and their use of superlatives is sufficient to put the ad-
vance agent of the modern circus completely in the background.

Among the many horticultural leaders that I met and conversed
with was the head of one of the large fruit exchanges, who seemed
to take as much interest in eastern fruit progress as in what was
being done in his own section. He was keeping a sharp eye on what
their competitors were trying to do and on the probable effect it
would have on their business. As I told him of the reviving of in-
terest in horticulture in the east, the rejuvenating of old apple
orchards, etc., I said, "What are you going to do with these high-
priced orchards when we get our methods improved and our or-
ganizations for fine packing completed in the east ?" What do you
suppose his answer was? "You never will do it!" He practically
told me and, through me, he tells you that the Pacific Coast grower
relies on the lack of business of the eastern grower — upon his lazi-
ness, his shiftlessness, his dishonesty, if you please. Was he right?
I put it up to you. Did he tell the truth or is it a libel upon the man-
hood and womanhood of our eastern growers? Your answer must
come in the work that you do in the future. Acts speak louder than

117

ii8

words and if we continue to practice the slack methods of Jh^ «
that man told the truth and we will deserve our fate. But I don t
belk^ him I have faith in the latent honesty and busmess ability

of our eastern growers. - .

The western growers went there mostly from the east ana
cross ng tlTe Rocky Mountains did not especially work a miracu ous
Ege in their honesty or business ability. But their disadvantage
of hieh-priced lands and their distance from market have worked
out tf their advantage. My home town is only a few hours from
SicagSe largest distributi^^ market in this cpuntry-and, since
we can^hip anything to Chicago and get something for it, most of
us are raisfng anything, shipping everything and are getting a IjUe
of nothing, and then, to cap the climax, are trying to lay the blame
on everyone except the right party--ourselyes.

Next to the disadvantage of distance from market the other
disadvantage that works out to their advantage is the inflated price
of land, f his compels the western grower to practice intensive c^^^
tivation, as compared with our extensive methods. An Illinois
farmer sold his no acre farm and invested the entire price in lo
acrS of apple and pear orchard in Oregon, and on that orchard he
was hiring as much help and using almost as many horses as he
Tormeriy Ssed on his big farm in Illinois. Think of it ! No wonder
thl^he produced the very finest fruit that sold at the highest price
If you and I would let about three-fourths of our land lie m grass
or simply rest and then on the balance of the land devote all of
our usual energ>' and brains, we might not produce quite as many
bushels of fruit as before, but we would have nearly as much of a
much higher quality and our profits, reputation and happiness would
be increased many fold.

When you stop to think that the price the western grower pays
for transportation alone to my home market would be a big protit
for me in my business and that I do not get it, simply proves that
the statement with which I started-that I am not a good business
man. I wish that I could drive home to you the insult, if you have
any manhood in you, that that man gave to us when he said we
would not do these things. He did not say we couldn t ; he did not
say that we lacked natural advantages, but he said we lacked nerve ,
that we lacked the western spirit of "get up and get. That state-
ment rankles in my breast and it ought to in yours God gave Mich-
igan, Pennsylvania, New York and all this grand country wonder-
ful opportunities and if we fail, no one is to share the blame with us^
The western apple excels in what I call "finish" and in addition
to freedom from insect and fungus injuries, that finish is largely
due to high color. Just as long as attractiveness to the eye is the
first standard by which the buyer selects his purchases, richness of
color will be an essential. While our best fruit authorities may dis-
acree as to the possibilities of increasing color in fruit by the ap-
plication of potash, phosphoric acid or other chemicals no one can
deny that the one great cause for color is sunshine— God s great gitt

to man. While the west may have a little more of sunshine, on ac-
count of their dry atmosphere, do we not have sunshine here in the
cast ? The chief point of difference lies in the fact that the method
of growing trees in the west is such as to make the greatest possi-
ble use of that sunshine, while we in the east are so anxious to get
an immense amount of bearing wood on our trees and also crowd
our trees so that they interlace, thus making our orchards appear
more like a forestry proposition. Their trees are low and with
open heads — vase form. In our greed we leave so much brush in
our trees that a sparrow can hardly fly through them. We over-
work our trees and then starve them. They restrict their trees by
severe pruning and thinning of the fruit so that the trees can do
their best and keep it up. In trying to discourage us the western
land agent says we could not have their kind of open heads, that
"The sun scald would kill your trees.'* Don't you believe it. The
only disease we need fear in the east is "dry rot" and the most
violent form of this disease is where it attacks the man rather than
the tree.

While we must be more thorough in our spraying, we must
practice more intelligent pruning and thinning of fruit if we want
the high grade that is skimming the cream from our own markets.
I know that some of my eastern horticultural friends are issuing
words of caution for fear that we will prune too much, and thus
"upset the balance" or do something equally unwise. Did you ever
stop to consider that our "forestry" methods have been standing us
on our heads so long that we have lost all thought of any "bal-
ance"? What, pray, will restore the "balance" to a starved root
system, but to restrict by pruning the heavily loaded top? An
overloaded and starved team are first relieved by removing a part
of the load. Where you find one grower who has made the im-
probable mistake of pruning his orchard too much, I can show you
thousands of growers in leading fruit sections who do not prune
enough and hundreds of others who do not prune at all.

When the western grower sees an imperfect apple on bis tree
in the growing time, he realizes that that fruit can never grow to be
anything but a cull and it is at once taken off to make room for
other fruits. They thus grade their fruit on the trees, because they
know that it takes as much of the vitality of the tree to ripen a cull
as it does to put the finish on a perfect fruit. In the east the prac-
tice is to leave all the fruits that set until harvest time, then paw
them over on the packing table to find enough fairly good specimens
to face out the barrel. What happens after that we blush to relate.
You say it costs money to thin apples. Does it cost any more, or
even as much, to pick off the extra fruits and break up the clusters
in June, dropping the little culls on the ground, than to wait until
harvest time and then pick the whole mess (and, by the way, that is
a very good word) carry them down the ladders, pour out on the
packing table, sort them and put the culls in the cider lot or in a
more improper place ?

•f.'

I20

Not only do we fail to grow as good fruit as we might, but wc
have had no system of grading and packing. Why are people not
eating and cooking more apples? Have they lost their taste for
apples ? Why is the demand for bananas, oranges, grape fruit and
western apples increasing while our own superior quality apples go
begging a market? You know the reason. The man who buys a
barrel of our apples buys them under a suspicion and pays a price
accordingly. All business is and must be based on one principle —
confidence. The average eastern pack of fruit does not command
the respect of the consumer and the man who starts out to pack
honestly and then market in the old way generally finds himself in
bad company and too often suffers as did "old dog Tray."

But the Sulzer bill, which takes eflfect next July, offers us a
means of establishing a reputation and of being known as packing
an honest grade, for which the consumer will eventually call and pay
a good price. Let us adopt this new law and then by modern systems
of distribution, through co-operative organizations, modeled after
the western methods, we will enjoy increasing demands from a
satisfied purchasing public, our markets will be steady, prices will
be good and we will not only possess the cash and confidence and
respect of our customers but we will have that self respect that
comes from a feeling of work well done.

Fennville, Michigan.

These Harrows Are For
Intensive Tillage

Rigid Main Fratnm

Forgmd'mdgm*
Diskt

q Remember the CUTAWAY disk is the original * 'cutaway '•; the CUTA-
WAY double artion harrow, the original double action ; the CUTAWAY
reversible harrow, the original reversible; the CUTAWAY extension head
harrow, the original extension head. CUTAWAY double action harrows
have all four of their gangs compactly hung on one rigid maim frame, which is
the^ secret of successful double action harrows. TTiat is one reason why double
action harrows grind and pulverize the soil finer than other harrows. CUTA-
WAY double actions are all ec^uipped with the detachable jointed tongue,
which can be removed or replaced m one minute, making the harrow into either
a tongue or tong^eless ma(!hine as desired. Both the single action and the
double action are made with extension heads for orchard work, and can be
closed for regular field work. They are equipped with the famous Clark
cutlery steel disks, forged sharp, and Clark hard*wood ]o\xm2\%. And remem-
ber, CUTAWAY single action harrows are re<versible. Write for catalog,
* 'Intensive cultivation. *'

All Cutaway Single Action Harrowt Are Rmvmrmhi*

Cutaway Harrow Co., Man streec, Higganum, Conn.

Makmra of thm original CLARK "Cutaway" implmmmnU

PRINCIPLES OF COOKERY AS APPLIED TO FARM

COOKING.

Mrs. Edith C. Sai^isbury.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I do not feel that I
am coming to an audience of strangers although I came a long way,
because when I see a lot of people together I know that they have
very much the same feeling toward my subject in all parts of the
world ; they like to eat and are interested in good cooking.

You have been studying this problem of cooking, perhaps, but
have you ever stopped to consider how you can make money in
cooking? Possibly I cannot tell you how you can make money in
actual dollars and cents, but how you can save dollars and cents.
I want to show you where you can make some changes and save
some money. We have been told many times by people who have
been making a special study of the subject, that half the cost of liv-
ing is the cost of food. The increased cost of living partly comes
from the amount we are spending on food. Is it necessary ? Let us
see for a few minutes. Suppose we think of the human body as a ma-
chine. It is very much the same in several particulars as an engine.
The engine is made of certain materials that require food, which is
fuel ; that food will compare with human food. The body is differ-
ent in this respect, that the fuel does not alone give the body its
power to do work that is required of it, but also must build up that
body and must supply heat, so we need the fuel of the body to do
more than the fuel of the engine. We must have, then, food that
will accomplish three things— build and repair tissue, give heat, and
give energy.

Every person should understand food values. I have seen men

^t hotels who would take the bill of fare, look it over, and pick out

the things they like, perhaps. Very few men care to select for

themselves. They will start off with soup, then some meat, or they

may take .a couple of kinds of meat, then baked beans ; then begin

ron vegetables, some macaroni, potatoes — perhaps white potatoes and

I sweet potatoes. Then they will go on down the list and order half

I the things there. When they get to the desserts, they take three or

'four of those. I have counted as many as thirty-five little dishes

I around one man's plate ; not more than half the contents eaten. It

was not what he ate but what he wasted that cost so much. Do you

Iwonder why living is high ?

I If the man had known just exactly what he should have eaten
If or the good of his health, and how to keep the human machine in
■the right kind of repair, he would have selected a little more wisely,
^e would have taken something for energy and heat, also he would
jave taken two other classes of food that are very necessary to

121

122

health— some mineral matter and some water that would make the
food soluble and assist in carrying it to the tissues.

We have five classes of foods. One class builds tissues, and is
represented in nine kinds of food— lean meat, fish, white of egg,
curd in milk, cheese, gluten in bread, legumin in peas and beans, and
nuts. This is the only kind of food that will build tissue. It is the
class of food that supplies nitrogen. You farmers like to feed
alfalfa to your stock, because it too contains nitrogen, but you don't
care to give all the nitrogenous food at one time, so why should you
take fish and all the kinds of meat you can mention, and eggs, all at
the same meal ?

I have seen all of these nine tissue-building foods in one meal.
Even though so many foods may not harm your digestive organs,
it takes too much time to prepare them. There are three things we
all want to do, to save time, save energy, and save money. Now the
meal which has all those nine tissue-building things costs too much.

We want some foods that will give heat, and this we get from
fatty foods. This class of food consists of butter, cream, the fat of
all meats, olive oil and other oils which we use in cooking ; these are
known as the heat producing foods.

Then for energy producing foods, those that give us power to
move our arms and do anything we wish, we have another class that
includes sugar and starch. Most people who are fat are fond of
starches and sugars.

Some one has said that one big difference between man and
other animals is that man likes his food cooked. We like all kinds
of animal food cooked, as they are more palatable, but by cooking we
harden the albumen which we find in all animal foods, and this
makes it a little more difficult to digest.

Cooking is something that we do more or less of three times a
day, and if a woman is successful she is rather interested in it. We
have heard about luck in cooking ; there is no such thing as luck in
this particular line of work. If a cake is not a success there is
some good reason why it failed. There is no more luck in cooking
than there is in a druggist mixing up a prescription. If you went
to a drug store to get a prescription filled, and after waiting a while:
the druggist gave it to you with the apology that he had had bad
luck with it, you would not think very much of that chemist. It is
just the same with cooking. Certain rules must be folloAved. I
must know how to combine ingredients ; I must have a certain tem-
perature, then I will always get the same results. If you are not a
successful cook, do not think that Fortune has not smiled on you
as kindly as she has on some one else, but there is some mistake
in your method, or you are not interested in it sufficiently to give

it care.

The more you are in the open air, the more you are going to eat..
just the same as the more air you give a stove, the more fuel it will
use. A certain manufacturer was confronted with the subject of
ventilation in his factory. He put in a better system of ventilation

123

and the women and girls came to him in a very short time and said,
"You will have to take away this fresh air and ventilation, because
we cannot afford to eat as much as we are eating now." He, being a
wise man, said, "I will increase your wages." Invariably you will
find that people who are out in the open air will require more to
eat than those who work in closed rooms, and that is why a farmer
requires more to eat than a man in a store or office.

If I should tell you that with some bread and butter, a glass of
milk and some of these apples, you would have just as much nour-
ishment as your body can take care of, would you believe it? You
would stand just as good a chance of being well developed as if you
sat down to as big a fare as could be suggested. You say you
would not be satisfied with it. Why ? Not because your hunger re-
quired more, but because you have developed an abnormal appetite.
Americans have this appetite more than other people, but we are not
any healthier than some of the other nationalities. We do not show
up any better when it comes to times of great muscular effort. The
excess food does not do us any particular good, probably some harm,
for lots of people about middle age have some form of stomach
and liver troubles, which is generally due to mistakes in diet. The
simple fare is quite as nourishing as the more elaborate. You will
get all the body requires, all the tissue-building material and all the
heat and energy necessary from a piece of cheese, bread and butter,
— and a cup of tea, if you wish. I would add to it some celery or
some other kind of vegetable, or some apple sauce, if you wish ; we
get most of the mineral matter from the vegetables and fruits. The
simpler the bill of fare the better it is for your health and your

pocketbook.

As to the principles of cooking; it is well to spend more time
making things better, if you can, than to try to make so many
things at once. You cannot bake pies and cakes and roast beef in
the oven at the same time, and have them all equally satisfactory. I
would far rather sit down to a table with nothing on it but mashed
potatoes and roast beef, if they are correctly prepared, than a long
bill of fare badly cooked. Speaking of mashed potatoes, I do not
know of anything that is more likely to cause dissension in a family
than a watery potato served instead of that feathery, light, fluffy,
dish of potatoes that is like a snowdrift. There is nothing more
delicious or more digestible than baked potato. If it is left in the
oven too long it is heavy, soggy, and tough-skinned and not half

what it should be. ^ , , * -i v

There is no better way to prepare beefsteak than to broil it.
There are some men who can cook a steak better than women. I
have alwavs found that when a man can cook he usually does it well,
because he takes pride in it. He knows where the best steak comes
from and he is particular about rules and directions. He wants a
good, hot fire, glowing coals, and a broiler or a frying pan just as
hot as he can get it. He cooks the steak on the outside quickly, to

t24

keep the juices in. He knows that if the juices are not in the meat
when he cuts it, it is not a success.

A man often makes a better cup of coffee than some women,
because he makes only one thing at a time and gives all his atten-
tion to it. He has freshly boiled water and measures out his coffee
carefully. Many women will not measure, they use a "pinch" here
and a 'little" there. The high priced chefs and cooks are not women,
but men. A man makes coffee stronger sometimes than a woman,
because he knows that it is not a good thing to cook coffee a long
time in order to draw out all the good, as the bad comes out at the

same time.

Question. Will you tell us how to make good coffee?

Mrs. Salisbury. Take two level tablespoons of coffee to each
cup of coffee to be made. If eggs are not too high, use an egg and
the broken shell to six or eight cups. The white of the egg settles
the coffee and the yolk makes it richer and improves the color. If
you have good cream it will be good enough without the tgg. Mix
the coffee, ^gg and water and put over the fire, when it comes to the
boiling point let it simmer for two or three minutes on the back of
the range. The cover of the coffee pot should be tight to keep in

the aroma.

There is a right and a wrong way to boil eggs. There is a
right and a wrong way to boil water. For drinking, hot water
should be used when it is bubbling ; freshly boiled is the only kind
that is used to make tea. Do not allow the water on the tea to stand
more than four or five minutes or too much tannin will be extracted.

Always women are going to have more or less to do of the home
affairs. If they are not going to do the actual work themselves they
will have to manage it. Do not let a girl grow up and marry and go
into a home of her own unless she has a knowledge of home making.
It is a business worth studying and when you study it you will find
that there is a good deal in it. Don't think just because you are
keeping house you are doing nothing worth while. You are en-
gaged in one of the greatest works. Home-making is a subject
every woman should know because it is woman's work. Don't think
that the girls should be denied the knowledge because you had a
hard time learning to cook, but insist that they understand the

science of it.

I read a story about a boy whose only work in a factory was to
make bolts. All day long he had nothing to do but run a piece of
metal up to a certain machine and hold it there until the bolt was
made. It got monotonous, but instead of giving it up the boy de-
cided to get something more out of it if possible. He began by try-
ing to eliminate energy and to make more bolts with a decrease of
effort. In a few years he was an expert in eliminating work in
foundries. The same thing will apply in cooking. You cook pota-
toes every day ; try to see if there is some other way to do it, to save
energy and get better results. Save time for yourself and study new
methods and you will find new interest.

1^5
Questions and Answers.

Can you tell us how the man makes good coffee?

Mrs. Salisbury. He knows the number of cups of coffee he
is to make and he allows two level tablespoons of coffee for each
CUD If cream is scarce, or if he likes the beverage especially rich,
he mixes the ground coffee with part of an tgg, using the crushed
shell (he washes it first) as well. Then he adds one cup of cold
water and mixes ^gg and coffee well together, then adds the re-
mainder of the water, measuring it exactly, puts the coffee pot over
the fire and lets it come to a boil slowly. He stirs it occasionally
to allow the water to thoroughly penetrate through the coffee
After boiling just one minute he sets the coffee back on the range
where it will simmer, and not boil, for three or four n^^n^t^^ , ^^J"
ing extracts too much tannin from the coffee and that is the ob-
iectionable property. The coffee pot must be tightly covered to
Sevenf^^^^ the volatile oils which give it its fragrant

Sfoma The white of the tgg settles the coffee and the yolk gives
kTbetter color and richer flavor. If cream is scarce, serve the
coffee with scalded milk, instead of cold, and you will have a better

^^""^ Question. How do you like the coffee percolator?

Mrs Salisbury. I think the percolator makes ideal coffee.
Both coffee and water are used in the right proportion ; the coffee
is Placed in the upper part of the percolator, the boiling water is
?ei?w The steam rises, passes through the coffee ground, con-
denses on a little metal disk at the top then goes back through the
coffee taking the extract with it. The water does not stand on the
coffee Sounds and there is less chance of extracting the tannin by
thifprSe^^^^^^^ making. Some people make excellent coffee withou
SiSg wh le others do not consider the flavor quite as fnished if
k has not at least, been brought to the boiling point Either
L?hodT correct so long as the boiling is not continued for any
T^Xol tTme and if't^e coffee is not allowed to stand on the

^"^^^Ouestion. What is the right way to broil a steak?

Mrs Salisbury. You should have the steak cut at least one
inch^hlcic Sd havJeither a glowing bed of hot coals or a s^sin^^^^
hot f rvine oan Do not use any more fat in the pan than just sut
Sc en7to p^^^^^^^^^ sticking; wipe'the steak wjth.a damp cloth do^^^^^^
nut it in water to wash as this extracts the juice. Put the steak
Fn the hot pan or o^ the broiler, and it will sear ijnmed.at^^^^
is thl albumen on the surface of the meat will be hardened. Turn
over the S and sear on the other side. If you are using a broiler
?urn it f ?S sMe to side until the meat is well seared; if you are
broninVinTpa^^^^^ the meat several times during the first two or
Ke minutes^but turn it with a knife instead of a fork, as piercing
S a for^^^^^^^^^^ the juices to flow. When the meat is w^^^^
on both sides cook at a lower temperature until it is done to suit

126

you— about 12 minutes for rare and 15 to 18 minutes for well done.
Do not add the salt until the steak is almost done and when it has
been removed to a hot platter dot it over with small bits of butter,
this improves the flavor. Steak should always be cooked until it
is pink, not dark red, in the center. A dark red streak through the
middle shows that the temperature was not sufficiently high — 160
degrees Fahr.— to kill germs if any had been present. If the steak
has been properly cooked there should be very little if any juice in
the pan. Do not cover the pan if you are broiling; this method of
cooking meat is suitable only for the tenderest portions, such as
tenderloin and porterhouse; steaks cut from the round and some
parts of the sirloin are better if they are not cooked so rapidly.

Question. What is the best way to cook these apples?

Mrs. Salisbury. Apples are delicious cooked in any way, but
I think the simplest is the best way, using very little sugar or spice
in the cooking in order to preserve just as much of the natural
apple flavor as possible. A baked apple, that is one baked without
sugar and without spice, is about the best way of all and apple sauce
is a close second; then I think there are few things more pleasing
to the palate than a pie well filled with tart, good-flavored apples.

Question. What do you think of the fireless cooker?

Mrs. Salisbury. I think it is one of the best aids we have in
cooking; it saves fuel and time and generally results in better
cooking. Of course if you are burning coal or wood and have a fire
in the range all the time the saving of fuel is not so important as
it is when gas or kerosene is the fuel and when the oven must be
heated specially every time it is used. But even then there is the
matter of saving time and that is important. When you have put
anything to cook in the fireless it requires no more attention until
it is finished and if you had the temperature sufficiently high to start
with there is no question but that it will be deliciously cooked —
tender and juicy and all the flavor retained.

Cold Storagi

is the best way of keeping
_ fruit — everybody knows

that. The Madison Cooper Brine System,

using ice and salt for cooling, gives the best results,
and those who are using this system know that, too.

WRiTE US FOR DESCRIPTIVE MATTER ESTIMATES AND SUGGESTIONS

MADISON COOPER COMPANY

''tLTjSSS^^^"^rr- 123 Court Street, Calcium, N. Y.

127

FARMERS MAKE MONEY

by the liberal use of

BAUGH^S COMPLETE ANIMAL BASE

FERTILIZERS

for Fruits and all other Crops

BOUGH'S K \W BONE MANURES were first manufactured ina small wav more
than fifty years ago. All along the intervening years the control of these Oldest in
America of all makes of Animal Bone Fertilizers has never passed out of the hands of
the Original Manufacturers.

BAUGH & SONS COMPANY

OF BALTIMORE CITY

MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS

FOR SALE BY

ASPERS MILLING & PRODUCE CO.

ASPERS. PA.

H. D. & J. F. BREAM

GETTYSBURG. PA.

GROVER C. MYERS

IDAVILLE, PA.

G. W. KOSER

BIGLERVILLE. PA.

J. U. RUFF

NEW OXFORD, PA.

Baugh't 1913 Almanac just out. Ask your dealer for it or write us.

128

fl THEY are coming 200,000 strong for
1913, a car for every purpose.

fl[ The only light, strong car made of all vanadium
steel, the strongest metal known, will stand 1 34 tons
to the square inch. Vanadium does to steel what
grains running lengthwise does for wood. Every
part carries the strongest guarantee. Can be operated
for less expense per mile than any car known.

S-Passenger Touring Car - - $600

2 -Passenger Roadster - - . $525

Town Car $800

Delivery Car, 1000 lbs. capacity - $650

F. O. B. Detroit. Mich. $25 freight on each.
GET IN TOUCH WITH

J. W. Richley Auto Co.

DISTRIBUTORS

237 E. Philadelphia St.. :-:

' 1 ,t ,

129

Price $1650, Fully Equipped

BUICK

Stands for power, durability and long wearing
qualities, also the most beautiful design and finish
for 19 1 3. Any Buick Car will last a lifetime if
used as a car should be used. No other com-
petitor can give you more real automobile value
for a dollar. The overhead value Buick motor
will produce 30 per cent, more power on 20 per
cent, less gasoline than any other motor on earth.
Any man can clean a Buick motor and grind all
valves in two hours without disturbing a single
vital part, that is what has made the ^uick Motor
Co. the largest automobile factory in the world.
Five Passenger Touring Cars $1050, $1285 and
$1650. Two Passenger Roadsters $950 and
$1125. F. O. B., Flint, Mich.

GET A FREE DEMONSTRATION

J. W. Richley Auto Co.

237 E. Phila., St. YORK, PA.

' 1: y.

I30

i ^,.1

•■•** «*fe^a>,*

'^^

,,-,^^K--?-''

fmi^^

p**-

At thk F.vaporator.
A (xood Place for the Culls.

THE

Citizen^ s Trust Company

President,

GEO. W. SWARTZ

OF GETTYSBURG

Vice Pres.,
W. T. ZEIGLER

Treasurer,

H. L. SNYDER

Your Bank Account and Trust Business Solicited

qWe pay 3/.% on CERTIFICATE if left 60 days or
more. We act as Guardian, Trustee, Administrator or Ex-
ecutor, in settling up estates.
^Courteous treatment and prompt attention to business a

feature.

R. WM. BREAM, Secretary.

131

■

<~ •■ - ■ '^ ■• ..v:..-,

^mm

Established 1887

100 Acres

Kelly Bros. Fruit Trees

Direct from the Nursery to the Planter

WE grow our own trees and can guarantee them
true to name, which we beHeve is the most
essential part of the fruit tree business. We are lo-
cated in the famous Genesee Valley, the best locality
in the world for growing healthy fruit trees. Mr.
Barton, the N. Y. state inspector unreservedly says
that he has never found San Jose Scale in the nur-
series at Danville.

Write us to-day for Illustrated Catalogue

KELLY BROTHERS

20 Main Street

DANSVILLE, N. Y.

Nkat Facino is Not Oishonkst Packing.
Both Alike to the Bottom.

'^)^f?i^ii^M^':^fM^^'k^''^^^^'^-'^£^

132

Capital, $145,150
Deposits, $930,000

Pa^s 3% per cent, on Special Deposits

^ We offer the public the use of our large fire-proof and
burglar-proof safe deposit vaults FREE.

WM. McSHERRY. President

E. M. BENDER. Cashier

State CollEGU Stitdents at Work Gathering Tomatoes.

133

Onj.: of THi: GrJ'Kn HOUSES AT Stats Coli^ege, Showing the Student Plots.

No. 1 , FOLDING CRATE, with or without cover.

See catalog for other ttyles and sizea.

OVER 15.000.000 IN USE TO-DAY.

T
E

UMMER line of
RATES, for every lervice,
ANNOT be excelled.

IGID. collaps ble or folding
IGHT in all proportions
EASON ABLE in price.

LL materiali used

RE carefully selected and construction
SUREDLY honest throughout.

AKE our word for it

HIS brief statement is worthy

O fill your "pipe of reflection."

ACH crate is as nearly

VERLASTING as is humanly possible and

NCOMIUM encourages examination.

TRONG language is never
ERVICEABLE unless backed up by the goods
END for catalog and price list.

CUMMER M

Cadillac, Mich., or Flora Dale

'PG. CO., I

)ale, Pa.,Box45.T|

134

135

PiCKiNC. AnAMS CorNTY York Imperial.
Nothing But Fancy Fruit in Sight.

►>

Good

Business

Propositions

Any one or more of which can be ob-
tained on a very small investment.

No. I Upper left ORCHARD KING Pruner with
its double acting compound lever cuts a two
inch limb easily.

No. 2 Upper right KANSAS Improved automatic
in action, no hand levers to bother, its quick
and cuts a limb 1 ^/^ inches.

No 3 Lower left HAPPY THOUGHT a fast one for
setting back, budding, etc. Capacity ^ inch
limb.

No. 4 The DETROIT, another with a pump
gun speed and an inch limb capacity.

Don't overlook these high quality knives, but

for your own best interest ask for our

illustrated circulars and prices.

Just mail a card NOW to

International Tool Company

169 Brooklyn Ave. V

DETROIT, MICHIGAN |

Adams County Grows Fink Fruit.

134

135

PicKixc. Atiam? CorvTv York iMrKRiAi..
Nolhiim Hut I'ancv I'Vuit in Sight.

Good

Business

Propositions

Any one or more of which can be ob-
tained on a very small investment.

No. I Upper left ORCHARD KING Primer with
its double acting compound lever cuts a two
inch limb easil)'.

No. 2 Upper right KANSAS Improved automatic
in action, no hand levers to bother, its quick
and cuts a limb 1 ^ inches.

No 3 Lower left HAPPY THOUGHT a fast one for
setting back, budding, etc. Capacity ^4 ^^^^^^
limb.

No. 4 The DETROIT, another with a pump
gun speed and an inch limb capacity.

Don^t overlook these high quality knives, but

for your own best interest ask for our

illustrated circulars and prices.

Just mail a card NOW to

International Tool Company

169 Brooklyn Ave.

DETROIT, MICHIGAN

Adams CorxTv C.kows 1m ni: Fkiit.

INTENTIONAL SECONDEXPOSURE

136

137

A Clustkr ok Adams County Grown "Winter Banana," (every specimen

perfect).

ELECTRICITY

IN YOUR
HOME -:-

Save Money, Time and Labor

P
R
A
C
T
I

C
A
L

E
C
O
N
O

C
A

DEAN HOMELITE PLANT

will not only /ij^/it every room in your /lome and outbuildiniSy but it

will operate your feed cutter, washing machine, food chopper, sewing

machine, grindstone, cream separator, ventilating fans, or, in fact

ANYTHING that uses electricity for power.

C You can easily set up the Dean **HOMELITE'' Plant.

C Installing instructions furnished with each Plant, are so complete

that a mere novice can install it.

C The engine and dynamo comes to you mounted on one skid ;

the storage batteries and power board complete the equipment.

C Starts by simply throwing in a switch — no cranking.

C So simple that a child can operate it.

<L By the use of storage batteries we arrange so that you charge

them for a certain period during the day and then they supply the

light at night— without running the engine — an ideal system.

THE DEAN ELECTRIC COMPANY

1053 Taylor Street ELYRIA, OHIO

"Look for Dean Where Quality's Seen"

We Grow Luscious Strawberries, Also.

'^^SS^Si-

■ismmixm-

137

A Cm'stkr ok Adams CorxTv (lUowx 'A\'inti:k Raxaxa," (every specimen

perfect).

ELECTRICITY

IN YOUR
HOME -:-

Save Money, Time and Labor

P
R
A
C
T
I

C
A
L

E
C
O
N
O
M
I

C
A
L

DEAN HOMELITE PLANT

will not only I'l^ht every room in your home and outbuildings^ but it

will operate your feed cutter, washing machine, food chopper, sewing

machine, grindstone, cream separator, ventilating fans, or, in fact

ANYTHING that uses electricity for power.

C You can easily set up the Dean ''HOMELITE" Plant.

C Installing instructions furnished with each Plant, are so complete

that a mere novice can install it.

C The engine and dynamo comes to you mounted on one skid;

the storage batteries and power board complete the equipment.

<L Starts by simply throwing in a switch — no cranking.

C So simple that a child can operate it.

<L By the use of storage batteries we arrange so that you charge

them for a certain period during the day and then they supply the

light at night—without running the engine — an ideal system.

THE DEAN ELECTRIC COMPANY

1053 Taylor Street

ELYRIA, OHIO

**Look for Dean Wliere Quality's Seen

» »

We Grow Luscious Stkawbkrriks, Also.

^38

139

A Well Tilled Orchard.

CRESTMONT

EDGEWOOD

J. G. STOVER

Bendersville, Pa.

BOTH PHONES

CLEARBROOK, ARDEN and PROSPECT ORCHARDS

OVER SOO ACRES IN ORCHARD

^hi, , ,. >f^'ti';v'T, ,«^. .■,'',*>•■■ ,-?? ^ -^^

•'^■"•>;.-»'S*^

^i >

Trees !

Among the 1 00,000 apple trees we have to offer for

Spring of 1913 are

20,000 Stay man's Winesap

5,000 Grimes' Golden
5,000 Jonathan, all 2 years, 4y2"6 feet

Also other varieties in lots not quite so large. We can also
offer a large lot of one year apples — all leading varieties

€|| The peach orchard proposition is now booming. Money to be made
in this line. Have us quote you stock. Can offer 75,000 to 90.000
fine peach trees at this date.

The Mountain View Nursery Co.

WILLIAMSPORT, MARYLAND

Everything in Nursery Stock

Adams Couxtv Yokk Imperials— 'None Bkttkr Grown."

140

CHESTNUT BLIGHT.

AT-

♦»

"The Home of Fine Clothes

You will find gift suggestions for
all, from baby to grandparents

When in town make our place your headquarters
To all A Merr^ Christmas

Funkhouser & Sachs

* * The Home of Fine Clothes

GETTYSBURG, PA.

4'i 4

-i r

4. f

^^f

^L^

l\ ^

141

The Christmas Store

Ready— Everything ready. The Gift things have all

been here for several days

HANDKERCHIEFS— The Great Christmas article. Never so
many as now. Ladies', Gentlemen's and Childrens. A beau-
tiful line of them— Ic. to gl.OO each. Japanese hand-marked
linens, all sizes. Other linens of all kinds.

GLOVES, FURS, BLANKETS, RUGS. HOSIERY

A beautiful line of Ladies' Neckwear for Christmas. Gent's
Neckwear. Special prices given on Ladies' Coats for Holidays.

See our line of Christmas Fancy Novelties before purchasing elsewhere

DOUGHERTY k HARTLEY, Gettysburg

Skinnkr System of Irrigation With Celkry.

^ , « V>S,«i- '^^

140

CHESTNUT BLIGHT.

AT-

»»

"The Home of Fine Clothes

You will find gift suggestions for
all, from baby to grandparents

When in town make our place your headquarters
To all A Merry Christmas

Funkhouser & Sachs

* * The Home of Fine Clothes

GETTYSBURG, PA.

4- - A

o'l

V '

141

The Christmas Store

Ready—Everything ready. The Gift things have all

been here for several days

HANDKKRCHIKFS— The Great Christmas article. Never so
many as now. Ladies', Gentlemen's and Childrens. A beau-
tiful line of them— Ic. to $1.00 each. Japanese hand-marked
linens, all sizes. Other linens of all kinds.

GLOVES, FURS, BLANKETS, RUGS, HOSIERY

A beautiful line of Ladies' Neckwear for Christmas. Gent's
Neckwear. Special prices given on Ladies' Coats for Holidays,

See our line of Christmas Fancy Novelties before purchasinji elsewhere

DOUGHERTY & HARTLEY, Gettysburg

Skinnkr Systkm op Irrioation With Ckli^ry.

142

145

Modern Methods
Mean Money to You

Time Was When Any Old Thing Would Do

Any old field for an orchard (often too steep or too rocky or too

poor for anything else)
Any old trees, of any old variety, set any old way
Any old cultural methods (or none) coupled with any old care (,f any)
Any old ladder, plus any old saw (or ax) equaled any old pruning

(or butchering) ,

Any old spray material, applied at any old time with any old spraye
Any old grading (or none) packed in any old barrel or box. Result

(of necessity)
ANY OLD PRICE

IT WONT DO IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Only by using modern methods can you hope to

GET YOUR SHARE

Poor equipment i. worse than fooli.h. It means loss every time
Use sharp pruning tools of approved type < WE HAVE THEM)
Cultivate with Cutaway and Forkner Light Draft Harrows (ASK

US FOR CATALOGS) ^„^v,

Use the best ladders you can buy (NONE BETTER THAN

TTT I EY'S)

sole agents for Pennsylvania)

W'./^ ARE THE CREAM catalogs for the asking
r=.refullv nicked and graded fruit packed in neat, clean boxes or
barrels win always command good prices. We supply orchard
c« te Oregon boxes, standard New York barrels, barrel presses
and all paper requisites needed in packmg fancy fruit .

Write us for any Orchard Requisite. If we cannot supply It we can
Write us lor any ^^.^^^^ly ,j„ y^u where to get it

SPECIAL PRICES TO MEMBERS F. G. A.

ASK US ABOUT IT

EDWIN C. TYSON, fi25i?^P:

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL

ORCHARD TOOLS AND SUPPLIES

'■(t

^M^

</*

.<.

Adams County Fruit Records

Shipments Over Gettysburg & Harrisburg R. K,— {Continued)

-4-*

pq
d

4_> CO

.^ pq

CL, fL,

Gardners, 1903 997 985 1982 13

1905 912 5215 6127 41 4
1906

1907 6905 5440 12345 82 4

1908 433 433 3 1

1909 2275 4571 6846 46

1910 1566 3722 5288 35 1

1911 3900 4800 8700 58

1912 1860 1860 12 6

Starners, 1905 682 1016 1698 11 5

1906 664 133 797 5 4

1907 1572 219 1791 12 3

1908 487 487 3 3

1909 1825 8 1833 12 4

1910 2500 2192 4692 31 3

1911 2018 668 2686 18 2

1912 2000 563 2563 17 18
Hunters Run, 1903 625 625 4

1905 160 160 320 2 8

1906 295 262 557 4 5

1907 1417 514 1931 13 12

1908 1704 1704 11 1

1909 1289 510 1799 12 1

1910 2103 2190 4293 29 1

1911 3750 300 4050 27

1912 2040 2040 14

1903 17468 4385 21853 146

1905 15617 9908 25525 170

1906 6295 3450 9745 65

1907 34797 19217 54014 360 56

1908 12017 12017 80 39

1909 27037 6426 33463 223 26

1910 43523 13003 56526 377 57

1911 70100 7049 77149 514 9

1912 41508 2862 44370 296 76

a>
o

• ^^

PL,
<

X5
P5

c«

CL,

a, w

> (U
< pL,

$1 75 $1 50 $0 50

1 35

2 00
1 50

1 50

2 50
2 00
2 00
1 50

65
55

(Good year)

1 50
1 75

1 50

2 50

50
50

2 00

& H. R.
Total

47
35

1
2
2
2
1

45
50
00
00
50

75
50

65
55
50

Gardners — 1906. 2 cars pears; 1007,
pears; 4 cars peaches; 191 1, 5 cars pears;

Starners — 19 10, 2 cars peaches; 191 i,
500 baskets peaches; 300 bushels pears.

I car pears; 1908, 2 cars pears; 1910, 2 cars
25 cars canned apples.
300 bushels pears; 200 baskets peaches; 191 2,

A 1

142

Modern Methods
Mean Money to You

Time Was When Any Old Thing Would Do

Any old field for an orchard (often too steep or too rocky or too

Anyhow s"pmy material, applied at any old tin.e with any old sprayer
Any old grading (or none) packed in any old barrel or box. Result

(of necessity)
ANY OLD PRICE

IT WON'T DO IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Only by using modern methods can you hope to

GET YOUR SHARE

Poor .quipment U worse than fooli.h. It means loss every time
Use sharp pruning tools of approved type < WE HAVE THEM)
Cultivate with Cutaway and Forkner L.ght Draft Harrows (ASK

„„ ^rS "If,""! Wv <NONE B.,T.R T„A.

sole agents for Pennsylvama) , atR TICHT SPRAY-

knapsack ARE THE CREAM catalogs for the asking
r..r.f.,llv nicked and graded fruit packed in neat, clean boxes or
barrels'^wilf always command good prices We supply orchard
crate Oregon boxes, standard New York barrels, barrel presses
aS pape^r requisites needed in packing fancy fru.t .

Wrli« US for any Orchard Requisite. If we cannot supply It we en
Write us for any »^^^^,bly tell you where to get it

SPECIAL PRICES TO MEMBERS F. G. A.

ASK US ABOUT IT

EDWIN C. TYSON, fi25^J^^P:

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL

ORCHARD TOOLS AND SUPPLIES

145

A \

41/*

Adams County Fruit Records

Shipments Over Gettysburg & Harrisburg R. K,— {Continued)

u
a;

-a

£0

< .

U X!
rt QQ

. o

PL,

o cT-t:

(L>

PL,

C/}

O CD

d. PQ

Gardners,

1903

997

985

1982

13 .

1905

912

5215

6127

1906

■ • • • •

Starners,

Hunters Run, .
(Good year)

G. & H. R. R., ....

Total

1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1903
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1903
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912

6905

433

2275

1566

3900

1860

682

664

1572

487

1825

2500

2018

2000

625

160

295

1417

1704

1289

2103

3750

2040

17468

15617

6295

34797

12017

27037

43523

70100

41508

5440

4571
3722

4800

1016
133
219

2192

668

563

160
262
514

510

2190

300

4385

9908

3450

19217

6426

13003

7049

2862

12345

433

6846

5288

8700

1860

1698

797

1791

487

1833

4692

2686

2563

625

320

557

1931

1704

1799

4293

4050

2040

21853

25525

9745

54014

12017

33463

56526

77149

44370

146

170

360

223

377

514

296

4
1

$1 75 $1 50 $0 50

1 35

• • • •

2 00
1 50

5
4
3
3
4
3
2
18

1 50

2 50
2 00
2 00
1 50

65
55

8
5
12
1
1
1

1 50
1 75

1 50

2 50

50
50

2 00

:{5

56
39
26
57
9
76

2
o

45
50
00
00
50

75
1 50

65
55
50

(lardners — 1906, 2
pears; 4 cars peaches;

Starners — iqio, 2
500 baskets peaches; 3

cars pears; 1Q07,
191 1, 5 cars pears;
cars peaches; 191 i,
00 bushels pears.

I car pears; 1908. 2 cars pears; 191 o, 2 cars
25 cars canned ai'.ples.
300 bushels pears; 200 baskets peaches; 191 2,

iNTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

i4/b

THE

_ "REITER

BOLSTER SPRING

I See That Hanger i

.„<! i„ ,. iwod c«.Ak» ^ when Ihey !.<■ hojjej^ _^^ g^^ „,g^ ^

WITH

The Rcitcr Bolster Spring

ON THE

American Farm Wagon

you can haul or carry any and
everything equal to any spring
wagon and at one-half the cost.

<i^

» f

-J>

<«

* 0

9 "ff

pull easier and last longer, harness
wear longer and horses work easier.
These Springs don t work on top
of the Bolster, like other Bolster
Springs, but on each side in shackles,
on the same principle as any higti
priced Spring Wagon. These Springs
can t be broken by ovedoadmg or
rebounding like a Spring Wagon.
By overloading, the spnngs will
, . work down on each side ot the

rebounaing or lifhng up of the bed. ^^ g^„

No one using a rough wagon should be^'J^^'^er tLy are wananted and

you think of them.

W C. REITER, Sole Maker

vy. v.. ivi. WAYNESBORO, PA.

Price on Appltcation.

147

Adams County Fruit Records — (Continued)

Shipments Over Western Maryland R. R.

•o

"5 !

-o

^^ ^

'S^

•4->

as
< .

OS .

eL,3

in r^

ry? ^

.^k •

<u CQ

0) •

3-^

J2j=i

W5 r:? Y' vi

.^ V.

.^3

l-H

c3" o-^

•

. O ' . o

d 2 o9

. I-

:z;w

:2;w

<^^

3 rt

o <n

'^^ ^

Oh M

> a>

Orrtanna,

McKnightstown,

New Oxford,

East Berlin,

W. M. R. R., ...
Total

, 1903
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912

. 1903
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912

. 1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912

. 1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912

. . 1903
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912

3300
1062
3659
3177
2686
741
8216
7043
8912
3438
7895
2296
3393
1785
7724
14275
26297
4122

2342
1020
840
4045
3846
2798

178

254
1155

251
2030
1800
2231

520
1033

3300

1062

3659

5519

3706

1581

12261

10889

11710

3438

8073

2550

4548

2036

9754

16075

28528

4642

1033

7
24
37
25
10
82
73
78
23
54
17
30
13
65
107
190
31
7

1 $2 00 $1 50 $0 50

2 40 1 50

'A
1

2 00

1 50 60

1-6

• • •

1-3
2

Va
2

1 00 1 00

2 15 1 85

1 75

2 50 1 50

47
50

2 00
1 50

390

275

1140

276
695

152

276 2

695 4^4

390 2^

427 3

1193 2333
49

15 1-3 $1 80 $0 90 $0 70
3/^ 2 25 2 25 60

6738

10380

7447

7720

4536

8873

22946

33959

14091

205 215

1 2

160 178

80 80

6738

1320 11700
1447 8894
13948 21668
2891 7427
4870 13743
7135 30081
6637 40596
3550 17641

^
45

144

201

270

117

1-3

214

1 75

2 50

1 50

2 00
1 50

Littlestown — 1910, 3 cars apples; 2 cars potatoes; 191 1, 2 cars apples; 1912, 5 cars
potatoes.

Dillsburg — 1910, 2 cars apples; 19". 2 cars apples.

McKnightstown — 191 1, i car pears; 1912, 40 bushels pears.

Orrtanna — 191 1, 620 baskets peaches; 1912, 1,810 baskets peaches.

Charmian — 191 1, 48 barrels apples; 1912, 40 barrels apples; 50 bushels pears.

Gettysburg — 1912, 42 barrels apples; one-third car potatoes.

Virginia Mills — 1912, 300 barrels apples; 4 cars potatoes.

Granite Station-^-iQiz, 400 barrels apples.

Total Fruit Marketed in County.

148

II'
Ill

THIS VALUABLE BOOK

FREE

THIS book contains
facts and figures of
vital interest to every
orchardist.

Read its pages and learn
how Red Cross Dynamite
has been safely and prof-
itably used for tree plant-
ing, subsoiling and re-
generating orchards.

Every page is instruct-
ively written and the sim-
plicity of methods recom-
mended insure success.

Why continue to risk
the life of fruit trees by
planting in "Spade dug"
holes when Red Cross
Dynamite easily, cheaply
and surely prepares the
deep, broad and mellow
root bed needed for rapid
and sturdy growth of
young trees ?

Du Pont Powder
Company, ^

MAIL THIS
COUPON TO-DAY

Name

WILMINGTON, DEUWARL

Adams County Fruit Growers' Assn., Penn. '13 1

P. O. Address

County

State

PLEASE GIVE US THIS INFORMATION

Have you ever used exnlosives ? Yes No For what purpose, stump
or boulder blasting, tree-planting, subsoiling, ditching, orchard regenerating,
#»vpavatin0- (Mark X over work done.) ,,

I ""shTyou plant trees in the Spring of 1913 ? Yes No or Fall,
I 1913 ? Yes No How large is your orchard ? Acres 1 rees

I (estimated). Shall you wish the name of a reliable agricultural blaster to do
I the dynamiting for you ? Yes No

^^*

CO ^^

^4.

•

*T3

•

Is
<; .

CT3 .

1> .

3-^

•— •

rt pq

Y^ CO

u ^

^ pL,

.H3

O CO

o ?^

<^o

>n'

> oJ

•

:2;w

12;^

<p^

Total shipped, .

1903 242nfi

4^«5

28591

191 ....

^■m

1905 ;
1906
1907 '
1908

^5997 11228
13742 4897
i2517 33165
16553 2891

37225
18639
75682
19444

248 52
124 38
504 63
129 40

. V

$1 50 $0 75 $0 60

1909

35910 11296

47206

314 27

2 50

1 50

^I^W

1910

57219 20138

87557

583 61^

2 00

1 20

li^^H

1911 104659 13686 :

L18345

789 10

2 00

1 00

'^> £H

1912

55599 6412

62011

413 84

> iH

Evaporated, . . .

1903 .

6547

^ mt

1905 .

10670

^^»J

1907 .

1908 .

1909 .

8333

4666

ox ....

1910 .

8600

0 1 ....

>^^^B

1911 .

1912 .

21750

5000

21750
5000

145
33

• • • •

Canned,

1905 .

2400

1907 .

10000

67 ....

t ' i9

' 1908 .

1673

11 ....

1909 .

12398

^ iB

1910 .

16700

111 ....

1911 .

25000

167 ....

• • • • *

1912 .

27108

181 ....

Cider,

1907 .

1908 .

9524

6670

9524
6670

63 . . . .

1909 .

5714

38 . . . .

1910 .

11120

74 ....

'*" m

1911 .

12500

8o . . . .

1912 .

8000

Oo . . . .

Total fruit, ..

1903

1905
1906

24206 10932
25997 24298
13742 4897

35138
50295
18639

234

335 52
124 38

• • • • •

1907

42517 61022

103539

690 63

2 25

. 1 75

1908

16553 11234

27787

185 40

1 K

) 75

1909

35910 34074

69984

465 27

' 2 5C

) 1 50

1 50

1910

67219 56558

123777

825 615^

2 OC

1 1 20

1911 104659 72936

177595

1184 10

2 Of

1 75

1 00

1912

55599 46520

102119

680 84

1 5C

I 80

Compai

rison of Percentages

.'^

<^-^

4^^

^ a;

•>->

-4->

Cen
orat

C-3

013

u-^

U V

Ph-^

Ph S

(x, z

I- c^

2 a

1903

• •

100%

1905

• •

143%

1907

295%

1909

200%

1910

356%

1911

500%

1912

344%

Three cars evaporated apples; 62 cars canned apples; 3 cars pears; 5,600 baskets
peaches.

GET THE BEST

A Good Spra\) Pump earns big profits and lasts for years

THE ECLIPSE

Is a good pump. As practical f^^'t gro^^'-«,^^^;j,f";;;'3«^Jd
rommon soravers in our own orchards, found the r detects ano
STnveS the Ec/ipse. Its success practically forced us m^o
tnen invciucu a- ^ chances. We

manufacturing on a large scale. j;^,,,''f„„, uiuBtraud cataiogu,
have done all the expenmentmg. „„j treatue on tpraying-FR£t.

MORRILL & MORLEY, MFG. CO., Benton Harbor, Mich.

EDWIN C. TYSON, Distributor, Flora Dale, Pa.

INDEX.

A
Addresses —

"Peaches," 25-32

"Essentials in Spraying," 33-35

"Duties of Citizenship," 36-45

"Winter Injuries to Fruit Trees," 46-55

"The Use of Fertilization in Apple Orchards," 57-75

"Peach Packing and Packages," 77-^3

"Grape Growing and Its Possibilities on a General Fruit

Farm," 85-90

"The Chestnut Blight," 91-98

"Cover Crops and Their Effect on the Soil," 95-106

"Some Problems Confronting the Apple Grower of To-
day," 107-1 ID

"Alfalfa," 111-116

"Lessons from Western Apple Growers," 1 17-120

"Principles of Cookery as Applied to Farm Cooking," . . 121-126

Apple Varieties, 107

Amendments, 19

Adams, W. S. (Adv.), 56

American Agricultural Chemical Co. (Adv.), 76

Air Tight Steel Tank Co. (Adv.), 22-23

Advertisers —

Bowker Insecticide Co. (Spray Materials), 2

J. G. Harrison & Sons (Nursery Stock), 4

The Deming Co. ( Sprayers) , 6

Dcyo-Macey Engine Co. (Sprayers), 8

G. P. Read (Packages and Cushions), 10

B. G. Pratt Co. (Spray Materials), 12

York Chemical Works (Fertilizers) . 14

Goulds Manufacturing Co. (Sprayers), 16

Musselman Canning Co. (Greeting) , 18

T. H. Evans & Co. (Commission Merchants), 20

Air Tight Steel Tank Co. (Power Sprayers), 22-23

Keystone National Powder Co. (Dynamite), 24

T. S. Hubbard Co. (Grape Vines and Small Fruits), .... 32

U. S. Kleinfelter (Barrels), 55

First National Bank, Gettysburg 56

Hill Top Orchards Warehouse Co., 56

P. S. Orner, (Barrels), 75

American Agricultural Chemical Co. (Fertilizers), 76

Franklin Davis Nursery Co., 83

Wickersham Nurseries, 84

Battlefield Nurseries, 98

Chas. Cooper & Co. (Sulphur) , 106

Cutaway Harrow Company, 120

Madison Cooper Co. (Cold Storage Plants), 126

Baugh & Sons Company (Fertilizers), 127

J. W. Richley Auto Co. (Automobiles), 128-129

Citizens Trust Co 130

Kelley Brothers (Nursery Stock), 131

Gettysburg National Bank, 132

Cummer Mfg. Co. (Crates), 133

151

152

SPRAY

Ask us to send you Spraying
Calendar and Directions FREE

M« matter whether yours is a large or a small spraying con'

;:rmix',i,« wKTospra"; and how .o spray .o secure ,he
♦he best results.

A SPRAYER To Suit Your Needs.

Our line includes everything from the small hand sprayer uP
tooul Watson-Ospraymo machines and our famous Power Or

''ol'rEADE/f'brchard Sprayers are typical modern rna-
chfn's" large spraying operaUons E.a.ppe^ w^^

^n'gl'n^i^c^n^^^l^Sn^^^^^^^^^

of farm work. , _

Strainer cleaners.

Hand, Bucket and
Knapsack Sprayers.
Something to suit
EVERY REQUIRE-
MENT—every one the
best of its kind.

Be sure to write and get our sprayer book before
anything in the sprayer line.

Address: - ««^ r^/^

FIELD FORCE PUMP CO.,

11th Street, East,

Elmira, N. Y.

buying

-2
IS

3 3

^ i^

135

137
138

139
140

141
142

144
146

148
150
152
154
156

I43-I4S

147
149

134-136-139

111-116

I I 2-1 14
74, 104

153

International Tool Co. (Pruning Tools),

The Dean Electric Company (Electric Manufacturing
Plants),

J. G. Stover (Orchards),

The Mountain View Nursery Co.,

Funkhouser & Sachs (Tailors ) ,

Dougherty & Hartley (Merchants),

Edwin C. Tyson (Orchard Tools and Supplies),

Sherwin-Williams Company (Spray Materials)^

W. C. Reiter ( Bolster Springs ) ,

DuPont Powder Co. (Dynamite),

Morril & Morley Mfg. Co. (Sprayers),

Field Force Pump Co. ( Sprayers) ,

Light Draft Harrow Co. (Orchard Harrow),

John S. Tilley (Ladders),

Adams County Fruit Records, Gettysburg and Harrisburg

R. R. Shipments,

Western Maryland R. R. Shipments,

Total Shipments and Total Fruit,

Adams County Orchard Photographs,

Advantages of Tower in Spraying,

Of Agitator in Spraying,

Alfalfa,

Illustrations,

As Cover Crop,

Baugh & Sons Company (Adv.), -. 127

Bowker Insecticide Co. (Adv.), 2

Battlefield Nurseries (Adv.), 98

Baskets • 7^

Bassets,' C. E., 29, 52, 54, 33-35, 73, 117-120

Black, W. H., 90, 97

Bolster Springs (Adv.), 146

Banks (Adv.), 56, 130, 132

Barrels (Adv.), 55, 75

Cushions, Caps and Circles for (Adv.), 10

Blake, Prof. M. A., 46-55,77-83

Barnyard Manure on Peaches 31

By Laws, I9-2I

Broiling Steak, 125

Committees, List of, ^9

Duties of 19-21

Cultivating Machinery (Adv.), 120,154

Constitution, ^7

Chestnut Blight, 91-98, 140

133

106

" 22, 23

Crates (Adv.),

Crown Gall on Peach,

Citizens Trust Co. (Adv.),

Chas. Cooper & Co. (Adv.)

Compressed Air Sprayer (Adv.),

Crop Reports, I43, I45, I47, I49

Commercial Lime Sulphur, 2, 144

Cummer Mfg. Co. (Adv.), I33

Cutaway Harrow Co. (Adv.), 120

Cooking, 121-126

Cover Crops, 30, 99-ioo, 74

Collingwood, H. W., 3^5

154

FORKNER LIGHT-DRAFT
HARROW-IN ACTION

NOTE that every Inch of soil is thoroughly cultivated, lifted and turned
in long wavy levels, thus exposing the maximum amount of soil surface
to the chemical action of the sun. See how easily the driver can work up to
tree tnmk without having to dodge branches. Observe low center of gravity,
width of cut, and ease with which each separate gang (there are four) can be
raised to dump trash, or all hooked up in moving over road.

WILL DO JUST AS GOOD WORK FOR YOU

Dozens of Orchardists have proven it as shown by letters we have on file--
One large grower, after thoroughly testing a sample harrow ordered six more,
but thesis A^O NEED TO TAKE OUR WORD FOR IT

Write today for catalogue and 30 day trial offer. Select the size and type of
machine best suited to your soil, we will ship one to any responsible party, and

TRY IT IN YOUR ORCHARD-AT OUR RISK

Send it back if you don't find it the finest cultivator made Think of culti-
vating 20 acres daily with 2 horses.. Do not delay there is bound to be a tre-
mendous demand for 1913 and late comers may be disappointed.

UGHT-DRAFT HARROW CO.

910 E. Nevada St. Marshalltown, Iowa

SOLE PENNSYLVANIA REPRESENTATIVE

EDWIN C. TYSON, Flora Dale, Pa.

4 i

K'.

Dean Electric Co. (Adv.),

DuPont Powder Co. (Adv.), ...
Deyo-Macey Engine Co. (Adv.),

Deming Company, (Adv.),

Davis, Franklin & Co. (Adv.),

• •••••

• • • • •

Dues,

Duties of Officers,

Discussion Following Addresses of —

Prof. F. N. Fagan,

Prof. M. A. Blake,

Dr. J. P. Stewart,

Mr. Lloyd S. Tenney,

Mr. Keller E. Rockey,

Dr. J. S. Lipman,

Mrs. Edith C. Salisbury,

"Duties of Citizenship,"

Executive Committee, List of,

Duties of,

Eldon, Robert M.,

Experimental Orchards, Report on,

Essentials in Spraying,

Evans, T. H. & Co. (Adv.),

Effect of Adding Plant Food to Orchards,
Effect of Cover Crops on the Soil,

• • • • •

First National Bank, Gettysburg, (Adv.),

Field Force Pump Co. (Adv),

Food Required by Mature Orchards,

Farm Credits,

Food Values,

Freezing of Trees,

Fireless Cooker,

Fruit, Adams County Records, ^43,

of Adams Co., at Pittsburg Show, (Illustrations),

Fertilizers,

For Orchards,

Experiment in Adams Co

Experiment in Bedford Co.,

Experiment in Lawrence Co.,

Recommendations,

Time and Method of Application,

Funkhouser & Sachs (Adv.),

137

148

8
6

17
19-21

52,83

73
90

105,116

124

3
21

30, 52, 55

57-75

33-35
20

59
99-106

56
152

57-58

121

46-55
120

145, 147, 149

24, 35, 158
14, 76, 127

57-75

64-65

69-70

71
140

Gould Mfg. Co. (Adv.),

Grove, W. E.,

Gettysburg Nat. Bank (Adv.), .....;

Gettysburg and Harrisburg R. R. fruit shipments,

Grape Growing,

Griest, A. W.,

Georgia Carriers,

31,74

132

143-145

85-90

53,116

79,80

Honest Packing,

Harrison, J. G. & Sons (Adv.),
Harvesting Peaches, Method of,
Horticultural Requisites,

43, 117, 120,

131

142

156

O
z

H
Z

sition. To

Bale Lock
Extension

Quick and Positive

Always keep
rope hand
close to lad-
der when ope-
rating top sec-
tion. Pull rope
to raise the
traveling sec-
tion. To lower
traveling sec-
tion carry the
hand slightly
to the right
while Bale is
in vertical po-
....V... ^^ lock it, carry
hand to the left, always keep-
ine rope hand close to the
ladder and the Bale will drop
in position and lock it secure

Tilley*s Omega Tripod Step Ladder

''First-class in every respect. StifF, rigid,
light and durable. All flat steps to stand on.
The two lower steps are supported by, and
rest on rounds which tie, support and thor-
oughly brace the main ladder. Fully cov-
ered by patents dated December 26, 1910."

"Beware of false statements from unscru-
pulous competitors who are trying to force
the sale of their inferior goods by intimida-
tion. The Pantentee and Manufac-
turer is responsible, reliable, able
and willing to protect his patrons
and himself against bluffers."

JOHN S. TILLEY

Manufacturer of Ladders and Step Ladders of every description

Factory, WATERVLIET, N. Y.

Represented in Pennsylvania by

EDWIN C. TYSON, Flora Dale, Pa.

Tripod

Omega

5, 6, 7, 8,

10, 12, 13

steps

^> A

<\^

< M

^>\

157
I

Illustrations —

Sprayers (Adv.), 6, 8, i6, 22, 23, 150, 152

Harrows (Adv.), ^54

Bolster Springs (Adv.), 140

Ladders (Adv.), 156

Spray Materials (Adv.), I44

Crates (Adv.), I33

Electrical Apparatus (Adv.), ^37

Pruning Tools (Adv.), I35

Picking Adams County York Imperial, 134

Well Tilled Orchard, 138

State College Greenhouses, 132-133

Automobiles (Adv.), 129

Effect of Fertilizers on Orchards, 00

Baskets of Peaches, 7^, Toa

Crates of Peaches, oO» ^^

Advantage of Thinning Peaches, ooa

Plate of Apples, ^34

Cluster of Adams Co. Winter Banana, 130

Chestnut Blight, 92,96,140

Basket of Adams Co. York Imperials, I39

Dish of Strawberries, ^30

Alfalfa, 112, 114

Crimson Clover, ^^^

Good Place for Cull Apples, I30

Neat Honest Packing, ^31

Skinner System of Irrigation Mi

Adams County Blue Ribbon Fruit at Pittslmrg Show, 24,35,158

International Tool Co. (Adv.), I3S

Keystone Powder Co. ( Adv.) , 24

Kelly Brothers (Adv.), I3I

Kinds of Food, 122

Lipman, Dr. Jacob P 99-106,111-116

Lime Sulphur, Method of Making 33, 83

Little Peach, 29

Light Draft Harrow (Adv.), 154

Lessons from Western Apple Growers, 117,120

Membership, Roll of, 5, 7, 9, ii» I3

Constitutional Requirement for, I7

Manure vs. Nothing on Apples (Illus.), 00

Manure vs. Fertilizer, 06

Marketing, 77, 82

Musselman Canning Co. (Adv.), ^

Madison Cooper Co. (Adv.), 120

Morrill & Morley Mfg. Co. (Adv.), I50

Mountain View Nursery Co. (Adv.), ^39

Making Good Coffee, 124

Officers, List of, 3

Consist of, ^7

Duties of, i^' 21

Object of Association, ^7

Order of Business, 21

Orchard Heaters, 32

•. »

^^'^■^-^m-

158

.72

Orchard Fertilizer Test Outlined, * * ' * 75

Orner, P. S. (Adv.),

P ... 63

Permanent Effect of Fertilizers, *;*.'.'.'.'.'. 42

Parcel Post, • • * * * V; V '^ ........: ^^'

Pratt, B. G. Co. (Adv.), 43

Pure Food, ; *. 27, 28

Pruning Peach, 25,32

Peach Culture, ••••:•:•;:.••••;• 'AV^uVrdV ^^

Plant Food Result of Adding to Orchards, ^ 27

Planting Peach, Method of, . . . • * 32

Peach Fillers in Apple Orchards, 77^83

Peach Packing and Packages • * 107, no

Problems Confronting Apple Growers, • • ^31, 126 .

Principles of Cooking,

R 146

Reiter, W. C. (Adv.), * / * * 10

Read, G. P. (Adv.), 91-^

Rockey, Keller E., • • • • • • /aY * V " ' '. '. ' 128,129

Richley, J. W. Auto Co. (Adv.), 53

Reviving Frozen Trees,

..144
' Sherwin-Williams Co. (Adv.), 106

Sulphur ( Adv.) , . • • ' >; *.'.*."*.*.*.'*... 121, 126

Salisbury, Mrs. Edith C, C2, 57-75

Stewart, Dr. J. P., • • • 104

Soy Beans as Cover Crop, 32,52,54

Storage of Trees,

r ... 34

Tower for Spraying, Importance ot, ' j-^

Tilley, John S. (Adv.),

'^^^^'T Relative Plant Food Draft of Wheat and Apples, .... g

I.'^nflulnce of Fertilizers on ^;ield (Lawrence Co. , . g
TTT Influence of Fertihzers on Yield. (Bedtord L,o. >,

V; InLnce of Fertilizers on Yield. (A^ams Co.), ... ^5

V Influence of Fertilizers Elements on Apples,

VI. General Fertilizer for Apple Orchards, 7^

VII. Plan of Local Orchard-Fertilizer i est, ^^^ / ^

Trees, Winter Injury to, .'.85,90,98, i07-"0» ^^^

Tenny, Lloyd S., .*.'.*.'..*........ . . ' 53, 74, i03, io5

Tyson, C. J.,

^ 107

Varieties, of Apples, ."....,.. I04

Vetch as a Cover Crop

•w ; . 98

Sl^Ma^yla^d-R.R.;Shipm;ntroVer;:^ \%

Well Tilled Orchard, . ^ 46, 55

Winter Injury to Fruit Trees, .*.'.'.*.'.' 29, 30, 53, 74, 1^6

Wickersham, R. A.,

Y . • 14

York Chemical Co. (Adv.), 134^ 130, 158

York Imperial, Illustration ot, '.'.'..... 29,30

Yellows of Peach, ..•••••; '. 62,65

Yield Influenced by Fertilizers,

•A'

'■*•-!

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "Proceedings of the ... annual convention"

See other formats