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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

California Academy of Sciences

FOURTH SERIES

Vol. XX

SAN FRANCISCO

Published by the Academy

1931-1933

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION

Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Chairman and Editor

Dr. C. E. Grunsky Dr. Wm. E. Ritter

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XX

Pages
No. 1. Swarth, Harry S. Geographic Variation in the Richardson

Grouse. (3 Text figures). Published May 22, 1931 1-7

No. 2. Johnson, Ivan M. The Flora of the Revillagigedo Islands

Published November 18, 1931 9-104

No. 3. Howell, John Thomas. The Genus Pogogyne. (Plate 1).

Published December 18, 1931 105-128

No. 4. Howell, John Thomas. A Great Basin Species of Physo-

carpus. Published December 18, 1931 129-134

No. 5. Eastwood, Alice. New Species of Plants from Western

North America. Published December 18, 1931 135-160

No. 6. Hanna G. Dallas. The Diatoms of Sharktooth Hill, Kern
County, California. (Plates 2-18). Published January
8, 1932 161-263

No. 7. Schmidt, Karl P. A New Subspecies of Coral Snake from

Guatemala. Published January 8, 1932 265-268

No. 8. Mailliard, Joseph. Birds and Mammals from the Koote-
nay Valley, South-eastern British Columbia. Published
January 8, 1932 269-290

No. 9. Van Dyke, Edwin C. Miscellaneous Studies in the Ela-
teridae and Related Families of Coleoptera. Published
March 3, 1932 291-465

No. 10. Seale, Alvin. Agonostomus Hancocki Seale, sp. nov. Pub-
lished December 30, 1932 467-469

No. 11. Snyder, John Otterbein. Description of Salmo Seleniris.

A New California trout. Published November 16, 1933.471-472

No. 12. Grunsky, C. E. Report of the President of the Academy

for the Year 1931. Published December 31, 1940 473-482

No. 13. Evermann, Barton Warren. Report of the Director of the
Museum and of the Aquarium for the Year 1931. Pub-
lished December 31, 1940 483-487

Bradley, F. W. Report of the Treasurer of the Academy

for the Year 1931. Published December 31, 1940 488-491

No. 14. Grunsky, C. E. Report of the President of the Academy
and Acting Director of the Museum and of the Aquarium

for the Year 1932. Published December 31, 1940 493-517

Bradley, F. W. Report of the Treasurer of the Academy for

the Year 1932. Published December 31, 1940 518-521

Index. Published December 31, 1940 523-533

Errata 534

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 1, pp. 1-7, 3 text figures May 22," 1931

GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE
RICHARDSON GROUSE

HARRY S. SWARTH
Curator, Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy

Tetrao richardsonii was described by Douglas1 from the
Rocky Mountains, Lat. 52° N., Long. 115° W. ; it has com-
monly been regarded in later years as a subspecies of the
Dendragapus obscunts aggregation. In 1914, Taverner2
named Dendragapus obscurus ftemingi as a northern variant
of this same group, with type locality at Teslin Lake, Yukon
Territory. This was described as a dark colored form, all
comparisons being made with birds from "southern British
Columbia," apparently from the south-central section. I, my-
self, was familiar with "richardsonii" only as from the
Okanagan region, British Columbia, and from eastern Ore-
gon. Birds from northern British Columbia were obviously
different from the southern specimens, just as Taverner de-
scribed, and I accepted ftemingi at face value, as a well
marked, dark-colored, northern subspecies, probably of rather
restricted distribution.

When Major Allan Brooks and I collected together in the
Atlin region in 1924 he was outspokenly skeptical as to the
validity of ftemingi, assuring me that he had seen dark-colored
grouse from mountains in the "wet belt" of southeastern
British Columbia, remote from the described habitat of

1 Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XVI, pt. 1, 1829, 141.
-Auk, XXXI, 385.

May 22, 1931

2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

flemingi. This is the basis of Brooks'3 later statement that
"Swarth is well aware of the presence of a very dark form of
richardsoni with all the characters of flemingi throughout the
whole of the humid southern interior of British Columbia."
T was aware of it in the sense that Brooks had given me this
information. I am glad to pay tribute here to the keenness of
Brooks' field observations and to say that I did not for a
moment doubt the accuracy of what he told me, but I did not
see how I could utilize the knowledge at that time, in the
absence of specimens or other exact data.

The problem naturally remained in my mind, however, and
it was forcibly brought to the fore when in 1928 Messrs.
Mailliard and Tose, of the California Academy of Sciences,
returned from Creston, British Columbia, with four adult
male Dendragapus that were indistinguishable from birds of
the Atlin region. Creston is close to the extreme southeastern
corner of the province, Atlin in the extreme northwest. Fol-
lowing this I availed myself of the opportunity that offered to
examine all the specimens of the richardsonii aggregation in
the British Museum, the Rothschild Museum at Tring, the
United States National Museum and the Field Museum of
Natural History.

The result of all this is my firm though reluctant conviction
that Dendragapus obscurus flemingi Taverner is a synonym of
Tetrao richardsonii Douglas. Two distinguishable forms had
been lumped under the one name richardsonii but Taverner
named the wrong subspecies. There is no type specimen
extant of Douglas' richardsonii, nor, so far as I know, any
near topotypes, but I have seen enough specimens from points
north, west and south of the type locality to carry conviction
that, interposed between the type locality of richardsonii and
the habitat of the pale colored southwestern form, there is
continuous distribution of the dark colored northern and
eastern form. The southwestern subspecies appears to be a
pallid variant that has been evolved in the semi-desert condi-
tions of the northern part of the Great Basin, extending
northward together with the sage brush and a few other
attendant birds, mammals and plants for a short distance into
south central British Columbia.

'Condor, XXIX, 1927, 113.

Vol. XX]

SWARTH— RICHARDSON GROUSE

Fig. 1. Map of western North America, showing distribution of Den-
dragapus obscurus richardsonii and D. o. pallidus. Symbols indicate
localities from which specimens were examined : circles, richardsonii;
triangles, pallidas; crosses, supposed intergrades between richardsonii and
obscurus. 1, type locality of Tetrao richardsonii; 2, type locality of
Dendragapus obscurus flemingi; 3, type locality of Dendragapus obscurus
Pallidus.

4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

The unavoidable readjustment of our ideas regarding this
group of grouse calls for a new name for the southwestern
form.

Dendragapus obscurus pallidus, new subspecies

Type: Male adult, no. 68254, coll. J. & J. W. Mailliard ;
October 14, 1894; Cornucopia, Baker County, Oregon.

Description: With the specific characters of Dendragapus
obscurus. Similar to D. obscurus obscurus in general colora-
tion but differs from that subspecies in not possessing a well
defined terminal gray band upon the rectrices. Similar to D.
obscurus richardsonii in the absence of the above mentioned
tail marking, but differs in being of generally paler color-
ation.

There do not seem to be any minor details of color, mark-
ings or measurements to distinguish between the two sub-
species richardsonii and pallidus. The differences are of a
general nature. One is developed to a dark extreme, the other
to a pale extreme, and there is an accentuation of white mark-
ings in the one form, a softening of such markings in the
other. Pallidus seems to be in character, as it is in geo-
graphical distribution, intermediate between D. obscurus
obscurus and D. obscurus richardsonii. Between D. o. ob-
scurus and D. o. pallidus there is no difference that I can see
in body color and markings, and almost no difference in the
shape of the tail. The fully adult obscurus has just such a
square-cut tail as pallidus and richardsonii. So that the only
difference there lies in the presence or absence of the terminal
tail band.

Distribution: Dendragapus obscurus richardsonii. From
northwestern British Columbia (Atlin) and southern Yukon
(Lake Teslin) east into southwestern Mackenzie (vicinity of
Fort Simpson and Fort Halkett), south through east-central
and southeastern British Columbia (Rocky Mountains, Sel-
kirk Range, and smaller ranges) and through western Alberta
(vicinity of Banff and Calgary) into northern Idaho.

* The Mailliard collection belongs to the California Academy of Sciences but has
not yet been catalogued.

Vol. XXI

SWARTH— RICHARDSON GROUSE

Fig. 2. Tail of Dendragapus obscurus richardsonii, dorsal view; adult
male (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, no. 44664) ; l/i natural size. This
bird, shot September 1, has nearly finished the annual molt; the lateral
rectrices are full grown ; the central ones less than half emerged.

Dendragapus obscurus pallidas. From south central
British Columbia southward over eastern Washington and
northeastern Oregon.

The subspecific identity of "flemingi" and richardsonii can,
I think, be accepted as an established fact. Likewise, the
northern boundaries of richardsonii are, I believe, indicated
with fair accuracy on the accompanying map. Conditions are
not so clear, however, at the southern boundaries of richard-
sonii and pallidas, and in the territory where either or both
approach the habitat of obscurus.

I have examined various specimens from points on the
eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains in Montana, that, when
I saw them singly in the several museums where I happened
to be visiting, seemed to me to belong without doubt to the
form I now term pallidas. There were, however, one or two
specimens from more western points in Montana and from
Idaho that were dark colored and otherwise typical of richard-

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Pkoc. 4th Ser.

Fig. 3. Tail of Dendragapus obscurus pallidus, ventral view ; immature
male (coll. of J. and J. W. Mailliard, no. 6824) ; y2 natural size. This
bird is near the end of its first annual molt and is assuming the adult
type of tail. The two outermost rectrices on each side are of the previous
year's (immature) plumage, not yet discarded though the central rectrices
are full grown.

sonii. To interpret the pale colored Montana birds as repre-
sentative of pallidus would result in a disconnected habitat for
that subspecies, with a richardsonii-mhsbited area interposed.
While most of the debateable Montana birds were examined
by me singly before I realized the need of further compari-
sons, I have several available at this writing and also good
specimens of obscurus from Colorado. I now believe that the
pale colored Montana birds are in all likelihood illustrative
of intergradation between obscurus and richardsonii. There
is remarkably little difference between obscurus and pallidus
except for the tail marking, and a slight change in this charac-
ter from the obscurus mode would produce just such pallidus-
like birds as those that I have seen from the western slope of
the Rocky Mountains in Montana. This is my present inter-
pretation of the facts but the whole matter should, of course,

Vol. XX] SWARTH— RICHARDSON GROUSE J

be considered open for further investigation. Anyone who
has the opportunity should make a thorough study of vari-
ation in these grouse in Montana and Idaho.

Molts and the succession of plumages in Dendragapus are
rather complicated. In a previous publication5 I have set forth
what I knew on this subject, but in the present study a fresh
fact came to light that seems worth presenting. In the male
richardsonii, as in others of the genus, there are conspicuous
differences in the tails of young and fully mature, two years
old and more (Swarth, loc. cit., fig. C). There are also, it
seems, differences in the manner of molt of the rectrices. In
the old bird the outermost tail feathers are lost first and their
successors are nearly full grown when the central pair are
dropped. The result is a lyre-shaped tail that is conspicuous in
flight, and that serves readily to identify such old males as are
flushed in August and early September. In the year-old male
first assuming the adult plumage this procedure is reversed, as
shown by a specimen at hand, and the outer rectrices are the
last to be renewed (see figs. 2, 3).

The map presented herewith was prepared by Miss Margaret
W. Wythe, the drawings of tail feathers by Mrs. Frieda
Abernathy.

« Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., vol. 30, 1926, pp. 73-84, text figs. B-E.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 2, pp. 9-104 November 18, 1931

II
THE FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS

IVAN M. JOHNSTON
Gray Herbarium of Harvard University

The four Revillagigedo Islands, Socorro, San Benedicto,
Roca Partida and Clarion, are a group of scattered and ap-
parently distinct peaks projecting from deep water several
hundred miles off the west coast of Mexico. In origin they are
chiefly if not exclusively volcanic. They lie along lat. 19° N
and are spread out over 200 miles of ocean from east to west.
They are arid, uninhabited, and only rarely visited, and are the
most isolated and remote bits of land claimed by Mexico.

As the exploration of the equally remote islands off the west
coast of South America has yielded such interesting botanical
results, it is most surprising that the Revillagigedos, the most
promising and remote islands off the west coast of Mexico and
Central America, have never had a detailed floristic study.
The floristic literature concerning the islands is most fragmen-
tary and scattered. It consists chiefly of two short, very in-
complete lists that were published over 30 years ago. With the
increased interest that has since developed in insular floras and
in the problems they present in plant dispersal, there has come
a distinct need for a detailed enumeration and analysis of the
flora of the Revillagigedos. I am, accordingly, presenting in
this paper a critically prepared catalogue of the insular species

November 18, 1931

10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

and have given such data as bear upon the floristic relation-
ships and origin of the flora of the islands. While more col-
lecting must be done on the islands, particularly upon Socorro,
and especially during the rainy season, before the flora is com-
pletely known, I believe that the data I have been able to pre-
sent here are sufficient to give a reasonably good general idea
of the island-flora and of its relationship to the flora of the
continent.

BOTANICAL EXPLORATION

Although the islands were discovered in 1533 [cf. McLel-
lan, Science, n. s., 62: 172 (1925)], the first recorded botani-
cal work done upon them appears to have been that of George
Barclay, botanist on the "Sulphur", who collected on Clarion
December 29, 1839. In Capt. Belcher's Narrative of the Voy-
age of the Sulphur, 1: 349 (1843), are found the first com-
ments on the flora of the islands by any one of botanical
experience. Concerning Clarion Island [Barclay was unable
to land on Socorro] Captain Belcher remarks : — Mr. Barclay
notices, "Argyreia rosea [Ipomoea halierca], and a species of
ruta [f Tribulus], run along the sand, the former extending
upwards of 25 feet in length. Cassia pendula [f Calliandra],
Guilandina bonducella [Caesalpinia crista], and a species of
tetranthera [f Irisine], are among the plants which I found
upon higher ground. Convolvulus purpurea [Ipomoea cathar-
tica], and two species of phaseolus [Phaseohts atro purpureas
and ? Canavalia apiculata], are abundant in the ravines; and
a species of euphorbia [E. anthonyi], like the species hetero-
phylla, and prickly pears [Opuntia sp.], cover the ground in
many places, and form a kind of stage for the leguminous
plants to run upon." These notes are obviously from Barclay's
manuscript journal, a portion of which I have seen, thanks to
the kindness of Captain Ramsbottom of the British Museum
of Natural History. The only other species mentioned in his
journal are Sophora tomentosa and Dodonaea viscosa. The
plants collected during the 1836-42 cruise of the "Sulphur"
were studied by George Bentham and treated in his well
known Botany of the Voyage of the Sulphur, which was
published in 1844 and 1845. A search through this volume

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS \\

has failed to disclose a single reference to Clarion Island or
the Revillagigedos. It is quite possible that Barclay's Clarion
collections were among those he mentions in his journal, under
June, 1837, as having been ruined by damp storage on board
ship. If his specimens are still extant they may be preserved
in the herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History.

The real beginning of the botanical exploration of the
islands occurred in 1889 with the visit of the "Albatross".
Anchorages were made at Sulphur Bay, Clarion Island, March
4-5; at Braithwaite Bay, Socorro Island, March 8-9; and
along the east side of San Benedicto Island on March 10.
Botanical collections were made on Clarion and Socorro by
Charles H. Townsend, the ornithologist of the voyage. These
were studied by Vasey and Rose and formed the basis of their
paper, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 145-149 (1890), entitled
"Plants collected in 1889 at Socorro and Clarion Islands,
Pacific Ocean." This remains the longest paper that has yet
been published on the insular flora and the only one to date
devoted exclusively to it. Twelve species were reported from
Clarion and 19 from Socorro. Townsend did get to the crest
of the main ridge of Clarion, but from his notes and collec-
tions it is obvious that his botanizing on Socorro was con-
fined to the lower slopes near the sea. Consequently, his col-
lections lack the distinctive plants of the islands, the numerous
endemics growing on the higher slopes of Socorro. His most
interesting discoveries were Tencrium townsendii on Clarion,
and Perityle socorrosensis on Socorro. He did obtain material
of the endemic species of Borreria, Ipomoea, Euphorbia, Eri-
geron and Stenophyllus, but this was neither sufficient nor
good enough to be described by Vasey and Rose. The com-
plete first set of Townsend's collections is in the U. S.
National Herbarium. A good set of duplicates is to be found
in the Gray Herbarium. His specimens were not numbered.

It was not until 1897, when the islands were visited by the
"Wahlberg", that the really distinctive features and the riches
of the Revillagigedo flora were discovered. This schooner,
fitted for exploration and in charge of A. W. Anthony, the
ornithologist, spent more than a month among the islands.
Over two weeks, early in May, were devoted to a visit to
Socorro where three anchorages were made, "two on the south
side and one in a little bay on the north". Well over a week

12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

was spent on Clarion at anchor in Sulphur Bay. Three dif-
ferent stops were made at San Benedicto, with the anchorages
all being made on the southeast side of the island. The
botanizing on the islands was done by A. L. Stockton, a young
nephew of Katherine Brandegee. His collections were the
first made on San Benedicto and the first obtained on the
middle slopes of Socorro. Many of the endemic species of
the latter island were consequently first collected by him.
Stockton's collections were turned over to T. S. Brandegee for
study and distribution. The direct result was the appearance
in December, 1898, of a paper by Brandegee, Erythea 7 : 1-9,
entitled "New Species of Plants from Mexico", in which 11
new species were described from the islands, 8 of them being
from Socorro alone. A year and a half later Brandegee, Zoe
5: 19-28 (1900), published his paper entitled, "Voyage of the
Wahlberg", the last two pages of which contain bare lists
giving the species then known from each of the Revillagigedo
Islands. This list has remained the most complete exposition
of the flora to date. In it, 5 species are attributed to San Bene-
dicto, 27 to Clarion and 41 to Socorro.

Although Stockton collected the specimens, it should be
noted that they were distributed and were cited in Brandegee's
papers under Anthony's name. Duplicates of these collections
have been distributed widely, in all cases, except the original
collection of Nicotiana stocktoni, with only Anthony's name
on the label. Consequently in the present paper I have fol-
lowed the labels and have attributed the collections to An-
thony. It is difficult to estimate the size of the total collection.
Certain specimens, probably those of which a goodly number
of duplicates were obtained, were distributed in numbered sets
accompanied by completely printed labels. There is, however,
certainly an equally large, if not larger number of collections
that are unnumbered, and which have hand-written labels.
These probably represent those collections of which very few
or no duplicates were obtained. Notes I have assembled show
that the numbered collections were allotted as follows, 369-372
for San Benedicto, 375-401 for Socorro, and 403-417 for
Clarion. Of the total series of numbers, 369-417, I have not
seen 373, 374, 402 nor 407. Number 394 has been applied to
both Zanthoxylum and Coreopsis and number 405 to both
Lepidium and Canavalia. Number 371, Stenophyllus, has ap-

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REV1LLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 13

peared on labels transposed as 317. I have record of 25 un-
numbered collections not represented in the numbered series.
No doubt there are others that I have not encountered. As my
records stand, however, Stockton's botanizing resulted in 6
collections from San Benedicto, 25 from Clarion and 41 from
Socorro. The labeling of the collection seems to be prevail-
ingly reliable. In fact, the only questionable labeling is that on
the original collection of Nicotiana stocktoni. This species is
given as from Socorro although I suspect it really came from
Clarion. Though Brandegee lists Scaevola from Socorro, the
specimens that he distributed are labeled as from Clarion. In
this case I believe the label is correct. The full set of the
Stockton collections is preserved in the herbarium of the Uni-
versity of California. The first set of duplicates of Stockton's
plants is in the Gray Herbarium.

The next event in the botanical exploration of the islands
was the visit there, between May 14 and July 9, 1903, of an
expedition sent out by the California Academy of Sciences.
The botanical collecting on the expedition was done by
Fredrick E. Barkelew. His collections were being studied by
Alice Eastwood when they were destroyed, along with her
notes, in the San Francisco disaster of 1906. Fortunately,
however, duplicates of Barkelew's collections had been sent
out previously to various institutions in the United States.
The best sets are now at the University of California and in
the Gray Herbarium.

The expedition spent May 14-26 anchored off San Bene-
dicto, from May 27 to July 2 exploring Socorro, and July 6-8
visiting Clarion. A letter to Joseph R. Slevin from Rollo H.
Beck, head of the expedition, kindly forwarded me by Dr.
Evermann, gives the following details of the botanist's activi-
ties:— "A young man named Barkelew collected some speci-
mens and my notes contain the following: Ensenada, April
30, 1903, 100 specimens; San Martens Is., May 3, few plants;
San Benedicto, May 15, 6 species taken; Socorro, May 27 to
July 2, Barkelew found about 70 species; Clarion, July 6 and
8, quite a few flowers." It is especially to be noted that the
expedition did visit Clarion, that Barkelew did collect there,
and that the dates, May 27-July 3, 1903, written in on many
labels of Barkelew's collections, properly apply only to the visit
to Socorro.

14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

While Barkelew's collections contain a goodly number of
species not previously obtained on the islands — for he appears
to have been the first to botanize on the higher slopes of So-
corro— their value is greatly lessened by the very questionable
geographic data that accompany at least some of his speci-
mens. His specimens are attributed on the printed labels only
to Socorro and San Benedicto. I have seen none of his collec-
tions labeled as from Clarion, although he is known to have
collected there. I am, however, quite certain that some of the
specimens, given as from Socorro, are mislabeled and came in
fact from Clarion. The clearest cases seem to be Caesalpinia
(no. 207), Ipomoea (no. 245), Sophora (no. 246), Melochia
(no. 247), Phase olus (no. 248) and Cressa (no. 252). Doubt-
less there are other similar cases of confusion which I have
not detected. A collection of Dodonaea (no. 188) labeled as
from San Benedicto is also questionable. That shrub is not
otherwise known from San Benedicto, a fact which seems
significant when it is realized that Barkelew does not have col-
lections from Socorro and Clarion where it is a conspicuous
plant.

I have assembled all the data I could, regarding Barkelew's
collections. This indicates that his Revillagigedo collections
fall in the gamut of numbers 169-252. I have seen a few col-
lections that are unnumbered. The numbers 169-176 are all
associated with plants attributed to San Benedicto. The re-
maining ones seen by me, except the Dodonaea (no. 188)
which I have mentioned, are all labeled as from Socorro. I
have not seen the specimens associated with the following
numbers: 185, 186, 195, 209, 212, 213, 219, 226, 234, 235,
237-41 and 249-251.

The most recent explorations of the Revillagigedos were
those made by the California Academy of Sciences in 1925.
During this expedition, anchorages were made at Sulphur
Bay, Clarion Island, from April 26 to May 1 ; at Braithwaite
Bay, Socorro Island, from May 2-11 ; and on the east side of
San Benedicto on May 12. A detailed account of the expedi-
tion, with maps, has been given by Hanna, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., ser. 4, 15: 29-66 (1926). The botanist was Herbert L.
Mason. Forty-four collections (nos. 1550-1593) were made
on Clarion, 83 (nos. 1596-1678) on Socorro, and 9 (nos.
1680-1688) on San Benedicto. Mason reached the summit of

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REV1LLAGIGEDO ISLANDS J 5

Socorro and appears to have made the first botanical collec-
tions ever obtained there. His collections are reported upon
for the first time in the present paper. The first set and all
type-specimens in his collections are deposited in the Her-
barium of the California Academy of Sciences. A set of
duplicates has been presented to the Gray Herbarium, by the
California Academy of Sciences.

Although several large collections have been made in the
Revillagigedo Islands they still remain a promising field for
further botanical work. Each succeeding exploration has dis-
covered additional undescribed species and has found more
continental species not previously reported for its flora. Fur-
ther collecting, especially on Socorro and particularly on its
higher slopes, will doubtless add more species, especially if
carried on, not in the dry months of May and June as
previously, but in the growing season during the period of
occasional showers from August to December. Careful and
extensive collecting at a favorable time will probably show
that we now know only about 75%, or even less, of the total
insular flora.

While the discovery of each species additional to the
recorded flora of the islands is of some scientific interest and
is a source of personal satisfaction for the collector, the most
important botanical work now awaiting attention on the
islands concerns not species so much as the vegetation and the
living plant. The past collectors on the islands have been
quite satisfied in making a single collection of each species
found on each of the islands. No attempt has been made to
make repeated collections either to show variation of the
plants or their distribution on particular islands. There is
almost nothing on record regarding the abundance, habits,
stature, habitats, associates, flower-color, etc., of the various
plants of the islands. Few, if any, notes have been made
which would permit the botanists who have not visited the
islands to visualize the living plant and see it in relation to its
environment. The plant ecology of the islands is an untouched
subject.

Future collecting on the islands promises not only the dis-
covery of heretofore unrecorded species and presents the op-
portunity for much needed and valuable observation on the
habits of the species and their ecological relations, but offers,

lg CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

in addition, the chance to check critically in the field the list of
species now reported from the several islands. Each of the
islands has a rather distinctive flora. This has been here and
there obscured by questionable records, traceable, no doubt, to
mislabeling that has resulted from a mixing of collections
from different islands. Not only should collectors maintain
the most scrupulous accuracy in the data for their own speci-
mens, but they can, by their notations that certain records
could not be verified despite alert and continued watch-
fulness on the islands, give us more basis to doubt these ques-
tionable records and eventually permit us to disregard them as
almost certainly false.

SOCORRO AND ITS FLORA

Socorro, the largest of the Revillagigedos, is roughly
quadrangular in shore-line with a long axis, lying NW to SE,
of about 91 miles in length. Its width varies from about 7 miles
at the NW end to about 4 miles at the SE. The island con-
tains approximately 50 square miles. The topography is simple,
the land sloping from the shore prevailingly upward towards
the center of the island. Socorro is, hence, a broadly conical
peak. Its summit is 1130 meters above the sea. In structure
the island appears to be entirely volcanic, the central peak, in
fact, being a small quiescent volcano that has been reported in
eruption as late as 1848. Such volcanic activity, however, does
not appear to have been of a devastating nature, at least for a
good many centuries. The biota of the island indicates a con-
siderable antiquity.

The island is situated at about lat. 18° 50' N and long.
111° 00' W. It lies about 260 miles S by W from the tip of
the peninsula of Lower California and about 320 miles WSW
from Cape Corrientes (in Jalisco), the most westerly point
on the mid-section of the Pacific coast of the Mexican main-
land. From Maria Madre, the largest of the Tres Marias
Islands, it lies 310 miles away SW by W. The land nearest to
Socorro is the island of San Benedicto which lies only about

1 Since the only surveys of the islands have been by navigators and the best maps,
consequently, are navigation charts, I have given distances in and about the islands
in nautical miles (roughly 6080 ft. or 1853 meters). All other measurements are in
the metric svstem.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS \J

25 miles away to the NNE. The small barren, bird-rock,
Roca Partida, lies over 80 miles away W by N. Clarion
Island, the most remote member of the archipelago, is situated
about 220 miles away to the westward. Socorro is separated
from the close-lying San Benedicto by ocean depths of over
2900 meters. To the north and east of these two islands, how-
ever, and separating them from the peninsula and mainland of
Mexico, are depths of over 3000 meters. To the west, between
Socorro and Clarion, depths of 3600 meters are recorded.
South and west of the archipelago the ocean is more than
4000 meters deep.

The climate of Socorro is an arid one and, except for the
rare and local torrential storms that visit most desert areas,
the precipitation is scanty. The upper slopes of the island,
however, are favored with another source of moisture. These
upper slopes, two to three times higher than those on the other
Revillagigedos, reach into the strata of clouds borne on the
trades and are thus benefited not only by a somewhat increased
humidity and protection from the sun but to a greater or lesser
extent by actual moisture obtained from the clouds. The only
mesophytic flora on the islands, which have a prevailingly
xerophytic one, is found on these fog-brushed higher slopes of
Socorro.

Concerning even the general features of the vegetation on
Socorro there has been very little written. Anthony, Auk ser.
2, 15: 312 (1898), states that 'The greater part of the island
is covered with a very dense growth of underbrush, the
weather side (north and northwest exposures) being especially
thickly covered, making travel, except in favored spots, well
nigh impossible. Trees are abundant on the weather side of the
island but on the south and east sides they are mostly confined
to canons, and were smaller than on the north slopes. They
were nowhere seen over forty or fifty feet in height, though
usually covering considerable area with their broad spreading
branches". The large trees mentioned are probably Ficus
cotini folia.

In Hanna's account, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 15:
49-58 (1926), of the ascent of Mt. Evermann, the central
peak of Socorro, there are passages which give more details
concerning the vegetation and the physical features of the
island. The party started from Braithwaite Bay at the south-

18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th See.

ern end of the island and ascended the peak from the eastern
side. Dr. Hanna writes, "We set out northwest at first, up a
small rocky gulch to escape as much as possible the stiff brush
of the lowlands. This took us to a series of bare red hills
which we crossed toward the mountain. Several gullies and
ridges were crossed with great difficulty on account of the
heavy brush. This was excessively fatiguing and half an hour
after we left the beach all of us were drenched with perspira-
tion. . . . On the way across the red hills (foothill section)
we were impressed by some areas which were entirely barren
of vegetation and at first we were at a loss for an explanation.
Some parts were covered with dead brush, all flattened on the
ground and pointing in the same direction. This indicated the
action of water and we decided that the small section of the
island had been visited by a great cloudburst at some previous
time but probably subsequent to 1903. This supposition was
fully proved next day when we found a box canon leading
down from the area to the sea. This was scoured out com-
pletely to bed rock while in front on the mouth there was an
enormous quantity of boulders piled up. Such downpours as
this must be of rare occurrence on Socorro because evidence
elsewhere was lacking; in fact, most of the canons indicated
the passage of very insignificant quantities of water at any
season. . . . About 11 a. m. we passed out of the zone of brush
on the lower slopes of Mt. Evermann and entered the canons
which were densely forested with many kinds of strange trees.
The traveling here was much easier and, to all of us, far more
interesting. The trees were teeming with bird life, and the
"Bumelia" trees afforded great quantities of delicious fruit,
which we ate with relish. . . . One of the trees with white bark
like a sycamore was about 40 feet high, one foot in diameter
and bore long spikes of cream-white flowers. The fruit was
about half an inch in diameter, pale green in color, and was
not eaten by birds; therefore, we did not try it. The forests
in the canons were so dense that sunlight rarely penetrated to
the ground; hence mosses, lichens, ferns and orchids were
abundant on the trees and branches. Some of the Bumelia
fruit trees were fully 50 feet high and although the larger
trunks were irregular in growth they were at least five feet in
diameter. What appeared to be canes of a species of black-
berry grew to the extreme length of 200 feet but it had neither

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS \g

fruit nor flowers and the identification could not be made with
certainty. There was almost no underbrush in these canons
but the ridges and "hog-backs" were practically impassable,
we learned through bitter experience during the afternoon. . . .
Early in the evening, as the fogs of the mountain top closed
in, we made our camp at the head of a heavily timbered canon,
and a fortunate choice this was, indeed. The fog passed over
at each side and below us, but our camp was dry. This was a
great relief because we had no bedding and the night was cold.
A fire was kept up most of the night and we were fairly com-
fortable. The camp was made at an elevation, indicated by
our barometer, as 2300 feet, seemingly an insignificant climb
but the excessive heat and heavy brush wore us down. The
temperature was only 82° to 88 °F. during the day but it
seemed much warmer than that. . . . After breaking camp
[next morning] we climbed the obsidian ridge ahead of us,
200 feet and into the fog. Then we realized how fortunate
we had been to select a dry camp site. The vegetation all about
was drenched with the mist, yet there was not a drop of water
to drink. . . . Evidently sheep frequent the open, brush-free
summit because well beaten trails lead away in every direction.
Some charred brush was found nearby in a position which
indicated that a fire had passed through. Probably this was a
remnant of the fire started by [the castaway] Grayson and
which led to his rescue. He spoke of its having spread far and
wide over the mountain-side before he was out of sight on his
homeward journey. Even today the south side of the moun-
tain is remarkably free of brush and is principally grown over
with grass and some cactus. . . . From the top we were able to
study the best means of approaching the mountain and found
it unquestionably to be from Grayson's Cove. . . . Wooded
caiions are absent on the south side [of the island] but are
abundant on the north, east and west. Between them brush-
covered ridges radiate outward like spokes in a wheel. . . .
Careful search was made from the top in every direction for
evidence of water but not a sign could be seen. To the east-
ward in one canon there was a dry lake bed which unquestion-
ably does contain a small amount of water during the rainy
season. Up to this time we had thought there might be some
reason for the supposition of Captain Colnett that a fresh-
water lake existed on the island "because of the teal ducks"

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4th Ser.

found flying down to the sea. But with the unobstructed view
we had we were thoroughly convinced that no permanent lake
now exists on the island. It is barely possible that this dry
lake bed did hold water throughout the year at the time of
Capt. Colnett's visit and has silted up in the meatime. From
what we saw of the erosion produced by a cloudburst on the
east side of the island it seems entirely possible for a small
lake to be entirely filled with sediment in one rainstorm."

The complete list of the flora of Socorro, with indications of
the occurrence of the species on Clarion and San Benedicto,
and a summary of their range off the archipelago, is given in
the following tabulations :

Name

o
o

<L>

a
.2

Distribution and Remarks

1. Polystichum muricatum

Guerrero to Costa Rica

2. Asplenium potosinum, var. . . .

San Luis Potosi

3. Asplenium formosum

Nayarit to Costa Rica; West Indies

4. Adiantopsis radiata

Vera Cruz to Guatemala; West Indies

5. Pteridium caudatum. . . .

Nayarit to Salvador; West Indies

6. Polypodium polypodioides . . . .

Sinaloa southward; West Indies

7. Polypodium pulchrum . .

Colima to Costa Rica

8. Cheilanthes peninsularis, var. .

9. Psilotum nudum

Endemic

Jalisco southward; West Indies

10. Eragrostis ciliaris

Lower California southward; West Indies

1 1 . Jouvea pilosa

Lower California to Nicaragua

12. Sporobolus purpurascens . .

Vera Cruz to Costa Rica; West Indies

13. Aristida pansa

Arizona and Texas to San Luis Potosi

14. Paspalum longum

Endemic

15. Setaria geniculata . .

Lower California southward; West Indies

16. Cenchrus myosuroides

17. Sorghastrum nutans . . .

Lower California to Puebla; West Indies
Lower California to Guatemala

18. Heteropogon contortus

Lower California southward; West Indies

19. Cyperus ligularis

Tres Marias Islands southward : West Indies

20. Cyperus duripes

21. Cyperus aff. brunneus

Endemic

Central America, so. Mexico, West Indies

22. Stenophyllus nesioticus

23. Pleurothallis unguicallosa

Endemic
Endemic

24. Cattleya aurantiaca. .

Michoacan to Costa Rica

25. Epidendrum rigidum

Oaxaca to Costa Rica; West Indies

26. Peperomia chrysolepida

Endemic

27. Peperomia socorronis. .

Endemic

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS

28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.

45.
46.

47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.

53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
5S.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.

Name

Ficus cotinif olia

Phoradendron townsendi . . .

Aristolochia brevipes

Boerhaavia caribaea

Portulaca pilosa

Rubus sp

Prunus capuli

Calliandra socorroensis

Calliandra sp

?? Caesalpinia crista

?? Sophora tomentosa

Canavalia apiculata

Phaseolus lunatus

? ? Phaseolus atropurpureus .

Rhynchosia minima

Tribulus cistoides

Zanthoxylum insulare

Bursera nesopola

Croton masonii

Acalypha umbrosa

Hippomane mancinella

Euphorbia incerta

Euphorbia anthonyi var

Ilex socorroensis

Cardiospermum halicacabum .

Dodonaea viscosa

Meliosma nesites

Rhamnus discolor

Triumfetta socorrensis ....

Abutilon calif ornicum

Sida rhombifolia

Sida nesogena

Gossypium hirsutum

?? Melochia pyramidata. . .

Waltheria americana

Hypericum eastwoodianum .

Opuntia sp

Conocarpus erecta

Psidium galapageium

Psidium socorrense

Oreopanax xalapense

a
o

•c

a
U

X
X

X
X
X

X
X

Distribution and Remarks

Lower California to Costa Rica

Endemic

Lower California to Oaxaca

Lower California southward; West Indies

Affinities in southern Mexico

Lower California to Guatemala

Endemic

Affinities in western Mexico

Record questionable

Sinaloa to Colima

Nayarit to Nicaragua; West Indies

Record questionable

Lower California southward; West Indies

Tres Marias Islands, West Indies and South

America
Endemic
Endemic
Endemic

Oaxaca southward; West Indies
Lower California to Tres Marias Islands
Endemic
Endemic
Lower California southward; West Indies.

The Clarion plant is glabrate
Lower California southward; West Indies
Endemic

Oaxaca to Costa Rica
Endemic
Lower California

Lower California southward; West Indies
Endemic

Sinaloa southward; West Indies
Record questionable

Lower California southward; West Indies
Endemic

No specimens seen

Lower California southward; West Indies
Galapagos Islands
Endemic
Oaxaca to Costa Rica

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4th Ser.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

98.

99.
100.
101.
102.

Name

Bumelia socorrensis

Forestiera rhamnif olia

Metastelma sp

Ipomoea triloba

Ipomoea pes-caprae

?? Ipomoea cathartica

?? Ipomoea halierca

?? Cressa truxillensis

Cordia brevispicata

Tournefortia hartwegiana. .
Heliotropium curassavicum .

Verbena litoralis

Lantana involucrata

Teucrium affine, var

Sphacele hastata

Physalis sp

Solanum madrense

Nicotiana nesophila

?? Nicotiana stocktoni

Cestrum pacificum

Elytraria squamosa

Chiococca alba

Guettarda insularis

Borreria nesiotica

Galium mexicanum

?? Scaevola plumierii

Vernonia littoralis

Eupatorium pacificum

Brickellia peninsularis, var.

Erigeron socorrensis ,

Gnaphalium attenuatum . . .

Coreopsis insularis ,

Perityle socorrosensis ,

Viguiera deltoidea, var. . . . ,

C/2PQ

d
o

•c

X
X
X
X

X
X

Distribution and Remarks

Endemic

Vera Cruz; West Indies

Affinities Mexican

Lower California southward; West Indies

Record questionable

Lower California to Salvador

Lower California to Oaxaca

Lower California southward; West Indies

Endemic

Lower California and Hawaii

Affinities in so. Mexico and Central America

Sonora to Nicaragua

Endemic

Record questionable

Endemic

Lower California southward; West Indies

Endemic

Sinaloa to Guatemala

Record questionable

Endemic

Jalisco to Costa Rica

Endemic

Lower California

There has, thus, been a total of 102 species reported from
Socorro. Of these, however, I hold that 9 (Caesalpinia,
Sophora, Phase olus, Melochia, Ipomoea spp., Cressa, Nicoti-
ana and Scaevola) have been included because of error in
labeling the specimens. Excluding these 9, the statistics for
the remaining 93 unquestioned members of the flora are as
follows :

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 23

30 spp. (31%) occur also in Lower California. Of this group only 3 {Abulilon,

Sphacele and Viguiera) do not occur as well in Sonora or Sinaloa.

41 spp. (44%) occur also in the coastal states of the Mexican mainland north
of southern Colima. Only 2 of this number do not also occur
still further south.

13 spp. (14%) of the non-endemics do not occur in Lower California or from
Sonora to Colima. The names and the ranges of these are:
Polystichum muricatum. . .Guerrero, Vera Cruz, Chiapas to Costa

Rica
Asplenium potosinum, var. San Luis Potosi
A diantopsis radiata Vera Cruz and Yucatan to Guatemala ;

West Indies
Sporobolus purpurascens . . Vera Cruz to Costa Rica and West Indies

Aristida pansa Arizona and Texas to San Luis Potosi

Cyperus aff . brunneus .... Southern Mexico, Central America and

West Indies
Cattleya aurantiaca Michoacan, Oaxaca, Yucatan to Costa

Rica
Epidendrum rigidum Oaxaca and Vera Cruz to Costa Rica;

West Indies
Hippomane mancinetta. . .Oaxaca and Vera Cruz and south; West

Indies

Rhamnus discolor Oaxaca to Costa Rica

Psidium galapageium Galapagos Islands

Oreopanax xalapense Oaxaca to Costa Rica

Forestiera rhamnifolia. . . .Vera Cruz; West Indies

34 spp. (36%) occur also in the West Indies.

5 spp. (5%) not identified.

31 spp. (33%) are endemic to the Revillagigedos. Of these,

23 are restricted to Socorro,
1 is restricted to Socorro and San Benedicto,
4 are restricted to Socorro and Clarion,
3 are restricted to Socorro, San Benedicto and Clarion.

SAN BENEDICTO AND ITS FLORA

San Benedicto Island, lat. 19° 20' N, long. 110° 49' W, is
the most northern and eastern of the Revillagigedos, and, ex-
cluding Roca Partida, the most barren of the group. Lying
over 30 miles north of Socorro, it is separated from that
island by depths of over 2900 meters. In shape it is elongate,
being 3 miles long and averaging about a half-mile in width.
It is a bold volcanic island rising very abruptly from the sea.
The southern half of the island consists of an ash-cone, 297
meters high. The northern half is a plateau, 200 meters high,

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4th Ser.

largely built of lavas. No water is known on the island. Due,
no doubt, to the scanty rains and the poverty of the soil and
its porous nature, the flora of San Benedicto is a small one.
The species reported from the island are as follows :

Name

o
o
o
w

c
o

■c
o

Distribution and Remarks

1. Eragrostis diversifolfa

Sinaloa and Colima

2. Cenchrus myosuroides

3. Cyperus duripes

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

Lower California to Puebla; West Indies
Endemic

4. vStenophyllus nesioticus

5. Aristolochia brevipes

Endemic

Lower California to Oaxaca

6. Euphorbia anthonyi, var

7. ?? Dodonaea viscosa

8. Ipomoea pes-caprae

Endemic

Record questionable

Lower California southward; West Indies

9. Teucrium affine, var

Endemic

10. Erigeron crenatus

Endemic

1 1 . Perityle socorrosensis

Endemic

The most conspicuous member of the flora is the Cenchrus.
It is said to be very common on the flats and other accessible
areas where its extensive, head-high growths and its abundant
burs, not only impede travel but make it very disagreeable.
The only other plant present in any conspicuous abundance is
the Euphorbia. Large slopes on the island are barren or have
only a very meagre vegetation.

Excluding from consideration the Dodonaea, which I be-
lieve was erroneously attributed to the island, the statistics
regarding the flora of San Benedicto are as follows :

3 spp. (33%) occur also in Lower California. These occur likewise in Sonora

or Sinaloa.

4 spp. (40%) occur also in the coastal states of the Mexican mainland north of

southern Colima; only one (Eragrostis) does not range further

south.
None of the non-endemic species is absent from the region between Lower

California and southern Colima.
2 spp. (20%) occur also in the West Indies.
6 spp. (60%) are endemic to the Revillagigedos. Of these,

2 are restricted to San Benedicto.

1 is restricted to San Benedicto and Socorro,
0 is restricted to San Benedicto and Clarion,

3 are restricted to San Benedicto, Socorro and Clarion.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REV1LLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 25

The flora of San Benedicto has a very close and strong
affinity with that of Socorro and was probably largely if not
entirely derived from it. Of all the species found on the island
only the Eragrostis is unknown from Socorro or does not
have an immediate endemic relative there. This Eragrostis
is known off San Benedicto only from a few collections in
Sinaloa and Colima. It seems very strange that it could have
reached San Benedicto, where it is common, and not also have
attained Socorro. I shall be surprised if it is not eventually
found on that island.

CLARION AND ITS FLORA

Clarion Island, lat. 18° 22' N, long. 114° 44' W, is the most
western of the Revillagigedo group and the most isolated. It
lies over 200 miles to the west and slightly south of Socorro
and is surrounded by ocean depths of over 3600 meters. In
shape it is roughly oblong, having a length of about 5 miles
and a width of about 2 miles. It is divided by elevated passes
into three distinct hills, the highest one, that at the west end of
the island, having an altitude of 335 meters. The eastern and
western ends of the island are rough and precipitous. The
northern side consists of a series of perpendicular, rocky cliffs,
about a hundred meters in height, which culminate in the
principal ridge of the island. From this ridge the land slopes,
rapidly at first and then more gradually, to a plain which
stretches from the foot of the hills to the sea in the neighbor-
hood of the two sand beaches on the south side of the island.
Black and brown basalt and red scoria are the most evident
rocks. The hills are rounded by erosion and show few canons
of any size. Over most of the island there is a deep reddish
brown soil that suggests antiquity. Undoubtedly erosion now
takes place very slowly ; the rainfall is slight but the island is
well covered with vegetation.

According to Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus. 13: 132
(1890), "The central portion [of the island] is a plateau
about 1,000 feet high, with a few elevations perhaps 500 feet
higher. It is mostly overgrown with long grass, head high,
through which the pedestrian flounders helplessly; the slopes
of the lesser elevations are clearer, with scattered bushes and

November 18, 1931

25 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

low, scrubby trees. I was not able to reach the plateau until
after two hours of laborious struggle through the wilderness
of cactus that covers its southern slopes, cutting nearly every
yard of the way with a sharp machete. No other members of
the party attempted it. Cactus renders all the lower portions
of the island practically impassable. The island is probably
without fresh water, although a small lagoon near the south
beach contained slightly brackish water at the time of our visit
there in March. Southerly gales would probably drive sea
water into the lagoon and for a time at least render this
wretched supply entirely worthless". Anthony, Auk ser. 2, 15 :
312 (1898), describes it similarly, — "A few low trees or
shrubs, the largest not over ten feet in height, are scattered
along the main plateau, and in a few places reach the level
ground that lies between the mesa and the coast on the south
side. Nearly the entire flat between the mesa and the beach is
covered with a dense growth of cactus (Platopuntia) over
which has grown a mass of vines. Passage through this belt
is only accomplished with diligent and constant use of the
brush knife. A short distance from the beach were found two
small shallow ponds which contain water during the rainy sea-
son only, but as the high tides evidently wash over the barriers
and flood them with sea water it is doubtful if they are ever
otherwise than brackish. At the time of our visit, in May,
they had been dry for some months and no water was found
anywhere on the island."

The most notorious plant on Clarion, as the above quota-
tions show, is the uncollected, unidentified, and probably un-
named species of Opuntia that forms the extensive, spiny
thickets in a broad zone on the plain along the south side of
the island. Interspersed among the large patches of this cactus
are the two milky-juiced, shrubby Euphorbias, E. anthonyi
var. and E. calif ornica, and the thorny shrubs of Zanthoxylum
fagara. The resulting spiny, thorny, and offensively milky
barrier that is formed is entangled and overgrown by the vines
of the brightly blue-flowered morning-glories, Ipomoea cathar-
tica and /. holier ca. The north slopes along the crest of the
island are overgrown with Cyperus duripes, which forms the
very coarse, rank, dense, grass-like growths noted by Town-
send. Tribulus, because of its conspicuous yellow corollas,
Canavalia, because of its large pods, and Ipomoea pes-caprae,

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS

because of its very elongate stems, are the conspicuous plants
along the beaches. The small brackish pools back of the
beaches near Sulphur Bay are notable for the only occurrence
on the islands of Scirpus robustus var., Sapindus saponaria,
Sida hederacea and Cressa truxillensis. Caesalpinia crista,
Sophora tomentosa and Scaevola plumierii occur near the
beach on the south shore. These well known tropical Ameri-
can strand-shrubs or -trees are also not otherwise known in
the archipelago. From the point of view of distribution and
the problems they present in dispersal, the Sophora and the
Scaevola rank among the most interesting plants on the island.
The complete list of the Clarion plants, with indications of
their occurrence on Socorro and San Benedicto, and a sum-
mary of their range off the archipelago, is given in the follow-
ing table :

Name

o
o

Distribution and Remarks

1. Cheilanthes peninsularis, var. . .

2. Sporobolus argutus

Endemic

Lower California to Salvador

3. Aristida pansa

4. Erichloa acuminata

Arizona and Texas to San Luis Potosi
Lower California to Oaxaca

5. ? Stenophyllus nesioticus

6. Cyperus duripes

7. Scirpus robustus, var

X
X

Endemic
Endemic
Lower California and Sonora northward

8. Commelina virginica

Lower California southward; West Indies

9. Irisine celosia

Lower California southward; West Indies

10. Boerhaavia caribaea

Lower California southward; West Indies

11. Sesuvium portulacastrum

Lower California southward; West Indies

12. Portulaca pilosa

Lower California southward; West Indies

13. Lepidium lasiocarpum

Lower California and Sinaloa northward

14. Calliandra socorrensis

X
?
r>

Endemic

15. Caesalpinia crista

17. Canavalia apiculata

18. Phaseolus atropurpureus

19. Galactia striata

Sinaloa southward; West Indies

West Indies; tropics of Old World

Sinaloa to Colima

Lower California to Salvador

Tres Marias Islands southward; West Indies

20. Tribulus cistoides

Lower California southward; West Indies

21. Zanthoxylum fagara

Lower California southward; West Indies

22. Euphorbia californica

Lower California to Sinaloa

23. Euphorbia anthonyi, var

Endemic

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4th Ser.

Name

o
o
o
in

o
■<->

•a

Distribution and Remarks

24. Cardiospermum halicacabum. . .

Lower California southward; West Indies.

The Socorro plant is pubescent
Lower California southward; West Indies

26. Dodonaea viscosa

27. Karwinskia humboldtiana

Lower California southward; West Indies
Lower California to Guatemala

28. Sida hederacea

Lower California and Sonora northward

29. Melochia pyramidata

30. Waltheria americana

3 1 . Opuntia sp

32. Ipomoea pes-caprae

X
?

?
X

Lower California southward; West Indies
Lower California southward; West Indies
No specimens seen
Lower California southward; West Indies

33. Ipomoea cathartica

34. Ipomoea halierca

35. Cressa truxillensis

Oaxaca to West Indies

Endemic

Lower California northward; also, Peru, Chile

36. Heliotropium curassavicum ....

37. Teucrium townsendii

Lower California southward; West Indies
Endemic

38. Physalis angulata

Central America; West Indies

39. Nicotiana stocktoni

Endemic

40. Borreria nesiotica

Endemic

41. Scaevola plumierii

43. Peritvle socorrosensis

Lower California, Galapagos, West Indies

Endemic

Accepting the Stenophyllus as a member of the flora — al-
though the record may be questionable — and disregarding
some extremely doubtful records from Socorro, the statistics
for the flora of Clarion are as follows :

23 spp. (53%) occur also in Lower California; of these only one (Sccevola) does

not occur in Sonora or Sinaloa.
26 spp. (60%) occur also in the coastal states of the Mexican mainland north
of southern Colima; only 5 of these do not occur still further
south.
4 spp. (9%) of the non-endemic flora are not in the area between Lower
California and southern Colima. These are,

Aristida pansa Arizona and Texas to San Luis Potosi

Sophora tomentosa West Indies, northern South America, Old

World
Ipomoea cathartica . . . Oaxaca, Yucatan, Central America, West

Indies
Physalis angulata .... Central America, West Indies

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 29

20 spp. (46%) occur also in the West Indies.
1 sp. (Opuntia) not identified.

11 spp. (26%) are endemic to the Revillagigedos. Of these,
4 are restricted to Clarion,
.4 are restricted to Clarion and Socorro,
0 is restricted to Clarion and San Benedicto,
3 are restricted to Clarion, Socorro and San Benedicto.

GENERAL FLORISTICS

By those whose interest in an insular flora is limited to a
listing of its species, and who do not care for the distribu-
tional problems involved, the flora of the Revillagigedos
would be characterized as of Mexican origin; and, upon
noting that most of the insular species also occur in Lower
California or in western Mexico, or commonly even in both
these areas, it might be dismissed by them as having been
transported by ocean-currents and winds from the east and
northeast. Such a perfunctory characterization of the relation-
ships and origins of the Revillagigedo flora does cover certain
obvious facts and does account rather well for the larger part
of the flora. It ignores, however, complications presented by
a relatively small group of species and so passes over those
problems which make the study of insular florulas of particu-
lar interest and which usually proves them to have had a much
more involved history than was first apparent. It has seemed
well, therefore, to give a detailed consideration and analysis
of the distribution and affinities of the Revillagigedo flora.
From the facts which I present it will be realized that the flora
is much more than a chance gathering of species washed up
by currents or blown in on the trades. It seems in fact to have
been built up of widely distributed species, many of them
probably rather recent arrivals on wind or wave, around a
small relic flora derived from an old land-mass, perhaps now
marked only by the islands, or from a continental connection,
now long destroyed.

As now known, the vascular flora of the Revillagigedo
Islands consists of 121 species and subspecies. Of this total, 5
are as yet unidentified. The 116 identified kinds, for con-
venience of discussion, may be said to consist of 37 endemic
and 79 non-endemic species and subspecies. The 79 non-

3Q CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

endemics may be grouped and their distribution summarized
as follows :

42 spp. (53%) occur also in Lower California; of these only 4 are not found
also in Sonora or Sinaloa. These are:
A butilon calif ornica .... Socorro and Lower California

Sphacele hastata Socorro, Lower California, Hawaii

Scaevola plumierii Clarion, Lower California, Galapagos,

West Indies
Viguiera deltoidea, var. .Socorro and Lower California
59 spp. (75%) occur also in the coastal states of the Mexican mainland north
of southern Colima; only 6 of these do not range further south.
16 spp. (20%) do not occur in the coastal states from Colima to Lower Cali-
fornia. Of this group 8 occur also in the West Indies. Of the
total 16 there are the following exclusive groupings,
7 spp. range from the Pacific states of so. Mexico into Central Amer-
ica. These are, Polystichum, Cattleya, Epidendrum, Hippomane,
Rhamnus, Oreopanax and Ipomoea. Of these, 2 reach the West
Indies.
3 spp. range from the Atlantic states of so. Mexico into Central
America. These are A diantopsis, Sporobolus and Cyperus. All
extend into the West Indies.
1 sp. comes from San Luis Potosi (Asplenium).
1 sp. ranges from Arizona and Texas to San Luis Potosi (Aristida).
1 sp. ranges from Central America into the West Indies (Physalis) .
1 sp. ranges through the West Indies into Vera Cruz (Forestiera).
1 sp. ranges in the West Indies, northern South America and the

tropics of the Old World (Sophora).
1 sp. comes from the Galapagos Islands (Psidium).
63 spp. (80%) occur also in southern (Pacific and Atlantic) Mexico south of
Colima, of which,
11 spp. do not reach north to Colima, and
5 spp. do not reach south into Central America.
49 spp. (63 %) occur in the Pacific states of southern Mexico (south of Colima) ,
of which,
7 spp. do not reach north to Colima and
3 spp. do not reach south into Central America.
55 spp. (70%) occur in Central America, all of which extend into continental
Mexico and all but 11 of which extend into the West Indies.
46 spp. (58%) occur also in the West Indies.

A study of the above summary shows that 63 of the species
and varieties, or 80% of the non-endemic flora of the archi-
pelago, occur also on the peninsula of Lower California or in
the coastal states of the Mexican mainland north and east of
the islands; in other words on the nearest continental masses.
Of this group, 38 of the species occur also in the West Indies

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 31

and hence range widely and have demonstrated their ability to
cross ocean barriers. Since wind and ocean-currents are
favorable, it seems, consequently, not improbable that some, if
not all, of this group of species, may have gained the islands
from the continent across the intervening ocean.

There remain, however, 16 species, or 20% of the non-endemic
flora, which do not occur in the Pacific states of Mexico north
of Colima. Of this number, Cy perns, Hippomane and I po-
rn oca are present in southern Mexico and are also widely dis-
tributed in the West Indies. Their presence on our islands is
no cause for surprise. The Hippomane, particularly, being a
seaside tree, is generally recognized as using ocean-currents in
its dissemination. The others, with means less clear, have
demonstrated their faculties for reaching islands. In a similar
class is the Physalis. This is a weedy plant, distributed widely
in the West Indies, but apparently rare on the continent. The
four species just mentioned worry us little as to just how they
attained our islands, for they seem capable of doing it, as they
have shown in their success at similar tasks elsewhere. Of the
remaining 12, out of the total 16 non-endemic species not
present in western or peninsular Mexico, all present much
more difficult and even quite imposing problems in distribu-
tion. The Psidinm shows direct relations with the Galapagos
Islands. The Aristida has relations in the interior of northern
Mexico reminiscent of the relationships shown by the very
striking insular endemic species of Teucrium and Nicotiana.
The Sophora, not otherwise known on the Pacific side of
America, is a widely distributed shore-plant of the West and
East Indies. As a well known sea-disseminated plant it must
have come from the West Indies, somehow crossing Central
America, or from Polynesia across the Pacific on the Reverse
Equatorial Drift to land on Clarion Island. There finally re-
main among the puzzling non-endemics, 3 ferns, 2 orchids and
the Sporobolus, Rhamnus, Oreopanax and Foresticra. These
latter 9 seem to indicate West Indian, southern Mexican or
Central American affinities best discussed in connection with
the endemic flora of the island.

The endemic flora of the Revillagigedos, as stated above,
consists of 37 species and subspecies, or 31% of the entire
identified flora of the archipelago. There are no endemic
genera nor are any of the species sufficiently aberrant to have

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4th Ser.

merited even special subgeneric recognition. Most of the en-
demic species, however, are very distinct from the relatives off
the islands, some of them to such a degree that their precise
specific relationships are quite obscure. The list of the insular
endemics, with an indication of their occurrence among the
islands and some notes on their relationships, is given in the
following table :

Name

•3

o
•6

Relationship

o
ay

1 . Cheilanthes peninsularis,

var. insularis

Peninsular

2. Paspalum longum

Caribbean

3. Cyperus duripes

Relations obscure; probably Mexican
Relations obscure; West Indian or Central

4. Stenophyllus nesioticus

American

5. Pleurothallis unguicallosa . . . .

West Indian

6. Peperomia chrysolepida

Southern Mexican and northern Central

American

7. Peperomia socorronis

8. Phoradendron townsendi ....

As above

Weak species; relations from Nayarit to
Central America and West Indies

9. Calliandra socorrensis

Weak species; relations in western Mexico

10. Bursera nesopola

Weak species; relations peninsular
Relations very obscure, probably southern
Mexican or Central American

1 1. Croton masonii

12. Acalypha umbrosa

Peninsular

13. Euphorbia anthonyi

Relations obscure; probably Mexican

14. Euphorbia anthonyi,

var. clarionensis

As above

15. Ilex socorroensis

X
X

West Indian

16. Meliosma nesites

Costa Rican

17. Triumfetta socorrensis

Relations obscure; probably southern Mex-

ican or Central American

18. Sida nesogena

Weak species; western Mexican
Relations very obscure; probably southern

19. Hypericum eastwoodianum . .

Mexican or Central American

20. Psidium socorrense

Relations on Socorro and Galapagos Islands
Relations obscure; Mexican

2 1 . Bumelia socorrensis

22. Ipomoea halierca

Southern Mexican

23. Teucrium townsendii

Northern and eastern Mexican

24. Teucrium affine

As above

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS

Name

+->

*3
com

c
o
•d

Relationship

25. Teucrium affine,

var. dentosum

As above

26. Nicotiana nesophila

X
?

X
X

X
X
X

Northeastern Mexican

27. Nicotiana stocktoni

28. Cestrum pacificum

As above

Weak species; relative from Nayarit to

Central America
Weak species; relatives from Sinaloa to

Colima, Yucatan and West Indies
Relations obscure; tropical American
Guatemalan and southern Mexican

29. Guettarda insularis

30. Borreria nesiotica

31. Vernonia littoralis

32. Brickellia peninsularis,

var. amphithalassa

33. Eupatorium pacificum

34. Erigeron socorrensis

35. Erigeron crenatus

Peninsular
Southern Mexican

Relations very obscure; Mexican or even

Galapagean
As above

36. Coreopsis insularis

37. Perityle socorrosensis

X
X

Southern Mexican

Peninsular

A study of this enumeration of the insular endemics shows
that 5 of them (Cheilanthes, Bursera, Acalypha, Brickellia and
Perityle) have relations on the peninsula of Lower California
and that an additional 5 (Phoradendron, Calliandra, Sida,
Cestrum and Guettarda) have relations in western Mexico.
None of these 10 (27% of the total endemics) are excep-
tionally strong species, the most of them in fact being weak
species and worthy of scarcely more than the rank of endemic
insular varieties. The two species and the variety of Teucrium
form a distinctive island group most nearly related to forms
now occurring in northern and eastern Mexico and adjacent
United States. The two species of Nicotiana are also imme-
diately related and form a very distinct island group related
most closely to habitally very dissimilar plants of north-
eastern Mexico.

The 15 plants just mentioned are northern or eastern in
affinities. The remaining 22 are of uncertain relationship or
are southern, Galapagean or West Indian in affinities. Of
these there are 6 (Peperomia spp., Ipomoea, Vernonia, Eupa-

34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

torium and Coreopsis) which have clear relationships in south-
ern Mexico or Central America. The Meliosma is evidently
related to a Costa Rican species. Three species, Paspalum,
Pleurothallis and Ilex, have clear West Indian affinities. The
Psidium is related to one common to the Galapagos and the
Revillagigedos. The two curious shrubby species of Erigeron
may also show a Galapagean relationship or may belong with
four plants (Cyperus, Euphorbia sp. et var. and Bumelia) that
have puzzling and obscure, although probably Mexican, af-
finity. To conclude the grouping of the endemics there are 5
very well-marked species, Stenophylhis, Croton, Triumfetta,
Hypericum and Borreria, which, while of puzzling relationship,
can at least be said to have no relations north or east of the
islands. Their relations are no doubt obscure ones in southern
Mexico or Central America.

With the exception of the species of Nicotiana and Teu-
crium, whose relations, it should be recalled, are not on the
peninsula, or on the west coast of Mexico nearest the islands,
the insular species of northern and eastern affinity are much
less differentiated than those having their relatives on the con-
tinent to the southward or in the West Indies. Those endemics
with close relatives on the peninsula and on the adjacent
Mexican mainland are, I believe, more recent arrivals and,
hence, younger than those much more differentiated species
that have southern affinities. The southern types and those
with affinities in northeastern Mexico are the old elements in
the flora.

The data just given indicate the floristic relations of the
Revillagigedos with the continent. A brief consideration
should now be given to the relations with other islands and
archipelagos. Those nearest the Revillagigedos are the Tres
Marias Islands which rise from depths of less than a 1000
meters only 50-60 miles off the coast of Nayarit and to the
northwest of Cape Corrientes in Jalisco. The most recent enu-
meration of the flora [Eastwood, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser.
4, 18: 442-468 (1929)], lists 324 vascular plants, of which
only 19 are considered endemic. Although some of the species
are peculiar to the islands and to the adjacent mainland, most
of them are widely distributed in the American tropics. There
are only 23 species common to the Tres Marias and the Revil-
lagigedos, practically all of them being widely dispersed tropi-

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 35

cal ones. Only Zanthoxylum insular e is of any particular
phytogeographic significance. This plant is known only from
Socorro, Maria Madre, Jamaica and from northern and
western South America. It represents, I believe, one of the old
elements in our flora. There is absolutely no indication that
the Tres Marias were ever directly connected with the
Revillagigedos.

North of the Revillagigedos and far off the coast of Lower
California lie Alijos Rock, a barren bird rock, and Guadalupe
Island [cf. Eastwood, loc. cit. 394-420], an island with dis-
tinctly Californian, rather than tropical affinities. Clipperton
Island, lat. 10° 17' S and long. 109° 13' W, far to the south
of the Revillagigedos, is a low coral islet quite devoid of
higher plants [cf. Snodgrass & Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 4: 501-504 (1902)]. Cocos Island, lat. 5° 32' N and
87° 00' W, well to the west of Panama, is a small, wet tropi-
cal island with a rank vegetation. Its known flora consists of
about 100 species,2 of which about 10 are endemic. The only
species known to be common to Cocos and the Revillagigedos
are Setaria geniculata, Caesalpinia crista and Ipomoea pes-
caprae. They are all widely dispersed tropical species, two of
them being strand plants.

There are about 21 species of the Revillagigedo flora present
in the Galapagos Islands. Practically all of them are widely-
ranging, more or less weedy, tropical species. The only note-
worthy plants are Psidium galapageium and Scaevola
plumierii. The significance of their distribution is quite ob-
scure. Possibly the Socorro and the Galapagos Psidium have
been derived from a common, now extinct ancestral stock on
the mainland, but even so the reasons for the sole persistence
of the unmodified descendants on the far separated Revil-
lagigedos and Galapagos is still a problem. The West Indian
Scaevola plumierii is known on Pacific shores only at the tip
of the peninsula of Lower California, on Clarion Island, and
in the Galapagos. The shrubby Erigeron species of the Revil-
lagigedos much suggest those of the Galapagos but I suspect
that the similarity is due to similar responses of related main-
land stocks to a similar insular climate.

2 Based upon a consideration of the list given by Stewart, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.
ser. 4, 1: 375-404 (1912), and upon a manuscript flora of the island kindly made
available to me by Prof. B. L. Robinson.

36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

From the facts given, it becomes obvious that the Revil-
lagigedos do not have a flora that has a strong affinity with
that of any other island or archipelago. The species shared
with other islands are overwhelmingly of the widely dis-
tributed, weedy, tropical sort. The Revillagigedos and the
Galapagos islands, although very distantly separated, do share
several species that suggest a relation of the floras. The
climate on both archipelagos is arid. This common possession
of a dry insular climate may, possibly, offer a partial explana-
tion for the occurrence of those species which suggest a direct
floristic relation between the archipelagos. In any case I do
not believe that they have ever been directly connected by land.

ORIGINS OF THE FLORA

There are two theories used in accounting for the composi-
tion of isolated insular floras. One maintains that winds, ocean
currents and animals are completely effective in populating
such islands with plants; the other that these means are at
most only partially effective, and that consideration of all ele-
ments in insular floras generally indicates that they have had
a previous period of migration and usually also of change and
development on contiguous land-masses which have now dis-
appeared. The former, or oceanic theory, accepts most island
floras as rather recent, and treats of them in a geography in
which ocean depths and shore lines are essentially as they are
found today. The latter, or continental theory, tends to give
insular floras considerable age, and looks for their early his-
tory in a time when the surface features of the earth were
somewhat different from what they are at present. It involves
the change from elevated land to deep ocean-bottom and fre-
quently tends to ignore the geologists in its frantic effort to build
land-bridges or continents for the overland dispersal of certain
species which the opposing theory blithely leaves for hurri-
canes, tidal waves and well-fed but misdirected birds. These
contrasting theories can be and are pushed to incautious ex-
tremes by their sponsors, extremes that show very clearly the
great divergence of opinion that exists regarding the abilities
of most plants to disseminate successfully over broad tracts of
ocean. It is, however, this lack of general agreement, this
challenge of an unsolved problem, that gives the study of in-

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REV1LLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 7)7

sular floras its particular fascination. Eventually we may hope
to have a consensus of opinion regarding the means by which
ordinary flowering plants have generally reached remote
islands. This, however, can only be attained after a minute
inquiry into the composition of a great number and variety of
insular florulas, and only after a final judicial consideration
of the implications involved in each. The floristics of the
Revillagigedos are, hence, partial data for an unsolved botani-
cal problem. Deductions and speculations based upon them
not only aid us in the attempt to determine the probable his-
tory of the island and its flora, but may also give some clues
to the efficacy of the debated means of plant dispersal.

As ocean currents and over-sea winds have played at least a
minor role in populating most isolated archipelagos, it is de-
sirable to examine into these forces and to determine, if possi-
ble, what part they have played in forming the flora of the
Revillagigedos.

These islands are situated at the east end of the great North
Equatorial Drift and are hence bathed by waters coming from
the north as well as by some from the south. The well known
Californian Current comes southeastward along the coast of
Lower California and continues in large part to about the
latitude of our islands, where under the force of the northeast
trade winds it turns and becomes the beginning of the North
Equatorial Drift. An eastern portion of the Californian Cur-
rent tends to continue down the coast of the Mexican main-
land. This latter part, strongest in the spring, is generally
weak. When subjected to the southerly winds prevailing off
Central America and southern Mexico in the summer, it tends
to become uncertain or even reversed. There results a weak,
seasonal, northwestern movement of water off Central
America and southern Mexico that has sometimes been called
the Mexican Drift. At its height it is uncertain and compli-
cated by eddies. It is never so strong nor so clearly directed as
the Californian Current is to the north of the islands. As far
as can be determined, it pushes weakly northward towards the
vicinity of the Revillagigedos only during the summer months
and hence would be a factor in the northward dispersal of
potential island plants only, if at all, during that brief period
of the year. The Californian Current, being stronger and con-
tinuous, however, offers a possible, perennial means of trans-

3g CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

port from Lower California and from the Mexican mainland
lying immediately off to the east and northeast. I have no doubt
that it has carried strand plants from that quarter, and possi-
bly some of the plants from the coastal plains as well.

Data regarding the directions of winds in the region about
the Revillagigedos are only of the most general sort. These
are consistent, however, in attributing to the region winds
prevailing from the northeast, north and northwest, and show
that only in summer is there even a noteworthy proportion of
breezes from the south or southeast. The islands are fre-
quently visited also by the small but very violent cyclonic
storms that harry the west coast of Mexico. Although accom-
panied by extremely violent winds these hurricanes are prob-
ably of no aid in plant dispersal since they originate at sea
(usually at about lat. 15° N) and moving northwestward
either parallel the coast, or move from the sea northeastward
over the land. They might aid in the dissemination of plants
within the archipelago, but would be vastly more effective in
transporting island plants to the mainland, rather than vice
versa. It seems, therefore, that if winds are to be considered
as a means of dispersal that the emphasis must be placed on
the trades from the north and northeast, for these, like the
ocean currents, would place the sources of dissemination for
potential island plants on continental areas nearest the islands
and in exactly those areas which now have the greatest num-
ber of species in common with the islands.

Although 80% of the non-endemic flora present on the
islands also occur to the north and east on the nearest conti-
nental masses, in exactly those areas in which the plants could
have taken advantage of the most favorable currents and
winds for transportation to the islands, and even although
27% of the endemic flora on the islands find their closest rela-
tives in exactly the same region in which their ancestors may
have had offered similar facilities for transportation, it does
not necessarily follow that these species must all have come by
currents or wind, or that, granting this, that the remainder
of the flora must have reached the islands by similar trans-
oceanic means. I am willing to admit that perhaps a good half
of the non-endemic flora has reached the islands from across
the ocean and, with little doubt, from the nearest parts of the
continent. As will be explained, however, I believe that even

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 39

some of the widely distributed non-endemic species may have
reached the islands by other than oceanic means. The species
which I am inclined to admit as most probably of transoceanic
dissemination are chiefly the widely spread weedy ones, and
particularly those broadly distributed in the West Indies where
their range shows that they can get over ocean barriers and
from island to island most successfully. There have, no doubt,
been even some of the characteristic western Mexican species
that have been able to follow these weedy types and also reach
the islands.

After admitting, however, that a large proportion of the
flora may have gained the islands across the ocean from the
nearest land, there still remain some species whose presence on
the islands is not so easily accounted for. These species are
chiefly from Socorro. They include the most differentiated of
the island endemics and most of such types as the epiphytes,
the shade-loving mesophytes and the forest-trees. These plants
either do not occur or do not have their immediate or even
close relatives on the adjacent parts of the continent. Their
affinities, such as can be determined, are much more distant,
lying in southern Mexico, in Central America, or in the West
Indies. They are characteristically plants of middle altitudes
inland, away from the sea, and are not suitable for oceanic
dispersal. They are not weedy types. Several of them very
clearly have their nearest relations far away in the West In-
dian Region, while others, off the islands, are known only
from east (on the wetter side) of the continental divide. Some
of them grow in the mountains from Vera Cruz and Oaxaca
south into Central America. One has its relations in Costa
Rica. The most striking of these plants and the ones which in-
dicate this southern affinity most clearly are Polystichum,
Adiantopsis, Asplenium, Sporobolus, Paspahtm, Cattleya,
Epidendrum, Pleurothallis, Peperomia spp., Rubus, Rhamnus,
Ilex, Meliosma, Oreopanax, Forestiera, Vernonia and Eupa-
torium. Also to be associated with these just mentioned, since
they are probably of the same floristic group, are those very dis-
tinct endemics of quite uncertain, although general southern re-
lationship such as, Stenophylhis, Cyperus, Euphorbia, Croton,
Triumfetta, Hypericum, Psidium, Bumelia, Ipomoea, Bor-
reria, Erigeron spp., and Coreopsis. These latter species in
their strong differentiation, which quite obscures their precise

4Q CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

relationship among their congeners, suggest antiquity. They
form a remarkable contrast with those endemics which have
immediate affinities on the adjacent continent and which, in
still having their relationships with their parents obvious and
in not having developed any strong specific traits, show them-
selves to be of rather recent origin. Those species with clear
but geographically distant, southern relationships and those
with obscure general southern affinity are quite different from
the weedy types or from the obviously peninsular or north-
western Mexican forms which might have reached the island
by wind or waves. The lack of means of these species of
southern affinity for contact with their scattered relatives, the
distance by which they are now separated from them, and the
notable degree in which some of them have become differen-
tiated from their relatives on the mainland, suggest that they
reached the islands long ago when alignments of land and the
climatic conditions were quite different from those of the
present time. In fact, I believe they represent an old floristic
element and are relics of an early, now impoverished meso-
phytic, or even humid flora that formerly existed on or near
the present islands.

A theory involving a relic flora on the islands assumes an
effective, probably a complete, land route for the migration of
the island flora in the distant past, subsequent isolation per-
mitting marked development and change in plastic species, and
finally decimation of the flora through physiographic
changes and in more recent history through competition with
more adaptable immigrants. This theory would demand a
body of land which would either include all our present
islands or would lie at least contiguous to the present island of
Socorro and have continental connections off to the east or
southeast. Practically all of the possible plant-relics are restricted
to Socorro. This I believe is a topographic accident and that
there is not necessarily any phytogeographic significance in
their lack on the smaller and less lofty Clarion and San Bene-
dicto. Like much of western North America the climate of
the Revillagigedos is doubtless becoming more arid. Its larger
size, greater moisture and diversity of conditions over Clarion
and San Benedicto are probably the prime reasons why the
relics have found a final haven on Socorro. It is only in the
protected canons and on the moist upper slopes of Socorro that

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 41

stenoclimatic relics of an earlier mesophytic flora could be
expected to persist.

There being a suspicion that a large land-mass formerly
occupied the general vicinity of the Revillagigedos, it is
natural that evidence either for or against it should be sought
in bathymetric data. Depth-measurements in this part of the
Pacific are not so numerous as could be wished for, but are
sufficient to give us the general idea of the submarine topogra-
phy which we need. A study of the 3000-meter depth-contour
shows that it lies generally well within 100 miles of the
shore along practically the whole west coast of Mexico and
Central America. It crosses the mouth of the Gulf of Cali-
fornia in a northwest-southeast line that continues the prevail-
ing trend of the peninsular and central and southern Mexican
coast-lines. Although the 3000-meter contour may follow the
coast line rather closely, the 4000-meter contour does not. In
fact it departs from it most conspicuously. Coming down
from the north the 4000-meter line, passing well to the sea-
ward of Guadalupe Island (lat. 29° 00' N) and a little west
of Alijos Rock (lat. 24° 57' N), continues south until south-
west of Clarion3 where it swings well eastward to nearly
100 miles southeast of Socorro. It then sweeps northeastward
to within 100 miles of the Tres Marias Islands where it
abruptly doubles back and continues southeastward within
100 miles of the Mexican coast. About opposite Aca-
pulco, however, this depth-line swerves abruptly southwest-
ward, away from the coast and towards the open sea. The
Revillagigedos Islands, accordingly, lie on a large submarine
plain (3000-4000 meters deep) situated just to the west and
south of Lower California and on one separated from the
coast of Central America and middle and southern Mexico by
a vast tract of very deep water.

Concerning this great submarine plain upon which the Re-
villagigedos are located, there are a number of significant
features. Its western limits are quite independent of conti-
nental shore lines. The largest part of it is that southern por-
tion containing the islands. Its southern corner lies over 600

8 The charts indicate that soundings of 130-145 meters depth have been made
around lat. 20° N and long. 120° W, some 300 miles WNW of Clarion. This is the
Allaire Bank. Its position, which falls roughly in the east-west axis of the Revillagi-
gedos, suggests that it might be a far westerly peak of the archipelago which is now
submerged. It is separated from Clarion by depths of over 4000 meters.

November 18, 1931

42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

miles to the west of Jalisco on the Mexican mainland. The
southern border of the plain appears to parallel the general
east- west axis of the archipelago. This border and axis, if
projected eastward, would strike about the state of Jalisco and,
perhaps not as a mere coincidence, tend to line up with the
southern margin of the Mexican plateau. The northern swing
of the 4000-meter line between Socorro and the Tres Marias
lines up with the trough of the Gulf of California. In short,
it seems from these bathymetric data that the Revillagigedo
Islands might well represent peaks of a submerged land-mass
which formerly extended east and west and connected with
the Mexican mainland in Jalisco or Colima and that in the
diastrophism that formed the Gulf of California it was sepa-
rated from the mainland and subsequently sunk.

Such a theory is quite consistent with what is known of the
geological history of the western states of Mexico. Deposits
show that the most active part of this coast has been that in
and around the Gulf of California. The peninsula of Lower
California has been particularly active, having had periods of
extensive subsidence and flooding in the Eocene, the Miocene
and the Pliocene. At the close of the Tertiary the peninsula
and the adjacent areas were subjected to tremendous fractur-
ing and down- faulting. Except that the Isthmus of Tehuan-
tepec subsided and was covered by the sea in late Miocene and
early Pliocene, the area in the coastal states of Mexico soutli
of Nayarit has been above the sea since the beginning of the
Tertiary and for all we know perhaps has even extended fur-
ther to the westward. Mountain-making forces were active at
the close of the Tertiary in our coastal area and were particu-
larly energetic in Jalisco where a line of great upheavals on
an east-west axis now forming the south end of the Mexican
plateau, brought high land near the coast and probably caused
the hump on the coast line that is terminated by Cape Cor-
rientes. At present the whole coast seems to be rising.

The Revillagigedos lie, accordingly, to the south of an un-
stable region where tectonic forces have been active over a
long period and to the west of land that has, over the same
period, continued above the sea and may possibly have even ex-
tended further west. As evidenced by the paralleling of the
northwest-southeast coast lines of the mainland and the two
shores of the peninsula the islands are separated from the con-

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REV1LLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 43

tinent by several great lines of probably late Tertiary faulting.
In alignment they strongly suggest a continuation of the line
of Tertiary uplift and vulcanism that determines the southern
end of the Mexican plateau. In fact, the site of the Revil-
lagigedos may well represent a portion of the continental mar-
gin, much less stable than the peninsula to the north, that was
elevated and connected with middle western Mexico during the
relatively quiet history of that section in mid-Tertiary and
some that was subsequently disconnected and finally entirely
subsided when crustal equilibria were disturbed by mountain-
making forces on the mainland and by the tremendous up-
heavals and down-faultings that shaped the peninsula and
Gulf of California at the close of the Tertiary. What is more,
this theory not only accounts for important details in plant and
animal distribution, but also accounts particularly well for the
granitic rocks of Roca Partida, the central islet of the Revil-
lagigedos, and accommodates readily the continental origin
that has been suggested for them by Hanna, Science n. s. 62 :
491-2 (1925) and Pan Amer. Geologist 48: 17 (1927).

Assuming, if not actually accepting the theory, that there
was formerly a large mass of land rising from the waters in
which the Revillagigedos are now located, one naturally won-
ders what connection, if any, it may have had with the penin-
sula of Lower California. The fact that the present archi-
pelago has a long axis that presents a very broad angle to that
of the peninsula and one more in line with certain structural
axes on the mainland suggests that they belong to different
oreogenic systems and have had different histories and hence,
perhaps no direct land connection. Plant distribution, how-
ever, gives additional evidence. The large number of species
common to the peninsula and the islands are chiefly of the
widely distributed weedy types efficient in oceanic dispersal.
The insular plants conspecific with otherwise strictly peninsular
species are xerophytic ones, as are also the weakly differen-
tiated insular endemics of peninsular affinities and, like them,
give every evidence of recent arrival, probably by oceanic means.
The relic flora on the islands is a mesophytic or even a moist
tropical one of southern affinity and shows no species, with the
possible exception of the Sphacele, in common with the penin-
sula. Had there been some, it seems inconceivable that they
would fail to persist in the conditions, much more favorable

44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

than on the islands, found in the moist meadows and canons
of the mountains at the peninsula-tip, a region which has not
been submerged in Tertiary or more recent times. The Spha-
cele which grows on the summit of Socorro and in the higher
parts of the mountains of southernmost Lower California does
seem to be an exception. It is an old species with only distant
relatives, and one which had no doubt wandered far before it
made its last stand in three such strangely selected localities as
Hawaii, Socorro and the tip of Lower California. I am in-
clined to believe, however, that it reached the island and penin-
sula from a common source on the mainland that has now dis-
appeared. It might, of course, have reached the island from
Lower California over the sea, but in any case I do not believe
it was by a direct overland route. Such a theory falls of its
own weight when attempts are made to explain how only this
plant and no others of many species give any evidence of
having availed themselves of such an opportunity for advan-
tageous migration. The evidence from plant distribution,
therefore, seems to be definitely against the assumption of any
former bridging connection of the peninsula with the vanished
land mass to the south.

As there are good reasons for believing that the old land
mass that preceded the present Revillagigedos could not have
been connected with the peninsula of Lower California its con-
nections with the continent must have been through the main-
land of Mexico. Indeed, I believe we may visualize it, in
times before the extensive diastrophism of the Pliocene, as
projecting westward from what is now the states of Jalisco and
Colima, or possibly from even somewhat further south. It
was at this period when a moister climate permitted the more
northern and western extension of the floras now found on
the mountain slopes of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas and
in Central America and the West Indies, that the land mass
must have received directly the first members of the flora and
fauna4 which now linger, more or less modified and in de-

4 A number of the land-snails on the islands, like the plants have affinities in
southern Mexico. The only native land vertebrates on the islands, two lizards (Uta
spp.) and a snake (Masticophis sp.), are clearly related to species, not in lower Cali-
fornia, but in the coastal states of the mainland of western Mexico. The lizards have
relatives in Jalisco and Colima and northward. Ortenburger, Mem. Univ. Michigan
Mus. 1: 144 (1928), in his monograph of the racers definitely concludes that the
island snake is immediately derived from one now occurring along the coast from
Sonora to Guerrero and possibly Michoacan.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGICEDO ISLANDS 4^

pleted numbers on the crests of the isolated, ocean-ringed,
volcanic peaks which now form the Revillagigedos. It was on
this old land mass, after its separation from the mainland,
that the strongly differentiated insular endemics were able to
develop in isolation, and so eventually change. With them, no
doubt, were some of the widely distributed weedy species
which, having arrived early, probably had no need to demon-
strate their abilities for oceanic dispersal in order to reach the
islands. The subsidence and diminishing of the land and the
tend towards increasing aridity which followed the Tertiary
must have been very destructive to the original flora and
fauna. Inadaptable stenoclimatic species must have disap-
peared in large numbers. Even today, indeed, the margin by
which many of the island species are able to persist must be
very slight. A reduction, for example, of half the height of
Socorro would probably result in a reduction, in similar pro-
portion, of the number of species in the entire archipelago.
What is more, the reduction would be in those moisture-
requiring species which are chiefly old elements in the flora.
The islands today are dominated by those species of the older
flora which were plastic enough to develop successful xerophy-
tic forms and by the adaptable immigrants which have arrived
from over the sea in more recent times. The future flora, if
conditions continue with the same trend, will doubtless be
made up chiefly of the weedy, readily dispersed, successful
plants of wide distribution and will become more and more of
an oceanic type.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

For the great privilege of working over the Revillagigedo
plants obtained on the California Academy of Sciences expe-
dition of 1925, I am indebted to Dr. Barton Warren Ever-
mann, Director of the Museum of the Academy, and to the
Curator of Botany, Miss Alice Eastwood. To Dr. W. R.
Maxon I am indebted for the loan of critical material from
the islands, chiefly collections by Townsend, now preserved in
the United States National Herbarium. I am also under great
obligation to Prof. W. A. Setchell and Dr. E. B. Copeland

45 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

for the loan of a large number of critical Revillagigedo plants
from the Brandegee Herbarium, now a part of the general col-
lections at the University of California. Various specialists
have also assisted me. The ferns have been determined by Mr.
C. A. Weatherby, the orchids by Mr. Charles Schweinfurth,
certain grasses by Mrs. Agnes Chase and Prof. A. S.
Hitchcock, the Peperomias by Prof. W. Trelease and the Eupa-
torieae by Prof. B. L. Robinson. Mr. Paul C. Standley very
kindly gave me the benefit of his extensive knowledge of the
Mexican and Central American plants by examining several
puzzling specimens. Through the kindness of Captain John
Ramsbottom, Keeper of the Dept. of Botany of the British
Museum (Nat. Hist.), I have had available a copy of those
parts of Barclay's manuscript journal that concern the
islands. Mr. A. W. Anthony, most kindly, has supplied me
with data regarding his own important expedition to the
islands.

The value of this paper and the pleasure I have had in pre-
paring it have been greatly enhanced by the very friendly and
extremely helpful responses I have had to my requests for
assistance. I am consequently very grateful to those I have
mentioned above. It is a pleasure to again, now publicly,
acknowledge my appreciation of and gratitude for the valued
assistance they have given me.

INTRODUCTION TO THE CATALOGUE

In the following catalogue I have enumerated and discussed
each species of vascular plant known from the Revillagigedo
Islands. The determinations of all species have been carefully
verified and the nomenclature, when necessary, revised. For
all species and subspecies first described from the islands I
have given complete synonymy. For the widely distributed
species, however, I have given synonyms only when con-
venience or when precision required it. Under the proper
species I have listed all names, whether correct or not, that
have been applied to the island flora. References to every
mention of Revillagigedo plants that I have encountered in
floras or monographs have also been included. Special care
has been given to this bibliographic work and I believe that few

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAG1GEDO ISLANDS 47

if any of the rare references to the Revillagigeclo flora have
been missed. The nomenclature used is in accord with the
International Rules. In the decapitalization of certain specific
names and in the omission of the Latin diagnosis for new
species I have departed from the prevailing and what I con-
sider the best botanical practice. This was reluctantly done in
order to conform with the editorial policies of the Academy.

I have cited all collections examined. These include all but
a small percentage of those ever made on the islands and
represent all the species ever reported from them. My concern
has been, of necessity, chiefly with the problems of distribu-
tion, relationship and taxonomy of the species. I regret most
keenly that I have been able to give so little regarding the
selection of habitats, ecological relations, variations, abun-
dance, growth-habit, flower-color, etc. of the various plants of
the islands. Very little is known about these interesting and
important details, since, in the excitement of pursuing plant-
kinds, the collectors on the islands, who should have assem-
bled such data, have usually forgotten to observe and make
note of the vegetation. I have given notes on the general dis-
tribution of most species. Emphasis in these notes has been
given to the range in Mexico, Central America and the West
Indies and particularly to those sections of these areas which
might be significant in determining the original source of the
island plant. No attempt has been made to state the complete
range of species extending into South America or the Old
World.

48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sek.

CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES

PSILOTACE^

1. Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb.
Psilotum nudum Griseb. Abh. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen 7: 278 (1857).

Collected by Barkelew (no. 218) on Socorro. Widely dis-
tributed in the tropics.

Polypodiace,e5
2. Polystichum muricatum (L.) Fee

Polystichum muricatum F6e, Gen. Fil. 278 (1852).

Growing in the forested canons towards the summit of
Socorro where it has been collected by Mason (nos. 1630,
1677). It has a stout trunk-like base, 2.5-3 dm. tall and forms
a widely spreading plant 9-12 dm. high. Barkelew (no. 227)
also collected it on Socorro. The island plants seem much
more fibrillose on the under surface of the pinnae than in most
material from the mainland. The species ranges from south-
ern Mexico through Central America to Venezuela and occurs,
also, in Jamaica and Haiti.

3. Asplenium formosum Willd.
Asplenium formosum Willd. Sp. PI. 5: 329 (1810).

Material of this species was collected by Mason on Socorro
on the north- facing wall of a canon near Grayson Cove (no.
1615) and among rocks, in soil and on tree-trunks in shaded
places or on north-facing rock wall from 300-1200 meters alt.
on the east slope of the island (no. 1631). The insular ma-
terial collected differs from the typical form in its brown
rachis and rather less divided pinnae, in these respects ap-
proaching A. carolinum Maxon of the Galapagos Islands, al-
though lacking the second row of sori characteristic of that
species. Asplenium formosum is very widely distributed in the
American tropics.

• The determinations and the systematic and distributional notes for this family
have been contributed by Mr. C. A. Weatherby.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 40,

4. Asplenium potosinum Hieron., var. incisum Hieron.
Asplenium potosinum, var. incisum Hieron. Hedwigia 60: 248 (1919).

Collected on a dry stream bank in the fog-belt near the sum-
mit of Socorro by Mason (no. 1670). Barkelew (no. 215)
also obtained the variety on the island. It has heretofore been
known only from the Mexican state of San Luis Potosi. The
insular material seems quite typical. The species is a critical
segregate of that variable and puzzling assemblage that
formerly passed as A. lanulatum, a group that ranges in Cen-
tral America, in southern and eastern Mexico, the West
Indies, etc.

5. Adiantopsis radiata (L.) Fee
Adiantopsis radiata Fee, Gen. Fil. 145 (1852).

Present in the dense forests near the summit of Socorro,
where it was found growing in soil along dry stream beds by
Mason (no. 1632). The species is known from the West
Indies, eastern and southern Mexico and from Venezuela to
Paraguay. It is either absent or very rare on the Pacific Coast.

6. Pteridium caudatum (L.) Maxon

Pteridium caudatum Maxon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 23: 631 (1901).

Collected on Socorro by Barkelew (no. 216) and Mason
(no. 1662). Mason reports that it is very common on the
higher parts of the island. It grows 3-15 dm. tall in the brush
but in the forests has stipes 2 m. long and attains a total
height of 4.5-6 m. The species occurs in Florida, the West
Indies, tropical Mexico and Central America.

7. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt
Polypodium polypodioides Watt, Canad. Nat. ser. 2, 13: 158 (1867).

Collected by Mason (no. 1642) near the summit of So-
corro, where it occurred as a climbing epiphyte on mossy tree-
trunks both in dense forest and in more open formations.
Barkelew (no. 236 in pt.) also found it on the island. The
species is very widely distributed in the warmer parts of
America.

50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

8. Polypodium pulchrum Mart. & Gal.
Polypodium pulchrum Mart. & Gal. M6m. Acad. Brux. 15: 41, t. 8, f. 2 (1842).

Growing in soil and on tree-trunks in the shade of the for-
ests near the summit of Socorro where it was obtained by
Mason (no. 1633). Barkelew (no. 236 in pt.) also collected it
on the island. This species ranges from central Mexico south
to Costa Rica. It is a close segregate of the wide spread
P. plumula H. & B., distinguished principally by its broad and
usually pale rhizome-scales, and perhaps is no more than a
variety of that species.

9. Cheilanthes peninsularis Maxon, var. insularis Weatherby

Cheilanthes peninsularis, var. insularis Weatherby, Amer. Fern Journ. 21: 25
(1931). C. wrightii of Vasey & Rose, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13:
149 (1891); Brandg. Zoe 5: 28 (1900).

This variety is endemic to the archipelago. It has been col-
lected on Socorro by Townsend, Anthony (sine no.) and
Mason (no. 1616). Mason's collection, which is the type ma-
terial, came from a very dry north facing rock wall above
Grayson Cove at an altitude of about 300 m. It has also been
found by Mason (no. 1571) on Clarion, where he reports it
as locally abundant in the brush just below the crest of the
hills. Typical C. peninsularis is confined to central and south-
ern Lower California.

Gramine^e

10. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) Link
Eragrostis ciliaris Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 192 (1827).

Collected by Barkelew <no. 224) and Mason (no. 1640)
on Socorro. The latter got it on a mud-wash on the plateau.
It is very widely distributed in the tropics.

11. Eragrostis diversiflora Vasey

Eragrostis diversiflora Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 285 (1893); Hitchc.
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17: 365 (1913).

Collected on San Benedicto by Anthony (sine no.), Barke-
lew (no. 172) and Mason (nos. 1681, 1681a). Mason reports
that it is common there in scattered bunches. Off the island it
is known only from a very few collections in Sinaloa and
Colima.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REV1LLAG1GEDO ISLANDS 51

12. Jouvea pilosa (Presl) Scribn.

Jouvea pilosa Scribn. Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. 23: 143 (1896); Hitchc. Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 17: 384 (1913).

This species frequents the coastal sands from southern
Lower California south to Nicaragua. It has been collected on
Socorro by Barkelew (no. 183) and Mason (no. 1610).

13. Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Kunth
Sporobolus argutus Kunth, Enum. PI. 1: 215 (1833).

Growing on beach-sand and about a vernal pool near Sul-
phur Bay on Clarion where it was collected by Mason (no.
1569). Widely distributed in the warmer parts of America.

14. Sporobolus purpurascens (Sw.) Hamilton
Sporobolus purpurascens Hamilton, Prodr. Ind. Occ. 5 (1825).

Collected near the craters at the summit of Mt. Evermann
by Mason (no. 1663). The species has a very disrupted range,
being known only from southeastern United States, Cuba,
Jamaica, Mexico (Vera Cruz), Guatemala, Costa Rica and
several South American countries. The determination has been
verified by Mrs. Chase.

IS. Aristida pansa Woot. & Standi.
Aristida pansa Woot. & Standi. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 16: 112 (1913).

A common plant on the middle slopes of the south side of
Clarion, where it was collected by Mason (no. 1586). It also
grows on Socorro, Mason (no. 1649) having collected it on
the grassy alluvial flats near Benner Cove. The material from
Clarion has been determined by Prof. Hitchcock. He reports
that although it shows some minor differences from the con-
tinental plant that these are not sufficiently important to jus-
tify the treating of the insular plant as distinct. Aristida pansa
is otherwise known only from Arizona, New Mexico, Texas,
Durango and San Luis Potosi. It represents, therefore, the
only non-endemic member of the Revillagigedo flora that has
a distribution suggestive of the specific relationships of the
endemic island species of Nicotiana and Teucriiim.

52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th Ser.

16. Eriochloa acuminata (Presl) Kunth

Eriochloa acuminata Kunth, Enum. PI. 1: 72 (1833).

Collected by Anthony (sine no.) and Mason (nos. 1581,
1587) on Clarion where it is reported as a common grass. It
grows from sea-level to the crest of the island but is especially
common and covers large areas near the summit. The species
is practically confined to Mexico. It ranges from Chihuahua
and southeastern California southward, chiefly on the Pacific
slope, to Oaxaca. Determined by Mrs. Chase.

17. Paspalum longum Chase, n. sp.

A robust perennial in large clumps; culms simple, erect,
about 8 dm. or more tall, overtopped by the leaves, subcom-
pressed, glabrous; nodes glabrous, none exposed; sheaths
elongate, overlapping, the lower pinkish, papillose-pilose along
the margin toward the summit, otherwise very smooth,
rounded on the back, with tawny prophylla as much as 1 dm.
long, the upper sheaths subcompressed ; ligule firm-membra-
naceous, 3mm. long, with long stiff hairs back of it; blades
erect-ascending, folded toward the base and narrowed to the
width of the sheath, flat or nearly so above, 7-10 dm. long,
8-10 mm. wide, with a long-attenuate, subinvolute tip, the
midnerve thick throughout, the upper surface and margin of
the blades scabrous, the lower surface smooth, the margin at
the base papillose-ciliate with long hairs, the blade much ex-
ceeding the panicle; panicle tawny, short-exserted or partly
included, the rather slender compressed axis 12-18 cm. long;
racemes 9-13, nodding or loosely curled in age, the lower
8-12 cm. long; rachis about 1 mm. wide, densely pubescent at
base and minutely so on the upper surface throughout, the
margin scabrous; spikelets in pairs on angled pedicels, rather
crowded, 2.8-2.9 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, depressed plano-
convex and slightly unsymmetrical, broadly ovate-elliptical,
obtuse to subacute ; glume and sterile lemma equal, rather thin
and fragile, very minutely papillose under a lens, 3-nerved;
fruit about 2.5 mm. long and 1.6 mm. wide, obovate-elliptic,
stramineous, minutely papillose-striate.

Type: No. 186603, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected May
7, 1925, by H. L. Mason (no. 1648) on a grassy flat north of
Benner Cove, Socorro Island.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVlLLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 53

"This species belongs in the group Virgata. In the three
overmature specimens examined (all Mason's no. 1648), the
leaves are much longer than the culm. In this the species dif-
fers from all the others of the group. It appears to be most
allied to Paspalum aritndinaceum Poir. of the Greater Antilles,
Guatemala [Atlantic side], and French Guiana. From that it
differs in the very thick midnerves of the blades, the slightly
larger, flatter spikelets and in the fragile texture of the sterile
lemma and palea. A cotype is in the U. S. National Her-
barium, no. 1449808."

18. Setaria geniculata (Lam.) Beauv.
Setaria geniculata Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51 and 178 (1812).

Growing at the edge of hot springs in the craters near the
summit of Mt. Evermann, where material in very mature con-
dition was collected by Mason (no. 1664). A variable species
ranging very widely in the warmer parts of America.

19. Cenchrus myosuroides HBK.

Cenchrus myosuroides HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 115, t. 35 (1816); Vasey &
Rose, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 149 (1890); Brandg. Zoe 5:
27, 28 (1900); Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17: 268 (1913);
Hitchc. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 22: 53 (1920).

Collected on San Benedicto by Anthony (no. 370), Barke-
lew (no. 171) and Mason (no. 1682). Mason notes that it is
common there on flats and on crater-bottoms where it forms
meadow-like growths 15 dm. tall. On Socorro the species has
been collected by Townsend, Barkelew (no. 202) and Mason
(no. 1604). Mason notes that it grows 9-24 dm. tall on So-
corro and that it is common there both on the alluvial deposits
near sea-level and on the adjacent hillsides. The species is very
widely distributed in the warmer parts of America.

20. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash

Sorghastrum nutans Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 66 (1903); Hitchc.
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17: 211 (1913).

Collected on Socorro by Anthony (no. 401). The species
extends from the United States into Mexico where it has been
collected at various points on the west coast.

54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

21. Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv.

Heteropogon contortus Beauv. ex R. & S. Syst. 2: 836 (1817); Vasey &
Rose, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 149 (1890); Brandg. Zoe 5:
28 (1900); Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17: 212 (1913).

On Socorro this species has been collected by Townsend and
by Mason, the latter obtained it above Grayson Cove (no.
1619) and near Cape Rule at the south end of the island (no.
1647). Mason notes that the species covers much of the upper
half of the mountain on the west side of the island. The
species is very widely distributed in the warmer parts of
America.

Cyperace^e
22. Cyperus ligularis L.

Cyperus ligularis L. Amoen. Acad. 5: 391 (1759).

Collected by Mason (no. 1678) on Socorro on a low flat at
the east point of Braithwaite Bay. Widely distributed in
tropical America, on the Pacific coast extending north at least
to the Tres Marias.

23. Cyperus duripes Johnston, n. sp.

A coarse plant springing from a short hard rhizome that
becomes over a centimeter thick; leaves numerous, stiffish,
ascending, apparently equalling or surpassing the inflorescence ;
leaf-bases becoming as much as 3 cm. broad, brownish, even-
tually breaking down into numerous fine brownish fibers ; leaf-
blades becoming 8-16 mm. broad, firm, not transversely
lineate, lucent above, opaque beneath, margins finely very
weakly and obscurely denticulate, revolute, vascular strands
fine, numerous and crowded; culms 4-10 dm. tall, towards the
summit smooth sulcate and decidedly angulate; base of culms
very woody, obscurely trigonous, usually covered with brown
fibers, commonly developing some strict coarse buds or imma-
ture shoots; leaves of involucre 9-12, becoming 1-4 dm. long,
similar to the cauline ones in texture, etc. ; rays of inflorescence
9-12, unequal, 15-30 mm. long, bearing a single spike or a
very crowded group of 2-3 or even a congested secondary
umbel of 3-7 spikes ; spikes cylindrical, dark brown, the termi-
nal principal ones ca. 8 mm. thick and 1-1.5 cm. long, the

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REV1LLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 55

lateral ones shorter and proportionately stouter, sessile and
usually divergent; spikelets numerous, congested, ca. 4 mm.
long, ca. 1 mm. broad, turgid but somewhat laterally com-
pressed; basal persistent glumes sessile, 1.5-2 mm. long; fruc-
tiferous glumes 2, elliptical-oblong, 3.5-4 mm. long, ca. 12-
ribbed, brown-dotted; anthers 1.7-2 mm. long, ca. 0.3 mm.
broad, base retuse, apex contracted into a subulate appendage
0.5 mm. long; style 1-1.4 mm. long, producing 3 branches
2-2.4 mm. long; mature fruit unknown.

Type: No. 200908, Herb. Univ. Calif., collected May 25,
1897, by A. W. Anthony (sine no.) on Clarion Island.

Anthony's collection above cited, which shows the in-
florescence and flowers, is clearly the same species as the sterile
material collected on Clarion by Mason (no. 1590). Accord-
ing to Mason the plant forms great rank growths in loose soil
on the north slopes along the crest of the island. Material col-
lected on Socorro by Anthony (no. 400) is conspecific An
immature specimen by Barkelew (no. 173), labeled as from
San Benedicto, is probably the same. The species is endemic to
the islands. It is to be noted, however, that the material from
Socorro and San Benedicto tends to have simple umbels, is
decidedly less robust and seems to be less conspicuously lignes-
cent and hence, perhaps, might be separable from the Clarion
form. The new species belongs to the section Mariscus and to
the general group of C. ligularis although evidently distinct
from that particular species. Its exact relations are obscure.
From C. ligularis it differs in its fewer flowered pale spikelets,
in its very much firmer foliage, which is lucent above, has
much less scabrid margins and lacks evident cross-partitions,
and finally in its very woody more or less fibrous culm-bases
and rhizomes. It is a plant on hillsides, not of coastal
marshes.

24. Cyperus aff. brunneus Sw.

Overly mature specimens of a species suggesting in gross
habit C. brunneus Sw. and one probably closely related to it,
have been collected on Socorro by Barkelew (no. 196) and
Mason (no. 1651). The latter obtained it on sea-cliffs near
Benner Cove. The spikelets seem to be stouter and have more
closely imbricated scales, but otherwise the Socorro plant is

•

56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY CF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

very like the West Indian material of C. brunneus. A few col-
lections of that species have been made in southern Mexico.

25. Scirpus robustus Pursh, var. paludosus (Nels.) Fernald
Scirpus robustus, var. paludosus Fernald, Rhodora 2: 241 (1900).

Growing on the margins of pools behind the dunes on
Clarion where it has been collected by Mason (no. 1580). The
plant grows 1-2.5 dm. tall. The variety is known from north-
western Mexico and western United States.

26. Stenophyllus nesioticus Johnston

Stenophyllus nesioticus Johnston, Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 7: 438 (1922). Fim-
bristylis sp. Brandg. Zoe 5: 27-28 (1900); ? Vasey & Rose, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 149 (1890).

Collected on San Benedicto by Anthony (no. 317, type;
371) and Mason (no. 1687), on Socorro by Barkelew (no.
225) and Mason (no. 1650), and, if the label is to be fully
trusted, also on Clarion by Anthony (sine no.). Mason found
it occasional in scattered patches in a canon on San Benedicto.
On Socorro it grew on sea-cliffs and travertine deposits at
Benner Cove. The collections from San Benedicto and Clarion
are quite similar, having the spikes in a dense head as origi-
nally described. The material from Socorro, however, fre-
quently develops spikes 6-15 mm. long. In their arrangement
these can be described only as umbellate. I assume that the
specimens from Socorro, reported by Vasey & Rose, loc. cit,
as Fimbristylis, are probably this form. Townsend's speci-
mens, however, could not be located in the National Her-
barium. Stenophyllus nesioticus is related to S. jnnciformis
(HBK.) Britt., and related forms of the West Indies and
Central America. Although the precise relationship is not
clear, it can be said that they are not Mexican.

COMMELINACE^E

27. Commelina virginica L.

Commelina virginica L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1: 61 (1762). Tradescantia sp. Brandg.
Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

An immature specimen obtained on Clarion by Anthony
(sine no.) is apparently referable to this very wide-spread and
variable species.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAG1GEDO ISLANDS 57

Orchidace^e

28. Pleurothallis unguicallosa Ames & Schweinf.

Pleurothallis unguicallosa Ames & Schweinf. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 43: 195
(1930).

An epiphytic species found in the forests on the higher por-
tions of the east slope of Socorro by Mason (no. 1628, type).
The species is endemic. Its closest relative is P. wilsoni Lindl.,
a species known only from Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico,
and Guadeloupe in the West Indies.

29. Cattleya aurantiaca (Batem.) P. N. Don

Cattleya aurantiaca P. N. Don, Florist Journ. 185 (1840); Ames & Schweinf.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 43: 195 (1930).

Found by Mason (no. 1643) growing on branches of
Bumelia on the east slope of Socorro. Otherwise known only
from southern Mexico south to Costa Rica.

30. Epidendrum rigidum Jacq.

Epidendrum rigidum Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 29 (1760).

Collected on Socorro by Barkelew (no. 233). Ranging
from southern Florida and eastern Mexico southward into
northern South America. Apparently unknown from the Pa-
cific slope of Mexico, Salvador or Guatemala. I am indebted
to Mr. Schweinfurth for the determination of this and the two
preceding orchids.

Piperace^e

31. Peperomia chrysolepida Trelease, n. sp.

A rather small creeping- or stoloniferous-assurgent forking
succulent herb; stems slender, 1-2 mm. thick, rooting from
many nodes, terete, usually branching from the rooted nodes,
glabrescent ; leaves about 4 at a node, round- or subquadrate-
or ovate-elliptical, obtuse at both ends, 7-15 mm. long, 5-8 mm.
wide, glabrous, glossy, trinerved, impressed punctulate;
petiole 1-2 mm. long, more or less puberulent; spike terminal,
2-3 cm. long, ca. 2 mm. thick, rachis with anastomosing
hairy ridges; peduncle slender, scarcely 1 cm. long, short
hispid ; bracts round-peltate, orange-dotted ; ovaries subovoid,
attenuate ; stigma apical.

November 18, 1931

58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Seb.

Type: No. 3999023, Herb. U. S. Nat. Mus., collected in
1903 by F. E. Barkelew (no. 228) on Socorro Island.

Found growing in moss on trees in the forests on the upper
slopes of Socorro by Mason (no. 1629). Concerning this and
the following species Prof. Trelease writes, "Neither of them,
so far as I can see, is identical with any published species, but
both are closer to Mexican and Guatemalan species than to
anything else I know ; neither is very closely comparable with
South American forms ; and both are endemic American types
(even though the Old World reflexa seems to contradict this
idea)."

32. Peperomia socorronis Trelease, n. sp.

A moderate sized caespitose, somewhat branched erect
glabrous, epiphytic herb; stems 2-3 mm. thick, somewhat
scurfy-exfoliating, 1-2 dm. tall; leaves alternate, elliptic, sub-
acute at both ends, 2-3 cm. broad, 3-6 cm. long, drying thin
but dull and 3-5 (-7) -nerved, glabrous; petioles scarcely 5 mm.
long ; spikes terminal or occasionally also from the upper axils,
some 2 mm. thick and 10 cm. long, rather loosely flowered;
peduncles 10-15 mm. long; bracts round-peltate; berries sub-
globose, slightly mucronate ; stigma subapical.

Type: No. 186616, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected May
8, 1925, by H. L. Mason (no. 1653), near the summit of Mt.
Evermann, Socorro Island.

Growing on tree-trunks, chiefly in decaying knot-holes, in
moist forests at the lower edge of the fog-belt where it obtains
moisture from the fog sufficient to carry it through the dry
season. It occurs associated with P. chrysolepida. Both species
are endemic to Socorro.

Morace^e

33. Ficus cotinifolia HBK.

Ficus cotinifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 2: 49 (1817); Standley, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 20: 19 (1917). F. tecolutensis of Brandg. Zoe 5: 28
(1900).

Collected on Socorro by Anthony (no. 395), Barkelew (no.
178) and Mason (no. 1607). According to Mason the plant
forms a tree becoming 6 m. in height and 15-30 m. in spread.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTOX— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 59

Aerial roots are commonly produced. It occurs scattered over
slopes where it forms conspicuous dark green masses among
the dense pallid growth of Croton. On drier flats, along with
Psidium and Zanthoxylum, it is the dominant tree in somewhat
of a forest community. Because of the shade offered by the
broad spread and dense foliage of the trees of this species,
they are favorite gathering places for the numerous sheep that
run wild on the island. The species ranges widely in Mexico.
On the Pacific Coast it extends from Lower California and
Sonora south into Central America.

L0RANTHACE.E

34. Phoradendron townsendi Trelease

Phoradendron townsendi Trelease, Gen. Phoraden. 112, t. 162 (1916); Standley,
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 226 (1922). Ph. rubrum of Vasey
& Rose, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 149 (1890); Brandg. Zoe 5:
27 (1900).

Known definitely only from Socorro where it has been col-
lected by Townsend (type), Anthony (sine no.), Barkelew
(no. 177), and Mason (nos. 1620, 1622). Mason reports that
it is parasitic on Dodonaea and Guettarda, and that it is par-
ticularly common on the west side of the island. The species is
a very critical one. I believe it is rather doubtfully separable
from that one of the Mexican mainland which Trelease has
treated chiefly as Ph. commiiiata Trel., but which I suspect
might well be accepted as Ph. rubrum (L.) Griseb. In short,
I have accepted Ph. townsendi as a very questionable endemic.
In any case, however, the plant has very close relatives in
southern Mexico, adjacent Central America, and in the West
Indies.

Aristolochiace^:

35. Aristolochia brevipes Benth.

Aristolochia brevipes Benth. PI. Hartw. 15 (1839); Vasey & Rose, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 13: 149 (1890); Brandg. Zoe 6: 27 (1900).

Collected on San Benedicto by Anthony (fide Brandg. loc.
cit), Barkelew (no. 169) and Mason (no. 1680). The last
mentioned found it trailing on ash-slopes on the north side of
the island. Townsend, Anthony (sine no.), and Barkelew (no.

60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

193) found it on Socorro. The species frequents dryish situ-
ations and has been collected in most parts of Mexico, al-
though most often in the northwestern parts.

Amaranthace.e
36. Iresine celosia L.

Iresine celosia L. Syst. ed. 10, 2: 1291 (1759).

A weak, slender suffruticose plant found by Mason (no.
1565) growing through the brush on Clarion where he reports
it as common. The inflorescence on the Clarion specimens is
more compact, the stems more distinctly fruticulose and the
root stronger and more persistent than is usual in this species.
I believe these to be mere ecological responses in this variable
species. It is widely distributed through the warmer parts of
America.

NYCTAGINACE.E

37. Boerhaavia caribaea Jacq.

Boerhaavia caribaea Jacq. Obs. Bot. 4: 5, t. 84 (1771). B. ixodes Standley,
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 423 (1911). Boerhaavia sp. Brandg.
Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

Of this extremely variable and very widely distributed
species, collections have been made on Socorro by Anthony
(sine no.), Barkelew (no. 205) and Mason (nos. 1603,
1674). It is said to be rather common on the island. Mason
(no. 1592) also collected it on the summit ridge of Clarion.

Aizoace^e

38. Sesuvium portulacastrum L.

Sesuvium portulacastrum L. Syst. ed. 10, 2: 1058 (1759); Brandg. Zoe 5: 27
(1900)

This succulent plant grows in brackish marshes or in lo-
calities near the sea throughout most of the American tropics.
It is rare or at least is very rarely collected along the west
coast of Mexico. It has been collected on Clarion by Anthony
(sine no.) and Mason (no. 1576). The latter found it grow-
ing along the beach and on the cliffs above it.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REV1LLAGIGEDO ISLANDS §\

PORTULACACE^E

39. Portulaca pilosa L.

Portulaca pilosa L. Sp.Pl. 445 (1753); Vasey & Rose, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 13:
146-7 (1890); Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

Collected on Socorro and Clarion by Townsend. Mason
(no. 1584) found it on Clarion and only along the hills east
of Sulphur Bay, where it occurs on the slopes from beach to
crest. In his collections the plant has formed a very loosely
branched suffruticose caudex. The leaves are very fleshy and
obtuse, being rather compressed botuliform in shape. The
material from Socorro represents a much more slender and
apparently less persistent plant. The differences, however, are
probably ecological in origin. The species ranges widely in
the American tropics.

Crucifer^e

40. Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt.

Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt. ex T. & G. Fl. No. Amer. 1: 115 (1838); Brandg.
Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

This herb has been collected on Clarion by Anthony (no.
405) and Mason (no. 1589). Mason notes that it grows in
crevices on shaded cliffs and along the summit ridge of the
island. The species grows in western United States and
northern Mexico.

Rosacea
41. Rubus sp.

Material representing this genus was obtained by Mason
(no. 1654) in canons towards the summit of Socorro. The
plant represented is a large shrub with stems that often climb
to a height of 15 m. The collections lack flowers, fruit and
even an old inflorescence. They appear to represent, however,
a species related to those of southern Mexico and adjacent
Central America. As far as can be judged from imperfect
material, the closest relation seems to be R. schiedianus Steud.

52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

42. Primus capuli Cav.

Prunus capuli Cav. Anal. Hist. Nat. Madrid 2: 110 (1800).

Collected by Mason (no. 1635) on the east slope of Socorro
where it forms large bushy pyramidal trees 3-5 m. tall. The
material from Socorro generally has the leaf-blades a little
more prominently toothed and proportionately somewhat
broader than in the common continental form but otherwise
seems quite like it. The species is found from Lower Cali-
fornia and Sonora southward through Central America to
Peru.

Leguminos^e

43. Calliandra socorrensis Johnston

Calliandra socorrensis Johnston, Contr. Gray Herb. 70: 71 (1924). Anneslia
socorrensis Britt. & Rose, No. Am. Fl. 23: 64 (1928). Calliandra
spp. Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

Two unnumbered collections of this plant were made on
Socorro by Anthony. One, with leaflets 10-19 mm. long,
probably came from a sheltered locality, the other, with leaflets
3-11 mm. long, from a more exposed situation. The latter
collection was made the type. Mason has collected on Clarion
(no. 1566) a plant obviously conspecific with these from So-
corro. It is given as a shrub about a meter tall. The specimens
of it are distinctly shrubby and in this regard much suggest
the type, which probably also came from a shrub of similar
size. No flowers of this species have ever been collected. Its
fruits are known only from legumes that are old and battered.
All the specimens have uniformly 2-yoked pinnae, each of
which bears 4-6 (-7) leaflets. The species is related to C. for-
mosa (Kunth) Benth., and particularly to those forms of it
that Britton & Rose, loc. cit. 68, have referred to Anneslia
gracilis (Mart. & Gal.) Britt. & Rose. The relation of the
island plant to that of western Mexico is very close. It stands
as a questionable endemic. Only when good collections of it
have been obtained will it be possible to decide its status
definitely. I should not be surprised if it proves to be no more
than an insular phase of C. formosa.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REV1LLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 53

44. Calliandra sp.

A shrub collected by Mason (no. 1661) in the thickets near
the crest of Socorro. It grows 15 dm. tall. The collections are
fragmentary, consisting of only a few leafy twigs and some
old fruits, but are sufficient to prove it different from C. socor-
rensis, the larger leaves having 3 pairs of pinnae each bearing
9-12 leaflets. It is closely related to and perhaps is no more
than an island form of the widely ranging and very variable
C. portoricensis (Jacq.) Benth. The leaflets are 3-6 mm.
broad and 1-1.5 cm. long and hence are rather broad for the
species.

45. Caesalpinia crista L.

Caesalpinia crista L. Sp. PI. 380 (1753). Guilandina socorroensis Britt. & Rose,
No. Am. Fl. 23: 338 (1930). C. bonducella of Brandg. Zoe 5: 27
(1900).

Collected on Clarion by Anthony (no. 417) and Mason
(no. 1567), whence probably also came the collection by
Barkelew (no. 207) that has been labeled as from Socorro.
Barkelew's collection is the type of Guilandina socorroensis.
Except that the island plant is somewhat less thorny than is
usual in the species, it is quite like the common forms of this
pantropic strand-plant. In stipules and bracts it is in no way
aberrant. It will be noticed, furthermore, that the description
of these structures given by Britton & Rose in their key is not
in agreement with that found in their formal diagnosis. The
latter is correct. The island plant is obviously a mere trivial
form of C. crista. Mason notes that it is a straggling shrub,
branched from the base and becoming 6-12 dm. tall. On the
Pacific side of America the species ranges from Sinaloa in
Mexico south to Ecuador. It is known from the Tres Marias,
Revillagigedo, Cocos and Galapagos islands.

46. Sophora tomentosa L.

Sophora tomentosa L. Sp. PI. 373 (1753); Vasey & Rose, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
13: 146 (1890); Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900); Standley, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 23:435 (1922).

This pantropic strand-plant, generally distributed in the
West Indian region, is known from the Pacific side of
America only from the Revillagigedos. It has been collected

54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

on Clarion by Townsend, Anthony (no. 404) and Mason (no.
1562). The collection made by Barkelew (no. 246) and
labeled as from Socorro is probably another example of the
confused data in his set of plants. I believe that Barkelew's
collection also came from Clarion. Mason reports that the
plant is rather common on Clarion, growing in the dense brush
near the ocean, along the beach and on the low hills directly
behind it. It is a shrub from a woody base and grows
2-12 dm. tall.

47. Canavalia apiculata Piper

Canavalia apiculata Piper, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 566 (1925). Erythrina
sp. Vasey & Rose, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 146 (1890); Brandg.
Zoe 5: 27 (1900). C. obtusifolia of Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

A very close relative and perhaps no more than a phase of
the pantropic strand-plant, C. maritima (Aubl.) Thon., which
it apparently replaces on the west coast of Mexico. Off the
continent it has been collected only on Clarion where it has
been obtained by Townsend, Anthony (no. 405) and Mason
(No. 1552). It is abundant on Clarion growing along the
beach and well up on the slopes. Mason noted, but did not
collect it, at Grayson Cove on Socorro.

48. Phaseolus lunatus L.

Phaseolus lunatus L. Sp. PI. 724 (1753).

Collected on Socorro by Mason (no. 1668) who reports it
as abundant and as draping profusely the bushes near the sum-
mit of the island. The species is very widely dispersed through
tropical America.

49. Phaseolus atropurpureus DC.

Phaseolus atropurpureus DC. Prodr. 2: 395 (1825). Phaseolus sp. Vasey &
Rose, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 146 (1890); Brandg. Zoe 5: 27
(1900).

Collected on Clarion by Townsend, Anthony (no. 414) and
Mason (no. 1550). The collection made by Barkelew (no.
248), labeled as from Socorro, probably also came from
Clarion. According to Mason the plant is found everywhere
on Clarion, either trailing on the ground or climbing over

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 65

rocks. It is most abundant, however, along the beaches and on
the lower hills just behind them. The species occurs in most
parts of Mexico and extends into northern Central America.

50. Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC.

Rhynchosia minima DC. Prodr. 2: 385 (1825); Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

Known on the islands only from a collection made on
Socorro by Anthony (sine no.). The species is very widely
distributed through tropical America, extending northward to
southern Lower California, Sonora, Texas and Florida.

51. Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urban

Galactia striata Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 320 (1900).

Specimens, showing leaves and ripe fruit, of what is almost
certainly this species were collected by Mason (no. 1563) on
Clarion. The plant is reported as a very abundant vine that
had almost completely dried up and gone in late April when
the specimens were taken. Galactia striata grows on the Tres
Marias and is widely distributed in southern Mexico, Central
America and the West Indies.

ZYGOPHYLLACEiE

52. Tribulus cistoides L.

Tribulus cistoides L. Sp. PI. 387 (1753); Vasey & Rose, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
13: 146-7 (1890); Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

Collected on Socorro by Townsend, Anthony (no. 393),
and Barkelew (no. 200), and on Clarion by Townsend, An-
thony (no. 410), and Mason (no. 1554). On Clarion Mason
notes that it is abundant near the sea, growing on beaches,
dunes and sea cliffs. The species is very widely distributed
through the warmer parts of America.

Rutace;e

53. Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sargent

Zanthoxylum fagara Sargent, Gard. & Forest 3: 186 (1890). Z. pterota HBK.;
Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

Collected on Clarion by Anthony (fide Brandg. loc. cit.)
and Mason (no. 1575). A tough thorny shrub which on

6(5 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Clarion is usually scattered, although at times forms almost
impenetrable thickets. The species is very widely distributed in
the warmer parts of America, mostly in semiarid situations.

54. Zanthoxylum insulare Rose

Zanthoxylum insulare Rose, No. Am. Fauna 14: 79 (1899); Wilson, No. Am.
Fl. 25: 189 (1911); Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 534
(1923). Zanthoxylon sp. Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

This species has been found on Socorro by Anthony (no.
394), Barkelew (no. 187), and Mason (no. 1636). Mason
found it on the east slope of the island and reports that it is a
climbing shrub with leaves that are dark and glossy green
above and lighter colored beneath. The leaflets on the Socorro
material occur in 5-9 pairs. The most common numbers, how-
ever, are 7-9. The species has been found only in Jamaica,
Tres Marias Islands, and Socorro, and in northern and west-
ern South America. It is perhaps too closely related to
Z. culantrillo HBK., a species which ranges from Central
America to Peru and which in turn is rather close to certain
species of Brazil.

BURSERACE,E

55. Bursera nesopola Johnston, n. sp.

A small tree 2.5-6 m. tall; twigs red-brown, somewhat
lucent, at first very sparsely and obscurely pubescent but l^ter
becoming quite glabrous ; leaves usually clustered at the ends
of branches or short lateral spurs, simple; blade elliptical or
oblong-ovate, 2-3.8 cm. long, 1.5-2.3 mm. wide, chartaceous,
apex obtuse, base obtuse to obliquely shallow-cordate, margin
finely crenate, midrib evident, producing 6-7 evident parallel
veins on each side, secondary venation usually obscure; upper
leaf-surface slightly vernicose, sparsely and usually obscurely
hispidulous, slightly glandular; lower leaf-surface more con-
spicuously (usually brownish) hispidulous, particularly on the
veins and midrib, paler, opaque, somewhat glandular; petiole
about one-fourth length of blade, 5-10 mm. long, hispidulous,
unwinged ; inflorescence slender, surpassing the leaves, 3-5 cm.
long, loosely 3-7-flowered, racemose, finely pubescent; pedicels
ascending, 3-5 mm. long ; calyx sparsely hispidulous, ca. 2 mm.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS (fi

thick at base, lobes erect cuneate 1.5-2 mm. long; petals ellip-
tical ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, 1.3 mm. wide, sparsely hispidulous
outside: filaments subulate, ca. 0.8 mm. long, glandular-
pulverulent; anthers ca. 1 mm. long; ovary glabrous; subma-
ture fruit obliquely and somewhat irregularly obovoid or
pyriform. 7-9 mm. long, glabrous.

Type: No. 186618, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected May
3, 1925, by H. L. Mason (no. 1609), at Benner Cove on
Socorro Island.

This species, which Mason found occurring as scattered
trees on drier slopes at the south end of Socorro, is obviously
related to B. rhoifolia (Benth.) Johnston, a plant widely dis-
tributed over the southern parts of Lower California and ad-
jacent Sonora. It differs from the peninsular relative in having
a very much sparser rather obscure pubescence, subvernicose
upper leaf-surfaces, and very elongate inflorescences.

Euphorbiace^e
56. Croton masonii Johnston, n. sp.

Shrub 3-25 dm. tall; bark rough, deciduous; twigs pallid,
copiously stellate-tomentose, eglandular, the trichomes consist-
ing of a well developed erect or ascending axis and numerous
short appressed radiate branches; leaves ovate to lance-ovate,
1.5-3.5 times as long as broad, 2.5-7 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. broad,
broadest below the middle, not at all lobed, palmately 5-costate
at base although practically pinnate in venation, lacking lami-
nar or petiolar glands, base rounded or somewhat truncate,
apex acute or acuminate, margin denticulate, upper surface
with impressed ribs and veins and green or somewhat grayish
with a fine stellate pubescence, under surface densely white
stellate-tomentose with prominent ribs and primary veins and
prominulent secondary veins ; petiole 5-20 mm. long, a fifth to
a sixth the length of the blade, pallid with a stellate tomentum ;
stipules subulate, caducous, pallid and tomentose, 3-5 mm.
long; inflorescence usually terminating short leafy branchlet?.
racemose, usually 6-12 cm. long, a centimeter or less thick,
bisexual, rarely branched towards the base; bracts linear,
3-5 mm. long; staminate flowers usually 25-70 in each raceme;
pedicels 3-5 mm. long; buds subglobose ca. 2 mm. thick, white

68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

stellate tomentose ; calyx cut two-thirds to base into 5 triangu-
lar-ovate lobes; petals 5, surpassing the calyx, ca. 3.5 mm.
long, ca. 1.3 mm. wide, oblanceolate, obtusish, inner face evi-
dently simple-villous especially below the middle, outer face
somewhat stellate; stamens 10-15, ca. 3 mm. long, villous
especially towards the base; glands 5 on the edge of the villous
receptacle opposite the sepals; pistillate flowers 1-20, replacing
the staminate flowers towards the base of the racemes, sub-
sessile; buds angulate, ovoid with an obtuse or truncate apex,
ca. 2.5 mm. long, stellate-tomentose inside and out; petals
represented by glands or very rarely with one or more de-
veloping and becoming 1.5-2 mm. long and linear with a
lacerate or villous margin; calyx lobed to well beyond the
middle, the sinus somewhat plicate; calyx-lobes 5, somewhat
oblong, thickish, acute, decidedly accrescent and persistent at
maturity, becoming 4-5 mm. long and evidently embracing the
fruit; ovary ovoid-globose, ca. 1.5 mm. thick, densely stellate;
capsule 3-celled, 6-8 mm. long, stellate tomentose, apex obtuse
or truncate; styles 3, each 2 mm. long and parted to the base,
the divisions each forked at their middle, stellate on the outer
face; seeds 4-5 mm. long.

Type: No. 186600, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected May
5, 1925, by H. L. Mason (no. 1637) on the east slope of
Socorro Island.

This very distinct endemic of Socorro has the general facies
of the widely distributed Mexican C. cortesianus HBK., but
differs not only in such details as having the upper surface of
the palmately ribbed leaves stellate rather than glabrous but
also in the striking and important development of having the
calyx of the female flowers persistent, strongly accrescent and
eventually quite embracing the fruit. In fact the persistent,
conspicuously accrescent calyces of C. masonii distinguish it
quickly and decisively from all but a very small number of the
American species of this large genus, none of which seem very
closely related to it. Although the relations of the island plant
are obscure, in general they seem to be with the species of
southern Mexico and adjacent Central America. The plant
grows in dense pure stands over all the south slope of Socorro,
extending from sea-level up to the plateau where its upper
limit is abruptly marked. It forms almost inpenetrable thickets

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REV1LLAGIGEDO ISLANDS ($)

over large areas and was one of the most trying plants for the
members of the recent expedition since it was necessary to
fight a passage through its stands in order to get anywhere on
the island from the anchorage. Collections of it have been
made on Socorro by Anthony (sine no.), Barkelew (no. 180)
and Mason (no. 1637). It is reported as "Croton sp." by
Brandegee, Zoe 5 : 27 (1900).

57. Acalypha umbrosa Brandg.

Acalypha umbrosa Brandg. Erythea 7: 7 (1898) and Zoe 5: 27 (1900); Standley,
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 630 (1923); Pax & Hoffm. Pflanzenr.
[Heft 85] Fam. 147, pt. 16, pg. 124 (1924).

Known only from Socorro where it has been collected by
Anthony (no. 375, type), Barkelew (no. 206), and Mason.
Mason obtained it (no. 1623) near Grayson Cove, where on
the burned-over area it formed a common small bush
4.5-6 dm. tall, and later (no. 1660) recollected it near the
summit of the island. The species seem to be polygamo-
dioecious. Most of the material seems to have axillary in-
florescence consisting of a few pistillate flowers borne on the
peduncle of the dense elongate spike of staminate flowers.
Although this condition seems to prevail, I found that some
specimens (in one case a single branch of a prevailingly stami-
nate specimen) tend to be predominately if not exclusively
pistillate. These forms have axillary spikes of 10-25 pistillate
flowers and, apparently late in the season, develop a distinctly
terminal pistillate spike also. A similar variation on the ar-
rangement of the pistillate and staminate flowers is to be
observed in A. calif ornica Benth. That latter species, which is
chiefly peninsular, is probably the closest relation of
C. umbrosa.

58. Hippomane mancinella L.

Hippomane mancinella L. Sp. PI. 1191 (1753); Brandg. Zoe 5: 28 (1900);
Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 649 (1923).

Collected on Socorro by Anthony (no. 388), and Mason
(no. 1625). At Grayson Cove the tree is said to be locally
abundant and to form a small grove back of the shore. There
are many interesting and conflicting reports regarding the

7Q CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

poisonous qualities of this plant, cf. Standley, loc. cit. Mr.
Mason's observations in this connection are of some interest.
The plant has been reported as producing very severe derma-
titis. The poisonous qualities of its fruit have been repeatedly
emphasized. Dermatitis was produced on a member of the
Academy expedition who came in contact with the juice of a
crushed leaf. The wood, however, was used as fuel and the
shade of the trees was enjoyed, yet no other case of dermatitis
developed. Sheep were noted to eat the leaves and parakeets
to break open the fruits and eat the seeds. With this example
some of the party ate the seeds and found them to have a
flavor suggestive of that of black walnuts. The species fre-
quents coasts and is widely distributed in the West Indian
region. Along the Pacific Coast it is known from Socorro and
the Galapagos Islands and on the mainland from southernmost
Mexico to Ecuador.

59. Euphorbia californica Benth.

Euphorbia californica Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulphur 49 (1844); Brandg., Zoe 5:
27 (1900).

Collected on Clarion by Anthony (no. 413), and Mason
(no. 1564). Mason notes that it is a rather succulent shrubby
plant 5-10 dm. tall, scattered abundantly in the brush over the
island. It was in leafless condition the last of April when he
collected it. The plant also grows in the coastal region of
Sinaloa, Sonora, and southern Lower California.

60. Euphorbia incerta Brandg.

Euphorbia incerta Brandg. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, 3: 171 (1891) and
Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

Collected on Socorro by Townsend, Anthony (no. 399),
and Barkelew (no. 244). The species is known only from a
relatively few scattered stations. It has been collected in the
general vicinity of La Paz, Lower California, and at Mazalan,
Sinaloa, and on the Tres Marias and Revillagigedo islands.
It appears to grow chiefly, if not exclusively, in sands along
the sea shore.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS J\

61. Euphorbia anthonyi Brandg.

Euphorbia anthonyi Brandg. Erythea 7: 7 (1898) and Zoe 5: 27 (1900); Stand-
ley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 602 (1923). E. darionensis
Brandg. Erythea 7: 7 (1898) and Zoe 5: 27 (1900). Chamaesyce
deppeana Millsp. Pub. Field Mus., Bot. 2: 409 (1916); Johnston,
Contr. Gray Herb. 68: 87 (1923).

Although there has been some attempt in the past to dis-
tinguish specifically the material from each of the islands in
the archipelago, my attempts to do so have been quite unsuc-
cessful. There do appear to be certain tendencies that are cor-
related with certain islands, but these seem too indefinite or
too trivial to justify, certainly at this time, the dignifying of
them by specific recognition. I have accordingly placed all the
material from the islands, of this general relationship, under
E. anthonyi. Specimens have been collected on Clarion by
Townsend, Anthony (no. 406, type of E. darionensis), and
Mason (no. 1556) ; on San Benedicto by Anthony (no. 369,
type of E. anthonyi), Barkelew (no. 174), and Mason (no.
1688) ; and on Socorro by Townsend, Barkelew (nos. 204,
204a), and Mason (nos. 1600, 1671). The collections from
Clarion and San Benedicto show little variation and seem very
much alike except that those from Clarion have distinct nar-
row white petaloid appendages on the involucre-glands, where-
as those from San Benedicto quite lack them. As the material
from Socorro also lacks appendaged involucre-glands, the
form from Clarion may for convenience be distinguished as
E. anthonyi var. clarionensis (Brandg.), comb. nov. The ma-
terial assembled from Socorro is very variable. Some of it
(Barkelew 204 and Mason 1600) is as robust and has quite
the same habit as that from San Benedicto. The Socorro
plants, however, tend to be more slender, possibly in response
to more favorable conditions found on that island. Some of
these forms (Townsend, Barkelew 204a and Mason 1671)
approach in habit the fruticulose forms of E. hypericifolia L.
Indeed I am inclined to believe that E. anthonyi, which is en-
demic to the archipelago, was probably derived from that
species or some other closely related one belonging to the same
plexus of puzzling ill defined species. These latter are found
throughout the warmer parts of America.

It is to be hoped that future collectors on the islands will
watch this Euphorbia for variations and that they will prepare

72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

more than a single collection from each island. Our knowledge
of its habit of growth and of its selection of habitats is very-
meagre. Mason notes that on Clarion it is "common among
the brush" and that it assumes "shrubby proportions away
from the sea" and becomes prostrate along the beach. On San
Benedicto he reports it as a common shrubby prostrate plant.
Nothing is noted regarding its habit, habitats, abundance or
variation on Socorro.

AqUIFOLIACEvE

62. Ilex socorroensis Brandg.

Ilex socorroensis Brandg. Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 4: 90 (1910); Standley, Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 675 (1923).

The type of this very distinct endemic was collected on
Socorro by Barkelew (no. 179). Mason (no. 1634) found the
species on the east slope of Socorro where it becomes ar-
borescent, reaches 6 m. in height and forms dense thickets.
The flowers are given as white and 4-5-merous. The species
has no obvious relations in Mexico or Central America and
seems, in fact, to be rather evidently related to /. repanda and
its immediate relatives in the West Indies.

Sapindace^e
63. Cardiospermum halicacabum L.

Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sp. PI. 366 (1753). C. palmeri Vasey & Rose,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 147 (1890); Brandg. Zoe 6: 27 (1900).

Of this widely distributed and very variable vine of the
tropics a glabrous form has been collected on Clarion by
Mason (no. 1591) and a densely pubescent form has been col-
lected on Socorro by Townsend, Anthony (no. 379), Barke-
lew (no. 203), and Mason (no. 1645). The pubescent form
of Socorro is similar to plants of the peninsula and of the
mainland of Mexico that have been referred to C. palmeri
Vasey & Rose, and to C. corindum L. These plants I believe
are mere phases of the variable and very widely ranging C.
halicacabum. It is interesting, however, that Socorro and
Clarion have different forms. The plants on these islands are

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REV1LLAGIGEDO ISLANDS J$

quite similar in leaf-outline, shape of fruit, etc. They differ
merely in that one is densely pubescent, almost velvety, whereas
the other is quite glabrous.

64. Sapindus saponaria L.

Sapindus saponaria L. Sp. PI. 367 (1753). Sapindus sp. Vasey & Rose, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 146 (1890); Brandg. Zoe 6: 27 (1900).

Collected on Clarion by Townsend, Anthony (sine no.),
and Mason (no. 1561). Mason reports that it grows there
behind the beach about a vernal pool and that it forms a large
thicket used by the Blue-faced Booby as nesting sites. As
many as ten nests were frequently found in a single plant. It
is the largest shrub on the island growing to a height of 2-3 m.
The species is widely distributed in the warmer parts of
America.

65. Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.

Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 19 (1760); Vasey & Rose, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 13: 146, 148 (1890); Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

This shrub, which is very widely distributed in the warmer
parts of America, has been collected on Socorro by Town-
send, Anthony (no. 390), and Mason (no. 1621) and on
Clarion by Townsend, Anthony (no. 412), and Mason (nos.
1551, 1577). A collection by Barkelew (no. 188), labeled as
from San Bendicto, probably also came from Clarion or So-
corro. According to Mason the shrub grows on Clarion at the
summit of sea-cliffs where its dark green color makes it a very
conspicuous plant against the prevailing gray color of the mass
of the vegetation on the island.

Sabiace^e
66. Meliosma nesites Johnston, n. sp.

Tree becoming 20 m. tall; branchlets pale, terete, sparsely
brownish hispidulous and somewhat glandular, becoming
glabrate ; axillary buds brown with a dense pubescence ; leaves
alternate, firmly chartaceous; blades oblanceolate, 10-18 cm.
long. 3-6 cm. broad, broadest above the middle and then con-
November 18, 1931

74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

tracted towards both ends, glabrous or very sparsely and ob-
scurely pubescent along the veins and in the vein-axils beneath,
apex acuminate, base cuneate, margin somewhat crisped but
quite entire, upper surface dark green; beneath paler, some-
what lustrous, midrib prominent and producing 9-13 veins on
each side, veins prominent, arcuately ascending, arching to 2-4
mm. from the leaf-margin, tertiary and even finer veining evi-
dent and reticulate; petioles 8-11 mm. long, upper half slender,
glabrous, smooth and very narrowly winged, lower half
coarse thickened, paler and somewhat pubescent; panicle
axillary, 5-13 cm. long, sparsely and divaricately branched,
sparsely brownish-hispidulous and somewhat glandular, lower
branches 5-15 or becoming as much as 25 mm. long; pedicels
ca. 1 mm. long; sepals 1-1.5 mm. long, glandular-ciliate, orbi-
cular-ovate, apex obtuse with a rounded tip, base broad and
somewhat auriculate, the 3 inner sepals slightly the largest and
broadest; petals and androecium unknown; disk cupulate, ca.
0.6 mm. high, bearing 5-10 oblong glandular teeth, closely in-
vesting the lower three-fifths of the ovary; ovary 2-celled,
studded with short appressed glandular hairs; style ca. 1.5 mm.
long, about once and a half the length of the ovary; fruit pur-
ple, on pedicels 2-4 mm. long ; carpels obliquely subglobose, ca.
12 mm. in diameter, usually only one developing from each
flower, becoming glabrous.

Type: No. 186617, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected May
5, 1925,' by H. L. Mason (no. 1627) on the east slope of
Socorro Island.

This species is most closely related to M. idiopoda Blake of
Costa Rica, from which it differs in its more elongate leaves,
sparse spreading pubescence on the stems and leaves, better de-
veloped and deeper floral disk, long style, and glandular-stri-
gose ovary. Along with M. idiopoda it finds its relatives in
the Costa Rican M. glabrata (Liebm.) Urban and M. tonduzii
Donn. Sm. and in the north Panamanian M. panamensis
Standley. Meliosma nesites is, accordingly, an outlying mem-
ber of a group that centers in Costa Rica. A few species of
the genus extend from the Caribbean islands and from Central
America into the extreme southern parts of Mexico. These
Mexican species, however, do not appear to be immediately re-
lated to our island plant.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 75

RhAMNACEjE

67. Rhamnus discolor (Donn. Sin.) Rose
Khamnits discolor Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 8: 51 (1903).

To this species of Central America and southernmost
Mexico I refer material collected by Mason (no. 1667) on
rocky forested slopes near the summit of Socorro. This ma-
terial is very similar to that of the type-collection of R. disco-
lor made in Guatemala, the chief differences being that the
island plants have glabrate stems, slightly larger leaves that
are glabrous above, slightly larger flowers, and decidedly hairy
ovaries. The continental plants of R. discolor, however, are
very variable in these as well as other characters so that the
Socorro plants fall well within the gamut of variation well
known and now accepted for the species.

68. Karwinskia humboldtiana (R. & S.) Zucc.

Karwinskia humboldtiana Zucc. Abh. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen 2: 351 (1832);
Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

Collected on Clarion by Anthony (sine no.), and Mason
(no. 1588). The latter notes that it is a large shrub or small
tree, up to 4.5 m. tall. The species is a variable one and is
found in most parts of Mexico.

TlLIACEyE

69. Triumfetta socorrensis Brandg.

Triumfetta socorrensis Brandg. Erythea 7: 1 (1898) and Zoe 5: 27 (1900);
Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 745 (1923).

An endemic of Socorro originally collected and described
from material obtained by Anthony (no. 378). The only other
collections are by Barkelew (no. 197) and Mason (no. 1672).
The latter obtained it near Grayson Cove where he notes that
it is abundant in the area burnt over by the castaway Grayson.
The plant is a shrub 1-1.5 m. tall. The species is a very dis-
tinct one. Its immediate relationships are quite uncertain
although they lie probably with some of the species of south-
ern Mexico or northern Central America.

J£ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Malvaceae

70. Abutilon californicum Benth.

Abutilon californicum Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulphur 8 (1844).

A rather mature specimen from Socorro collected by Barke-
lew (no. 184) seems to be referable to this Lower Calif ornian
species.

71. Sida hederacea (Dougl.) Torr.
Sida hederacea Torr. ex Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, 4: 23 (1849).

Forming large grayish patches about a dried pool back of
the beach on Clarion where it was found by Mason (no.
1558). Widely distributed in saline or alkaline soils in western
United States but somewhat less commonly in Mexico where
it extends, apparently through the eastern parts of that coun-
try, south to Oaxaca. On the Pacific coast of Mexico it is rare
or absent for I have seen no material from south of Lower
California.

72. Sida rhombifolia L.

Sida rhombifolia L. Sp. PI. 684 (1753).

Collected by Barkelew (no. 232) on Socorro. The species
is generally distributed through the warmer parts of America.

73. Sida nesogena Johnston, n. sp.

Slender strictly branched shrub up to 8 dm. tall ; stems
sparsely stellate, copiously short glandular-villous ; leaves ovate
to lance-ovate, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, 10-18 mm. wide, palmately
5-costate, densely glandular-stellate, even velvety when young,
irregularly serrate, frequently somewhat 3-lobed, paler be-
neath, apex acute or somewhat acuminate, base rounded or
cordate; petioles 5-15 mm. long, slender, sparsely stellate, glan-
dular-villous; flowers axillary, solitary or grouped in short-
pedunculate few-flowered cymose clusters, borne along the
upper parts of the stem and together forming an elongate
leafy panicle 1-2 dm. long; mature calyx glandular-villous,
4-5 mm. long, angulate, cut to beyond the middle; lobes as-
cending, acute to shortly acuminate; corollas orange-yellow;

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REV1LLAGIGEDO ISLANDS jj

carpels 5, nearly 3 mm. long, inner face reticulate and
glabrous; back of carpels convex, thickened on the margins
and down the middle, obscurely glandular, armed (particu-
larly along the thickened midpart) with short coarse antrorse
usually falcate hairs; sterile parts of carpels obliquely ovate or
narrowly deltoid, well developed, not united, armed with
numerous short stiff antrorse hairs, apex acute or obtusish, not
beaked; seeds dark brown, smooth, glabrous, ca. 1.3 mm. long.

Type: No. 186605, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected May

4, 1925, by H. L. Mason (no. 1613) among brush and coarse
grass at about 160 m. alt. in the hills back of Grayson Cove,
Socorro Island.

This species, which is known only from the overly mature
collection cited above, is related to both 5. glutinosa Commers.
and 6". glabra Mill. From S. glutinosa it differs in having un-
appendaged carpels, orange-yellow corollas, and an indument
on stems, pedicels, petioles and calyces which is almost exclu-
sively glandular-villous and only sparsely stellate. From 6".
glabra it differs in its conspicuous and quite copious glandular
indument, and coarsely short-hairy carpels. On the whole I
am inclined to believe that S\ nesogena is closest to S. glabra,
particularly to the form from western Mexico described as

5. alamosana Wats. The island plant, however, differs so
strikingly in the amount, kind and distribution of its pubes-
cence that I am quite unwilling to assign it to that species even
as a variety. The carpels of 5\ nesogena are provided with
short stout antrorse hairs. I have found no similar develop-
ment in either 5\ glabra or S. glutinosa.

74. Gossypium hirsutum L.

Gossypium hirsutum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 975 (1763). G. barbadense of Brandg.
Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

A collection of this cotton, showing flowers and fruit, has
been made on Socorro by Anthony (sine no.). The species is
widely distributed in tropical America. It is cultivated but is
not uncommon in the wild or semi-wild state. Nothing being
on record regarding the conditions under which Anthony col-
lected it on Socorro, I have questionably accepted it as part
of the indigenous flora rather than a recent man-assisted
adventive.

73 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

StERCULIACE^E

75. Melochia pyramidata L.

Melochia pyramidata L. Sp. PI. 674 (1753); Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

Material of this species has been collected on Clarion by
Anthony (no. 408) and Mason (no. 1560) and, if we are to
believe the label, also on Socorro by Barkelew (no. 247).
Mason found it growing abundantly along the bottoms of dry
gulches. The species is very widely distributed in the tropics.

76. Waltheria americana L.

Waltheria americana L. Sp. PI. 673 (1753); Vasey & Rose, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 13: 146-7 (1890); Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

Collected on Socorro by Townsend, Anthony (no. 381),
Barkelew (no. 222) and Mason (no. 1646). On Clarion col-
lections have been obtained by Townsend, Anthony (sine no.)
and Mason (no. 1557). On Socorro Mason obtained his ma-
terial at Bathurst Bay and notes that the plant is of "general
distribution on the west side of the island where mixed vegeta-
tion prevails". He notes that on Clarion it is abundant on sea-
cliffs and that a less common depressed form is prevalent on
the beach. The species is generally distributed in Mexico and
in other warmer parts of the World.

GUTTIFER^

77. Hypericum eastwoodianum Johnston, n. sp.

A glabrous perennial becoming much branched and de-
cidedly fruticose, 2-5 dm. tall, usually rather strict; stems
erect or ascending, at first green and quadricostate but with
age becoming more or less terete and developing a smooth
russet bark that on the oldest parts becomes broken and rough ;
leaves decidedly elongate, 6-12 times as long as broad, except
below the inflorescence usually 2 or more times the length of
the internodes, margins revolute, upper surface green and
under high magnification regularly papillate-tessellate, under
surface glaucous, sparsely pellucid-punctate and with an evident
midrib but no veins, apex acute or obtusish, blade contracted
in the lower third of its length to a rather narrow sessile base,

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAG1GEDO ISLANDS 79

the larger leaves on the main stems becoming 2.5-3 cm. long
and 3-6 mm. wide but those on the twigs and younger parts
(which form most of the foliage) 1-2 cm. long and ca. 2 mm.
wide although appearing narrow because of their revolute
margins; inflorescence terminal, a dichasial cyme with ascend-
ing or even strictly ascending branches, simple or less com-
monly compound, 5-30-flowered ; peduncles 1-2 cm. long;
bracts linear, acute, 5 mm. long or less; pedicels slender,
strictly ascending, 2-4 mm. long; sepals at anthesis ca. 4 mm.
long, strictly ascending, herbaceous, more or less evidently
3-7-nerved, slightly unequal, larger ones broadly oblanceolate
or oblong, acute, ca. 1.5 mm. wide, in age somewhat accrescent
and becoming as much as 5 or even 6 mm. long; petals ob-
lanceolate, ca. 6 mm. long or possibly a little longer, apex
rounded; stamens free, 40-50; ovary at anthesis ovoid-ellip-
soid, 2 mm. long, surmounted by 3 slender styles ca. 1.5 mm.
long; capsule attenuate, 4-4.5 mm. long, scarcely if at all sur-
passing the calyx.

Type: No. 186606, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected May
4, 1925, by H. L. Mason (no. 1614) from sheltered places on
cliff-faces at Grayson Cove, Socorro Island.

This species has been collected also on Socorro by Barkelew
(no. 229). The exact relations of this insular endemic are
uncertain. It falls into the subsection Spachium of Keller,
E. & P. Nat. Pflanzenf. ed 2, 21: 181-2 (1925), and in the
group in his synopsis numbered a/3111 2XX. It is particularly
well marked by its very short, scarcely if at all exerted cap-
sules, shrubby habit and abundant foliage. These characters
and its more abundant stamens separate it from H. canadense
L., H. chilense Gay and H. caespitosum C. & S., to which it
works out in the key to the section Brathys given by Keller,
Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2, 8: 180 (1908). The specific distinct-
ness of this plant of Socorro was long ago recognized by Miss
Alice Eastwood, as shown by the unpublished manuscript
name under which Barkelew's collections have been dis-
tributed. The name she selected, however, is no longer avail-
able since it has appeared in botanical literature applied to a
very different plant of Corsica. I find it hence eminently fitting
as well as a great pleasure to associate the name of my kind
and very good friend with this well marked species.

gO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Cactace^e

78. Opuntia sp. vel spp.

Although one of the flat-jointed species of this genus is the
most notorious plant of Clarion, where its abundant growth
makes almost impassable large areas on the south side of the
island, no specimens of it have been collected and preserved
for study. The same species or one of similar habit is also
known from Socorro. On the latter island, however, the
cactus patches are apparently less extensive. Accounts of So-
corro have scarcely any mention of them. No cactus has been
reported from San Benedicto. While the island Opuntias may
represent species known from Lower California or the Mexi-
can mainland, it is more probable that they represent one or
more endemic species that are, hence, undescribed and un-
named. It is to be hoped that future collectors on the islands
will obtain good specimens of these conspicuous plants. The
slabs of the cactus if split longitudinally may be dried like an
ordinary plant. Needless to say flowers and fruit should also
be preserved. Good photographs of the whole plant and of a
flowering slab would materially assist in making the determi-
nation in this excessively large and difficult genus.

COMBRETACE^E

79. Conocarpus erecta L.

Conocarpus erecta L., Sp. PI. 176 (1753); Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

Collected on Socorro by Anthony (no. 397) and Barkelew
(no. 242). This widely dispersed American strand-tree ranges
on the Pacific coast from southern Lower California south to
Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands.

Myrtace^e

80. Psidium galapageium Hook. f.

Psidium galapageium Hook, f., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 224 (1847).

Doubtfully to this species, which has been considered en-
demic to the Galapagos Islands, I refer material collected near
Grayson Cove on Socorro by Mason (no. 1676). It is a tree
3-9 m. tall, growing on the forest border scattered in groves

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REV1LLAGIGEDO ISLANDS %\

of Fiats and Bumelia. The lanceolate or oblanceolate leaves
are 3-5.5 cm. long and 11-19 mm. broad and are acute at both
ends. Both surfaces are minutely brownish pilose. The twigs
are also brownish pilose, usually rather copiously so and
slightly glandular. The Galapagos plants are rather variable
in the amount and distribution of their pubescence but some
forms are exceedingly similar to the Socorro plants in this
regard. In most of the Galapagos material the leaves are
slightly less elongate. The leaf-texture, however, is quite simi-
lar to that found in our plants. The length position and indu-
ment of the peduncles, the size shape and position of the
flower-buds, as well as the apically slightly free sepal-tips are
quite alike in both the Socorro and Galapagos specimens.
Unless both the Galapagos and Socorro plants represent insu-
lar modifications of some small-flowered, small-leaved conti-
nental plant that I have failed to recognize, I see no other
course than to indicate a direct specific relationship between
the guavas of these far-separated archipelagos. No pubescent,
small-flowered, small-leaved species of Psidium has been re-
ported from Mexico or Central America.

Probably conspecific with Mason's collections are those made
on Socorro by Anthony (no. 396) and Barkelew (sine no.).
Their material is very much more mature. There are com-
pletely developed fruits but no buds or flowers. The foliage is
matured and partly deciduous. As far as can be compared
the collections of Anthony and Barkelew differ from those of
Mason chiefly in having the indument on the firmer leaves
almost all deciduous, a difference which is almost certainly as-
sociated with their advanced state of maturity.

81. Psidium socorrense Johnston, n. sp.

Shrub 3-12 dm. tall; branches sub terete, rather copiously
brownish short-pilose; leaves ovate-oblong to ovate-elliptic,
about twice as long as broad, 4-5.5 cm. long, 15-30 mm.
broad, pellucidly punctate, distinctly brownish pilose on the
midrib and veins but elsewhere sparsely pubescent, apex acute
or short acuminate, base rounded or obtuse, margins slightly
revolute, above dark green with weakly impressed veins,
secondary venation obscure, petioles usually ca. 5 mm. long;
peduncles ascending, solitary in the axils, one-flowered, 1-1.5

82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

cm. long, brownish pilose; flower buds becoming 9 mm. long,
ca. 4.5 mm. thick, subsessile; bracteoles 2, linear, 3-4 mm.
long, ca. 0.5 mm. wide, caducous; calyx before anthesis com-
pletely closed, the apex apiculate; sepals concave, suborbicular,
ca. 5 mm. long, subcoriaceous, inner surface distinctly glandu-
lar strigose, the tips not free in the bud ; petals white, concave,
obovate, 5-6 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, prominently gland-dotted,
apex rounded, margin more or less definitely antrorse-ciliate ;
stamens 3-4 mm. long, glabrous; anthers 0.75 mm. long; sta-
minal disk puberulent; style ca. 5 mm. long, below the middle
sparsely appressed long-villous ; stigma small ; ovary pubescent,
3-celled; fruit glabrate, purple, obovoid or globular ovoid,
13-15 mm. long, 11-12 mm. thick, producing several seeds in
each cell ; seeds angular and compressed, ca. 5 mm. long.

Type: No. 186614, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected May
5, 1925, by H. L. Mason (no. 1639) on the east slope of
Socorro Island.

This interesting shrub is very closely related to P. gala-
pageium and perhaps may be only a phase of it differing in
its much broader leaves, slightly less dense eglandular indu-
ment, villous style, more definitely ciliate petals and distinctly
united sepal tips. In P. galapageium the tips of the sepals in
the mature bud are distinctly free, but in P. socorrense they
are united to form a terminal mucronate tip for the unopened
bud. According to Mason P. socorrense is abundant in pure
open stands on the plateau of Socorro. It seems to be con-
fined to level areas.

Araliace^;
82. Oreopanax xalapense (HBK.) Decsne. & Planch.
Oreopanax xalapense Decsne. & Planch. Rev. Hort. ser. 4, 3: 108 (1854).

Collected on Socorro by Barkelew (no. 230) and Mason
(no. 1626). Mason reports that it is a slender tree 3-4.5 m.
tall growing in a forested valley near the summit of Mt.
Evermann. The plant grows in the shade of larger trees.
Off the island it is known in southern Mexico (Jalisco) and
south into Guatemala.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS g3

Sapotace^e

83. Bumelia socorrensis Brandg.

Bumelia socorrensis Brandg. Zoe 5: 106 (1901); Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 23: 1118 (1924). Bumelia sp. Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

Collected on Socorro by Anthony (sine no.; type), Barke-
lew (no. 190) and Mason (no. 1638). Mason notes that it is
a large beautiful dark-green tree 6-12 m. tall. It grows scat-
tered on rocky outcrops near the summit of the island but gets
its best development along the forest border. The flowers are
white and fragrant. The fleshy dark blue drupes have a
slightly milky juice and are very sweet and palatable. They
are a source of food for thousands of birds on the island,
being particularly relished by the parakeets and pigeons. The
affinities of the species are quite uncertain.

Oleace^e
84. Forestiera rhamnifolia Griseb.
Forestiera rhamnifolia Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 169 (1866).

Material, representing either this species or a very closely
related endemic one, has been collected on Socorro by Barke-
lew (no. 220) and Mason (no. 1657). It is said to be a small
tree and to grow near the summit of the island. Barkelew's
collections are sterile and Mason's have only blighted fascicles
of staminate flowers. As far as comparisons can be made,
however, the Socorro plant seems quite inseparable from
F. rhamnifolia, a species known only from the West Indies
and from a collection on the mainland near Vera Cruz,
Mexico. The plant consequently belongs with Adiantopsis,
Paspalnm, Sporobolus, Plenrothallis and Ilex as part of the
clear-cut Caribbean element in the Socorro flora. It is to be
hoped that the next collector on the island will make particu-
lar effort to procure good flowering and fruiting material of
this very interesting plant.

AsCLEPIADACEyE

85. Metastelma sp.

Apparently referable to this genus is a collection made on
Socorro by Barkelew (no. 217). The material, however, is ex-

84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

cessively mature having lost not only all flowers and fruit but
almost all its leaves as well. Until better material is collected
the identity of the species must remain unknown. In gross
habit the plant suggests various species of Mexico.

CONVOLVULACE^E

86. Ipomoea triloba L.

Ipomoea triloba L. Sp. PI. 161 (1753).

Collected by Mason (no. 1644) at Bathurst Bay on Socorro.
The plant grew near the beach in a cactus patch where it was
protected from the ravages of sheep. The material is very
mature, but except that the peduncles are shorter than is com-
mon in the species, seems to be clearly referable to /. triloba.
The species is widely distributed in warmer parts of America.

87. Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) Sweet

Ipomoea pes-caprae Sweet, Hort. Suburb. Lond. 35 (1818).

This pan-tropic strand-plant has been collected on Socorro
by Anthony (sine no.), Barkelew (no. 194) and Mason (no.
1673). The latter found it at Grayson Cove where it is said
to be not uncommon. On San Benedicto, Mason (no. 1686)
found it only on the north slope of the island and well up on
the ridge. On Clarion he (no. 1559) found it common on the
beaches and developing stems 10-15 m. in length. The plant is
very widely distributed on beaches through most of the tropics.
On the Pacific side of America it extends from Lower Cali-
fornia and Sonora south to Ecuador. It occurs on all the
islands off that coast.

88. Ipomoea cathartica Poir.

Ipomoea cathartica Poir. Encyc. Suppl. 4: 633 (1816); Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).
Ipomoea sp. Vasey & Rose, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 146 (1891).

One of the conspicuous plants on Clarion where it has been
collected by Townsend, Anthony (no. 403 in pt.) and Mason
(no. 1568). Most of the collected material represents the
glabrous form of this variable species. Anthony's collection,

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REV1LLAGIGEDO ISLANDS g5

however, which consists of a mixture of /. halierca and
/. cathartica, shows (at least in the specimens at the Gray
Herbarium) two forms of the latter, i. e. the common glabrous
form as well as a strigose form (or possibly even a hybrid-
cross with /. halierca) not obtained by other collectors on the
island. There yet remains for consideration a collection made
by Barkelew (no. 245). At the Gray Herbarium and the Na-
tional Herbarium this is also a mixture consisting of /. hali-
erca and the ordinary glabrous form of /. cathartica. It is
labeled as from Socorro. As both of these species are common
and very conspicuous plants on Clarion where Barkelew is
known to have collected and since neither of them has been
collected by others on Socorro, I am of the opinion that these
morning glories, along with a number of other collections of
Barkelew, really came from Clarion and were somehow mis-
labeled. Mason notes that /. cathartica is common throughout
the brush on the island. The corolla is given as being bright
blue when fresh.

89. Ipomoea halierca Johnston, n. sp.

A strong perennial ; stems trailing or clambering, only
weakly twining, the older parts becoming shrubby, the
younger leafy stems pallid with a dense almost velvety indu-
ment of soft spreading or antrorse hairs 0.5-1 mm. long;
leaves alternate; petioles ca. 2 mm. thick, 2-5 cm. long, very
densely and antrorsely villous; leaf-blades very firm and
thickish, decidedly cordate, entire or rarely shallowly and
broadly 3-lobed, 3-5 cm. broad, 3.5-6 cm. in greatest length,
evidently 8-10 palmate-nerved, covered with a dense and more
or less distinctly velvety indument of soft pallid somewhat
appressed hairs, usually with a silky luster particularly be-
neath, apex broadly acute and frequently somewhat acuminate,
base rounded off abruptly into the conspicuous open ca. 1 cm.
deep sinus; peduncles axillary, 1.5-6 cm. long, villous, simple
and umbellately 1-4-flowered or frequently umbellately
branched with umbellately 1-3-flowered secondary peduncles,
erect or ascending, 5-30 mm. long; bracts firm, oblanceolate,
0.7-1.5 cm. long, caducous; pedicels erect, 8-20 mm. long;
sepals broadest just above the base, firm or subherbaceous,

gg CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

somewhat canescent with a fine short soft appressed pubes-
cence ; three outer sepals lanceolate to quite broadly lanceolate,
5-10 mm. wide, 15-20 mm. long, acute or acuminate; two
inner sepals narrowly lanceolate, 3-4 mm. wide, equalling or
slightly shorter than the outer ones ; corolla blue, drying rose-
purple, funnel-form, 6-7.5 cm. long and with a limb about as
broad, glabrate or sparsely short-pilose outside, glabrous
within; lobes semicircular, ca. 3 cm. broad; tube short, in-
cluded in the calyx, ca. 6 mm. long, ca. 4 mm. thick at the
base, ca. 6-7 mm. thick at summit; throat well developed,
gradually expanded; filaments affixed in the tube, strongly
ciliate at the base, unequal, the two longest 2-2.5 cm. long;
anthers ca. 4 mm. long, affixed in the sinus of their deeply
sagittate base; capsules 3-celled, glabrous, strongly depressed,
8-9 mm. long, ca. 1.2 mm. thick, surmounting the strongly re-
flexed calyx-lobes ; seeds dull black, very obscurely puberulent.

Type: No. 186610, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected April
26, 1925, by H. L. Mason (no. 1553) back of the beach near
Sulphur Bay, Clarion Island.

This species has been collected also on Clarion by Anthony
(no. 403, in pt.). In addition to this, there is a collection by
Barkelew (no. 245, in pt.). The Barkelew collection is labeled
as from Socorro, but as I have intimated in the discussion
under /. cathartica, I am of the opinion that it actually came
from Clarion. On Clarion, according to Mason, the plant
grows above the beaches and climbs over bushes and cactus
and is very showy because of its large blue flowers. The
species is treated in the monograph by House, Annals N. Y.
Acad. Sci. 18: 201 (1908), as I. villosa R. & P., the collec-
tions of Anthony and Barkelew being cited under that name.
I am unable to agree with House, however, that our island
plant is referable to /. villosa, a species based upon material
collected in the Amazon head-waters of north-central Peru.
Although it is perhaps generally related to them, I am also un-
able to place it with the Hawaiian /. insularis Choisy, the
Australian /. congesta R. Br. or the Brazilian Pharbitis rosea
Choisy, the species which House cites as synonyms of /. villosa

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS %J

R. & P. The material from the Revillagigedos is distinguished
by its coarse weakly twining habit, rather heavy leaf-texture,
very copious soft velvety more or less lucent indument, its
oblanceolate bracts, etc. I am inclined to believe that /. halierca
is probably derived from /. mutabilis Lindl. of southern Mexi-
co, a species which differs in its more slender more twining
habit, narrower more attenuate sepals, and narrower as well
as longer bracts, in addition to having leaves which are
copiously pubescent only beneath.

90. Cressa truxillensis HBK.

Cressa truxillensis HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 3: 119 (1819). C. insularis House,
Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. 33: 315 (1906). C. cretica of Brandg. Zoe 5:
27 (1900).

Collected on Clarion by Anthony (no. 409) and Mason
(no. 1582) and, if his label is to be trusted, on Socorro by
Barkelew (no. 252). Mason obtained it at Sulphur Bay
where it grew on the dried bed of a vernal pool from which it
extended out onto the dunes. The species ranges from western
United States south to northern Sinaloa and the tip of Lower
California and then reappears in Peru and Chile.

BORAGINACE^

91. Cordia brevispicata Mart. & Gal.

Cordia brevispicata Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. II2: 331 (1844). C. socor-
rensis Brandg. Erythea 7: 5 (1898) and Zoe 6: 27 (1900).

This shrub has been collected on Socorro by Townsend,
Anthony (no. 384, type), Barkelew (no. 182) and Mason
(no. 1599). Mason's material was collected on slopes near the
bottom of a canon near Benner Cove. He notes that, except
on the south side of the island, where it was confined to
canon-bottoms, the shrub is a common one on the brushy
slopes. The species is generally distributed in dryish situations
over most of western Mexico extending from Lower Cali-
fornia to Salvador.

gg CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

92. Tournefortia hartwegiana Steud.
Tournefortia hartwegiana Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2, 2: 693 (1841).

Collected on Socorro by Barkelew (no. 191) and Mason
(no. 1602). Mason collected his material at Benner Cove and
notes that the corollas are white when fresh and that they
darken quickly when bruised. It was found on north- facing
hills in rather dry situations and was not uncommon. The
species ranges from Lower California and Sonora south to
Oaxaca.

93. Heliotropium curassavicum L.

Heliotropium curassavicum L. Sp. PI. 130 (1753); Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

Collected on Socorro by Anthony (no. 398) and Barkelew
(no. 243) and on Clarion by Mason (no. 1570). On Clarion
it was found forming a distinct zone of vegetation about the
bed of a vernal pool back of the beach. The species is very
widely distributed in saline or alkaline soils throughout most
of tropical and subtropical America.

•

Verbenace^e*

94. Verbena litoralis HBK.

Verbena litoralis HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 2: 276, t. 137 (1818).

Obtained on Socorro by Anthony (no. 380), Barkelew (no.
231) and Mason (no. 1612). The last mentioned found it
near Grayson Cove where it was an annual or biennial 3-10
dm. tall and had bluish white flowers. The species is very
widely distributed in the warmer parts of America.

95. Lantana involucrata L.

Lantana involucrata L. Amoen. Acad. 4: 319 (1756); Vasey & Rose, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 13: 149 (1890); Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

Known on the islands only from a collection made on So-
corro by Townsend. This shrub is widely distributed in tropi-
cal America.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAG'.GEDO ISLANDS go.

Labiate

96. Teucrium townsendii Vasey & Rose

Teucrium townsendii Vasey & Rose, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 146 (1890);
Brandg. Zoe 6: 27 (1900).

This species, endemic to Clarion, was the first of the peculiar
Revillagigedo Teucria to be described. It was first collected by
Townsend but subsequently has been obtained by Anthony
(no. 416) and Mason (nos. 1573, 1583). The latter collected
two forms, an erect one on the hills west of Sulphur Bay (no.
1573) and a prostrate and more succulent one "due to mari-
time exposure'' on the summit of the hill just east of Sulphur
Bay (no. 1583). Although good corollas were not collected
their color is noted as white.

The species of Teucrium on the Revillagigedos are close
and critical ones. The final treatment of them must await the
time when carefully collected flowering material has been ob-
tained from all the islands. At present we must judge them
by their gross habit, vegetative characters, and fruiting struc-
tures. While a study of these seems to indicate the presence
of a recognizable form on each of the three islands it has not
yielded any particularly reliable diagnostic characters nor any
that are quite decisive. Consequently it seems not improbable
that future studv will show the relations amon? the several
insular forms is varietal rather than specific. However, until
the flowering material needful for the solution of this matter
has been assembled, it seems best to follow past usage and con-
tinue to recognize the Clarion and Socorro plants as distinct
species.

The island species of Teucrium are clearly insular deriva-
tives of the variable T. cube use L., a species which ranges in
northern and eastern Mexico, the West Indies and southern
parts of the United States, and which on Cedros Island, off
the middle of western Lower California, has given rise to
T. glandulosum Kellogg, another insular species much sug-
gesting our plants. Although the Revillagigedo species seem
most like the one on Cedros Island, I believe that the simi-
larity is due, not to immediate relationship but merely to

November 18, 1931

90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

similarity in responses of the same stock to isolation under an
equitable arid insular climate. Our plants have departed much
more from T. cubense than has the plant on Cedros. Teucrium
cubense is apparently absent from the southern half of Lower
California and Sonora and from the states of western Mexico
to the south.

97. Teucrium affine Brandg.
Teucrium affine Brandg. Erythea 7: 6 (1898) and Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

This species is known only from the type-collection made on
Socorro by Anthony (no. 385). Good flowering material has
not been obtained. It differs from T. tozvnsendii in its much
more slender, more elongate leaves, its generally more slender
and loosely branched habit and in its perhaps slightly smaller
less rugose nutlets the summit of which produces longer and
more conspicuous trichomes.

98. Teucrium affine Brandg., var. dentosum Johnston, n. var.

Lower than typical T. affine and having leaves that are
usually quite evidently toothed and nutlets that are quite lack-
ing in apical trichomes.

Type: No. 186607, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected May
11, 1925, by H. L. Mason (no. 1685) on San Benedicto Island.

Collections of this endemic form of San Benedicto have
been made by Barkelew (no. 170) and Mason (no. 1685,
type). No material in good flower was obtained. It is ob-
viously most closely related to T. affine of Socorro, having the
loose habit and narrow leaves of the species. In lacking tri-
chomes at the apex of its nutlets the variety differs from both
the Socorro and Clarion plants.

99. Sphacele hastata Gray

Sphacele hastata Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 341 (1862).

Very mature material of what most certainly seems to be
this species was collected by Mason (no. 1658) in openings in
the forest near the summit of Socorro. The collector notes it

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS ()\

as a "foul smelling" plant 3-12 dm. tall. It is an extremely-
interesting addition to the known flora of the archipelago. It
appears to be quite like the plant from the mountains of the
Cape Region of Lower California which Brandegee, Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, 3: 164 (1891), accepted as S. hastata.
Previous to Brandegee's discovery, the species, which is a very-
distinct and well marked one, was considered endemic to the
mountains of Maui, one of the Hawaiian Islands, and of par-
ticular interest since it was the only extra-American member
of its genus. The species has been accepted as one of the
American elements in the Hawaiian flora. No doubt seems to
have been cast on its natural occurrence on Maui. Brandegee
seems to have thought that the species might have been intro-
duced through the agencies of man into Lower California
from Hawaii since there were a few ranches in the mountains
not far from the places in which he found the plant. It seems
extremely improbable, however, that the horticultural en-
thusiasm of the owners of these small montane cattle-ranches
would be sufficiently developed to warrant us in assuming that
this rankly smelling bush from the mountains of a mid-Pacific
island was deliberately introduced as an ornamental by them.
Brandegee reported it from two mountain ranges. Observa-
tions made forty years later by Jones, Contr. W. Bot. 15 : 152
(1929), show the plant still to persist in the same region and
to be still a conspicuous member of the flora there. With the
discovery of S. hastata on the rarely visited Socorro Island
and particularly on its summit, which is very difficult of
access, I believe that we may now accept it as indigenous in
America, for certainly the human factor is quite eliminated in
accounting for its presence on Socorro. I "believe that we have
in the peninsular and new insular station remnants of a past,
more general dispersal of the species in America, where it
almost certainly evolved, and consequently relics of the origi-
nal American stock that produced the seeds which, by some
fortuitous circumstance, were transported to the Hawaiian
Islands.

92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

SOLANACE^

100. Physalis angulata L.

Physalis angulata L. Sp. PI. 183 (1753). P. aequata of Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

Collected on Clarion by Anthony (no. 411). A species
widely distributed in the tropics of the World. In America
known only from southeastern United States, the West Indies,
Central America and South America.

101. Physalis sp.

Collected on Socorro by Townsend and reported by Vasey
& Rose, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus. 13: 148 (1890), as possibly
representing the Lower Calif ornian P. glabra Benth. I do not
believe it is related to the peninsular species. The relations of
the plant seem to be, in a general way, among the native
small-flowered species of Central America and southern
Mexico, although not particularly close to any of them. When
adequate material of this plant is collected I believe it will
prove to be an insular endemic. Except that the leaves are
quite cordate at the base and have the broad blades noticeably
repand it might pass as the very glabrous form of P. lagascae
var. glabrescens Schulz, Urb. Symb. Ant. 6: 147 (1909),
which has been cited from Mexico. The island plant is an in-
teresting one and it is to be hoped that complete and generous
collections will be obtained of it.

102. Solanum madrense Fernald
Solatium madrense Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. Sci. 35: 558 (1900).

Growing on the dry rocky slopes along the forest border
near the summit of Socorro. Mason (no. 1659) notes that it
is a shrub 5-45 dm. tall and that it is not common. The flowers
are given as large and white. The specimens collected are in
mature fruit and agree closely with 6". madrense, a species
which ranges, primarily on the Pacific slope, from Sonora
south into Central America.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 93

103. Nicotiana nesophila Johnston, n. sp.

Plant with a grayish indument of short soft hairs, only
moderately viscid; stems 3-8 dm. long, erect or ascending,
usually simple, tending to be somewhat woody towards the
base ; leaves gradually but distinctly reduced up the stem, ovate
to elliptical, apex broadly acute to somewhat obtuse, base
obtuse to broadly acute and more or less oblique, margins
coarsely and irregularly crenate and occasionally even irregu-
larly lobulate, usually somewhat crisped; petioles half or
almost as long as the blades, slender, margined for their length
by inconspicuous (0.5-1 mm. wide) wings which are distinctly
dilated (to 1-2 mm. width) just above the petiole-base and
then continue as herbaceous decurrent (1-1.5 mm. wide) leaf-
bases for a few centimeters down the stem; lower leaves with
blades 7-12 cm. long and 4-6.5 cm. broad, borne on slender
petioles 5-8 cm. long; upper leaves (produced just below the
inflorescence) 2-3 cm. long and 1-2 cm. broad, borne on
petioles 1-2 cm. long; inflorescence terminal, copiously flow-
ered, loosely branched, a short-cylindrical or obconic panicle
6-9 cm. thick; bracts linear to lance-linear, 5-15 mm. long,
1-2 mm. broad; calyx at anthesis cylindrical, 8-10 mm. long,
2.5-3 mm. thick, abruptly rounded at the base, more or less
definitely 10-costate, lobes erect linear 2 mm. long; pedicels
1-4 mm. long, erect; calyx at maturity slightly accrescent but
greatly distended by the ovoid fruit, borne on thickened erect
or ascending pedicles that are 3-10 mm. long; corolla ca.
5 cm. long; tube very slender, 3-4 times the length of the
calyx, 3.5-4 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. thick; throat ca. 3 mm. thick,
ca. 5 mm. long; limb white, broadly funnel form, ca. 2 cm. in
diameter, with 5 broad lobes 4-5 mm. long, sinus broad and
open ; filaments affixed in the throat, ca. 0.7 mm. long,
glabrous ; anthers ca. 2 mm. long, included in the throat ;
stigma clavate, strongly compressed ; style and ovary glabrous ;
capsule ovate. 5-6 mm. thick, 8-10 mm. long, almost com-
pletely invested by the distended calyx-tube, 2-celled, 2-valved ;
seeds very numerous, ca. 0.5 mm. long, roughened with fine
narrow contorted anastomosing ridges and consequently dis-
tinctly but irregularly alveolate.

94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Type: No. 186608, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected May
3, 1925, by H. L. Mason (no. 1596) in alluvial sands at mouth
of a valley near Benner Cove, Socorro Island.

This very distinct species has been collected also on Socorro
by Barkelew (no. 199). It is obviously related to N. stocktoni
Brandg. of the Revillagigedos but differs decisively in its
much less viscid indument of paler shorter hairs, in its incon-
spicuously rather than very conspicuously winged petioles, and
in its narrower more elongate leaf-blades which are obtuse or
broadly acute rather than strongly cordate or reniform at the
base. The new species has also more strongly crenate leaf-
margins. Although the relationship of the two island plants is
clear, their relations outside of the archipelago are quite
obscure. In many details, however, they suggest N. repanda
Willd. and particularly so in the form of the corolla. That
species is a small annual with a quite different inflorescence,
habit, indument, etc., etc. It ranges in Texas and northeastern
Mexico.

104. Nicotiana stocktoni Brandg.

Nicotiana stocktoni Brandg. Erythea 7: 6 (1898) and Zoe 5: 27 (1900). N. clari-
onensis Clausen, Zeitschr. f. ind. Amstamm.- u. Vererbungs-
lehre, Supplementband 1: 549 (1928); East, Bibliogr. Genetica 4:
249 and 251 (1928), nomen.

This remarkable species, first obtained on Anthony's expedi-
tion, was based upon material labeled as collected by Stockton
(no. 382) on Socorro Island. Collections, however, which
match in detail those obtained by Stockton have been obtained
by Mason (no. 1585) from among the rocks of an old lava
flow on the landward side and towards the summit of the hills
just east of Sulphur Bay on Clarion. As both Barkelew and
Mason have collected the distinct, although closely related
N. nesophila on Socorro and since it seems rather unlikely that
two such closely related species could resist hybridization and
retain so successfully their identity on a single island, I believe
that Stockton probably obtained the original material of
N. stocktoni on Clarion rather than on Socorro as has been
accepted. If this is the case, then N. nesophila is endemic to
Socorro and N. stocktoni to Clarion. Future collectors on the

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 95

islands should watch the tobaccos closely with the object of
ascertaining whether or not the two species occur on a single
island and if not the identity of the species characteristic of
each island. Mason reports that N. stocktoni was rare on
Clarion. He found only a single colony. In this, the plants
were not abundant although they were reproducing well, since
numerous seedlings were observed.

According to a letter received from Prof. R. E. Clausen,
the material which he studied and reported upon under the
name of N. clarionensis was some raised from seed obtained
on Clarion by Mason. As Mason's plants from Clarion have
been directly compared in detail with the type-specimens of
N. stocktoni and found to be unquestionably conspecific, the
name N. clarionensis consequently falls into the synonymy of
Brandegee's species. The binomial, N. clarionensis, has ap-
peared only in genetical literature, and there only as a bare
name. Dr. Clausen writes that his work on the plant has indi-
cated a close relationship with N. repanda, as shown by the
fact that the diploid chromosome number is 24 in both, that
they produce fully fertile Fi hybrids and that nearly, if not
completely regular conjugation and distribution of chromo-
somes occurs in the F1 hybrids.

105. Cestrum pacificum Brandg.

Cestrum pacificum Brandg. Erythea 7: 6 (1898) and Zoe 5: 28 (1900); Standley,
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1281 (1924).

The type of this species was collected on Socorro by
Anthony (no. 391) where subsequent collections have been
made by Barkelew (no. 221) and Mason (no. 1652). Mason
notes that it is a large shrub or small tree becoming 8 m. in
height. It grows in the forested area near the summit of the
island and is not very common. The berries are purple. The
island plant is very closely related to C. lanatum Mart. & Gal.
which ranges from Nayarit southward into Central America,
and may be no more than an insular phase of that species with
shorter corollas.

96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

ACANTHACE^E

106. Elytraria squamosa (Jacq.) Lindau

Elytraria squamosa (Jacq.) Lindau, Anal. Inst. Fis. Geogr. Costa Rica 8: 299
(1896). E. tridentata Vahl; Vasey & Rose, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
13: 149 (1890); Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1890).

Collected on Socorro by Townsend, Anthony (no. 392) and
Mason (no. 1641). The last mentioned reports that it is fre-
quent on the plateau of the island in rather barren soils. It is
a very widely distributed plant in the American tropics and
reaches north to Arizona, Texas and Florida.

Rubiace^e
107. Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc.
Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 94 (1893).

With some doubt I refer to this widely distributed species
material collected on Socorro by Barkelew (no. 201) and
Mason (no. 1611). Barkelew's collections 'are sterile, while
Mason's are in mature fruit and have what seems to be
blighted buds. These buds suggest that the corolla is decidedly
shorter and stouter, and has much less elongate lobes than in
the continental plants. Hence it is that good flowering ma-
terial of the island plant must be obtained before its precise
relation with C. alba can be determined. We can, however,
confidently state that its closest relations are with that species.
Mason notes that the plant on Socorro frequents shady canons
and dense forests where it often ascends trees even to a height
of 20 m. and from them hangs in festoons clear to the ground.
The corollas are noted as being white and as rapidly fading to
brown or black. Chiococca alba is very widely distributed in
the warmer parts of America. Along the Pacific coast it
ranges north to Sonora and southern Lower California.

*&y

108. Guettarda insularis Brandg.

Cuettarda insularis Brandg. Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 10: 416 (1924;. G. elliptica
of Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1384 (1926).

Endemic to Socorro where it has been collected by Anthony
(no. 377), Barkelew (no. 179) and Mason (no. 1608). It is
given as a shrub or small tree 1-6 m. tall and as frequenting

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS gj

canons on dry slopes and the forest border on moister ones.
The bark is smooth and "at length deciduous in patches". The
fruit is a fleshy drupe with a purple exocarp and with a thick
bony ellipsoidal or decidedly obovoidal endocarp 12-14 mm.
long and 7-8 mm. thick. The species is obviously related to
G. elliptica Sw., a species to which Standley has reduced it,
but appears to have larger corollas and much larger and more
elongate fruit. Guettarda elliptica is primarily a West Indian
species but has been reported by Standley from Mexico where
it is given as occurring in Yucatan and from Sinaloa to
Colima. The affinities of our island species are consequently
to the westward, on the mainland of Mexico.

109. Borreria nesiotica Robinson

Borreria nesiotica Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. Sci. 45: 409 (1910). Spermacoce
sp. Vasey & Rose, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 146, 148 (1890);
Brandg. Zoe 5: 27 (1900).

A very well defined species which is known only from So-
corro and Clarion islands. The type, which was collected by
Anthony, is labeled as from "Socorro or Clarion Is." Barkelew
(no. 208) obtained it on Socorro, while Mason (nos. 1572,
1574) found it only on Clarion. Townsend got it on both
islands. The corolla, according to Mason's notes, is white or
pink. The immediate relationships of the species are quite
obscure. Robinson compared it with B. verticillata (L.) Mey.
but it seems no more closely related to that species than to
B. laevis (Lam.) Griseb., a species which it also resembles in
habit. Both of the species mentioned are widely distributed in
tropical America.

110. Galium mexicanum HBK.

Galium mexicanum HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 3: 337 (1819).

Collected on Socorro by Anthony (no. 386), Barkelew (no.
210) and Mason (no. 1655). Mason obtained his material
near the summit of the island and notes it as a "climbing
perennial". On the mainland the species ranges from central
Mexico southward into northern Central America. Although
Anthony's collections have been distributed bearing an un-

98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

published herbarium name by Brandegee, it, like the other col-
lections from the island, falls readily into the species to which
I have referred it.

GOODENIACE^E

111. Scaevola plumierii (L.) Vahl

Scaevola plumierii Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: 36 (1791); Brandg. Zoe 5: 28 (1900);
Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1400 (1926).

Although Brandegee, loc. cit, reported this species from
Socorro, the collections by Anthony (no. 387) which he dis-
tributed are clearly indicated on a printed label as being from
Clarion. As the plant has a number which falls in a block of
numbers which are all from Clarion I am accepting that island
as the source of the Scaevola. This strand-plant is widely dis-
tributed in the West Indies but has a very disrupted and
erratic distribution on the adjacent continents. It is not known
from the west coast of the American mainland. The only
Pacific stations are the Galapagos, the Revillagigedos and the
tip of the peninsula of Lower California.

Composite

112. Vernonia littoralis Brandg.

Vernonia littoralis Brandg. Erythea 7: 3 (1898) and Zoe 5: 27 (1900); Blake in
Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1414 (1926). Eremosis
littoralis Gleason, No. Am. Fl. 33: 100 (1922).

Known only from Socorro where the type was collected by
Anthony (sine no.). Mason (no. 1656) found it in the dense
forest near the summit of the island where it clambered to a
height of 15 m. and produced its conspicuous pendent flower-
ing branches from the tree-tops. The corollas are said to be
white or pink. The leaves vary from oblong-ovate through
elliptical to ovate-orbicular, from entire to distinctly sinuate
and from acute to rounded with an abrupt obtusish acumina-
tion. The leaf-blade becomes as much as 10 cm. broad and
12 cm. long. The affinities of the species are with V. shannoni
Coult. and V. heydeana Coult. of Guatemala and southern
Mexico.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 99

113. Eupatorium pacificum Robinson, n. sp.

Fruticose, shortly pilose; stems erect or more often curved-
ascending, branched above, subterete, brown ; pith white ; inter-
nodes 3-10 cm. long; hairs short, spreading, slender and
attenuate, nodulose; leaves opposite, slender-petioled, deltoid-
ovate, acuminate, spreadingly dentate but entire towards the
broadly cordate or subcordate base, green on both sides and at
first sight apparently glabrous, but in fact slightly puberulent
on the nerves and veins, beneath somewhat paler, delicately
reticulate (the veinlets immersed), membranaceous, 2.5-9 cm.
long, 2-7 cm. wide; teeth of the limb 1.5-3 mm. high, 2-6 mm.
broad at base, subacute to obtuse or rounded; petiole spread-
ingly hirtellous, 1-5 cm. long; corymbs composite, opposite-
branched, leafy-bracted; heads about 40-flowered; phyllaries
subequal, lanceolate-linear, acute, 2-3-seriate, loosely imbri-
cate, at maturity about 5 mm. long, the outer ones densely but
very shortly hairy; corollas white, smoothish; the proper tube
slender, 2 mm. long; throat narrowly campanulate, 1-1.3 mm.
high; achenes black, sharply angled, slightly lucid, 1.5-2 mm.
long, slightly pointed at both ends, often hispidulous on the
angles; pappus-bristles about 20, white, delicate, scarcely
roughened, almost equalling the corolla.

Type: No. 186613, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected May
8, 1925, by H. L. Mason (no. 1666) near the summit of
Socorro Island.

Mason's collections are overly mature, having shed nearly
all their florets, but are obviously conspecific with immature
material collected by Barkelew (sine no.) also on Socorro.
The species appears to be endemic. In many respects it is simi-
lar to E. pazcuarense HBK. and E. conspicuum Kunth &
Bouche, both of southern Mexico. From the former it differs
in its much greater lignescence and in its more deltoid-ovate
distinctly cordate leaves, which are 3-nerved from the very
base. From the latter it may be readily distinguished by its
somewhat coarser and more spreading pubescence and shorter
petioles as well as by its leaf-blades, which are nerved from
the very base, much less toothed towards the base, and not
disposed to be decurrent on the petiole.

100 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

114. Brickellia peninsularis Brandg., var. amphithalassa

Robinson, n. var.

Leaves subdeltoid-ovate or almost orbicular, scarcely longer
than wide, more firmly membranaceous than in the typical
variety, or even subcoriaceous, very finely and densely puberu-
lent-hirtellous on both sides, peduncles for most part 8-24 mm.
long; corollas yellowish, scarcely nigrescent in drying.

Type: No. 186615, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected April
26, 1925, by H. L. Mason (no. 1555) on Clarion Island.

Collections of this plant made by Anthony on Socorro and
Clarion were reported by Brandegee, Zoe 5: 27 (1900), as
Brickellia sp. It has also been collected on Socorro by Barke-
lew (no. 198) and Mason (no. 1598). On Clarion, Mason
(no. 1555) reports that it is the dominant cover and gives a
grayish aspect to the hillsides. It is a shrub 6-15 dm. tall,
branched from the base, and very brittle. The variety is en-
demic to the archipelago, differing from the typical form of
southern Lower California in its proportionately broader
leaves, finer and denser pubescence of the foliage, somewhat
longer peduncles, and paler florets. In Prof. Robinson's mono-
graph of the genus, Mem. Gray Herb. Is 108 (1917), it is
mentioned as a peculiar form of B. peninsularis. Blake, Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1483 (1926), reports it from Socorro
under the name, Coleosanthus peninsularis (Brandg. ) Blake.

115. Erigeron socorrensis Brandg.

Erigeron socorrensis Brandg. Erythea 7: 4 (1898) and Zoe 5: 27 (1900); Blake
in Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1499 (1926), in pt.
Erigeron sp. Vasey & Rose, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 148 (1890).

This slender shrub is known only from Socorro, where the
type was collected by Anthony (no. 376) and other collections
have been obtained by Townsend, Barkelew (nos. 189, 214)
and Mason (no. 1618). Mason's collection is from the dry
slopes above Grayson Cove. The relations of this species are
clearly with the endemic of San Benedicto, E. crenatus, but
beyond that they are extremely vague. The shrubby species of
Erigeron on the Revillagigedos, like the shrubs on Juan Fer-
nandez, Galapagos and Bermuda islands, belong to the section
Caenotus, a section containing many ill-defined and rather

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REV1LLAGIGEDO ISLANDS \Q\

weedy species that are widespread in temperate and tropical
America. The species of the section Caenotus are notorious
for the difficulties they present to classification. This, due to
their variability and lack of distinctive characters, will proba-
bly always remain a problem. In any case, the group is now
in such hopeless confusion that any attempt to discuss their
phylogeny must be wasted time. It does seem significant, how-
ever, that the common weedy species of the section Caenotus,
even when clearly annual, do show a distinct tendency to pro-
duce hard and more or less woody stems. It is likely, there-
fore, that their shrubby insular relatives have continued and
accentuated this tendency under an equitable frostless insular
climate and consequently unbroken growing season. I do not
believe that the shrubs on the various archipelagos are directly
related, but rather, that in each case they have developed on
the island from probable annual stock derived from the nearby
mainland. As there is no species of the section native to Lower
California, I believe we may eliminate the peninsula as a pos-
sible source of the species on the Revillagigedos. It seems most
probable that their ancestors came from southern Mexico,
where a number of possible relatives now exist.

116. Erigeron crenatus Eastwood, n. sp.

A small low shrub 1-4 dm. tall, usually producing several
coarse branches from near the base, younger parts finely vil-
lose or strigose but at length becoming glabrate in age ; stems
distinctly woody, becoming as much as 3 dm. long and
2-5 mm. thick, erect or usually ascending, very densely clothed
for several centimeters below the apex with the ascending
functional leaves and below these with the deflexed tardily
deciduous old ones, the older parts roughened by the indurate
persistent bases of fallen leaves; leaves dark green when fresh
but drying grayish, oblanceolate or spatulate and frequently
quite broadly so, somewhat coriaceous, costate but only ob-
scurely veined, 5-15 mm. broad, 4-6.5 cm. long, broadest just
below the obtuse or rounded apex and then gradually con-
tracted into the slender petiole which forms 1-2 cm. of their
total length, margins entire to crenate or lobulate-crenate, nar-
rowly revolute and perhaps somewhat thickened; inflorescence
a corymbose panicle, usually projecting only a few centimeters

102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

from the rosulate cluster of crowded leaves, usually com-
pound, being formed of a group of simple panicles springing
from adjacent leaf-axils or reduced lateral shoots ; heads 3-4
mm. high, 4-5 mm. thick, on sparsely bracteolate peduncles
3-15 mm. long, frequently inclined; tegules (except for the
few short outer ones) narrowly lanceolate, the back somewhat
glandular in texture, the margins hyaline; achenes flattened,
thick-margined, sparsely strigose; pappus barbellate ca.
1.7 mm. long; ray-florets glabrous, white, very numerous,
2-3-seriate, pistillate, scarcely if at all surpassing the herma-
phroditic disk-florets; style 1.2 mm. long, glabrous; style-
branches 0.5 mm. long, ca. 0.1 mm. broad, appendages very
short; disk-florets numerous, 2.5 mm. long, sparsely pubescent
or glabrous, tube ca. 0.7 mm. long, lobes triangular and ca.
0.5 mm. long.

Type: No. 186604, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected May
11, 1925, by H. L. Mason (no. 1683) in loose ashy soil on San
Benedicto Island.

This species is known only from San Benedicto where it
has been collected by Barkelew (no. 176) and Mason (no.
1683). It is obviously related to E. socorrensis, the endemic
species of Socorro, but differs not only in its low habit of
growth but in being coarser and larger in all its parts. The
plant of Socorro is a slender loosely branched shrub becoming
12 dm. tall and has much smaller very conspicuously less
crowded paler leaves and a more slender more open inflores-
cence of smaller heads. Although these differences are largely
matters of degree, they serve to distinguish the plants found
on the two islands. The plants from Socorro and San Bene-
dicto each have a very characteristic aspect. The two species
may be recognized instantly at a glance. Blake, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 23 : 1499 (1926), refers to the San Benedicto plant
under Erigeron socorrensis.

117. Gnaphalium attenuatum DC.

Gnaphalium attenuatum DC. Prodr. 6: 228 (1837).

A single plant of this species was collected by Mason (no.
1665) near the hot springs close to the summit of Socorro.
The species is known otherwise from central Mexico south
into Central America.

Vol. XX] JOHNSTON— FLORA OF THE REV1LLAGIGEDO ISLANDS 1Q3

118. Coreopsis insularis (Brandg.) Blake

Coreopsis insularis Blake, Proc. Am. Acad. Sci. 49: 340 (1913). Leptosyne
insularis Brandg. Erythea 7: 5 (1898) and Zoe 5: 28 (1900).

Endemic to Socorro where the type was obtained by
Anthony (no. 394) and subsequent collections have been made
by Barkelew (no. 223) and Mason (no. 1624). A loosely
branched perennial with elongate shrubby stems which grows
"in patches from sea-level up". The linear leaf-lobes in the
fresh condition are succulent, terete and pungent. The rays
are yellow. Although very distinct, the species is probably
most closely related to C. pinnatisecta Blake of Oaxaca and
Puebla in southern Mexico.

119. Viguiera deltoidea Gray, var. townsendii Vasey & Rose

Viguiera deltoidea, var. townsendii Vasey & Rose, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13:
148 (1890); Brandg. Zoe 5: 28 (1900); Blake, Contr. Gray Herb.
54: 90 (1918); Blake in Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23:
1544 (1926).

This very ill-defined variety was originally based upon ma-
terial collected on Socorro by Townsend. It has subsequently
been collected there by Anthony (no. 389) Barkelew (no.
181) and Mason (nos. 1601, 1606). According to Mason,
who collected it at Benner Cove, it is an erect or scandent
shrub which is occasional on the drier slopes of the island.
The island plant is most obviously related to V . deltoidea var.
chenopodina Blake of Lower California. I am by no means
certain that var. tozvnsendii and var. chenopodina are really
separable or are practicable taxonomic units or that they are
much more than mere extreme xerophytic phases of the
species, the type of which came from Cape San Lucas.

120. Perityle socorrosensis Rose

Perityle socorrosensis Rose, Bot. Gaz. 15: 118, t. 13, f. 9 (1890); Vasey & Rose,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 148 (1890); Brandg. Zoe 5: 27, 28
(1900); Rydb. No. Am. Fl. 34: 16 (1914).

The type and original collection of this species was made on
Socorro by Townsend. Anthony (no. 383), Barkelew (no.
192) and Mason (nos. 1605, 1605a) have subsequently recol-

104 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

lected it there. Mason's material came from Benner Cove.
Material from San Benedicto has been obtained by Anthony
(no. 372), Barkelew (no. 175) and Mason (no. 1684). On
Clarion, where Mason notes that it is a shrubby perennial, it
grows on sandy beaches almost to the water's edge as well as
on the steep sea-cliffs. Collections from Clarion have been
made by Anthony (no. 415) and Mason (nos. 1578, 1579).
The plant varies somewhat in the size of its succulent leaves,
apparently in response to its environment. There is also inter-
esting variation in the development of pappus. The material
from Clarion tends to be awnless or to have only a single awn,
that from San Benedicto and Socorro generally having 1-2
awns developed. As in most species of Perityle of this rela-
tionship the marginal flowers, from plant to plant, vary con-
spicuously in the degree of development of ligule. The rela-
tionship of the species is clearly with P. crassifolia Brandg.
of southern Lower California.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 3, pp. 105-128, plate 1 December 18, 1931

III
THE GENUS POGOGYNE

JOHN THOMAS HOWELL

Assistant Curator, Department of Botany

Introduction

Purpose. — The present study of the genus Pogogyne was
begun when certain collections made by the writer on the plains
of the San Joaquin Valley were not nicely determinable,
although in treatments of the genus the species seemed rather
definitely limited on comparative morphologic characters. And,
the genus being small, it quickly appeared that here would be
an admirable occasion for acquiring an experience in the study
of species by a statistical method, coupled with, and governed
by, the usual morphologic method. So a critical study of the
genus Pogogyne was undertaken in order to determine more
definitely the range of variation within the several species and
to develop, if possible, by a statistical study of diagnostic cri-
teria, quantitative data for the limitation of the species.

The statistical method employed in this work is of a pri-
mary sort, i. e., the collection of quantitative data with a de-
velopment of simple and evidently useful ratios and collations.
Some, primarily interested in the fullest exploitation of a
series of numerical compilations, will perhaps argue that this
simple use of numerical facts cannot be properly called a sta-
tistical method, especially in view of the later complexities

December 18, 1931

106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

developed in the field of biometry. But, as has been pointed
out by Hall and Clements (Carnegie Inst. Publ. no. 326: 20,
— 1923), at this early stage of the use of statistical methods
in flowering plant taxonomy the simplest uses of the figures
furnish all the information now desirable, and a fuller de-
velopment of them can follow later when such deductions will
attain to more immediate usefulness and value. In the follow-
ing presentment these simple data have been of primary im-
portance in determining specific limits and drawing diagnoses,
and in several instances tabulations are given to illustrate the
value and the manner of compilation and comparison. Always,
however, these facts have been used with a basic regard for
the associated morphologic characters as determined by
herbarium studies and field observations.

History. — The genus Pogogyne was first described by
Bentham in 1834 in his monographic study of the Mint
Family, Labiatarum Genera et Species. Three species were
described, all having four perfect anthers, and the genus was
placed in the tribe Melissinese. In 1849, Bentham in Plantae
Hartwegianae described the first species now characterized by
sterile upper stamens, P. zizyphoroides, but he appears to have
overlooked this stamen character for no account of it is given
in his diagnosis and he states that the species is related to
P. parviflora, a species with four fertile stamens. Torrey in
the Botany of the Pacific Railroad Reports (1856) first
described the total deficiency of the upper stamens in the type
description of P. serpylloides which he placed, with question, in
the genus Hedeoma. Gray in 1867 transferred Torrey's species
to the genus Pogogyne, indicating a subgenus, Hedeomoides,
characterized by only two fertile stamens, and in 1876 in the
Botany of California, gave the first complete description of the
genus as thus modified. Briquet in Die Natiirlichen Pflanzen-
familien (1896) accepts two genera as representing the com-
plex : first he reverts to Bentham's original concept of the
genus Pogogyne, and then raises Gray's subgenus Hedeo-
moides to generic rank. Greene in the Manual of the Bay
Region Botany (1894) and Jepson in the Flora of Western
Middle California (1901) and in A Manual of the Flowering
Plants of California (1925) follow the arrangement of Gray.

Vol. XX] HOWELL— THE GENUS POGOGYNE JQ7

In the present work Gray's broader concept of the genus
Pogogyne has been followed, two subgenera being recognized.
Although Briquet's treatment is in keeping with the interpre-
tation of generic limits that are based on staminal characters
in certain sections of the Labiatae, it seems obvious that his
recognition of two genera here results in an artificial arrange-
ment. The relatively wide separation of related units and the
juxtaposition of relatively unrelated units in the sequence de-
veloped would seem to indicate this. On the other hand the
two groups here accepted as subgenera show close relationship
as shown by habit, leaves, inflorescence, and (aside from the
stamen character) floral organs; and, moreover, the geo-
graphic distribution and physiological similarity of the species
within the two groups also point to their very close relation.

Relationships.— -Pogogyne belongs to the tribe Satureineae
of the Labiate as the family is treated by Bentham and
Hooker and by Gray, and, by Briquet to the Stachyoideae-
Melissinae, a smaller tribe identical with part of the Sa-
tureineae. This latter is mainly characterized by 2-lipped, 10-
15-nerved calyx, 2-lipped corolla, 2 or 4 stamens with the
upper pair shorter and with anthers 2-celled. Within the tribe,
Pogogyne is most nearly related to Hedeoma, and less closely,
to Satureia.

In a family as intricate as the Labiatae it is hazardous even
to surmise the probable phylogeny of only a small part but in
the case of Pogogyne morphologic and distributional evidence
contribute facts that indicate a very possible line of develop-
ment worthy of discussion. As stated above Pogogyne is re-
lated both to Hedeoma and to Satureia, probably through
derivation from a common ancestral stock. Such a primitive
group would be marked by such characters as perennial habit,
simple inflorescence, unmodified calyx, and four fertile sta-
mens, the upper pair smaller and tending to abort. Such a
plexus might be considered similar to the large and complex
genus Satureia as defined by Briquet (1896) which is marked
by most of the characters just mentioned. It seems probable
that due to some distributional or genetic arrangement a sec-
tion of this original stock diverged and gave rise to the phylo-

108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

genetic line that later developed the genera Hedeoma and
Pogogyne, a line characterized by tendencies to annual habit,
abbreviated inflorescence, and staminal reduction. The remain-
der of the complex can be considered as having maintained the
old characters with only minor modifications, forming the
modern genus Satureia and related genera.

In the Pogogyne-Hedeoma line, Hedeoma appears to be the
older type with more numerous and more widely dispersed
species, and with plants usually perennial, inflorescence non-
congested, and calyx-lobes nearly undifferentiated. Although
one subgenus of Pogogyne maintains the extra primitive char-
acter of four fertile stamens, a character not found in the rest
of the Pogogyne-Hedeoma line, the annual habit, the involved
inflorescence, and the bilabiate calyx in Pogogyne appear to be
derived. These characters together with the relatively re-
stricted distribution of the fewer species and the unusual phy-
siological requirements for growth suggest a more highly
specialized and lately evolved group in Pogogyne than in
Hedeoma.

Within the genus Pogogyne there are two views to explain
the possible origin and relationship of the two subgenera.
Either they are two parts of a single line of development, a
simple linear arrangement, or they represent two diverging
lines from a common basal type. The latter view seems the
more plausible in view of available morphologic and distri-
butional evidence. In the subgenus Eupogyne, P. douglasii
appears to be the least modified, P. abramsi marking a transi-
tion in habit and flower to P. nudiuscula. In the subgenus
Hedeomoides the wide-spread species P. serpylloides appears
less specialized than P. zizyphoroides both physiologically and
morphologically, though the two are very nearly related. The
little-known P. tenuiflora of Guadalupe Island probably repre-
sents a line of development originating near P. serpylloides
but widely divergent from it, due perhaps to long-continued
geographic isolation. A prototype of wide distribution similar
to P. tenuiflora would probably be employed as an intermediate
link between the subgenera by those who would have all the
species of Pogogyne arranged in a linear sequence of develop-
ment.

Vol. XX] HOWELL— THE GENUS POGOGYNE \Cf)

Distribution and Ecology. — Floristically, the genus Po-
gogyne is strictly Californian ; at no place does a species
extend beyond the limits of the California flora, and, at appro-
priate altitudes, the species pervade the area as completely as
any group of Californian plants. The area here assigned to
the California flora is somewhat enlarged over the province
outlined by Jepson (Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 1, 1925), and extends
from middle western Oregon south to Mt. San Pedro Martir
in northern Lower California and from the Cascade-Sierran
crest west to the Pacific Ocean. In addition, the insular areas
off the coast of California and Lower California are here con-
sidered a part of the California province as has been proposed
recently by Mason in discussing the California Coast Range
forest (Carnegie Inst. Publ. no. 346: 142, —1927). A re-
markable feature of the distribution of the genus Pogogyne is
how nearly coextensive it is with the province thus outlined.
Pogogyne zizyphoroides extends north into southern Oregon,
P. serpylloides occurs in northern Lower California, and P.
tenuidora is found on Guadalupe Island off Lower California
where it is endemic. In life zones the species are best developed
in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones but P. douglasii
and P. serpylloides also occur in the lower part of the Transi-
tion Zone.

The species of Pogogyne are generally characteristic of hol-
lows in low valley lands inundated during the rainy season, the
plants maturing after the ponds have dried and the summer
heat has begun. Pogogyne serpylloides is partly an exception,
for although it is sometimes found in the dried beds of former
pools, it is more abundant on moist hillsides. In the sequence
of floral societies characteristic of the rain pools of the Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin valleys, Pogogyne occurs in the final
or next to the final assemblage. As the water recedes from
the bed of the pool, Dozuningia bicomuta, D. omatissima, Al-
locarya stipitata, and Mimidus tricolor are most abundant on
the moist or freshly dried bottoms. At this time Pogogyne
develops vegetatively, sometimes beginning to bloom. In late
spring and early summer when the beds of the pools are
parched by the first drying heat, the more hydrophilous flora
gives way to a society in which Pogogyne is conspicuous.

\\Q CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Navarretia lencocephala and N. nigellceformis reach maturity
at this time, and Lythrum hyssopifolia, Boisduvalia glabella,
and Psilocarphus globiferus are in flower or fruit. Pogogyne
douglasii minor and P. zizyphoroides are the species fre-
quently represented in this society. Eryngiiim vaseyi, a peren-
nial which generally reaches maturity even later after most of
these plants have passed, is sometimes a member of this late
society. In Coast Range and Sierra Nevada valleys species of
Pogogyne are also found in low areas, maturing generally
during the summer ; and in the vicinity of San Diego P. nu-
diuscula and P. abramsi blossom and fruit in the rain-pools on
the elevated coastal plains at the end of the rainy season.

Acknowledgments. — The following study was undertaken
and carried out at the California Academy of Sciences, and to
Miss Alice Eastwood, Curator of Botany, the writer is in-
debted for the opportunity to do this work. The author also
appreciates the opportunity afforded by the officers of other
herbaria to borrow and study further material. These herbaria
together with the symbol used in the citation of specimens are :
Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences (CA),
Gray Herbarium of Harvard University (G), Herbarium of
the University of Oregon (O), Herbarium of Pomona Col-
lege (Po), Dudley Herbarium of Stanford University (St),
Herbarium of the University of California (UC).

Taxonomic Treatment

Pogogyne Benth., Lab. Gen. et Spec. 414 (1834) ; Bentham
in DeCandolle, Prodromus 12: 243 (1848); Bentham and
Hooker, Genera Plantarum 2, pt. 2: 1190 (1876); Gray in
Brewer and Watson, Bot. Calif. 1 : 596 (1876) ; Gray, Syn. Fl.
N. Am. 2, pt. 1 : 364 (1878) ; Greene, Man. Bay Reg. Bot,
289 (1894) ; Howell, Fl. NW. Amer., 551 (1901) ; Jepson, Fl.
West. Mid. Calif., 461 (1901); Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif.,
873 (1925).

Annual herbs of spring and summer with numerous punc-
tate glands, the glandular secretion with an aromatic or rank

Vol. XX] HOWELL— THE GENUS POGOGYNE \\\

odor; stems 0.25-4.5 dm. long, assurgent to strictly erect, sim-
ple or branched, glabrous or frequently with a fine retrorse
pubescence; leaves suborbicular to oblanceolate-spathulate and
linear, simple, entire or obscurely to saliently serrate, obtuse
or acute, attenuate below into a short petiole, the margin of
the upper leaves becoming bristly-ciliate; floral bracts 2 below
each flower, shorter to longer than the calyx, spathulate to
oblanceolate and linear, generally entire, the margin con-
spicuously and sometimes densely bristly-ciliate; flowers nu-
merous, congested in axillary cymules and appearing verticil-
late, or rarely the flowers solitary or few in the lowest axils,
the lower clusters frequently discrete, the upper crowded and
the inflorescence becoming spicate-capitate ; calyx 15-nerved,
the tube slender-campanulate, 1-5 mm. long, punctate-glandu-
lar, glabrous or pubescent or rarely hirsute ; calyx-lobes linear-
deltoid, acute, disposed in two sets, glabrous or hairy or hir-
sute, the margins generally ciliate, the lower lip 2-lobed, 2-8
mm. long, the upper lip 3-lobed. 1.5-5 mm. long; corolla 2.5-
20 mm. long, tubular-funnel form, lavender to purple, the
palate frequently mottled with pale yellow, pubescent and
sometimes glandular without, pubescent or glabrous within,
2-lipped. the upper lip nearly plane, entire, the lower lip
3-lobed: stamens erect under the upper lip of corolla, 4 or 2
with fertile, 2-celled anthers, the anthers and filaments more
or less hairy, the lower pair of stamens always fertile, the
upper pair shorter, fertile or sterile or obsolete, the sterile
stamens when present simple or capitellate; style about
equalling the corolla, more or less hairy below the branches;
style-branches unequal to subequal, glabrous; nutlets 1-2.5
mm. long, narrow- to rotund-obovate, hairy and sometimes
glandular on the rounded apex, light to dark brown, concolor-
ous or mottled.

1 12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Key to Subgenera and Species

a. Corolla 9-20 mm. long; four stamens fertile, lower pair
3.5-6 mm. long; style rather densely hairy 2-6 mm.
below style-branches; style-branches unequal to nearly
equal Subgenus Eupogogyne

b. Floral bracts and calyx-lobes conspicuously hirsute,
bristly-ciliate.

c. Inflorescence 1-3 cm. broad; calyx-tube 3-4 mm.
long, (2—3 mm. long in subspp.); lower calyx-lobes
2-4 mm. longer than upper (except in subsp. parui-
flora); style 13-20 mm. long; north of the
Tehachapi region 1. P. douglasii

cc. Inflorescence 0.4-0.8 cm. broad; calyx-tube 2 mm.
long; lower calyx-lobes 1 mm. longer than upper;
style 12 mm. long; San Diego 2. P. abramsi

bb. Floral bracts and calyx- lobes glabrous or subglabrous;
inflorescence 1-1.5 cm. wide; calyx- tube 3-4 mm.
long; San Diego 3. P. nudiuscula

a.a.. Corolla 2.5-12 mm. long; upper pair of stamens sterile,
sometimes deficient; lower pair fertile, 0.5-2 mm. long;
style sparsely hairy to 1 mm. or less below style-
branches (except in no. 6); style-branches generally
unequal Subgenus Hedeomoides

d. Corolla tubular, 2.5-8 mm. long; style hairy 1 mm. or
less below style-branches.

e. Stems prostrate or spreading, slender (except in
subsp.) ; calyx-tube 1-2.5 (or 3.5) mm. long; corolla
2.5-5 mm. long; rudiments of upper stamens
present or lacking; nutlets 1 mm. long 4. P. serpylloides

ee. Stems erect or suberect, generally robust, calyx-tube
2.5-5 mm. long; corolla 4-8 mm. long; rudiments
of upper stamens present; nutlets 1.7-2.5 mm.
long 5. P. zizyphoroides

dd. Corolla tubular-salverform, 12 mm. long; style hairy

3 mm. below style-branches 6. P. tenuiflora

Subgenus Eupogogyne J. T. Howell, subgen. nov.

Pogogyne Benth., Lab. Gen. et Spec. 414 (1834).

Pogogyne Briquet in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 4, abt. 3a: 304 (1896).

1. Pogogyne douglasii Benth., Lab. Gen. et Sp. 414 (1834)

Stems erect or suberect, 0.5-4.5 dm. tall, glabrous to puberu-
lent, simple or becoming branched near the base, the branches

Vol. XX] HOWELL— THE GENUS POGOGYNE U3

spreading and assurgent; leaf-blade 1-2 cm. long, 0.2-1.5 cm.
wide, slender-oblanceolate to oblong and elliptic, mostly obtuse,
margin entire or coarsely serrate, glabrous, attenuate below to
a broad petiole; floral bracts linear to oblanceolate, pungently
acute to obtuse, equalling or exceeding the calyx, margin con-
spicuously bristly-ciliate ; inflorescence densely flowered, con-
gested-capitate and short to long-oblong, or the whorls in the
lower axils discrete; lower calyx-lobes 3-8 mm. long, the
upper lobes 2-5 mm. long, the margins ciliate; calyx-tube 2-4
mm. long, glabrous or the nerves pubescent ; corolla 0.9-2 cm.
long, lavender to purple, the palate of the lower lip frequently
mottled with pale yellow, the outside of the corolla more or
less pubescent; stamens fertile, the anthers and upper part of
filaments hairy, the lower pair of stamens 3.5-6 mm. long, the
upper pair 1-3 mm. long; style 0.8-2 cm. long, somewhat ex-
ceeding the corolla, hairy 2-6 mm. below the branches ; style-
branches equal or unequal; nutlets 1-1.7 mm. long, obovate,
dark to light brown.

Low areas in the foothills and valleys : Butte County south
to Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, California.

The original publication of the genus Pogogyne was accom-
panied by the descriptions of three species based on specimens
collected by Douglas in California, P. douglasii, P. multi-flora,
and P. parviflora. The three were differentiated on relative
lengths of floral bracts and flowers, of calyx-tubes and calyx-
teeth, and of stamens and corollas. After a careful study of
numerous collections it is believed that these three species of
Bentham are parts of a single variable specific unit and they
are here accepted as constituting the species P. douglasii.
Pogogyne parviflora which is rather clearly marked by the
relative length of calyx-tube and lower calyx-teeth and which
occupies a distinct geographic area is here treated as a sub-
species. The characters which Bentham used to separate P.
douglasii and P. multiHora (the relative lengths of floral bracts
and flowers, and of corollas and stamens) have been found to
intergrade and vary to such a degree that the latter species is
here considered a synonym of P. douglasii.

114 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Key to Subspecies of P. douglasii

a. Lower calyx-teeth 1.5-2.5 times as long as the calyx-tube.

b. Calyx-tube 3-4 mm. long; corolla 15-20 mm. long;
style hairy 4-6 mm. below the branches; plants
robust, frequently branched la. typica

bb. Calyx-tube 2-3 mm. long; corolla 9-14 mm. long; style
hairy 2-3 mm. below the branches; plants of low
stature.

c. Plants branched, pale with close white pubescence

and numerous white bristles lb. ramosa

cc. Plants simple, green or the floral bracts frequently

purplish-tinged lc. minor

aa. Lower calyx-teeth 1-1.5 times as long as the calyx-tube

Id. parviflora

la. Pogogyne douglasii typica J. T. Howell, nora. nov.

Pogogyne douglasii Benth., Lab. Gen. et Sp. 414 (1834).
P. multi flora Benth., loc. cit.

P. douglasii var. multiflora (Benth.) Briquet in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 4,
abt. 3a: 304 (1896).

Stems generally robust, 2-4.5 dm. tall, simple or branched;
bracts of the inflorescence oblanceolate or linear, green; inflo-
rescence dense and spicate or the lower floral whorls distinct,
mostly 2-3 cm. broad; length of lower calyx-lobes 1.5-2.5
times the length of the calyx-tube; calyx-tube 3-4 mm. long,
glabrous or somewhat pubescent; corolla 15-20 mm. long;
style hairy 4-5 mm. below the style-branches.

Foothills and valleys of the Coast Ranges and Sierra
Nevada from Lake and Butte counties south to Kern and San
Luis Obispo counties.

The type localities of both P. douglasii Benth. and P. mul-
tiflora Benth. are given in the original publication as "in Cali-
fornia septentrionali."

Collections. California: Kelseyville, Lake Co., Blankinship
in 1927 (CA) ; Leesville, Colusa Co., Heller 12387 (CA, G,
St) ; Calistoga, Napa Co., Eastwood 4626 (CA, G) ; Pope
Valley, Napa Co., /. T. Howell 4278 and 4370 (CA) ; Ala-

Vol. XX] HOHELL— THE GENUS POGOGYNE JJ5

meda. Alameda Co., Kellogg & Harford 730 (CA) ; Walnut
Creek, Contra Costa Co., Elmer 4320 (CA, Po, St, UC) ;
Pajaro Hills, Monterey Co., Chandler 441 (UC) ; San Simeon
Bay, San Luis Obispo Co., Palmer 351 (UC) ; Santa Mar-
garita Valley, San Luis Obispo Co., Summers in 1882 (UC) ;
near Chico, Butte Co., Palmer 2078 (Po) ; Nelson, Butte Co.,
Heller 11 390 (CA, G, St, UC) ; Wawona, Mariposa Co.
Eastzvood in 1923 (CA) ; near Bootjack, Mariposa Co., /. T.
Hozvell 6678 (CA) ; Raymond, Madera Co., Eastzvood 12 521
(CA) ; Fresno Flats, Madera Co., Hall 1552 (UC) ; Big
Sandy Creek, Fresno Co., McDonald in 191 3 (CA) ; Califor-
nia, Douglas (G) ; California, Hartzveg 1914 (G).

The Douglas collection cited above is undoubtedly a part of
the type collection of P. multidora Benth. since the floral bracts
are mostly shorter than the flowers and the stamens are ex-
serted. The collection, Hartzveg 1914, is listed in Plantae
Hartwegianae as P. multMora by Bentham, but in the speci-
men in the Gray Herbarium the stamens are not conspicuously
exserted.

The following specimens from the plains of southern and
eastern Solano Co. exhibit intermediate characters between
subsp. typica and subsp. minor: Vanden Station, Heller 3394
(G, St) ; Elmira, Baker 2899 (G, Po, UC) ; Benicia, Abrams
3746 (St). In habit and foliage these plants resemble low
forms of subsp. typica and in amount of hairiness on the style
the specimens are like subsp. typica. In length of calyx and
corolla the plants are generally nearer subsp. minor though
occasionally exceptions occur. Here they are piaced as non-
typical forms of subsp. typica.

As plants of P. douglasii pass from youth to maturity and
old age, they become branched from the base, the cauline and
larger floral leaves drop off, and the corolla is notably reduced.
This change is well shown by comparing two collections made
from the same pool-bottom near Pope Valley, Napa Co., in
May (I. T. Howell 4278) and in July (J. T. Howell 4370).
If field evidence were not available to show the later develop-
ment of the plants, such extreme types as Bolander 2667 from
Lake Co. (UC) and Brezver 833 from Napa Valley (UC)
might be treated as new forms.

H5 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

An attempt was made to segregate the forms of subsp.
typica in the Sierran foothills from those in the Coast Ranges.
The more slender inflorescence, the narrower floral bracts, and
the more abundant hairs of the floral bracts and calyx-lobes
are noticeable characters of the Sierran plants but these charac-
ters varied just enough in plants on both sides of the Great
Valley that, in too many instances, the erection of a critical
line of division between the forms would have been arbitrary.

lb. Pogogyne douglasii ramosa J. T. Howell, subsp. nov.

Stem slender, assurgent, 1-1.5 dm. tall, white-hairy especially
above, branched at or above the base; bracts of the inflores-
cence oblanceolate to linear, green, densely white-ciliate on the
margins and puberulent on the surfaces ; inflorescence more or
less interrupted-spicate, 1-1.5 cm. broad, ovate to lanceolate;
length of lower calyx-lobes 2 times the length of the calyx-
tube ; calyx-tube 2-3 mm. long, nerves white-bristly ; corolla
11-13 mm. long, conspicuously hairy outside; style hairy 3
mm. below the style-branches.

Dried beds of winter pools in the San Joaquin Valley.

Type: no. 171693, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by J. T.
Howell (no. 2004), near Merced, Merced Co., Calif. Only one
other collection has been seen, that of Rattan at Live Oaks,
San Joaquin Co., Calif., in 1880 (St).

lc. Pogogyne douglasii minor J. T. Howell, subsp. nov.

Stems 0.5-1 (or rarely 2) dm. tall, very slender, simple;
bracts of the inflorescence narrowly linear to acicular, acerose-
pointed. green or frequently purplish, the margins densely
white-ciliate; inflorescence short-capitate, 1-2 cm. broad;
length of the lower calyx-lobes 1.6—2.5 times the length of the
calyx-tube; calyx-tube 2-2.5 mm. long, white-hairy; corolla
9-14 mm. long; style hairy 2-3 mm. below style-branches.

Depressions on low clay hills bordering the Sacramento and
San Joaquin valleys from Tehama Co. south to Madera Co.

Vol. XX] HOWELL— THE GENUS POGOGYNE \\y

Type: no. 171692, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by J. T.
Howell (no. 4211), near Merced, Merced Co., Calif.

Other collections. California: eight miles south of Vina
near Pine Creek, Tehama Co., Heller 11334 (CA, G, St, UC) ;
Glenn Co., L. E. Smith in 1016 (CA) ; Folsom, Sacramento
Co., Hannibal in 10 18 (St) ; Raymond, Madera Co., Cum-
mings in 1806 (G).

The collection from Poso Creek Valley in the foothills of
the southern Sierra Nevada, Dudley 543 (St), intergrades
with subsp. typica. In technical characters of length of calyx-
tube and hairiness of style it agrees with subsp. minor but in
other characters it resembles more diminutive aspects of subsp.
typica.

Id. Pogogyne douglasii parviflora (Benth.) J. T. Howell,

comb. t no v.

Pogogyne parviflora Benth., Lab. Gen. et Spec. 414 (1834).

Stems rather slender, 2-3 dm. tall, simple or generally
branched ; bracts of the inflorescence oblanceolate to linear,
mostly green; inflorescence dense and capitate, 1-2 (or 2.5)
cm. broad; length of lower calyx-lobes 0.75-1.5 times the
length of the calyx-tube; calyx-tube 2.5-4 mm. long, glabrous
or somewhat hairy; corolla 11-15 mm. (or 17) mm. long;
style hairy 4 mm. below the style-branches.

Low places in Coast Range valleys of Sonoma, Mendocino,
and Lake counties.

Pogogyne parviflora Benth. was first collected by Douglas
"in California septentrionali."

Collections. California: Sherwood Valley, Mendocino Co..
Dudley in 1800 (St) ; between Willits and Laytonville, Men-
docino Co., Abrams 58 ij (St) ; Kelseyville, Lake Co., Blank-
inship (CA) ; Batchelor Valley, Lake Co., Rattan in 1883
(St) ; between Cotati and Santa Rosa, Sonoma Co., Eastwood
10620 (CA) ; Santa Rosa, Sonoma Co., Heller 5642 (G, Po,
St) ; Mark West, Sonoma Co., Bolander 3901 (UC).

The plant represented by plate no. 5886 of Curtis' Botanical
Magazine is probably P. douglasii parviflora and not P.

118

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4th Ser.

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Vol. XX] HOWELL— THE GENUS POGOGYNE \\()

douglasii as named, for the length of the lower calyx-lobes
equals the length of the calyx-tube.

2. Pogogyne abramsi J. T. Howell, spec. nov.

Stems 0.5-2 dm. tall, simple and erect or branched and sub-
erect to diffuse; leaf-blade 0.5-1.5 cm. long, 0.1-0.5 cm. wide,
oblong to linear-oblanceolate, entire or frequently saliently
toothed, pubescent or glabrous, narrowed below to a short
petiole, the petioles and margins of the upper leaves conspicu-
ously bristly-ciliate ; floral bracts white-ciliate, narrowly linear,
pungently acute, equalling the calyx or shorter; flowers in
slender terminal spike or the lower whorls somewhat distinct;
calyx-tube 2-2.5 mm. long, densely white-hairy on the veins
outside; lower calyx-lobes 3-4 (or 6) mm. long, the upper
lobes 2-3 (or 5) mm. long, all about 0.5 mm. broad at base,
the margins hairy and bristly-ciliate, the veins hairy; corolla
10-12 mm. long; lower stamens 4—4.5 mm. long, sparsely
hairy, upper stamens 1-2 mm. long, fertile, glabrous; style 12
mm. long, hairy 2-4 mm. below the branches; style-branches
unequal to nearly equal; nutlets 1-1.5 mm. long.

Depressions on the mesas and "sandy flats inundated during
rains," western San Diego Co.

Type: no. 162150, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by
Abrams (no. 3446), on mesa north of San Diego, San Diego
Co., Calif.

Other collections. California: mesa north of San Diego,
Abrams 3446 (G, Po, St) ; mesas north of San Diego,
Chandler 5346 (St, UC) ; near San Diego, Hall 3924 (St,
UC) : vicinity of San Diego, Spencer 127 (G, UC) ; Linda
Vista. T. S. Brandegee in 1804 (UC) ; clay soil of dried rain-
pools, 1 1 miles northeast of San Diego, /. T. Howell 6636
(CA. G, O, Po, St, UC).

Distinguished in appearance and marked by several excellent
characters, the plant here described seems amply distinct from
P. nudiuscula to be given specific recognition. All specimens
save one that have been examined are labelled "P. nudiuscula"
yet no diagnosis of that species describes the unusual charac-

J 20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

ters of the present plant. Undoubtedly it would have received
early recognition if its distribution were not so nearly co-
extensive with that of P. nudiuscula. But there are no "in-
termediates," the two species being more easily separable than
certain forms of the long-recognized species, P. serpylloides
and P. zizyphoroides. In habit P. abramsi is more slender and
the character of vesture marks it at once. The leaves are fre-
quently lobed and the floral bracts are very narrow and pun-
gent. The calyx of P. abramsi is smaller in all parts than is
the calyx of P. nudiuscula, while the corolla and style are gen-
erally longer in the latter. The stamens are fertile in both
species but in the present species both pairs are shorter than
the corresponding pairs in P. nudiuscula.

Little is known of the field relationships of P. nudiuscula
and P. abramsi but it is evident from collections in the her-
baria that the two species do not grow together, for they have
never been mixed in a single collection and no collector has
noted the variation which would be so conspicuous if the
plants were associated. Further field work might reveal a
physiological barrier which separates the two besides determin-
ing more accurately the distribution of each.

The following field notes accompany the last of the speci-
mens cited above: tube of the corolla slender, widening into
the campanulate throat; the upper lip of the limb cucullate, the
lobes of the lower lip reflexed; limb and throat rich rosy-
purple, tube white ; middle lobe of lower lip with central yel-
low area spotted with deep purple; lateral lobes of lower lip
with a median line of similac purple but with no yellow; the
two lower stamens and the style exserted and curved from
under the upper lip.

3. Pogogyne nudiuscula Gray, Bot. Cal. 1: 597 (1876).

Stems 1-3 dm. tall, simple to much-branched, suberect or
somewhat spreading; leaf-blades 0.5-1.5 cm. long, 0.2-0.5 cm.
wide, ovate to oblong, obtuse or acute, subentire, glabrous,
narrowed below to petiole 0.2-0.5 cm. long; floral bracts ob-
lanceolate to oblong-linear, glabrous or with few marginal

Vol. XX] HOWELL— THE GENUS POGOGYNE \2\

hairs, equalling the calyx or shorter, or the outermost some-
times exceeding the calyx; flowers in distant axillary whorls
or the upper whorls capitate-congested; calyx-tube 3-4 mm.
long, conspicuously veined, glabrous or very sparsely hairy;
lower calyx-lobes 3-5 mm. long, the upper lobes 2-4 mm. long,
all lobes 1 mm. broad at base, the margins of the lobes
glabrous, rarely thinly ciliate; corolla 11-14 mm. long,
sparsely hairy outside, lavender; lower pair of stamens 5-6
mm. long, upper part of filaments hairy, upper stamens 2-3
mm. long, fertile, glabrous; style equalling or slightly exceed-
ing the corolla, 11-15 mm. long, hairy to 1.5-4 mm. below
style-branches ; style-branches nearly equal; nutlets 1.5 mm.
long.

On the mesas of western San Diego Co. near San Diego,
the region of the type locality.

Collections. California: San Diego, Cleveland in 18/4
(type, G) ; San Diego, Greene in 1002 (Baker distribution no.
J655) (CA, G, Po, UC) ; San Diego, Dunn in 1801 (CA,
UC) ; mesas near San Diego, Chandler 5345 (UC, St) ; Mis-
sion Valley, San Diego, T. S. Brandegee in 1804 (UC) ; East
San Diego, Spencer 548 (G, Po) ; University Heights on "hog
wallows." Alderson 008 (St).

Subgenus Hediomoides Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad.

7:386 (1867).

Hediomoides (Gray) Briquet in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 4, abt. 3a: 295
(1896).

4. Pogogyne serpylloides (Torr.) Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7 :

386 (1867).

Stems numerous from the base and diffusely spreading, or
rarely simple and suberect, 0.25-2.5 dm. long; leaf-blade ob-
longish to ovate and broadly elliptic, obtuse, entire or minutely
crenulate or obscurely serrulate, 0.2-1.2 cm. long, 0.1-0.8 cm.
wide, narrowed below to a petiole 0.1-0.7 cm. long; floral
bracts spathulate to linear-oblanceolate, equalling or exceeding
the calyx, margins somewhat ciliate-pubescent ; flowers in dis-

December 18, 1931

12? CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

crete axillary whorls or the upper whorls congested and the
inflorescence becoming capitate; calyx-tube 1-3.5 mm. long,
nerves thinly pubescent ; lower calyx-lobes 2—4 mm. long, the
tips spreading in fruit, the upper lobes 1.5-3 mm. long, the
margins of the lobes ciliate; corolla lavender or lilac, hairy or
glabrous without, 2.5-5.5 mm. long; lower pair of stamens
fertile, 0.5-1.5 mm. long, the upper pair sterile with or with-
out rudiments of anthers, or both upper stamens entirely lack-
ing; style included in or equalling the throat of corolla, 2-4
mm. long, lightly hairy below branches; nutlets rotund-ovate,
dark brown, mottled or not, 1-1.3 mm. long.

Hillsides and low valley lands : Sierra Nevada foothills
from Eldorado Co. to Mariposa Co. ; Coast Ranges from
Humboldt Co. to San Luis Obispo Co., east to Lake and San
Benito cos. ; northern Lower California.

Key to Subspecies of P. serpylloides

a. Stems slender and spreading; whorls of the inflorescence

discrete 4a. typica

S.3., Stems more stiffly erect, few-branched; whorls of inflores-
cence approximate, forming oblong, capitate spike 4b. intermedia

4a. Pogogyne serpylloides typica J. T. Howell, nom. nov.

Hedeoma (?) serpylloides Torr., Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 123 (1856).
Pogogyne serpylloides (Torr.) Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 7: 386 (1867).
Hediomoides serpylloides (Torr.) Briquet in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 4,
abt. 3a: 295 (1896).

Plants generally much-branched from the base, the stems
flexuous and spreading, or rarely in undeveloped diminutive
plants, the stem simple but slender ; flowers in distinct axillary
whorls, the whorls rarely congested and capitate in small
plants.

Sierra Nevada and Coast Range hills from northern Cali-
fornia to northern Lower California.

"Hillsides, Martinez" is the type locality of Hedeoma ser-
pylloides Torr.

Vol. XX] HOWELL— THE GENUS POGOGYNE 123

Collections. California: New York Ravine, Eldorado Co.,
A'. Brandegce in 1907 (UC) ; near Copperopolis, Calaveras
Co., Davy 1391 (Po, UC) ; Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras Co.,
Blaisdell (CA) ; New York Falls, Amador Co., Hansen 447
(St, UC) : French Flat, Tuolumne Co., Williamson 53 (CA,
Po, St) ; Cathay Valley, Mariposa Co., Eastwood 4332 (CA,
G) ; Butler Valley on Mad River, Humboldt Co., Tracy 2621
and 2622 (UC) ; Rowes, Mendocino Co., Chandler 1060
(UC) ; Ukiah, Mendocino Co., Kellogg and Harford J 28
(CA, G) ; Kelseyville, Lake Co., Blankinship in 1023 (CA) ;
Pope Creek Canyon, Napa Range, Napa Co., /. T. Howell
61 1 3 (CA) ; Healdsburg, Sonoma Co., Rattan in 1877 (St) ;
Martinez, Contra Costa Co., Bigelow in 1854 (type collection,
G) ; Bald Peak, Contra Costa Co., /. T. Hozvell 4747 (CA,
G, O, Po, St, UC) ; Berkeley Hills, Alameda Co., Eastivood in
1907 (CA) ; Oakland, Alameda Co., Jones 2833 (CA, Po,
St) ; Fort Point, San Francisco, Kellogg and Harford 720
(CA, G) ; Arroyo Mocho, Alameda Co., /. T. Hozvell 1802
(CA) ; near Stanford University, Santa Clara Co., Baker 543
(G, Po, St, UC) ; between Gilroy Spring and Madrone
Spring. Santa Clara Co., Dudley 4134 (CA, St) ; Tres Pinos
River 5 miles above Pacaines, San Benito Co., Abrams and
Borthzvick 7807 (Po, St); Monterey Co., Abbott (CA) ;
Cambria, San Luis Obispo Co., Eastivood 13596 (CA).
Lower California: near San Quintin, northern Lower Cali-
fornia, Orcutt 1 361 (G, UC).

Unlike the other species of the genus, this form is not so
nearly confined to low places where pools form during winter
rains, but rather appears to be more abundant on slopes of
hills near protecting thickets and brush. Only two collections
that have been examined carry the record that the specimens
were collected on the beds of former pools. Although there is
considerable variation noted in the size and aspect of plants in
this variety, such variation is believed to be due entirely to
edaphic and climatic influences.

124

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

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Vol. XX] HOWELL— THE GENUS POGOGYNE 125

4b. Pogogyne serpylloides intermedia J. T. Howell,

subsp. nov.

Plants few-branched from the base, the stems rather stiffly
erect, rarely spreading; flowers in approximate whorls, the in-
florescence oblong-capitate, rarely 1 of the lower whorls
distinct.

Sierra Nevada foothills and Coast Ranges of central Cali-
fornia.

Type: no. 25672, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by Gui-
rado (no. 714), at San Juan, San Benito Co., Calif.

Other collections. San Juan, San Benito Co., Guirado J 14.
(G, UC) ; Livermore, Alameda Co., Jepson in 1801 (UC) ;
Live Oaks, San Joaquin Co., Rattan in 1880 (St) ; St. Law-
rence, Eldorado Co., Jones in 1882 (Po) ; California, An-
drews (G).

In this subspecies the more apparent characters that separate
P. serpylloides and P. zizyphoroides find a definite transition
from one species to the other. In an adequate collection of the
two species a series can be arranged passing by every inter-
grade of habit, foliage, and flower from typical specimens of
P. serpylloides to specimens of P. zizyphoroides. The follow-
ing series can be arranged from the specimens of these species
found in the Herbarium of the California Academy of
Sciences: (1.) Oakland Hills, Goldsmith; (2.) Monterey
County, Abbott; (3.) Mokelumne Hill, Blaisdell; (4.) San
Juan, Guirado; (5.) Suisun, Eastzvood; (6.) Merced, /. T.
Howell; (7.) Willows, Eastwood; (8.) Oroville, Heller. This
sequence passes by gradual intergrades from plants with habit
typical of P. serpylloides (1 to 3) to plants typical of the more
robust habit of P.. zizyphoroides (5 to 8). In this series the
intermediate form from San Juan (4) with its stricter habit
and compact inflorescence, resembles the less robust aspects of
P. zizyphoroides, but it is definitely referable to P. serpyl-
loides on the size-character of the nutlets. Because of the ap-
proximation of this form to P. zizyphoroides while yet main-
taining the one essential characteristic of P. serpylloides, it

126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

has seemed proper to treat it as a distinct subspecies. Although
plants constituting subsp. intermedia are very distinctive in ap-
pearance, it has been difficult to separate it from subsp. typica
because of the nature of variations in the latter, especially in
the more diminutive specimens which are very frequently
unbranched and bear single capitate flower-clusters. It is inter-
esting that there are apparently no quantitative data by which
subsp. typica and subsp. intermedia can be separated ; but this
might be expected since only a single quantitative character is
available for the adequate separation of the species P. serpyl-
loides and P. zizyphoroides.

Andrews' specimen of P. serpylloides intermedia in the
Gray Herbarium is labelled in Gray's hand-writing "P. zizy-
phoroides var. magis evolnta."

5. Pogogyne zizyphoroides Benth., PI. Hartw. 330 (1849).

Hedeomoides zizyphoroides (Benth.) Briquet in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pfl.
4, abt. 3a: 295 (1896).

Stems simple or branched, 0.5-2 dm. tall, erect or somewhat
spreading; leaf-blade ovate to oblong or broadly elliptic,
0.4—1.5 cm. long, 0.2-1 cm. wide, glabrous or the margins
minutely scaberulous, obtuse, entire, narrowed below to a
broad petiole 0.2-0.7 cm. long, the petioles of the upper leaves
frequently ciliate-margined ; floral bracts equalling or exceed-
ing the calyx, spathulate to slender-oblanceolate, conspicuously
ciliate on the margins ; flowers in dense heads or the lower
whorls distinct from the terminal capitate cluster; calyx-tube
2.5-5 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so, rarely the nerves some-
what bristly; lower calyx-lobes 2.5-6 mm. long, the upper
lobes 1.5-4 mm. long, the middle upper lobe frequently 0.5-1
mm. shorter than the two lateral upper lobes, the margins and
nerves of the lobes bristly-hairy; corolla lavender, 4-8 mm.
long; lower pair of stamens fertile, 1-2 mm. long, the upper
pair sterile and present as club-shaped rudiments ; style 3-7
mm. long, lightly hairy below branches ; nutlets obovate, dark
brown, 1.6-2.5 mm. long.

Vol. XX] HOWELL— THE GENUS POGOGYNE 127

Dried beds of vernal pools in clay soil, frequently alkaline
in character: Jackson Co., Oregon; plains and low bounding
hills of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, Butte Co.
south to Mariposa and Merced cos. ; occasional in valleys of
the Coast Ranges in the San Francisco Bay region.

Pogogxne zizyphoroides Benth. was first collected "in valle
Sacramento" by Hartweg.

Collections. Oregon : Central Point, Jackson Co., Howell
jjj (CA, G, O) ; road to Goldhill, Jackson Co., Henderson
1238$ and 12400 (CA, O). California: California, Hartzveg
1915 (type collection, G) ; hills 8 miles north of Oroville,
Butte Co., Heller 11275 (Cx\, G, St, UC) ; Willows, Glenn
Co., Eastwood 10204 (CA) ; 4 miles east of Williams. Colusa
Co., Ferris §44 (St) ; Suisun, Solano Co., East-wood 1040/
(CA) ; Byron Springs, Contra Costa Co., Eastwood 14443
(CA) ; above Niles, Alameda Co., Jones in 1882 (Po) ;
Coyote Station, Santa Clara Co., Congdon in 1881 (St);
Merced, Merced Co., Eashvood 4406 (CA) ; Merced plains,
Merced Co., /. T. Hozvell 998 (CA) ; White Rock, Mariposa
Co., Congdon in 1903 (UC). The present disposition of the
Oregon collections of this species is discussed in Madrono
2:20 (1931).

Comparing the tables of measurements for P. zizyphoroides
and P. serpylloides it is seen that there is an overlap in all data
except the length-measurements of the nutlets. In all speci-
mens studied this size-character has been found adequate for
the definite quantitative separation of the two species. It will
be noted, however, that in all the other sets of data, the sizes
of floral structures are larger on the whole and in averages for
P. zizyphoroides and that it is only in few exceptional cases of
both species that the observed overlap occurs. Because of this
overlap these data have not been available as diagnostio
characters, but the differences shown by the averages
strengthen the conclusion that P. zizyphoroides and P. serpyl-
loides are two distinct specific entities. The apparent inter-
relation of the two species is treated further in the discussion
of P. serpylloides intermedia.

128 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

6. Pogogyne tenuiflora Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 100

(1876).

Plate 1.

Hediomoides tenuiflora (Gray) Briquet in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 4, abt.
3a: 295 (1896).

Stems erect, 1 dm. tall; leaves obovate, obtuse, the margins
slightly bristly or glabrous, with pair of salient teeth; floral
bracts linear to oblanceolate, finely ciliate, pungent, about
equalling the calyx; calyx-lobes finely ciliate, the lower lobes
6 mm. long, the upper lobes 5 mm. long, nerves of calyx
puberulent; corolla 12 mm. long, tubular-salver form, pubes-
cent without ; lower pair of stamens fertile, 3 mm. long, upper
pair sterile, capitellate, 2 mm. long; style hairy 3 mm. below
branches, the branches unequal.

Pogogyne tenuiflora Gray is known only from the type col-
lection made in 1875: Guadalupe Island, Lower California,
Palmer 65 (G).

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 4, pp. 129-134 December 18, 1931

IV
A GREAT BASIN SPECIES OF PHYSOCARPUS*

JOHN THOMAS HOWELL

Assistant Curator, Department of Botany

It was on the crest of the Panamint Range where one looks
eastward down to the alkaline sink of Death Valley and west-
ward beyond the Argus Mts. to the highest summits of the
Sierra Nevada, that the present study was begun. There,
clinging to clefts and crevices of a rocky ledge and forming a
densely and rigidly branched shrubby growth, was found a
form of the Basin species of Physocarpus, P. alternans. The
following diagnoses and key present the variations found in
this species through the extent of its range and describe as
new the forms which have been found in California.

Physocarpus alternans is most nearly related to the P.
monogynus complex of species which is found mainly in the
Rocky Mt region from British Columbia to Colorado and
New Mexico, a group of species characterized by carpels two
or three and by stamens nearly alike. From this group P.

The symbols used to indicate the herbaria where material has been studied are
as follows:

CA, Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences,

Po, Herbarium of Pomona College,

St, Dudley Herbarium of Stanford University,

UC, Herbarium of the University of California.

December 18, 1931

130 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

alternans is easily separated on morphologic and distributional
grounds and in a manner more decisive than most of the
species in the genus are separated. The solitary carpel at once
marks the species and the character of the stamens alone
would have specific value. Besides these two characters the
species is distinctive for the relative density of pubescence on
nearly all parts, the small leaves, and the few-flowered, compact
corymbs. In geographic distribution this species appears to
replace all other species in the Great Basin area of western
Utah, Nevada and California, and, although Rydberg in his
treatment of the genus credits P. (Opulaster) monogynus to
Nevada, no specimens have been seen from Nevada to confirm
this statement. For these reasons the species P. alternans is
considered adequately distinct. And since the species has never
been placed in the genus Physocarpus, the necessary combina-
tion is given as new.

Physocarpus alternans (Jones) J. T. Howell, comb, now
Neillia monogyna var. alternans Jones, Zoe 4:42, 1893.

Low densely branched shrub, 2-5 ft. high; sterile shoots of
the season stellate-pubescent and rarely glandular, the bark on
older stems brown or later greyish-white, shreddy; petioles
0.2-1 cm. long, sometimes glandular; leaf-blades 0.3-1.5 cm.
long, rounded to rhonboidal, cordate, generally 3-lobed, the
lobes doubly crenate, more or less pubescent above and below ;
inflorescence umbellately corymbose, terminal, 3-6-flowered ;
floral bracts linear and linear-lanceolate to oblong and oblance-
olate, laciniate, sometimes glandular-fimbriate ; pedicels 0.3-1
cm. long, densely stellate-pubescent; hypanthium stellate, 3-4
mm. wide ; sepals hairy, white or pink-margined, ovate, acutish
to obtuse; petals white (or becoming pink), rounded, 3-4 mm.
long; stamens about 20, the filaments alternating short and
long, the long with somewhat dilated bases ; follicle solitary,
densely stellate, about 5 mm. long.

Distribution : mountains of the Great Basin from central
Utah westward through Nevada to southeastern California.

Vol. XX] HOWELL— A SPECIES OF PHYSOCARPUS \^\

Habitat : crevices of rocks and cliffs in the Transition and
lower Boreal zones ( from upper Artemisia-Pinon Belt to Lim-
ber Pine Belt) of desert mountains, 6000 to 9000 ft.

Key to the Subspecies of P. alternans

a. Inner surface of hypanthium glabrous.

b. Upper surface of leaves slightly pubescent or nearly

glabrous a. typicus

bb. Upper surface of leaves densely pubescent b. panamintensis

aa. Inner surface of hypanthium with ring of hairs near top. . . .c. annulatus

a. Physocarpus alternans typicus J. T. Howell, nom. nov.

Neillia monogyna (Torr.) Greene var. alternans Jones, Zoe 4: 42, 1893.

Neillia alternans Jones, Zoe 4: 43, 1893, as a synonym.

Opulaster alternans Heller, Catalogue N. Amer. PI. ed. 2, 5, 1900.

Neillia opulifolia (L.) Wats. var. alternans Rydberg (not Jones), N. Amer. Fl.

22: 245, 1908, as a synonym.
Neillia opulifolia (L.) Wats. var. pauciflora Wats., Bot. King's Explor. 80,

1871 in part, according to Rydberg in N. Amer. Fl. 22: 245, 1908;

not Spiraea pauciflora Nutt. in T. & G., Fl. N. Amer. 1: 414, 1840,

nor Spiraea opulifolia L. var. pauciflora (Nutt.) T. & G., Fl. N. Amer.

1:414, 1840.

Petioles 0.5-1 cm. long, rarely shorter, sparsely to densely
pubescent; leaf-blade 1-1.5 cm. long, or sometimes 0.5 cm.
long, slightly hairy above or nearly glabrous, the hairs mostly
forked, or trifid to stellate, usually not blurring the color of
the leaf; stipules not glandular-margined or rarely, the subu-
late tip laciniate ; floral bracts oblong-lanceolate to oblance-
olate, generally laciniate; pedicels 0.5-1 cm. long, glandular;
hypanthium glabrous within.

Collections. Utah: Provo, Wasatch Mts., L. N. Goodding
1150 (UC) ; Provo, Wasatch Mts. at 6000 ft., M. E. Jones
5613c (UC). Nevada: Duck Creek at 7300 ft., Schell Creek
Mts.. M. E. Jones in June 30, 1803 (type collection, Po) ;
Morey Peak at 6-7000 ft., C. A. Purpus 6367 (UC) ; High-
land Peak, C. A. Purpus in 1808 (UC) ; one mile south of
Cave Creek P. O., Ruby Mts., H. L. Mason 4770 (CA) ;
Bunker Hill, Toyabe Range, Kennedy 4226 (St).

132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

b. Physocarpus alternans panamintensis J. T. Howell,

subsp. nov.

Shrub 1-3 ft. high; branchlets stellate-pubescent and glan-
dular; petioles 0.2-0.5 cm. long, glandular and densely pubes-
cent; leaf-blade 0.3-0.5 cm. long, densely stellate-pubescent
above, the color of the leaf obscured by the felt-like covering;
stipules slender to broad-deltoid, glandular-margined and
hairy; floral bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, hairy, generally
entire; pedicels 0.3 cm. long or less, hairy, glandular; hypan-
thium glabrous within.

Type: no. 171685, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by J. T.
Howell (no. 3942), about 150 yards north of saddle between
Johnson and Surprise canyons, el. 8500 ft., Panamint Range,
Inyo Co., Calif.

This subspecies is distinguished from subsp. typicus and
subsp. annulatus by the dense, felt-like pubescence which
covers the upper leaf-surface as well as the lower. Other dis-
tinctive characters which meet in subsp. panamintensis but
which are sometimes found in the other subspecies, singly or
in pairs, are the very short petioles, the small leaf-blades, the
linear or linear-lanceolate floral bracts, the very short pedicels,
and the numerous red glands which are found on the branch-
lets, petioles, and margins of stipules and bracts. It should
be noted here that the small leaf-blade and short petiole which
are so distinctive and uniform in the present subspecies are
roughly paralleled in the specimen of the type collection of
subsp. typicus which has been examined. While size of leaf
is believed to be nearly constant in the present subspecies, it
would appear from a study of the more eastern material that
in subsp. typicus leaf -size is variable to a considerable degree
even on single plants.

The density of pubescence of the upper leaf-surface is
selected as the diagnostic character from these other variables
because variation in density of pubescence is more closely and
definitely correlated with the geographic distribution of the

Vol. XX] HOWELL— A SPECIES OF PHYSOCARPUS 1 33

species in the Great Basin. The specimens collected by
Goodding and by Jones at Provo in central Utah, and the col-
lections from eastern Nevada by Mason in the Ruby Mts. and
by Jones in the Schell Creek Mts. show the upper leaf-surface
weakly pubescent to nearly glabrous, the color of the leaf
scarcely toned by the scanty vesture. More southern collec-
tions in Nevada made by Purpus on Morey Peak and on High-
land Peak show a marked increase in the amount of pubes-
cence and the color of the leaf is somewhat affected by the
more numerous hairs. Still further south and west at the
southwestern limit of distribution of the species, the present
subspecies is found in which the pubescence of the upper leaf-
surface is felt-like and the color of the leaf is largely obscured
by the dense covering.

c. Physocarpus alternans annulatus J. T. Howell, subsp. nov.

Petioles 0.2-0.4 cm. long, glandular and densely pubescent;
leaf-blade 1-1.5 cm. long, stellate-hairy, the color of the leaf
slightly blurred; stipules deltoid-lanceolate, not subulate or
laciniate, glandular-margined; floral bracts linear-lanceolate,
glandular; pedicels 0.3-0.4 cm. long, densely stellate and
somewhat glandular ; hypanthium with conspicuous hairy ring
in upper part just below insertion of stamens.

Type: no. 171686, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by V.
Duran (no. 1682), Wyman Creek, White Mts., el. 8500 ft.,
Inyo Co., Calif.

The ring of hairs in the hypanthium which marks subsp.
annulatus appears to be lacking in all other forms of the genus
Physocarpus. This character because of its variance from the
usual generic type of glabrous hypanthium might be held
specific in value, but a study of the other characters of the
plant shows it to be too closely related to P. alternans to be
considered a specific segregate. As noted in the above diag-
nosis there are minor variations of density of pubescence, dis-

134 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

position of glands, and sizes of petioles, leaf-blades, and pedi-
cels which also tend to separate this subspecies from subsp.
typicus, but there is also some variation in these characters in
subsp. typicus so they can be considered only secondary in
value. In character of the density of pubescence on the upper
leaf-surface, subsp. annulatus most closely resembles the speci-
mens of subsp. typicus collected in southern Nevada by Purpus
than those collected further north and east in eastern Nevada
and Utah.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 3

[HOWELL] Plate 1

(.iniil.ihipt' I >I:» ml. off Lower California.

Coll. Ki'\\ \i:i. 1'wmi.i:. M I >. . ]-*7-"..

No. ^j~
/i?-* t>-

i*. - /

■ \ \ 1- ! \ AMI K.

Pogogyne tomi flora Gray; type specimen, x 1.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 5, pp. 135-160 December 18, 1931

NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS FROM WESTERN
NORTH AMERICA

ALICE EASTWOOD
Curator, Department of Botany

Introduction

The species described in the following pages have come to
the herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences from the
collections of the author and the contributions of many cor-
respondents and friends. A few have been in the collection
many years, some even antedating the great fire and saved
among the rescued types.

To our herbarium the late Mrs. Blanche Trask sent her best
collections from the islands off the coast of California
, and other localities in southern California. Some of the types
are among her collection.

Mrs. A. L. Coombs, for many years before her death, col-
lected interesting plants from out-of-the-way places where she
and her husband spent their vacations.

Mr. E. Roy Weston, while stationed at Bakersfield, collected
for our herbarium in the surrounding region and especially in
the little explored Greenhorn Mountains. He added many
species not before represented in our collection as well as the
species herein described as new.

December 18, 1931

J36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Mr. J. August Kusche, while off on entomological expedi-
tions, always collects plants as well, and has sent interesting
plants from arctic North America, Hawaiian Islands, Cali-
fornia, and Arizona.

Other friends to whom we are indebted are mentioned in
the descriptions.

1. Calochortus westoni Eastwood, new species

Bulb ovoid; leaf single, 1.5 to 2 dm. long, about 1 cm. wide,
glaucous, acuminate; umbel sessile, with several flowers;
bracts generally 2, papery, lanceolate-acuminate, the longest
about 5 cm., sometimes surpassing the pedicels; flowers with
buds ovate-acuminate, veined; sepals ovate, 1.5 cm. long, 7
mm. wide, mucronate; nectary at base purple; petals ovate-
lanceolate, with a distinct broad claw, hairy over the inner
surface and along the margin, surpassing the sepals, white
with a narrow, purple, curved line above the gland and pur-
ple dots below on the claw; gland curved, covered with short
crisped hairs; stamens with filaments broadening to the base,
about as long as the acuminate, pink anthers; pistils with re-
curving stigmas; pods elliptical, 2 cm. long, 1 cm. wide,
drooping.

Type: no. 145955, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E.
Roy Weston, May, 1927, in the Greenhorn Mountains, Kern
County, Calif., at the saddle on the summit above Shirley
Meadows from which the snowdrifts had been gone but a
short time. This species is related to Calochortus elegans
Pursh, from which it differs in the absence of peduncle, calyx
gland smaller, flowers more numerous in the umbel (5-7).

This species is named for E. Roy Weston who collected the
type specimen and who has contributed many valuable speci-
mens to the herbarium.

2. Fritillaria striata Eastwood, new species

Bulb deep-seated, of thick, roundish scales; lowest leaves
generally whorled, pale green, glabrous, somewhat undulate,
oblanceolate, about 1 dm. long, 1-3 cm. wide; upper leaves
linear-lanceolate, diminishing to the bracts ; flowers one to

Vol. XX] EASTHOOD— NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS 137

several, drooping from the summit of erect lengthening pedi-
cels, very fragrant; perianth with the divisions conniving to
form a tube, tips spreading, pale pink, with close striate dotted
darker lines, tube obtusely angled at base by the prominent
oblong nectaries within; divisions oblanceolate, obtuse, 2-3
cm. long, about 1 cm. wide, the spreading tips edged with
crisp pubescence ; stamens with thick filaments narrowing up-
wards, pink-mottled, shorter than the perianth tube ; styles
lengthening with age, connivent, stigmas not spreading, ovary
obtusely lobed.

Type: no. 145549, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E.
Roy Weston, May, 1927, on Rattlesnake Grade, Greenhorn
Mountains, Kern County, Calif. The species is also repre-
sented in the Academy Herbarium by the following collec-
tions: herb. no. 153092, collected by Mrs. H. C. Harter, Feb-
ruary 26, 1928, in the foothills adjacent to Lindsay, Tulare
County, Calif. ; herb. no. 145634, collected by Mrs. G. Earle
Kelley, March 13, 1927, in Fraser Valley, near Strathmore,
Tulare County, Calif., growing in grain fields. It is related to
F. pluriflora Torr., differing in shape and coloring of the
flowers, the conspicuous nectaries and the connivent stigmas.

3. Iris pinetorum Eastwood, new species

Minutely puberulent throughout; stems several from a slen-
der, scaly rootstock about 5-6 cm. thick; sterile shoots with
leaves becoming 4 dm. long, 5 mm. wide, surpassing the slender
stems, pale green, tapering at apex to a long point; flowering
stems simple, clothed with 2-3 lanceolate-attenuate leaves
sheathing at base, the free part slightly spreading, 2-3 cm.
long; sheath valves spreading, 2-flowered, similar to the cau-
line leaves, inner white-membranous; flowers pale yellow,
tinged or veined with lilac, on spreading pedicels 5-30 mm.
long; perianth tube 15 mm. long, very slender, outer divisions
oblanceolate. about 6 cm. long, 1 cm. wide near the top, taper-
ing to a long claw, inner divisions shorter and narrower;
anthers yellow. 13 mm. long, emarginate at base and apex;

1 38 CALIFORXIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

style branches 3.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, with emarginate divi-
sions 2 cm. long ; capsule broadly oblong, 2 cm. long and about
1 cm. wide. The parts of the flowers spread widely open.

Type: no. 171935, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 14454), June 11, 1927, at Forest Lodge, near
Greenville, Plumas County, Calif. It was common, growing
under the pines. In its narrow leaves and slender floral
parts it resembles /. tenuissima Dykes, but the spathe valves
are unlike those of that species. It might be considered a
variety of /. califomica Leicht., but its widely spreading and
very slender floral parts separate it from that species.

4. Eriogonum covilleanum Eastwood, new species

Annual, simple or branching from the base and tricho-
tomously or dichotomously repeatedly branching above with
slender, glabrous, gracefully curving branchlets, 1.5-3 dm.
tall ; leaves orbicular subcordate or truncate above the cuneate
base, upper surface often red and almost glabrous, lower
white-tomentose with the veins beneath often red and promi-
nent, petioles slender 1-5 cm. long according to the size of the
plant; bracts 3, glabrous, subulate, obtuse; flowers in sessile
involucres at the forks and scattered along the filiform curv-
ing stems, involucres glabrous with 5 dark veins, the margin
entire, slightly white-ciliate ; flowers 2 mm. long, urceolate
with rounded base, the divisions of the perigonium elliptical,
the apex truncate or slightly emarginate, pink or white with
darker midvein, puberulent on midvein and at base, stamens
not exserted.

Type: no. 171936, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author, April 26, 1925, on the road from the summit of Mount
Hamilton to Livermore, Calif., growing on cliffs along the
road where Mentselia lindleyi was abundant and beautiful. It
is named in honor of Dr. Frederick Vernon Coville who in-
vited the author to accompany him on a trip into that region
while investigating species of Ribes. It is related to
E. vimineum Dough, differing from any of the allies of that
species in the shape of the flowers and the peculiar puberu-
lence.

Vol. XX] EASTWOOD— NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS 139

5. Eriogonum tenuissimum Eastwood, new species

Annual, branching from the base and above with many
filiform branches, repeatedly forking to form subglobular
plants 2-4 dm. high, lightly arachnoid or glabrous; leaves all
radical, oblong-oblanceolate with obtuse apex and tapering
base ; margin slightly woolly-ciliate, somewhat undulate or
entire, pale green, the upper surface glabrous, the lower
arachnoid, petioles dilated at base, as long as the blades, to-
gether 4—8 cm. ; bracts at the nodes 3, deltoid-acuminate, woolly
on the margins, appressed to the stems ; flowers on capillary
divaricately spreading pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long, blooming from
almost the very base; involucres glabrous, about 1 mm. long,
narrowly turbinate, tapering at base, obtusely 4-toothed, 1-4
flowered; flowers soon turning red, the divisions hairy ex-
ternally, oblong, the outer twice as large as the inner ; ovary
shortly stipitate, ovate-acuminate. 3-winged and conspicuously
exserted. The plants are somewhat monoecious as some of the
flowers have stamens and abortive ovaries while those with
exserted ovaries have abortive stamens.

Type: no. 139858, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 13897), May 5, 1926, at Cholame, San Luis Obispo
County, Calif. It was common on the hills across the creek
from the station. It belongs to the subgenus Ganysma.
Eriogonum hirtiflorum Gray has exserted ovaries but has
sessile involucres and stipitate glands.

6. Eriogonum pulchrum Eastwood, new species

Low branching woody shrub about 1 dm. high, white-
tomentose throughout; stems leafy, terminated by a corymb
1-3 cm. wide; leaves linear, sessile, 5-10 mm. long, tomentose
on both sides, the lower revolute and furrowed, fasciculate ;
peduncles from almost none to 2 cm., bracts triangular-
acuminate subtending the branches and involucres ; involucres
sessile except some in the forks, about 2 mm. long, tomentose,
turbinate with 4-5 small red teeth, about 6-flowered ; flowers
pink-tinged becoming deep rose ; perigonium contracted at
base on short scarcely exserted pedicels, outer divisions spread-
ing, orbicular above the short claw, base subcordate, apex trun-

140 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

cate or slightly emarginate, 2 mm. wide, inner divisions erect,
oblong, Yz as wide; filaments hairy at base; ovary ovate-
acuminate, 2 mm. long, minutely scabrous-puberulent.

Type: no. 161957, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 15746), October 21, 1928, near the Meteor Crater,
near Canon Diablo, Arizona. This is related to Eriogonum
micro the cum Nutt., and mav be included under one of the
varieties of that species. It is, however, quite different from
the type as described.

7. Eriogonum lanosum Eastwood, new species

Stems many from a woody leafy caudex, densely white-
tomentose throughout, 1.5 to 3 dm. high; leaves all at base,
blades oblong to suborbicular. thick, tomentose on both sides,
1-2.5 cm. long, a little less wide, apex rounded, base truncate
to subcordate, margin undulate, petioles 2-4 cm. long, broad
and sheathing at base; inflorescence cymosely paniculate,
shorter than the stem, 5-10 cm. across, bracts very small,
subulate; involucres turbinate, sessile, 2 mm. long with 5
short, red-tipped teeth, and about 10 flowers on pedicels 1-2
mm. long; outer divisions of perigonium orbicular, 2 mm.
wide, white with red midnerve and red claw 1 mm. long,
inner divisions oblong, less than 1 mm. wide ; stamens with
red-purple anthers and hairy filaments ; ovary acuminate, 2
mm. long, minutely scabrous-puberulent.

Type: no. 161958, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 15747), October 21, 1928, at the Meteor Crater,
near Canon Diablo, Arizona. It belongs to the Section
Corymbosa Bentham, which contains many closely related
species.

8. Arenaria kuschei Eastwood, new species

Stems stiff, erect, leafy, branching from a woody base,
glabrous, glaucous, about 15 cm. high; leaves 1-3 cm. long,
pungent, margin ciliate-serrulate almost to the apex, clasping
and somewhat swollen at base, surpassing the nodes; inflores-
cence glandular, cymosely congested, pedicels 2-5 mm. long.

Vol. XX] EASTWOOD— NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS 141

bracts similar to the leaves but broader and shorter; sepals
very glandular, ovate, aristate, 7 mm. long; petals white,
obovate. entire, narrowed at base, surpassing the sepals; sta-
mens included with 5 large yellow glands at base; styles con-
nivent about as long as the globular ovary.

Type: no. 169243, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by J.
August Kusche, July 12, 1929, at Forest Camp, Mohave
Desert, Calif. It is related to A. macradenia Watson, differing
chiefly in the congested, glandular inflorescence.

9. Anemone adamsiana Eastwood, new species

Rootstock slender, light brown, horizontal, 3 cm. long, 4
mm. in diameter; flowering stems solitary with or without
radical leaf when in flower, this leaf when present similiar to
the involucral leaves : petioles 1-2 cm. long, striate, broad at
the clasping bases, somewhat pubescent with appressed hairs,
leaflets sessile, the terminal rhomboid, 3-cleft above the mid-
dle, the divisions irregularly crenate, obtuse or mucronate,
lower part entire, lateral leaflets unequal-sided, the inner mar-
gin entire almost to the apex, the outer crenate from about the
center, variable in size, from pubescent on the veins to
glabrous ; peduncles surpassing the leaves, pubescent ; flowers
from bright rose to pale pink or white ; sepals elliptical to obo-
vate about 1 cm. long and 5 mm. wide, veins free; stamens
about 40, filaments white, about 5 mm. long, broadening at
the curving base and below the anther; anthers 5 mm. long;
akenes appressed white-pubescent; style glabrous curved, head
of fruit on a curved peduncle.

Type: no. 88154, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 70). April 24, 1907, on French Hill near Adams
Station on the Waldo-Crescent City road, Del Norte County,
Calif. Specimens were collected again, March 29. 1928, at the
same locality. It also grows along the road near Adams
Station, and at the lower altitude the flowers are paler in
color. It is related to the blue-flowered A. oregona, but
differs not only in the color of the flowers but also in the
foliage.

142 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

10. Anemone adamsiana var. minor Eastwood, new variety

This is similar in every respect except that the radical
leaves are fully developed at the time of flowering and are
similar to the stem leaves.

Type: no. 88199, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 153), April 29, 1907, on Gasquet Mountain, Del
Norte County, Calif.

11. Anemone oligantha Eastwood, new species

Rootstock dark brown, horizontal or branched; flowering
stem solitary without radical leaves when flowering, slender,
striate, slightly puberulent, with hood-like papery scales at
base: leaves of the involucre with petioles 5-10 mm. long, the
terminal leaflet petiolulate, rhomboidal 15 mm. long, 8 mm.
wide, lower half entire, upper irregularly crenate; lateral
leaflets obliquely rhomboidal, similar but narrower, all leaflets
with appressed hairs on the veins of both surfaces; peduncles
1 5-20 mm. long, generally not surpassing the leaves, appressed
hairy ; sepals white, oblong, obtuse, 3-5 mm. long, 2 mm.
wide, veins free ; stamens yellow, about 20, filaments 3-4 mm.
long, scarcely surpassing the head of akenes, anthers elliptic,
5 mm. long ; akenes on short stipes, somewhat pubescent, style
curved at apex.

Type: no. 88197, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 158), April 30, 1907, at Monumental near Ander-
son's on the Waldo-Crescent City road, Del Norte County,
Calif. This is the smallest-flowered anemone on the Pacific
Coast and perhaps is related to A. lyallii Gray.

12. Delphinium apachensis Eastwood, new species

Perennial from a woody branching root ; stems 4—6 cm. tall,
simple or branching, somewhat woolly pubescent; radical
leaves generally wanting when plant is in bloom, the withered
ones on long petioles with blades 5-divided, 3 cm. wide the
divisions 2-3, obtusely lobed, cauline leaves with narrower,
simpler divisions; racemes of principal stem 1-5 dm. long or

Vol. XX] EASTWOOD— SEW SPECIES OF PLANTS \ 43

less, of the lateral branches 3-5 cm. long; bracts linear, shorter
than the pedicels, bractlets 2, close to the flower ; flowers 2 cm.
across, the spur straight or curved, 1 cm. long, sepals azure-
blue. 3-veined. oblong, 5 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, a woolly
spot on the back near the obtuse apex; petals white, shorter
than the sepals, woolly, claw 5 mm. long ; stamens with brown
anthers and broad membranous connivent filaments; follicles
erect, pubescent, veiny ; seeds with loose cellular coats, black-
spotted.

Type: no. 167759, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 17144), May 12, 1929, along the road near Apache
Lodge, Roosevelt Dam, Arizona. Another specimen from
Fish Creek grade, near the summit, was collected April 19,
1917; it is no. 89143, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci.

13. Dicentra nevadensis Eastwood, new species

Glabrous and glaucous, growing in colonies from root-
stocks ; leaves radical, tripinnately dissected, the blades about
9 mm. long, 8 cm. broad on petioles 5-7 cm. long, the prin-
cipal divisions with petiolules 1-1.5 cm. long, ultimate divi-
sions with linear, acuminate lobes 1 mm. wide and callous
apex; scapes 1-2 dm. high, surpassing the leaves; inflores-
cence cymosely paniculate, the ochroleucous flowers on filiform
pedicels 5-10 mm. long, about equaling the linear-attenuate
bracts ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 8 mm. long, 2 mm.
wide at base, margin irregularly serrate or entire ; outer petals
ochroleucous with spreading and darker tips, inner with ex-
serted limb, white tinged with pale yellow; ovary lanceolate
5 mm. long, style 7 mm. long with 3-parted stigma.

Type: no. 187724, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by Miss
Enid Larson. July 7, 1931, on Alta Peak Trail, Sequoia
National Park, Calif. It is represented by another specimen
from Sequoia National Park collected by Mrs. Charles Derby,
July 5, 1929, at an altitude of 10,000 feet, and by a specimen
collected by Mr. C. L. Fox, July, 1923, near the big rock as
one enters Mineral King, Tulare County, Calif. The species
is represented in the Gray Herbarium by a collection of W.
H. Brewer in 1864. no. 2793. The same is in the U. S. Na-

144 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Sek.

tional Herbarium, also a collection of Coville and Funston,
on the Death Valley Expedition at Mineral King, August 1,
1891, no. 1410. Another specimen in the National Herbarium
was collected by George B. Grant at Alta Meadows, July 4,
1902. This pale-flowered Dicentra not only differs from
D. formosa in the color of the flowers, but also in the more
finely dissected leaves ; the flowers are smaller than those of
D. formosa and more constricted below the spreading tips.

14. Dicentra oregana Eastwood, new species

Perennial from thick, branching, scaly rootstocks; leaves
glabrous and glaucous, ternately compound with the divisions
pinnately dissected, ultimate segments confluent, laciniately
dentate, blade 6-10 cm. long and broad, petioles 1-2 dm. long,
dilated at base; scapes naked, 2-3 dm. high, striate; inflores-
cence terminal, nodding, paniculate with the flowers closely
clustered on filiform pedicels, bracts and bractlets filiform to
linear-attenuate; sepals oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, striate,
6 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide; corolla ovate-cordate, exterior
petals ochroleucous with short spreading tips, inner with the
exserted limb rose color ; ovary smooth, shorter than the style.

Type: no. 81304, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 149), May 5, 1907, on the Waldo-Crescent City
road, on the Oregon side of the boundary monument, grow-
ing on gravelly banks along the roadside near Telephone
Point. In the Gray Herbarium the species is represented by
a specimen collected on the Illinois River, Oregon, by Volney
Rattan in 1879. In the U. S. National Herbarium it is repre-
sented by a specimen collected by Thomas Howell at Waldo,
Oregon, June 4, 1884, no. 3424. Another specimen in the
Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences was col-
lected by L. F. Henderson on the trail to Tennessee Pass
near the top, three miles from Kerby, southern Oregon,
April 20, 1926. The latter is a more robust plant than the
type but the flowers are similar. Not only in the color of the
flowers but in the pallid foliage, this species presents a quite
different appearance from any of the numerous forms of the
variable Dicentra formosa.

Vol. XX] EASTWOOD— NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS 145

15. Mahonia amplectens Eastwood, new species

Shrub 3-6 dm. high or perhaps more; leaves 7- foliate,
glaucous, veiny; leaflets suborbicular, 3-5 cm. wide, sessile
except the terminal one, the cordate bases of the lateral ones
overlapping, the marginal spiny teeth 5-10 mm. apart; petioles
about 4 cm. long. This was neither in flower nor fruit, but the
leaves are so unlike any other species that it is quite distinct.

Type: no. 81281, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by Mrs.
Blanche Trask (no. 66), November, 1904, in Santa Rosa
Mountains, San Bernardino County, Calif., near the Garnet
Queen Mine, growing along a small stream. It was among
the specimens saved from the great fire of 1906.

16. Streptanthus coombsae Eastwood, new species

Annual, simple or branching, glabrous ; radical leaves want-
ing; cauline lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, entire, obtuse, sagittately
clasping at base; racemes ebracteolate with flowers on erect
pedicels, 2-5 mm. long; sepals not united, purplish with white
margins, lanceolate, the two larger 8 mm. long, 2 mm. wide
at the saccate base, the two inner narrower; petals about 1.5
cm. long, the claw a little shorter than the narrow, linear, pur-
ple blade with crisped, white margins; longer stamens in two
pairs, united to the anthers, filaments 8 mm. long, the 2 shorter
separate, 6 mm. long ; pod wanting, but ovary glabrous, linear,
7 mm. long, stigma capitate, ovules winged.

Type: no. 171937, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by Mrs.
A. L. Coombs, July, 1913, on Williamson River, southern
Oregon. Its affinities are with the Section Euclisia, but differs
from all described species.

17. Streptanthus dudleyi Eastwood, new species

Annual, almost glabrous, simple or branching above ; radical
leaves wanting; cauline leaves lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous ex-
cept a few hairs along the midrib and margins, largest leaves
5.5 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide, margins entire, sinuate or sinuate-
dentate, upper leaves smaller and entire; flowers white, race-

|46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

mose; pedicels spreading or erect, 5 mm. long, slightly hairy
with branching hairs; sepals separate but connivent at base,
almost equal, lanceolate, 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide at base,
greenish with white margins; petals 8 mm. long, linear, the
narrow blades with crisped undulate white margins; stamens
separate, anthers green, sagittate; pods erect, 5 mm. long, 1
mm. wide with style 1 mm. long, tipped with a capitate stig-
ma; seeds winged.

Type: no. 171933, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by
Chester Dudley, February 24, 1929, on the headwaters of
Bitterwater Creek, San Benito Co., Calif. This species be-
longs to the section which includes 5". heterophyllus Nutt.
Among other differences are pubescence, shape of leaves,
erect pods and evident style.

18. Streptanthus sanhedrensis Eastwood, new species

Biennial, glabrous and glaucous, branching chiefly from the
base ; leaves of the first year orbicular, about 2 cm. across,
cuneate at base, crenate along the upper margin, often tinged
with rose, petioles about as long as the blades ; lower cauline
leaves obovate, sessile at the clasping base ; upper leaves orbicu-
lar and obtuse or ovate and acute, auriculate clasping at base,
entire; racemes ebracteolate, pedicels 5 mm. long, receptacle
broad ; flowers white with the outer sepals saccate at base,
inner flat, tips recurving, about 8 mm. long, 5 mm. wide at
base ; petals 1 1 mm. long, the blades oblong, obtuse ; shorter
stamens with sagittate anthers as long as the filaments, 2 long-
est stamens as long as the petals ; immature pods flat, spread-
ing, tipped by a 2-lobed sessile stigma.

Type: no. 128829, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 12928), May 22, 1925, on the trail from Dashiel's
to Mt. Sanhedrin, Calif., growing amid rocks. This species
belongs to the group of which S. cordatus Nutt. is the type.

Vol. XX] EASTWOOD— NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS 147

19. Sedum gertrudianum Eastwood, new species

Corm round or fusiform 1-2 cm. long, 1 cm. in diameter;
stems 1 to several, less than 1 dm. high, simple, slender, red-
dotted throughout and somewhat farinose; radical leaves
oblanceolate, tapering to petioles, together 1-2.5 cm. long,
fleshy, 2-4 mm. wide, lower cauline leaves subopposite, upper
alternate, lanceolate, obtuse, clasping at base, fleshy, red-dotted
and minutely puncticulate ; inflorescence terminal; flowers
about 5 on a 2-branched inflorescence, pedicels 1-2 mm. long,
bracts and sepals similar to the upper leaves but smaller ; petals
white with red midveins, lanceolate, acute, 1 cm. long; stamens
half as long as the petals, anthers red, turning black; pistils
spreading, styles pointed, as long as the filaments ; fruit
immature.

Type: no. 171934, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 15112), May 16, 1928, along the bluffs of Morro
Bay, San Luis Obispo County, Calif. It was almost concealed
by the grass amid which it grew. The species is named in
honor of Miss Gertrude Sinsheimer, companion and hostess
of the author on the trip. It is related to Sedum blochmana?
Eastwood (Hasscanthus blochmance Rose) and Hasseanthus
kessleri Davidson. It is much smaller than the former but
has flowers the same color. Hasseanthus kessleri Davidson
is figured on plate XVIII, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci., XXII,
p. 72. While it also is one of the white-flowered species and
smaller than 5\ blochmance, S. gertrudianum differs in habit,
surface of leaves and stems, length of filaments, and color of
anthers.

20. Dudleya murina Eastwood, new species

Caudex branching from a thick root; leaves linear-acumi-
nate, farinose, reddish, the largest 10 cm. long, less than 1 cm.
wide at base, tapering to a fine point, rounded or keeled along
the back, slightly concave on the front; flowering stems sev-
eral, about 2 dm. high, reddish and farinose : lower cauline
leaves lanceolate-attenuate, 3 cm. long, upper, ovate, clasping,
spreading, diminishing upwards to the small bracts ; inflores-
cence a laxly-spreading panicle, pedicels 1-4 mm. long; calyx

148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

divided to the base, the divisions lanceolate, acute, 5 mm. long,
half as long as the corolla; petals connivent to 5 mm. with tips
spreading, acute, pale yellow or almost white, keeled and ir-
regularly striped with red; filaments 5 mm. long, anthers
oblong, yellow 1 mm. long; immature follicles connivent with
red ribs and long styles.

Type: no. 157346, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 15128a), May 19, 1928, growing on serpentine
rocks along the road up Cholla Creek, San Luis Obispo
County, Calif. The mouse-color of the plant gives it its name.

21. Amorpha emarginata Eastwood, new species

Shrub 1-3 dm. high, branches ribbed, sparingly pubescent
and glandless; leaves 1-2 dm. long; leaflets about 6 pairs,
obovate with emarginate apex and cuneate base 1-2 cm. long,
1-1.5 cm. wide, reticulate, lower surface with a few scattered
hairs, margins sub-crenate, a few glands on the upper surface
and between the marginal teeth; stipules brown-membranous,
linear-lanceolate, about 4 mm. long, hairy at tip; petiolules 2
mm. long; racemes narrow, longer than the leaves, bracts
similar to the stipules ; pedicels about 2 mm. long ; calyx cune-
ate, ribbed, 5 mm. long, 4 short teeth triangular, fifth a little
longer and narrower, gland-tipped ; petals dark purple ; ovary
glabrous, slightly curved.

Type: no. 81280, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 8745), May 19, 1919, at Fish Creek, Apache Trail,
Arizona. This has leaves unlike other known species and a
very small calyx with short teeth.

22. Aralia arizonica Eastwood, new species

Older foliage glabrous except for some hairs on the rhachis
and veins of the lower surface, leaflets thin, green, ovate-
acuminate, obliquely cordate at base, margin setosely doubly-
serrate, lateral leaflets 15 cm. long about 10 cm. wide on
petiolules 2-4 cm. long, terminal leaflets 3-divided or with di-
visions more or less confluent; leaves subtending the inflores-
cence tripinnately compound, leaflets lanceolate, puberulent

Vol. XX] EASTWOOD— NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS 149

with short curly hairs; umbels paniculate, densely tomentose-
puberulent with curled hairs, bracts small, attenuate; calyx
turbinate about 1 mm. long, the triangular divisions as long as
the tube ; pedicels 1-2 mm. long with a hairy ring at the base
of the calyx ; petals obtuse, striate-nerved ; style in bud divided
almost to the base.

Type: no. 147267, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by J.
August Kusche, June 26, 1929, in Cave Creek Canon, Chiri-
cahua Mountains, Arizona. This is a tall species probably
related to A. californica Watson and A. racemosa L. It differs
from these in the peculiar leaf-margins. The teeth are much
deeper than those of A. californica and setosely tipped. The
immature minute flowers do not coincide with either. The
more recently described A. bicrenata Woot. & Standi, has the
leaf margins bicrenate according to the description, so cannot
be confused with this.

23. Arctostaphylos imbricata Eastwood, new species

Low spreading shrub, bark deciduous but not glossy and
rather rough, dark brownish red; young branches clothed
with short and long viscid hairs ; leaves oblong-ovate, cordate,
almost sessile, and so closely placed as to be imbricated, green
and glabrous, except for some viscid hairs on the lower part
of the midrib, 2-3 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, entire or slightly
serrate at base, apex acute; flowers in dense racemes or pani-
cles shortly pedunculate or almost sessile at the ends of the
branchlets ; bracts similar to the leaves, but diminishing up-
wards, more viscid, hairy and ciliate, surpassing the pedicels;
bractlets orbicular ; pedicels 2-3 mm. long, viscid with gland-
tipped hairs ; sepals orbicular, cucullate, 1-5 mm. long, glandu-
lar and ciliate ; corolla broadly urceolate, 3 mm. wide, glabrous
externally but villous within ; stamens 2 mm. long, filaments
dilated at the hairy base, anther appendanges 1 mm. long sur-
passing the anther, ovary somewhat glandular-pubescent ; fruit
globose, 6 mm. in diameter, with the sepals persistent and
deflexed.

Type: no. 38777 (flowers), no. 38776 (fruit), Herb. Calif.
Acad. Sci., collected by Mrs. Marion L. Campbell and Mrs.

December 18, 1931

150 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Ernest Meiere, who collected flowering specimens, February
15, 1915, and fruiting specimens June of the same year, on
San Bruno Hills in San Mateo County, Calif. This is re-
lated to Arctostaphylos andersoni Gray, from which it is most
noticeably distinguished by the much shorter, densely imbri-
cated leaves and the compact flower clusters with shorter
flowers.

24. Asclepias giffordi Eastwood, new species

Stem stout, densely white-tomentose throughout; leaves
shortly petioled, oblong, 1-1.5 dm. long, 4—5 cm. broad, undu-
late, apex and base obtuse ; umbels on stout peduncles 5-10 cm.
long, the upper shorter, many flowered, pedicels lax, angled,
2-3 cm. long, densely tomentose; sepals lanceolate, obtuse,
4—6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, externally tomentose, interiorly
glabrous; divisions of the corolla pale yellow, oblong, obtuse,
incurved, 8 mm. long and half as wide, tomentose externally,
glabrous within; corona surpassing the anther column with
obtuse apex and horn exserted over the anther column and
covering it, base with nipple-like appendages, anthers emar-
ginate at base of wings ; ovary glabrous, fruit unknown.

Type: no. 81308, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. W.
Gifford, July, 1913, near Tuolumne, Calif. The species is
named in honor of the collector. It is unlike the other related
species of California in that the corona surpasses the anther
column, and in the notched anther wings.

25. Gentiana copelandi Eastwood, new species

Stems decumbent, 2-3 from a perennial root and a rosulate
cluster of oblong-spatulate to suborbicular leaves with broad
sheathing petioles, the largest including the petiole 5 cm. long
and 2 cm. broad; cauline leaves 3-4 pairs, connate-clasping at
base, broadly petiolate or sessile, the uppermost 5-10 mm.
broad and distant from the flower 5-10 mm. ; divisions of the
calyx oblong, acute, about as long as the cuneate tube, 2-3
mm. broad, separated by a membranous truncate sinus 2 mm.
broad; corolla dark purple, broadly funnel form, 4—5 cm. long,
lobes ovate, acute or mucronate, greenish tinged in bud, ap-

Vol. XX] ' EASTWOOD— NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS l$\

pendages triangular with narrow linear-attenuate laciniae vary-
ing in different flowers; stamens inserted on the throat of the
corolla, with filaments dilated at base and decurrent on the
corolla-tube, anthers linear, 3-4 mm. long ; stipe as long as the
ovary which tapers at both ends, lobes of the stigma con-
nivent; seeds winged.

Type: no. 81306, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 2037), August 30, 1912, near the foot of Mt. Eddy,
Siskiyou County, Calif. It grew in a meadow along the trail.
The species is named in honor of Dr. Edwin Bingham Cope-
land, who first collected it September 7, 1903, no. 3875, dis-
tributed by C. F. Baker, no. 81307, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci. It
is related to Gentiana newberryi Gray, but has much broader
leaves and dark purple flowers.

26. Convolvulus tridactylosus Eastwood, new species

Prostrate and trailing, gray-tomentose throughout; leaves
three parted, cuneate at base, the divisions widely spreading,
the middle from ovate-triangular to narrower, about 2 cm.
long, 4-10 mm. wide, mucronate, lateral divisions oblong,
obtuse, 1-2 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide: petioles flexuose, the
lowest 5 cm. long, diminishing upwards ; flowers solitary in
the leaf axils on peduncles shorter than the petioles, erect or
curving; corolla white with pink bands terminated at the
apex by a tuft of tomentum, bracts subtending the calyx
lanceolate, acute, equaling or shorter than the elliptical mu-
cronate sepals, these tomentose externally, glabrous within;
anthers narrow-sagittate 5 mm. long, filaments shorter than
the style, inserted above the base of the corolla; stigma lobes
linear, 1-2 mm. long.

Type: no. 158703, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 15202), June 5, 1928, on the mountains near
Covelo, Mendocino County, Calif.

This species belongs to the group of which C. villosus Gray
is the type. It differs in the shape of the leaves which are like
three outspread fingers ; also in the bracts subtending the calyx.
The type description of C. villosus has been followed in the
comparison.

152 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Phoc. 4th Sua.

27. Convolvulus linearilobus Eastwood, new species

Glabrous, pale green, intricately twining; leaves 3-lobed,
the middle lobe linear-acuminate, 3-6 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide,
lateral lobes basal, spreading horizontally and curving down-
wards, 5-15 mm. long, 1-3 mm. broad, petioles 15-20 mm.
long; flowers solitary on long slender axillary peduncles, some
15 cm. long, bracts 5-20 mm. from the calyx, opposite or
alternate, varying in length, linear and sometimes slightly
sagittate at base ; sepals unequal, oval, obtuse and tipped with
a dark brown mucro ; corolla white, almost 3 cm. long, and as
wide across the top; anthers narrow, linear-sagittate, surpass-
ing the stigma which is nearly 2 mm. long.

Type: no. 167170, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 17264), May 15, 1929, along the road near the
Mercury Mine, Mazatzal Mountains, Arizona.

This species is near C. luteolus Gray, differing from other
species in that aggregate by the peculiar leaves, distinguished
by the extremely long narrow linear lobes and the divaricate
basal shorter ones. The leaves are not at all sagittate or
hastate.

28. Nemophila evermanni Eastwood, new species

Low spreading annual, hispid with white spreading hairs,
deflexed on the stems and peduncles; leaves 1-2 cm. long,
petiole half as long as the 3-9-lobed blade, divisions oblong
obtuse, generally entire, ciliate and with finely pustulate hairs
on the surface, about 5 mm. long; peduncles slender, surpass-
ing the leaves ; divisions of the calyx lanceolate-deltoid 5 mm.
long, the appendages linear, 2 mm. long or shorter; corolla
blue with white center, about 2 cm. across, the lobes rounded,
basal appendages oblong, half free, 2 mm. long, ciliate ; sta-
mens with filaments equaling the styles, 4 mm. long, anthers
purple-brown, sagittate, 1 mm. long; pistil with styles divided
almost to the hairy base, ovary hispid; capsule 15 mm. long,
and almost as wide, subtended by the enlarged calyx, nodding ;
seeds not ripe.

Vol. XX] EASTWOOD— NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS 1 53

Type: no. 171874, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by Dr.
Barton Warren Evermann, April 20, 1915, at Walker Basin,
Kern County, Calif.

This species is related to N. insignis Benth., from which it
is conspicuously distinguished by the large capsule and the dif-
ferent appendages at the base of the corolla. The capsule is
similar to that oi N. macrocarpa Eastwood, but the plant dif-
fers in habit, pubescence, color of the flowers, and shape of the
corolla-appendages.

29. Mimulus grantiana Eastwood, new species

Annual about 5 cm. high with filiform purple branches,
chiefly from the base, somewhat glandular-puberulent ; cotyle-
dons often persistent, spatulate, the blade as long as the
petiole, together 5 mm. ; succeeding leaves even from the base
irregularly pinnatifid with obtuse lobes, opposite and clasping,
about 5 mm. long with internodes 1 cm. long; flowers on fili-
form peduncles drooping in bud, erect in fruit on horizontally
spreading peduncles lengthening to 2 cm. ; calyx in fruit pur-
ple, 5-ribbed and with short acute or obtuse equal teeth,
slightly glandular-puberulent ; corolla with tube surpassing the
calyx by about 2 mm. broadening abruptly to a limb 1 cm. in
diameter almost entire, crimson above, darker below, and
spotted with yellow in the throat; ovary oblong-lanceolate
shorter than the calyx, the style surpassing it by 6-8 mm.
slightly glandular-puberulent above and tipped by the broad,
generally purple, stigma.

Type: no. 22715, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 9442), April 23, 1920, at Campo, San Diego
County, Calif., growing in sandy soil amid the brush.

The species is named in honor of Dr. Adele Lewis Grant,
who has so well monographed this difficult genus in Annals of
the Missouri Botanical Garden. This lovely little Mimulus
seems nearest to M. gracilipes Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. 26 :
176, differing most noticeably in the peculiarly lobed leaves in
which it also differs from all other related species.

]54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

30. Githopsis latifolius Eastwood, new species

Branching with weak, slender, erect stems from the axils of
the leaves, scabrous on the somewhat obscure angles ; leaves
scattered, sessile with broad base, elliptical to ovate, obtuse,
lowest about 2 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide, entire, upper leaves
smaller ; flowers terminal, sessile, subtended by short bractlets ;
sepals lanceolate-acuminate, entire, 1 cm. long, 2 mm. wide,
equaling the open-campanulate corolla; corolla dark blue, 1
cm. across with broad obtuse lobes ; ovary slender, scabrous on
the ribs.

Type: no. 171875, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by Mrs.
A. L. Coombs, September, 1912, at Big Meadows, Plumas
County, Calif.

This species differs from all other species of Githopsis in the
broad leaves and the open-campanulate corolla.

31. Hieracium occidentale Eastwood, new species

Perennial, stem 4 dm. high, purplish, glabrous throughout,
except the involucre and adjacent stems ; radical leaves ob-
lanceolate, tapering to a margined petiole, entire or minutely
callous-denticulate, 10-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, apex obtuse;
cauline similar but sessile, smaller and diminishing upwards ;
heads loosely panicled at the summit of the stem on long slen-
der peduncles ; heads 1 cm. high, flowers white ; inner bracts
of the involucre linear with green, glandular-puberulent mid-
ribs and paler, somewhat membranous margins, outer shorter,
narrower, spreading, and with a few marginal hairs; pappus
tawny, akenes immature.

Type: no. 150330, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 14583), June 14, 1927, at Forest Lodge, near
Greenville, Plumas County, Calif.

This species differs from H. albiftorum to which it seems
most closely allied, by the absence of the hairy pubescence of
that common and widely distributed species.

Vol. XX] EASTWOOD— NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS J 55

32. Baccharis arizonica Eastwood, new species

Shrubby, upwardly branching with many slender, 4-angled,
viscid branches, becoming 1-2 m. high; leaves linear, bract-
like on the flowering branchlets, 2-5 mm. long; inflorescence
paniculate ; lower heads pedunculate on branchlets, ultimate
heads sessile ; staminate heads globular, involucral scales in
4-5 ranks, outer ovate, obtuse, narrowly white-margined,
green-tipped ; inner narrowly lanceolate with narrow, fimbriate
margins ; heads about 30-flowered, pappus equaling or surpass-
ing the flowers, the tips broadened and hairy; tube of corolla
half as long as body; stamens exserted; receptacle flat; pistil-
late heads campanulate, scales of the involucre in 5-6 series,
outer green, white-margined, inner lanceolate, fimbriate, pap-
pus copious white, becoming 1 cm. long; akenes glabrous,
striate.

Type: no. 160939 ($) no. 160938 ( 2 ), Herb. Calif. Acad.
Sci., collected by the author (staminate no. 15833, pistillate
no. 15832), near Roosevelt Dam, Arizona, at Packard on the
road to Payson. The following specimens are also in the
Academy Herbarium from Arizona : Fish Creek, Apache
Trail, October, 1929, also Roosevelt Lake, October 30, 1929,
collected by the author; junction of Pantave and Rincon
creeks, Blumer 3998, and bank of Santa Cruz River, Blumer
4042, both collections near Tucson; Soldier Canon, Santa
Catalina Mountains, Forest Shreve 5118; Tucson, John I.
Carlson. Very young examples were collected by the author
(nos. 6144 & 6144a) at Phoenix, April 18, 1917. These speci-
mens have linear oblanceolate leaves 2-3 cm. long and 1-2
mm. wide, generally acute and tapering to the base.

This species has been confused with B. sarothroides Gray,
but it differs in having larger heads and white, rather than
tawny, pappus.

33. Aplopappus illinitus Eastwood, new species

Stems erect, pale yellow, slightly floccose, with branches
erect and very leafy ; leaves fasciculate, terete, incurving, 1-2
cm. long, acuminate, glandular-punctate and pale green ; heads
radiate, narrowly paniculate at summit of main stems ; involu-

156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

ere about 5 mm. high, bracts in 3 series, pale with green keels,
slightly floccose, margins ciliate becoming squarrose at the
acute tops, the outer merging into the upper leaves ; ray
flowers 4—5, fertile, disk-flowers 8-10, pale yellow with slen-
der, glandular tube longer than the campanulate limb ; stamens
and stigmas exserted ; pappus tawny, barbellate, equalling the
corolla ; akenes sparingly pubescent with short spreading hairs.

Type: no. 171902, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by Mrs.
Alvina Buttle near Warners Springs, San Diego County,
Calif.

This species is near Haplopappus propinqmis Blake, differ-
ing in the radiate heads, sparingly hairy akenes, the more
viscid stems, and leaves with the conspicuous, gummy, varnish-
like exudation.

34. Aplopappus traskae Eastwood, new species

Shrub with tomentose stems 3-4 dm. high, branching above
in a paniculate inflorescence ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering
at base to a short petiole, apex obtuse, 3-6 cm. long, 2 cm.
wide, upper surface green and glabrous except in the youngest
leaves, lower lightly tomentose, finely reticulate, margin ser-
rate, sometimes entire, especially the lower part ; heads sub-
sessile at the ends or short branchlets or on short pedicels,
when solitary, about 1 cm. high, 5 mm. wide; bracts in 5
series, glabrous and chartaceous with a tuft of white tomen-
tum at the apex, or glabrous throughout with a dark spot at
apex; disk flowers about 12, slightly pubescent. 5.5 mm. long,
the stigmas exserted ; rays few, shorter than the pappus ;
pappus fuscous, equalling the disk corolla; akenes ribbed with
upwardly appressed hairs.

Type: no. 581, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by Mrs.
Blanche Trask June, 1903 (no. 292), on San Clemente Island,
Calif. It was among the specimens saved from the great fire.

The species is related to Hazardia cana (Gray) Greene, and
H. detonsa Greene, differing from both in the smaller heads,
bicolored leaves and the almost glabrous bracts of the involu-
cre. It has been compared with the type of H. detonsa and

Vol. XX] EASTWOOD— NEW Sl'ECIES OF PLANTS \$J

specimens of H. cana from ( iuadalupe Island, the type lo-
cality. Both specimens are in the Herbarium of the California
Academv of Sciences.

35. Eucephalus bicolor Eastwood, new species

Suffrutescent, lower part of stems with scale-like leaves,
upper part leafy and with paniculately branching inflorescence,
tomentose, becoming glabrate, 4-9 dm. high ; leaves green and
glabrous on upper surface, densely white-tomentose on lower,
oblong, elliptical to lanceolate, apex acute to obtuse, sessile at
the rounded base, 3-nerved at base, 2-6 cm. long, 5-20 mm.
wide, margin undulate or entire; bracts similar to leaves but
smaller; heads in an open panicle on slender bracteate stems;
involucres turbinate, 1 cm. long with bracts in 4—5 ranks, the
lower small, the upper linear-oblong, more or less tomentose,
carinate with green or red midnerve, the apex red, margin
ciliate : rays purple, linear 1 cm. long; pappus tawny, barbel-
late, slightly dilated at apex about equalling the slender tubu-
lar disk flowers, these striate with 5 short teeth, akenes
pubescent.

Type: no. 2940, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 2214), September 14, 1912, on French Hill, Calif.,
above Adams Station on the road from Crescent City to
Grants Pass. Another specimen was collected near Adams
Station, August 11, 1923. Two specimens collected on the
Gasquet Mountain road above Patrick Creek have smaller
leaves and more contracted panicles.

This species differs from E. tomentellus Greene in the rayed
heads and the densely white pubescence of the lower leaf
surface.

36. Eucephalus glandulosus Eastwood, new species

Suffrutescent, glandular-scabrous throughout, branching
above the base with short weak branches, sometimes terminated
by solitary heads, leafy above, 4-5 dm. high ; leaves ovate-oblong
to lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, reticulated 3-nerved
from base, apex acute, base rounded sessile, margin entire ;

158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES [Pkoc. 4th Ser.

heads rayless, solitary or few terminating short branchlets ;
involucre 1 cm. high, bracts in 4 series, green or reel with
acuminate apex ; akenes hairy chiefly below the tawny pappus.

Type: no. 171599, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 2152), September 11, 1912, on the trail from the
Illinois River near Waldo, Josephine County, Oregon, to
Black Butte near the California boundary.

This species is related to E. glabratus Greene, differing in
the glandular-scabrous pubescence which extends to the upper
leaf surface and the involucres.

37. Erigeron kuschei Eastwood, new species

Perennial herb from slender creeping rootstocks, 1-1.5 dm.
high ; radical leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, tapering to a
long margined petiole, blade 1-2 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide,
with a few scattered hairs along the margin and toward the
obtuse apex; cauline leaves ovate to linear-oblong, sessile by
a broad base, sparsely hairy ; heads solitary on almost naked
peduncles; involucral bracts equal in two series, hairy at base,
red-tipped and margined, linear, 5 mm. long ; disk 1 cm. broad,
yellow; rays about 50, sterile, white, 8 mm. long, 1-2 mm.
broad ; pappus equalling the disk flowers, sparse, simple ;
akenes (immature) flat, sparsely hairy.

Type: no. 147118, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by J.
August Kusche, July, 1927, at Cave Creek Canon, Chiricahua
Mountains, Arizona, at an altitude from 6-8,000 feet. A
second collection was made in the same place and at about the
same time, smaller in every way, but otherwise similar to the
type, no. 147117, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci.

38. Eriophyllum rixfordi Eastwood, new species

Perennial, branching from a woody caudex with simple
stems about 3 dm. high, densely white-woolly throughout;
leaves oblanceolate, the lower tridentate at apex, upper entire
or serrate, acute, about 3 cm. long, 1 cm. wide; heads singly
terminating the stems, globose, 2 cm. in diameter with involu-
cral bracts densely white-woolly, the free part triangular

Vol. XX] EASTWOOD— SEW SPECIES OF PLANTS 1 59

acute ; rays few, linear-lanceolate, 1 cm. long, 5 mm. wide,
entire, veined ; disk flowers numerous, corolla 5 mm. long,
glandular, the limb short with reflexed divisions; pappus
scales lanceolate, fimbriate, unequal, the longest equalling the
tube of the corolla, the others half as long; akenes dark
brown, strongly 4-angled, puberulent.

Type: no. 700, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by Mr. G.
P. Rixford on the south side of Shaft Rock Mountain, near
Hilt, Siskiyou County, Calif.

39. Laphamia arizonica Eastwood, new species

Loosely branching from the base and paniculately above,
glabrous, except the puberulent peduncles and involucres;
leaves opposite, scattered, trifoliate on slender petioles much
longer than the blades ; leaflets small, orbicular, the upper
often 3-lobed, the lateral generally entire; heads 1 cm. in di-
ameter, involucral bracts linear attenuate, in one series, keeled
at base ; rays white, oblong-orbicular 3-crenate at apex ; disk-
flowers 4 mm. long, the throat more than twice the tube, glan-
dular-puberulent, divisions 4, deltoid; akenes of both ray and
disk flat, glabrous with ciliate margins; pappus-bristle 1, bar-
bellate, equalling the throat of the corolla.

Type: no. 17375, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 8753), May 18, 1919, at Fish Creek on the Apache
Trail, Arizona. Specimens were collected also at Horse Mesa
Dam, May 21, 1929.

40. Laphamia saxicola Eastwood, new species

In dense clumps from a perennial root, glabrous; leaves all
opposite, bipinnately dissected with filiform divisions and long
rhachis : heads terminating short branchlets, about 1 cm. in
diameter, many flowered; bracts of the involucre in a single
series, linear-attenuate, 7 mm. long, scaberulous, 2-ribbed.
keeled at base; rays yellow, toothed at apex, fertile; disk-
flowers glandular-puberulent, slender, tube shorter than the
throat, together 4 mm. long; akenes flat, puberulent, callous-

J50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th Ser.

margined and shortly ciliate, awn single, equalling the corolla,
stamens and style exserted.

Type: no. 167470, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by the
author (no. 17401), May 22, 1929, near the Roosevelt Dam
on the road to Fish Creek, Apache Trail, Arizona.

This intricately branched and leafy species grew in clumps
a foot or so in diameter on the side of steep banks along the
road. It differs from all known species in the remarkably
dissected leaves.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 6, pp. 161-263, plates 2-18 January 8, V)M

THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL,
KERN COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

G. DALLAS HANNA, Curator

Department of Paleontology
California A cademy of Sciences

Sharktooth Hill is located on the north side of Kern River
in Sec. 25, T. 28S., R. 28E., M. D. M. It is shown on the
U. S. Geological Survey's topographic map (Caliente Sheet)
as an unnamed hill 642 feet high, and seven miles in an air
line, northeast of Bakersfield.

The hill marks the westernmost exposure of Miocene rocks
in this particular section. The uppermost layer near the top of
the hill contains many marine shells, not well preserved. A
few feet below this lies the stratum so prolific in bones and
teeth of marine mammals and fishes. Because of the abun-
dance of teeth of sharks in the layer, the hill has received the
name indicated above. Below the layer containing the verte-
brates there are shales extending to the base of the hill. The
uppermost layers of these shales are somewhat sandy and con-
tain few preserved fossils in this particular exposure. Fur-

January 8, 1932

I £9 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

ther below, however, and about 30 feet below the bone layer
there are pale-buff, diatom-shales containing ash as the chief
impurity. Diatoms are present in great abundance and per-
fection of preservation. Some of the material may well be
classed as an impure diatomite. The total thickness of the
zone at this point cannot be determined because the base is
obscured but the same layer in well sections not distantly re-
moved has been found to have a thickness of 100 to 200 feet.
The constituent organisms vary little from the base to the top.
Besides diatoms, the shales contain silicoflagellates, sponges
and radiolarians ; these groups have not been carefully studied,
as yet.

The geologic relationship of the Sharktooth Hill exposure
has been presented in another paper1 and it will suffice here
to repeat that the formation belongs to the Temblor, middle
Miocene as defined by Dr. F. M. Anderson.2 The layer of
bones referred to and the stratum of marine shells immediately
overlying, constitute the type locality of "Zone C" of that
author. We now know that beneath the beds here considered
there are approximately 2500 feet of strata also classed as
Temblor and even this does not include extreme basal Mio-
cene of other sections.

The diatoms herein described have been exceedingly helpful
in determining the stratigraphic relationship of this particular
horizon and the Temblor formation in general. The same
assemblage of common species in approximately the same rela-
tive abundance occurs at many places on the east side of the
San Joaquin Valley both in surface outcrops and in well sam-
ples. One of these localities has been studied in detail and
many of the records are incorporated herein. This exposure is
found on the west side of Cottonwood Creek a few miles to
the eastward of Sharktooth Hill. (See below for exact lo-
cality data.) It seemed desirable to add these records to offset
any tendency the reader might have to consider these fossils
purely local and transitory in their occurrence.

1Hanna, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 19, no. 7, 1930, pp. 65-83.
'Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 3, 1911, pp. 81-94.

Vol. XX] HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 153

The other records from near-by localities are omitted because
of space limitations. It may be stated, however, that this
layer has been identified in a north-south direction for about
20 miles on the east side of the great valley.

On the west side of the valley the horizon occurs widely
distributed. It is especially accessible and well preserved to the
right of the road leading from Coalinga to Oil City in Fresno
County and immediately on top of the sandstone formation
called "Vaqueros Reef" in some reports.3 Here, the age of
the diatomite has been listed as "Monterey" or "Santa Mar-
garita" and the stratum was once called the "indicator bed."

Many excellent exposures occur in the coast ranges but the
individual species cannot be recorded here without an undue
expansion of the present paper. Each of these localities
should receive separate study.

The diatoms of this particular horizon in California have
not heretofore been critically studied. However, at least once
before the Temblor has furnished a collection, which even-
tually fell into the hands of Tempere and Peragallo in Paris.
Presumably the sample was collected in the search which was
made for the source of the original float material noted in
literature as "Santa Monica." Samples from many places and
several zones were thus taken and sent to Europe under the
name of this town where no fossil diatoms occur. Tempere
& Peragallo's4 list in which the Temblor records are found is
somewhat difficult to interpret because they appear also to
have incorporated some lots of upper Miocene species. In
order to be certain of the determination, the California Acade-
my of Sciences purchased in Paris a part of the original
sample and slides have been made for comparison. These
contain such highly distinctive forms as Annellus calif ornicus,
Cymatogonia amblyoceras, Raphidodiscus marylandicus, etc.,
and upper Miocene distinctive species are lacking. The sample
probably came from the Santa Monica Mountains and cer-
tainly is equivalent in age to the material studied herein; this

'Arnold & Anderson, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 398, 1910, pp. 81-82.
4 Diat. du Monde Entier, Ed. 2, 1908, pp. 60-62.

154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

has been proved by means of other samples in the Academy
collection from the same region, which were taken by ex-
perienced geologists and accurately located, stratigraphically.

To find the equivalent of this Temblor stratum elsewhere
than in California it is necessary to go far but the correlation
can be made with almost equal certainty. Early in the study,
numerous species were noted which appeared to be very close
to or identical with forms heretofore well known from the
Miocene diatom deposits of Virginia, Maryland and New
Jersey. In Maryland these deposits have been placed in the
Calvert formation. Appeal was made to Dr. Remington Kel-
logg for material for use in comparison and he very kindly
furnished me with a sample from Dunkirk, Calvert County,
Maryland, collected by Dr. F. W. True. This has been of great
help in determining critical species.

A careful analysis of age relationships of many American
Miocene formations has been made by Dr. W. P. Woodring.6
In this he placed the Calvert formation in the middle Miocene
(p. 93). The Temblor was placed in the same part of the
column (p. 97). It is believed that the present study has
proved the equivalence in age of that part of the Calvert
formation which contains the diatom deposits and the upper
part of the Temblor as exposed on Kern River and elsewhere
in California. The Calvert has been independently correlated
with the Tortonian of the European standard section upon the
basis of the plants and marine mammals by Berry6 and Kel-
logg,7 respectively. The latter has suggested from a subse-
quent study,8 however, that both the Calvert and upper Tem-
blor may be Helvetian and since Woodring's correlation of
them with the Bowden (and Tortonian) was admittedly not
positive the following table was proposed in my paper on the
Geology of Sharktooth Hill. It has been shown recently that the
Santa Margarita is merely a sandy phase of upper Monterey83

e Woodring, Miocene mollusks from Bowden, Jamaica. Pt. 2. Gastropods and dis-
cussion of results. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. 385, 1928, pp. 1-108.

« Berry, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Ppr. 98 F, 1916, pp. 61-70.

7 Kellogg, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 35, 1924, pp. 763-764.

* Kellogg, R. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. 346, art. 1, 1927, p. 5.

"oBarbat & Weymouth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci. vol. 21, 1931,
pp. 25-36, pis. 4, 5, 2 text figs.

Vol. XX J

HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHAUKTOOTH HILL

165

and since this is almost certainly Sarmatian in age, there is
left to represent the Pontian in California, several borderline
formations, the age of which has heretofore been somewhat
doubtful. Some of these are: Reef Ridge formation; Harris
[grade] diatomite; Intermediate zone of Newport, Malaga
Cove and Los Angeles Basin generally. Most of these have not
been well defined, paleontologically.

Correlation of California and European Miocene

SECTION

EUROPEAN STAGES

CALIFORNIA FORMATIONS

Upper
Miocene

Pontian
Sarmatian

Santa Margarita
Upper Monterey

Middle
Miocene

Tortonian
Helvetian

Lower Monterey
Upper Temblor

Lower
Miocene

Burdigalian
Aquitanian

Lower Temblor (Pyramid Hill Fauna)
Vaqueros

Attention is called to the fact that the correlation of the
Sharktooth Hill exposure is made by means of identity of
specialized and short range species. No further comment is
necessary except to add that some of the same species of dia-
toms should be found in strata of the same age which are suit-
able for their preservation, wherever found, if due consideration
be given to the life processes and wide geographic range of
present-day forms of these small organisms. It is significant
to note that many species recorded herein have likewise been
found in Italy by Forti" in strata which he stated to be middle
Miocene.

The literature pertaining to diatoms contains some very im-
portant papers dealing with the middle Miocene, elsewhere in
the world, particularly the West Indies, east America, Spain,

• Forti, A. Atti R. 1st. Veneto, Sci. Lett. Art. vol. 72, pt. 2, 1913.

166

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4th Sek.

Italy and Hungary. In each of these localities there are some
species which have been found in the Temblor. Here again
samples have been available for comparison; some of these
were obtained from generous correspondents and others were
purchased as a part of the Tempere collection.

The use of these various collections has made the task of
identification of species less burdensome and it is believed
greater accuracy has thus been obtained than would otherwise
have been possible. However, as in most other groups of
fossils, there are certain genera of diatoms which are in taxo-
nomic chaos and in these cases the species-names chosen may
eventually prove to have been the wrong ones. Fortunately,
however, this remark does not apply to most of the distinctive
and abundant Temblor fossils. In order that these may be
sifted from the less important ones the following list is given.

Most distinctive and important Temblor diatoms

*Actinocyclus ehrenbergii Ralfs
*Actinoptychus halionyx Grunow
*Actinoptychus kernensis Hanna
*Annellus californicus Tempere
*Biddulphia angulata Schmidt
*Coscinodiscus apiculatus Ehrenberg
*Coscinodiscus convexus Schmidt
*Coscinodiscus fulguralis Brun
Coscinodiscus meditatus Hanna
*Cymatogonia amblyoceras

(Ehrenberg)
*Cymatosira andersoni Hanna
*Eupodiscus antiquus Cox
"Hyalodiscus frenguellii Hanna

*Navicula kernensis Hanna
Navicula mimicans Hanna
Perrya innocens Hanna

*Raphidodiscus marylandicus

Christian
Rattrayella inconspicuua (Rattray)

*Rhaphoneis obesa Hanna

*Sceptroncis caduceus Ehrenberg
Stephanogonia polyacantha Forti
Stictodiscus kittonianus Greville

*Surirella tembloris Hanna

*Triceratium spinosum Bailey
Xystotheca hustedti Hanna

*Zygoceros (?) quadricomis Grunow

Not all of the above species are equally abundant, of course,
but those marked with an asterisk (*) can usually be found in
properly cleaned material after a few minutes search. Some of
them are dominant in this Temblor horizon wherever found
and are not known from upper Miocene strata; these are the
most valuable marker-species. Since this paper is intended to
be as exhaustive as possible for the deposit concerned, it
naturallv contains some forms which are either too rare or of

Vol. XX] HANNA— THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL jfi?

too long geologic range to be useful in correlation or age de-
termination at this time.

The present paper is based primarily on material from
Sharktooth Hill but some records are incorporated from the
locality on Cottonwood Creek a few miles to the east. Also
there are a few Rhaphoneis listed from an exposure near
Round Mountain. These three localities are entered in the
records of the California Academy of Sciences as follows:

Locality 1063. A series of seven samples of diatomaceous shales from NEJ4,
Sec. 13, T. 29S., R. 29E., M. D. M., on the west side of
Cottonwood Creek, Kern County, Calif.; G. D. Hanna and
F. M. Anderson, Colls., April, 1927.

Locality 1068. A series of five samples of diatomaceous shales from the south-
east side of Sharktooth Hill, Sec. 25, T. 28S., R. 28E.,
M. D. M., Kern County, Calif., G. D. Hanna, Coll., April,
1927.

Locality 1187. Diatomaceous ashy shale from Sec. 13, T. 28S., R. 28E.,
M. D. M., east side of 1340 Hill, about one mile west of
Round Mountain, Kern County, Calif.; G. D. Hanna, Coll.,
April, 1927.

The last and any other locality records used have been con-
sidered for the sole purpose of elucidating the flora of the
Sharktooth Hill strata and its equivalent elsewhere.

In preparing the collection for study the various species
have been selected from strewings and mounted individually
under measured covers. Synthetic resin (hyrax) has been
used entirely as a mountant because this can now be procured
practically without color, soluble in the usual solvents of
balsam and possessing a refractive index of about 1.80. More-
over, test slides have not shown the slightest sign of deteriora-
tion in over four years. No known natural resin approaches
this material in ease of manipulation and superior optical
properties.

168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Phoc. 4th See.

1. Actinocyclus ehrenbergii Ralfs

Plate 2, figs. 1, 2, 3

Actinocyclus ehrenbergii Ralfs in Pritchard, Hist. Infus. Ed. 4, 1861, p. 834.
—Van Heurck, Syn. Diat. Belgique, 1880-1882, p. 215, pi. 123,
fig. 7. — Rattray, Journ. Quekett Micr. Club, ser. 2, vol. 4, 1890,
p. 171.— Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 85, fig. 9.

This large and handsome species is exceedingly abundant in
the deposit on Sharktooth Hill. It is likewise widely dis-
tributed in beds of the same age. In an extension of the Shark-
tooth Hill horizon to the southeast a few miles a layer was
found in which practically nothing else exists. Slides made
from this particular sample are marvelous when the mounts
are made in highly refractive resin ; under low powers the play
of prismatic colors is scarcely excelled by crystalline substances
viewed with polarized light.

The references cited above are important but form an in-
significant portion of the total literature on the species. In-
deed, it is so variable that Rattray was obliged to use nine
pages to cite the synonymy known to him in 1890. Ehrenberg
conceived the idea of naming every individual he found with
a different number of rays from any known to him and by
careful search and great industry he was able to find the range
extending from three to 120. This action stands as one of the
greatest blunders in the study of diatoms. Rather than try to
disentangle such a complex situation Ralfs renamed the entire
mass, Actinocyclus ehrenbergii and the justice of this proce-
dure has not been questioned by diatomists.

The species is exceedingly common in the Calvert forma-
tion of Maryland and Virginia and specimens from there
formed the basis of a large number of Ehrenberg's names.
By direct comparison, I am not able to detect any noteworthy
difference between Maryland and California specimens.
Authors have had much difficulty in distinguishing A. ehren-
bergii from A. ralfsii (W. Smith). Some (as Grunow and
Lagerstedt) have gone so far as to advocate their union and
this may yet have to be done. In general the bright, hyaline,
radial spaces are double in ehrenbergii, single in ralfsii but the
character is apparently not constant.

Vol. XX] HANS'A— THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL \(f)

2. Actinoptychus halionyx Grunow
Plate 2, fig. 4

Actinoptychus splendens halionyx Grunow in Van Heurck, Syn. Diat. Bel-

gique, 1880-1882, pi. 119, fig. 3.— Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890,

pi. 92, fig. 12.
"Actinoptychus glabratus Grunow?" .Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 153, 1890, fig.

12; "Peru Guano."
Actinoptychus solisi Hanna & Grant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 15.

1926, p. 123, pi. 12, figs. 1-3.

The mottled appearance of alternating segments in the
Sharktooth Hill specimens is very similar to that shown in
Ravet's photograph, reproduced by Van Heurck. His figure
does not show the conspicuous hyaline areas at the outer ends
of the non-maculate segments, so obvious in the photograph
shown herewith, but this is believed to be due to a different
focus of the microscope in the two cases. I am not able to find
intergradation between these diatoms and the living, non-
maculate A. splendens and therefore consider halionyx a dis-
tinct species. It seems now that A. solisi is a form of halionyx
having somewhat bolder markings than usual.

3. Actinoptychus janischii Grunow

Plate 3, fig. 1

Actinoptychus janischii Grunow in Van Heurck, Syn. Diat. Belgique, 1880-
1882, pi. 122, fig. 6; "Guano from Peru."— Pantocsek, Beit. Kennt.
Bacill. Foss. Ungarns, pt. 1, 1886, p. 61, pi. 16, fig. 143; Hungarian
Miocene deposits. — Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 153, 1890, figs. 8-10, 21.

As Grunow pointed out, the most remarkable feature of this
diatom is the fact that all segments are almost in a plane.
Janisch is supposed to have found the diatom in Guano from
Peru but until this report is corroborated it had best be held in
doubt in view of the abundance of the species in Miocene
deposits. It is fairly common at Sharktooth Hill but more so
at some other localities stratigraphically equivalent such as
1063. on Cottonwood Creek a few miles east.

170 C ALIFORM A ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tu Ser.

4. Actinoptychus kernensis Hanna, new species

Plate 3, figs. 2, 3

Valve large without undulations in the marginal zone; seg-
ments 12 (in holotype; not less than 8 nor more than 14 have
been seen) ; segments are gentle undulations not separated by
sharp flexures or dark or light radial lines (in some specimens
the undulations of the segments scarcely perceptible) ; border
striated; marginal zone very wide and marked with a coarse
uneven reticulation, the radial arrangement being most per-
fect; irregular radial lines cover the disk (except for the
hyaline central area), with cross lines forming a network;
disk also covered with fine beads as in A. splendens and many
other Actinoptychus; spines are scattered irregularly around
the margin, without any definite number relation to the seg-
ments. Diameter (holotype), .1680 mm.; paratypes, .132,
.089, and .060 mm.

Holotype: No. 3142; paratypes: Nos. 3143-3145 Mus. Calif.
Acad. Sci. collected by G. D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.)
on the southeast side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, Cali-
fornia; Temblor, middle Miocene.

Schmidt10 figured a specimen from "Bolivia Guano" with-
out name, which resembles the present form more than any
other but when examined in detail there are many important
structural differences. A. vulgaris is somewhat similar but
the central hyaline area radiates outwardly, more or less, in
alternating segments in that form; moreover, the boundaries
of the segments are sharper defined, the marginal zone bears
large hyaline areas as in A. halionyx shown herewith, and
there is usually a mottled appearance to the valve under low
powers.

Atlas Diat. pi. 132, 1888, fig. 5.

Vol. XX] H ANN A— THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL \~\

5. Actinoptychus perisetosus Brun

Plate 4, figs. 1, 2

Actinoptychus perisetosus Brun, Le Diatomiste, vol. 2, no. 16, 1894, p. 73
pi. 5, fig. 9; Japanese deposits.

Brun described this species as very variable and abundant in
the fossil deposits of Japan. The Sharktooth Hill specimens
do not agree with his figure in every minute detail but it is
believed that the differences are inconsequential. The three
large spines shown in his figure are more slender than they
appear in ours but this is partly due to the fact that they are
not all in perfect focus in the photographs. The species is very
abundant in all collections made from the stratum on Shark-
tooth Hill and its equivalent at other places in that region.

The species bears superficial resemblance to the very abun-
dant A. undulatus of many Miocene deposits but the lightly
marked segments of the present form do not appear to be
typical of undulatus. Nevertheless it seems probable that peri-
setosus is merely one of the many named variations of that
long lived species.

6. Actinoptychus thumii Schmidt

Plate 4, figs. 3, 4

Actinoptychus slella thumii Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 90, 1886, figs. 4, 5. —
Pantocsek, Beit. Kennt. Bacill. Foss. Ungarns, pt. 1, 1886, p. 63,
pi. 8, fig. 65.— Forti, Atti R. 1st. Veneto Sci. Lett. Art. vol. 72, pt. 2,
1913, pi. 15, figs. 6, 7; [as form fenestrata].

Schmidt's specimens came from "Szent Peter" in Hungary
and "Tegel von Briinn," both probably middle or lower Mio-
cene deposits. The Sharktooth Hill specimens are very close
indeed and although Schmidt's figures indicate possible inter-
gradation in his material I have observed no such tendency in
the collection now being studied and therefore prefer to hold
thumii distinct from Stella. The form is probably a forerunner
of the huge grundleri and its allies of later Miocene time. In
the photographs herewith, the three blunt spines are not well
shown because of the great depth of the diatom; some por-
tions necessarily are out of focus because of the high magnifi-
cation required to show the details of sculpture.

17? CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th See.

7. Actinoptychus undulatus (Bailey)

Actinocyclus undulatus Bailey, Amer. Journ. Sci. vol. 42, 1842, pi. 2, fig. 11.
— Kiitzing, Bacill. 1844, p. 132, pi. 1, fig. 24.

Actinoptychus undulatus (Bailey), Ralfs in Pritchard, Hist. Infus. Ed. 4»
1861, p. 839, pi. 5, fig. 88.— Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 1, 1874, figs.
1-4, 6.— Van Heurck, Syn. Diat. Belgique, 1881, pi. 22 Us, fig. 14;
pi. 122, figs. 1-4.— Mann, Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. vol. 10, pt. 5,
1907, p. 272.— Hanna & Grant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol.
15, 1926, p. 124, pi. 12, fig. 4.— Hanna, Journ. Paleon. vol. 1, no. 2,
1927, p. 108.

In view of the uncertainty regarding the limits of variation
of A. undulatus I am obliged to record it from the Sharktooth
Hill deposit. The name may be used in too broad a sense but
until a revision of the group is made, identification cannot be
made with certainty.

8. Annellus califomicus Tempere

Plate 4, figs. 5-9

Annellus califomicus Tempere, in Tempere & Peragallo, Diat. du Monde
Entier, Ed. 2, 1908, p. 60; "Santa Monica, Calif."— Azpeitia, Asoc.
Esp. Prog. Cien. vol. 4, sec. 3, Cien. Nat. pt. 2, 1911, pp. 149-237,
"Montemayor, Fernan-Nunez," Spain.

Annellus Tempere, Taylor, Notes on Diatoms, 1929, pp. 119, 180, 236,
pi. 1, fig. 28.

This species is exceedingly common in the deposit exposed
on Sharktooth Hill (Loc. 1068) and in many other places
where the equivalent of this same series of strata is found.
These other localities are widely distributed in California,
some of them being: "North of Coalinga, immediately above
the Temblor Reef Beds'' (called "Vaqueros Reef" erroneously
in U. S. Geological Survey Bulletins 398 and 603) ; "Smug-
gler's Cove, Santa Cruz Island, Calif."; near Point Dume,
Los Angeles County, Calif.

The last mentioned locality may be the one from which
Tempere's original material came although he gave it as from
"Santa Monica." Definite proof of this statement can prob-
ably never be had and an analysis of the situation requires that
we begin with the celebrated piece of float picked up a few

Vol. XX] HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 1 73

miles south of Santa Monica.11 When it was learned that the
parent bed from which the float block had drifted was not in
the immediate vicinity of Santa Monica a very great deal of
search was made for it. California microscopists apparently
examined every known outcrop of diatomaceous earth in the
southern part of the state in their endeavor to supply the de-
sires of students elsewhere for more material like the original
find. Evidently those not thoroughly trained in the study of
these organisms thought they had found the source bed when-
ever they found a stratum with well preserved fossils. In this
manner the "Santa Monica float block" has been reported to
have come from places all the way from Newport to Santa
Maria. Unquestionably some of these amateurs distributed
samples under the label "Santa Monica" which actually came
from far from there, their motive being the sincere belief that
they had the original source of the famous float.

Tempere's Annellus was found in only one of several sam-
ples (no. 112 of his collection) which he had under the lo-
cality "Santa Monica." It is certain that the genus was not
represented in the original block and has not since been found
in strata of known equivalent age. But now, that it has been
found in many widely scattered places in the upper part of the
Temblor, and often in abundance, it may be assumed with
safety that Tempere's sample came from a locality of the same
age. The nearest place to Santa Monica where such a deposit
is located, so far as I have been able to determine, is near
Point Dume, Los Angeles County. Several years ago Mr.
Douglas Clark, geologist for the Southern Pacific Company,
gave me a sample from there and Annellus was found in it
soon after.

The genus is one of the most distinct among the diatoms.
Tempere's original description, quoted below, is very inade-
quate and he never published a figure. "Valve a silice repliee
sur ellememe sous form d'anneau tubulaire recouvert de
grosses ponctuations regulierement disposees. Diametre de la
valve: 70 a 15 ft) largeur : 30 a 40 /*. Pas rare dans le no.
112." This brief description is certainly insufficient to make
the genus or species recognizable were it not for the striking

11 See Hanna, Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. vol. 12, no. 11, 1928, pp. 11091110,
for an account of this.

174 C.iLIFOh'Xl.l .h II uY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Skr.

form of the organism. Even so, I hesitated to adopt the name
until after I had secured some of Tempere's original, cleaned
material and from it made mounts of the form in question.
There can be no doubt now as to what he had and I chose a
specimen from his collection for illustration herewith. The
structural details are given in the sectional drawing.

The genus appears to be as closely related to Melosira as
any other. Such an open cylinder as this is otherwise unknown
in the Diatomacese and a first thought may be that something
is missing on one end. However, this cannot be because
among hundreds which have been handled I have never found
one that could not be strung, bead-like, on the glass hair of
the mechanical finger. The collections in which the genus
occurs contain nothing which could in any way be presumed
to be detached caps, or partitions.12

This strange and striking organism had a short existence,
geologically, and for this reason and because of its abundance
when found it forms a valuable marker fossil of middle Mio-
cene strata, the Temblor. It has not been found in lowermost
diatomaceous shales near Coalinga, California (the Kreyen-
hagen of authors), and has also not been found any place in the
type section of the Monterey. In the lower portion of this
latter, however, where it might occur, the diatoms are not
preserved.

9. Arachnoidiscus manni Hanna & Grant
Plate 5, fig. 1

Arachnoidiscus manni Hanna & Grant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 15,

no. 2, 1926, p. 125, pi. 12, figs. 7-9.— Hanna, Journ. Paleo. vol. 1,

no. 2, 1927, p. 109, pi. 17, fig. 5.
Arachnoidiscus ornatus monlereiana Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 73, 1882, figs. 7-9.

(Not A. ehrenbergii montereyana Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 68, 1881,

fig. 2.)
Arachnoidiscus ornatus montereianus, Hanna & Gaylokd, Bull. Amer. Assoc.

Petrol. Geol. vol. 9, no. 2, 1925, pi. 5, fig. 2.

12 The genus has recently been illustrated by Taylor, Notes on Diatoms, 1929, pi.
1, Sg. 28, the locality being given as "Sta. Maria., Cal.", probably an error for "Santa
Monica, Calif." Taylor failed to place the group definitely in his outline of the classi-
fication of diatoms on p. 119.

Vol. XX] HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL \J^

At one time it was thought that this species could be dif-
ferentiated with a fair degree of constancy but after handling
many hundreds, this now seems doubtful. Evidently Schmidt
had reason for separating the fossil form from California
Miocene from A. ornatus Ehrenberg but whether this was suf-
ficient or not remains to be determined. It is to be noted that
Ehrenberg did not figure ornatus and the first illustrations
were given by Ralfs.13 With these as a basis for determination
it is found that most California fossils are heavier marked and
the concentric divisions extend from margin to central area.
The species nicobaricus of Ehrenberg14 has usually been re-
ferred to ornatus as a synonym and it is found to be a much
lighter marked form than specimens from California. The
problem is further complicated by the fact that some of the
early diatomists received both living and fossil material from
''Monterey" and in their publications they did not differentiate.
The living form is very common there and Mr. W. M. Grant
has an abundance of specimens. On direct comparison with
the fossils from the same place the differences noted above
seem to be constant. However it seems possible that when a
more thorough study shall have been made it will be necessary
to reduce the number of names to one — ornatus.

The species is very rare in the Sharktooth Hill deposit.

10. Asterolampra rotula Greville

Plate 5, fig. 2

Asterolampra rotula Greville, Trans. Micr. Soc. London, vol. 8, n. s. 1860,
p. Ill, pi. 3, fig. 5; "Monterey, California."— Rattray, Proc. Roy.
Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 16, 1889, p. 195.— Wolle, Diat. N. America,
1890, pi. 93, fig. 10.— De Toni, Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 3, 1894,
p. 1404.

The imperfect specimen referred to this Monterey species is
the best that could be found in the Sharktooth Hill deposit. It
is rare and no other representative of the genus or of Asterom-
phalus appears to be present.

"In Pritchard, Hist. Infus. Ed. 4, 1861. p. 842, pi. IS, figs. 18-21.
14 Mikrog. 1854, pi. 36 (not 30) fig. 35.

176 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sek.

11. Aulacodiscus brownei Norman

Plate 5, fig. 3

Aulacodiscus brownei Norman in Ralfs in Pritchard, Hist. Brit. Inf. Ed. 4,
1861, p. 844.— Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 36, 1876, figs. 15, 16; pi. 105,
1886, fig. 6. — Rattray, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. 1888, p. 341. — Wolle,
Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 88, fig. 10.— De Toni, Syl. Alg. vol. 2,
pt. 3, 1893, p. 1093.

This two spined Aulacodiscus was described from the upper
Miocene at Monterey, California, where it is not uncommon.
De Toni listed it as living and the similar, A. probabilis
Schmidt, occurs in the Cretaceous of Simbirsk, Russia. The
recent records may be taken with doubt owing to the circum-
stances of their collection and the specimen here being recorded
may not be the same as those from Monterey because it shows
some considerable differences in details. However, I do not
have sufficient material to warrant separation at this time and
it seems best to consider it the same. It was not found in the
material from Sharktooth Hill but occurred at Loc. 1063
(C. A. S.) on Cottonwood Creek, a few miles to the east in a
stratigraphicallv equivalent stratum.

12. Auliscus bonus Hanna, new species

Plate 5, figs. 4, 5

Valve small, almost circular, slightly convex, eyespots two
with a few coarse punctae on top ; central area almost circular,
hyaline; margin with a row of short semi-cellules, continuing
inwardly as coarse, rugose, radial riblets. Diameter .0422 mm.

Holotype: No. 3155, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. collected by G.
D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 C. A. S. on the southeast side of
Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor, middle
Miocene.

A. cozlatus Bailey is much larger than this little diatom and
has much longer marginal markings ; however the two are be-
lieved to belong to the same portion of the genus. The two
figures shown are opposite valves of the same frustule and the
different focus is obtained to show the characters of marginal

Vol. XX] HANNA— THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL \/J

and central area. No very close relative has been found in the
literature although it displays no very striking or unusual
details.

13. Auliscus suppressus Hanna, new species

Plate 5, fig. 6

Valve minute, circular, almost flat ; border broad and heavy ;
two large "eyes" close to border; central circular space hy-
aline ; disk with irregularly arranged, coarse, sparse, large
beads ; in addition a series of fine curved lines spread out from
each "eye" and the sides are irregularly marked with lines and
dots roughly radial in arrangement. Diameter, .0321 mm.

HolotyfKe: No. 3156, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. collected by
G. D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.) southeast side of Shark-
tooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor, middle Mio-
cene.

The species is probably allied to A. loczyi Pantocsek15 Beit,
from Hungarian Miocene but the available figures of that
species do not show the fine lines mentioned. It is true that
they can be seen only under favorable conditions, that is, by
use of high aperture and mounting media of high refractive
index. However, we cannot merely assume that the markings
are present on loczyi when they are not shown.

The species is exceedingly small and apparently rare.

14. Biddulphia angulata Schmidt

Plate 5, figs. 7, 8

Biddulphia angulata Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 141, 1889, figs. 7, 8; Nottingham,
Maryland. — Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 6, fig. 7.

Odontella angulata (Schmidt), De Toni, Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 3, 1894,
p. 869.

The diatoms here referred to angulata agree more closely
with the figures of that species than any other of which illus-
trations have been found. There are some slight differences in
details but hardly more than the specimens themselves display.

" Beit. Kennt. Foss. Bacill. Ungarns, pt. 3, 1893, pi. S, fig. 82.

January 8, 1932

178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

The species is fairly common in the finer washings of the
Sharktooth Hill deposit but they are almost always fractured
or deformed by pressure.

*
15. Cladogramma conicum Greville

Cladogramma conicum Greville, Trans. Micr. Sue. London, vol. 13, 1865,
p. 97, pi. 8, figs. 1, 2.

A few specimens of a very convex Cladogramma were
mounted from the lighter washings of material from Loc.
1063 on Cottonwood Creek, Kern County, Calif. C. calif or-
nicum, as usually found in upper Miocene deposits, is a much
flatter diatom.

16. Coscinodiscus aeginensis Schmidt
Plate 5, fig. 9

Coscinodiscus aginensis Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 113, 1888, figs. 13, 14.—
Rattray, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 16, 1889, p. 489.— De
Toni, Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, pt. 3, 1894, p. 1288.

Coscinodiscus apiculatus calif ornica Grunow in Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 113,
1888, figs. 13, 14.

Schmidt stated in the explanation of his plate 113 that
Grunow called his diatom "C. apiculatus calif ornica" but he
was unable to associate the form with apiculatus. This view
seems to be correct; the name "calif ornica" even as a sub-
species is not desirable because of the prior "Coscinodiscus
calif ornicus" of O'Meara.

The specimens found in the Sharktooth Hill deposit have a
slightly smaller central hyaline area than Schmidt's figure but
otherwise the resemblance is so close that indentification is
believed to be warranted.

17. Coscinodiscus apiculatus Ehrenberg

Plate 6, fig. 1

Coscinodiscus apiculatus Ehrenberg, Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1844, p. 77;
Mikrog. 1854, pi. 18, fig. 43. — Grunow, Denk. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
vol. 48, no. 2, 1884, p. 75.— Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 64, 1877, figs.
5-10.— Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 86, fig. 9.

Vol. XX] HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL \J<)

There is some confusion in the published figures of apiai-
latus and perforatus and it may be that they cannot be separ-
ated in a large series. Both were described from Miocene de-
posits of Maryland or Virginia and have often been reported
together. Typical apiculaius is abundant and usually well
preserved in the Sharktooth Hill deposit and strata of equiva-
lent age in other places in the same region.

18. Coscinodiscus convexus Schmidt

Plate 6, figs. 2, 3; plate 7, fig. 1

Coscinodiscus convexus Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 60, 1877, fig. 15; Barbados. —
Rattray, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 16, 1889, p. 104.— De
Toni, Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sec. 3, 1894, p. 1271.

In the Sharktooth Hill deposit, the diatoms believed to be
this species are much larger than those from Barbados but in
other respects there is general agreement. Sometimes a speci-
men does have a rather imperfect central rosette, as the smaller
figure herewith shows, and the absence of this is one of the
distinguishing features of convexus. However, the diatom is
far more convex than are such doubly marked species as C.
aster omphalus. The convexity is so great that in the specimens
photographed the margin is completely out of focus.

19. Coscinodiscus fulguralis Brun

Plate 7, fig. 2

Coscinodiscus fulguralis Brun, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve, vol. 31,
pt. 2, no. 1, 1891, p. 21, pi. 21, fig. 6; "Sendai" Japan, fossil deposit.
-De Toni, Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 3. 1894, p. 1264.

This is a very delicate species and a perfect specimen was
not found in the Sharktooth Hill deposit although it is abun-
dant there. It is very large, almost flat and consistently has
smaller beading than C. gigas Ehrenberg or C. diorama
Schmidt to both of which it is related. There is some doubt as
to the age of the diatoms reported from Japan and it seems
very probable that some of the deposits may be as old as

IgO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Eocene while others are as young as Pliocene. On the au-
thority of Schlumberger, Brun gave the latter age but this is
extremely unlikely for all the material he described; there are
too many extinct genera and species. Only in rare instances
such as the present is a trace of the Japanese flora found in the
California Temblor deposits.

20. Coscinodiscus lineatus Ehrenberg

Plate 8, figs. 12,3

Coscinodiscus lineatus Ehrenberg, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1838, p. 129;
1841, p. 371, pi. 1, III, fig. 20, pi. 3, VII, figs. 7, 8.— Ehrenberg,
Mikrog. 1854, pi. 18, fig. 33, pi. 22, fig. 6, pi. 35 A, XVI, fig. 3, XVII,
fig. 7.— Van Heurck, Syn. Diat. Belgique, 1880-1881, p. 217, pi. 131,
fig. 3.— Schmidt, Atlas, Diat. pi. 59, 1877, figs. 27-32.

This species is very abundant in the Sharktooth Hill deposit
and strata of equivalent age elsewhere in the same general
region. The specimens appear to belong to the typical species
without a trace of marginal spines, originally described from
east American Miocene deposits. The rows of beads often
deviate from a true geometric 60° arrangement.

There is a temptation to call all circular diatoms with this
true arrangement of the beads in three series of straight lines, C.
lineatus, and undoubtedly a considerable number of erroneous
determinations have thus been made. Even Stephanopyxis
lineatus with the high marginal spines has been referred to
Coscinodiscus. In spite of these difficulties the Temblor ma-
terial here being considered appears to be indistinguishable
from that from Calvert County, Maryland, supplied to me by
Dr. Kellogg. I am not so certain that what has been called
lineatus from the California upper Miocene deposits is that
species in every case. The records in the literature indicate
that the species is a very persistent one extending from
"Eocene" of Denmark to the present time. Before accepting
this as final a careful examination needs to be made of the
group.

Vol. XX] HANNA— THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 1g[

21. Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenberg
Plate 8, figs. 4, 5

Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenberg, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1841, p. 142.
— Ehrenberg, Mikrog. 1854, pi. 18, fig. 44; pi. 33, XII, fig. 13;
pi. 38B, XXII, fig. 8.— Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 62, 1877, figs. 1-5,
9, 11, 12.— Wolle, Diat. N.America, 1890, pi. 112, fig. 8.— Mann,
Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. vol. 10, no. 5, 1907, p. 253, pi. 49, fig. 2 —
Hanna & Grant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 15, 1926, p. 139,
pi. 15, fig. 5.

This heavy, coarsely marked diatom seems to have per-
sisted through, unchanged from the middle Miocene to the
present time. Many varietal names have been proposed for
some of the variations encountered and they serve more to
emphasize the need of a broad specific definition rather than
any taxonomic need. Unless some of the variants prove to be
reasonably constant through some geologic period of time or
in a certain geographic area they have little value. The species
reached its greatest development in the upper Miocene and cer-
tain layers of diatomite in California of this age are composed
of it almost exclusively. In the middle Miocene, as at the
Sharktooth Hill locality, the form is rare and constitutes an
insignificant portion of the diatom flora; no large specimens
were found, but otherwise those studied do not differ from
upper Miocene forms.

22. Coscinodiscus meditatus Hanna, new species

Plate 9, fig. 1

Valve circular, almost flat, border narrow; beads largest
nearest center where they are very sparse, decreasing in size
slightly toward margin; marginal zone of about one-third
radius covered with small beads arranged in close set radial
rows, about every fourteenth row projecting much farther
toward the center than the others. Diameter, .0541 mm.

Holotype: No. 3170, Mus. Calif. Acad Sci. collected by G.
D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.) Sharktooth Hill, Kern
County, California; Temblor, middle Miocene.

This very striking species is common in the Sharktooth
Hill deposit and at other localities in the vicinitv where the

Jg2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Skr.

same horizon is exposed. However, the silex seems to be brit-
tle because unbroken specimens are hard to find. Only one
species of diatom has apparently been described which bears a
reasonably close resemblance; this is Actinocyclus rotula
Brun16 from a fossil deposit in Japan. That species has the
short marginal rows of beads set diagonally to the radials and
there are conspicuous spines at the marginal ends of the ra-
dials; moreover rotula is a true Actinocyclus with the con-
spicuous marginal bead; the California species does not possess
a trace of this feature.

23. Coscinodiscus monicae Grunow

Plate 9, fig. 2

Coscinodiscus janischii monies, Grunow, Denk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 48'

no. 2, 1884, p. 76.
Coscinodiscus monica Grunow, Rattray, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 16,

1889, p. 115.— De Toni, Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 3, 1894, p. 1278.

— Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 63, 1877, fig. 10 (without name; named in

Fricke's Index, 1902).

The group of diatoms to which this species belongs is ex-
ceedingly difficult to differentiate. The beads are without
secondary markings and the size seems to vary considerably.
Schmidt's figure to which reference is here made has the cen-
tral large beads separated from each other while in the speci-
men figured from Sharktooth Hill they touch. Otherwise the
two are in close agreement.

24. Coscinodiscus novozealandicus Grove
Plate 9, fig. 3

Coscinodiscus superbus Hardman var. novo-zelandica Grove in Rattray, Proc.
Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 16, 1889, p. 459, pi. 16, pt. 2, fig. 15 —
De Toni, Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 3, 1894, p. 1208.

"Coscinodiscus superbus Hardman MS (Cestodiscus) var. nova seelandia
Grove" in Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 163, 1891, fig. 8; "Troublesome
Gulley, Oamaru" New Zealand; pi. 148, 1890, fig. 7, [named on pi.
153, 1890].

u Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve, vol. 31, no. 1, 1891, p. 6, pi. 17, fig. 5.

VouXX] H.WNA— THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 133

This species has been reported heretofore only from Oama-
ru, New Zealand strata of "Miocene'' or "Oligocene" age; it
is common in the Sharktooth Hill deposit. I can see no reason
to associate the form as a subspecies with C. superbus from
Barbardos (originally placed in the genus Cestodiscus), be-
cause the two appear specifically different; specimens from
both Barbados and Oamaru have been examined to determine
this point. The New Zealand and California diatoms appear
closer related to C. elegans than superbus. The genus Cesto-
discus was founded on a Coscinodiscus with minute marginal
spines and this is generally considered to be an unsound basis
as Mann17 has pointed out. Because of the heavy border, the
small spines do not show distinctly in the photograph herewith
but they are located at the ends of the main radial rows of
beads. Under ordinary circumstances I believe in no alteration
of a species- or genus-name from the original spelling of the
author but in this case it seems best to correct the obvious
error.

25. Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis Ehrenberg

Plate 9, fig. 4

Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis Ehrenberg, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1839, p. 147.
— Ehrenberg, Mikrog. 1854, pi. 18, fig. 42; pi. 19, fig. 2. — Schmidt,
Atlas Diat. pi. 60, 1877, fig. 17; pi. 63, figs. 4, 6-9; pi. 113, 1888,
figs. 1,3-5, 20.

How best to treat the diatoms belonging to the group cen-
tering about C. oculus-iridis is a problem very difficult to solve.
There are many variants with which to contend and often it is
impossible to form an accurate picture from the imperfect
illustrations. In the present case, the diatoms of the Shark-
tooth Hill deposit are large and handsome but not very com-
mon. The beads forming the central rosette are always larger
than those of the disk and the size of the hyaline space en-
closed varies from nothing to that shown in the accompanying
figure. The valves are decidedly more convex than are some
living forms which have been referred to the species.

,7Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. vol. 10, pt. 5, 1907. p. 246.

]£4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [P*oc. 4th Ser.

26. Coscinodiscus pacificus Grunow

Plate 10, fig. 1

Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis pacifica Grunow, Denk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 48,
no. 2, 1884, p. 77.

Coscinodiscus pacificus Grunow in Rattray, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol.
16, 1889, p. 563; [name for pi. 60, 1877, fig. 13, of Schmidt's Atlas
Diat.]. — Hanna & Grant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 15,
no. 2, 1926, p. 142, pi. 16, fig. 1.

Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg is a common and widely
distributed diatom with a long geologic range. Normally it
has no central rosette of large beads and the beading of the
disk does not form perfect radial rows; no secondary mark-
ings are visible on the beads with ordinary dry lenses. C.
oculus-iridis, on the other hand, has the central rosette and
almost perfect radials, but still lacks secondary beading. Be-
tween these two extremes there is almost perfect intergrada-
tion and several of the intergrades have received names, C.
pacificus being one of them.

27. Coscinodiscus symbolophorus Grunow

Coscinodiscus symbolophorus Grunow, Denk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 48, no. 2,
1884, p. 82, pi. 4, figs. 3-5. — Rattray, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh,
vol. 16, 1889, p. 492.— Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 138, 1889, figs. 1-3.
-De Toni, Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 3, 1894, p. 1230.

Symbolophora; many species names of Ehrenberg; see Mann, Cont. U. S.
Nat. Herb. vol. 10, pt. 5, 1907, p. 256.

This name of Grunow's has been generally accepted to in-
clude a very considerable number of names coined by Ehren-
berg and included in his genus "Symbolophora." It appears to
be impossible to disentangle the complicated synonymy the
latter created and Grunow's action was undoubtedly the best
to take. Most of Ehrenberg's names were founded on diatoms
found in the Miocene of Virginia and Maryland and since then
the species under one name or another has been reported from
many fossil localities, widely distributed. The group appar-
ently first appeared in the upper Cretaceous. It is very com-
mon in the Sharktooth Hill deposit and strata equivalent in
age elsewhere in California.

Vol. XX] HANNA— THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL ]g5

28. Cyclotella kelloggi Hanna, new species
Plate 10, figs. 2,3, A

Valve flat, circular with a distinct border and a marginal
zone crossed with heavy rounded radiating costse ; about every
third to every fifth rib shorter than the remainder or broken
into a few beads ; remainder of disk covered with sparse,
irregularly arranged but relatively large rounded beads.
Diameter (holotype), .0392 mm.; (paratype no. 3176) .031-f-
mm. ; (paratype no. 3177) .031.

Holotype: No. 3175; paratype: No. 3176, Mus. Calif. Acad.
Sci. collected by G. D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.) south-
east side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Tem-
blor, middle Miocene. Paratype: No. 3177, from a depth of
4156 feet in Federal Exploration Company, Kinsella Well
No. 1, Loc. 1221 (C. A. S.), Sec. 15, T. 22S., R. 24K, M. D. M.,
northwest of Bakersfield, Kern .County, California ; Miocene,
possibly higher than Temblor.

Some figures of C. transylvanica Pantocsek, resemble this
species in a general way but all differ in important details.18
A closer species appears to be C. calce Azpeitia19 from the
Miocene of Spain, but it likewise differs greatly in detail so
that direct comparison scarcely seems necessary.

The species is very rare in the Sharktooth Hill deposit but
has been found in abundance in a stratum of younger age a
few miles out in the San Joaquin Valley. A nearly perfect
specimen from there is figured herewith in order to make more
complete the available information on the species. This latter
individual has the marginal ribs somewhat shorter than those
in the Sharktooth Hill specimens but this is believed to be due
to the size of the disk; in other details it agrees very well with
those from Sharktooth Hill. Specimens have been prepared
from the type Monterey where they are not rare.

The species is named for Dr. Remington Kellogg in recogni-
tion of his work on the marine, vertebrate fossils of Shark-
tooth Hill.

. — , — j

18 See Fricke in Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 223, 1900, fig. 21— Pantocsek, Beit. Kennt.
Foss. Bacill. Ungarns, pt. 3, 1893, pi. 11, fig. 177.

19 Assoc. Espanona Prog. Cien. Cong. Zargoza, vol. 4, pt. 2, 1911, p. 200, pi. 1,
figs. S, 6.

186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES' [Proc. 4th Sek.

In some respects this form resembles "Cestodiscus (pulchel-
lus var. ?) hirtulus" Grunow20 from the Miocene of Trinidad.
From the drawing, however it appears that the center of that
species is provided with about seven angular spines and the
occasional dark bars on the marginal zone may be spines.
Both Rattray and De Toni put hirtulus under Coscinodiscus so
it very likely bears no actual relationship to the present form.

29. Cymatogonia amblyoceras (Ehrenberg)

Plate 10, fig. 5

Triceratium amblyoceras Ehrenberg, Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1844, p. 88. —

Ehrenberg, Mikrog. 1854, pi. 18, fig. 51. — Brightwell, Quart.

Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. 1, 1853, p. 250, pi. 4, fig. 14. — Ralfs in Pritch-

ard, Hist. Infus. ed. 4, 1861, p. 857.— Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890,

pi. 77, fig. 3.— De Toni, Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sec. 3, 1894, p. 970.
Triceratium amblyoceras nankoorensis Grunow, Reise S. M. F. Novara, Bot.

vol. 1, 1867, p. 103.— De Toni, Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 3, 1894,

p. 971.
Schuettia (?) amblyoceras (Ehrenberg), De Toni, Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 3,

1894, pp. 1393, 1396.
Actinoptychus amblyoceras (Ehrenberg), Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 1, 1874,

fig. 25; pi. 155, 1890, fig. 13. — Pantocsek, Beit. Kennt, Diat. Foss.

Ungarns.pt. 1, 1886, p. 60, pi. 13, fig. 110.— Wolle, Diat. N. America,

1890, pi. 85, fig. 5.

Valve triangular, gently undulatory with a strong spine at
one side of the bisector of each angle and close to the margin;
sides gently concave; surface divided into six equal parts by
lines formed by junction of lines of beads; these beads ar-
ranged in three sets of rows at 60° to each other ; border very
narrow ; marginal area depressed and marked by finer beading
than the disk.

Measurements

Length of

Rovv

s of beads

one side

.01 mm.

No. 3178

.090 mm.

No. 3179

.1010 mm.

No. 3180

.1124 mm.

No. 3181

.0562 mm.

'■" Van Heurck, Syti. Diat. Belgique, 1880-2, pi. 126. fig. 3.

Vol. XX] HANNA -THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL \^J

Plesiotypes: Nos. 3178-3181, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. col-
lected by G. D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.) on the south-
east side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Tem-
blor Miocene.

This beautiful diatom is abundant in the Sharktooth Hill
deposit and elsewhere in California in strata of equivalent
age.

Because of the absence of a hyaline central area it was at
first thought that the Sharktooth Hill specimens could be
specifically separated from the east American amblyoceras ; in
the latter the central area is well developed. Examination of
numerous collections from California shows that the area is
not uniformly closed and may even be as large as in Maryland
specimens. No other difference was noted which might be of
use in separating the diatoms from the two coasts.

Three aberrant species have been reported living in tropical
seas but the genus is best known from the fossil from Mary-
land and a fossil one from Hungary. None have been reported
from upper Miocene or later deposits so far as my search of
the literature has disclosed. The species have been assigned to
various genera. They are obviously related to Actinoptychus
but differ in failing to possess definite radial rays. Formerly
they were put in Triceratium because of their shape but this
disposition was certainly faulty. De Toni21 created the genus
Schuettia for the group but, as Van Heurck22 pointed out,
Grunow23 had already proposed the name Cymatogonia. Since
neither of these two names has come into general use it seems
best to adopt the earlier; fortunately similar procedure
throughout the genera of diatoms has thus far not proved
acceptable.

30. Cymatosira andersoni Hanna, new species

Plate 10, fig. 6

Ovate, flat, border heavy, ends roundly pointed, sides gently
curved ; surface with large round beads, rather irregularly ar-
ranged but the central ones are nearly in longitudinal rows ;

21 Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 3, 1894, p. 139S.

MTrea<-. Diat. 1896, p. 496.

aBot. Centralbatt, vol. IS, no. 10, 1883, p. 299.

]gg CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

center always with a hyaline area; in edge view the diatoms
grow in a chain somewhat looser than Rhabdonema but closer
than in Cymatosira lorenzianam. Length, .0340 mm. ; width,
.010 mm. ; 10 beads in .01 mm.

Holotype: No. 3182, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. collected by G.
D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.) southeast side of Shark-
tooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor, middle Mio-
cene.

Very few species of Cymatosira have been discovered and
this one differs radically from any of them. It is exceedingly
abundant in the Sharktooth Hill deposit and its stratigraphic
equivalent elsewhere in the same general region. The species
seems to be closest to C. biharensis Pantocsek24 from the
Miocene of Hungary. Two fossil species from Japan, debyi
and japonica Brun & Tempere,25 are further removed.

The species is named for Dr. F. M. Anderson, long asso-
ciated with the California Academy of Sciences and the origi-
nal describer of the Temblor formation.

31. Denticula lauta Bailey

Plate 11, fig. 1

Denticula lauta Bailey, Smith. Cont. Knowl. vol. 7, 1855, p. 9, figs. 1, 2.
(Feb. 1854).— Van Heurck, Syn. Diat. Belgique, 1881, pi. 49, figs.
1, 2.— Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 46, fig. 10; pi. 56, figs.
16-17. — Carter, Amer. Mon. Micr. Journ. vol. 12, no. 5, 1891,
p. 97, pi. 1, fig. 19.

Eunotia sancti antonii Ehrenberg, Mikrog. 1854, pi. 33, XIII, figs. 9, 10;
San Francisco Bay, Calif.; fossil deposit. (Not. pi. 34 V B, fig. 7,
from "St. Antonio, Capverden, Afrika".)

Diatoms referred to this species are not common in the
Sharktooth Hill deposit but occasional specimens may be
found in the lighter washings. There is a portion of the Mio-
cene higher in the column than this part of the Temblor where

* Beit. Kennt. Foss. Bacill. Ungarns, pt. 2, 1889, p. 65, pi. 3, figs. 41, 42.
"Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve, vol. 30, no. 9, 1889, p. 36, pi. 7, figs. 18a,
18ft. pi. 4, fig. 12.

Vol. XX] HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 1g9

Denticula is excessively abundant and this portion is thought
to be stratigraphically equivalent to the outcrops on San Fran-
cisco Bay near Pinole. Bailey's and Ehrenberg's collections
were obtained there and both had Denticula in abundance. My
material from there is similar. Ehrenberg gave several figures
from the locality and they are unmistakably the same as
Bailey's species which has been accepted generally in diatom
literature. The specimen illustrated herewith was illuminated
with slightly oblique light giving the impression of asymmetry,
as in Nitzschia; a true symmetrical arrangement is normal. I
have not seen the minute beads shown in figures of some
species of Denticula.

32. Dimeregramma scutulum Hanna, new species

Plate 11, fig. 2

Valve rounded on top, broad in the center, tapering to
obtusely rounded ends; sides gently rounded; a zone of mar-
ginal beads on each side of the broad central space or pseu-
doraphe; these lateral zones consist of 23 straight transverse
rows of three square beads each, except the rows near the ends
which have two and then one; the beads are largest in the
center and gradually become smaller toward each end ; at each
end there is a large roughly semicircular hyaline area. Length,
.0330 mm. ; width, .0133 mm. ; 9 transverse rows of beads in
.01 mm. in the center of the valve.

Holotype: No. 3184, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. collected by G.
D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.) southeast side of Shark-
tooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor, middle Mio-
cene.

Only one specimen was found but owing to its small size
the species may be more abundant in the finer washings. The
literature contains many species of diatoms referred to the
genus Dimeregramma but in most cases the drawings are on
such a small scale that they cannot be identified satisfactorily.

1Q0 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

33. Dossetia lacera (Forti)
Plate 11, fig. 3

Xanthio pyxis lacera Forti in Tempere & Peragaixo, Diat. du Monde Entier,
Ed. 2, 1909, p. 197; [name only].— Forti, Atti R. 1st. Veneto, Sci.
Lett. Art. vol. 69, pt. 2, 1910, p. 1311.— Forti, Atti R. 1st. Veneto,
Sci. Lett. Art. vol. 72, pt. 2, 1913, p. 1555, pi. 12, figs. 14-18.

This form was first described from the middle Miocene of
Marmorita in Italy. It is fairly common in the Sharktooth
Hill deposit and equivalent strata in California. The upper
Miocene form. D. tcmperei Azpeitia, is generally distributed
in the shales of this age in the state ; it is a larger and heavier
species and is much shorter in proportion to breadth.

The establishment of the genus Dossetia for such forms as
this, seems to be entirely justifiable.26

34. Eupodiscus antiquus Cox

Plate 12, figs. 1, 2,3, 4

Eupodiscus radiatus Bailey, var. antiqua J. D. Cox, in Kain & Schultze, Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 16, no. 8, 1889, p. 209— Wolle, Diat. N.
America, 1890, pi. 77, fig. 8.

Diatoms here referred to E. antiquus are abundant in the
deposit on Sharktooth Hill and elsewhere in California in
equivalent strata. The species is characterized by a heavy and
upturned border zone bearing four post-like pillars. The disk
in many cases presents "watch case milling" effect better than
the specimen illustrated; again the pattern is less perfect, ap-
proaching a radiate or fasiculate arrangement. Neither more
nor less than four pillars was observed in several hundred indi-
vidual valves examined. Because the species is large, common,
heavy, usually very well preserved and of exceedingly short
geologic range so far as known, it makes a very valuable
marker for the horizon in which it is found.

Measurements
Diameter Beads in .01 mm.

. 1426 mm. 3 (Plesiotype No. 3193)

. 1820 mm. 2 . 5 (Plesiotype No. 3194)

.1156 mm. 2.5 (Plesiotype No. 3195)

.200 mm. 3 (Plesiotype No. 3196)

M See Azpeitia, Asoc. Espanola, Prog. Cien. Cong, de Zaragoza, vol. 4, pt. 2, 1911,
pp. 202-203. Also Forti, last reference cited above.

Vol. XX] H ANN A— THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL \i)\

Plesiotypes: Nos. 3193-3197, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. col-
lected by G. D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.) southeast side
of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor, mid-
dle Miocene.

The available information on antiquus is very meager. I
cannot find that Cox published anything at all and Kain &
Schultze only stated that: "while this species bears a general
resemblance to Eupodiscus radiatus, the cellules are not radiate
nor of equal size, but are much smaller towards the margin.
General Cox has noted the same form in the Richmond de-
posits, and instead of considering it a distinct species, he pre-
fers to consider it merely a variety." They were listing the
diatoms from well borings at Atlantic City, New Jersey.
Wolle's figure is not very satisfactory owing to his method of
drawing. However, he did show a diatom with irregular
beading and a heavy marginal zone with four post-like pro-
cesses and it is probable that he had an authentic specimen. He
mentioned Richmond, Virginia and the artesian well at Atlan-
tic City but did not state from which the specimen illustrated
came.

I have hesitated to identify the California material with a
form so poorly diagnosed and certainly would not do so if
there were not so many other things in common between the
east and west coast deposits. Specimens from the eastern
formations have not been available for comparison. Under
such circumstances many taxonomists consider it the best
policy to create new names with the risk that these may later
become synonyms. This is supposed to cause less confusion in
the literature than a misidentification, but in the present case
it seems best to take a chance on this. It is extremely unfor-
tunate that no satisfactory, well illustrated monograph of the
east American deposits has appeared.

Even the genus Eupodiscus is of very doubtful application
to either of the species, antiquus or radiatus. The type of the
group is Tripodiscus argus Ehrenberg (selected by Boyer,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 78, 1926 [1927]
Suppl. p. 89). and it has been pointed out on more than one

^92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

occasion that radiatus can hardly be considered congeneric."
Boyer even suggested the new genus-name Baileya for radi-
atus but unfortunately this had been used long ago for a
genus of flowering plants.28 The latest attempt to rectify mat-
ters was by Karsten29 who proposed "Eu-eupo discus" and
cited radiatus alone. This is almost an impossible combination
and probably was not intended to become a genus-name.

Until some really constructive information can be offered
to clear up this nomenclatorial tangle it seems desirable to
leave the California diatoms under "Eupodiscus antiquus."

35. Goniothecium rogersii Ehrenberg

Plate 11, figs. 4,5, 6

Goniothecium rogersii Ehrenberg, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1841 [1843], pp.
401, 416 (or 128).— Bailey, Amer. Journ. Sci. vol. 46, 1844, p. 301.
—Ehrenberg, Mikrog. 1854, pi. 18, figs. 92, 93.— Brightwell,
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. 4, 1856, p. 107, pi. 7, figs. 43-46.

This is a common species in the Sharktooth Hill deposit.
Originally it was described from Miocene deposits of Virginia
or Maryland supposed to be equivalent in age.

My catalog contains the names of 23 species of Goniothe-
cium all but seven being from Ehrenberg's writings. Of these
16, rodgersii may be the only valid name and the species has
not heretofore been adequately figured. Like many of the dia-
toms belonging to this general group, great variability is
found in the shape and size of the frustules and this fact led
Ehrenberg to issue many names without consideration of other
factors. The genus is very common in the upper Miocene of
California, but numerous specimens examined do not appear
to differ specifically from those from the Temblor, illustrated
herewith by a representative selection.

"Mann, A. Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. vol. 10, no. S, 1907, p. 278; and Boyer, op. cit.
28 Harvey & Gray, ex Torrey, in Emory, Notes Mill. Reconnois, 1848.
28 Karsten, in Engler, Pflanzenfam. Ed. 2, vol. 2, 1928, p. 226.

Vol. XX] HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL \Q$

36. Hemiaulus polymorphus Grunow

Plate 11, fig. 7

Hemiaulus polymorphus Grunow, Denk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 48, 1884,
p. 66. — Grove & Sturt, Journ. Quek. Micr. Club. vol. 3, ser. 2,
1887, p. 11.— Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 143, 1889, figs. 11-13 —
Pantocsek, Beit. Kennt. Foss. Bacill. Ungarns, pt. 2, 1889, p. 83.
— Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 25, figs. 23-25.— Hanna,
Journ. Paleo. vol. 1, no. 2, 1927, p. 114, pi. 18, figs. 9, 10.

This exceedingly variable diatom is very rare in die deposit
on Sharktooth Hill. Indeed, Hemiaulus by this time had
almost ceased to exist although polymorphus was very abun-
dant in Eocene time as represented by the Jutland deposits of
Denmark, and the Kreyenhagen shale of California.

37. Hercotheca mammillaris Ehrenberg

Hercolheca mammillaris Ehrenberg, Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1844, p. 269. —
Kutzing, Sp. Alg. 1849, p. 27.— Ehrenberg, Mikrog. 1854, pi. 3 3,
XVIII, fig. 7.— Ralfs in Pritchard, Hist. Infus. Ed. 4, 1861, p. 887,
pi. 7, fig. 35. — Griffiths & Henfrey, Mierog. Diet. 1875, pi. 43,
fig. 31.— Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 64, figs. 22, 23.— De
Toni, Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 3, 1894, p. 1005.— Van Heurck,
Treat. Diat. 1896, p. 427, fig. 147.— Boyer. Maryland, Geol. Surv.
Miocene, 1904, p. 490. — Hanna, Journ. Paleo. vol. 1, no. 2, 1927,
p. 114, pi. 18, fig. 11.

It is believed that numerous small oval diatoms with mar-
ginal spines found in the lighter washings from Locs. 1063
and 1068 are this species. A critical comparison with speci-
mens from east American lower Miocene has not been made
but it is not believed specific differences will be found.

38. Hyalodiscus frenguellii Hanna, new species

Plate 11, figs. 8, 9

Valve convex, constructed of heavy silica, thick at the
edges ; central disk large, almost flat, marked with very fine
radial lines; outer zone narrow, covered with fine radial lines
of beads; the beads are also arranged in diagonal curved rows
meeting at an angle greater than 90° ; at irregular intervals
the radial rows are thickened producing larger and more con-
spicuous elongated dots.

|94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Measurements

Radial striae in .01 mm.,
Diameter at inner edge of outer zone

.0968 mm. 21 (Holotype, No. 3190)

.0713 mm. 21 (Paratype, No. 3191)

.0539 mm. 21 (Paratype, No. 3192)

Holotype: No. 3190; paratypes: Nos. 3191, 3192, Mus. Calif.
Acad. Sci. collected by G. D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.)
on the southeast side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, Cali-
fornia; Temblor, middle Miocene.

This is a heavy species of Hyalodiscus, abundant in the
Sharktooth Hill deposit. Its dark brown color on dry strewn
slides makes it very conspicuous. The finer structure, however,
is very difficult to resolve with dry objectives but can be seen
with oblique light and 4 mm. apochromatics.

The central area appears rugose under low powers, some
specimens showing a series of comparatively large bead-like
elevations ; the holotype, however, appears to possess an indis-
tinct unevenness which disappears under high magnification.

Two species of Hyalodiscus have been recorded from the
middle Miocene of the eastern United States, lavis and stelli-
ger. The new species is not related closely to either of these;
nor is it close to H. reticidatus Schmidt of the upper Miocene
of California.

The species is named for Dr. Joaquin Frenguelli, the cele-
brated diatomist of the Argentine.

39. Leudugeria janischii (Grunow)

Epithemia ? Leuduger-Fortmorel, Diat. Ceylon, Mem. Soc. Emul. St.

Brieuc, 1879, p. 183, pi. 9, fig. 87.
Eunotiopsis janischiana Grunow, in Cleve & Moller, Diat. Ex. no. V, 1879,

p. 4, no. 257; [name only].
Euodia janischii Grunow, in Van Heurck, Syn. Diat. Belgique, 1880-1882,

pi. 127, figs. 1-4.— Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 105, figs. 19-21.
Leudugeria epithemioides Tempere, Le Diatomiste, vol. 2, 1893, p. 17.
Leudugeria janischii Grunow, Van Heurck, Treat. Diat. 1896, p. 539, fig. 287.
Leudugeria janischiana Grunow, Forti, Atti R. 1st. Veneto, Sci. Lett. Art.

vol. 72, pt. 2, 1913, p. 1648, (var. subarcuata Tempere, pi. 27, fig. 4).

A single specimen was found in the collection from Loc.
1063 on the west side of Cottonwood Creek, Kern County,

Vol. XX] HASNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL ^95

California. The species is much more common in the upper
part of the Miocene, as at Monterey, than in the Temblor. It
has been reported living in tropical seas but the records need
confirmation.

Forti has given valuable observations on the genus and re-
vived the original spelling of the species-name as written on
the slides distributed by Cleve & Moller. It is doubted if many
taxonomists will agree that such procedure constitutes
publication.

40. Liradiscus rugulosus Forti

Plate 12, figs. 5, 6

Liradiscus rugulosus Forti, Atti R. 1st. Veneto, Sci. Lett. Art. vol. 72, pt. 2,
1913, p. 1559, pi. 12, fig. 23.

The specimen here referred to Forti's species conforms
almost exactly in shape, as does Liradiscus ovalis Greville.30

The specimen is strongly marked with uniformly scattered
spines but lacks the peculiar lines connecting the spines found
in ovalis. L. rugulosus seems also from the figure to be
marked only with spines and these appear smaller but the dif-
ference does not appear sufficiently great to warrant specific
separation. The species appears to be rare in the Sharktooth
Hill deposit; only one good specimen was found but since it
is a very small form, thorough search of the lighter washings
might show that it is more abundant.

Typically, a Liradiscus should have the peculiar lines con-
necting the spines and probably this form should be referred
to Xanthiopyxis but until more specimens can be studied it
seems best not to change genera.

Macrora Hanna, new genus

Valve small, circular; margin heavy, crenulated and marked
by large hyaline ovate areas ; disk convex and marked by simi-
lar, large hyaline areas.

Genotype ( mono ty pic) : Pyxidicula stella Azpeitia.

See Van Hcurck, Treat. Diat. 1896, p. 511, fig. 260.

January 8, 1932

]96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

41. Macrora Stella (Azpeitia)

Plate 12, fig. 7

Pyxidicula (??) stella Azpeitia, Assoc. Esp. Prog. Cien. Cong, de Zargoza,
vol. 4, pt. 2, sec. 3, 1911, pp. 150, 152, 213, pi. 1, fig. 1 ; Puente-Genil,
C6rdoba.

This form is rare in the Sharktooth Hill deposit (Loc.
1068) but was occasionally found in the finer washings. It
would be overlooked in ordinary mounting procedure unless
this be conducted with an objective of shorter focal length
than 16 mm.

Azpeitia doubly questioned the placing of the species in
Pyxidicula; he even expressed doubt as to its being a diatom,
thinking perhaps it might belong to the Radiolaria. However,
I have had an opportunity to study several specimens in all
positions and can state confidently that the organism is a
diatom ; the huge hyaline areas are not pores. The relationship
appears to be with Stephanopyxis but there is such radical di-
vergence from all known species of that genus that I feel
obliged to propose a new group name for it. The California
specimens do not show any difference which can reasonably be
used for specific separation, from the one figured from the
Miocene of Spain by Azpeitia.

42. Melosira geometrica Hanna, new species

Plate 12. figs. 8. 9

Valve circular with heavy margin, disk convex with large
beads arranged in hexagonal system, beads largest at center
and decreasing regularly toward margin of disk ; in zonal
view sides are straight and marked with longitudinal rows of
very fine beads. Diameter (holotype), .030 mm.; diameter
(paratype), .0352 mm.; length, .0139 mm.

Holotype: No. 3200; paratype: No. 3201, Mus. Calif. Acad.
Sci. collected by G. D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.), south-
east side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Tem-
blor, middle Miocene.

From the markings on the disk this species might be ex-
pected to fall in the genus Endictya but members of that

Vol. XXJ HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL \L)y

group should have the beading on the girdle similar to or iden-
tical with that of the disk; in this form they are very different.
It appears to be a true Mclosira although no very close rela-
tive seems to have been described. It is common in the Shark-
tooth Hill deposit in the finer washings and was thought to be
some form of Stephano pyxis during preparatory processes but
careful handling of many valves with the mechanical finger did
not confirm the supposition. In edge view the form was
always conspicuous on dry, strewn slides due to the brown
prismatic color formed by the fine markings.

43. Melosira sulcata (Ehrenberg)

Gallionella sulcata Ehrenberg, Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837, p. 61. — Ehren-
berg, Infus. 1838, p. 170, pi. 21, fig. 5. — Ehrenberg, Mikrog. 1854,
pi. 18, figs, la-c; pi. 20, II, fig. 27; pi. 25A, XVII, figs. 11-12.

Melosira sulcata (Ehrenberg), Kutzing, Bacill. 1844, p. 55, pi. 2, fig. 7. —
Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 177, 1892, figs. 23-39.— Hanna & Grant,
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 15, no. 2, 1926, p. 148, pi. 17, fig. 2.

Diatoms supposed to be this species are exceedingly abun-
dant in the Sharktooth Hill deposit. Many variations (or
species ) are present, ranging from those with perfectly hyaline
disks to those with radiating bars as in M. sol and M. clavi-
gera and those with rosette centers. An adequate means of
separation of these variations has not been proposed ; they may
all be forms of one plastic species. As the taxonomy of the
group stands at present they are useless for correlation in
geology.

44. Navicula kernensis Hanna, new species

Plate 13, fig. 1

Valve strongly convex, long and slender, ends pointed ;
raphe surrounded by a lanceolate hyaline area dilated in the
center, more on one side than the other; outer zone marked
with close set transverse, slightly radial ribs of uneven length,
interrupted toward the outer ends by a strong, longitudinal bar
upon which there is a thickening where each transverse bar
crosses; terminal nodules heavy; central nodule strongly
rounded, heavier on one side than the other. Length (holo-

19g CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

type), .192 mm.; width, .040 mm.; nine striae in .01 mm.;
length (paratype), .220 mm.; width, .0485 mm.; nine striae in
.01 mm.

Holotype: No. 3202; paratype: No. 3203, Mus. Calif. Acad.
Sci. collected by G. D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.) on the
southeast side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California;
Temblor, middle Miocene.

This heavy and striking species is common in the Shark-
tooth Hill deposit and its equivalent elsewhere in the same
general region. The silica is evidently brittle because perfect
specimens are scarce, yet fragments are found on practically
every strewn slide.

Search of the literature for a named form to which this
could be referred was without avail. Pantocsek described
several species, A^. halionata in particular, from the Miocene
of Hungary which are similar in shape and in the possession
of bars instead of lines of beads but in every case details are
so different from the California specimens that separation
must be maintained. Many of the early species to which the
California form bears a superficial resemblance are so crudely
drawn that recognition of them cannot be at all certain. This
pertains particularly to N. formosa Gregory31 which is better
illustrated than many others. The resemblance of kernensis
and mimicans to formosa is striking; Gregory suspected that
the transverse bars were punctate and Boyer32 has shown this
to be the case. Moreover, the descriptions of formosa which
have been seen indicate that the diatom is smaller and the
markings are finer.

Some of the species similar to the present one and mimicans
have been referred to the group Caloneis of Cleve which is
now recognized as a distinct genus; in view of the fact that
Boyer33 selected N. amphisbcsna as the genotype, such refer-
ence may not be permissible; further study is necessary to de-
termine this point definitely and in the meantime it is perhaps
better to place them in Navicula.

31 Gregory, W., Trans. Micr. Soc. London, vol. 4, 1856, p. 42, pi. 5, fig. 6.
82 Boyer, C. S. The Diatoms of Philadelphia, 1916, pi. 21, fig. 18.
M Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 79, 1927, Suppl. p. 306.

Vol. XX] HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 199

45. Navicula lyra Ehrenberg
Plate 13, fig. 2

Navicula lyra Ehrenberg, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1841 (1843), p. 419, pi. 1,
I, fig. 9a.— Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 16, figs. 6, 9, 14, 26.
— Hanna & Grant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 15, no. 2,
1926, p. 152, pi. 18, fig. 5.— Hanna, Journ. Paleo. vol. 1, no. 2, 1927,
p. 116, pi. 20, fig. 3.

Navicula lyra recta Greville, Edinburgh, New Phil. Journ. n. s. vol. 10, 1859,
pi. 4, fig. 3.— Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 2, 1874, fig. 18.— Wolle,
Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 16, fig. 4.

This beautiful species is rare in the Sharktooth Hill deposit
but it is just as well developed as living individuals today. It
has had a long life and must be a form especially well fitted
to adapt itself to its surroundings. Variation among the speci-
mens mounted from the deposit is not great. No attempt has
been made to place the fossils in any of the 35 or more sub-
species which have been named because no useful purpose
would appear to be served by following a trinomial or poly-
nomial system of nomenclature. Eventually some of these
forms may be desirable to meet the needs of geology but it is
not felt that that time has vet arrived.

46. Navicula marina Ralfs
Plate 13, fig. 3

Navicula marina Ralfs, in Pritchard, Hist. British Infusoria, Ed. 4, 1861,
p. 903; new name for N. punctulata W. Smith, not Ehrenberg. —
Van Heurck, Syn. Diat. Belgique, 1880-1881, pi. 11, fig. 16 —
Hanna & Grant, Journ. Paleo. vol. 3, no. 1, 1929, p. 96, pi. 13,
figs. 6, 7; pi. 14, fig. 1. — Not N. marina Janisch & Rabenhorst,
Diat. Honduras, 1863, p. 10, pi. 2, fig. 16.

Navicula punctulata W. Smith, Syn. British Diat., vol. 1, 1853, p. 52, pi. 16,
fig. 151; Marine, Poole Bay and Seaford, Sussex, England. — Not
N. punctulata Ehrenberg, Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1842, p. 337;
Mikrog., 1854, pi. 16, group 1, fig. 1; pi. 15A, fig. 34; pi. 15B, fig. 14.

Navicula granulata Brebisson, Van Heurck, Syn. Diat. Belgique, 1880-1881,
pi. 11, fig. 15. — Not N. granulata Brebisson, in Donkin, Trans.
Micr. Soc, vol. 6, n. s., 1858, p. 17, pi. 3, figs. 19 a, b.

Navicula schultzei Kain, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 16, 1889, p. 75, pi. 89,
fig. 2, Atlantic City, New Jersey, Miocene.

Navicula schultzei mexicana Schmidt, Atlas Diat., pi. 244, 1903, fig 5.

Navicula schultzii Kain, Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 24, fig. 5.

200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Navicula schulzii KAIN, Clkve, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. vol. 27, no. 3,

1895, p. 45.
Navicula schulzii marylandica Cleve, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. vol. 27,

no. 3, 1895, p. 45.
Navicula schulzii californica Cleve, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. vol. 27,

no. 3, 1895, p. 45, pi. 1, fig. 26.

This species is common in the Sharktooth Hill deposit and
its equivalent in the same general region. The specimen
figured has slightly angulated sides, this being the most com-
mon form present, but shape is very variable and some indi-
viduals are plain ovate without a trace of angulation.

Measurements

Transverse rows of beads in .01 mm.
6 (Plesiotype No. 3205, figured)

Length

Width

.090 mm.

. 447 mm.

.090 mm.

.0428 mm

Finding this species in the Temblor was a surprise because
it has already been reported from an Etchegoin, Pliocene,
brackish water deposit in the San Joaquin Valley. Under the
name "Navicula schnitzel Kain" it has been reported from
Miocene deposits of eastern North America.3* Cleve added the
subspecies, marylandica, from the same region and californica
from California, but they do not appear to be sufficiently dis-
tinct for recognition.

47. Navicula mimicans Hanna, new species
Plate 13, fig. 4

Valve similar in structure to N. kernensis but shorter,
broader and with a narrower hyaline zone on each side of the
raphe ; the transverse bars end inwardly in an almost even line ;
the lateral longitudinal line is not a bar but a mere thickening
in the transverse bars and the line is much more distant from
the margin than in N. kernensis; the central area is dilated
more on one side than the other corresponding to an asym-
metric thickening of the central nodule.

MKain & Schultze, Hull. Torrey, Bot. Club, vol. 16, 1889, p. 75, pi. 89, fig. 2.—
Uoyer, Maryland Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904, p. 487.

Vol. XX] HANNA— THE DIATOMS OF SHAKKTOOTH HILL 201

Measurements

Length Width Stria; in .01 mm.

. 1350 mm. .0345 mm. 9 (Holotype No. 3206)

.0669 mm. .0223 mm. 11 (Paratype No. 3207)

.1170mm. .0340mm. 9 (Paratype No. 3208)

Holotype: No. 3206; paratypes: Nos. 3207, 3208, Mus. Calif.
Acad. Sci. collected by G. D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.)
on the southeast side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, Cali-
fornia; Temblor, middle Miocene.

This species is similar in structure to N. kemensis but con-
necting forms do not exist in the formation here being studied,
although both are common. N. mimicans is always shorter
and broader and the longitudinal lateral lines are always
closer to the raphe. The measurements given represent the
greater part of the range of variation. N. kemensis is much
the more constant in size. (See under that form for remarks
regarding relationships.)

48. Navicula morricei Hanna, new species

Plate 13. fig. 5

Valve flat, ovate, ends roundly pointed; transverse rows of
beads slightly radial toward ends, interrupted on each side of
the raphe by a zone of scattered beads; this zone corresponds
in position to the lyre of N. lyra, the central nodule being
dilated as in that species. Length (holotype), .120 mm.;
width, .0580 mm.; 10 rows of beads in .01 mm. in center of
valve, nine at ends.

Holotype: No. 3209, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. collected by G.
D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.) southeast side of Shark-
tooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor, middle
Miocene.

The species is rare in the locality mentioned and because of
the large size and fragile nature of the valves, perfect speci-
mens are difficult to find. Those examined, however, have
shown very little variation, either in size, shape, or character
of markings.

}Q2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Species belonging to this same group and sufficiently close
to call for careful comparison are: N. schaarschmidtii Pan-
tocsek,35 with more rounded ends, smaller size (.076-. 10 mm.
long and .04-.048 mm. wide) and finer markings (10.5-12
rows of beads in .01 mm.) ; N. neupaurii Pantocsek36 with
more rounded ends, smaller size (.094 mm. long and .042 mm.
wide) and finer markings (12 rows of beads in .01 mm).

The distinctions shown are believed to warrant specific
separation of the California form from these. It is not at all
unlikely that this species has passed at some time or other
under the name N. prcetexta, since there is a slight superficial
resemblance; however, consultation of original sources of in-
formation pertaining to that species shows that the usual Cali-
fornia upper Miocene forms referred to it have probably been
correctly identified.37 It is possible that the prcetexta complex
forms an intergrading series of variants similar to N. lyra; if
so then morricei merely forms one of the links in the chain but
sufficient material has not yet been studied to prove such inter-
gradation.

This handsome diatom is named in honor of Mr. Charles
Morrice, a modest and earnest worker whose justly earned
fame is narrated in greater detail in the paper on the geology
of Sharktooth Hill.38'

49. Navicula optima Hanna, new species

Plate 13, fig. 6

Valve ovate, narrowly rounded at the ends, slightly convex ;
markings consist of distantly spaced bars, acutely radial, and
extending from the raphe to the border except in the central
area where three on each side are unequally shortened; this
produces an imperfect stauros. Length (holotype), .0411
mm. ; width, .0114 mm. ; eight bars in .01 mm.

"Beit. Kennt. Foss. Bacill. Ungarns, pt. 1, 1886, p. 28, pi. 14, fig. 121; Miocene,
Hungary.

MOp. cit, p. 27, pi. 14, fig. 123; St. Peter, Hungary.

"See Hanna & Grant, Proc. Calif. Acad Set. ser. 4, vol. IS, 1926, p. 154 for
references to N . prcetexta.

M Hanna, G. D., Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 19, no. 7, 1930, pp. 65-83.

Vol. XX] HANN A— THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 203

Holotype: No. 3210, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. collected by G.
D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.), southeast side of Shark-
tooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor, middle
Miocene.

This minute but boldly marked form bears a strong resem-
blance to N. tolmani Hanna39 from a still lower portion of the
Tertiary section ; the present species, however, lacks the ten-
dency toward capitate ends and N. tolmani does not have the
central bars shortened to produce a stauros.

On account of its small size most of the diatoms of the
present species were probably lost in the finer washings during
the cleaning processes; consequently it appeared to be rare.

Much uncertainty surrounds the identity of a vast number
of the early described species of Navicula; lenses were com-
paratively imperfect and published drawings are on such a
small scale that the essential characters cannot be determined
therefrom. Moreover, mounting material no better than
Canada balsam was known when many of the species were
described. Two courses are open to the student of such
organisms. One is to use an old name of some species which
in general appearance and form somewhat resembles his but
the exact characters of which he can only surmise. The other
procedure is to describe his material as new and add another
name to an already overburdened genus. Neither action is
satisfying but the last seems to be the least objectionable of the
two in the present case.

50. Navicula proserpinae ( ?) Pantocsek

Plate 13, fig. 7

Navicula proserpinae Pantocsek, Beit. Kennt. Foss. Bacill. Ungarns, pt. 3,
p. 79, 1905, pi. 18, 1893, fig. 260; "Bodos, Transylvania," freshwater
deposit.

A few specimens of this minute species were found in the
Sharktooth Hill deposit. They may belong to an undescribed
species but the identification at this time cannot be effected
with certainty; the publication of the figure, however, is be-
lieved desirable in order to record the presence of such a form

•"Journ. Paleo. vol. 1, no. 2, 1927, p. 117, pi. 20, fig. 5.

204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

in this middle Miocene formation ; it may have an important
bearing on the history of the evolution of the genus Navicula
which may be exclusively a Tertiary to recent group; Boyer40
has suggested that it began with the lower Miocene.

The species bears a close resemblance to the figure of Pan-
tocsek's N. proserpincv, reported from a freshwater deposit;
the few specimens found in the Sharktooth Hill material may
have washed into the Miocene sea from a nearby lake or
stream because they do not differ radically from many de-
scribed freshwater forms.

51. Navicula spectabilis Gregory

Navicula spectabilis Gregory, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 21, 1857,
p. 481, pi. 9, fig. 10.— Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 2. fig. 31, pi. 3, figs.
20-21, 29, 1875.— Mann, Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. vol. 10, pt. 5, 1907,
p. 356. — Hanna & Grant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 15, 1926,
p. 156, pi. 19, fig. 2.

A very few individuals of this species were detected in the
collection made at Loc. 1063 (C. A. S.) on the west side of
Cottonwood Creek a few miles east of Sharktooth Hill. It and
its close relative, N. lyra, have lived without much change of
structure or form from lower Miocene to the present and for
this reason they are practically valueless for correlation pur-
poses. They are very beautiful diatoms, nevertheless.

52. Omphalotheca caput-medusae (Azpeitia)

Hercotheca ? c a put- medusa Azpeitia, Assoc. Esp. Prog. Cien. Cong. Zaragoza,
vol. 4, sec. 3, Cien. Nat. pt. 2, 1911, p. 207, pi. 11, fig. 3; Miocene
of Spain.

Diatoms similar to the one Azpeitia figured are present but
rare in the Sharktooth Hill deposit (Loc. 1068). It appears
that they would better be included under Omphalotheca than
Hercotheca because of the convexity of the valves and the ex-
cessively long spines distributed over the valvular surface.

40 Maryland Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904, p. 488.

Vol. XX] HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 205

53. Periptera tetracladia Ehrenberg

Plate 13, fig. 8

Periptera tetracladia Ehrenberg, Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1844, p. 270. —
Kutzing, Spec. Algarum, 1849, p. 25. — Ehrenberg, Mikrog. 1854,
pi. 33, XVIII, fig. 9.— RALFsin Pritchard, Hist. Infus. Ed. 4, 1861,
p. 865, pi. 6, fig. 30. — Griffiths & Henfrey, Microg. Diet. 1875,
pi. 43, fig. 66.— Van Heurck, Syn. Diat. Belgique, 1880-1882, pi.
83ter, figs. 7-9. — Pantocsek, Beit. Kennt. Foss. Bacill. Ungarns,
pt. 2, 1889, p. 74.— Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 67, figs.
17-19. — Carter, Amer. Mon. Micr. Journ. vol. 12, no. 6, 1891, p. 121,
pi. 2, fig. 35.— De Toni, Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 3, 1894. p. 1007.
— Boyer, Maryland, Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904, p. 490. — Tempere
& Peragallo, Diat. du Monde Entier, 1908. p. 26. — Azpettia, Asoc.
Espafiola. Prog. Cien. Cong. Zaragoza, vol. 4, sec. 3a, Cien. Nat.
pt. 2, 1911. pp. 59, 64. 156. 163, 164, 175.

No two individuals of this form have been seen which are
exactly alike and evidently species-boundaries should be in-
terpreted generously. Ehrenberg originally described it from
the Miocene of Virginia or Maryland and it has been recog-
nized in several other deposits of the same epoch.

It is fairly common in the lighter washings from the Shark-
tooth Hill samples; the spines are brittle and often partially
or entirely broken off. The frustule is ovate in end view.
Probably the most constant features are the shape and the zone
of dots on the side of the frustule.

At present we have no means of merging this form with
other nondescript "endocystoid" genera although it is possible
that too many of these are recognized as valid. Van Heurck41
placed the group under the much later genus-name Pyrgodis-
cus Kitton, 1885, but the procedure is not warranted even if
the rules of nomenclature were not so violentlv violated.

54. Perrya innocens Hanna, new species
Plate 14. fig. 1

Valve very large, extremely thin and delicate, rounded on
the sides, tapering abruptly at the ends ; a large rounded wrin-
kle or wave extends longitudinally through the center of the
valve; markings consist of a set of transverse bars, rather

"Treat. Diat. 1896, index.

206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Se*.

coarse and irregularly defined in parts but fairly uniformly
spaced and not resolvable into beads; between these major bars
which extend almost across the valve there are shorter bars
extending inwardly from the inferior margin (on the holo-
type) unequal distances; the number of these shorter bars be-
tween any two major bars is one, two or three, on the same
valve; in no instance do they cross the mid-zone; even the
major ribs are somewhat poorly and irregularly defined toward
the superior margin. Length (holotype), .1860 mm. (original
length about .260 mm.) ; width, .080 mm.; number of major
bars in .01 mm. 4 to 5 depending upon the part of the valve
upon which the measurement is taken.

Holotype: No. 3213, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. collected by G.
D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.) on the southeast side of
Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor, middle
Miocene.

The recognition of huge Nitzschias belonging to the group
Perrya of Kitton is contrary to the views of Van Heurck42 but
is in accordance with the work of H. & M. Peragallo43 who
have given the group careful study. Structurally these forms
appear to be too far removed from typical Nitzschia to be in-
cluded in the same genus. The species described above is con-
siderably different from all others in that there is not the
slightest indication of the transverse bars breaking up into
beads. Also the other described forms do not have the pro-
nounced longitudinal wave shown in innocens.

There is considerable evidence to indicate that Nitzschia first
appeared in lower Miocene strata and the progenitors of the
present enormous number of living species were diverse and
aberrant forms.

P. innocens is common in the Sharktooth Hill deposit and
its equivalent elsewhere in California but the diatoms are so
fragile that it is almost impossible to find unbroken specimens
in any sample I have cleaned.

"Treat. Diat. 1896, p. 408, fig. 130.

« Diat. Mar. de France, 1900, p. 297, pi. 76, fig. 2.

Vol. XX] HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 207

55. Plagiogramma truanii Pantocsek

Plate 14, fig. 2

Plagiogramma truanii Pantocsek, Beit. Kennt. Foss. Bacill. Ungarns, pt. 2,
1889, p. 62; Bory, Hungary; pt. 3, 1905, p. 87, pi. 15, 1892, fig. 224,
pi. 24, fig. 351.— Mann, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 6, pt. 1,
1925, p. 129.

The specimen figured herewith from Sharktooth Hill, Kern
County, California (Loc. 1068 C. A. S.) is very close to the
one described from the Miocene of Hungary in 1889. The
ends of the California form have a slight tendency to become
capitate, a character not shown in Pantocsek's figure; also he
stated that there were 15 striae in .01 mm. whereas the present
form has 17. These are such minor differences that they can
hardly be specific. The form is very rare at the locality men-
tioned. I doubt if the species can be held distinct from some
living forms bearing earlier names but until a careful study shall
have been made of the entire group it seems desirable to
recognize the fossil form ; there seems to be a conflict between
two or more of the earlier names.

Raphidodiscus H. L. Smith

Melonavicula Christian, Amer. Mon. Micr. Journ. vol. 7, 1886, p. 218;
nomen nudum. — Anon., Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. 1890, p. 79.

Raphidodiscus H. L. Smith in Christian, The Microscope, vol. 7, March,
1887, p. 67.— Vorce, "The Affinities of Raphidodiscus," The Micro-
scope, vol. 9, no. 5, 1889, pp. 132-137, pi. 6.

Humbugodiscus Deby, Nuova Notarisia, 1890, p. 240.

Rhaphidodiscus, Van Huepck, Treat. Diat. 1896, p. 236, pi. 35, figs. 913 a, b,
text fig. 33. [Name spelled "Raphidodiscus" in explanation of pi. 35.]

This very distinct and remarkable form is apparently an
excellent marker fossil of middle and possibly lower Miocene
deposits the world over. It has been reported from Maryland,
Virginia, Trinidad, Hungary and California. The earliest
name is Melonavicula but this must be considered as a nomen
nudum because when the diatom was finally made known with
illustrations it appeared as "Raphidodiscus." A careful read-
ing of Christian's article shows that he attributed the name to
Prof. H. L. Smith. Van Heurck misspelled the name in his
Treatise (p. 236) but corrected it in the explanation of his

208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pboc. 4th Ser.

plate; nevertheless his error has often been repeated. Probably
no diatom has been the cause of as much bitter feeling as this.
Particularly some European diatomatists deplored the action
of Christian and H. L. Smith; Deby went so far as to face-
tiously rename the genus, Humbugodiscus ! As it turns out,
the critics were in error. Unfortunately Christian's first speci-
men was lodged inside the rim of a Mclosira but his figures
show he had others which were not.

56. Raphidodiscus marylandicus Christian
Plate 14, figs. 3, 4

Melonavicula marylandica Christian, Amer. Mon. Micr. Journ., vol. 7, 1886,

p. 218; nomen nudum.
Raphidodiscus marylandica Christian, The Microscope, vol. 7, 1887, p. 66,

first fig. — Vorce, The Microscope, vol. 9, no. 5, 1889, p. 132, pi. 6,

fig. 5.— Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 84, fig. 1.— De Toni,

Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 1, 1891, p. 313.— Van Heurck, Treat.

Diat. 1896, pi. 35, fig. 913a.
Raphidodiscus febigerii Christian, The Microscope, vol. 7, 1887, p. 66, 3 figs.

—Vorce, The Microscope, vol. 9, 1889, p. 132, pi. 6, figs. 1, 2.—

Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 84, figs. 3, 4.— De Toni, Syl.

Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 1, 1891, p. 313. — Van Heurck, Treat. Diat.

1896, pi. 35, fig. 9136.
Raphidodiscus christianii Gascoyne in Vorce, The Microscope, vol. 9, 1889,

p. 132, pi. 6, fig. 4.— Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 84, fig. 2.

— De Toni, Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 1, 1891, p. 313.
Raphidodiscus bogus Ward in Vorce, The Microscope, vol. 9, 1889, p. 132.

Disciform Navicula, Van Heurck, Treat. Diat. 1896, p. 236, fig. 33;

Naparima, Trinidad.
Navicula disciformis Petticolas in Vorce, The Microscope, vol. 9, 1889,

p. 132; nomen nudum. [Vorce stated that Petticolas had described

R. marylandica under the above name but I have been unable to

find such a description.]
Diploneis microtatos christianii Cleve, Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl. vol.

26, no. 2, 1894, p. 96, pi. 2, fig. 1.— Fricke, Verz. Schmidt's Atlas

Diat. 1903, p. 35. — Boyer, Maryland Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904,

p. 487, pi. 135, fig. 5.
Cocconeis febigerii "Brun," Schmidt, Atlas, Diat. pi. 193, 1894, fig. 58;

"Richmond," Va.

The species is common in the Sharktooth Hill deposit and
its stratigraphic equivalent elsewhere in California.

Vol. XX] HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL ?09

Measurements

Transverse rows of beads at

dark oval line opposite

Length

Width

central nodule in .01 mm.

.0555 mm.

.0515 mm.

13 (Plesiotype, No. 3215, fig'd)

.0480 mm.

.0448 mm.

12 (Plesiotype, No. 3216)

.0315 mm.

.0310 mm.

17 (Plesiotype, No. 3217)

.0382 mm.

13 (Plesiotype No. 3218, fig'd)

The synonymy has been worked out in as great detail as
possible because the species is believed to be exceedingly im-
portant in correlation of geologic formations. It has been
found in several localities in California and many places in the
eastern part of the United States; the strata in which it has
occurred are middle Miocene. A safe inference is that where
the species appears the formation is approximately equivalent
of the Temblor and Calvert formations in age.

I cannot agree with Cleve and Boyer that the form is
merely a variety of Navicula mikrotatos Pantocsek.44 This
cannot be unless Pantocsek's figure be hopelessly misdrawn
and this seems unlikely. The two undoubtedly belong to the
same genus, however.

It likewise does not appear desirable to sink so distinctive a
diatom in the great group Navicula, or any of its alleged sub-
genera such as Diploneis; it is far more distinctive than some
of the admitted genera of Naviculoid diatoms.

In view of the many specific names which have been applied
to the form, it seems that to promote stability the rules of
nomenclature should be adhered to; this necessitates the
adoption of Christian's name marylandica. Fortunately this
has been most used in the literature.

Specimens from east American localities have been com-
pared directly with these California forms and it does not
appear desirable to make a separation. The differences are
inconstant and trivial and are more than bridged by the indi-
vidual variation among specimens from the same stratum.

Boyer45 made this significant statement regarding the impor-
tance of the form from a stratigraphic standpoint: "This
Diploneis, originally named Rhaphidodiscus [sic] because

"Beit. Kennt. Foss. Bacill. Ungarns, pt. 1, 1886, p. 27, pi. 9, fig. 80.
a Maryland Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904, p. 488.

220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

when found it had been accidentally enclosed, as was proved
later, in the rim of a Melosira, is of interest by reason of its
orbicular form, although otherwise naviculoid. The Naviculea
appear to be introduced in the Miocene deposits by this genus,
several forms of which are rather common, while Navicula
proper is scarcely seen until a later period."

57. Rattrayella inconspicuua (Rattray)

Plate 14, fig. 5; plate 15, figs. 1, 2

Eupodiscus inconspicuus Rattray, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc, vol. 9, 1888,
p. 911. — Boyer, Maryland Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904, p. 498, pi.
135, figs. 6, 7; "Calvert formation, Maryland."

This highly interesting species from east American Mio-
cene deposits is common in the diatomite exposed on Shark-
tooth Hill, Kern County, California, and equivalent strata
elsewhere in the state. It is a fragile diatom but perfect speci-
mens can often be found. The pattern of the large central
hexagonal cells decreasing in size toward the margin is a very
constant character. Boyer stated that the small marginal ocelli
vary from three to 11; I have seen only eight on the Shark-
tooth Hill specimens. An important feature, however, is the
fact that midway between the ocelli there are small blunt
spines and this is the most valuable character of Rattrayella.
It is true that the other known species of the genus, oamaruen-
sis and simbirskianus are marked on the disk by radiating lines
of small beads but in other circular diatoms such differences
are not necessarily considered to be of generic value. Under
no circumstances can the species remain in Eupodiscus, the
genotype of which is the very different species, argus. Boyer
remarked that possibly the form is the variety of Eupodiscus
radiatus Bailey, called antiqua J. D. Cox, but very little is
known regarding this subspecies. Certainly inconspicuua can-
not be left in the same genus with radiatus for which the name
Eu-eupodiscus has recently been proposed. Rattray's remark
that the form shows no close affinity to E. radiatus is certainly
true. I have made comparison with the Oamaru and Simbirsk

Vol XX] HANN A—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 211

Rattrayellas and do not believe the difference in size and
character of surface markings sufficient to warrant generic
separation.

Rhaphoneis Ehrenberg

Ehrenberg, Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1844, p. 74. Genotype (selected by
Boyer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 78, 1926 (1927),
Suppl. p. 190): Rhaphoneis amphiceros Ehrenberg, Op. cit.; Mikrog.
1854, pi. 33, XIV, fig. 22 [type figure here selected]; pi. 33, XV,
fig. 20; not pi. 18, fig. 82 [=R. rhombus}.

The species of this genus are in a state of confusion from
which they cannot be extricated until a review of all can be
made. In the following records an attempt has been made to
make the identifications conform to original sources of in-
formation. However, there must be some doubt in any present
treatment of the group.

Regarding Rhaphoneis it is interesting to note that while
the three species noted below as occurring rarely in the Shark-
tooth Hill horizon form a very inconspicuous portion of the
finer washings, there is a diatom-bearing zone below this a
short distance in which the genus is excessively abundant.
The common species in this latter zone, however, are two
others not found at the Sharktooth Hill exposure at all. The
third species, amphiceros, is rare in the lower zone. The best
exposure found of this lower zone is on the east side of the
hill marked "1340" on the U. S. Geological Survey's topo-
graphic sheet, and situated on the west flank of Round Moun-
tain.

58. Rhaphoneis amphiceros Ehrenberg

Plate 15, figs. 3, 4, 5

Rhaphoneis amphiceros Ehrenberg, Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1844, p. 87. —
Ehrenberg, Mikrog. 1854, pi. 33, XIV, fig. 22; XV, fig. 20; not
pi. 18, fig. 82.— Ralfs in Pritchard, Hist. Infus. Ed. 4, 1861, p. 791,
pi. 14, fig. 21.— Van Heurck, Syn. Diat. Belgique, 1880-1882, p. 147,
pi. 36, fig. 22.— Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 37, fig. 20 —
Hanna & Grant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 15, no. 2, 1926.
p. 165, pi. 20, fig. 8.

January 8, 1932

212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

I have referred to this species, the largest Rhaphoneis of
the Sharktooth Hill deposit where it is not common. These
fossils are not subject to great variation in shape and are
broad in proportion to length, the sides being gently rounded.
The beads vary considerably in size, and the transverse rows
have a very gentle curve away from the center. This inter-
pretation of Ehrenberg's type species is slightly at variance
with his first figure (cited above) in which the sides are some-
what angulated. His next figures are more like mine. The
discrepancies are believed to be due to specific differences. The
selection here made is in general agreement with that of most
later authors although some have called such forms "R. gem-
mifera Ehr." a species which Ehrenberg never figured. The
proper interpretation seems to be to make the latter a synonym
of amphiceros. In selecting the type of the genus Boyer cited
all three of Ehrenberg's figures of amphiceros thereby failing
to definitelv fix the species. For this reason and to stabilize the
nomenclature I have chosen his last two figures, excluding the
first which I have referred to R. rhombus. This last is very
common in some Pliocene localities in California but I have
not yet found it in the deposit here being considered or its
equivalent elsewhere. In order to aid in clearing the synonymy
of amphiceros the notes given below have been made on
rhombus and their publication at this time would seem to be
desirable.46

Ehrenberg evidently figured more than one species among
his original illustrations of rhombus. The one I have selected
as type conforms to the usual interpretation although it does
not have page priority. His first figures, called rhombus (pi.
18, figs. 84, 85), are certainly not rhombic and are not even
obtusely angulated on the sides. By the present interpretation
of type figures it becomes possible to retain the commonly used
names for the diatoms to which they have usually been applied
although Ehrenberg certainly had no very clear conception of
specific limits in the group.

*• Rhaphoneis rhombus Ehrenberg, Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1844, p. 87. — Ehren-
berg Mikrog. 1854, pi. 33, XIII, fig. 19 [type figure, here selected]; not pi.
18, figs. 84, 85.
Rhaphoneis amphiceros Ehrenberg, Mikrog. 1854, pi. 18, fig. 82.

Vol. XX] HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 213

59. Rhaphoneis elegans Pantocsek & Grunow
Plate 15, figs. 5, 6, 7

Rhaphoneis gemmifera elegant Pantocsek & Giunow in Pantocsek, Bt it.
Kennt. Foss. Bacill. Ungarns, pt. 1, 1886, p. 34, pi. 2, fig. 21; pi. 20,
fig. 179; pi. 27, fig. 264; pi. 30, fig. 317; "Felso"-Estregaly Kekko,
Szakal, Szent-Peter," [Hungary]; "Naparima," [Trinidad Island].

Diatoms referred to this species are very abundant in the
zone, outcropping on 1340 Hill just west of the top of Round
Mountain, Loc. 1187 (C. A. S.) Kern County, California,
Temblor Miocene. However it is less abundant there than
R. parilis. The long drawn out ends and bold markings are
characteristic and the three figures herewith cover practically
the entire range of variation seen. Pantocsek's figures include
practically the same range and all of his localities are supposed
to be Miocene. The association of the name with gemmifera
is not warranted if Roper's interpretation of Ehrenberg's
species be assumed to be correct because intergrading speci-
mens have not been shown to exist ; furthermore, the extreme
uncertainty regarding the original gemmifera would make any
identification therewith doubtful.

60. Rhaphoneis obesa Hanna, new species

Plate 15, figs. 9. 10

Valve flat, very broad transversely with sides uniformly
rounded; ends produced into gracefully tapering, rounded
necks; beads in transverse rows curved gently away from the
transverse diameter ; pseudoraphe narrow but distinct. Length
(holotype), .0385 mm.; width, .0180 mm.; 8 rows of beads
in .01 mm.; length (paratype), .030 mm.; width, .0181 mm.:
8 rows of beads in .01 mm.

Holotype: No. 3228, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. collected by G.
D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.) on the southeast side of
Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California ; Temblor, middle
Miocene.

Paratype: No. 3229, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. collected by G.
D. Hanna at Loc. 1063 (C. A. S.) west side of Cottonwood
Creek, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.

214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

The beads in this species are closer together in the rows than
in R. amphiceros ; also the rows have a greater curvature away
from the transverse diameter. Moreover, the ends are more
produced into narrow necks than in any of the described
species of the genus except the one noted below from a slightly
lower horizon in the Temblor.

61. Rhaphoneis obesula Hanna, new species

Plate 16, fig. 1

Rhaphoneis rhombus Ehrenberg, Mikrog. 1854, pi. 18, fig. 84, 85; Richmond
Va. [Not pi. 33, XIII, fig. 19.]

Valve flat, almost as wide as long, sides rounded, ends pro-
duced into obtusely rounded apices; beads rather sparse, rows
strongly curved away from the transverse axis; pseudoraphe
distinct and broad in the center. Length, .020 mm. ; width,
.0155 mm. ; 9 rows of beads in .01 mm.

Holotype: No. 3230, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by G.
D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.) on the southeast side of
Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor, middle
Miocene.

This exceedingly obese form is very rare at this locality. It
may perhaps be an extreme variant of R. amphiceros but no
specimens were found to lead one to suppose the intergrades
exist. The two figures of Ehrenberg cited come closer than any
other which has been named.

62. Rhaphoneis parilis Hanna, new species

Plate 16, figs. 2, 3, 4

Valve flat, long and slender, tapering gracefully to the ends ;
sides very obtusely rounded; pseudoraphe practically obliter-
ated; beads uniform in size throughout, rounded and separated
uniformly from each other; transverse rows, straight or almost
so and placed at right angles to the longitudinal axis.

Vol. XX] HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 215

Measurements

Transverse rows of beads in

Length

Width

.01 mm.

.0429 mm.

.010 mm.

7 (HolotypeNo. 3231)

.0490 mm.

.010 mm.

7 (Paratype No. 3232)

.0344 mm.

.010 mm.

7 (Paratype No. 3233)

.060 mm.

.010 mm.

7 (Longest specimen seen)

Holotypc: No. 3231 ; paratypes: Nos. 3232, 3233, Mus. Calif.
Acad. Sci. collected by G. D. Hanna at Loc. 1187 (C. A. S.),
on east side of hill marked "1340" on U. S. Geol. Surv. map,
west flank of Round Mountain, Kern County, California;
Temblor, middle Miocene.

This is an exceedingly common species in the stratum out-
cropping on "1340" Hill. It and the following species consti-
tute a large percentage of all the diatoms in this fairly rich
layer.

The figures illustrate about all of the variation noted among
hundreds of individuals studied. A few may be a little longer
or shorter but the proportions and markings are remarkably
constant. I can find no named species in the literature to which
these diatoms can be referred with certainty. Some might
lump them into the complex assemblage which has gone under
the name gemmifera Ehrenberg47 but this procedure appears
to be decidedly undesirable. Ehrenberg never figured it and his
description might fit many species or even genera. Kiitzing4*
did not figure it ; and Roper49 apparently identified and figured
a Thames River specimen as gemmifera. Whether this was
correct or not, will probably never be known unless Ehren-
berg's original specimen be found. Roper himself did not feel
confident of the identification. Under the circumstances it
appears necessary to accept his interpretation of Ehrenberg's
name and our fossils are certainly not the same as the Thames
River one he illustrated. This latter is larger, has curved
transverse lines of beads, more beads in the central rows, is
less elongate and has a definite pseudoraphe. These differences
appear to be so constant that the Temblor diatoms cannot be
called Roper's "gemmifera."

" Ehrenberg, Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1844, p. 87.

48 Kiitzing, Species Algarum, 1848, p. 49.

"Trans. Micr. Sci. vol. 2, 1854, p. 75, pi. 6, fig. 7.

21 C CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

63. Sceptroneis caduceus Ehrenberg
Plate 16, figs. 5, 6, 7

Sceptroneis caduceus Ehrenberg, Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1844, p. 254. —
Bailey, Amer. Journ. Sei. vol. 48, no. 2, 1845, p. 326, pi. 4, fig. 11.
"Bermuda tripoli" [Nottingham, Md.]. — Ehrenberg, Mikrog. 1854,
pi. 33, XVII, fig. 15; Rappahannock, Cliff, Virginia. — (?) Gregory,
Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 21, 1857, p. 59, pi. 6, fig. 106 —
Ralfs in Pritchard, Hist. Infus. Ed. 4, 1861, p. 772, pi. 4, fig. 11.
— Grunow, Verh. K. K. Zool. Bot. Gesell. vol. 12, 1862, p. 354 —
Carruthers in Gray, Handbook Brit. Fr. Water Weeds or Algae,
1864, p. 79.— Rabenhorst, Flora Europaea Algarum, 1864, p. 299. —
Grunow, Hedwigia, vol. 5, 1866, p. 146. — Van Heurck, Syn. Diat.
Belgique, 1880-1882, p. 147, pi. 37, fig. 5.— Pantocsek, Beit. Kennt.
Foss. Bacill. Ungarns, pt. 1, 1886, pp. 18, 36; St. Peter and Felso-
Esztergaly, Hungarian Miocene. — -Kain & Schultze, Bull. Torrey
Bot. Club, vol. 16, 1889, p. 76; [Atlantic City, New Jersey]; Miocene —
Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 37, fig. 13. — Moller, Licht-
drucktafeln, 1891, pi. 2, row 5, fig. 36; "Nottingham," Md.; pi. 29,
row 5, fig. 2, same place.— De Toni, Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 2,
1892, p. 646.— Van Heurck, Treat. Diat. 1896, p. 331, pi. 10, fig.
399, text fig. 87. — Boyer, Maryland Geol. Surv. Miocene, 1904,
p. 489, pi. 135, fig. 12; Calvert formation in Maryland, many local-
ities given. — Peragallo, Diat. Mar. France, 1901, p. 331, pi. 82,
fig. 37, pi. 83, fig. 36; Richmond, Va. — Forti, Nuova Notarisia, vol.
19, 1908, p. 131; Bergonzano, Italy. — Tempere & Peragallo, Diat.
du Monde Entier, Ed. 2, p. 78, 1908, Atlantic City, New Jersey;
p. 117, 1909, "Santa Cruz, Colorado" [probably Santa Ynez, Calif.];
p. 128, 1909, Nottingham, Md.; p. 225, 1910, Bergonzano, Reggio
d'Emilio, Italy, Miocene; p. 335, 1912, Patuxtent River, Md.; p. 374,
1913, (Popes Creek, Md.).— Forti, Atti. R. 1st. Veneto, Sci. Lett.
Art. vol. 72, pt. 2, 1913, p. 1653; [Separate, "Cont. Diat." XIII,
p. 119].

Sceptroneis caduceus abbreviate Forti, Atti. R. 1st. Veneto, Sci. Lett. Art. vol.
72, pt. 2, 1913, p. 1653, pi. 19, fig. 4; "Bergonzano, Rhegii Lepidi"
Italy; Middle Miocene.

Styloneis caduceus Ehrenberg, Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1845, p. 55. The
genus-name is a typographical error according to Ehrenberg, Mikrog.
1854, Exp. pi. 33.

Rhaphoneis hungarica Pantocsek, Beit. Kennt. Foss. Bacill. Ungarns, pt. 1 ,
1886, pp. 17, 34, pi. 3, fig. 30; not pi. 25, fig. 224; "Szakal," Hungary;
Miocene; pt. 2, p. 63; Nagy-Kurtos, Hungary, Miocene.

This is one of the most abundant species in the Sharktooth
Hill deposit and its stratigraphic equivalent elsewhere in Cali-
fornia. There is very great variation in the size and shape of
the valves but the size of the bold square markings and the
radial beads on the capitate end are remarkably constant.

Vol. XX] HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 217

The records of Gregory (1857) and Van Heurck (1896)
showing the species to be living, need confirmation. Tempere
& Peragallo (1909) listed it from "Santa Cruz Colorado," a
locality which has given a great deal of trouble. Originally
it was given as "Santa Suez, California" and it seems that the
best interpretation to make is "Santa Ynez, California." Thus
far the locality has not been verified as Santa Cruz, city,
county or island although much time has been spent in search-
ing for it.50

The species has been reported from many east American
Miocene localities and from several other places in the world,
all of which are supposed to be of approximately the same age.
No definite record of it has been found in any upper Miocene
locality anywhere. Pantocsek's first figure of Rhaphoneis hun-
garica is undoubtedly a Sceptroneis and probably caduceus
but his second figure is entirely different; his name should be
retained for the last.

Ehrenberg's original figure and many specimens from
Maryland and Virginia are longer and more slender than the
longest shown herewith; however, in a large series there
appears to be sufficiently close intergradation to warrant re-
taining the name for the California material.

64. Stephanogonia actinoptychus (Ehrenberg)

Mastogonia actinoptychus Ehrenberg, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1844, p. 269.

—Ehrenberg, Mikrog. 1854, pi. 18, figs. 109 a, b; pi. 33, XIII,

fig. 16.
Stephanogonia actinoptychus (Ehrenberg), Van Heurck, Syn. Diat. Belgique,

1880-1882, pi. 83ter, figs. 2-4.— Pantocsek, Beit. Kennt. Foss. Bacill.

Ungarns, pt. 2, 1889, p. 76, pi. 13, fig. 221.

Forms supposed to be this species are common in the lighter
washings of samples from the Temblor, particularly from Loc.
1063, on the west side of Cottonwood Creek a few miles east
of Sharktooth Hill. The genera Stephanogonia and Masto-

50 See Hanna, G. D. Journ. Paleo. vol. 4, no. 2, 19.30, pp. 182-184, for a more com-
plete account of the difficulties connected with the "Santa Cruz" locality.

218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

gonia have not been adequately differentiated ; the early figures
are not very satisfactory and a careful study of both groups is
needed. The species are most common in middle Miocene
strata.

65. Stephanogonia polyacantha Forti

Plate 16, fig. 8

Stephanogonia polyacantha Forti, Atti R. 1st. Veneto, Sci. Lett. Art. vol. 72,
pt. 2, 1913, p. 1560, pi. 12, fig. 11; [separate, "Cont. Diat." XIII,
p. 26, pi. 2, fig. 11]; "Middle Miocene, Marmorito, Alexandria, Pied-
mont," Italy.

Stephanogonia polyacantha inermis Forti, Atti R. 1st. Veneto, Sci. Lett. Art.
vol. 72, pt. 2, 1913, p. 1561, pi. 12, fig. 12; [separate, p. 27, pi. 2,
fig. 12]; "Middle Miocene, Bergonzano, Reggio d'Emilia," Italy.

Stephanogonia actinoptychus polyacantha Tempere & Peragallo, Diat. du
Monde Entier, Ed. 2, 1909, p. 197; (name only).— Forti, Atti R.
1st. Veneto, vol. 69, 1910, p. 1310; [separate, "Cont. Diat." XI,
p. 62].

Stephanogonia cincta Pantocsek, Forti, Nuova Notarisia, vol. 19, 1908, p. 132.
— Tempere & Peragallo, Diat. du Monde Entier, Ed. 2, 1909,
p. 197.— Forti, Atti R. 1st. Veneto, vol. 69, 1910, p. 1310.— Tem-
pere & Peragallo, Diat. du Monde Entier, Ed. 2, 1910, p. 225. —
Not Stephanogonia cincta Pantocsek, Beit. Kennt. Foss. Bacill.
Ungarns, pt. 2, 1889, p. 76, pi. 9, fig. 161; "Nagy-Kurtos, Szakal."

This large and striking species is fairly common in the
Sharktooth Hill deposit (Loc. 1068) and on Cottonwood
Creek (Loc. 1063). Forti described it from beds of probably
equivalent age in Italy. Besides being by far the largest known
Stephanogonia it is further characterized by the presence of
the scattered rounded beads and the absence of pronounced
spines around the internal disk. It is very fragile and perfect
specimens are difficult to find. Tempere & Peragallo were first
to use the name polyacantha but without descriptive matter of
any kind. Therefore the species must be credited to Forti who
claimed it properly.

The outer zone with radial ribs resembles strongly the "veil''
of Coscinodiscus sol, a living species.

One very large specimen mounted on the same slide as the
one figured herewith is .1154 mm. in diameter.

Vol. XX] HANNA— THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 219

66. Stephanopyxis lineata (Ehrenberg)
Plate 16, figs. 9, 10, 11

"Stephanodiscus ? lineatus (=Peristephania tin. ?)" Ehrenberg, Mikrog. 1854,

pi. 33, XIII, fig. 22; "San Francisco, Calif."
Stephanopyxis ambigua Grunow, Denk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 48, 1884,

p. 91.
Peristephania entycha Ehrenberg, Mikrog. 1854, pi. 35B, IV, fig. 14 [?].
Stephanopyxis lineata (Ehrenberg), Forti, Nuova Notarisia, 1912, p. 83. —

Forti, Atti R. 1st. Veneto, Sci. Lett. Art. vol. 72, pt. 2, 1913, p. 1547,

pi. 11, figs. 21, 23, pi. 12, fig. 3.

Forti deserves credit for resurrection of this important
species. Undoubtedly it has been confused with Coscinodiscus
lineatus because the markings on the disk of the two are simi-
lar. The high spines on the margin and the abrupt deflection
at that point in the Stephanopyxis certainly distinguish them.
Ehrenberg's specimen came from a deposit on San Pablo Bay,
a portion of San Francisco Bay and I have the species in
abundance from there. The age of that deposit has not yet
been certainly determined but it is Miocene, and probably
somewhat higher in the section than the Sharktooth Hill ma-
terial yet lower than the type Monterey shale. Ehrenberg's
placing of the species in Stephanodiscus may have been a slip
of the pen ; his genus Peristephania has not been accepted.

The species is common in the Sharktooth Hill deposit and it
is believed that the zonal view here shown for the first time
will aid in clearing up the confusion which has surrounded it

67. Stictodiscus kittonianus Greville
Plate 16, fig. 12

Stictodiscus kittonianus Greville, Trans. Micr. Soc. London, n. s. vol. 9,
1861, p. 77, pi. 10, figs. 2, 3.— Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 74, 1882, figs.
16, 18.— Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 75, fig. 9.

Stictodiscus is exceedingly rare in the Sharktooth Hill de-
posit and only the above species is represented. The very com-
mon upper Miocene S. calif ornicus, is entirely absent. The
original locality for kittonianus was "Nottingham Maryland"
a deposit which is believed to be very nearly the equivalent of
the California Temblor.

220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th See.

68. Surirella tembloris Hanna, new species
Plate 16, figs. 13, 14

Valve ovate, slightly pyriform, with a narrow lanceolate
central area bordered by a zone of irregular transverse bars:
marginal zone with radiating, broad bars on which fine bead-
ing is visible under high aperture. Length (holotype No.
3242, .0954 mm.; (paratype No. 3243) .1080 mm.; (paratype
No. 3244) .0910 mm.

Holotype: No. 3242; paratype: No. 3243, Mus. Calif. Acad.
Sci. collected by G. D. Hanna at Loc. 1063 (C. A. S.), Sec.
13, T. 29S., R. 29E., M. D. M., west side of Cottonwood
Creek, Kern County, California, middle Miocene. Paratype:
No. 3244 from Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.), southeast side of Shark-
tooth Hill, Kern County, California; same formation.

This species is similar to S. alternans Schmidt51 from the
Miocene of Richmond, Virginia but this last has a broader cen-
tral area bounded by a zone of regular, radial, beaded bars.

69. Triceratium americanum Ralfs

Triceratium amblyceros Ehrenberg, Brightwell, Oucrt. Journ. Micr. Sri.
vol. 1, 1853, p. 250, pi. 4, fig. 14: not of Ehrenberg.

Triceratium americanum Ralfs in Pritchard, Hist. Infus. Ed. 4, 1861, p. 855.
— Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 76, 1882, fig. 28; not fig. 3.— Hanna,
Journ. Paleo. vol. 1, no. 2, 1027, p. 122, pi. 21, fig. 3.

This species is common at Loc. 1063 on Cottonwood Creek,
a few miles east of Sharktooth Hill ; specimens cannot be sep-
arated specifically from those recently reported (1927) from
Phoenix Canyon near Coalinga, California, in strata believed
to be considerably lower in the Tertiary.

It was stated in my paper cited above that Schmidt figured
two forms under the name americanum, a coarsely beaded one
(his fig. 3) and the one here accepted as americanum. It is
believed that the coarsely marked specimen is the same as was

"Atlas Diat. pi. 211, 1897, fig. 30.

Vol. XXJ HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 221

recently named "Biddulphia jordani"7'2 from Maria Madre
Island. Mexico. It so happens that this name is preoccupied
by "Triceratium jordani" Truan & Witt.53

70. Triceratium condecorum Brightwell

Plate 17, figs. 1, 3

Triceratium condecorum Brightwell, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. 1, 1853,
p. 250, pi. 4, fig. 12.— Schmidt, Atlas, Diat. pi. 76, 1882, fig. 27 —
Pantocsek, Beit. Kennt. Foss. Bacill. Ungarns, pt. 1, 1886, p. 52.
pi. 27, fig. 256.— Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 102, fig. 6.

This small species originally came from "Nottingham
Maryland" and has been found widely distributed in Miocene
strata elsewhere. The name was originally used by Ehrenberg
in 184454 according to Chase but essentially as a nomen
nudum, and most authors cite the species as of Brightwell who
gave the first figure. In most illustrations the sides are shown
slightly more convex than the California specimens but since
this seems to be a trivial difference and all other details are
essentially the same the identification appears to be warranted.

The proposal to place such diatoms as this in which pro-
cesses are lacking in the angles, in Cleve's genus Trigonium
has not been adopted by many diatomists. Likewise, the
placing of all Tricerati in Biddulphia does not appear accep-
table. I have accordingly followed general custom and use the
name Triceratium.

T. americanum Ralfs differs from condecorum in having the
marginal beads arranged in radial rows. Both species are
found fairly commonly in the lighter washings of the Shark-
tooth Hill deposit and strata of the same age in the same gen-
eral area.

52 Hanna & Grant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 15, no. 2, 1926, p. 131, pi.
14, fig. 3.

MDiat. Jeremie, Hayti. 1888, p. 23, pi. 7, fig. 12.
M Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1844, p. 272.

222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Puoc. 4th Ser.

71. Triceratium spinosum Bailey

Plate 17, figs. 4, 5

Triceratium spinosum Bailey, Amer. Journ. Sci. vol. 46, 1844, p. 139, pi. 3,
fig. 12. — Ralfs in Pritchard, Hist. Infus. Ed. 4, 1861, p. 853, pi. 6,
fig. 19.— Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 25, fig. 22; pi. 77, figs.
4, 9, 10; pi. 102, figs. 2, 5.

Triceratium tridactylum Brightwell, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. 1, 1853,
p. 248, pi. 4, fig. 3.— Schmidt, Atlas Diat. pi. 87, 1885, fig. 12 —
Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 105, fig. 1.

Biddulphia spinosa (Bailey), Brockmann, Abh. Senckenbergischen Natur-
forschenden Gesellschaft, vol. 41, 1928, pi. 2, fig. 17.

This striking species was first found in Miocene, east
American deposits. It is not uncommon in California samples
from Sharktooth Hill and equivalent strata elsewhere in that
general region.

72. Triceratium subrotundatum Schmidt

Plate 17, fig. 2

Triceratium subrotundatum Schmidt, Atlas Diat., pi. 93, 1886, fig. 1; Notting-
ham, Maryland. — Wolle, Diat. N. America, 1890, pi. 102, fig. 3;
pi. 112, fig. 7. — Tempere & Peragallo, Diat. du Monde Entier,
Ed. 2, 1912, p. 331.

Biddulphia (?) subrotundata (Schmidt), Boyer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
vol. 52, 1900, (1901) p. 720.— Forti, Atti R. 1st. Veneto, Sci. Lett.
Art. vol. 72, pt. 2, 1913, p. 1637, pi. 21, figs. 1, 2, [fa. italica];
"Bergonzana, Rhegii Lepidi et Monte Gibbio," Italy.

A large but delicate form without angular processes was
found occasionally at Loc. 1063 (C. A. S.), on the west side
of Cottonwood Creek several miles east of Sharktooth Hill.
A considerable number of imperfect specimens was seen and
several were mounted. The only previous records appear to be
from the Miocene deposits of eastern North America and
from Italy in strata which appear to be approximately equiva-
lent in age to those here being considered. Forti has given an
excellent account of the relationship of the species. Boyer
stated that except in outline, the species scarcely differed from
Coscinodiscus, but this is doubtful ; affinity seems to be with
T. favus.

Vol. XX] HANNA—THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 223

73. Tropidoneis primoris Hanna, new species

Plate 17, fig. 6; plate 18, figs. 1, 2

In girdle view, frustule slightly truncate, about three times
as long as broad indented at the transverse median line where
the central nodule is extended laterally about one-third the
distance to the inner margin; ends of valves rounded above;
connecting zone narrow with straight sides ; markings consist-
ing of transverse rows of beads, uniformly spaced through-
out. Length (holotype), .1240 mm., width, .040 mm.; length
(paratype), .1184 mm.; width, .0137 mm., (one valve); 24
transverse rows of beads in .01 mm.

Holotype: No. 3248; paratype: No. 3249, Mus. Calif. Acad.
Sci. collected by G. D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.) south-
east side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Tem-
blor, middle Miocene.

The valves of this species are exceedingly compressed lat-
erally, so that looked at in girdle view the diatom has hardly
any thickness at all ; this condition is believed to be in part due
to pressure in the formation from which the collection was
obtained. The diatoms are very delicate and diaphanous so
that they are easily destroyed in cleaning operations ; never-
theless a considerable number of individuals was seen. Often
the valves are warped in preservation thus making it difficult
to focus all parts at once in photography. Tropidoneis mem-
branacea (Cleve)35 appears to be closer to this than any de-
scribed species of the genus but that form lacks the laterally
dilated central nodule, and the frustule is almost twice as large.
The markings are very nearly the same size and would be dif-
ficult to resolve without high aperture lenses and a highly re-
fractive mounting medium.

84 Amphiprora membranacea Cleve, Bih. till Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl. vol. 1, no.
11, 1873, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 18; Java Sea.— Cleve Kongl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl. vol.
26, no. 2, 1894, p. 24.— Mann, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 6, pt. 1, 1925, p. 174.

224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sesl

74. Xanthiopyxis acrolopha Forti

Xanthiopyxis acrolopha Forti, Nuova Notarisia, vol. 23, 1912, p. 84. — Tem-
pere & Peragallo, Diat. du Monde Entier, Ed. 2, 1915, p. 331. —
Forti, Cont. Diat. XIII. Atti R. 1st. Veneto, Sci. Lett. Art., vol.
72, pt. 2, 1913, p. 1556 (22), pi. 12 (2), rigs. 22, 24, 27, 28, 30-37 —
Hanna, Journ. Paleo. vol. 1, no. 2, 1927, p. 124, pi. 21, figs. 10, 11.

Further down in the Tertiary on the west side of the San
Joaquin Valley this species is very common but on the east
side in the Temblor it has been found only once. This was at
Loc. 1063 (C. A. S.) on the west side of Cottonwood Creek,
a few miles east of Bakersfield.

75. Xanthiopyxis globosa Ehrenberg

Plate 18, fig. 3

Xanthiopyxis globosa Ehrenberg, Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1844, p. 273. —
Ralfs in Pritchard, Hist. Infus. Ed. 4, 1861, p. 827. — De Toni,
Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 3, 1894, p. 1155.— Forti, Cont. Diat.
XIII, Atti R. 1st. Veneto, Sci. Lett. Art. vol. 72, pt. 2, 1913, p. 1557
(23), pi. 12 (2), figs. 39-49.

Forti's application of Ehrenberg's descriptive name seems
satisfactory although the species had not previously been illus-
trated. The valves are so convex that good photographs are
hardly possible and I have therefore furnished a drawing, ad-
mittedly somewhat diagrammatic. The species is apparently
confined to middle and perhaps lower Miocene strata. It is
replaced in upper Miocene by X. umbonata Greville although
the latter is not believed to be a direct descendant. The pre-
cursor of umbonata is believed to be a large cap shaped form
in which the usual sharp spines of the well known species are
represented by mere rounded nodules. This latter form is not
uncommon in the Temblor strata here being considered but is
not now formally described because of lack of suitable type
material. X. globosa is fairly common in the lighter washings
from Locs. 1063 and 1068 (C. A. S.). It is characterized by
the bold angular spines. In zonal view it does not have the
constriction which seems always to be present in Omphalo-
theca.

Vol. XX] HANNA— THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 225

The deposit likewise contains a circular form about the same
size and shape as this but with many more and smaller spines.
Also there is an ovate one with spines as large and arranged
about the same as in the present species ; these do not appear to
have been described and are omitted here because of the lack
of sufficient, well preserved specimens.

76. Xanthiopyxis maculata Hanna, new species

Plate IS, fig. 4

Valve composed of two ovals joined together by a broad
isthmus ; border without spines or beads and surface hyaline,
marked only by faint maculations irregular in shape and size
and visible only under extremely favorable illumination.
Length, .050 mm. ; width, .0161 mm.

Holotype: No. 3251, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. collected by G.
D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.), southeast side of Shark-
tooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor, middle
Miocene.

This is the third species of this striking, constricted form
of Xanthiopyxis. The others are X. pandurceformis Pan-
tocsekr'6 with the "variety" soleiformis Forti57 and X. specticu-
laris Hanna.""8 The present species is nearer pandurcuformis
but lacks the bold heavy markings of that form from the
Miocene of Hungary. Spain and Italy.

77. Xanthiopyxis marginata Hanna, new species

Plate 18. fig. 5

Valve circular, hyaline, with the exception of a single row
of massive spines just inside the margin : these spines are
angular at the base, rounded at the tips and set unequal dis-
tances apart. Diameter, .0296 mm.

M Beit. Kennt. Foss. Bacill. Ungarns, pt. 1, 1886. p. 43, pi. 29, fig. 297.
»' Atti R. 1st. Veneto Sci. Lett. Art. vol. 72, pt. 2. 1913, p. 1552.
"Journ. Paleo. vol. 1, no. 2, 1927, p. 124, pi. 17, fig. 10.

226

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Holotype: No. 3252, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. collected by G.
D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.) southeast side of Shark-
tooth Hill, Kern County, California, Temblor, middle
Miocene.

No species of diatom with which I am familiar approaches
this sufficiently close to permit direct comparison. Unfor-
tunately the best mounted specimen is slightly tipped so that
one side of the circle of spines is out of focus in the photo-
graph, but it is believed the characters are sufficiently well dis-
played, nevertheless, to permit description. The species is
fairly common in the lighter washings.

78. Xanthiopyxis oblonga Ehrenberg

Xanthiopyxis oblonga Ehrenberg, Mikrog. 1854, pi. 33, XVII, fig. 17. —
Cleve, Journ. Quekett Micr. Club, ser. 2, vol. 2, 1885, p. 175, pi. 13,
fig. 18.— Forti, Cont. Diat. XIII, Atti R. 1st. Veneto, Sci. Lett.
Art. vol. 72, pt. 2, 1913, p. 1554 (20), pi. 12 (2), fig. 38.— Hanna &
Grant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 15, 1926, p. 170, pi. 21,
fig. 11. — Hanna, Journ. Paleo. vol. 1, no. 2, 1927, p. 124.

These oblong Xanthiopyxis seem to be most common in the
middle Miocene the world over. During the latter part of this
epoch, in formations such as the Monterey shale, they are
much scarcer and two species, acrolopha and cingulata may
not be present at all. X. oblonga occurs in the Temblor fre-
quently and was noted particularly in the lighter washings
from Loc. 1063, several miles east of Bakersfield.

Xystotheca Hanna, new genus

Diatom ovate, biddulphoid with a round auliscoid spot at
each end and irregular rugose flat zones radiating to the me-
dian line.

Genotype (monotypic) : Xystotheca hustedti Hanna, new
species.

Vol. XX] HANN A — THE DI ATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL ?Z7

79. Xystotheca hustedti Hanna, new species
Plate 18, figs. 5. 6

Valve ovate, slightly convex, almost flat on top, heavily
marked with bold irregularly shaped rugosities extending from
the narrow margin toward the long median line; in the holo-
type these rugose areas are patches of no regular shape and
arranged roughly in transverse or radiating zones ; at each end
there is a conspicuous auliscoid eye-spot surrounded by a nar-
row ring.

Measurements

Holotype Paratype

No. 3253 No. 3254

Length 0714 mm. .0268 mm.

Width 0350 mm. .0188 mm.

Holotype: No. 3253, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. collected by L.
G. Hertlein at Loc. 1170 (C. A. S.) Smugglers Cove, Santa
Cruz Island, California; Temblor Miocene; paratype: No.
3254, collected by G. D. Hanna at Loc. 1068 (C. A. S.) south-
east side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Tem-
blor Miocene.

This strange form does not fall readily into any known
genus of diatoms. It possesses the shape of some biddulphoid
species but has none of the other characters of the members of
that heterogenous group. The "eye spots" are similar to those
of Auliscus but all other characters are very different from
any member of that group. I have selected the holotype from
Santa Cruz Island Miocene because the species is there beauti-
fully developed. The paratype came from Sharktooth Hill and
is a smaller individual with the rugose markings less patchy;
nevertheless I believe the two to be the same species because
the two deposits contain so many other fossils in common,
such as Annellus calif omicus, Raphidodiscus marylandicus,
Cyclotella kclloggi, etc.

The species is named for Dr. Frederick Hustedt, the emi-
nent diatomist of Bremen, Germany.

228 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

80. Zygoceros ( ?) quadricornis Grunow

Plate 18, figs. 8, 9

Zygoceros (?) quadricornis Grunow in Van Heurck, Syn. Diat. Belgique,
1880-1882, pi. 105, figs. 5, 6, 7; Nottingham, Maryland.

Zygoceros quadricornis Grunow, Pantocsek, Beit. Kennt. Foss. Bacill. Un-
garns, pt. 1, 1886, p. 49, pi. 26, fig. 248. — Wolle, Diat. N. America,
1890, pi. 64, figs. 8, 9.— De Toni, Syl. Algarum, vol. 2, sect. 3, 1894,
p. 888. — Tempere & Peragallo, Diat. du Monde Entier, Ed. 2,
p. 132, 1909, Nagy-Curtos, Hungary; p. 278, 1911, San Luis Obispo
County, California; p. 417, 1913, Palogla, Hungary.

Biddulphia quadricornis (Grunow), Boyer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, vol. 52, 1900 [1901]; p. 713.

This strange species is common in the Sharktooth Hill de-
posit and elsewhere in strata of the same age in California.
Tempere & Peragallo's San Luis Obispo record is probably
acceptable because rocks of the same age are found in that
county but it should be added that they have included the
species in a list which was obviously made from a mixed col-
lection. The list contains uppermost Miocene species which we
know definitely do not occur in Temblor strata and also Tem-
blor species which do not occur in the Monterey.

Grunow originally questioned the placing of the species in
the genus Zygoceros and it is believed he was justified al-
though subsequent authors have expressed no such doubt.
Probably a new genus should be erected for it, but it is so
delicate that better preserved material than I have seen is
needed before so doing. Evidently Grunow had only frag-
ments and his drawings are not good. Pantocsek's are much
better. The photographs herewith are of mere fragments but
it is believed that they help to give the characters of the form.
The most conspicuous and best preserved portion of the dia-
tom is a heavy square of silica, the sides being slightly convex;
at each corner there projects a long heavy spine (often bro-
ken) ; the plane of the square is covered with a delicate bead-
ing in partial radial arrangement ; from the opposite side of
the square there projects a funnel-like veil with a narrow bor-
der at the outer margin; this veil is supported with light ribs
projecting from the square but not reaching to the outer
margin.

Vol.XX] HANNA— THE DIATOMS OF SHARKTOOTH HILL 229

I have found the species in material from Dunkirk, Mary-
land, kindly supplied to me by Dr. Remington Kellogg and be-
lieve the California forms do not differ specifically in spite of
Grunow's drawings.

The characters of the species seem to ally it more with
Stephanopyxis than with Biddulphia, Zygoceros probably
being a synonym of the latter. However, there is some dis-
crepancy in the selection of the type species of Zygoceros
which makes a serious complication and we need not go into
this at the present time.

January 8, 1932

230 ' ILIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Plate 2

Fig. 1. Actinocyclus clirenbergii Ralfs. Plesiotype. No. 3138, C. A. S.; X 500;
diameter, .1780 mm.; 7 beads in .01 mm. near center, 9 near
margin.

Fig. 2. Actinocyclus ehrenbergii Ralfs. Same specimen as Fig. 1 photographed
with a lower focus to show depressed central area.

Fig. 3. Actinocyclus clirenbergii Ralfs. Plesiotype, Xo. 3139, C. A. S.; X 693;
diameter, .0649 mm.; 7 beads in .01 mm.

Fig. 4. Actinoptychus halionyx Grunow. Plesiotype. Xo. 3140C. A. S.; X 375:
diameter, .095 mm.

[All of the diatoms illustrated on this plate are from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loc. 1068, southeast
side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.]

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 6

HANNA] Plate 2

932 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Plate 3

Fig. 1. Actinoptychus janischii Grunow. Plesiotype, No. 3141, C. A. S.; X
870; diameter, .084 mm.; from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loe. 1063, west
side of Cottonwood Creek, Kern County, California, See. 13, T.
29S.; R. 29E., M. D. M.; Temblor Miocene.

Fig. 2. Actinoptychus kernensis Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3142, C. A. S. ;
X 550; diameter, .1680 mm. ; showing one set of segments and border
in focus.

Fig. 3. Actinoptychus kernensis Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, same specimen as
Fig. 2; showing other set of segments in focus; from Calif. Acad.
Sci. Loc. 1068, southeast side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County,
California; Temblor Miocene.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 6

[HANNA] Plate 3

?34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Plate 4

Fig. 1. Actinoptychus perisetosus Brun. Plesiotype, No. 3146, C. A. S.; X
1050; diameter, .0621 mm.; showing heavily marked segments in
focus; from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loc. 1068, southeast side of Shark-
tooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.

Fig. 2. Actinoptychus perisetosus Brun. Same specimen as Fig. 1; showing
lightly marked segments in focus.

Fig. 3. Actinoptychus thumii Schmidt. Plesiotype, No. 3147, C. A. S.; X 600;
diameter, .060 mm.; showing heavily marked segments in focus;,
from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loc. 1068, southeast side of Sharktooth Hill
Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.

Fig. 4. Actinoptychus thumii Schmidt. Same specimen as Fig. 3; X 1000;
showing lightly marked segments in focus.

Fig. 5. Annellus californicus Tempere. Plesiotype, No. 3148, C. A. S. ; X 725;
diameter, .0525 mm.; side view of cylinder; from Calif. Acad. Sci.
Loc. 1063, west side Cottonwood Creek, Kern County, California;
Temblor Miocene.

Fig. 6. Annellus californicus Tempere. Plesiotype, No. 3149, C. A. S. ; X 725;
diameter, .520 mm.; end view of cylinder; from same locality as
Fig. 5.

Fig. 7. Annellus californicus Tempere. Plesiotype, No. 3150, C. A. S.; X 555;
diameter, .1080 mm.; side view of cylinder somewhat crushed; from
Calif. Acad. Sci. Loc. 1068, southeast side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern
County, California; Temblor Miocene.

Fig. 8. Annellus californicus Tempere. Plesiotype, No. 3151, C. A. S.; X 260;
diameter, .0720 mm.; end view of cylinder; from Tempere's original
material labelled and listed as from "Santa Monica, California,"
but which may have come from the Temblor Miocene of the Santa
Mi mica Mountains.

Fig. 9. Annellus californicus Tempere. Diagrammatic longitudinal section to
show structure.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 6

| HANNA] Plate 4

935 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Plate 5

Fig. 1. Arachnoidiscus manni Hanna & Grant. Plesiotype, No. 3152, C. A. S.;
X 4-07; diameter, .1515 mm.; from Calif. Acad. Sei. Loe. 1068,
southeast side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor
Miocene.

Fig. 2. Asterolampra rotula Greville. Plesiotype, No. 3153, C. A. S.; X 440;
diameter, .0876 mm.; from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loe. 1068, southeast
side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.

Fig. 3. Aulacodisctis brownei Norman. Plesiotype, No. 3154, C. A. S.; X 950;
diameter, .0378 mm.; from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loe. 1063, west side
Cottonwood Creek, Kern County, California, Sec. 13, T. 29S.,
R. 29E., M. D. M.; Temblor Miocene.

Fig. 4. Auliscus bonus Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3155, C. A. S.; X 880;
diameter, .0422 mm.; from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loe. 1068, southeast
side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.

Fig. 5. Auliscus bonus Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3155, C. A. S.; X 880;
diameter, .0422 mm.; opposite valve from Fig. 4; from Calif. Acad.
Sci. Loe. 1068, southeast side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County,
California; Temblor Miocene.

Fig. 6. Auliscus suppressus Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3156, C. A. S.;
X 934; diameter, .0321 mm.; from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loe. 1068,
southeast side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor
Miocene.

Fig. 7. Biddulphia angtdata Schmidt. Plesiotype, No. 3157, C. A. S.; X 1875;
diameter, .0320 mm.; from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loe. 1068, southeast
side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.

Fig. 8. Biddulphia angulata Schmidt. Plesiotype, No. 3158, C. A. S.; X 1000;
diameter, .0250 mm.; from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loe. 1068, southeast
side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.

Fig. 9. Coscinodiscus ceginensis Schmidt. Plesiotype, No. 3159, C. A. S.; X
875; diameter, .0788 mm.; from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loe. 1068, south-
east side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor

Miocene.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 6

[HANNA] Plate 5

238

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Plate 6

Fig. 1. Coscinodiscus apiculatus Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, Xo. 3160, C. A. S.;
X 532; diameter, .1540 mm.

Fig. 2. Coscinodiscus convexus Schmidt. Plesiotype, No. 3161, C. A. S.; X
330; diameter, .2760 mm.

Fig. 3. Coscinodiscus convexus Schmidt. Plesiotype, No. 3163, C. A. S.; X
1600; fragment showing secondary sculpture.

[All of the diatoms illustrated on this plate are from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loc. 1068, southeast
side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.]

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 6

[HANNA] Plate 6

• «\

■

240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Plate 7

Fig. 1. Coscinodiscus convexus Schmidt. Plesiotype, No. 3162, C. A. S.; X
345; diameter, .232 mm.

Fig. 2. Coscinodiscus fulgaralis Brun. Plesiotype, No. 3164, C. A. S.; X 308;
diameter, .2912 mm.

[The diatoms illustrated on this plate are from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loc. 1068, southeast side
of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.]

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 6

HANNA] Plate 7

•742 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Plate 8

Fig. 1. Coscinodiscus lineatus Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3165, C. A. S.;
X 1600; diameter, .0412 mm.

Fig. 2. Coscinodiscus lineatus Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3166, C. A. S. ;
X 1600; diameter, .040 mm.

Fig. 3. Coscinodiscus lineatus Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3167, C. A. S.;
X 1600; diameter, .0420 mm.

Fig. 4. Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3168, C. A. S.;
X 714; diameter, .0840 mm.

Fig. 5. Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3169, C. A. S.;
X 433; diameter, .1040 mm.

[All of the diatoms illustrated on this plate are from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loc. 1068, southeast
side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.]

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 6

HANNA! Plate 8

• • •

• • • • p

•V • •

•v.v

•.V.V/V.V

•••%

•»_*

/• • * •

244 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Plate 9

Fig. 1. Coscinodiscus meditatus Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3170, C. A. S.
X 775; diameter, .0541 mm.

Fig. 2. Coscinodiscus monicce Grunow. Plesiotype, No. 3171, C. A. S.; X 430
diameter, .160 mm.

Fig. 3. Coscinodiscus novozealandius Grove. Plesiotype, No. 3172, C. A. S.
X 1485; diameter, .0465 mm.; 6 beads in .01 mm.

Fig. 4. Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3173, C. A. S.
X 365; diameter, .240 mm.; 3 beads in .01 mm. near margin.

[All of the diatoms illustrated on this plate are from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loc. 1068, southeast
side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.]

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 6

HANNA] Plate 9

94(3 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Plate 10

Fig. 1. Coscinodiscus pacificus Grunow. Plesiotype, No. 3174, C. A. S.; X
450; diameter, .160 mm.

Fig. 2. Cyclotella kelloggi Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3175, C. A. S.; X 1734;
diameter, .0392 mm.

Fig. 3. Cyclotella kelloggi Hanna, n. sp. Paratype, No. 3176, C. A. S. ; X 1870;
diameter, .031+ mm.

Fig. 4. Cyclotella kelloggi Hanna, n. sp. Paratype, No. 3177, C. A. S.; X 1518;
diameter, .031 mm.; from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loc. 1221, Federal
Exploration Company, Kinsella Well No. 1, Sec. 15, T. 22S.,
R. 24E., M. D. M., Tulare County, California; depth 4156 feet;
Temblor (?) Miocene.

Fig. 5. Cymatogonia amblyoceras (Ehrenberg). Plesiotype, No. 3178, C. A. S.;
X 550; length of one side, .090 mm.; 13 rows of beads in .01 mm.

Fig. 6. Cymatosira andersoni Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3182, C. A. S.;
X 1800; length, .0340 mm.; width, .01 mm.; 10 beads in .01 mm.

[All of the diatoms illustrated on this plate except figure 4 are from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loc-
1068, southeast side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.]

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 6

[HANNA] Plate 10

January 3, 1932

248

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Plate 1 1

Fig. 1. Dentiada lauta Bailey. Plesiotype, No. 3183, C. A. S.; X 2000; length,
.0216 mm.; width, .0062 mm.

Fig. 2. Dimeregramma scuhdum Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3184, C. A. S.;
X 1818; length, .0330 mm.; width, .0133 mm.; 9 beads in .01 mm.

Fig. 3. Dossetia lacera (Forti). Plesiotype, No. 3185, C. A. S.; X 406; length,
.0592 mm.; the dark markings on the disk are sharp spines, out of
focus in this view.

Fig. 4. Goniothecium rogersii Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3186, C. A. S.;
X 717; length, .0530 mm.; width, .0420 mm.

Fig. 5. Goniothecium rogersii Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3187, C. A. S.;
X 900; length, .0735 mm.; width, .0444 mm.

Fig. 6. Goniothecium rogersii Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3188, C. A. S.;
X 940; length, .0532 mm.; width, .0428 mm.

Fig. 7. Hemiaulus polymorphus Grunow. Plesiotype, No. 3189, C. A. S.;
X 842; diameter, .0285 mm.; height, .0220 mm.; 5 rows of beads
in .01 mm.

Fig. 8. Hyalodiscus frenguellii Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3190, C. A. S.;
X 620; diameter, .0968 mm.

Fig. 9. Hyalodiscus frenguellii Hanna, n. sp. Same specimen as figure 8,
X 1600; enlarged to show details of sculpture.

[All of the diatoms illustrated on this plate are from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loc. 1068, southeast
side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.]

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 6

HANNA] Plate 11

250 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Plate 12

Fig. 1. Eupodiscus antiquus Cox. Plesiotype, No. 3193, C. A. S.; X 533;
diameter, .1426 mm.; 3 beads in .01 mm.

Fig. 2. Eupodiscus antiquus Cox. Same specimen as figure 1 with a lower
focus.

Fig. 3. Eupodiscus antiquus Cox. Diagrammatic cross section through spines.

Fig. 4. Eupodiscus antiquus Cox. Diagrammatic side view of border at one
of the spines.

Fig. 5. Liradiscus rugulosus Forti. Plesiotype, No. 3198, C. A. S.; X 1200;
length, .0274 mm.; width, .0153 mm.

Fig. 6. Liradiscus rugulosus Forti. Diagrammatic side view omitting spines.

Fig. 7. Macrora stella (Azpeitia). Plesiotype, No. 3199, C. A. S.; X 3290;
diameter, .0152 mm.

Fig. 8. Melosira geometrica Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3200, C. A. S.;
X 1300; diameter, .030 mm.

Fig. 9. Melosira geometrica Hanna, n. sp. Paratype, No. 3201, C. A. S.;
X 1275; diameter, .0352 mm.; length, .0139 mm.

[All of the diatoms illustrated on this plate are from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loc. 1068, southeast
side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.]

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 6

| HANNAI Plate 12

! *>L%,

• ••

• if

752 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Plate 13

Fig. 1. Navicula kernensis Harma, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3202, C. A. S. ; X 470;
length, .192 mm.; width, .040 mm.; 9 costae in .01 mm.

Fig. 2. Navicula lyra Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3204, C. A. S.; X 536;
length, .1640 mm.; width, .060 mm.; 11 rows of beads in .01 mm.

Fig. 3. Navicula marina Ralfs. Plesiotype, No. 3205, C. A. S.; X 722; length,
.090 mm.; width, .0447 mm.; 6 rows of beads in .01 mm.

Fig. 4. Navicula mimicans Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3206, C. A. S. ;
X 666; length, .1350 mm.; width, .0345 mm.

Fig. 5. Navicula morricei Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3209, C. A. S.; X 766;
length, .120 mm.; width, .0580 mm.; 10 rows of beads in .01 mm.
in center, 9 at ends.

Fig. 6. Navicula optima Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3210, C. A. S.; X 1500;
length, .0411 mm.; width, .0114 mm.; 8 costae in .01 mm.

Fig. 7. Navicula proserpince (?) Pantocsek. Plesiotype, No. 3211, C. A. S.j
X 945; length, .0570 mm.; width, .0125 mm.; 15 costae in .01 mm.

Fig. 8. Periptera tetracladia Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3212, C. A. S.; X
2000; diameter, .0263 mm.

Fig. 9. Periptera tetracladia Ehrenberg. Diagrammatic cross-section of frus-
tule.

[All of the diatoms illustrated on this plate are from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loc. 1068, southeast
side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.]

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 6

IHANNA] Plate 13

254 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Plate 14

Fig. 1. Perrya innocens Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3213, C. A. S.; X 365;
length, .1860 mm., (originally .260 mm.); width, .080 mm.; 4 to 5
major stria? in .01 mm.

Fig. 2. Plagiogramma truanii Pantocsek. Plesiotype, No. 3214, C. A. S.:
X 2043; length, .0548 mm.; width, .0122 mm.; 17 beads in .01 mm.

Fig. 3. Raphidodiscus marylandicus Christian. Plesiotype, No. 3215, C. A. S.;
X 1027; length, .0555 mm.; width, .0515 mm.; 13 transverse rows
of beads in .01 mm. in center of valve.

Fig. 4. Raphidodiscus marylandicus Christian. Plesiotype, No. 3218, C. A. S.;
X 1000; length, .0382 mm.; width, .0382 mm.; 13 rows of beads in
.01 mm. in center of valve.

Fig. 5. Rattrayella inconspicuua (Rattray). Plesiotype, No. 3219, C. A. S.;
X 700; diameter, .1376 mm.; 3 cells in .01 mm. in center of valve.

[All of the diatoms illustrated on this plate are from Calif. Acad. Sci. Loc. 1068, southeast
side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.]

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 6

HANNA] Plate 14

95(3 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Plate 15

Fig. 1. Rattrayella inconspicuua (Rattray). Plesiotype, No. 3220, C. A. S.;
X 735; diameter, .0966 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 2. Rattrayella inconspicuua (Rattray). Plesiotype, No. 3221, C. A. S.;
X 710; diameter, .10 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 3. Rhaphoneis amphiceros Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3222, C. A. S. ;
X 1116; length, .060 mm.; width, .0293 mm.; 7 beads in .01 mm.;
loc. 1063.

Fig. 4. Rhaphoneis amphiceros Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3223, C. A. S.;
X 1250; length, .0435 mm.; width, .0238 mm.; 8 beads in .01 mm.;
loc. 1063.

Fig. 5. Rhaphoneis amphiceros Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3224, C. A. S.;
X 1733; length, .030 mm.; width, .0175 mm.; 8 beads in .01 mm.;
loc. 1063.

Fig. 6. Rhaphoneis elegans Pantocsek&Grunow. Plesiotype, No. 3225, C. A. S. ;
X 1185; length, .0363 mm.; width, .0158 mm.; 5.5 beads in .01 mm.;
loc. 1187.

Fig. 7. Rhaphoneis elegans Pantocsek & Grunow. Plesiotype, No. 3226,
C. A. S.; X 1170; length, .0470 mm.; width, .0170 mm.; 5 beads in
.01 mm.; loc. 1187.

Fig. 8. Rhaphoneis elegans Pantocsek & Grunow. Plesiotype, No. 3227,
C. A. S.; X 1185; length, .0668 mm.; width, .0196 mm.; 5 beads in
.01 mm.; loc. 1187.

Fig. 9. Rhaphoneis obesa Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3228, C. A. S.; X 1235;
length, .0385 mm.; width, .0180 mm.; 8 beads in .01 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 10. Rhaphoneis obesa Hanna, n. sp. Paratype, No. 3229, C. A. S.; X 1533;
length, .030 mm.; width, .0181 mm.; 8 beads in .01 mm.; loc. 1063.

[Loc. 1063; on west side of Cottonwood Creek, Sec. 13, T. 29S., R. 29E., M. D. M., Kern

County, California; Temblor Miocene.]

[Loc. 1068; on southeast side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.]
[Loc. 1187, near top of 1340 Hill on west side of Round Mountain, Kern County, California;

Temblor Miocene.]

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI.. 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 6

HANNA] Plate 15

to
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rDocM
fooodk

UJ o->

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-> J j J u J

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258 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Plate 16

Fig. 1. Rhaphoneis obesula Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3230, C. A. S.;
X 1750; length, .020 mm.; width, .0155 mm.; 9 rows of beads in
.01 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 2. Rhaphoneis parilis Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3231, C. A. S.J
X 1140; length, .0429 mm.; width, .010 mm.; 7 rows of beads in
.01 mm.; loc. 1187.

Fig. 3. Rhaphoneis parilis Hanna, n. sp. Paratype, No. 3232, C. A. S.;
X 1140; length, .0490 mm.; width, .010 mm.; 7 rows of beads in
.01 mm.; loc. 1187.

Fig. 4. Rhaphoneis parilis Hanna, n. sp. Paratype, No. 3233, C. A. S. ;
X 1140; length, .0344 mm.; width, .010 mm.; 7 rows of beads in
.01 mm.; loc. 1187.

Fig. 5. Sceptroneis caduceus Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3234, C. A. S.;
X 450; length, .10 mm.; width, .020 mm.; 3 transverse rows of
beads in .01 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 6. Sceptroneis caduceus Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3235, C. A. S. X 463;
length, .1466 mm.; width, .0170 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 7. Sceptroneis caduceus Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3236, C. A. S.;
X 463; length, .2048 mm.; width, .0167 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 8. Stephanogonia polyacantha Forti. Plesiotype, No. 3237, C. A. S.;
X 622; diameter, .0868 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 9. Stephanopyxis lineata (Ehrenberg). Plesiotype, No. 3238, C. A. S.;
X 420; diameter, .0875 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 10. Stephanopyxis lineata (Ehrenberg). Plesiotype, No. 3239, C. A. S.,
X 420; diameter, .066 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 11. Stephanopyxis lineata (Ehrenberg). Plesiotype, No. 3240, C. A. S.;
X 420; diameter, .070 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 12. Stictodiscus kittonianus Greville. Plesiotype, No. 3241, C. A. S.;
X 700; diameter, .050 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 13. Surirella tembloris Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3242, C. A. S. ;
X 932; length, .0954 mm.; width, .040 mm.; 4 marginal costae in
.01 mm.; loc. 1063.

Fig. 14. Surirella tembloris Hanna, n. sp. Paratype, No. 3243, C. A. S. ;
X 555; length, .1080 mm.; width. .0504 mm.; loc. 1063.

[Loc. 1063; on west side of Cottonwood Creek, Sec. 13, T. 29S., R. 29E., M. D. M., Kern

County, California; Temblor Miocene.]

[Loc. 1068; on southeast side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County. California; Temblor Miocene.]
[Loc. 1 1X7; near top of 1340 Hill on west side of Round Mountain, Kern County, California;

Temblor Miocene.]

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX. No. 6

[HANNA] Plate 16

i
ill

"ii;

t»<

2(50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Plate 17

Fig. 1. Triceratium condecorum Brightwell. Plesiotype, No. 3245, C. A. S.
X 1308; length of one side, .0382 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 2. Triceratium subrotundatum Schmidt. Plesiotype No. 3257, C. A. S.
X 4-50 mm.; length of one side, .0888 mm.; loe. 1063.

Fig. 3. Triceratum condecorum Brightwell. Plesiotype, No. 3246, C. A. S.
X 1635; length of one side, .0422 mm.; loc. 1063.

Fig. 4. Triceratium spinosum Bailey. Plesiotype, No. 3247, C. A. S.; X 1175
length of one side, .0930 mm.; 6 beads in .01 mm. on disk; loc. 1068
Three long curved setae placed asymmetrically on the valve are out
of focus and are indicated on the photograph as large black dots
the marginal spines are likewise out of focus.

Fig. 5. Triceratium spinosum Bailey. Same specimen as figure 3 with a dif-
ferent focus to show the marginal zone.

Fig. 6. Tropidoneis primoris Hanna, n. sp. Paratype, No. 3249, C. A. S.;
X 2000; length, .1184 mm.; width, .0137 mm.; 24 rows of beads in
.01 mm.; loc. 1068.

[Loc. 1063; west side of Cottonwood Creek, Sec. 13, T. 29S., R. 29E., M. D. M., Kern
County, California; Temblor Miocene.]

[Loc. 1068; southeast side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.]

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 6

HANNA] Plate 17

262

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tii Ser.

Plate 18

Fig. 1. Tropidoneis primoris Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3248, C. A. S.;
X 693; length, .1240 mm.; width, .040 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 2. Tropidoneis primoris Hanna, n. sp. Paratype, No. 3249, C. A. S.;
X 565; length, .1184 mm.; width, .0137 mm.; 24 rows of beads in
.01 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 3. Xanthiopyxis globosa Ehrenberg. Plesiotype, No. 3250, C. A. S.;
X 1000; diameter, .0250 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 4. Xanthiopyxis maculata Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3251, C. A. S.;
X 1820; length, .050 mm.; width, .0161 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 5. Xanthiopyxis marginata Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3252, C. A. S.;
X 1200; diameter, .0296 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 6. Xystotheca hustedti Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 3253, C. A. S.;
X 817; length, .0714 mm.; width, .0350 mm.; from Calif. Acad. Sci.
Loc. 1170, Smuggler's Cove, Santa Cruz Island, California; Temblor
Miocene.

Fig. 7. Xystotheca hustedti Hanna, n. sp. Paratype, No. 3254, C. A. S.;
X 1305; length, .0268 mm.; width, .0188 mm.; loc. 1068.

Fig. 8. Zygoceros (?) quadricornis Grunow. Plesiotype, No. 3255, C. A. S.;
X 141 1 ; distance across side of square, .0170 mm.; loc. 1063. Ver-
tical (valval) view showing markings inside of square and projecting
riblets supporting portion of funnel-like sides; only one of four
corner-spines intact.

Fig. 9. Zygoceros (?) quadricornis Grunow. Plesiotype, No. 3256, C. A. S.;
width at narrowest part, .0129 mm.; loc. 1068. Girdle view; one
spine and one margin of valve reconstructed.

[Loc. 1063; on west side of Cottonwood Creek, Sec. 13, T. 29S., R. 29E., M. D. M., Kern

County, California; Temblor Miocene.]

[Loc. 1068; on southeast side of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, California; Temblor Miocene.]
[Loc. 1187; near top of 1340 Hill on west side of Round Mountain, Kern County, California;

Temblor Miocene.]

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XX, No. 6

[HANNA] Plate 18

Vis

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 7, pp. 265-267 January 8, 1932

VII

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF CORAL SNAKE
FROM GUATEMALA

KARL P. SCHMIDT

A series of 13 specimens of coral snakes, collected by Mr.
Joseph R. Slevin in Guatemala for the California Academy of
Sciences, was loaned through the courtesy of that institution
to Field Museum of Natural History for comparison with
other Central American coral snakes of the genus Micrurus.
The Guatemalan specimens prove to be plainly referable to
Micrurus nigrocinctas, which ranges from Panama to Gua-
temala. They represent, however, a well-defined subspecies, dis-
tinguished by coloration and geographic range.

Since the date of Boulenger's catalogue, the common Cen-
tral American coral snakes have been lumped together as
Micrurus fulvius by most authors. I have shown elsewhere1
that as a preliminary step in breaking up this supposed
"species", M. nigrocinctas (type locality. Taboga L, Bay of
Panama), and M. fulvius (type locality, Carolina) can be
separated positively by the curious character of supra-anal
tubercles in the male nigrocinctus, which are wholly wanting
in fulvius.

Schmidt, Karl P., 1928, Notes on American Coral Snakes <Bull. Antivenin Inst.
Aroer., 2, p. 63-64.

January 8, 1932

> l

?6£ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

The races of nigrocinctus are in much confusion as to nomen-
clature which can only be ended by a critical study of types, but
this confusion does not apply to the form under consideration,
which may prove to range through the Pacific drainage of
Guatemala, and which forms the northwestern outpost of
M. nigrocinctus.

Micrurus nigrocinctus zunilensis Schmidt, new subspecies

Type: A male, No. 66,001, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected
by Joseph R. Slevin, June 1, 1926, at Finca El Cipres, lower
slopes of Volcan Zunil, Province of Suchetepequez, near
Samayac, near Mazatenango, Guatemala.

Diagnosis: Habitus of a typical Micrurus nigrocinctus.
Tail of adult male with conspicuous supra-anal tubercles;
body with red, yellow, and black rings, the yellow rings very
narrow, the red rings about four times as long as the black;
fifteen to twenty black rings on the body, four to seven on the
tail ; no black pigment in the red spaces.

Description of type: Amount of rostral visible from above
equals length of internasal suture, which is about one-third
that of the prefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from
snout, shorter than parietals ; upper labials 7 ; lower labials 7 ;
oculars 1-2; temporals 1-1 on right, 1-2 on left; dorsal scales
17 to the fifth ventral, where they reduce to 15; ventral plates
(from the chin shields), 198; subcaudals 46; supra-anal tuber-
cles well developed.

Snout black, extending to anterior border of parietals and
involving half of fourth lower, and all of fourth upper,
labials; lower postocular mostly yellow, as is the triangular
tip of frontal and anterior two-thirds of parietals ; first black
ring involving posterior third of parietals, extending to fifth
dorsal and fourth ventral; fifteen black rings on body, sep-
arated by red interspaces, with narrow yellow rings, one scale
and one ventral in width, between red and black rings ; no

Vol. XX] SCHMIDT— SEW SUBSPECIES OF CORAL SNAKE _>, J

black pigment in red spaces above or below ; tail with six black
rings separated by yellow rings.
Total length 500 mm. ; tail 74 mm.

Notes on paratypes: The typical series includes, with the
type, nine male and four female specimens, all from the type
locality. The ventrals in males vary from 196 to 207, in
females from 213 to 218. The subcaudals in males range from
43 to 53, in females from 33 to 38. Three male specimens
have respectively 1, 2 and 3 subcaudals entire. The black
rings on body and tail are 14 + 5 to 18 + 7 in males, 15+4
to 20 + 5 in females. The yellow borders of the black rings
tend to disappear and are frequently absent beneath. The
temporals are 1-2 on each side in Field No. 3,100, all the
others having temporals 1-1, as is normal for nigrocinctus.

Remarks: This subspecies of nigrocinctus evidently has
nothing to do with Elaps guatemalensis Ahl, which has a light
snout and 28 black rings, or with Elaps fuivius sapperi
Werner, which has the rings broken up into spots. It differs
most conspicuously from typical nigrocinctus in the absence of
black pigment on the tips of the red scales.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fourth Series

Vol. XX. No. 8, pp. 269-290 January 8, 1932

VIII

BIRDS AND MAMMALS FROM THE KOOTENAY VALLEY,
SOUTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA

JOSEPH MAILLIARD, Curator Emeritus

Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy
California Academy of Sciences

In the spring of 1928 an opportunity presented itself for
carrying on some field work around Creston, Kootenay Valley,
southeastern British Columbia, under certain favorable condi-
tions, of which it seemed advisable to take advantage. The
party concerned in this work consisted of the writer, Frank
Tose, Chief, and Russell Hendricks, student assistant. Depart-
ment of Exhibits.

Traveling by rail, the party reached Creston on April 30,
and the next day established headquarters on some property
owned by Mr. Tose, about ly? miles south of the town on a
bench overlooking the Kootenay River bottom, where it re-
mained until May 18. On that date headquarters were moved
to the northern edge of town and maintained there until the
close of field work, June 5.

Creston is situated on a series of benches on the east side of
the Kootenay River about 14 miles southeasterly from
Kootenay Landing, which place is at the south end of Lake
Kootenay. The altitude of Creston is recorded as 1985 feet,

January 3, 1932

270 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ssb

but the bench mark must be in the lower portion of the town,
about 200 feet above the river, which has along this part but
a very slight fall. The river bottom here has a width of three
to four miles, almost level crosswise, from which rises, at first
gradually and then more abruptly, a mountain range on each
side; the Purcell Range on the eastern and the Nelson Range
on the western side.

Benches of partly open, rolling land extend for some miles
above Creston eastward toward the Purcell Mountains, from
which flows the Goat River, whose valley widens out at the
southern edge of the town on its way to join the Kootenay.
On the west side of the latter river rises the gloomy, but less
precipitous, Nelson Range, covered with brush and timber.
Along the foothills on the east side of the Kootenay are roads
and railroads, passing through large timber areas and some
open lands, but on the west side, except along the bottom land,
there are few roads and fewer trails, the latter made impass-
able by the melting snow of spring.

On May 2 work began in earnest. Mr. Tose made arrange-
ments with a resident for his labor and the use of a team and
wagon with which to visit places in the neighborhood. Tose
made a trip across the Kootenay River to West Creston,
where collecting was carried on from May 9 to May 14, when
warning was received to return at once, as the river was rising
to such a height as would soon prevent, for some weeks to
come, the bringing back of the outfit. Another trip was made,
from May 18 to May 25, to Kitchener and Yahk, at higher
elevations than that of Creston, on the western side of the
Purcell Range. The two other members of the party mean-
while covered the area within working distance of Creston.

The Kootenay River flows past Creston on its way to the
long, narrow Kootenay Lake with so slight a fall as to cause
the flood waters to back up, in the spring freshets, for many
miles to the southward, past the United States boundary line
some distance into northern Idaho. The bottom land here
spreads out on each side of the river for a mile or so, much of
it being productive of good pasture for stock and hay for winter
feeding. The river banks and some higher spots in the bottom

Vol. XX] MA1LL1AKV— BIRDS AND MAMMALS, KOOTEXAY VALLEY ?7 1

have growths of cotton woods and willows with small islands
of pine here and there, so that there is quite a variety of asso-
ciation, from marsh and open meadow to dense groves of
large trees, all available for the support and shelter of various
forms of bird life during a large part of the year.

Ordinarily the flood waters commence to encroach upon the
bottom lands between the first and the middle of June, accord-
ing to the reports of residents, with the highest water in July,
so it was believed that there would be plenty of time for the
party to work over the meadows and Cottonwood groves be-
fore the overflow wTould interfere, but in the spring of 1928
late snowfalls, followed by rain and high temperatures,
greatly advanced the flood stage. In fact, the water was filling
the lowest parts of the river bottom at the time of the arrival
of the party, April 30, and in very few days all work there
had to be abandoned, while all forms of ground and marsh
loving birds were driven away. In consequence, the work of
the party was then confined to the higher lands, where bird
life was found to be rather scarce, and small rodent life ex-
ceedingly so. The necessitated return of Tose from the
west side of the river was a distinct disappointment, even
though the mountain trails were made impassable by the
swollen streams.

Two or three years before the arrival of the Academy party
a terrific blizzard had struck the forest, just back of the party's
first camp, and had caused so much havoc that sawmills had at
once been established in order to save as much of the fallen
timber as possible before it rotted.

By the middle of May the Goat River had risen to such a
height as seriously to threaten the line of communication and
supply of the party, so camp was moved on May 18 to the north
side of Creston and established at the foot of Goat Mountain
for the rest of the stay.

The list of specimens obtained by the party included 319
birds (of 73 species) and 108 small mammals (of 10 species).

For permission to collect migratory birds, acknowledg-
ments are due to the Dominion Parks Branch, Department of
the Interior, and to the Game Conservation Board, Vancouver,
B. C.. for permission to collect non-migratory birds, in the
territory covered by the Academy party in this work.

272

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4th Sek.

Check-List of the Birds

1. Mergui americanus Casein 44.

2. Anas platyrkynchos Linnaeus 45.

3. Querquedula cyanoptera (Vieillot)

4. A ix sponsa (Linnaeus) 46.

5. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu) 47.

6. Gallinago delicata (Ord) 48.

7. Oxyechus vociferus (Linnaeus) 49.

8. Dendragopus obscurus richardsoni 50.

(Douglas) 51.

9. Bonasa umbellus umbelloides (Douglas) 52.

10. Accipiter relox (Wilson)

11. Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte) 53.

12. Cerchneis sparveria sparveria (Linnaeus) 54.

13. Pandion haliaeles carolinensis (Gmelin) 55.

14. Bubo virginianus subsp.

15. Ceryle alcyon caurina Grinnell 56.

16. Dryobates villosus monticola Anthony 57.

17. Dryobates pubescens leucurus (Hartlaub) 58.

18. Picoides arcticus (Swainson) 59.

19. Picoides americanus fasciatus Baird 60.

20. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis Baird 61.

21. Phloetomus pileatus picinus Bangs 62.

22. Asyndesmus lewisi Riley 63.

23. Colaptes cafer coliaris Vigors 64.

24. Archilochus alexandri (Bourcier & 65.

Mulsant) 66.

25. Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin)

26. Stellula calliope (Gould) 67.

27. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus) 68.

28. Tyrannus verticalis Say 69.

29. Myiochanes richardso?>% richardsoni 70.

(Swainson) 71.

30. Empidonax hammondi (Xantus) 72.

31. Empidonax wrighti Baird 73.

32. Cyanocitta stelleri annectens (Baird)

33. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Ridgway 74.

34. Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis Ridgway

35. Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson) 75.

36. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus) 76.

37. Molothrus ater artemisix Grinnell 77.

38. Agelaius phoeniceus nevadensis Grinnell 78,

39. Sturnella neglecta Audubon

40. Icterus bullocki (Swainson) 79,

41. Euphagus cyanocephalus cyanocephalus 80

(Wagler)

42. Hesperiphona vespertina brooksi Grinnell 81

43. Carpodacus cassini Baird

Spinus pinus pinus (Wilson)
Passerculus sandwichensis anthinus

Bonaparte
Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelli (NuttaR)
Spizella passerina arizonx Coues
Junco oreganus shufeldti (Coale)
Melospiza melodia morphna Oberholser
Passereila iliaca subsp.
Pipilo maculatus curlatus Grinnell
Hedymeles melanocephalus melaocephalui

(Swainson)
Passerina amcena (Say)
Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson)
Petrochelidon albifrons albifrons

(Rafinesque)
Hirundo erythrogaster Boddaert
Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot)
Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns
Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Audubon)
Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot
Vireosylva olivacea (Linnaeus)
Vireosylva gilva swainsoni (Baird)
Lanivireo solitarius cassini (Xantus)
Vermivora ruficapilla gulturalis (Ridgway)
Dendroica sestiva sestiva (Gmelin)
Dendroica auduboni auduboni (J. K.

Townsend)
Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster
Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus)
Dumetella carolinensis (Linnaeus)
Troglodytes a'edon parkmani Audubon
Nannus hiemalis pacificus (Baird)
Silta canadensis Linnaeus
Penthesles atricapillus septentrionalis

(Harris)
Penlhestes rufescens rufescens (J. K.

Townsend)
Regulus satrapa olivaceus Baird
Corthylio calendula cineraceus (Grinnell)
Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi)
Planesticus migratorius propinquus

(Ridgway)
Ixoreus nsevius meruloides (Swainson)
Sialia mexicana occidentalis 3. K.

Townsend
Sialia currucoides (Bechstein)

Vol. XX] MAILL1ARD— BIRDS AND MAMMALS, KOOTENAY VALLEY 2/3

General Accounts of the Birds

1. Mergus americanus Cassin
One noted near Creston May 3, but none identified later.

2. Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus

Noted near Creston May 3, but none seen after the rivers
rose.

3. Querquedula cyanoptera (Vieillot)

A male was noted May 2, on the Kootenay near Creston.
and one was taken May 31.

4. Aix sponsa (Linnaeus)

A male was seen May 2, in the Kootenay bottom, but not
secured. No other noted.

5. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu)

Near the first camp of the party this species was daily heard
in the bottom land making its "pumping" sound, but it was
soon driven away by the flood waters. One secured June 1,
near Creston.

6. Gallinago delicata (Ord)

Like the last, commonly heard at night until driven away
from the bottom land by high water. One secured May 31,
along the edge of the overflow.

7. Oxyechus vociferus (Linnaeus)

A few pair were scattered along the edge of the bottom land
and several specimens were taken.

974 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

8. Dendragapus obscurus richardsoni (Douglas)

Reported to have been quite common all through the con-
iferous forest in the vicinity of Creston and on both the Pur-
cell and the Nelson mountain ranges, but in 1928 grouse were
very scarce. Some of the resident people ascribed this to an
epidemic and others to the fact that the preceding spring had
been a very wet one, with consequent high mortality among
young broods. A few were found in close vicinity to Creston,
on Goat Mountain, and Tose found a few on the higher
ranges while out on side trips. Four specimens were secured,
all typical richardsoni.

9. Bonasa umbellus umbelloides (Douglas)

This grouse was found in practically the same localities as
the above, but seemed to prefer more brushy ground cover.
It was apparently even more scarce than Dendragapus, though
it may have been only more difficult to find. Three specimens
were secured, one of which was taken in the cottonwoods on
the bottom land.

10. Accipiter velox (Wilson)

Not often met with. Near Kitchener, a male was taken
May 23, a few miles east of and at a higher elevation than
Creston.

11. Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte)

This hawk also was rare, but less so than the preceding.
One specimen only was secured, a very small adult male,
Mav 9.

12. Cerchneis sparveria sparveria (Linnaeus)

A few pairs were noted in this region, but this species was
by no means common. A male and a female were taken at
Creston May 5.

Vol. XX] MAILLIARD— BIRDS AND MAMMALS, KOOTENAY VALLEY 275

13. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmelin)

Occasionally noted along the river. One specimen secured
May 5. None was observed in the act of securing food, so that
what it succeeded in finding in the way of sustenance during
this flood of muddy, opaque water was not ascertained.

14. Bubo virginianus subsp.

At the first camp, owls of this genus were nightly heard
hooting, chiefly in the cottonwood groves of the bottom land,
with only a few calls from the wrecked forest close by.

15. Ceryle alcyon caurina Grinnell

Present, but rarely met with in such a great area as was
covered by the abnormally high water of 1928. One specimen
was secured May 7.

16. Dryobates villosus monticola Anthony

Commonly found in suitable places throughout the region,
but not numerous in any part of it. Several specimens
secured.

17. Dryobates pubescens leucurus (Hartlaub)

Common, but not as abundant as might be expected, even in
localities appearing to be very well adapted to its needs. Found
scattered about apple orchards and, to some extent, in the con-
iferous forest where not too dense, but most numerous in the
cotton woods of the bottom land, at least before high water.
As this species is not a ground feeder, it hardly seems proba-
ble that flood conditions would seriously affect its status there.

18. Picoides articus (Swainson)

Three specimens of this woodpecker were collected, two at
Kitchener and one at Creston. The latter was taken May 8,
when it probably was on its way to a higher altitude, as no
more were noted at Creston level.

276 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

19. Picoides americanus fasciatus Baird

A female was taken near Kitchener May 24, at an altitude
of 3000 feet, or over. None other was identified.

20. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis Baird

A very common bird in the Kootenay Valley and more
numerous than all other species combined of the woodpeckers
noted there.

21. Phloeotomus pileatus picinus Bangs

In the woods near Creston this woodpecker is still rather
commonly to be heard in the spring time, but it is very wild
and not easily seen in the tall timber. Reported by residents
of Creston as quite numerous in winter, coming down from
higher altitudes to where food conditions were less trying.
Often heard by members of our party and seen at a distance.
One specimen was secured.

22. Asyndesmus lewisi Riley

A few pairs of this conspicuous woodpecker were noted in
the Kootenay Valley, scattered over the region, and several
specimens were taken.

23. Colaptes cafer collaris Vigors

This woodpecker is commonly found throughout the terri-
tory around Creston, but is less abundant than one might ex-
pect, considering the favorable appearance of the country.
Three specimens were secured which appear to be referable
to this form.

24. Archilochus alexandri (Bourcier & Mulsant)

Very few hummingbirds of any species were seen and most
of those noted were in the gardens and orchards in and around
Creston, where a female was taken May 28. No other indi-
vidual of this species was identified.

Vol. XX] MAILLIARD— BIRDS AND MAMMALS, KOOTENAY VALLEY 277

25. Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin)

What few hummingbirds were seen outside of gardens or
apple orchards were usually in places where it would have
been impossible to retrieve one if shot, on account of weeds
and trash on the ground, and none of this species was secured.
Several times noted in the town of Creston. A nest was found
in an apple tree on the outskirts of town, nearly seven feet
above ground, with the female incubating. This bird was so
little disturbed by close approach of an observer that her tail
feathers were critically examined by the author for some
minutes, at a distance of only a few inches. The bird was
finally flushed and shot, but attempts to secure it failed, as it
fell slantingly into a hopeless tangle of weeds.

26. Stellula calliope (Gould)

A male was taken May 14, at Creston, and another May 22,
these constituting the only records.

27. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus)

This flycatcher was first noted May 12 by the Tose party
at West Creston across the Kootenay River, when one specimen
was taken. None was seen on the east side of the river until
May 29, when a few were noted here and there in favorable
localities in the open, rolling country. A few days later a
boat trip made by some of the party revealed quite a number
of these flycatchers among scattered, bush-like willows, half
a mile or more out from the flood shore. The tops of these
willows extended 5 to 10 feet above the water, and, at this
date, buds were just beginning to show on the exposed twigs.
Among these still bare looking branches the Kingbirds were
building nests, mostly with dead twigs from the immediate
surroundings. Some of the nests seemed to be perilously near
the water. Of two discovered on June 1, one was only about
a foot above water and the other 18 inches. (See Condor
XXXIII, 1931, pp. 73-74.)

978 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ses.

28. Tyrannus verticalis Say

Noted at West Creston May 10, when two specimens were
secured. Farmers of that locality reported that there had been
a flight of birds of this species through West Creston just
previous to our arrival. This flycatcher was not noted any-
where after May 10.

29. Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni (Swainson)

Rare in this locality. A few were noted at Creston and two
specimens were secured. May 28 and 29, respectively.

30. Empidonax hammondi (Xantus)

A specimen was taken at Creston May 17, the earliest date
on which this species was noted. Later it was found to be
common in this vicinity, in suitable association, and was also
found between Kitchener and Yahk.

31. Empidonax wrighti Baird

The only flycatcher identified as of this species was taken
at Creston Mav 19.

32. Cyanocitta stelleri annectens (Baird)

Common resident, mostly in coniferous association. Not
numerous in the breeding season, as it scatters out through the
higher mountains for nesting. Early in May a few were seen
in the cotton woods of the river bottom, probably in vertical
migration. Said to be more numerous in winter.

33. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Ridgway

On May 8, one adult male, two adult females, and four
juveniles, were taken in the pine forest on Goat Mountain,
close to Creston. These were part of a small band that ap-
peared to be migrating through the locality. Another female
was secured May 15, but none was seen after that date.

Vol. XX] MAILLIAKD— BIRDS AND MAMMALS, KOOTENAY VALLEY 279

34. Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis Ridgway

A few crows were apparently resident in this vicinity, but
they were so wary that but one was secured. Several pairs
were noted in the overflowed cottonwood groves along what
are the banks of the Kootenav River at normal stage of water.
Here they were nesting in the taller trees, from which they
sallied forth in search of food for the young, paying particu-
lar attention to drift and to the flood shores.

35. Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson)

On May 16, a female of this species was taken on the edge
of the wrecked forest, across Goat River from Creston, this
constituting the only record.

36. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus)

Several Bobolinks were seen from the road at the foot of
the Creston grade May 28, on a small patch of ground around
a farm house that was isolated by high water. A landing was
made upon this little island, but the birds were very wary and
flew away before any could be secured. Identification, how-
ever, as made by the present writer, was unquestionable.

37. Molothrus ater artemesiae Grinnell

The only bird noted of this species, a female, was taken at
Creston on June 1. in the top of one of the bush-like willow
trees out in the overflowed bottom, where it was in company
with some red- winged blackbirds.

38. Agelaius phoeniceus nevadensis Grinnell

At the date of our arrival, a few red-winged blackbirds
were occupying some reeds in the bottom land, a mile or so
above Creston. Judging from old nests found, it seemed that
they would nest in the willows there, but the rapidly rising
flood waters and want of a boat made critical examination of

2gO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Stx.

the situation impossible. Later, when the flood was at its
peak, a boat was finally obtained at Creston and redwings were
found close to town, in the protruding tops of willows in the
submerged area, where nine adult males in good plumage, and
one in poorly developed plumage, were taken. Females were
scarce and only two were secured. No nests were found.

A careful examination of these specimens shows that the
exposed culmen of the nine males averages slightly longer
than does that of a series of Agelaius p. nevadensis from
eastern and north-eastern California, but in every other par-
ticular the Kootenay Valley birds correspond so closely with
the above from California that there seems to be every reason
■to consider them as being the extreme eastern representation
of A. p. nevadensis. In this the British Columbian members
may be classed with the redwings of southeastern Arizona
(see Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Series, XVII, no. 12.
pp. 317-322). as being the largest representatives of this race,
just as the California birds are the smallest.

39. Sturnella neglecta Audubon

Common over the open country and on cleared land, but
not numerous. There were some in the river bottom in early
May, but they were soon driven out by the high water.

40. Icterus bullocki (Swain son)

Prior to the end of May this species was not encountered in
this region, but a male and a female were taken at Creston
June 1. Unless there were further arrivals after our departure
on June 6, orioles are poorly represented among the summer
birds of this valley, as no other individuals were seen.

41. Euphagus cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Wagler)

Common resident of the Kootenay Valley, but not abun-
dant in spring. Found nesting around Creston.,

Vol. XX] MA1LL1ARU— BIRDS AND MAMMALS, KOOTENAY VALLEY 281

42. Hesperiphona vespertina brooksi Grinnell

A flock of birds of this species appeared near Creston May
14, from which several specimens were secured, mostly males.
Others were seen May 19, in the forest on Goat Mountain,
but none after that date.

4.x Carpodacus cassini Baird

Common summer resident in the coniferous forest and rela-
tively numerous.

44. Spinus pinus pinus (Wilson)

A male was taken at Creston May 19, and a female the next
day, but no further record of this species was made.

45. Passerculus sandwichensis anthinus Bonaparte

A pair was taken at Creston May 2, but none was seen after
that date. The two collected, migrants, are apparently of the
coastal subspecies anthinus (see Brooks & Swarth, Birds of
British Columbia. Pac. Coast Avifauna, No. 17, p. 91).

46. Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelli (Nuttall)

A single individual was seen at Creston May 7, followed in
the next few days by a small migratory wave, from which
several specimens were taken, after which no more were noted.

47. Spizella passerina arizonae Coues
Common summer resident in the region covered by us.

48. Junco oreganus shufeldti (Coale)

Commonly found all through the coniferous association in
the localities visited. Nests were found and young noted,
May 8 being the date of finding the first nest, which contained
five eggs.

January 8, 1932

282

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

49. Melospiza melodia morphna Oberholser

Common summer resident of the Kootenay Valley, but not
abundant. Found mostly near water. Presumably resident
throughout the year, as it is so recorded in similar territory in
other parts of southern British Columbia.

50. Passerella iliaca subsp.

One heard but not seen, near Creston, May 9, and another
shot May 16. The latter fell into a great pile of slash and
dead brush, where it could not be found. None other seen.

51. Pipilo maculatus curtatus Grinnell

Common along the lower levels about Creston, nesting in
congenial association, but not abundant.

52. Hedymeles melanocephalus melanocephalus (Swainson)
A male was taken at Creston May 26, the only one seen.

53. Passerina amcena (Say)

First noted May 19, when a male was taken. Another male
was secured May 30, but this bird was rarely met with.

54. Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson)

The note of this species was heard by the writer May 12 and
a male was taken May 15, after which date it was relatively
common in the forest land of the vicinity.

55. Petrochelidon albifrons albifrons ( Rafinesque)

A few pairs were nesting in Creston. at which place they
arrived rather late in Mav.

Vol. XX] MA1LL1ARD— BIRDS AND MAMMALS, KOOTENAY VALLEY 283

56. Hirundo erythrogaster Boddaert

First recorded May 10, near Creston, where a pair was
noted among some Stelgidopteryx in a deep cut in a road.
Soon after this date several pairs were noted nesting in the
town.

57. Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot)

This species was already present in Creston on May 1, and
was commonly noted thereafter in all suitable places. Later on
many were nesting in old woodpecker holes in the dead trees
that were scattered over the overflowed bottom land.

58. Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns

This species also was present in Creston May 1, and was
commonly nesting, in the height of the flood, in the dead trees
and stumps of the river bottom in company with the preceding
species. A number of pairs of the Northern Violet-green
Swallow were found in possession of a lumber yard in town
and were nesting inside large, square piles of board lumber
that was loosely cross-laid so as to leave space for circulation
of air for drying purposes. On May 22 these swallows were
seen industriously carrying nesting material in to the depths of
the lumber piles, around which the birds could be seen at any
time thereafter.

59. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Audubon)

First noted on May 6, near the first camp of the party,
where a number were flying up and down a cut in the road,
every few minutes perching on bare twigs or examining holes
in the banks of the cut. Several specimens were taken.

60. Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot

On June 1, when the writer was out in a boat on the over-
flowed river bottom, a band of Cedar Waxwings flew into a
cottonwood tree within range and two birds were secured, both
females. No others were noted.

284 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Phoc. 4th Ser.

61. Vireosylva olivacea (Linnaeus)

Noted first May 24, in a small grove of cottonwood trees on
the banks of a tiny stream in the outskirts of Creston. On this
date the characteristic song was heard and an occasional
glimpse was had of one of the birds among the thick foliage
of the tree tops. This lively little songster soon became com-
mon in suitable places of the region, but was always difficult
to detect among the green leaves. Several specimens were
secured.

62. Vireosylva gilva svvainsoni (Baird)

The first record of this species was made May 25, when a
single specimen was taken. It became more common there-
after but was nowhere abundant in this region.

63. Lanivireo solitarius cassini (Xantus)

Present around Creston in the coniferous timber land, but
not at all numerous. First noted May 3, and one specimen
taken May 17.

64. Vermivora ruficapilla gutturalis (Ridgway)

First noted May 5, when one specimen was taken. It soon
became quite common in suitable association on both sides of
the Kootenay River and several others were secured.

65. Dendroica aestiva aestiva (Gmelin)

First identified May 4, and the first specimen taken May 9,
after which date it became quite common in the vicinity.

66. Dendroica auduboni auduboni (J. K. Townsend)

Taken at Creston May 6 and at West Creston May 11. By
the end of the month this species had become quite common.

Vol. XX] MAILLIARD— BIRDS AND MAMMALS, KOOTENAY VALLEY 285

67. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster

The inundation of the lowlands robbed this species of its
natural habitat in the region and but one specimen was
secured. This was taken near Creston, in some sedge on the
shore of the overflow waters.

68. Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus)

On May 28 this bird was discovered in the cottonwood
grove near our second camp, at the northern edge of Creston,
and within the next few days several others were taken. Not
seen anywhere else.

69. Dumetella carolinensis (Linnaeus)

The Catbird did not appear until near the end of May, after
which time its singing was constantly heard in Creston gar-
dens and along the edge of the overflow, wherever there was
brushy cover in which it might nest and into which it could
dive when alarmed.

70. Troglodytes aedon parkmani Audubon

First noted May 8, when a male bird was secured. Another
was taken May 19, but it soon became evident that this species
was scarce in the vicinity, as none other was noted.

71. Mannus hiemalis pacificus (Baird)

Taken at Creston May 11, at West Creston May 12, and
later at Kitchener, but it was nowhere found to be abundant.

72. Sitta canadensis Linnaeus

This species was heard in the coniferous forest May 1, and
one bird was secured May 17. A common summer resident.

2gg CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

73. Penthestes atricapillus septentrionalis (Harris)

Very common everywhere in the forest region and some
were noted among the cottonwoods in the bottom land. Prob-
ably a permanent resident, as it is so recorded from territory
further north.

74. Penthestes rufescens rufescens (J. K. Townsend)

Noted only once, when one was taken May 11, near West
Creston, at the base of the Nelson Range of mountains.

75. Regulus satrapa olivaceus Baird

Both this species and the next were very difficult to identify
in the upper parts of the tall timber that they frequented, and
very little information was obtained concerning either of them,
of this species in particular. It was, however, evidently nest-
ing near the top of Goat Mountain, at an elevation of several
hundred feet above that of Creston, and a female was there
obtained June 3. Except for shortness of wing and tail this
bird could easily be mistaken for the eastern form.

76. Corthylio calendula cineraceus (Grinnell)

This kinglet was more commonly noted than the preceding
species, as it is more apt to be found nearer the ground. A
male was taken at Creston May 3, a female the next day, and
another male was secured high up on Goat Mountain June 3.
While these specimens are not typical cineraceus they are de-
cidedly nearer to that form than to C. calendula calendula.

77. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi)

Thrushes were scarce and their characteristic musical song
was seldom heard. A male was taken near Kitchener May 20,
and another at Creston May 31. No others were seen, in spite
of the presence of what appeared to be very good cover for
this species.

Vol. XX] MA1LL1ARD— BIRDS AND MAMMALS, KOOTENAY VALLEY ?87

78. Planesticus migratorius propinquus (Ridgway)

Very common and nesting in every locality that was visited
by us.

79. Ixoreus naevius meruloides (Swainson)

On May 11 several specimens were taken at West Creston
and this species was noted later at Creston. In the latter lo-
cality a family party, consisting of parents and three or four
fledglings, was encountered May 27 in second growth forest.
When discovered, the juveniles, much desired for specimens,
were too close to shoot at without damage to plumage and
all managed to fade from sight in the dark, dripping woods
on this rainy day while the writer was trying to back away
far enough to secure one or two in good shape. All efforts to
mid them again were unsuccessful.

80. Sialia mexicana occidentalis J. K. Townsend

This bird was present at the date of our arrival, April 30,
and nesting was soon begun as the weather warmed up. Com-
mon, but not abundant.

81. Sialia currucoides (Bechstein)

Also present on April 30, and noted nesting at every lo-
cality visited by us. A juvenile male was taken May 31, at
Creston.

2gg CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Check-List of the Mammals

1. Sorex ragmrit monticola (Merriam) 6. Peromyscw maniculatus artemisix

2. Marmota monax petrensis Howell (Rhoads)

3. Citellus columbianus columbianus (Ord) 7. Neotoma cinerea drummondi (Rk-hardpon)

4. Eutamias ruficaudus simulans Howell 8. Erotomt/s gapperi saturatus Rboads
b. Sciurun hudsonicus richardsorti 9. Microtias mordax mordax (Merriam)

(Baehman) 10. Lepus bnirdi (casmdensis Nelson ?)

General Accounts of the Mammals

1. Sorex vagrans monticola (Merriam)

This shrew was found in traps at Creston on four occasions,
but not taken elsewhere. For positive identification of the sub-
species the author is gratefully indebted to Dr. H. H. T.
Jackson, of the United States Biological Survey.

2. Marmota monax petrensis Howell

On June 1, near Creston, Tose found and preserved a
freshly killed marmot of this species, that some one had
thrown into a hollow stump on the edge of the flooded bottom
land. It was an adult female that showed evidence of having,
or recently having had, unweaned young. Resident farmers
stated that the presence of a marmot in that locality was an
extremely rare occurrence. Possibly it floated on driftwood
down the flooded Goat River from the Purcell Mountains.

3. Citellus columbianus columbianus (Ord)

In some localities around Creston this ground squirrel was
noted in small but rather thickly populated colonies. It was
extremely wary and yet easier to shoot than to trap. After
two of three individuals were caught in a colony, traps were of
little further use, as the squirrels then refused to come out of
a burrow in the mouth of which a trap had been set, no matter
how carefully camouflaged. There was every reason to sup-
pose that the burrows communicated with other openings, as
squirrels would appear above ground, in about every part of

Vol. XX] MAILLIARD— BIRDS AND MAMMALS, KOOTENAY VALLEY 289

a colony, at the mouths of burrows that did not have traps in
them, but would carefully avoid those that did have them.
The report of a gun did not seem to disturb a colony for any
great length of time, yet on occasions, without any apparent
reason for it, an alarm signal from some squirrel would keep
a whole colony under ground for the rest of the day. Three
females taken May 13 contained 3, 5 and 5 embryos, respec-
tively, those of the first female being 34 mm. in length and
of the other two 37 mm.

4. Eutamias ruficaudus simulans Howell

Cold weather seemed to have kept the chipmunks under
cover for the first few days after our arrival at Creston, so
that none was taken until May 5, after which date they were
commonly seen in the forested lands. By the end of May
young also were out foraging.

5. Sciurus hudsonicus richardsoni (Bachman)

This is the common red squirrel of the Kootenay Valley
and was fairly abundant in the coniferous forest.

6. Peromyscus maniculatus artemisiae (Rhoads)

This mouse was found to be common in every place where
trapping was carried on, but it was not actually numerous any-
where, as shown by the small number the party obtained per
trap-night. There was good reason to believe that its numbers
had been much reduced by some epidemic.

7. Neotoma cinerea drummondi (Richardson)

Taken around Kitchener and Yahk, where it was very com-
mon. While the party did not come across this wood rat at
Creston, residents reported that it occasionally was found in
that vicinity, in limited numbers.

290 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

8. Evotomys gapperi saturatus Rhoads

A male was secured by Tose near Kitchener, May 21. No
further record of this species was made.

9. Microtus mordax mordax (Merriam)

Farmers around Creston stated that meadow mice had been
so numerous in the hay fields of the bottom land for the pre-
vious year or two as to be actual pests, but that in 1928 their
numbers had diminished almost to the vanishing point. Some
old sign of this species was found in favorable places in the
meadow land, but the high water soon covered all traces of
such habitation. Finally a little fresh sign was found under a
collapsed shed on the mesa, some distance above the river bot-
tom, and two adult females, with two immature males, were
there taken. These, with several adults from around Kitchener
and Yahk, where there was more evidence of occupation than
at lower levels, comprised the entire catch of the party.

10. Lepus bairdi (cascadensis Nelson ?)

The varying hare was reported to be numerous, ordinarily,
in the Kootenay Valley, but, as with the two species of mice
above mentioned, it had been almost annihilated by a recent
epidemic. Only on rare occasions was an individual seen, and
it was not until May 25 that one — the only one — was secured.
This was a female with the summer pelage not yet quite com-
plete. It seems to be intermediate between L. b. bairdii and
L. b. cascadensis, but rather nearer to the latter race. To Dr.
E. Raymond Hall, of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,
Berkeley, California, the author desires to acknowledge his in-
debtedness for valuable assistance in comparing and identify-
ing this specimen.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 9, pp. 291-465 March 3, 1932

MISCELLANEOUS STUDIES IN THE ELATERID^
AND RELATED FAMILIES OF COLEOPTERA

EDWIN C. VAN DYKE

University of California

Berkeley, California

These studies were commenced many years ago for the pur-
pose of straightening out some of the confusion which has
existed with regard to a number of our species. Many of the
North American Elateridse are extremely variable, differing
within the range of the species in size, form, sculpture, and
coloration. In some species great sexual differences also exist.
Other species split up into many geographical races, the ex-
tremes of which are often very different. Nowhere is this
plasticity more marked than on the Pacific Coast. As a result
we have in this territory many variable species, species pre-
senting many color phases within their area of distribution;
many species with well marked races, each race more or less
limited to a definite territory; and many closely allied though
sharply defined species.

A large amount of material has of necessity been assembled
in order to make the studies of any value. Among this
material many undescribed species have been found which are
here defined. The arrangement and generic terminology are in

March 3, 1932

292 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Puoc 4th Skr.

general that used by Schenkling in Junk's Coleopterorum
Catalogus. When discussing species in genera which have
been rather recently reviewed, I have not felt that it was neces-
sary to give a synopsis or a bibliography, but in those genera
that I have studied which have not been revised for many
years, I have given both synoptic tables and bibliography.

Family Melasid^e (Eucnemhle)
Genus Hypocoelus Eschscholtz

Synoptic Table

1. Terminal segment of the antennae very little longer than the

preceding, a distinct transverse ridge on the front, clypeus

concave frontosus (Say)

Terminal segment of the antennae longer than the preceding .... 2

2. Terminal segment of the antennae in the male as long as the

ninth and tenth combined; front with a fine longitudinal

carina, clypeus flat terminalis Lee.

Terminal segment of the antennae in the male longer than the
preceding four segments combined; front without carina,
clypeus flat californicus n. sp.

Hypocoelus californicus Van Dyke, new species

Form moderately elongate, narrowed behind; rufopiceous, antennas and
underside rufous, legs lighter; sparsely clothed with fulvous pubescence. Head
convex, rather densely, coarsely punctured, front without carina, clypeus flat,
narrower at base than the distance to the eyes; antennae extending slightly
beyond hind angles of prothorax, segment two small, apically transverse,
segment three cylindrical, twice as long as broad, longer than two and as long
as four and five together, segment four longer than broad, segments five and
six as broad as long, segments 7-10 transverse, segments 4—7 triangular, 8-10
subquadrate, and segment eleven longer than the preceding four segments
united and almost one-third the length of the entire antennae. Prothorax
wider than long, gradually narrower in front, sides nearly straight, slightly
arcuate near the front angles; disk moderately convex, densely, rather coarsely
punctured, median longitudinal impression feeble at base, a slight circular
impression on each side of the middle. Elytra finely striate, punctures of
striae vague, the intervals flat and finely, rather sparsely punctured, the punc-
tures to a certain extent in rows. Beneath, presternum rather closely punc-
tured, the propleuras more coarsely and sparsely, the mesosternum less coarsely
and sparsely, and the abdomen very finely and densely punctured. Hind
coxal plates triangular, gradually dilated inwardly, the hind margin straight.
Length 6 mm., breadth 1.5 mm.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDJE AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 293

This species looks much like terminalis Lee, but the great
length of the terminal segment of the antennae in the male will
readily separate it. The hind coxal plate is also gradually
dilated inwards and triangular whereas in the other it is rather
suddenly dilated inwards.

Holotype: No. 3106, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a unique male
in my collection, collected at Boneyard Meadow, Sierra
National Forest, Calif., July 28, 1914, by Mr. Robert E.
Burton, from red fir, Abies magnified Murr.

Hypocoelus terminalis Lee. has also been taken on the Pacific
Coast. I have seen a male, collected by Mr. Henry Dietrich,
July 21, 1920, near Chiquito Creek, alt. 4100 ft, Madera Co.,
Calif., and there is also another male in the Koebele Collection
in the California Academy of Sciences, taken at Easton,
Washington.

Family Elaterid^e

Adelocera Latreille

Adelocera maculata LeConte

In the recent Leng Catalogue this species is placed as a
synonym of A. modesta Boisd. It is a very distinct species and
widely separated from modesta, the latter being distinctly
striato-punctate, the former without evident striae and with
the punctures densely and irregularly placed. Besides maculata
is a northern species, the other a southern one which is only
listed in our works because it was supposedly found in Lower
California.

Adelocera mexicana Candeze

This species should be added to our list. Two specimens
were taken by Dr. Lutz at Kits Peak, Rincon, Baboquivari
Mts., Ariz., Aug. 1-4, 1916, and are now in the collection of
the American Museum of Natural History, New York. Like
A. modesta Boisd., it has its elytra punctato-striate. It is a
much larger species, though, being 20-24 mm. in length and
more cylindrical.

294 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Prol. 4th Ser.

Genus Conoderes Eschscholtz (Monocrepidius Eschscholtz)

The genus Conoderes Esch., I accept in its broadest sense.
Heteroderes Latr. differs from it only as regards the double
type of pronotal punctation and in this regard is closely ap-
proached by a number of typical Conoderes. Together they
possess a number of well marked characters as well as a com-
mon facies which separate them definitely from all other
genera. Their biology and distribution are also similar. For
these reasons I, therefore, believe that Heteroderes should be
considered as but a subgenus of the other and I will so treat
it here.

Synoptic Table

1. Pronotum with single type of punctation Conoderes Esch.

{Monocrepidius Esch.), sens, str 2

Pronotum with double type of punctation, the interspaces be-
tween the larger punctures very finely punctured

subgenus Heteroderes Latr. 20

2. Fourth tarsal segment strongly or broadly lamellate beneath,

the lamella visible from above, large or moderate sized species 3

Fourth tarsal segment with long and slender lamella beneath, the
lamella not visible from above, small species, less than 8 mm.
in length, in general castaneous with head, two pronotal
vittffi, a series of longitudinal lines more or less transversely
united on elytra, and much of ventral surface piceous (in
extreme forms most of the castaneous area has been replaced
by the piceous) 17

3. Intermediate antennal segments almost as broad as long, pro-

thorax as broad as long at middle, large and broad species,
17 mm. long, reddish above with median longitudinal black
stripe on pronotum, a black spot on either side and several
black spots on each elytron. Texas xysticus (Cand.)

Intermediate antennal segments almost twice as long as broad,

prothorax generally longer than broad 4

4. Species more or less unicolorous above 5

Species which are always distinctly bicolored above 13

5. Hind angles of prothorax acute and distinctly produced pos-

teriorly , 6

Hind angles of prothorax abruptly truncate, hardly produced

beyond hind margin of prothorax 11

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERID2E AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 295

6. The inner carina of hind angles of prothorax absent or at most

indistinct, elytral apices evenly rounded 7

The inner carina of hind angles of prothorax sharply defined,

elytral apices incised and bidentate 12

7. Larger species, 10 mm. or more in length 8

Small species, not longer than 5 mm 10

8. Dorsal carina of hind angles of prothorax close to and almost

parallel with lateral margin, species light brown or brownish
ferruginous with rufous antennas and flavous legs, the pro-
notum very finely, closely punctured. Eastern North
America lividus (De Geer)

Dorsal carina of hind angles of prothorax diverging slightly

though distinctly from lateral margin as it extends forward . . 9

9. Species quite similar to lividus but darker, of a chocolate brown

color with rufous antennae and flavous legs, more parallel
and with pronotal punctation considerably coarser though
close. Ariz, and Mex parallelus (Cand.)

Species narrow and elongate, prothorax much narrowed anteri-
orly in male, color ranging from brown to ferruginous with
legs but little lighter than body, the pronotum rather finely
punctured but with the punctures distinctly separated, the
second antennal segment but little longer than third (nearly
twice as long in the preceding two species). Ariz, and
N. M athoides (Lee.)

10. Very elongate and narrow, rufotestaceous with elytral suture

darker, prothorax nearly twice as long as wide, disk densely
and rather finely punctured, hind angles not carinate, second
and third antennal segments of about equal length. Fla . debilis (Lee.)

11. Elongate, subparallel, pale brown, legs flavous, pronotum mod-

erately coarsely and closely punctured, hind angles uni-
carinate, elytral apices bidentate; length 9 mm. Tybee Is.,
Ga scissus (Schfr.)

12. Robust, somewhat flattened, narrowed posteriorly, piceous

brown, antennas rufous, legs flavous, prothorax broad, very
finely, closely punctured, hind angles strongly bicarinate;
length 10 mm. Southern Ariz bicarinatus n. sp.

13. Dorsal carina of hind angles of prothorax distinctly diverging

anteriorly from lateral margin, the sides almost straight in
front of hind angles, second antennal segment but little
longer than broad 14

Dorsal carina of hind angles of prothorax close to and almost
parallel with lateral margin, diverging but little anteriorly,
the sides distinctly sinuate in front of hind angles, second
antennal segment considerably longer than broad 15

296 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

14. Pronotal punctures very fine and dense, not readily seen, third

antennal segment much longer than second, color above
varying from all piceous except the hind portion of pronotum
which is flavous, to flavous with piceous markings as fol-
lows, the base of head, two broad discal pronotal vittae and
two elytral vittae, a narrow marginal and broad sutural, the
latter dilating apically and uniting with the preceding.

Ga., Ala. and Fla. to Central America aversus (Lee.)

Pronotal punctures moderately fine and dense, readily observed,
third antennal segment hardly longer than second, color
varying from rufocastaneous with base of head, two pro-
notal vittae, and a broad sutural vitta suddenly expanded
before the apex, piceous, to rufocastaneous with but the
sutural vitta or even only a scutellar and two transverse
apical markings. Southern Ariz, to Colombia varians (Steinh.)

15. Species over 7 mm. in length, pronotum moderately finely, closely

punctured, outer segments of antennae narrower than inter-
mediate, color castaneous including scutellum and entire
ventral surface, with base of head, two broad frontal vittae,
a narrow marginal and broad sutural vitta, the latter gradu-
ally broadened basally and suddenly expanded before apex

to meet the lateral, piceous. Eastern North America

vespertinus (Fab.)

Species under 6 mm. in length 16

16. Prothorax dilated at middle, narrow anteriorly, disk rather

coarsely, sparsely punctured, outer segments of antennae
broader than intermediate, color testaceous or rufotestaceous,
the head, narrow median pronotal vitta, scutellum, circum-
scutellar area and narrow sutural vitta, expanded moderately
posteriorly, and entire under surface back of prothorax,
piceous. Ala., Ind suturalis (Lee.)

Prothorax elongate, subparallel, disk finely, densely punctured,
color pattern similar to preceding except that entire under-
surface is testaceous. Ga lepidus (Lee.)

17. Species 5 mm. or over in length 18

Species 4 mm. or less in length 19

18. Pronotum moderately coarsely, closely punctured, slightly finer

posteriorly, robust species. Eastern North America . auritus (Herbst.)

Pronotum punctured with intermixed larger and smaller punc-
tures, elongate species. Ga blandulus (Lee.)

19. Distinct carina near prosternal sutures. Eastern North America

bellus (Say)

No carina near prosternal sutures. Southern Tex similis (Schfr.)

20. Species over 7 mm. in length 21

Species under 6 mm. in length 23

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATERlDAi AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 297

21. Hind angles of prothorax unicarinate 22

Hind angles of prothorax bicarinate and sides parallel; general

form depressed, color piceous with legs and antennae pale;
third segment of antennas twice length of second and shorter
than fourth, outer segments feebly serrate; length 8.2.
Jacksonville, Fla nicholsi (Notman)

22. Pronotum with disk evenly convex, sides arcuate, carina near

hind angles close to and almost parallel with side margin,
scutellum angulate or tuberculate in front, elytra elongate
elliptical, color dirty brown with antennas and legs casta-
neous. Ariz, and Mex sordidus (Lee.)

Pronotum with disk flattened, sides almost parallel at middle,
carina near hind angles diverging anteriorly from margin,
scutellum flat and gradually declivous in front, elytra cunei-
form, color pitchy black with antennas and legs castaneous.
Fla., Ala., and West Indies amplicollis (Gyll.)

23. Species short and robust, carina near hind angles diverging from

margin, color reddish brown. Ariz robustits (Lee.)

Conoderes bicarinatus Van Dyke, new species

Moderately elongate, somewhat depressed and broad, brownish black, the
antennae, palpi, legs, and margin of last ventral segment rufotestaceous, densely
clothed with short, fine grayish pubescence. Head closely, finely, and cribrately
punctured, the frontal margin but slightly arcuate; antennae extending beyond
hind angles of prothorax, second segment small, but little longer than broad,
the third one-half longer, the two together not quite equal to the fourth.
Prothorax wider than long, widest behind, the sides almost straight and slightly
convergent from base of hind angles to near apex where broadly rounded, the
hind angles strongly produced, slightly divergent, with two well defined carinas,
an outer extending from the apex to well beyond the base of the angle and
slightly divergent from the margin and sinuate anteriorly, the second shorter
and extending from the apex inwardly, the disk densely, finely, and deeply
punctured, obsoletely canaliculate posteriorly. Scutellum large, longer than
broad, and regularly declivous forwards. Elytra more than twice as long as
prothorax and more than twice as long as broad, the sides rounded near
humeri, thence gradually convergent towards the apex, the apices of each
elytron distinctly emarginate and bluntly bidentate, disk deeply striate, the
striae distinctly punctate especially forwards, the intervals flat and finely
rugulose. Fifth ventral segment evenly rounded at apex. Fourth tarsal seg-
ment rather broadly lamellate beneath. Length 10 mm., breadth 3.5 mm.

This sombre colored species can readily be separated by
having the apices of the elytra emarginate and the hind angles
of the prothorax distinctly bicarinate. C. scissus (Schfr.) is
our only other species with the elytral apices bidentate, and

298 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

nicholsi (Notman) of the subgenus Heteroderes the only other
species with the hind angles bicarinate. It also differs from
any of the species described from Mexico.

Holotype: No. 3107, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a unique in my
collection, collected on Mt. Washington, near Nogales, Ariz.,
at an altitude of 6000 feet, July 8, 1919, by Mr. J. August
Kusche.

Conoderes varians (Steinheil)

Numerous specimens of this species1 which superficially very
closely resembles the more flavous forms of C. aversus (Lee.)
and C. vespertinus (Fab.), have within recent years been
found in various parts of southern Arizona. It was described
originally from Colombia but is found ranging through Cen-
tral America and, according to Champion,2 along the west
coast of Mexico. I have specimens before me from both west-
ern Mexico and Arizona.

Conoderes (Heteroderes) amplicollis (Gyllenhal)

This species which is rather widely distributed among the
West India islands should now be added to our list. It was
first secured in our territory near Mobile, Alabama, by Mr.
H. P. Loding and later near Dunedin, Florida, by Dr. W. S.
Blatchley; the latter believing it to be new, described it as
Monocrepidius fucosus.3 I have a specimen of this received
from Dr. Blatchley and find that it is absolutely the same as
the Mobile specimens and the same as specimens from the
Bermuda Islands submitted by Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, and from
Soledad, Cienfuegos, Cuba, by Mr. P. J. Darlington, which
agree in all details with the description given by Candeze4 that
was based upon type material.

1 Zur Kenntniss der Fauna von Neu-Granad, von Eduard Steinheil. Col. Hefte,
vol. XIV (1875), pp. 121-122.

1 Biol. Ccntr. Am., Col., vol. Ill, pt. 1, 1895, p. 353.

•Can. Ent., vol. LIII, 1925, pp. 163-165.

* Mon. des Elateridea, par M. E. Candeze, II, 1859, p. 372.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATERIDAi AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 299

At first thought, I believed that this species was the Hetero-
deres Ian t us Cand., a species founded upon specimens sup-
posedly captured in Alabama, but they do not fit the descrip-
tion of Candeze nor agree at all with H. sordidus Lee, with
which Candeze later placed this species as a synonym. This
species does, however, somewhat resemble the Mexican H.
granulatus Champ, but can be separated from the same by
having the third antennal segment but little longer than the
second whereas in the other it is much longer. H. granulatus
Champ, also has the base of the prothorax somewhat yel-
lowish.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Genus Conoderus Esch. (Monocrepidius Esch.)

Conoderus Esch. (Monocrepidius Esch.) sen. str.

Conoderus xysticus (Cand.) (Monocrepidius), Cand., Mon. Elat., II, 1859,
p. 223.

Conoderus lividus (DeG.) (Elater), Mem. l'hist. Insect., IV, 1774, p. 162,
tab. 18, fig. 13; (Monocrepidius), Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., X,
1853, p. 482; Leng Cat. Col., 1922, p. 167.
castaneus Oliv. (Elater), Ent., II, 1790, p. 30.
castanipes Hbst. (Elater), Kafer, X, 1806, p. 23.

elongatus Pal. d. Beauv. (Elater), Ins., 1805-1821, p. 78, pi. 8, fig. 4;
(Monocrepidius), Chev., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1852, p. 629.
lobatus Say (Elater), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1823, p. 175; (Mono-
crepidius), Germ. Zeits. f. d. Ent., I, 1839, p. 228.

Conoderus parallelus (Cand.) (Monocrepidius), Mon. Elat., II, 1859, p. 246.

Conoderus athoides (Lee.) (Monocrepidius), Smiths. Misc. Coll., VI, No. 167,
1863, p. 84.
mutuus Horn (Monocrepidius), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 312.

Conoderus debilis (Lee.) (Athous), Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, XVII, 101, 2R, 1878,
p. 405; (Monocrepidius), Henshaw List Col., 1885, p. 67.

Conoderus bicarinatus, n. sp.

Conoderus scissus (Schfr.) (Monocrepidius), Bui. Brooklyn Inst., I, 1909,
p. 378.

Conoderus aversus (Lee) (Monocrepidius), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 482.
scutellaris Dej. (Monocrepidius), Cat., ed. 3, 1837, p. 98.
var. c. elytris macula humerali testacea.
var. b. elytris vitta discoidali testacea.
puellus Dej. (Monocrepidius), Cat., ed. 3, 1837, p. 98.

300

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Conoderus varians (Steinhl.) (Monocrepidius), Col. Hefte, XIV, 1875, p. 121;

Champion, Biol. Cent. Am., Col., Ill, pt. 1, 1895, p. 353.
Conoderus vespertinus (Fab.) (Elater), Syst. Eleuth., II, 1801, p. 240; (Mono-
crepidius), Dej. Cat., ed. 3, p. 98; Lee., Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., X,
1853, p. 483.
finitimus Say, (Elater), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., VI, 1839, p. 179.
serotinus Germ., (Monocrepidius), Zeits. f. d. Ent., I, 1839, p. 227.
texanus Cand. (Monocrepidius), Mon. Elat., II, 1859, p. 262.
peninsularis Cand. (Monocrepidius), Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXIII,
1889, p. 26.
Conoderus suturalis (Lee.) (Monocrepidius), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853,

p. 482'.

Conoderus lepidus (Lee.) (Monocrepidius), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 485.

Conoderus auritus (Hbst.) (Elater), Kafer, X, 1806, p. 145; (Monocrepidius),

Germ., Zeits. f. d. Ent., V, 1844, p. 148; Lee, Tr. Am. Phil.

Soc, X, 1853, p. 483.

crassicollis Melsh. (Oophorus), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1844,

p. 214.
dilectus Say (Oophorus), in. litt.

caseyi Leng (Monocrepidius), Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, XXVI, 1918, p. 206.
\\finitimus Casey (Monocrepidius), Contrib., II, 1884, p. 170.
Conoderus blandulus (Lee.) (Monocrepidius), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853,

p. 483.
Conoderus bellus (Say) (Elater), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ill, 1824, p. 168;
(Monocrepidius), Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 484.
variegatus (Steinh.) (Monocrepidius), Col. Hefte, XIV, 1875, p. 123.
Conoderus similis (Schfr.) (Monocrepidius), Ent. News, XX, 1909, p. 436.
texanus Schfr. (Monocrepidius), Bui. Brooklyn Inst., I, 1909, p. 379.

Subgenus Heteroderes Latr.

Conoderus nicholsi (Notman) (Heteroderes), Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, XVII,

1922, p. 107.
Conoderus sordidus (Lee) (Monocrepidius), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853,
p. 482.
lantus Cand. (Monocrepidius), Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXIII, 1889, p. 31 .

Conoderus amplicollis (Gyll.) (Elater), in Schon. Syn. Ins., I, Append., 1833,

p. 141, 194; (Heteroderes), Cand. Mon. Elat., II, 1859, p. 372.

fucosus (Blatch.) (Monocrepidius) Can. Ent., LVII, 1925, pp. 163-164.

Conoderus robustus (Horn) (Monocrepidius), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871,
p. 311.

Conoderus puberulus Mann. (Monocrepidius), Leng Cat. Col., 1920, p. 167.
= Anchastus cinereipennis (Esch.) (Monocrepidius), Thon., Ent.
Archiv., II, 1829, p. 31.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATER1 DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 3QJ

Genus Elater Linnaeus

The genus Elater should be made to include Ectamenogonus
Buysson. The latter, made to include the species having the
hind angles of the prothorax bicarinate, is not founded upon a
sound character. In the first place the assemblage is not phylo-
genetic, the character being an erratic one which may appear
here and there in the group. It is also an unstable character,
for it may or may not be present in all of the individuals of a
species. It is of value for the purpose of separating certain
species from their fellows, but no more.

Elater sturmii Germar

This species should be restored. It was omitted in the Leng
Catalogue. It is a true Elater as observed by LeConte, not a
Megapenthes and a synonym of granulosus as he formerly
believed.

Elater ursinus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, subcylindrical; piceous brown, the mouthparts, antennae, and
legs rufous, the undersurface rufopiceous; and densely clothed with short,
coarse, suberect, grayish brown pile. Head coarsely, closely punctured; the
antennae reaching the apex of hind angles of prothorax, the second segment
short, but slightly longer than broad, the third segment slightly longer than
second and about two-thirds length of fourth, segments 4-10 distinctly serrate.
Prothorax slightly broader than long, sides somewhat sinuate in front of hind
angles, thence arcuate and convergent forwards and abruptly rounded near
front margin, the hind angles moderately prominent, subacute, with a well
defined carina extending obliquely inwards from apex, and a poorly denned
one between this and the lateral margin; the disk quite convex, rather coarsely
and closely punctured, especially at sides, and with a slight median canalicu-
lation at basal half. Elytra about three times the length of prothorax and
slightly more than twice as long as broad, with sides quite parallel to apical
third, then gradually rounded to apex; disk convex, the striae rather coarsely
and closely punctured towards base, more finely posteriorly, the intervals
convex and finely punctured and scabrous. Beneath with the presternum
broad, but slightly convex, the anterior lobe not long and finely and sparsely
punctured, the propleuras and mid-portions rather coarsely and closely punc-
tured, the abdomen rather finely punctured. Length 8.5 mm., breadth 2.75 mm.

302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th See.

Holotype: No. 3108, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and Paratype in
my collection, taken at Fallen Leaf Lake, Lake Tahoe, Calif.,
July 4, 1915, and July 22, 1915. A third specimen from the
same locality has the abdomen entirely red. A fourth, from
Easton, Washington, has been seen.

This species belongs near melsheimeri Leng (hepaticus
Mels.) but differs from that as from others associated with it
by being more cylindrical and generally smaller. It also has
the second and third antennal segments proportionally shorter,
the pile coarser and more elevated, and is different in color.
The species is somewhat variable in color, the apical and basal
margins of pro thorax and the basal margin of elytra being
rufous in some specimens, and in one the entire under surface
is a bright red as normally is the case with rhodopus Lee. If
the recently created genus Ectamenogonus Buysson were
recognized, this species would have to be placed in it.

Elater fenyesi Van Dyke, new species

Similar and closely related to the preceding but differing in the following
regards: the head, pronotum, antennae, legs, and entire under surface a bright
red; the pronotum more coarsely and closely punctured; the elytra with the
striae very fine and finely punctured, especially posteriorly, the intervals flat
and much smoother posteriorly than basally, with the presternum much nar-
rowed and more convex, coarsely and rather closely punctured, and with the
anterior lobe long.

Holotype: No. 3109, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a unique in my
collection, collected at Bishop, Calif., June 16, 1905, by Dr. A.
Fenyes. Other specimens are in the Doctor's collection.

I at first took this species to be but an extreme phase of
ursinus but found the presternum so different in every way
that I could not do otherwise than consider it as distinct.

Elater rhodopus LeConte

There is a race of this well known species found in the
Wasatch Mts. of Utah which is in general shorter and blunter,
less shining, with head and pronotum more finely and closely

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDJE AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 1>0Z

punctured, the outer carina of the hind angles of the pro-
thorax quite vague in contrast to the rather sharply defined
ones of the typical form, the elytra with the striae deeper, the
intervals more convex and more coarsely punctured, and the
greater portion of the under surface more or less piceous in-
stead of bright red. This, I am calling the subspecies uteanus
and designating as a holotype (No. 3110, Mus. Calif. Acad.
Sci.), and paratypes, a series of six specimens collected in
Provo Canon, Wasatch Mts., Utah, May 21, 1913, by Mr. J.
R. Slevin. Two other specimens in the California Academy
collection were taken in the same region by Mr. E. P. Van
Duzee.

Elater rubriventris LeConte

Typical specimens of Elater sangiiinicollis Schaeffer from
Stockton, Utah, when compared with typical specimens of
rubriventris from New Mexico and Arizona show that they
are one and the same species. This is a species ranging
throughout the more mountainous portions of the southern
part of the Great Basin.

Elater cordifer LeConte, and associates

The members of the cordifer group were in certain cases so
widely separated in the synoptic table given by LeConte3 that
their recognition was rendered difficult. I believe that they
form a definite group and should be treated as such so am
taking advantage of the opportunity while describing a num-
ber of new species in the group, to give a table which I hope
will enable them to be better identified. All species are repre-
sented in my collection and by good series except in a few
cases. In regard to the LeConte and Horn species, I have
specimens which have been very carefully compared with the
types so feel quite sure of the determinations. The species of
Elater which I have associated with cordifer are characterized

6 Short Studies of North American Coleoptera (No. 2), by John L. LeConte, M. D.
Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., XII, 1884, pp. 8-11.

304 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th Ser.

in general by having the body black, the basal portion of the
elytra of a rich orange or reddish orange color, the antennal
segments 4-10 decidedly serrate, the prothorax with the hind
angles unicarinate, the notum more or less densely punctured,
and the entire upper surface clothed with a somewhat dense
yet short, semierect pile, longer and more erect on the prono-
tum. With the exception of apicatus, all are restricted to the
Pacific area. Elater pullus Germ, might, because of its color
pattern, seem to belong in the group but its sculpturing as
shown by its sparse pronotal punctation would place it without
the pale.

Synoptic Table

Cordifer group of Elater Linnaeus

1. Pubescence of pronotum black or at least black on disk 2

Pubescence of pronotum yellow or grayish yellow 7

2. Apical elytral patch more or less cordiform 5

Apex of elytra uniformly black, the anterior margin of black

patch quite transverse 3

3. Pronotum subopaque, bluish black, very densely, umbilicately,

punctured, pubescence coal black and quite erect, apical
third of elytra or over uniformly black, the basal area red-
dish orange, specimens in general proportionately broader
and more flattened than other members of the group; length
8-9 mm. Middle Sierra of Calif, and Great Basin, ranges

from Ariz, to B. C phelpsi Horn

Pronotum shining, punctures not umbilicate nor approximate . . 4

4. Pronotal pubescence black and semierect, apical black patch of

elytra not reaching the middle; length 6-9 mm. High middle

Sierra of Calif horni Cand.

Pronotal pubescence much inclined, apical black patch of elytra
variable, generally extending beyond middle; length 8.5-9
mm. Southern Ore dimidiatus Lee.

5. Apical black patch touching sides for some distance in front of

apex 6

Apical black patch touching sides only close to apex, the yellow
area extending backwards along suture beyond frontal mar-
gin of black area, pubescence over yellow area, yellow;
moderately large species; length 10 mm. or over. Most of
Calif •. cordifer Lee.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 305

6. Black patch of elytra slightly separated anteriorly by intrusion

of yellow, pubescence of pronotum black on disk and fulvous
at sides near hind angles; length 9 mm. or less. B. C. to
mountains of middle Calif varipilis n. sp.

Black patch of elytra extending forwards along suture, pubes-
cence black over entire pronotum; length 10 mm. or over.
Western Wash., south near coast to Sonoma County, Calif.
behrensi Horn

7. Elytra entirely orange, without black apical patch 11

Elytra with black apical patch 8

8. Pronotum somewhat subopaque, rather closely punctured, pubes-

cence fulvous, black elytral patch in touch with margin for

some distance in front of apex; length 9 mm. or less 9

Pronotum rather shining, punctures somewhat separated, pubes-
cence grayish yellow, black elytral patch not touching sides
or touching only near apex; length 10 mm. or more 10

9. Prothorax with sides almost parallel at basal half, broadly
rounded in front, pronotal pubescence suberect, antennae
barely reaching hind angles of prothorax; length 9 mm.
(in a few specimens the apical black patch is vague). Marin
and Sonoma counties, Calif., on Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga.
A coastal species cordatus Horn

Prothorax with sides converging from base to apex and but
slightly arcuate, pronotal pubescence much inclined, an-
tennae distinctly extending beyond hind angles of prothorax;
length 7-8 mm. Middle and northern Sierra of Calif, on
yellow pine. (Washington vide LeConte) affinis Lee.

10. Apical elytral patches limited to each elytron and not reaching

suture, sides or apex; pronotal pubescence suberect, elytral
pubescence black throughout; length 9-10 mm. B. C. south
to Sierra of middle Calif bimaculatus n. sp.

Apical elytral patch cordiform, united along suture and reaching
apex and sides for a short distance near apex (in a few cases
the patch extends forward parallel to suture almost to base
of elytra); pubescence of both pronotum and elytra much
inclined; length 10-13 mm. Northern United States and
Canada from Atlantic to west of Great Lakes apicatus Say

11. Pronotum more coarsely and closely punctured than in case of

preceding, prothorax also more broadly rounded in front
and elytra less narrowed and less cuneate posteriorly; length
8-14 mm. This species is most decidedly not a variety of
apicatus as generally listed. B.C., Pacific States and north-
ern Rocky Mountains pfwenicopterus Germ.

306 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Elater phelpsi Horn

This very beautiful and rather rare Elater is to be found in
its typical form and color throughout the higher levels of the
middle and northern Sierras of California. The brilliant red-
dish yellow color of the base of the elytra and the coal black,
heavily punctured pronotum readily separate it from its fel-
lows. In the mountains of Arizona, there is a phase that is
smaller with the base of the elytra a distinct orange color,
while in British Columbia still another phase occurs that has
the pronotum more finely and not umbilicately nor approxi-
mately punctured, with fulvous pile instead of black, and with
the apical black patch of the elytra quite cordiform. This latter
phase is so distinct that I have designated it as the subspecies
hoppingi. My Holotype (No. 3111, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.)
was collected by Mr. Ralph Hopping in Midday Valley,
Merritt, British Columbia, July 12, 1923. Paratypes are in
Mr. Hopping's collection.

Elater varipilis Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, subcylindrical ; black, elytra orange except for a cordate black
patch, the orange extending along the sides almost to the apex and on the
suture at least half way through the black area, the antennae rufopiceous and
the tarsi rufous; surface moderately, finely pubescent, the pile suberect above,
black on discal area of pronotum and on black areas of elytra, golden yellow to
a slight extent on head, sides of pronotum behind, basal area of elytra and
beneath. Head moderately coarsely, densely punctured; antennae not reaching
hind angles of prothorax, third segment one-half longer than second, sub-
cylindrical, 4-10 distinctly serrate, the fourth slightly the longest and almost
as long as broad; prothorax slightly broader than long, sides sinuate in front
of hind angles, slightly arcuate in front and narrowed near apex, hind angles
unicarinate, disk similarly punctured to head anteriorly, more finely and
sparsely posteriorly, and quite shining. Elytra distinctly more than twice as
long as prothorax and twice as long as broad, the sides gradually narrowing
posteriorly, more suddenly at apex, the disk with striae distinctly impressed
and rather coarsely, closely punctured almost to apex, the intervals but slightly
convex, finely punctured and rugose. Beneath moderately coarsely but not
closely punctured anteriorly, more finely posteriorly. Length 9 mm., breadth
2.75 mm.

Holotype: No. 3112, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and numerous
Paratypes in my collection, the first from Strawberry Valley,

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERlDAi AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 2,07

Eldorado County, California, collected by myself August 5,
1912, the rest from mid-Sierran localities. My series consists
of 57 specimens ranging from British Columbia through
western Washington and Oregon and down the Cascade and
Sierra Nevada Mountains to the Yosemite Valley.

This species in size and general appearance closely resembles
Elater cordatus Horn and no doubt in most collections is
placed there. Elater cordatus Horn, of which I have typical
specimens from the type locality and checked with the type,
differs in the fact that the pile of the head and pronotum is
much finer and entirely yellow, the prothorax with sides more
parallel posteriorly, the disk more opaque, the third segment
of the antennas but little longer than the second and the elytra
less cuneate. In general also the yellow of elytra does not have
a tendency to extend along the suture so far posteriorly. The
most evident character to use for their separation is the color
of the pile on the pronotum, black on the disk and yellow at
sides near hind angles in varipilis and yellow throughout in
cordatus.

Elater bimaculatus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, parallel sided; black, elytra orange except for an elongate black
maculation near apex of each elytron which does not reach suture, sides or
apex, the tarsi rufous and apices of antennae somewhat so; surface moderately,
finely pubescent, suberect above and golden yellow on head, pronotum and
sides of elytra near humeri, elsewhere on elytra black, beneath yellowish,
sparser, shorter and appressed. Head moderately, coarsely, not closely punc-
tured, more in front; antennae reaching hind angles of prothorax, second seg-
ment one-half longer than third and somewhat triangular, segments 4-10
decidedly triangular but longer than broad, the basal the broadest. Prothorax
slightly broader than long, sides perceptibly sinuate in front of hind angles,
slightly arcuate at middle and rather distinctly narrowed to apex, hind angles
unicarinate, disk quite convex, very shining, and moderately coarsely but not
closely punctured. Elytra two and one-half times as long as prothorax and
two and one-half times as long as broad, breadth equal to that of prothorax,
sides almost straight and parallel anteriorly, just perceptibly sinuate at middle,
gradually rounded and convergent to apex, the disk with stria* moderately
impressed and finely, rather closely punctured, the intervals flat except near
apex, shining, very finely punctured and but slightly rugose. Beneath mod-
erately coarsely but not closely punctured anteriorly, more finely on posterior
ventral segments. Length 10 mm., breadth 2.75 mm.

March 3, 1932

308 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Holotype: No. 3113, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and numerous
Paratypes in my collection, the first captured by me at Fallen
Leaf Lake, Lake Tahoe, Calif., July 1, 1915, the others from
various points in the mountains of northern California. In
my series are about fifty specimens, and I have seen many
more, which range from British Columbia and western Mon-
tana south through Washington and Oregon to the southern
Sierras of California. It is found in the main beneath the
bark of dead fir.

The distinctive peculiarities of this member of the cordifer
group is that it is the most elongate, most parallel and pro-
portionately narrowest member, and that the apical black
patches of the elytra are distinctly isolated, neither touching
each other, the suture, nor the margin at any point. From
cordatus and affinis which both have the pile of the pronotum
yellow, it is readily separated in addition to the characters
mentioned above by having the pronotum shining and the
punctures well separated, whereas the pronotum is subopaque
in those species and rather finely, closely punctured.

Elater brunneicolor Van Dyke, new species

Size, form and general color of Elater manipularis Cand., brown passing
into rufous at margins, basal margin of elytra yellow, the antennae and legs
rufous; surface clothed with moderately coarse, yellowish brown pile, somewhat
erect on dorsum. Head coarsely, rather closely punctured; antennae reaching
a segment and a half beyond hind angles of pro thorax, third segment one and
a half times as long as second and cylindrical, segments 4-10 distinctly serrate,
the fourth one-third longer than broad, the outer ones somewhat narrower.
Prothorax as wide as long, sides just perceptibly sinuate in front of hind angles,
but slightly arcuate and convergently narrowed anteriorly, hind angles uni-
carinate, disk rather finely, sparsely punctured posteriorly, more coarsely and
closely at sides and towards apex. Elytra almost three times as long as pro-
thorax and three times as long as broad, sides parallel in front, gradually
rounded posteriorly to apex, disk rather finely striate, the striae finely, closely
punctured with elongate punctures, the intervals flattened, shining and very
finely punctured. Beneath rather coarsely, closely punctured in front and
gradually more finely and sparsely behind. Length 9 mm., breadth 2.5 mm.

Holotype: No. 3114, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by
myself at Forest Home, San Bernardino County, California,
June 18, 1928, Paratypes from Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ERI DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 399

County, California, and Forest Home, San Bernardino
County, California. Of the fourteen specimens which I have
before me, all are from southern California except two from
the Santa Cruz Mountains, one from Oroville, and one from
Placer Co., California. They also show considerable vari-
ation as to color from brown to rufotestaceous, in size from
7-9 mm. in length, and as regards the coarseness of pronotal
punctation and distinctness of elytral striae. Several typical
specimens in the collection of Dr. F. E. Blaisdell have also
been examined.

This species superficially looks very much like Elater mani-
fndaris Cand. as stated previously. It differs from that by
having the median segments of the antennae definitely serrate,
the same segments in manipularis being only slightly en-
larged apically and by having the pile coarser and more erect
on the dorsal surface. From Elater longicornis Lee, a brown
species which is found in its territory, it differs by being much
shorter, by having its prothorax as long as wide, whereas in
longicornis it is distinctly broader than long, by having shorter
antennae, the antennae in the latter extending at least three seg-
ments beyond the hind angles of prothorax, and also by having
the median segments more serrate.

Elater brevis Van Dyke, new species

Short, compact, black, sides, hind angles and outer part of base of prothorax
rufous, elytra rufotestaceous with a vague fuscous patch along suture near
apex, the antennae and legs reddish with femora slightly piceous; surface
sparsely pilose, the pile but little elevated even on upper surface. Head rather
finely and sparsely punctured; the antennae only reaching the base of the hind
angles of prothorax, third segment a third longer than second and hardly
dilated apically, fourth segment almost as long as second and third together,
segments 4-10 serrate but about one-third longer than broad. Prothorax
slightly broader than long, sides almost parallel in front of hind angles, gradu-
ally arcuate and anteriorly narrowed to apex, hind angles unicarinate, disk
slightly convex, finely yet distinctly and not closely punctured. Elytra slightly
more than twice as long as wide and almost three times as long as prothorax,
sides almost parallel anteriorly, gradually rounded and narrowed to apex, the
disk with striae well defined and rather finely, closely punctured, the intervals
quite flat, finely punctured and finely transversely rugose. Beneath moderately

310 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

coarsely, not closely punctured anteriorly, much more finely punctured on
ventral segments. Length 8 mm., breadth 2.75 mm.

Holotype: No. 3115, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a female col-
lected by myself in Paradise Valley, Mt. Rainier, Washing-
ton, July 15, 1920; Paratype, z. smaller specimen, from
Moscow Mt., Idaho, May, identical in all essentials with
preceding. A third specimen is entirely black except hind
angles and a narrow lateral margin to prothorax, both above
and beneath, which are rufous, a rufous cast to the humeral
region of elytra and rufous antennae and legs. It was col-
lected on Red Mountain, Nevada Co., Calif., July 3, 1911, by
Dr. Chas. Von Geldern. A number of other specimens from
eastern British Columbia have also been submitted to me for
determination by Mr. Ralph Hopping. He reports that he has
"six specimens, two from Trinity Valley, which is just east
of Vernon, two from Copper Mountain, near the Inter-
national Boundary, one from Vernon and one from Williams
Lake, which is in the Caribou District, about sixty miles
north of the C.P.R."

This species, which suggests some of the species of Dras-
terius, both because of the form and coloration, would run in
the LeConte table, close to pullus, where it most probably
belongs. It is of the same stocky build, but larger and differ-
ently marked. It seems to show no relationship whatever to
any of our other species.

Genus Megapenthes Kiesenwetter

The genus Megapenthes is quite polymorphic yet the species
in general appearance and in most structural details are much
like those of Elater. They all differ fundamentally, however,
by having the sutures of the prosternum not excavated in
front between the sternum and the flanks, and in addition also
are distinguished by the following characters of lesser mo-
ment: prosternum concave or channeled between the front
coxae and the inner portion of the posterior coxal plates, not

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ER1 DM AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 31 1

suddenly expanded but gradually dilated, though often marked-
ly broad as compared with the outer portion. In most of our
species both the second and third antennal segments are small
and in a number the antennae of the males are ornamented
with rather long erect hair in addition to the usual pile. The
<renus is world wide in distribution with the bulk of the
species in the warmer parts of the world, while Elater is mainly
Holarctic. In the United States there are but few species
while in Mexico and the countries to the south they are far
more abundant.

There is much confusion in the literature concerning the
status of our species. For instance, Otto Schwarz in Genera
Insectorum, places tartareus, aterrimus and limbalis in the
genus Trichophorus. As stated by Schaeffer,6 these most de-
cidedly do not belong there but in Megapenthes. Elater
sturmii Germ, was at one time believed by LeConte to be the
same as granulosus, now recognized as but the female of
Megapenthes limbalis (Hbst. ). Later, however, he7 discovered
that they were two distinct species and placed sturmii where it
truly belongs in the genus Elater,. In the Leng Catalogue,
there are also several errors as regards the synonymy. Mega-
penthes aterrimus Horn is a true synonym of Dolopiosomus
aterrimus Mots., not the latter a synonym of Megapenthes
tartareus (Lee), therefore the name horni as a substitute for
aterrimus Horn is unnecessary. The corrected bibliography
will be found following the discussion of the species.

Synoptic Table

1. Hind angles of prothorax unicarinate 2

Hind angles of prothorax bicarinate 17

2. Opaque, very densely punctured; antennae strongly serrate, seg-

ments 2-3 small, in the male outer segments with stiff erect

hairs; large and robust species 3

Somewhat shining, less densely punctured; antennae but mod-
erately serrate ; smaller and more linear species 6

•Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, XXIV, 1916, p. 26.
T Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884. p. 9.

312 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

3. Pubescence entirely black 4

Pubescence brown or variegated 5

4. Prosternal lobe subtruncate in front, presternum but moderately

broad between coxae and slightly channeled; abdomen rather
coarsely punctured; color dull black, legs sometimes dark
red; distinctly narrowed in front as well as behind; length
9.5-11 mm. Ore., Calif., more common south and inland

tartareus (Lee.)

Prosternal lobe arcuate in front, presternum as broad as long
between coxae and deeply channeled; abdomen rather finely,
densely punctured; color dull black, sometimes with white
spot near apex of each elytron; stouter species than pre-
ceding, blunter both in front and behind; length 9-16 mm.
Calif, and N. M aterrimus (Mots.)

5. Similar in structure to aterrimus; black or piceous, elytra yellow

transversely barred with from two to three irregular black
bands, prothorax also sometimes yellow as well as antennae
and legs often rufous; length 11-14 mm. Southern Calif.. .

turbulentus (Lee.)

Presternum much as in aterrimus; abdomen very finely densely
punctured; male black with occiput, pronotum except hind
angles and median area, entire margin of elytra and often
legs and antennae reddish yellow, female entirely black;
length 8-16 mm. Middle and southern states limbalis (Hbst.)

6. Antennae with segments 2-3 small and about equal in size 9

Antennae with second segment alone small, third almost as long

as fourth and quite triangular 7

7. Head and elytra entirely coal black 8

Black, front of head, prothorax except for large discal and sternal
black spot, and basal margin of elytra yellowish red; first
tarsal segment almost as long as following four united ; simu-
lates rufilabris; length 6 mm. Southern Pines, N. C. . .tarsalis Schfr.

8. Black, pubescence black, entire prothorax except sternum red-

dish yellow; pronotum and propleurae finely, sparsely punc-
tured; elytral striae well impressed and distinctly, regularly
punctured; intermediate segments of antennae quite serrate;
length 7-8 mm. Middle Sierra of Calif lepidus Lee.

Similar to above in structure and coloration except that pro-
thorax more sanguineous; the propleurae rather coarsely,
closely punctured, elytral striae finely impressed and not
distinctly punctured except at sides; length 6.5 mm. 111. . . .
illinoiensis n. sp.

9. Black, more or less ornamented with orange or red 10

Ferruginous or brownish, more or less unicolorous 14

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATERI DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 3^3

10. Pronotum black or black with hind angles yellow 11

Pronotum, propleurae and legs reddish orange; antennae of males

with erect hair; length 8-9 mm. Wash, to Calif. . . .nigriventris Lee.

1 1 . Elytra in great part black 12

Elytra in great part orange 13

12. Pronotum coarsely, deeply punctured; black, the hind angles of

prothorax always orange, males in addition with basal and
sometimes transverse subapical elytral spots yellow (rarely
a third between them), females with basal third of elytra
yellow except for suture and small oblique subhumeral
patch, and a small subapical spot; length 7-10 mm. Coastal
area of northern Calif, (lives in rotting California laurel,

Umbellularia calif ornica Nutt.) elegans Horn

Pronotum finely, shallowly punctured; black, pronotum some-
times with small yellow area near hind angles, males in
addition with basal and often subapical elytral spot yellow,
females with yellow lunule (often broken) extending from
base to near middle of elytra and a subapical spot; length
5-7 mm. Extends from Nova Scotia to B. C. and through-
out Pacific States stigtnosus (Lee.)

13. Black, elytra with large orange spots, extending beyond middle,

and subapical spots, outlining a black cross; length 5-6 mm.

Calif quadrimaculatus (Horn)

Black, elytra orange, scutellar spot and two transverse bands
connected along the suture black; length 8 mm. Great Lake
States and Canada (not Calif.) rogersi Horn

14. Narrow and elongate species, over four times as long as broad . . 15
Larger and more robust species, not four times as long as broad;

ferruginous brown above, rufous beneath; antennae in males
extending slightly beyond hind angles; pronotum rather
finely, closely and deeply punctured ; length 9 mm. Southern
N. M. and southern Ariz obtusus n. sp.

15.^ Very narrow and elongate; antennae in males reaching three seg-
ments beyond hind angles of prothorax; pronotal punctures

not close together 16

Smaller and less elongate; antennae in males extending about a
segment and a half beyond hind angles of prothorax; pro-
notal punctures shallow, umbilicate and closely approxi-
mate; length 7.5 mm. Southern Ariz variolatus n. sp.

16. Reddish brown above, rufous beneath; head in males broader
than apex of prothorax, eyes very large; pronotal punctures
shallow and variolate; length 7.75-8 mm. Southern Ariz.

megalops n. sp.

Ferruginous above, lighter beneath; head in males not broader
than apex of prothorax; eyes normal; pronotal punctures
more punctiform; length 8-9 mm. Southern Ariz, .longicornis Schfr.

314 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

17. Smaller species, not over 8 mm. in length, second and third an-

tennal segments small, outer carina poorly defined 18

Larger and more robust species, 10 mm. or over in length, both

carinas of hind angles of pro thorax well defined 19

18. Black or piceous, base of prothorax and elytra and legs testaceous,

beneath more or less rufous in front; pronotal punctures fine
sparse; outer carina of hind angles of prothorax evident but
vague; length 7-8 mm. Middle and southern states . rufilabris (Germ.)
Ferruginous, head somewhat piceous; pronotal punctures coarse
and variolate ; hind margin of posterior coxal plates emargin-
ate near trochanter; length 8 mm. Brownsville, Tex.nigriceps Schfr.

19. Elongate, sub-cuneiform, brown; antennae reaching hind angles

of prothorax, second and third segments small, together
shorter than fourth; prothorax longer than wide, pronotum

deeply punctured; length 10 mm. Mo angularis Lee.

Elongate, brown, antennas and legs rufous; antennae in male
reaching two segments beyond hind angles of prothorax,
second segment small, third two-thirds length of fourth,
together fully equal to fourth; prothorax longer than wide,
disk coarsely, deeply and moderately closely punctured,
hind angles with both carinae sharply defined, the outer the
longer; length 11 mm. Tex., southern Ariz insignis (Lee.)

Megapenthes aterrimus (Motschulsky)

This common California species is generally of a uniform
sooty black color. Recently, however, several male specimens
have been taken near Riverton, Eldorado Co., Calif., which
had a patch of white pile near the apices of each elytron.

Megapenthes illinoiensis Van Dyke, new species

Small, elongate, shining, coal black, pronotum except anterior and posterior
margins and propleurae bright red, sparsely clothed with short, semierect black
pile. Head rather coarsely, umbilicately, and closely punctured; antennae in
male reaching at least one segment behind hind angles of prothorax, second
segment small, third three-fourths as large as fourth and triangular, third to
tenth distinctly serrate. Prothorax longer than broad, narrowed in front, sides
slightly and evenly arcuate, hind angles acute, unicarinate, disk smooth,
rather finely and sparsely punctured, more coarsely and closely near anterior
angles. Elytra more than twice as long as broad, quite parallel anteriorly,
gradually narrowed posteriorly, disk with striae not deeply impressed and rather
finely punctured near suture, more coarsely and distinctly at sides, intervals
flat and more or less transversely rugose. Beneath with the presternum dis-

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA $\$

tinctly but not closely punctured, the propleurae rather closely and coarsely
punctured, the meso and metasternum distinctly but not closely punctured,
and the abdomen more finely punctured. Length 6.5 mm., breadth 2 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3116, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a unique
collected near Urbana, Illinois, April 28, 1928, by Mr. A. T.
McClay and by him kindly presented to me.

This species is very close to the Californian Megapenthes
lepidus Lee, but is somewhat smaller, with the prothorax
sanguineous rather than orange, the front of the head more
coarsely and closely punctured, the propleurae also much more
coarsely and closely punctured, and the elytra with the striae
finer and the strial punctures less clearly defined. It super-
ficially resembles Elater collaris Say and might possibly be
confused with that in eastern collections.

Megapenthes obtusus Van Dyke, new species

Male subelongate, robust; ferruginous brown, base of prothorax and elytra
slightly yellowish, beneath more rufous, antennae rufotestaceous and legs
testaceous; surface clothed with coarse, yellowish brown pile. Head rather
finely, not densely punctured; antennae slender, reaching about one segment
behind hind angles of prothorax, second segment small, third one-third longer,
fourth the longest, longer than second and third combined, not quite twice as
long as broad at apex, segments 4-10 serrate and gradually diminishing in
length and breadth. Prothorax slightly longer at middle than broad; sides
almost straight from apex of hind angles to anterior angles and gradually
convergent, hind angles robust, rather long, slightly divergent, and unicarinate;
disk convex, flattened above, feebly canaliculate basally, rather coarsely,
deeply and closely punctured, finer apically, punctures obscure at base. Elytra
more than twice as long as broad and twice as long as prothorax, sides almost
straight and slightly converging posteriorly to posterior third, thence more
rounded and convergent to blunt apex, disk rather deeply striate, striae closely,
moderately coarsely punctured, intervals subconvex, finely punctured and
rugose, especially towards base. Beneath moderately, finely, sparsely punc-
tured in front, more finely and closely on abdomen, posterior coxal plates but
moderately dilated inwardly and with margin in front of trochanters slightly
sinuate. Length 9 mm., breadth 2.75 mm.

The female is more robust, with sides of prothorax more parallel posteriorly,
more rounded anteriorly, the elytra likewise with sides more arcuate and gen-
erally less cuneate, the antennae also shorter.

Holotype: Male, No. 3117, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from the
Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, July 9, 1908; Allotype: Fe-

316 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

male, No. 3118, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from Cloudcroft,
Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, July 9, 1917, and one
Paratype female, Texas Pass, Dragoon Mountains, Arizona,
July 19, 1917, the last two collected and kindly presented by
Prof. W. M. Wheeler.

Judging from the description of Megapenthes angularis
Lee, this species somewhat resembles that in general features
but it lacks the bicarinate hind angles to prothorax and the
transverse posterior margin to the expanded inner portion of
the posterior coxal plates. It suggests none of our other
species.

Megapenthes variolatus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, narrow, somewhat narrowed in front and distinctly so posteriorly;
ferruginous, base of elytra somewhat yellowish, tarsi testaceous; clothed with
rather coarse, yellowish pile. Head rather coarsely and moderately closely
punctured, eyes not projecting beyond sides of prothorax, antennae slender,
extending at least a segment and a half beyond hind angles of prothorax, second
and third segments small and of about equal length, fourth distinctly longer
than the two combined, segments 4-10 slightly serrate and diminishing in
breadth towards apex. Prothorax slightly longer than broad, sides straight,
convergent forwards from apices of hind angles to anterior angles, hind angles
prominent, slightly divergent and unicarinate, disk slightly convex, vaguely
canaliculate posteriorly, densely, shallowly umbilicately punctured, obscurely
so at base. Elytra slightly more than two and a half times as long as broad
and two and a half times as long as prothorax (excluding hind angles), sides
quite parallel in front, slightly arcuate and convergent to bluntly rounded
apex, disk distinctly striate, the striae finely, closely punctured, intervals flat-
tened, finely punctured, and rugose, especially on basal area. Beneath rather
finely and sparsely punctured in front, more closely so over ventral surface,
posterior coxal plates distinctly broadened inwardly and with posterior margin
in front of trochanters conspicuously emarginate. Length 7.5 mm., breadth
2 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3119, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and
several Paratype males from a series of eight specimens in
my collection, taken at 6000-foot elevation on Mt. Washing-
ton, near Nogales, Arizona, July 16 and 17, 1919, by Mr. J.
August Kusche.

This species in size and general shape somewhat resembles
rufilabris and nigriceps but differs from the first in color, in

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ERl DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA $\J

having longer antennae and hind prothoracic angles distinctly
unicarinate ; and from the latter in having the antennae slightly
longer and the hind prothoracic angles not bicarinate. From
longicomis which it resembles in color, it differs by being
shorter, more cuneate anteriorly and posteriorly, with shorter
antennae, and with the disk more coarsely and closely punc-
tured.

Megapenthes megalops Van Dyke, new species

Male elongate, narrow, parallel; reddish brown, beneath rufous, antennae
and legs testaceous; sparsely clothed with rather coarse yellowish pile. Head
shallowly, rather sparsely, umbilicately punctured, broader than prothorax
at apex; the eyes large and prominent, almost hemispherical; antennas long and
slender, reaching at least three segments beyond hind angles of prothorax,
second segment small, third slightly longer, fourth a third longer than second
and third combined and twice as long as broad, segments 4-10 serrate and
diminishing in breadth towards apex. Prothorax slightly longer than broad,
sides slightly sinuate in front of hind angles, thence straight and barely con-
verging, almost parallel, to anterior angles, hind angles prominent, slightly
diverging and unicarinate; disk slightly convex, shallowly, umbilicately and
not closely punctured as on head. Elytra over two and a half times as long
as broad and nearly three times as long as prothorax (excluding hind angles),
sides quite parallel for basal two-thirds, thence gradually rounded to apex;
disk distinctly striate, stria rather finely, closely punctured, intervals flat-
tened, finely punctured and finely rugose. Beneath moderately finely and
sparsely punctured in front, umbilicately on propleurae, more minutely and
closely on ventral surface, posterior coxal plates distinctly widened inwardly
and with posterior margin in front of trochanters emarginate. Length 7.75
mm., breadth 2 mm.

The female differs by having the head not broader than anterior part of
prothorax, the eyes less prominent, the antennae shorter, just reaching beyond
hind angles of prothorax, and the prothorax more robust, the sides a bit arcuate
at middle and slightly rounded in front.

Holotype: Male, No. 3120; and Allotype: Female, No. 3121,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and two Paratypes in my collection, the
males from Mt. Washington, near Nogales, Ariz., collected
July 20, 1919, by Mr. J. August Kusche, and the female from
Miller Canon, Huachuca Mts., Ariz., July 14, collected by Mr.
H. A. Wenzel and kindly presented to me by the late Mr.
Henry Wenzel.

This species in size and general shape is most like longi-
comis and is perhaps closely related to it as indicated by its

3lg CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th See.

very long antennae, but it differs by being darker in color, by
having a broader head and larger eyes in the male, and a
coarser type of punctation on pronotum.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Megapenthes tartareus (Lee.) (Elater), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859,
p. 85; (Megapenthes), Lee, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884, p. 6.
Waterrimus Schwarz (Trichophorus), Gen. Insect., fasc. 46, 1906, p. 259.
Megapenthes aterrimus (Mots.) (Dolopiosomus) , Bui. Mosc, XXXII, II,
1859, p. 382; (Megapenthes), Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III,
1871, p. 309; Lee, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884, p. 6.
\\tartareus Schwarz (Trichophorus), Gen. Insect., fasc. 46, 1906, p. 259.
horni Leng (Megapenthes), Cat. Col., 1920, p. 173.
Megapenthes turbulentus (Lee) (Elater), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 463;
(Megapenthes), Cand., Mon. Elat., II, 1859, p. 508; Lee, Tr.
Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884, p. 6.
Megapenthes limbalis (Hbst.), male, (Elater), Kafer, IX, 1806, p. 53, t. 162,
f. 10; Say, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI, 1836, p. 167; Lee, Tr. Am.
Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 463; (Ampedus), Germ., Zeits. f.d. Ent.,
V, 1844, p. 164; (Megapenthes), Gemm. & Har., Cat. Col., V,
1869, p. 1537; Lee, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884, p. 6.
granulosus (Melsh.), female, (Ectinus), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II,
1844, p. 159; (Megapenthes), Cand., Mon. Elat., II, 1859,
p. 497; Lee, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884, p. 6.
Megapenthes lepidus Lee, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884, p. 7.
Megapenthes illinoiensis n. sp.

Megapenthes tarsalis Schfr., Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, XXIV, 1916, p. 259.
Megapenthes nigriventris Lee, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884, p. 7.
Megapenthes elegans Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 310, pi. iv, fig. 12;

Lee, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884, p. 7.
Megapenthes stigmosus (Lee) (Elater), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (2) X, 1853,
p. 472; (Megapenthes), Cand., Mon. Elat., II, 1859, p. 509;
Lee, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884, p. 7.
caprella (Lee) (Elater), Rept. Exp. & Surv. Miss, to Pac, XII, p. 3;
separate erroneously marked IX, 1860, p. 47; (Megapenthes),
Cand., Mon. Elat., II, 1859, p. 510.
Megapenthes quadrimaculatus (Horn) (Limonius), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III,
1871, p. 313; (Megapenthes), Lee, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XII,
1884, p. 7; Horn, Henshaw List Col., 1885, p. 68; (Pheletes),
Leng, Cat. Col., 1920, p. 168.

Megapenthes rogersi Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 310, pi. IV, fig. 9;
Lee, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884, p. 7.

Megapenthes obtusus n. sp.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ER1 DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 319

Megapcnthes variolatus n. sp.

Megapenthes megalops n. sp.

Megapenthes longicornis Schfr., Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, XXIV, 1916, p. 258.

Megapenthes rufilabris (Germ.) (Elater), Ins. sp. nov. etc., 1824, p. 47; Lee,
Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., X, 1853, p. 472; (Ampedus), Germ., Zeits.,
f.d. Ent., V, 1844, p. 169; (Megapenthes), Cand., Mon. Elat.,
II, 1859, pp. 98-99; Lee, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. XII, 1884, p. 6.
delicatulus (Dej.) (Oophorus), Cat., ed. 3, 1837, p. 105.

Megapenthes nigriceps Schfr., Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, XXIV, 1916, p. 259.

Megapenthes angularis Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 360; Lee,
Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884, p. 7.

Megapenthes insignis (Lee) (Elater), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884, p. 11.

Genus Anchastus LeConte

Synoptic Table

1. Smaller species, less than 7 mm. in length, hind angles of pro-

thorax unicarinate, hind coxal plates suddenly dilated in-
wardly 2

Larger species, usually over 7 mm. in length 4

2. Broad and flattened, second and third antennal segments both

much shorter than fourth ; nigropiceous or black (elytra some-
times flavous), clothed with cinereous pubescence, fourth
antennal segment longer than fifth and about as long as

second and third together; length 4-6.5 mm. Calif

cinereipennis (Esch.)

Narrower and moderately convex, second antennal segment alone

short, third and fourth about equal in length 3

3. Black with base of pro thorax rufous, prothorax longer than

broad; length 6 mm. Southeastern states. . . . signaticottis (Germ.)
Dark brown to castaneous, head and elytra sometimes piceous,

prothorax not longer than broad; length 5-6 mm. Fla. . .asper Lee

4. Upper surface uniformly black or piceous or ornamented with red

or yellow markings, hind coxal plates gradually dilated in-
wardly 5

Upper surface more or less uniformly light brown, rufous or

castaneous 8

5. Outer segments of antennae broadly serrate, second segment

small, third large and triangular and at least equal to fourth

in length 6

Outer segments of antennae cylindrical or but slightly serrate . . 7

320 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

6. Body somewhat shining, either entirely black or with basal area

of elytra orange; length 8 mm. Calif militaris Cand.

Body subopaque, black with antennae, legs, and basal angles of
prothorax rufous, also often with head, basal margin of pro-
thorax and elytra, and propleurae red; length 8 mm. Calif. . .
subopacus n. sp.

7. Body black with elytra ornamented with two large humeral and

two subapical yellow spots, antennae and legs rufous, second
antennal segment small, third three-fourths length of fourth
and cylindrical; length 8 mm. Ind., Ga., Ala., Fla binus (Say)

8. Hind angles of prothorax unicarinate (a vague outer carina some-

times present) , hind coxal plates gradually dilated inwardly 9

Hind angles of prothorax distinctly bicarinate, the outer carina

parallel to the margin 11

9. Much elongated and cylindrical, prothorax very closely and

cribrately punctured, third antennal segment but little
longer than second and much shorter than fourth, rufocas-
taneous throughout; length 9-11 mm digitatus Lee.

Less elongated and more flattened, third antennal segment one-
half longer than second and but little shorter than fourth,
bicolored 10

10. Head, prothorax and underside rufous, elytra black, punctures of

prothorax rather fine and well separated though numerous;
length 6-7.5 mm. Ariz., southeastern Calif, and L. Calif, bicolor Lee.
Entire upper surface dark brown, beneath rufous, punctures of
prothorax coarse, umbilicate and approximate; length 8 mm.
ventralis n. sp.

11. Third segment of antennae as long or longer than the fourth,

posterior coxal plates gradually dilated inwardly 12

Third segment of antennae distinctly shorter than fourth 13

12. Prothorax longer than broad, third segment of antennae triangular

and distinctly longer than fourth, second very small; length

8 mm. Ariz arizonicus n. sp.

Prothorax broader than long, third segment of antennae equal to

fourth; length 10 mm. New Orleans, La rufus Cand.

13. Prothorax longer than broad, third segment of antennae longer

than second and with second about equal to fourth, hind
coxal plates suddenly dilated inwardly; length 8-9 mm.
Fla., Ga bicarinatus Lee.

Prothorax nearly square, third segment of antennae longer than
second, second and third together hardly equal to fourth,
hind coxal plates gradually dilated inwardly ; length 10.5 mm.
Ariz., southeastern Calif sericans Cand.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ERl DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 321

Anchastus subopacus Van Dyke, new species

Broad and depressed, subopaque, black, the head, entire margin of pro-
thorax including the posterior angles, the propleura:, first two segments of
antennas and legs a bright red ; upper surface moderately densely clothed with a
fine, short grayish black pile, suberect on the head and prothorax, more de-
pressed on the elytra, the under surface more sparsely clothed. Head coarsely
and closely punctured, middle portion of clypeal margin slightly lobed; antennae
reaching beyond the hind angles of the prothorax, the second segment small and
transverse, the third longer than the fourth and but slightly longer than broad,
segments 3-10 very much serrated, the eleventh elliptical and constricted before
apex. Prothorax as broad as long, sides gradually arcuate from base to apex,
basal angles prominent, acute, projecting backwards and unicarinate, the
carinae extending forwards to base of angles and diverging from sides; disk
moderately convex, coarsely and closely punctured, canaliculate only in front
of scutellum. Elytra over three times length of prothorax and twice as long as
broad, sides almost parallel in basal portion, thence gradually arcuate to apex;
disk moderately convex, finely punctato-striate, the punctures more evident
anteriorly, the intervals flat, finely punctured and granulate. Beneath the
prosternum finely, sparsely punctate, the propleuras, meso- and metasternum
coarsely, closely punctate, and the abdomen more finely and somewhat
strigosely punctate, the hind coxal plates gradually but rather strongly dilated
inwardly. Length 8 mm., breadth 3 mm.

Holotype: No. 3122, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from Havilah,
Calif., collected June 13, 1913, and three paratypes in my col-
lection, one from Clear Lake, Lake Co., Calif., collected May,
1895, which agrees with the holotype except in being a bit
smaller and in having only the anterior margin of the head
and the basal portion of the prothorax red, lacking the red
sides and propleura?, though having the basal margin of the
elytra distinctly reddened. The other paratyes from Sequoia
National Park, Calif., May 28, 1929, approach the type very
closely in size and coloration. I have also seen two other
specimens, one collected near Kaweah, Calif., by Mr. Ralph
Hopping and now in his collection, and one in the collection
of Dr. George Horn, now in the Philadelphia Academy.

This species because of its general appearance and type of
antenna? should be placed near to militaris Cand. It differs
from that by being broader and more generally robust, sub-
opaque and by having a different color pattern.

322 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Anchastus militaris Candeze

The typical bicolored phase of this species is rather rare. I
have seen only a few specimens of these, one in the collection
of Dr. George Horn, three in my own collection and two or
three elsewhere. My specimens were collected : one near Lake
Tahoe, one at Meadow Valley, Plumas Co., Calif., June 6,
1924, and one in the Sequoia National Park, June 5, 1929.

An all-black phase is, however, less rare and is widely dis-
tributed throughout the Sierra Nevada mountains and north-
ern California generally. This phase, I am calling the sub-
species corvus and designating two specimens from Eldridge,
Sonoma Co., Calif., one as the holotype (No. 3123, Mus. Calif.
Acad. Sci.), the other as a paratype. Other specimens in my
series of thirteen specimens are from Humboldt Co., Shasta
Co., Placer Co., and Forest Home, San Bernardino Co.,
Calif., June 18, 1928. It does not differ structurally at all
from the typical form.

Anchastus ventralis Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, slightly depressed, shining, brown, the antennae, posterior margin
of pronotum, including the angles and entire underside, rufous, darker in front,
surface moderately clothed with a short yellowish pubescence. Head coarsely
and closely punctured, the clypeal margin entire and slightly lobed at the
middle; antennae reaching one segment beyond the hind angles of prothorax, the
second segment small, but slightly longer than broad, the third almost twice
the length of second and but little shorter than fourth, segments 3-10 but
slightly serrated. Prothorax as broad as long, sides straight near base and
slightly arcuate and convergent forwards, hind angles prominent, acute, pro-
jecting backwards and unicarinate, the carinas acute and extending forward
almost to middle of prothorax and close to and almost parallel to side margin;
disk convex, coarsely umbilicately and densely punctured, canaliculate pos-
teriorly at middle, a fine longitudinal carina evident in the depression. Elytra
almost three times as long as prothorax and a little over twice as long as broad,
sides almost straight and parallel to apical third, thence arcuate to apex; disk
moderately convex, punctato-striate, the punctures rather large and crenulate,
the intervals slightly convex, finely punctate and perceptibly scabrous. Be-
neath moderately coarsely, closely punctured anteriorly, more finely on abdo-
men; coxal plates moderately wider inwardly, very narrow outwardly. Length
8 mm., breadth 2.5 mm.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ERl DM AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 333

Holotypc: No. 3124, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a unique in my
collection, collected on Mt. Washington near Nogales, Ariz.,
alt. 6000 ft., July 13, 1919, by Mr. J. August Kusche. A
second specimen, a male, collected on Kits Peak, Rincon,
Baboquivari Mts., Ariz., Aug. 4, 1916, by Dr. Lutz, is in the
collection of the American Museum of Natural History. This,
I have designated as a paratype. It differs from my specimen
only by being a bit lighter in color and by having the punc-
tures less umbilicate at the center of the promotum.

This species is no doubt closely related to Anchastus bicolor
Lee. but it differs by being of a uniform dark brown color
above with a golden yellow pile, not with head and prothorax
a bright red and elytra black and with black pile; by being
slightly longer and more definitely attenuated both before and
behind, less parallel ; and by having the prothoracic punctures
coarse, umbilicate and approximate, not sharply impressed and
well spaced. It is possible that it is the same as Anchastus
desertus Horn, the type of the latter being a poorly pigmented
or immature specimen. If so, the latter is most certainly not
a synonym of bicolor as generally placed, but a good species.

Anchastus arizonicus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly, rufous, antennae and legs
paler, moderately shining, clothed with short yellowish hairs giving the surface
a silken appearance. Head coarsely, moderately closely punctured; antennae
reaching beyond hind angles of prothorax, second segment small and transverse,
third long, nearly twice as long as broad and about one-fourth longer than
fourth, segments 4-7 of about equal length and breadth, 8-10 somewhat nar-
rower, 3-10 serrate, eleventh about as long as third, elliptical and slightly con-
stricted near apex. Prothorax longer than broad, sides feebly arcuate and
gradually narrowed from base to apex, hind angles acute, prolonged backwards,
bicarinate, the inner carina very sharp, the outer finer, longer and close to
lateral margin; disk moderately convex, coarsely, rather closely punctured at
middle, more coarsely, shallowly, umbilicately, and approximately at sides.
Elytra barely narrower than the prothorax at the humeri, gradually narrowed
from base to apex, moderately convex, disk striate, the striae coarsely punctured
basally, much finer apically, intervals flat, rather coarsely, closely punctured
and somewhat scabrous anteriorly, much more finely and sparsely punctured
posteriorly. Beneath moderately coarsely and closely punctured in front,
abdomen more finely; the hind coxal plates strongly and suddenly dilated
internally. Length 7 mm., breadth 2.25 mm.

March 3, 1932

324 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Holotype: Male, No. 3125, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. ; and
Paratype: Male, in my collection; the first collected at Texas
Pass, Dragoon Mts., Ariz., July 21, 1917, by Prof. W. M.
Wheeler, the second taken at Coyote Mts., Ariz., Aug. 4-7,
1918, by Dr. Frank E. Lutz, and both specimens kindly pre-
sented by the collectors. Three other specimens collected by
Dr. Lutz at Kits Peak, Rincon, Boboquivara Mts., Ariz.,
Aug. 1-4, 1916, and kindly submitted for study by the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, have also been designated
as paratypes.

This species because of the bicarinate hind angles of the
prothorax might be confused with bicarinatus and sericans,
but it differs from both by having the third antennal segment
distinctly longer than the fourth. In addition, the finer and
closer pronotal punctation of bicarinatus and the larger size
and greater robustness of sericans will readily assist in their
separation. It is perhaps even closer to rufns but that is stated
to be larger, to have a broader prothorax and third antennal
segment equal to fourth. It cannot be confused with any
species described by Champion from Mexico, in the Biologia.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anchastus cinereipennis (Esch.) (Monocrepidius), Thon., Ent. Arch., II,
1829, p. 31; Dej., Cat., 3rd ed., 1837, p. 98; (Cryptohypnus) ,
Mann., Bui. Mosc, XVI, 1843, p. 240; (Anchastus), Cand.,
Mon. Elat., II, 1859, p. 406.

tantillus (Mann.) (Cardiophorus) , Bui. Mosc, XVI, 1843, p. 239;
(Aplastus), Cand., Mon. Elat., II, 1859, p. 407.

puberulus (Mann.) (Cryptohypnus), Bui. Mosc, XVI, 1843, p. 240.

recedens (Lee), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, n. s. X, 1853, p. 460.

hirsutulus (Mots.) (Monocrepidius), Bui. Mosc. XXXII, 1859, p. 364.

regularis (Mots.) (Monocrepidius), Bui. Mosc, XXXII, 1859, p. 364.

piliferus (Mots.) (Monocrepidius), Bui. Mosc. XXXII, 1859, p. 365.

Anchastus signaticollis (Germ.) (Ampedus), Zeits. f.d. Ent., V, 1843, p. 190;

(Anchastus), Cand., Mon. Elat., II, 1859, p. 403.
Anchastus asper Lee, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, XVII, 1878, p. 404.

Anchastus militaris Cand., Mem. Soc. Sci. Liege, 2d Ser., IX, 1881, p. 59;

Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1885, p. 49.
Anchastus militaris corvus n. subsp.
Anchastus subopacus n. sp.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ER1 DM AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 325

Anchastus binus (Say) (Elater), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI, 1839, p. 178; (Dis-
crepidius?), Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 461; Henshaw,
List Col., 1885, p. 67.

Anchastus digitatus Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 459.
longulus Lee, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, XVII, 1878, p. 404.

Anchastus bicolor Lee, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 390; Tr. Am. Ent.
Soc, XII, 1885, p. 50.
desertus Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 311.

Anchastus ventralis n. sp.

Anchastus arizonicus n. sp.

Anchastus rufus Cand., Mon. Elat., II, 1859, p. 404.

Anchastus bicarinatus (Lee) (Brachycrepis), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p.
461; (Anchastus), Cand. Mon. Elat., II, 1859, p. 405.

Anchastus sericans Cand., Mem. Soc Sci. Liege, 1891, p. 106.
sericeus Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 311.
horni Schw., Gen. Insect., fase 46, 1907, p. 315.

Anchastus frontalis Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1885, p. 49.

= Physorrhinus fusculus Champ., Biol. Cent. Am., Col., Ill, pt. 1, p. 385.

Anchastus fuscus Lee, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, XVII, 1878, p. 404.

= Ischiodontus fuscus (Lee), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, IX, 1882, p. 238.

Hypnoidini

In his revision of our species, Horn8 used Cryptohypnus
Germ, as the genus to include the bulk of our species. Later
he9 accepted Hypnoidus Steph. for those species which had the
middle coxal cavities closed outwardly only by the meso- and
metasternites. The present belief is that all of the species
listed under these two genera as is done in the Leng Cata-
logue, belong to a single genus as Horn treated them but that
the genus Hypnoidus Steph., being the older name, should be
used instead of Cryptohypnus Germ. This procedure is fol-
lowed by Schenkling,10 the latest to catalogue them. Crypto-
hypnus may be used as a subgenus of Hypnoidus, to include
those generally larger species which have the middle coxal
cavities closed outwardly by the meso-epimeron as well as the

8 A monograph of the species of Cryptohypnus of Boreal America, by George H.
Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XVIII, 1891, pp. 1-31.

9 A note on Cryptohypnus, by George H. Horn, Ent. News, V, 1894, pp. 6-7.

10 Schenkling, Junk's Col. Cat., Pars 80, Elateridae I, pp. 200-215.

326 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

meso- and metasternites. Inasmuch as I am establishing a
new genus in the tribe, I thought that it might be well to make
out a key for the North American genera of that tribe.

Key to Genera

1. Tarsal claws simple, tarsi clothed beneath with stiff hair 2

Tarsal claws toothed, tarsi clothed beneath with silken pile 3

2. Front completely margined, last maxillary palpal segment simply

dilated Hypnoidus Steph.

Front with margin interrupted at middle, last maxillary palpal

segment cultriform Anthracopteryx Horn

3. Last maxillary palpal segment cultriform11 Paroedostethus n. genus

Last maxillary palpal segment dilated Oedostethus Lee.

Hypnoidus glacialis Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, broad, and flattened; shining black above, rufopiceous beneath,
the antennae and legs bright red; upper surface clothed with short, suberect
black pile, lower surface with very fine, closely appressed gray pile. Head
longitudinally impressed at middle, finely, sparsely punctured; antennae long,
about reaching hind angles of prothorax, all segments considerably longer than
broad, the second twice as long as broad and about two-thirds the length of
third, the latter one-fourth longer than fourth, the following gradually shorter
and slightly broader. Prothorax large, about as broad as long at middle, sides
markedly arcuate, narrowed and sinuate in front of hind angles, the latter nar-
rowed, elongate, divergent, and with a fine carina extending forwards and near
the margin, one- third the length of the prothorax; disk slightly convex, finely
sparsely punctured and with well impressed median canaliculation near base.
Elytra over twice as long as prothorax and twice as long as broad, the sides
arcuate from humeri to near base and gradually rounded at apex, disk slightly
convex, striae sharply impressed and finely punctured, intervals convex and
very finely punctured. Beneath very finely, sparsely punctured. Length 8.5
mm., breadth 3 mm.

Holotype: No. 3126, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and eight Para-
types in my collection, the first from Lake MacDonald,
Glacier National Park, Montana, July 7, 1930, the others from
near Eureka, Montana, July 9, 1930. Besides these, I also
collected one in the Yellowstone National Park and have
studied specimens from Garibaldi, B. C, July 24-31, 1926,

11 The segment is not quite so long as it is in Anthracopteryx Horn, see Plat«
I, fig. 7, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XVIII, 1891.

Vol. XX] VAX DYKE— ELATERIDAl AND RELATED COLEOPTERA T>27

collected by Mr. G. A. Hardy and from Waterton Lake, Al-
berta, Canada, July 10, 1930, collected by Mr. F. S. Carr.

This species is very closely related to grandicollis (Lee.)
and looks very much like it. It differs by having the pronotum
very finely and sparsely punctured instead of coarsely, closely
punctured, the head sulcate, the hind angles of prothorax nar-
row, not more or less triangular, and the elytra with well im-
pressed striae and convex intervals, in contrast with the five
striae and flat intervals of grandicollis.

Hypnoidus sanborni (Horn)

Hypnoidus barbatus (Sahib.) and sanborni, I consider one
and the same. I have series of both and cannot separate them
except by the labels.

Hypnoidus lecontei hirsutus Van Dyke, new subspecies

This subspecies resembles the more typical form of lecontei which extends
clear across the continent from the northern New England States to British
Columbia and throughout the mountains of Washington and Oregon, except
that it is more convex and decidedly hairy, the pile over the entire upper surface
being from two to three times as long as it is in the typical from and much
finer in texture. So pronounced is this feature that even when examined super-
ficially, one's attention is immediately attracted to it.

Holotype: Male, No. 3127; and Allotype: Female, No. 3128,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and several designated Paratypes in
the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, from a
series of about a dozen specimens collected on Mt. Timpa-
nogos, Wasatch Mts., Utah, July 9, 1922, by Mr. E. P. Van
Duzee. I have also four specimens which I collected in the
same region, June 6, 1926.

Genus Paroedostethus Van Dyke, new genus

Robust, simulating in general appearance the members of the hyperboreus
group of Hypnoidus. Head with front slightly convex above, flattened anter-
iorly, frontal margin complete and elevated; antennas reaching beyond posterior
angles of prothorax, segment two, twice as long as broad, three, one and a

328 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

half times as long as two, segments 3-10 feebly serrate, gradually shorter and
broader towards apex, eleventh as long as fourth and acute at apex; maxillary
palpi moderately long, the last segment broadly cultriform, longer than the
preceding two segments together. Thorax without defined basal incisures and
with margin acute and straight when viewed laterally. Scutellum subquadrate,
the posterior margin slightly arcuate. Elytra elliptical, humeri broadly
rounded, wings well developed. Presternum broad, lobe well developed but
not concealing the mouth anteriorly, the sutures slightly arcuate outwardly
and somewhat convergent posteriorly, tip of presternum acute, flexed upward
toward the body. Middle coxal cavity closed outwardly by the mesosternum,
the mesoepimeron (broadly), and metasternum. Posterior coxal plates
suddenly but obliquely and not very greatly dilated at inner third, the internal
lamina with an acute tooth at the inner side of the trochanter. Tarsi as long as
the tibiae, the first segments gradually decreasing in length and not lobed but
densely clothed beneath with short silken pile, the claws with a broad obtuse
tooth near the middle.

Genotype Paroedostethus relictus n. sp.

This genus undoubtedly belongs in the tribe Hypnoidini
because of its suddenly dilated posterior coxal plates, broad
prosternum with single lateral sutures, convex outwardly, and
the filiform tarsi. Its relationship to the other American
genera contained within the tribe can best be seen by referring
to the table.

Paroedostethus relictus Van Dyke, new species

Oblong, convex, robust, flavocastaneous, head and prothorax moderately
shining, elytra subopaque, sparsely clothed with short, inconspicuous yellow
pubescence, longer and more evident on abdomen. Head distinctly, regularly,
not closely punctured; eyes moderately large; antennas reaching beyond hind
angles of prothorax. Prothorax slightly broader than long, broadest at middle,
sides evenly arcuate from anterior angles to near posterior angles where dis-
tinctly sinuate; hind angles acute, divergent, and carinate; disk convex, median
longitudinal impression complete but vague, moderately closely and regularly
punctured. Elytra elliptical, broadest behind the middle, sides straight from
humeral angle to point of greatest width then evenly arcuate to apex; disk
finely striate and punctate, less defined apically ; intervals flat, finely and rather
regularly punctured and slightly rugose. Beneath rather coarsely and mod-
erately closely punctured on prothorax, more finely and closely over abdomen.
Length 8.5 mm., breadth 3 mm.

Holotype: No. 3129, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a unique in my
collection, collected in Cold Water Canon, slopes of Mt. San
Antonio (Old Baldy), Los Angeles Co., Calif., Sept. 10, 1906,
by Mr. J. August Kusche.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ER1 DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 329

Genus Horistonotus Candeze

This genus which is related to Cardiophorus by having a
cordiform scutellum, though differing from the same by
having the prothorax laterally margined in the basal half, is
represented in the material before me by two very distinct new
species. Horn's revision12 is so comparatively recent that the
synopsis and bibliography of the genus can be omitted for the
species can readily be placed by referring to Horn's key.

Horistonotus umbilicatus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, moderately slender, convex, rufopiceous, the prothorax and sides
beneath generally rufous, the antennae and legs testaceous, and sparsely clothed
with somewhat coarse fulvous pile. Head slightly convex, finely punctured with
coarser punctures here and there, the clypeus projecting, the anterior margin
subangulate at middle; the antennae slender, extending about one segment
beyond apex of hind angles of prothorax in male, about reaching base of hind
angles in female. Prothorax as long as broad in male, slightly broader in female,
distinctly broader at base than apex, the base biemarginate, without notch but
with fine plicae, the sides moderately arcuate, the hind angles not divergent,
the disk finely punctured and with series of large, shallow, umbilicate impres-
sions rather regularly dispersed over the surface. Elytra not wider than pro-
thorax, slightly more than twice as long as wide, the sides slightly arcuate and
gradually narrowed towards apex, disk with striae deeply impressed and rather
coarsely punctured, the intervals convex, somewhat costiform near apex, very
finely punctured. Beneath finely punctured with large and shallow punctures
irregularly disposed over surface anteriorly. Tarsal claws dentate from beyond
middle to base. Length 6 mm., breadth 2 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3130; and Allotype: Female, No. 3131,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and two Paratypes in the collection of
the California Academy of Sciences, the first two from Pata-
gonia, Ariz., Aug. 1, 1924, collected by Mr. J. O. Martin; the
paratypes, both males, from Badger, Ariz., July 31, 1924, and
St. Xavier Mission, Ariz., July 30, 1924, collected by Mr. E. P.
Van Duzee. A fifth specimen belonging to the American
Museum of Natural History and collected at Tucson, Ari-
zona, July 21-23, 1916, has also been designated as a paratype.

This species superficially resembles Horistonotus exoletus
Er. but differs by having toothed, not cleft tarsal claws, sub-

12 Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884, pp. 33-41.

330 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

angulate clypeus, and a series of large umbilicate impressions
over the pronotum. In Horn's group B, to which it belongs
because of the toothed tarsal claws, it would run to the series
containing simplex, curiatus and gracilis, to which species it
shows no resemblance whatever though it is about the size and
shape of the last. The only Mexican species which it ap-
proaches is H. obliterates Champ., from which it differs by
being quite convex, with distinctly convex elytral intervals and
by having the large "punctures" of the pronotum equally dis-
persed, not mainly confined to the frontal area.

Horistonotus lutzi Van Dyke, new species

Small, rather broad, but slightly convex and testaceous or rufotestaceous
throughout. Head somewhat flattened, finely, sparsely punctured; the clypeal
margin arcuate; the antennae rather robust, extending about two segments
beyond hind angles of prothorax. Prothorax broader than long, broader at
base than apex, the base biemarginate, without notch or plicse, the sides almost
straight and parallel in basal half, gradually rounded at apex, the disk very
finely, quite obscurely punctured, and with larger punctures intermixed.
Elytra about twice as long as broad, the sides very slightly arcuate, gradually
rounded towards apex, the disk with striae finely impressed and rather coarsely
punctured towards base but finer towards apex, the intervals more or less
flattened and very finely punctured. Beneath very finely, obscurely punctured,
the presternum and propleurae with quite coarse punctures intermixed, the
abdomen with a series of punctures somewhat larger than the fine ones inter-
mixed with them. Tarsal claws dentate from beyond the middle to base.
Length 4 mm., breadth 1.5 mm.

Holotype and two Paratypes in the collection of the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, the first collected on Kits
Peak, Rincon, Baboquivari Mts., Ariz., Aug. 1-4, 1916, the
others from Sta. Cruz Village, Cobabi Mts., Ariz., Aug. 10-12,
1916, and Tucson, Ariz., Aug. 21-23, 1916. I have retained
for my collection two other paratypes, one collected at Palo
Alto, Ariz., July 29-30, 1916, and Santa Cruz Village, Cobabi
Mts., Ariz., Aug. 10-12, 1916. I am naming this after Dr. F.
E. Lutz, the presumed collector of the specimens, who has so
kindly placed this material at my disposal for study.

This small testaceous species would run in Horn's key to
the series containing simplex, curiatus, and gracilis. Its color

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERlDAi AND RELATED COLEOPTERA $$\

and size, for it is smaller and less convex than curiatus the
smallest of the three species mentioned above, will readily
separate it. No described Mexican species seems to resemble it
either. Superficially it very much resembles Esthesopus pusio
Horn but the latter is not only more convex but differs
generically.

Genus Melanotus Eschscholtz

This genus is very poorly represented in California. Though
there are several species which are to be found within its con-
fines, there is but one which is more or less characteristic of it
and that is Melanotus longulus13 (Lee). This species is, how-
ever, very variable, with the result that several of the phases
have been described as distinct. Field studies carried on over a
period of many years as well as a careful study of a large series
of specimens has convinced me that longulus, variolatus and
oregonensis are but variations of one thing. Cratonychus
longulus Lee. was described in 1853 on page 473, of the same
work in which oregonensis Lee. was described on page 480. The
first was based upon rather small, elongate specimens from San
Diego, Calif. My specimens from this type locality average
10 mm. in length. In 1861, Melanotus variolatus Lee, was
described from specimens taken at San Pedro, Los Angeles Co.,
Calif., a point on the coast not so very far north of San Diego.
This form is rather common throughout Los Angeles County
and it extends north along the coast as far as Carmel, Mon-
terey County, and inland at least as far as Fort Tejon. Kern
County. It averages about the same length as longulus but is in
general slightly more robust and a bit blacker though many
specimens cannot be separated from typical longulus. The
characters given by LeConte for the separation of variolatus
are not specific but individual. I also have a number of small
specimens from Exeter, Utah, collected by Mr. Tom Spalding,
which cannot be distinguished. Throughout the San Francisco

u This longulus should not be confused with the longulus of page 480 of the same
publication in which it is described, Tr. Amer. Phil. Soc. (2), X, 1853. p. 473.

$$2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Bay region and much of middle California, these small forms
are replaced by a race which is in general large and robust,
13-15 mm. in length, of a very black color, with antennas and
legs rufous as is the case with the others. As much as this large
and typical lowland race or subspecies is without a dis-
tinguishing name I will call it franciscanus and designate a
holotype (No. 3132, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.) and paratypes
from Alameda County, Calif. In the Sierra Nevada Moun-
tains as well as north through Oregon into British Columbia
and eastward as far as the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, this
race is replaced by the equally long but narrower oregonensis.
This northern race is also generally lighter in color, brown in-
stead of black, and sometimes with dark legs though contrary
to what LeConte states, the legs of oregonensis are generally
rufous as they are in the other races. His material was too
limited. The small, narrow, dark brown longulus of San
Diego gradually becomes larger and passes into oregonensis as
it ranges eastward into the Great Basin and northward through
the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and darker and broader as it
ranges north through Los Angeles County and becomes still
larger and more robust by the time it reaches the lowlands of
middle California. This last is the race or subspecies francis-
canus. These are all subspecies or races of one species and they
grade gradually into each other, though in certain definite areas
the majority of specimens are generally of a pure racial strain.

Genus Limonius Eschscholtz

This genus is generally denned by having the clypeus distinctly and com-
pletely margined in front and elevated above the labrum, the mouth anterior,
the prosternal sutures nearly straight, double and but shallowly or deeply
excavated in front, the hind coxal plates narrowed outwardly and but gradually
dilated inwards, the tarsi subcylindrical with the first segment the longest and
the following gradually shorter and without lobes beneath, and the tarsal claws
simple. As such it falls in the tribe Lepturoidini as previously constituted, but
with Lepturoides Herbst. and its close allies removed as should be done because
of their short prosternal lobe, it would then have to be placed in the tribe
Athoini. Of the various characters given, the most useful for separating the
species from those of related genera are the double prosternal sutures and the
type of tarsi, the presence of the very long first and short fourth segment in

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELA1ERWJE AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 333

Athous readily separating the members of this genus from Limonius. The
clypeus is quite variable, often deeply impressed at base as in typical Athous
and sometimes with the anterior margin much depressed and even slightly
interrupted at its middle, approaching in this regard Ludius (Corymbites) .

The genus Nothodes Lee. was founded upon a species with
the clypeal margin interrupted, but as much as this character
has been found to be variable in general and variable even
within specific limits as has been shown in the type species,
dubitans (Lee), by a series of specimens received from Charles
Dury. In this series, which was all from one locality, some of
the specimens had the clypeal margin depressed and interrupted
at middle, others had the clypeus complete. These latter were
all typical Limonius and very close in all regards to the mem-
bers of the group containing canus Lee. and agonus Say. For
this reason I have suppressed the genus Nothodes and placed
its lone species, dubitans, in Limonius. The prosternal sutures
are also very variable. In typical Limonius Esch., they are
more or less excavated in front, the excavation in some ex-
tending posteriorly for quite a distance while in others they
are but feebly if at all excavated in front. These latter have
been placed by some in the genus Pheletes Kies. I have pre-
ferred, however, to place this as but a subgenus of Limonius,
for the character upon which it is founded is not only variable
but unsupported by any other, the species being in the main like
typical Limonius. It is parallel to what exists in Hypnoidus
Steph. and Cryptohypnus Esch. The former resembles
Limonius, having the open sutures, and the latter Pheletes with
the closed sutures, yet the latest European authorities place them
together as one genus. The genus Gambrinus Lee. was estab-
lished for armus Say, a synonym of stigma Hbst, and was
suppressed by Lacordaire14 as he could find no generic charac-
ters to distinguish it.

The genus Limonius is a moderately large one, holarctic in
distribution with one exception, and with a large proportion of
the species confined to North America and especially evident
on the Pacific Slope. The last revision of our species was by

" Gen. Col., IV, 1851, p. 183.

334 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

LeConte15 and his data were incorporated in the great work of
Candeze.10 Since this time quite a number of new species have
been added. I am adding eight more and one subspecies, and at
the same time trying to place the others in their proper relation-
ships with each other. I have specimens of all of the known
species from our fauna, most species represented by large series,
and in addition possess a fair knowledge of the habits of the
majority. In this latter regard, Mr. L. C. Lane of Walla Walla,
Wash., has greatly assisted me by supplying me with some of
his field notes and allowing me to study most of his specimens,
thus fortifying my opinion with regard to the status of several
of the variable species such as calif ornicus and occidentalis,
canus and discoidens. Limonius (Phcletes) quadrimaculatus
Horn was correctly removed by Horn and placed in Mega-
penthcs. Limonius cribricollis Horn was found to be a synonym
of Melanotas longulas (Lee). Limonius (Phcletes) omati-
pennis Lee, I consider an Athous, chiefly because of its single
prosternal sutures and type of tarsi, so am placing it in that
genus. The status of others will be discussed later on or shown
in the synoptic table or bibliography, the synonymical portion
of the latter showing their relationships best.

Synoptic Table

1. Prosternal sutures distinctly grooved in front, Limonius s. str. . 2

Prosternal sutures not distinctly grooved in front, subgenus

Pheleles Kies 34

2. Species with elytra bicolored or rufous 3

Species with elytra black, brown or piceous 14

3. Clypeal margin semicircularly incised at middle, dentiform at

sides of incision 13

Clypeal margin simply emarginate at most at middle 4

4. Pronotum deep blue, bronzed or metallic 5

Pronotum black or piceous, not metallic 10

5. Prothorax as broad or almost as broad as long 6

Pro thorax distinctly longer than broad 7

15 Revision of the Elateridae of the United States, by John L. LeConte, Tr. Am.
Phil. Soc, X, 18S3, pp. 424-426, 428-435.

16 Monographic des filatdrides, par M. E. Candeze, Liege, III, 1860, pp. 377-413.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 335

6. Elytra varying from yellow or orange with black sutural stripe

and cordiform patch covering apical half, to all yellow or
orange except small black sutural marking near apex; pro-
thorax in general with sides quite parallel basally and evenly
rounded to apex, disk slightly bronzed, elytral striae rather
deeply impressed in front with circular punctures; length
9-11 mm., northern Calif mirus Lee.

Elytra vermilion or orange red with the suture towards apex and
the apex black, prothorax gradually arcuately convergent
from base forwards, pronotum a deep bluish black, elytra
with strias more finely impressed and with smaller and more
elongate punctures; length 9-11 mm. Northern Calif. . . .ulkei Horn

7. Greater portion of elytra orange 9

Greater portion of elytra black 8

8. Elytra with humeral area alone orange, pronotum coarsely,

cribrately punctured; length 9.5-12 mm. Pacific States,

Utah, B. C, and Alberta crotchi Horn

Elytra with apical half and one large maculation on each elytron
near base, black, the latter sometimes united transversely
or posteriorly with the apical area, pronotum less coarsely
punctured; length 7-10 mm. Mountains of northern Calif,
and Cascades of Ore. and Wash pictus n. sp.

9. Each elytron with two black maculations, one in front and one

behind middle, quite vague in more southern specimens,
pronotum moderately finely and closely punctured, species
more elongate than usual; length 10-15 mm. Northern
Great Basin from eastern B. C. south to Siskiyou Co., Calif.
venablesi Wick.

10. Elytra unicolorous red 11

Elytra more or less bicolored 12

1 1 . Entire elytra as well as hind angles of prothorax and a portion of

feet rufous, pronotum black and finely not closely punc-
tured except at sides; second and third antennal segments
small and equal, together hardly as long as fourth; length
8-9 mm. Mountains of northern Calif, and north to B. C.
bicolor n. sp.

12. Basal portion of elytra rufotestaceous, as well as antennae, legs

and much of under surface; the apical portion of elytra more
or less piceous, the darker area not sharply differentiated
from basal portion; pronotum moderately finely, closely
punctured; second and third antennal segments each but
little shorter than fourth; length 10 mm. B. C, northern
Calif, and northern Ariz nebulosus n. sp.

336 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Black or rufo-piceous, basal margin or basal patch on elytra, the
latter often faintly extended posteriorly as a broad vitta,
epipleurae and legs testaceous (base of prothorax and basal
angles in the male, also often testaceous), head and pro-
notum finely or moderately finely and not closely punctured;
second and third antennal segments longer than broad, about
equal in length or third slightly longer, and together dis-
tinctly longer than fourth; length, female 9.5 mm., male
7 mm. Mountains of middle and northern Calif. . . .huguenini n. sp.

13. Second and third antennal segments small, of about equal length,

together about as long as fourth; body black with hind angles
of prothorax, entire elytra or merely margins, all or most of
legs, and sometimes antennae, rufous; length 7.5-9 mm.
Napa, Plumas and Sacramento Cos., Calif clypeatus Mots.

14. Clypeal margin rather deeply incised or emarginate at middle . . 15

Clypeal margin arcuate, transverse or but feebly emarginate at

middle 21

15. Larger species, 8-13 mm. in length 16

Smaller species, body bronzed above, sparsely pubescent, pro-

notum rather sparsely, finely punctured 20

16. Body black clothed with fulvous or cinereous pile, pronotum

coarsely, closely punctured 17

Body brown, sparsely, finely pilose, pronotum moderately finely,

sparsely punctured 19

17. Third antennal segment distinctly longer and narrower than

second, as long as fourth, clypeal margin semi circularly in-
cised, prothorax as broad as long, legs somewhat rufous,
head and pronotum densely clothed with golden or fulvous
■ pile ; length 10-11.5 mm . Atlantic States, especially southern

Allegheny Mts auripilis Say

Second and third antennal segments small, of about equal length,
together about as long as fourth, prothorax longer than
broad 18

18. Head and pronotum densely clothed with fulvous pile; clypeus

bilobed, elytral intervals always flat; length 10-13 mm.

Northern Calif fulvipilis Cand.

Entire body rather sparsely clothed with cinereous or faintly
fulvous pile, clypeal incision more V-shaped, elytral inter-
vals often somewhat convex; length 9-11 mm. Northern
Calif, to Idaho fulvipilis seminudus n. subsp.

19. Clypeal margin with a broad V-shaped emargination, second and

third antennal segments each distinctly longer than broad,
together longer than fourth; body brown, beneath slightly
rufous, antennas and tarsi red; elytral striae fine and finely
punctured, intervals flat and very finely punctured; length
9-13 mm. Ariz sinuifrons Fall

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDJE AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 337

20. Second and third antennal segments each twice as long as broad,

together much longer than fourth, first three antennal seg-
ments and legs red; length 6-7 mm. Eastern North America

quercinus Say

Second and third antennal segments small, not much longer than
broad, together not as long as fourth; hind angles of pro-
thorax and legs red (in the var. semianeus Lee, the elytra
also are rufous); length 6-7 mm. Eastern North America. .
basillaris Say

21. Larger and more robust species, at least 8 mm. in length 22

Smaller species 28

22. Clypeal margin evidently emarginate 23

Clypeal margin transverse or vaguely emarginate 27

23. Prothorax distinctly longer than broad, sides evidently sinuate

in front of hind angles 24

Prothorax broader than long, sides quite straight or even slightly

arcuate in front of hind angles 26

24. Second and third antennal segments rather short, third about

two-thirds length of fourth; elytral striae simply impressed,
not sharply grooved, and coarsely, moderately closely punc-
tured, the intervals subconvex and irregularly punctured and
rugulose; body black, elytra often somewhat brownish, an-
tennae, legs and margins of elytra rufous, rather densely
clothed with long, cinereous pile; length 9 mm. Eastern

Colo., S. D., and Alberta ursinus n. sp.

Second and third antennal segments moderately long, third
almost length of fourth; elytral striae finely though sharply
grooved and finely closely punctured, intervals flat and with
fine, more or less biseriately arranged punctures 25

25. Body black or brown, somewhat bronzed above, antennae, legs

and margins of elytra rufous, sometimes also hind angles
of prothorax and base of elytra; moderately clothed with
fulvous pile; length 12-15 mm. Eastern North America. .

griseus Beauv.

Body generally brown, less bronzed above, pronotum generally
more coarsely, cribrately punctured; length 16 mm. (gen-
erally considered as little more than an enlarged form of the
preceding). Middle States inter stitialis Melsh.

26. Broad and very short, black, slightly aeneous above, moderately

pilose; pronotum moderately coarsely, not closely punctured
except at sides, elytra finely striato-punctate, intervals broad,
flat and finely, irregularly punctured, second and third an-
tennal segments moderately long, in male almost as long as
fourth, in female somewhat shorter; clypeal margin in
female faintly emarginate, in male almost transverse; length
8 mm. Sonoma and Lake Cos., Calif. .kuschei n. sp.

338 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

27. Second and third antennal segments short, together about equal

or slightly longer than fourth, clypeal margin slightly arcu-
ate, pronotum distinctly canaliculate at middle; elytral in-
tervals rather densely triseriately punctured ; body in general
a piceous brown, slightly bronzed, above, moderately pilose
and with legs and epipleurae red; length 10 mm. Eastern
Canada and northeastern States confusus Lee.

Second and third antennal segments moderately long. Each
about three-fourths length of fourth; clypeal margin trun-
cate or faintly emarginate; pronotum but vaguely canalicu-
late at middle near base; elytral intervals somewhat regu-
larly biseriately punctured, body otherwise quite similar to
above; length 9-10 mm. Eastern States of America. . . .plebejus Say

28. Body above distinctly bicolored 29

Body above black and unicolored 30

29. Black, elytra brown, basal three segments of antennas, apical and

basal margin of prothorax including hind angles, margins of
propleurse, epipleurae, tibiae and tarsi and hind margins of
ventral segments, rufotestaceous, clypeal margin transverse;
antenna? short, in male barely reaching hind angles of pro-
thorax, second and third segments rather long, the third the
longer and about equal in length to fourth; pronotum very
convex and finely, not very closely punctured; elytra finely
striato-punctate, the intervals flat, finely, irregularly punc-
tured and granulate; length 7.5 mm. Alaska and northern
Canada pectoralis Lee.

Very black, the elytra often with violet cast, head and pronotum
a brilliant ruby color, shining, metallic, apices of hind angles
of prothorax and prosternal lobe somewhat testaceous;
clypeal margin emarginate; antennae long, reaching well
beyond hind angles of prothorax, second and third antennal
segments small, together about equal to fourth, fourth to
tenth broadly serrate; pronotum moderately convex and
finely sparsely punctured; elytra coarsely striato-punctate,
the intervals subconvex and deeply, rather coarsely irregu-
larly punctured; length 6-7 mm. Lake States, Eastern
Canada and Allegheny Mts aurifer Lee.

30. Basal segments of antennae and legs rufotestaceous 33

Entire antennae and legs black 31

31. Broad robust species, prothorax as broad as long, antennae rather

short, third segment about as long as fourth 32

Species more linear and subcylindrical, prothorax longer than
broad and subparallel, clypeal margin vaguely emarginate
at middle, antennae long, extending well beyond hind angles

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ER1 DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 339

of prothorax, second and third segments small, together
about equal to fourth, fourth to tenth large and broadly
serrate; prothorax finely, sparsely punctured; elytra rather
finely striato-punctate, the punctures coarser at sides and
apex, intervals finely, biseriately punctured; length 5-6 mm.
Eastern Wash., Alberta lanei n. sp.

32. Prothorax parallel from base to about apical fourth, thence

evenly arcuate to apical margin, pronotum coarsely, rather
closely punctured, especially at sides, propleurae coarsely,
closely punctured; a small, black, subparallel species, sub-
aeneous above and very finely, sparsely pubescent; length

7-8 mm. Wash., Ore., and the higher mountains of Calif

nitidulus Horn.

Prothorax not parallel beyond middle, thence gradually arcuate to
apex, pronotum less coarsely and rather sparsely punctured
even at sides, propleuras but moderately coarsely and not
closely punctred even in front ; somewhat broader and more
aeneous above than the preceding yet closely resembling it
otherwise; length 7-8 mm. Higher elevations of Black Mts.
of N. C beutenmuelleri n. sp.

33. Small, elongate, black species, aeneous above, head and pronotum

rather finely, closely punctured, elytra finely striato-
punctate, intervals somewhat flat and irregularly tri-
seriately punctured as in the two preceding species; length
6-7 mm. Nova Scotia and New England west to B. C. and
south through Rocky Mts. to N. M. and from the Cascade
Mts. to Mt. Hood, Ore cEger Lee.

34. Larger species, 7.5 mm. or over in length 35

Smaller species, 7 mm. or less in length 44

35. Elytra unicolored or at most with epipleurae of a different color . . 36
Elytra bicolored, black as is most of the insect, with humeri

orange, portions of legs also often ferruginous; second and
third antennal segments small, subequal, together about
length of fourth; pronotum shining and finely, sparsely punc-
tured; elytra distinctly striato-punctate, intervals flattened,
finely irregularly punctured and rugulose; length 7.5 mm.
Eastern Canada and Atlantic States, rare stigma (Hbst.)

36. Pronotum coarsely, closely and generally cribrately punctured . . 37
Pronotum more finely, less closely and not cribrately punctured . . 40

37. Clypeal margin not distinctly notched and depressed at middle,

head and pronotum more or less aeneous, anterior pronotal
margin but slightly lobed at middle, elytral intervals not
carinate apically; species in general robust and not markedly
narrowed either in front or behind 38

March 3, 1932

340 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Clypeal margin quite distinctly notched and depressed at middle
in most cases, head and pronofum not evidently aeneous
though often shining, black or bicolored, anterior pronotal
margin quite evidently lobed at middle; elytral intervals
more or less carinate apically; females robust, males con-
siderably narrowed both in front and behind 39

38. Species in general black with head and pronotum aeneous, elytra

sometimes brown, distinctly pilose; second antennal segment
slightly longer than broad, third still longer and subcylin-
drical, together longer than fourth especially in the female;
elytra finely striato-punctate, intervals broad, flat and dis-
tinctly and irregularly punctured; length 8.5-12 mm. Pacific
States californicus (Mann.)

39. Species in general piceous with black head and pro thorax and

brown or slightly rufous elytra, lighter in females, pilose;
second antennal segment hardly longer than broad, third
longer, together about equal to fourth in male, longer in
female; elytra rather coarsely striato-punctate anteriorly,
more finely posteriorly; length 8-12 mm. Pacific States and
Western Canada, mainly in sandy areas canus Lee.

Rufotestaceous above, disk of pronotum piceous or pronotum all
black; a lighter phase of above restricted to females; length
10-12 mm. Northern Calif, to Wash, and Idaho, .canus discoideus Lee.

40. Second and third antennal segment moderately long, second at

least twice as long as broad and third much longer, as long
as fourth; elytral intervals at most but vaguely subcarinate
towards apex 41

Second and third antennal segments short, second not twice as
long as broad and third though longer, not equal to fourth,
elytral intervals subcarinate towards apex 42

41. Prothorax about as broad as long, gradually narrowed from base

forwards, clypeal margin generally depressed and interrupted
at center, elytral striae often well impressed and usually
rather coarsely punctured anteriorly and at sides; a robust,
quite convex, blunt, and piceous brown species, somewhat
aeneous above, especially the pronotum, antennae, legs and
epipleurae somewhat rufous; length 7 mm. N. Y., Penn., Ind.
and Ohio dubitans Lee.

Prothorax always slightly longer than broad, subparallel towards
base, narrower from middle forwards, elytral striae always
fine and finely impressed; pronotum shining and with punc-
tures generally well spaced; a variable species, very robust
and blunt especially in females, disk of both pronotum and
elytra somewhat flattened, dark piceous brown (pilosulus
Cand.) to rufopiceous or even rufous, especially the elytra

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ERl DM AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 34^

(var. vernalis Fall), the legs and epipleurae lighter, the pro-
notum always aeneous; length 11-14 mm. Pacific Slope
infuscatus Mots.

42. Third antennal segment somewhat triangular and similar to

fourth though smaller 43

Third antennal segment subcylindrical, always shorter and much
narrower at apex than fourth; pronotum rather finely and
closely to somewhat distantly punctured and more or less
metallic; elytra with stria; distinctly impressed and some-
what coarsely punctured near the base, intervals irregu-
larly punctured and slightly rugulose; clypeal margin trans-
verse and but slightly depressed if at all at middle; pro-
pleurae finely and closely punctured; a moderately robust
species, narrowed apically, piceous brown, with elytra and
legs lighter, brown or even rufous; length 7-12 mm. Eastern
Canada and northeastern States ectypus Say (agonus Say)

43. Striae rather finely and sharply impressed and finely punctured;

clypeal margin slightly depressed at middle; pronotum con-
vex, elongate and generally with sides subparallel or sinuate
towards base, rather finely and sparsely to closely punc-
tured, metallic and shining; propleurae finely and but mod-
erately closely punctured; a more or less elongate, subcyl-
indrical species, piceous brown, head, pronotum and under-
side submetallic, elytra lighter, brown or rufous; length
7.5-12 mm. Eastern Wash, and Idaho to northern Calif,
(a dichromatic species) subauratus Lee.

Striae fine but not sharply impressed, finely punctured, intervals
also finely punctured; clypeal margin slightly depressed at
middle; pronotum finely and moderately closely punctured,
shining, metallic, propleurae very finely punctured; body
piceous with rufous antennae, legs and elytra; length 8-9 mm.
(This is probably only a phase or variety of ectypus). East-
ern Canada and northeastern States anceps Lee.

44. Bicolored species 45

Unicolored species, black, shining, somewhat aeneous above,
clypeal margin transverse and distinctly reflexed, second
antennal segment robust and longer than broad, third nar-
rower and two-thirds length of fourth; pronotum finely,
rather sparsely punctured, hind angles distinctly carinate;
elytra finely striato-punctate, intervals flat and somewhat
biseriately punctate; length 6.5-8 mm. Vane. Is. to northern
Calif consimilis Walk.

45. Prothorax and elytra both bicolored above 46

Prothorax alone bicolored above 47

46. Black, basal angles or entire base of prothorax yellow, elytra

variable from black with suture yellow, through both suture

342 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

and base yellow to all yellow; second and third antennal
segments somewhat elongate though shorter than fourth;
pronotum rather coarsely, closely punctured; elytra rather
coarsely striato-punctate, intervals finely punctured; length
5-7 mm. Calif ornatulus Lee.

A more pronounced black, with basal margin of prothorax and
large humeral maculations orange, otherwise as above
though generally smaller and more shining; length 5-6 mm.
Mts. of middle and northern Calif ornatulus humeralis Cand.

47. Pronotal punctures quite numerous but not approximate 49

Pronotal punctures numerous and approximate 48

48. Prothorax with sides and base rufous or rufotestaceous or base

and hind angles alone colored; basal segments of antennae
and portions of legs also often testaceous; clypeal margin but
slightly emarginate; second and third antennal segments
each distinctly longer than broad but never equal to fourth;
sides of prothorax generally evenly arcuate from base to
apex, in a limited number sinuate in front of hind angles;
elytra finely striato-punctate, the punctures but little coarser
basally, intervals finely punctured and rugulose; propleurae
very coarsely, rather closely punctured, prosternum more
finely and sparsely, and abdomen still more finely punctured;
length 5-6 mm. Middle Calif, north to Vane. Is. .maculicollis Mots.

Prothorax with basal margin alone flavous, basal segments of
antenna? and portions of legs also often testaceous, general
body color brown, never black as is usually the case with
preceding species; clypeal margin transverse or vaguely
emarginate; second and third antennal segments short,
together but little longer than fourth; sides of prothorax
either straight or slightly sinuate near base; elytra with
striae rather deep, the punctures quite coarse basally, inter-
vals finely punctured and rugulose; propleurae very coarsely
yet rather distantly punctured, prosternum and abdomen
quite finely and rather closely punctured; length 5 mm.
Atlantic States definitus Zieg.

49. Prothorax with basal and apical margins narrowly testaceous,

basal segments of antennae, legs and portions of prosternum
also testaceous, basal color as in preceding but more bronzed;
clypeal margin slightly emarginate; second and third an-
tennal segments small, together about equal to fourth; sides
of prothorax as in preceding species; elytra with striae rather
deep, the punctures very coarse basally, intervals finely
punctured and rugulose; propleurae very coarsely, closely
punctured, prosternum finely, rather distantly and abdomen
finely, closely punctured; length 3.5-4 mm. Atlantic States
nimbatus Say

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERWAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 343

Limonius ulkei Horn

This species is not a synonym nor even a variety of
Limonius mints Lee. but a distinct species. It is in general
more robust, of a different color, vermilion rather than yellow
or orange, elytra with never more than a trace of black along the
suture and at the apex, head and pronotum an inky blue-black
rather than bronze, antennae generally longer and more robust ;
prothorax almost as broad as long, gradually narrowing for-
wards, with the sides distinctly lobed near apex, and the disk
grossly, cribrately punctured, in contrast to the prothorax of
mirus which is always longer than broad, subparallel near
base, with the sides barely lobed near apex and the disk more
finely, densely punctured; elytra with the striae finer, less
deeply impressed, with small, somewhat linear punctures, the
intervals broader and very flat in front, whereas in mirus the
striae are well impressed, punctured with large, rather round
punctures and the intervals quite convex. Neither species is
common, ulkei being very rare, though both frequent flowers.

Limonius pictus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, subparallel; black, head and pronotum slightly asneous, basal
half of elytra orange with large oval, black maculation on each elytron near
base, the antennae, tibiae and tarsi rufo-piceous. Head moderately coarsely,
deeply punctured, front flattened; clypeal margin faintly emarginate and
slightly depressed at middle; antennae reaching slightly beyond hind angles
of prothorax in male, just reaching apex in female, second and third segments
small though distinctly longer than broad, the second slightly longer and more
robust than third, together about as long as the long fourth segment, fourth to
tenth serrate and each about one-half longer than broad, the segments propor-
tionally shorter in female. Prothorax slightly longer than broad, subparallel,
apex moderately emarginate, base bisinuate, sides slightly sinuate near base,
moderately convergent towards apex, apical angles small, vertically lamellate
below, hind angles distinct, barely divergent, truncate at apex and without
carinae; the disk convex, obscurely canaliculate at middle behind, moderately
coarsely, closely and deeply punctured, and finely, sparsely pubescent. Elytra
three times as long as prothorax and as long as broad, subparallel in front,
evenly rounded to apex, disk moderately convex, striae distinctly impressed
and closely, rather coarsely punctured, the intervals flat or slightly convex
and faintly, biseriately punctured and rugose. Beneath coarsely, closely punc-
tured on prothorax, finely, sparsely punctured on afterbody and clothed with

344 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

sparse, fine cinereous pile, the anterior prosternal suture well separated in
front and distinctly sulcate almost to middle. Length 8 mm., breadth 2 mm.
The female is in general slightly larger, with shorter antennas, and broader
and more convex prothorax. The elytral color pattern varies from that
described as typical, on one hand towards a reduction in the size of the anterior
maculation to the extreme on the other where these have not only united with
each other but with the black apical patch leaving but a limited area at the
base and sides orange.

Holotype: Male, No. 3133; and Allotype: Female, No. 3134,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and several designated Paratypes in
my collection, the first two from Fallen Leaf Lake, Lake
Tahoe, Calif., July 4th and 9th, 1915. This species is fairly
abundant at higher altitudes in the northern Sierra Nevada
Mts. and extends its range into the Cascades of Oregon and
Washington. My series of forty or more specimens was
beaten from fir trees, at the following localities : Yosemite
Nat. Park, the Lake Tahoe region, Nevada Co., McCloud,
Trinity Co., Calif., Klamath Falls, Ore., and Easton, Wash.

This moderate sized and very attractive species should be
easily recognized by its color pattern, which is distinctive.

Limonius bicolor Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, subparallel, black, hind angles of prothorax, elytra, antennae,
tibiae and tarsi red. Head moderately coarsely, sparsely punctured, front
impressed, clypeal margin prominent, slightly emarginate at middle; antennae
in male reaching a segment and a half beyond hind angles of prothorax, barely
reaching the apices of the angles in the female, second and third segments
small, about equal in length, together hardly equal to fourth, fourth to tenth
serrate, the outer about twice as long as broad, shorter in female. Prothorax
slightly longer than broad, apex emarginate, anterior angles not prominent,
base bisinuate, hind angles well marked, hardly divergent and truncate at
apex, distinctly carinate, sides almost straight and slightly convergent forward,
disk slightly convex, non-canaliculate, rather finely and sparsely punctured
and pubescent, shining. Elytra perceptibly broader than prothorax and con-
siderably more than twice as long; with sides gradually narrowing towards
apex, more parallel anteriorly in females; disk convex, striae well impressed
and rather closely, distinctly punctured, the intervals somewhat convex and
very finely, biseriately punctured. Beneath with presternum rather finely,
sparsely punctured, the propleuras coarsely and closely and the afterbody
rather finely and sparsely punctured, finely and sparsely pubescent, and with
the anterior prosternal sutures well separated in front and distinctly sulcate,
though latter not reaching the middle. Length 8 mm., breadth 2.25 mm.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 345

The females differ from the males by having shorter antennae and by being
less narrowed both anteriorly and posteriorly.

Holotype: Male, No. 3135; and Allotype: Female, No. 3136,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and several designated Paratypes in
my collection, the first from Fallen Leaf Lake, Lake Tahoe,
Calif., June 30, 1915, and the second from Grass Lake, Lake
Tahoe, Calif., June 24, 1915. In my series of more than a
dozen are specimens collected at Sequoia Nat. Park, Plumas
Co. and Trinity Co., and I have seen others from as far north
as Victoria, B. C.

This species because of its rather small size and unicolored
red elytra stands out conspicuously from its fellows.

Limonius nebulosus Van Dyke, new species

Moderately elongate and robust, rather blunt at both ends, rufotestaceous,
head, prothorax and abdomen darker, often piceous, and the elytra more or
less darkly clouded in the apical region. Head rather finely and moderately
closely punctured, front deeply, broadly impressed, clypeal margin prominent
and slightly arcuate; antennae short, barely reaching hind angles of prothorax
in male, segments two and three elongate, of about equal length, each about
twice as long as broad and almost as long as fourth, segments four to ten
slightly serrate, the outer about twice as long as broad. Prothorax somewhat
longer than broad, apex and base emarginate, anterior angles not prominent,
hind angles slightly divergent, subacute, acutely carinate, the carinas prominent
and almost one-third length of prothorax, sides slightly sinuate in front of
hind angles, moderately but evenly arcuate at middle and gradually convergent
forwards; the disk convex, indistinctly canaliculate at middle near base, rather
finely and closely punctured, and sparsely, finely pilose, the pile semierect.
Elytra a bit more than twice as long as prothorax, subparallel anteriorly, evenly
rounded to apex, the disk convex, the strias well impressed and moderately
coarsely, closely punctured, finer apically, the intervals convex, very finely
and irregularly punctured and rugose, the surface sparsely clothed with short,
semierect pile. Beneath finely, sparsely punctured, the propleur3e more closely
and coarsely punctured, the prosternal sutures of prothorax well separated in
front and sulcate posteriorly to middle. Length 10 mm., breadth 2.75 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3137, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected
by myself at El Tovar, Grand Canyon, Ariz., July 26, 1926,
and two Paratypes, one collected by Mr. W. F. Breeze at
Castle Crags, Siskiyou Co., Calif., Sept. 1914, in my collection,
the second with a piceous head and prothorax, from Pender

346 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Harbor, B. C, collected by R. T. Turner, July 26, 1929, in
the collection of Mr. Ralph Hopping. I have also seen a
fourth specimen, collected by Mr. Warren Knaus at Zion
Canyon, Utah, July 28, 1921.

This rather greasy looking species is related to Limonius
sinuifrons Fall and like it has the facies of some of the more
robust species of Athous, as for instance cucullatus. The color
pattern though distinctive is not sharply contrasting for the
lighter areas gradually give place to the darker. It is no doubt
in the main a species of the more arid portions of the Great
Basin though it extends into the mountains of northern Cali-
fornia and even to the coastal area of British Columbia.

Limonius huguenini Van Dyke, new species

Robust and rather blunt at both ends, rufopiceous, maculations at base
of elytra, faintly extending as broad vittae, epipleurae and legs flavous. Head
moderately coarsely, closely punctured; front deeply, broadly, triangularly
impressed, clypeal margin prominent, horizontal and truncate; antennae short,
reaching hind angles of prothorax, second and third segments slightly longer
than broad, third somewhat longer and about three-fourths length of fourth,
segments four to ten moderately dilated and serrate. Prothorax slightly longer
than broad, apex and base emarginate, anterior angles distinct, hind angles
triangular and slightly divergent, finely and acutely carinate, the carinae about
one-fourth length of prothorax, sides sinuate in front of hind angles, arcuate at
middle and gradually narrowed to apex; disk convex, vaguely canaliculate near
base at middle, moderately finely and not very closely punctured, and very
finely, sparsely pubescent. Elytra slightly more than twice as long as pro-
thorax, slightly arcuate at sides and evenly rounded at apex; the disk somewhat
convex, striae distinctly impressed and punctured, intervals slightly convex
and indistinctly punctured and finely rugulose, the pile fine and sparse as on
the pronotum. Beneath, moderately finely, closely punctured on presternum,
more coarsely and sparsely on propleurae, and very finely, rather closely over
abdomen ; the prosternal sutures well separated in front and sulcate posteriorly
for a short distance. Length 10 mm., breadth 3 mm.

Holotype: Female, No. 3138, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., col-
lected in Plumas Co., Calif., June 22, 1911, by Mr. Leon
Munier and kindly presented to me by my good friend, the
late Mr. J. C. Huguenin. Two other female specimens, quite
similar, collected at Cayton, Shasta Co., Calif., July 1919, are
in the collection of Mr. Ralph Hopping. With these, I have

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— Eh AT ERl DAL AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 347

associated three small males, which I am confident though
not positive, are the opposite sex of this species. They differ
not only by being smaller, 6-7 mm. in length, but by being
darker and more shining, less greasy in appearance ; black
with hind angles of prothorax or basal margin, basal margin of ely-
tra, suture to a slight extent, and in two of the specimens,
the basal segments of antennae as well as legs, flavous ; the
head more transversely less deeply impressed, the clypeus not
so thick, the head and pronotum more finely and sparsely
punctured, the prothorax narrower, and the elytral striae
more coarsely punctured. They were collected by myself, two
in Paradise Valley, Kings River Canyon, Fresno Co., Calif.,
July 16, and 23, 1910, and one at Tallac, Lake Tahoe, Calif.,
July, 1899.

This species belongs near nebulosus but differs in general by
being less narrowed in front and behind, by having the front
more deeply impressed in the female, the head and pronotum
much more sparsely punctured, and the color pattern quite dif-
ferent. It, particularly the males, superficially looks very much
like Athous limbatus Lee, an insect apt to be found in its
same territory.

Limonius clypeatus Motschulsky

This long unrecognized species is a very distinct one and
though rare, has been taken within recent years in the terri-
tory to the northeast of San Francisco Bay and not far from
the type locality, "Nova Helvetia" or Sutter's Fort, as it was
more commonly called by the California pioneers. I have
studied eight specimens, seven from my own collection and
one belonging to the California Academy of Sciences, all of
which agree with the original description in regard to all
major features, only differing slightly as regards the color pat-
tern which is not constant. In all the specimens the clypeal
margin is semicircularly incised and "distincte bidentato."
The type was black except the mouthparts, antennae, epipleurae,

348 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY Oh SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

"Elytrorum limbo subtus," and margin of abdomen and feet
which were somewhat rufotestaceous. The Academy specimen
collected near Chico, Calif., April 26, 1920, by Mr. E. P. Van
Duzee, absolutely agrees with this description in all regards.
In two of my specimens from Napa Co., the hind angles of
the prothorax and elytra are also red, while in the remaining
specimens from Plumas Co. the antennae are black and the
elytra as well except for a broad lateral margin of red. Some
of the darker or more typical specimens look much like small
specimens of Limonius fulvipilis Cand., but they are propor-
tionately shorter and blunter, with the pile finer and shorter,
the clypeus semicircularly emarginate not bilobed, the antennae
shorter, and the hind angles of prothorax more divergent.

Limonius fulvipilis seminudus Van Dyke, new subspecies

In the more typical forms which are found in middle Cali-
fornia, both in the low Sierras and near the coast, the body is
black, legs and antennae somewhat rufous, and the head, pro-
notum and base of elytra densely clothed with long, silken,
fulvous pile, the elytra posteriorly less densely clothed. It thus
superficially very closely resembles the well known auripilis.
In the mountains of northern California and again in eastern
Washington and Idaho, there is a form which appears quite
black for the vestiture is sparse, short and quite uniformly dis-
persed. The pile is also quite light, a fulvous gray. In the
northern California forms the pronotum is in addition more
coarsely, cribrately punctured and the elytral intervals some-
what convex while in the Washington and Idaho specimens
the pronotal punctation is less coarse and close and the elytral
intervals flattened as in the typical fulvipilis. The northern
California forms, I am calling the subspecies seminudus and
designating as a Holotype (No. 3139, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.),
a specimen collected at Carrville, Trinity County, Calif., July
1, 1913, and as paratypes, one other specimen from Trinity Co.
and two from Siskiyou Co. The Washington and Idaho speci-
mens, I am also associating with these.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ERl DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 349

Limonius ursinus Van Dyke, new species

Moderately elongate, robust, piceous brown, faintly bronzed above, elytra
lighter, antennae, epipleurae, tibiae and tarsi rufous, rather densely clothed with
long cinereous pile. Head densely, coarsely punctured, front flattened, clypeal
margin depressed at middle and as a result distinctly though not markedly
bilobed; antennae in male reaching just beyond apices of hind angles of pro-
thorax, shorter in female, segments two and three moderately short, second
but little longer than broad, third slightly longer and about two-thirds length
of fourth, 4-10 serrate, the median hardly longer than broad, the outer some-
what longer. Prothorax distinctly longer than broad, apex broadly emarginate,
hind angles broadly triangular, slightly divergent and with short though con-
spicuous carinas ; sides slightly sinuate in front of hind angles, barely arcuate
at middle and gradually rounded and convergent to apex; the disk quite
convex, vaguely canaliculate at middle near base, and coarsely, closely punc-
tured. Elytra nearly three times as long as prothorax, very gradually narrowed
posteriorly and rounded to apex, disk with striae shallowly impressed but not
sharply, and with moderately fine, somewhat distantly placed punctures,
intervals slightly elevated and finely closely and irregularly punctured and
rugose. Beneath moderately finely and sparsely punctured, the propleurae
rather coarsely, closely punctured and clothed with long pile similar to that
of upper surface, the prosternal sutures distinctly opened and sulcate in front.
Length 9 mm., breadth 3 mm.

Holotype: No. 3140, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and Para-
type in my collection, the first from Fort Collins, Colo., col-
lected May 12, the second from Volga, S. Dak. I also had a
third, imperfect specimen from the latter locality and have
seen a specimen from Medicine Hat, Alberta, belonging to
Mr. F. S. Carr.

This very distinct species looks much like some of the hairy
species of the subgenus Pheletes, especially canus and its allies,
but it is always less narrowed behind, shorter and generally
stubbier in appearance. It is probably not uncommon through-
out the territory along the eastern flanks of the Rocky Moun-
tains but has no doubt been confused with other species.

Limonius kuschei Van Dyke, new species

Rather short, broad and subparallel, black and clothed with short, semi-
erect pile. Head coarsely, closely and rather cribrately punctured, front flat-
tened, anterior margin of clypeus slightly emarginate; antennae short, not
reaching apices of hind angles of prothorax, second segment but little longer
than broad, third longer and narrower but not as long as fourth, fourth to

350 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

tenth moderately serrate, median segments as broad as long. Prothorax dis-
tinctly broader than long, apex faintly, base distinctly bisinuate, hind angles
broadly triangular, barely produced, not divergent and with short yet distinct
carina; sides divergent from base or barely sinuate in front of hind angles,
arcuate at middle, then evenly rounded to apex; the disk very convex, some-
times vaguely canaliculate at middle near base, rather coarsely, deeply and
rather closely punctured. Elytra two and one-half times as long as prothorax,
subparallel to posterior third, dilated behind middle, and arcuate to apex,
the disk finely, sharply striatopunctate, the intervals broad, flat and rather
coarsely, closely and irregularly punctured. Beneath rather coarsely, closely
punctured in front, very closely on propleurae, gradually more finely and
sparsely posteriorly, the prosternal sutures narrowly open and sulcate in front.
Length 8 mm., breadth 2.75-3 mm.

Holotype: No. 3141, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and two Para-
types in my collection, collected at Eldridge, Sonoma Co.,
Calif., April 9-12, by Mr. J. A. Kusche.

This species is very short and robust, looking something
like an abbreviated calif omicus. It also superficially resembles
some of the larger and more robust specimens of nitidulus but
is more opaque, has shorter antennae, a much broader pro-
thorax, less pronounced hind angles to the same, broader and
flatter elytral intervals with closer and deeper punctures. Its
general facies, particularly as regards its prothorax, is much
like that of some of the more robust species of Cardiophorns.
It is apparently a very rare and local species for the three
specimens mentioned are the only ones that I have seen.

Limonius lanei Van Dyke, neAv species

Small, narrow, subcylindrical, black, slightly shining and aeneous, and
sparsely clothed with gray pile. Head finely, deeply but not closely punctured,
front with a deep triangular impression in front, clypeal margin prominent
and but vaguely emarginate at middle; antennae long, reaching well beyond
hind angles of prothorax, second and third segments small, together about
equal in length to fourth, fourth to tenth markedly serrate and with all seg-
ments longer than broad. Prothorax distinctly longer than broad, apex bi-
sinuate, slightly lobed at middle, base bisinuate, hind angles broadly triangular,
not divergent, but moderately prominent, and each with a fine carina close
to the margin, sides straight and slightly convergent forwards, rounded at
front angles, disk convex, faintly canaliculate at middle near base, finely and
sparsely punctured and shining. Elytra almost two and a half times as long
as prothorax and slightly broader at base, sides parallel to posterior third

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ER1 DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 35 \

thence arcuate to apex, disk with deep semicircular impression at base of
each elytron, finely striatopunctate, the intervals flat, finely, irregularly, bi-
seriately punctured. Beneath finely but distinctly and not closely punctured,
more coarsely in front, the prosternal sutures of prothorax open in front and
sulcate for a short distance backwards. Length 6.75 mm., breadth 1.75 mm.

Holotype: No. 3142, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and three Para-
types in my collection, collected at Lind, eastern Washington,
May 1, 1924, by Mr. M. C. Lane, after whom I take pleasure
in naming it. Other specimens are also in the collection of
Air. Lane who kindly presented me with my series. I also
have a specimen from Medicine Hat, Alberta, collected April
26, 1926, by Mr. F. S. Carr and others are in Mr. Carr's col-
lection.

This interesting little species because of its elongated sub-
parallel form, long and markedly serrate antennae, and other
physical characters shows that it is related to aurifer, but it
can readily be separated from that by its color and the type of
elytral punctation. From ceger and other small aeneous species,
it can always be told by being less narrowed in front, by the
type of its antennae and color of legs.

Limonius beutenmuelleri Van Dyke, new species

Small, robust, black, distinctly shining and aeneous, the tibiae and tarsi
piceous, and sparsely, finely pilose. Head rather coarsely, sparsely punctured,
clypeal margin prominent and slightly arcuate; antennae just reaching apex of
hind angles of prothorax, second segment about a third longer than broad,
third somewhat longer and equal to fourth, fourth to tenth serrate, the seg-
ments all slightly longer than broad. Prothorax as broad as long, apex slightly,
base distinctly, bisinuate, hind angles broadly triangular, but slightly projected
at apex, not divergent, and each with a well marked carina slightly diverging
from lateral margin, the sides straight and parallel near base and arcuate
and convergent from before middle to apex, disk convex, faintly canaliculate
at middle near base, and finely yet deeply and sparsely punctured. Elytra
two and a half times as long as prothorax, sides straight and slightly diverging
to posterior third, thence, gradually arcuate to apex, disk finely striato-
punctate, intervals flat or slightly convex and finely, irregularly biseriately
punctured. Beneath rather finely, not closely punctured, the propleurae more
coarsely punctured, the prosternal sutures of prothorax distinctly opened and
sulcate anteriorly. Length 7 mm., breadth 2.25 mm.

352 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Holotype: No. 3143, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and several
designated Paratypes in my collection from a large series col-
lected by myself on Mt. Mitchell and the tops of the adjacent
peaks of the Black Mountains of North Carolina, June, 1902.
It is named as a slight tribute to Mr. Wm. Beutenmueller,
who was my travelling companion during my trip to the
mountains of North Carolina.

This small, robust species has a surprising resemblance to
Limonius nitidulus Horn of the Pacific Coast and no doubt
had a common origin with that. It can readily be dis-
tinguished, however, by its generally broader form, more
shining aspect, sparser and more distant punctation, and in
having the sides of prothorax arcuate and narrowed from
before the middle to apex.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Limonius minis Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 429; Cand., Mon. Elat.
Ill, 1860, p. 385.

Limonius ulkei Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 314.

Limonius crotchi Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, IV, 1872, p. 148.

Limonius pictus n. sp.

Limonius venablesi Wick., Psyche, XX, 1913, p. 27; (Pheletes) , Leng, Cat. Col.,
1920, p. 168.

Limonius bicolor n. sp.

Limonius nebulosus n. sp.

Limonius sinuifrons Fall, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXIII, 1907, p. 227.

Limonius clypeatus Mots., Bui. Mosc, XXXII, III, 1859, p. 369.

Limonius auripilis (Say) (Elater), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ill, 1823,
p. 172; Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI, 1836, p. 168; (Limonius), Lee,
Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 429; Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860,
p. 382; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, p. 756.

Limonius fulvipilis, Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 383.

Limonius fulvipilis seminudus n. subsp.

Limonius quercinus (Say) (Elater), Ann. Lye Nat. Hist. N. Y., I, 1825, p. 262;
(Limonius), Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 431; Dej., Cat.,
ed. 3, 1837, p. 103; Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 397; Blatch-
ley, Col. Ind., 1910, p. 758.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 353

Limonius basillaris (Say) (Elater), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ill, 1823,
p. 172; (Limonius), Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 431;
Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 398; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910,
p. 758.

Limonius basillaris var. semiaeneus Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., X, 1853, p. 432 >
Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, pp. 398-399.

Limonius ursinus n. sp.

Limonius griseus (Beauv.) (Elater), Ins. Afr. et Amer., 1805, p. 214, pi. 9, f. 8;
(Limonius), Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 388; Cat. Method.
Elat., 1891, p. 148; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, p. 757.

? cylindiformis Hbst. (Elater), Kafer, X, 1806, p. 93, tab. 166, fig. 9.

cylindrifortnis Say (Elater), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ill, 1823, p. 176;
Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI, 1836, p. 166; (Limonius), Lee, Tr.
Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 430.

hirticollis Melsh., Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1846, p. 215.

perplexus Dej., Cat., ed. 3, 1837, p. 102.

propexus, Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 386; Cat. Method. Elat., 1891,
p. 149.

Limonius interstitialis (Melsh.) (Corymbites) , Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II,
1846, p. 215; (Limonius), Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p.
430; Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 389; Blatchley, Col. Ind.,
1910, p. 757.

diversus Dej., Cat., ed. 3, 1837, p. 102.
Limonius kuschei n. sp.

Limonius confusus Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 430; Cand., Mon. Elat.,
Ill, 1860, p. 390; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, p. 758.
anescens Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 431; Cand., Mon. Elat.,
Ill, 1860, p. 413; Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 148.
Limonius plebejus Say (Elater), Am. Lye Nat. Hist. N. Y., I, 1825, p. 263;
(Limonius), Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 431; Cand.,
Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 390; Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 148;
Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, p. 758.

metallescens Melsh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1856, p. 158.

Limonius pectoralis Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 391; Cand.,
Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 148.

Limonius aurifer Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 429; Dej., Cat., ed. 3,
1837, p. 102; Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 386; Cat. Method.
Elat., 1891, p. 148; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, p. 757.

Limonius lanei n. sp.

Limonius nitidulus Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 315; Cand., Cat.
Method. Elat., 1891, p. 149.

Limonius beutenmuelleri n. sp.

Limonius aeger Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 431; Cand., Mon. Elat.,
Ill, 1860, p. 397; Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 148.

354 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Limonius stigma (Hbst.) (Elater), Kafer, X, 1806, p. 86, pi. 166, f. 1; (Limon-
ius), Dej., Cat., ed. 3, 1837, p. 102; Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860,
p. 404; Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 148; (Pheletes), Leng, Cat.
Col., 1920, p. 168.

armus Say (Elater), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., VI, 1839, p. 171; (Gambrinus).

Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., X, 1853, p. 435; Lac, Gen. Col., IV-

1857, p. 183.

Limonius californicus (Mann.) (Cardiophorus) , Bui. Mosc., XVI, 1843, p. 238

(136); (Limonius), Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 407; Cat.

Method. Elat., 1891, p. 149; (Pheletes), Leng, Cat. Col., 1920,

p. 168.

hispidus Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 432; Cand., Mon. Elat.,

Ill, 1860, p. 407; (Pheletes), Leng, Cat. Col., 1920, p. 168.

Limonius californicus var. occidentalis Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 411;
Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 148; Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III,
1871, p. 315; (Pheletes), Leng, Cat. Col., 1920, p. 168.
Limonius canus Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 433; Cand., Mon. Elat.,
Ill, 1860, p. 413; Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 149; (Pheletes),
Leng, Cat. Col., 1920, p. 168.
subcostatus Mots., Bui. Mosc, XXXII, III, 1859, p. 370.
Limonius canus var. discoideus Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 348
Cand., Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 148; Leng, Cat. Col., 1920,
p. 168.
Limonius dubitans Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 433; Cand., Mon. Elat..
Ill, 1860, p. 407; (Nothodes), Lee, Smiths. Misc. Coll., III.
Class. Col. N. Am., 1861, p. 171; Cand., Cat. Method. Elat.,
1891, p. 174; Henshaw, List Col., 1885, p. 70; Leng, Cat. Col..
1920, p. 433.
Limonius infuscatus Mots., Bui. Mosc, XXXII, II, 1859, p. 371; Horn, Tr.
Am. Ent. Soc, 1885, p. 69; Cand., Cat. Method. Elat., 1891,
p. 148; Leng, Cat. Col., 1920, p. 168.
Limonius infuscatus var. pilosulus Cand., Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 149;
Leng, Cat. Col., 1920, p. 168.
pilosus Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 433; Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill,
1860, p. 405; Henshaw, List Col., 1885, p. 69.
Limonius infuscatus var. vernalis Fall, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXVI, 1910,

p. 129; Leng, Cat. Col., 1920, p. 168.
Limonius ectypus Say (Elater), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI, 1839, p. 167; (Limonius),
Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 433; Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill,
1860, p. 409; Cand., Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 149; (Pheletes),
Leng, Cat. Col., 1920, p. 168.
agonus Say (Elater), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI, 1839, p. 171; (Limonius),
Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 434; Cand., Mon. Elat.,
Ill, 1860, p. 410; Henshaw, List Col., 1885, p. 69; Cand.,
Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 149; (Pheletes), Leng, Cat.
Col., 1920, p. 168.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATER1 DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 355

Limonius subauratus Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 432; Cand., Mon.
Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 406; Henshaw, List Col., 1885, p. 69; Cand.,
Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 149; (Pheletes), Leng, Cat. Col.,
1920, p. 168.

Limonius anceps Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 433; Cand., Mon. Elat.,
Ill, 1860, p. 409; Henshaw, List Col., 1885, p. 69; Cand., Cat.
Method. Elat., 1891, p. 149; (Pheletes), Leng, Cat. Col., 1920,
p. 168.

Limonius consimilis Walk., Lord's Nat. Vane., II, 1866, p. 325; Horn, Tr. Am.
Ent. Soc., Ill, 1871, p. 316; Henshaw, List Col., 1885, p. 69;
Cand., Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 149; (Pheletes), Leng, Cat.
Col., 1920, p. 168.

nitidicollis Lee., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), IV, 1869, p. 378; Henshaw,
List Col., 1885, p. 69; Cand., Cat. Method. Elat., 1891,
p. 149; (Pheletes), Leng, Cat. Col., 1920, p. 168.

Limonius ornatulus Lee., Rept. Expt. and Surv. Miss, to Pac., XII, 1859, p. 46;
Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 401; Henshaw, List Col., 1885,
p. 69; Cand., Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 148; (Pheletes), Leng,
Cat. Col., 1920, p. 168.

Limonius ornatulus subsp. humeralis, Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 402;
Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., Ill, 1871, p. 316; Henshaw, List Col.,
1885, p. 69; Cand., Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 148; (Pheletes),
Leng, Cat. Col., 1920, p. 168.

Limonius maculicollis Mots., Bui. Mosc, XXXII, II, 1859, p. 372; Horn,
Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 316; Henshaw, List Col., 1885,
p. 69; Cand., Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 148; Leng, Cat. Col.,
1920, p. 168.

discicollis Cand., Elat. Nouv., I, Mem. Acad. Sci. Brux, XVII, 1865,
p. 49; Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 316; Cand.,
Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 148; Leng, Cat. Col., 1920,
p. 168.

Limonius definitus Zieg., Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1844, p. 268; Lee,
Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 434; Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860,
p. 404; Henshaw, List Col., 1885, p. 69; Cand., Cat. Method.
Elat., 1891, p. 149; (Pheletes), Leng, Cat. Col., 1920, p. 168.

Limonius nimbatus (Say) (Elater), Ann. Lye Nat. Hist. N. Y., I, 1825, p. 255;
(Limonius), Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 391;
Henshaw, List Col., 1885, p. 69; Cand., Cat. Method. Elat.,
1891, p. 149; (Pheletes), Leng, Cat. Col., 1920, p. 168.

Limonius infernus Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 434; Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 391; Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 403;
Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 149; (Pheletes), Leng, Cat. Col.,
1920, p. 168.

Limonius debilis Dej., Cat. ed. 3, 1837, p. 103.

March 3, 1932

356 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Genus Leptoschema Horn

This genus was established by Horn17 for the reception of a
peculiar species of Elateridse originally described as Agrioies
protractus Horn, and placed in the tribe Athoini. Its most dis-
tinctive characters are that the clypeal margin is short, free
and well elevated above the labrum, the posterior coxal plates
are gradually dilated inwards, and the prosternal sutures are
double. The first two characters distinguish it from the tribe
Agriotini where it had formerly been placed and it was in the
main because of these that Horn removed it and placed it in
a new genus at the same time putting it in the Athoini. With
the members of the latter tribe, it agrees in having the free
clypeal margin and certain other general characters, but it dif-
fers markedly from all of the genera included therein by
leaving the head convex, the mouth inferior, and the hind
angles of the pro thorax prolonged and acute, as well as by its
general facies and sculpturing. Though having some of the
characters of Agriotes, I believe that, because of its type of
hind coxal plates and certain other features, it belongs near
Sericus. It most certainly does not belong in the Athoini. The
typical species, protractum, is of a uniform piceous brown but
there is a beautiful color variety which I will describe. The
two species, discalceatus (Say) and bicolor (Lee), provision-
ally placed in Leptoschema by Horn because of the double
prosternal sutures, are not at all congeneric with protractum.
They are in every regard species of Athons except for the type
of prosternal suture and should as a result be removed from
Leptoschema.

As much as they cannot go into Athous, they should be
placed in another genus and fortunately we have this in
Elathous Reitt.,18 a genus founded for the reception of two
European species which are truly congeneric with them. This
genus has for some time been considered as a synonym of
Leptoschema but it is not, their genotypes not being con-
generic. In addition to the characters given by Horn for

"Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884, p. SO.
" Ent. Nachricht, XVI, 1890, pp. 247-248.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATER1 DAL AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 357

Leptoschema, we should add small eyes, for those of protrac-
tum (Horn) are much smaller proportionally than they are in
Agriotes.

Synoptic Table

Body piceous brown, the elytra generally lighter, often somewhat

rufous protractum (Horn)

Body piceous, the entire upper surface a rich orange yellow except
portions of head and a longitudinal vitta at middle of pro-

notum, the propleurae and tarsi also yellow

protractum var. elegans n. var.

Leptoschema protractum var. elegans Van Dyke, new variety

This variety differs from the more or less uniformly piceous brown form by
having the pro thorax, except the sternum and a longitudinal pronotal vitta
at the middle, and the elytra, of a rich orange yellow color. The head and
terminal portions of the legs are also somewhat yellowish. The general form
and sculpturing is the same as in the typical phase.

Holotype: No. 3144, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a specimen col-
lected in Humboldt Co., Calif., May 15, 1911, by Mr. F. W.
Nunenmacher. Another specimen has also been seen. The
typical forms have all been found in the coastal portions of
middle California.

Genus Elathous Reitter

The species of this genus resemble somewhat the species of
Athons related to Athous cucullatus (Say), particularly in re-
gard to the robust form, deeply impressed front, and carinate
hind angles of prothorax. but they differ materially in having
the double prosternal sutures and the tarsi narrower and with-
out lobes. From the members of Athous like ruHfrons Rand.,
which have no tarsal lobes or but vague ones, they differ by
having well developed carinse on the hind angles of the pro-
thorax, double prosternal sutures, and tarsi that are more cylin-
drical and with a shorter second and generally longer fourth
segment, similar in many ways to that of Limonius. Our

358 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

American species are all of a somewhat piceous, brown or
rufous color, with the ventral surface very much lighter, gen-
erally rufotestaceous; the second and third antennal segments
small though usually longer than broad, the third sometimes
the longer, and together as long or longer than the fourth, and
the antennae as a whole not or hardly reaching the apices of
the hind angles of the prothorax in the female and but
slightly longer in the male. Elathous obemdoriferi O.
Schwarz19 is without doubt but a synonym of discalceatus
(Say).

Synoptic Table

1. Pronotum quite coarsely, numerously and generally approxi-

mately punctured even at middle; elytra finely striate and
with distinct punctures, the intervals slightly convex and
finely but distinctly and numerously punctured and sub-
rugose 3

Pronotum with punctures not approximate on disk; elytra finely
striate, the punctures very fine, often indistinct, intervals
flat or hardly convex and finely, somewhat indistinctly,
punctured and shining 2

2. Head very coarsely, closely and cribrately punctured; the pro-

notal punctures likewise coarse and umbilicate, somewhat
finer on disk; prothorax generally but moderately narrowed
in front, with sides but slightly sinuate behind, and with
elytra very finely and closely clothed with suberect pile . .
discalceatus (Say)

Head but moderately coarsely and not cribrately nor approxi-
mately punctured; the pronotal punctures somewhat similar
on the sides, but always well spaced, finer and sparser on
the disk; prothorax always distinctly narrower in front and
with sides slightly sinuate behind, making the hind angles
quite divergent; the entire upper surface sparsely clothed
with short, less erect pile calif ornicus n. sp.

3. Head rather coarsely and closely, not cribrately punctured; the

prothorax slightly and gradually narrowed in front, the sides
slightly sinuate behind; the entire upper surface clothed
with very fine and suberect pile bicolor (Lee.)

"Wien. Ent. Zeit., XXII, 1903, p. 207.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELAT BRIDIE AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 359

Elathous californicus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, slightly depressed, subparallel, somewhat narrowed in front and
behind, sparsely pilose; dark piceous brown, almost black in holotype, the
basal margin of prothorax, elytral suture and epipleurae, antennae and entire
underside rufotestaceous. Head triangularly depressed in front, clypeus promi-
nent and with anterior margin arcuate, front moderately coarsely but not
closely punctured; antennae in male reaching one segment beyond hind angles
of prothorax, in female not quite reaching apex of hind angles, the second seg-
ment small, slightly longer than broad, third longer, about twice as long as
broad, together barely longer than fourth in male though distinctly longer in
female. Prothorax slightly longer than broad in male, as broad as long in
female, with hind angles prominent, divergent, blunt at apex, and distinctly
carinate, the sides sinuate in front of angles, slightly arcuate at middle and
gradually narrowed toward apex, the apex four-fifths as broad as base, lateral
margin fine, disk convex and rather coarsely, somewhat numerously punctured,
the punctures but little coarser laterally and always well spaced, median canali-
culation vague even near base. Scutellum rather finely punctured. Elytra
over two and a half times as long as prothorax, in male gradually narrowed
almost from humeri to apex, in female subparallel anteriorly, the disk finely
striate and very finely punctured, the intervals flattened, finely, irregularly
punctured and indistinctly rugulose. Beneath moderately coarsely, closely
punctured in front, more finely behind. Male, length 11 mm., breadth 3 mm.;
female, length 12 mm., breadth 3.5 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3145; and Allotype: Female, No. 3146,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and three Paratype females, besides an
imperfect male, in my collection. The first was from Straw-
berry Valley, Eldorado Co., Calif., Aug. 6, 1912, the second
from Tallac, Lake Tahoe, Calif., Aug. 1912, the others from
Meadow Valley, Plumas Co., Calif., July 1914, Quincy, Calif.
July 1915, and Tallac, Aug. 1912. These were all found be-
neath the bark or in the wood of dead yellow pines, being
truly lignivorous, as I believe are all members of the genus.

This species resembles quite closely our other species but is
in general darker above, more narrowed in front, with more
prominent and divergent hind angles to prothorax, a some-
what finer and less closely punctured head and pronotum and
more finely punctured elytral striae.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Leptoschema protractum (Horn) (Agriotes), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871,
p. 317; (Leptoschema), Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884,
p. 50; Cand., Cat. Method. Elat., 1881, p. 200.

350 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Leptoschema protractum elegans, n. var.

Elathous discalceatus (Say) (Elater) Say, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI, 1839, p. 169;

(Athous), Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 427; Cand., Mon.

Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 455; (Leptoschema), Horn, Tr. Am. Ent.

Soc, XII, 1884, p. 51; Cand., Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 201;

Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, p. 761.
oberndorfferi O. Schwarz, Wien. Ent. Zeit., XXII, 1903, p. 207.
Elathous californicus, n. sp.

Elathous bicolor (Lee) (Athous), Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 428;
Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 486; (Leptoschema), Horn, Tr.
Am. Ent. Soc, XII, 1884, p. 51; Cand., Cat. Method. Elat., 1891,
p. 201; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, p. 761.

Genus Athous Eschscholtz

The genus Athous has the clypeus distinctly margined and elevated in front,
the mouth anterior, the posterior coxal plates gradually dilated inwards, the
first tarsal segment greatly elongated, the fourth usually quite small, and several
of the median segments with posterior projecting lobes beneath, the prosternal
lobe long and the prosternal sutures single. Other characters are quite variable.
In fact the genus is decidedly polymorphic for the front may be flattened, sul-
cate or deeply triangularly impressed; the posterior prothoracic angles carinate
or not carinate; the median tarsal segments lobed or not lobed; or the antennas
varying from the filiform to the usual serrate or even flabellate type and with
the basal segments of varying length. There is often a great difference between
the sexes as to size, length of antennae, and so forth; and in many species a
great deal of variability as to color. In a number of our species, particularly
those confined to the Pacific Coast, there are several geographical color races
and a few are quite decidedly dichromatic, having within the same territory
both a black or dark phase as well as a lighter one, especially one with fighter
elytra. This has also been noted in Limonius as indicated previously and it
occurs here and there in Ludius.

The genus is dominantly holarctic, with a large number of
species in all the major portions of that region. The bulk of
the species dwell in the mountains, especially in heavily for-
ested areas, much as Limonius shows a preference for the
valleys and more open places.

In Europe, there has been a tendency to divide up the genus
into subgenera or even to separate off several of the groups as
distinct genera. This classification if applied to our species
would lead to great confusion and at the same time give the
impression that many of the species were widely separated
whereas they are but slightly divergent elements of a common

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDAi AND RELATED COLEOPTERA ^\

stock. I have, therefore, thought it best to ignore these group-
ings. Some of our species superficially resemble those of other
genera and a typical species as well as individuals have often
been placed elsewhere. A study of the species in relation to the
essential characters should prevent this confusion. I have re-
moved Limonius oruatipcnnis Lee. from Limonius and placed
it in Athous, the long first and short fourth tarsal segment
being essentially characteristic of the latter and not of the
former. Other characters also back this up. I have also placed
Corymbites poly genus Fall here. Fall's type specimen was
atypical of the species. Typical specimens are Athous in every
regard. Athous debilis Lee. ( debilitarsus Cand.) is a Mono-
crepidius; Athous trivittatus Melsh. a European species accord-
ing to LeConte; and Athous quadrivittatus Walker, an imma-
ture specimen of Ludius (Corymbites) lateralis Lee, accord-
ing to LeConte.20 I have, therefore, dropped these from the
genus Athous. Athous exclamationis O. Schwarz, I have not
been able to place and am inclined to believe was never found
in our territory as is the case without doubt, of a number of
the Elateridse described as from this country by O. Schwarz.
Collectors are at times notoriously careless with their material
as regards locality labels and have thus often misled the
describer. A number of previously listed species will also be
reduced to subspecific rank.

The arrangement of the species in the bibliography shows
their phylogenetic relationship better than that given in the
synoptic table.

Synoptic Table

1. Tarsi not distinctly lobed beneath, second and third tarsal seg-

ments at most slightly prolonged backwards and beneath,

hind angles of prothorax not carinate 2

Tarsi with one or more segments evidently lobed beneath or pro-
longed backwards at least on first pair of legs 5

2. Front deeply impressed with prominent clypeal margin, second

antennal segment small, third almost as long as fourth .... 3

20 Syn. Notes on N. Am. Col., by John L. LeConte, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4),
vol. 6, 1870, p. 7.

352 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Front feebly impressed, clypeal margin but moderately promi-
nent, second and third antennal segments about equal in
length and each two- thirds length of fourth 4

3. Piceous or vittate species, anterior prothoracic angles prominent,

scutellum as broad as long, intermediate antennal segments
distinctly serrate, tarsi quite filiform; length 11-15 mm.
Lake Superior to eastern Canada and Maine, and Allegheny

Mts rufifrons (Rand.)

Rufotestaceous, anterior prothoracic angles not prominent,
scutellum narrow, longer than broad, prothorax with sides
straight and parallel, the disk but slightly convex, the inter-
mediate antennal segments elongated and parallel sided,
filiform; length 12 mm. Black Mts., N. C appalachius n. sp.

4. Small species, piceotestaceous, with sides of prothorax posteriorly,

an elytral vitta extending from humeri to beyond middle and
including most of fifth, sixth and seventh intervals, trans-
verse oval patches extending from third intervals to margin
at posterior third, a triangular area at apex, and feet, rufo-
testaceous; antennae short, prothorax considerably longer
than broad and moderately coarsely, closely and somewhat
aciculately punctured, elytra distinctly striato-punctate, in-
tervals rather markedly punctured and surface clothed with
short, suberect pile; length 6 mm. Middle States, uncom-
mon ornatipennis (Lee.)

5. Anterior tarsi with second and third segments slightly lobed

beneath, middle and hind legs with tarsi not distinctly lobed;
rufotestaceous, generally with base of head, somewhat ellip-
tical median pronotal vitta, and broad sutural and lateral
vittae near side margin of elytra, black; second antennal
segment longer than broad, the third as long or longer than
fourth, front deeply triangularly impressed, pronotum mod-
erately coarsely, closely punctured, intervals slightly convex
and finely punctured, general surface rather sparsely, finely,
pilose; length 7-11 mm. B. C. to northern Calif, along
coast vittiger Lee.

All tarsi with some segments evidently prolonged or lobed

beneath 6

6. Hind angles of prothorax not distinctly carinate (females of

rufiventris Esch. with angles sometimes finely carinate) .... 7

Hind angles of prothorax distinctly carinate in both sexes 31

7. Hind angles of prothorax short, broad and earlike, fourth tarsal

segment quite small 8

Hind angles of prothorax somewhat prolonged and acute, fourth
tarsal segment but little shorter than third, the three middle
segments all distinctly lobed beneath (the genus Harminius
Fairm.) 30

Vol. XX] IAX DYKE— ELA7ER1DAZ A\"D RELATED COLEOPTERA 353

8. Second antennal segment short, third much longer, almost as

long as or equal to fourth, front deeply impressed, clypeal
margin prominent, antennae long and more or less filiform . . 9

Second antennal segment longer than broad, generally twice as
long as broad and but slightly shorter or equal to third, the
latter never as long as fourth, front flattened or sulcate,
clypeal margin but little elevated at middle 22

9. Punctures of pronotum rather fine, not umbilicate 10

Punctures of pronotum, broad, shallow and more or less umbili-
cate 17

10. Second and third tarsal segments distinctly prolonged beneath,

forming well marked lobes 11

Second tarsal segment almost cylindrical, third but slightly lobed
beneath, fourth segment somewhat more elongate or more
evident than in preceding group 14

11. Larger species, over 9 mm. in length, pronotum moderately

coarsely punctured 12

Smaller species less than 9 mm. in length, pronotum very finely

punctured 13

12. Prothorax always somewhat narrowed in front, rather densely

punctured and quite densely clothed with long cinereous
pile, last segment of maxillary palpi over twice as long as
broad; reddish brown to piceous, head and pronotum darker,
elytra coarsely striato-punctate, intervals convex and sur-
face sparsely though evidently pilose; length 11-15 mm.

Common throughout Atlantic States brightwetti (Kirby)

Prothorax hardly narrower in front than behind, conspicuously
but not densely punctured and but sparsely pubescent, last
segment of maxillary palpi hardly twice as long as broad,
rufotestaceous with head piceous behind and an elongate
black area on disk of pronotum (typical species) and varying
to all piceous or black with head, sides of prothorax and often
large humeral patch red, elytra coarsely striato-punctate
(more finely in var. angelicus), intervals somewhat convex,
sparsely pilose; length 10-13 mm. Calif., chiefly along
coast excavatus (Mots.)

13. Narrow, elongate, testaceous with back of head and disk of pro-

notum slightly piceous, second segment of antennas but one-
half length of third, prothorax more or less quadrate, little
longer than broad, disk very finely, sparsely punctured.
Elytra with well marked transverse ruga; between strial
punctures enhancing the prominence of punctures, surface
finely, sparsely pilose; length 8.5 mm. Black Mts., N. C. .

carolinus n. sp.

Narrow, elongate, piceous or rarely testaceous, with or without
lateral margins of prothorax rufous, second segment of an-
tennae over one-half length of third, prothorax subparallel

364 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

and distinctly longer than broad, pronotum rather finely and
moderately closely punctured especially at sides, elytra with
rugae between strial punctures less evident especially at
sides, surface sparsely pilose; length 6-8 mm. Eastern
States acanthus (Say)

14. Large black species, 13 mm. or over in length, shining and with

fine, closely appressed and inconspicuous pile over entire

upper surface 16

Species of medium size, with pile on upper surface sufficiently
long and dense to be quite evident, the cinereous or fulvous
pile of head and pronotum on its dark background a notice-
able feature 15

15. Prothorax with sides but slightly if at all sinuate in front of hind

angles, generally quite parallel for basal half or three-fourths,
head and pronotum densely, closely punctured and with
long, flying hairs quite evident, elytral striae sharply im-
pressed and closely punctured, the intervals slightly convex
and distinctly irregularly punctured, third and fourth tarsal
segments evidently prolonged beneath and slightly lobed,
color variable, head, prothorax and scutellum always piceous
or black, the elytra varying from orange through brown to
black, legs black or yellow in lighter phases; length 10-15
mm., average 10-12 mm. Alaska, south to northern Califor-
nia, along coast, through the Cascades and Sierra Nevada
and into northern Rocky Mts pallidipennis Mann.

Prothorax with sides noticeably sinuate, especially in males, in
front of hind angles, angles slightly divergent, head and
pronotum finely and but moderately closely punctured, the
flying hairs but rarely evident ; elytra with striae evident but
not sharply defined and distinctly punctured, the intervals
but slightly convex and finely rugulose, so that punctation
generally is vague; third and fourth tarsal segments barely
prolonged beneath and but faintly lobed; color brown to
piceous, head and prothorax darker, piceous or black,
scutellum never black; length 10-12 mm. San Francisco
Mts. of N. M coquerelli Reitt.

16. Head and pronotum deeply, rather coarsely, closely and regu-

larly punctured, somewhat umbilicate at sides, prothorax
with sides straight posteriorly or slightly sinuate in front of
hind angles and arcuate at middle, hind angles at times with
vague carinae (the var. ingens Fall); elytra deeply and
coarsely punctured, the intervals varying from very convex
in typical to quite flat in large females of var. ingens; third
and fourth tarsal segments slightly prolonged beneath and
slightly lobed; length 13-22 mm. Western Wash, south to
northern Calif., along coast and throughout Sierra Nevada
Mts scissus Lee.

Vol. XX] I AX DYKE— ELATERIDAt AXD RELATED COLEOPTERA 355

17. Front deeply triangularly sulcate, the clypeal margin sharply

defined but depressed at middle 21

Front triangularly impressed, the clypeal margin thick and prom-
inently elevated throughout entire extent 18

18. Elytra deeply striate, the intervals convex 19

Elytra finely striate, the intervals flat 20

19. Prothorax not distinctly longer than broad, the punctures coarse,

umbilicate even on disk and closely placed, hind angles
sometimes finely carinate in females ; antennae not extending
more than three segments beyond hind angles of prothorax
and with segments 3-7 evidently triangular; second and third
tarsal segments evidently prolonged beneath and lobed,
fourth small ; color varying from all ruf otestaceous to nigro-
piceous; length 8-12 mm. Alaska south through B. C. and
Pacific States to coastal area of northern Calif, and to north-
ern Rocky Mts rufiventris (Esch.)

Prothorax distinctly longer than broad, entire insect very long
and narrow, the punctures of pronotum but moderately
coarse, distinctly umbilicate only at sides, and not closely
placed even laterally; antennae very long, extending four
segments beyond hind angles of prothorax in male, segments
3-6 but slightly triangular; third and fourth tarsal segments
but slightly prolonged beneath and lobed, the fourth but
little smaller than third; color ruf otestaceous; length 12 mm.
Mts. of northern N. M ruf otestaceous Fall

20. Head and pronotum very coarsely, umbilicately and closely

punctured; antennae not extending more than three seg-
ments beyond hind angles of prothorax, segments 3-6 but
slightly triangular ; third and fourth tarsal segments slightly
dilated and lobed beneath; color black with legs, antennae
and elytra nigropiceous or brownish ; length 10 mm. Rocky
Mts. of southern Colo, and northern N. M cribratus Lee.

21. Head and pronotum coarsely, approximately punctured and

clothed with conspicuous yellowish pile; antennae extending
three segments beyond hind angles of prothorax in males;
segments 3-5 distinctly triangular; first and second tarsal
segments quite cylindrical, third very distinctly prolonged
beneath and lobed, the fourth small and cylindrical; color
black with hind angles of prothorax, elytra and legs reddish
yellow, the general surface subopaque; length 9-10 mm.
Calif, from Los Angeles north to San Mateo Co agriotoides Fall

22. Second and third antennal segments about equal in length and

each but little shorter than fourth, the antennae as a whole
not reaching hind angles of prothorax; head and pronotum
rather coarsely, very closely, somewhat aciculately punc-
tured; hind angles of prothorax short and broad 23

356 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Second and third antennal segments rather short, the third a
little longer than second (considerably longer in male of
palpalis) and distinctly shorter than fourth, punctation of
pronotum moderately close 24

23. Prothorax distinctly longer than broad; front flattened, slightly

impressed in front and with clypeal margin slightly reflexed;
second and third tarsal segments but slightly prolonged
beneath and lobed; color variable, black with hind angles
of prothorax and legs yellow and elytra varying from black
with yellow humeral patches or broad yellow vittae to entirely
yellowish red or rufous (anterior angles or apical margin of
prothorax also often flavous); length 6-11 mm. Sierra
Nevada and mountains of northern Calif, extending to B. C.

imitans Fall

Prothorax fully as broad as long; front flattened, clypeal margin
not reflexed; second and third antennal segments evidently
prolonged beneath and lobed; color brown to piceous, elytra
lighter, anterior and posterior margin of prothorax, basal
margin of elytra and epipleurae flavous, basal segments of
antennae as well as outer parts of legs lighter; length 5.5-8
mm. Northern Calif, generally on hillsides on scrub oak. brevis n. sp.

24. Elytra entirely rufous or brown 25

Elytra black or bicolored, antennae reaching hind angles of pro-
thorax or extending beyond 29

25. Second and third antennal segments rather small, together about

as long as or barely longer than fourth 26

Second and third antennal segments longer, together distinctly
longer than fourth; front broadly sulcate, clypeal margin
slightly reflexed at sides; pronotum rather finely though
closely punctured; second tarsal segment not evidently
lobed but third very distinctly lobed; reddish brown with
head piceous and legs lighter; length 5-6 mm. Southwestern
Ore. and northwestern Calif palpalis Fall

26. Front broadly sulcate, elytra always markedly rufous; somewhat

larger species, over 8 mm. in length 28

Front flattened or at most very shallowly sulcate 27

27. Clypeal margin narrow but distinctly reflexed; antennae reaching

slightly beyond hind angles of prothorax, second and third
segments together barely longer than fourth; prothorax
slightly longer than broad, hind angles short and broad,
disk moderately coarsely, closely, somewhat aciculately
punctured; elytra moderately flattened, striae fine and dis-
tinctly though not coarsely punctured, intervals flat and
almost as coarsely punctured as striae; color brown with
slight reddish tinge, antennae, side margins of elytra and
legs more rufous; length 8 mm. Los Angeles, Calif. . . . sordidus n. sp.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDA* AMD RELATED COLEOPTERA 357

Clypeal margin well denned but not reflexed, front broadly and
shallowly excavated; antennae not reaching hind angles of
prothorax, second segment as broad as long, the third
longer, about two-thirds length of fourth, the intermediate
segments hardly serrate; prothorax slightly longer than
broad, hind angles short and broad, disk rather coarsely
and moderately closely punctured; elytra distinctly punc-
tato-striato, intervals punctured but not conspicuously so
and shining, and surface pilose; third segment of anterior
tarsi alone lobed beneath, the second pair of legs with third
tarsal segment but slightly elongated posteriorly; piceous
with elytra rufous and antennae and legs rufopiceous; length
8 mm. Dutch Flat, Calif rufipennis n. sp.

28. Clypeal margin sharply defined throughout, pronotum rather

coarsely, evenly and closely punctured, canaliculation vague,
second and third tarsal segments slightly prolonged beneath
and lobed, black with rufous elytra and rufo-piceous antennae

and legs; length 9.5-11 mm. Middle Sierra of Calif essigi n. sp.

Clypeal margin sometimes sharply defined throughout or slightly
depressed at middle, pronotum moderately, coarsely punc-
tured, distantly on disk and closely on sides, canaliculation
pronounced, second tarsal segment but slightly prolonged
beneath, the third more evidently prolonged and lobed, en-
tirely rufous or with head, a broad discal area and side
margins of prothorax black; length 8-12 mm. Coastal coun-
ties of middle Calif polygenics (Fall)

29. Front flattened, clypeal margin well defined but not prominent,

head and pronotum coarsely, closely punctured, pronotum
slightly canaliculate at middle near base, elytra deeply
striate, the striae rather coarsely punctured, intervals convex,
finely punctured and somewhat rugulose, upper surface evi-
dently pilose, the pile cinereous on head and pronotum and
interspersed with flying hairs; color black, sometimes with
hind angles and basal margin of prothorax, basal margin,
adjacent portion of suture, and epipleurae of elytra, mouth-
parts and portions of legs rufous; length 9-11 mm. Southern
Calif discrepans Reitt.

Front somewhat convex, clypeal margin sometimes slightly ele-
vated, head and pronotum moderately, finely, rather closely
punctured, prothorax but vaguely canaliculate at middle,
front angles prominent and obliquely truncate, hind angles
short and broad, elytra striato-punctate, intervals slightly
convex; color black with hind angles of prothorax, a broad
vitta extending back from elytral humeri almost to middle,
a broad maculation at posterior third reaching from sides
almost to suture, a triangular patch at apex, epipleurae, and
basal segments of antennae and legs orange; length 6-7 mm.
Ohio and middle Sierra Nevada Mts. of Calif opilinus Cand.

368 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

30. Larger species, front slightly impressed, clypeal margin but little

elevated; antennae reaching beyond hind angles of prothorax,
second segment small, third large and triangular like follow-
ing and slightly longer than fourth; head and pronotum
coarsely, densely, very closely punctured, prothorax broader
than long, disk canaliculate at middle posteriorly, hind
angles prominent, divergent and subacute, elytra deeply
striate, the striae finely impressed, intervals convex and finely
rugulose; color black with front and sides of head and greater
portion of sides of pronotum rufous, elytra brown with basal
triangle and two broad oblique bars clearly defined by being
denuded of pile, the surface elsewhere as also the head and
pronotum finely, densely pilose; length 15 mm. Hudson
Bay and Lake Superior regions, also northern Europe and
Asia undulatus (DeG.)

Smaller species, quite similar to preceding, head and pronotum
densely, closely punctured, prothorax longer than broad,
disk canaliculate at middle and hind angles prominent and
divergent, elytra distinctly punctato-striate, the intervals
flattened and finely punctured; color nigropiceous, pro-
thorax with median rufous vitta extending from base to
apex (type)21 or all black (Katmai specimen),22 the elytra
reddish with three undulating oblique fasciae produced by
absence of pile or with two fasciae and entire apex denuded;
length 7 mm. Sitka and Alaska Peninsula triundulatus Mann.

31. Second segment of antennae short, third very long, almost as

long or even longer than fourth 32

Second and third antennal segments short, together about as

long as fourth 40

32. Subopaque species, head and pronotum closely, shallowly, um-

bilicately punctured, elytra finely scabrous 33

More shining species, pronotal punctures not so closely placed,
deeper and less umbilicate on disk, black or brown, some-
times with slight color pattern 35

33. Sooty black, unicolorous, front triangularly impressed, clypeal

margin thick and reflexed; antennae reaching hind angles of
prothorax, second segment small, third almost equal to
fourth, third to ninth serrate; prothorax about as broad as
long, punctures of head and pronotum fine but very distinct,
hind angles of prothorax broad and short, not divergent,
carinae fine and slightly divergent from side margin, elytra
distinctly striato-punctate, intervals somewhat elevated and

31 Bull. Mosc, XXVI, 1853, p. 222.

22 The Coleoptera Collected by the Katmai Exped., by Edwin C. Van Dyke, Con-
trib. Tech. Ser., Nat. Geogr. Soc, Wash., 1924, p. 20.

Vol. XXI VAN DYKE—ELATERIDAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 359

finely scabrous, upper surface clothed with short, incon-
spicuous though rather dense black pile, second and third
tarsal segments slightly prolonged beneath and lobed ; length
11-12 mm. Central Calif., chiefly Sierra aterrimus Fall

Bicolored species, dull black with yellow or red markings 34

34. Head entirely black, hind angles of prothorax and basal margin

and lunate patches on elytral humeri orange red; front tri-
angularly impressed, the clypeal margin thick and reflexed;
antennae reaching beyond hind angles of prothorax, second
segment small, third slightly longer than fourth, third to
ninth distinctly serrate; prothorax longer than broad, punc-
tures of head and pronotum rather coarse and surface
clothed with long fulvous pile, pronotum canaliculate at
middle, hind angles broad, slightly prolonged and somewhat
divergent, carinas sharp and fine, diverging slightly from
margin, elytra finely striato-punctate, intervals convex,
finely punctured and scabrous; second and third tarsal seg-
ments distinctly prolonged beneath and lobed; length 12-14
mm. Eastern States scapularis (Say)

Head with frontal area red, pronotum also red except for broad
irregular basal area and sometimes hind angles; antennae
not reaching beyond hind angles of prothorax, second seg-
ment small, third almost equal to fourth and serrate like
following; prothorax longer than broad, rather coarsely,
shallowly punctured, sparsely clothed with cinereous pubes-
cence, hind angles broad and sharp, carinas sharp and
divergent from sides, elytra striato-punctate, intervals finely
scabrous, second and third tarsal segments but slightly
prolonged beneath and lobed; length 13 mm. Ga., Kans. .
equestris (Lee.)

35. Upper surface black, more or less ornamented with red or yellow,

head and pronotum densely punctured 36

Upper surface unicolorous, black or brown, punctures of pro-
notum always well separated on disk 37

36. Rather short and compact species, black or somewhat piceous

and dull, basal margin of elytra and epipleurae flavous, an-
tennae and legs slightly rufous; antennae extending slightly
beyond hind angles of prothorax, intermediate segments
distinctly but not markedly serrate; prothorax but slightly
longer than broad, hind angles short and hardly divergent,
carinas fine and close to side margin, elytra distinctly striato-
punctate, intervals flattened and finely punctured and
rugose, third segments of tarsi alone slightly prolonged be-
neath and lobed ; length 6-9 mm. Sierra and Mts. of northern
Calif limbatus Lee.

370 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Somewhat larger species, black and shining with frontal excava-
tion of head and basal margin of elytra rufous; second an-
tennal segment small, third elongate and triangular; pro-
thorax longer than broad, pronotum densely, coarsely and
umbilicately punctured, hind angles short, carinas close to
side margin, elytra with striae profoundly punctured, inter-
vals convex and sparsely punctured; length 12.5 mm. Mont.
orophilus Harr

37. Pro thorax distinctly longer than broad, sides quite straight and

convergent forwards from hind angles in males, more parallel

or arcuate at middle in females 38

Pro thorax hardly longer than broad, sides sinuate in front of hind
angles, thence quite straight and parallel or convergent for-
wards from hind angles with hind angles distinctly divergent
in males, more arcuate at middle and narrowed in front in
females; male antennae long and with outer segments quite
parallel sided; second tarsal segment hardly, third slightly
prolonged beneath and lobed 39

38. Reddish brown, legs generally flavous, pronotum but moderately

coarsely yet densely punctured, slightly canaliculate at
middle posteriorly, elytra gradually arcuately narrowed
from about middle to apex, distinctly striato-punctate, the
intervals finely punctured and slightly rugose, second and
third tarsal segments both distinctly prolonged and lobed
beneath; length 11-15 mm. Northeastern and eastern States
cucidlatus (Say)

Black or dark brown, legs somewhat lighter, pronotum but mod-
arately coarsely and closely punctured on disk, more
coarsely, closely and umbilicately at sides, canaliculation
at middle quite vague, elytra with sides moderately arcuate
at middle, rounded from posterior third to apex, disk rather
strongly striato-punctate, intervals flat or convex, finely
punctured and rugose, second tarsal segment hardly, third
slightly, prolonged beneath and lobed; length 10-14 mm.
The typical black phase (nigropilis) , B. C. south to middle
Calif. , the brown phase (nugalis) , middle and southern Calif.
nigropilis Mots.

Similar to above but somewhat smaller and with oval polished
unpunctate area on each side of the median line of pronotum;
length 9.5 mm. Tacoma, Wash speculifer Fall

39. Rufous or rufopiceous, often with suture of elytra flavous, legs

rufotestaceous, pronotal punctures somewhat fine and but
moderately close on disk, coarser and umbilicate at sides,
canaliculation evident at middle posteriorly, elytra finely
striato-punctate, intervals flattened, finely punctured and
vaguely scabrous; length 11-14 mm. Southern Ariz, and
N. M arizonicus n. sp.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELAlERWJb. AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 2)7\

Rufopiceous, often suture and margins of elytra as well as legs
and underside quite rufous, disk quite flattened in male,
moderately coarsely not closely punctured, a bit closer at
sides, but faintly canaliculate at middle at most, elytra dis-
tinctly striato-punctate, the intervals slightly convex and
finely punctured; length 12-14 mm. Sierra Nevada Mts. of
Calif rectithorax Reitt.

40. Species in great part black or nigropiceous 41

Species in great part brown or brownish castaneous 42

41. Coal black above, faintly shining, legs rufocastaneous, head tri-

angularly depressed in front, clypeal margin prominent and
horizontal, head and pronotum coarsely, very closely and
umbilicately punctured; antennae reaching hind angles of
pro thorax, second and third segments small, equal in length
and together as long as fourth, median segments strongly
serrate; prothorax longer than broad, sides quite straight
and strongly convergent forwards from hind angles, hind
angles broad, prominent, the sides markedly reflexed, the
carinae sharp, disk with distinct canaliculation at middle,
elytra finely striato-punctate, the intervals flattened, finely
punctured and coarsely scabrous, second tarsal segment
hardly prolonged beneath, the third distinctly so and lobed;
length 12 mm. Marquette, Mich erebus n. sp.

Piceous, base of prothorax, basal segments of antennae and feet
testaceous; prothorax elongate, slightly convex, disk densely
punctured and canaliculate at middle, hind angles rounded
and inflexed, carinae oblique and distinct, elytra striato-
punctate, intervals flat, finely rugosely punctured, tarsal
lobes not conspicuous; length 12 mm. Penn. and south-
eastern States posticus (Melsh.)

42. Piceous brown above, underside, antennae, legs and sometimes

suture and margin of elytra castaneous; head rather coarsely
punctured with front broadly, deeply impressed, clypeal
margin narrow, not reflexed, antennae extending slightly
beyond hind angles of prothorax, median segments but little
dilated; prothorax not longer than broad, hind angles sub-
acute and slightly divergent, carinae fine and short, poorly
defined, disk finely, rather sparsely punctured; elytra finely
striato-punctate, intervals flat and finely punctured, second
tarsal segment but slightly prolonged beneath, third dis-
tinctly so and evidently lobed; length 10 mm. Rocky Mts.
of Colo simplex Lee.

Piceous brown or rufous, elongate, head triangularly impressed
in front, clypeal margin arcuate and but little reflexed,
coarsely, closely punctured; antennae reaching hind angles
of prothorax in female, distinctly longer in male; prothorax

March 3, 1932

372 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

longer than broad, hind angles broad and short, not diver-
gent and with carinas fine and close to margins, disk finely,
not densely punctured, elytra finely striato-punctate, inter-
vals flattened, finely punctured and rugulose, third tarsal
segment alone evidently prolonged and lobed beneath;
average length 11-14 mm. though sometimes 18 mm. Sierra
Nevada Mts. of Calif falli Reitt.

Athous rufifrons (Randall)

There are three well marked color phases of this species :
the true rufifrons (Rand.), a rather large piceous species with
the clypeus, broad margins to prothorax and a broad vitta on
each elytron rufous or rufotestaceous; reflexus Lee, a va-
riety, large like the preceding but more or less uniformly
piceous in color; and lengi Dury, a smaller variety, in reality
a geographical race or subspecies, with sides of prothorax
quite parallel, the clypeus and margins of prothorax rufo-
testaceous and a broad vitta on each elytron testaceous.
Athous rufifrons (Rand.) in its typical phase is limited to
eastern Canada and the northeastern States ; reflexus Lee. most
common in the Lake States; and lengi Dury confined to the
southern Alleghenies, the specimens so far found being from
the Black Mountains of North Carolina.

Athous appalachius Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, subparallel, somewhat flattened, rufotestaceous, head above
piceous, very sparsely clothed with fine white pile. Head deeply, triangularly
impressed in front, clypeal margin prominent, eyes large, front distinctly but
not closely punctured; antennae long and filiform, reaching four segments
beyond hind angles of prothorax, second segment small, but little longer than
broad, third almost twice as long, somewhat triangular and about three-fourths
length of fourth, fourth to eleventh two to three times as long as broad, with
sides parallel. Prothorax slightly longer than broad, apex distinctly arcuate,
base broadly emarginate, basal margin elevated, sides straight and parallel,
apical angles but slightly developed, basal angles hardly divergent, blunt and
arcuate posteriorly, and without carinae, lateral margin broad and flattened,
sinuous when viewed laterally; the disk slightly convex, rather finely, some-
what closely punctured, and without canaliculation at middle. Scutellum
cordate, flattened and sparsely punctate. Elytra broader than prothorax, at
least four times as long, with sides quite parallel; the disk slightly convex,
distinctly striate and quite coarsely, closely punctured, with intervals some-

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ER1 DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 373

what convex and rugulose, the punctation not evident. Beneath finely,
sparsely punctured. Legs long and delicate, tarsi long, the three intermediate
tarsal segments of all legs slightly prolonged beneath and lobed. Length
11 mm., breadth 3 mm.

Holotype: No. 3147, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and Paratype,
presumably males, collected by myself on Mt. Mitchell, North
Carolina, during July 1902.

This species in color and general form suggests the more
usual phase of rufiventris Esch., called ferruginosus Esch., but
differs by having the sides of the prothorax straight and
parallel and the punctures of the disk rather fine, not at all um-
bilicate.

Athous vittiger LeConte

This well known species which ranges along the Pacific
Coast from British Columbia to San Francisco Bay, like
ruiifrons (Rand.), also varies in color. The normal phase is
rufotestaceous with a median pronotal black vitta, a common
sutural and lateral black vitta on each elytron. These darker
markings often become so vague as to be hardly discernible or
may entirely disappear so that we may have, particularly in
females, individuals with unicolorous elytra or individuals that
are entirely unicolorous. These latter are also often much
larger than normal specimens.

Athous excavatus (Motschulsky)

Athous excavatus (Mots.) is likewise a Pacific Coast species
but it has a greater range than the preceding and varies more
in color. The typical phase is rufotestaceous with disk of pro-
notum black, and extends from northern Washington to Santa
Cruz Co., Calif. It is fairly constant in coloration except for
the fact that in many females the black pronotal marking dis-
appears leaving them unicolorous and somewhat resembling
the unicolorous phase of vittiger Lee. They are however,
always much longer, with sparser pronotal punctation and
larger tarsal lobes. On the Carmel peninsula of Monterey Co.,

374 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

a rather dark phase, a piceous brown subspecies with the pro-
notal disk black and the elytra reddish brown, appears. This
contrasts quite markedly with the typical phase and seems to
rather abruptly replace it. This phase, I am calling the sub-
species carmeli and am designating a holotype (No. 3148,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.) and several specimens as paratypes
from a series collected at Carmel, Monterey Co., Calif., May
16, 1909. In Santa Barbara County, there is a second sub-
species. This is axillaris Horn and like carmeli is in the main
piceous brown but with the head, sides of prothorax, a short
vitta extending backwards from the humeri and lateral mar-
gins of the elytra rufotestaceous. With this I am also asso-
ciating a more attractive phase from the middle Sierras, my
specimens from Tuolumne Co., which differ only in having the
basal color a deep black and the contrasting markings more
red. In Los Angeles Co. and the mountains of San Ber-
nardino and Riverside Counties, another subspecies appears.
This is black with the head and margins of prothorax alone
rufotestaceous or even a clear red. This subspecies, I am call-
ing angelicus and likewise selecting several specimens to stand
as a holotype (No. 3149, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.) and para-
types from my Los Angeles series.

Athous carolinus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, narrow, depressed, testaceous, back of head and disk of pronotum
somewhat piceous, sparsely clothed with short cinereous pile. Head broadly,
triangularly depressed in front, clypeus porrect, prominent and with anterior
margin transverse, front rather finely, somewhat sparsely punctured, eyes
prominent; antennae long, filiform, extending several segments beyond hind
angles of prothorax, second segment small, slightly longer than broad, third
almost twice as long as second and three-fourths length of fourth, the following
segments about three times as long as broad, with parallel sides Prothorax
longer than broad, slightly narrower anteriorly, apex slightly arcuate, base
emarginate, sides almost straight in male, somewhat arcuate at middle in
female, the anterior angles not prominent, hind angles broad, blunt, somewhat
divergent and extending backwards for a short distance, margin fine, disk
slightly convex, shining, vaguely canaliculate at middle, finely, evenly and
rather sparsely punctured. Scutellum somewhat companulate, flat, shining
and finely, sparsely punctured. Elytra broader than prothorax, somewhat
more than three times as long, sides but slightly arcuate, disk with striae mod-

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDM AND RELATED COLEOPTERA T>7S

erately impressed, coarsely punctured, the transverse rugae between punctures
deepening and broadening the depressions, the intervals hardly convex, the
general surface sculpturing much as in acanthus (Say). Beneath rather finely,
somewhat closely punctured on propleurae, more sparsely elsewhere. Legs
delicate, tarsi long, second and third segments distinctly prolonged beneath
and lobed, the fourth small and linear. Length 8 mm., breadth 2.25 mm.

Female somewhat larger, 9 mm. in length, more robust, with antennae
shorter, and sides of prothorax arcuate.

Holotype: Male, No. 3150; and Allotype: Female, No. 3151,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected on the summit of the Black
Mountains of North Carolina, June 1912, by Wm. Beuten-
mueller, and one Paratype from Mt. Mitchell, North Caro-
lina, collected in June 1902, by myself.

This species is in general slightly larger than Athous acan-
thus (Say) but is of the same facies and type of sculpturing.
It differs in coloration, in having the prothorax less narrowed
in front and the anterior prothoracic angles not prominent or
dentate as they are in the greater number of acanthus. It is
also closely related to excavatus Mots., but smaller with the
punctures in general, both of prothorax and elytra, finer.

Athous acanthus (Say)

Athous acanthus (Say) varies much in the same way that
excavatus does. The typical form is piceous, with or without
testaceous legs; the weak variety ftavangularis Horn, has the
hind angles of the prothorax yellower than usual ; and the
well marked subspecies maculicollis Lee, is darker, black, with
the margins of the prothorax and legs rufotestaceous, some-
times with the clypeus also rufous. This form is also gen-
erally somewhat smaller than the typical form and more
northern in distribution. West of the Alleghenies as in Ohio
and Kentucky, we also find a tendency for this species to
become paler as a whole. This last variety quite closely resem-
bles carolinus.

Athous pallidipennis Mannerheim

This is one of the most variable of our species both as to
color and sculpture. In most places where found it is truly

376 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

dichromatic, there being a dark phase, piceous or black, and a
light phase, black with orange red elytra and generally with
the basal angles of prothorax and legs of the same color. In
some localities the two phases will be found together, in others
separately. In southeastern Alaska, western British Columbia,
Washington, Oregon, and northwestern California, compris-
ing the humid coastal area, the typical form is found. In this,
the head and pronotum are rather finely, somewhat closely
punctured, the elytra but moderately deeply striate and the in-
tervals but slightly convex. The phase described by Manner-
heim was of course the lighter one, piceous with orange red
elytra, but the darker phase, all black or piceous with suture
and side margins of elytra pale is by far the commoner one,
at least on the mainland. In this territory intermediate color
phases are also quite commonly met with. East of the Cascade
mountains as at Pullman, Washington, the species tends to
become more truly dichromatic and to have the pronotal punc-
tation finer and the elytral striation and punctation also much
finer and the intervals flatter. In the mountains of northern
California and the Sierra Nevada, the species becomes much
larger, more robust, with the punctation of head and pro-
notum coarser and closer, and the elytra more convex with the
striae deeply impressed and coarsely punctured, and the inter-
vals quite convex. In the northern part of the state there is a
tendency for the dark phase which is coal black, to dominate
but in the middle Sierras, the lighter phase seems to be the
more common. . This robust phase, both light and dark, has
such a distinctive appearance that I propose to list it as a sub-
species, describing it as follows :

Athous pallidipennis sierrae Van Dyke, new subspecies

Similar in general structural peculiarities to the typical form but differing
by being larger, more convex and generally more robust, the antennae heavier
and with segments 2-6 quite serrate (almost filiform in typical form), the head
and pronotum densely, coarsely, cribrately punctured and subopaque, the
elytra deeply striate, the striae coarsely punctured, the intervals very convex
and distinctly punctured and somewhat rugose; color black with hind angles

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA $JJ

and basal margin of prothorax, elytra, hind margins of ventral segments, and
antennae and legs in male (in female rufopiceous) reddish orange. Male, length
12 mm., breadth 3.75 mm.; female, length 14 mm., breadth 4.5 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3152; and Allotype: Female, No. 3153,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and several designated Paratypes from
a series of twenty specimens collected by myself at Yosemite
Valley, Calif., June 3 and 10, 1921. I also have good series of
the light phase of sierra from numerous other localities in the
Sierras and mountains of northern California as well as a
series of over seventy specimens of the all black phase of the
same subspecies. My entire series of all phases of the species
is close to two hundred specimens.

Athous scissus LeConte

This large and shining black species is one of the most
characteristic species of the heavily timbered areas of the
Pacific Coast. It is generally found beneath the bark of old
rotting stumps. The typical form ranges from western
British Columbia south along the coast to the Russian River
in California. In the mountains of northern California and
the Sierra Nevadas, it is also to be found but here there is a
tendency at times for the elytral carina? to appear at the hind
angles of the prothorax. Specimens of this kind were de-
scribed by Fall as ingens. This is, however, not a well marked
form but rather an individual peculiarity, not entitled, there-
fore, to even subspecific rank. Indistinct carinas near the hind
angles are to be met with as often in specimens from the
coastal area as in those from the mountains.

Athous rufiventris (Eschscholtz)

As stated elsewhere,23 I have combined this species with
ferruginosits Esch. In the typical rufiventris, of which I have
two specimens collected by myself from the type locality, Una-
laska. the head and prothorax are almost entirely black, the

23 The Coleoptera Collected by the Katmai Exped., by Edwin C. Van Dyke, Tech.
Papers, Nat. Geog. Soc, Wash., 1924, p. 20.

3/8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

underside in front piceous, the abdomen somewhat rufous,
elsewhere rufotestaceous. In typical ferruginosus, the insect
is entirely ferruginous or rufotestaceous, but the species is as
a whole very variable and specimens similar to typical ruii-
ventris are commonly to be met with in company with typical
ferruginosus. Some of the large females also often have well
defined though fine carinse near the hind angles. This com-
mon species ranges from Unalaska Island south along the
Pacific Coast to the San Francisco Bay region. Throughout
most of this area the dominant color is ferruginous but along
the immediate coast from Newport, Ore., to Humboldt Bay
in California, is a region of extreme humidity where a
melanotic phase is to be found. This is so definite a geo-
graphical race and contrasts so markedly with the usual color
phases that I propose to give it a subspecific name calling it :

Athous rufiventris maritimus Van Dyke, new subspecies

It resembles the lighter and more typical phases in every
physical regard, only differing in color, being black or piceous
with antennae, legs and elytra somewhat lighter.

Holotype: Male, No. 3154; and Allotype: Female, No. 3155,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and several designated Paratypes from
Humboldt Co., Calif., collected presumably near Eureka, by
myself, during June 1901. In my series of over twenty indi-
viduals are specimens from Newport, Waldport and Marsh-
field, Oregon, as well as from several places in Humboldt Cp.,
Calif. It resembles in color and general appearance Athous
cribratus Lee, but differs in the main by having deeper and
more coarsely punctured elytral striae.

Athous imitans Fall

This species as indicated in the table is very variable as to
both size and color. It is fairly common in places throughout
the mountains of northern California and is to be found as
far north as Nanaimo, B. C. Its flattened or subsulcate head,

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATER1DAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 379

not prominent clypeal margin and coarsely, very closely and
somewhat aciculately punctured prothorax, with broad, short
hind angles, would place it in association with agriotoides,
brevis and sordidus, species which have a facies quite sugges-
tive of Limonius ornatulus Lee. and its associates.

Athous brevis Van Dyke, new species

Small, short and moderately robust, somewhat flattened, black, elytra
brown, narrow basal margin of prothorax and elytra luteous, epipleurae, outer
parts of legs and base of antennae rufous. Head flattened, clypeus porrect and
moderately prominent, anterior margin transverse, front coarsely, closely
punctured; antennae reaching hind angles of prothorax, second and third seg-
ments about equal in length, twice as long as broad, and almost equal to fourth,
median segments somewhat longer than broad and distinctly triangular. Pro-
thorax as broad or broader than long, apex almost truncate, base emarginate,
sides slightly arcuate, almost subparallel, suddenly constricted near apex, hind
angles broad and hardly extended, disk coarsely, closely, evenly and somewhat
aciculately punctured. Elytra twice as long as prothorax, slightly broader at
base, sides subparallel and evenly rounded at apex, disk somewhat flattened,
striae distinctly impressed, rather coarsely punctured anteriorly, finer poster-
iorly, intervals flattened, distinctly but somewhat irregularly punctured and
faintly rugulose, entire upper surface rather finely, sparsely pubescent. Be-
neath, presternum coarsely and not closely punctured, propleurae coarsely
and closely and afterbody finely and sparsely punctured. Legs short, second
and third tarsal segments evidently extended beneath and slightly lobed, fourth
segment small but quite evident. Length 7 mm., breadth 1.75 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3156; and Allotype: Female, No. 3157,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and several designated Paratypes, col-
lected by myself from the slopes of Mt. Tamalpais, Marin
Co., Calif., May 20 and 23, 1909. My series consists of thirty-
five specimens and is from the following localities in Cali-
fornia: Siskiyou Co., June, Nunenmacher; Carrville, Trinity
Co., June, Van Dyke; Plumas Co., June, Nunenmacher; Glen
Alpine, Eldorado Co., June, Van Dyke; Placer Co., Napa
Co., Marin Co., Ben Lomond, Santa Cruz Co., and Fresno Co.
They are fairly constant as to color and general charac-
teristics.

This short, little species of the brushy or chaparral areas of
California looks much like several of the smaller species of
Limonius especially some of the more sombre phases of

3gQ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

omatulus and maculicollis though it is a bit larger. It is rather
closely related to Athous sordidus n. sp. and also belongs near
agriotoides Fall and imitans Fall.

Athous sordidus Van Dyke, new species

Rather small, moderately robust, somewhat flattened; brown with a slight
rufous tinge, antennae, mouthparts, epipleurae and legs quite rufous; slightly
shining above and rather sparsely clothed above with conspicuous, rather long,
gray pile. Head somewhat flattened, transversely impressed near clypeus,
clypeus porrect with margin distinct, somewhat depressed at middle and
slightly emarginate, front coarsely, closely punctured; antennae reaching about
one segment beyond hind angles of prothorax, second and third segments
about twice as long as broad, equal in length, and each two-thirds length of
fourth, median segments distinctly longer than broad, apex faintly lobed at
middle, base emarginate, sides subparallel behind, gradually arcuately nar-
rowing in front, front angles projecting forwards, hind angles short and broad,
disk convex, rather coarsely, closely and somewhat aciculately punctured,
median canaliculation not evident, scutellum elongate, flattened and sparsely
punctured. Elytra slightly broader than prothorax, almost three times as long,
sides subparallel in front, gradually arcuate behind to apex, disk somewhat
flattened, striae fine but distinct, finely punctate with elongate punctures,
intervals flattened, rather coarsely, somewhat biseriately punctured, the punc-
tures conspicuous and almost as large as those of the striae. Beneath with
presternum moderately coarsely, rather sparsely punctured, propleurae more
closely and afterbody more finely and but moderately closely punctured.
Legs rather short, second and third tarsal segments prolonged beneath and
slightly lobed, fourth segment small but evident. Length 8 mm., breadth
2 mm.

Holotype: No. 3158, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a unique in my
collection, collected many years ago in Los Angeles Co., Calif.,
probably in the hills.

This species is evidently related to brevis, replacing it in
southern California. It is larger, more elongate, with longer
prothorax, longer antennae, coarser punctation on elytral in-
tervals, and with much longer pubescence.

Athous rufipennis Van Dyke, new species

Rather small and short, head and prothorax nigropiceous, elytra rufo-
castaneous, beneath piceous, antennae and legs rufopiceous, shining above and
with a somewhat greasy aspect, the pubescence fine and sparse. Head broadly
flattened in front, clypeal margin arcuate but clypeus not sharply demarked

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ER1 DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA $g\

from front, front coarsely and rather closely punctured; eyes moderate in size;
antennae short, not reaching hind angles of prothorax, second segment a little
longer than broad, third slightly longer and about two-thirds length of fourth,
fourth longest, the following one and a half to two times as long as broad and
but slightly enlarged distally. Prothorax over a third longer than broad, apex
at middle faintly arcuate, base emarginate, sides moderately arcuate at middle,
anterior angles not prominent, hind angles short, non-divergent and non-
carinate, disk very convex, coarsely and somewhat closely and evenly punc-
tured, not canaliculate at middle. Scutellum cordate, finely cristate at middle
and rather coarsely punctured. Elytra but little broader than prothorax and
two and a half times as long, slightly arcuate at sides and broader behind the
middle, disk convex, striae fine and finely punctured, the intervals almost fiat
and finely, irregularly biseriately punctured. Beneath rather coarsely, closely
(umbilicately on propleurae) punctured in front, more finely and sparsely
behind. Legs rather short, tarsi with three intermediate segments but little
prolonged and lobed beneath. Length 7.5 mm., breadth 2.25 mm.

Holotype: No. 3159, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a unique and
probably a female, collected at Dutch Flat, Placer Co., Calif.,
June 16, 1914.

This chubby little species suggests by its size, general shape,
and color, some of the phases of imitans Fall or even some
of the smaller species of Ludius (Corymbites) like angularis
(Lee). Its characters are, however, definite and should en-
able it to be recognized should anyone be so fortunate as to
collect it.

Athous essigi Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, somewhat depressed, narrowed in front and behind, head and
prothorax black, elytra rufous, antennas and outer portions of legs rufopiceous,
underside of body nigropiceous, surface clothed with fine, short and rather
sparsely placed pile. Head deeply, broadly sulcate in front, clypeal margin
broadly rounded in front and well defined but not elevated, front coarsely,
quite closely punctured; antennae long, reaching at least two segments beyond
hind angles of prothorax, second segment small, hardly longer than broad,
third slightly longer, the two just perceptibly longer than fourth, median seg-
ments at least twice as long as broad and serrate. Prothorax almost a third
longer than broad, anterior margin subtruncate, barely emarginate, sides
sinuate in front of hind angles, thence almost straight and slightly converging
to near front angles where rounded, front angles not prominent, hind angles
prominent, triangular and somewhat divergent, disk coarsely, rather closely
and evenly punctured, median canaliculation but vaguely indicated. Scutellum
elongate, with vague longitudinal crista at middle and slightly punctured.

382 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Elytra almost three times as long as prothorax, distinctly broader than the
latter, sides slightly arcuate at middle, gradually narrowed from posterior
third to apex, disk finely but sharply striate, the strias finely punctured with
elongate punctures, the intervals slightly convex, finely punctured and finely
rugulose. Beneath with presternum rather coarsely, not closely punctured,
propleurae more coarsely, the punctures umbilicate, and afterbody very finely,
rather closely punctured, prosternal spine long and acute and finely sulcate.
Legs long, second tarsal segment almost cylindrical, third but slightly pro-
longed beneath and lobed, and fourth small and just barely prolonged back-
wards. Length 11.5 mm., breadth 3.25 mm.

Holotype: No. 3160, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and Paratype in
my collection, the first collected by my associate Prof. E. O.
Essig, at Placerville, Calif., and kindly presented to me, the
latter collected at Dutch Flat, Placer Co., Calif., June 15,
1915. A large series of specimens was collected this last sum-
mer at Forest Hill, Placer Co., June 1931, and at Riverton,
Eldorado Co., during July.

This species has physical characters which place it well apart
from others, but in color, size and superficial appearance it
somewhat resembles the more typical light phases of palli-
dipennis. Its sharply defined and depressed clypeus, thick and
elevated in pallidipennis, short third segment of antennae and
type of tarsi, will, however, always readily distinguish it.

Athous poly genus (Fall)

This peculiar species is quite variable. It was placed by Fall
in the genus C orymbites or Ludius as it is now called. The
type was, however, one of the smaller, somewhat depauperized
and atypical forms, which had the clypeal margin not only
depressed at the middle but slightly interrupted there. In fully
developed specimens, the clypeus is somewhat depressed for
the front is always quite broadly and deeply sulcate, but it is
complete and sharply defined. The tarsi are also those of
Athous for though the lobes of the intermediate segments are
not very prominent they are evident, besides the long first and
very small fourth segments are characteristic of the genus.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATER1DAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 2>&Z

Athous opilinus Candeze and Athous ornatipennis (LeConte)

The first species, a small and attractive one, was described
as from Ohio. It seems to be very scarce there for but few
Ohio specimens are represented in collections. In California it
is more often found, sometimes quite commonly as in the
Sequoia National Park. I have carefully compared a specimen
from the type locality with California specimens and find them
absolutely the same. A rather close relative of this is Athous
ornatipennis (Lee.), a species which is of the same size and has
a similar color pattern. This latter differs mainly in having
the tarsi without well defined lobes. It was formerly placed
with Limonius but the single prosternal suture and long first
and short fourth tarsal segments will, as stated before, clearly
place it with Athous.

Athous undulatus (De Geer)

This is a well known boreal species found in the more
northern parts of Europe and Asia as well as North America.
American specimens are, however, very rare in collections. My
single representative was collected by Mr. John D. Sherman
Jr., in the Lake Superior region. The genus Harminius
Fairm. erected for the reception of this and a limited number
of associated species is not worthy of being considered as of
more than subgeneric value at the most. The dominating
characters of undulatus are those of Athous. The characters
selected for Harminius are merely such as would assist in
separating it from some of the more typical Athous.

Athous triundulatus Mannerheim

This species is closely related to the preceding but much
smaller though quite distinct. As far as known, there are but
two specimens in existence, the type presumably in Moscow,
and a single specimen collected by the members of the Katmai
Expedition to Alaska and now in the collection of the Ohio
State University.

3g4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Athous cucullatus (Say)

With the above, I have placed fossularis Lee. The latter is
nothing more than a large and robust female, as I have proved
by comparing several typical female specimens with the type.

Athous nigripilis Motschulsky

This species is widely distributed throughout the Pacific
region, extending as far east in the north as Alberta. It varies
somewhat in size, size of punctures and degree of convexity as
regards the elytral intervals. The black or northern phase
could only be confused with black phases of pallidipennis but
the dense pronotal punctures of the latter and long cinereous
pile should readily separate it. In southern California, nugalis
Fall replaces it to a great extent. This I consider as but a sub-
species at the most, as it only differs in color and in general
by being slightly larger. It also definitely intergrades with the
more typical northern phase. Athous speculifer Fall I am also
inclined to consider as but an atypical specimen but am leav-
ing it as distinct until we can get more evidence.

Athous arizonicus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, narrowed in front and behind, rufotestaceous, antennae, legs and
underside lighter or more rufous. Head coarsely, closely punctured, front
deeply, triangularly impressed, clypeus thick and reflexed; antennae reaching
hind angles of prothorax in female, extending two segments beyond in male,
second segment small, third very long, longer than fourth, segments 3-5 in
male broad and triangular, the following very elongate and with sides almost
parallel, segments 3-10 in female all somewhat triangular. Prothorax but
slightly longer than broad, with sides straight and convergent forward from
hind angles or somewhat sinuate in front of hind angles and more parallel
forwards in male, more arcuate in female, hind angles broad, somewhat extended
and slightly divergent, the carinae fine, long and close to margin, disk mod-
erately coarsely and densely punctured, a slight median canaliculation near
base. Elytra almost three times as long as prothorax, very finely striato-
punctate in male, more coarsely in female, the intervals flattened in male or
slightly convex in female and finely punctured, the general surface dull and
clothed with sparse, short, suberect pile. Beneath quite coarsely, closely
punctured in front and very finely, closely behind, the legs long, tarsi with

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELA1 ER1 DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 335

second segment hardly prolonged beneath, third distinctly prolonged and
lobed, and fourth but little shorter than third and subcylindrical. Male,
length 13 mm., breadth 3.5 mm., female, length 14 mm., breadth 4 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3161 ; and Allotype: Female, No. 3162,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and several designated Paratypes in
my collection, collected in the Chiricahua Mts. of southern
Arizona, in June 1908, by Mr. Virgil Owen. I have also
designated several paratypes among the material submitted
to me for study by the American Museum of Natural His-
tory. I have examined specimens from several other locali-
ties in Arizona as the Huachuca Mts., as well as the Jemez
Mts., and Fort Wingate, New Mexico.

This species somewhat resembles both cucullatus and recti-
thorax, being separated from the former by its much less
dense pronotal punctation and flatter disk in male, the less
development of the lobes of the tarsal segments as well as by
its somewhat greasy appearance; and from the latter, by its
longer prothorax, denser pronotal punctures, less suddenly
divergent hind angles of prothorax, finer elytral striation and
less shining appearance. It also appears to be quite different
from any of the described Mexican species.

Athous erebus Van Dyke, new species

Robust, coal black above, legs rufotestaceous, faintly shining and sparsely
clothed with short, very fine gray pile. Head coarsely, closely and umbil-
icately punctured, front triangularly impressed, clypeus horizontal and promi-
nent; antennae robust, reaching hind angles of prothorax, second and third
segments small, of about equal length and together as long as fourth segment,
fourth longer than fifth, intermediate segments all elongate and strongly
serrate. Prothorax distinctly longer than broad, sides straight and convergent
from apices of hind angles to near apex, side margins broad and reflexed, front
angles not prominent, hind angles very broad and auriculate, the sides greatly
reflexed, carinae fine, long, sinuately diverging from margins; disk moderately
convex, coarsely, densely and umbilicately punctured, median canaliculation
fine but complete. Scutellum closely punctured and with pit at center. Elytra
somewhat more than twice as long as prothorax, subparallel at sides and
evenly rounded apically, disk moderately convex, striae deeply impressed and
finely punctured, intervals flattened, finely punctured and evidently scabrous.
Beneath coarsely and densely punctured in front and very finely, rather closely

385 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

behind, second tarsal segment hardly prolonged beneath, the third evidently
prolonged and lobed, the fourth short but subcylindrical. Length 12 mm.,
breadth 3.5 mm.

Holotype: No. 3163, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a unique in my
collection, collected at Marquette, Mich., June 29, by Mr.
John D. Sherman, Jr.

This interesting species in size and robustness somewhat
suggests scapularis, a black phase of which I at first thought
it to be, but it differs markedly as regards the antennae, tarsi
and minuter sculpturing and has an entirely different color
pattern as well as type of pubescence.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Athous rufifrons (Rand.) (Elater), Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., II, 1838, p. 6.

Athous rufifrons var. reflexus Lee., Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., X, 1853, p. 427; Cand.,
Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 474; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, p. 761.

Athous rufifrons subsp. lengi Dury, Ent. News, XXII, 1911, p. 275; Leng,
Cat. Col., 1920, p. 168.

Athous appalachius n. sp.

Athous vittiger Lee., Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., X, 1853, p. 427; Cand., Mon. Elat.,
Ill, 1860, p. 486.

Athous brightwelli (Kirby) (Pedetes), Fauna Bor. Am., IV, 1837, p. 146;
Lee., Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 425; Blatchley, Col. Ind.,
1910, p. 759.
oblongicollis Melsh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1846, p. 155.
articollis Melsh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1846, p. 156.
affinis Cowper, Tr. Lit. and Hist., Soc. Quebec, 1865, p. 61.

Athous excavatus (Mots.) (Pedetes), Bull. Mosc, IV, 1859, p. 367, Cand.,
Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 156.

Athous excavatus carmeli n. subsp.

Athous excavatus axillaris Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 316.

Athous excavatus angelicus n. subsp.

Athous carolinus n. sp.

Athous acanthus (Say) (Elater), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI, 1839, p. 178; (Pedetes),
Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 425; (Athous), Blatchley,
Col. Ind., 1910, p. 760.
mendicus Dej., Cat., ed. 3, 1837, p. 102.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATERIDAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 337

Athous acanthus var. flavangularis Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., Ill, 1871, p. 317.

Athous acanthus sub sp. maculicollis Lee, Smiths. Misc. Coll., VI, No. 167,
1863, p. 85.

Athous pallidipennis Mann., Bull. Mosc, XVI, 1843, p. 244.

Acanthus pallidipennis sierrae n. subsp.

Athous coquerelli Reitt., Wien Ent. Zeit., XXVII, 1908, p. 36.

Wjejunus Fall, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXII, 1907, p. 231.

Athous scissus Lee, Rept. Exp. and Surv. Miss, to Pac, XII, pt. 3, 1857, p. 46;
Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 487.

ingens Fall, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXVI, 1910, p. 131.

Athous rufiventris (Esch.) (Elater), Entomogr., 1822, p. 71; (Athous), Mann.,
Bull. Mosc, XVI, 1843, p. 245; Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860,
p. 428; Van Dyke, Col. Katmai Exped., Tech. Pap. Nat. Geog.
Soc. Wash., 1924, p. 20.

Athous rufiventris var. ferruginosus Esch., Thon, Ent. Arch. I, ii, 1829, p. 33;
Mann., Bull. Mosc, XVI, 1843, p. 244; Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill,
1860, p. 432.

Athous rufiventris subsp. maritimus n. subsp.

Athous rufotestaceus Fall, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXIII, 1907, p. 231.

Athous cribratus Lee. Rep. Col. W. 100th Mer., Ann. Rep. Chf. Eng., App.
W, 1876, p. 516.

Athous agriotoides Fall, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXIII, 1907, p. 230.

Athous imitans Fall, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXVI, 1910, p. 131.

Athous brevis n. sp.

Athous sordidus n. sp.

Athous rufipennis n. sp.

Athous opilinus Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 435.

Athous ornatipennis (Lee) (Limonius), Smiths. Misc. Coll., VI, 1863, p. 84;
Leng, Cat. Col., 1920, p. 168; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, p. 757.

Athous palpalis Fall, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXIII, 1907, p. 229.

Athous essigi n. sp.

Athous polygenus (Fall) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXVI, 1910,
p. 136.

Athous discrepans Reitt., Wien Ent. Zeit., XXVII, 1908, p. 36.
\\discon Fall, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXIII, 1907, p. 230.

March 3, 1932

3gg CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Athous undulatus (DeGeer) (Elater), Ins., IV, 1774, p. 155; (Athous), Kiesen.
Naturg. des Ins. Deutsch., IV, 1861, p. 320; Cand., Mon. Elat.,
Ill, 1860, p. 450; Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 391.

trijasciatus (Herbst) (Elater), Kafer, X, 1806, p. 31, 39, pi. 160, fig. 12;
(Athous), Redt., Faun. Austr., ed. 2, 1858, p. 492.

Athous triundulatus Mann., Bull. Mosc, XVI, 1843, p. 222; Cand., Cat.
Method. Elat., 1891, p. 157; Van Dyke, Col. Katmai Exp.,
Tech. Pap. Nat. Geog. Soc. Wash., 1924, p. 20.

Athous aterrimus Fall, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXVI, 1910, p. 130.

Athous scapularis (Say) (Elater), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI, 1839, p. 178; (Pede-
tes) Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 425; (Athous), Cand.,
Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860, p. 429; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, p. 760.

Athous equestris (Lee) (Pedetes), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 426; (Athous),
Dej., Cat., ed. 3, 1837, p. 101; Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill, 1860,
p. 428.

Athous limbatus Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 391.
Athous orophilus Har., Gemm. and Harold, Cat. Col., V, 1869, p. 1567.
|| monlanus Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 391.

Athous nigripilis Mots., Bull. Mosc, XXXII, III, 1859, p. 368; Cand., Cat.
Method. Elat., 1891, p. 156.

Athous nigripilis subsp. nugalis Fall, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXIII, 1907, p. 228.

Athous speculifer Fall, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXIII, 1907, p. 229.

Athous cucullatus (Say) (Elater), Ann. Lye Nat. Hist. N. Y., I, 1825, p. 264;
Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI, 1836, p. 177; (Pedetes), Lee, Tr. Am.
Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 425; (Athous), Cand., Mon. Elat., Ill,
1860, p. 430; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, p. 760.

hypoleucus Melsh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1846, p. 155.

procericollis Melsh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1846, p. 156.

strigatus Melsh., 9 Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1846, p. 154.

fossulatus (Lee) 9 (Pedetes), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 426; (Athous),
Cand., Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 156.

Athous arizonicus n. sp.

Athous rectithorax Reitt., Wien Ent. Zeit., XXVII, 1908, p. 36.

Wrecticollis Fall, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXIII, 1907, p. 228.
Athous erebus, n. sp.

Athous posticus (Melsh.) (Limonius), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1846,
p. 158; (Pedetes), Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853, p. 426;
(Athous), Cand., Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 156.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ERIDAZ AND RELATED COLEOPT ERA 339

Athous simplex Lee, Rep. Col. W. 100th Mer., Ann. Rep. Chf. Eng., App.
VV, 1876, p. 516; Cand., Cat. Method. Elat., 1891, p. 156.

Athous falli Reitt., Wien. Ent. Zeit., XXVII, 1908, p. 35.

Wquadricollis Fall, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXIII, 1907, p. 229.

Genus Ludius Eschscholtz

In using the name Ludius Esch. instead of Corymbites
Latr., I am following Hyslop instead of Schenkling, even
though the latter in the Catalogus Coleopterorum, is the latest
cataloguer. I also refuse to break up the genus into the num-
erous illy defined genera that have been used by many of the
recent workers in Europe. There the fauna is limited and the
species are apparently the remnants or relict terminals of the
phylogenetic tree. As such they can more readily be assembled
into lesser groups capable of being somewhat defined. In this
country, the number of species is large and they show all de-
grees of divergence from those which are more or less
isolated, relict species as in the Old World, to those which are
rather recent offshoots from the parent stem. They, therefore,
do not readily fall into the groupings which have been adopted
in Europe. Too many of them are also annectant species. In
this paper I will use but the one genus. Perhaps at a later
date, good characters may be found which will enable certain
groups to be separated off into genera of lesser size. I am
unable to find such characters now.

The genus as here used may be defined as containing those
Elateridae having the front somewhat flattened, the clypeal
margin interrupted or absent at the middle, the mouthparts
projecting forwards, the mandibles emarginate at apex, the
first segment of the antennae of normal size, no antennal
grooves beneath, the prosternal sutures generally single (one
small group of four species with double sutures), and not
widely separated, the mesosternum declivous and with distinct
sutures separating them from metasternum, the posterior
coxal plates gradually dilated inwards, the tarsi without lobes
beneath and the claws simple. The genus is a large one and

390 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

very polymorphic, containing narrow elongate species as well
as broad and more or less flattened ones, those having anten-
nae which vary from the filiform through the serrate to the
pectinate type, as well as those which show all manner of
coloration and degree of pilosity. The antennae on the whole
have been found to be the character most useful for separating
the species though even they are variable and must not be
completely relied upon.

I have been able to study either the types or carefully de-
termined representatives of all except one of our species and
have in my collection specimens of all except two or three of
them. Most species are represented by large series which with
an extensive field knowledge has enabled me to better estimate
their degrees of variation. As a result I have reduced many of
those listed to subspecific or varietal rank or even to synony-
my. I have also attempted to place some of the unrecognized
species described by Mannerheim, Motschulsky and other
early workers. The Siberian species, conHuens Gebler and
sericeus Gebl., credited to Alaska, the latter listed by Schwarz
in the Harriman Report,24 I have been unable to study so could
not incorporate in my table. Many new species discovered
within recent years have also been added.

Synoptic Table

1. Elytral striae always distinct, prostemal spine more or less elon-

gate and horizontal 2

Elytral striae to a great extent obliterated, at least on disk, pro-
sternal spine short and suddenly curved upwards

subgenus Paranomus 89

2. Antennae pectinate or markedly and acutely serrate in males ... 3
Antennae not pectinate and but moderately acutely serrate at

most in males 4

3. Male antennae decidedly pectinate, the appendages long and nar-

row, head and prothorax bronzed, elytra luteous with elon-
gate black maculations near apex or entirely bronzed with
violaceous reflections; length 12-16 mm. Alaska to Alberta,
Great Lakes and Maine virens (Schr.)

"Harriman Alaska Exped., vol. VIII, pt. 1 (1904), p. 181.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATER1DAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 391

Male antennae not strictly pectinate but very acutely serrate,
the appendages not as long as the segments, black, elytra
luteous with scutellar and two large maculations on each
elytron black; length 8-10 mm. Eastern Canada, Ohio to
Mass vernalis (Hentz)

4. Third antennal segment quite similar to following segments,

though sometimes a bit shorter or longer than fourth 5

Third antennal segment quite unlike the following, either as
short as second, slightly longer, or elongate and more or less
cylindrical 39

5. Antennas with intermediate segments transverse and quite

strongly serrate in the males 6

Antennae with intermediate segments not transverse and less

strongly serrate even in the males 11

6. Pronotum rather deeply sulcate or canaliculate, at least as far

forward as middle 7

Pronotum canaliculate only at base or with median smooth line

observable 8

7. Bronzed, irregularly clothed with patches of gray pile, prothorax

rather strongly punctured and with prominent and divergent
hind angles; length 13-17 mm. Northern Europe and Asia
and northeastern America sjaelandicus (Miiller)

Coal black, females much broader and flatter than males, second
antennal segment almost as long or as long as third, mod-
erately triangular, median segments broadly triangular, and
prolonged backwards beneath, prothorax longer than broad,
coarsely, moderately closely punctured in males, very closely
in females, hind angles prominent, slightly divergent and
with distinct carinae, elytra distinctly striate, the intervals
slightly convex, biseriately punctured in males, more nu-
merously and irregularly punctured in females; length 15-23
mm. Pacific States cribrosus (Lee.)

8. Pronotum definitely canaliculate towards base 9

Pronotum not distinctly canaliculate but with smooth median

line 10

9. Prothorax margined with red, first antennal segment and legs

somewhat rufous, pronotum rather finely, sparsely punc-
tured, third antennal segment distinctly triangular and but
two-thirds length of fourth, hind angles of prothorax carinate
and divergent, elytra with striae deep and distinctly punc-
tured, the intervals very convex and finely, biseriately

punctured; length 8-11 mm. South Central States

signaticollis (Melsh.)

292 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th See.

Black, faintly aeneous, prothorax strongly, closely, more or less
cribrately punctured, third antennal segment fully as long
as fourth or even longer and distinctly triangular, almost as
broad at apex as following segment, median segments as
broad as long and prolonged beneath, hind angles of pro-
thorax straight or but slightly divergent, strongly carina te,
elytra distinctly striate, the striae finely, rather closely punc-
tured, intervals slightly convex and distinctly, irregularly
punctured and finely rugose; length 12-16 mm. Northwest-
ern Calif., B. C uliginosus n. sp.

10. Black with black pubescence, third antennal segment smaller

than fourth, pronotum densely punctured, hind angles
short, divergent and blunt at apex, elytral striae fine and well
impressed, intervals rather densely punctured; length 12
mm. Calif obscurus (Lee.)

11. Much elongated and narrow species, third antennal segment

almost as long or as long as fourth, intermediate segments
fully as long as broad and generally with sides somewhat

parallel 12

Species smaller and but moderately elongate and narrow, third
antennal segment triangular and quite similar in size and
shape to fourth, intermediate segments somewhat serrate
but not twice as long as broad 32

12. Narrow and very elongate species, antennae in males extending

several segments behind hind angles of prothorax 13

Species generally larger, flatter, and broader, the antennae in
males shorter, rarely extending more than a segment and
a half behind hind angles of prothorax 30

13. Upper surface more or less unicolorous, black or brown 14

Upper surface bicolored, elytra vittate or of contrasting color to

head and prothorax 25

14. Surface conspicuously clothed with closely appressed pile pro-

ducing a pruinose appearance 15

Surface less evidently pilose or quite glabrous 17

15.^ Pronotum evenly convex from side to side, not flattened laterally,
coarsely, densely punctured, distinctly canaliculate; color
black, somewhat submetallic; length 13-20 mm. B. C. to

Mts. of northern Calif, and Sierra silvaticus n. sp.

Pronotum convex at middle, flattened or deplanate laterally. . . 16

16. Flattened or but slightly convex, pronotum rather sparsely punc-
tured at middle, densely at sides, not evidently canaliculate,
color black, somewhat submetallic, or testaceous, all anten-
nal segments beyond second at least a third longer than
broad, prothorax gradually narrowed forwards from hind
angles, elytral intervals but slightly convex, punctured and
shining; length 13-20 mm. B. C. to northern Calif . .protractus (Lee.)

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATERI DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 393

Distinctly convex, brown with head and prothorax darker, fourth
antennal segment but little longer than broad, prothorax
less narrowed in front, almost as broad just back of apex
as in front of hind angles, elytral intervals convex, punctate-
rugose and dull; length 15-16 mm. Central Calif. . .aplastoides n. sp.

17. Black or slightly bronzed species, with or without rufous legs. . 18
Brown or reddish brown species 22

18. Large and shining, coal black species, the pile fine and black,

prothorax distinctly narrowed anteriorly and not evidently

canaliculate 19

Moderate sized species, 14 mm. in length or less, upper surface
less shining, sparsely clothed with gray hair, prothorax
elongate, subparallel in front or spatulate, rather suddenly
narrowed near front angles, and distinctly canaliculate .... 20

19. Prothorax with sides almost straight and divergent backwards,

disk coarsely, sparsely punctured at middle, densely at
sides, elytral intervals flat and rather coarsely punctured;
length 16-19 mm. (Closely related to protractus but coal
black, subglabrous and generally more robust.) North-
western coastal counties of Calif anthrax (Lee.)

Prothorax with sides distinctly arcuate, disk finely and densely
punctured throughout, elytral intervals convex and finely,
rather densely punctured; length 18-25 mm. (Has the facies
of volitans but with longer antennae.) Middle Sierra of Calif.
atlas n. sp.

20. Entirely black, pronotum coarsely, densely and evenly punc-

tured, elytral intervals rather finely punctured; length 11-15

mm. Northern Calif, especially near coast dolorosus n. sp.

Bicolored species 21

21. Black or slightly bronzed with red legs, pronotum more finely

punctured at middle, more coarsely at sides, elytral intervals
more coarsely punctured; length 13-15 mm. Northeastern
States fulvipes (Bland)

Plumbeous black, elytra ochraceous yellow, base and underside
of first antennal segment, mandibles, labrum and prosternal
lobe rufous, anterior angles of prothorax narrowly and ob-
scurely rufescent, hind angles and narrow marginal band
and legs rufotestaceous. Similar to preceding except for
color and more elongate and parallel-sided prothorax, more
rounded anterior angles, more divaricate hind angles, and
wider elytra; length 13.5 mm. Schoharie, N. Y exilis Notman

22. Prothorax somewhat flattened or deplanate laterally, the side

margins almost straight and gradually divergent backwards,
outer margin of hind angles hardly more divergent, elytra
evidently broader than prothorax at hind angles 23

394 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Seb.

Prothorax with disk more evenly convex, barely flattened later-
ally, the sides almost straight or slightly arcuate and quite
parallel, the hind angles distinctly more divergent than side
margins, elytra barely broader than prothorax at hind angles 24

23. Species 15 mm. or more in length, antennae in males narrow and

quite filiform, fourth segment almost as long as broad and
about equal to fifth in length, hind angles of prothorax long
and rather acute, the disk finely, sparsely punctured at
middle, more densely at sides; length 18-23 mm. Eastern
North America pyrrhos (Hbst.)

Species 14-15 mm. in length, antennae in males more robust,
fourth segment about one and a half times as long as broad
and three-fourths length of fifth, hind angles of prothorax
broad and more or less auriculate, disk coarsely, moderately
closely punctured; length 14 mm. Middle Sierra of Calif. .macer (Fall)

24. Antennae in males narrow and filiform, segments 3-5 but little

broader than the almost cylindrical ones that follow, disk
of prothorax rather finely, moderately closely punctured,
hind angles narrow and sharp; length 13-14 mm. Middle
Sierra and northern Calif tenellus n. sp.

Antennas in males more robust and noticeably serrate, segments
3-5 evidently broader than those that follow, disk of pro-
thorax umbilicately and closely punctured, hind angles
broad and acute ; length 9-16 mm. (Superficially looks much
like an Aplastus.) Coastal area of southwestern Ore. and
northern Calif jaculus (Lee.)

25. Elytra vittate 26

Elytra and legs orange red, the head and prothorax black with

aeneous lustre 29

26. Prothorax black with hind angles alone flavous ■ 27

Prothorax black with sides and sometimes median vitta flavous . . 28

27. Prothorax fully 4 mm. in length and with disk finely, not closely

punctured, antennae in males reaching middle of elytra or
beyond, elytra with flavous vittae extending laterally from
second to seventh striae, epipleurae also flavous; length 13-14
mm. Southern Appalachian Mts horni O. Schw.

Prothorax but little more than 3 mm. in length and with disk
more coarsely and closely punctured, antennae in male not
reaching beyond basal third of elytra, elytra marked as in
preceding species; length 12.5 mm. Southern Ore. . . .patricius n. sp.

28. Prothorax with broad yellow vitta close to side margins, elytra

with yellow vittae the breadth at most of from fourth to
seventh striae, epipleurae and suture also yellowish; length
14 mm. Northern coastal counties of Calif linearis (Fall)

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT EM DAi AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 395

Prothorax with narrow median as well as lateral vittae, sometimes
reduced, hind angles very acute, each elytron with two
three-intervals wide yellow vittae, separated by a one-inter-
val wide darker stripe; length 10 mm. Middle and western
States bivitlatus (Melsh.)

29. Head and pronotum finely (or coarsely in female) densely punc-

tured, clothed with rather coarse fulvous pile, prothorax
convex with hind angles distinctly produced but blunt at
apex, elytra finely striato-punctate with flattened and finely
punctured intervals; length 10-12 mm. Female suggestive
of a small bicolored/raterrews. Southwestern Ore. and north-
western Calif humboldti n. sp.

30. Prothorax as broad as long, very finely and rather closely punc-

tured, a distinct incisure just within base of hind angles.
Elytra finely and shallowly striate, intervals flat or barely
convex, both striae and intervals very finely punctured, light
rufous, disk of pronotum sometimes piceous, and rather
densely clothed with very short, fine pile; length 16-18 mm.
Middle Sierra of Calif trunculentus Cand.

Prothorax longer than broad, pronotum rather coarsely and

closely punctured, especially at sides 31

31. Upper surface entirely piceous to piceous or rufous with sides or

hind angles of prothorax lighter in color than disk, never
with prothorax entirely piceous or black above and the
elytra rufous; length 12-18 mm. Southeastern Alaska to
Maine, Allegheny Mts., northern Rocky Mts., and Sierra
Nevadas of Calif volitans Esch.

Upper surface with pronotum entirely black and elytra entirely

red rufipennis (Fall)

32. Species moderately convex or somewhat flattened, with hind

angles of prothorax rather short, broad at base, divergent

and blunt at apices 33

Species more generally convex and with hind angles narrower

and more acute 34

33. Pronotum coarsely, densely punctured, hind angles not carinate

or with only the faintest indication of carina and flattened;
length 10-13 mm. Alaska to Maine and especially through-
out Pacific Coast lobatus Esch.

Pronotum finely, sparsely punctured, hind angles less divergent
and with fine though distinct carina, elliptical in front of
hind angles, black, shining and with legs piceotestaceous ;
length 10.5 mm. New Brunswick to Appalachian Mts. . . .
elongaticollis (Ham.)

34. Elytra piceous or somewhat bronzed 35

Elytra more or less fulvous or reddish 37

396 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th See.

35. Subcylindrical, piceous black with apex and sides of prothorax,

epipleurae, legs and antennae more or less rufous; length

10-14 mm. Middle Sierra of Calif taho'ensis n. sp.

Aeneous or bronzed species 36

36. Larger, quite convex, a violet bronze, the basal segments of

antennae, epipleurae posteriorly and legs somewhat rufous;
length 13 mm. Atlantic States, chiefly north and in moun-
tains atropurpureus (Melsh.)

Smaller, but moderately convex, aeneous and shining though
quite pilose, the apex and hind angles of prothorax, suture
and sides of elytra, antennae, mouthparts and legs more or

less rufous; length 4-6 mm. Dak., Man. and Alta

limoniiformis (Horn)

37. Rather small and narrow species, the front sulcate, opaque,

piceous, the elytra, tibiae and tarsi generally more or less
fulvous and rather conspicuously and evenly clothed with
fulvous pile; length 8-10 mm. Pacific States opaculus (Lee.)

Somewhat larger and broader species 38

38. Smooth and shining, side margins of prothorax more or less

evenly arcuate and divergent to apices of hind angles of
prothorax, color piceous with apex and sides of prothorax,
above and below, rufous, the elytra yellow with black mark-
ings along suture, obliquely from humeri, at middle of disk
and towards apex; length 11-12 mm. Lake States to Nova
Scotia and Maine appressus (Rand.)

39. Third antennal segment short, equal to second or barely longer,

fourth always much longer 40

Third antennal segment somewhat cylindrical, always evidently
longer than second, sometimes quite long, as long as fourth
or even slightly longer 44

40. Rather large and elongate species, 12 mm. or more in length. . . 41
Smaller and shorter species, not over 8 mm. in length 43

41. Median antennal segments quite serrate and hardly one and a

half times as long as broad, entirely aeneous or with rufous
'elytra, pronotum deeply, often closely, somewhat cribrately
punctured, elytra with both striae and intervals distinctly
punctured, general surface quite pubescent; length 13-15
mm. Southeastern Alaska and south along Cascades to Mt.
Hood, Ore angusticollis (Mann.)

Median antennal segments more elongate, twice as long as broad

or longer 42

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATER1DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 2)97

42. Black with rufous elytra, outer antennal segments fully twice as

long as broad, the median segments barely so, pronotum
finely, closely punctured, the hind angles sharp and quite
divergent, elytra with stria? shallow and finely, not distinctly
punctured, the intervals rather finely but not sharply punc-
tured; length 12-15 mm. Southeastern Alaska to high alti-
tudes of Cascades and Sierra Nevadas sagitticollis (Esch.)

Rufotestaceous throughout, fourth and following antennal seg-
ments long and narrow, from two to three times as long as
broad, pronotum finely, rather closely punctured, side mar-
gin almost straight and divergent to apex of hind angles,
elytra finely striate, the strial punctures very fine and more
or less indistinct, the intervals flattened and finely, closely
yet shallowly punctured; length 16 mm. Mt. Rainier,
Wash rainieri n. sp.

43. Piceous with rufotestaceous pronotum and propleurae, and yellow

elytra, the pronotum with a narrow V-shaped black marking
extending forwards from the middle of the base and the
elytra with a black diamond shaped patch at the apex, the
basal segments of antennas and tibiae and tarsi pale, the
outer segments of antennae but slightly serrate, and the
prothorax elongate, somewhat spatulate and rather finely
but not closely punctured; length 8 mm. Siskiyou Co.,
Calif nunenmacheri n. sp.

Black with yellow elytra except for black suture, the third an-
tennal segment distinctly longer than second, the second
and third together longer than fourth, the outer segments
but slightly serrate, prothorax as broad as long, somewhat
flattened and aeneous, and finely, rather closely punctured;
length 7 mm. Lake Superior region to Rocky Mts. and
north to Alaska ochreipennis (Lee.)

44. Species more or less elongate and subcylindrical, prothorax as

long or longer than broad, hind angles distinctly prolonged
and finely carinate, antennae variable as to length, third
segment shorter than fourth or barely equal to it, the median
segments always much longer than broad 45

Species broader and generally flatter, prothorax as broad or
broader than long, hind angles broad at base, antennae gen-
erally short, rarely reaching beyond hind angles of pro-
thorax, third segment long, often longer than fourth 60

45. Third antennal segment always distinctly shorter than fourth . . 46
Third antennal segment almost or quite equal to fourth in length 48

46. Elytra rufous, testaceous, or light brown in color 47

Elytra black, each elytron with a broad discal and narrow mar-
ginal flavous vitta, the pronotum with large median discal

398 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

area and margins black, the remainder red, antennae robust,
reaching to end of basal third of elytra, second segment
transverse, third three-fourths length of fourth and sub-
cylindrical, fourth to tenth dilated and serrate; length 13-15
mm. Southern Alleghenies trivittatus (Lee.)

47. Head and pronotal disk black, the sides of pronotum and elytra

rufous, surface conspicuously clothed with coarse pile, the
prothorax subparallel at sides, the striae of elytra rather
coarsely punctured, antennae delicate, third segment about
three-fourths length of fourth and but little dilated apically,
fourth to third moderately serrate; length 10 mm. Northern

Calif shastensis n. sp.

Head and median portion of pronotum more or less piceous, the
remainder of upper surface varying from reddish brown to
castaneous, surface rather sparsely clothed with short and
fine hair, prothorax somewhat arcuate at sides and with
divergent and prominent hind angles, elytral striae fine and
finely punctured, antennae delicate, third segment three-
fourths length of fourth and but slightly serrate; length 10-12
mm. Appalachian Mts. and from Maine to eastern B. C.
and north insidiosus (Lee.)

48. Prothorax somewhat quadrilateral, as broad anteriorly as pos-

teriorly, rufous or rufopiceous, antennae short, not reaching

hind angles of prothorax 59

Prothorax always definitely narrowed in front, antennae reaching

close to hind angles of prothorax or beyond 49

49. Elytra somewhat rufous or flavous, not metallic 50

Upper surface either brilliantly metallic or with evident bronze

lustre 51

50. Moderately convex, conspicuously clothed with fine gray or

slightly fulvous pile, head and prothorax black, the lateral
margins of latter in female rufous, coarsely, deeply and
rather closely punctured, pronotum deeply canaliculate
posteriorly, elytra rufous, distinctly punctate-striate, some-
what coarsely so in female, legs ruf otestaceous ; length 11-15

mm. Lagunitas, Marin Co., Calif blaisdelli n. sp.

A small species, somewhat flattened, sparsely clothed with fine
fulvous pile, head and prothorax black, the anterior and
posterior angles of latter as well as basal segment of antennae
testaceous, head and pronotum rather finely, moderately
closely punctured, the pronotum sometimes finely canalicu-
late posteriorly, elytra testaceous (in one phase piceous),
sutural interval sometimes rufous, finely striato-punctate,
legs more or less testaceous; length 8-10 mm. Eastern
Canada to B. C. and south through Cascades and Sierra
Nevadas falsificus (Lee.)

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 399

51. Elongate and subcylindrical species with a slight coppery or

metallic lustre 52

More flattened and less subcylindrical species, either brilliantly

metallic or piceous with but faint bronze sheen 55

52. Smaller species averaging 10 mm. in length, third antennal seg-

ment slightly shorter in general than fourth 53

Larger species, 12 mm. or more in length, third antennal segment

generally equal to fourth in length 54

53. More or less uniformly piceous, the upper surface faintly though

evidently bronzed and clothed with fine pubescence, the
latter not concealing the sculpturing of elytra, elytral inter-
vals very finely, inconspicuously punctured; length 10 mm.
Yukon Valley, Alaska to Great Lakes mendax (Lee.)

Piceous with distinct coppery lustre above, the legs, basal seg-
ment of antennae and often margins of elytra reddish yellow,
surface above clothed with rather coarse pile often partly
concealing elytral sculpturing, elytral intervals rather con-
spicuously punctured; length 10-12 mm. Western foothills

of Sierra Nevada Mts., Calif, and northwest into Ore

monticola (Horn)

54. Prothorax and elytra slightly arcuate at sides, pronotum aeneous,

rather coarsely, closely punctured, canaliculation deep and
at base, elytra with marked cupreous lustre, the intervals
finely punctured, legs and epipleurae somewhat rufous;
length 13-15 mm. B. C. to Ore. west of Cascade Mts. .furtivus (Lee.)

Prothorax and elytra more parallel, pronotum piceous with faint
aeneous lustre, anterior margin and hind angles rufous, punc-
tures moderately fine, canaliculation generally extending
forward to apex, elytra rufopiceous with faint cupreous
lustre, the suture and margins rufous, the intervals rather
coarsely punctured, somewhat rugose, legs rufous; length
12-16 mm. Eastern North America cylindrijormis (Hbst.)

55. Brilliantly metallic species 56

Species more or less piceous or rufopiceous and with only faint

metallic lustre 58

56. Pronotum sparsely, finely punctured on disk, third segment of

antennae slightly shorter than fourth 57

Pronotum coarsely, closely punctured over entire surface and
fully as long, including hind angles, as broad, third segment
of antennae fully as long as fourth, color varying from bril-
liant green to deep copper; length 14 mm. Alaska to Great
Lakes and Mts. of northeastern States, Rocky Mts., Cascade
and Sierra Nevada Mts resplendens (Esch.)

400 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

57. Upper surface clothed with fine, sparse pile, pronotum fully as

long as broad, with sides more or less straight and convergent
in front and distinctly sinuate in front of hind angles, color
varying from aeneous to a rich copper; length 13 mm. High
Mts. of N. C. to Catskills of N. Y appalachius n. sp.

Upper surface quite glabrous, pronotum somewhat wider than
long, sides broadly arcuate in front and almost parallel until
just before hind angles, color generally a brilliant green;
length 11 mm. Mts. of B. C. to Mt. Rainier, Wash, .weidti (Angell)

58. Piceous, slightly bronzed, hind angles of prothorax and small

irregular area near elytral apices testaceous, prothorax
slightly longer than broad, disk with coarse, closely placed
umbilicate punctures; length 12 mm. Va copei (Horn)

Rufopiceous, faintly bronzed and more or less clothed with ful-
vous pile, prothorax about as long as broad in males and
with sides straight and convergent forwards, broader in fe-
males and with sides rather broadly arcuate, disk rather
coarsely, closely punctured in males, more finely and
sparsely in females, elytral striae coarsely punctured, inter-
vals flat in males, and rather definitely punctured, quite
convex in females and very finely punctured; length 10-12
mm. Allegheny Mts divaricatus (Lee.)

59. Prothorax definitely longer than broad, gradually broadened

forwards until near anterior angles, disk with canaliculation
at middle deep and complete, elytral intervals just percep-
tibly punctured ; length 1 7 mm. Atlantic States sulcicollis (Say)

Prothorax just perceptibly longer than broad, broadest about
middle, disk with canaliculation defined only in basal half,
elytral intervals rather finely yet distinctly punctured ; length
14 mm. Vane. Is. inland through Great Basin to Ariz. . . .
rupestris (Germ.\

60. Hind angles of prothorax prominent, elongated, more or less

subacute at apex and with well defined carinae, species in
general glabrous or at most not densely pilose 61

Hind angles of prothorax in most cases broad, short and truncate
or very blunt at apex and with fine or poorly defined carinae,
species in general clothed with a dense closely applied pile
and, except in planus, with elytra more or less yellow 77

61. Species clothed with a coarse yet not very dense pile 62

Species almost glabrous, the pubescence at most very fine and

sparse 65

62. Elongate species, over three times as long as broad 63

Shorter and broader species, barely three times as long as broad

at most 64

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 4QJ

63. Piceous or black, epipleurae and legs somewhat rufous, pile ful-

vous, antennal segments 4-6 strongly dilated, the following
gradually narrower and more elongate, pronotum coarsely,
densely punctured, elytral striae deep but rather finely punc-
tured, the intervals very definitely punctured; length 12 mm.
Central Calif, to eastern Wash, and B. C fusculus (Lee.)

Rufopiceous or piceous, the elytra varying from flavous with su-
ture, a short vitta extending backwards from humeri and sub-
apical patch, black, to almost entirely black, antennae and
pronotum as in preceding species. Elytral striae rather deep
and coarsely punctured, the intervals conspicuously punc-
tured but less evident than in fusculus; length 11-16 mm.
Colorado and coastal areas of Pacific Coast from middle
Calif . to B. C semivittatus (Say)

64. Piceous generally with slight aeneous lustre, legs and epipleurae

often somewhat reddish, intermediate antennal segments
moderately dilated, elytral striae well impressed and finely
punctured, the intervals finely, rather densely punctured;
length 8-12 mm. The northern U. S. and southern Canada
from the Atlantic to the Pacific inflatus (Say)

65. Prothorax very broad, as broad or broader than long, but slightly

convex and densely punctured at least at sides where punc-

tation is generally approximate or even confluent 66

Prothorax less broad, more convex and less densely punctured. . 71

66. Species not metallic or with but a slight metallic gloss 67

Species with elytra or entire upper surface brilliantly metallic . . 70

67. Third antennal segment not quite as long as fourth, segments 4-11

all considerably longer than broad, and antennae as a whole
reaching beyond hind angles of prothorax, pronotum very
coarsely, densely punctured, hind angles rather abruptly
divergent, scutellum rather sparsely pubescent, elytra deeply
striate, striae moderately finely closely punctured, intervals
finely punctured and sometimes finely rugulose, entirely
black or rarely reddish near lateral margin; length 13-15 mm.
Yukon Valley, Alaska, eastern B. C, Alta. to Mt. Rainier,
Wash morulus (Lee.)

Third antennal segment fully as long or longer than fourth .... 68

68. Median antennal segments but little longer than broad, pronotum

varying from rather dense to somewhat sparse punctation,
hind angles prominent but short and blunt at apex, scutellum
densely clothed with gray pubescence, elytra with striae mod-
erately impressed and rather coarsely, densely punctured,
the intervals convex and finely punctured, entire upper sur-
face shining, pubescence hardly evident, color of upper sur-

402 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

face varying from yellow or straw color, with prothoracic
disk and margins, the elytral suture, an elongate humeral
vitta and transverse postmedian spot, black, to entirely
black; length 11-15 mm. The more northern parts of the
U. S.. most of Can., the northern Rocky Mts. and the Cas-
cade and Sierra Nevada Mts., also northern Europe and
Asia cruciatus (Linn.)

Median antennal segments much longer than broad, hind angles
of prothorax long and prominent, scutellum rather sparsely
clothed with gray pubescence, the punctures of elytral striae
fine, hardly coarser than those of intervals, the upper surface
in general less shining because of the more evident pubes-
cence 69

69. Upper surface generally moderately shining, the pubescence at

most fine and sparse, prothorax broader than long, with sides
distinctly arcuate, somewhat rapidly narrowed in front, the
disk rather coarsely, closely punctured even at middle,
entirely black or with sides of prothorax red; length 13-16
mm., western Ore. and northern Calif carbo (Lee.)

Upper surface rather dull and pruinose as a result of rather defi-
nite though fine pubescence over entire area, prothorax
about as broad as long, the sides but slightly arcuate and
gradually narrowing forwards, the disk coarsely punctured
at sides but rather finely and sparsely so at middle, always
dull black; length 12-16 mm. The more northern parts of
Great Basin from Wasatch to Sierra Nevada Mts. .pruininus (Horn)

70. Elytra alone brilliantly metallic, ranging from green to a violet

bronze, head and pronotum a dull black and latter always
much broader than long at middle, elytral striae rather finely
punctured; length 9-20 mm., average 13 mm. Entire north-
ern part of continent, the Rocky, Cascade and Sierra Nevada
Mts areipennis (Kirby)

Head and prothorax as well as elytra a coppery bronze, pro-
thorax about as broad as long at middle, elytral striae rather
coarsely punctured; length 10-11 mm. Northeastern States
splendens (Zeigl.)

71. All antennal segments beyond third more or less evidently longer

than broad, the antennae either reaching hind angles of pro-
thorax or beyond 72

Fifth and sixth or following antennal segments, more or less
transverse, but little longer than broad, the antennae not
reaching or barely reaching the hind angles of prothorax. . 75

72. Species somewhat elongate, black or black with fulvous mark-

ings, and quite shining, legs generally dark in color 73

Vol. XX] VAX DYKE— ELATER1DAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 493

Species blunter and shorter, upper surface in the main piceous or
black with aeneous or submetallic lustre, the antennae, legs,
epipleurae and often other portions of body beneath more or
less rufous 74

73. Larger species, 13 mm. or over in length, pronotum and elytra

quite glabrous, prothorax about as broad across middle as
at apices of hind angles, the punctures at middle of disk
generally fine and not closely placed, elytra with striae well
impressed and distinctly punctured, the intervals convex
and minutely punctured, color varying from entirely black
to black with elytra maculated with yellow (typical form),
the yellow markings in the form of an irregular lunule ex-
tending from the outside of humerus to near the suture at
the middle and a more or less transverse post median blotch ;
length 13-17 mm. Western B. C. south to Willamette Val-
ley, Ore suckleyi (Lee.)

Smaller species 12 mm. or less in length, pronotum and elytra
rather sparsely but evidently clothed with fine gray or ful-
vous pile, prothorax narrower at middle than at hind angles,
punctures of disk fine or moderately coarse, elytra with striae
finely or moderately impressed and finely to coarsely punc-
tured, the intervals flat or slightly convex, color varying
from all black to black with yellow markings, the latter
sometimes on sides of prothorax though generally confined
to elytra where there is a marginal vitta and an irregular
discal vitta, the latter dilated at base, at middle where it
sometimes divides the black sutural and lateral vittae, and
subapically; length 8-12 mm. Extends from western B. C.
to northern Calif, and through northern Great Basin to
Wasatch Mts. of Utah leucaspis Germ.

74. Prothorax with sides rather broadly rounded to apex, hind angles

short and blunt at apex, the elytral striae well impressed and
intervals convex towards base, the upper surface aeneous,
the prothorax with apical margin and hind angles rufous,
beneath the lobe of presternum, propleurae, epipleurae, legs
and much of abdomen rufous; length 11 mm. Eastern Can.
and northeastern States aratus (Lee.)

Prothorax with sides rapidly narrowing from middle to apex, hind
angles rather long and subacute, the elytral striae finely im-
pressed except close to base and intervals generally quite
flat, the upper surface rather uniformly black or aeneous, the
hind angles of prothorax at most faintly reddish, beneath
with prosternal lobe, epipleurae and legs reddish; length 10-12
mm. Manitoba and Great Lakes to Maine as well as north-
ern Europe and northern Asia metallicus (Payk.)

March 3, 1932

404 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

75. Large species, 15 mm. or more in length, the antennae about

reaching hind angles of prothorax in males, the median seg-
ments broadly triangular and almost as broad as long, pro-
notum evenly and distinctly but not closely punctured on
disk, elytra at base with striae well impressed and intervals
slightly convex, apically the striae more finely impressed and
intervals flat, striae and intervals evidently punctured, coal
black and shining; length 15-25 mm. Atlantic States . athiops (Hbst.)

Smaller species, 14 mm. or less in length, the antennae never

reaching hind angles of prothorax 76

76. Hind angles of prothorax broad at base and more or less directed

backwards, elytral intervals somewhat convex and con-
spicuously punctured, upper surface finely, sparsely pilose
and dull, color ranging from all black to black with reddish
antennae and legs, epipleurae and prothorax; length 11-13
mm. Ore. and Calif conjungens (Lee.)

Hind angles of prothorax not broadly triangular but peg-like and
rather suddenly divergent, elytral intervals flattened or
barely convex and minutely punctured, upper surface some-
what smooth and shining, color ranging from all black to
black with lateral margins or all of prothorax red; length
10-13 mm. Atlantic States and Pacific States. . . .rotundicollis (Say)

77. Hind angles of prothorax with more or less evident carinae 78

Hind angles of prothorax without clearly defined carinae 86

78. Entire body black, antennae and legs sometimes rufous, pile fine,

short and not dense, not concealing the sculpturing, antennae
extending beyond hind angles of prothorax and with seg-
ments 4-10 markedly serrate, a smooth longitudinal line at
middle of pronotum and caiinae of hind angles evident but

not distinctly defined; length 11 mm. Colo planus (Lee.)

Body more or less bicolored 79

79. Head and entire pronotum as well as underside black, the elytra

rufous or bicolored 80

Prothorax brown or rufous or at least with hind angles light, the

elytra orange or bicolored 83

80. Elytra entirely rufous or orange, in fallax occasionally piceous,

carinae distinct and well separated from margin 81

Elytra bicolored 82

81. Pile of upper surface rather long and fulvous, variously directed

on both pronotum and elytra so as to form a distinct pat-
tern, the elytra so minutely and closely punctured that it
appears granular, legs generally piceous though tibiae and
tarsi or tarsi alone somewhat rufous; length 9-13 mm. Entire
northern part of continent fallax (Say)

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ERI DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 4Q5

Pile of upper surface shorter and less dense though fulvous, the
sculpturing beneath more evident, no distinctive pattern
formed by pile on elytra, elytra finely and closely punctured
but not granular, legs reddish yellow; length 9-12 mm.
Eastern Canada and northeastern States medianus (Germ.)

82. Antennae long, extending well beyond hind angles of prothorax,

the intermediate segments much longer than broad, pro-
thorax more elongate than usual in the group, gradually
narrowing from middle to apex, elytra with striae well im-
pressed and rather coarsely punctured, orange yellow with
a broad oblique black band in front of middle, not reaching
sides or suture and another triangular black area posterior
to middle, legs somewhat rufous; length 10-12 mm. Lake
States to B. C, Colo, and northeastern Calif nigricollis (Bland)

Antennae short, barely reaching hind angles of prothorax in males,
the intermediate segments hardly longer than broad, pro-
thorax broad and well rounded at middle, rather suddenly
narrowed before apex, elytra much flattened, with striae
finely impressed and finely punctured, orange yellow with
apical region more or less piceous, the upper surface rather
densely clothed with fulvous pile, variously directed so as
to form a distinctive design as in fallax, antennae and legs
black, the tarsi rufous; length 7-9 mm. The middle Sierra
Nevada Mts. of Calif candezei Leng

83. Species broad and flat with unicolored elytra, the head and pro-

thorax brown or sometimes piceous, elytra short, barely
reaching hind angles of prothorax, the intermediate segments
but slightly longer than broad, prothorax very broad at
middle, sides conspicuously arcuate, suddenly narrowed to
apex and to base of hind angles, the hind angles short but
triangular, abruptly divergent and apically elevated, elytra
with striae finely impressed and rather indistinctly punc-
tured, orange in color, the upper surface densely clothed
with conspicuous oiange pile, variously directed so as to
form a distinctive design, underside black, the tibiae and
tarsi rufous; length 8 mm. Middle and southern Sierra of
Calif mirabilis (Fall)

Species more or less elongate, somewhat convex and elytra bi-

colored 84

84. Prothorax black or piceous with hind angles reddish yellow .... 85

Entire prothorax a reddish brown, quite convex, the sides gradu-
ally narrowed from before middle to apex, hind angles promi-
nent, elytra with striae evidently impressed and moderately
coarsely punctured, straw yellow with a triangular or hooked
dark brown maculation on apical third, the pile on upper

405 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

surface fulvous, short and not dense, antennae, legs and
entire under surface rufous; length 9-11 mm. Atlantic
States hamatus (Say)

85. Prothorax piceous, bronzed and with hind angles reddish, mod-

erately prolonged, and with carinae parallel to lateral mar-
gins, elytra yellow with striae well impressed and finely
punctured, ornamented with short humeral lunules, elongate
triangular black markings on second and third intervals
before middle and posteriorly with an irregular hooked
marking with long arm close to suture and a transverse hook
directed outwardly and backwards just behind middle,
antennae, legs, prosternal lobe and propleurae rufous, the
remainder of underside piceous; length 11-13 mm. Eastern
North America hieroglyphicus (Say)

Posterior angles of prothorax, legs and apical area of abdomen
rufous, the head, antennae as a rule, and remainder of pro-
thorax and underside of body black, prothorax moderately
convex, sides arcuate and gradually narrowing to apex, the
hind angles short, decidedly truncate at apex and with
carinae sometimes distinct, at other times obscure, but parallel
to margin, elytra orange yellow with striae finely impressed
and finely punctured, the intervals quite flat, the black
markings somewhat similar to those of preceding species
but in general much reduced, especially in the large western
forms, to a posthumeral spot, a spot on second interval
internal to the preceding and often united with it, and a
transverse postmedian lunule, with concavity directed back-
wards; length 9-14 mm. Northern parts of country from
Maine and Nova Scotia to Pacific, the Rocky, Cascade, and
Sierra Nevada Mts propola (Lee.)

86. Prothorax fully as long at middle as broad 88

Prothorax broader than long at middle 87

87. Entire body black except elytra, prothorax with sides arcuate and

narrowed from before middle to apex, hind angles moder-
ately prolonged with carinae sometimes faintly indicated, the
elytra with striae very finely impressed, sometimes oblit-
erated on disk and finely punctured, orange yellow, with a
subbasal black spot on second, third and fourth intervals, a
large common black W-shaped marking slightly behind
middle, sometimes broken at suture, and the apices often
tipped with black; length 9-10 mm. The middle Sierra
Nevada Mts. of Calif exclamationis (Fall)

Entire body black except elytra, prothorax with sides evenly
arcuate, hind angles short, carinae sometimes vaguely indi-
cated, elytra with striae finely impressed and finely punc-

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATER1DJE AND RELATED COLEOPJ ERA 4Q7

tured, yellow or reddish orange with two transverse zigzag
black markings, one midway between base and middle, the
second at middle, and a black lunule or triangular area near
apex; length 8-12 mm. Northern parts of continent, Rocky,
Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mts triundulatus (Rand.)

88. Entire body black except elytra, prothorax with sides evenly but

not broadly arcuate, hind angles with outer margin much
elevated and without trace of carinae, disk shining even
though sparsely clothed with fulvous pile like head and
elytra, elytra narrow and somewhat pointed apically, of an
orange yellow with apical area somewhat piceous, the striae
finely impressed and very finely punctured; length 9 mm.
B. C, Yukon T., Mt. Rainier, Wash hoppingi n. sp.

89. Fourth antennal segment broader and generally longer than third

segment, pronotum with punctures well separated on disk,
densely placed at sides, sides of prothorax faintly sinuate in
front of hind angles, thence arcuately convergent forwards,
color varying from entirely piceous with aeneous lustre to
piceous with basal segments of antennae, most of legs, epi-
pleurae and the following elytral markings, a basal spot, an
oblique median and sub-apical bar, with narrow outer mar-
gin, yellow; length 5-9 mm. Alaska to Alta., Lab. and N. H.
costalis (Payk.)

Fourth antennal segment not or hardly broader than third and

always of about the same length 90

90. Pronotum with punctures well separated over entire area, some-

what similar to costalis but prothorax smaller, more com-
pressed at center, sides more parallel, hind angles more
divergent; length 6-7 mm. Lake States to N. H. and Me.
estriatus (Lee.)

Pronotum very finely, closely punctured throughout, the pro-
thorax moderately robust, sides well rounded in front, almost
parallel behind or slightly sinuate in front of hind angles,
the latter slightly divergent, basal margin between angles
almost transverse. Color much as in costalis but the colored
females with only a triangular marginal spot behind the
humerus instead of the oblique band; length 5-6.5 mm.
Cascade Mts. from Mt. Rainier, Wash., to Mt. Hood, Ore.
granicollis n. sp

408 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Ludius cribrosus (LeConte)

This well known species which ranges throughout much of
western Oregon and California has been shown by careful
field studies to be decidedly polymorphic, the male being the
typical cribrosus and the female, larger, broader and flatter,
the typical maurus (Lee). In the southern Sierra Nevada
Mountains, along with normal robust males and females are
often to be found giant females. These are colossus (Lee.)
and differ from ordinary females not only by being generally
larger but by having a more shining appearance, the sides of
prothorax more arcuate, and the elytral intervals absolutely
flat, the usual well impressed striae almost obliterated or indi-
cated by very finely impressed lines. The Corymbites rufipes
Mots., I believe to be but a variety of this species. I have
several male specimens of cribrosus with rufous legs.

Ludius uliginosus Van Dyke, new species

Moderately elongate yet robust, entirely coal black except tarsal claws
which are rufous, the head and prothorax sparsely clothed with a few curved
hairs, the elytra with only minute and widely scattered hair. Head slightly
convex, coarsely, cribrately punctured; antennae barely reaching hind angles of
prothorax in males, shorter in females, second segment short and transverse,
third triangular, little longer than broad and fully as long as fourth, fourth to
sixth triangular and almost as broad as long, the following gradually narrowed.
Prothorax longer at middle than broad, hind angles robust, slightly diverging
with well marked carinae, sides oblique, though somewhat sinuous, and gradu-
ally converging from apices of hind angles to near apex, thence arcuate to
apex; disk moderately convex and strongly, closely and at sides cribrately
punctured, the margin narrow and poorly defined, canaliculation well defined
at middle near base; scutellum elliptical and finely punctured and hairy pos-
teriorly. Elytra almost three times as long as prothorax and over twice as
long as broad, quite convex, disk with striae deeply impressed and finely punc-
tured, the intervals convex, distinctly punctured and very rugose. Beneath
very coarsely, umbilicately punctured on prothorax, cribrately on propleurae,
finer and sparser on metasternum and still finer on abdomen though close at
sides and on last adbominal segment. Male, length 13.5 mm., breadth 4 mm.;
female, length 15 mm., breadth 5 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3164; and Allotype: Female, No. 3165,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and several designated Paratypes from
a series of thirty specimens collected by myself from the

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATERIDAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 499

bunch grass in a swamp near Carrville, Trinity Co., Calif.,
June 6, 1913. I also have two specimens from Bon Accord,
B. C, which differ only in having a slight bronzy lustre.

This very black and generally dull species superficially more
closely resembles the common California Megapenthes ater-
rimus (Mots.) than it does any of the other members of its
own genus. From the large black species of Ludius like
morulus (Lee.) and carbo (Lee), it can always be told by its
more convex and gradually narrowed prothorax and quite
rugose elytra as well as by the antennal peculiarities.

Ludius obscurus (LeConte)

The type is, I believe, the only known specimen of this
species. I have several times examined it without being able to
assign it, even as an eberrant specimen, to any other species.

Ludius silvaticus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, narrowed in front and behind, upper surface but moderately
convex, black, slightly shining, moderately clothed above with short silvery
white pile, longer and denser beneath, giving the insect a plumbeous appear-
ance, the larger females often submetallic and with a violet sheen, the legs
sometimes rufous. Head slightly convex, coarsely rugosely punctured; anten-
nae long, reaching two segments beyond hind angles of prothorax in males,
about reaching apex in females, second segment but little longer than broad,
third twice as long, triangular, almost as wide or as wide at apex as fourth, the
following elongate triangular and gradually narrowed. Prothorax distinctly
longer than broad, hind angles long, narrow, blunt at apex and strongly
diverging, less narrowed and less diverging in females, carinae long and promi-
nent, sides gradually narrowing, slightly arcuate at middle, more parallel in
females; disk moderately convex, densely punctured, median canaliculation
distinctly denned throughout, deeper behind. Elytra not quite three times as
long as broad, subparallel in front, gradually narrowed apically, disk distinctly
striate, the striae finely, closely punctured, intervals slightly convex, rather
densely punctured and slightly rugose. Beneath coarsely, densely punctured
on propleurae, more sparsely on presternum and finely, densely on afterbody.
Male, length 15 mm., breadth 4 mm.; female, length 19 mm., breadth 5 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3166; and Allotype: Female, No. 3167,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and several designated Paratypes in
my collection, the first from Fallen Leaf Lake, Lake Tahoe

410 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

region, Calif., July 1, 1915, and the second from the Nash
Mine, 6000 ft. alt., northern Trinity Co., Calif., June 14, 1913.
This elongate, pruinose species is fairly common and widely
distributed throughout the coniferous forests of the Pacific
States. I have a large series including representatives from
Moscow Mt., Idaho, Lake Quinault, Wash., Corvallis, Ore.,
and from numerous localities in the mountains of northern
California and the Sierra Nevadas as far south as Fresno Co.
It also varies greatly as to size, the females generally far
larger and more robust.

This species somewhat resembles Ludhts protractus (Lee.)
but the latter has the prothorax more definitely cuneate, with
the sides evidently deplanate, and without median canalicula-
tion. It also closely resembles Ludius fraternus (Lee.) and is
often listed as such but the latter has the prothorax slightly
shorter, the median canaliculation vague at the most, and the
third antennal segment but little longer than the second and
the following segments more evidently bilaterally dilated. It
is also to be found in a similar environment and in fact re-
places fraternus in the more southern forests of the Pacific
Coast.

Ludius protractus (LeConte)

This species is also widely distributed along the Pacific
Coast but it is a species of the meadows. In British Columbia,
Washington and Oregon, it is uniformly pruinose in color but
in Shasta and Siskiyou counties of California, it often appears
of a rufotestaceous color. This is the variety jouteli (Dow)
and nothing more than a color phase. Ludius anthrax (Lee.)
is also an offshoot of the same stock but it has diverged
enough to warrant it being considered as a distinct species. It
is in general broader, more robust, with longer and heavier
antennae, and very black and shining, the pubescence only evi-
dent under high magnification.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERWAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA ^\\

Ludius aplastoides Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, convex, rather blunt in front, somewhat narrowed behind, reddish
brown, head and prothorax darker, generally black, and conspicuously but not
densely clothed with fulvous pile. Head flattened or slightly sulcate, rather
densely, coarsely punctured; antennae long and robust, reaching three segments
beyond hind angles of prothorax in male, second segment small, barely longer
than broad, third large and triangular, twice as long as second and fully as long
as fourth, the fourth almost as broad as long, the segments 5-10 gradually
narrower, the tenth not quite twice as long as broad, and all distinctly serrate.
Prothorax one-eighth longer at middle than broad, hind angles robust and tri-
angular, acute, moderately diverging and finely carinate, sides feebly arcuate
from base of hind angles to near apex; disk convex at middle, more or less
depressed or flattened laterally, without median canaliculation and coarsely,
rather densely punctured especially at sides. Elytra two and a half times as
long as broad and two and a half times as long as prothorax at middle, sides
barely arcuate at middle, gradually narrowing and rounded to apex, the disk
convex, striae well impressed and finely punctured, the intervals convex, finely
punctured and distinctly, transversely rugose. Beneath coarsely, rather closely
punctured in front, the propleurae somewhat more closely than presternum,
and finely, rather closely punctured behind. Length 15-16 mm., breadth
4 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3168, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and sev-
eral Paratypes in my collection from a series of twenty-nine
specimens collected by Mr. E. Zimmerman in the hills back
of Oakland, Calif., May 7-11, 1930. Several designated para-
types and the majority of the specimens remain in Mr. Zim-
merman's collection. I also have a single specimen collected
at Sebastopol, Sonoma Co., Calif., in July 1915, by Mr. Hora.
All specimens examined seem to be males.

This species belongs in the key immediately after protractus
Lee, from which it differs by being more convex and nar-
rower, less narrowed both in front and behind, by being
mostly brown in color instead of black (typical phase), the
pile somewhat longer and more erect, the general surface less
shining, the median segments of antennae more robust, the
prothorax more parallel, the hind angles shorter and less acute,
and the elytral intervals conspicuously convex and rugose.
Superficially it also looks much like the larger specimens of
jaculus (Lee), but differs by having far more robust an-
tennae, the disk of pronotum simply punctured, not punctured
with coarse, umbilicate punctures, the hind angles of pro-

412 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY Or SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

thorax triangular, not more or less auriculate, and the elytral
intervals rather coarsely rugose. It is strange that such a large
and conspicuous species should remain so long unknown in
such a well collected region.

Ludius jaculus (LeConte)

Corymbites teres Lee. is nothing more than the female of
this species, as I have found by a careful examination of the
type. The males also vary considerably, both as regards size
and length of prothorax and development of the hind pro-
thoracic angles. The Oregon specimens are generally much
larger and better developed in every regard than are those to
be found in the San Francisco bay region.

Ludius atlas Van Dyke, new species

Elongate yet broad, quite flattened, black, shining ; pubescence short, black,
not evident except under magnification. Head flattened in front, moderately
coarsely and densely punctured, antennae extending two segments beyond hind
angles of prothorax in males, just reaching apices in females, second segment
small, slightly longer than broad, third twice as long, longer than fourth and
fully as broad at apex, segments 3-10 elongate serrate, gradually diminishing
in width towards apex. Prothorax a fourth longer than broad, hind angles
triangular and conspicuously prolonged, blunt at apex, slightly divergent,
carinae long, narrow and somewhat divergent from sides, sides moderately
sinuate in front of hind angles, arcuate towards middle and gradually narrowed
forwards, lateral margin conspicuous, disk slightly convex, finely, rather
densely punctured throughout and vaguely canaliculate at middle. Elytra
two and three-fifths times as long as broad and as long as prothorax, sub-
parallel in front, gradually narrowed from middle to apex, disk moderately
convex, deeply striate and with striae finely, closely punctured, intervals very
convex, finely, rather densely punctured. Beneath coarsely, rather sparsely
punctured on presternum , finely and very densely on propleurae and still more
finely and quite closely on afterbody. Male, length 18 mm., breadth 5.25 mm.,
female, length 20 mm., breadth 6 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3169; and Allotype: Female, No. 3170,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and two Paratypes in my collection,
three including the first two, collected by myself at Meadow
Valley, Plumas Co., Calif., June 5, 3 and 6, 1924, the fourth
collected on Red Mt., Nevada Co., Calif., July 3, 1911, by Dr.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATERIDJE AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 4J3

C. Von Geldern. Other specimens in my collection are a male
from Eldorado Co. and two large females, bearing simply the
"Calif." label. One of the females is 25 mm. long and propor-
tionally robust, superficially looking like a large Ludius
cethiops (Herbst). I have also examined several other speci-
mens in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences.
This very large and coal black species, somewhat suggests
cethiops as stated above, both because of its color and size. It
is, however, more or less closely related to Ludius volitans
Esch., as shown by its general facies though very easily separ-
ated from that, as from others associated with that, by the
convex elytral intervals, greater width and coal black color.
Ludius anthrax (Lee.) though often as large and of similar
color, is much narrower, with heavier antennae, and coarser
pronotal punctation.

Ludius dolorosus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, subparallel, moderately flattened, black, hardly shining, sparsely
clothed with short cinereous pile. Head depressed in front, coarsely, densely
punctured; antennae reaching two segments beyond hind angles of prothorax
in male, hardly reaching base of angles in female, second segment small, but
little longer than broad, third fully twice as long, just perceptibly longer than
fourth, segments 3-10 elongate serrate and gradually narrowing towards apex.
Prothorax over one-fourth longer than broad, hind angles long, blunt at apex
and strongly divergent, carinas' long, sharp and close to border, sides almost
parallel from in front of hind angles to near apex where evenly rounded, slightly
arcuate in females; disk flattened at middle, depressed towards sides, coarsely,
closely punctured, cribrately and umbilicately at sides, distinctly canaliculate
at middle, less evidently so in female. Elytra slightly more than twice as long
as prothorax, subparallel in front, gradually narrowed posteriorly, striae dis-
tinctly impressed, finely, closely punctured, intervals convex, moderately
coarsely punctured and slightly rugose. Beneath coarsely, moderately closely
punctured on prosternum, coarsely, very closely punctured on propleurae,
finely and closely punctured on afterbody.

Holotype: Male, No. 3171 ; and Allotype: Female, No. 3172,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and several designated Paratypes in
my collection from a series of thirteen specimens. The first
was collected in Lagunitas Canon, Marin Co., Calif., April
11, 1915, the second from Fallen Leaf Lake, Lake Tahoe
region, Calif., June 20, 1915, and the others in Humboldt Co.,

414 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Eldorado Co., Yosemite Valley, and various localities near
San Francisco Bay.

This species is undoubtedly very closely related to Ludius
fulvipes (Bland), differing from the same in the main by
being slightly more robust, with antennal segments less di-
lated, the pronotum more coarsely punctured, the elytral in-
tervals more convex and the legs generally black (piceous
brown or red in rare cases). These two species with exilis
Notman stand well apart from all others in our fauna. The
new species has often been mistaken for moerens (Lee.) but
a careful examination of the type of the latter has shown that
it is but a subspecies of lobatus (Esch.) as I will more fully
bring out when discussing that species.

Ludius tenellus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, narrow, subparallel, reddish brown, clothed with short, sparse
pile. Head broadly, shallowly sulcate in front, coarsely, densely punctured,
eyes of male prominent; antennas in male almost filiform, reaching beyond
first third of elytra, second segment small, hardly longer than broad, third
two and a half times as long, slightly broadened apically, segments 4-10 two
to three times as long as broad, subparallel and gradually diminishing in breadth
apically, female antennae slightly more robust and just reaching beyond hind
angles of prothorax, prothorax distinctly longer than broad, hind angles tri-
angular, elongate, slightly divergent, carinae fine, long, close to margin, sides
almost straight and convergent forwards from base of hind angles, disk slightly
convex, deplanate at sides especially posteriorly, coarsely, quite closely punc-
tured, not evidently canaliculate at middle, the females with sides more parallel
and disk more convex. Elytra over three times as long as prothorax and three
times as long as broad, sides subparallel, gradually rounded to apex, disk finely
striate, the striae finely, closely punctured, intervals flat, finely, irregularly
punctured and slightly rugose. Beneath moderately finely, not densely,
punctured on presternum, very densely on propleurae and finely, rather closely
punctured on afterbody. Length 13 mm., breadth 3.5 mm., females slightly
broader and more generally robust.

Holotype: Male, No. 3173; and Allotype: Female, No. 3174,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and three designated Paratypes from a
series of seven specimens, the first collected at Fallen Leaf
Lake, Lake Tahoe region, Calif., July 13, 1909, the allotype
at Meadow Valley, Plumas Co., Calif., June 19, 1924, the
others from Fallen Leaf Lake, Humboldt Co., and Castella,
Shasta Co., Calif.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ER1 DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 41 5

This very narrow species which has somewhat the facies of
Athous brightivelli (Kirby) belongs very near Ludius macer
(Fall) but is slightly smaller, with less robust antennae,
shorter and less cuneate prothorax, and with hind angles sub-
acute and slightly divergent, not broad and auriculate as in
the latter.

Ludius patricius Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, narrow, subparallel, black, slightly aeneous with hind angles of
prothorax, a broad vitta extending from the second to seventh striae and from
base to apex of each elytron, the epipleurae and legs pale luteous and sparsely
clothed with very fine pale hair. Head slightly depressed in front, rather
coarsely, closely punctured; antennae long and narrow, reaching to end of
basal third of elytra, second segment small, hardly longer than broad, third
fully two and a half times as long, dilated at apex and almost equal in length
to fourth, segments 3-10 elongate, serrate, gradually narrowing, the last four
subparallel. Prothorax not quite a third longer than broad, hind angles broad,
auriculate yet projecting well backwards, sides almost straight and but slightly
convergent forwards; disk slightly convex, rather coarsely, closely punctured,
not canaliculate at middle. Elytra almost three times as long as prothorax
and over three times as long as broad, sides subparallel in front, gradually
narrowed posteriorly, disk finely striate, the striae rather coarsely, closely
punctured and finely rugose. Beneath with prosternum rather finely, not
closely punctured, propleurae densely punctured, and the afterbody in general
finely, rather closely punctured. Length 13 mm., breadth 2.75 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3175, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a unique
in my collection from Stella, Wash., collected April 27, 1915.

This elegant species in facies and color pattern very closely
resembles Ludius horni Schwarz but differs from that by
being slightly shorter, with shorter and black antennae instead
of red, shorter and more coarsely punctured pronotum, and
shorter elytra. From Ludius linearis (Fall) ; it differs in the
main by having only the hind angles of prothorax luteous, the
black sutural vitta of elytra narrower, and the sides of pro-
notum not flattened.

Ludius humboldti Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, narrowed in front and behind, black. Elytra, tibiae and tarsi
rufotestaceous, in the type male a slight darkening or infuscation near the su-
ture, and rather conspicuously though not densely clothed with fulvous pile.
Head slightly flattened in front, finely, sparsely punctured; antennae long,

416 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

somewhat filiform, reaching to end of basal third of elytra, second segment
small, little longer than broad, third about two and a half times as long and as
long as fourth, segments 3-10 slightly serrate, gradually narrowed towards
apex, the posterior segments subparallel. Prothorax slightly longer than broad,
hind angles narrow and slightly divergent, carina rather fine, sides slightly
arcuate at middle and narrowed forwards; disk somewhat convex and finely,
moderately densely punctured. Elytra over three times as long as prothorax,
finely striato-punctate, intervals flattened, and finely punctured. Beneath
finely, rather sparsely punctured except propleurae which are more coarsely,
closely punctured. Length 10 mm., breadth 2.75 mm.

With this male, I have associated a female which I am con-
fident is the opposite sex of the same species. It is somewhat
larger, more generally convex and robust, with coarser pro-
notal punctation, and antennae just reaching hind angles of
prothorax. Length 12 mm., breadth 3.5 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3176; and Allotype: Female, No. 3177,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., the first collected by Mr. F. W. Nunen-
macher at Kirby, Josephine Co., Oregon, June 11, 1910, the
second from Humboldt Co., Calif. The species is no doubt
characteristic of the cool and moist Humboldt region of Cali-
fornia and the adjacent part of Oregon.

This rare species somewhat suggests a very small specimen
of the bicolored phase of Ludius fraternus Lee. but has a very
different type of antennae; the male is also much narrower,
more delicate and with longer antennae, the female more
robust.

Ludius truculentus Candeze

This very distinct though uncommon species has been col-
lected only about Lake Tahoe, the Yosemite Valley and the
middle Sierra Nevada generally. Though placed near volitans,
it is generally larger, more densely pilose, with a much broader
prothorax, and shorter, finer and more divergent hind angles.

Ludius volitans Eschscholtz

The typical phase of this species is found throughout south-
eastern Alaska, western British Columbia and southward at
higher elevations along the Cascade Mountains of Washington

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ERI DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA ^\J

and Oregon. In the high Sierra Nevada Mountains they are
apt to be of a brighter color, more or less orange and the
males at times with a dark spot near the end of each elytron.
The more northern phases vary considerably in color from the
usual rufous with piceous head and prothorax, or prothorax
without disk piceous, to an all piceous form. In Alberta,
Manitoba and the adjacent parts of the United States, the
specimens are generally piceous, with the prothorax less angu-
lated at the sides and narrowed in front, as well as more con-
vex. These gradually pass into the subspecies spinosus (Lee.)
found abundantly about the Great Lakes and the country to
the east. More or less associated with the typical form in
southeastern Alaska is a phase that is quite piceous with the
hind angles of the prothorax testaceous, the prothorax also
quite spatulate and the hind angles very divergent. This is
umbricola Esch. which I am at present unwilling to consider
as more than a subspecies. It is most decidedly not related to
lobatus Esch. as was indicated by Schwarz in Wytsman's
Genera Insectorum. A simple reading of the original descrip-
tion would show that it is closely related to volitans. The rare
vulneratus (Lee.) of Maine and the Allegheny Mountains, I
also consider as but a subspecies of volitans. I collected a
specimen on Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina, which has been
carefully compared with LeConte's type. It is in shape much
like a typical volitans, slightly narrower, of a piceous bronze
color with the sides of prothorax and legs rufous.

Ludius lobatus Eschscholtz

This species has been misunderstood, perhaps, to a greater
extent than have any of the other species of the genus. The
typical lobatus was described from Unalaska, Alaska, where it
is fairly common. It is plumbeous in color, rather robust and
fairly convex. Ludius caricinus Germ, with Sitka as the type
locality is perhaps a little less convex but otherwise so similar
to lobatus that it cannot readily be distinguished, therefore is
not worthy of being listed even as a subspecies. The form

41g CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

lobatus extends from the Aleutian Islands, along the south
side of the Alaska peninsula and throughout southeastern
Alaska. In British Columbia, the specimens show a tendency
to become flatter, narrower and more elongate and this form
continues south through western Washington and Oregon and
as far south as middle California where the most extreme
forms are to be found. This was described as moerens Lee.
and is so different that it should be listed as a subspecies even
though in its territory fairly typical specimens of lobatus, par-
ticularly females, are to be found. In the San Francisco bay
region, a form like moerens but somewhat blacker and with
the base of the elytra orange is to be found. This is xanthomas
Horn, little more than a color variety of moerens. From
Plumas County, I have a series with the elytra entirely yellow,
the extreme of the color tendency. In Alberta, Canada, and
ranging eastward through Manitoba to New Brunswick and
the Adirondack Mts. of New York, we have a small phase of
lobatus which is moderately depressed, sometimes much like
the less elongate forms of moerens in form and generally quite
variable in color, plumbeous to forms with all yellow elytra.
This depauperized form I am calling the subspecies pygmaeus
and designating as the holotype (No. 3178, Mus. Calif. Acad.
Sci.), a piceous specimen from Awene, Manitoba, collected by
Mr. E. Criddle. A similar colored paratype will also be desig-
nated. The well known tarsalis Melsh. of the northeastern
part of America, I also consider as but a subspecies of the
widely distributed and variable lobatus. This last mentioned
form is more generally elongate than any of the forms except
moerens and more convex than any except the typical lobatus.
It is also verv variable in color.

Ludius tahoensis Van Dyke, new species

Medium sized, elongate, subcylindrical, piceous black, somewhat dull, the
anterior margin and sides of pronotum as well as propleurae rufous, sometimes
the hind angles of prothorax as well as epipleurae and legs more or less rufous,
and clothed with a few, short, scattered cinereous or slightly fulvous hairs.
Head rather evidently, triangularly impressed between the eyes, coarsely,

Vol. XXJ VAN DYKE—ELATERIDAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA ^\Q

closely, somewhat confluently punctured and with a few, irregular callosities;
antennae reaching one segment beyond hind angles of prothorax in males and
about hind angles in females, the second segment short though longer than
broad, the third elongate, just perceptibly longer than fourth and not quite
twice as long as broad, segments 3-10 elongate serrate and gradually diminish-
ing in length and breadth towards apex. Prothorax slightly longer at middle
than broad, hind angles rather robust and prolonged, more triangular and
backward-projecting in males, somewhat narrowed and more divergent in
females, blunt at apices and with distinct carinas near the margin, sides almost
straight and but slightly convergent to near apex in males, distinctly arcuate
in females; the disk moderately convex and rather coarsely, closely, uniformly
punctured, more coarsely, umbilicately, closely and somewhat cribrately punc-
tured laterally, not evidently canaliculate at middle; scutellum subcordate,
finely punctured and pubescent. Elytra distinctly over twice as long as pro-
thorax and twice as long as broad, with sides but slightly divergent and arcuate
to posterior third, the disk convex, the striae well impressed and very finely
punctured, the intervals slightly convex and distinctly though irregularly
biserially punctured. Beneath rather coarsely, closely punctured on pro-
sternum, very closely on propleuras, and finely, more sparsely punctured on
abdomen. Male, length 11 mm., breadth 3 mm.; female, length 13 mm.,
breadth 4.5 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3179; and Allotype: Female, No. 3180,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and five Paratypes, the first and second
collected by me near Fallen Leaf Lake, July 8, 1915, and
Tallac, June 1899, both near Lake Tahoe, Calif., the paratyes
all from the same general neighborhood.

This species in size, coloration and general appearance re-
sembles the well known Agriotes fucosus (Lee). In shape it
also resembles Ludius furtivus (Lee.) and others of the
elongate, subcylindrical form, but is apparently not closely
related to any of the known species of the genus to which it
belongs.

Ludius atropurpureus (Melsheimer)

This rather attractive and uncommon species is much like
our more common furtivus (Lee.) of the northwest and prob-
ably of the same ancestry. It is generally shorter and blunter,
with the hind angles of the prothorax broader, the elytral
striae deeper and the punctures coarser, and the antennae
shorter, the third segment quite definitely serrate, not sub-
cylindrical as in the latter.

March 3, 1932

420 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Peoc. 4th Ser.

Ludius limoniiformis (Horn)

Ludius limoniiformis (Horn) seems to stand apart, resem-
bling in some aspects monticola (Horn), but in shape and
general appearance simulating a Limonius more than anything
else. It seems to be rather widely spread in the country to the
west of the Great Lakes.

Ludius opaculus (LeConte)

This small species with more or less fulvous elytra and
opaque appearance is moderately common at times in the more
open places in the forest from middle California to British
Columbia. It shows a color relationship with no other. Dia-
canthus serricornis Mann, is probably this species.

Ludius appressus (Randall)

This well known and robust species is one of the most iso-
lated of our species. Its general shape and color pattern would
seem to place it near cruciatus (Linn.) but it shows no struc-
tural resemblances.

Ludius angusticollis (Mannerheim)

Much confusion has existed concerning this well known
elongate species of Alaska and our Northwest. The typical
species has robust and triangular hind angles to the prothorax
and is restricted to southeastern Alaska. In British Columbia
and Washington its place is taken by a form having the angles
much narrowed but otherwise not different. This is fraternus
(Lee.) which I consider as nothing but a subspecies. In the
high northern Cascades as on Mt. Rainier, Wash., and extend-
ing south to Mt. Hood, Oregon, there occurs a color phase of
the latter with bright rufous or orange elytra. Corymbites
spectabilis Mann, seems to be but a large female of the typical
angusticollis.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERID/E AND RELATED COLEOPTERA ^i\

Ludius sagitticollis Eschscholtz

In this species there is far more variation than is generally
realized. The usual black forms with orange red elytra, short
second and third antennal segments, and sharp, divergent hind
angles to pro thorax are readily recognized. I, however, have
an all-piceous specimen from the Yellowstone National Park,
and have seen several females which have the third antennal
segment about as long as the fourth, thus out of place in the
usual table.

Ludius rainieri Van Dyke, new species

Somewhat narrow and much elongated, flattened, light reddish brown, the
body including head and prothorax sparsely clothed with fine pubescence, the
elytra sparsely clothed with very short and minute hair. Head broadly sulcate
between the eyes and rather definitely punctured, the punctures coalescing into
radially arranged striae anteriorly in the sulcus, a definite crista in front of each
eye and about the antennae; antennae filiform, almost reaching the middle of the
elytra, the second and third segments short though longer than broad and
together shorter than fourth, the latter about three times as long as broad
and about equal in length to each of the following four though slightly more
robust. Prothorax longer than broad, hind angles prominent, acute and slightly
diverging, with a fine though long carina on each, the sides from bases of hind
angles almost straight or slightly sinuous and converging to apex, the side
margin fine, the disk somewhat convex, rather finely, closely punctured and
with a well defined impression each side and in front of middle. Scutellum
elliptical, slightly concave, and finely punctured and pubescent. Elytra
broader at base than prothorax across tips of hind angles, about three times
as long as broad, gradually narrowing posteriorly, the disk moderately convex,
the striae finely but in most cases not sharply defined and finely and obscurely
punctured, the intervals flat, finely but not distinctly punctured and finely
rugose, giving the elytra a dull aspect. Prothorax beneath coarsely, closely
punctured, sternum somewhat longitudinally cristate at middle in front of
coxae and concave laterally, spine semicircularly arched and sulcate between
coxae, afterbody rather finely and moderately closely punctured, legs very long.
Length 16 mm., breadth 4 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3181, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., with an-
tennae somewhat injured, in my collection, from Mt. Rainier,
Wash. A second specimen, I have seen in the collection of
Prof. W. J. Chamberlin at Corvallis, Oregon.

This insect is of about the same length, breadth and color
as pyrrhos (Hbst.) though it differs in its proportions and

422 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

general appearance, in this regard looking more like one of
the larger species of Aplastus. Such peculiarities as its type of
antennae, frontal carinae, type of pronotum and prosternum
should enable this odd species to be readily recognized.

Ludius nunenmacheri Van Dyke, new species

Rather small, moderately expanded and flattened, black, pronotum orange
red except for an irregular V-shaped black marking extending forwards on the
disk from near the base, propleurae, prosternal lobe and elytra yellow, the latter
with suture and a diamond shaped area at apex black, mouthparts, two basal
segments of antennae, tibiae and tarsi testaceous, the surface sparsely clothed
with fine, fulvous pile, semi-erect on elytra. Head convex above, flattened in
front and sparsely though definitely punctured; the antennae but slightly
serrate and extending about a segment beyond hind angles of prothorax in
males and almost to angles in females, the second and third segments small
though longer than broad, fourth segment about equal to the preceding two
together, the following gradually shorter and narrower. Prothorax about one-
fourth longer than broad, spatulate, hind angles well marked, acute, slightly
divergent and with carinae fine and close to margin, the sides almost straight
and gradually diverging from base of hind angles to anterior third then broadly
rounded to apex, the disk moderately convex, without median canaliculation
and rather finely, regularly and not closely punctured. Scutellum elongate-
cordate and finely punctured and pilose. Elytra broader at base than prothorax,
over twice as long as broad, gradually arcuately widening from base to posterior
third then narrowing to apex, disk moderately convex, striae finely impressed
and closely, finely punctured, the intervals flattened and very finely punctured.
Prothorax beneath finely and sparsely punctured, hind body very finely but
more closely punctured, prosternal sutures double. Length 8.5 mm., breadth
2.5 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3182; and Allotype: Female, No. 3183,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and one Paratype in my collection, re-
ceived from Mr. F. W. Nunenmacher who collected them in
western Siskiyou Co., Calif., June 2, 1911. This pretty little
species of course varies somewhat as regards its color pat-
tern. The V-shaped discal mark of the pronotum may be quite
faint as in my allotype, the sutural black line of the elytra
may disappear, and the apical spot may be much reduced in
size.

The species is widely separated in the table from its close
relatives. It really belongs with sulcicollis (Say) and its

Vol. XXJ VAN DYKE—ELATER1DAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTEk.l 423

associates, all of which are strictly lignivorous. The size,
color pattern and characters given should enable it to be
readilv recognized when found.

'to*

Ludius trivittatus (LeConte)

This conspicuous and easily recognized species seems to
have been omitted by Schenkling from his catalogue in Junk's
Coleopterorum Catalogus. Though widely separated in the key
because of the length of the third antennal segment, it is in
reality of the same stock as semivittatus (Say) and fusculus
(Lee.) from the Pacific Coast of our country.

Ludius shastensis Van Dyke, new species

Moderately elongate, subparallel and subcylindrical, the head, antennal
segments 4-11, pronotal disk and prosternum, meso- and metasternum and
first abdominal segment black, the remaining portions of body rufous, and
clothed with coarse though sparsely placed fulvous pile. Head convex, coarsely,
closely, cribrately punctured; antennae moderately serrate, reaching three seg-
ments beyond hind angles of prothorax, second segment small, little longer
than broad, third about a third longer, subcylindrical and about three-fourths
length of fourth, fourth about one-third longer than broad, segments 4-10
distinctly triangular, gradually narrower and just perceptibly shorter. Pro-
thorax slightly longer than broad, hind angles narrow, distinctly divergent,
the sides practically straight from bases of hind angles and slightly convergent
almost to apex where rounded; disk convex, moderately coarsely but not closely
punctured except at sides, median canaliculation but vaguely indicated poste-
riorly. Scutellum subcordate, finely punctured and pubescent. Elytra broader
at base than breadth of prothorax across apices of hind angles, about twice as
long as broad, disk convex, the striae well impressed and rather coarsely, closely
punctured, the intervals convex behind, somewhat flattened basally, finely
punctured and rugose. Beneath the propleuras are rather coarsely, closely
punctured, the remainder finely, rather sparsely punctured. Length 10 mm.,
breadth 3.5 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3184, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a unique
in my collection, collected by Mr. F. W. Nunenmacher in
Shasta Co., Calif.

This rather inconspicuous species is related to blaisdelli but
readily separated as is pointed out in the discussion of that
species.

424

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Ludius insidiosus (LeConte)

This species has a much more extensive range than has
generally been believed. It is now known to range throughout
the higher parts of the entire Appalachians and from Maine
and eastern Canada to British Columbia and Montana.
Corymbites lutescens Fall is but the lighter, more western race
of the species.

Ludius blaisdelli Van Dyke, new species

Moderately elongate, subparallel and subcylindrical, black, the basal seg-
ment of antennae and elytra rufous, the legs rufotestaceous in the female, the
apical, side margin and propleurae of prothorax and posterior abdominal seg-
ments also somewhat rufous, and rather evidently clothed with short cinereous
(male) or fulvous (female) pile. Head flattened, coarsely, closely, cribrately
punctured; antennae moderately serrate, reaching several segments beyond
hind angles of prothorax in male and to hind angles in female, the second
segment short, but about a third longer than broad, the third one-third longer,
subcylindrical and but little shorter than the fourth, the last a third longer
than broad, the following gradually narrower. Prothorax slightly longer than
broad in male, diameters about equal in female, hind angles robust and but
slightly divergent, the sides almost straight in male or slightly arcuate in
female from hind angles, and slightly convergent to near apex where rounded;
the disk convex, coarsely, closely and especially in female cribrately punctured,
with well marked median canaliculation from base to middle. The scutellum
broadly cordate, finely punctured and pilose and longitudinally impressed in
female. Elytra about as broad at base as prothorax, more than twice as long
as broad, convex, the striae finely impressed and rather coarsely, closely punc-
tured, the intervals flat, finely punctured and rugose. Beneath with propleurae
rather coarsely, closely punctured, the presternum to a lesser degree and the
afterbody finely and less closely punctured. Male, length 10 mm., breadth
3.25 mm.; female, length 14 mm., breadth 4.75 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3185; and Allotype: Female, No. 3186,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., in my collection, both collected by me
in Lagunitas Canon, Marin Co., Calif., the first, April 7, 1907,
the second March 29, 1908.

As stated previously, this species is no doubt related to
shastensis but it differs from that in regard to the proportion-
ate lengths of the second and third antennal segments, the
more robust and hardly divergent hind angles of prothorax,
narrow and markedly divergent in shastensis, the much coarser
and closer pronotal punctation and pronounced canaliculation,

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDAt AND RELATED COLEOPTEKA 435

and the liner elytral striae and flattened intervals. It, like
shastensis, is exceedingly rare, the specimens mentioned being
the only ones that I have seen. It is named in honor of my
good friend, Dr. F. E. Blaisdell, in remembrance of many col-
lecting trips taken together to the region where it was secured.

Ludius falsificus (LeConte)

Ludius falsificus (Lee.) and Ludius angularis (Lee.) are
but eastern and western representatives of the same species. I
have large series of the second from British Columbia and the
more mountainous parts of the Pacific States and these typical
angularis, as shown by critical comparison with the type, can-
not be distinguished with any degree of certainty from typical
falsificus from Maine or New Brunswick. It is in fact but one
species which extends along our northern border from the
Atlantic to the Pacific as well as throughout the high moun-
tains of the Pacific Coast. On the coast of Oregon as at Can-
non Beach, there is a very dark piceous phase of the above, a
typical melanotic wet-belt color phase.

Ludius resplendens Eschscholtz

The typical phase of this species extends with slight vari-
ations from Alaska across the continent to the Atlantic and
into the high mountains of New England and northern New
York. It also extends south along the Cascades and very high
Sierra Nevada Mountains and into the Rocky Mountains.
These more southern specimens are generally shorter, duller
and more coppery than the typical form. They are what was
described as Corymbites brezveri Horn from the high middle
Sierra Nevadas. Large series show that they grade gradually
into the typical resplendens. I have therefore placed it as but
a subspecies of the latter.

Ludius appalachius Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, narrow, but moderately convex, shining, dark coppery bronze,
the cupreous color most evident on head, prothorax, suture and margins of
elytra and beneath, the surface sparsely, though evidently, clothed with fine

426 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

white pile. Head slightly convex, coarsely yet not closely punctured; antennae
slightly serrate, not quite reaching hind angles of prothorax, second segment
about twice as long as wide and two-thirds the length of third, the latter sub-
cylindrical and barely longer than fourth. Prothorax including angles longer
than broad, broadest and subangulate behind middle, the sides sinuate pos-
teriorly and almost straight and convergent anteriorly, the posterior angles
prominent, subacute, distinctly divergent and incurved at apices, and with
well marked carinas; the disk moderately convex, with median canaliculation
faintly impressed at base, and distinctly but not coarsely or closely punctured
except laterally. Scutellum flat and finely punctured. Elytra more than twice
as long as prothorax and twice as long as broad, distinctly narrowed, posteriorly
and moderately convex, the striae finely but not always clearly impressed and
finely, closely punctured, the intervals flattened or barely convex and finely,
somewhat obscurely and sparsely punctured. Beneath the presternum is
shining, rather coarsely and sparsely punctured, the propleurae finely and very
closely punctured giving the surface a granular appearance, and the afterbody
finely and sparsely punctured. Length 13 mm., breadth 4 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3187, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and one
Paratype in my collection, the first collected by me on Mt.
Mitchell, North Carolina, June 1902, the second taken by
Mr. Wm. Beutenmueller, July 12, 1912, on the Black Mts. of
North Carolina. A third quite typical specimen bearing the
label Big Indian Valley, Catskill Mts., N. Y., June 18, 1910,
was submitted to me for study by Mr. Charles Schaeffer.

This species has the general facies of a dark specimen of
Ludius resplendens Esch. and probably comes from the same
general stock. It, however, has certain definite features which
readily separate it, such as the generally narrower prothorax,
broadest behind the middle, the more attenuate elytra, the very
evident though sparse pilosity over the entire body, and the
very fine and close punctation of the propleurae contrasting
with the coarse and but moderately close punctation of
resplendens.

Ludius weidti (Angell)

This very rare species which ranges from the higher moun-
tains of British Columbia through the Cascades at least as far
south as Mt. Rainier, Wash., can always be readily separated
from resplendens by its smaller size, much shorter body, fine
and sparsely punctured pronotum and very flat elytral inter-

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDJE AXD RELATED COLEOPTERA \T]

vals. .My Mt. Rainier specimens are a brilliant green but I
have received others from Mt. Garibaldi, B. C, from Mr. G.
A. Hardy, which are a deep blue color.

Ludius divaricatus (LeConte)

The female of this well defined species is without doubt,
the Corymbites crassus Lee. as first definitely pointed out by
Blanchard.25 Horn2" unfortunately misquoted him, stating
that he said it was the female of inflatus (Say). I have a typi-
cal crassus which I collected in North Carolina along with a
large series of divaricatus and which has been carefully com-
pared with LeConte's type. Ludius inflatus (Say) is perhaps
the most widely distributed species of the genus in North
America, especially common in all of the Pacific States where
the females are about as well known as are the males and not
to be distinguished from them except by their generally larger
size, more robust appearance and slightly shorter antennae.
They are very distinct from crassus in almost every regard.

Ludius rupestris (Germar)

This species has a most interesting distribution, extending
from Victoria through British Columbia to the northern part
of the Great Basin thence south through this to northern Ari-
zona and ranging east, and west from the Wasatch Mts. of
Utah to the Cascades and Sierra Nevadas. It is truly a Great
Basin species. I have seen only two specimens, taken on the
western flanks of the Sierra Nevadas, both in Sequoia Na-
tional Park.

Ludius rotundicollis (Say)

This species is to be found on both sides of the continent,
the more typical phase in the East. The subspecies nigricans
(Fall) is a bit larger and generally with the pronotum more

a Ent. Amer., 5, 1889, p. 140.
MEnt. News, 1, 1890, p. 55.

428 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

heavily punctured. It ranges throughout western Washington
and Oregon and south along the high Sierra Nevada. The
subspecies diver sicolor (Esch. ) is more like the typical form
in size and punctation but with the prothorax, except its mar-
gins, of a bright red color, both above and below. This is a
lowland form, found generally in the late summer or autumn
in the San Francisco Bay region and generally around old live
oaks in the rotting parts of which it breeds. In various parts
of California as near Monterey, as well as farther north in
Washington and in the Sierras, diversicolor has a black me-
dian longitudinal stripe or band on the pronotum as well as a
black prosternum.

Ludius rotundicollis (Say) with sulcicollis (Say), rn-
pestris (Germ.) and my nunenmacheri form a peculiar group
within the genus characterized by double prosternal sutures, a
prothorax broadly expanded in front of the middle, less evi-
dent in most rotundicollis, and strictly lignivorous habits as
larvae.

Ludius fusculus (LeConte)

The type of this species is much bleached, no doubt as a
result of having been collected in alcohol and this allowed to
gradually evaporate. As a result it does not look at all like
freshly caught specimens which are very black and when per-
fect about as densely clothed with coarse gray pile as is inflatus
(Say). It is very closely related to semivittatus (Say) and
may prove to be but a melanotic phase of that, as I have found
is the case with leucaspis (Germ.) as compared with umbri-
pennis (Lee). The distribution also somewhat parallels that,
for fusculus is most often found in the northern Great Basin
as in western Alberta, eastern British Columbia and Wash-
ington, and extending south through the more inland parts of
California as far as the San Francisco Bay region, where,
however, it is very rare. Many species which range from the
Rocky Mountains through the northern Great Basin to the
Pacific seem to have melanotic phases in this hot and dry inter-
mountain area.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATERWAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 439

Ludius semivittatus (Say)

For a time I believed that this species had a discontinuous
distribution, being found along the eastern flanks of the Colo-
rado Rocky Mountains (type locality) and along the coast of
middle California. I, however, have a specimen from Wyom-
ing and we have records that it has been taken in Oregon and
British Columbia. It appears to extend from British Colum-
bia in two directions, through the northern Great Basin and
Wyoming to the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains in
Colorado and down the Pacific Coast within a few miles of
the ocean, to middle California. Possibly the all-black fusculus
as stated above, is the form that bridges the gap in the north.
The Colorado and Wyoming specimens are rather small, those
about San Francisco somewhat larger while many of those
from near Santa Cruz and northern Sonoma Co., are often
of good size with the yellow markings much reduced. I be-
lieve that the oblongoguttatus (Mots.) is one of these. The
description fits nothing else and these are found in the terri-
tory from whence Motschulsky secured most of his Elateridse.
The Japanese vagepictus Lewis is also very closely related to
semivittatus.

Ludius morulus (LeConte)

This black species ranges from the Yukon Valley in Alaska
southeast to eastern British Columbia, Alberta, and the states
to the south of them. I have a specimen from Mt. Rainier,
Wash., in which the sides of the prothorax are partly red.

Ludius cruciatus (Linnaeus)

Ludius cruciatus (Linn.) may be fairly stable as to appear-
ance in the Old World and in northeastern America but it is
most variable in northwestern America. In eastern British
Columbia, specimens are often found with vittate elytra, the
black sutural and humeral vitta extending to the apices with
the cross bars absent, or the elytra may be unicolorous with-
out any black markings at all. In the northwest generally, par-

430 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

ticularly in the northern Cascades, the usual color type is to
be met with but in the southern Cascades and Sierra Nevada
Mountains an entirely black phase appears, which I am calling
the subspecies ater and designating as a holotype (No. 3188,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.), a specimen from Red Mt., Nevada
Co., Calif., collected by Chs. Von Geldern, July 3, 1911. In-
termediates such as the variety edwardsi (Horn) with the pro-
thorax margined with red and with yellow patches near the
base of the elytra, sometimes occur, but the usual intermediate
has entirely black elytra. An unusual phase is also represented
in my collection by a specimen from Meadow Valley, Plumas
Co., which is like the typical phase, except that the entire
apical half of the elytra is black.

Ludius carbo (LeConte)

The typical carbo of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, is of
a sooty black color, robust and quite convex. As it ranges
eastward towards Utah and south into California it becomes
flatter, and in the latter territory has the elytra somewhat
metallic. The variety lateralis (Lee.) with the sides of the
prothorax somewhat rufous is generally found with the typical
form. In the middle and southern Sierras of California, this
color phase becomes the dominant form only here it is much flat-
tened, not very convex as in the north, and with the elytra as
previouslv stated submetallic. This phase is sometimes very
hard to separate from the intermediate phase of cruciatus but
a proper attention to details will enable it to be done.

Ludius pruininus (Horn)

The typical form of this is almost equal in size to the nor-
mal form of the preceding and ranges from Utah west to the
middle Sierras of California. Farther north in the Great
Basin in eastern Oregon and Washington and the lava beds of
northeastern California, it becomes smaller, more depau-
perized, and a trifle less coarsely sculptured. This is the sub-
species noxius Hyslop, a form which has become well known
as a result of the injury which its larvae do to crops.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ERI DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 43 1

Ludius aereipennis (Kirby)

This is a wide ranging and common though very attractive
species. The typical form in eastern Canada and the adjacent
states to the south has the elytra very finely punctured and is
more apt to be of a bronze color. The subspecies tinctus
(Lee.) with the elytra more evidently punctured gradually
replaces that as one approaches the Pacific. In western British
Columbia and Washington it is large, with the elytra bril-
liantly metallic green or cupreous, but in the high southern
Cascades and Sierra Nevadas as well as in the Rocky Moun-
tains, it becomes smaller and generally of a deep violet bronze.
In Manitoba, Alberta, eastern British Columbia and the ad-
jacent states to the south, very small or depauperized forms
are commonly to be met with. These are often 9 mm. or less
in length and quite dull in appearance. In western Canada this
species is also rated as quite destructive.

Ludius suckleyi (LeConte)

This species is generally considered quite stable as it is
somewhat local, yet it has an all black phase found near
Olympia, Wash. This I am calling the subspecies olympiae
and designating one of my specimens as the holotype (No.
3189, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.). My specimens were received
from my very dear friend, the late Prof. O. B. Johnson of
the University of Washington.

Ludius leucaspis (Germar)

Extensive field work has been necessary in order to clear up
the status of this species. The typical all black specimens dwell
in eastern Washington and Oregon and extend across the
Great Basin to Utah. At higher elevations in the Wasatch
Mountains of Utah, a phase appears with a light subapical
elytral patch, and with the elvtral margins sometimes light.
In western British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, the
well known subspecies umbripennis (Lee.) appears. This has
vellow elvtra ornamented with black sutural and humeral

432 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

vittse, the former enlarged just back of the scutellum and the
latter dilated sub-basally as well as postmedially. Farther east
in the Cascades and northern Sierra Nevada Mountains, the
elytral markings change from vittae to transverse bars or
closely simulate the markings of typical cruciatus. The simu-
lation to the latter is also often heightened by their having the
sides of the prothorax also reddish. A good series of these
last show that they gradually grade on one hand into the
coastal umbripennis and on the other into the typical leucaspis.

Ludius conjungens (LeConte)

This species throughout the greater part of California and
most of its area of distribution is of the normal type, black or
piceous, of moderate size, 10-12 mm. in length, rather flat-
tened, the pronotum regularly though not closely punctured
and the elytral intervals between the rows of punctures smooth
and even. In the Sierra Nevada Mountains, variations appear.
In Placer Co., specimens with red legs may occur. Farther
south in Mariposa Co., the specimens become more convex as
well as more generally robust, the prothorax, generally the
head as well and often most of the underside of the body, a
bright red. This is the variety lecontei (Cand.). A similarly
colored specimen from Mt. Saint Helena in Sonoma Co., has
also been seen, but the more flattened form of this is that of
the typical conjungens. In the southern Sierras as in the
Sequoia National Park, the specimens retain their robust
form, are colored much as in the variety lecontei but have the
pronotum very closely, approximately, and coarsely punctured
and the elytra rugose as well as punctate. This extreme is the
subspecies obversus (Horn).

Ludius nigricollis (Bland)

This species which is rather uncommon, is most often con-
fused with the large western forms of propola because of its
somewhat similar color pattern. It is always more narrowed
both anteriorly and posteriorly, with the antennas longer and

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATER1DAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 433

the third antennal segment much shorter than the fourth, the
prothorax proportionally longer with the hind angles unicolor-
ous with the rest of the prothorax or only faintly lighter
apically. It is found from Marquette, Mich., to eastern
British Columbia, south into the northern Rocky Mountains
and along the east flank of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada
Mountains as far south as Bishop, California.

Ludius candezei Leng

This pretty little flattened species, black with yellow elytra,
having a large cordate black apical patch and densely pilose,
is very rare. The only specimens that I have seen were taken
near Lake Tahoe, California.

Ludius mirabilis (Fall)

This is a most attractive little species, somewhat suggesting
fallax but much smaller, blunter, the prothorax broad and
deeply sinuate before the sharp and very divergent hind
angles, and clothed with beautiful golden pile. The prothorax
is generally reddish brown though it may be quite black. It
ranges through the Sierra Nevada Mountains from the
Yosemite Valley to Sequoia National Park and in the south is
most often beaten from Fremontia calif ornica, in the brilliant
yellow flowers of which it sometimes feeds. It is never
common.

Ludius propola (LeConte)

On the Pacific Coast, this species is common and of fair
size, 12-14 mm. in length, but in the very high mountains and
in the eastern portion of its range we have depauperized forms
which average about 8 mm. in length. The color pattern of
the elytra also varies greatly even within the same territory.
Careful studies of the LeConte types have convinced me that
propola, furcifur, and nubilus are but slight color variations
of one species.

434 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Ludius triundulatus (Randall)

As stated by Fall in 1907, his tigrinus is but the large Pa-
cific Coast phase or subspecies of triundulatus. The variety
nebraskensis Bland is but a race in which the color pattern of
the elytra is almost obliterated. Among the numerous speci-
mens taken in the Rocky Mountain region we may occasion-
ally find a specimen which answers the description of this.

Ludius hoppingi Van Dyke, new species

Short, flattened, black, the elytra straw yellow, and moderately densely
clothed with short, fine, fulvous pile. Head slightly convex, finely, closely
punctured; antennae fine, slightly serrate, and about reaching hind angles of
prothorax, second segment small, third subcylindrical, about twice the length
of second and almost as long as fourth. Prothorax a bit longer than broad,
slightly convex, the sides sinuate in front of hind angles, thence arcuate to
apex, the hind angles short, broad, blunt at apex, without carinae but with
the outer margin much reflexed; the disk finely, closely punctured and with
vague median canaliculation posteriorly. Scutellum finely punctured. Elytra
slightly more than twice as long as prothorax and somewhat less than twice
as long as broad, the lateral margins broad, sides slightly arcuate at middle
and gradually arcuately narrowed to apex, the disk somewhat flattened, striae
finely impressed and finely, somewhat obscurely punctured, the intervals flat,
very finely punctured and rugose. Beneath finely, closely punctured, the
punctures of propleurae shallow and approximate. Length 9.5 mm., breadth
3 mm.

Holotypc: No. 3190, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and Paratypc in
my collection, from Revelstroke Mt., B. C, July 17, 1925, col-
lected by Mr. Ralph Hopping, and several paratypes in the
collection of Mr. Hopping. I also have another specimen col-
lected by myself in Paradise Valley, Mt. Rainier, Wash., July
1905, and have seen another collected by Mr. R. E. Barrett at
Lower Labarge, Yukon Terr., Canada, June 4, 1928.

This interesting little species superficially looks like a small
and narrow medianus. It, however, lacks the robustness of the
latter and the well marked carina? of the hind angles of pro-
thorax, the prothorax being far more suggestive of some of
the flatter phases of lobatus and its associates. Its legs are
black, yellowish in medianus, and the elytra more flattened and
with much finer striae.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATER1 DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 435

Ludius (Paranomus) granicollis Van Dyke, new species

In size and general appearance similar to small specimens of costalis (Payk.),
piceous with aeneous lustre, the basal segments of antennae, tibiae and tarsi,
epipleurae, and in females the elytra with a basal spot and lateral margin with
an approximate subhumcral spot and transverse subapical patch, testaceous.
Head convex and finely, closely punctured; antennae reaching well beyond hind
angles of prothorax, second segment about twice as long as broad and approxi-
mately three-fourths length of third. Prothorax transverse, hind angles acute
and slightly divergent, sides strongly sinuate in front of hind angles in male,
less so in female, arcuate at middle and gradually narrowed to apex, the disk
finely, closely and more or less regularly punctured over entire area. Elytra
about four times the length of prothorax, slightly arcuate at sides in males,
more broadly so in females, the disk with striae vaguely defined at center as
usual in subgenus Paranomus and finely, moderately closely punctured.
Beneath rather finely and sparsely punctured.

Holotype: Male, No. 3191 ; and Allotype: Female, No. 3192,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and six Paratypes collected by myself
in Paradise Valley, Mt. Rainier, Wash., July 14-31, 1905. I
have also taken it in the Yakima Indian Forest Reservation,
Mt. Adams, Wash., June 30 and July 1, 1925, and on Mt. Hood,
Oregon, June 25, 1925.

This species resembles estriatus (Lee.) as regards the small
male prothorax and antennae but differs from this as well as
from costalis ( Payk. ) by the much finer and closer punctation
of head and pronotum which gives them a granular appear-
ance.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ludius virens (Schrank) (Elater), Bed. Ges. Nat. Freunde, II, 1781, p. 317.
ceneicollis (Oliv.) (Elater), Jour. Hist. Natur., I, 1792, p. 264, t. 14, f. 3;

(Corymbites), Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 94.
castaneus (Scop.) (Elater), Ent. Cam., 1763, p. 93.
signatus (Panz.) (Elater), Fn. Germ., 1801, nr. 5, p. 77.
virescens (Gmel.) (Elater), in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, IV, 1789, p. 1906.
kendalli (Kirby) (Ctenicerus) , Faun. Bor. Am., IV, 1837, p. 149, pi. II,
fig. 7; Lee, (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, X, 1853 (n.
s.), p. 444, 33.
anchorago (Rand.) (Elater), Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., II, 1838, p. 5.
Ludius vernalis (Hentz) (Elater), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, 1827, p. 374,
t. 13, f. 2; Say, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI, 1836, p. 172; Germ.,
(Corymbites), Zeits. f. d. Ent., IV, 1843, p. 56; Lee, Tr. Am.
Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 444, Cand., Mon. Elat., 1863,
p. 101; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, p. 763, f. 290.

March 3. 1932

436 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Ludius sjaelandicus (Miller) (Elater), Fn. Fried., 1764, p. 21.

\\tessellatus (Fab.) {nee. Linn.) (Elater), Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 211; Cand.,

(Corymbites), Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 104.
nubilus (Schrank) (Elater), Bayersche Reise, 1786, p. 46.
viridis (Say) (Elater), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., I, 1825, p. 255.
cuprascens (Lee.) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 444.

Ludius cribrosus (Lee.) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., (n. s.) X, 1853,
p. 443, Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 107; Schenkling, in Junk's
Col. Cat., Pars. 88, 1927, p. 391.

subcanalicnlatus (Mots.) (Pristilophus), Bull. Mosc, XXXII, 1859, IV,
p. 375; Schwarz (Corymbites), in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., fasc.
46, 1907, p. 224.

maurus (Lee.) 9 (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., X, 1853, p. 444;
Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 182; Schenkling, in Junk's
Col. Cat., Pars. 88, 1927, p. 395.

Ludius cribrosus var. colossus (Lee.) 9 (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., X,
1853, p. 444; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 184; Schenkling,
in Junk's Col. Cat., Pars. 88, 1927, p. 394.

? Ludius cribrosus var. rufipes (Mots.) (Corymbites), Bull. Mosc, XXXII,
1859, p. 377.

Ludius signaticollis (Melsh.) (Diacanthus), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II,
1846, p. 216; Lee, (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X,
1853, p. 443; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 113; Blatchley,
Col. Ind., 1910, p. 764; Schenkling, in Junk's Col. Cat., Pars. 88,
1927, p. 392.

Ludius uliginosus n. sp.

Ludius obscurus (Lee) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.), X, 1853, p.
442; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 107; Schenkling, in Junk's
Col. Cat., Pars. 88, 1927, p. 392.

Ludius silvaticus n. sp.

Ludius protractus (Lee.) (Corymbites), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859,
p. 85; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 108; Schenkling, in Junk's
Col. Cat., Pars. 88, 1927, p. 392.

Ludius protractus var. jouteli (Dow) (Corymbites), Bull. Brookl. Ent. Soc,
VIII, 1913, p. 77; Leng, (Ludius), Cat. Col., 1920, p. 169;
Schenkling, in Junk's Col. Cat., Pars. 88, 1927, p. 392.

Ludius aplastoides n. sp.

Ludius anthrax (Lee.) (Corymbites), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 348;
Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 184; Schenkling, in Junk's Col.
Cat., Pars. 88, 1927, p. 394.

Ludius atlas, n. sp.

Ludius dolorosus n. sp.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDAi AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 437

Ludius fulvipes (Bland) (Corymbites), Tr. Ent. Soc. Phila., I, 1863, p. 354.

Ludius exilis Notman, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, XXVIII, 1920, p. 30-31.

Ludius pyrrhos (Hbst.) (Elater), Kafer, X, 1806, p. 30, t. 160, f. 11; Say, Tr.
Am. Phil. Soc, VI, 1836, p. 167; Lee, (Corymbites), Tr. Am.
Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 447; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863,
p. 108; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, pp. 764, 767.

aqualis Melsh. 9 (Athous), Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1846, p. 153.

pyrrhicus Hald. 9 (Athous), Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 1843, p. 303.

vagrans Melsh. (Athous), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1846, p. 153.

Ludius macer (Fall) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXVI, 1910, p. 133.

Ludius tenellus n. sp.

Ludius jaculus (Lee) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 447;
Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 106.

teres (Lee) 9 (Corymbites), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 392.
Ludius horni Schwarz, in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., fasc. 46, 1907, p. 316.

\\longicornis (Horn) (nee Boh.) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1870,
p. 79.

Ludius patricius n. sp.

Ludius linearis (Fall) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXVI, 1910, p. 132.

Ludius bivittatus (Melsh.) (Campylus), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1846,
p. 215; Lee, (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853,
p. 447; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 109; Blatchley, Col.
Ind., 1910, pp. 764, 767.

Ludius humboldti n. sp.

Ludius trunculentus (Cand.) (Corymbites), Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXIII,
1889, p. 50.

Ludius volitans Esch., in Thon. Ent. Arch., II, 1, 1829, p. 34; Mann., (Diacan-
thus), Bull. Mose, XVI, 1843, p. 261; Cand., (Corymbites),
Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 114.

Ludius volitans subsp. umbricola Esch., in Thon. Ent. Arch., II, 1, 1829, p. 34;
Mann., (Diacanthus), Bull. Mose, XVI, 1843, p. 242; Germ.
(Corymbites), Zeits. f. d. Ent., IV, 1843, p. 65; Cand., Mon.
Elat., IV, 1863, p. 115.

Ludius volitans subsp. spinosus (Lee) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.)
X, 1853, p. 447; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 121.

Ludius volitans subsp. vulneratus (Lee) (Corymbites), Smiths. Misc. Coll.,
VI, No. 167, 1863, p. 86.

Ludius rufipennis (Fall) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXVI, 1910,
p. 134.

438 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Ludius lobatus (Esch.) (Elater), Entomogr., 1822, p. 69; Mann., (Diacanthus),
Bull. Mosc, XVI, 1843, p. 243; Cand., (Corymbites), Mon.
Elat., IV, 1863, p. 116.

caricinus (Germ.) (Corymbites), Zeits. f. d. Ent., IV, 1843, p. 63.

rudis (Mots.) (Corymbites), Bull. Mosc., XXXII, 1859, IV, p. 376.

telum (Lee.) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 445.

Ludius lobatus subsp. tarsalis (Melsh.) (Athous), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
II, 1846, p. 157; Lee, (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.)
X, 1853, p. 445; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 120; Blatchley,
Col. Ind., 1910, pp. 763, 765.

Ludius lobatus subsp. pygmceus n. subsp.

Ludius lobatus subsp. moerens (Lee.) (Corymbites), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1866, p. 392.

Ludius lobatus var. xanthomus (Horn) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III,
1871, p. 319.

Ludius elongaticollis (Ham.) (Corymbites) , Can. Ent., XXV, 1893, p. 305.

Ludius tahoensis n. sp.

Ludius atropurpureus (Melsh.) (Corymbites), Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
II, 1846, p. 215; Lee, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 442;
Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 106.

Ludius limoniiformis (Horn) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 320.

Ludius opaculus (Lee) (Corymbites), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 392.
? serricornis (Mann.) (Diacanthus), Bull. Mosc, XVI, 1843, p. 241.

Ludius appressus (Rand.) (Elater), Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., II, 1838, p. 11;
Lee (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 446;
Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 114.

mirificus (Lee) (Corymbites), in Agassiz, Lake Superior, 1850, p. 228.

Ludius angusticollis (Mann.) (Diacanthus), Bull. Mosc, XVI, 1843, p. 241;
Cand., (Corymbites), Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 136.
spectabilis (Mann.) 9 (Corymbites), Bull. Mosc, XXV, 1852, p. 328.

Ludius angusticollis var. fraternus (Lee) (Corymbites), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
(4) IV, 1869, p. 379.

Ludius sagiticollis Esch., in Thon, Ent. Arch., II, 1, 1829, p. 34; Germ.,
(Pristolophus), Zeits. f. d. Ent., IV, 1843, p. 91; Mann., (Dia-
canthus), Bull. Mosc, XVI, 1843, p. 242; Cand., (Corymbites),
Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 135.

Ludius rainieri n. sp.

Ludius ochreipennis (Lee) (Corymbites), Smiths. Misc. Coll., VI, No. 167,
1863, p. 85.

Ludius trivittatus (Lee) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853,
p. 443.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ERI DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 439

Ludius shastensis n. sp.

Ludius insidiosus (Lee.) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853,
p. 448; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 122.

Ludius insidiosus var. lutescens Fall (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., XXXVI,
1910, p. 134.

Ludius blaisdelli n. sp.

Ludius falsificus (Lee.) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., (n. s.) X, 1853,
p. 448; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 122.

Ludius falsificus var. angularis (Lee.) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.)
X, 1853, p. 449; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 183.

Ludius mendax (Lee.) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 448;
Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 183.

Ludius monticola (Horn) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 319.

gracilis (Cand.) (Corymbites), Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXX, 1889, p. 51;
Horn, Ent. News, I, 1890, p. 54; Schwarz, in Wytsman,
Gen. Ins., fasc. 46, 1907, p. 225.

Ludius furtivus (Lee) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 442;
Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 112.

Ludius cylindriformis (Hbst.) (Elater), Kafer, X, 1806, p. 93, t. 155, f. 9;
Germ., (Corymbites), Zeits. f. d. Ent., IV, 1843, p. 64; Cand.,
Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 110; Packard, Guide Study Insects,
ed. 1870, p. 462; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, pp. 764, 765.

appressifrons <? (Say) (Elater), Ann. Lye Nat. Hist. N. Y., I, 1825,
p. 267; Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 1841; p. 49; Lee, (Corym-
bites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 442; Emmons,
(Ludius), Agr., N. Y., V, 1854, p. 88.

brevicomis (Say) 9 (Elater), Ann. Lye Nat. Hist. N. Y., I, 1825, p. 265.

parallelipipedus Germ., 9 Zeits. f. d. Ent., IV, 1843, p. 66.

submetallicus (Germ.) 9 (Diacanthus), Zeits. f. d. Ent., IV, 1843, p. 72.

Ludius resplendens Esch., in Thon. Ent. Arch., II, 1, 1929, p. 34; Mann.,

(Diacanthus), Bull. Mosc, XVI, p. 241; Germ., (Corymbites),

Zeits. f. d. Ent., IV, 1843, p. 60; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863,

p. 103; Heyne, Tachenb., Exot. Kafer, 1908, p. 162, t. 25, f. 46.

ararius (Rand.) (Elater), Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., II, 1838, p. 7; Lee,

(Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 441.
racinei (Chevr.) (Diacanthus), Rev. Mag. Zool., 1852, p. 578.
ab.junki (Schenk.) (Corymbites), Junk, Col. Cat., pars. 88, 1927, p. 392.

\\viridis (Germ.) (nee Say 1825) (Corymbites), Zeits. f. d. Ent., IV, 1843,
p. 61.

Ludius resplendens subsp. breweri (Horn) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc,
III, 1871, p. 321.

440 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Ludius appalachius n. sp.

Ludius weidti (Angell) (Corymbites) , Ent. News, III, 1892, p. 84.

Ludius copei (Horn) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 319;
Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, pp. 764, 765.

Ludius divaricatus (Lee.) d" (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., (n. s.) X, 1853,
p. 446; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 112.

crassus (Lee.) 9 (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 440;
Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 169; Blanchard, Ent. Amer.,
V, 1889, p. 140; Schwarz, in Wytsman Gen. Ins., fasc. 46,
1907, p. 222.

Ludius sulcicollis (Say) (Elater), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI, 1836, p. 168; Lee.
(Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 441; Cand.,
Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 133; Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, VII,
1878 (1879), Proc, p. XVI, Blatchely, Col. Ind., 1910, pp. 764,
768.

parallelus (Say) (Elater), Ann. Lye Nat. Hist. N. Y., I, 1825, p. 256.

Ludius rupestris (Germ.) (Corymbites), Zeits. f. d. Ent., IV, 1843, p. 66; Horn,
Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, VII, 1878 (1879), Proc, p. XVI.

Ludius rotundicollis (Say) (Elater), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1825, p. 259;
Lee, (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 440;
Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 168; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910,
pp. 764, 767.

sticticus (Germ.) (Diacanthus), Zeits. f. d. Ent. IV, 1843, p. 74; Lee,
(Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 441.

Ludius rotundicollis var. russicollis (Germ.) (Diacanthus), Zeits. f. d. Ent.,
IV, 1843, p. 74; Lee, (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.)
X, 1853, p. 444.

Ludius rotundicollis subsp. diversicolor Esch., in Thon, Ent. Arch., II, 1, 1829,
p. 34; Cand., (Corymbites), Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 180; Horn,
Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 323.

Ludius rotundicollis subsp. nigricans (Fall) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc,
XXXVI, 1910, p. 135.

Ludius nunenmacheri n. sp.

Ludius fusculus (Lee) (Corymbites), Smiths. Misc. Coll., VI, No. 140, 1863,
p. 48.

\\angustulus Mots., Bull. Mosc, XXXII, 1859, p. 373.

Ludius semivittatus (Say) (Elater), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ill, 1823,
p. 174; Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI, 1836, p. 168.

tristis (Cand.) (Corymbites), Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 172; Cat. Elat.,
1891, p. 173.

? oblongoguttatus (Mots.) (Prosternon) , Bull. Mosc, XXXII, 1859, p. 373.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELA1 ER1 DAI AXD RELATED COLEOPTERA 44 J

Ludius inflatus (Say) (Elater), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., I, 1825, p. 258;
Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI, 1836, p. 174; Germ., (Diacanthus) ,
Zeits. f. d. Ent., IV, 1843, p. 77; Lee. (Corymbites), Tr. Am.
Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 438; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863,
p. 163; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, pp. 764, 767.
glaucus (Germ.) (Diacanthus), Zeits. f. d. Ent., IV, 1843, p. 76; Cand.,
(Corymbites), Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 163; Leng, Cat.
Col., 1920, p. 170, note 1.
simillisinus Mots., (Hadromorphus), Bull. Mosc., XXXII, IV, 1859,
p. 374.

Ludius morulus Lee, (Corymbites), Smiths. Misc. Coll., VI, No. 167, 1863,
p. 85; Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 323.

Ludius morulus var. brunnipes (Bland) (Corymbites), Proc Ent. Soc. Phil.,
Ill, 1864, p. 67; Cand., Cat. Elat., 1891, p. 169.

Ludius cruciatus (Linn.) (Elater), Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, p. 404; Esch.,

(Ludius), in Thon, Ent. Arch., II, 1, 1829, p. 34, etc. Henshaw

(Corymbites), List. Col., p. 71; Leng, (Ludius), Cat. Col., 1920,

p. 170.

pulcher (Lee) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 440.

festivus (Lee) (Corymbites), Rep. Surv. R. R. Route Miss. toPac.XII,
3, 1857, p. 46; Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 323.

Ludius cruciatus var. edwardsi (Horn). (Corymbites), Trans. Am. Ent. Soc,
III, 1871, p. 324.

Ludius cruciatus subsp. ater n. subsp.

Ludius carbo (Lee) (Corymbites) , Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 439;
Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 165; Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc,
III, 1871, p. 323.

Ludius carbo var. lateralis (Lee) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X,
1853, p. 439; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 164; Horn, Tr. Am.
Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 323.

Ludius pruininus (Horn) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 320.
Wpruinosus (Schwarz) (Corymbites), in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., fasc. 46, 1907,

p. 226.
pruinosulus (Schwarz) (Corymbites), in Wytsman, Gen. Ins., fasc. 46,
1907, p. 316.

Ludius pruininus subsp. noxius (Hyslop) (Corymbites), Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
XXVII, 1914, p. 69; Contr. Bur. Ent., Bull. 156, U. S. Dept.
Agr., 1915, p. 12, fig. 4a; Walton, Farmers' Bull. 835, U. S.
Dept. Agr., 1917, p. 22, fig. 14a.

Ludius seripennis (Kirby) (Aphotistus), Fauna Bor. Am., IV, 1837, p. 150;
Germ., (Diacanthus), Zeits. f. d. Ent., IV, 1843, p. 82; Lee,
(Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 439; Cand.,
Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 157; Packard, Guide Study Ins., ed. 2,
1870, p. 462.
appro pinquans (Rand.) (Elater), Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., II, 1837, p. 5.

442 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Ludius seripennis subsp. tinctus (Lee.) (Corymbites) , Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1859, p. 85; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 158.

semimetallicus (Walk.) (Diacanthus), Nat. in Vane., II, 1866, p. 325;
Lee., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) VI, 1870, p. 401.

Ludius splendens (Ziegler) (Diacanthus), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II,
1844, p. 44; Lee, (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X,
1853, p. 439; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 158; Blatchley,
Col. Ind., 1910, pp. 764, 768.

Ludius suckleyi (Lee.) (Corymbites), Rept. Expl. R. R. Route Miss, to Pac,
XII, 3, 1857, p. 46; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 171.

Ludius suckleyi olympian n. subsp.

Ludius leucaspis (Germ.) (Diacanthus), Zeits. f. d. IV, 1843, p. 73; Cand.,
(Corymbites), Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 153.

Ludius leucaspis subsp. umbripennis (Lee.) (Corymbites), Rep. Surv. R. R.
Route Miss, to Pac, XII, 3, 1857, p. 46, Ins., p. 17; Cand.,
Mont. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 182.

gracilior (Lee.) (Corymbites), Smiths. Misc. Coll., VI, No. 140, 1863,
p. 49.

\\nubilipennis (Lee.) (Corymbites), Lee., Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X,
1853, p. 441; Rep. Surv. R. R. Route Miss, to Pac, XII,
3, 1857, p. 17.

Ludius aratus (Lee) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 438;
Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 161.

Ludius nigricornis (Panzer) (Elater), Fauna Germ., 61, 1799, no. 5; Cand.,
(Corymbites), Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 159, etc.
metallicus (Payk.) (Elater), Fauna Suec, III, 1800, p. 19; Cand., (Corym-
bites), Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 159, etc.
nitidulus (Lee.) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 438.

Ludius jethiops (Hbst.) (Elater), Kafer, X, 1806, p. 70, t. 164, f. 4; Germ.,
(Pristolophus), Zeits. f. d. Ent., IV, 1843, p. 86; Lee, (Corym-
bites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 443; Cand., Mon.
Elat., IV, 1863, p. 137; Heyne, Taschenb. Exot. Kafer, 1908,
p. 163, t. 25, f. 53; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, pp. 764, 766.

lavigatus (Hbst.) (Elater), Kafer, X, 1806, p. 45, t. 162, f. 1.

nigrans Cast., Hist. Nat. Ins. Col., I, 1840, p. 241.

Ludius conjungens (Lee) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853,
p. 440; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 165.

prases (Cand.) (Drasterius), Mem. Acad. Sci. Brux, XVII, 1864, p. 28;
Cand., (Corymbites), Cat. Elat., 1891, p. 173; Horn, Tr.
Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 321.

Ludius conjungens var. lecontei (Cand.) (Corymbites), Mem. Soc. Sci. Liege,
2d Ser., IX, 1881, p. 94.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 443

Ludius conjungens subsp. obversus (Horn) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc,

III, 1871, p. 322.

Ludius planulus (Lee.) (Corymbites), Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XVII, 1878, p. 460.

Ludius fallax (Say) (Elater), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., VI, 1836, p. 170; Lee, (Corym-
bites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 446; Cand., Mon.
Elat., IV, 1863, p. 152.
bombycinus (Germ.) (Diacanthus), Zeits. f. d. Ent., IV, 1843, p. 70.
semiluUns (Lee.) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 445;
Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 173; Cat. Elat., 1891, p. 171.

Ludius medianus (Germ.) (Diacanthus), Zeits. f. d. Ent., IV, 1843, p. 71;
Cand., (Corymbites), Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 145.
rubidipennis Lee, (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853,
p. 437; Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 146.

Ludius nigricollis (Bland) (Corymbites), Proc Ent. Soc Phil., Ill, 1764, p. 68;
Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, III, 1871, p. 322.

Ludius candezei Leng, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, XXVI, 1918, p. 205.

\\elegans (Cand.) (nee Kirby), Mem. Soc. Ent. Liege, (2) IX, 1881, p. 97.
Ludius mirabilis (Fall) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XVII, 1901, p. 306.

Ludius hamatus (Say) (Elater), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI, 1836, p. 172; Lee,
(Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 437; Cand.,
Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 173; Packard, Guide Study Ins., ed. 2,
1870, p. 462, f. 424; Blatchley, Col. Ind., 1910, pp. 764, 766.

Ludius hieroglyphicus (Say) (Elater), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, VI, p. 172; Lee,
(Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 437; Cand.,
Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 173.

Ludius propola (Lee) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 437;
Cand., Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 144.

Ludius propola var. furcifer (Lee) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.)
X, 1853, p. 438.

Ludius propola var. nubilus (Lee) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.)
X, 1853, p. 438.

Ludius exclamationis (Fall) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XXXVI, 1910,
p. 135.

Ludius triundulatus (Rand.) (Elater), Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., II, 1838, p. 12;
Lee, (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 437;
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) IV, 1869, p. 379; Cand., Mon. Elat.,

IV, 1863, p. 145; Packard, Guide Study Ins., ed. 2, 1870, p. 462.

Ludius triundulatus var. nebraskensis (Bland) (Corymbites), Proc. Ent. Soc.

Phila., I, 1863, p. 355.
Ludius triundulatus subsp. tigrinus (Fall) (Corymbites), Tr. Am. Ent. Soc,

XXVII, 1901, p. 306; Ent. News, XVIII, 1907, p. 176.

Ludius hoppingi n. sp.

444 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Subgenus Paranomus Kiesnw.

Ludius costalis (Payk.) (Elater), Fauna Suec, III, 1800, p. 37; Kiesnw.,
(Paranomus), Naturges. Ins. Deutsch., Col., IV, 1858, p. 303,
note 1; Cand., (Corymbites) , Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 177.
maculipennis (Lee.) (Eanus), Smiths. Misc. Coll., VI, No. 167, 1863,

p. 85.
pictus (Cand.) (Corymbites), Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 177.
vagus (Lee.) (Limonius), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 434.
decoratus (Mann.) (Diacanthus) , Bull. Mosc., XXVI, 1853, III, p. 229;
Cand., (Corymbites), Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 179.

Ludius estriatus (Lee.) (Limonius), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., (n. s.) X, 1853, p. 434;
Lee, (Eanus), Smiths. Misc. Coll., Ill, 1861, Classif. Col. N.
Am., p. 171; Cand., (Corymbites), Mon. Elat., IV, 1863, p. 178.

Ludius granicollis n. sp.

Genus Hemicrepidius Germar

This genus is exclusively American and with one exception
is limited to North America. It is generally placed close to
Ludius (Corymbites) on account of the incompletely mar-
gined clypeus yet it is more nearly allied to Athous as shown
by the long first tarsal segment and lobed second and third
segments. In several of the species the clypeus is also com-
pletely margined though not projected forwards as is usual in
Athous. In Dr. Horn's most excellent revision,27 considerable
emphasis is laid upon the fact that in certain species the pos-
terior part of the propleurse is quite smooth. Larger series
than Horn had access to have shown that this character is a
variable one and not always to be completely relied upon. The
clypeus and mesosternum are also somewhat variable within
the limits of a species.

Hemicrepidius tumescens (Lee.) was first taken on Santa
Cruz Island, off the coast of southern California. The speci-
mens more recently collected have been taken along the sea-
shore of Humboldt Co., Calif., and at Waldport and Cannon
Beach, Oregon, I found it in numbers under driftwood logs

27 Notes on the species of Asaphes of Boreal America, by George H. Horn, Tr.
Am. Ent. Soc., vol. VIII, 1880, pp. 69-75.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ERl DM AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 445

above the line of summer high tides. I have not seen speci-
mens collected from the seashore of middle California.
Asaphes hirtus Cand., a related though readily separated
species, is, however, fairly common at times in the sand dunes
south of San Francisco. The type of tumescens was a female.
The males are, as usual in the genus, much smaller, and gen-
erally much darker, quite piceous, resembling very much the
darker phases of decoloratus Say.

Hemicrepidius lecontei (Cand.) is a species founded upon
males. The females are quite different in appearance, resem-
bling somewhat the females of tumescens. For this reason, it
has at times been stated that lecontei was but the male of
tumescens. That is, however, incorrect. Hemicrepidius lecontei
(Cand.), is a distinct species, differing not only by having
shorter pile and of a more uniform length throughout, but by
having the prosternal mucro flexed and the mesosternal lobes
not prominent. The females are usually brown or piceous but
the males generally have each elytron ornamented with a
broad yellow vitta. This species is also a more inland one
being commonest in the Willamette Valley of Oregon and the
Puget Sound region of Washington.

Hemicrepidhis soccifer (Lee.) is also a species about which
there has been some confusion. It extends from New Mexico
into Arizona. I have seen large females from Mt. Lemon,
Santa Catalina Mts., Ariz., and a fair series of males from the
high Chiricahua Mts. of Ariz. When fully pigmented the
males are very dark brown or even piceous in color and look
not unlike more elongate specimens of the dark phase of de-
coloratus. Aside from the characters given by Horn, they
also have the front quite definitely sulcate and the clypeal
margin practically complete, thus closely simulating an Athous.

446 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Genus Melanactes LeConte

Melanactes agrypnoides, Van Dyke, new species

Large, robust, dull black, antennae and legs rufopiceous. Head broadly,
shallowly sulcate in front, rather coarsely, somewhat closely punctured; an-
tennae about reaching hind angles of prothorax, second segment small, slightly
longer than broad, third longer and apically dilated, fourth to tenth broadly
serrate, the fourth broader than long, the following gradually narrower, the
eleventh elongate and suddenly constricted before apex. Prothorax from apices
of hind angles to apex, longer than broad, sides evenly, rather broadly arcuate
from hind angles and narrowed toward apex, hind angles prominent, distinctly
divergent and blunt at apex, carinate, the carinae long and close to margin,
the marginal groove extending but slightly beyond the middle, the disk convex,
not flattened, rather coarsely, moderately closely punctured in front and at
sides, more finely at middle and behind, without evident median canaliculation
but with prominent prescutellar tubercle. Scutellum subquadrate, with mar-
gins well elevated and disk rather finely punctured. Elytra almost twice as
long as broad, sides slightly arcuate and gradually narrowed from anterior
third to apex, disk convex, the striae well impressed at base, elsewhere indicated
only by series of fine, moderately closely placed punctures, the intervals flat
except at base and very finely punctured, the humeri prominent, the ninth
interval very prominent, almost carinate at basal half and with deep groove
between it and margin. Beneath the presternum and metasternum coarsely
not closely punctured, the propleurae more finely and closely and elsewhere
very finely punctured. Length 28 mm., breadth 9 mm.

Holotype: No. 3193, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a unique in my
collection, collected at Nogales, Ariz., Aug. 14, 1906, by F. W.
Nunenmacher.

This fine species as its name indicates looks very much like
an Agrypnus and quite unlike any of the other species of
Melanactes. Aside from its peculiar facies and dull appear-
ance, the distinctive features are the markedly serrate antennae,
the rather small third segment, longer than fourth in other
species, prominent prescutellar tubercle, and subcarinate ninth
elytral interval.

Genus Agriotes Eschscholtz

This genus is well represented in western North America
and many of the species are quite variable as to color, dichro-
matism being common as it is with the eastern species stabilis,
fucosus, and to a lesser degree in pub esc ens. In ferruginei-

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ERI DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTEh'.l 447

pcnnis, the species is dichromatic in some localities, in others
polychromatic. A study of a very large series of this variable
species leads me to place it as but a western subspecies at most
of fucosus and with it I would also place brunneus Schfr.
There are no distinctive morphological characters to separate
them. Agriotes ncvadensis Lee, also appears in two distinc-
tive color phases, the typical rufous phase as well as a lark
piceous or black phase, the latter superficially very much re-
sembling hispidus Lee. A number of new species have also
been found in recent years which will now be described.

Agriotes cylindricus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, subcylindrical ; brown or reddish brown. Each elytron generally
with a broad testaceous vitta, the anterior margin of prothorax and hind angles,
basal segment of antennae and legs also testaceous; and sparsely clothed with
fine, short pile. Head coarsely, closely punctured; antennas reaching slightly
beyond hind angles of prothorax, second segment two and a half times as long
as broad, third much smaller, and each evidently shorter than fourth. Pro-
thorax somewhat less than one- fourth longer at middle than broad, spatulate,
very convex, sides broadly arcuate in front, sinuate posteriorly, hind angles
moderately prominent and hardly divergent, carina fine, slightly more than
one- third length of prothorax, feebly divergent from lateral margin, the lateral
margin very fine and generally interrupted at middle though often complete,
disk coarsely, deeply and rather closely punctured in front, gradually more
finely behind, rather definitely canaliculate at middle behind. Elytra about
two and a half times the length of the prothorax as well as its own breadth,
sides parallel in front, gradually narrowing and rounded towards apex, the disk
convex, striae distinct and rather coarsely, closely punctured, especially at
sides, the intervals flat and but little wider than the strial punctures, finely
punctured and transversely rugose. Beneath coarsely punctured in front,
gradually finer towards apex, the punctures of propleurae slightly finer and
better spaced than those of presternum , those of metasternum quite close, the
hind coxal plates narrow and very gradually dilated inwardly. Length 7 mm.,
breadth 2 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3194, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and nu-
merous designated Paratypes from a series of over forty speci-
mens collected near Camp Potwisha, Sequoia National Park,
Calif., during May and June, 1929.

This species belongs close to sparsus Lee. and is about of
the same length but narrower, more parallel, more convex,
with the prothorax proportionally longer and its discal punc-

448 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

tures coarser and somewhat closer, the strial punctures of the
elytra much coarser, more rounded, and the intervals nar-
rower. In sparsus, the punctures of the propleurae are close
together and of the prosternum rather sparse and widely
spaced.

Agriotes bivittatus Van Dyke, new species

Subcylindrical, short and obtuse at both extremities; opaque, black, each
elytron with a dull yellow vitta, three intervals wide, extending in an oblique
direction from humeral angle almost to apex, the tibiae and tarsi slightly
testaceous, and clothed with short golden pubescence. Head coarsely, closely
punctured; antennae short, not reaching apices of hind angles of prothorax,
second segment about three-fourths length of fourth, the third slightly shorter,
outer segments moderately serrate, the fourth segment the longest and broadest,
the following gradually narrower. Prothorax longer than broad, quite convex,
sides gradually convergent, almost straight from in front of hind angles until
near apex where slightly rounded, lateral margin sharply defined and complete,
hind angles not divergent, moderately long and with carina well marked and
divergent forwards from margin; the disk slightly flattened posteriorly and
with a moderate canaliculation which ends in a distinct basal tubercle, the
surface coarsely, deeply and densely punctured. Elytra about twice as long
as prothorax, widest at middle, gradually arcuately narrowed to blunt apices,
disk with striae finely impressed and rather finely, closely punctured, the inter-
vals flattened, very finely punctured and rugose, the surface presenting a
granular appearance. Beneath with the prosternum rather coarsely and mod-
erately closely punctured, the propleurae coarsely and shallowly punctured and
the abdomen rather finely punctured, the hind coxal plates somewhat suddenly
dilated within. Length 5.5 mm., breadth 1.75 mm.

Holotype: No. 3195, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and two Para-
types, one 5.5 and the other 6.5 mm. long, from Corvallis,
Oregon.

This very distinct little species would come in LeConte's
table after nevadensis Lee. and before apicalis Lee, to the lat-
ter of which it is no doubt somewhat related as shown by its
opaqueness and general features.

Agriotes criddlei Van Dyke, new species

Small, compact, rather blunt at both extremities, opaque, black, elytra
dark brown, legs somewhat testaceous, and clothed with short fulvous pile.
Head closely, coarsely punctured; antennae barely reaching apices of hind angles
of prothorax, second and third segments of about equal length and each a bit

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERWJE AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 449

more than three-fourths the length of fourth, the intermediate segments dis-
tinctly serrate, the sixth the broadest. Prothorax longer than broad, sides
straight, just perceptibly converging forwards and rounded at apex; hind
angles well marked, not divergent and with distinct carina which diverges
markedly from margin forwards, lateral margin sharply denned and complete,
disk coarsely, umbilicately and rather closely punctured, canaliculate pos-
teriorly at middle, and with slight tubercle in front of scutellum. Elytra
slightly more than twice as long as broad, with sides almost parallel in front,
gradually arcuately narrowed posteriorly to apices, disk with striae finely
impressed, the striae finely, closely punctured, coarser near base, the intervals
flattened, minutely punctured, finely rugose and granular. Presternum
coarsely, deeply but not closely punctured, the propleurae coarsely and shal-
lowly punctured and the abdomen rather finely punctured, the hind coxal
plates rather suddenly dilated within. Length 4.5 mm., breadth 1.25 mm.

Holotype: No. 3196, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and two Para-
types in my collection, taken near Aweme, Manitoba, Canada,
June 10, 1909, by Mr. Norman Griddle, and by him kindly pre-
sented to me. Three other specimens are in my collection, two
collected at Medicine Hat, Alberta, May 3, 1924, by Mr. F. S.
Carr, and one from the Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming,
June 21, 1930, collected by myself. This species is named after
Mr. Criddle as a mark of regard for numerous favors received.

This, the smallest species in our fauna, bears considerable
resemblance to bivittatus and is without doubt closely related
to it. It should follow that in our lists. Neither are closely re-
lated to montanus Lee, the general facies, opaqueness and
variolate type of pronotal punctures distinctly separating them.

Agriotes porosus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, subcylindrical ; black, antennae and legs somewhat piceous. Head
coarsely, closely punctured; antennae reaching slightly beyond hind angles of
prothorax, second and third segments about equal in length and each three-
fourths length of fourth. Prothorax slightly longer than broad, very convex,
sides parallel behind, broadly rounded and convergent in front, hind angles
moderately prominent, not divergent, the carina distinct, slightly divergent
from sides anteriorly and somewhat more than one-fourth length of prothorax,
lateral margin complete and sharply defined, disk with vague canaliculation
at middle, posteriorly coarsely, deeply and closely punctured. Elytra slightly
more than twice as long as prothorax, parallel in front, gradually arcuately
narrowing from middle to apex, the striae fine, rather closely, coarsely punc-
tured in front, more finely posteriorly, intervals flat, finely punctured and

450 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

slightly transversely rugose, especially towards base. Beneath rather coarsely,
closely punctured on presternum, more finely and closely on propleurae, giving
granular appearance, and very finely and closely on both metasternum and
ventral segments. Length 8 mm., breadth 2 mm.

Holotype: No. 3197, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a unique col-
lected by myself in the Black Mountains of North Carolina,
during June, 1902.

This species is of about the same size as avulsus Lee. but
the latter is shining, has the second and third antennal seg-
ments almost equal in length to the fourth, the prothorax
quite narrowed in front, with diverging hind angles and disk
not closely punctured, as well as having distinctly red antennae
and legs. From the two Pacific Coast species with which it
might be confused, it can be separated as follows : Agriotes
hispidus Lee. has longer and more erect pile, pronotal punc-
tures less coarse, the lateral margin often incomplete, the pro-
sternal punctures finer and the legs generally more reddish ; and
the black phase of nevadensis Lee. has the second and third
antennal segments shorter, the prothorax more flattened, more
narrowed in front and more finely and sparsely punctured, as
is also the prosternum. According to the LeConte table28 it
would be placed next to nevadensis Lee.

Agriotes blaisdelli Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, subdepressed, testaceous, clothed with short pubescence. Head
coarsely, shallowly punctured, antennae long and filiform, reaching at least
three segments beyond hind angles of prothorax, second segment about twice
as long as broad, third one-half longer, fourth one-third longer than third,
the following gradually shorter. Prothorax perceptibly longer than broad,
sides sinuate in front of hind angles, evenly arcuate in front, broadest at middle
and narrowest at apex, hind angles acute, slightly divergent, carinate, disk
slightly convex, coarsely, shallowly and moderately closely punctured, and
with an evident yet not distinct canaliculation at middle. Elytra over three
times as long as prothorax, sides slightly arcuate, apex subacute, disk mod-
erately convex, striae very fine, often obscure, and finely punctured, intervals
minutely punctured and finely granulose. Prothorax punctured beneath in
same manner as above. Abdomen finely punctured, the hind coxal plates mod-
erately dilated inwardly and with hind margin of expanded portion truncate
posteriorly. Length 4.5 mm., breadth 1.25 mm.

28 Tr. Am. Entom. Soc, XII, 1884, p. 16.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERID& AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 45 J

Holotype: No. 3198, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and several
designated Paratypes from a series of fifteen specimens col-
lected at Shasta Retreat, Siskiyou Co., Calif., alt. 2416 ft., July
3, 1905, by Dr. F. E. Blaisdell. A large series in the possession
of Dr. Blaisdell has also been examined, besides a single indi-
vidual collected by myself at Bubbs Creek, Kings River re-
gion, Fresno Co., Calif., alt. 9700 ft., July 7, 1910, and three
specimens from Santa Cruz Co., Calif., June, 1896, collected by
Mr. F. W. Nunenmacher.

This small and entirely testaceous species could not possibly
be confused with any of the various phases of Dolopius
lateralis Esch. nor with any of the species of Agriotes. Its
somewhat flattened appearance would lead one to place it in
Dolopius but the lateral margin of the prothorax is clearly
that of Agriotes and not the other. This character is, how-
ever, a very weak one and as it is the only one that separates
the two genera, they may some day have to be united.

Betarmon bigeminatus Randall

In the eastern part of our country this species appears to be
quite stable as to size and coloration but from the Rocky
Mountains west to Vancouver Island, there appears a race
which is distinctly larger, fully 1 mm. longer than the average
eastern individual, more shining, and occasionally with the
yellow markings of the elytra running together so that the
elytra are almost entirely yellow as is the case with two speci-
mens which I have examined from Nanaimo, British Colum-
bia. I have specimens of this large race from near Longs
Peak, Colorado, the southern part of Yellowstone Park, and
from two places on Vancouver Island. Betarmon calif ornicus
Schfr. is even more variable as to color, the elytra varying
from entirely black, through the usual phase with suture and
apices black, to others where they are entirely yellow. The
head always remains black but the pronotum though usually
yellow or orange may have a black discal patch or vitta.

March 3, 1932

452 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Genus Sericus Eschscholtz

Sericus rugosus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, narrowed in front and behind, subopaque, reddish brown to dark
brown, sparsely clothed with short, fine pile, somewhat denser beneath. Head
rather coarsely, densely, umbilicately punctured, mouthparts conspicuously
prognathous, labrum large and transverse; antennae extending a segment and
a half beyond hind angles of prothorax in male, just reaching the same in
female, second and third segments small, about equal in length and a little
longer than broad, together equal to fourth segment in male, the third a little
longer than second in female and together longer than fourth, fourth to tenth
distinctly serrate. Prothorax including hind angles a third longer than broad,
distinctly narrowed in front, hind angles long and acute, finely carinate, sides
barely arcuate in male, distinctly so in female, disk convex, coarsely, densely,
and umbilicately punctured, faintly canaliculate at middle behind. Scutellum
elongate, slightly convex and densely punctured. Elytra two and a half times
as long as prothorax, gradually narrowed from behind humeri in male, from
about middle in female, disk convex, striae fine and finely, closely punctured,
intervals flat, finely, irregularly punctured and finely, transversely rugose.
Beneath coarsely, not closely punctured on prosternum, densely and shallowly
on propleurae, finely and very densely on metasternum, and finely, more
sparsely on basal segments of abdomen. Length 9-10 mm., breadth 2 mm.
in male to 2.5 mm. in female.

Holotype: No. 3199; and Allotype: No. 3200, Mus. Calif.
Acad. Sci., and several designated Paratypes in my collection,
the first collected by myself in the Yosemite Valley, June 7,
1921, the second collected in Eldorado Co., Calif., June 11,
1906, by Mr. F. W. Nunenmacher. Among the other nine
specimens are representatives from Siskiyou, Shasta, Trinity
and Mariposa counties.

This very distinct and somewhat opaque species is perhaps
most closely related to incongruus Lee. but differs by being
proportionately longer and narrower, more coarsely punctured,
with finer carinae on hind angles of prothorax, and of a more
uniform color. It superficially resembles some of the smaller
specimens of Agriotes ferrugineipennis Lee.

Subfamily Plastocerinae

The members of this group are entitled to subfamily rank
but no more. As stated by LeConte they grade gradually into
the true Elateridae. The gap between Eniconyx, of the former.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATERl DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 453

and Apt opus of the latter is but slight. It is characteristic of
our southwest though not limited to that region, for certain
members are to be found in Mexico and South America and
even in the Old World. The genus Euplastius established in
1903 by O. Schwarz, I am inclined to believe will some day be
found not to belong to our fauna. It seems strange that two
species of a genus, one supposedly collected in California, the
other in Alabama, should find their way into the hands of a
European institution, while none of the many excellent col-
lectors who have worked in both California and Alabama
should run across either. Horn29 in 1881, described and
figured females of a number of our species in the genera
Euthysanius and Aplastics, showing that they were not only
wingless but with elytra greatly reduced and abdomens much
enlarged especially in Euthysanius. He believed that in Plas-
tocerus the female was like the male in all regards except in
having the antennal appendages shorter. What he figured as
Plastocerus f rater Lee, he stated was "undoubtedly a female."
Five specimens in my collection which agree with this in every
regard are shown by an examination of the genitalia to be
males. I also have a true female which is more extreme in its
degree of degeneration than is any female Euthysanius. The
elytra are reduced to mere transverse pads, about two-thirds
the length of the pro thorax, and the eight-segmented abdomen
is over three and a half times as long as the entire forebody
(head, pro-, meso- and metathorax). The species are all so
unstable and variable as to outline and sculpturing that one
needs to have many specimens in order to make determinations
at all certain.

Fall,30 Schaeffer31 and Tanner32 have added to the number
of species originally made known by LeConte and Horn. In
my collection are also a number of new species. These I will
now describe.

■ Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, IX, 1881, pp. 76-81, pi. 1 & 2.
80 Psyche, 35, 1928, pp. 139-146.
« Journal N. Y. Ent. Soc, 24, 1916, p. 266.
"Pan-Pacific Ent., 2, 1926, pp. 188-190.

454 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Genus Euthysanius LeConte

Synoptic Table for Males

1. Pronotum coarsely, more or less densely punctured 2

Pronotum finely, somewhat sparsely punctured 3

2. Large, 18-25 mm. in length, robust, reddish brown; terminal seg-

ment of antennae decidedly shorter than appendage of elev-
enth segment; pronotum coarsely, closely punctured at
sides, more finely and less closely at middle, the disk shining,
sides rounded in front but distinctly divergent posteriorly.
Southern Calif lautus Lee.

Smaller, 16 mm. in length, subcylindrical, rufotestaceous; ter-
minal segment of antennae about as long as appendage of
eleventh segment; pronotum, coarsely and cribrately punc-
tured over entire surface, the disk subopaque, sides slightly
arcuate in front and gradually divergent posteriorly. Mts.
of Tulare Co., Calif cribricollis n. sp.

3. More or less rufotestaceous in color 4

Dark brown or piceous in color, 18 mm. in length, rather robust;
last antennal segment not quite as long as appendage of
eleventh segment; prothorax broader than long, disk dis-
tinctly though variably punctured, sides slightly arcuate in
front, thence slightly divergent to widely diverging hind
angles. San Mateo Co., Calif piceus n. sp.

4. Moderately large and rather robust species, 17-19 mm. in length,

rufotestaceous; last antennal segment almost as long as
appendages of eleventh 5

Narrower and more graceful or smaller species, rufotestaceous . . 6

5. Prothorax longer than broad, trapezoidal; rufopiceous; elytra

elongate, distinctly narrowed behind and with striae barely
impressed except towards sides and apex; length 17 mm.
Owens Valley, Calif horni Fall

Prothorax fully as broad as long; rufocastaneous; elytra but little
narrowed behind and with striae deeply impressed; length
17-19 mm. Western foothills of the Sierra, Calif pretiosus Lee.

6. Species with large eyes, hemispherical; last segment of antennae

about as long as appendage of eleventh; prothorax longer
than broad, sides almost straight and diverging posteriorly;
elytra distinctly narrowed posteriorly; 17-18 mm. long. ... 7

Species with eyes much reduced in size; last segment of antennas
very distinctly shorter than appendage of eleventh; pro-
thorax about as wide as long, subcampanulate; elytra with
sides parallel in basal two-thirds, striae feebly impressed;
length 15.5 mm. White Mts., Gila Co., Ariz imparoculatus Fall

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— EL AT ERI DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 455

7. Upper surface clothed with an evident sparse, fine pile giving it a
dull appearance; prothorax about as long at middle as broad,
disk very finely punctured; the sides straight and slightly
diverging posteriorly to base of hind angles which are rather
long, narrow and abruptly divergent; the elytra with striae
shallowly impressed and vaguely punctured; length 18 mm.
Zion Nat. Pk. and St. George, Utah blaisdelli Tanner

Euthysanius cribricollis Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, subparallel, rufo testaceous, subopaque, conspicuously clothed
with a fine, short, suberect fulvous pile. Head triangularly impressed in front,
coarsely, cribrately punctured, and conspicuously clothed with fulvous pile;
eyes prominent, hemispherical; antennae about reaching hind angles of pro-
thorax, outer segments pectinate as usual but with appendages rather short,
about three times length of segments, the last segment distinctly shorter and
more robust than appendage of eleventh segment. Prothorax subcampanulate,
distinctly longer at middle than broad, the front margin conspicuously lobed;
sides arcuate, gradually divergent, the hind angles prominent, robust, subacute
at apex, divergent from sides and carinate; disk very convex, coarsely, closely,
umbilicately and cribrately punctured over entire surface, median impression
shallow but distinct and complete. Scutellum elongate, concave, finely punc-
tured and evenly rounded posteriorly. Elytra almost three times as long as
broad, sides gradually narrowing posteriorly, convex, the striae well impressed
and rather coarsely, closely punctured, the intervals convex and finely, irregu-
larly punctured. Beneath, propleurae coarsely, rather closely punctured, pro-
sternum less coarsely punctured and carinate at middle, afterbody more finely
punctured, hind tibiae emarginate on anterior margin. Length 18 mm., breadth
4.5 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3201, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and thir-
teen Paratypes collected near Kaweah, Tulare Co., Calif., July
15, 1930, by Mr. Roy S. Wagner. The holotype and a couple
of paratypes are in the collection of the California Academy of
Sciences through the courtesy of Mr. Wagner, the remainder
in Mr. Wagner's collection. Another specimen collected at
Three Rivers, near the Sequoia National Park, is in my col-
lection.

The coarse and cribrate prothoracic punctation and rather
short appendages should readily distinguish this species from
its fellows.

456 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Euthysanius piceus Van Dyke, new species

Robust, subparallel, piceous, the antennae, legs, metasternum and abdomen
somewhat rufous, body slightly shining though sparsely clothed with a short,
fulvous pile. Head broadly, somewhat triangularly impressed in front and
rather coarsely and closely punctured; eyes only moderately prominent, not
hemispherical, the interocular area greater than their common breadth; an-
tenna; almost reaching hind angles of prothorax, the appendages of median
segments more than three times the length of the segments, the last segment
slightly shorter than the appendage of the eleventh. Prothorax broader than
long at middle; front margin slightly lobed; sides somewhat arcuate though
often straight and slightly divergent to hind angles which are short, robust,
obliquely truncate at apex, carinate and divergent from the side margin; disk
somewhat convex, moderately not closely and irregularly punctured, median
impression not generally present (well defined in one specimen). Scutellum
elongate, flattened, longitudinally carinate at middle, punctured and with
apical notch. Elytra somewhat more than two and a half times as long as
broad, sides very slightly narrowing posteriorly, convex, the striae sometimes
finely but generally well impressed and somewhat coarsely and closely punc-
tured, the intervals flat or convex, finely, irregularly punctured and rugulose.
Beneath, propleura2 punctured in front and at sides, smooth and shining behind,
presternum sparsely punctured and carinate at middle, the afterbody finely
and sparsely punctured, except at apex of last segment where rather close, the
hind tibiae straight and without emarginations. Length 18 mm., width 5 mm.

Female, similar to specimen figured as No. 5, Plate 1, by
Horn.33 The "Coast region of Cal. south of San Francisco"
is the territory where this species lives. E. pretiosus Lee. is
always found in the interior and never near the coast. My
female was taken at Burlingame, June 19, 1909. It is some-
what rufopiceous, the terminal segments of the antennae miss-
ing, otherwise in perfect agreement with the description given
by Horn for the female of pretiosus, its description therefore
need not be repeated.

The males of this species might be taken for darker phases
of E. pretiosus Lee. They are, however, somewhat shorter
and stockier, have less prominent eyes (almost hemispherical
in pretiosus) , the distance between the eyes greater, the an-
tennal appendages much shorter and the terminal segment
shorter than the appendage of the eleventh, about equal in the
others, generally more robust prothorax, with sides more
arcuate and hind angles shorter and more suddenly divergent,

%—

S3Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, IX, 1881, p. 81, Plate 1, fig. 5.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDAi AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 457

the scutellum also with a well defined carina in most of my

specimens.

Holotypc: Male, No. 3202, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and nine
male Paratypes in my collection, taken at Burlingame, San
Mateo Co., Calif., July 17, 1909, by Mr. H. Kusche.

Euthysanius pretiosus LeConte, Female

I have a specimen of what is probably this species. It dif-
fers from the female of piceus primarily in having a longer
abdomen, approaching in this regard the females of lautus, in
having the sides of the pronotum more arcuate, and the hind
angles shorter, more robust and not divergent. In my two
female specimens of E. lautus Lee, one has the hind angles
divergent as in the specimen figured by Horn (PI. I, fig. 3)
but not to such a degree, the other has them much as in my
specimen of pretiosus, not divergent. In these degenerate
females, variations occur to such a degree that one cannot de-
termine the species by characters alone. The same thing applies
to the females of Pleocoma.

Euthysanius blaisdelli Tanner

Specimens collected at St. George, Utah, by Mr. Warren
Knaus have the prothorax somewhat more narrowed in front
and the sides less arcuate than are those from the type locality,
Zion National Park.

Genus Plastocerus LeConte

Though all the species are variable as regards the shape of
the prothorax, general sculpturing, and even the presence or
absence of a prosternal carina, there is a certain sum of charac-
ters which will readily enable the species to be separated
especially if one has a series of specimens. As indicated
previously. I consider all winged individuals as males, there-

458 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

fore differ from Horn as to the status of the three which he
discussed. Plastocerus frater Lee. I consider a well defined
species because of the short antennal appendages. All speci-
mens that I have seen come from near Los Angeles. Plasto-
cerus schaumi Lee. is the most variable of all the species and
is the most widely distributed, extending from San Diego and
Imperial to Kern Co. Plastocerus macer Lee, should for the
present, because of its shorter and less divergent hind pro-
thoracic angles and more pronounced pronotal punctation, be
kept separate from the preceding though it may later on be
proven to be but a variety of it as stated by Horn. Plastocerus
megalops Fall and granti Schfr. are of course good species and
the one which I am describing is equally distinct.

Table for Separation of Males

1. Appendages of outer segments of antennae three to four times

length of segment 2

Appendages of outer segments of antennae less than three times

length of segment, pronotum coarsely and densely punctured 6

2. Hind angles of pro thorax strongly divergent and carinate 3

Hind angles hardly divergent, feebly carinate 5

3. Eyes less prominent, not quite hemispherical, elytra somewhat

shining 4

Eyes very prominent, hemispherical, elytra finely rugulose and

dull; Claremont, Calif megalops Fall

4. Sides of prothorax arcuate in front at most, pronotum rather

finely not deeply punctured ; southern Calif schaumi Lee.

Sides of prothorax suddenly expanded in front into wing-like
processes, pronotum coarsely, somewhat cribrately punc-
tured; Coalinga, Calif amplicollis n. sp.

5. Sides of prothorax feebly arcuate in front, pronotum densely

punctured ; southern Calif macer Horn

6. Hind angles of prothorax carinate, presternum not carinate,

length 10-11 mm.; southern Calif frater Lee.

Hind angles of prothorax non-carinate, presternum carinate at

middle, length 9 mm.; southwest Texas granti Schfr.

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDM AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 459

Plastocerus amplicollis Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, subparallel, rufotestaceous, underside and legs lighter, and
sparsely clothed with a rather coarse fulvous pile. Head very coarsely and
densely punctured, broadly, shallowly sulcate in front; eyes almost hemi-
spherical, the width of pair not quite equalling the interocular diameter; an-
tennae about reaching base of hind angles of prothorax, the appendages of the
median segments almost four times the length of the segments, and the eleventh
segment about equal in length to the appendage of the tenth but more robust.
Prothorax broader than long, front margin distinctly lobed; the sides broadly
and rather abruptly expanded in front into wing-like processes, thence deeply
emarginate posteriorly to the long, narrow and divergent hind angles; disk
coarsely, closely, and somewhat cribrately punctured, the median impression
well marked. Elytra three times as long as broad, slightly narrowed towards
apex, striae finely yet distinctly impressed and somewhat regularly punctured,
the intervals slightly convex behind. Beneath: Prosternum rather coarsely
and sparsely punctured, with prominent carina at center, the propleurae more
shallowly punctured, elsewhere very finely punctured, the hind tibiae shallowly
emarginate on anterior margin. Length 12 mm., breadth 3 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3203, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and one
Paratype, the first collected on the Los Gatos Divide of the Mt.
Diablo Range northwest of Coalinga, Fresno Co., Calif., June
6-8, 1907, the second from near Coalinga, Calif., June 9, 1907,
by Prof. J. C. Bradley and kindly presented to me many years
ago.

The prothorax with its wing-like expansions and coarsely
punctured disk will enable this species to be easily recognized.

Genus Aplastus LeConte
Key for Separation of Males34

1. Third segment of antennae long, almost equalling fourth in length

and breadth; the antennae as a whole slender, feebly serrate,
the basal three segments only pilose; sides of prothorax
parallel, not margined, hind angles strongly divergent;
length 15 mm. San Diego, Calif angusticollis Horn

Third segment of antennae short, never approaching fourth in

length, outer segments with short erect hair 2

2. Sides of prothorax without well defined margin or with but a

short one near hind angles (a narrow smooth line or even a

narrow groove may, however, exist laterally) 3

Sides of prothorax with well defined margin, at least in basal area. 7

M Modified from that given by Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, 9, 1881, p. 77.

450 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sf.r.

3. Antennae delicate yet strongly serrate, the segments narrow at

base, rather suddenly dilating towards apex, segments 2-3
small, the third but little larger at most than second, together
slightly longer than half the fourth 4

Antennae more robust and strongly serrate, the outer segments
more triangular, gradually dilating from base to apex, third
segment more than twice as long as second, the two together
nearly as long as fourth ; length 15 mm. Southern Calif . . speratus Lee.

4. Elytra scarcely striate; eyes not prominent, pro thorax slightly

broader than long, sides straight and slightly diverging back-
wards to somewhat more divergent and acute hind angles,
the disk rather sparsely and finely punctured; color piceous
or rufopiceous; length 11-12 mm. Mojave Desert and adja-
cent arid territory to Nevada tenuiformis Horn

Elytra finely though definitely striate, at least near suture 5

5. Prothorax about as broad as long, the disk coarsely or moderately

coarsely punctured 6

Prothorax distinctly longer than broad, sides straight and barely
divergent backwards to distinctly divergent and acute hind
angles, the disk sparsely and finely punctured; eyes not
prominent, color rufopiceous; length 13-14 mm. Salt Lake
Valley, Utah cylindricus n. sp.

6. Eyes not prominent, median segments of antenna very slightly

dilating to middle then more suddenly to apex, pronotum
rather coarsely and closely punctured, elytral striae finely
and sharply impressed, color rufopiceous; length 12 mm.
Pasadena and Mojave Desert, Calif corymbitoides Horn

Eyes moderately prominent, almost hemispherical, median seg-
ments of antennae subcylindrical basally, the apical expan-
sion appearing almost as an appendage, pronotum moder-
ately finely and closely punctured, elytral striae finely but
not sharply impressed, color ruf otestaceous ; length 13 mm.
Northern Ariz arizonicus n. sp.

7. Rufous or reddish brown; third antennal segment always dis-

tinctly larger than second, intermediate antennal segments
strongly serrate, the segments more or less triangular; elytral
striae well impressed 8

Brown or piceous; third antennal segment but little if at all
larger than second segment; elytral striae finely or feebly
impressed 11

8. Rufous or reddish brown species, pubescence more or less fine

and inconspicuous 9

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE—ELATERIDAi AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 45^

Robust, piccous species, pubescence rather long, coarse and more
or less conspicuous; third antennal segment considerably
larger than second and triangular; prothorax with sides
almost parallel and abruptly divergent hind angles; length
13 mm. Merced Co., Calif piloaus n. sp.

9. Rather robust and moderately long species, about four times as
long as broad; prothorax generally distinctly longer at
middle than broad 10

Narrow and very elongated species, considerably more than four
times as long as broad ; prothorax slightly broader than long
at middle; outer segments of antennae about twice as long
as broad; length 14.5-17 mm. Tulare, Fresno and Inyo
Cos., Calif productus Fall

10. Intermediate segments of antennae strongly produced at apex;

length 16 mm. Sierra Nevada Mts. from near Oroville to

Tulare Co piceicollis Fall

Intermediate segments of antennae quite triangular, hardly if at
all produced at apex; length 14-16 mm. San Francisco Bay
counties, Calif optatus Lee.

11. Elytral striae fine but distinct, intervals very finely punctate and

scabrous; eyes feebly prominent; length 12-13 mm. San
Francisco Bay counties, Calif molestus Horn

Elytral striae feeble, somewhat obsolete, intervals densely scab-
rous punctate; length 16 mm. Camp Nelson, Tulare Co.,
Calif scabripennis Fall

Aplastus cylindricus Van Dyke, new species

Narrow, elongate, piceous, legs and antennae rufopiceous, rather sparsely
clothed with short, gray pile. Head channeled between the eyes, coarsely,
rather densely punctured ; eyes not prominent ; antennae long, seventh segment
reaching hind angles of prothorax, second and third segments small, transverse,
together about two-thirds length of fourth, segments 4-10 distinctly serrate,
each segment narrow and subcylindrical at basal half or two-thirds, then
suddenly expanded with free angle prolonged at apex. Prothorax over two
and one-half times as long at middle as broad, subcylindrical in front, the sides
straight and parallel, hind angles acute and strongly divergent, lateral margin
absent though a slight longitudinal lateral impression is evident, disk finely,
rather sparsely punctured, median canaliculation fine and vague. Elytra
almost three times as long as broad, sides almost straight and gradually nar-
rowing from humeri backwards, the disk with striae evident and fine near
suture, elsewhere somewhat vague, the intervals flattened, finely punctured
and finely scabrous. Beneath, presternum carinate at middle, sulcate between

462 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

coxae and rather coarsely punctured, propleurae more finely punctured, the
afterbody rather finely and sparsely punctured. Length 12 mm., breadth
3 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3204, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and sev-
eral designated Paratypes from a series of forty specimens col-
lected by the late Mr. Tom Spalding at Eureka and neighbor-
ing regions of Utah, during the month of June of various years
from 1912-1924.

This species is closely related to tenuiformis and looks like
it. It differs from that primarily in having a longer and more
cylindrical prothorax, and in having the median antennal seg-
ments with the apical dilation more suddenly expanded and
appendix like, the segments in tenuiformis being quite tri-
angular.

Aplastus arizonicus Van Dyke, new species

Narrow, elongate, rufotestaceous, legs lighter, sparsely clothed with short
fulvous pile. Head coarsely, closely punctured, broadly, shallowly sulcate in
front; eyes moderately prominent; antennae long, middle of eighth segment
reaching apex of hind angles of prothorax, second and third segments small,
the latter the larger, together about two-thirds length of fourth, segments 4-10
serrate, each segment narrow and subcylindrical in basal half, thence gradually
dilating towards apex with the free angle produced in the form of an appendage.
Prothorax about as broad as long at middle, sides almost straight and slightly
diverging from apex to base of hind angles which are acute and divergent,
lateral margin evident near hind angles, disk moderately coarsely and sparsely
punctured, the median canaliculation distinct and complete. Elytra about
three times as long as broad, sides almost straight and gradually narrowing
towards apex, the disk with striae evident though poorly defined, and finely
punctured, the intervals flattened, finely punctured and scabrous. Beneath,
the presternum carinate at middle, sulcate between coxae and coarsely, closely
punctured, propleurae more finely punctured and somewhat shining, the after-
body rather finely sparsely punctured. Length 13 mm., breadth 3.5 mm.

Holotype: Male, No. 3205, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and two
Paratypes, the first and one of the paratypes from near Pres-
cott, Ariz., June 1910, collected by Mr. J. August Kusche, the
second paratype from Flagstaff, Ariz., July 11, 1911, collected
by Prof. H. F. Wickham.

This species looks like corymbitoides but differs by having
much more prominent eyes, the median segments of the an-

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATER1 DAI AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 453

tennze slightly less triangular, the prothorax a bit broader,
less coarsely and densely punctured and with a fine yet distinct
lateral margin at the sides of the hind angles. In this last re-
gard it shows an approach to the larger and more robust
species, all of which have a well defined lateral margin.

Aplastus pilosus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, robust, piceous, rather densely clothed with coarse, semi-erect
pile. Head flattened in front, coarsely, densely punctured ; eyes only moderately
prominent; antennae robust, eighth segment reaching apex of hind angles of
prothorax, second segment small, as long as broad, third one-third longer and
triangular, segments 4-10 strongly serrate, the individual segments triangular
with outer margin almost straight and free angle but little produced, the seg-
ments gradually diminishing in breadth. Prothorax as broad as long at middle,
anterior margin definitely lobed and notched at middle, sides barely arcuate
from apex to base of hind angles and slightly divergent, the hind angles robust,
strongly divergent, the lateral margin defined at basal half but not distinctly;
disk convex, rather coarsely, closely punctured, the median canaliculation
faintly defined at center. Elytra about two and one-half times as long as
broad, sides almost straight and parallel and broadly rounded at apex, the
striae sharply impressed near suture, finer outwardly, the intervals flat, rather
coarsely punctured and scabrous. Beneath, the presternum longitudinally
convex, with a transverse arcuate impression near front margin, and coarsely,
closely punctured, the propleurae similarly punctured in front but smoother
behind, the hind body more finely punctured. Length 14 mm., breadth 4 mm.

Holotype: No. 3206, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a unique in my
collection, collected in Merced Co., Calif., June 19, 1914, by
Mr. F. W. Nunenmacher. The left antenna is abnormal in that
there are but ten segments, the sixth and seventh being united
into one very large segment.

This is the shortest proportionally and one of the darkest
and most robust of our species. The long and coarse pile and
rather coarse punctation will also assist in its separation.

Aplastus productus Fall

The characters of the last ventral segment mentioned by
Fall, the very marked lateral emargination with a more or less
truncate apex, is a variable character. In a specimen in the
Blaisdell collection from Huntington Lake, Fresno Co., Calif.,

464 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

collected July 17, 1919, this character is well marked, whereas
in a specimen in my own collection from Inyo Co., July 15,
1917, the sides of the last ventral are rather evenly arcuate
and the apex notched. I have found that the shape of this seg-
ment also varies with other species.

Aplastus piceicollis Fall

If I am right in my interpretation of this species it is as
usual a most variable one. The usual color is unicolorous
rufotestaceous, those with darker forebody being the exception
as are those uniformly dark. It also has a wide range being
found on the western flanks of the Sierra from Tulare Co.
to Plumas Co. In the Blaisdell collection there is a good series
from Sutter Creek, Amador Co., July 25, 1901, in the collec-
tion of Mr. Roy S. Wagner is a good series including three
females from Kaweah, Tulare Co., July 16, 1930, and I have
numbers from intermediate territory. The shape of the inter-
mediate segments of the antennae is one of the most distinc-
tive features.

Family Cebrionid^:
Cebrio knausi Van Dyke, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, parallel, brown above, antennae, legs and abdomen
testaceous, forebody beneath rufotestaceous, and very sparsely clothed with
very short and fine pile. Head rather coarsely, moderately closely punctured,
more or less impressed between the eyes; labrum broadly emarginate in front;
eyes prominent, almost hemispherical; antennae somewhat serrate, eighth seg-
ment reaching hind angle of prothorax, second segment small, third almost
twice as long, two-thirds the length of the following and somewhat triangular,
median segments about twice as long as wide and gradually shorter and nar-
rower towards apex. Prothorax about as broad as long at middle, sides straight
and feebly diverging towards base, rounded near apex, the hind angles rather
small but strongly divergent, disk finely, closely punctured. Elytra over twice
as long as wide, striae feebly impressed, strial punctures not separable, intervals
slightly convex, finely closely punctured, the general surface somewhat granu-
late. Beneath: Presternum of moderate breadth and triangular between the
coxae; propleurae moderately finely, closely punctured and scabrous, meta-

Vol. XX] VAN DYKE— ELATERIDAZ AND RELATED COLEOPTERA 455

sternum rather finely, densely punctured, the abdomen very finely, somewhat
sparsely punctured, the last abdominal segment rounded at apex. Length
13 mm., breadth 4 mm.

Holotype: No. 3207, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and one Paratype
in my collection, collected by Mr. Warren Knaus at St.
George, Utah, May 22-June 12, 1919. Paratypes are also in the
collection of Mr. Knaus.

This is one of our smallest species and belongs in the divi-
sion with bicolor Fab. and emarginatus Schfr., characterized
by having a rather broad intercoxal prosternal process. From
both of these it differs by being much smaller; from the
former by having less strongly serrate antennae, smaller and
narrower prothorax, smaller and finer hind angles, the elytra
with the striae less sharply defined and the punctures not evi-
dent, the general surface also quite dull and granular; and
from emarginatus by being darker, by having a smaller and
more rectangular prothorax with small hind angles, more
coarsely and closely punctured pronotum, as well as by a more
closely punctured metasternum. Other species are separated by
the narrow intercoxal prosternal process.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 10, pp. 467-469 December 30, 1932

AGONOSTOMUS HANCOCKI Seale. sp. nov.

ALVIN SEALE
Superintendent of the Steinhart Aquarium

A new species of Mugilidas from the fresh water stream on
Chatham Island of the Galapagos Group.

Head 4.3 to end of caudal vertebra, 5.4 in total length. Depth
4. Dorsal IV. 1.8. Anal II, 10. Scales 44 to end of the caudal
vertebra, counted on a well marked striate line extending from
upper axil of pectoral to base of caudal. 13 scales in a cross
series at the origin of dorsal. The scales on the anterior median
portion of the sides are decidedly enlarged. Head bluntly
pointed, the jaws extending on side of head to below the an-
terior margin of pupil. The maxillary is hidden when the
mouth is closed, its tip ending on a line with the anterior mar-
gin of pupil. Upper lip thick in the center and becoming slim
distally, its thickness in the center being 1.5 in the eye. Lower
lip rounded at margin and not particularly thick. It has a
slight fold, no trace of knob at center. Both lips are smooth
without papillae or teeth. Length of lower jaw 2.5 in head.
Teeth present in wide villiform bands on both jaws, vomer,
palatines, and pterygoids. The teeth are small, pointed and dis-

Decemtxsr 30, 1932

468 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

tinct, each patch separate and well defined. Lower jaw with 4
large distinct mucous pores on each ramus. Gillrakers slim, 23
on lower limb, the longest slightly less than width of pupil.
Interorbital space rounded and twice the width of eye, being
2.4 in head. Posterior nostril a wide clear opening, the an-
terior one fringed. Cheeks, from angle of preopercle to eye,
with 5 rows of scales, 2 rows only directly below the pupil. The
angle and posterior margin of the preorbital finely denticulate.
Origin of spinous dorsal mid-way between pupil and the pos-
terior axile of soft dorsal, being much nearer tip of snout than
to base of caudal ; its longest spine is equal to that portion of the
head posterior of the orbit, and is much less than the longest
ray of soft dorsal. There are 19 rows of scales in front of the
dorsal fin, and 15 rows of scales between the origin of the
spinous and soft dorsal. The origin of the soft dorsal is on a
line with the base of the third anal ray. Soft dorsal and anal
similar, the anal slightly longer, the base being equal to head
posterior of orbit. Caudal peduncle long and deep, its least
depth 1.7 in its length. Caudal fin well notched, its upper lobe
the longer, greater than length of head. Pectoral fins on a line
with the orbit, their tips extending to the 9th scale of the lateral
line, their length about equal to ventrals. Origin of the ven-
trals mid-way between the tip of snout and the origin of the
anal, their length 1.2 in head. Elongated pointed scales at side
of spinous dorsal and pectorals. The lower portion of soft
dorsal and anal lightly scaled.

Color in life: the back is olive green shading into orange on
the sides. Belly white. Cheeks orange. Upper portion of
pectoral base and axil of pectoral black, the webs yellow. Anal
yellowish with dark shadings on posterior half. Ventrals lemon
yellow. Spinous dorsal orange anteriorly with dark spines.
Soft dorsal dusky with slight trace of orange. Caudal dusky
with wash of orange. Color in alcohol : back dull grayish green
becoming lighter on sides, the large scales of the sides being
white with dark margins. Belly and lower sides white. Pec-
torals with upper base and axil black, a trace of dusky on pos-
terior third of fin. Spinous dorsal grayish, the webs lighter.

Vol. XX] SEALE— AGONOSTOMUS HANCOCKI Scale 459

Soft dorsal dusky. Anal white with large dark area on pos-
terior half. Ventrals white. Head and snout dark, cheeks and
throat whitish.

Type is No. 838 in the collection of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences. This type and one co-type were secured about
one-half mile up a fresh water stream which empties into fresh-
water bay on the south side of Chatham (or San Christobal
by chart name) in the Galapagos archipelago. Length of type
13.5 inches of co-type 13.5 in. Secured by Alvin Seale Jan. 1,
1932. G. Allan Hancock Expedition to the Galapagos 1931-
1932. Named in honor of G. Allan Hancock, patron of science.

PROCEEDINGS

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CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 11, pp. 471-472 November 16, 1933

DESCRIPTION OF SALMO SELENIRIS
A NEW CALIFORNIA TROUT

JOHN OTTERBEIN SNYDER

Leland Stanford Jr. University

A cutthroat trout worthy of specific recognition has been
found in certain headwaters of Silver King Creek, a tributary
of East Carson River, which is a part of the Lahontan drain-
age area.1 The habitat of the species is restricted by an im-
passable fall to the creeks of Fish Valley2 in the high Sierra of
California.

The form here described is an isolated variant of S. henshawi,
differing markedly in the absence of spots from the body, the
retention of parr marks to maturity, and the relatively smaller
and more numerous scales.

The differentiation of this form from the more generally
distributed parent species is directly parallel with that of the
golden trouts west of the Sierra, as they differ from the rain-
bow in a reduction of the spots, the retention of parr marks,
and a notable increase of the number of scales.

1 The Fishes of the Lahontan System of Nevada and Northwestern California;
Bulletin Bureau of Fisheries. XXXV. 1915-16.

2 Reference is directed to the Dardanelles Quadrangle of the U. S. GeoloRical Survey.

November 16, 1933

472 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

The form may be known as Salmo seleniris.8 The type, No.
212, California Academy of Sciences, is characterized as
follows —

Length to base of caudal 176 millimeters; head .24 of the
length; depth of the body .19; depth caudal peduncle .10;
length snout .06; maxillary .13 ; diameter eye .045; interorbital
space .075 ; depth head .16; snout to occiput .16; to dorsal .50;
to ventral .55; height dorsal .14; length anal .13; pectoral .16;
ventral .13 ; length caudal to tip .18; to center .12; scales lateral
series 171 ; above lateral line 30. Major parr marks 10 in
number, the first immediately bordering the gill opening, the
last at end of caudal peduncle ; all crossed by the lateral line, the
posterior ones bisected by it, the anterior ones two thirds below.
Of the secondary row, 16 in number, every alternate spot dips
between the nearby primary ones. No black spots on the body ;
3 on the base of caudal, 3 on edge of upper caudal support, 5 on
adipose, 16 or so on dorsal, other fins immaculate.

The body is comparatively round, long and slender, the fins
rather thin and weak.

The color is pale, the whole body much suffused with yellow.
The upper surface is pale yellowish olive or greenish olive in
some lights; lateral stripe light coral red; region below rich
ivory; ventral surface clear white; head light brownish above,
the cheeks red like the lateral stripe; dorsal fins and caudal
suffused with yellow and pink; lower fins pink. The entire
body exhibits evanescent opaline reflections, and the skin is
translucent, so much so that the dorsal cranial bones are partly
outlined through the overlying tissue.

Numerous examples exhibit little variation from the type.
Many paratypes are in the collection of the Academy and some
are deposited in the Natural History Museum of the Leland
Stanford Jr. University.

3 Thomas K. Manna who first directed the writer's attention to this fish suggests the
common name Piute Trout. Specimens were collected by Mrs. Lynn Llewellyn and
sent to the State Division of Fish and Game. Later Roland Dobler and J. W. Thorn-
burg caught and packed out alive one hundred specimens, the paratypes.

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CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 12, pp. 473-482 December 31, 1940

XII

REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY
FOR THE YEAR 1931*

C. E. GRUNSKY
President of the Academy

Owing to the financial stringency of the last few years the publication funds of the California Academy
of Sciences have been seriously limited. In view of this deplorable condition it was deemed advisable to
restrict the publications issued to scientific papers only, leaving Annual Reports and the usual statistical
matter to more favorable times. The lacking ones will be issued as rapidly as possible. — Editor.

It is with particular satisfaction and pleasure that I present this
annual report — this being the end of a 20 year period during which
I have been honored with the presidency of the Academy. It has
been a pleasure to be permitted during these years to assist in
planning the Academy's research and other activities and to find
its usefulness constantly extending. The latest evidence of progress
we note is the fact that this annual meeting is the first general
meeting of the Academy in our newly completed main unit of an
East Wing.

Why, it may be asked, was this building erected at this time when
everybody is economizing? The explanation is simple, but should
perhaps be prefaced with the remark that, contrary to the general
practice, public institutions and governments should spend more
and not less in periods of business depression so as to stimulate the
flow of money; so as to make for more not for less employment; so
as to increase not decrease consumption, thereby giving the retailer
and the property owner better opportunity to secure incomes and

* Printed from the John W. Hendrie Publication Endowment.

December 31, 1940

474 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

to pay taxes than under the reverse policy. It was in part the desire
to thus accelerate the flow of money which prompted favorable
action on a building program, but the main reason after all was the
fact that the research activities of the Academy were in sore need
of more room and that, as a contribution toward this building which
is to house a goodly part of the African material which Mr. Leslie
Simson is collecting, Mr. Simson placed in escrow for the Academy,
properties worth about $150,000 subject to the sole condition that
the Academy accept his offer to collect specimens of wild life in
Africa, and that income from his property donation should go to
him during his lifetime.

As the Academy has heretofore been putting aside on capital
account from $10,000 to $15,000 a year the Board of Trustees, in
the circumstances, deemed it wise to make a loan of $255,000. It
is with this borrowed money that this building has been erected.
In view of the large capital donation by Mr. Simson, and the speci-
mens of African wild life which he is supplying at his own cost, and
in view of the adequate accommodations thus made available for
the Academy's administrative staff and the splendid facilities pro-
vided on the second floor for the Departments of Entomology and
of Exhibits, the facilities for the Department of Fishes in the base-
ment, and the magnificent storage spaces in various parts of the
building it was then determined that the amount placed in recent
years in capital account should now, for a time at least, be dis-
bursed in operating expenses.

However, the installation of the African material in the alcoves
provided for the same remains to be made. For the very large water-
hole group at the end of the Simson Hall there should be about
$15,000 donated by some friend of the Academy. For the ten large
alcoves about $4000 each will be needed, and for the thirteen smaller
alcoves about $1000 each.

It is a pleasure to announce in this connection that the Chief of
Exhibits, Mr. Frank Tose, has offered to paint the background of
one group as a donation; Dr. Barton W. Evermann proposes to
contribute one group, and your President will attempt the painting
of one background as a donation, with consequent cost reduction of
the group, if his work should prove acceptable.

As will appear from the reports of the various members of the
Academy's scientific staff the interest of the public in the exhibits
at the Museum and in the Aquarium has continued unabated.
The same need for more tank and floor space at the Aquarium as
pointed out a year ago still exists. However, it seems hopeless to
expect the needed funds from the city during the present business
depression. Despite space limitation, however, the Aquarium main-
tains its reputation as one of the foremost in the world in the matter
of the variety of the exhibits and in excellence of their display.

The various departments have made satisfactory progress, as will
appear from the reports of the Director of the Museum and of the

Vol. XX] GRUNSKY— PRESIDENTS REPORT FOR 1931 475

several curators, despite the fact that because of the increase of ex-
penses resulting from the addition of a new building, the retrench-
ment in department expenditures has already made itself felt.

Mr. McAllister has again contributed the sum of $100 to the
Committee on the Conservation of Wild Life. For some years past
he has made a like contribution.

For the special lecture courses, of which two with four lectures
each were held during the year in the Auditorium of the Pacific
Gas and Electric Company, 245 Market Street, the un-named friend
of the Academy donated $250 on February 10th and $500 on August
24th.

Legal services were contributed by Mr. Edward Hohfeld, as well
as by Mr. Francis Hutchens of the staff of Morrison, Hohfeld, Foer-
ster, Shuman, and Clark. These services have been of particular
value in connection with the planning and construction of the
Academy's East Wing of its Museum Buildings.

The contract for the erection of this East Wing was awarded to
Cahill Brothers on March 11th, 1931 and the building was accepted
on December 10th, 1931. The cost of the building is indicated by
the following payments: —

Cahill Brothers, prior to Dec. 31, 1931 $169,733.04

Architect's Commission 15,739.17

Agent's Salary . 3,496.15

Insurance 461.22

Miscellaneous expenses 875.52

Total in 1931 $190,305.10

Cahill Bros, final payment in Jan. 1932 59,396.74

Total Cost of Building $249,701.84

Among other improvements made during the year there are to be
noted a new sewer for the Museum Buildings and the Aquarium;
and a new filter for the Aquarium.

The transfer of the Administrative offices, of the Departments of
Entomology, of Fishes, and of the Department of Exhibits in part
into the East Wing allowed more space in the West Wing for the
Departments of Botany, Paleontology, Ornithology and Mam-
malogy, and also for the Library.

Since October 24th the heat for the West Wing is being supplied
from the new heating system in the East Wing.

Dr. David Starr Jordan, President Emeritus and Chancellor
Emeritus of Leland Stanford, Jr. University, deceased September
19th, 1931, became a member of the Academy on October 5th, 1891,
soon after his arrival in California. He was elected an honorary life
member on January 3rd, 1898. He served the Academy as President
for three periods, namely: — from January 6th, 1896 to January 3rd,
1898; from January 2nd, 1900, to January 5th, 1903; and from

476 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

January 4th, 1909, to January 3rd, 1912. Between these periods
the Academy had as Presidents Dr. Wm. E. Ritter, Wm. Alvord,
and E. J. Molera.

The Academy will ever revere Dr. Jordan's memory, even as those
of us who knew him have appreciated his giving of his time and his
ability to the work on which the Academy is engaged.

Mr. Joseph W. Hobson, deceased November 23rd, 1931, was first
elected a member of the Academy on February 15th, 1869. He
was called into service for the institution as its Recording Secretary
on January 6th, 1902, and served in that capacity until February
19th, 1930, when failing eyesight forced his retirement. He, too,
endeared himself to those who worked with him. He served the
Academy long and well.

Because the Academy is still without an adequate auditorium,
its stated meetings are being held in the Auditorium of the Public
Library at the Civic Center, and the special lecture course was
given in the Auditorium of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company
on Market Street. The use of these audience halls has been granted
to the Academy without charge, a courtesy which in both cases is
sincerely appreciated.

Concerning the membership the following facts are of interest.
The membership is made up of: —

Patrons 20

Honorary Members 14

Life Members 92

Fellows 61

Members 954

Junior Members 12

Total 1153

Of these: —

5 Life Members are also Fellows 5

5 Patrons are also Life Members 5

1 Fellow is also an Honorary Member 1

3 Fellows are also Patrons 3

Total 14

Actual Membership on Jan. 1, 1932, of 1 139

On Jan. 1, 1931, the number of members stood at. . . 1108

New Members were added during the year 90

Members lost by death 31

Members resigned 25

Members dropped (non-payment of dues) .... 3

Gain in membership during year 31

Leaving the membership on Jan. 1, 1932, at 1139

Vol. XX]

GRUNSKY— PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1931

477

The Academy carries on its list of Benefactors the following names:

Deceased

Mr. James Lick

Mr. Ignatz Steinhart

The Academy carries on its list of Patrons the following names:

Living

Mr. George C. Beckley

Dr. Frank E. Blaisdell

Mr. William B. Bourn

Mr. Templeton Crocker

Hon. William H. Crocker

Mr. Peter F. Dunne

Miss Alice Eastwood

Dr. Barton Warren Evermann

Mr. Herbert Fleishhacker

Hon. Joseph D. Grant

Mr. Edward Hohfeld

Mrs. Albert Koebele

Mr. A. Kingsley Macomber

Mr. John W. Mailliard

Mr. Joseph Mailliard

Mr. M. Hall McAllister

Mr. G. Frean Morcom

Mr. William C. Van Antwerp

Mr. Edward P. Van Duzee

Dr. E. C. Van Dyke

Mr. William Alvord
Mr. Charles Crocker
Mr. W. M. Giffard
Mr. John W. Hendrie
Mr. William F. Herrin
Mr. Henry M. Holbrook

Deceased

Mrs. Charlotte Hosmer

Mr. Ogden Mills

Mr. Alexander F. Morrison

Mr. Amariah Pierce

Hon. Leland Stanford

Dr. John Van Denburgh

Academy members who were called by death in 1931 are as
follows :

Mr. Edward A. Beals Member December 29

Mr. William Burd Member May 16

Dr. Ng Poon Chew Member. . March 13

Prof. John Henry Comstock Honorary Member March 20

Dr. Paolo De Vecchi Life Member May 30

Mr. George S. Garritt Member August 20

Dr. William C. Hassler Member August 1

Mr. Joseph W. Hobson Life Member November 23

Dr. David Starr Jordan Honorary and Life Member . September 19

Dr. William E. Keith Life Member January 16

Mr. Giles H. Lambson Member June

November 14
4

Mr. J. Eugene Law Member

Mr. Robert Newton Lynch Member June

Dr. Marsden Manson Member February 21

Mr. Elliott McAllister Member August 3

Mr. Donald McKee Member March 14

Mr. Frank Malloye Member June 9

Dr. Albert Abraham Michelson . . . Honorary Member May 9

1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931

478

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4th Ser.

Dr. William H. Nicols Member February 21, 1931

Dr. L. H. Pammell Member March 23, 1931

Mr. James E. Power Member April 6, 1931

Mr. V. J. A. Rey Life Member April 22, 1931

Dr. H. J. Ring Member 1931

Mr. Max L. Rosenberg Member May 18, 1931

Mr. Arthur T. Shay Member May 9, 1931

Dr. James Perrin Smith Fellow and Life Member January 1, 1931

Mr. George W. Stewart Member September 6, 1931

Mr. James P. Taylor Member October 23, 1931

Dr. Harry L. Tevis Member July 19, 1931

Mr. E. A. Walcott Member January 1, 1931

Mr. George B. Willcutt Member September 17, 1931

In the year 1931 eleven free lectures were delivered at the stated
meetings of the Academy, as follows:

January 7.
March 4.

April 1.

May 6.
June 3.

July 1.

August 5.
September 2.

October 7.
November 4.
December 2.

"The Causes of the San Francisco Bay Fogs." Illustrated. By
Maj. E. H. Bowie, District Forecaster, Weather Bureau,
San Francisco.

"Remarks on the Natural Resources and Geology of Southern
Alberta." By Dr. Leo G. Hertlein, Assistant Curator,
Department of Paleontology, California Academy of
Sciences.

"The Growth of the Earth as an Abode of Land Life." Illus-
trated. By Dr. Bailey Willis, Professor Emeritus of
Geology, Stanford University.

"Relation of Fossils to the Oil Industry." By Mr. C. C.
Church, Associated Oil Company, San Francisco.

"Zones of Plant Life in Arizona." By Miss Alice Eastwood,
Curator, Department of Botany, California Academy of
Sciences.

"Collecting in Chiriqui." Illustrated. By Mrs. M. E. Mc-
Lellan Davidson, Assistant Curator, Department of Orni-
thology and Mammalogy, California Academy of Sciences.

"The Managua Earthquake and the Nicaragua Canal." By
Mr. C. B. Lastreto, San Francisco.

"Rambles in Central America — Stories of Personal Experiences
from Seventeen Years of Travel far from the Beaten
Trail." Illustrated. By Mr. John M. Nicol, Consulting
Engineer, San Francisco.

"The Grasses in Nature and in Human Life." Illustrated.
By Mr. Morris Halperin, Research Assistant in Agronomy,
University of California.

"The History and Migration of the Monterey Pine Forest."
Illustrated. By Mr. H. L. Mason, Associate in Botany,
University of California.

"Impressions Resulting from a Trip Through Africa." Illus-
trated with motion pictures. By Dr. Kaspar Pischel, San
Francisco.

Vol. XX]

GRUNSKY— PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1931

479

Sunday afternoon lectures were given in the auditorium in the
Museum Building in Golden Gate Park as follows:

January 4. "Fort Ross." Illustrated. By Dr. E. O. Essig, Professor of

Entomology, University of California, Berkeley.

January 11. "Alaska and the Reindeer Industry." Illustrated. By Mr.

Carl Lomen, President of the Reindeer Corporation.

January 18. "Experiences with the Trumpeter Swan." Illustrated. By

Mr. Joseph Dixon, Economic Mammalogist, Berkeley.

January 25. "Disease in California Forest Trees." Illustrated. By Dr.

E. P. Meinecke, U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry.

February 1. "Peculiar Intrusive Forms of Sedimentary Rocks." Illustrated.

By Dr. Olaf P. Jenkins, Chief Geologist, California State
Division of Mines, San Francisco.

Sunday afternoon lectures were delivered in the Assembly Hall
of the Public Library, Civic Center as follows:

February 8.

February 15.

February 22.

March 1.

March 8.

March 15.

March 22.

March 29.

April 5.

April 12.

April 19.

"Alaska Salmon Canning Industry." Illustrated. By Mr.
Perry Bruce Clark, Assistant Chemist, United States Food,
Drug and Insecticide Administration, San Francisco.

"A Museum Preparator's Experiences in Africa." Illustrated.
By Mr. Frank Tose, Chief of Exhibits, California Academy
of Sciences.

"Grasses and Man." Illustrated. By Mr. Morris Halperin,
Research Assistant in Agronomy, University Farm, Davis.

"Earthquakes and the Interior of the Earth." Illustrated.
By Dr. Perry Byerly, Assistant Professor of Seismology,
University of California, Berkeley.

"The Mourning Dove in California." Illustrated. By Mr.
Leo K. Wilson, Acting Director, Bureau of Education and
Research, Division of Fish and Game, San Francisco.

"My Trip to Iceland." Illustrated. By Dr. George Haley,
Professor of Biology, University of San Francisco, San
Francisco.

"Mount Shasta." Illustrated. By Mr. Pierre J. Denand,
Associated Oil Company, San Francisco.

"Geology of Coakuila, Mexico." Illustrated. By Dr. Leo
G. Hertlein, Assistant Curator, Department of Paleon-
tology, California Academy of Sciences.

'Tramping and Climbing in the High Sierra."
By Mr. Francis P. Farquhar, San Francisco.

Illustrated.

"The Pioneer Movement Toward the Pacific Coast." By Mr.
Harold Stein, Field Executive, Boy Scouts of America,
San Francisco.

"What About the Philippines?" Illustrated. By Mr. Alvin
Seale, Superintendent, Steinhart Aquarium of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences.

480 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

April 26. "Experiences with the Desert Big Horn Sheep." Illustrated

with motion pictures. By Mr. Donald McLean, Field
Naturalist, California Fish and Game Commission, San
Francisco.

May 3. "The Paleontological History of the Coast Range Forest."

By Mr. H. L. Mason, Associate in Botany, University of
California, Berkeley.

May 10. "Modern Methods in Museum Exhibition." Illustrated.

By Mr. Frank Tose, Chief of Exhibits, California Academy
of Sciences.

May 17. "The Study of Pools." Illustrated. By Mr. H. Walton

Clark, Assistant Curator, Department of Fishes, Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences.

May 24. "Insects in Relation to Public Health." Illustrated. By

Prof. W. B. Herms, Entomologist in the Experiment
Station, University of California, Berkeley.

May 31. "How to Keep Fishes in the Home." By Mr. Robert J. Lanier,

Assistant Superintendent, Steinhart Aquarium of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

The total attendance for these afternoon lectures was 1568. They
were not continued owing to the lack of a suitable auditorium in
the Academy buildings.

The special lecture courses during the year were made possible
through the donation, already noted, of a public-spirited citizen.
They were given in the Auditorium of the Pacific Gas and Electric
Company, 245 Market Street. These lectures were as follows: —

Special Lecture Course No. 1.

April 1. "The Growth of the Earth as an Abode of Land Life." By Dr.

Bailey Willis, Professor Emeritus of Geology, Stanford
University.

April 8. "The Age of the Earth as Taught by the Grand Canyon of the

Colorado." By Dr. William Morris Davis, Professor
Emeritus of Geology, Harvard University.

April 15. "The Origin and Development of Land Plants." By Dr.

Douglas Houghton Campbell, Professor Emeritus of

Botany, Stanford University.
April 22. "The Origin, Distribution and History of the Giant Sequoias,

the Oldest Living Things in the World." By Dr. Willis

Linn Jepson, Professor of Botany, University of California.

Special Lecture Course No. 2.

September 16. "The Story of the Ancient Reptiles." Illustrated. By Dr.

Charles L. Camp, Professor of Paleontology, University of
California.

Vol. XX] CRUNSKY— PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1931 481

September 24. "The Ancestors of Our Forests." Illustrated. By Dr. Ralph

W. Chaney, Chairman, Department of Paleontology,
University of California.

September 30. "The Mammals of the Pleistocene Age as Illustrated by the

Species found in the Asphaltum Beds of California."
Illustrated. By Dr. Chester Stock, Professor of Paleon-
tology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,
California.

October 7. "The Grasses in Nature and in Human Life." Illustrated with

stereopticon slides and motion pictures. By Mr. Morris
Halperin, Research Assistant in Agronomy, University of
California, Berkeley.

The total attendance for the first and second series of special
lectures was 2869.

The Academy publications in 1931 were the following: —

Proceedings, Fourth Series

Vol. XIX, No. 12, pp. 217-397, 134 text figs. Pelagic Mammals from the Temblor
Formation of the Kern River Region, California, By Remington Kel-
logg. (Issued January 30, 1931.)

Vol. XIX, No. 13, pp. 399-410 and No. 14, pp. 411-482. No. 13— Report of the
President of the Academy for the Year 1930. By C. E. Grunsky. No. 14 —
Report of the Director of the Museum and of the Aquarium for the
Year 1930. By Barton Warren Evermann. (Issued May 29, 1931.)

Vol. XX, No. 1, pp. 1-7, 3 text figures— Geographic Variation in the Richard-
son Grouse. By Harry S. Swarth. (Issued May 22, 1931.)

Vol. XX, No. 2, pp. 9-104 — The Flora of the Revillagigedo Islands. By Ivan
M. Johnston. (Issued November 18, 1931.)

Vol. XX, Nos. 3 and 4, pp. 105-134, plate 1. No. 3, pp. 105-128, plate 1— The
Genus Pogogyne. By John Thomas Howell. No. 4, pp. 129-134— A Great
Basin Species of Physocarpus. By John Thomas Howell. (Issued December
18, 1931.)

Vol. XX, No. 5, pp. 135-160— New Species of Plants from Western North
America. By Alice Eastwood. (Issued December 18, 1931.)

Occasional Papers

No. XVII, 162 pp., 17 pi. — Log of the Schooner ''Academy" on a Voyage of
Scientific Research to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. By Joseph R.
Slevin. (Issued February 14, 1931.)

No. XVIII, 299 pp., 57 text figs., 1 pi.— The Avifauna of the Galapagos Islands.
By Harry S. Swarth. (Issued June 29, 1931.)

482 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

The Academy again tenders its sincere thanks to Mr. Edward
Hohfeld and his associates for legal advice generously extended
during the year.

The activities of the Academy in further detail will appear in the
accompanying reports of the Director of the Museum, the Super-
intendent of the Aquarium, the Chief of Exhibits, and the Curators
of the several Departments to all of whom thanks for able and faith-
ful service is hereby extended.

PROCEEDINGS

OP THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 13, pp. 483-491 December 31, 1940

XIII

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUM
AND OF THE AQUARIUM FOR THE YEAR 1931*

BARTON WARREN EVERMANN
Director of the Museum and of the Aquarium

The Annual Report of the Director for the year 1930 was presented
to the Annual Meeting, February 18, 1931. The present report,
submitted at this Annual Meeting, February 17, 1932, sets forth
briefly the scientific and educational activities of the Academy for
the calendar year 1931.

Personnel

The employees of the Museum as of January 1, 1932, were as
follows: Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director and Executive
Curator of the Museum and of the Aquarium, and Editor of the
Academy publications; Susie M. Peers, Secretary to the Board of
Trustees; Annie G. Hobson, Recording Secretary of the Academy;
Alice Eastwood, Curator, John Thomas Howell, Assistant Curator,
and Kate E. Phelps, assistant, Department of Botany; Edward P.
Van Duzee, Curator, Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke, Curator Emeritus,
Dr. Frank R. Cole, Associate Curator in Dipterology, Dr. Frank E.
Blaisdell Sr., Research Associate, J. O. Martin and Amy Williamson,
assistants, Department of Entomology; Frank Tose, Chief, John
Adams, Jenness Richardson, Mammal Taxidermists, J. Stuart Row-
ley, Marietta Edwards, Richard Cayzer, and Mrs. Clara Rice, In-
stallation and Accessories, William B. Hayden and Cecil Tose, as-
sistants, Department of Exhibits; Dr. Barton Warren Evermann,

* Printed from the John W. Hendrie Publication Endowment.

December 31, 1940

484 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Curator, and H. Walton Clark, Assistant Curator, Department of
Fishes; Joseph R. Slevin, Curator, Department of Herpetology; Dr.
Walter K. Fisher, Curator, Department of Invertebrate Zoology;
Thomas Cowles, Assistant Librarian, and Veronica J. Sexton,
Library Assistant; Harry S. Swarth, Curator, Mrs. Mary E. McLel-
lan Davidson, Assistant Curator, and Joseph Mailliard, Curator
Emeritus, Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy; Dr. G.
Dallas Hanna, Curator, Dr. Leo George Hertlein, Assistant Curator,
Dr. Frank M. Anderson, Honorary Curator, M. Vonsen, Honorary
Curator in Mineralogy, Dr. Roy E. Dickerson and C. C. Church,
Research Associates, Mrs. Winifred Morrison and John L. Nichol-
son, Jr., Assistants, Department of Paleontology; Constance W.
Campbell, stenographer, part time, Evelyn Larsen, office assistant,
part time; Raymond L. Smith, general assistant; Mabel E. Phillips,
check-room attendant; William C. Lewis, janitor; Hugh Jones, as-
sistant janitor; Charles F. Baldock, engineer and janitor; Allen
Weatherwax, lecture attendant; Archie McCarte, night watch;
Nellie Marshall, attendant, part time; Fred Tanaka, janitor, part
time.

The Aquarium staff and employees as of January 1, 1932, were as
follows: Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director; Susie M. Peers,
Secretary, part time; Constance W. Campbell, stenographer, part
time; Evelyn Larsen, office assistant, part time; Alvin Seale, Superin-
tendent; Robert J. Lanier, Assistant Superintendent; Phyllis Beard-
slee, doorkeeper; Clynt S. Martin, chief engineer; B. T. Culleton,
first assistant engineer; John A. Dwyer, second assistant engineer;
Clyde E. Guidry, chief attendant; Jack Solini, first assistant at-
tendant; L. R. Solini, second assistant attendant; Leon Maxwell,
third assistant attendant; Frank J. Maxwell, relief engineer and
attendant; S. J. Shenefield, carpenter and general utility man;
Patrick O'Neill, janitor; Patrick McArdle, assistant janitor; Frank
Haley, day watch.

James Campbell was employed for a short time as a temporary
assistant in the Department of Fishes.

Cooperation with Public and Private Schools,
other Institutions and Individuals

The Museum has continued its service to schools, other institu-
tions, and individuals in their educational and scientific work.
Classes from schools, and other groups have been afforded as com-
plete cooperation as possible on their visits to the Museum and
Aquarium. Several loans have been made for educational purposes
to schools, and a large number for purposes of scientific research to
institutions and individuals. The Department research collections
are being steadily increased as is shown in the list of accessions and in
the Department Reports. Facilities for special study and research

Vol. XX] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1931 485

in the laboratories of the different departments have been afforded
numerous investigators from time to time during the year.

The usual flow of inquiries for information upon scientific subjects
has continued unabated, and considerable time has been devoted to
their proper answer by the Director or the Curator of the Depart-
ment concerned.

Visitors to the Museum in organized groups have been frequent.
The largest of these have been classes from public and private schools,
conducted by their teachers. It is our policy to give such classes
every aid possible and to provide them with guides when feasible,
though these must be taken from our regular staff otherwise em-
ployed. The employment of at least two such tactful and sympa-
thetic guides or docents whose duties are to aid in interpreting to the
visitor the lessons taught by the exhibits is an extremely desirable
addition to our force as soon as financial conditions make it possible.

During the year 1931 the number of all visitors to the Museum has
been 446,245; to the Steinhart Aquarium 1,003,753; the grand total
since the opening of the Museum in 1916 has been 6,922,868; the
grand total for the Steinhart Aquarium since the opening in 1923 has
been 8,349,572.

A careful detailed list of schools, grades, teachers, number of
pupils, and dates of visits has been kept for 1931 as before, and is on
file in the office of the Academy. The following summaries present
the most important facts.

Schools Visiting the Museum in 1931

Schools of San Francisco:

Total Number of Pupils 5795 5795

Total Number of Teachers 179

Total Number of Classes 104

Schools Outside of San Francisco:

Total Number of Pupils 1683 1683

Total Number of Teachers 44

Total Number of Classes 49

7478

Schools Visiting Steinhart Aquarium in 1931

Schools of San Francisco:

Number of Visiting Pupils 4912

Number of Visiting Teachers 159

Number of Visiting Classes 181

Schools Outside of San Francisco:

Number of Visiting Pupils 1863

Number of Visiting Teachers 65

Number of Visiting Classes 82

486 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Building Activities

Early in the year the architect's plans were approved and con-
tract was let for a new addition to the Academy's museum. This
new building will be known as the East Wing of the Museum. In a
general way it follows the lines of the West Wing. The principal
unit in the East Wing is the Simson African Mammal Hall, in which
will be displayed 24 habitat groups of some 29 species of African
mammals. Mr. Leslie Simson is still in Africa collecting the animals
needed for the groups. We have already received from him more
than 100 skins and skeletons, and Mr. Tose and his assistants are
very busy preparing the groups. It is expected the Simson Hall will
be ready for formal opening to the public by next December.

Other units that are provided for in the East Wing are the Di-
rector's offices and the general offices of the Academy, the Depart-
ment of Entomology, the Department of Fishes, and, temporarily,
certain work rooms for the Department of Exhibits. There are also
in the East Wing several special rooms such as supply room, janitor's
room, cold-storage hide room, fumigation room, dark room, lava-
tories, rest rooms, Academy publications store room, etc.

The rooms in the West Wing formerly occupied by the Depart-
ment of Entomology have been added to the Department of Pale-
ontology; the three rooms formerly occupied by the general office and
the Director have been assigned to the Department of Botany. All
the research collections of fishes have been transferred from the
Aquarium basement to the new quarters which the Department of
Fishes now has in the basement of the East Wing. These quarters
consist of the main Research Collection Room, 132 ft. long by 30 ft.
wide, a Laboratory 51 ft. by 20 ft., and 3 offices 22 ft. 6 in. by 11 ft-
6 in., 15 ft. 6 in. by 11 ft. 6 in., and 14 ft. by 11 ft. 6 in., respec-
tively, or a total of 5678 sq. ft., to which can be added 2068 sq. ft.
in the publications store room (making a total of 7746 square feet
of floor space when needed). This will house a collection of fishes
much larger than any now existing in America. It is our ambition to
make the collection the largest in America.

Acknowledgments

Friends of the Academy continue to show their appreciation of
what we are doing for the community and for science by donating to
the Museum and the Aquarium desirable natural history specimens
and other objects of interest.

To all who have thus shown their interest in our work grateful
thanks are extended. Through the field activities of our scientific
staff, the exchange, donation and purchase of specimens the re-
search collections have continued to increase.

Vol. XX] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1931 487

A complete list of these accessions is on file in the offices of the
Academy.

As in the past, the Academy is greatly indebted to the Southern
Pacific Company, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
System, the Matson Navigation Company, and the Los Angeles
Steamship Company for many courtesies that have aided so ma-
terially in our field work. Their cooperation is greatly appreciated.

488 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

REPORT OF THE TREASURER

For the fiscal year ending December 31, 1931
January 1, 1931, Balance due Crocker First National Bank $ 3,228.25

Receipts:

Dues $ 3,298.00

Charles Crocker Scientific Fund Endowment

Income 1,797.04

James Lick Endowment Income 72,404.40

General Income 19,911.30

John W. Hendrie Endowment Income 868.87

Post Card Sales 687.35

Publication 545.55

Interest 875.85

Bills Payable 106,000.00

Bills Receivable 77,000.00

Bills Receivable Ignatz Steinhart Trust 1,000.00

Ignatz Steinhart Trust Interest 245.07

Duplicate Sales Account 2.50

W. G. Wright Fund 12.00

Park Birds Handbook Fund 183.30

Wild Life Protection Fund 100.00

Lecture Fund Donation 750.00

Total Receipts $285,681.23

$282,452.98
Expenditures:

East Wing Construction $190,305.10

Sewer Construction 2,685.29

Interest 11,959.45

Contingent Fund 418.73

Salary Expense General 20,379.83

Department Salaries 22,965.51

Earthquake Insurance Sinking Fund 1,200.00

Steinhart Aquarium Equipment 1,325.32

Insurance 1,184.91

Museum Department Appropriations 25,100.20

Post Cards 600.00

Publication 7,499.07

Library 4,114.13

Sundry Creditors 209.10

Expense 3,133.13

Lecture Expense 416.24

Total Expenditures $293,496.01

January 1, 1932, Balance due Crocker First National Bank $ 11,043.03

F. W. Bradley, Treasurer.
Examined and found correct,

Pace, Gore & McLaren, Certified Public Accountants.

San Francisco, Calif., February 11, 1932.

Vol. XXI EVERM ANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1931 489

INCOME AND OPERATING EXPENSES

For the fiscal year, January 1, 1931, to December 31, 1931

Income:

Charles Crocker Scientific Fund Endowment

Income $ 1,797.04

James Lick Endowment Income 72,404.40

General Income 19,911.30

Dues 3,293.00

Interest on Temporary Investments 875.85

Profit on Post Card Sales 514.25

Duplicate Sales Account 2.50

Total Income $ 98,798.34

Expenditures:

General Expense $ 3,207.99

Salaries 43,441.59

Interest 12,429.08

Insurance 1,184.91

Total Expenditures: $ 60,263.57

Net Income Transferred to Surplus Account $ 38,534.77

SUMMARY OF SURPLUS ACCOUNT
December 31, 1931

Balance January 1, 1931 $595,531.23

Additions:

Net Income for the year ended December 31,

1931 $ 38,534.77

Transfer from John W. Hendrie Endowment
Income equal to the amount expended
for certain publications 4,137.90

Total Additions to Surplus $ 42,672.67

$638,203.90

Deductions:

Depreciation $ 16,403.66

Transfer to Earthquake Insurance Sinking

Fund Reserve 1,200.00

Correction of erroneous charge to Furniture

and Fixtures 77.00

Total Deductions from Surplus $ 17,680.66

Surplus, December 31, 1931 $620,523.24

490 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

BALANCE SHEET

December 31, 1931

A ssets
Property:

Real Estate, 831-833 Market Street $600,000.00

Commercial Building, 833 Market

Street $516,818.66

Less: Reserve for Depreciation ... . 121,452.34 395,366.32

Real Estate, Jessie Street 8,083.65

$1,003,449.97

Museum, Golden Gate Park:

Building Construction 192,025.92

Less: Reserve for Depreciation. . . . 45,119.37 146,906.55

East Wing — under construction 190,305.10

Sewer — under construction 2,687.19

General Collections 239,482.23

Library and Equipment 167,937.23

Tools and Equipment 50,871.29

Less: Reserve for Depreciation 11,996.34 38,874.95

Office Furniture 6,401.89

Less: Reserve for Depreciation. . . . 3,719.31 2,682.58

$788,875.83

Investment Securities ' 8,703.42

Ignatz Steinhart Trust:

Bills Receivable $ 5,000.00

Steinhart Aquarium Construction 263,390.29

Steinhart Aquarium Equipment 35,668.40

Steinhart Aquarium Revolving Fund 5,000.00

Uninvested Cash on Hand 98.13

$309,156.82

Current Assets:

Bills Receivable 2,000.00

Postcards in Stock 1,677.23

Cash on Hand 186.48

Advances to employees doing field work 500.00

$ 4,363.71
Total $2,114,549.75

Vol. XX] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1931 491

BALANCE SHEET— Continued

Liabilities
Endowments:

James Lick Endowment $804,902.31

Charles Crocker Scientific Fund Endowment. . . 20,000.00
John W. Hendrie Endowment 32,770.85

$857,673.16

14,345.05

Funds Held for Special Purposes:

Alvord Bequest Botanical $ 5,000.00

John W. Hendrie Endowment Income 4.71

Earthquake Insurance Sinking Fund Reserve. . . 8,603.42

W. G. Wright Fund 54.57

Park Birds Handbook Fund 296.60

Wild Life Protection Fund 111.10

Lecture Fund : 274.65

Ignatz Steinhart Trust:

Principal $250,000.00

Interest 59,156.82

$309,156.82

Notes and Accounts Payable:

Bills Payable $301,000.00

Accounts Payable 710.32

Due Crocker First National Bank (Overdraft). . 11,141.16

$312,851.48

Surplus $620,523.24

Total $2,114,549.75

Susie M. Peers,

Secretary Board of Trustees.

We have examined the foregoing Balance Sheet, together with the books and
accounts of the California Academy of Sciences, and in our opinion, it is properly
drawn up so as to exhibit a true and correct view of the Academy's affairs, as shown
by the books.

Pace, Gore & McLaren,

Certified Public Accountants.
San Francisco, Calif.
February 11, 1932.

PROCEEDINGS

OP THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 14, pp. 493-521 December 31, 1940

XIV

REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY AND

ACTING DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUM AND

THE AQUARIUM FOR THE YEAR 1932

WITH DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS FOR THE TWO YEARS

1931 AND 1932*

C. E. GRUNSKY
President and Acting Director of the Museum and Aquarium

When in August 1932 it became apparent that on account of ill
health Dr. Evermann would have to be temporarily released from
active duty as Director and Executive Curator, it naturally fell to
the President to carry on the work of the Academy with which he had
been in intimate touch throughout Dr. Evermann's entire admin-
istration. For the time being, therefore, he has accepted the
responsibility of Acting Director of the Museum and of the Stein-
hart Aquarium.

Dr. Evermann was forced in June to seek rest for a time at Stan-
ford Hospital. Unfortunately it was found, despite his robust ap-
pearance, that his physical disabilities were not as trifling as his
friends had hoped, and there was a gradual loss of strength until,
on September 27 at his home in Berkeley, the end came.

It was my privilege as President of the Academy and member of
its Council and Board of Trustees to have a voice in authorizing
the employment by the Academy of a salaried director, and it was my
privilege, too, to have a voice in the selection of Dr. Evermann for
the newly created position. Our relations at once became intimate,

* Printed from the John W. Hendrie Publication Endowment.

rWpmhpr 31. 1040

494 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

and throughout the eighteen years of close association in Academy-
work which then followed there was never an unpleasant occurrence
to interfere with whole-hearted cooperation.

The passing of Dr. Evermann was keenly felt by all connected
with Academy affairs; but natural science in general is the greatest
sufferer. He was an indefatigable worker, always ambitious to
acquire new information and ever intolerant of those who imagined
their education was complete. He took great pride in his former
connections with educational pursuits, and always endeavored in
every possible way to advance the educational phase of the Academy's
activity. A class of school children being led through the exhibition
halls was given as much consideration as a group of naturalists. The
enquiring mind of youth was to him one of the most inspiring of
nature's phenomena.

He was born on a farm near Lovilia, Monroe County, Iowa,
October 24, 1853. His father was Andrew Everman. His mother's
maiden name was Nety Gardner. The family moved to a farm in
Carroll County, Indiana, when Barton Warren was a young boy, and
in that state he grew up, acquired his education and married Meade
Hawkins on October 24, 1875. He graduated from Indiana Univer-
sity in 1886, received the degree of Master of Arts in 1888, and
Doctor of Philosophy in 1891. He was honored by receiving the
degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Utah in 1922, and
from Indiana University in 1927.

He became interested in natural history as have many young
farmer boys, and early began making a collection of birds and eggs.
This love for ornithology never left him and he was a prolific writer
on the subject.

He taught in the public schools of Indiana and California during
1871-1881; was County School Superintendent of Carroll County,
Indiana, during 1883-1885, and head of the Department of Biology
of the Indiana State Normal School from 1886 to 1891. From 1891
to 1914 he held various responsible positions with the U. S. Bureau
of Fisheries, and it was during this period that some of his most
valuable publications on fishes were issued.

The fame of Dr. Evermann rests largely upon his work in syste-
matic Ichthyology, but he did not by any means confine his efforts
to that one subject. His card index of titles at the time of his death
contained 387 entries. A hurried classification of these show 196
papers on fishes, 59 on birds, 30 on mammals, and the remainder on
miscellaneous subjects.

Much of his material for publication was prepared while at the
same time he attended to the strenuous duties of an administrative
position. His official correspondence was largely carried on by rapid
fire dictation, but many personal letters and his manuscripts were
slowly and carefully written in long hand.

Rarely indeed does a man leave behind so little unfinished work.
A paper on the fishes of the Revillagigedo Islands Expedition of

Vol. XX] GRUNSKY— PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1932 495

1925 (co-author with H. Walton Clark), and his annual Academy
report for 1931 were completed, but unpublished, at the time of his
death.

His trips to the field to study or collect specimens were his greatest
recreation, and his enthusiasm upon such occasions was contagious.
On these excursions he was in the habit of keeping detailed notes on
various subjects. A series of books of these observations has been
left to the Academy. Often he kept lists of birds observed, even on
short automobile journeys. Even up to the time when he had reached
the age of 75 he could easily maintain his place on fishing and collect-
ing trips, and in camp he insisted upon doing more than his share of
the routine tasks.

Because of valuable gifts and contributions to the Academy's
natural history material and to its library, Dr. Evermann became a
"Patron" of the Academy on March 26, 1921. His interest in the
African Hall of the Academy, which is made possible by the gen-
erosity of Mr. Leslie Simson, prompted Dr. Evermann to become
sponsor for one of its smaller exhibits, and he presented the Academy
with $1,000 to cover the cost of the installation of the Dik-Dik
habitat group.

By bequest, and by the generosity of his son Toxaway Bronte
Evermann and his daughter Mrs. Edith Evermann Humphrey, most
of Dr. Evermann's scientific books and papers have become the
property of the Academy to which he had devoted so much of his
life and energy.

As announced at our last Annual Meeting on February 17, 1932,
our First Vice-President, Mr. Otto von Geldern, that day reelected,
succumbed to heart trouble.

Otto von Geldern, the son of Gustav von Geldern, was born in
Berlin, Germany, on September 6, 1852. He was brought to the
United States as a child, spending his youth at Sonoma, California.
He was educated in part in this country, and in part at gymnasia and
technical schools in Germany.

His first professional experience was with his father who was an
engineer and architect. In 1872, Mr. von Geldern returned to
California, from Germany, and served as an Assistant Engineer on
the construction of the Mare Island Dry Dock. Thereafter until
1889 he was almost continuously an hydrographic assistant with the
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, or an engineer assistant
with the United States Army Engineers. He thereupon established
himself in general engineering practice in San Francisco.

Because of his experience on the harbors of the Pacific Coast, Mr.
von Geldern had become thoroughly familiar with the ebb and flow
of the tides, and his knowledge of this subject, and of the problems
connected with a delimitation of shore areas, made him an authority
on tide-marsh and ocean-front ownerships. Of valuation matters,

496 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

too, he made a specialty, his advice being frequently called for in
proceedings before rate-fixing authorities and in the Courts.

He had great command of language, delighting in producing
occasional short poems and highly meritorious accounts of early
California life and customs. It would have been an easy transition
for him from engineer to poet and philosopher, but he found his
principal pleasure and relaxation in solving intricate mathematical
problems.

His mathematical ability served him well when he was called upon
to assist the government in locating defense armament about San
Francisco Bay. In this connection, Mr. von Geldern invented a new
and practical method of adjusting a modern coast defense gun, an
account of which was published at the Artillery School, Fortress
Monroe, Virginia, upon command of Major General Arthur Mac-
Arthur, U. S. A., in January 1905. This method included, in the
complete adjustment of large guns and mortars, the determination
of errors in azimuth, elevation, and verticality, as well as the errors
of the telescopic gun-sight.

In professional circles Mr. von Geldern will be remembered as
an able engineer and a member of that fine old school of practi-
tioners who hold the ethics of their calling above gain. He was
known and respected, however, far beyond the boundaries of pro-
fessional fields. In his youth, he knew personally many of the men
whose names made California history during the period of transi-
tion from Mexican to American control. Among others, he was ac-
quainted with General Vallejo — as a youth knows older men — and
was intimate with his family. More than any other, perhaps, he is
responsible for clearing the General's record of the charge of op-
portunism made by inaccurate or prejudiced historians. In the
course of the studies undertaken in the interest of General Vallejo's
history, Mr. von Geldern developed into one of the best authorities
on the history of the so-called Sonoma District of Mexican Cali-
fornia, the Kearny "filibuster," and the frequently exaggerated
episode that men refer to as the "Bear Flag Republic."

He was married on July 10, 1884, to Mathilda Schildt, by whom
he is survived. He is also survived by his three sons : Dr. Charles
E., Edward B., and Dr. Hans S. von Geldern, and by seven grand-
children.

Mr. von Geldern became a member of the Academy in 1896 and
was made a life member in 1921. He was elected Second Vice-
President in 1904 and First Vice-President in 1931. He was also a
Past-President of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, was a
member of various other scientific organizations, and served for
many years as a Trustee of the Mechanics' Institute of San Fran-
cisco, being its President at the time of his death, and as such also
a Regent of the University of California.

Mr. von Geldern's life was a full one, and not restricted to the
attainment of his own selfish ambitions. He was an asset to his

Vol. XX] GRUNSKY— PRESIDENTS REPORT FOR 1932 497

State and an example of the type of citizen on whom the country
must depend for the maintenance of its best traditions.

The vacancy in the First Vice-Presidency caused by the death of
Mr. von Geldern was filled by the election of Dr. F. M. MacFarland
by the Council. Dr. E. P. Meinecke was elected to the position of
Corresponding Secretary theretofore held by Dr. MacFarland.

During this year there has also passed away Mr. E. J. Molera,
who was President of the Academy from 1903 to 1909. Mr. Molera
was long active on the Pacific Coast as a civil engineer. He was
born at Vich in Spain on November 14, 1846. He received his
technical education at the Royal Academy of Engineers at Madrid
from which he was graduated in 1867.

As early as 1870 he came to San Francisco and found employ-
ment with the United States Engineers on harbor work, his name
being connected with surveys of Blossom Rock preceding its removal
as an obstruction to navigation in San Francisco Bay. Thereafter
until 1876 he was the Assistant Lighthouse Engineer of the 12th
District with headquarters at San Francisco. He then established
himself permanently in private practice as a consultant civil engineer
at San Francisco, making topographic surveys, planning irrigation
works and the like. He was called to Mexico in 1881 by President
Gonzales to outline a project for the drainage of the Valley of Mexico.
A few years later he was employed by a syndicate of capitalists as
consultant on the completion of the Tehuantepec Railroad. This
work included studies for the harbor terminals upon both the
Atlantic and Pacific oceans. His professional practice covered not
only a wide range in engineering, but extended also into the archi-
tectural field.

Mr. Molera was a student of early Mexican history, and from
time to time gave delightful accounts of the results of his studies to
his favorite technical organization — the Technical Society of the
Pacific Coast.

He was married on April 28, 1875, to Miss Amelia Cooper (de-
ceased) of Monterey, California. Of his two children, Andrew J.
and Frances M., the former passsed away a few months before his
father's death.

The Simson African Hall

Work on the installation of the groups of wild life in the hall on the
main floor of the Academy's new East Wing has been pushed forward
as rapidly as the resources of the Academy would permit.

By holding down the field work in the Academy's several research
departments to a minimum, it was found possible to keep a small
force at work in the Department of Exhibits. This is done, of course,
in anticipation of a refund when generous friends of the Academy
come forward with contributions as sponsors of individual groups.

498 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

There will be ten of the large groups, 13 intermediate, smaller ones,
and one very large group at the far end of the hall. It is hoped and
expected that the Academy can dedicate these several groups to
individuals, in return for contributions adequate to cover the cost
of their installation.

Such installations of habitat groups in the West Wing were made
possible by donations from William van Antwerp, W. B. Bourn,
J. D. Grant, Herbert Fleishhacker, William H. Crocker and others.
For the work in the East Wing, except for several of the painted
backgrounds, only a single donation of $1,000 for one of the smaller
groups is thus far to be reported.

The circumstances which led the Academy to erect its new East
Wing and to undertake the installation of the habitat groups of
African Wild Life are sufficiently set forth in the President's report
for the year 1930. It was hoped a year ago that there would certainly
be enough outside financial assistance to keep our organization of a
Department of Exhibits together. But this hope has not thus far
been realized. Instead of finding ourselves in a position to open the
African Hall to the public at least for part time in April, 1933, the
opening will have to be indefinitely postponed.

The Templeton Crocker Expedition of the
California Academy of Sciences, 1932

The offer to Director Evermann by Mr. Templeton Crocker to
conduct a scientific expedition to the Galapagos Islands and other
places in the Pacific Ocean, devoting himself and his yacht Zaca
completely to the service of the Academy for a period of more than
five months, was gratefully accepted. Thereupon the yacht was
suitably outfitted and departed from San Francisco on March 10.
The expedition returned to the same port on September 1. An ac-
count of this expedition and of its contributions to our knowledge
of the fauna and flora of the coast and islands of the Pacific Ocean
will be published in Volume XXI of the Proceedings of the Academy.

The Trustees and the Council in joint session on September
19 formally expressed their appreciation to Mr. Crocker of his
generous contributions to the study of natural history problems and
declared him to be a "Benefactor" of the Academy.

Academy Membership

The following information relating to the membership and mem-
bership changes during 1932 will be of interest.

Vol. XX] CRUNSKY— PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1932 499

The members at the end of 1932 were classified as follows:

Benefactor 1

Patrons 18

Honorary Members 19

Life Members 88

Fellows 60

Members 846

Junior Members 19

Total 1051

Of these

5 Life Members are also Fellows 5

6 Patrons are also Life Members 6

1 Fellow is also an Honorary Member 1

3 Fellows are also Patrons 3

1 Benefactor is also a Patron 1

Total 16

Actual Membership 1035

On January 1, 1932, the number of members stood at 1139

New Members were added during the year 34

Members lost by death 28

Members resigned 45

Members dropped (non-payment of dues) 65

138
Net loss during year 104

Leaving the membership on January 1, 1933, at 1035

The Academy carries on its list of Benefactors the following names :

Living
Mr. Templeton Crocker

Deceased
Mr. James Lick Mr. Ignatz Steinhart

The Academy carries on its list of Patrons the following names:

Living

Dr. Frank E. Blaisdell Mrs. Albert Koebele

Mr. William B. Bourn Mr. A. Kingsley Macomber

Mr. Templeton Crocker Mr. John W. Mailliard

Hon. William H. Crocker Mr. Joseph Mailliard

Mr. Peter F. Dunne Mr. M. Hall McAllister

Miss Alice Eastwood Dr. Walter B. Scaife

Mr. Herbert Fleishhacker Mr. William C. Van Antwerp

Hon. Joseph D. Grant Mr. Edward P. Van Duzee

Mr. Edward Hohfeld Dr. E. C. Van Dyke

500 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Deceased

Mr. William Alvord Mrs. Charlotte Hosmer

Mr. George C. Beckley Mr. Ogden Mills

Mr. Charles Crocker Mr. G. Frean Morcom

Dr. Barton Warren Evermann Mr. Alexander F. Morrison

Mr. W. M. Giffard Mr. Amariah Pierce

Mr. John W. Hendrie Hon. Leland Stanford

Mr. William F. Herrin Dr. John Van Denburgh
Mr. Henry M. Holbrook

Academy members who were called by death in 1932 are as fol-
lows :

Mr. George C. Beckley Patron December 15, 1932

Mr. Robert I. Bentley Member February 22, 1932

Mr. Richard Cayzer Member March 3, 1932

Mr. Frank J. Devlin Member February 6, 1932

Mr. Donald R. Dickey Member April 13, 1932

Mr. Frederick T. Duhring Member January 23, 1932

Mr. W. J. Dutton Member August 23, 1932

Mr. Samuel Cary Evans Member December 31, 1932

Dr. Barton Warren Evermann Patron September 27, 1932

Professor Rufus L. Green Fellow November 17, 1932

Dr. Harvey Monroe Hall Fellow March 11, 1932

Mr. Alexander Hamilton Member October 14, 1932

Mr. Thomas A. Hays Member April 5, 1932

Miss Anna Head Member : . . .December 24, 1932

Mr. Ralph Hoffmann Member July 21, 1932

Mr. Edward Jesurun Life Member October 29, 1932

Mr. Walter Loewy Member February 11, 1932

Mr. E. J. Molera Life Member January 14, 1932

Mr. Charles C. Moore Member April 17, 1932

Mr. George W. Moore Member July 28, 1932

Mr. G. Frean Morcom Patron March 25, 1932

Mr. Ransom Pratt Life Member March 30, 1932

Mr. F. A. Robbins Member May 27, 1932

Mr. Andrew W. Rose Life Member April 16, 1932

Mr. John Spencer Member December 31, 1932

Mr. Miles Standish Member June 22, 1932

Professor Edwin C. Starks Life Member ..December 29, 1932

Mr. Otto von Geldern Life Member February 17, 1932

Lectures

During the year 1932 eleven free lectures were delivered at the
stated meetings of the Academy, as follows:

January 6. "The Philippines." Illustrated. By Dr. Albert W. Herre, Cura-

tor of the Zoological Museum, Stanford University.

March 2. "Guadalupe Island, Its Animals and Plants and Its Geology."

A Symposium, participated in by Captain Garland Rotch,
Mr. John Thomas Howell, and others. Illustrated with
moving pictures.

Vol. XX] GRUNSKY— PRESIDENTS REPORT FOR 1932 501

April 6. "Dr. Henry Power, Early English Microscopist, Friend and

Contemporary of Sir Thomas Browne, with Selections from
His Experimental Philosophy." By Mr. Thomas Cowles,
Assistant Librarian, California Academy of Sciences.

May 4. "The Science of Taxation." By Mr. E. R. Zion.

June 1. "Up the Amazon and over the Andes." Illustrated. By Mrs-

Ynes Mexia, San Francisco.

July 6. "Flags; Facts and Fallacies." By Mr. C. B. Lastreto, San Fran-

cisco.

August 3. "Major Business Cycles." By Dr. C. E. Grunsky, President,

California Academy of Sciences.

September 7. "Wild Life on the Great Rivers of Yellowstone Park." Illus-

trated. By Mr. George M. Wright, Field Naturalist,
National Park Service.

October 5. "Account of the Templeton Crocker Expedition: The Birds."

Illustrated. By Mr. Harry S. Swarth, Curator, Depart-
ment of Ornithology and Mammalogy, California Academy
of Sciences.

November 2. "The Templeton Crocker Expedition of the California Academy

of Sciences." A symposium participated in by the follow-
ing: Templeton Crocker: Account of the Expedition.
Captain Garland Rotch: The Zaca and Her Crew. Harry
S. Swarth, Curator of the Department of Ornithology:
Birds. H. Walton Clark, Assistant Curator of the Depart-
ment of Fishes: Tidepools and Their Inhabitants. John
Thomas Howell, Assistant Curator of the Department of
Botany: Plants. Robert J. Lanier, Assistant Superin-
tendent of the Steinhart Aquarium: Live Fishes and
Deep-Sea Dredging. E. P. Van Duzee, Curator of the
Department of Entomology: Insects. Dr. Albert E.
Larsen, Medical Officer of the Expedition: Plankton and
Termites. This symposium was also one of the Academy's
Fall course of four lectures on the general subject "The
Beauties of Nature."

December 7. "Account of the Templeton Crocker Expedition: The Plants."

Illustrated. By Mr. John Thomas Howell, Assistant Cur-
ator of Botany, California Academy of Sciences.

The free lectures on the general subject "The Beauties of Nature,"
four in the spring and four in the fall, made possible by the generos-
ity of a friend of the Academy, were continued as follows:

Special Lecture Course No. 3

May 11. "Our National Park System: What the Federal Government is

doing to conserve and make known the Beauties of Nature."
Illustrated with colored slides and motion pictures. By
Colonel John R. White, Superintendent, Sequoia and
General Grant National Parks.

May 18. "Western American Scenery As Exemplified In Our National

Parks." Illustrated with colored slides. By Francis P.
Farquhar, Vice President of the Sierra Club.

502

May 25.

June 1.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4th Ser.

"Off the Track in Central America; the History, the Peoples,
and the Natural Beauties of Those Little-known Countries."
Illustrated with stereopticon slides. By John Malcom
Nicol, mining engineer and traveler.

"Spiritual Values in the Appreciation of Nature." By Dr. John
C. Merriam, President of the Carnegie Institution of
Washington.

October 19.

October 26.

November 2.

November 9.

Special Lecture Course No. 4

"Up the Amazon and Over the Andes": An account of a trip
for the collection of botanical specimens secured for the
California Academy of Sciences, the University of Cali-
fornia and other institutions. Illustrated with lantern
slides. By Mrs. Ynes Mexia.

"The Music of the Out-of-Doors." Illustrated with hand-col-
ored slides. By Bert Harwell, Park Naturalist of the
Yosemite National Park.

"The Templeton Crocker Expedition of the California Academy
of Sciences." A symposium; illustrated. Templeton Crocker:
Account of the Expedition. Captain Garland Rotch: The
Zaca and Her Crew. Harry S. Swarth, Curator of the De-
partment of Ornithology: Birds. H. Walton Clark, As-
sistant Curator of the Department of Fishes: Tidepools
and Their Inhabitants. John Thomas Howell, Assistant
Curator of the Department of Botany: Plants. Robert
J. Lanier, Assistant Superintendent of the Steinhart
Aquarium: Live Fishes and Deep-sea Dredging. E. P.
Van Duzee, Curator of the Department of Entomology
(not a member of the Expedition) : Insects. Dr. Albert
E. Larsen, Medical Officer of the Expedition: Plankton and
Termites.

"Glaciation of the Sierra Nevada." Illustrated. By Dr. Eliot
Blackwelder, Professor of Geology, Stanford University.

In this connection grateful acknowledgment is made not alone
to the Academy's unnamed friend, but also to the Pacific Gas and
Electric Company whose auditorium was placed at the disposal of
the Academy for these lecture courses.

Academy Publications in 1932

Owing to the urgent need for economy the Academy has been
forced to hold its publications to a minimum. Even the annual re-
ports of its President and Director have been postponed to a more
favorable season.

Proceedings, Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 6, pp. 161-263, plates 2-18 — The Diatoms of Sharktooth Hill,
Kern County, California. By G. Dallas Hanna. (Issued January 8, 1932.)

Vol. XX, No. 7, pp. 265-267 — A New Subspecies of Coral Snake from Gua-
temala. By Karl P. Schmidt. (Issued January 8, 1932.)

Vol. XX] GRUNSKY— PRESIDENTS REPORT FOR 1932 503

Vol. XX, No. 8, pp. 269-290 — Birds and Mammals from the Kootenay Valley,
Southeastern British Columbia. By Joseph Mailliard. (Issued January 8,
1932.)

Vol. XX, No. 9, pp. 291-465 — Miscellaneous Studies in the Elateridae and
Related Families of Coleoptera. By Edwin C. Van Dyke. (Issued March
3, 1932.)

Vol. XX, No. 10, pp. 467-469 — Agonostomus Hancocki Seale, sp. nov. By Alvin
Seale. (Issued December 30, 1932.)

Personnel

The personnel connected with the Academy at the beginning of
the year 1933 either as paid employees, or as accredited research
associates or assistants, sometimes, of course, without compensa-
tion, are here enumerated. Those who are noted as part time
employees are being paid in part out of funds received from the City
for the operation of the Aquarium, their duties being divided be-
tween the Museum and the Aquarium.

Dr. C. E. Grunsky, Acting Director and Executive Curator of the
Museum and of the Aquarium, and Editor of the Academy publi-
cations; Susie M. Peers, Secretary to the Board of Trustees; Annie
G. Hobson, Recording Secretary of the Academy; Alice Eastwood,
Curator, John Thomas Howell, Assistant Curator, and Kate E.
Phelps, Assistant, Department of Botany; Edward P. Van Duzee,
Curator, Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke, Honorary Curator, Dr. Frank
R. Cole, Associate Curator in Dipterology, Dr. Frank E. Blaisdell,
Research Associate, and Amy Williamson and J. O. Martin, as-
sistants, Department of Entomology; Frank Tose, Chief of Exhibits,
J. Stuart Rowley, Jenness Richardson, Marietta Edwards, J. M.
Barclay, William B. Hayden, John Adams, and Cecil Tose as As-
sistants and Grace M. Betts and Captain Charles B. Hudson,
artists, Department of Exhibits; H. Walton Clark, Curator, De-
partment of Fishes; Joseph R. Slevin, Curator, Department of
Herpetology; Veronica J. Sexton, Library Assistant; Harry S.
Swarth, Curator, Mary E. McLellan Davidson, Assistant Curator,
and Joseph Mailliard, Curator Emeritus, Department of Ornithology
and Mammalogy; Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Curator, Dr. Leo George
Hertlein, Assistant Curator, Dr. Frank M. Anderson, Honorary
Curator, and M. Vonsen, Honorary Curator in Mineralogy, Dr. Roy
E. Dickerson and Dr. C. C. Church, Research Associates, Depart-
ment of Paleontology; Constance W. Campbell, stenographer, part
time; Evelyn Larsen, office assistant, part time; Raymond L. Smith,
general assistant; Mabel E. Phillips, checkroom attendant; William
C. Lewis, janitor; Raymond Jones, assistant janitor; Allen Weather-
wax, lecture attendant; Frank Haley, day watch; Archie McCarte,
night watch; Nellie Marshall, attendant, part time, C. F. Baldock,
engineer and janitor, East Wing.

The Aquarium staff and employees as of January 1, 1933, were as

504 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

follows: Dr. C. E. Grunsky, Acting Director; Susie M. Peers, Sec-
retary, part time; Constance W. Campbell, stenographer, part time;
Evelyn Larsen, office assistant, part time; Alvin Seale, Superin-
tendent; Robert J. Lanier, Assistant Superintendent; Phyllis Beards-
lee, doorkeeper; B. T. Culleton, first assistant engineer; John A.
Dwyer, second assistant engineer; Frank J. Maxwell, relief engineer;
S. J. Shenefield, carpenter and general utility man; C. E. Guidry,
chief attendant; Jack Solini, first assistant attendant; Leon Max-
well, third assistant attendant; Willard R. Martin, assistant col-
lector; Patrick McArdle, assistant janitor; L. R. Solini and Lloyd
Shebley, assistants, part time; and Frank Haley, day watch.

During 1932 the following changes in personnel took place.

Dr. Walter K. Fisher resigned his position as Curator of the
Academy's inactive Department of Invertebrate Zoology on No-
vember 26, 1932.

William B. Hay den, an assistant in the Department of Exhibits,
resigned on February 1, and John Adams, an assistant in the same
Department, on August 2, 1932. This Department lost Richard
Cayzer, an assistant, by death on March 3, 1932. From January 2
to July 19, 1932, the Library had the free services of Edwin J.
Coman, a student of library methods. In March the services of
Fred Tanaka as janitor's assistant were dispensed with. Part-time
service as an assistant in the Department of Ornithology and Mam-
malogy was rendered by A. E. Borell covering February 15 to 19
and March 7 to 29.

The Academy makes grateful acknowledgment, too, of the part-
time work by Hamilton Peers, as a voluntary assistant during Oc-
tober and November in the listing of books and pamphlets, be-
queathed to the Academy by the late Dr. Evermann.

The Academy has suffered from the general business depression
of the last few years and in consequence been forced to curtail
activities. This has resulted in a reduced output of scientific publi-
cations and in the making of other retrenchments resulting in the
reduction of the number of employees. Among those whose services
were dispensed with are Thomas Cowles, Assistant Librarian, Jan-
uary 1, 1933; Louis Solini, second assistant attendant at the Stein-
hart Aquarium, June 30; Clynt S. Martin, Chief engineer at the
Steinhart Aquarium, June 1; and Patrick O'Neill, janitor at the
Aquarium, June 30, 1932. Hugh R. Jones, janitor, became ill in
February and, not being able to return, his place was filled by his
son, Raymond L. Jones. John L. Nicholson, Jr., has been em-
ployed part-time at intervals during the year in the Department
of Paleontology and in the Library. Winifred Morrison was em-
ployed part-time in the Department of Paleontology from January
to the middle of March.

Vol. XX] GRUNSKY— PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1932 505

Items of Interest

Full information relating to the receipts and expenditures by the
Academy during the year 1932 is presented in the Treasurer's Re-
port here annexed.

The income received and available for research activities and for
operation of the Academy's Natural History Museum has fallen
about $6,000 short of what had been estimated. Nevertheless, the
Academy has carried on without reducing salaries, though with
enforced curtailment of published output. How the insufficient
allowance by the City for the Steinhart Aquarium has impaired the
display of aquatic life is apparent to all who visit the same.

The Annual Meeting of February 17, 1932 was the first Academy
meeting to be held in the new East Wing.

The Academy was invited to participate in the Captain G. Allan
Hancock Expedition to the coast of Mexico, Central America, Mal-
pelo Islands, Cocos Island, and the Galapagos Islands from Decem-
ber 1, 1931 to March 1, 1932, and was represented by Mr. Alvin
Seale, Superintendent of the Steinhart Aquarium, and by Dr. Leo
G. Hertlein, Assistant Curator of the Department of Paleontology.

Dr. C. C. Church was made Research Associate in the Depart-
ment of Paleontology on February 27, 1932.

The Academy received an endowment of $10,000 from its un-
named friend who is sponsoring lecture courses on the general sub-
ject "The Beauties of Nature." The income from this endowment
assures the continuance of these lectures, which have now been made
a regular activity of the Academy.

Mr. Templeton Crocker has made a donation of $1,000 to the
Academy's publication fund.

Mr. M. Hall McAllister has again contributed $100 to further
activities relating to the preservation of wild life.

Mr. Leslie Simson returned from Africa early in January 1933,
having completed the collection of 220 specimens of African mam-
mals for the Academy's "Simson African Mammal Hall." Six of the
painted backgrounds for the large groups in the African Hall are
nearing completion and two small ones are complete.

Regardless of the fact that San Francisco should have the finest
and best equipped aquarium in the world the operation of the
Academy's Steinhart Aquarium was sadly crippled by an inadequate
maintenance by the City. The Academy's request for $50,000 was
cut by the Mayor in his recommendation to the Board of Supervisors
to $45,000 and, despite the earnest representations of the Director
and of the President of the Academy, the Supervisors made a second
ten percent deduction from our needs, cutting down the budget
allowance to $40,500.

The Academy was treated as though it were a city department,
and the fact was ignored that any reduction of the requested allow-
ance meant a crippling of our institution. There was no remedy.

506 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

To meet the situation the outside pools were closed down and the
ten seals were sent to different parts of the country. The Bureau
of Fisheries, too, was notified that we could not accept additional
fur seals, for which arrangements had been made. Several em-
ployees were discharged and others put on part time. It is hoped
that this year the Academy will be permitted to again operate at its
established program.

Museum Attendance for 1932

Cooperation with schools and other organizations and groups
interested in natural history has been continued. Without listing
each such school or group it is to be noted that during the year
1932 the Academy's Museum was visited by

Schools of San Francisco:

Total Number of Pupils 5769

Total Number of Teachers 206

Total Number of Classes 118

Schools Outside of San Francisco:

Total Number of Pupils 2165

Total Number of Teachers 64

Total Number of Classes 76

The total number of visitors to the Museum during 1932 was 381,559.

Aquarium Attendance in 1932

Without listing each such school or group it is to be noted that
during the year 1932 the Academy's Aquarium was visited by

Schools of San Francisco:

Total Number of Pupils 5706

Total Number of Teachers 199

Total Number of Classes 229

Schools Outside of San Francisco:

Total Number of Pupils 2598

Total Number of Teachers 72

Total Number of Classes 76

The total number of visitors to the Academy's Steinhart Aquarium
during 1932 was 910,052, which together with the Museum at-
tendance for the same year makes a grand total of 1,291,611 persons
who derived pleasure and instruction from the free exhibits main-
tained by the California Academy of Sciences.

A large number of gifts of museum, aquarium, and library ma-
terial have been received during the year, detailed lists of which are
on file in the Academy offices. The thanks of the Academy are here

Vol. XX] CRUNSKY— PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1932 507

extended to the generous donors for their interest in the welfare
of the institution.

The Academy again makes grateful acknowledgment to Mr.
Edward Hohfeld and Mr. Francis C. Hutchens for valuable legal
services furnished gratuitously, as also to the Southern Pacific
Company, to the Santa Fe Railway Company, and to the Matson
Steamship Company for courtesies which have facilitated the work
of the Academy, and which are sincerely appreciated by its officers
and staff of scientists.

On behalf of the Council I am sure that I may say that the service
rendered and the work done in the several departments has been
satisfactory with noteworthy results giving promise of sustained
future progress.

DEPARTMENT REPORTS FOR THE YEARS 1931 AND 1932

Department of Botany

The herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences now numbers over 200,000
mounted sheets, thousands of specimens not yet mounted, and thousands of du-
plicates to be used for exchange. In 1931, 4446 specimens were received in exchange
and in 1932, 2221. They came from the following institutions and individuals:
Stanford University; University of California, University of California at Los
Angeles; Arnold Arboretum and Gray Herbarium of Harvard University; Uni-
versity of Sweden; University of Montana; Missouri Botanical Garden; University
of Pennsylvania; Field Museum; J. W. Thompson, Seattle; J. Ewan, Los Angeles;
L. C. Wheeler, La Verne, California. In 1931, 951 specimens were sent as exchanges
and in 1932, 4668. They were received by the following institutions and individuals:
Pomona College, Gray Herbarium, Missouri Botanical Garden, Field Museum,
Stanford University, University of California, University of California at Los
Angeles, New York Botanical Garden, University of Sweden, University of Mon-
treal, Arnold Arboretum, U. S. National Herbarium, University of Asiae Mediae,
Royal Herbarium, Kew, England, Ralph Hoffman, and J. Ewan.

In 1931 the Academy purchased 1960 specimens, consisting of 50 mosses from
Mr. A. Grout, 100 Patagonian plants from A. Donat, 297 west American plants
from C. L. Hitchcock, 206 Californian from Mrs. E. C. Van Dyke, and 1329 west
American plants from the estate of Dr. P. B. Kennedy. The numerous duplicates
of the last which were distributed in 1932 are not included. In 1932 the Academy
purchased 100 plants collected in Patagonia by A. Donat, 404 collected in Texas
by J. A. Moore and J. A. Steyermark, and 60 collected by A. C. Brade in Brazil.

In 1931, 4120 specimens were received as gifts from 12 correspondents and in
1932, 6378 from 20 correspondents. This does not include the collection of Hepaticse
donated by Mrs. E. C. Sutliffe, consisting of 77 specimens received by her in ex-
change from Miss C. C. Haynes, nor a collection purchased by the Curator from
F. Verdoon, Utrecht, Holland, consisting of 233 specimens, including 94 isotypes
and costing $57.77. The Curator also paid for the binding of 35 volumes of Engler's
Pflanzenreich at a cost of $57.75 and 100 specimens from A. Donat, Patagonian
plants, the cost being $22.00.

The most notable gifts have been as follows: Miss Louise A. Boyd gave a col-
lection of 109 specimens collected by herself and Mr. Robert H. Menzies on her
1932 expedition to eastern Greenland. Mr. George Haley of the University of San
Francisco donated 108 specimens collected on a trip to Iceland. Mr. Eric Walther
has added altogether 700 exotics from Californian gardens and parks. The greatest
donation has been made by Mr. Lewis S. Rose, who has also helped in the herbarium

508 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

by arranging and distributing specimens. In 1931 he donated 2902 and in 1932 over
4000 specimens. He exchanges Californian species which he collects in sets with
botanists throughout the world, Australia, New Zealand, Africa, Palestine, South
America, Europe, and the western United States are among the countries repre-
sented in his exchanges.

The collections made in 1925 by H. L. Mason on the Revillagigedo Expedition
of the Academy were incorporated in the herbarium in 1931. Over 140 specimens
were added to the herbarium and the duplicates were distributed as exchanges.

In 1931, the curator at her own expense spent two weeks around Kingman,
Arizona, collecting 704 numbers as well as duplicates. In 1932 she joined Mrs.
Susan Delano McKelvey on a week's trip in the desert region of Southern California,
collecting 200 specimens. During 1931 Mr. Howell collected about 2600 specimens.
More than 1700 of this number were obtained on a trip through the western United
States and Canada with Mr. and Mrs. Clarence Elliott of Stevenage, England.
During the spring and fall, Mr. Howell made shorter trips to various places, notable
being a trip with Mr. E. P. Van Duzee through the south coast ranges, with the
late Ralph Hoffmann to Santa Cruz Island, and with Mr. Templeton Crocker to
Guadalupe Island, Lower California. In 1932, Mr. Howell accompanied the Temple-
ton Crocker Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences as botanist. About
2600 specimens of vascular plants were collected besides large collections of sea-
weeds and liverworts, with smaller collections of lichens, fungi, and mosses. The
number of specimens among these nonvascular plants will not be known until
specialists working on the different groups have completed their studies. After
his return to the Academy in September, Mr. Howell made several local collecting
trips on which more than a hundred specimens were obtained.

For the publication of new species, interesting notes on introductions to the
flora, and other matters of general botanical interest, Mr. J. T. Howell and I
started in 1931 "Leaflets of Western Botany," a small quarterly botanical publica-
tion. We hope to make it the leading botanical magazine of the west. At present
the subscribers are not sufficient for its support. Mr. Howell and I assume all
responsibility, financial and otherwise.

The California Botanical Club now numbers 68 members and has either a meeting
in the herbarium or an excursion generally once a week.

The exhibition of native and cultivated flowers in the vestibule of the Museum
is one of the most popular educational features of the Academy. My assistant,
Mrs. George H. Phelps, besides doing all the mounting, much of the distributing
and attending to the drying and pressing of fresh specimens that are continually
being added, looks after this exhibition. Over 2000 species are exhibited in the
course of a year, each labelled with both scientific and common name, the exotics
having their native country given and the native species the locality. Mr. Eric
Walther has been most faithful in collecting exotics for the exhibition.

Mrs. E. C. Sutliffe brought in wild flowers from Marin County every week in
1931. Besides she takes complete care of our collection of Hepaticse which is con-
tinually increasing. Other members of the Botanical Club help to keep the flower
show beautiful and interesting. Mrs. J. H. Morrison sent beautiful wild flowers
for the show from Butte County in 1932.

Alice Eastwood, Curator.

Department of Entomology

The moving of the Department of Entomology from its old cramped quarters
into the new commodious rooms in the East Wing dominated its activities through-
out the year 1931.

The work of transferring this Department to the new rooms was done early in
December, but at the end of the month much was still to be done before the col-
lections and books were in shape so efficient work could be carried on. We are
now located in excellent quarters, conveniently arranged for work. The entrance

Vol. XX] CRUNSKY— PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1932 509

is through the Department office, beyond which is a laboratory room 30x75 feet
in size. This has been divided into three compartments or alcoves, the first of which
is devoted to the order of Lepidoptera, the intermediate alcove has the Hemiptera
on one side, and a store room for supplies on the other side, the third alcove con-
tains the Hymenoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera and the Neuroptera. Beyond, at the
eastern end, is a room 30 x 36 feet devoted to the Coleoptera. In these laboratories
large tables have been placed between the rows of cases, and the lighting is all that
could be desired. The entomological library has been divided so that books devoted
to one order of insects are shelved in the alcove with those insects, periodicals and
general works being placed in the middle alcove. The metal insect cases have been
finished in dark green, so the rooms look neat and attractive as well as being very
convenient for study. The Department of Entomology is now admirably housed
and with a moderate allowance each year for additional cases the collection can be
gotten into shape as rapidly as the limited personnel will allow.

Additions to the collections during 1931 number 9200 specimens, but to this
number must be added between three and four thousand beetles taken by Dr.
Van Dyke that will be numbered with his collection. Among the more important
items in the list of additions to this Department are 1069 insects taken by Dr.
O. H. Swezey about Lake Tahoe, and generously presented to the Academy by
him; 962 Hawaiian insects presented by Dr. F. X. Williams; 787 insects other than
beetles from Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, taken during field work in northern California;
664 Texan insects from Mr. Gorton Linsley, and 2435 taken by the Curator in
several short field trips. Smaller but especially valuable lots were received from
Dr. L. I. Hewes, Mr. G. Stuart Walley, Mr. C. M. Dammers, Dr. S. F. Light, The
Museum of Comparative Zoology, and from the Templeton Crocker expedition to
the Guadalupe Islands collected by J. T. Howell. The material from Dr. Hewes
and the Museum of Comparative Zoology were types or co-types. Material pur-
chased includes 800 Hungarian insects from Dr. Chas. Sajo and 962 Diptera from
M. C. Van Duzee, including 196 types or allotypes. Mr. L. S. Slevin has continued
to send us material from Carmel, adding many interesting species.

Use of this Department by students has shown a marked increase during the
year. Aside from casual visitors 85 students have made use of our collections,
most of them more than once, some many times. Dr. Van Dyke and Dr. Blaisdell
have continued to devote one or more days each week to the study and arrange-
ment of our material, and Mr. Martin has devoted his part-time work to the arrange-
ment of the Coleoptera and to the rearrangement of our types and allotypes, that
now number 3600. The publication of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist has been con-
tinued. Mr. E. R. Leach has kindly consented to act as Treasurer for this publica-
tion and has a desk in the Department's office. Through his efficient efforts all
indebtedness of the journal has been cleared up. No. 1 of Vol. IX will appear as
the January, 1933, number and in the future the volumes will run concurrently
with the calendar year, a change that will greatly facilitate bibliographic work with
the journal.

The year 1932 was the first for this Department in the new and larger quarters
and much of the work of the staff for the first few months was the rearrangement
of the material in certain badly over crowded groups and in getting settled in the
new rooms. The time of the Curator that could be spared from the general care of
the collection, for taxonomic work, was largely devoted to the Hemiptera and
Lepidoptera, and considerable headway was made in determining and arranging
material in these orders of insects. Preliminary arrangement of the Hemiptera
was nearly completed and several families of the butterflies were put in order. In
the Coleoptera Dr. F. E. Blaisdell continued to spend about two days a week in
systematic work. During the early months of the year Mr. J. O. Martin worked
on the arrangement of several families and Dr. E. C. Van Dyke completed his
preliminary arrangement of the Elateridae and helped much in the arrangement
of certain other families, and later Mr. Linsley Gressitt began work on our oriental
Cerambycidae, or longhorn beetles. In the Hymenoptera Mr. H. S. Gentry has
helped us in the determination of our fossorial families. Unfortunately there were

510 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

no cases available for the arrangement of the Diptera of which order the Academy
now has a really fine collection of the North American forms.

Additions to the collections of the Department of Entomology during 1932
number 44,950 specimens. The largest and most important item was the Millard
C. Van Duzee collection of about 30,000 specimens. This collection, obtained by
purchase at a nominal figure, was largely Diptera, of which order there were 18,000
specimens including an unusually full series of such obscure forms as the Doli-
chopodidae and Mycetophylidae. The Hymenoptera, with 6,500 specimens, was a
good second, the balance of the collection being Coleoptera. Most of this large
collection was of determined eastern American species which well supplemented
our own material and made the collection of special value to the Academy. Other
important additions made during the year were the following:

From J. O. Martin 4,683 specimens of insects from Texas; from Mr. Templeton
Crocker 2,417 insects taken on his Galapagos Island Expedition, and including
probably the best series of Hemiptera as yet taken out of these islands; the Curator
added 2,192 specimens in his field work. By bequest from Mr. W. W. Funge we
received 1,170 insects from the Mojberg collection; Mr. A. J. Bassinger gave us 919
insects from Alaska; from Mr. Charles Sajo we purchased 765 determined European
insects; Mrs. Mexia gave us 405 brazilian insects in addition to a larger number
that came to us through the Van Dyke Collection, and from Mr. Otto Swezey we
received 252 determined Hawaiian Delphacidae from the Giffard collection. Dr.
Van Dyke and Mr. Louis Slevin have continued to collect assiduously for the
Academy; Mr. C. M. Dammers has sent us many beautiful bred Lepidoptera of
southern California and from Dr. John A. Comstock we have received others.
Smaller lots have come in from other friends of the Academy that have added valu-
able species to the collection.

Edward P. Van Duzee, Curator.

Department of Exhibits

The writer returned from Africa December 25, 1930, and commenced arrange-
ments for the mounting of the collection of African animals donated to us by Mr.
Leslie Simson. In February the auditorium was turned over to the Department
to be used as a workshop and the work of adopting it to its purpose was commenced
immediately. The staff of the department was added to until it numbered eight.
For various reasons, mainly financial, this number has been reduced to four.

The energies of the Department have been expended almost entirely upon the
construction of the exhibits for the Simson African Mammal Hall, and, in spite of
adverse financial conditions, the work has proceeded well. Forty-seven large
mammals have been mounted (14 of these under contract by Jonas Brothers of
Yonkers, New York). The foreground construction for 10 large groups is being
roughed in. The accessory department has made a great quantity of plants and other
materials for the groups.

In addition, eight backgrounds are either completed or almost so. Four of these
are by Captain Charles Bradford Hudson, two by Dr. C. E. Grunsky, two by Miss
Grace M. Betts, and one by the writer.

We had hoped to be able to open the Hall to the public on April 4, 1933. Under
existing conditions this will be impossible. However, it may yet be possible to open
some time before the end of the year.

Mr. Leslie Simson has made several trips to Africa to secure material for the
Hall and has practically completed the collection. To date we have received from
him 220 specimens of large mammals.

Much of the writer's time was taken up attending to details connected with the
construction of the new building, particularly the Hall, which is to contain the
habitat groups of African mammals. This was done in cooperation with the other
members of the building committee and Mr. Eugene L. Grunsky, Superintendent
of Construction for the Academy. The results seem to have justified this course
of action.

Vol. XX] GRUNSKY— PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1932 511

In addition much routine work has been accomplished, some of the items being
the polishing and reinstallation of the large section of Sequoia giganteae, the mak-
ing of a quantity of bird skins from the Templeton Crocker expedition and the
mounting of a large Giant Black Marlin, which was presented to the Academy by
Mr. Crocker. This specimen has been placed in the Steinhart Aquarium.

Frank Tose, Chief of Exhibits.

Department of Fishes

The first part of the year was spent assisting Dr. Evermann in collecting data
and references, and preparation of a manuscript on a Distributional List of the
California Freshwater Fishes. This was later published as Fish Bulletin No. 35
of the State of California Division of Fish and Game.

In order to have a basis for the obtaining of a complete collection of California
fishes, both freshwater and marine, and with a view of possibly preparing at some
future time a complete handbook of the same, a card catalogue was prepared, con-
sisting of a list of 474 names.

The question concerning the threatened extermination of certain species of
whales, and the desirability of their conservation having arisen, at Dr. Evermann's
request I spent considerable time looking up records and preparing tables showing
facts and their relationship involved in the history of the Pacific whaling industry.
The results of this work were later turned over to the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries for
its use.

During the summer of 1931, when an assistant (James A. Campbell) was avail-
able, the bottles containing the Indiana Fish Collection were removed from the
cartons in which they were shipped, as far as time permitted. The bottles were
cleaned, placed on shelves in the basement of the Aquarium, alcohol was added where
needed, and a card catalog prepared. At the beginning of the year 1932 the collec-
tion was shelved in its new quarters in the basement of the East Wing.

From August 26 to September 27, 1931, was spent afield and enroute to and
from the region about Lake Maxinkuckee, Indiana, collecting fishes for the Aqua-
rium and Museum. The month of September, 1931, was abnormally hot in Indiana,
making the task of bringing the fishes back alive difficult, but it was accomplished
with but few losses on the way. While at the Lake notes and comparisons were
made regarding changes in the flora and fauna of the region since former visits. A
number of turtles were captured and brought to the Aquarium, among them a pecu-
liar hybrid of unusual interest. One species of fish in the lake, the straw-colored
minnow, Hybopsis blennius, which ran in immense schools, was badly infected with
furuncles, about 90 per cent being attacked. This disease had not been noted dur-
ing the survey of the lake, but had become fairly common by 1927 or 1928. It
seems to affect no other species.

From March 10 to September 1, 1932, was spent on the Templeton Crocker
Expedition, collecting specimens of marine animals for the Museum. Much of the
time since the return has been spent in preliminary work upon the fishes. While
on the trip many life history notes of the species observed were made to be incor-
porated in the report. A great assemblage of many sorts of small creatures in-
cluding fishes and Crustacea, mollusks and worms, were collected about a submerged
electric light. The task of sorting out these organisms is being undertaken by
Mr. Kenneth Stanton, who is also of great assistance in arranging the collection
of fishes. Up to date 3097 specimens have been tagged, and there is left only small
collections obtained about the lights, most of them young fishes. Soon as this is
finished identification of species will begin. The shell collection was sorted out and
transferred to the Department of Paleontology.

As much time as can be spared has been devoted to the preparation of Biological
Abstracts, and the editing of abstracts sent in, as well as the answering of queries
that arise. To facilitate prompt answering of queries the list of genera kept on file
is being kept up to date with proper notations added.

H. Walton Clark, Curator.

512 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Department of Herpetology

During the years 1931-32 progress has been made in building up the collection
of the Department. The months of April and May and the first week of June, 1931,
were spent in making a field trip to the Death Valley Region of California, an im-
portant locality from which the collection had no material whatever. This expedi-
tion resulted in the gathering of 577 specimens including some of our rarer Cali-
fornian snakes, including specimens of the Panamint Rattlesnake, and added new
records in distribution. An excellent representation of the reptile fauna of that
very interesting region is now available for study.

As rattlesnakes have, of late, become of special interest to many students of
herpetology an effort was made to build up the series of these snakes, and through
purchase and exploration 90 specimens were secured. The collection of rattlesnakes
now numbers over 480 specimens, and includes, with one exception, representatives
of all of the species found within the borders of the United States, and also some
of the species inhabiting Mexico and Central America.

The motion picture films, made in the spring of 1930, showing the various speci-
mens of rattlesnakes found in the state of California have proved of great interest,
and have been borrowed by the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, for its meetings in Pasadena, and by the Northwest Scientific Association
at Cheney, Washington.

Of the 1,387 specimens added to the collection during the past two years the
outstanding accession is the carapace, bones and part of a skull of the extinct Charles
Island Tortoise (Testudo galapagoensis) , donated by the New York Zoological
Society through Dr. C. H. Townsend, of the New York Aquarium. The acquisition
of this specimen gives the Academy's collection of the giant land tortoises of the
Galapagos Islands the one species which it lacked and makes it the largest and
most complete in the world. Mr. L. M. Klauber, of the San Diego Zoological
Society, donated a specimen of a Night Lizard (Xantusia arizona), a species recently
described by him. Besides the Charles Island Tortoise a number of donations were
received from the many friends of the Department; the principal ones being 148
specimens from Howard K. Gloyd collected in the middlewest and eastern states,
and from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 32
specimens from Mexico and Central America. An excellent specimen of Rana
goliath, the largest known frog, was received in exchange from that institution.
Over one hundred photographs pertaining to the herpetology of the Galapagos
Islands were received from the Templeton Crocker Expedition.

The routine work of the Department was carried on as usual, and 2,006 speci-
mens from various accessions have been labeled, card catalogued and installed in
the collection, besides 976 specimens which have been labeled only. A study of the
reptiles and amphibians collected while on field work in Guatemala is in progress,
and all of the reptiles, numbering 2,896 specimens, 630 of which are snakes, have
been labeled. All of the snakes have been scale-counted and card catalogued. The
growth of the collection of amphibians and of certain genera of lizards and snakes
makes re-arrangement, and will call for much of the available shelf space.

As in the past the collections of the department have been made use of by stu-
dents from our own and eastern states.

Owing to the many inquiries from the general public in regard to our snakes
and lizards, and especially from the Boy Scouts who are endeavoring to obtain a
merit badge for reptile study, a handbook of our west coast reptiles and amphibians
has been prepared and presented for publication. The necessary information for a
Scout to pass an examination for his merit badge, as well as general information
for the casual observer is given, and the illustrations and line drawings will aid in
the identification of the various reptiles and amphibians. For those who wish to
consider the subject more deeply a bibliography is included which will give the
reader all the literature necessary to become thoroughly acquainted with our rep-
tile fauna.

Joseph R. Slevin, Curator.

Vol. XX] GRUNSKY— PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1932 513

Department of Library

The accessions to the Academy Library in 1931 and 1932 are tabulated below,
and represent a slightly smaller total than normal in certain respects, to be ac-
counted for by the lessened funds available for purchases. The figures are as fol-
lows:

1931

Bd. Vols. Unbd. Vols. Parts of Vols.
Exchange.... 31 118 4295

Gift 46 56 2318

Purchase 245 132 1166

322 306 7779 475 361

The number of exchanges added was 21. The titles catalogued were 407, only
the shelf-list and temporary cards being made; these entries covered 507 volumes.

1932

Bd. Vols. Unbd. Vols. Parts of Vols. Pamphlets Maps

Exchange 37 152 4080 94 219

Gift 167 223 2537 2754 27

Purchase 45 9 1086 3 29

Pamphlets

Maps

278

411

249 384 7703 2851 275

The number of exchanges added was 10. The titles catalogued were 1090, only
the shelf-list and temporary cards being made; these entries covered 1449 volumes.

The work of the Library continues to be hampered by lack of sufficient personnel
to take care even of the routine detail, so no progress was made on the most im-
portant task that should receive first attention — namely, the recataloguing of the
collection. The congestion of material to be shelved was disposed of during a few
weeks in the Spring of 1931 by the temporary assistance of Mrs. Barbara Cowles,
and in the first six months of 1932 by the voluntary assistance of Edwin T. Coman,
Jr., and by the temporary assistance of John L. Nicholson, Jr., for a few weeks in
the Fall. This permitted the accumulation of accessions awaiting cataloguing to
receive temporary catalogue entries and to be distributed to their shelf destinations.

Final cataloguing of new accessions will have to be postponed until the recata-
loguing as a whole can be undertaken.

The assistant librarian was privileged to attend the national meeting of the
Special Libraries Association in Cleveland in June 1931. At the sessions of the
Museum Group there the survey of art and science museum libraries in the country
was discussed and the questionnaire prepared by the survey committee, of which he
had served as a member during the preceding year, was adopted. He was then ap-
pointed chairman of this committee, the chief job of which during 1931-1932 was
the collection of data for a published survey, compilation of which is now under way.
Opportunity was taken during the trip to visit the museum libraries of Cleveland
and Chicago, the John Crerar Library in Chicago, and that of the California In-
stitute of Technology in Pasadena during the meeting of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science the following week.

The Assistant Librarian wishes to express his appreciation to the Council for per-
mitting him to continue on part-time duty the last three years in order to pursue
graduate study in bibliography and the history of science at the University of Cali-
fornia. Additional professional honors were accorded him during the two years,
in addition to the chairmanship of the Museum Group survey committee; he was
named on the ways-and-means committee of the national Special Libraries Associa-
tion after the Cleveland meeting; he was elected vice-chairman of the Museum

514 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Group in the Summer of 1932; he was appointed on the publications committee of
the National Association in the Fall of 1932; he was asked to compile a manual on
the organization and administration of local chapters and groups in the national
Association in December 1932; and he was chairman of the Special Libraries Section
of the California Library Association for 1931-1932. The library assistant, Miss
Sexton, served as sub-editor on the bulletin of the Special Libraries Association of
San Francisco, in charge of the review of current literature, for several months.

Thomas Cowles, Assistant Librarian.

Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy

Curatorial work of the usual routine nature continues to take a large share of our
time, needed work upon the collection making heavy demands upon Curator and
Assistant Curator. We have been obliged to discontinue one minor public service,
the loan of specimens to the schools, partly from the increasing amount of time that
it required, but largely because material set aside for this purpose had become so
badly worn from rough handling that it could no longer be used. The general col-
lection has reached a dangerous stage of congestion; in the present crowded con-
dition of our rooms, specimens can no longer be stored so as to be readily available
for study. In fact, the collections of small birds and mammals are no longer in a
satisfactory condition even as regards safe keeping. Damage has ensued from
crowding and further deterioration will be hard to avoid. Books, too, have suffered
from the manner in which they must be kept. Our large mammal skins, however,
are well cared for, as in the construction of the newly completed east wing of the
Academy there was included a refrigerating room for storage of such specimens.
This happily permitted the abandonment of the old hide room, which had always
been an unsatisfactory make-shift. This part of the collection is now properly
stored, both as regards safety and accessibility; some work remains to be done in
arrangement. The decision of the authorities of the De Young Memorial Museum
to discontinue all exhibits and other activities pertaining to the natural sciences, and
to turn over all such material of theirs to the Academy resulted in this department
receiving some hundreds of desirable specimens, many of great bulk. This acces-
sion, valuable as it is, still further accentuates our congested condition. In 1931
field work was carried on in the Atlin region, British Columbia, and in Panama.
The Curator spent the time from June 23 to October 31 on the Atlin trip, following
up field studies begun in previous years. The Assistant Curator returned in Janu-
ary from a three months' stay in Panama, and she was in the same country again,
October 13, 1931 to February 5, 1932. In 1932 the Curator, as a member of the
Templeton Crocker Expedition, spent the time from March 10 to July 10 on this
trip to the Galapagos Islands. These expeditions have resulted in important ad-
ditions of species and specimens to our collection. Mr. Mailliard, Curator Emeritus,
has systematically continued the banding of birds at Woodacre, Marin County,
California, but is principally engaged in rearranging and checking over the Mailliard
collection of some 15,000 specimens of birds and 3500 sets of birds' eggs. On June
29, 1931, there was published "The Avifauna of the Galapagos Islands" based upon
the Academy collection, preparation of which had occupied much of the Curator's
time during the previous four years. This is mentioned here because since the ap-
pearance of this study we have received from many sources requests for the exchange
of Galapagos birds, on the assumption that we would no longer need to keep our
large series, all of which requests have been refused. The Curator wishes to place
on record his strong conviction that this entire large collection should be kept intact;
that it would be a grave mistake to part with any of it. As a unit it forms an im-
portant feature of our institution, and it is certain to increase in importance and
usefulness in future years. The 49th Stated Meeting of the American Ornithologists'
Union, held in Detroit, October 19-22, 1931, was attended by Mrs. Davidson. This
she did while en route to the Atlantic port from which she sailed to Panama, taking
advantage at the same time of the opportunity to pursue bird studies in several of the
large eastern Museums. The Sixth Annual Meeting of the Cooper Ornithological

Vol. XX] GRUNSKY— PRESIDENTS REPORT FOR 1932 515

Club, held in Berkeley, May 15 and 16, 1931, was attended by all members of the
department, as well as by others of the Academy. The 50th Stated Meeting of the
American Ornithologists' Union, held at Quebec, October 18-21, 1932, was attended
by the Curator, who presented a paper entitled "The Galapagos Avifauna Today."

Details of accessions for 1931: Birds. Gift: Templeton Crocker, 2; C. W.
Edge, 37; E. W. Gifford, 5; Golden Gate Park Aviary, 1; Louis Hartmenn, 20;
Forest Ranger J. B. Herschel, 1; W. J. Jackson, 1; J. Mailliard, 14; Carrol Mc-
Gettigan, 2; James Mofntt, 1; Mori Bird Company, 1; A. W. Robison, 1; Gene M.
Simpson, 5; J. W. Steinbeck, 3; Steinhart Aquarium, 2; Mr. Sutro, 2; L. R. Wolfe,
5. Permanent Loan: Memorial Museum, 344. Expedition: M. E. Davidson, 433;
H. S. Swarth, 217. Transfer: Department of Exhibits, California Academy of
Sciences, 8. Purchase: 7. Bird skulls and skeletons. Permanent Loan: Memo-
rial Museum, 707.

Eggs. Gift: G. Dallas Hanna, 1 set; O. J. Millard, 1 set and nest. Expedition:
H. S. Swarth, 1 set.

Mammals. Gift: G. Dallas Hanna and C. C. Church, 8; Joseph Mailliard, 1;
Milton S. Ray, 1; U. S. and California Quarantine Service, 2. Expedition: M. E.
Davidson, 7; H. S. Swarth, 217. Transfer: Department of Exhibits, California
Academy of Sciences, 3. Purchase: 6.

Mammal skulls and skeletons. Permanent loan: Memorial Museum, 157.

Details of accessions for 1932: Birds. Gift: Mr. Ward Austin, 1; Mr. F. E.
Booth, 7; Miss Louise A. Boyd, 14; Mr. J. A. Brock, 1; The Templeton Crocker
Scientific Expedition, 1932, 483; Forest Ranger Herschel, 1; Mr. E. C. Jacot, 1;
Mr. C. E. Kruger, 3; Mr. J. D. Lewis, 1; Mr. M. E. Lombardi, 2; Mr. John W.
Mailliard, Jr., 1; Mr. Joseph Mailliard, 14; Mr. John McLaren, 1; Mr. J. V. Pat-
ton, 1; Mr. Warren Phillips, 1; Mr. Milton S. Ray, 5; Mr. A. W. Robison, 19; Mr.
J. W. Steinbeck, 4; Dr. J. M. Stowell, 2; Mr. Henry Trost, 1. Exchange: Steinhart
Aquarium, 1. Purchase: Mr. H. G. Deignan, 35; Mr. James Moffitt, 2; Mr. W.
F. H. Rosenberg, 1; Mr. H. S. Swarth, 2. Expedition: Mrs. M. E. Davidson, 321.

Eggs. Gift: The Templeton Crocker Scientific Expedition, 1932, 6 sets; Dr.
George Haley, 1.

Mammals. Gift: Mr. Wallace Adams, 52; The Templeton Crocker Scientific
Expedition, 1932, 6; Mr. Spencer Grant, 1; Mr. Hole, 1; Mr. Adolf Holm, 1; Mr. H.
E. Jager, 1 ; Ranger McBeen, 1 ; Mr. J. S. Rowley, 96.

H. S. Swarth, Curator.

Department of Paleontology

Two large collections were secured during the biennium 1931-1932. The first was
the result of the G. Allan Hancock Expedition to the Galapagos Islands, Panama,
and other west coast points. Dr. L. G. Hertlein accompanied this expedition as a
representative of the Academy, and he succeeded in securing a large number of
marine mollusca by dredging and shore collecting. These help greatly in rounding
out the Department's west coast collection because localities were visited which have
long been classical in conchological literature. Dr. Hertlein also secured some land
shells and fossils at various stopping places.

The other large accession was the material collected by the Templeton Crocker
Expedition of 1932. Due to the interest and enthusiasm of Mr. Crocker and the
assistance of all members of the party the Department of Paleontology fared
exceedingly well. A great deal of dredging was done, which brought up a rich store
of valuable material from many places along the west coast, south as far as the
Galapagos Islands. Land shells were also collected at numerous places.

As a result of these two expeditions the Department's collection of mollusca,
living and fossil, from the west coast of Mexico and Central America has become one
of the most complete in existence.

Dr. F. M. Anderson has continued with his collections and studies of the Cretace-
ous of California.

516 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Numerous valuable additions to the collection of microscopical fossil material,
particularly diatoms and foraminifera, were made during the biennium through the
efforts of Mr. C. C. Church and other members of the geological department of the
Associated Oil Company.

Mr. M. Vonsen made excursions into the desert region of California and succeeded
in securing some additional, excellent specimens of rare minerals. He gave special
attention to investigations in and about Death Valley.

Much of the energy of the staff has been utilized in the arrangement of the collec-
tions in systematic and orderly manner, a work which is of equal importance to the
acquiring of new material. The incorporation of the D. D. Baldwin collection into
the regular series was completed largely through the efforts of Mrs. Winifred B.
Morrison.

A rearrangement of the land and fresh water mollusca (over 80,000 specimens)
has been completed by Mr. J. L. Nicholson. The work extended through several
years and involved the making of card indexes of all species and genera, and the
shifting of collections into systematic order. During the summer of 1932 Mr.
Nicholson was employed to make plaster casts of type specimens in other institu-
tions, and over 600 of these were added to the collection.

The assignment of the space formerly occupied by the Department of Entomo-
logy to the Department of Paleontology for research purposes has greatly relieved
the congestion which has been so detrimental for several years.

The Academy's collection of diatoms, and its exceptional library upon the subject
have attracted the interest of institutions and individuals throughout this and
many foreign countries. It is fitting that such a center should be located in Calif-
ornia because these minute microscopic plants have become to be of very great
economic value, and the deposits of the state are far larger than those of all the
remainder of the world. The quarries of the state supply the most of the demand.
It has been said that diatoms are the most valuable single group of fossils in ex-
istence, and that they are probably the source of most of the petroleum in California.
They are used in cement; for insulation wherever a highly efficient non-conductor of
heat is needed; in filtration; and as an abrasive in hundreds of kinds of polishes and
other substances. The quantity of California Diatoms used in filtration alone has
been estimated at 50,000 tons annually in recent years. The value of fossil diatoms
in determining the geological age of sedimentary strata is now well established, and
this application has been worked out very largely at the Academy during the last
few years.

G. Dallas Hanna, Curator.

Department of Steinhart Aquarium

The Annual Reports of the Steinhart Aquarium of the California Academy of
Sciences for the years 1931 and 1932 are here presented in consolidated form.
That part relating to 1931 was filed by Mr. Robert J. Lanier, Assistant Superin-
tendent, in the absence of Superintendent Alvin Seale, at the time with the scientific
expedition of Captain G. Allan Hancock's motor cruiser Velero III to the Gala-
pagos Islands. Items relative to 1932 were prepared by Superintendent Seale.

The exhibits of the Steinhart Aquarium have constantly increased to such an
extent that we have reached our limits for proper display, and the need for more
space and large tanks has become more and more evident. Of fresh water tropical
fishes we now have 4,432 specimens of 59 species in our balanced aquarium room
and in the greenhouse, and no more increase is possible without over-crowding.
The capacity of the aquaria used for breeding purposes in the greenhouse is also
exhausted, so we are forced to curtail this interesting phase of our work. It is hoped
that it may be possible to increase these facilities in the near future through favor-
able action of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.

Owing to economic conditions, our budget received a severe cut for 1932, which
made it imperative to reduce expenditures. The Council and Board of Trustees

Vol. XX] GRUNSKY— PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1932 517

regretfully ordered a reduction of three members of the aquarium staff and the dis-
posal of all our seals and sea lions. This has caused much adverse comment from
the thousands of people who visit the Aquarium.

On the other hand, the Aquarium has been fortunate in its friends who have
presented 3,072 gifts during 1932.

The total number of specimens in the Steinhart Aquarium of the California
Academy of Sciences at the end of 1932 was 13,185, and the number of separate
species represented was 469. A gratifying decrease in mortality has been shown
during the two years.

The attendance for 1931 was 1,003,753 visitors; that for 1932, 910,052, the grand
total of all visitors since the Aquarium was opened being 9,259,424, testifying to
the great popular interest and educational value of the exhibits.

On December 9, 1931, Captain G. Allan Hancock of Los Angeles, very kindly
invited the Academy to send two men to accompany a scientific expedition on his
yacht Velero III to Central America and the Galapagos Islands. Dr. Leo Hertlein,
of the Department of Paleontology, and the Superintendent of the Aquarium, were
selected. After three months in the field this expedition returned with a large
amount of material, including more than a thousand specimens of fishes and some
valuable fossils. One unique find was a new species of fresh water fish from Chatham
Island, of the Galapagos. A small number of fishes from these islands were brought
alive to the Aquarium, thus proving they could be carried this great distance if
proper equipment is provided.

On March 10, 1932, Mr. Templeton Crocker of San Francisco, a patron of the
Academy, organized and carried out a scientific expedition covering much of the
same territory as the above. This expedition was participated in by the Assistant
Superintendent of the Aquarium, Mr. Robert Lanier, and three members of the
Academy staff. After six months of active work and exploration they returned
with a vast amount of material, including 331 specimens of live fish representing
56 species. These are now in the Aquarium tanks.

The Matson Navigation Company has been most helpful and generous to the
Aquarium during the past year. Two large plate glass tanks with cast bronze
frames have been loaned to this institution for an indefinite period. This company
has also given permission for us to install a circulating system on their steamship,
Mariposa, and will continue to bring us live fishes from Fiji and Australia, serving
the Aquarium without charge, because we, as a free institution, contribute to the
interest and education of the travelling public they serve.

A noteworthy improvement was completed near the close of 1931, the installa-
tion of pressure filters for the water of the out-door seal pools, thus rendering them
so clear that the movements of the animals may be readily followed while swim-
ming beneath the surface. All the salt water of the aquaria is now filtered into the
salt water reservoirs below ground. All waste water lines from the building and
the seal pools are now directly connected with the new sewer, thus obviating the
previous necessity and expense of pumping.

Complete lists of gifts to the Aquarium, exchanges, and statistics concerning the
fishes and other animals exhibited, mortality tables, etc., will be found in the accom-
panying detailed report.

Alvin Seale, Superintendent,

Robert J. Lanier, Assistant Superintendent.

518 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

REPORT OF THE TREASURER

For the fiscal year ending December 31, 1932

January 1, 1932 Balance due Crocker First National Bank $ 11,043.03

Receipts:

Dues $ 3,105.00

Rentals 85,946.04

Notes Payable 78,500.00

Notes Receivable 2,000.00

Notes Receivable Ignatz Steinhart Trust 1,000.00

Lecture Endowment 10,000.00

Templeton Crocker Endowment 1,000.00

Barton Warren Evermann Endowment 1,000.00

Lecture Fund Income 500.00

Publication 336.67

Post Card Sales 348.93

Ignatz Steinhart Trust Interest 170.53

Interest 163.12

Park Birds Handbook Fund 59.00

W. G. Wright Fund 15.00

Total Receipts $184,144.29

$173,101.26

Expenditures:

East Wing Construction $ 59,664.96

West Wing Additions 1,593.23

Interest 20,391.83

Investment of Lecture Endowment Fund 10,012.50

Notes Payable 6,000.00

Earthquake Insurance Sinking Fund 1,200.00

Museum Department Appropriations 24,149.74

Salary Expense General 19,462.50

Department Salaries 22,900.00

Insurance 2,026.86

Sundry Creditors 2,831.17

Library 1,265.56

Steinhart Aquarium Equipment 978.62

Contingent Fund 754.04

Publication 341.92

Lecture Expense 316.20

Expense 4,330.04

Post Cards 3.97

Total Expenditures $178,223.14

December 31, 1932 Balance due Crocker First National Bank $ 5,121.88

F. W. Bradley, Treasurer.

Examined and found correct,

McLaren, Goode & Co., Certified Public Accountants.
San Francisco, California, February 11, 1933.

Vol. XX] GRUNSKY— PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1932 519

INCOME AND OPERATING EXPENSES
For the fiscal year, January I, 1932 to December 31, 1932

Income:

Charles Crocker Scientific Fund Endowment

Income $ 1,788.80

James Lick Endowment Income 72,026.30

General Income 14,297.64

Dues 3,200.00

Interest Received 328.40

Profit on Post Card Sales 197.53

Total Income $ 91,838.67

Expenditures:

General Expenses $ 4,151.57

Salaries 44,467.61

Interest 21,732.81

Insurance 2,488.08

Total Expenditures $ 72,840.07

Net Income Transferred to Surplus Account $ 18,998.60

SUMMARY OF SURPLUS ACCOUNT
December 31, 1932
Balance January 1, 1932 $620,523.24

Additions:

Net Income for the year ended December 31,

1932 $ 18,998.60

Transfer of B. W. Evermann Donation to be

expended for exhibits 1,000.00

Total Additions to Surplus $ 19,998.60

$640,521.84

Deductions:

Depreciation $ 22,122.38

Transfer to Earthquake Insurance Sinking Fund 1,200.00

Total Deductions from Surplus $ 23,322.38

Surplus, December 31, 1932 $617,199.46

520 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

BALANCE SHEET

December 31, 1932

A ssets
Property:

Real Estate 831-833 Market Street— pledged . . . $600,000.00
Commercial Building, 833 Market

Street— pledged $516,818.66

Less: Reserve for Depreciation 131,788.71 385,029.95

Real Estate, Jessie Street 8,083.65

$993,113.60

Museum, Golden Gate Park:

West Wing $193,619.15

Less: Reserve for Depreciation. . . . 48,991.75

$144,627.40

East Wing $252,184.72

Less: Reserve for Depreciation ... . 5,025.06 247,159.66

General Collections 261,127.41

Library and Equipment 172,080.28

Tools and Equipment $ 52,325.44

Less: Reserve for Depreciation. . . . 14,019.63

38,305.81

Office Furniture 6,600.64

Less: Reserve for Depreciation ... . 4,584.59 2,016.05

865,316.61
Investment Securities 20,226.21

Ignatz Steinhart Trust:

Notes Receivable $ 4,000.00

Steinhart Aquarium Construction 263,390.29

Steinhart Aquarium Equipment 36,647.02

Steinhart Aquarium Revolving Fund 5,000.00

Uninvested Cash on Hand 290.04

309,327.35

Current Assets:

Rent Receivable $ 2,166.70

Post Cards in Stock 1,529.80

Cash on Hand 143.60

Advance to employee doing field work 100.00

3,940.10

Total $2,191,923.87

Vol. XX] GRl XSKV—PRESl DENT'S REPORT FOR 1932 521

BALANCE SHEET— Continued

Liabilities
Endowments:

James Lick Endowment $804,902, 31

Charles Crocker Scientific Fund Endowment . . . 20,000.00
John W. Hendrie Endowment 32,770.85

$857,673.16

28,100.62

Funds Held for Special Purposes:

Alvord Bequest Botanical $ 5,000.00

John W. Hendrie Endowment Income 1,345.08

Earthquake Insurance Sinking Fund 10,126.21

Templeton Crocker Publication Fund 1,000.00

Lecture Fund 10,000.00

Lecture Fund Income 188.06

Park Birds Handbook Fund 355.60

W. G. Wright Fund 69.57

Wild Life Protection Fund 16.10

Ignatz Steinhart Trust:

Principal $250,000.00

Interest 59,327.35

309,327.35

Notes and Accounts Payable:

Mortgage note and other notes payable $373,500.00

Accounts Payable 711.36

Due Crocker First National Bank 5,411.92

379,623.28

Surplus .' 617,199.46

Total $2,191,923.87

Susie M. Peers, Secretary
Board of Trustees.

McLaren, Goode & Co.

Certified Public Accountants
San Francisco, Calif.,
February 11, 1933 ^

INDEX TO VOLUME XX, FOURTH SERIES

New names in heavy-faced type

abramsi, Pogogyne, 112, 119
Abutilon calif ornicum, 21, 76
Acalypha umbrosa, 21, 32, 69
acanthus, Athous, 375
Accipiter cooperi, 274

velox, 274
acrolopha, Xanthiopyxis, 224
Actinocyclus ehrenbergii, 168
Actinoptychus halionyx, 169

janischii, 169

kernensis, 170

perisetosus, 171

thumii, 171

undulatus, 172
actinoptychus, Stephanogonia, 217
acuminata, Eriochloa, 27, 52
adamsiana, Anemone, 141
adamsiana var minor, Anemone, 142
Adelocera, maculata, 293

mexicana, 293
Adiantopsis radiata, 20, 23, 49
aedon parkmani, Troglodytes, 285
seginensis, Coscinodiscus, 178
sreipennis, Ludius, 431
aestiva aestiva, Dendroica, 284
affine, Teucrium, 32, 90
affine var dentosum, Teucrium, 22, 24, 33,

90
affinis affinis, Eutamias, 534
Agelaius phceniceus nevadensis, 279
Agonostomus hancocki, 467
Agonostomus hancocki Seale. sp. nov.

467
Agriotes, 446

bivittatus, 448

blaisdelli, 450

criddlei, 448

cylindricus, 447

porosus, 449
agrypnoides, Melanactes, 446
Aix sponsa, 273
alba, Chiococca, 22, 96
Albifrons albifrons, Petrochelidon, 282
alcyon caurina, Ceryle, 275
alexandri, Archilochus, 276
alternans annulatus, Physocarpus, 131,
133

panamintensis, Physocarpus,
131,132

Physocarpus, 130

typicus, Physocarpus, 131
amblyoceras, Cymatogonia, 186
americana, V>"altheria, 21, 28, 78
americanum, Triceratium, 220

americanusfasciatus, Picoides, 276

Mergus, 273
amcena, Passerina, 282
Amorpha emarginata, 148
amphiceros, Rhaphoneis, 211
var. amphithalassa, Brickellia peninsu-

laris, 22, 28, 33, 100
amplectens, Mahonia, 145
amplicollis. Conoderes (Heteroderes), 298
amplicollis, Plastocerus, 459
Anas platyrhynchos, 273
Anchastus, 319

arizonicus, 323

militaris, 322

subopacus, 321

ventralis, 322
andersoni, Cymatosira, 187
Anemone adamsiana, 141

adamsiana var minor, 142

oligantha, 142
angulata, Biddulphia, 177

Physalis, 28, 92
angusticollis, Ludius, 420
annectens, Cyanocitta stelleri, 278
Annellus californicus, 172
annulatus, Physocarpus alternans, 131,

133
anthinus, Passerculus sandwichensis, 281
anthonyi var. clarionensis, Euphorbia, 21,

27, 32, 71
anthonyi, Euphorbia, 24, 32, 71
antiquus, Eupodiscus, 190
apachensis, Delphinium, 142
apiculata, Canavalia, 21, 27, 64
apiculatus, Coscinodiscus, 178
aplastoides, Ludius, 411
Aplastus, 459

arizonicus, 462

cylindricus, 461

piceicollis, 464

pilosus, 463

productus, 463
Aplopappus illinitus, 155

traskee, 156
appalachius, Athous, 372

Ludius, 425
appressus, Ludius, 420
Arachnoidiscus manni, 174
Aralia arizonica, 148
Archilochus alexandri, 276
Arctostaphylos imbricata, 149
Arenaria kuschei, 140
argutus, Sporobolus, 27, 51
Aristida pansa, 20, 23, 27, 51

December 31, 1940

524

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4th Ser.

Aristolochia brcvipes, 21, 24, 59
arizonae, Spizclla passerina, 281
arizonica, Aralia, 148

Baccharis, 155

Laphamia, 159
arizonicus, Anchastus, 323

Aplastus, 462

Athous, 384
artemesias, Molothrus ater, 279

Peromyscus maniculatus, 289
articus, Picoides, 275
Asclepias giffordi, 150
Asplenium formosum, 20, 48

potosinum var incisum, 20, 23, 49
Asterolampra rotula, 175
Asyndesmus lewisi, 276
ater artemesia?, Molothrus, 279
aterrimus, Megapenthes, 314
Athous, 360

acanthus, 375

appalachius, 372

arizonicus, 384

brevis, 379

carolinus, 374

cucullatus, 384

t rebus, 385

essigi, 381

excavatus, 373

imitans, 378

nigripilis, 384

opilinus, 383

ornatipennis, 383

pallidipennis, 375
sierree, 376

polygenus, 382

rufifrons, 372

rufipennis, 380

rufiventris, 377

maritimus, 378

scissus, 377

sordidus, 380

triundulatus, 383

undulatus, 383

vittiger, 373
atlas, Ladius, 412

atricapillus septentrionalis, Penthestes, 286
atropurpureus, Ludius, 419

Phaseolus, 21, 27, 64
attenuatum, Gnaphalium, 22, 102
auduboni auduboni, Dendroica, 284
Aulacodiscus brownei, 176
Auliscus bonus, 176

suppressus, 177
aurantiaca, Cattleya, 20, 23, 57

Baccharis arizonica, 155

bairdi cascadensis ? Lepus, 290
Betarmon bigeminatus, 451
beutenmuelleri, Limonius, 351
bicarinatus, Conoderes, 297

bicolor, Eucephalus, 157

Iridoprocne, 283

Limonius, 344
Biddulphia angulata, 177
bigeminatus, Betarmon, 451
bimaculatus, Elater, 307
Birds and Mammals, Kootenay Valley

British Columbia, 269
bivittatus, Agriotes, 448
blaisdelli, Agriotes, 450
blaisdelli, Euthysanius, 457
blaisdelli, Ludius, 424
Boerhaavia caribasa, 21, 27, 60
Bombycilla cedrorum, 283
Bonasa umbellus umbelloides, 274
bonus, Auliscus, 176
Borreria nesiotica, 22, 28, 33, 97
Botany, Report Department of 1931-1932,

507
Botaurus lentiginosus, 273
brachyrhynchos hesperis, Corvus, 279
Bradley, F. W., Report of Treasurer, 1931,
488

Report of Treasurer, 1932, 518
brevipes, Aristolochia, 21, 24, 59
brevis, Athous, 379

Elater, 309
brevispicata, Cordia, 22, 87
Brickellia peninsularis var amphithalasaa.

22, 28, 33, 100
brooksi, Hesperiphona vespertina, 281
aff. brunneus, Cyperus, 20, 23, 55
brownei, Aulacodiscus, 176
brunneicolor, Elater, 308
Bubo virginianus, 275
bullocki, Icterus, 280
Bumelia socorrensis, 22, 32, 83
Bursera nesopola 21, 32, 66

caduceus, Sceptroneis, 216
Caesalpina crista, 21, 27, 63
cafer collaris, Colaptes, 276
calendula cineraceus, Corthylio, 286
California Trout, A new, Salmo seleniris

471
californica, Euphorbia, 27, 70
californicum, Abutilon, 21, 76
calif ornicus, Annellus, 172
californicus, Elathous, 359

Hypoccelus, 292
Calliandra sp. 21, 62, 63

socorrensis, 21, 27, 32, 62
Calliope, Stellula, 277
Calochortus westoni, 136
canadensis capitalis, Perisoreus, 278

Sitta, 285
Canavalia apiculata, 21, 27, 64
candezei, Ludius, 433
capitalis, Perisoreus canadensis, 278
capuli, Prunus, 21, 62

Vol. XIX]

INDEX

525

caput-medusae, Omphalotheca, 204
carbo, Ludius, 1 50

Cardiospermum halicacabum, 21, 28, 72
caribea, Boerhaavia, 21, 27, 60
carolinensis, Dumetella, 285

Pandionhaliaetus, 2 75
carolinus, Athous. 374
Carpodacus cassini. 281
cassini, Carpodacus, 281

Lanivireo solitarius, 284
cascadensis? Lepusbairdi, 290
cathartica, Ipomcea. 11. 2X, 84
Cattleya aurantiaca, 20, 23, 57
caudatum. Pteridium, 20. 49
caurina, Ceryle alcyon. 275
Cebrio knausi, 464
Cebrionidae. 464
cedrorum, Bombycilla, 283
celosia, Iresine, 27, 60
Cenchrus myosuroides, 20, 24, 53
Cerchneis sparveria sparveria, 274
Ceryle alcyon caurina, 275
Cestrum pacificum, 22, 33, 94
Cheilanthes peninsularis var insularis, 20,

27, 32, 50
Chiococca alba, 22, 96
chrysolepida, Peperomia, 20, 32, 57
ciliaris, Eragrostis, 20, 50
cinera cinera, Keotoma, 534

drummondi, Neotoma, 289
cineraceus, Corthylio calendula, 286
cistoides, Tribulus, 21, 27, 65
Citellus columbianus columbianus, 288
Cladogramma conicum, 178
var. clarionensis, Euphorbia anthonyi, 21,

27, 32 71
Clark, H. W., Report, Department of

Fishes, 1931-1932, 511
clypeatus, Limonius, 347
collaris, Colaptes cafer, 276
Colaptes cafer collaris, 276
columbiana, Xucifraga, 279
columbianus, Citellus columbianus, 288

columbianus, Citellus, 288
Commelina virginica, 27, 56
condecorum, Triceratium, 221
conicum, Cladogramma. 178
conjungens, Ludius, 432
Conocarpus erecta, 21, 80
Conoderes, 294

(Heteroderes) amplicollis, 298

bicarinatus, 297

varians, 298
contortus. Heteropogon, 20, 54
convexus, Coscinodiscus, 179
Convolvulus linearilobus, 152

tridactylosus, 151
coombsae, Streptanthus. 145
cooperi, Accipiter, 274
copelandi, Gentiana, 150
Coral Snake, New Subspecies 265

Cordia brevispicata, 22, 87
cordifer, Elater, 303
Coreopsis insularis, 22, 33, 103
Corthylio calendula cineraceus, 286
Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis, 279
Coscinodiscus aeginensis, 178

apiculatus, 178

convexus, 179

fulguralis, 179

lineatus, 180

marginatus, 181

meditatus, 181

monica?, 182

novazealandicus, 534

novozealandicus, 182

oculus-iridis, 183

pacificus, 184

symbolophorus, 184
cotinifolia, Ficus, 21, 58
covilleanum, Eriogonum, 138
Cowles, Thomas, Report Library, 1931-

1932, 513
crenatus, Erigeron, 24, 33, 101
Cressa truxillensis, 22, 28, 87
cribricollis, Euthysanius, 455
cribrosus, Ludius, 408
criddlei, Agriotes, 448
crista, Caesalpina, 21, 27, 63
Croton masonii, 21, 32, 67
cruciatus, Ludius, 429
cucullatus, Athous, 384
curassavicum, Heliotropium, 22, 28, 88
currucoides, Sialia, 287
curtatus, Pipilo maculatus, 282
cyanocephalus cyanocephalus, Euphagus,

280
Cyanocitta stelleri annectens, 278
cyanoptera, Querquedula. 2 73
Cyclotella kelloggi, 185
cylindricus, Agriotes, 447

Aplastus. 461
Cymatogonia amblyoceras, 186
Cymatosira andersoni, 187
Cyperus aff. brunneus, 20, 23, 55

duripes, 20, 24. 27, 32, 54

ligularis, 20, 54

delicata, Gallinago, 273

deltoidea var. townsendii. Viguiera, 22, 103

Dendragapus obscurus flemingi, 1-3

pallidus, 4-7

richardsonii, 1-7, 274
Dendroica aestiva asstiva, 284

auduboni auduboni, 284
Denticula lauta. 188

var. dentosum, Teucrium affine, 22, 24. 90
Delphinium apachensis, 142
Diatoms, Sharktooth Hill, California, 161
Dicentra nevadensis, 143

oregana, 144

526

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4th Ser.

DimeregTamma scutulum, 189
discolor, Rhamnus, 21, 23, 75
divaricatus, Ludius, 427
diversiflora, Eragrostis, 24, 50
Dodonaea viscosa, 21, 24, 28, 75
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 279
dolorosus Ludius, 413
Dossetia lacera, 190
douglasii minor, Pogogyne, 114, 116

parviflora, Pogogyne, 114, 117

Pogogyne, 112

ramosa, Pogogyne, 114, 116

typica, Pogogyne, 114
drummondi, Neotoma cinera, 289
Dryobates pubescens leucurus, 275

villosus monticola, 275
Dudleya murina, 147
dudleyi, Streptanthus, 145
Dumetella carolinensis, 285
duripes, Cyperus, 20, 24, 27, 32, 54

Eastwood, Alice, New Plants from Western
North America, 135

Report, Department of Botany,
1931-1932, 507
eastwoodianum, Hypericum, 21, 32, 78
ehrenbergii, Actinoclyclus, 168
Elater, 301

bimaculatus, 307

brevis, 309

brunneicolor, 308

cordifer, 303

fenyesi, 302

phelpsi, 306

rhodopus, 302

rubriventris, 303

sturmii, 301

ursinus, 301

varipilis, 306
Elateridffi and Related Coleoptera, 291
Elathous, 357

californicus, 359
var. elegans, Leptoschema protractum, 357
elegans, Rhaphoneis, 213
Elytraria squamosa 22, 96
emarginata, Amorpha, 148
Empidonax hammondi, 278

wrighti, 278
Entomology, Report Department of, 1931-

1932, 508
Epidendrum rigidum, 20, 23, 57
Elytraria squamosa, 22, 96
Eragrostis ciliaris, 20, 50

diversiflora, 24, 50
erebus, Athous, 385
erecta, Conocarpus, 21, 80
Erigeron crenatus, 24, 33, 101

kuschei, 158

socorrensis, 22, 33, 100
Eriochloa acuminata, 27, 52

Eriogonum covilleanum, 138
lanosum, 140
pulchrum, 139
tenuissimum, 139

Eriophyllum rixfordi, 158

erythrogaster, Hirundo, 283
Eschscholtz, Athous, 360
essigi, Athous, 381
Eucephalus bicolor, 157

glandulosus, 157
Eupatorium pacificum, 22, 33, 99
Euphagus cyanocephalus cyanocephalus,

280
Euphorbia anthonyi, 24, 32, 71

var. clarionensis, 21, 27, 32, 71

californica, 27, 70

incerta, 70
Eupodiscus antiquus, 190
Eupogogyne, 112
Eutamias affinis affinis, 534
Eutamias ruficaudus simulans, 289
Euthysanius, 454

blaisdelli, 457

cribricollis, 455

piceus, 456

pretiosus, 457
Evermann, B. W. Report Director Museum

and Aquarium, 1931, 483
evermanni, Nemophila, 152
Evotomys gapperi saturatus, 290
excavatus, Athous, 373
Exhibits, Report Department of 1931-1932,
510

fagara, Zanthoxylum, 27, 65

falsificus, Ludius, 425

fasciatus, Picoides americanus, 276

fenyesi, Elater, 302

Ficus cotinifolia, 21, 58

Fishes, Department of, Report 1931-1932,

511
flemingi, Dendragapus obscurus, 1-3
Flora of Revillagigedo Islands, 9
Forestiera rhamnifclia, 22, 23, 83
formosum, Asplenium, 20, 48
frenguellii, Hyalodiscus, 193
Fritillaria striata, 136
fulguralis, Coscinodiscus, 179
fulvipilis semlnuHus, Limonius, 348
fusculus, Ludius, 428

Galactia striata, 27, 65
galapageium, Psidium, 21, 23, 80
Galium mexicanum, 22, 97
Gallinago delicata, 273
gambelli, Zonotrichia lcucophrys, 281
gapperi, saturatus, Evotomys, 290
geniculata, Setaria, 20, 53
Gentiana copelandi, 150

Vol. XIX]

INDEX

527

Genus Pogogync, 105

geometrica, Melosira, 196

Geothlypis trichas occidentalis, 285

gertrudianum, Sedum, 147

giffordi, Asclepias, 150

gilva swainsoni, Vireosylva, 284

Githopsis latifolius, 154

glacialis, Hypnoidus, 326

glandulosus, Eucephalus, 157

globosa, Xanthiopyxis, 224

Gnaphalium attenuatum, 22, 102

Goniothecium rogersii, 192

Gossypium hirsutum, 21, 77

granicollis, Ludius (Paranomus), 435

grantiana, Mimulus, 153

Great Basin Physocarpus, 129

Grunsky, C. E. Report, President of

Academy, 1931, 473

Report, President of Academy and

Acting Director Museum and

Steinhart Aquarium, 1932, 493

Guatemala, New Subspecies of Coral Snake,

265
Guettarda insularis, 22, 33, 96
gutturalis, Vermivora ruficapilla, 284

haliagtus carolinensis, Pandion, 275
halicacabum, Cardiospermum, 21, 28, 72
halierca, Ipomcea, 22, 28, 32, 85
halionyx, Actinoptychus, 169
hammondi, Empidonax, 278
hancocki, Agonostomus, 467
Hanna, G. D. Report, Department, Pa-
leontology, 1931-1932, 515

Diatoms of Sharktooth Hill, Kern
County, California, 161
hartwegiana, Tournefortia, 22, 88
hastata, Sphacele, 22, 90
hederacea, Sida, 28, 76
Hediomoides, 112, 121
Hedymeles melanocephalus melanocephalus,

282
Heliotropium curassavicum, 22, 28, 88
Hemiaulus polymorphus, 193
Hemicrepidius, 444

Lecontei, 445

soccifer, 445

tumescens, 444
Her«otheca mammillaris, 193
Herpetology, Report, Department of 1931-

1932, 512
Hesperiphona vespertina brooksi, 281
hesperis, Corvus brachyrhynchos, 279
Heteropogon contortus, 20, 54
hiemalis pacificus, Xannus, 285
Hieracium occidentale, 154
Hippomane mancinella, 21, 23, 69
hirsutum, Gossypium, 21, 77
hirsutus, Hypnoidus lecontei, 327

Hirundo erythrogaster, 283
hoppingi, Ludius, 434
Horistonotus, 329

lutzi, 330

umbilicatus, 329
Howell, John Thomas, Genus Pogogyne, 105

Great Basin Physocarpus, 129
hudsonicus richardsoni, Sciurus, 289
huguenini, Limonius, 346
humboldti, Ludius, 415
humboldtiana, Karwinskia, 28, 75
hustedti, Xystotheca, 227
Hyalodiscus frenguellii, 193
Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni, 286
Hypericum eastwoodianum, 21, 32, 78
Hypnoidini, 325
Hypnoidus glacialis, 326

lecontei hirsutus, 327

sanborni, 327
Hypoccelus, 292

californicus, 292

Icterus bullocki, 280

Ilex socorrcensis, 21, 32, 72

iliaca, Passerella, 282

illinitus, Aplopappus, 155

illinoiensis, Megapenthes, 314

imbricata, Arctostaphylos, 149

imitans, Athous, 378

incerta, Euphorbia, 70

var. incisum, Asplenium potosinum 20, 23,

49
inconspicuua, Rattrayella, 210
innocens, Perrya, 205
insidiosus, Ludius, 424
insulare, Zanthoxylum, 21, 66
var. insularis, Cheilanthes peninsularis, 20,

27, 32, 50
insularis, Coreopsis, 22, 33, 103

Guettarda, 22, 33, 96
intermedia, Pogogyne serpylloides, 125
involucrata, Lantana, 22, 88
Ipomcea cathartica, 22, 28, 84

halierca, 22, 28, 32, 85

pes-caprse, 22, 24, 28, 84

triloba, 22, 84
Iresine celosia, 27, 60
Iridoprocne bicolor, 283
Iris pinetorum, 137
Ixoreus naevius meruloides, 287

jaculus, Ludius. 412
janischii, Actinoptychus, 169

Leudugeria, 194
Johnston, I. M., Flora Revillagigedo

Islands, 9
Jouvea pilosa, 20, 51
Junco oreganus shufeldti, 281

528

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4th Ser.

Karwinskia humboldtiana, 28, 75
kelloggi, Cyclotella, 185
kernensis, Actinoptychus, 170

Navicula, 197
kittonianus, Stictodiscus, 219
knausi, Cebrio. 464
kuschei, Arenaria, 140

Erigeron, 158

Limonius. 349

lacera, Dossetia, 190
lanei, Limonius, 350
Lanier, Robert J, and Seale, A., Report

Steinhart Aquarium, 1931-1932, 516
Lanivireo solitarius cassini, 284
lanosum, Eriogonum, 140
Lantana involucrata, 22, 88
Laphamia arizonica, 159

saxicola, 159
lasiocarpum, Lepidium, 27, 61
latifolius, Githopsis, 154
lauta, Denticula, 188
lecontei, Hemicrepidius, 445

hirsutus, Hypnoidus, 327
lentiginosus, Botaurus, 273
lepida, Tachycineta thalassina, 283
Lepidium lasiocarpum, 27, 61
Leptoschema, 356

protractum var. elegans, 357
Lepus bairdi, cascadensis (?) 290
leucaspis, Ludius, 431
leucophrys gambelli, Zonotrichia, 281
leucurus, Dryobates pubescens, 275
Leudugeria janischii, 194
lewisi, Asyndesmus, 276
Library, Report, 1931-1932, 513
ligularis, Cyperus, 20, 54
limoniiformis, Ludius, 420
Limonius, 332

beutenmuelleri, 351

bicolor, 344

clypeatus, 347

fulvipilis seminudus, 348

huguenini, 346

kuschei, 349

lanei, 350

nebulosus, 345

pictus, 343

ulkei, 343

ursinus, 349
linearilobus, Convolvulus, 152
lineata, Stephanopyxis, 219
lineatus, Coscinodiscus, 180
Liradiscus rugulosus, 195
litoralis, Verbena, 22, 88
littoralis, Vernonia, 22, 33, 98
lobatus, Ludius, 417
longum, Paspalum, 20, 32, 52
Ludius, 389

aereipennis, 431

Ludius, angusticollis, 420

aplastoides, 411

appalachius, 425

appressus, 420

atlas, 412

atropurpureus, 419

blaisdelli, 424

candezei, 433

carbo, 430

conjungens, 432

cribrosus, 408

cruciatus, 429

divaricatus, 427

dolorosus, 413

falsificus, 425

fusculus, 428

(Paranomus) granicollis, 435

hoppingi, 434

humboldti, 415

insidiosus, 424

jaculus, 412

leucaspis, 431

limoniiformis, 420

lobatus, 417

mirabilis, 433

morulus, 429

nigricollis, 432

nunenmacheri, 422

obscurus, 409

opaculus, 420

patricius, 415

propola, 433

protractus, 410

pruininus, 430

rainieri, 421

resplendens. 425

rotundicollis, 427

rupestris, 427

sagitticollis, 421

semivittatus, 429

shastensis, 423

silvaticus, 409

suckleyi, 431

tahoensis, 418

tenellus, 414

triundulatus, 434

trivittatus, 423

truculentus, 416

uliginosus, 408

volitans, 416

weidti, 426
ludoviciana, Piranga, 282
lunatus, Phaseolus, 21, 64
lutzi, Horistonotus, 330
lyra, Navicula, 199

Macrora, 195

Stella, 196
maculata, Adelocera, 293
maculata, Xanthiopyxis, 225

Vol. XIX]

INDEX

529

maculatus curtatus, Pipi!". 282
madrense, Solanum, 22, 92
Mahonia amplectens, 145
Mailliard J., Birds and Mammals from
Kootcnay Valley, British Columbia, 269
mammillaris, Hercotheca, 193
mancinella, Hippomane, 21, 23, 69
maniculatus artemisia? Peromyscus, 289
manni, Arachnoidiscus. 174
marginata, Xanthiopyxis, 225
marginatus, Coscinodiscus, 181
marina, Xavicula, 199
maritimus, Athous rufiventris, 378
Marmota monax petrensis, 288
marylandicus, Raphidodiscus, 208
masonii, Croton, 21, 32, 67
meditatus, Coscinodiscus, 181
megalops, Megapenthes, 317
Megapenthes, 310

ateirimus, 314

illinoiensis, 314

megalops, 317

obtusus, 315

variolatus, 316
Melanactes, 446

agrypnoides, 446
melanocephalus, Hedymeles melanocepha-

lus, 282
Melanotus, 331
Melasidas, 292
Meliosma nesites, 21, 32, 73
Melochia pyramidata, 21, 28, 78
melodia morphna, Melospiza, 282
Melosira geometrica, 196

sulcata, 197
Melospiza melodia morphna, 282
Mergus americanus, 273
Meruloides, Ixoreus narvius, 287
Metastelma sp., 22, 83
mexicana, Adelocera, 293

occidentalis, Sialia, 287
mexicanum, Galium, 22, 97
Microtus mordax mordax, 290
Micrurus nigrocinctus zunilensis, 266
migratorius propinquus, Planesticus, 287
militaris, Anchastus, 322
mimicans, Xavicula, 200
Mimulus grantiana, 153
minima, Rhynchosia, 21, 65
var. minor, Anemone adamsiana, 142
minor, Pogogyne douglasii, 114, 116
mirabilis, Ludius, 433
Molothrus ater artemesia?, 279
monax petrensis, Marmota, 288
monies, Coscinodiscus, 182
monticola, Dryobates villosus, 275

Sorex vagrans, 288
mordax, Microtus mordax, 290
morphna, Melospiza melodia, 282
morricei, Xavicula, 201
morulus, Ludius, 429

muricatum, Polystichum, 20, 23, 48

murina, Dudleya, 147

Museum and Aquarium Report, 1931-1932,

493
Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni, 278
myosuroides, Cenchrus, 20, 24, 53

narvius meruloides, Ixoreus, 287
Xannus hiemalis pacificus, 285
Xavicula kernensis, 197

lyra, 199

marina, 199

mimicans, 200

morricei, 201

optima, 202

proserpina?, 203

spectabilis, 204
nebulosus, Limonius, 345
neglecta, Sturnella, 280
Xemophila evermanni, 152
Xeotoma cinera cinera, 534

cinera drummondi, 289
nesiotica, Borreria, 22, 28, 33, 97
nesioticus, Stenophyllus, 20, 24, 27, 32, 56
nesites, Meliosma, 21, 32, 73
nesogena, Sida, 21, 32, 76
nesophila, Xicotiana, 22, 33, 93
nesopola, Bursera, 21, 32, 66
nevadensis, Agelaius phceniceus, 279
nevadensis, Dicentra, 143
Xew Plants Western Xorth America, 135
Xicotiana nesophila, 22, 33, 93

stocktoni, 22, 28, 33, 94
nigricollis, Ludius, 432
nigripilis, Athous, 384
nigrocinctus zunilensis, Micrurus, 266
novazealandicus, Coscinodiscus,
novozealandicus, Coscinodiscus, 182
nuchalis, Sphyrapicus varius, 276
Xucifraga columbiana, 279
nudiuscula, Pogogyne, 112, 120
nudum, Psilotum, 20, 48
nunenmacheri, Ludius, 422
nutans, Sorghastrum, 20, 53

obesa, Rhaphoneis, 213
obesula, Rhaphoneis, 214
oblonga, Xanthiopyxis, 226
obscurus flemingi, Dendragapus, 1-3

Ludius, 409

pallidus, Dendragapus, 4

richardsonii, Dendragapus, 1-7.
2 74
obtusus, Megapenthes, 315
occidentale, Hieracium, 154
occidentalis, Geothylpis trichas, 285

Sialia mexicana, 287
oculus-iridis, Coscinodiscus, 183
oligantha, Anemone, 142

530

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4th Ser.

olivacea, Vineosylva, 284
olivaceus, Regulus satrapa, 286
Omphalotheca caput-medusas, 204
opaculus, Ludius, 420
opilinus, Athous, 383
optima, Navicula, 202
Opuntia sp. vel spp. 21, 28, 80
oregana, Dicentra, 144
oreganus shufeldti, Junco, 281
Oreopanax xalapense, 21, 23, 82
ovilacea, Vireosylva, 284
ornatipennis, Athous, 383
Ornithology and Mammalogy Report De-
partment of, 1931-1932, 514
oryzivorus, Dolichonyx, 279
Oxyechus vociferus, 273

pacificum, Cestrum, 22, 33, 95
pacificum, Eupatorium, 22, 33, 99
pacificus, Coscinodiscus, 184

Nannus hiemalis, 285
Paleontology, Report, Department of, 1931-

1932, 515
pallidipennis, Athous, 375

sierree, Athous, 376
pallidum, Dendragapus obscurus, 4-7
var. paludosus, Scirpus robustus, 27, 56
panamintensis, Physocarpus alternana,

131, 132
Pandion haliaetus carolinensis, 275
pansa, Aristida, 20, 23, 27, 51
Paranomus, 444
parilis, Rhaphoneis, 214
parkmani, Troglodytes aedon, 285
Paraedostethus, 327

relictus, 328
parviflora, Pogogyne douglasii, 114, 117
Paspalum longum, 20, 32, 52
Passerculus sandwichensis anthinus, 281
Passerella iliaca, 282
Passerina amoena, 282
passerina arizonae, Spizella, 281
patricius, Ludius, 415
peninsularis var amphithalassa, Brickel-

lia, 22, 28, 33, 100

var insularis, Cheilanthes, 20, 27,
32, 50
Penthestes atricapillus septentrionalis, 286

rufescens rufescens, 286
Peperomia chrysolepida, 20, 32, 57

socorronis, 20, 32, 58
Periptera tetracladia, 205
perisetosus, Actinoptychus, 171
Perisoreus canadensis capitalis, 278
Perityle socorrosensis, 22, 24, 28, 33, 103
Peromyscus maniculatus artemisiae, 289
Perrya innocens, 205
pes-caprje, Ipomoea, 22, 24, 28, 84
petrensis, Marmota monax, 288
Petrochelidon Albifrons Albifrons, 282

Phaseolus atropurpureus, 21, 27, 64
Phaseolus lunatus, 21, 64
Phelpsi, Elater, 306
Phlceotomus pileatus picinus, 276
phceniceus nevadensis, Agelaius, 279
Phoradendron townsendi, 21, 32, 59
Physalis angulata, 28, 92

sp. 28, 92
Physocarpus alternans, 130

alternans annulatus, 131, 133
panamintensis, 131, 132
typicus, 131

Physocarpus, Great Basin Species, 129
piceicollis, Aplastus, 464
piceus, Euthysanius, 456
picinus, Phlceotomus pileatus, 276
Picoides americanus fasciatus, 276

articus, 275
pictus, Limonius, 343
pileatus picinus, Phlceotomus, 276
pilosa, Jouvea, 20, 51

Portulaca, 20, 27, 61
pilosus, Aplastus, 463
pinetorum, Iris, 137
pinus pinus, Spinus, 281
Pipilo maculatus curtatus, 282
Piranga ludoviciana, 282
Plagiogramma truanii, 207
Planesticus migratorius propinquus, 287
Plastocerus, 457

amplicollis, 459
Plastocerinas, 452
Platyrhynchos, Anas, 273
Pleurothallis unguicallosa, 20, 32, 57
plumierii, Scaevola, 22, 28, 98
Pogogyne abramsi, 112, 119

douglassi, 112

minor, 114, 116
parviflora, 114, 117
ramosa, 114, 116
typica, 114

nudiuscula, 112, 120

serpylloides, 112, 121, 124
intermedia, 125
typica, 122

tenuiflora, 112, 128

zizyphoroides, 112, 124, 126
polyacantha, Stephanogonia, 218
polygenus, Athous, 382
polymorphus, Hemiaulus, 193
polypodioides, Polypodium, 20, 49
Polypodium polypodioides, 20, 49
Polypodium pulchrum, 20, 50
Polystichum muricatum, 20, 23, 48
porosus, Agriotes, 449
potosinum var. incisum, Asplenium, 20, 23,

49
Portulaca pilosa, 21, 27, 61
portulacastrum, Sesuvium, 2 7, 60
pretiosus, Euthysanius, 457
primoris, Tropidoneis, 223

Vol. XIX]

INDEX

531

productus, Aplastus, 463

propinquus, Planesticus migTatorius, 287

propola, Ludius, 433

proserpinas, Navicula, 203

protractum var. elegans, Leptoschema, 3S7

protractus, Ludius, 410

pruininus, Ludius, 430

Prunus capuli, 21, 62

Psidium galapageium, 21, 23, 80

socoiTense, 21, 32, 81
Psilotum nudum, 20, 48
Pteridium caudatum, 20, 49
pubescens leucurus, Dryobates, 275
pulchrum, Eriogonum, 139

Polypodium, 20 50
purpurascens, Sporobolus, 20, 23, 51
pyramidata, Melochia, 21, 28, 78

quadricorais (?) Zygoceros, 228
Querquedula cyanoptera, 273

radiata, Adiantopsis, 20, 23, 49
rainieri, Ludius, 421
ramosa, Pogogyne douglasii, 114, 116
Raphidodiscus, 207

marylandicus, 208
Rattrayella inconspicuua, 210
Regulus satrapa olivaceus, 286
relictus, Paraedostethus, 328
resplendens, Ludius, 425
rhamnifolia, Forestiera, 22, 23, 83
Rhamnus discolor, 21, 23, 75
Rhaphoneis, 211

amphiceros, 211

elegans, 213

obesa, 213

obesula, 214

parilis, 214
rhodopus, Elater, 302
rhombifolia, Sida, 21, 76
Rhynchosia minima, 21, 65
Richardson Grouse, Geographic Variation

in, 1
richardsonii, Dendragapus obscurus, 1-7,

274
richardsoni, richardsoni, Myiochanes, 278

Sciurus hudsonicus, 289
rigidum, Epidendrum, 20, 23, 57
rixfordi, Eriophyllum, 158
robustus var. paludosus, Scirpus, 27, 56
rogersii, Goniothecium, 192
rotula, Asterolampra, 175
rotundicollis, Ludius, 427
rubriventris, Elater, 303
Rubus sp. 21, 61

rufescens, rufescens, Penthestes, 286
ruficapilla gutturalis, Vermivora, 284
ruficaudus simulans, Eutamias, 289
rufifrons, Athous, 372

rufipennis, Athous, 380
rufiventris, Athous, 377

maritimus, Athous, 378
rufus, Selasphorus, 277
rugosus, Sericus, 452
rugulosus, Liradiscus, 195
rvpestris, Ludius, 427
ruticilla, Setophaga, 285

sagitticollis, Ludius, 421
Salmo selenirU, 471

sanborni, Hypnoidus, 327

sandwichensis anthinus, Passerculus, 281

sanhedrensis, Streptanthus, 146

Sapindus saponaria, 28, 73

saponaria, Sapindus, 28, 73

satrapa olivaceus, Regulus, 286

saturatus, Evotomys gapperi, 290

saxicola, Laphamia, 159

Scaevola plumierii, 22, 28, 98

Sceptroneis caduceus, 216

Schmidt, Karl P. New Subspecies Coral

Snake, Guatemala, 265
Scirpus robustus var. paludosus, 27, 56
scissus, Athous, 377
Sciurus hudsonicus richardsoni, 289
scutulum, Dimeregramma, 189
Seale, Alvin, Agonostomus hancocki Seale,

sp. nov., 467
Seale, Alvin and Lanier, R. J., Report

Steinhart Aquarium, 1931-1932, 516
Sedum gertrudianum, 147
Selasphorus rufus, 277
seleniris, Salmo, 471
seminudus, Limonius fulvipilis, 348
semivittatus, Ludius, 429
septentrionalis, Penthestes atricapillus, 286
Sericus, 452

rugosus, 452
serphylloides intermedia, Pogogyne, 125

Pogogyne, 112, 121, 124

typica, Pogogyne, 122
serripennis, Stelgidopteryx, 283
Sesuvium portulacastrum, 27, 60
Setaria geniculata, 20, 53
Setophaga ruticilla, 285
shastensis, Ludius, 423
shufeldti, Junco oreganus, 281
Sialia currucoides, 287

mexicana occidentalis, 287
Sida hederacea, 28, 76

nesogena, 21, 32, 76

rhombifolia, 21, 76
sierras, Athous pallidipennis, 376
sil vatic us, Ludius, 409
simulans, Eutamias ruficaudus, 289
Sitta canadensis, 285

Slevin, J. R. Report, Department Herpe-
tology, 1931-1932, 512

532

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

Snyder, J. O., Salrno seleniris, a New Cal-

fornia Trout, 471
soccifer, Hemicrepidius, 445
socorrense, Psidium, 21, 32, 81
socorrensis, Bumelia, 22, 32, 83

Calliandra, 21, 27, 32, 62
Erigeron, 22, 33, 100
Triumfetta, 21, 32, 75
socorroensis, Ilex, 21, 32, 72
socorronis, Peperomia, 20, 32, 58
socorrosensis, Perityle, 22, 24, 28, 33, 103
Solarium madrense, 22, 92
solitarius cassini, Lanivireo, 284
Sophora tomentosa, 27, 63
sordidus, Athous, 380
Sorex vagrans monticola, 288
Sorghastrum nutans, 20, 53
sparveria. Cerchneis sparveria, 274
spectabilis, Navicula, 204
Sphacele hastata, 22, 90
Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis, 276
spinosum, Triceratium, 222
Spinus pinus pinus, 281
Spizella passerina arizonae, 281
sponsa, Aix, 273
Sporobolus argutus, 27, 51

purpurascens, 20, 23, 51
squamosa, Elytraria, 22, 96
Steinhart Aquarium, Report of, 1931-1932,

516
Stelgidopteryx serripennis, 283
Stella, Macrora, 196
stelleri annectens, Cyanocitta, 278
Stellula calliope, 277
Stenophyllus nesioticus, 20, 24, 27, 32,

56
Stephanogonia actinoptychus, 217

polyacantha, 218
Stephanopyxis lineata, 219
Stictodiscus kittonianus, 219
stocktoni, Xicotiana, 22, 28, 33, 94
Streptanthus coombsae, 145
dudleyi, 145
sanhedrensis, 146
striata, Fritillaria, 136

Galactia, 27, 65
sturmii, Elater, 301
Sturnella neglecta, 280
subopacus, Anchastus, 321
subrotundatum, Triceratium, 222
suckleyi, Ludius, 431
sulcata, Melosira, 197
suppressus, Auliscus, 177
surirella tembloris, 220
swainsoni, Hylocichla ustulata, 286

Vireosylva gilva, 284
Swarth, Harry S. Geographic Variation
Richardson Grouse, 1 Report, Depart-
ment Orithology and Mammalogy, 1931-
1932, 514
symbolophorus, Cocinodiscus, 184

Tachycincta thalassina lepida, 283
tahoensis, Ludius, 418
tembloris, Surirella, 220
Teucrium affine, 32, 90

var. dentosum, 22, 24, 33. 90

townsendii, 28, 32, 89
tenellus, Ludius, 414
tenuiflora, Pogogyne, 112, 128
tenuissimum, Eriogonum, 139
tetracladia, Periptera, 205
thalassina lepida, Tachycineta, 283
thumii, Actinoptychus, 171
tomentosa, Sophora, 27, 63
Tose, Frank, Report, Department of Ex-
hibits, 1931-1932, 510
Tournefortia hartwegiana, 22, 88
townsendi, Phoradendron, 20, 32, 59
townsendii, Teucrium 28, 32, 89
var. townsendii, Viguiera deltoidea, 22, 103
traskae, Aplopappus, 156
Treasurer, Report of 1931, 488
1932, 518
Tribulus cistoides, 21, 27, 65
Triceratium americanum, 220

condecorum, 221

spinosum, 222

subrotundatum, 222
trichas occidentalis, Geothlypis, 285
tridactylosus, Convolvulus, 151
triloba, Ipomcea, 22, 84
Triumfetta socorrensis, 21, 32, 75
triundulatus, Athous, 383

Ludius, 434
trivittatus, Ludius, 423
Troglodytes asdon parkmani, 285
Tropidoneis primoris, 223
truanii, Plagiogramma, 207
truculentus, Ludius, 416
truxillensis, Cressa, 22, 28, 87
tumescens, Hemicrepidius, 444
typica, Pogogyne douglasii, 114
typica, Pogogyne serpylloides, 122
typicus, Physocarpus alternans, 131
Tyrannus, tyrannus, 277

Tyrannus, 277

verticalis, 278

uliginosus, Ludius, 408
ulkei, Limonius, 343
umbelloides, Bonasa umbellus, 274
umbellus umbelloides, Bonasa. 274
umbilicatus, Horistonotus, 329
umbrosa, Acalypha, 21, 32, 69
undulatus, Actinoptychus, 172

Athous, 383
unguicallosa, Pleurothallis, 20, 32, 57
ursinus, Elater, 301

Limonius. 349
ustulata swainsoni, Hylocichla, 286

Vol. XIX)

INDEX

533

vagrans monticola, Sorex, 288

Van Duzee, E. P., Report, De-
partment Entomology, 1931-
19.52, 508
Van Dyke, Edwin C, Elatcrida: and related

Coleoptera, 291
varians, Conoderes, 298
variolatus, Msgapenthx-s, 317
varipilis, Elater, 306
varius nuchalis, Sphyrapicus, 276
vclox, Accipiter, 274
ventmlis, Anchastus, 322
Verbena litoralis, 22, 88
Vermivora ruficapilla gutturalis, 284
Vernonia littoralis, 22, 33, 98
verticalis, Tyrannus, 278
vespertina brooksi, Hesperiphona, 281
Viguiera deltoidea var. townsendii, 22, 103
villosus monticola, Dryobates, 275
Vireosylva gilva swainsoni, 284

olivacea, 284
virginianus, Bubo, 275
virginica, Commelina, 27, 56
Viscosa, Dodonaea, 21, 24, 28, 73
vittiger, Athous. 373

vociferus, Oxyechus, 273
volitans, Ludius, 416

Watheria americana, 21, 28, 78
weidti, Ludius. 426
westoni, Calochortus, 136
wrighti, Empidonax, 278

xalapense, Oreopanax, 21, 23, 82
Xanthiopyxis acrolopha, 224
globosa, 224

rn.icul.ita, 225
marginata, 225
oblonga, 226
Xystotheca, 226

hustedti, 227

Zanthoxylum fagara, 27, 65

insulara, 21, 66
zizyphoroides, Pogogyne, 112, 124, 126
Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelli, 281
zunilensis, Micrurus nigrocinctus, 266
Zygoceros (?) quadricornis, 228

534 ( ALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.

ERRATA

Page 27. Fourth line of table: for Erichloa read Eriochloa.

Page 182. Line 26: for Coscinodiscus novozealandicus Grove, read Coscino-
discus novazealandicus Grove.

Page 182. Line 28: for novo-zealandica Grove, read nova-zealandica Grove.

Page 200. Line 14: for .447 mm., read .0447 mm.

Page 205. Line 2: for plate 13, fig. 8, read plate 13, figs. 8, 9.

Page 213. Line 2: for plate 15, figs. 5, 6, 7, read plate 15, figs. 6, 7, and 8.

Page 227. Line 2: for plate 18, figs. 5, 6, read plate 18, figs. 6, 7.

Page 244. Line 6: for Coscinodiscus zealandicus Grove, read Coscinodiscus
novazealandicus Grove.

Page 260. Line 6: for Triceratum, read Triceratium.

Page 289. Tenth line from top: for Eutamias ruficaudus simulans Howell,
read Eutamias affinis affinis Allen.

Page 289. Fifth line from bottom: for Neotoma cinera drummondi (Richard-
son), read Neotoma cinera cinera (Baird).

PROCEEDINGS

OF THB

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 2, pp. 9-104 November 18, 1931

The Flora of the Revillagigedo Islands

IVAN M. JOHNSTON
Gray Herbarium of Harvard University

SAN FRANCISCO

Published by the Academy

1931

TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, COUNCIL,

AND MUSEUM STAFF OF

THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

WILLIAM H. CROCKER, President Term expire? 1935

JOSEPH D. GRANT, Vice-President Term expires 1932

LOUIS F. MONTEAGLE Term expires 1933

MRS. ALEXANDER F. MORRISON Term expires 1934

NORMAN B. LIVERMORE Term expires 1936

DR. C. E. GRUNSKY,

President of the Academy and ex-officio member . . . Term expires 1932
F. W. BRADLEY,

Treasurer of the Academy and ex-officio member . . . Term expires 1932
SUSIE M. PEERS, Secretary to the Board

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL
DR. C. E. GRUNSKY, President of the Academy
OTTO von GELDERN, First Vice-President
DR. WM. E. RITTER, Second Vice-President
DR. F. M. MacFARLAND, Corresponding Secretary
ANNIE G. HOBSON, Recording Secretary
F. W. BRADLEY, Treasurer
DR. EMMET RIXFORD, Librarian
DR. BARTON WARREN EVERMANN,

Director of the Museum and of the Steinkart

Aquarium, and Executive Curator

STAFF
Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director and Executive Curator

Department of Botany . . . Alice Eastwood, Curator

John Thomas Howell, Assistant Curator
Kate E. Phelps, Assistant

Department of Entomology . Edward P. Van Duzee, Curator

Amy Williamson, Assistant
Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke, Honorary Curator
Dr. F. R. Cole, Associate Curator in Dipterology
Dr. F. E. Blaisdell, Sr., Research Associate

Department of Exhibits. . . Frank Tose, Chief

Department of Fishes . . . Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Curator

H. Walton Clark, Assistant Curator

Department of Herpetology . Joseph R. Slevin, Curator

Department of Invertebrate Zoology

Dr. Walter K. Fisher, Curator

Library Dr. Emmet Rixford, Librarian

Thomas Cowles, Assistant Librarian
Veronica J. Sexton, Library Assistant

Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy

Harry S. Swarth, Curator

M. E. McLellan Davidson, Assistant Curator

Joseph Mailliard, Curator Emeritus

Department of Paleontology . Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Curator

Dr. Leo George Hertlein, Assistant Curator
Dr. Frank M. Anderson, Honorary Curator
M. Vonsen, Honorary Curator in Mineralogy
Dr. Roy E. Dickerson, Research Associate

Steinhart Aquarium .... Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director

Alvin Seale, Superintendent
Robert J. Lanier, Assistant Superintendent

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION

Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Chairman and Editor

Dr. C. E. Grunsky Dr. Wm. E. Ritter

.25

PROCEEDINGS

Fourth Series

VOLUME XVIII

Pages 1-27. I. A New Species of Corambe from the Pacific Coast of
North America. By Frank M. MacFarland and Charles H.
O'Donoghue. Plates 1-3. (Issued January 29, 1929) $0.65

Pages 29-43. II. A New Bird Family (Geor.pizidae) from the Galapagos
Islands. By Harry S. Swarth. Text figures 6. (Issued January
29, 1929) 25

Pages 45-71. III. A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Nesting
Habits of the Golden Eagle. By Joseph R. Slevin. Plates 4-7.
(Issued January 29, 1929) 40

Pages 73-213. IV. Marine Miocene and Related Deposits of North
Colombia. By Frank M. Anderson. Plates 8-23. (Issued March
29, 1929) 1 . 50

Page 215. V. A New Pecten from the San Diego Pliocene. By Leo
George Hertlein. Plate 24, Figures 10-11. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 217-218. VI. A New Species of Land Snail from Kern County,
California. By G. Dallas Hanna. Plate 24, figures 7, 8, 9.
(Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 219-220. VII. A New Species of Land Snail from Coahuila,
Mexico. By G. Dallas Hanna and Leo George Hertlein. Plate
24, figures 5-6. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 221-227. VIII. Some Notes on Oreohelix. By Julius Hender-
son. Plate 24, figures 1-4. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 229-243. IX. Notes on the Northern Elephant Seal. By

M. E. McLellan Davidson. Plates 25-26. (Issued April 5, 1929) .25

Pages 245-260. X. On a small collection of Birds from Torres Strait
Islands, and from Guadalcanar Island, Solomon Group. By
M. E. McLellan Davidson. (Issued April 5, 1929) 15

Pages 261-265. XI. The Generic Relationships and Nomenclature of

the California Sardine. By Carl L. Hubbs. (Issued April 5, 1929) .10

Pages 267-383. XII. The Faunal Areas of Southern Arizona: A
Study in Animal Distribution. By Harry S. Swarth. Plates
27-32, text figures 7. (Issued April 26, 1929Y 1 . 00

Pages 385-391. XIII. The Escallonias in Golden Gate Park, San
Francisco, California, with Descriptions of New Species. By
Alice Eastwood. (Issued September 6, 1929) .25

Pages 393-484. XIV. Studies in the Flora of Lower California and
Adjacent Islands. By Alice Eastwood. Plates 33-34. (Issued
September 6, 1929) 1 .00

Pages 485-496. XV. Drepania: A Genus of Nudibranchiate Mol-
lusks new to California. By F. M. MacFarland. Plate 35. (Issued
October 4, 1929) 40

Pages 497-530. XVI. Some Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera from near
Coalinga, California. By J. A. Cushman and C. C. Church.
Plates 36-41. (Issued October 4, 1929) 75

Pages 531-541. XVII. Report of the President of the Academy for

the year 1929. By C. E. Grunsky

Pages 542-586. XVIII. Report of the Director of the Academy for ■

the year 1929. By Barton Warren Ever-
mann. (Issued April 8, 1930)

Pages 587-601 Title Page Contents and Index. (Issued

May 8, 1930) 10

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Pages 1-6. I. Marine Mollusca of Guadalupe Island, Mexico. By'

A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4, 1930)
Pages 7-12. II. Marine Mollusca of the Revillagigedo Islands, Mex

ico. By A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4, 1930)^ $0.50
Pages 13-22. III. Marine Mollusca of the Tres Marias Islands,

Mexico. By A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4,

1930)

Pages 23-40. IV. Some Rissoid Mollusca from the Gulf of California.'

Plate 1; 4 text figures. By Fred Baker, G. D. Hanna and A. M.

Strong. (Issued July 15, 1930) I

Pages 41-56. V. Some Mollusca of the Family Epitoniidae from thej

Gulf of California. Plates 2 and 3. Bv Fred Baker, G. D. Hanna

and A. M. Strong. (Issued July 15, 1930)

Pages 57-64. VI. Pliocene Deposits North of Simi Valley, California.

By W. P. Woodring. (Issued July 15, 1930) 15

Pages 65-83. VII. Geology of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, Cali-
fornia. 3 text figures. By G. Dallas Hanna. (Issued July 15,
1930) 25

Pages 85-93. VIII. Fossil Bird Remains from the Temblor Formation
near Bakersfield, California. 7 text figures. By Alexander Wet-
more. (Issued July 15, 1930) .15

Pages 95-104. IX. The Killifish of San Ignacio and the Stickleback of
San Ramon, Lower California. 1 text figure. By George Sprague
Myers. (Issued July 15, 1930) 15

Pages 105-108. X. Contributions to Oriental Herpetology. — IV.

Hokushu or Yezo. By Joseph R. Slevin. (Issued July 15, 1930) . 10

Pages 109-215. XL Marine Algae of the Revillagigedo Expedition of
1925. Plates 4-15. By William Albert Setchell and Nathaniel
Lyon Gardner. (Issued December 30, 1930) 1.50

Pages 217-397. XII. Pelagic Mammals from the Temblor Forma-
tion of the Kern River Region, California. 134 text figures.
By Remington Kellogg. (Issued January 30, 1931) 1.25

Pages 399-410. XIII. Report of the President of the Academy for'

the year 1930. By C. E. Grunsky

Pages 411-482. XIV. Report of the Director of the Museum and of I- .25

the Aquarium for the year 1930. By Barton
Warren Evermann. (Issued May 29, 1931))

VOLUME XX

Pages 1-7. I. Geographic Variation in the Richardson Grouse.

By Harry S. Swarth. Text figure 3. (Issued May 22, 1931).. . $0. 15

Pages 9-104. II. The Flora of the Revillagigedo Islands. By Ivan

M. Johnston. (Issued November 18, 1931) 1 . 25

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fourth Series

Vol. XX, Nos. 3 and 4, pp. 105-134, plate 1 December 18, 1931

No. 3, pp. 105-128, plate 1

The Genus Pogogyne

JOHN THOMAS HOWELL
Assistant Curator, Department of Botany

No. 4, pp. 129-134

A Great Basin Species of Physocarpus

JOHN THOMAS HOWELL
Assistant Curator, Department of Botany

SAN FRANCISCO

Published by the Academy

1931

TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, COUNCIL,

AND MUSEUM STAFF OF

THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

WILLIAM H. CROCKER, President Term expires 1935

JOSEPH D. GRANT, Vice-President Term expires 1932

LOUIS F. MONTEAGLE Term expires 1933

MRS. ALEXANDER F. MORRISON Term expires 1934

NORMAN B. LIVERMORE Term expires 1936

DR. C. E. GRUNSKY,

President of the Academy and ex-officio member . . . Term expires 1932
F. W. BRADLEY,

Treasurer of the Academy and ex-officio member . . . Term expires 1932
SUSIE M. PEERS, Secretary to the Board

Director of the Museum and of the Steinhart

Aquarium, and Executive Curator

STAFF
Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director and Executive Curator

Department of Botany . . . Alice Eastwood, Curator

John Thomas Howell, Assistant Curator
Kate E. Phelps, Assistant

Department of Entomology . Edward P. Van Duzee, Curator

Amy Williamson, Assistant
Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke, Honorary Curator
Dr. F. R. Cole, Associate Curator in Dipterology
Dr. F. E. Blaisdell, Sr., Research Associate

Department of Exhibits . . . Frank Tose, Chief

Department of Fishes . . . Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Curator

H. Walton Clark, Assistant Curator

Department of Herpetology . Joseph R. Slevin, Curator

Department of Invertebrate Zoology

Dr. Walter K. Fisher, Curator

Library Dr. Emmet Rixford, Librarian

Thomas Cowles, Assistant Librarian
Veronica J. Sexton, Library Assistant

Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy

_ Harry S. Swarth, Curator

M. E. McLellan Davidson, Assistant Curator
Joseph Mailliard, Curator Emeritus

Department of Paleontology . Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Curator

Dr. Leo George Hertlein, Assistant Curator
Dr. Frank M. Anderson, Honorary Curator
M. Vonsen, Honorary Curator in Mineralogy
Dr. Roy E. Dickerson, Research Associate

Steinhart Aquarium .... Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director

Alvin Seale, Superintendent
Robert J. Lanier, Assistant Superintendent

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION

Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Chairman and Editor

Dr. C. E. Grunsky Dr. Wm. E. Ritter

PROCEEDINGS

Fourth Series

VOLUME XVIII

Pages 1-27. I. A New Species of Corambe from the Pacific Coast of
North America. By Frank M. MaoFarland and Charles H.
O'Donoghue. Plates 1-3. (Issued January 29, 1929) $0 . 65

Pages 29-43. II. A New Bird Family (Geospizidae) from the Galapagos
Islands. By Harry S. Swarth. Text figures 6. {Issued January
29, 1929) 25

Pages 45-71. III. A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Nesting
Habits of the Golden Eagle. By Joseph R. Slevin. Plates 4-7.
(Issued January 29, 1929) 40

Pages 73-213. IV. Marine Miocene and Related Deposits of North
Colombia. By Frank M. Anderson. Plates 8-23. (Issued March
29, 1929) 1 . 50

Page 215. V. A New Pecten from the San Diego Pliocene. By Leo'
George Hertlein. Plate 24, Figures 10-11. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 217-218. VI. A New Species of Land Snail from Kern County,
California. By G. Dallas Hanna. Plate 24, figures 7, 8, 9.
(Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 219-220. VII. A New Species of Land Snarl from Coahuila,
Mexico. By G. Dallas Hanna and Leo George Hertlein. Plate
24, figures 5-6. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 221-227. VIII. Some Notes on Oreohelix. By Julius Hender-
son. Plate 24, figures 1-4. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 229-243. IX. Notes on the Northern Elephant Seal. By

M. E. McLellan Davidson. Plates 25-26. (Issued April 5, 1929) .25

Pages 245-260. X. On a small collection of Birds from Torres Strait
Islands, and from Guadalcanar Island, Solomon Group. By
M. E. McLellan Davidson. (Issued April 5, 1929) 15

Pages 261-265. XI. The Generic Relationships and Nomenclature of

the California Sardine. By Carl L. Hubbs. (Issued April 5, 1929) . 10

Pages 267-383. XII. The Faunal Areas of Southern Arizona: A
Study in Animal Distribution. By Harry S. Swarth. Plates
27-32, text figures 7. (Issued April 26, 1929) 1 . 00

Pages 385-391. XIII. The Escallonias in Golden Gate Park, San
Francisco, California, with Descriptions of New Species. By
Alice Eastwood. (Issued September 6, 1929) .25

Pages 393-484. XIV. Studies in the Flora of Lower California and
Adjacent Islands. By Alice Eastwood. Plates 33-34. (Issued
September 6, 1929) 1 .00

Pages 485-496. XV. Drepania: A Genus of Nudibranchiate Mol-
lusks new to California. By F. M. MacFarland. Plate 35. (Issued
October 4, 1929) 40

Pages 497-530. XVI. Some Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera from near
Coalinga, California. By J. A. Cushman and C. C. Church.
Plates 36-41. (Issued October 4, 1929) 75

Pages 531-541. XVII. Report of the President of the Academy for'

the year 1929. By C. E. Grunsky

Pages 542-586. XVIII. Report of the Director of the Academy for •

the year 1929. By Barton Warren Ever-
mann. (Issued April 8, 1930)

Pages 587-601 Title Page Contents and Index. (Issued

May 8, 1930) 10

PROCEEDINGS

Fourth Series

VOLUME XIX

Pages 1-6. I. Marine Mollusca of Guadalupe Island, Mexico. By'

A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4, 1930)
Pages 7-12. II. Marine Mollusca of the Revillagigedo Islands, Mex>

ico. By A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4, 1930)) $0.50
Pages 13-22. III. Marine Mollusca of the Tres Marias Islands,

Mexico. By A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4,

1930)

Pages 23-40. IV. Some Rissoid Mollusca from the Gulf of California.

Plate 1 ; 4 text figures. By Fred Baker, G. D. Hanna and A. M.

Strong. (Issued July 15, 1930)
Pages 41-56. V. Some Mollusca of the Family Epitoniidffi from the

Gulf of California. Plates 2 and 3. By Fred Baker, G. D. Hanna

and A. M. Strong. (Issued July 15, 1930)

Pages 57-64. VI. Pliocene Deposits North of Simi Valley, California.

By W. P. Woodring. (Issued July 15, 1930) 15

Pages 65-83. VII. Geology of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, Cali-
fornia. 3 text figures. By G. Dallas Hanna. (Issued July 15,
1930) : 25

Pages 85-93. VIII. Fossil Bird Remains from the Temblor Formation
near Bakersfield, California. 7 text figures. By Alexander Wet-
more. (Issued July 15, 1930) 15

Pages 95-104. IX. The Killifish of San Ignacio and the Stickleback of
San Ramon, Lower California. 1 text figure. By George Sprague
Myers. (Issued July 15, 1930) .15

Pages 105-108. X. Contributions to Oriental Herpetology. — IV.

Hokushu or Yezo. By Joseph R. Slevin. (Issued July 15, 1930) . 10

Pages 109-215. XI. Marine Algse of the Revillagigedo Expedition of
1925. Plates 4-15. By William Albert Setchell and Nathaniel
Lyon Gardner. (Issued December 30, 1930) 1.50

Pages 217-397. XII. Pelagic Mammals from the Temblor Forma-
tion of the Kern River Region, California. 134 text figures.
By Remington Kellogg. (Issued January 30, 1931) 1.25

Pages 399-410. XIII. Report of the President of the Academy for

the year 1930. By C. E. Grunsky

Pages 411-482. XIV. Report of the Director of the Museum and of \ .25

the Aquarium for the year 1930. By Barton
Warren Evermann. (issued May 29, 1931)}

VOLUME XX

Pages 1-7. I. Geographic Variation in the Richardson Grouse.

By Harry S. Swarth. Text figures 3. (Issued May 22, 1931).. . $0. 15

Pages 9-104. II. The Flora of the Revillagigedo Islands. By Ivan

M.Johnston. (Issued November 18, 1931) 1.25

Pages 105-128. III. The Genus Pogogyne. Plate 1. By John]

Thomas Howell. (Issued December 18, 193 1)A *q

Pages 129-134. IV. A Great Basin Species of Physocarpus. By John f

Thomas Howell. (Issued December 18, 1931).)

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 5, pp. 135-160 December 18, 1931

New Species of Plants
From Western North America

ALICE EASTWOOD
Curator, Department of Botany

SAN FRANCISCO

Published by the Academy

1931

TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, COUNCIL,

AND MUSEUM STAFF OF

THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

WILLIAM H. CROCKER, President Term expires 1935

JOSEPH D. GRANT, Vice-President Term expires 1932

LOUIS F. MONTEAGLE Term expires 1933

MRS. ALEXANDER F. MORRISON Term expires 1934

NORMAN B. LIVERMORE Term expires 1936

DR. C. E. GRUNSKY,

President of the Academy and ex-officio member . . . Term expires 1932
F. W. BRADLEY,

Treasurer of the Academy and ex-officio member . . . Term expires 1932
SUSIE M. PEERS, Secretary to the Board

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL

DR. C. E. GRUNSKY, President of the Academy

OTTO von GELDERN, First Vice-President

DR. WM. E. RITTER, Second Vice-President

DR. F. M. MacFARLAND, Corresponding Secretary

ANNIE G. HOBSON, Recording Secretary

F. W. BRADLEY, Treasurer

DR. EMMET RIXFORD. Librarian

DR. BARTON WARREN EVERMANN,

Director of the Museum and of the Steinhart

Aquarium, and Executive Curator

STAFF
Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director and Executive Curator

Department of Botany . . . Alice Eastwood, Curator

John Thomas Howell, Assistant Curator
Kate E. Phelps, Assistant

Department of Entomology . Edward P. Van Duzee, Curator

Amy Williamson, Assistant
Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke. Honorary Curator
Dr. F. R. Cole, Associate Curator in Dipterology
Dr. F. E. Blaisdell, Sr., Research Associate

Department of Exhibits. . . Frank Tose, Chief

Department of Fishes . . . Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Curator

H. Walton Clark, Assistant Curator

Department of Herpetology . Joseph R. Slevin, Curator

Department of Invertebrate Zoology

Dr. Walter K. Fisher, Curator

Library Dr. Emmet Rixford, Librarian

Thomas Cowles, Assistant Librarian
Veronica J. Sexton, Library Assistant

Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy

Harry S. Swarth, Curator

M. E. McLellan Davidson, Assistant Curator

Joseph Mailliard, Curator Emeritus

Department of Paleontology . Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Curator

Dr. Leo George Hertlein, Assistant Curator
Dr. Frank M. Anderson, Honorary Curator
M. Vonsen, Honorary Curator in Mineralogy
Dr. Roy E. Dickerson, Research Associate

Steinhart Aquarium .... Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director

Alvin Seale, Superintendent
Robert J. Lanier, Assistant Superintendent

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION

Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Chairman and Editor

Dr. C. E. Grunsky Dr. Wm. E. Ritter

PROCEEDINGS

Fourth Series

VOLUME XVIII

Pages 1-27. I. A New Species of Corambe from the Pacific Coast of
North America. By Frank M. MacFarland and Charles H.
O'Donoghue. Plates 1-3. (Issued January 29, IQ2Q)

Pages 29-43. II. A New Bird Family (Geospizida?) from the Galapagos
Islands. By Harry S. Swarth. Text figures 6. (Issued January
29, 1929)

Pages 45-71. III. A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Nesting
Habits of the Golden Eagle. By Joseph R. Slevin. Plates 4-7.
{Issued January 29, 1929)

IV. Marine Miocene and Related Deposits of North
By Frank M. Anderson. Plates 8-23. (Issued March

Pages 73-213.
Colombia.
29, 1929) .

Page 215. V. A New Pecten from the San Diego Pliocene. By Leo
George Hertlein. Plate 24, Figures 10-11. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 217-218. VI. A New Species of Land Snail from Kern County,
California. By G. Dallas Hanna. Plate 24, figures 7, 8, 9.
(Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 219-220. VII. A New Species of Land Snail from Coahuila,
Mexico. By G. Dallas Hanna and Leo George Hertlein. Plates
24, figures 5-6. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 221-227. VIII. Some Notes on OreoheUx. By Julius Hender-
son. Plate 24, figures 1-4. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 229-243. IX. Notes on the Northern Elephant Seal. By
M. E. McLellan Davidson. Plates 25-26. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 245-260. X. On a small collection of Birds from Torres Strait
Islands, and from Guadalcanar Island, Solomon Group. By
M. E. McLellan Davidson. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 261-265. XL The Generic Relationships and Nomenclature of
the California Sardine. By Carl L. Hubbs. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 267-383. XII. The Faunal Areas of Southern Arizona: A
Study in Animal Distribution. By Harry S. Swarth. Plates
27-32, text figures 7. (Issued April 26, 1929)

Pages 3857391. XIII. The Escallonias in Golden Gate Park, San
Francisco, California, with Descriptions of New Species. By
Alice Eastwood. (Issued September 6, 1929)

Studies in the Flora of Lower California and
By Alice Eastwood. Plates 33-34. (Issued

$0.65

.25

.40

1.50

Pages 393-484. XIV.
Adjacent Islands.
September 6, 1929) .

Pages 485-496. XV. Drepania: A Genus of Nudibranchiate Mol-
lusks new to California. By F. M. MacFarland. Plate 35. (Issued
October 4, 1929)

Pages 497-530. XVI. Some Upper Cretaceous Forminifera from near
Coalinga, California. By J. A. Cushman and C. C. Church.
Plates 36-41. (Issued October 4, 1929)

Pages 531-541. XVII.
Pages 542-586. XVIII.

Pages 587-601

Report of the President of the Academy for
the year 1929. By C. E. Grunsky

Report of the Director of the Academy for
the year 1929. By Barton Warren Ever-
mann. (Issued April 8, 1930)

Title Page Contents and Index. (Issued
May 8, 1930)

.25

.15
.10

1.00
.25

1.00
.40

.75

.25
.10

• $0.50

.50

PROCEEDINGS

Fourth Series

VOLUME XIX

Pages 1-6. I. Marine Mollusca of Guadalupe Island, Mexico. By'
A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4, 1930)

Pages 7-12. II. Marine Mollusca of the Revillagigedo Islands, Mex-
ico. By A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4, 1930)

Pages 13-22. III. Marine Mollusca of the Tres Marias Islands,
Mexico. By A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4,
1930)

Pages 23-40. IV. Some Rissoid Mollusca from the Gulf of California.

Plate 1; 4 text figures. By Fred Baker, G. D. Hanna and A. M.

Strong. (Issued July 15, 1930)
Pages 41-56. V. Some Mollusca of the Family Epitoniidae from the

Gulf of California. Plates 2 and 3. By Fred Baker, G. D. Hanna

and A. M. Strong. (Issued July 15, 1930)

Pages 57-64. VI. Pliocene Deposits North of Simi Valley, California.

By W. P. Woodring. (Issued July 15, 1930) 15

Pages 65-83. VII. Geology of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, Cali-
fornia. 3 text figures. By G. Dallas Hanna. (Issued July 15,
1930) 25

Pages 85-93. VIII. Fossil Bird Remains from the Temblor Formation
near Bakersfield, California. 7 text figures. By Alexander Wet-
more. (Issued July 15, 1930) 15

Pages 95-104. IX. The Killifish of San Ignacio and the Stickleback of
San Ramon, Lower California. 1 text figure. By George Sprague
Myers. (Issued July 15, 1930) .15

Pages 105-108. X. Contributions to Oriental Herpetology. — IV.

Hokushu or Yezo. By Joseph R. Slevin. (Issued July 15, 1930) .10

Pages 109-215. XL Marine Alga; of the Revillagigedo Expedition of
1925. Plates 4-15. By William Albert Setchell and Nathaniel
Lyon Gardner. (Issued December 30, 1930) 1.50

Pages 217-397. XII. Pelagic Mammals from the Temblor Forma-
tion of the Kern River Region, California. 134 text figures.
By Remington Kellogg. (Issued January 30, 1931) 1.25

Pages 399-410. XIII. Report of the President of the Academy for")

the year 1930. By C. E. Grunsky

Pages 411-482. XIV. Report of the Director of the Museum and of \ .25

the Aquarium for the year 1930. By Barton
Warren Evermann. (Issued May 29, 1931))

VOLUME XX

Pages 1-7. I. Geographic Variation in the Richardson Grouse.

By Harry S. Swarth. Text figures 3. (Issued May 22, 1931) $0. 15

Pages 9-104. II. The Flora of the Revillagigedo Islands. By Ivan

M. Johnston. (Issued November 18, 1931) 1 . 25

.40

Pages 105-128. III. The Genus Pogogyne. Plate 1. By John]

Thomas Howell. (Issued December 18, 1931).\

Pages 129-134. IV. A Great Basin Species of Physocarpus. By John |

Thomas Howell. (Issued December 18, 1931).)

Pages 135-160. V. New Species of Plants from Western North

America. By Alice Eastwood. (Issued December 18, 1931) .50

PROCEEDINGS

OF THS

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 6, pp. 161-263, plates 2-18 January 8, 1932

The Diatoms of Sharktooth Hill,
Kern County, California

G. DALLAS HANNA, Curator

Department of Paleontology
California Academy of Sciences

SAN FRANCISCO

Published by the Academy

1932

TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, COUNCIL,

AND MUSEUM STAFF OF

THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

WILLIAM H. CROCKER, President Term expires 1935

JOSEPH D. GRANT, Vice-President Term expires 1932

LOUIS F. MONTEAGLE . . Term expires 1933

MRS. ALEXANDER F. MORRISON Term expires 1934

NORMAN B. LIVERMORE Term expires 1936

DR. C. E. GRUNSKY,

President of the Academy and ex-qfficio member . . . Term expires 1932
F. W. BRADLEY,

Treasurer of the Academy and ex-officio member . . . Term expires 1932
SUSIE M. PEERS, Secretary to the Board

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL
DR. C. E. GRUNSKY, President of the Academy
OTTO von GELDERN, First Vice-President
DR. WM. E. RITTER, Second Vice-President
DR. F. M. MacFARLAND, Corresponding Secretary
ANNIE G. HOBSON, Recording Secretary
F.-W. BRADLEY, Treasurer
DR. EMMET RIXFORD. Librarian
DR. BARTON WARREN EVERMANN,

Director of the Museum and of the Steinhart

Aquarium, and Executive Curator

STAFF
Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director and Executive Curator

Department of Botany . . . Alice Eastwood, Curator

John Thomas Howell, Assistant Curator
Kate E. Phelps, Assistant

Department of Entomology . Edward P. Van Duzee, Curator

Amy Williamson, Assistant
Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke, Honorary Curator
Dr. F. R. Cole, Associate Curator in Dipterology
Dr. F. E. Blaisdell, Sr., Research Associate

Department of Exhibits. . . Frank Tose, Chief

Department of Fishes . . . Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Curator

H. Walton Clark, Assistant Curator

Department of Herpetology . Joseph R. Slevin, Curator

Department of Invertebrate Zoology

Dr. Walter K. Fisher, Curator

Library Dr. Emmet Rixford, Librarian

Thomas Cowles, Assistant Librarian
Veronica J. Sexton, Library Assistant

Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy

Harry S. Swarth, Curator

M. E. McLellan Davidson, Assistant Curator

Joseph Madlliard, Curator Emeritus

Department of Paleontology . Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Curator

Dr. Leo George Hertlein, Assistant Curator
Dr. Frank M. Anderson, Honorary Curator
M. Vonsen, Honorary Curator in Mineralogy
Dr. Roy E. Dickerson, Research Associate

Steinhart Aquarium .... Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director

Alvin Seale, Superintendent
Robert J. Lanier, Assistant Superintendent

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION

Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Chairman and Editor

Dr. C. E. Grunsky Dr. Wm. E. Ritter

PROCEEDINGS

Fourth Series

VOLUME XVIII

Pages 1-27. I. A New Species of Corambe from the Pacific Coast of
North America. By Frank M. MacFarland and Charles H.
O'Donoghue. Plates 1-3. (Issued January 29, 1929) $0 . 65

Pages 29-43. II. A New Bird Family (Geospizida:) from the Galapagos
Islands. By Harry S. Swarth. Text figures 6. (Issued January
29, 1929) 25

Pages 45-71. III. A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Nesting
Habits of the Golden Eagle. By Joseph R. Slevin. Plates 4-7.
(Issued January 29, 1929) .40

Pages 73-213. IV. Marine Miocene and Related Deposits of North
Colombia. By Frank M. Anderson. Plates 8-23. (Issued March
29, 1929) 1 . 50

Page 215. V. A New Pecten from the San Diego Pliocene. By Leo
George Hertlein. Plate 24, Figures 10-11. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 217-218. VI. A New Species of Land Snail from Kern County,
California. By G. Dallas Hanna. Plate 24, figures 7, 8, 9.
(Issued April 5, 1929s)

Pages 219-220. VII. A New Species of Land Snail from Coahuila,
Mexico. By G. Dallas Hanna and Leo George Hertlein. Plates
24, figures 5-6. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 221-227. VIII. Some Notes on Oreohehx. By Julius Hender-
son. Plate 24, figures 1-4. (Issued Aprils, 1929)

Pages 229-243. IX. Notes on the Northern Elephant Seal. By

M. E. McLellan Davidson. Plates 25-26. (Issued April 5, 1929) . 25

Pages 245-260. X. On a small collection of Birds from Torres Strait
Islands, and from Guadalcanar Island, Solomon Group. By
M. E. McLellan Davidson. (Issued April 5, 1929) .15

Pages 261-265. XL The Generic Relationships and Nomenclature of

the California Sardine. By Carl L. Hubbs. (Issued April 5, 1929) .10

Pages 267-383. XII. The Faunal Areas of Southern Arizona: A
Study in Animal Distribution. By Harry S. Swarth. Plates
27-32, text figures 7. (Issued April 26, 1929) 1 . 00

Pages 385-391. XIII. The Escallonias in Golden Gate Park, San
Francisco, California, with Descriptions of New Species. By
Alice Eastwood. (Issued September 6, 1929) .25

Pages 393-484. XIV. Studies in the Flora of Lower California and
Adjacent Islands. By Alice Eastwood. Plates 33-34. (Issued
September 6, 1929) 1 . 00

Pages 485-496. XV. Drepania: A Genus of Nudibranchiate Mol-
lusks new to California. By F. M. MacFarland. Plate 35. (Issued
October 4, 1929) .40

Pages 497-530. XVI. Some Upper Cretaceous Forminifera from near
Coalinga, California. By J. A. Cushman arid C. C. Church.
Plates 36-41. (Issued October 4, 1929) 75

Pages 531-541. XVII. Report of the President of the Academy for)

the year 1929. By C. E. Grunsky

Pages 542-586. XVIII. Report of the Director of the Academy for J . 25

the year 1929. By Barton Warren Ever- 1
mann. (Issued April 8, 1930) J

Pages 587-601 Title Page Contents and Index. (Issued

May 8, 1930) 10

$0.50

PROCEEDINGS

Fourth Series

VOLUME XIX

Pages 1-6. I. Marine Mollusca of Guadalupe Island, Mexico. By
A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4, 1930)

Pages 7-12. II. Marine Mollusca of the Revillagigedo Islands, Mex-
ico. By A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4, 1930)

Pages 13-22. III. Marine Mollusca of the Tres Marias Islands,
Mexico. By A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4,
1930)

Pages 23-40. IV. Some Rissoid Mollusca from the Gulf of California.
Plate 1 ; 4 text figures. By Fred Baker, G. D. Hanna and A. M.
Strong. (Issued July 15, 1930)

Pages 41-56. V. Some Mollusca of the Family Epitoniidae from the
Gulf of California. Plates 2 and 3. By Fred Baker, G. D. Hanna
and A. M. Strong. (Issued July 15, 1930)

Pages 57-64. VI. Pliocene Deposits North of Simi Valley, California.

By W. P. Woodring. (Issued July 15, 1930) 15

Pages 65-83. VII. Geology of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, Cali-
fornia. 3 text figures. By G. Dallas Hanna. (Issued July 15,
1930) 25

Pages 85-93. VIII. Fossil Bird Remains from the Temblor Formation
near Bakersfield, California. 7 text figures. By Alexander Wet-
more. (Issued July 15, 1930) 15

Pages 95-104. IX. The Killifish of San Ignacio and the Stickleback of
San Ramon, Lower California. 1 text figure. By George Sprague
Myers. (Issued July 15, 1930) 15

Pages 105-108. X. Contributions to Oriental Herpetology. — IV.

Hokushu or Yezo. By Joseph R. Slevm. (Issued July 15, 1930) . 10

Pages 109-215. XI. Marine Alga- of the Revillagigedo Expedition of
1925. Plates 4-15. By William Albert Setchell and Nathaniel
Lyon Gardner. (Issued December 30, 1930) 1.50

Pages 217-397. XII. Pelagic Mammals from the Temblor Forma-
tion of the Kern River Region, California. 134 text figures.
By Remington Kellogg. (Issued January 30, 1931) 1.25

Pages 399-410. XIII. Report of the President of the Academy for'

the year 1930. By C. E. Grunsky

Pages 411-482. XIV. Report of the Director of the Museum and of}- .25

the Aquarium for the year 1930. By Barton
Warren Evermann. (Issued May 29, 1931))

VOLUME XX

Pages 1-7. I. Geographic Variation in the Richardson Grouse.

By Harry S. Swarth. Text figures 3. (Issued May 22, 1931). . . $0. 15
Pages 9-104. II. The Flora of the Revillagigedo Islands. By Ivan

M. Johnston. (Issued November 18, 1931) 1.25

Pages 105-128. III. The Genus Pogogyne. Plate 1. By John]

Thomas Howell. (Issued December 18, 1931). ( ^q
Pages 129-134. IV. A Great Basin Species of Physocarpus. By John j

Thomas Howell. (Issued December 18, 1931).)
Pages 135-160. V. New Species of Plants from Western North

America. By Alice Eastwood. (Issued December 18, 1931) .50

Pages 161-263. VI. The Diatoms of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County,
California. Plates 2-18. By G. Dallas Hanna. (Issued January
8, 1932) 1 . 50

PROCEEDINGS

OF THB

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 8, pp. 269-290 January 8, 1932

VIII

Birds and Mammals from the Kootenay Valley,
Southeastern British Columbia

JOSEPH MAILLIARD, Curator Emeritus

Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy

California Academy of Sciences

SAN FRANCISCO

Published by the Academy

1932

TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, COUNCIL,

AND MUSEUM STAFF OF

THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

WILLIAM H. CROCKER, President . . Term expires 1935

JOSEPH D. GRANT, Vice-President Term expires 1932

LOUIS F. MONTEAGLE Term expires 1933

MRS. ALEXANDER P. MORRISON Term expires 1934

NORMAN B. LIVERMORE Term expires 1936

DR. C. E. GRUNSKY,

President of the Academy and ex-officio member . . . Term expires 1932
F. W. BRADLEY,

Treasurer of the Academy and ex-officio member . . . Term expires 1932
SUSIE M. PEERS, Secretary to the Board

Director of the Museum and of the Sleinhart

Aquarium, and Executive Curator

STAFF
Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director and Executive Curator

Department of Botany . . . Alice Eastwood, Curator

John Thomas Howell, Assistant Curator
Kate E. Phelps, Assistant

Department of Entomology . Edward P. Van Duzee, Curator

Amy Williamson, Assistant
Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke, Honorary Curator
Dr. F. R. Cole, Associate Curator in Dipterology
Dr. F. E. Blaisdell, Sr., Research Associate

Department of Exhibits. . . Frank Tose, Chief

Department of Fishes . . . Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Curator

H. Walton Clark, Assistant Curator

Department of Herpetology . Joseph R. Slevin, Curator

Department of Invertebrate Zoology

Dr. Walter K. Fisher, Curator

Library Dr. Emmet Rixford, Librarian

Thomas Cowles, Assistant Librarian
Veronica J. Sexton, Library Assistant

Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy

Harry S. Swarth, Curator

M. E. McLellan Davidson, Assistant Curator

Joseph Mailliard, Curator Emeritus

Department of Paleontology . Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Curator

Dr. Leo George Hertlein, Assistant Curator
Dr. Frank M. Anderson, Honorary Curator
M. Vonsen, Honorary Curator in Mineralogy
Dr. Roy E. Dickerson, Research Associate

Steinhart Aquarium .... Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director

Alvin Seale, Superintendent
Robert J. Lanier, Assistant Superintendent

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION

Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Chairman and Editor

Dr. C. E. Grunsky Dr. Wm. E. Ritter

PROCEEDINGS

Fourth Series

VOLUME XVIII

Pages 1-27. I. A New Species of Corambe from the Pacific Coast of
North America. By Frank M. MacFarland and Charles H.
O'Donoghue. Plates 1-3. (Issued January 29, 1929) $0.65

Pages 29-43. II. A New Bird Family (Geospizidse) from the Galapagos
Islands. By Harry S. Swarth. Text figures 6. (Issued January
29, 1929) 25

Pages 45-71. III. A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Nesting
Habits of the Golden Eagle. By Joseph R. Slevin. Plates 4-7.
(Issued January 29, 1929) 40

Pages 73-213. IV. Marine Miocene and Related Deposits of North
Colombia. By Frank M. Anderson. Plates 8-23. (Issued March
29,1929) 1.50

Page 215. V. A New Pecten from the San Diego Pliocene. By Leo
George Hertlein. Plate 24, Figures 10-11. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 217-218. VI. A New Species of Land Snail from Kern County,
California. By G. Dallas Hanna. Plate 24, figures 7, 8, 9.
(Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 219-220. VII. A New Species of Land Snail from Coahuila/
Mexico. By G. Dallas Hanna and Leo George Hertlein. Plate
24, figures 5-6. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 221-227. VIII. Some Notes on Oreohelix. By Julius Hender-
son. Plate 24, figures 1-4. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 229-243. IX. Notes on the Northern Elephant Seal. By

M. E. McLellan Davidson. Plates 25-26. (Issued April 5, 1929) .25

Pages 245-260. X. On a small collection of Birds from Torres Strait
Islands, and from Guadalcanar Island, Solomon Group. By
M. E. McLellan Davidson. (Issued April 5, 1929) 15

Pages 261-265. XI. The Generic Relationships and Nomenclature of

the Calif ornia Sardine. By Carl L. Hubbs. (Issued April 5, 1929) .10

Pages 267-383. XII. The Faunal Areas of Southern Arizona: A
Study in Animal Distribution. By Harry S. Swarth. Plates
27-32, text figures 7. (Issued April 26, 1929) 1 . 00

Pages 385-391. XIII. The Escallonias in Golden Gate Park, San
Francisco, California, with Descriptions of New Species. By
Alice Eastwood. (Issued September 6, 1929) .25

Pages 393-484. XIV. Studies in the Flora of Lower California and
Adjacent Islands. By Alice Eastwood. Plates 33-34. (Issued
September 6, 1929) 1.00

Pages 485-496. XV. Drepania: A Genus of Nudibranchiate Mol-
lusks new to California. By F. M. MacFarland. Plate 35. (Issued
October 4, 1929) 40

Pages 497-530. XVI. Some Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera from near
Coalinga, California. By J. A. Cushman and C. C. Church.
Plates 36-41. (Issued October 4, 1929) 75

Pages 531-541. XVII. Report of the President of the Academy for'

the year 1929. By C. E. Grunsky

Pages 542-586. XVIII. Report of the Director of the Academy for •

the year 1929. By Barton Warren Ever-
mann. (Issued April 8, 1930)

Pages 587-601 Title Page Contents and Index. (Issued

May 8, 1930) 10

.50

PROCEEDINGS

Fourth Series

VOLUME XIX

Pages 1-6. I. Marine Mollusca of Guadalupe Island, Mexico. By
A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4, 1930)

Pages 7-12. II. Marine Mollusca of the Revillagigedo Islands, Mex-
ico. By A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4, 1930)\ $0.50

Pages 13-22. III. Marine Mollusca of the Tres Marias Islands,
Mexico. By A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4,
1930)

Pages 23-40. IV. Some Rissoid Mollusca from the Gulf of California.

Plate 1; 4 text figures. By Fred Baker, G. D. Hanna and A. M.

Strong. (Issued July 15, 1930)
Pages 41-56. V. Some Mollusca of the Family Epitoniidae from the

Gulf of California. Plates 2 and 3. By Fred Baker, G. D. Hanna

and A. M. Strong. (Issued July 15, 1930)

Pages 57-64. VI. Pliocene Deposits North of Simi Valley, California.

By W. P. Woodring. (Issued July 15, 1930) 15

Pages 65-83. VII. Geology of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, Cali-
fornia. 3 text figures. By G. Dallas Hanna. (Issued July 15,
1930) I .25

Pages 85-93. VIII. Fossil Bird Remains from the Temblor Formation
near Bakersfield, California. 7 text figures. By Alexander Wet-
more. (Issued July 15, 1930) .15

Pages 95-104. IX. The Killifish of San Ignacio and the Stickleback of
San Ramon, Lower California. 1 text figure. By George Sprague
Myers. (Issued July 15, 1930) 15

Pages 105-108. X. Contributions to Oriental Herpetology. — IV.

Hokushu or Yezo. By Joseph R. Slevin. (Issued July 15, 1930) . 10

Pages 109-215. XI. Marine Alga? of the Revillagigedo Expedition of
1925. Plates 4-15. By William Albert Setchell and Nathaniel
Lyon Gardner. (Issued December 30, 1930) 1.50

Pages 217-397. XII. Pelagic Mammals from the Temblor Forma-
tion of the Kern River Region, California. 134 text figures.
By Remington Kellogg. (Issued January 30, 1931) 1.25

Pages 399-410. XIII. Report of the President of the Academy for

the year 1930. By C. E. Grunsky

Pages 411-482. XIV. Report of the Director of the Museum and of ■

the Aquarium for the year 1930. By Barton
Warren Evermann. (Issued May 39, 1931) •

VOLUME XX

Pages 1-7. I. Geographic Variation in the Richardson Grouse.

By Harry S. Swarth. Text figures 3. (Issued May 22, 1931) $0.15

Pages 9-104. II. The Flora of the Revillagigedo Islands. By Ivan

M. Johnston. (Issued November 18, 1931) 1 . 25

Pages 105-128. III. The Genus Pogogyne. Plate 1. By John]

Thomas Howell. (Issued December 18, 1931). ( .n

Pages 129-134. IV. A Great Basin Species of Physocarpus. By John ( *u

Thomas Howell. (Isstied December 18, 1931).
Pages 135-160. V. New Species of Plants from Western North

America. By Alice Eastwood. (Issued December 18, 1931) .50

Pages 161-263. VI. The Diatoms of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County,
California. Plates 2-18. By G. Dallas Hanna. (Issued January
8, 1932) 1 . 50

Pages 265-267. VII. A new Subspecies of Coral Snake from Guate-
mala. By Karl P. Schmidt. (Issued January 8, 1932) . . .15

Pages 269-290. VIII. Birds and Mammals from the Kootenay Valley,
Southeastern British Columbia. By Joseph Mailliard. (Issued
January 8, 1932) 25

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 9, pp. 291-465 March 3, 1932

Miscellaneous Studies in the Elateridae
and Related Families of Coleoptera

EDWIN C. VAN DYKE

University of California

Berkeley, California

SAN FRANCISCO

Published by the Academy

1932

TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, COUNCIL,

AND MUSEUM STAFF OF

THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

WILLIAM H. CROCKER, President Term expires 1935

JOSEPH D. GRANT, Vice-President Term expires 1932

LOUIS F. MONTEAGLE Term expires 1933

MRS. ALEXANDER F. MORRISON Term expires 1934

NORMAN B. LIVERMORE Term expires 1936

DR. C. E. GRUNSKY,

President of the Academy and ex-officio member . . . Term expires 1932
F. W. BRADLEY,

Treasurer of the Academy and ex-officio member . . . Term expires 1932
SUSIE M. PEERS, Secretary to the Board

Director of the Museum and of the Steinhart

Aquarium, and Executive Curator

STAFF
Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director and Executive Curator

Department of Botany . . Alice Eastwood, Curator

John Thomas Howell, Assistant Curator
Kate E. Phelps, Assistant

Department of Entomology Edward P. Van Duzee, Curator

Amy Williamson, Assistant
Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke, Curator Emeritus
Dr. F. R. Cole, Associate Curator in Dipterology
Dr. F. E. Blaisdell, Sr., Research Associate

Department of Exhibits. . Frank Tose, Chief

Department of Fishes . . Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Curator

H. Walton Clark, Assistant Curator

Department of Herpetology Joseph R. Slevin, Curator

Department of Invertebrate Zoology

Dr. Walter K. Fisher, Curator

Library Dr. Emmet Rixford, Librarian

Thomas Cowles, Assistant Librarian
Veronica J. Sexton, Library Assistant

Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy

Harry S. Swarth, Curator

Mary E. McLellan Davidson, Assistant Curator

Joseph Mailliard, Curator Emeritus

Department of Paleontology Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Curator

Dr. Leo George Hertlein, Assistant Curator
Dr. Frank M. Anderson, Honorary Curator
M. Vonsen, Honorary Curator in Mineralogy
Dr. Roy E. Dickerson, Research Associate

Steinhart Aquarium . . . Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director

Alvin Seale, Superintendent
Robert J. Lanier, Assistant Superintendent

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION

Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Chairman and Editor

Dr. C. E. Grunsky Dr. Wm. E. Ritter

.25

PROCEEDINGS

Fourth Series

VOLUME XVIII

Pages 1-27. I. A New Species of Corambe from the Pacific Coast of
North America. By Frank M. MacFarland and Charles H.
O'Donoghue. Plates 1-3. (Issued January 29, 1929) $0. 65

Pages 29-43. II. A New Bird Family (Geospizidae) from the Galapagos
Islands. By Harry S. Swarth. Text figures 6. (Issued January
29, 1929) 25

Pages 45-71. III. A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Nesting
Habits of the Golden Eagle. By Joseph R. Slevin. Plates 4-7.
(Issued January 29, 1929) 40

Pages 73-213. IV. Marine Miocene and Related Deposits of North
Colombia. By Frank M. Anderson. Plates 8-23. (Issued March
29, 1929) 1 . 50

Page 215. V. A New Pecten from the San Diego Pliocene. By Leo
George Hertlein. Plate 24, Figures 10-11. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 217-218. VI. A New Species of Land Snail from Kern County,
California. By G. Dallas Hanna. Plate 24, figures 7, 8, 9.
(Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 219-220. VII. A New Species of Land Snail from Coahuila,
Mexico. By G. Dallas Hanna and Leo George Hertlein. Plate
24, figures 5-6. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 221-227. VIII. Some Notes on Oreohelix. By Julius Hender-
son. Plate 24, figures 1-4. (Issued April 5, 1929)

Pages 229-243. IX. Notes on the Northern Elephant Seal. By

M. E. McLellan Davidson. Plates 25-26. (Issued April 5, 1929) .25

Pages 245-260. X. On a small collection of Birds from Torres Strait
Islands, and from Guadalcanar Island, Solomon Group. By
M. E. McLellan Davidson. (Issued April 5, 1929) 15

Pages 261-265. XI. The Generic Relationships and Nomenclature of

the California Sardine. By Carl L. Hubbs. (Issued April 5, 1929) .10

Pages 267-383. XII. The Faunal Areas of Southern Arizona: A
Studv in Animal Distribution. By Harry S. Swarth. Plates
27-32, text figures 7. (Issued April 26, 1929) 1 . 00

Pages 3857391. XIII. The Escallonias in Golden Gate Park, San
x Francisco, California, with Descriptions of New Species. By

Alice Eastwood. (Issued September 6, 1929) .25

Pages 393-484. XIV. Studies in the Flora of Lower California and
Adjacent Islands. By Alice Eastwood. Plates 33-34. (Issued
September 6, 1929) 1 .00

Pages 485-496. XV. Drepania: A Genus of Nudibranchiate Mol-
lusks new to California. By F. M. MacFarland. Plate 35. (Issued
October 4, 1929) 40

Pages 497-530. XVI. Some Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera from near
Coalinga, California. By J. A. Cushman and C. C. Church.
Plates 36-41. (Issued October 4, 1929) 75

Pages 531-541. XVII. Report of the President of the Academy for'

the year 1929. By C. E. Grunsky

Pages 542-586. XVIII. Report of the Director of the Academy for \

the year 1929. By Barton Warren Ever-
mann. (Issued April 8, 1930)

Pages 587-601 Title Page Contents and Index. (Issued

May 8, 1930) 10

PROCEEDINGS

Fourth Series

VOLUME XIX

Pages 1-6. I. Marine Mollusca of Guadalupe Island, Mexico. By'
A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4, 1930)

Pages 7-12. II. Marine Mollusca of the Revillagigedo Islands, Mex-
ico. By A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4, 1930)

Pages 13-22. III. Marine Mollusca of the Tres Marias Islands,
Mexico. By A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna. (Issued June 4,
1930)

Pages 23—40. IV. Some Rissoid Mollusca from the Gulf of California.

Plate 1; 4 text figures. Bv Fred Baker, G. D. Hanna and A. M.

Strong. (Issued July 15, 1930)
Pages 41-56. V. Some Mollusca of the Family Epitoniidae from the (

Gulf of California. Plates 2 and 3. By Fred Baker, G. D. Hanna

and A. M. Strong. (Issued July 15, 1930)

Pages 57-64. VI. Pliocene Deposits North of Simi Valley, California.
By W. P. Woodring. (Issued July 15, 1930)

Pages 65-83. VII. Geology of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County, Cali-
fornia. 3 text figures. By G. Dallas Hanna. (Issued July 15,
1930)

Pages 85-93. VIII. Fossil Bird Remains from the Temblor Formation
near Bakersfield, California. 7 text figures. By Alexander Wet-
more. (Issued July 15, 1930)

Pages 95-104. IX. The Killifish of San Ignacio and the Stickleback of
San Ramon, Lower California. 1 text figure. By George Sprague
Myers. (Issued July 15, 1930)

Pages 105-108. X. Contributions to Oriental Herpetology. — IV.
Hokushu or Yezo. By Joseph R. Slevin. (Issued July 15, 1930)

Pages 109-215. XL Marine Algse of the Revillagigedo Expedition of
1925. Plates 4-15. By William Albert Setchell and Nathaniel
Lyon Gardner. (Issued December 30, 1930)

Pages 217-397. XII. Pelagic Mammals from the Temblor Forma-
tion of the Kern River Region, California. 134 text figures.
By Remington Kellogg. (Issued January 30, 1931)

Pages 399-410. XIII. Report of the President of the Academy for

the year 1930. By C. E. Grunsky
Report of the Director of the Museum and of
the Aquarium for the year 1930. By Barton
Warren Evermann. (Issued May 29, 1931)

$0.50

Pages 411-482. XIV.

.50

.15

,25

.15

1.50

1.25

.25

VOLUME XX
Pages 1-7. I. Geographic Variation in the Richardson Grouse.
By Harry S. Swarth. Text figures 3. (Issued May 22, 1931) ....

Pages 9-104. II. The Flora of the Revillagigedo Islands. By Ivan
M. Johnston. (Issued November 18, 1931)

Pages 105-128. III. The Genus Pogogyne. Plate 1. By John

Thomas Howell. (Issued December 18, 1931).

Pages 129-134. IV. A Great Basin Species of Physocarpus. By John

Thomas Howell. (Issued December 18, 1931).

Pages 135-160. V. New Species of Plants from Western North
America. By Alice Eastwood. (Issued December 18, 1931)

Pages 161-263. VI. The Diatoms of Sharktooth Hill, Kern County,
California. Plates 2-18. By G. Dallas Hanna. (Issued January
8, 1932)

Pages 265-267. VII. A new Subspecies of Coral Snake from Guate-
mala. By Karl P. Schmidt. (Issued January 8, 1932)

Pages 269-290. VIII. Birds and Mammals from the Kootenay Valley,
Southeastern British Columbia. By Joseph Mailliard. (Issued
January 8, 1932)

Pages 291-465. IX. Miscellaneous Studies in the Elateridae and Re-
lated Families of Coleoptera. By Edwin C. Van Dyke. (Issued
March 3, 1932)

$0.15

1.25

.40

.50

1.50

.25

1.00

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Fourth Series

Vol. XX, No. 12, pp. 473-482
Vol. XX, No. 13, pp. 483-491
Vol. XX, No. 14, pp. 493-521

December 31, 1940

XII

Report of the President of the Academy
For the Year 1931

C. E. GRUNSKY
President of the Academy

XIII

Report of the Director of the Museum and
of the Aquarium for the Year 1931

BARTON WARREN EVERMANN
Director of the Museum and of the Aquarium

XIV

Report of the President of the Academy and

Acting Director of the Museum and The

Aquarium for the Year 1932

With Departmental Reports for the Two Years

1931 and 1932

C. E. GRUNSKY

President and Acting Director of the Museum and Aquarium

SAN FRANCISCO

Published by the Academy

1940

December 31. 1940

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