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PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


CALIFORNIA 


AUADEMY UF SGLENGES. 


SECOND SERIES 
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VOLUME. ITf. 


1890-1892. 


Committee of Publication: 


JOHN R. SCUPHAM. GUSTAV EISEN. FRANK H. VASLIT. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


PAGE 
ASHLEY, GrEORGE H. An Illustration of the Flexure of Rock........ 319 
BATT. Levine News Calutormian: CariGes.5.. 2222.2.) sense cess oe 104 
BER ct. HieASING weINOtOCOMtA ahr eiens cw ow clete Gaurd vs cubseeietn bse 206 
BRANDEGEE, T. S. Flora of the Cape Region of Baja California.. .... 108 


Additions to the Flora of the Cape Region of Baja California.. 218 
Bryant, WALTER E. Preliminary Description of a New Species of 
uneiGenms sep ucenrom ex COM me ene eo alee va 2) 
CAMPBELL, DouGLas H. Prothallium and Embryo of Marsilia vestita. 183 
CoGNtaux, A. Cucurbitacearum noyum Genus et Species. ..... . Be! 
Coorer, J. G. On Gand and Fresh Water Shells of Lower Gakiotan. 
99, 207, 338 
EIGENMANN, CARL H. and Rosa §. Additions to the Fauna of San 
IDTECOr 5: : SOS SURG te ALAR eCE 1 
Description of a Now Syeaee of isonactadeee 
EIGENMANN, Rosa 8. Description of a New Species wi Euprotomicrus 35 
Eisen, Gustav. Anatomical Studies ona New Species of Ocnerodrilus 228 
On the Anatomical Structures of two Species of Kerria........ 291 
LINDGREN, WAaLpEMAR. Notes on the Geology and Petrography of 
Baja California, Mexico...... 
Eruptive Rocks from Montana. SL Re TIO Eo eke ee 39 
Merriam, C. Hart. Description of a New Kanearao Rat from Lower 


92 


California (Dipodomys merriami melanurus subsp. noy.) 
collectedmbya Walter sh, Bryantic cesses noe eee: 345 
RayMonp, W. J. Notes on the Subalpine Mollusca of the Sierra Ne- 


VALCLRRING ATI tS Ss croy stra crashes adage MC Re ae aaa eee ae arnt AYE | 61 

Rivers, J. J. Description of the Larva of Wee ies Davidsonii Lee., 
andrashecord Of its IhifesHuStOtya ce sacs ees. ee. 93 
INGWe SD EClesuOmms CATa.b B10 aah seme antec ase bieasetae eo aciniaaeeetas 97 
A New Volutoid Shell from Monterey Bay.................... 107 
Voeprs, ANTHONY W. Geological Surveys in the State of California. , 325 
WRIGHT WinGey Descriptioneot a New Copaodes:--.-2.55/..+.4..-. 34 
ROCHE DINGS yxy eerie orci aieks Tati une Sarai BAe eet SNe ke-tige oe - 347 
IGRTBIOSS 5.5 3) Greece Acbsrete eies evn nO Sars i ae ROR ETE Gy toe ate ar ret a eee 38: 


APPENDIX: Additions to Library, 1890. 
List oF PLATES. 

I. Subalpine Mollusca. 

Il. Daseyllus Davidsoni. 
IlI-IV. Marsilia vestita. 

V-X. Species of Ocnerodrilus. 
XI-XII. Structure of Kerria. 
XIJI-XIV. Lower Californian Mollusca. 


Pmn@ew DLT GS 


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POINT OAC AD! MY 


—— oF —— 


SO tre NiCr S:. 


ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. 
BY CARL H. EIGENMANN & ROSA S. EIGENMANN. 


Within the past five months the conditions for the study 
of the ichthyological fauna of San Diego have become 
very favorable. Before that time each fisherman dis- 
posed of his catch as best he could; now practically all 
the fish caught are brought into two markets where we 
are enabled to examine the catch of each day as it is un- 
loaded. ‘To these conditions we owe the ability to enu- 
merate many forms which are either new or have not be- 
fore been found near San Diego. We are under many 
obligations to the fishermen who always desire to preserve 
strange forms for us, and whose knowledge in certain 
cases even a professional ichthyologist might envy. 

The types here enumerated will be deposited in the U. 
S. National Museum, the Museum of the Calitornia 
Academy of Sciences, and in our private collections. 
The catalogue numbers given in this paper refer to the 
register of the California Academy of Sciences. 

We are indebted to Mr. S. Garman for tracings of va- 
rious figures of Scopeloids otherwise inaccessible to us. 


2p Ser., Vol. ILI. March 24, 1890. 


i) 


CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


CYPRINID. 


1. Phoxinus (Tigoma) orcuttii sp. nov. 

Types, over one hundred specimens, the largest .062 m. in length. Te- 

mecula River and tributaries. C. R. Orcutt, collector. Oct. 22, 1889. 
Catalogue No. Iorr. 

While camping Mr. Orcutt discovered a large number 
of fishes in a river about fifteen miles southeast of Tem- 
ecula station. By using a blanket as a seine a number 
were secured. Leaving out of consideration the Gaster- 
osteus microcephalus which enters rivers, but is properly a 
brackish water species, P2. orcuttz is the second*’species 
of fresh-water fish recorded from the western slopes of 
San Diego county. Judging from its large sandy bed, the 
river in which this species was discovered is evidently of 
considerable size during the rainy season. At the time it 
was visited it was but three to five feet wide, and a few 
inches deep. In places it disappeared entirely under the 
sand. At Temecula station in the Temecula river this 
species is still more abundant than in the mountains. 

Related to Pz. egregius and lineatus Grd. 

Head, 3%-4; depth, 4-4%; D. 8%; A. 7%; lat. 1. 
58; teeth 1 (rarely) or 2, 5-4, I or (rarely) 2. 

Moderately compressed; head sub-conical, scarcely 
wider than high, its depth equal to head, less snout; eye 
large, 3% (insmaller specimens) to 4% in the head, 1% 
in interorbital; maxillary reaching to front of eye. 

Lateral line complete; little decurved. 

Origin of dorsal fin equidistant from base of middle 
caudal rays and pupil; height of dorsal equal to length 
of head less snout, but little less than the head in smallest 
specimens. Caudal widely forked, the lobes equal, a lit- 
tle higher than the dorsal. Anal, 14-1 inhead. Ventrals 


* Salmo irideus is found in Pala Creek. 


ADDITIONS TO FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. 3 


inserted slightly anterior to the dorsal fin, their tips reach- 
ing the vent, not to anal. Pectoral fins 1%-1% in head, 
not nearly reaching the ventrals. 

Upper teeth strongly hooked, the lower more conical; 
the tips of all the teeth black in fresh specimens. 

Peritoneum black; intestinal tract little longer than the 
total length. 

A conspicuous plumbeus lateral band nearly as wide 
as depth of eye extending from shoulder to base of cau- 
dal; a triangular blackish spot on base of caudal; top of 
head and back downward to lateral band dark gray; ven- 
tral surface below lateral band pinkish in life; sides and 
middle of head with black dots; caudal smutty, other fins 
plain. 


SCOPELIDAL. 


The members of this family seem to be quite abund- 
ant. They descend to deep water in stormy weather, 
and are then eaten in quantity by the rock-cods, from 
whose mouths all the members so far known from this 
region were taken. They are more restricted in their 
habitat than might be expected. None of the species 
taken within twenty miles of Point Loma, with one 
doubtful exception, were found on Cortes Banks, and the 
three species collected on those banks have not, as yet, 
been taken near Point Loma. 


DIAPHUS gen. nov. 
Type: Diaphus theta sp. nov. 


Characters of Myctophum,; phosphorescent spots di- 
vided into halves by a median black line. 

The phosphorescent spots being very important charac- 
ters in the family Scopelid@, their peculiar modification in 
the species described below seemed to us to be of gen- 
eric value. 


4. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


To this genus should be referred Scopelus engraulis Giin- 
ther, Challenger Report, Deep Sea Fishes, 197. 


2. Diaphus theta sp. nov. 

Types, eleven specimens, .033-.065 m. long: from the mouths of several 
species of Sedastodes. Off Point Loma. C. H. E., collector. 
Catalogue No. 1003. 

Head, 3-3%; depth, 3%-4; D. 11-13; A. 9-12; 
lat. 1. 34: 

General shape of the head as in JZ. miillert (see Goode, 
Hist. Aquat. Animals; pl. 203), the tail deeper; the pec- 
toral placed lower. 

Compressed, deepest at nape, tapering evenly above 
and below to the caudal peduncle, whose depth is equal 
to half the greatest depth. Head short and deep, its depth 
t!in its length; profile convex, not encroached upon by 
the low supraorbitals; nasal ridge inconspicuous. 

Orbit 3 in head, 34 in interorbital. 

Preopercle little more oblique than in JZ. ca/zforniense 
and miilleri; maxillary 1% in the head. 

Scales entire. 

Origin of dorsal fin little nearer tip of snout than to or- 
igin of caudal; base of dorsal 2-2% in distance from base 
of middle caudal rays to last dorsal ray, which is slightly in 
advance of the origin of the anal; adipose fin equidistant 
from base of middle caudal rays and last dorsal ray; ven- 
trals reaching little beyond origin of anal; pectorals mi- 
nute, not reaching ventrals in large specimens; placed 
very low, little higher than in W/Z. brachychir. 

A conspicuous phosphorescent spot on snout just in 
front of each eye (the remainder of those on head some- 
what obscured through digestion) ; five pairs of phospho- 
rescent spots on breast, five pairs on belly, fourteen pairs 
from origin of anal to caudal, none on base of middle 
caudal rays, the remaining spots as in californiense with 


ADDITIONS TO FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. 5 


an additional one just above the fourth pair on the breast 
(some of those on shoulder probably obliterated); no 
white blotches or spines about caudal peduncle. 

Black, scales strikingly ccerulescent; fins light. 


STENOBRACHIUS subg. nov. 
Type, MWyctophum leucopsarum sp. nov. 


The comparatively small eye and enlarged scales of 
the lateral line would place this species in the genus 
Alysia Low. It does not appear to us that the differ- 
ences are of sufficient importance to warrant more than 
a subgeneric separation from A/yctophum. As the name 
Alysia is preoccupied, and we are not able to examine 
specimens of the type of dA/ysza, we propose Stenobrachius 
as a subgeneric or generic name for this species, in allu- 
sion to the very narrow pectorals. 


3. Myctophum (Stenobrachius) leucopsarum sp. nov. 


Types, 23 specimens .035-.100 m. long: from the mouths of species of 
Sebastodes taken off Point Loma. C.H.E., collector. 
Catalogue No. 1007. 


Head 3%-3% ; depth 4%-5%; D. 12-15; A. 14 or 15; 
(atl 36. 

General form of MZyctophum townsendi Eigenm. & 
Eigenm. Deep forward, tapering evenly to the caudal 
peduncle, whose depth is one-half the greatest depth. 

Head long and pointed, its superior and inferior profiles 
nearly equally inclined. Mouth large, maxillary reaching 
edge of preopercle, considerably dilated behind, 13-1} 
in head. Eye comparatively small, orbit 3% in head, 1 
in interorbital. Interorbital with a slight median ridge, a 
groove on either side of it. Nasal ridge comparatively 
small. Preopercular margin oblique. 

Origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than to base otf 
caudal, behind the ventrals; last dorsal ray over third or 


6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


fourth anal ray. Base of dorsal 2% in its distance from 
the middle caudal ray. Highest dorsal ray equals head 
minus opercle. Adipose fin nearer dorsal than caudal. 
A white area just in front of the caudal on the dorsal sur- 
face, another on the ventral surface. Phosphorescent 
spots arranged as in JV. californiense, the three about the 
pectoral forming a straight vertical line instead of a tri- 
angle. 

Scales very thin, silvery or but slightly ccerulescent, 
those of the lateral line much deeper than the others, twice 
as large as those on the tail, about % larger than those of 
the body. 

Light, dotted with black, appearing lighter than any 
other species of this family found about San Diego. 

Mr. Samuel Garman has kindly sent us tracings of 
Myctophum coruscans and hians. In leucopsarum the scales 
of the lateral line are not so deep, the snout sharper, the 
pectoral narrower and placed lower than in coruscans, 
which is identical with the type of Adysza. 


‘TARLETONBEANIA gen. nov. 
Type: Zarletonbeania tenua sp. nov. 
Related to IZyctophum, diftering from related genera in 
having no externally developed lateral line. 


Anal basis much longer than dorsal. Pectoral placed 


high as in Jlyctophum. Caudal peduncle extremely 
slender. 


Myctophum crenulare Jordan & Gilbert probably belongs 
to this genus. Dr. Gilbert informs us that it has no lat- 
eral line. It seems to have been nearly simultaneously de- 
scribed by J. & G. and by Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, for 


whom this genus is named. 


ADDITIONS TO FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. 7 


4. Tarletonbeania tenua sp. nov. 


Type: a single specimen .073 m. October 31st, 1889. C.H.E., collector. 
The single specimen was taken out of the mouth of Sedastodes miniatus. 
It probably came from near the Coronado Islands. 


eadssojasnaeptheate, Drier o: WA .1 7. 

Greatly compressed; highest at shoulders, tapering to 
the very slender caudal peduncle, whose depth is 4% in 
the greatest depth, its width a little more than half its 
height. Ventral and dorsal outlines equally arched. Head 
as in Iyctophum californiense; the preopercular margin 
little inclined. 

Scales of back and belly rather small, those of the sides 
much larger, the smaller scales strongly denticulate ; 
the larger ones crenulate, all thin, deciduous. 

Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and base 
of caudal; adipose fin nearer dorsal than caudal. Length 
of caudal equal to the base of the dorsal. Anal basis long, 
4 in the length. Ventrals reaching half way to seventh 
anal ray; pectorals to ventrals. 

No spines above or below on the caudal peduncle. 

Five pairs of phosphorescent spots in front of the ven- 
trals; six pairs between ventrals and anal; sixteen be- 
tween the origin of the anal and caudal; one spot above 
the last of those along the base of the anal; three extend- 
ing in an oblique series from the last of the abdominal 
spots upward and backward; one above the first of the 
abdominal spots; one on the lower margin of the anal 
basis; another in front of the middle of the pectoral, be- 
low which is another near the ventral series. 

This specimen differs from the description of J/. crenu- 
/are in its equally arched dorsal and ventral outlines; in 
the absence of spines on the caudal peduncle above and 
below; in the position of the dorsal and size of the 
ventrals. 


8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


5. Euthynnus pelamys (L.) 


Thynnus pelamys C. & V. Hist. Nat. Poiss. VIII, 112, 
1831 (Rio Janeiro). 

Orcynus pelamys Poey, Syn. Pisc. Cub. 362, 1868; id. 
Enum, Pise, Cub. (Cuba). 

Sarda pelamys Gill. Cat. Fish. East Coast N. A. 24, 
1873 (Cape Cod to Florida). 

Euthynnus pelamys Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish, N. 
Am. 430, 1883 (copied); Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Am. 69, 
16953 1d. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus: 1886, "574° 

This species has hitherto been known from the warm 
parts of the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and Japan. 

A single specimen, .47 m., was brought into the San 
Diego market Oct. 31, 1889, another Dec. 15, 1889, by 
the Portuguese fishermen. It was pointed out as some- 
thing rare, and with the statement that it was common in 
Portugal. It was provisionally identified with Z. pelamys 
(L.), though it differs from the description of that species 
in having no teeth on the palate, and but seven dorsal 
finlets, and from the figure in Goode, History of Aquatic 
Animals, pl. 95 b., in having the lateral streaks of the side 
continued forward to the shoulder. 

Head, 35 to end of middle caudal rays; depth, 33; D. 
XV 14--V Ils As TW, 22s Vike 

Metallic blue above, sides white with four black stripes 
extending from the shoulder-girdle backward, the lower 
ones decurved. 

Somewhat heavier than Sarda chilensis. Head conical, 
mouth moderate, the maxillary extending to below the 
middle of the eye; no teeth on vomer or palate; jaws 
each with a series of fine, sharp, recurved teeth. Eye 
large, with anterior and posterior adipose lid, 12 in snout, 
6 in head, about 2 in interocular. Dorsals and anal fal- 
cate. Pectorals reaching vertical from roth dorsal spine. 


ADDITIONS TO FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. 9 


Corselet well developed, the scales extending along the 
base of the dorsals and ventrals, and along the lateral line; 
otherwise naked. 


SCIAENIDAL. 


6. Genyonemus lineatus (Ayres). 


This species, while it was known to be abundant on 
the coast of California, does not seem to have been re- 
corded from San Diego. It was common in the bay on 
December 27th, and spawns in February. 


DITREMID/E. 


According to modern rules of nomenclature the name 
Embiotocide is not tenable, the name Lmdiotoca being a 
synonym of the objectionable Dztrema. 


7. Damalichthys argyrosomus Girard. 

This species, not before recorded from San Diego, 1s 
not uncommon on the ocean shore, and enters the bay. 
It was first observed December 8, 1889, and has been 
noticed at several different times during the remainder ot 
the month. 


8. Amphistichus rhodoterus (Agassiz). 
One 4, -19 m. January 10, 1890. With Amphistichus argenteus 
Agassiz. 

Silvery, the body profusely covered from dorsal to anal 
and ventral fins, with squarish, bronze spots, the color 
being exactly like that which forms bars and spots on 4. 
argenteus, except that the brassy color in argenteus 1s 
modified only by black dots, while in rhodoterus the 
brassy color is modified by both black and scarlet dots, 
the scarlet making the sides appear to be strongly tinged 
with red. The brassy ground color of the spots is not 
resolved into dots by the aid of a pocket lens, but appears 


IO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


as 1f evenly applied, and the red and black dots sprinkled 
upon it. Dorsal surface backward to insertion of dorsal 
fin, olive; a blue metallic reflection above lat. line from 
nape backward. Ventral surface backward to base of ven- 
trals strongly scarlet-tinged, the red and black dots ag- 
gregated on the breast to form crescents parallel with 
the scale margins; premaxillary posteriorily, and maxil- 
lary, checks and opercles also strongly red-tinged, this re- 
gion and the breast appearing, at a glance, to be ‘‘ blood- 
shot” 

All the fins, except the pectoral, blackish at tips and 
reddish-tinged; an olive streak through the dorsals which 
is most conspicuous anteriorly. Pectorals reddish at base, 
otherwise plain amd slightly olivaceous. 

Di M4, 27; Asli 30; depth, 2; head; 427 larwle tose 

Ennichthys heermanni Girard is not a synonym of this 
species. It probably is identical. with <Awmphistichus 
argenteus Agassiz. The proportions, color, etc., agree 
with <Amphistichus argenteus Agassiz, but not with 4A. 


gassiz. 


rhodoterus A 
GOBIID-A. 


g. Clevelandia longipinnis (Steindachner). 

Gobtosoma longipinne Steind. Ichthyol. Beitr. VIII, 27, 
1878 (Los Animas Bay). Clevelandia longipinnis Eigenm. 
and) Higenm..Proé.(@al-Acad sei, 2dscer. Vola: 
1888 (San Francisco). 

This species has so far been Known from three speci- 
mens in Dr. Steindachner’s collections from Las Animas 
Bay, Gulf of California, and a single specimen from San 
Francisco. 

We find it to be the commonest fish in San Diego Bay 
where it is found in all the little pools between high and 
low tide marks. 


ADDITIONS TO FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. Il 


The diagnosis of the genus C/levelandia may be aug- 
mented with the statement that the skull is convex in 
transverse profile without a trace of a median ridge. 
Jenkins and Evermann, in an apparently hastily prepared 
paper (Proc. Wes. Nat. Muss 1888, 150), considered. 
Clevelandia identical with G2llichthys. 


10. Lepidogobius (or gen. nov.) y-cauda (Jenkins & Ever- 
mann). 


Gillichtys y-cauda, |. & E. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1888, 
147 (Guaymas) 

This species has been recorded from Guaymas only. 
It is also found in San Diego Bay, nearer low water 
mark than C. /ongipinnis, and was considered a new spe- 
cies by us. Dr. Gilbert has examined some of the typ- 
ical specimens, and informs us that they have the dermal 
shoulder flaps of Lepzdogobius and bands of teeth instead 
of single series as stated by Jenkins & Evermann. A 
comparison of the skulls of this species, and of Lepzdogo- 
bius lepidus, is necessary to determine its generic posi- 
tion. It greatly resembles that of G2d/ichthys. 


SCORPAINIDZEL. 


The members of this family, or at least of the genus 
Sebastodes, seem to live at definite depths and on bot- 
tom peculiar to each species or group of species. This 
does not imply that their distribution is narrowly limited, 
but that a given species may be found or not at any point 
within the limits of its habitat, as the peculiarities of the 
bottom at a given depth are fitted for it or not. To this 
cause is to be attributed, in part, the fact that so many 
northern forms have but lately been added to the fauna 
of San Diego, and that a given species may be caught for 
several days in succession, and then not appear again for 


12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


some time. As the different rock-cod boats have found 
new conditions, even within a few hundred yards of their 
usual fishing grounds, they invariably have brought nov- 
elties. Thus, on one day, S. proriger, rufus, eos and me- 
fanostomus, the first one ‘‘rare,’’ the others new, were all 
brought by one boat which had accidentally found new 
conditions. S. melanostomus has not since been found, 
proriger has been caught but once, while eos and rufus 
have occasionally been found since. SS. ruber and levis 
are frequently associated, while rwbrovinctus, elongatus, 
chlorostictus, constellatus, rosaceus, vexillaris, chrysomelas 
and serréceps form another group. 


II. Sebastodes goodei sp. nov. 

Closely related to S. favidus and S. paucispinis. Locally 
abundant off Point Loma. Many were brought into the 
market January 10, 1890, with a species of Eopsetta. 
Others were caught the 29th. The largest seen 22 
inches long. C. H. E. collector. 

Catalogue No. 1056. 

D. XII, 45. 0A. JIL, 83. Head 122 —3-" sdepth. 73522 
late! 54 (pores). 

Elongate slender, form of flavidus, proriger, and elon- 
gatus. Head pointed, the mandible projecting and enter- 
ing the profile as in favidus. Skull as in paucispinis, the 
occipital ridges ending in spines, the parietals not meet- 
ing above the supra-occipital as they do in flavidus; no 
other cranial spines evident. Mouth large, maxillary 
reaching to anterior margin of pupil (posterior margin of 
orbit in paucispinis) ; 22 in head (134 in paucispinis). 

Orbit little longer than snout (1% in snout in pawcispr- 
nis of same size) 4—4% in head, equal to the interocular, 
little greater than the interorbital. Preorbital narrow, ? of 
orbit, with 2 or 3 spines, the posterior one or two directed 
backward. 


ADDITIONS TO FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. 13 


Preopercular spines strong, the two lower slender, dis- 
tinct. 

Seales small as in paucispinis; jaws and tip of snout 
finely scaled. 

Dorsal spines slender, the highest about 3 in head. A 
deep notch between the spinous and soft dorsal fins. 

Caudal deeply forked, the middle rays about half as 
long as the longest. Anal spines very short, graduated, 
the second little more than half an orbital diameter, much 
lower than in flavidus, the rays low, not twice as high as 
second spine. Ventrals short, reaching half way to base 
of 3d dorsal spine. 

Pectoral lanceolate, reaching midway between tip of 
ventral and vent. 

Gill-rakers slender, the longest 2 in orbit. 

Peritoneum white. 

Color clear vermilion, the back a little darker than the 
sides, the belly whitish. Anal, pectoral and ventral fins 
vermilion, the membranes of the dorsal dusky-yellowish. 
Caudal vermilion, somewhat dusky. No black anywhere. 

Dedicated to Dr. G. Brown Goode, in charge of the 
United States National Museum. 


This species being intermediate between paucispinis 
and flavidus, that is between Sebastodes and Sebastichtys, 
the genus Sebastodes will either have to be merged with 
Sebastichthys, or the latter divided into other genera. 


12. Sebastodes rufus sp. nov. 


Several specimens of this species were taken off Point 
Loma in 100 fathoms of water, November 14, 1889. 
Others have since been brought into the markets. It is 
evidently closely allied to S. ovals and S. entomelas. 

For comparison we have a specimen of 5. ovalis .37 Mm. 
long taken on the Cortes Banks in 45 fathoms, July, 1889. 


14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The specimens of S. rufus are: one .54 m. long taken 
off Point Loma November 14, and one .37 m. long taken 
December 10 at the same place. We have no dona fide 
specimens of S. exfome/as and have used both the original 
description* and the modified description in Jordan & Gil- 
bert’s Synopsis of North American Fishes. 

Head 3; depth 3% (3% in ovalis); D. XIII, 14%; A. 
III, 8%; 56 pores in lateral line. 

Compressed, elongate; profile straight, less steep than 
in ovalis, the snout broader. Maxillary reaching to mid- 
dle or little beyond middle of eye. Mandible with a 
prominent symphysealknob. Interorbital slightly convex, 
as wide as orbit in smaller specimen, wider in the larger. 
Preocular, supraocular, postocular,.tympanic and occi- 
pital spines present, the last with a distinct spine at tip; 
the occipital ridges higher, narrower, more diverging and 
more conspicuous than in ova/7s. ‘The preocular as fully 
developed as in ova/zs. (The postocular absent in extom- 
elas.) 

Eye moderate, orbit slightly longer than snout, 3%-4 
in head. 

Preorbital very narrow, about 4 in the orbit, with two 
small backward-directed spines; (no spines in exfome/as.) 
Preopercular spines long and slender, all of them longer 
and stronger than in ova/zs, the lower two very long, the 
second reaching beyond base of third, not nearly reach- 
ing base of third in ovalzs. (‘* The two lower obsolete ”’ 
in entome/las.) 

Head entirely covered with moderate sized scales, those 
of the body larger. 

Outline of spinous dorsal little arched, the highest spine 
slightly more than 3 (2% in ova/zs) in the head, the high- 


* Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 142. 


ADDITIONS TO FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. i 


OL 


est ray about equal to the highest spine. Caudal emar- 
ginate. Anal spines graduated, the second equal to the 
highest dorsal spine. 

Rufous, variously marked with brown. Lateral line 
rufous. Upper angle of opercle, a line from eye down- 
ward and backward to upper half of pectoral, another 
parallel to it from upper angle of maxillary backward, and 
tip of jaws dark brown; these markings conspicuous; 
head otherwise rufous. Axil black. Margin of spinous 
dorsal and greater part of membranes of soft dorsal black. 
Base of dorsals rufous, spotted with darker. Caudal 
dusky. Membranes of the remaining fins chiefly black, 
the rays rufous. Peritoneum jet black. 


I3. Sebastodes proriger Jordan & Gilbert. 


Five specimens of this species were brought into the 
San Diego markets November 14,1889. They were said 
to have come from a depth of 100 fathoms, where they 
were associated with large specimens of rufus, melanosto- 
mus and eos. 

Description of a specimen .60 m. long. 

Head 3 in the total length; depth 334; D. XIII, 134%; 
A 7 

Elongate. Head pointed, the lower jaw projecting. 
Maxillary reaching to below posterior margin of eye, 2 in 
head. Interorbital slightly convex, without ridges. Cra- 
nial ridges low, obscure, but all terminating in sharp 
spines; pre-, supra- and postocular, tympanic and occi- 
pital spines present. Eye small; orbit 1? in snout, 434 in 
head, 1% in interorbital. Preorbital 3? of an orbital diam- 
eter, with 3 retrorse spines below, the posterior the small- 
est; a retrorse spine just below the orbit. Opercular 
spines simple and strong. 

Mandible, maxillaries, suborbitals and entire snout 


16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


scaled. Scales of the head small and strongly ctenoid, 
those of the body larger. 

Outline of spinous dorsal regularly arched, the 4th and 
5th spines highest, 3 in the head; highest articulate ray 
32 in the head. Anal spines graduated, the second being 
stronger but considerably shorter than the third, which is 
5% in the head; highest ray 3 in the head. Pectorals ex- 
tending somewhat beyond the ventrals. 

Peritoneum black. Top of head and back chiefly black, 
lateral line vermilion; a blackish band just below the 
lateral line becoming much wider forward and extending 
on the sides below the fifth dorsal spine. 

A large opercular spot, a broad band downward and 
backward from eye, a narrow one across cheeks below 
the eye, lips and tip of lower jaw chiefly black; the rest 
of the head and sides chiefly vermilion. Anal and ven- 
trals vermilion; pectorals and caudal blackish; dorsals 
nearly black. Axils dusky. 


14. Sebastodes pinniger (Gill). 


This species has hitherto been known from Monterey 
northward. We can extend its distribution 400 miles. 
A single individual .55 m. long was taken off Point Loma 
Pidccuibes 3, 1889, iene December 5, 1889, and an- 
other December 10. They came from a depth of about 
100 fathoms. 

This species is very common in the waters of the 
northern parts of California. In the south it is replaced 
by S.miniatus. The latter species is usually much redder, 
but a tolerably complete gradation exists, as many speci- 
mens of miniatus have the red replaced by lemon yellow. 
There is also an intergradation in the roughness of the 
mandibulary scales. 

The life colors of pzmniger are: dorsal spines and an- 


ADDITIONS TO FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. L7 


terior part of membrane flesh colored, posterior half of 
membrane orange. Second dorsal and caudal orange. 
The remaining fins with the rays flesh colored, the mem- 
branes orange. Belly salmon. Sides and back lemon 
yellow mottled with gray. Lateral line flesh color. 
Lower part of head rose pink, 3 lemon yellow bars on 
sides of head. A band of madder brown between eyes, 
one across nape and one across tip of snout; regions be- 
tween them madder brown mottled with orange. Mem- 
branes between the jaws and between the maxillaries 
black. 


15. Sebastodes melanostomus sp. nov. 


One specimen .54 m. off Point Loma, November 14, 
1889, 100 fathoms. 

Closely related to S. ruber, having smooth cranial ridges 
and black peritoneum. 

Head 3% in the total length; depth .19 m.; D. XIII, 
145 5; ACL 7323 lat. 43. 

Short and deep; head heavy; mouth large, lower jaw 
projecting, maxillary reaching to below posterior border 
of pupil. Eye very large, orbit I in snout, 3? in head. Inter- 
orbital space slightly depressed, 434 in the head. Preor- 
bital narrow, 3 in the orbit, with an anterior simple, and 
a posterior many-pointed spine. Cranial spines low but 
distinct, smooth, and covered with skin to their tip. The 
three ocular, the tympanic and occipital spines present. 
Opercular and preopercular spines long, simple. Maxil- 
lary, mandible, preorbital and snout scaly. Scales of the 
opercle rather large. Scales of the sides very large, with 
but few accessory ones. Gill-rakes slender, 7 of an orbital 
diameter long. 

Dorsal spines all very low, the 3d and 4th the highest, 


2p Ser., Vou. Ill. (2) March 24, 1890, 


18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


less than an orbital diameter; the soft rays 3 in the head. 
Anal spines graduated, the second not much more than 
half the length of the soft rays. 

Peritoneum black. 

Body scarlet, shading into madder brown or blackish- 
red above lateral line. Fins vermilion, the first dorsal with 
its membranes narrowly black edged. All other fins more 
or less black on posterior half, the caudal most so. Head 
vermilion, tinged with black. Inside of mouth and gill 
cavity almost wholly black. Upper posterior portion of 
gill membranes black. A black bar above opercle. 


16. Sebastodes e0s sp. nov. 


A single specimen, .54 m., was taken off Point Loma 
in 100 fathoms, November 14, 1889. Many others have 
since been observed. 

This species is evidently closely related to S. chlorostic- 
tus and rhodochloris. It reaches a much larger size than 
either of those species has been known to attain. The 
scaly mandible serves at once to distinguish it from ch/o- 
rostictus, while this character and the short second anal 
spine distinguish it from rhodochloris. 

Head 2%, (3-3% in the total length); depth 3 (3%- 
7334 \ 2. De KIL Tas sire 1620.5 lato ay. 

Oblong. Lower jaw included, its symphyseal knob 
strong. Maxillary reaching beyond eye, 2 in the head. 
Orbit 1 in snout, little more than four times in head, 
greater than interorbital width. 

Interorbital deeply concave, grooved medially, 5% in 
head. 

Cranial ridges very high and narrow, ending in promi- 
nent spines; preocular, supraocular and tympanic spines 
directed outward and backward; postocular upward and 
backward. Occipital ridges in largest specimens 6 mm. 


ADDITIONS TO FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. 19 


high, the region between them depressed. Opercular and 
preopercular spines long and strong. 

Gill-rakers all short, the longest one-fifth orbital diam- 
eter. 

Mandible, maxillary and snout, except a median trian- 
gular spot, scaly. Accessory scales very numerous on 
cheeks and opercles. 

Preorbital little less than half width of orbit, with a sin- 
gle, flat downward directed spine at its posterior angle 
(sinuate in chlorostictus). 

Spinous dorsal deeply incised, the membrane of the 
fifth spine meeting the sixth spine near its basal fourth, 
less deeply incised in smaller specimens, the highest 
spine 2-2% in head; highest dorsal ray, 234-3 in head. 
Second anal spine 2%-3 in head; highest anal ray, 
2%-2%. Pectorals reaching to twelfth dorsal spine, 474-5 
in the total length. 

Color marks all having a washed or faded appearance. 
Body and head intense rose pink. Back and dorsal fin in- 
distinctly marked with raw sienna; fins colored like the 
body. Three pink spots, one below origin of soft dorsal, 
one below its end, one above the lateral line below the 
ninth dorsal spine. Membranes between maxillaries 
saturn red. Peritoneum perfectly white, or more or less 
dusky. 

A specimen of this species .42 m. long taken De- 
cember 10, 1889, in 100 fathoms off Point Loma, pre- 
sents the following characters as compared with a speci- 
men of S. chlorostictus, .38 m. long, taken July 29, 1889, 
in 45 fathoms of water at the Cortes Banks: 


20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


S. 0S. S. chlorostictus. 


Mandible entirely naked. 

Maxillary with a few scales above. 

Preorbital with an anterior simple 
spine, or a posterior sinuate 3 to 


Mandible scaled, except about the 
pores. 

Maxillary pretty evenly scaled. 

Preorbital with a posterior spine only, | 
which on one side is forked at the | 4-pointed spine. 
tip. Interorbital deeply concave with a 

Interorbital flattish, with a deep me- | deep median groove, 1g in orbit. 
dian groove, 12 in orbit. Orbit, 3/4 in head. ’ 

Orbit 4 in length of head. Second preopercular spine directed 


Second preopercular spine directed downward and per ka 
downward and forward.* Second anal spine 2} in length of 


Second anal spine 2% in length of | head. 
heads Peritoneum very dark. 


Green spots on back well defined. 


Peritoneum white or dusky. 
Spots of back having a washed or 
faded appearance. 


1'7. Sebastodes zreus sp. nov. (= wmbrosus ? ) 

Two specimens of this species were brought into the 
San Diego markets on November 7, 1889. ‘They came 
from near the Coronado Islands and measure .26 and .28 
m. Others were procured January 9 and 24. 

Catalogue No. 1070. 

Closely related to S. rhodochloris J. & G. 

Head 2%-234 ; depth 23-3; D. XIII, 12%-13; A. III, 
6%; lat. 1. (pores) 37-40. 

Shape of S. rosaceus. Jaws equal, maxillary reaching 
past pupil, 2 or slightly less than 2 in the head. Preorbital 
narrow, with ¢hree flat spines. Eye large, 34%4-334 in the 
head, 3 in interorbital. 

Cranial ridges high and narrow, terminating in sharp 
spines; pre-, supra- and postocular, tympanic and occip- 
ital spines. Interorbital concave, with a narrow median 
groove bordered by narrow ridges. 

Maxillary and mandible entirely scaled. 

Highest dorsal spine 2}in the head. Second anal spine 


*This seems to be an{individual character. 


ADDITIONS TO FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. 21 


little longer than the third, considerably shorter than the 
rays, 2% in the head. 

General color (in life) pink overlaid with bronze. ‘Top 
of head and back above lateral line bronze with five pink 
spots; sides below the lateral line finely vermiculated with 
bronze, which occupies more space than the ground 
color. Pink spots of the back placed as in related spe- 
cies, not surrounded by green or purple; posterior part 
of lateral line pink. Sides of head bronze (pink show- 
ing through) with an ill-defined streak backward from 
upper angle of eye; a light pink spot on upper angle ot 
gill opening; head below orbit pink, with a bronze bar 
through the cheeks; maxillary pink, with a median bronze 
streak; membranes of the maxillaries chiefly bronze. 
Lower surface of head rose colored; breast yellowish- 
pink, abdomen nearly white, area above anal yellowish. 
Dorsal light bluish-pink clouded with bronze, the rays 
of all the other fins pink, the membranes bronze. 


GADID. 


18. Merlucius productus (Ayres). 


This species is common on the shores of northern Cal- 
ifornia. It has not been recorded south of Santa Barbara. 

A single specimen was brought into the San Diego mar- 
ket November 6, 1889. It came from off Point Loma. 
Others have since been observed. 


COTTID AS. 


19. Leiocottus hirundo Girard. 

A single specimen of this species, of which Jordan & 
Gilbert (Synopsis Fish. N. A., 712) say: ‘‘Santa Barbara 
Islands; extremely local’’ was taken in San Diego Bay, 
January 31, 1890. 


22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


PLEURONECTID/®. 


20. Hppoglossina stomata sp. nov. 


Two specimens of this species were obtained in deep 
water off San Diego, November 7, 1889. Both females, 
one with ripe eggs. 

Related to 7. macrops Steind., with much larger mouth, 
ete; 

Head 3, or slightly less than 3, in the length; depth 
2144-2?; D. 67-70; A. 52-54; lat. 1. 80. Sinistral. 

Elongate elliptical, the profile depressed over the eye. 
Eye* large, 5 in head; lower orbit slightly in advance of 
upper; interorbital a narrow ridge. 

Mouth large, maxillary extending to posterior margin 
of eye, as long as or longer than the pectoral, 2 in head; 
lower jaw about 134 in the head. Teeth small, uniserial. 
Anterior nares of both sides with long dermal flaps. 

Scales of the left side all ctenoid, those of the right side 
cycloid on the anterior one-half or two-thirds of the body. 
Middle third of the interorbital naked, the anterior and 
posterior thirds scaled. 

Dorsal beginning over middle of eye, the anterior rays 
with but one or two scales, the rest scaled to near the tip, 
all but the last 8 rays simple. Anal similar to the dorsal, with 
a strong procumbent spine. Highest dorsal and anal rays 
about 3% in the head. Pectoral of the colored side about 
2 in the head, that of the blind side shorter. Caudal 
double-truncate, 5-5 % in the length. 

Brown, strongly tinged in life with robin’s-egg blue; 
numerous spots of light-blue and light and dark brown. 
Five pairs of large dark-brown ocelli along the dorsal and 
ventral parts of the eyed side, the alternate ones larger 


*Eye zof orbit. 


~ 


ADDITIONS TO FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. 23 


and more conspicuous. Fins colored like the body, pro- 
fusely mottled with light and dark; sinistral pectoral bar- 
red. A dark-brown spot above and below on the caudal 
peduncle just in front of the caudal shows conspicu- 
ously on the blind side. 

The eggs are probably pelagic. They are transparent, 
and measure I.2 mm. in diameter; the single oil globule 
measures .16 mm. 

Two other species of this genus have been recorded 
from American seas. AH. macrops Steindachner* from 
Mazatlan, Mexico, and from Trinidad Bay, Patagonia 
(Gthr.}); 77. mzcrops Gthr.t from the west coast of Pat- 
agonia. 

21. Eopsetta jordani (Lockington) or sp. nov. 


A single specimen of this species was taken with 
Sebastichthys goodei off Point Loma. It differs from the 
typical jordani, of which, however, we have no speci- 
mens in the following characters: 


jordant. Sp. nov. 
Eye 34 in head. | Eye 5% in head. 
Depth 2% in the length. | Depth 2 in the length. 
Vertebree 11-+-32. | Vertebree 11-+-31, including hypural 
plate. 


These additions increase the number of fishes recorded 
from San Diego, including the Cortes Banks, to one hun- 
dred and sixty-three. 


Remark: Several mistakes were made in our paper on 
‘“The Fishes of Cortest Banks’’ which we wish to cor- 
rect here. 


NOTOSCOPELUS BRACHYCHIR E. & E. is the type ofa 


*TIchthyol. Beitr. v. 13, pl. III, 1876. t Voyage of H. M.S. Alert, 1881, p. 2. 


{Prof. George Davidson informs us that the older and correct spelling is 
Cortes, not Cortez. 


24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
new genus characterized by the low pectorals; it may 
stand as CATABLEMELLA gen. nov. 
SEBASTICHTHYS MELANOPS should stand as S. mystinus. 
SEBASTICHTHYS CARNATUS is probably S. vexdllarts. 


PARALICHTHYS CALIFORNICUS is not a Paralichthys, but 
a species of C2tharichthys. 


NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY OF 
BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO. 


BY WALDEMAR LINDGREN, U. S. GEOL. SURVEY. 


The expedition sent by the Academy of Sciences to 
Baja California in the spring of 1889 brought home, among 
other collections, some specimens of rocks from various 
parts of the territory. 

Among these rocks, which Mr. Walter E. Bryant had 
the kindness to submit to my examination, were a few 
which seemed worthy of notice and description. 


EV CryvSPALLINE, SCHISIS.- 


The first set of specimens from the Sta. Margarita and 
’ Magdalena Islands, opposite Magdalena Bay on the west 
coast in the southern part of the peninsula (lat. 24° 30’) 
principally consists of crystalline schists; among the rocks 
collected were found chloritic, slaty rocks, often contain- 
ing garnet and magnetite; specimens of talc with serpen- 
tine; further, actinolite in long light green radiating 
prisms and an amphibolite, a slaty dark green rock, com- 
posed of prisms of greenish amphibole with scales of a 
white mica, probably muscovite. 


The geological formation indicated by these specimens 
—highly compressed series of older schists—is remark- 
able as differing most decidedly from the geology of the 
mainland, indicated by Professor Gabb in a section from 
Magdalena Bay across to the Gulf Coast. 

Along this section there is a gradual rise from the Pa- 
cific to a peninsular divide, from which an abrupt descent 
leads down to the shores of the Gulf of California. 

The whole distance is occupied by horizontal or gently 


2D SER., Vou. III. (3) April 16, 1890. 


26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


dipping soft shales and sandstones of cretaceous or ter- 
tiary age (mesa sandstones). These are again, especially 
near the Gulf, covered with recent eruptive masses. Met- 
amorphic rocks do not make their appearance until fur- 
ther north, and then, according to Prof. Gabb’s views, 
they are derived by regional or contact metamorphism— 
from the mesa-sandstones. On the whole, the general 
outline of the geology of the peninsula, given above, would 
be the same from La Paz to Sta. Gertrudis, that is from 
Lat. 24° to Lat. 28°. In general, we may characterize 
the structure as that of a gently ascending table land, 
broken near the eastern coast by a very considerable 
fault. This fault line may be very old, but at any rate a 
large dislocation occurred along it in post-cretaceous time. 

It would be very singular if the occurrence of older 
schists were confined to a single point on the west coast 
of the peninsula. 

However, consulting the excellent maps of the hydro- 
graphic office it is seen at a glance that the Sta. Marga- 
rita and Magdalena Islands, continued by the rocky mass 
of Cape San Lazaro, form a broken chain striking about 
N. 40° W., and extending for about 45 nautical miles 
Mr. Brandegee, who was a member of the expedition 
mentioned above, states that Magdalena Island has the 
same geological structure as Sta. Margarita, and that 
from its appearance Cape San Lazaro is also composed 
of similar rocks. The highest point on. Sta. Margarita 
Island attains 1900’, while that of the Cape is about 
F200. 

North of the cape the coast makes a bend eastward 
(see fig.) forming a long, shallow bay until at a distance 
of 130 nautical miles, and in a direction of about N. 
30° W. Point Abreojos is reached. From here to Point 
San Eugenio (110 miles) the coast trends N. 45° W., 


GEOLOGY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 27 


and is occupied by a steep and high mountain range, con- 
tinued northward for still 25 miles more by rocky islands, 
among which the largest is called Cerros or Cedros. The 
peaks of this range, which, from the bay to the north of 
it, I shall, to avoid repetition, designate as the Viscaino 
Range, rise to a height of about 3500’, while Cerros Island 
attains a maximum elevation of 3955’ (see map of hydro- 
graphic office). The range is separated from the main 
mass of the peninsula by a wide desert plain. 


Soul 
CERRO aN Bay 


ISLAND 


pa eely 
CAPE SAN 
EUGENIO 


CAPE SAN LUCAS 


110° 


Sketch map of the southern half of the California peninsula. Dotted 

lines mark the trend of ranges and lines of dislocation. 

Of the geology of the range proper we know as yet 
nothing, but its continuation northward, Cerros Island, is 
known from the description of Dr. John A. Veatch.* 
The island is composed of highly metamorphic slates, 


*J. Ross Browne. Resources of the Pacific Slope, p. 143, San Francisco, 
1869. 


28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


amphibolite and serpentine, together with granite and 
porphyries. Besides, basaltic flows and_ fossiliferous 
sandstone are mentioned. 

In all probability, the range south of Cerros Island is 
in composition and age similar to the northern end, and 
the contrast between the more recent eastern range, form- 
ing the main mass of the peninsula, and this western 
older range of crystalline rocks is equally strong, as in 
the section from Sta. Margarita Island eastward. If we 
now examine the sea bottom between Point Abreojos and 
Cape San Lazaro by means of the soundings recorded on 
the hydrographic charts, it will be found that the 
thousand-fathom line which at Point San Eugenio runs 
within 15 miles of the shore, does not follow the coast 
line, but runs in a southeasterly direction till it again ap- 
proaches the shore near Cape San Lazaro. Along a 
straight line between the two promontories the average 
depth is, according to the few soundings available, not 
more than 100 fathoms. 

All these data speak strongly in favor of a submarine 
continuation of the Viscaino Range towards the Cape 
San Lazaro Range. 

Going southward from Sta. Margarita the relations are 
somewhat similar. For about 80 miles southeast of the 
island, the low coast occupied by the mesa sandstones 
forms a slightly curved line; it then trends southward, 
and the Sierra de la Victoria, rising from the sea to a 
height of over 6000’, runs along it until at the rocky 
headland of San Lucas the southern end of the peninsula 
is reached. 


The thousand-fathom line between Sta. Margarita and 
the northern end of Sierra de la Victoria forms a 
curve, concave towards the shore, and distant more than 
30 miles from it. Along a direct line between the island 


GEOLOGY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 29 


and the beginning of the Sierra the depth is nowhere over 
100 fathoms. Of the geology of the extreme end of the pen- 
insula very little is known, but according to the few data 
available it appears that granite and crystalline schists are 
the predominating rocks.* It can, of course, not be as- 
serted that there are schists of the same series, and belong- 
ing to the same uplift as those of Sta. Margarita, but their 
occurrence in the line of strike of the latter is certainly 
suggestive. 

In the southern part of the California peninsula there 
exists then, as far as our limited knowledge permits us to 
discern, two orographic lines of great importance: 

1. Acomparatively recent, probably post-cretaceous line 
of dislocation, extending from the vicinity of La Paz for 
many hundred miles northward along the eastern coast. 
There is, indeed, little doubt that this is the Continuation of 
the fault line which I have described in a previous paper, 
relating to a section from Todos Santos Bay eastward, 
and which may be traced up to the line between the 
United States and Mexico. Very likely this is only a fresh 
break along an old line of disturbance, for a high range, 
composed of crystalline schists and granite continues in 
the same direction from the peninsula of La Paz south- 
ward. 

2. A line along which an uplift of much greater age 
than the first one has taken place, and running near the 
western shore of the peninsula. It possibly extends as far 
as 400 miles from Cerros Island to Cape San Lucas. This 
line is indicated by several shorter ranges, mostly com- 
posed of crystalline schists and granite, but although its 
continuity is thus broken, it seems very probable, indeed, 
that these different parts are due to the action of one and 
the same orographic force. Very likely the range was 


*Prof. Gabb’s report, Appendix, I, Vol. I, Geology of California. 


30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


once continuous, and perhaps a part of the mesa sand- 
stones have been derived from the destruction by erosion 
of this older area. 

An interesting question in this connection is the con- 
figuration of the land-area, separating the Atlantic 
from the Pacific in Cretaceous time. Dr. C. A.White has 
pointed out that fossils of the Atlantic Cretaceous fauna 
have been found on the western side of the Sierra Madre 
on the mainland of Mexico, while the shore line of the Pa- 
cific Cretaceous ocean can be traced as far southward as 
Todos Santos Bay, at least.* Did this comparatively 
narrow isthmus continue southward, or did the two 
oceans meet some degrees south of the boundary line? 
Dr. White is inclined to regard the first mentioned view 
as the more probable, mainly on account of the great and 
marked difference between the fauna of the Atlantic and 
the Pacific Cretaceous, and it must be conceded that the 
existence of older ranges of crystalline rocks on the 
western side of the peninsula also speaks in favor of it. 
The question can only be satisfactorily settled by a more 
detailed investigation of the southern peninsula, and 
especially of the sedimentary series designated under the 
name of ‘‘ mesa sandstones.”’ 


ti SS ASAT. 


One or two specimens from the northern end of the 
peninsula, near Calamajuet on the gulf side at about Lat. 
29° 30’, deserve special mention. Recent or tertiary vol- 
canic flows in this vicinity overlie slaty, at least partly 
metamorphosed rocks. There are specimens of a slaty, 
dark-gray, fine-grained sandstone, locally used as whet- 
stones; further of crumpled and folded talcose slates. 

The volcanic rock is a dark-gray basalt with numerous 


ABulletinyrs. ps3 s0;) Ue SG. 


GEOLOGY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 31 


reddish, decomposed olivines. Of most interest is, how- 
ever, a basaltic, dark, brownish-gray, very vesicular rock 
of remarkable freshness and beauty, collected in the 
vicinity of Calamajuet. In the pores and cavities have 
crystallized a great number of hexagonal foils of brown 
mica of an almost metallic, bronze-like lustre. 

In thin section the rock proves to be a nearly normal 
feldspar-olivine basalt of very fine-grained structure. 
The feldspar is a plagioclase, generally in the form of 
more or less slender laths with fine twin striation. The 
augite occurs as irregular grains or imperfectly idiomor- 
phic in short prisms, and has the bamboo color so com- 
mon among andesites and basalts. The brown mica, 
coating the cavities, is very sparingly represented in the 
mass of the rock; occasionally a foil of light-brown color, 
and not very strongly dichrotic, may be observed imbed- 
ded in the feldspar mass. The olivine, often partly de- 
composed into a dark-brown ferruginous mass, has the 
usual characteristics. Magnetite is frequent in smaller 
or larger crystals and grains, as is also apatite in long, 
colorless prisms. 

In the feldspar, and apparently also in the augite, may 
be seen a considerable number of microlites of a rust- 
brown to coffee-brown color; they are of minute size, 
and when their thickness amounts to about half of that of 
the section, they are usually so dark in color as to be 
almost opaque. A distinct striation, evidently indicating 
a cleavage, may be seen on most of them; the refraction 
is of medium strength, the double refraction quite strong; 
the extinction is very nearly parallel to the principal ex- 
tension and the cleavage, but can seldom be accurately 
measured on account of the interference of the feldspar 
mass. Pleochroismus, very slight; in fact, hardly ap- 
preciable. There is considerable difficulty in the inter- 


32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


pretation of this mineral. It certainly is not biotite; from 
the form, habit, and other characteristics, I am very 
strongly inclined to regard it as a somewhat abnormal 
hornblende. 

Microlites, evidently very similar to these, have been 
occasionally observed before,* and interpreted in the 
same way; the rocks were hornblende-basalts, and the 
microlites probably the result of a resorbing action of 
the magma on hornblende crystals of an older generation. 
It would be difficult to prove the same with regard to 
the rock in question, but it is at any rate certain that the 
mineral belongs to one of the very first generation of 
minerals. 

To the constituents named above is added a small 
quantity of glass, wedged in between the feldspar crys- 
tals. The rock is not porphyritic, that is, contains no re- 
peated generations of the same mineral; it is holocrystal- 
line, with intersertal structure, and should be referred to 
Meissen type of basalts. 

It remains to describe the mica, coating the cavities of 
the basalt. This mineral, detached from the rock and 
mounted horizontally on a slide in Canada balsam ap- 
pears as usually regular hexagonal foils of a light chest- 
nut-brown color; between crossed nicols they do not 
remain dark, but show, on revolving the table, dark-gray 
or bluish colors, even when the crystal is of a minimal 
thickness, and which in thicker foils go over into the 
yellow colors of the first order. The pleochroismus is 
quite strong on oP (oor): Rays vibrating parallel to b, 
or to «®P& (o10) are yellowish-brown; these parallel 
to ¢, or #PH (100) nearly colorless or slightly yellowish. 


*I,. Van Werveke, Neues Jahrbuch, 1879, p. 824. H. Sommerlad, Neues Jahr- 
buch, B. B., 1883, II, p. 139. 
tRosenbusch, Mass. Gesteine 1887, p. 725. 


GEOLOGY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 33 


The color of the rays vibrating perpendicularly to oP, or 
parallel to 4, observed on foils, imbedded in more or less 
vertical position in Canada balsam does not vary greatly 
from those parallel to ¢; the scheme of absorption 
would be 6 >a=c. In convergent light it is noticed that 
the angle of the optical axes is quite large, probably 
nearer 20° than 10°, and that the plane of the optical axes 
lies perpendicularly to the plane of symmetry, not as in 
biotite, parallel to it. The mineral, therefore, belongs to 
the micas of the ‘‘ first-class,’’ and is probably an A nomzte. 
Twins are common among the mica crystals, as evidenced 
by the fact that apparently single foils between crossed 
nicols prove to be made up of two or more, turned at a 
certain angle with reference to each other. 

A basalt very similar to this, and also containing ano- 
mite crystals in its cavities, has been described by L. 
Bucca from Italy.* As a rule micaceous feldspar 
basalts are very rare. 


*Tl monte de Roccamonfina, Bott. Com. Geol. Roma, 1886, Nos. 7 and 8. 


2p SER., VOL. III. (4) April 16, 1890. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW COPAODES. 


BY W. G. WRIGHT. 


Copeodes candida. ¢, expanse .85 to 1.1 inch. Both 
wings honey-yellow, immaculate, edged by a fine black 
line; fringe yellow. Secondaries, blackish at base; a 
dark ray from base along costa. Under side a little 
paler yellow; primaries black at base and for a little way 
along inner margin. 

Types in author’s museum. 

Habitat, canons in the foothills of southwestern Cali- 
fornia. 

This species I first took in 1883, and nearly every year 
since then has added one or more examples to my collec- 
tion. From the first I recognized it to be a new species, 
but I have kept it in abeyance until I should get a fair 
series, as I do not approve of the establishment of a 
species upon a single example. Having now, however, a 
dozen specimens, and all without variation, the species is 
entitled to recognition, and I have named it candida, 
signifying spotless, as in that respect it is faultless. 

I judge that its nearest ally is C. Hunus, a northern 
mountain species with more black at base and rays 
toward margin; and that its nearest southern relative is 
C. Wrighti7, a desert form with black sexual bar on disk 
of primaries, and light golden rays on under side of sec- 
ondaries, by which marks they can readily be separated 
from C. candida. 

All these species of Copzodes appear to be very local, 
and are scarce even in their own habitat— C’. Hunus hav- 
ing been named from a single specimen, while of the 
others only a few examples are taken in a year. 


2p Ser. VOL. III. April 16, 1890. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF 
EUPROTOMICRUS. 


BY ROSA SMITH EIGENMANN. 


Euprotomicrus hyalinus. Type: One specimen .16 m. 
Racine Ocean 

Very dark seal brown, the ventral surface definitely a 
little lighter, the margins of the caudal and of both dor- 
sal fins hyaline, the ventral fins wholly hyaline, the pec- 
toral mostly so, having the dorsal margin and a spot 
posteriorly black and a narrow, black basal band; the 
pectoral, ventral and caudal fins showing rays. 

Teeth of the outer series of the lower jaw 17. 

Base of first dorsal fin 5 in base of second, the dorsal 
fin interspace one-fifth greater than base of second fin. 

Least height of caudal peduncle equal to vertical diam- 
eter of orbit, 2 in horizontal diameter. Orbit 14 in snout, 
its posterior edge over the mouth. Vertical diameter of 
spiracle 1} in vertical diameter of orbit. 

Pectoral fin 2 in head, truncate, broader at tip than at 
base, which is about 2 in its length. 

Head 52 in the total length; depth 9. 

The specimen is in good condition, except that it has 
been badly shriveled by strong spirits. It belongs to the 
collection of the University of California, and was kindly 
loaned to me for description by Mr. J. J. Rivers, the 
Curator, who makes the following statement concerning 
it: ‘*The shark was given to me by Lieutenant F. A. 
Gardner of the Pacific Mail Steamship Gaelic that runs 
between San Francisco and China. It was stranded 
upon the deck of the steamer, having been carried there 
ina heavy sea. The locality was between Honolulu and 
San Francisco, but nearer to the former.’’ 


on SER, Von. TIL, May 28, 1890. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SEBASTODES. 


BY CARL H. AND ROSA S. EIGENMANN. 


Sebastodes serranoides. 


Sebastichthys flavidus E. & E. Notes from San Diego 
Biol. Lab. i, 5, 1889. (Cortes Banks.) 

Types: No. 993, one specimen .24 m., Cortes Banks. 

No. 402, one specimen .47 m., San Francisco. 
No. 403, one specimen .36 m., San Francisco. 
No. 404, one specimen .36 m., San Francisco. 
Three specimens .38-.49 m., San Francisco. 

On May 16, 1890, we collected a large number of 
specimens of S‘ebastodes. Among these were specimens 
of what we previously supposed to be S. favidus. There 
were also other specimens identifiable with current de- 
scriptions of .S. favzdus which were however quite differ- 
ent from the others. The deeper ones with an elevated 
spinous dorsal and deep notch between the dorsals are 
evidently to be referred to the species figured by Ayres* 
as S. flavidus. The others represent an apparently un- 
described species. It is frequently brought into the San 
Diego market, while S. flav7dus is rare at that point. 
In general shape and color it greatly resembles Serranus 
clathratus, from which it is not distinguished by the fisher- 
men. 

Head 3; depth 3%-3%; D. xiii,15-16; A.ii,g. Lat. 
60, (pores). 

Elongate slender, the dorsal profile but little more 
arched than the ventral. Head compressed, the anterior 
profile almost straight. Snout long, pointed; the lower 
jaw projecting, its tip entering the profile. 

Cranial ridges less developed than in any other species, 


* Proc. Cal Acad. Nat. Sci. ii, 219, fig. 64, 1862. 


2p SrrR., VoL. III. May 28, 1290. 


A NEW SEBASTODES. 2397 


none of them ending in spines. Nasal spines minute, 
not evident externally. Parietals meeting above. Pre- 
orbital without spines. Preopercular spines long, slen- 
der, the lower ones as well developed as the middle ones 
in the largest specimens. Opercular spines as in favidus. 
Gill-rakers long and slender, as in favidus. 

Scales large, those of the head greatly reduced. Snout, 
mandibles and even the lips closely scaled in the old. 

Palatine patches of teeth peculiar, a constriction near 
their middle, the anterior angle turned inward. 

Bye large, 4% in the head, 1% in snout, 1% in the 
strongly convex interorbital. 

Dorsal fin low, the highest spine about 3 in the head, 
notch between the two fins deep. Caudal notched. Anal 
spines slender, graduated. Pectorals not reaching tips of 
ventrals, not nearly to vent. 

Gray of varying shades, the back always darker; a 
series of large white blotches along the sides of the back 
much more marked in some examples than in others. 
Fins all more or less strongly tinged with yellow and 
edged with dusky. 

From SS. favidus and S’. melanops and S. goodei this 
species may be distinguished by the characters taken 
from fresh specimens of like size, as follows: 

a. Color dusky; no red. 


4. Snout acuminate, the lower jaw strongly projecting, entering the profile. 
Anal truncate or subtruncate. 


c. Eye large, I in snout, 1 in interorbital, 4 in head. Tips of nasal spines 
free. Occipital ridges well developed. Highest dorsal spine 22~2# in 
head, Palatine band of teeth of nearly uniform width. Olivaceous, yel- 
lowish on sides, lighter below. Sides with rusty spots usually near the 
tips of scales. Base of spinous dorsal sometimes spotted. Second dor- 
sal, caudal and anal bright orange, margined with black. An orange 
streak down and back from eye, a broader one back from eye, a narrow 
one on maxillary. Pectorals and ventrals orange or brassy, blackish 
tipped. Head 3; depth about 3; D. xili,1q4; A. iii,8%. flavidus, 


38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


cc. Eye conspicuously smaller, 14 in snout, 14-1} in interorbital, 4% in 
head. Tips of nasal spines concealed.* Occipital ridges low. Highest 
dorsal spine 24-3 in the head. Band of palatine teeth usually much nar- 
rower at the middle than at the ends. Gray, darker above, with a series 
of large light spots on the back. Fins colored like the body, the second 
dorsal, the caudal and anal yellowish. Head 3; depth 3%-3%. D. xiii, 
15%; A. i11,9%. serranoides. 
46. Snout blunt, lower jaw scarcely projecting. Anal rounded. Eye slightly 
more than 4 in the head. Highest dorsal spine 2%-3 in head. Pectorals 
rounded, not reaching tips of ventrals. Dark gray, with small darker spots. 
Black spots on base of spinous dorsal. Head 3; depth 3-3}; D.xili,13%4; 
A.i1,74%-8%. melanops. 


aa. Bright vermillion, lighter below. gooder. 


*Evident on one side of one of the types. 


S. goode? is not an uncommon fish in the market at 
San Francisco where specimens 23 inches long were ob- 
served. 

Sebastodes levis has also been observed in the San 
Francisco market, having been brought from Monterey. 

CITHARICHTHYS SORDIDUS. — We have recently pro- 
cured a large number of Crtharichthys stigmeus and also 
the young of C’. sord7dus. The material obtained proves 
the validity of both species. 


ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 
BY W. LINDGREN, U.S. GEOL. SURVEY. 


During the summer of 1883, while engaged in the geo- 
logical survey of the lands adjacent to the Northern 
Pacific Railroad (The Northern Transcontinental Survey ) 
under the direction of Mr. R. Pumpelly, I visited many 
parts of the Rocky Mountains in Montana, as a member 
of the reconnoitering party of Mr. W. M. Davis. I chiefly 
directed my observations to the occurrence and character 
of the eruptive rocks, and during the following winter ex- 
amined a number of them microscopically. The results 
of this examination were subsequently published by Mr. 
Pumpelly in Vol. xv, roth Census, p. 719, together with 
other investigations of the Northern Transcontinental 
Survey. 

Hoping to secure new points of view and perhaps cor- 
rections in the old determinations I have recently reviewed 
the evidence and the conclusions to which I had arrived, 
and the results of this review are embodied in this paper. 
Occasional changes in the nomenclature of the rocks de- 
scribed have been made and especially the analcite basalts 
subjected to a detailed re-examination. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The effusive volcanic rocks of later tertiary and recent 
date are conspicuously absent in the Belt Mountains or 
Front Ranges as well as in the Main Range of the Rocky 
Mountains in Montana. Eruptive rocks are, however, not 
wanting; indeed they form a prominent part of the geo- 
logical structure of the region mentioned. They do not 
appear as lava flows, as subaerial eruptions, but as intru- 
sive bodies forming dikes, necks, sheets or laccolites en- 
closed in sedimentary rocks, It is not to be doubted that 


2p SER., Vou, III, July 9, 1890. 


O CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


in many cases these eruptions have also turnished large 
amounts of effusive masses, but these subaerial flows have 
long ago been eroded, leaving exposed the vents and fis- 
sures through which they once poured forth. Incontinuing 
its action the erosion has produced a peculiar type of moun- 
tains, of which the Highwood and the Crazy Mountains 
are good examples. Both are isolated volcanic districts 
and consist of an intricate network of dikes and necks, in- 
truded in sandstones and shales of Cretaceous or Laramie 
age. The erosion removes the softer sedimentary strata 
much more rapidly than the eruptive rocks and the adjoin- 
ing, slightly metamorphosed sandstones. The result is 
an isolated group of mountains with extremely rugged and 
serrated crests and ridges, rising abruptly several thousand 
feet above the surrounding hilly or undulating country. 

A great deal of interest is attached to these volcanic 
masses. They expose to examination intra-telluric rocks, 
consolidated under conditions greatly diftering from 
those to which the subaerial flows were subjected; having 
at any rate cooled very slowly and under very consider- 
able pressure. The structure of the rocks is most gen- 
erally holocrystalline-porphyritic. Glass basis is not fre- 
quent, but may be noticed in a few instances. A certain 
number of rocks have a holocrystalline-granular structure 
in many cases connected with the porphyritic by transi- 
tions. Ina few cases the rocks are very coarse granular 
and this occurs both in basic (Theralites, Wolff) and acid 
members of the series. 

As to chemical composition these rocks appear to be 
more varied than the series usually found in the Great 
Basin; magmas rich in potassium are frequent, crystal- 
lizing as trachytes; often they are very basic and contain 
much sodium, resulting in the abundant separation of such 
minerals as nepheline, sodalite and analcite. 


ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 41 


It is not easy or even possible in a great many cases to 
establish the exact age of these eruptives; this is largely 
owing to the fact that no rocks of later age than Laramie, 
the disputed territory between the Cretaceous and the 
Tertiary, occur in the region referred to. The volcanics 
are intrusive in sedimentary rocks of very different age, 
from Cambrian to Laramie; nearly all of the types may, 
however, be found in Cretaceous or Laramie strata, and 
the evidence tends to show that the eruptions, beginning 
towards the close of the Cretaceous period, continued 
during part of the Tertiary. During the later part of the 
Tertiary and Quaternary the eruptions must have sub- 
sided in Northern and Central Montana, although further 
southward they still continued with undiminished force. 

The character of the subaerial masses accompanying 
these eruptions is not well known; only a few conglom- 
erates in the Laramie give some hints as to their nature. 
In the case of a volcanic conglomerate at the coal fields 
ot Bozeman the horizon could be determined to be 2200’ 
above strata in which fossils of the Fort Benton group 
were found; this conglomerate consists of pebbles of 
hornblende-andesites to which consequently no later age 
than Lower Laramie can be assigned. 

In a conglomerate in the Highwood Mts. (Laramie or 
Upper Cretaceous) dacites and andesites with brown, 
black-bordered hornblende and cryptocrystalline ground- 
mass are noticed. At Sixteen-Mile Creek (Belt Mts.) 
augiteandesite with glassy microlitic groundmass is found 
in a conglomerate, interbedded with Laramie strata. * 

The nomenclature of this Cretaceo-tertiary series of in- 
trusives offers a great many difficulties. I have in this 
paper used the names of the tertiary effusive rocks for 
the different porphyritic members of the series, and, for 


“roth Census, vol. xv, p. 736, e 


42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


the granular rocks of the same age, the names of diorite, 
syenite, etc. The latter have been employed simply as 
structural and mineralogical terms, and not as implying 
any certain age. 

Among the dacites and hornblende andesites are found 
many which, by other writers, doubtless would have been 
classed as porphyrites on account of their intrusive occur- 
rence and holocrystalline structure. . 

A briet reference should be made to the few igneous 
rocks in the district examined, which are not with any cer- 
tainty connected with this later Cretaceo-tertiary series. 
Well exposed at Mullan Pass and between there and 
Helena is an area of hornblende biotite granite which at 
its contact metamorphoses the adjoining carboniferous 
limestones; it is rich in plagioclase and may in places 
rather be considered as a quartz mica diorite. The series 
exposed at Mullan Pass extends from the Carboniferous 
to the Cretaceous, and the possibility is not excluded, in- 
deed, that the granite is of very late Mesozoic age. 

Similar intrusive masses appear in the Big Belt Mount- 
ains and, connected with them, dikes of quartz-porphyrite 
in the Cambrian slates. 

Dikes of diabase have been observed in the red Cam- 
brian or Silurian slates at several places and only in these 
strata. It is partly a normal diabase, partly a quartz dia- 
base, the quartz being connected with the feldspar in 
granophyric structure.* 


I. Dacrres, HoRNBLENDE-ANDESITES, DIoRITES. 


In the Little Belt Mountains and at various points in 
i 
front of the Main Range, west of Fort Benton, are found 
tap) 
light-colored, mostly porphyritic, more or less acid rocks, 
principally composed of hornblende, feldspar (usually 


*roth Census, vol. xv, p. 735. 


ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 43 


plagioclase with a varying amount of orthoclase) and 
sometimes quartz. There may be two generations of 
quartz and feldspar but only one early generation of 
hornblende. ‘These rocks, although varying much in 
structure and composition, apparently form a natural 
group and occur in the Little Belt Mountains as large in- 
trusive masses—evidently laccolites—in Carboniferous 
and Jurassic strata; along Dearborn Creek on the east 
side of the Main Range on the trail to Cadottes’ Pass, 
rocks indistinguishable from the former occur as dikes in 
Cretaceous or Laramie sandstones. ‘The eruptives from 
both these localities are indeed so similar that they may 
be described together. 

The most prevalent habit is porphyritic, but there also 
appears to be a continuous series of transition trom por- 
phyritic to fine granular hyphidiomorphic rocks. The 
color of the rocks is usually yellowish or yellowish gray; 
in a groundmass of fine-grained structure are imbedded 
phenocrysts of a glassy, fresh feldspar, smaller, well de- 
fined, usually rectangular teldspar crystals of a yellowish 
color and small quartz grains, sparingly distributed; bio- 
tite foils occur in some specimens, but universally present 
are prisms of green hornblende, not more than 2-3 mm. 
in length. 

Under the microscope the rocks of this class present the 
following characteristics: Larger, not striated feldspar 
phenocrysts of sometimes irregular outlines: this is, accord- 
oments, Or- 


ing to extinctions obtained trom cleavage trag 
thoclase, and is present in varying quantities. There is 
indeed reason to believe that these rocks by gradual tran- 
sition go-over into trachytic and rhyolitic forms. Usually 
much more abundant are square or rectangular sections 
of a triclinic soda-lime-teldspar which, according to the 
extinctions of the twin lamellae should be referred to an- 


44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


desine or labradorite. Quartz is sometimes present in 
rounded and corroded grains, occasionally with sharp 
crystallographic outlines; it contains inclusions of fluid 
gas and probably also of glass. Straight, brown biotite 
foils and greenish brown hornblende in well-defined long 
prisms of the usual section, often twinned and partly con- 
verted into chloritic products, close the list of porphyritic 
minerals. As accessories occur constantly zircon, apa- 
tite, titanite and sometimes malacolite in small greenish 
prisms. 

The groundmass is always holocrystalline, but may have 
several structural forms: 1, Allotriomorphic microcrys- 
talline, consisting of quartz and usually unstriated feld- 
spar. 2, Microcrystalline, with a structure somewhat re- 
lated to the granophyric: each quartz grain.contains many 
smaller feldspar grains with irregular orientation. Both 
these structural forms may occur together in the same 
specimen. In quite a number of specimens this structure 
is prominent. 3, Lathlike-granular, composed of lathlike 
plagioclase crystals, between which lie irregular grains of 
quartz and unstriated feldspar. From this latter form of 
hornblende-andesites, in which quartz and orthoclase are 
not present as phenocrysts, there is but a short step to a 
fine grained hyphidiomorphic granular hornblende plagi- 
oclase rock: if only one generation of lathlike or prismatic 
plagioclase crystals is developed the rock will be hyphi- 
diomorphic granular and a diorite. Both at Dearborn 
Creek and in the Little Belt Mountains, such granular 
rocks are represented and appear in so close connection 
with the normal porphyritic forms that their geological 
equivalence cannot be doubted. These diorites, appar- 
ently analogous to those which Stelzner has called ** An- 
dendiorite*’ are usually fine to medium grained rocks in 


5 


which hornblende needles and feldspar prisms may be 


ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 45 


discovered with the naked eye. Microscopically, they 
consist of idiomorphic biotite and hornblende with abun- 
dant, lathlike, triclinic feldspar, some irregular grains of 
the same and of monoclinic feldspar; the interstices be- 
tween the latter are filled with quartz in smaller or larger 
quantities. * 

II. AuGirE SYENITEs. 


This small but interesting group is at present limited to 
three occurrences, all in the form of dikes. 

1. In Silurian quartzites of Belt Creek, Little Belt 
Mountains. 

2. In Jurassic (?) strata at the stage station near Dry 
Fork, road from Barker to Fort Benton, Little Belt 
Mountains. 

3. In Cretaceous or Laramie strata at road, north side 
of Main Pass, Highwood Mountains. 

Mineralogically the augite syenites consist principally of 
orthoclase, plagioclase, biotite and a pyroxene, probably 
malacolite. As to structure they are hyphidiomorphic 
granular. 

The first contains small prisms of light green malacolite 
and small, sometimes hexagonal biotite foils imbedded in 
a coarser allotriomorphic granular mass of feldspar, ap- 
parently orthoclase, sometimes twinned according to the 
Carlsbad law, but more frequently in single grains. The 
interstices between the grains are sometimes filled with 
quartz. 

The second is a fine grained, light colored rock, in which 
without lens may be seen black biotite foils and lathlike 
feldspar crystals. Under the microscope straight long bi- 
otite foils and slender apatite prisms appear as products of 


“Similar rocks have also been described by Mr. E. Wolff in ‘‘ Notes on 
the Geology of the Crazy Mountains,” Northern Transcontinental Survey, 


1885. 


46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


first consolidation; the greenish augite is allotriomorphic 
and partly later than the plagioclase; associated with it 
and surrounding it is a dark green hornblende in small 
quantities. The principal mass consists of allotriomorphic 
or lathlike feldspar crystals; some prisms are plagioclase 
with very narrow striation; orthoclase occurs in Carlsbad 
twins but predominating is an intimate microperthitic 
mixture of orthoclase and plagioclase (albite?). The 
interstices between the lathlike feldspars, mostly triangu- 
lar spaces, are often filled with a colorless isotropic sub- 
stance which sometimes also fills the interior of the feld- 
spars in a curious manner. Faintly double refracting 
spots may occasionally be noticed in the isotropic mass. 
This interstitial mass has every appearance of glass, but 
it might also be a tesseral mineral, perhaps related to so- 
dalite. It dissolves easily in hydrochloric acid and gives 
a strong Na reaction. The rock contains 5.50% Ka,O 
and 4.14 4 Na,O, according to determinations made by 
Mir... Whitheld. This wock ais\described an pai72 301m 
Vol. xv, roth Census, and is there called a mica-augite 
trachyte. 

The third, from the Highwood Mountains, is a light 
colored coarse-granular rock in which larger feldspar 
crystals and small green augites may be noticed with the 
naked eye. Under the microscope: Partly idiomorphic 
green augite and irregular foils of biotite, both rather 
sparingly; the principal mass consists of feldspar in large 
thick prisms, not striated but often intergrown in micro- 
perthitic form with an exceedingly closely striated plagio- 
clase. Between these prisms lies an allotriomorphic mass 
of large, irregular and interlocking grains, mostly micro- 


5 


perthite. A partial analysis of the rock by Dr. F. A. Gooch 
gave Ka,O: 5.662, Na,O: 7.88, which would seem to in- 
dicate that the plagioclase is albite or oligoclase. This 


ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 4” 


rock was described in the paper mentioned as a ‘‘ crystal- 
line augite-trachyte.”’ 

There is every reason to believe that these three dikes 
are of the same age, presumably very late Cretaceous or 
Post-cretaceous. At the two first-mentioned places the 
rocks occur more isolated, while in the Highwood Mount- 
tains the augite syenite is surrounded by a great number 
of trachytic and basaltic dikes, also intrusive in the Cre- 
taceous or Laramie strata and which cannot be much, if 
any, younger than the former; in fact, a dike of the same 
character as the augite syenite just described was noticed 
by Mr. W. M. Davis cutting another dark green dike be- 
longing to the later to be described basaltic group. 


iy tRAchyvar ns. 


That normal porphyritic trachytic rocks of great variety 
of appearance are abundantly represented in the High- 
wood Mountains has been shown in my paper, frequently 
referred to elsewhere. The ferro-magnesian silicates, ac- 
companying the sanidine, are augite and biotite. While 
the latter usually is present, it mostly appears in smaller 
quantities and is less conspicuous. The augite on the 
other hand is always present and often very prominent; 
the dark green, octagonal, long and slender prisms, with 
terminal P.OP are under the microscope of a more or less 
intense green color, often somewhat pleochroitic and evi- 
dently contain an admixture of the egirine molecule. 
This very characteristic augite is a seldom failing constit- 
uent not only of the trachytes but also of the later to be 
described basaltic dike rocks of Northern Montana. 

In this series of augite trachytes the relative quantities 
of the two minerals—augite and orthoclase (sanidine )— 
varies very much. At one end of the series stands a rock 
composed nearly entirely of feldspar; at the other end a 


48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
dark basaltic rock with porphyritic augites and a sanidine 
augite groundmass. The association of sanidine with 
large amounts of augite is certainly a very rare occurrence, 
although not altogether unknown. (Ponzatypus, Rosen- 
busch, Micr. Phys. der Mass. Gest., p. 597.) 

It is true that these rocks do not appear as extravasated 
masses, but as dikes; among them and associated with 
them are many holocrystalline and granular rocks: but 
among them are also glassy rocks and rocks with normal 
trachytic structure; and I feel confident that the name of 
trachyte applied to them is more proper and suitable than 
that of orthoclase porphyry. 

It should -be borne in mind that these trachytes, with 
their great difference in structure and composition, all 
occur within a quite limited district and that the pressure 
under which they consolidated must have been practically 
the same; the rate of cooling, however, might have been 
very different for the earlier and the later intrusions in the 
same volcano, as Mr. Iddings and others have recently 
pointed out. 

In the following pages .a few of the different types will 
be briefly described. 

a. Chiefly consisting of sanidine. This type is only 
represented by a 50’ wide dike cutting cretaceous shales 
in the southern foothills a little west of the road across the 
mountains to Fort Benton. A yellowish gray rock, some- 
what porous and rough. Contains large thick tabular 
phenocrysts of sanidine, 1 to 2 m. long, yellowish and 
cracked. An alkali determination of the rock, made by 
Dr. F. Gooch, gave Ka,O: 11.82%, Na,O: 2.54. Dhan 
section: arge, normal sanidine crystals in a trachytic 
groundmass of feldspar microlites ; much limonite ; isolated 
biotite foils. The rock, when fresh, probably contained 
more ferro-magnesian silicates. 


ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 49 


6. Porphyritic augite and sanidine; groundmass augite 
and sanidine. No. 40 of the original collection represents 
this type well. The rock shows a greenish-gray ground- 
mass in which are imbedded light flesh-colored feldspar 
crystals of a tabular habit, 2-3 mm. long and about 1 m. 
thick. Thin sectzon: Clear, typical sanidine crystals of 
normal form and often appearing as Carlsbad twins; the 
rough separation parallel to #Po is often seen; contains 
as inclusions round or hexagonal crystals, isotropic and 
possibly related to the sodalite group; this mineral dis- 
solves readily in HCl and gives abundant crystals of NaCl. 
Sparingly occur brown foils of apparently uniaxial biotite. 
Large prisms of a deep green, pleochroitic pyroxene with 
meatly icolorless center. Whe axis of elasticity, in the 
green shell, lying next to c is c, not a, as should be the 
the case if the mineral were egirine, and the angle Ba 6 
is 30° in the same direction as the corresponding angle of 
the colorless center, that being nearly normal for augite 
or 38°. The pleochroismus is ¢ leek-green, b anda more 
yellowish-green. From this it would appear that an au- 
gite with admixture of the egirine-molecule is present. 

The groundmass consists of needles of the same deep 
green pyroxene, together with microlites of feldspar and 
possibly some glass. 

This type may also be developed much more crystal- 
line, as for example, in a heavy dike cutting the road to 
Fort Benton a few miles north of the divide. It is a greenish 
gray fine-grained rock, porphyritic by a great number of 
thin tabular white sanidine crystals (maximum size 5 mm. 
x 10 mm. X I mm.) arranged parallel to the walls of the 
dike; also containing augite prisms of the usual habit and 
color,up to 3mm. long. The groundmass contains augite, 
feldspar, and small biotite foils. The sanidine crystals 
were partly analyzed by Dr. F. A. Gooch, who obtained: 

[5] 


50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Ka,O2 19.367, Na JO: 2:147. Phen -secizons The phene-= 
crysts mentioned above are imbedded in a holocrystalline 
groundmass, composed of sanidine crystals of varying 
size, augite prisms and small foils of biotite. No plagio- 
clase noted; there is in fact, a gradual transition from the 
phenocrysts down to the smallest individuals. Possibly 
some glass between the crystals of the groundmass. Ap- 
atite in clear, short prisms. 

In a series of dike rocks, closely allied to the one just 
described, the augite gradually increases in quantity. In 
a specimen from the southern slope, for instance, the san- 
idines are much smaller and thinner; there is at least as 
much augite as sanidine; the groundmass still contains 
sanidine predominantly, usually in form of short prisms 
with extinctions ranging from o° up to 5°. Besides there 
are a few plagioclase-microlites. 

c. Finally the porphyritic sanidine disappears and the 
augite in dark green, long prisms takes its place; the 
groundmass is dark gray or dark green; these rocks form 
the third type. No. 35 shows in thin-section large por- 
phyritic augites of prismatic habit and light green color, 
together with some partly idiomorphic olivine crystals im- 
bedded ina clear groundmass consisting of grains and 
microlites of feldspar, cemented by colorless glass. The 
feldspars when showing crystalline form have a short 
prismatic habit and are not striated, but sometimes form 
Carlsbad twins; the glass is colorless and easily dissolves 
in HCl. In this class of rocks the feldspars should be 
more investigated, by chemical analysis and by separa- 
tions. 


IV. Practocmase BASarT: 


There are a few rocks among the dikes of the High- 
wood Mountains which might be classed as plagioclase 


ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 51 


basalts. West of Fort Benton, however, they are much 
more frequent and were noticed to be especially well de- 
veloped in the Sun River district and in the Birdtail 
Mountains. They occur as large dikes or necks, prob- 
ably also as intruded sheets and are wondertully well ex- 
posed by erosion. 

The basalt from Highwood Mountains isa dark green 
fine-grained rock, in which dark green pyroxenes and 
brown specks of olivine are visible with the naked eye. 

Thin section: dimorphic augite, light green and con- 
taining many glass inclusions; olivines, sharp-edged and 
decomposed; no porphyritic feldspar; groundmass hyalo- 
pilitic with long feldspar needles, seldom striated and ex- 
tinguishing about parallel to their longer axis; contains 
also small, irregular grains of augite. 

The basalts from Sun River and the Birdtail Mountains 
are characterized by the same long prismatic augite of a 
lighter or darker green color which is found in the High- 
wood dike rocks. Olivine is not always present. The 
groundmass is usually clearly basaltic, often holocrystal- 
line and quite coarse. In a rock from Table Mountain 
near Sun River, I thought that the presence of leucite was 
probable. Re-examination of the slide does not seem to 
confirm this. 


VW. SAWALCITE-BASALTS. 


The most interesting group of the rocks from the High- 
wood Mountains is doubtless that which is described in 
the paper in Vol. xv, roth Census, as Analcite (Nosean) 
Basalts. They occur as dikes of varying dimensions in 
the Cretaceous or Laramie sandstones of the Highwoods, 
probably also as volcanic necks, together with augite sy- 
enites, trachytes and plagioclase basalts; mineralogically 
they consist of augite, olivine, magnetite, and a mineral 
determined as analcite; biotite is sometimes present in 


52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


small quantity; feldspar, nepheline and leucite are absent. 

Although the examination seemed to indicate that the 
analcite was primary, I hardly felt myself warranted, 
with the evidence in possession, to make an assertion so 
opposed to the dogmas of petrography, and upon finding 
that some of the rocks contained a trace of sulphuric acid 
expressed a surmise that the mineral in question might 
have been derived from noseane or a related mineral of 


the sodalite group,—at the same time, however, mention- 
ing the remarkably primary appearance of the analcite. 

After a thorough re-examination of the slides and the 
rocks with such scanty material as remained to me, this 
view no longer seems tenable, and I think the probability 
very great that the mineral is primary analcite, or pos- 
sibly a primary mineral very closely related to analcite. 

It does not, indeed, seem impossible to obtain a hydrous 
silicate from a magma in aqueous fusion, provided the 
process of solidification were carried on slowly and under 
sufficient pressure. That hydrous substances can solid- 
ify from a molten magma is already proved by the un- 
doubtedly primary water, which is so often found in old 
and recent volcanic glasses. Moreover, analcite is a 
mineral which may be formed and exist under high pres- 
sure and quite high temperature, as shown by Friedel 
and Sarasin, who produced artificial crystals of analcite 
at a temperature of 400° and high pressure.* 

The typical analcite basalts are dark green rocks, por- 
phyritic by dark green long augite prisms and abundant 
small round crystals of a whitish color. Occasionally the 
olivine is also visible. In thin section the augite appears 
as long octagonal prisms with good cleavage and normal 
extinction; the color is light green in transmitted light, 
usually darker green toward the periphery, or the crystals 


“Sur la reproduction de l’albite par voie aqueuse. C.R.1883, xcili, 5, p. 290. 


ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 53 


show zonar structure, indicated by color or inclusions of 
gas or groundmass. Twins (twinning plane «Po ) are 
quite frequent. This augite is identical with the variety 
occurring in the trachytes and described previously. 

The olivine is usually sharp-edged, clear and fresh, 
sometimes surrounded bya narrow border of biotite; when 
decomposing a-yellowish brown ferruginous serpentine 
results. A mineral of the spinell group is observed as in- 
clusion in the olivine. Magnetite is abundant and often 
enclosed in the augite. 

The order of solidification has evidently been magnetite, 
olivine, augite, the first being the oldest. Later than 
the augite is the mineral determined as analcite. Together 
with the other porphyritic crystals it is imbedded in the 
groundmass and appears as hexagonal, seldom octagonal, 
most frequently simply rounded sections. In size they do 
not exceed one millimeter but are frequently much smaller. 
Most of the crystals are perfectly isotropic but not quite 
clear, being somewhat clouded by minute interposi- 
tions which under large magnifying power prove to be 
largely gas, in part also glass inclusions. The former 
have often a very irregular form. Irregular spots showing 
a faint double refraction are sometimes noted, more so in 
some sections than in others. Under favorable circum- 
stances an imperfect cleavage in two directions, crossing 
each other perpendicularly, may also be noticed. Minute 
fragments from an exceptionally large crystal melt rather 
easily and quietly before the blowpipe to a white enamel. 
In one thin section a large crystal showing irregular oc- 
tagonal form with very distinct cleavage was selected for 
experiment. It was uncommonly clear and perfectly iso- 
tropic. Hydrochloric acid dissolves it easily upon very 
slight heating under abundant formation of chloride of 
sodium. Ignition does not make it opaque and does not 


54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


produce double retraction. No microscopic reaction on 
Cl or SO, could be obtained. 

A quantity of this isotropic mineral had been previously 
isolated and analyzed (No. 1) giving almost exactly the 
composition and specific gravity of analcite. In order to 
test the accuracy of this analysis a piece of the same rock 
was again subjected to a separation by the Thoulet solu- 
tion. The powder obtained was pure and with few excep- 
tions composed of perfectly isotropic grains. The result 
of this second analysis (No. 2) which Dr. W. H. Melville 
of the U. S. Geol. Survey had the kindness to make for 
me, is given below. The total substance for this analysis 
only amounted to 0.3576 grm.; to bases and silica 0.2526 
grm. was used, in which sulphur and chlorine were looked 
for quantitatively, thus increasing the ordinary errors of 
the separation of bases and silica. For water and alkalies 
0.1050 grm. was used. 


Nore Nor 2, 
SiO, 54-90% 49.877. 
ALOs 523230 225 
Fe,O, trace itp yet 
CaO 1.90 2:62 
MgO 0.70 1.28 
Na,O 10.40 EO.O2 
Ka,O 1.60 2.66 
H,O TO ERO 
100.30 102.46 
Sp. gravity: 2.20 Sp. gravity: 2.24 
No chlorine. Trace of chlorine. 
No sulphur. No sulphur. 


The oxygen ratio of this last analysis is nearly R:R,: 


Si:H,—=1:3:7:2 whereas that of analcite would be 
2 Sy 


ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 


(Sal 
OL 


1: 3:8:2. Considering, however, the exceedingly small 
quantity of substance used for this analysis, the result ev- 
dently points more closely to analcite than to any other 
other mineral. 

The first question in the interpretation of this mineral 
is naturally: Are not the crystals isolated and analyzed 
secondary products? It does not seem possible to me to 
regard them as such; the rock is often fresh and shows 
no trace of decomposition; even the olivines are usually 
clear and unattacked; the crystals are homogeneous and 
isotropic, the cleavage is often distinct. Nepheline could 
of course not be the mineral from which the analcite might 
be derived; the form of the crystals prohibits that suppo- 
sition. Very little choice then remains; sodalite, haiiyne 
nosean or leucite are the only possible minerals. A decom- 
position of either of these to analcite could of course take 
place, but that it could have occurred and left the rock in 
such a fresh condition, making each crystal a separate 
individual of analcite seems exceedingly improbable. Be- 
sides, the form of the crystal and the lack of inclusions 
of augite crystals militate strongly against the supposition 
that leucite could have been the primary mineral. 

The absence of chlorine and sulphur, except sometimes 
in traces, in the isolated mineral, speaks equally strongly 
against sodalite, noseane and haiiyne. 

The groundmass in these rocks, as in that section tor 
example, represented in fig. 1, consists of small, dark green 
prisms and irregular grains of augite, a second generation 
of small analcite crystals and magnetite. There is prob- 
ably no glass present, though if it were it would be diffi- 
cult to distinguish it from the isotropic analcite. The 
larger augite crystals are sometimes surrounded by a ring 
of smaller analcites. 


56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Fig. 7. Analcite Basalt, magnified 25 Diameters. 
A. Olivine. Bb. Augite. C. Analcite. 
Groundmass: augite, analcite, magnetite, apatite. 


In some specimens faintly double-refracting spots are 
more frequent in the analcite crystals. I do not feel pos- 
itive whether this is a result of a physical or a chemical 
change in the isotropic substance. In the original paper 
in Vol. xv, roth Census, these phenomena were regarded 
as results of the anomalous double refraction so often 
observed in the analcite (more frequently, though, in 
free crystals, than in the mineral when enclosed in the 
rock mass). 

In some specimens of the rock in question, the larger 
part of the colorless mineral is faintly double-retracting, 
showing bluish gray colors, between crossed nicols; the 
crystals are then not so well defined, and often take the 
form of rounded spots separated by groundmass and small 
porphyritic augites and olivines; these rounded spots, be- 
tween crossed nicols, divide into irregular, sometimes also 
into regular triangular fields. I regarded this (see Vol. 


ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 57 


xv, 10th Census) as double-refracting analcite. When 
isolated, it has the specific gravity of analcite, and, accord- 
ing to an analysis of impure material, a similar composi- 
tion, although the percentage of silica is too low. No 
chlorine or sulphur. Sp. gravity: 2.24. 

It should be noticed that the rocks in which this variety 
occurs are pertectly fresh, even more so than those con- 
taining the isotropic mineral; the olivine and the augite 
show no trace of decomposition. 

In the analcite basalts, as described here, there is no 
evidence of decomposition, except that the olivine is occa- 
sionally converted to yellowish-brown serpentine. In 
other specimens, however, it is seen that the analcite offers 
but slight resistance to decomposition; needles of a zeo- 
lite with vivid colors of interference, probably stilbite, pen- 
etrate the analcite in all directions and soon every crystal 
is transformed to an aggregate of zeolites. Large stilbite 
crystals are found in the decomposing rock. The augite 
is much more resistant and frequently remains intact when 
all the other constituents have been entirely decomposed. 


2p SER., Vou. IIT. (6) May 28, 1890. 


CUCURBITACEARUM NOVUM GENUS ET SPECIES. 


AUCTORE 
A. COGNIAUX. 


BRANDEGEA gen. nov. 


Flores monoici. Masculi racemosi. Calycis tubus pa- 
teriformis; dentes 5, subulati, brevissimi. Corolla ro- 
tata, usque ad basim 5-partita, segmentis ovato-triangu- 
laribus, acutis. Stamina 3, filamentis in columnam cen- 
tralem coalitis; anther sublibera, loculis longitudinaliter 
replicatis. Pollen lave, humefactum globosum, trisulca- 
tum. Pistillodium nullum.—F lores feminei in eadem ax- 
illa cum masculis solitarii. Calyx et corolla maris. Stam- 
inodia nulla. Ovarium oblique obovoideo-oblongum, longe 
rostratum, uniloculare; stylus brevissimus, stigmate hemni- 
ispherico; ovulum unicum, erectum. Fructus oblique 
anguste obovoideus, siccus, indehiscens, lavis vel sparse 
echinatus, I-spermus, pericarpio tenuis. Semen anguste 
trianguluri-obovatum, argentatum, apice subtruncatum vel 
interdum bicornutum, testa crustacea tenuissime verrucu- 
losa. 


gracillime, radice ut videtur 


Herbe scandentes, glabre, 
perennante. Folia petiolata; profunde 3—5-partita, supra 
albo-punctata et scabra. Cirrhi capillares, simplices. 
Flores albescentes, masculi minutissimi; feminei paulo 
Affin. gen. Cyclanthera 


5 


majores. Fructus minutus. 
Schrad. 

B. BiceLovir; foliis mediocribus, breviuscule petiola- 
tis; racemis masculis apice 3-9-floris; floribus femineis 
longe pedunculatis; fructu levi, rostro quam fructu multo 
longiore.— JZelothria pendula Brew. et Wats. Bot. Cal. 
I, 240, excl. caract. (non Linn.).— Elaterium Bigelovit 
Wats. in Proc. Amer. Acad. xii, 252.—2Zchinocystis (? } 
Bigelovit Cogn. in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii, 804. 


2p SER , VoL. III. July 9, 1890. 


CUCURBITACEARUM NOVUM GENUS ET SPECIES. 59 


Ad Soledad.— Etiam in valle flum. Colorado (Bigelow 
etPalmen), 

B. MONOSPERMA; foliis parvis, brevissime petiolatis; 
racemis masculis usque ad medium 15-20-floris; floribus 
femineis breviter pedunculatis; fructu adpresse sparseque 
echinato, rostro quam fructu subbreviore.— Cyclanthera 
monosperma Brandegee in Proc. Cal. Acad., ser. 2, ii, 
150. 


In California inferiore ad Agua Dulce et Las Huevitas. 


ECHINOCYSTIS: Sect. IV, Ps—Eupo-EcuINoPEPON. 


Radix fibrosa. Flores 5-meri. Fructus siccus, mature 
ut videtur bivalvis, multilocellatus, locello centrali 1-sper- 
mo rarissime 2-spermo, ceteris vacuis. Semen parvum, 
complanatum, creberrime minuteque granulosum. 

E. BRANDEGE!; foliis parvis, ambitu suborbicularibus, 
utrinque brevissime denseque hirtellis, usque ultra medi- 
um 5-lobatis; cirrhis bifidis vel superioribus simplicibus; 
paniculis parvis, paulo ramosis, plurifloris; calyce puber- 
ulo, pateriformi; fructu satis parvo, spherico, dense echi- 
nato, abrupte longeque rostrato, rostro caduco. 

Caulis humifusus, circiter 7 m. longus, ramis gracili- 
bus, leviter puberulis, profunde sulcatis. Petiolus gracilis, 
striatus, dense puberulus, 1%-3 cm. longus. Folia rigi- 
diuscula, pallide viridia, 2-4 cm. longa lataque, lobis an- 
guste obovatis, basi satis constrictis, apice subrotundatis 
apiculatisque, margine undulato-denticulatis; sinus inter 
lobos obtusissimi, basilaris rotundatus, %-1 cm. profun- 
dus. Cirrhi graciles, elongati, striati, leviter puberuli. 
Pedunculus communis masculus gracilis, sulcatus, brevis- 
sime hirtellus, 1%—-5 cm. longus; pedicelli capillares, 1-3 
mm. longi. Calyx 2 mm. latus, minute denticulatus. Co- 
rolla albescens, furfuraceo-puberula, segmentis patulis, 
triangulari-oblongis, acutis, 2-2% mm. longis. Columna 


60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


staminea brevissima; capitulum antherarum depressum, 
y mm. latum, loculis flexuosis. Flores feminei solitari, 
brevissime graciliterque pedicellati. Fructus fuscescens, 
glaber, 1% cm. crassus, rostro angusto, 6-8 mm. longo; 
aculei robusti, rigidi, 3-4 mm. longi. Semen cinereo- 
fulvum, obovato-oblongum, basi attenuatum, 1 cm. longum, 
¥% cm. latum, 14%-2 mm. crassum. 
In California inferiore ad Todos Santos. 


NOTES ON THE SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA OF THE 
SIERRA NEVADA, NEAR LAT. 38°. 


[With Plate I.] 


BY W. J. RAYMOND. 


CATALOGUE OF SPECIES, WITH ALTITUDES OF CHIEF LOCALITIES. 


WEST SLOPE Coe efits . 
OF SIERRA NEVADA. HAST SLOPE. 
| = 
B ts > : een || eke : e 
3 a 0) ra tw | Pe = =) D 
Salge) =| §] 8) ules] § S| 3 
: afS) | Sa R=t | Coll Seal] Stst| Seyi & ta) oy 
Ss * aS aS }0 Gl GK S| S| ay [e} lg w 
Sere Bo ale lee lee leo |eelec ee lac 
->5| 0 n| Quy as 
Old 2|S3| Su Sal SaleG/Solsales 
2O|FO/SE|$o| +4] oslol|ag|o glo 
ow uv 0) 4 Wows x } u 
oe) nu wn o x ome) 0) = oO 
QO;mn| oO 4 ey [OS] wal fm cv) 
ule ~ sat) Z 
-| 
| | | 
I | Vitrina pfeifferi Newcomb... ... . .}| * | * ao 
i aS | 
2 | Hyalina arborea Say(-+breweri Vewc.) * ea 
< | 
3 | Conulus fulvus Draparnaud ..... * * 
4 | Patula striatella Anthony....... * * 
5 | Microphysa pygmea Drapfarnaud . . * | * 
6 | Campylea mormonum Pfeffer . . . a * 
7 | Vallonia pulchella J7i2/. (var. costata) | e 
8 | Pupa corpulenta Morse... ..... .|| * 
9 | Pupa (Vertigo) ovata Say?. ..... 3 
Io | Succinea stretchiana Bland ..... * * | | * 
11 | Physa gabbi 77yor (var.)....... * 
Tae ee y.caib la die/277aee ae ena ee lees 
. ate = | 
13. | Planorbis var. disjectus 7. G. Cooper . |e |e * | oe 
| 
14 | Gyranlus vermicularis Gould .... |. x = 
PS Gy ranitsS PaltaviilS aS zy eee renee tee | | | = 
16 var. elevatus C. B. Adams | ee 
17 | Ancylus vary. subalpinus /.G. Cooper . | 2 | = 
18 | Spheerium raymondi /. G. Cooper 3. 2 * “ 
19 | Pisidium abditum Prizme.......|| og CASA Oe 
20 | Pisidium occidentale Newcomb... . si MEd ta tf 
21 | Pisidium compressum Prime... . | | * 
| 
22 | Limax campestris Binney (var.?) .. | * | 


2p SER. VOL. III. August 8, 1890. 


62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The shells mentioned in these notes were collected be- 
tween June 22d and August 4th, 1889, while making a 
vacation trip on foot across the Sierra Nevada, from Co- 
lumbia through the Hetch-Hetchy and the Yosemite val- 
leys, to Tuolumne Meadows and Mono Lake. It must 
be stated that the ground traversed was not all care- 
fully searched for shells, the main objects of the trip be- 
ing recreation and a sight of the sublime scenery of the 
high Sierra. Collections were made only as the accom- 
plishment of these objects permitted. 

The altitudes given by me were mainly determined 
with a small aneroid barometer, and unless given with 
exactness must be considered as only approximate, those 
most accurate being from Whitney’s Geological Survey. 

The route across the mountains ran nearly east, and 
within 18 miles of latitude 38°, which parallel passes close 
to Lake Eleanor and through Mono Lake. The summit 
of Mono Pass is 10,765 feet altitude, but the chief collec- 
tions were made near the two lakes mentioned, on the 
opposite slopes, as shown by the table. The following 
list describes more fully the localities and conditions in 
which each species was found, with other facts of inter- 
est: 

1. VITRINA PFEIFFERI Newcomb. ‘This species, first 
described from the east slope of the Sierra, occurs at 
high elevations, or from 4,000 to 8,000 feet in this lati- 
tude, and south to Fresno County; also from 7,500 to 
10,800 feet in the Rocky Mountains, and toward the 
north comes down to the sea level in Alaska. I found it 
in 1885 near Quincy, Plumas County, at about 3,400 feet, 
latitude 4o°. It is also reported from Vancouver’s Island. 

2. HYALINA ARBOREASay.. These specimens approach 
the variety drewerz of Newcomb, but are much nearer 
the typical Eastern form. It is one of the most widely 


SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 63 


spread nearctic species occurring on several ranges of 
mountains between 7,500 and 9,700 feet, as well as in 
the lower country, where moist enough, down to the sea 
level, in Ventura County, Cal., as far south as 34° 30’ 
near the coast. 

3. CoNnuLUS FULVUS Draparnaud. Six specimens 
closely resembling European types were found at Reed’s 
River. East of Mono Pass, at 8,000 feet, 30 were col- 
lected, which are more depressed, lower and wider, with 
narrow umbilicus, thus resembling Dall’s C. chersznellus, 
a form found at the Calaveras Big Trees, 4,750 feet alti- 
tude. According to Binney (Amer. Land Shells, p. 69), 
a similar depressed form is found in Europe (C. mortonz 
Jeff.), and another very similar was called C. egena 
Say. The only character distinguishing Dall’s shell 
seems to be one less whorl, and still greater depression. 
The dimensions given by Dall are not as large as those 
of some varieties of C. fu/vus, but the scale given with 
his figure is a third larger and liable to mislead. This 
species is also said by Ingersoll to go to 10,000 feet high 
on the Rocky Mountains, and being circumpolar, de- 
scends to the sea-level north of latitude 42°. 

4. PATULA STRIATELLA Anthony. A form approach- 
ing var. cronkhitet Newcomb, occurs at Lake Eleanor and 
also at Bloody Cafion, having also about the same dis- 
tribution across the continent as //yalina arborea, but 
reaching 1,000 feet higher in the Rocky Mountains and 
not descending to sea-level in California. It is, however, 
reported from Vancouver’s Island. 

5. MicropHysA pyGM#A Draparnaud. Also a cir- 
cumpolar species found with the last, but not yet detect- 
ed so commonly in the central mountain ranges, perhaps 
on account of its minute size, as it occurs near sea-level 
and is said to be found in many distant parts of the world. 


64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


6. HrELIx MORMONUM Pfeiffer. Found in the mount- 
ains near Lake Eleanor, between 4,500 and 4,800 feet 
altitude. It is also known to occur from the base of the 
mountains up to the Big Trees of Calaveras County, alti- 
tude 4,750 feet, and of Mariposa County, at 5,500 feet, 
becoming smaller with increase of elevation. A small 
specimen has also been found in Yosemite Valley by 
Mr. M. A. Knapp. 

¥. WALLONIA PULCHELLA var. COSTATA Miller. But 
one specimen was found in Bloody Canon, at about 8,000 
feet, and it has before occurred only on the same side of 
the Sierra down to 5,964 at Donner Lake. On the 
Rocky Mountains Ingersoll reports it only between 8,000 
and 10,500 feet altitude, though it is distributed across 
the more northern parts of both continents at lower ele- 
vations. 

8. PupA cCORPULENTA Morse. About 50 found also 
in Bloody Canon, some of which exhibit an undeveloped 
second tooth on the parietal wall, agreeing with some 
found by Hemphill in Utah. It is reported from as high 
as 10,000 feet altitude in Colorado, and from Vancouver's 
Island. 

g. VERTIGO OVATA Say.? This species has been re- 
ported before from southern California and Vancouver's 
Island. Some of the specimens unlike the Eastern form 
have been sent East for determination as to its being a 
distinct species. 

IO. SUCCINEA STRETCHIANA Bland. Only six were 
found in the three localities, that of Bloody Cafion being 
1,500 feet higher than before reported on the east slope, 
while on the west it descends to 3,400 feet in Plumas 
County. 

it. PHYSA GABBI Tryon, var.:) “Ajfew) immature 
specimens only were found, some showing the pale 


SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 65 


stripes often observed in specimens from alkaline or 
brackish water near the coast. 

12. PHysA BLANDI Lea. This common Sierra spe- 
cles was obtained 12 miles east of Columbia at 3,000 feet, 
and also near Mono Lake on the east slope. The latter 
are large, but as usual with this species have the spire 
eroded, though perfect in the young. 

Ho. | PUANORBISi= s SceeD r-e@oopers notes: 

14. GYRAULUS VERMICULARIS Gould. Common at 
the two localities, and everywhere from the east base of 
the Sierra to the coast of California north of latitude 37°, 
as far north as Vancouver’s Island. 

I5. GyYRAULUS PARVUS Say. Three specimens only 
were found, the first reported in Calitornia, and not 
known from Nevada except as a fossil, though found in 
Utah and Colorado up to 9,300 feet. 

16.) GyRAuicl PARVUS  BLEVATUS 1C, Bs) Adams. 
Thirty specimens found only on the west slope at Lake 
Eleanor differ constantly from Say’s species, agreeing 
with Adams’ shell, which has only been before reported 
from the Northeastern States. There seems to be no lo- 
cal cause for the variation. (See Binney’s Pulm. Lim- 
nophi, ps 345-1865 4) 

L7e) LuNeCwEUsHEoce Oc. Cooper's notes. 

18. SPHARIUM. See Dr. Cooper’s notes. 

1g. PrIsIDIUM ABDITUM Prime. This species was abun- 
dant, but only on the west slope below 5,300 feet, and 
was found also by Carlton at 6,240 feet in Truckee Riv- 
er on the east slope; also by Ingersoll up to 9,300 feet in 
Colorado, extending throughout the Eastern States north 
of 35° latitude, under several varieties. Prime has given 
fifteen names as synonyms of this polymorphous shell, all 
being connected by intermediate forms, and though he 
retained P. occidentale as distinct when first discovered, 


66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


it is very doubtful whether it is not a mere variety. Spec- 
imens found on this route and in other parts of Cal- 
ifornia seem to connect them. 

20. PISIDIUM OCCIDENTALE Newcomb. Numerous 
specimens so identified (and many of them compared with 
types of the Eastern species in the National Museum) 
were found only at the highest elevations where any mol- 
lusca occurred, and that of 9,700 feet on the east slope 
supplied no other species. Although first discovered 
near the sea-level, and common down to latitude 32° in 
the mountains east of San Diego, their place seems taken 
on the west slope along this route by the more Eastern 
form. Mr. Roper of Revere, Mass., who has studied 
these difficult shells closely, and has a large collection 
from both continents, considers this only a Western form 
of abditum. 

21. PIsIDIUM COMPRESSUM Prime. This very distinct 
species was as common as the other two on the west 
slope, but only between 8,700 and 9,000 feet in the 
meadows near Summit. It had before been found only 
on the east slope between about 4,000 feet at Owens’ 
River and 6,000 feet at White Pine, Nev., as well as in 
most of the Northern States and Canada. It is reported 
also from Ventura County and Vancouver’s Island. 

22. LImMAX CAMPESTRIS OCCIDENTALIS? J. G. Cooper. 
I found one slug in Yosemite Valley near Mirror Lake, 
but lost it by accident. It was small and dark-colored, 
like the form here named, which has been found at 3,625 
feet on the west slope and 5,866 feet on the east slope near 
latitude 39°, also at 4,000 feet in Tehachapi Pass near lat- 
itude 35° by Dr. Cooper, as well as along the coast. It 
is now believed by Mr. Binney and others that this inter- 
grades toward the east with sub-species montanus Ing. of 
Colorado, found there up to 8,500 feet, and through that 


SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 67 


with the typical eastern campestris, while northward it 
runs into the sub-species Ayperboreus of Westerlund from 
Vancouver’s Island to Alaska. 

In reviewing this list it will be noticed that the species 
collected are naturally grouped into two divisions; those 
found on the west slope, 19 species, and those from the 
eastern slope, 12 species, of which g also occurred on the 
west slope, while 10 were found only on the west and 3 
only on the east slope. While fewer species occurred on 
the east, those found on both slopes reach higher eleva- 
tions there, amounting to 2,000 or 3,000 feet more with 6 
species and 4,000 to 5,000 in the case of two others. One 
Pisidium attained 700 feet higher elevation than any other 
species, a fact noticed by Dr. Cooper of the same species 
in latitude 39°. And as it there lives about 2,000 feet be- 
low the line of perpetual snow, it seems to have the same 
relative elevation here, the snow-line in latitude 38° being 
given by the U. S. Geological Survey at 11,700 feet near 
Mono Pass. 

The distribution of the terrestrial species is influenced 
not only by the supply of moisture, but more strongly than 
that of the aquatic by temperature, presence of lime and 
suitable vegetation. Thus we found only aquatic shells 
above 4,800 feet on the west slope and 8,000 feet on the 
east. 

Lake Eleanor is bordered on its north-west shores by 
an extensive flat, covered with meadow plants, thickets of 
azalea and groves of pines. Ridges and boulders of ice- 
polished granite traverse it near the lake, and between 
these, parts of the meadow were still overflowed in June, 
leaving ponds and mudholes in August. From these 
damp groves and meadows the collections about the lake 
were made. 

In Yosemite the terrestrial species were found near 


68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


the lower end of the valley below El] Capitan, the spot 
being well shaded and always moist from a spring. Near 
here, the specimen of /7. mormonum was also found by 
Mr. Knapp. 

No land shells were found above 4,800 feet on the west 
slope, the soil being mostly granitic, and frosts frequent 
even in midsummer. The eastern slope is however cov- 
ered to some extent with metamorphic rocks in which 
limestone is found, crossing the summit between the high 
granitic peaks, and may have the effect of favoring the 
higher range of species in Bloody Canon. This bed of 
a former glacier has a little lake, formed by the moraine 
left by the ice, acting as a dam to the water running down 
toward the east. Near the head of this lake is a grove 
of poplars, where were found the land shells near 8,000 
feet elevation. 

There were some ponds just at the summit, 10,765 feet 
altitude, which I examined carefully, but found nothing, 
from which it seems probable that there are none to be 
found above 9,700 feet in this latitude. 

The special climatic conditions at Soda Springs are of 
considerable interest. Situated at an altitude of 8,700 
feet, near the lower end of Tuolumne Meadows, only 
eleven miles from Mono Pass and the Sierra crest, with 
snow lying perpetually near by at altitudes not much over 
2,000 feet greater, the summer is of necessity short and 
the nights cold, with frequent frosts even in July and 
August. As is well known, the great Tuolumne glacier 
once swept over these meadows, evidence abounding on 
all sides in the form of polished and scored rock surfaces, 
and undulating, hollowed and rounded slopes of granite. 
In hollows thus formed, not far from Mr. Lembert’s cabin 
at Soda Springs, water collects from the melted snows, and 
having no outlet forms shallow ponds, half filled with sed- 


—— 


SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 69 


iment and overgrown with rank aquatic grasses. The 
water is very shallow and must follow very closely all 
variations in the temperature of the air, which between 
night and day are large. On the twenty-first of July the 
temperature of the water at noon could not have been 
below 50° or 55° Fah. A few days before we had expe- 
rienced heavy frosts nightly; the ponds were no doubt 
correspondingly cold. 

As to the length of the season without ice I have no 
direct evidence, but in conversation with Mr. Lembert 
learned that he has been compelled to leave the mead- 
ows for his winter quarters in Yosemite Valley, on ac- 
count of deep snow, as early as October. The middle 
of May of this year finds him still waiting in Yosemite 
for the season to advance far enough to allow a retreat to 
his home at Soda Springs. Ice forms in these shallow 
ponds long before the heavy snow comes, and glazes 
them nightly after the snow has melted. The P/lanordis, 
No. 13, and the Spherium, No. 18, were collected in 
these ponds. 

The larger streams of the high Sierra are fed for 
the greater part of the year by melting snow. Their beds 
are hard granite or else are filled with bars of granitic 
sand. Only in meadows overflowed by the spring fresh- 
ets, or in shallow ponds, or in the warmer lakes and 
smaller streams did I find traces of molluscan life. 

For comparison I may state that only numbers 1, 4, 8, 
12, 13, were found by me at Quincy, Plumas County, at 
near 4,000 feet elevation. See Bulletin II, Cal. Acad. 
Sci., p. 358, where three other land shells from there are 
named. I also obtained there Lemnophysa humilis Say. 


7O 


CALIFORNIA ACADEMY 


OF 


SCIENCES. 


ADDITIONAL NOTES AND DESCRIPTION OF NEw SPECIES. 


BY J) Gs COORERS M.D. 
_——— = —- === — = = =— ; = =a —— 
| WeEsT SLOPE ; 
| OF SIERRA NEVADA. HAST SLOPE. 
| | | 
Ral tee ; all 
‘a ie ° no Ohlingi es ali 
| iI ¢ Lol mild soe 5 
| SiH BP] > [eo/e9Seled|-dise 
OlUO Pulse .JOGl/ool/S gla i|¥-leao 
| SiSOM ge gE ae (oS) ele ainG 
SPECIES. Ne Sess elSSlesiesiwalegiogius 
sea mB e/OS/S¥iEalQrigs 
OM los | aslo | So SSP Ola g 
SF OL lems! ce] Eo Sl eAl ty, 
™m -| 72 > | ey ee | sean -Ulq : 
Wi hseect)l bees eesti es incernt pecan wl A) Sul 56 Nee ce 
\] Seles os OO) ip | Ole 5/8 So 
| SloMlo S/S" les) 22) oginal/S4iou 
| “8 JSP) [S*| Ss] ea) ge) eae 
| m | | Alo u}o mm 
v ie rare | ree 
> ae : - \] 
1 | Amnicola turbiniformis 7xyon . . * 
|| 
2 | Vitrina pfeifferi Vewcomd . . | * | * 
I | 
8 | Hyalina arborea Say (+ breweri Vew.) * | * * | 
1 
4 | Hyalina whitneyi Vewcomd. . * | % * 
: : 
5 | Hyalina subrupicola Dad/. * | | | 
6 | Arionta tudiculata Binney .« * | 
. | 
7 | Campylea mormonum Pfeffer. . | * | 
8 | Vallonia pulchella Adller . x | * 
9g | Conulus fulvus Drafarnaud . | | | * | * 
10 | Pupa corpulenta Morse . . | | | * | * 
11 | Limax camipestris Binney (var.) . . .|| * | | | * 
| 
ee 5 ‘ = | 
12 | Ariolimax californicus 7. G. Cooper ..|| * | 
|| | 
13 | Succinea stretchiana Bland. . Neeson) | cea 
| | | | | 
14 | Physa gabbi 7vyon (var.)..... . . || | * | | * | 
| | | 
Lae hvsalblandi2e7y0- 0 semw ae | Vee | * 
16 | Limnzea stagnalis Linneus . | * | | 
| 
17 | Limnophysa bulimoides Zea... . . || | | * | 
18 | Planorbis subcrenatus? (disjectus) | * 
J. G. Cooper | | 
19 | Planorbis subcrenatus? horni? 77you! | lease | 
| | | 
20 | Gyraulus vermicularis Gould. . | | a? 
| 
2x ||| Pomipholyx: effusa) 2a =) esr | * 
F 2 | | | 
22 | Ancyluscaurinus (subalpinus) /.G. C. * 
| | 
23 | Spheerium raymondi /. G. Cooper... . | * 
24 | Pisidium occidentale Mewcomd . . * 
| 
| 
25 | Pisidium virginicum Gyvelim (var.?) . * | 
26 | Margaritana margaritifera Lzn(var.) 3 
27 Anodonta nuttaliana wahlamatensis 
| * 


Lea 


—ae 


SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. Fa! 


Mr. Raymond’s collection is of much interest, for sev- 
eral reasons. It fills a gap in our knowledge of the sub- 
alpine mollusca at a most important point, because the 
most southern at which any are likely to be found up to 
their highest limit, as determined by climate and favora- 
ble topography. The more southern mountains, though 
higher, are so much steeper and cut up by deeper canons, 
through which torrents rush without intervening tracts of 
meadow, or quiet lakes and ponds, that very few favor- 
able locations for them can exist. Still further south 
none but a few isolated peaks have snow upon them tor 
part of the summer, and the climate is so much drier that 
the species of mollusca become limited to the vicinity ot 
the summits, except those native to the lower country, 
and not subalpine. 

The only subalpine collections before made in the Sierra 
were by myself in 1869, and by Mr. H. P. Carlton in 
1870, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation, near lati- 
tude 39°, as published in these Proceedings Vols. III to V, 
and in Bulletin II, p. 358. In 1864 during a short visit 
to Lake Tahoe I also obtained some species near the 
south end of that lake, at the summit of Johnson’s Pass 
and at Strawberry Valley on the west slope, which were 
partly described in the Proceedings, Vol. III, 1868. 

As to vertical distribution, the highest elevations ob- 
served for land shells were about 6,500 feet, and three 
aquatic species were obtained at over 7,000 feet, or within 
2,000 feet of perpetual snow, the ponds higher up con- 
taining none. The land shells, however, show a differ- 
ence of 3,200 feet greater elevation in latitude 39°, com- 
pared with the perpetual snow, than in 38°, four identical 
species being found on the east slope in both latitudes, 
the Prsedzum on the other hand reaching 2,700 feet higher 
toward the south. Sufficient facts on vertical range of 


72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


species, as affected by local influences, have not yet 
been obtained to explain these discrepancies. That these 
were near the extreme altitudes at which they could exist 
in latitude 39°, is evident from facts obtained by Mr. 
Raymond in latitude 38°, the relative position of the snow 
line there being exactly in accord with the increased ele- 
vation attained by the same species of Prsedzum. Mr. Ray- 
mond’s collection also shows how much may be collected 
on a hasty trip made for other purposes, and with little 
spare time at most localities. Although many naturalists 
have before visited Yosemite Valley none has reported 
finding mollusca there, except Mr. F. A. Sampson, who 
obtained l7trin@, and I never saw any species from the 
upper Tuolumne Valley, except Physa bland?. 

It is true that the collection made in the Mariposa Big 
Tree grove, about 5,500 feet elevation, contained three 
or four land-shells not found on this trip, yet there may 
have been errors as to their exact locality. The local in- 
fluences of the groves are quite unlike those of the sur- 
rounding regions, as shown by two or three other species 
known to inhabit the Calaveras grove. 

The list of Mariposa grove species given in Bull. II, p. 
359, shows that it is the upper limit of five helicoid spe- 
cies, three of which are dwarfed by the climate, but the 
subalpine species were found, on this trip, to extend 
2,500 feet higher on the east slope without decrease of 
size, while the aquatic species also retained full size. 
Many of them being widely spread in the nearctic and 
circumboreal provinces, are well known to belong to cli- 
mates having as short summers and severe winters as the 
subalpine zone of the Sierra Nevada. If any of them in- 
habited this zone before the formation of the glaciers, 
which once covered most of it, they must have been quite 
exterminated, and also down the mountain slopes far be- 


SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 73 


low, judging from their present distance from the snow. 
They have therefore extended their range upward 6,000 
to 8,000 feet since the glaciers retreated, now occupying 
the very channel cut by the ice into the solid granite, 
between 4,500 and 9,700 feet elevation, for a distance of 
over 30 miles east and west. Such an extension must 
have been exceedingly slow, especially for the aquatic 
species moving up against the streams, unless aided 
by birds, which might have carried shells or their eggs 
adhering to their feet. The glaciers in this latitude ex- 
tended east to Mono Lake, giving them a total breadth of 
over 50 miles, and the highest peaks now rise over 13,000 
feet above the sea. 

We see here the same difference in elevation of several 
species on opposite slopes as in latitude 38°, the land- 
shells especially going higher on the eastern slope. This 
difference may be caused by the greater amount of snow 
falling on the west slope, which must lie longer on the 
ground and shorten the active season for these animals, 
though the average temperature must be milder on the 
west slope and also moister, which may favor the exist- 
ence of some of the larger species, not found eastward, 
such as Campylea mormonum and Triodopsis loricata, 
up to Alta, 3,625 feet, and to Mariposa Big Trees, 5,500 
feet. ‘There is also a marked absence of limestone be- 
tween 5,000 and 9,000 feet on the west slopes in both lat- 
itudes. The little lakes on the west slope in latitude 39° 
above 3,600 feet seem very destitute of mollusca as are 
the violently running streams. 

For comparison I give a list of the species so far col- 
lected in the subalpine region near latitude 39°, showing 
that although the number is about the same, the species 
found differ in a marked degree, chiefly from local 


Causes. 
2p SerR., Vou. III. (ip) August 8, 1890, 


A: CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


In the first table, one species ( Campyl@a mormonum ) 
is merely a straggler from the mild Californian region into 
the subalpine, which indicates the lower limit of the sub- 
alpine on the west slope to be between 4,000 and 4,500 
feet, near latitude 38°; and as the lowest level of the 
Great Basin on the east slope is not much, if at all, below 
4,000 feet, the whole of the basin region north of that 
latitude is referable to the subalpine mollusc-fauna. 

In the last table, both this and Arzonta tudiculata are 
found on the west side, near the lower limit of the former 
glaciers, and the Zzmaw also near their limit on the east 
slope, but future collections may alter these ranges. 

As to the aquatic species the large supply of fresh wa- 
ter in the Lake Tahoe basin causes apparently a great 
increase of their numbers, and in both tables only the fol- 
lowing are unknown below the subalpine region in the 
same latitudes, viz., the planorbis, pompholyx, ancylus 
and spherium. It is also noticeable that seven land 
and ten water species have not been found in latitude 39° 
above 6,500 feet (near Lake Tahoe), leaving but three 
as yet known from the higher locations. Near latitude 
38° there were sixteen species found between 6,500 and 
9,700 feet altitude, partly on account of the nature of the 
country being more favorable for their existence. 

The glaciated region extended over the lake basin, 
having a total width of less than 40 miles, and the high- 
est peaks are now less than 9,500 feet high. 

‘SPH#RIUM RAYMONDI, n. sp., Plate I, figs. 1-8. Sec. 
chars. Adult shell ovate trigonal, nearly equilateral, 
much inflated, the greatest convexity near the middle, 
fragile, translucent; beaks central, slightly turned for- 
ward, very strongly calyculate; margins forming a subo- 
vate outline, the anterior obtusely rounded, posterior usu- 
ally obliquely subtruncate; base curved equally with the 


SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 75 


hinge-margin, the edges of valves meeting at an angle of 
about 80°, not flattened nor spreading laterally; the ante- 
rior very little lower than posterior, but slightly sharper. 
Divergence of upper margins from umbonal apex, 80° to 
90°. Color pale pearl-gray, sometimes iridescent, often 
with a narrow yellowish marginal band; epidermis tinged 
olive, wearing off in adult, surface smooth, shining; 
growth-lines very faint, inside of shell white. Younger 
shell more oval, beaks less prominent, the calycles in 
shells not half grown being everted when seen from end 
of shell, instead of inverted (fig. 7). Fry oblong-oval, 
much compressed, its valves very distinctly seen in caly- 
cles of adult. Soft parts yellowish, tinted with red, the 
colors visible through shell. Length, 0.30 to 0.34 inch; 
height, 0.26 to 0.30; diameter, 0.16 to 0.21. Fry, 0.05 
to 0.06 long; 0.04 to 0.05 high; 0.02% to 0.03% thick. 
Variettes. Specimens vary more or less in one or more 
of the dimensions, in the curves of the outline and in con- 
vexity, but not over 0.05 inch. The characters of young 
shells, as seen in the figures, are sometimes persistent in 
adults, altering the form more or less, but as the figures 
are three times the diameters of shells, those differences 
are not so perceptible to the eye as shown in the figures. 
Figures 9 and 10. We have included these two spec- 
imens for comparison, with some doubt whether they are 
not of a different species, They were collected in Kla- 
math Lake, Or., by Mr. A. Forrer, of Santa Cruz, Cal., 
and kindly sent to us by Mr. E. W. Roper, of Revere, 
Mass., who writes that in his opinion all found were im- 
mature. They differ from S. raymond? in having a 
thicker, brown epidermis and in higher beaks, but less 
prominent calycles. By comparison of the beaks with 
the young of the former (figs. 5 to 7), it will be seen, 
however, that they are nearly mature, and in their out- 
lines come nearer to figures 3 and 4 than to any others. 


76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


It has been supposed by some that .S. raymondz is only 
the young form of some rhomboidal species, but the fry 
taken from shells like figs. 1, 3, 4 prove their maturity, 
and we also give figures to show forms of the young. 

To settle the relation between it and the only other al- 
lied species known on the West coast, as well as with 
some Eastern forms, we figure several more for compari- 
son. 

S. LENTICULA Gould, figs. 11, 18, 19. ‘This figure (11) 
is taken from a specimen I obtained near Visalia, and 
now in the State Museum, Berkeley. It differs from the 
shell figured by Prime in a much more rounded form, 
greater convexity and a little larger size, showing that the 
rhomboid outline and consequent truncation are not the 
constant effects of full growth. It is shown by the fol- 
lowing comparison that considerable variation exists in 
the dimensions and proportions of adult examples from 
various localities, the most northern being broader and 
flatter, a difference apparently existing also in some 
Eastern species. 


Figure. Length. Height. Diameter. 
Cro ouOM SAG wo 6 8 oo of oO 6 18 0.43 0.37 0.18 (Prime. ) 
Wiisaibenexennigles, 5 3 50 Go II, 19 0.44 0.38 0.24 
Marin County examples. .... 0.46 0.38 0.20 


The height and diameter are shown in diagram by figs. 
18 and 19, by which it seems that the shell is sometimes 
very near in convexity to S. fartumetum Say, and in one 
of Prime’s latest writings, quoted by Dr. Yarrow in the 
quarto report of Capt. Wheeler’s Arizona Expedition, 
1874, he mentions specimens of .S. /enticu/a from there, 
which were also intermediate between the type from Car- 
son River and partumeium, suggesting that this form 
(fig. 11) is merely an extremely inflated form of /enézcula. 

The description of ‘‘.S. partumeium’’ by Prime also 
includes three forms varying in size, in convexity, and in 


SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. rir) 


height, which had been first described as species, while 
the figure given is shorter than the type described, being, 
like that of .S. /enticula, a rare extreme. 

S. PARTUMEIUM Say. ‘The specimens nearest to this 
species that we have, are figured as Nos. 12, from Worces- 
ter, Mass. (showing hinge), and 13, 14, from Columbus, 
Ohio. Though smaller than Prime’s largest, as shown 
in the diagram, fig. 15, they have a similar relative con- 
vexity, and come nearer his description than his figure, 
no other calyculate species approaching this both in size 
and convexity. 


Figure. Length. Height. Diameter. 
IEE EOS 5 a oo 6 bo oS obneoue & 15 0.50 0.43 0.31 
NWioreestemexaniple ee cmcnsl cine se 12 0.38 0.33 0.22 
Columbusvexamiplesmuce ais cs 6 13, 14 0.37 0.33 0.21 


The two latter, however, in outline much resemble S. 
truncatum, though not subangled at the upper margin as 
figured by Prime, and are perhaps nearer to the next 
mentioned species. 

S. sEcuris Prime, figs. 20 and 21. The shells we se- 
lect to represent this form are from Plattsbure.. Nee Y -, 
the largest being very closely like Prime’s type in out- 
line, while the convexity is proportionately the same, as 
shown by the diagram of Prime’s type, fig. 16. 

It is evident from a comparison of Prime’s descriptions, 
that figures 46 and 47 (S. contractum), on p. 49 of his 
Monograph, have been accidentally transposed by the 
printers, which is confirmed by inspecting his first figure 
of S. securzs in the Annals N. Y. Lyceum of N. H., Vol. 
V, Pl. vi, where a smaller one is figured. 

Fig. 46 being .S. securis, is represented as differing 
from SS. trancatum chiefly in greater convexity, and the 
variety cardissa was described by Prime as a still more 
rounded form, connected by gradations. As is shown 
by the diagram, the convexity of Prime’s type is relative- 


78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


? 


ly the same as that of his ‘*.S. partumetum,’’ and from 
the connecting links shown by our figs. 12, 13, 14, as 
well as its limitation to the northern tier of States, it 
seems most probable that .S. secw77s is only a stunted va- 
riety of S. partumetum Say. The same error of using 
the figure of .S. contractum for that of .S’.. securzs is copied 
by Binney in his edition of Invert. of Massachusetts. 
Figure. Length. Height, Diameter. 
J sinhaokayoyieng NoaaRe RAO Gat stu cyl ie onrcmnin 16 0.37 0.31 0.25 
Pilattshburs exam plesiee yee crest 20, 21 0.28 0.24 0.15 

S. TRUNCATUM Linsley, figs. 22, 23, 24, 25. These are 
selected specimens having the least convexity of any, out 
of numerous similar forms from several Eastern States, 
these agreeing best with Prime’s description. They are, 
however, all smaller, less rhomboid and subangled, more 
convex and more rounded than his type which represents 
apparently a rare extreme in form, while many occur 
more or less intermediate. 

Diagram, fig. 17, represents the convexity given by 
Prime for ¢runcatum, a flatness not seen by us in any of 
numerous specimens, and closely agreeing with that he 
assigns to S. Jenticula (fig. 18), which he says is ‘‘ so 
similar in nearly every respect to S. ¢rwncatum that it is 
difficult to tell them apart.’’ It appears, however, from 
later specimens of |S. /enticula that it is quite as closely 
connected with S. partumeium (see notes, p. 76), and it 
follows that all four so-called species may yet be com- 
bined under the last name, or rank only as subspecies. 
It is possible that the flattest forms represent in all cases 
the most northern grown specimens. 


Figure. Length. Height. Diameter. 


Shy PESior oPrigies erect lel ene | 17 0.37 0.31 0.15 
eka aula weg peo dG a 0 5 oo 6 22 0.29 0.24 0.14 
Th wabareaUKGmAy iG b Geo go 6.5 0 6 23 0.03 0.0234 0.01% 
WGK onker NOVO) Gos 6 go 6 6 6 o OC 24 0.19 0.16 0.12 


)teevehpubh WHI So 505 G 4 605,00 ¢ 25 0.32 0.25 0.15, 


SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 79 


To show still further that Prime’s types are not the 
usual forms, but extreme varieties, it is noticeable that 
other authors give less different measurements, as follows: 


Length. Height. Diameter. 
S. partumeium Say (type)... . 0.55 0.45 Say does not give it. 
S: partumeium Govld...... 0.45 0.40 0.27 
Suton iC DuUirs a6 66 bob e 0.33 0.25 Moll. of Mass. not given. 
S. truncatum Gould (type)... . 0.33 0.25 0.20 
S. lenticula Gould (type)... .. 0.40 0.30 Not given. 


By drawing diagrams from these figures, the outlines of 
the four forms are found much more alike than those of 
Prime, the diameters also being closely like those in our 
plate. 

To show that young shells of the rhomboid group do 
not much resemble that of S. raymondz, figs. 5 and 24 
are comparable. The variations of the latter species 
from age, etc., show how much should be allowed for 
variation in other species. 

In comparing our figures with those given of the same 
species in Prime’s Monograph of Corbiculade, it will be 
noticed that the latter give the impression that the shells 
are much more angled in outline and in the umbonal ex- 
pansion than the photograph shows them to be. While 
there can be no doubt of the accuracy of photographs, it 
may be said that ours do not represent fully adult shells. 
While admitting this as to some Eastern species, we show 
that the Western species (.S. /entzcula, fig. 11) is larger 
than Prime’s figured type, and yet it does not exhibit any 
better the angulation and truncation given in his figure 
more strongly than in any of the allied forms. His artist 
or engraver, making small wood cuts, apparently cut the 
distinctive features rather more strongly than they exist 
in nature. 

In many cases the figures and descriptions do not agree 
even as well as would be explained by allowing variations 


- 


So CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


of 15 to 20 per cent. in dimensions. The size of shell, 
combined with ‘‘other signs of maturity’’ and the finding 
of fry within them, have been considered the best proofs 
of an adult condition, but we find that the latter is not 
quite reliable. For instance, specimens like fig. 3 of S. 
raymond, and others smaller than figs. 21, 22 or 25 of the 
same Eastern species, contain fry, the shells being imma- 
ture. It appears probable that the shells may continue 
to grow for some time while the fry are forming, and 
only liberate them when quite mature. As to size, we 
have remarked that there seems good reason to believe 
that this may be much influenced by environment, and 
cannot be considered proof of distinctness, the same law 
being well known to apply to other fresh-water shells. 
The calycles, which form such a remarkable character 
of this division of Spherzum that Prime proposed to make 
a subgenus of it, give us great aid in determining ma- 
turity, especially in the more convex forms. It appears 
from the profile figures that the most marked external 
character distinguishing young from adult shells is the 
position of the calycles on the beaks, these being at first 
everted, and becoming more inverted as the shell grows 
larger, until they meet in the middle line. Thus it seems 
that the shell fig. 10 must be more mature than fig. 3, and 
the profile 14 has the beaks closer together than any 
other, leaving no room tor more inversion, and proving 
maturity. Fig. 21 seems less mature by this character 
than either 3 or 11, but illustrates most nearly the con- 
vexity of the form. Considering the variability of all 
fresh-water mollusca, and also the extent of variation ob- 
served in different examples of many marine bivalves, 
there is little doubt that Mr. Prime himself, if living, 
would now combine many more of his nominal species 
than he did in 1865. From the descriptions given by 


SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 8I 


most authors, it seems almost certain that the three forms 
nearest allied to S. ¢rwncatum are scarcely separable, as 
species, from the Eurasian .S. ca/yculata Drap. 

Other calyculate species.— Six other forms of this 
group are given by Prime, some having a little resem- 
blance to S. raymondi. |S. elevatum Hald. and SS. spher- 
zcum Anth. have the hinge margin even more curved, but 
are more rounded and the first flatter. S. rosaceum 
Prime, differs in smaller size, form nearly as in the Kla- 
math shell (figs. 9, 10), but longer and less high, with 
reddish-brown epidermis, and nearly straight hinge, like 
the other three. I have seen Californian specimens so 
labeled, but of a pale color, perhaps immature examples 
of S. raymond. 

A new species from the Uintah range in Wyoming, de- 
scribed in 1886 as SS. wzntahenszs Call, from an elevation 
of 10,500 feet in a snow-water lake, is nearly a perfect 
globe. 

Iowa seems the most prolific of the States in this genus, 
as twelve species are recorded by Prof. B. Shimek, six 
of them calyculate, but no proofs are given of their au- 
thenticity. 

S. coopertanum Prime, n. sp., is given as a name only 
in his last catalogue of Corbiculade (Amer. Jour. of 
Conch. VI, 1869). This was never described, because 
the specimens I sent him were believed to be immature, 
so small in fact that I supposed they were Prs¢d7ums, but 
.he wrote that the ligament was on the longer side as in 
Spherium. They were from the little lake over 7,000 
feet elevation in Johnson’s Pass, south of Lake Tahoe. 
It is probable that they were young of SS’. raymond?, but 
their present location being unknown, the locality must 
be revisited to determine the species. 

From the preceding comparisons we conclude that the 


82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


number of nominal species will bear still further reduc- 
tion, and that more study of different ages and variations 
will alone prove which are the leading types. 

Following Prime’s suggestion, it is desirable to give a 
name to the calyculate group, and certainly none can be 
more appropriate than PRIMELLA, which perpetuates the 
memory of the most thorough student of the genus. It is 
possible that it may even supersede that of SAherzum, as 
the genus Spherza among Fungi has nine years priority. 

ANCYLUS CAURINUS W. Cooper, subsp. SUBALPINUS. 
Apex about one-third the distance from posterior end, 
outline elliptic, sometimes widest at middle, sometimes 
about anterior third, apex slightly turned to the right; 
anterior surface somewhat convex, posterior a little con- 
cave or flat; breadth a little under one-half, height over 
one-third of length; fragile, horn-color, paler in thin 


specimens. 
Figure. Length. Breadth. Height. 


Oniginal'type ss ¢ ss... .'s 6 0.24 0.14 0.09 caurinus. 
Oreroulexanipleue scene 26 0.21 0.13 0.07 subalpinus. 
Yosemite example... ... 27 0.23 0.12 0.07 subalpinus. 
Bloody Cafion example.... 28 0.21 0.13 0.07 subalpinus 
Saushraneisco, ty:pels. sas ns 0.16 0.04% 0.04 fragilis. 
Ol Sat Hraneisco) Baya en hneecO 0.11 0.07 0.04 fragilis. 


The original A. cauwrénus was named in the report of 
Pac. R.R. Surveys, XII, ii, 1859 (Natural Hist. of Wash. 
Ter.), and a type figured by W. G. Binney in Land and 
Fresh-Water Shells, Part II, p. 144, 1865, without de- 
scription. In 1870, I published the description in our 
Proceedings, Vol. IV, p. 92, from which the above is 
copied with some changes, so as to include the Oregon 
and subalpine specimens. The dimensions of the type 
are given more accurately from Binney’s figure, and 
those of the others as figured, from the examples them- 
selves. It thus appears that the Oregon and subalpine 
forms are nearly of the same form as the original from 


aa 


SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 83 


Black River, Wash. Ter., but each shows slight differ- 
ences, hardly specific. 

Fig. 26 has the sides less parallel, or straight, the pos- 
terior slope flatter; fig. 27 is wider before apex as is fig. 
28, but less oval, both approaching the outline of fig. 29, 
but being much larger. 

The nearest approach to A. caurinus seems to be in A. 
ovalis Morse, from Maine, but that is less than half as 
large, pale yellow and wider in front. (See Binney’s L. 
anal NV oiie. Dh. 1565) 

A. FRAGILIS Tryon. Inthe synopsis in Vol. IV, I con- 
sidered fragzlis a small variety of caurimus, having ‘‘apex 
more posterior, lower, narrower, anteriorly wider,’’ and 
in those points the other three forms here figured are in- 
deed intermediate. But in size they are like caurinus, 
while the numerous specimens of fragz/zs since found in 
various portions of California, below 500 feet elevation, 
all have nearly the same size and form as the type. 
Those figured show that its variations in width are great, 
if the type is as narrow as stated by Tryon. I have, 
however, never seen any like it in that respect, and Try- 
on’s remark that its ‘‘sides are nearly parallel, or slightly 
incurved in the middle,’’ show that one of its characters 
most like caurznus is not constant. The usual oval form, 
more abrupt slope behind and small size, may be consid- 
ered proofs of specific distinctness, until more connecting 
links are discovered. Both fragz/7s and caurinus have 
been called similar to A. parallelus Hald., but are quite 
distinct, fragz/7s being much nearer to rzvularts Say. 

Another peculiarity of this small species is its close 
likeness in form to the first stage of growth in Gundlachia 
californica, the two being found together, and are possi- 
bly only one species at different ages. 

In Binney’s work, p. 139, he mentions in a foot note, 


$4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


“Dr. J. G. Cooper found Ancyli 7,100 feet above the 
sea in the Sierra Nevada.’’ This locality was near that 
of the Spherium in Johnson’s Pass, but by some mistake 
Mr. Binney seems to have referred the specimen to A. 
caurtnus, as he tabulates it on p. 145 as ‘‘No. 9,098 from 
California (Judge Cooper),’’ the type of A. caurinus be- 
ing really from Black River, as stated at top of the page. 
It was probably one of the forms here called swbalpinus. 

Another error on p. 144 is quoting No. 9,203 ‘‘A. pa- 
telloides Lea,’’ as from San Francisco, no species like it 
being known from near the bay, the nearest being from 
northern California. 

While the forms here figured are not very similar to 
any other American species, it is remarkable that a terti- 
ary fossil species of Western Europe (A. matheronz7 ) has 
almost exactly the form of A. fragz/is here given, with 
the size of A. caurinus, or larger. It is figured in Nich- 
olson’s Manual of Paleontology, Vol. Il, fig. 45. The 
only species yet found fossil in the United States are very 
different, but rather closely related to A. crassus and to 
Acroloxus nuttalli of Oregon. (See ‘‘Non-Marine Foss. 
Moll..of (North America, by Dr. C. Ax’ White; im 4d 
Ann. Rep.-ot U. S.Geoel.Sur:, 1881—2, p.. 455; and he= 
utes...) 

PLANORBIS SUBCRENATUS Carp., var. DISJECTUS, fig. 30. 
Characters. Differs from the typical form in having but 
four whorls, more rounded, smoother, and the outer ones 
more or less irregularly coiled, in a different plane from 
the inner. Length 0.70, height 0.50, breadth 0.30 inch. 
Varies considerably in height and breadth. 

This form has the same deformity on which E. Inger- 
soll founded his ‘‘ Helisoma plexata’’ (Report of the 
Geol. and Geog Survey “ot the “Merritories, 91376, ap: 
402). Our upper figure shows the same style of disloca- 


SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 85 


tion in the whorls as represented in his figure, but we 
find also every degree of variation in their irregularity 
that seems possible, while some are normal. The figures 
also show how much variation occurs in proportions of 
different specimens. Besides this, in examining any 
large number of specimens of any species, we find some 
in which more or less irregularity of one or more whorls 
exists. 7. plexata is stated to agree in every other re- 
spect with //. trzvolvis Say, and the figure shows no other 
differences. It is therefore evident that it is nothing 
more than a variety, and considering its occurrence 
chiefly in subalpine regions (his being found only at 
g,700 feet elevation in the Rocky Mountains), we may 
safely attribute it to debility in the animal, caused in these 
lofty localities by insufficient heat of the water, at some 
time during the animal’s growth. In the irregular growths 
found in lowland examples, a deficiency of food or 
some impurity of the water may be a probable cause. It 
must be remembered that the animal crawls with the shell 
vertically supported on its back, and thus a condition 
of debility will allow the weight of the shell to incline it 
to one side, and its growth, by additions at the mouth, 
becomes changed in direction, thus altering the plane. 
In several species we observe this deflection of the mouth 
taking place just before the maturity of the shell, when it 
is probably weakened by age, and so constant is this in 
some of them that it is called a specific character. 

Mr. Ingersoll found //. ¢rzvolvis normally developed 
up to 8,000 feet elevation, and Mr. Raymond also found 
that the number of deformed shells was least near Hetch- 
Hetchy Valley, 4,100 feet, more at Lake Eleanor, 4,600 
feet, and constant at Soda Springs, 8,700 feet. In all 
cases they inhabited only shallow weedy ponds, none 
being in the lake or rivers. These being fed from melt- 


86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ing snow are much colder than the ponds, which reach 
a heat of 50° or more in summer. 

In referring this form to P. subcrenatus Carpenter, we 
have considered it as an alpine variety of the most similar 
and first described species of its group from the west 
coast. Taking P. corneus as type of the genus Planorbis 
we find it to be a nearly perfect cylinder, coiled however 
in a plane inclined to the left, so that its two sides are dis- 
similar, unlike some species which have them nearly or 
quite alike. Variations from this type in large American 
species consist chiefly in the coarser growth lines, not 
concealed by a thick epidermis, and in more or less lat- 
eral narrowing or angulation of whorls. 

Carpenter in describing P. swbcrenatus evidently com- 
pared it with P. corneus, being little acquainted with 
American species, and gives undue importance to the 
coarse growth-lines which he calls ‘‘occasionally minute- 
ly crenulated ridges,’’ also quoting from Cuming’s man- 
uscript that it ‘‘ differs from ¢77vo/v7s in the acuteness of 
the ribs, and in their being more distant.’’ These char- 
acters would not be considered of much specific value by 
American authors, but they show some difference from 
P. glabratus, often considered a variety of ¢révolvis, and 
which otherwise comes nearest to Carpenter’s species. 
It will be observed that he makes no mention of any 
carina nor angle on the side or mouth of the shell, no 
such character being shown in the figure by Binney, said 
to be from the type. 

Seven years later he states that ‘‘it is quite possible 
that this may prove a very finely grown specimen of P. 
/entus. Dr. Kennerly’s shells are intermediate.’’ (See 
‘*Mollusks of Western North Amer.,’’ Smithsonian Re- 
print, p. 675 (161), which gives his latest known opin- 
ions, in 1872.) He does not give reasons for this belief, 


SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 87 


and we must suppose he had not compared it with P. 
glabratus. 

inthe Proc Cal cad. “Sciences, Vol TV5 1870, p- 
100, I followed Binney’s Land and Fresh-Water Shells 
in giving swbcrenatus as a good species, but stated that 
‘*specimens common inland closely resemble P. g/abra- 
tus,’ giving the distinctions between them. I still think 
there are sufficient of these to retain the Western form, 
as a subspecies at least, larger and rougher, with more 
cylindrical whorls. If, as Ingersoll states, P. o/abratus 
issa) Teverse@ucuell thes ditterence 1s: still) sreaters | But 
Say’s description only calls it sinistral, just as he did ev- 
ery other Planorbis he described, except P. corpulentus, 
and the latter, if any, would be a reversed shell. The 
similarity of the sides in e/abratus would allow of either 
conclusion, but the form of mouth in Binney’s figure 
seems like that of other dextral species. 

Pe HORND Egyvon.) Inpan article by Ma. EP. Carlton, 
published also in Vol. IV of our Proceedings, this name 
is given to young shells from the head of Truckee River, 
in Lake Tahoe, Placer County, also said to be ‘‘found 
larger by Mr. S. Brannan at about 3,600 feet elevation 
on the west slope.’’ The latter I understand to have 
been determined by Tryon himself, and I was thus in- 
duced to agree with Mr. Carlton, but not having speci- 
mens to compare, he left the name as P. hornzz with a (?). 
Mr. Raymond also obtained some at Quincy, Plumas 
County, which seem to show the characters of var. 
disjectus, but are a little larger and with whorls a little 
more convex, also showing more or less irregularity. It 
is therefore probable that this form inhabits the whole 
range of mountains, descending at least to 3,383 feet in 
Plumas County. 

We had considered this as P. hornzz, but Mr. Dall, 


88 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


eee} 


‘‘by comparison with types,’’ says that the latter is not 
so flat a species, and inclines to call the variety P. ¢u- 
midus Pfeiffer (1839), described as from tropical Amer- 
ica. There are differences in his description, however, 
besides the doubt whether a flatter subalpine shell can be 
allied to a tumid tropical species, while we have some as 
near like it farther north. 

P. hornii was described as from the coast, at the south- 
ern boundary of Alaska, latitude 54° 40’, and seems more 
like a small form of P. corneus than of any North Ameri- 
can shell. It would not be strange if that Eurasian spe- 
cies could have been transported across the Pacific by 
birds, and formed a varietal colony on this side. But its 
alliance is perhaps as close with P. subcrenatus, and since 
it may prove only a small form of the latter, we prefer to 
use the prior specific name for our flatter irregular vari- 
ety. If, as Carpenter suggests, there are specimens con- 
necting P. swbcrenatus with P. lentus, they may be sup- 
posed to be still nearer to his P. ¢wmens, but the former 
name has a year’s priority. We have not, however, seen 
shells from Oregon with the sharp carina and subtriangu- 
lar mouth of the latter, which, he also suggests, may con- 
nect with P. /entus. It is evident, however, that he only 
described the young, or a small race, of P. tumens, for 
while we find them near San Francisco Bay exactly like 
his Mazatlan types, we also find much larger ones in 
warmer localities. 

P. rumEens Carpenter. In studying large numbers of 
the west coast species from many localities since 1870, it 
has become necessary to make another change in the 
Synopsis of Fresh-Water Shells, given in Vol. IV. The 
first section of Planorbis there given has ‘‘only three 
whorls visible above,’’ a character common to many spe- 
cies, including P. corneus, and therefore not at all pe- 


SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 89 


cuhar to P. trivolvis. Then, adopting the subgenus 
Hlelisoma Swainson, a new species is given as P. (//.) 
occidentalis J. G. Cooper, with ‘‘whorls five or six, 
nearly all visible-above, much narrowed and subangled 
below, nearly smooth, mouth little higher than wide, di- 
ameter 0.80 to 1.12, altitude 0.50 to 0.70.’’ While this 
was unlike any described form, and had the somewhat 
enlarged outer whorl of //e/zsoma, many intermediate 
specimens now prove that it is only the mature form of 
P. tumens. Its last whorl is not really more dispropor- 
tioned than that of a very large P. corneus, and, together 
with some other species, it shows that subg. Hle//soma is 
untenable. Its nearest Eastern analogue is P. lentus 
Say, and that has been by many considered only a vari- 
ety of //elisoma trivolvis. The figures given show ours 
to have the form of a non-carinate species. We consider 
the carination, first used by Say as a specific character, 
more important for the grouping than the later subgeneric 
divisions, and it also serves in many cases to determine 
young shells, which have been often described as new 
species. 

It is used also as an important character in the differ- 
entiation of AZenetus, Gyraulus, etc., being in them mar- 
ginal instead of lateral, and while such forms are of very 
ancient date geologically, the lateral carina seem to ap- 
pear only in the recent period. The maximum of cari- 
nation is reached in the allied genus Carznifex, only 
known in late tertiary and recent epochs. A rounded 
or blunt angle is not intended by the word carina, which 
must be sharp. 

One reason given for supposing immature shells 
to be good species is that they are found in springs and 
ponds without larger ones. It is yet to be determined 


2p SER., Vou. III. (8) August 8, 1890. 


gO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


whether they reproduce in these cases, or whether ova 
brought on the feet of water birds merely hatch and die 
when the drying up or stagnation of the water stops their 
growth. There are, however, many dwarfed races or 
subspecies of fresh water mollusca produced by untavor- 
able environments more or less permanent. 

As tending to prove that the species here mentioned 
are not merely local races of one 3-whorled P/lanordis, 
it may be stated that P. swbcrenatus has been identified 
from Honey Lake, Cal., and Nevada, by R. E. Call in 
1884, and P. horni? was received by Tryon from Grant’s 
Lake, on the Oregon-California boundary, in 1866 (col- 
lected by W. M. Gabb), both localities near the Sierra 
Nevada. 

Going back to the earliest known fossil Planorbes, 
we find that P. veternus M. & H. of the Jurassic 
of Nebraska was (like P. vermicularis) only 0.16 inch 
in length, and its section shows also four whorls of the 
simplest cylinder form. About fourteen other species 
have been found in the Laramie, Eocene and Miocene 
strata, all quite unlike living American forms. One of 
late tertiary age has been found in California, which is 
more like them, and the great extinct lakes of the Cen- 
tral Basin contained only species now living near them. 


SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. OI 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 


1-8—Spherium raymondi. ta, section profile of figure r. 
9-10—S, ——_—, Klamath Lake, Oregon. 
11—S. lenticula, from near Visalia, Cal. 
12—S. partumeium, Worcester, Mass. 
13, 14—S. partumeium, var.?, Columbus, Ohio. 
I5—S. partumeium, 
16—S. securis, Section profiles from Prime’s dimensions of his 
I7—S. truncatum. types. 
18—S. lenticula, 
19—Profile of figure 11. 
20, 21S. securis var., Plattsburg, N. Y. 
22-25—S. truncatum, Massachusetts and Michigan. 
26—Ancylus caurinus var., Oregon. 
27—A. caurinus subalpinus, Yosemite Valley. 
28—A. caurinus subalpinus, Bloody Canon, Cal. 
29—A. fragilis, near Oakland, Cal. 
30—Planorbis subcrenatus disjectus, Tuolumne Meadows, Cal. 
Figure 30 is of natural size; all the others are magnified three diameters, and 
were drawn from photographs, except the diagrams. In this way some of the 
specific characters are better developed, without sacrificing the accuracy of the 


photographic outlines. 


PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES 
OF THE GENUS LEPUS FROM MEXICO. 


BY WALTER Eo BRYANT. 


Lepus insularis, sp. nov. Briack Hare. 


About the size of Lepus californicus. Gen- 
eral color of upper surfaces of body, head and tail, black; 
under surface of body pale vinaceous-cinnamon, becom- 
ing decidedly darker towards the sides where it blends 
with black from dorsal surface. Ears gray, tipped 
with black; a narrow, well-defined line of white along 
the inferior margin of ear. Chin and orbital region, 
grayish white. Cheeks gray. Throat cinnamon-rufous. 
Under surface of tail nearly the same color as throat. 


Sp. char. 


Upper surface of fore feet and legs cinnamon-rufous, 
nearly obscured by black-tipped hairs. Upper surface 
of hind feet grayish white; toes brownish; black be- 
tween digits. A black line extending along inner sides 
of hind feet from toes to and a little above the heel. 
Soles of feet heavily padded. 

Type, No. $28, dad. California Academy of Sciences. 
From Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, 
November 2, 1890. Collected by Walter E. Bryant: 
(Original number, 508.) 

Type, No. $23, ad. California Academy of Sciences. 
From Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, 
November 2, 1890. Collected by Walter E. Bryant. 
(Original number, 509.) 

Two other specimens collected at the same place and 
time and two from the U. S. National Museum, collected 
by Mr. L. Belding in 1882 have been examined. Cranial 
characters and measurements are unavoidably deferred 
to a later paper. 


2D SER. Vou. III. April 23, 1891. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF DASCYLLUS 
DAVIDSONII LEC., AND A RECORD OF ITS LIFE 
HISTORY. 


BW Jito]inn RIVERS: 


Form large, robust, elongate, attenuate ventrally, 
eyeless, hexapod; segments 12,exclusive of head; color 
testaceous; texture corneus; length 1%-134 inches. 
Head wider than long, convex; gene strongly round- 
ed; sides gently rounded; front margin truncate with 
slight sinuations; from the front angles arise four jointed 
antenne, the second joint being as long as the other 
three, the basal joint connate with the head, and the 
apical joint can only be. seen peeping out from the 
third by being highly magnified; a large trapezoidal lab- 
rum projects from the front margin; the front margin of 
the labrum is deflexed and fringed with bristles. Man- 
dibles robust; articulating with the front edge of the head; 
apex bifid (plate I, fig. V, upper side); the cutting sur- 
faces are broad, bearing both crushing and tearing teeth 
(fig. Va); the large dark character at the base is boldly 
raised above the general line of the cutting edge. The 
masticating surface is sunken except at the basal inner 
angle, but it has a reflexed margin (fig. Va, d); the space 
marked (Va, e) is a sunken hollow bearing a transparent 
film, which alone separates the outer from the interior 
walls; near the middle of the mandible occur two needle- 
like teeth, one of which is very aciculate (fig. Va, f). 
Maxilla (fig. III), bears a bidentate lacinia (A), a robust 
galea (B), and a three jointed palpus (C); labium bearing 
its two jointed palpi,(fig. VI). Leg showing peculiar joint; 
(fg. VII). Interior of labrum showing epipharynx, 
(fig. Il). At the entrance under the front margin is a tuft 
or boss of stiff bristles (fig. II, g); immediately behind 


2p SER. VOL. III. April 23, 1891. 


94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


this is a character shaped like a horse shoe, and consist- 
ing of a series of horny teeth, shining black in color. 
The lateral series may be described as containing nine 
well formed, conical teeth, and the middle series con- 
sisting of three horny pieces, the one in front conical, 
the two behind elongate; there are also two independent 
pieces on either side. These four pieces last referred to 
are all black and horny in texture but are not in high 
relief like the teeth. Fig. IV represents the hypo- 
pharynx and basal joints of the labium. The char- 
acters here are almost a repetition of those found in the 
epipharynx but they are more robust. They present a 
great resemblance to the upper and lower jaws of the 
vertebrata, the vertical movement of the labrum and 
labium makes the likeness complete, the single tooth 
in each of these parts standing in the position of an in- 
cisior tooth, and no doubt performing incisors work, while 
the lateral series most certainly carry on the functions of 
molars. The interior organization of the mouth is surely 
of a high order, for though the mandibles are the true 
incisors, yet in the interior more dividing is to be done, 
and if this insect could only be classed with the Urodele, 
these teeth would bear the names of vomerine and pala- 
tine, which they more resemble than ligula and para- 
glosse. 
THORACIC SEGMENTS. 


Ist seg. more than twice as wide as long, front and 
hind margins parallel; sides boldly rounded in front, ob- 
tusely behind; sides of the thoracic segments deflexed. 

2nd seg. the narrowest; just behind the front margin 
is a raised line not parallel. 

3rd seg. wider than the second; has a fine parallel 
raised line in front and a divided line, not parallel near 
the hind margin. 


LARVA OF DASCYLLUS. 95 


ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS. 


4th—8th inclusive: all of the same character, but de- 
creasing in width; the sides are deflexed, then inflexed 
and wrinkled, forming a lateral margin; on the dorsal 
region there are two raised lines, one parallel to the front 
and the other to the hind margin of each segment; that 
near the hind margins is formed of pointed tubercles. 

Q-II segs. are much alike, each possessing a parallel 
raised line just behind the front margins. 

12th seg. front margin truncate; sides and hind mar- 
gins rounded. Sides of the head and of the thoracic 
segments, and the surface of the 11th and 12th all over 
are beset with short bristles. On each of the abdominal 
segments except the ventral, is a spiracular opening upon 
the deflexed portions. 

HABITS. 


This larva lives a solitary subterranean life, burrowing 
into heavy, loamy soil and dwelling a long period in the 
same tunnel of half an inch in diameter and more than a 
foot deep. It grows to a large size when cgmpared to 
the dimensions of the perfect insect. The period of ex- 
istence appears to be more than a year, as larve are found 
at the same time, which, by the size, color and texture, 
would suggest a three years larval condition. In former 
attempts to rear this insect two years elapsed without 
change in the larval condition, and it may fairly be as- 
sumed the cause of failure to get it, through its changes 
arose from the prolonged stages; it becoming difficult 
to preserve full natural conditions, particularly for such 
long periods. Its usual habitat is among the rootlets 
of heavily foliaged trees where the ground does not dry 
nor bake. In 1887 they were numerous under an oak tree 
at Berkeley. The exact place had been filled up with 
heavy loam that was but one remove from clay; it had 


96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


been carted to the place two years before and covered 
a deposit of grass and leaveS. As the leaves and grass 
decayed, a narrow space or crevice was formed, and in 
this was found numerous collections of clay pellets that 
appeared like the excrement of mice. The tunnels were 
plentiful, some above and some below this crevice, but 
many had an outlet into this fissure and some ended 
therein. A number of these larve or grubs were removed 
from their habitat and placed in a box with earth and 
roots from a garden; the box let into the ground, and 
though all care and attention was given them and though 
many were large and robust the new conditions did not 
suit them. Some continued living for a whole year but they 
all finally died, not one reaching the perfect state. Dur- 
ing examination pellets were found in the box and this 
fact explained the nature of them; they were noticed to 
be of a different color, which suggested another fact— 
that their food had been improper. The next experiment 
was made with the clay and materials found in their hab- 
itat and they passed their metamorphoses in regular 


order. It appears that this insect when in the grub state 
requires clay as part of its diet. 

14 pellets, (fig. VIII), air dry, weighed.....0.354 grams 
Weight alter being nurnt:.. toe. oa oa see oe OF 300 AG 


Ikess by 1S nIMON,. Aysaw. Geet oot. Onder ai ies 


What nutriment this insect can extract from clay can 
only be conjectured, as the qualificative admixtures are 
unknown; the mycelium of fungi may constitute a portion 
of the material for tissue building; but as this is also 
doubttul the explanation is not forthcoming. If the pro- 
portion of refuse be taken as a criterion the earthy mat- 
ter is exactly two-thirds of the whole food. 


NEW SPECIES OF SCARABAIDA. 
BNe)ee Joo REVERS: 
Lygirus Bryanti, n. sp. 

Form elongate, oval, strongly convex, shining; color 
above dark chocolate to black; below, rich dark chest- 
nut, but ventrally darker. 

Male.—Head sub-triangular; sides oblique, faintly 
emarginate; clypeus armed with two flattened reflexed 
spines near the apex; two rather prominent tubercles on 
the frontis, one on either side of the center; on the ver- 
tex a transverse, smooth elevation; all the other surface 
closely rugose-punctate. Prothorax wider than long, 
narrow in front; front margin deeply emarginate with 
angles prominent; sides gently rounded, increasing 
backwards till nearing the hinder angles which are gently 
rounded; all round there is a clean cut edge except at the 
the base where the feeble bisinuations interfere; disc 
very convex, highly polished: the usual central tubercle 
just behind the front margin and rising in front of the 
usual dorsal depression having a rugulose surface; a twin 
depression or indent a little in from the hinder an- 
gles; remainder having the shallowest kind of punctures, 
strongest at the front angles and along the sides near the 
margins, but nearly obsolete on the central area and at 
the base near the hind margin. Elytra rather wider than 
the thorax at their juncture; sides nearly straight; a 
slight sinuation behind the humeral angle; base emar- 
ginate; humeral angles prominent, impunctate, shining; 
margin extending to the apex where it becomes very nar- 
row, but boldly encircling the humeral angles; a broken 
sutural stria defined at apex, but not reaching the scutel- 
lum; the basal, scutella and sutural area reaching to and 


including the apical umbones highly polished, represent- 
2p Ser., Vor. IIL. April 23, 1891, 


98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ing a third of the entire discal space; geminate series of 
striae, faintly impressed with quadrate punctures. Py- 
gidum much wider than long; obscurely punctate, each 
puncture bearing a short hair. Abdomen with reddish 
hair on the outer ends of segments; the anal segment 
bearing a complete fringe of stout reddish bristle-like 
hair. Legs short and robust; anterior tibie strongly 
tridentate, the teeth being deep black: spines of the legs 
dusky, otherwise chestnut. Length, 24 mm.; width, 7 
mm. 

Occurs at San José del Cabo, Lower California. 

This fine insect belongs to the Pentodontes group of the 
tribe Dynastine, and was taken with several others by Mr. 
Walter Bryant during one of the tours of exploration sent 
out annually by the California Academy of Sciences for 
the purpose of bringing to light the faunal and floral 
riches of Lower California. Among the collection are 
many of the fine and well known species of Coleoptera. 
Besides this one there are three others that are new to 
science, and Mr. Chas. Fuchs who is arranging them 
suspects there are more that will turn out to be new. 

This new species, Z. Lryantz, is easily separated from 
the others of the genus by bearing a higher polish, by 
being longer and more convex. 


ON LAND AND FRESH WATER SHELLS OF LOWER 
CALIFORNIA. | 


BY J. G. COOPER, M. D. 


The long, mostly arid and barren peninsula lying chiefly 
between the latitudes of 23° and 32° 30’ resembles Florida 
in barely reaching into the tropics, though, on account of 
the mountainous character of its interior, only a very 
narrow strip around the southern and eastern shores may 
be supposed to be entirely free from frosts. 

It differs, however, from all the States of the Union, 
and also of tropical America in the comparatively scanty 
rainfall which only approaches abundance to the south 
of latitude 28° as summer rains, and from 28° to 33° as 
winter rains, most abundant on the highest and most 
northern regions. Some of the mountains northward are 
said to rise to over 10,000 feet elevation. Those of the 
southern half do not rise above 8,000 as far as known. 

The influence of these climatic conditions on the mol- 
lusca is shown by the fact that in Florida more than 50 
species of terrestrial mollusca occur; in the intermediate 
State of Texas are over 40, while on the peninsula not 
more than 24 have been discovered. It is probable, how- 
ever, that several Californian species will yet be found 
to extend along the mountain summits farther south than 
yet known, only three species being so far discovered to 
inhabit the regions on both sides of the boundary line. 

The remaining species are of more tropical groups 
and mostly peculiar to the peninsula. Only two or three 
occur also on the main land of Mexico, but what is most 
remarkable, two species occur also in the similar arid re- 
gions of western South America and nowhere in the in- 
tervening moist tropical regions. Their supposed migra- 


2p SeR., Vou. III. April 23, 1891. 


IO0O CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


tion or transportation from one region to the other has 
not been explained, but the aid of birds as carriers of 
their eggs attached to their feet seems the most probable 
explanation. For full lists and remarks on these regional 
groups of species I must refer to W. G. Binney’s works. 
My object now is merely to refer to them as showing that 
although many novelties cannot be expected, the most 
productive regions near the south coast having been much 
explored, still there is a large field yet to be visited which 
may contain new forms. The scarcity of lime seems to 
be one reason for absence of mollusca in many places. 

Mr. Bryant on former collecting trips obtained many 
of the more northern species. The present small col- 
lection picked up as they accidentally occurred between 
Cape St. Lucas and La Paz, in the extreme south end of 
the peninsula, shows both the narrow range of some 
species and how they may be overlooked unless specially 
searched for. 

At Cape St. Lucas and for 100 miles north, the large 
and important collection of Mr. J. Xantus was made 
in 1860-61, which furnished four new species of Bu- 
/imulus, besides the two South American forms. Two 
others from towards La Paz are also contained in the 
Academy collection. The Xantus’ collection was made 
during about two years’ residence, and extended to Mag- 
dalena Bay, but he gives also B. proteus Brod., B. arte- 
mista and B. xantust Binn., as trom Cape St. Lucas. 

Mr. J. Xantus (de Vesey) was employed by the U. S. 
Coast Survey for 18 months, ending July, 1861, as tidal 
observer at the Cape in 1859-1861, and from the nature 
of his duties was not permitted to go a day’s journey 
from his post. He claimed in his letters to have gone 350 
miles up the west coast, and also to have visited the high 
mountains about 100 miles inland, besides La Paz, Mag- 


LOWER CALIFORNIAN SHELLS. IOI 


dalena Bay, etc. The large collections he obtained were 
all credited to Lower California and Socorro Islands, but 
there is a strong suspicion among naturalists that many of 
them were brought there from the coast of Mexico by 
vessels and sold to him as being from the peninsula. In 
this way only can the absence of many of his species 
from later collections be accounted for. He afterwards 
collected on the Mexican coast,and may have mixed 
localities. 
SPECIES COLLECTED. 


Butimutus (MESEMBRINUS) PALLIDIOR Sowerby.— 
Chile hicmreheex. collz or ii. Cuming. ~* Lower Cal- 
ifornia for 350 miles north,’’ W. G. Binney, from Xantus 
coll. and fide P. P. Carpenter, who however quotes it 
from San Diego also. It is not confirmed as found for 
300 miles south of the boundary. The occurrence of 
this and #&. froteus, also reported from Lower California 
as well as Peru or Chili, is made more interesting by the 
similar occurrence of several plants in both regions which 
are not found anywhere between. 

B. (M:) =xcensus Gould. “‘LaPaz” Xantus. ~ Also 
found in that vicinity by L. Belding. 

B. (M.) InscENDENS W. G. Binney, subsp. BRYANTI 
J.(G. Cy Onmtdry mountains’ 800 to 1,000: ft: high, be- 
tween Cape St. Lucas and Margarita Bay, also for 
three hundred and fifty miles farther north, climbing 
high Copal trees, never found on the low-lands or table- 
lands ** Yantus. Mouth very obliquely expanded, so 
that the last whorl seems from above to diverge 45° 
from the axis. of shell. Near San José del Cabo, 
twelve miles east of the Cape, Bryant. There seems to 
be no other difference from Binney’s figure and descrip- 
tion of this well-marked form. This variation is evidently 
a more developed growth than that of the typical form, 


102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


as the largest examples show it most, the projection be- 
yond the outline of shell being in some 0.45 of an inch. 
It may be analogous to the deflection of upper lip seen 
in many helicoid shells at maturity, and caused by the 
weight of shell becoming too great for the animal to sup- 
port as it did before. This species, in climbing trees has 
to carry the shell constantly growing spirally, until unable 
to do so, when the last half inch takes a nearly straight 
growth. It-may be a form limited to the warmer eastern 
side of the peninsula. 

Mr. Bryant obtained twelve examples of this form, 
two of them living and of a pale brown color, thus prov- 
ing that it is a permanent local variation instead of being 
only an individual deformity. 

B. (Mormus) PILULA W. G. Binney. ‘‘ Todos Santos 
and Margarita Island’’ antus, or 120 miles up the west 
coast. San José del Cabo, Bryant. 

A. (Morus) suFFLATUS Gould. ‘* Lower Cal.’’ San 
José del Cabo to La Paz, Bryant. Not found by Xantus. 

RHODEA CALIFORNICA Pfeiffer, subsp. ? RAMENTOSA 
J. G. C. The only specimen found is a dead one, which 
has unfortunately lost some whorls, though there are eight 
remaining. These are flattened cylindrical, very slightly 
tapering, imperforate, sculptured by about twelve fine 
revolving striz cutting obliquely across close-set riblets, 
not parallel to lines of growth, producing a file-like sur- 
face. Length .60, diam. 1.15 inch. It is most probable 
that better specimens will prove this to be a distinct spe- 
cies. The mouth is apparently not fully developed. 
It is very unlike Cy/¢ndrella, etc. 

This is an interesting discovery as probably showing 
the origin of the specific name, though first described 
as from Monterey, Cal., and not lately found north of Bo- 
gota, New Grenada. It only differs from figures and 


LOWER CALIFORNIAN SHELLS. 103 


deseription in’ Bimney-s IL.é FY W-) Shells, p: roo, in 
more slender form and sculpture. The figures there 
given have 10 to 13 whorls. 

PHYSA DIAPHANA Tryon. This common Californian 
species inhabits also a small creek at San José del Cabo, 
Bryant. 

NERITINA PICTA Sowerby. Withthe preceding, and also 
at Todos Santos creek (L. Belding). (Not place of same 
name, now generally called Ensenada, near lat. 32°.) 
Extends to Panama. Neither of these fresh-water shells 
is given in Carpenter’s Catal. of Cape St. Lucas shells. 

The marine species collected by Xantus numbered 361, 
and included all those brought up by the Academy’s col- 
lectors. 


NEW CALIFORNIAN CARICES. 


(Notes on Carex, xv.) 
BY, 2. Ho BATE. 


The following new carices are decribed from collec- 
tions submitted by the California Academy of Sciences: 


CAREX OBNUPTA, 0. sp. 

Intermediate between C. /aciniata, Boott, and C. 
cryptocarpa, Meyer. ‘Tall and slender, 3-4 feet high, 
the culm stiff and sharply rough-angled; pistillate spikes 
about 3, scattered, the lower one or two long-peduncled 
and drooping, the upper short-peduncled or sessile, all 3 
to 5 inches long, evenly and narrowly cylindrical, some- 
what loose at the base, mostly prominently staminate at 
the apex; staminate spikes 2 or 3, considerably or much 
elevated; perigynium flat and orbicular-obovate, ridged 
on the edges, nerveless, usually minutely speckled with 
colored dots, the beak very small and short and minutely 
erose or entire, about the length of and twice or more 
broader than the thin and black-purple white-nerved sharp 


or bluntish scale.—San Mateo Co., Ae/logg; Sierra Ne- 


vada (Donner), Aellogg & Brannan; Fort Point, San 
Francisco, Bolander. 

This species lacks the stiff habit of growth of C. daci- 
niata, as wellas the laciniate scale and toothed, tapering 
perigynium, while the perigynium and short scale are 
wholly different from those of C. cryptocarpa. With 
the exception of the short scales the spikes of C. obnupta 
are very like those of C. crzuzta in appearance. 


CAREX QUADRIFIDA, N. sp. 
C. atrata, Vainn.,; van. erecta,* W. Beott, “Bot. Cali, 
li, 239, at least mostly. 


*(, erecta has been before used in the genus. 


2p SeR., VoL. III, July 3, 191, 


NEW CALIFORNIAN CARICES. 105 


llicd sto. Caw fusca. Ml allt Bod “stitti, 2: to 3>feet 
high, the culm smooth or nearly so; spikes usually 5, 
% to 1% inches long, compact, the lowest one 2 to 4 
inches, remote and short peduncled, the others usually 
shorter or more or less aggregated into a somewhat quad- 
rifid head and sessile, or very nearly so, some of them 
often nearly globular, the terminal one staminate below 
for a-half or third its length; perigynium flat, obovate, 
splashed with purple, but the edges usually hght-colored, 
nerveless, very abruptly rounded into a short and very 
slender erose beak, mostly longer and always broader 
than the purple and white-nerved sharp scale.—Mt. Dana, 
Bolander, 5046; Brewer, 1773. 


Var. LENIS, n. var. 

Usually lower, more slender, the leaves softer and 
more grass-like; perigynium white or nearly so through- 
out, usually minutely pitted, and the spikes shorter, often 
all nearly globular.—olander, 5046; Kellogg & Har- 
ford, 1080; Donner, Kellogg. 


CAREX MONILES buckmi., var: PACIFICA, n. var. 

G. vestcana,, We boot. Bot. Calit., 11,252. 

Leaves broad; spikes thick and short, 1% inches or 
less long; perigynium very thin, strongly few-nerved, 
tapering, shining at maturity, 3 or more times longer than 
the thin and brownish obtuse or muticous scale.—Arewer, 
1654; Donner, Brandegee. 

A careful study of the American and European plants 
convinces me that they are distinct, and that C, vesecarza, 
Linn., does not occur in this country.. C. monzle var. 
Pacifica, to which | have referred all that has been called 
C. vestcarza in this country, differs from C’. ves¢carza, 
among other things, in its much stronger nerved perigy- 
nium which is more tapering in shape, and by its much 


2p Ser., Vou. III. (9) July 3, 1891. 


106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


shorter and blunt scales. This disposition greatly sim- 
plifies the study of our American Vestcarie. C. monile 
is to America what C.. Ves¢carza is to Europe, but prob- 
ably varying into more forms in its great range. Boeckeler 
(Linnea xli, 319) unites C’. monzle with C. veszcarza, but 
there are differences enough to separate them, and their 
union would lead to great confusion. 

I am unable to determine positively from the material 
I have examined if C. monz/e itself occurs in California. 
The Comonzde ot Bot. Calif, 1) 257,48 certainly var, 
colorata Bailey (Bolander, 6211, v. s. Hb. Gray.) Inthe 
collection of the California Academy of Sciences are 
specimens referable to this variety. olander, 6200, 
from the Yosemite, referred by W. Boott. to C. veszcaria 
in Bot. Calif. is somewhat intermediate, but is evidently 
the variety colorata. 


A NEW VOLUTOID SHELL FROM MONTEREY BAY. 
BY jis Ja RIVERS. 


SCAPHELLA (VOLUTA) ARNHEIMI. 

Shell regularly formed, elongate-ovate; body whorl 
more than two-thirds as long as the spire; the spire an 
inch long, and made up of six whorls, the terminal nu- 
cleus being very small, pointed and oblique, which latter 
character places this species in the section Scaphella ot 
Dall. 

Ground color obscure yellow, covered by a layer of 
chalk-like deposit. The body whorl has some coarse 
longitudinal elevations and depressions, remnants of for- 
mer lip extensions, and there are two large patches of dark 
rusty red at a wide interval which do not appear to form 
an interrupted band. The aperture is elegantly formed 
and measures 17g inches long by 7 inch wide; the inner 
lip is regularly outlined on the columella; columella plaits 
four, sharply oblique, the last one strongest, forming a 
prominent ridge parallel to the canal. The upper out- 
lines of the mouth meet ina sharp angie, but the base has 
‘a well defined bifurcation. The whole of the aperture 
and the edge of the outer lip are heavily coated with en- 
amel of a yellowish tint, and rust stained. Size 3% 
inches long and 1% wide. Animal without operculum. 

Dredged in Monterey Bay, California. 


2p SrEr., Vou. III. July 14, 1891. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION OF BAJA 
CALIFORNIA. 


BY T. S. BRANDEGEE. 


By the ‘‘Cape Region ”’ is meant that part of the pen- 
insula south of a line drawn along the northern base of 
the mountains from Todos Santos to La Paz. This re- 
gion 1s mostly hilly or mountainous, with few broad val- 
leys or level areas. The highest peaks are in the central 
portion, and most of them have the appearance of isolated 
cones rising sharply from the rough elevated region sur- 
rounding them. The largest valley is that of the Rio 
San José, which empties into the ocean at San José del 
Cabo. This valley supports several villages, and some 
of its tributary canons are occupied by cattle ranches. 
In fact throughout this region the valleys and cafions, 
however small, are occupied, wherever unfailing water is 
found, by one or more families who irrigate small patches 
of ground, and look after their flocks of goats and their 
cattle. 

The mountain peaks, according to the maps of the 
Coast Survey, reach a height of six thousand feet above 
sea level. Their tops during the rainy season (June—_ 
October) are enveloped in clouds, and thunder storms 
are of frequent occurrence. Running water can be found 
in the larger canons throughout the year, but it usually 
disappears in the sand soon after reaching the foothills. 
The Rio San José contains water during the whole year 
and several species of fresh water fish inhabit it, but in 
most of the water courses, even when twenty or thirty 
miles long, no running water excepting near their sources 
was seen at the close of the rainy season. 

The Tropic of Cancer runs through Todos Santos and 
the climate is necessarily a warm one, but tempered by 


2p SER. VoL. III. July 14, 1891. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 109 


the sea and the high mountains the heat is not so great 
or so enervating as might be expected. Even in midsum- 
mer the nights are moderately cool, and in the winter 
light frosts occasionally occur in the high mountains. 


This mountainous region of the Cape is separated from 
the nearest mountain to the north by a wide extent of level 
country, and the trail from Todos Santos to La Paz passes 
over a district apparently seldom if ever more than a hun- 
dred and fifty feet above the level of the sea. The most 
northern peak of the Cape Region, La Aguja (The 
Needle), 5.900 feet in height, is separated by a distance 
of more than a hundred miles from the nearest of the 
northern high mountains. 

The Cape Region is, therefore, an isolated region of 
mountains of considerable elevation, separated from those 
of the north by nearly two degrees of intervening low- 
land, and from the nearest mainland coast by a hundred 
miles of sea, and the flora of a region thus situated may 
be expected to, and does, show marked differences in 
forms from its nearest neighbors. 

The list of plants given below is mainly the result of 
two trips made by the writer in 1890; the first was in 
January and February from the landing at Magdalena 
Bay, down the coast on horseback to Todos Santos, from 
there making an excursion to the Sierra de la Laguna and 
returning, and thence to La Paz. 

This trip was undertaken at an unfavorable season of 
the year, nearly all the annual plants excepting in irrigated 
fields, or high mountain valleys, having dried up and dis- 
appeared, after the September rains. 

The second trip made in company with Walter E. Bry- 
ant, sent out by the California Academy of Sciences to 
examine the fauna of the region, occupied the months of 
September and October, with San José del Cabo asa 


TO) CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.. 


base of operations. The plants about that place were 
thoroughly collected during September and part of Octo- 
ber, at a season when abundant rains had produced lux- 
uriant growth. From San José a collecting trip was made 
along the eastern base of the mountains and across their 
western spur, through the mining town of Triumfo to 
La Paz. Very little rain had fallen in the region between 
these last places and few additions were, in consequence, 
made to those already found, but during the journey a 
short ‘‘side trip’’ into the higher mountains was made 
from Agua Caliente, and in a few days time the most in- 
teresting portion of the collection was obtained. 

Few and scanty collections of plants from the Cape 
Region have been made previous to these trips, and nearly 
all the species formerly obtained have been re-collected. 

The Cape St. Lucas collection of the Sulphur contained 
less than twenty species; one hundred and twenty-one 
are enumerated by Dr. Gray in the Xantus collection 
made in 1859-60; and a few were collected by W. J. 
Fisher and others connected with the Coast Survey. 

Mr. L. Belding, while engaged in studying the avi- 
fauna in 1885, made a small collection including Vo/zna 
Beldingit and the type of a new Scrophulariaceous ge- 
nus, Clevelandia; and Dr. Palmer during the time of the 
writer’s Todos Santos trip made a collection of a hundred 
and fifty species at La Paz. 

The Flora of the coast is subtropical, and a consider- 
able proportion West Indian, many of the plants perhaps 
introduced; that of the elevated regions is largely So- 
noran. ; 

1. CLEMATIS, sp. Common in the hedges of irrigated 
fields and damp localities, between Miraflores and Tri- 
umfo. One plant only was found in bloom and that bore 
staminate flowers. It may be Clematzs Drummondi T. 


a 1G. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. VW ibai 


2. THALICTRUM, sp. Found with remains of mature 
fruit which somewhat resembles that of 7. /lernandezz7. 
Common in wet places about the mountain tops. It is 
probably an undescribed species. 

3. Ranuncutus, sp. Past flowering and with only a 
single mature seed. The radical leaves are long-petioled, 
entire, round-reniform and doubly serrate, the heads ap- 
parently small.—Damp places on the summits of the high 
mountains. 


4. ARGEMONE Mexicana L.—Todos Santos, La Paz, 
San José del Cabo. 


5. NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE R. Br.—Streams of the 
Sierra de la Laguna. 


6. SISYMBRIUM CRENATUM.—Annual, glabrous, %-1 
m. high, branching above: lower leaves triangular-acu- 
minate, entire or sinuate-dentate, cuneate at base, 2-4 
cm. long on petioles of nearly the same length, upper 
leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly dentate; ra- 
cemes T4edm-= lone; sepals greenish, the outer ones 
convex and saccate at base; petals white 5-6 mm. long, 
spatulate in outline, about 9-lobed, shortly clawed and 
twice exceeding the sepals; filaments subulate, tomentose 
at base much shorter than the petals; stigma capitate; 
pod cylindrical, short stipitate, very slender, about ro 
mm. long, equaling the pedicel, 8-14 seeded; valves in- 
distinctly 1-nerved, seeds in one row, oblong, cylindrical; 
cotyledons broad, incumbent somewhat enfolding the 
radicle. 

: This plant differs from the genus in which it is 
placed by having lobed petals, a peculiarity not common 
in Cruciferee. Although the genus Dryopetalum rests 
mainly upon its lobed petals and this character is a dis- 
tinguishing one of Schizopetalon it does not seem best to 
make a new genus for this plant, even though slght 


T12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


characters have great weight in the order.—Common at 
low elevations of the Sierra de la Laguna. 

7. CARDAMINE PALMERI Watson. Collected by Dr. 
Palmer at La Paz. 

8. LyrocarpA XaAntTr Brandegee.—Throughout the 
whole Cape Region at low elevations. 

g., Leripium niTipumM Nutt. Sierra de San Francis- 
quito. 

10. Lerpipium Vireinicum L. Sierra de San Fran- 
cisquito. 

11. ATAMISQUEA EMARGINATA Miers. Not so abun- 
dant as in the region about San Gregorio. 

Some specimens have recently been received from Dr. 
Be Kurtz, Cordoba, Arsentine” Republic.) Ele: writes: 
‘‘T enclose two specimens of our A/amzsguea—the most 
detestable shrub I know —brittle like glass and ill-smell- 
ing.’ The differences in floral structure noted in Proc. 
Cal. Acad., ser. 2, ii, 128, may to some appear sufficient 
to justify the separation of the North American forms as 
a variety or even a distinct species. 

12. CLEOME (PHYSOSTEMON) EPHEMERA. — Annual, 
glabrous, erect, branching from the base, 2-3 dm. 
high; leaves simple, linear, acuminate, 2-3 cm. long; 
flowers solitary from the upper axils, yellow, 5 mm. long; 
petals oval, tapering to the base, crenate-dentate, twice 
longer than the linear-lanceolate sepals; stamens 8, four 
perfect, four with golden yellow inflations below the sterile 
anthers; ovary very shortly stipitate, 20-ovuled; style 
short, stigma capitate; capsule 2 mm. wide, 2-2% cm. 


long, on a filiform pedicel of nearly the same length; 


5? 
seeds muricate. 

Very abundant about San José del Cabo during the 
rainy season and soon disappearing when the soil becomes 


dry. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. It 1023 


13. CLEOME TENUIS Watson. The leaves, differing 
from the five-leaved forms of Guaymas, are usually near- 
ly all trifoliolate.—San José del Cabo. 


14. WISLIZENIA REFRACTA Engelm. Very abundant 
on the saline flats about La Paz. 


15. HrLIANTHEMUM GLOMERATUM Lag. High mount- 
ains of the Sierra de la Laguna. 

16. LeEcHEA Drummonpi T. & G.?—Summits of the 
high mountains of the interior. Stamens 3; outer sepals 
longer than the capsule. 


17. IONIDIUM FRUTICULOSUM Benth. Perennial.—To- 
dos Santos, La Paz, San José del Cabo. 


18. lIonipIuM RIPARIUM HBK. Annual, puberulent; 
flowers solitary, ochroleucous; petals nearly equal.— 
Common about San José del Cabo. 


19. AMOREUXIA WriGHTII Gray. Single specimen 
3% dm. high with perfectly ripe fruit. Capsules 50-55 
cm. long, pubescent with many longitudital veins, which 
are prominent internally; the whole plant marked by 
minute red often linear puncte. Capsule much more 
acuminate than in the published plate, pl. Wright 3. The 
stout somewhat sigmoid peduncle is deflexed; the ovules, 
of which very many are abortive, are in several rows in 
each cell; the seeds exactly globular, about 5 mm. in 
diameter, dark brown, the arillitorm outer covering 
minutely wrinkled, closely conformed, sparsely covered 
with white hairs, and marked by a linear elevated raphe 
which extends from the micropyle to the chalaza, % the cir- 
cumference of the seed; the testa is smooth and shining, 
thick and hard, perforated at the micropyle, the opening 
filled by a conical obturator, brown tipped with white, 
nearly r mm. long, visible as a white spot on the surface ; 
teomen light brown, not separable from the endosperm. 


I14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


20. PoLtyGALA BERLANDIERI Watson.—Sierra de San 
Francisquito. 

21. | PoLYGaADA —anar Gray.—Todos Santos, San 
José del Cabo. Zoe i, 271. 


2 


WN 


PoLYGALA PUBERULA Gray.—Collected by Xan- 
bse. Proc, Am, Acad.iv, t54- 


23. PoLyGALA ApopETALA Brandegee.—San Barto- 
lomé Canon, Sierra de la Laguna. Zoe i, 4. 

24. IKRAMERIA CANESCENS Gray, var. pauciflora Rose. 
Contr. U. S. Herb. iii, 66.—Abundant between Todos 
Santos and La Paz. 


25. KRAMERIA PARviFOLIA Benth.—San José del 
Cabo. 


26. SILENE LACINIATA Cay. ‘A form with broad ob- 
lanceolate lower leaves and the outer divisions ot the 
limb much smaller than the inner. The scales are broad 
and more or less lobed.—Sierra de la Laguna, Sierra de 
San Francisquito. 


27. STELLARIA CusPIDATA Willd.—At high altitudes 
along streams of the Sierra de la Laguna. Considered 
a synonym of S. xemorum L. in Biolog. Central. Mex. 
68. 

28. ARENARIA ALSINOIDES Willd. Forms with and 
without petals.—High altitudes of the mountains. 


29. Sacina Linn Presl.—Sierra de la Laguna. 
30. DRYMARIA ARENARIOIDES Willd. mentioned by 


Dr. Gray under D. frankeniotdes,* was collected by 
Xantus at the Cape. 


31. DryMarIA HOLOsTEOIDESt Benth. San José del 
Cabo. 


* Proc. Am. Acad. v, 154. + Zoe 1i, 68-70. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. ELS 


32. DRyYMARIA CRASSIFOLIAT Benth.—San José del 
Gabo, a, Paz. 

33. DryMarRIA FENDLERI Watson.— Sierra de la 
Laguna. 

34. DRYMARIA CARINATA Brandegee, Zoe il, 70.— 
Sierra de la Laguna. 

35. DRYMARIA POLYSTACHYA Brandegee, Zoe ii, 70. 
San José del Cabo. 


36. PARONYCHIA MONANDRA. Perennial, prostrate; 
branches 3-5 mm. long, with short lateral crowded branch- 
lets: leaves opposite linear, pubescent, narrowed at base 
and setosely acuminate; stipules ovate-acuminate, ciliate, 
nearly as long as the leaves: perianth pedicellate, pubes- 
cent, segments oblong linear, somewhat cucullate, with 
a minute dorsal spine: stamen solitary; filament very 
short, subulate; staminodia none: stigma very short, 
minutely 2-lobed; seed globose, large; testa smooth; fu- 
nicle long; radicle lateral. 

This plant bears a very considerable resemblance to 
the familiar Pentacena ramosissima. In the number of 
stamens it does not agree generically with Paronychia 
and the position of the radicle is unusual, but it seems 
better to place it here than on such slight grounds make 
anew genus. 

37. PORTULACA OLERACEA L.—growing in the gar- 
dens about San José del Cabo and in the gulches during 
the rainy season. 

38. PorRTULACA LANCEOLATA Engelm.—Not uncom- 
mon on the mesas and hills about San José del Cabo 
during the rainy season. It is usually erect and the color 
and size of the flowers are variable. The petals are 


t+Zoe ii, 68-70. Dr. Sereno Watson has since written me that a part of 
the type in the Harvard Herbarium is as pubescent as the preceding species. 


116 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


usually brick red at their edges, becoming yellow in the 
Center 


39. PorTULACA STELLIFORMIS, Mocino & Sesse. The 
size of the flowers is very variable, they are commonly 
about three-quarters of an inch in diameter.—San José 
del Cabo and La Paz, growing upon hillsides. 


40. PORTULACA PILOSA, L.—Petals small, purple and 
mucronate, not retuse as described by Dr. Gray, other- 
wise it seems to agree with the descriptions and speci- 
mens of this species. This plant is very abundant in 
sandy soil throughout the Cape Region. 


41. PORTULACA PARVULA, Gray. Petals small, yel- 
low.—Common in the region about Agua Caliente. 

42. ‘TALINUM TRIANGULARE W.? In the shade of 
cliffs near Miraflores. 

43. TaLtinum PATENS Willd.? Flowers purple with 
yellow center, in ample paniculate racemes; the root 
is tuberiform, 2-3 cm. thick and 8-10 cm. long.—Com- 
mon in the hills about San José del Cabo. 

44. FouquiERiA spinosa Torr. Throughout the 
whole region excepting the high mountains. 

45. HYPERICUM ANAGALLOIDES Cham. & Schlecht.— 
Sierra de la Laguna. 

46. Hypericum, sp. A perennial species common in 
the high mountains. 

47. ANODA ACERIFOLIA DC.—Miraflores. 

48. ANODA LANCEOLATA H. & A. Agreeing suffi- 
ciently well with this species. Flowers yellow with purple 
centers.—Sierras of the interior. 

49. ANODA CRENATIFLORA Ort.? This seems to be 
the same as the plant collected at Comondu and doubt- 
fully referred to A. crenatifora. The pubescence and 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. JE 0Y/ 


structure of the fruit is exactly that of the northern forms, 
but the plants are much larger and afford great varia- 
tions in the leaves, some of which are cordate at base, 
to cm. long and 8 cm. wide, irregularly dentate, more or 
less 3-5 lobed. The upper ones are divided nearly to the 
base and the uppermost narrowly linear. — Common 


about San José del Cabo. 


50. SIDA HEDERACEA Torr.—San José del Cabo. 

51. SipA Xantr Gray.—Common, Todos Santos, La 
Paz, San José del Cabo. 

52. SiIpA pbiIFFUSA HBK. _ Entirely without pilose 
hairs, but apparently otherwise the same.—Miraflores. 

53. SIDA RHOMBIFOLIA L.—Todos Santos, San José 
del Cabo. Common in cultivated fields. 


54. ABUTILON INCANUM Don.—San José del Cabo, 
La Paz, Todos Santos. 


55. AsuTILON PaLMERI Gray.—La Paz, Todos San- 
tos. 


56. ABuTILON CALIFORNICUM Benth.—San José del 


Cabo. 


57. ABUTILON XANTI Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 
301. A fine large species abundant between San José 
del Cabo and Triumfo. The color of the flowers in the 
living plants is so light a yellow as to appear almost white, 
but in the dried specimens it changes to a decided yellow. 
The stems are simple and in some locations become 10- 
12 feet tall, with leaves six inches wide and eight inches 
long on petioles half a foot in length. The seeds are 
scabrous. 


58. ABUTILON CRIsPUM Don. Fine large plants grow- 
ing about the cultivated fields of San José del Cabo. 


59. SPHA4SRALCEA INCANA Torr.’ In flower only and 


118 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


doubtless the same as the one referred to this species by 
Dr. Gray in the list of the Xantus collection. 


60. SPHARALCEA CALIFORNICA Rose. Contribution 
U.S. Herb. iii, 66.—La Paz. Except in damp soil and 
low lands the plants are small and soon disappear. 


61. KosTELETZKYA CoULTERI Gray. San José del 
Cabo. Only a single plant seen, the flowers become 
green in drying, seeds pubescent with simple hooked 
hairs. The species are apparently all very nearly related. 


62. Hrsiscus CouLTEerR1I Gray.—San José del Cabo, 
La Paz. 


63. Hrpiscus rR1ipiroLtius Gray. This species grows 
to a height of eight feet; the flowers larger than those of 
Hf, Coulter? are sulphur yellow in color; the leaves and 
stems are either glabrous or pubescent; the petals are 
sparingly stellate-pubescent, and variable in form.—To- 
dos Santos, San José del Cabo. 


64. Gossypium Davipsoni Kellogg. 
Cabo. 


65. GOSSYPIUM, sp. 
from cultivation at San José del Cabo. 


San José del 


A cultivated species escaped 


66. HorsrorpiA PALMERI Watson.—La Paz, San 
Pedro. 


67. HoRSFORDIA ROTUNDIFOLIA Watson. AH. Purz- 


seme Brandegee, is probably the same. Zoe i, 253.—La 
Paz. 


68. HERMANNIA PALMERI Rose.—Common. La Paz, 
Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. 


69. MELocHIA TOMENTOSA L. Common everywhere 
except in the mountains. 


70. MELOCHIA PYRAMIDATA L.—Triumfo. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 11g 


71. ~WALTHERIA DETONSA Gray.—Todos Santos, San 
José del Cabo. 


72. SAVENTA PUSILLA Ler" San José del'Cabo. ~ The 
same as the plant collected about Magdalena Bay. 
73. AYENIA BERLANDIERI Watson. San José del 


Cabo. 


74. TRIUMFETTA SEMITRILOLA L.—Santa Catarina, 
Miraflores. 


75. MavpigHiA GALEOTTIANA Ad. Juss.? ‘‘ Manza- 
nita.”” A bush common about San José del Cabo. 


76. GALPHIMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA Beth var.—San José 
del Cabo, La Paz. 


77. JANUSIA CALIFORNICA Benth.—San José del 
Cabo, lavage: 


78. "TRIBULUS GRANDIFLORUS Benth. & Hook.—Com- 
mon about San José del Cabo. 


79. . TRrBuLUS MAxImus L. Rancho Colorado, San 
José del Cabo. 

80. TRisuLus CALIFoRNICUS Watson.—Very abun- 
dant about San José del Cabo. 


81. FacontiA CALIFORNICA Benth.—San José del 
Cabo. Not common. 


82. LARREA MeErxicANaA Moric.—Todos Santos, La 


Raz. 


83. Guaicum sAncTuM L.? A small bush, its leaves 
having only one or two pairs of oblique, mucronate leaf- 
lets. The flowers are blue and the fruit usually mucro- 
nate.—Not common. San José del Cabo. 


84. VISCAINOA GENICULATA (Kell.) Not so abun- 
dant as in the region about San Ignacio and no pinnate- 
leaved forms like those in the central, have been seen in 
the Cape Region.—La Paz, Todos Santos, San José del 
Cabo. 


I20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Engler in Pflanzenfamilien ii Teil, Abt. 4, 88, de- 
scribes Viscainoa as 5-merous. In this. he is certainly 
in error, or misled by an unusual example. The notices 
im Proc. Cal. Acad., ser, 2,1, 228 and, 137, drawn irom 
abundant material, have apparently been overlooked. 
The flowers though varying from 3-6 are ordinarily 4— 
merous, the stamens nearly always 8. The leaves vary 


~ 


from 1 to 5-foliolate. 

85. GERANIUM CAROLINIANUM L.—Sierra de la La- 
guna. 

86. OXALIS CORNICULITA L.—Common in the high 
mountain regions. 

87. XANTHOXYLUM Facara (L.) Miraflores, Sierra 
de la Laguna. 

88. XMANTHOXYLUM CaARIB&uUM Lam.? Some of the 
specimens are spinose. The young growth is pubes- 
cent.—Not uncommon. San José del Cabo, San Barthol- 
omé, Sierra de la Laguna. 

89. ESENBECKIA FLAVA Brandegee. Zoe 1, 378, pl. 
xe 

go. CASTELA TORTUOSA Liebm. Very abundant 
near the coast throughout the whole region. The male 
flowers are not sessile, but are more shortly pedicellate 
than the female; the anthers are 6—10, usually 8. The 
style falls as a whole, and the branches are united at the 
base—at least in most cases. 

gt. BURSERA FAGARIOIDES Engler. £&. odorata, Bran- 
degee. Common throughout the whole region. Speci- 
mens from San José del Cabo have leaves with either 
crenate or entire margins. 

92. BuRSERA MICROPHYLLA Gray. Very abundant 
between Santiago and Buena Vista near the sea shore, 
and more or less abundant everywhere except on the high 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. I21 


mountains. About Buena Vista the bark has been cut 
from the trunks and larger limbs of the trees and exported 
for tanning purposes. The trees do not die, for the cut- 
ting is not deep enough and the bark is not completely 
removed. 


93. Bursera HinpsiAna (Benth.)— San José del 
Cabo. Forms with simple leaves only. 

94. BuRSERA LAXIFLORA Watson. This seems to be 
one of the most variable species in regard to its foliage 
and but for the forms from San José del Cabo that ap- 
proach so closely &. laxiflora collected at Guaymas by 
Dr. Palmer, it would be considered a distinct species. 
The bushes near La Paz growing upon the low sand 
beach opposite the town bear simply pinnate, densely 
white-pubescent small leaves; trees from the interior and 
Todos Santos have large, sometimes very pubescent 
leaves, with the larger ones more or less doubly pinnate. 
The Cape specimens have longer and narrower leaves, 
with the leaflets more distant and appear to be the same 
as Dr. Palmer’s Guaymas specimens; they are not as 
handsome as the more northern forms with pubescent 
fern-like leaves. An acquaintance with this tree through- 
out a large extent of country convinces me that the forms 
belong to one species. It is found as far northward 
the low region opposite Santa Margarita Island. 


95. BuRSERA CERASIFOLIA. A bush or small tree, 4-5 
m. high, branched from the base, glabrous; leaves simple, 
sessile, crowded at the ends of the branchlets, ovate- 
lanceolate, 4-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, slightly crenate, 
thin in texture, with numerous veins nearly at right an- 
eles with the midrib; peduncles apparently terminal but 
really from the axils of the leaves, slender and exceeding 
them, 1-3 flowered; sepals 4, unequal, subulate or del- 

2p SErR., VOL. III. (10 ) July 17, 1891. 


122 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


toid, 1 mm. long, % the length of the petals; stamens 8; 
fruit obovate, narrowed at base, 6 mm. long; seed black 
at top covered below with an orange colored arillus.—San 
José del Cabo. 


96. Scua@priA CALiFoRNICA Brandegee. Not so 
abundant as about San Gregorio. 


97. MAyYTENUS PHYLLANTHOIDES Benth.—La Paz, 
San José del Cabo. 


98. Karwinskid HuMBoLpTIANA Zucc. Common. 
La Paz, Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. 


99. COLUBRINA GLABRA Watson.—San José del Cabo. 


100. ConpALIA MExIcANnA Schl.—Not uncommon. 


I0o1. GOUANIA TOMENTOSA Jacq.? Probably this 
species. The specimens vary much in their pubescence 
and the leaves are cordate or cuneate at base, acuminate 
or emarginate. The fruit is densely villous-pubescent 
and its wing hardly equals the cell in width, but it is 
somewhat immature and they might increase in size. —San 


José del Cabo. 


102. Viris, sp. Leaves only of a species common in 
the mountains. The fruit is used for making a native 
wine. 

103. Viris (Czssus) Aactpa.? Todos Santos: 

104. VuiTis (Czssus) sp. Miraflores. 

105. CARDIOSPERMUM HaxuicacaBum L. Common at 
low elevations, and running into many diversities of foli- 
age, pubescence and trivial differences of petal scales 
and glands. 

105%. CARDIOSPERMUM PALMERI Rose. La Paz, and 
also from Socorro Island.* C’. Loxense to which it is said 


Seroc Ua se Nat. wlus epsxciueel aye 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 10g: 
to be allied was reduced by Grisebachft along with C. 
molle and others to C. Halicacabum. 


106. PAULLINIA TORTUOSA (Benth., under Cardzosper- 
mum). Zoe, ii, 74. This plant is a Paullinia, having 5 
sepals, four glands and a septicidal capsule, nearly filled 
by the large seed; arillus deeply crescentic; leaves deep- 
ly impressed over the veinlets on the under surface, and 
minutely papillose on the upper. The two anterior glands 
are conical, lobes of the stigma elongated. 


107. PauiuiniA, sp. A much stiffer plant with ter- 
nate leaves more or less punctate and impressed in lines; 
terminal leaflet much the larger, all 3-lobed and more or 
less crenate-dentate; arillus lunate; fruit nearly as in the 
last. The flowers are somewhat smaller and the glands 
much less conspicuous, but fuller material is needed to 
determine whether it is specifically distinct.—La Paz, also 
collected (No. 23) by Dr. Palmer at the same place. 


108. PauLiiIntA SonorENsIS Watson? Fruit some- 
what larger than described. The leaves are in texture 
and pubescence much like P. fortuosa, the glands are ob- 
long and rather prominent, seed usually solitary, aril cir- 
cular.—San José del Cabo. 

tog. Pauxiinta, sp. More than one species may be 
embraced in the specimens, which vary from pinnately 
5-foliolate forms with very large leaflets, oval or ovate, 
crenate-dentate, 4-5 dm. long, to others with the lower 
pair 3-parted, and all deeply incised, the pubescence not 
very dense, and the upper surface somewhat punctate- 
scabrous. The capsule is large and pyriform 20-25 mm. 
in diameter rather densely pubescent; seeds usually 2, 
8-13 mm. in diameter, basal area bilobed; peduncles as 
long as the leaves 5-8 dm. long: flowers numerous; glands 


tFlora of the British West Indian Islands, 122. 


124 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


rather small ovate; style stout with 3, minutely bi-lobed 
stigmas.—Miraflores, Agua Caliente, San José del Cabo. 
Possibly an undescribed species but it requires consider- 
able temerity in the present state of the genus to venture 
on naming new species. A single imperfect specimen 
from the seashore at San José del Cabo has smaller, some- 
what coriaceous, almost glabrous leaves. 

110. Dopona viscosA L. Notuncommon. Broader 
leaved than the Chihuahua specimens. 


IIz. RHUS SEMPERVIRENS Scheele. Engler’s Ana- 
cardiacee, 390. A spreading bush, eight feet high.— 
Sierra de la Laguna in fruit. Sierra de San Francis- 
quito in flower. 

112. RHus LAURINA Nutt.—Sierra de San Francis- 
quito. A very small bush and not abundant. 

II3. CYRTOCARPA PROCERA Engler. A small tree, 
common throughout the region, bearing gray-pubescent 
pinnate leaves and a yellow, acid fruit. On some trees 
the fruit is pleasant to the taste and on others bitter and 
disagreeable. The fruit, known as ‘‘ciruela’’ (plum) was 
ripe in August and no young flowers could be found but 
the sepals, petals and stamens persist at the base and 
these agree with. Engler’s figure. The leaves are half 
the size of those described, otherwise there seems to be 
no difference. 


114. CROTALARIA INCANA L. Sierra de la Laguna, 
San José del Cabo. 

I15. CROTALARIA PUMILA Ortega.—San José del 
Cabo. 

116. CROTALARIA SAGITTALIS L.—San José del Cabo 
in the sand of stream beds and common in the Sierra de 
San Francisquito. 


117. Lupinus, sp. A handsome species, the same as 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. I25 


one common in the central part of the peninsula. Abun- 
dant in the high mountains. It may be a form of LZ. Av7- 
ZOntCUS. 

118. Mer.itorus PARvVIFOLIA Desf. San José del 
Cabo. 


I19. TRIFOLIUM INVOLUCRATUM Willd.—Sierra de la 
Laguna. 

120. HosAcKIA GLABRA Torrey.—Sierra de la La- 
guna. 


121. HosackIA RIGIDA Benth. Often prostrate. Ap- 
parently a reduced form of this species. Sierra de la 
Laguna under the pines and oaks. 


122. PsoRALEA RHOMBIFOLIA T. & G. Teeth of the 
calyx more nearly equal than those of Texas specimens 
but otherwise the same.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 


123. Davtrea Emoryr Gray.—Abundant near La Paz. 


124. DALEA MARITIMA. Perennial, branching, nearly 
prostrate, silky pubescent: heads 2-3 cm. long terminat- 
ing the branches or apparently lateral: leaves 2% cm. 
long; leaflets 8-11 pairs, sparingly glandular, 3 mm. 
long, oblong-ovate, stipellate; stipules small subulate: 
calyx 2 mm. long, furnished with large glands, promi- 
nently ribbed, equaling the linear-lanceolate bracts, gla- 
brous excepting the silky-ciliate teeth which are shorter 
than the tube: corolla purple, twice the length of the 
calyx: anthers glandless: ovary and pod glabrous, beset 
by four rows of glands; ovules two. 

Growing in the sand of the ocean beach, just above 
high water mark, at Todos Santos and La Paz. The 
stems and branches of the Todos Santos specimens are 
densely white silky and the numerous black glands so 
conspicuous on the La Paz plants are completely hidden. 
Collected also by Dr. Palmer at La Paz. 


126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


125. DALEA DIVARICATA Benth.—Sierra de la La- 
guna. 

126. DALEA CHRYSORHIZA Gray. Common.—Todos 
Santos, Sierra de la Laguna, San José del Cabo, La Paz. 


127. DALEA RAMOSISSIMA Benth. — Sierra de la La- 
guna. 

128. DALEA CANESCENS Benth. Much less pubes- 
cent than the Magdalena Bay specimens, glands minute 
and sparse, flowers smaller, the vexillum much broader 
than long and somewhat 3-lobed with the middle lobe 
triangular.—La Paz. 

129. Davea, sp. Frutescent, spreading, with stems 
2-3 feet long.—San José del Cabo. 

130. INDIGOFERA AniL L.—Todos Santos, San José 
del Cabo. 


131. INDIGOFERA, sp. Frutescent, four feet tall with 
racemes much longer than the leaves.—San José del 
Cabo. 

132. TEPHROSIA PALMERI Watson.—About San José 
del Cabo the flowers are ochroleucous. 7. Purisieme 
Brandegee, described from more northern forms having 
purple flowers, is probably this species. 


133. TEPHROSIA TENELLA Gray.—La Paz, San José 
del Cabo. 


134. ‘TEPHROSIA CONSTRICTA Watson.—San José del 
Cabo. 


135. ‘TEPHROSIA CANA. Herbaceous trom a woody 
base, 6-9 dm. high, whole plant appressed silvery pubes- 
cent: leaves 8-15 cm. long; stipules deflexed, rigid but 
not spinescent; leaflets 5-8 pairs, 3-8 cm. long, oblong 
elliptic, veins parallel, petiolules bent angularly: racemes 
elongated, naked below terminal or axillary: pedicels 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. EZ 


~I 


shorter than the flowers, bracteate at base, and with two 
broad bracteoles at summit: calyx broadly campanulate 
6-8 mm. long, the broad acuminate lobes twice the length 
of the tube, the two upper high-connate: corolla more 
than twice the length of the ochroleucous or sometimes 
purplish corolla: vexillary stamen tree for its whole length 
even in the bud, with a prominent angular callosity near 
the base; anthers uniform: style flattened bearded on the 
upper side, penicillate at apex: pod flattened 6-8 cm. 
long, 4 mm. wide: seeds oblong, flattened, 5 mm. long, 
3 mm. wide; cotyledons of the solitary perfect one deeply 
constricted at the middle; radicle incurved, half their 
length. High Sierras—Sierra de la Laguna and Sierra 
de San Francisquito. 

136. COURSETIA GLANDULOSA Gray. — Miraflores, 
LaPaz. 

137. _CraccaA Epwarpsir Gray.— Miraflores, San 
Pedro, Sierra de la Laguna. The mountain plants are 
about a foot high, and bear small very silky pubescent 
leaves: the Miraflores plants are three feet high, with the 
old leaves nearly glabrous, almost an inch long and pods 
two to three inches long, 24-seeded. 


138. SESBANIA MACROCARPA Muhl.—Rancho Salado, 
and very abundant about San José del Cabo. 


139. AsTRALAGUS, sp. Differing from A. odscurus, 
Watson, very slightly; the habit is more prostrate, the 
stipules more foliaceous and the keel a little more beaked. 
As it seems to grow only about the two deserted ranches 
of the high mountains it is probably an introduced plant. 
Sierra de la Laguna, Sierra de San Francisquito. 

140. NissoLia sETosA. A branching vine, 3-4 mm. 
high, supported or twining on small trees, sparingly hir- 
sute: leaflets 5, orbicular, obtuse or retuse, mucronate, 


128 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


1-2 cm. long, on petiolules 2 mm. long, glabrous; stipules 
linear 3-4 mm. long, persistent: flowers 4 mm. long, 
dark yellow; calyx teeth longer than the tube, 3 mm. in 
length including the terminal, long, yellowish, bristly 
awn: fruit 1-2 jointed, pubescent and sparingly beset 
with long yellow bristles which are brown and glanduli- 
form at base, the wing slightly curved, 1 cm. long; ped- 
icels 5 mm. long.—Triumfo to San Pedro. 

141. A®SCHYNOMENE NIVEA Brandegee.—Todos San- 
tos, La Paz. 


142. ASCHYNOMENE VIGIL. Shrubby, about 1 m. 
high with white branching stems, whole plant appressed- 
pubescent: leaves not sensitive; pinnz 5-7 pairs, oblong, 
mucronate, 8-12 mm. long, rather rigid; stipules per- 
sistent, lanceolate-acuminate, striate: flowers purple, soli- 
tary or few in the axils; pedicels 7-10 mm. long, sparingly 
covered with hair bearing glands: calyx 2-bracteolate, 
the lower sepal much longer, the other four about equal- 
ing the tube: corolla purple, more than twice the length 
of the calyx: ovary pubescent; legume 2—3-articulate.— 
San José del Cabo. 

143. STYLOSANTHES viscosA Lee.— Common about 
San José del Cabo. 


144. ZORNIA DIPHYLLA Pers. Perennial.—Agua Cal- 
lente, Sierra de San Francisquito. 

145. DeErsmopium Nero-MExicanum Gray. Various 
forms, some with nearly all the leaves simple and broadly 
deltoid. Common.—San José del Cabo, Miraflores. 


146. DESMODIUM SCOPULORUM Watson. —San_ José 
del Cabo. 


147. DEsmMopiuM (HETEROLOMA) PROSTRATUM. Herb- 
aceous, perennial, prostrate; stems 1 m. long covered 


with uncinate hairs: leaves on petioles 5-8 cm. long, 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 129 


pubescent with long white silky hairs; leaflets 3, orbicu- 
lar, mucronate, 3-6 cm. broad, 3%-6% cm. long, the 
lateral one truncate at base, the terminal one somewhat 
larger and cuneate at base: stipules persistent, large, 
overlapping at base, acuminate, 10-18 mm. long, 5-8 
mm. wide at base; stipels lanceolate, 8 mm. long: ra- 
cemes axillary and terminal: calyx lobes deltoid -lanceo- 
late: corolla purple, 10-12 mm. long: bracts soon decid- 
uous, broadly ovate, rather abruptly acuminate, 5-6 mm. 
long: pod 2% cm. long, 5-6 jointed, lobed slightly upon 
the ventral side and to the center on the dorsal, thickly 
beset with short uncinate yellowish hairs. 

A common species at high elevations in the mountains. 
The prostrate stems spread in all directions from a per- 
ennial root; the leaflets are crowded at the end of the 
petiole, the stipe of the terminal one being only 1 cm. 
long. It somewhat resembles D. strodbzlaceum. 

148. DeEsmMopiuM scorPiuRUS Desv.— Probably in- 
troduced.—San José del Cabo. 

149. Desmopium WIsLizENI Engelm. Old specimens 
without fruit from the Sierra de la Laguna. 

150. DErEsSMODIUM SPIRALE DC.—Miraflores. 

151. DeEsmMopiuM, sp. Santa Catarina. 

152. DEsmMopiIuM, sp. Sierra de San Francisquito. 

153. DeEsmopiuM, sp. Sierra de San Francisquito. 
154. DeEsmopium, sp. Miraflores. 

55. DeEsmopium, sp. Miraflores. 

156. CriroriA Mariana L.—Sierra de San Fran- 
cisquito. 

157. ERYTHRINA CORALLODENDRON L. In fruit only 
and the species uncertain. A small tree common about 
San José del Cabo and Todos Santos. Known as ‘* co- 
ralina.”’ ‘The boys play with the large red seeds in the 


130 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


same manner that the boys of Alta California do with the 
seeds of Megarrhiza, and they call them by the same name: 
‘*chilacayote.”’ 


158. GALACTIA TENUIFLORA Willd.—Muiraflores. 
159. PHASEOLUS, sp.—Fields at Miraflores. 


160. PHASEOLUS FILIFORMIS Benth.—San José del 


Cabo. 
161. PHASEOLUS ATROPURPUREUS DC. Common. 


162. PHASEOLUS MONTANUS. Annual, twining; stems 
¥% m. long, minutely retrorsely scabrous: petiole shorter 
than the leaflets; leaflets linear-lanceolate, rugosely vein- 
ed, scabrous, the terminal one 6 cm. long or less, 4 mm. 
wide, the lateral ones somewhat smaller; stipules lanceo- 
late, striate, 2 mm. long: peduncles little shorter than 
the leaves, 1-2 flowered: flowers yellow or ochroleucous, 
small: calyx 4-toothed, tube 2 mm. long; teeth deltoid 
17 as long excepting the linear lower one which is nearly 
as long as the tube; bractlets linear, striate, as long as 
the tube: banner broader than long with a short claw: 
wings equalling the banner: free stamen much thickened 
at base and the scales prominent: pod 3-4 cm. long, 
compressed, 5—7 seeded, slightly curved, long-pointed; 
seed flattened, brown, marked with black spots.—Sierra 
de San Francisquito. 


163. RuHyYNCHOSIA MINIMA DC.—Todos Santos, San 
José del Cabo. 


164. Cajanus Inpicus Spreng.? ‘Todos Santos. 


165. CSALPINIA PANNOSA Brandegee. Described 
from small plants collected near Comondu. In the south- 
ern part of the peninsula it is sometimes ten or fifteen 
feet high, and is C. Mexicana var. Californica otf the 
Xantus Collection. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 1A yr 


166. CASSALPINIA PULCHERRIMA Sw. ‘‘ Tabachin.’’ 
In cultivation at San José del Cabo. 


167. CSALPINIA (POMARIA) PLACIDA. Shrubby, 
1-2 m. high, branching trom the base: bark dark brown 
glabrous: pinne a single pair and an odd one; petiole 
I cm. or more long, glandular: leaflets 4-6 pairs, nar- 
rowly oblong, obtuse, crenulate, about 7 mm. long; 
racemes 6-12 cm. long: flowers 10-15 on pedicels 1% 
cm. long or less, jointed above the middle: calyx lobes 6 
mm. long, ovate-obtuse, imbricated in the bud, glandular, 
dark red; petals exceeding the calyx, bright yellow, 
bearing numerous yellow glands upon their lower half: 
stamens 10, hairy below: ovary densely glandular; ovules 
4: pod 4 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, somewhat falcate, bear- 
ing numerous reddish stipitate glands. 

The dark red stipitate glands abound on all parts of the 
inflorescence excepting the petals. It is a very handsome 
species, the bright yellow colored petals contrasting strik- 
ingly with the dark red of the sepals, pedicels and pe- 
duncles. It blossoms in February. Common about La 
Paz and also collected there by Dr. Palmer. 


168. HatMATOXYLON BOREALE Watson.—La Paz, 
Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. 


169. PARKINSONIA. 'TORREYANA Watson.—San José 
del Cabo. 


170. CASSIA BICAPSULARIS L. Introduced.—Todos 
Santos. 


t7P,  CASSIA. (EMARGINATA [L.. ‘* Palo de .Zorillo.”’ 
A small tree common along the base of the mountains. 


172. Cassta vILLosA Mill.—San José del Cabo to San 
Bartolomé. 


173. Cassta Tora L.—Miraflores. 


132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


174. CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS L.—San José del Cabo, 
San Bartolomé. 


175. CAssiIaA NicTIcANS L. Very abundant about San 
José del Cabo. 


176. CasstaA Axssus L.—Muiraflores. 

177. BAUHINIA PORRECTA Sw. Var.? A large bush 
growing abundantly between Santiago and Buena Vista. 
Very near, if not identical with, this West Indian species. 


178. TAamarinous Inpica L.—Common in cultivation 
about San José del Cabo. 


179. PROSOPIS JULIFLORA DC.—La Paz. 
180. NeEpTuUNIA PLENA Benth.—San José del Cabo. 


181. DESMANTHUS FRUTICOSUS Rose. A bush ten 
feet high.—San José del Cabo. 

This must be D. vrgatus of Bot. Sulph. as well as 
of the writer’s previous list, from Magdalena Bay. 

182. DESMANTHUS OLIGOSPERMUS. A prostrate spread- 
ing shrub; stems branching, 2 dm. long; leaves 1% cm. 
long; pinnae 2-4 pairs, a small gland between the lower 
pair; leaflets 8-12 pairs, sparingly pubescent especially 
upon the margins, oblique, linear-oblong, I-nerved, 4mm. 
long; stipules semisagittate, rigid; flowers in small heads 
on axillary peduncles, 1% cm. long, 
5-toothed, 1 mm. long; petals 5, 1% mm. long, stamens 


nearly white; calyx 


5, three times longer; bracts of the head stipitate, pel- 
tate, cordate-acuminate, caducous; pod 7 mm. long, 2 
mm. wide, ovate-acuminate, 1-2 seeded, indehiscent:; 
seeds oblique, flat, marked on the sides, smooth; cotyle- 
dons oval-oblong, sagittate at base, the space filled by 
the short radicle. 

Common about San José del Cabo, growing in exposed 
situations. The legumes are nearly always one-seeded 
and the number in the head varies from five to ten. 


PLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. it 2) 24 


183. Mimosa Xanti Gray. A bush 6-10 feet high. 
The leaves are three nerved at base; the legumes are an 
inch or more long, with an elongated linear tip, usually 
3-4 seeded and setose upon the margins, sparingly so 
upon the sides. Very abundant.—San José del Cabo, 
Todos Santos, Sierra de la Laguna. 


184, Mrmosa pistacHya Cav.? A spreading bush 
2-3 mm. high, glabrous; thorns scattered, curved: pinne 4 
pairs, the lowest a third the length of the upper one; 
leaflets on lower pair 1-2, on the upper 3-4, obovate, 
obtuse, apiculate, oblique, 2-3 nerved at base; petaloid 
stamens numerous; legume 3-4 cm. long, setose-hispid 
on the margins and both sides, the valves breaking into 
3-5 joints. It differs from the description and figure 
of JZ. distachya in being entirely glabrous and in the out- 
line of the leaf, and from J/. /avzflora in its setose-hispid 
fruit.—San Jose del Cabo, Todos Santos, La Paz. 


185. Mimosa LAXIFLORA Benth.—Comondu and prob- 
ably at La Paz in flower, the species from the latter 
place uncertain on account of the lack of fruit. 


186. Lruc#NA RETUSA Benth.? A slender shrub 
10-15 feet*high; stems in clusters of several with short 
ascending branches, the flowers borne at the top. In the 
specimens the petiolar gland is just below the lower pin- 
ne; these last are however often absent, but their places of 
attachment are always represented by scars as is the case 
in Dr. Watson’s ZL. /anceolata where, they appear to have 
been small and soon deciduous. 


187. ACACIA FILICINA Willd.—San José del Cabo, 
Todos Santos. 


188. ACACIA AMENTACEA Benth. Differing from 
Pringle’s 2526 of 1889 in having puberulent leaves and 


CA 


pods.—San Gregorio, Comondu.. At. Todos Santos a 


134 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


glabrous form but with narrower leaves than those of 
Pringle’s specimens. 

189. Acacia, sp. Without fruit; stipular spines few 
and minute, leaves small.—Todos Santos to La Paz. 

neo. “Acacra, esp. Ia Baz 

Acacia FARNESIANA Willd—San José del Cabo. 

t9ot. Acacia WricutTir Benth. ‘Collected at La Paz 
by Dr. Palmer. Contr. Nat. ‘Elerb.,. 111,60: 

192. LystLoMaA CANDIDA Brandegee.—San José del 
Cabo, Todos Santos. 


193. LystLloMA MICROPHYLLA Benth. — Mountains 
near San José del Cabo and Todos Santos. 


194. CALLIANDRA CALIFORNICA Benth,— Common 
about San José del Cabo. 


195. CALLIANDRA ERIOPHYLLA Benth. Reported by 
Mr. Rose from La Paz. 


196. CALLIANDRA CouLTERI Watson.—A_ loosely 
branched bush. The long stamens are always drooping 
giving a wilted appearance to the flowers.— Common 
about San José del Cabo. 

197. PiTHECOLOBIUM DULCE Benth.—Todos Santos, 


La Paz, San José del Cabo. 

198. PiTHECOLOBIUM TOoRTUM Mart.? A very hand- 
some small tree with horizontal dark green leaves grow- 
ing at low elevations at San José del Cabo and Todos 
Santos. 

199. PITHECOLOBIUM FLEXICAULE (Benth.) Contr. 
Was. Herb.,; voliins 202.) Dhisis feqetrep ae se alo 
iciorro. of the” Proc: Caleicad... i arsoee le ice ery 
abundant and may have been the Acacza flexicaulis of the 
Xantus Collection. 


200. ALBIZZIA LEBBEK Benth.? This is undoubt- 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 135 


edly the plant of the Xantus Collection noted in Proc. 
Am. Acad., v, 158, as Leucena macrophylla? with the 
remark ‘‘ that from the pod and look of the foliage it may 
be an Albizzia.’’ It was not in bloom at the time of my 
trips to the Cape Region, but very young pods were 
found with remnants of flowers about their base. By 
these old blossoms, it is made certain that the calyx is 
small, the corolla long tubular, the stamens numerous, 
exserted and monadelphous beyond the lobes of the 
- corolla. Mr. Bentham writes, ‘‘In this genus, one to 
three of the central flowers of a head differ from the 
others in having elongated tubular corollas and the stam- 
ineal tube long exserted.”” These elongated flowers may 
be the fertile ones of the head and therefore the ones re- 
maining about the base of the pod. The mature pod 
is exactly that of A. Leddek in Icones Carpologica, and 
the descriptions of the species agree with my specimens. 
Albizzia is not an American genus, but this species has 
been introduced into the West Indies, from which place, 
if this tree is really A. Lebdek, it perhaps came. Several 
old large trees grow on the main street of San José del 
Cabo and their position and arrangement is such that 
they must have been planted. In the broad sandy mouths 
of canons along the base of the mountains at San José 
del Cabo, Miraflores, Agua Caliente and Todos Santos, 
this small tree abounds and seems to be a native, but it 
may have spread from introduced or cultivated trees. 

2042, ERUNUS sAmieInOLIA lib K.) “Proc, Am: Acad, 
xxil, 411. A tree blossoming in January on the Sierra 
de la Laguna. 


i) 


02. Rusus, sp. Glabrous, stems trailing, leaves 
often 5-digitate. In bloom on the Sierra de la Laguna 
and Sierra de San Francisquito. 


203. FRAGARIA Mexicana Schl.—Sierra de la La- 


guna, in blossom. 


136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


204. ALCHEMILLA HIRSUTA HBK. Flowers often 
reddish, ovule solitary.—Sierra de la Laguna. 


205. HETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA Roemer. A shrub 
six to ten feet high.—Sierra de la Laguna, flowering in 
January; Sierra de San Francisquito, fruit in October. 

206. RIBES SANGUINEUM Pursh. Flowers dull purple, 
fruit glabrous. Growing along streams near the summit 
of the Sierra de la Laguna and blooming in January. 


207. COTYLEDON NUBIGENA. Glaucous; outer leaves 
broadly spatulate, abruptly acute, 6-8 cm. long, the inner 
narrower and acuminate: flowering stems several, 4-5 
dm. high, divided near the top into 2-3, secund, ascending 
racemes: lower leaves or bracts cordate-lanceolate, I cm. 
long; floral bracts minute, much shorter than the 1-2 
cm. long pedicels: calyx slightly pentagonal, divided 
nearly to the base into deltoid-lanceolate segments, 3-5 
mm. long, equaling the corolla tube: corolla 1 cm. long, 
divided to the middle into linear erect petals, red above 
shading into yellow below: carpels 8 mm. long; styles 
erect.—Growing upon rocks of the summits of the Sierra 
de la Laguna. 


208. COTYLEDON FARINOSA B. & H. Reported by 
Dr. Gray from the Xantus Collection. 


209. RHIZOPHORA MANGLE L. ‘‘ Mangle dulce.’’— 
Salt water marshes about La Paz. 


210. LAGUNCULARIA RACEMOSA Gzertn.—La Paz and 
the Magdalena Bay lagoons. 


211. PsrtpruMmM POMIFERUM L. Escaped from cultiva- 
tion near San José del Cabo, Miraflores, Todos Santos, 


212. AMMANNIA LATIFOLIA L.—San José del Cabo. 


213. CUPHEA, sp.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 137 


214. NersaA SALICIFOLIA HBK.—San José del Cabo, 
Sierra de la Laguna. 


215. Eprmiopium Parisui Trelease.—Zoe, 1, 210. 


216. JUSSIH@A REPENS L. var. CALIFORNICA Watson. 


Common in damp soil about Todos Santos, San José del 
Cabo. 


217. JUSSL4#A OCTONERVIA Lam.—San Jose del Cabo. 

218. QCENOTHERA DrumMonpit Hook. var.—No. 35, 
Xantus; Broceam Acad -, vii, 501. - Phis must be the 
plant of Xantus although the ovary and calyx lobes are 
nearly as densely pubescent as the leaves.—A littoral 
plant common between Rancho Tomate and Todos San- 
tos, and also seen on the Gulf shore. 


2. ERA SEA Ait.—Sierra de la Laguna. 
2% CENOTHERA ROSEA Ait.—S de la Laguna 


220. CENOTHERA SINUATA L.— Tops of the high 
mountains, generally distributed. 


221. Loprzia cLAvaTaA Brandegee.—Very abundant 
on the high mountains. 


222. GAURA PARVIFLORA Dougl.—San José del Cabo. 


223. MENTZELIA ADHERENS Benth.—Todos Santos, 
San José del Cabo. 


224. MENTZELIA ASPERA L. Leaves often not all 
lobed; corolla more than twice the length of the calyx, 
the segments united at base; filaments irregular in length 
and indefinite, 5-10 of the outer ones dilated; the upper 
part of the calyx promptly circumscissile trom the ovary ; 
seeds few, lobed, very rough and oblique.—San José del 
Cabo. 

It is possible that there are two species confused under 
the name. The form here described, represented also 
by Palmer’s No. ror from Southwestern Chihuahua, is 
apparently nearest the West Indian original. Pringle’s 


2p) SER. VOL. LIL GL) July 24, 1891. 


138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


No. 633, also from Chihuahua, has persistent calyx-lobes, 
longer stamens, and the more numerous seeds are thin- 
ner and less rough. 


225. EucnimpE corpATA Kell.—La Paz, San José del 
Cabo. 


226. TuRNERA PumILEA L.—Common about San 
José del Cabo. 

227. TURNERA DIFFUSA Willd. var. APHRODISIACA 
Urban, ‘‘Damiana.’’ Formerly exported in quantity for 
medicinal purposes. Common at low elevations. 


228. PasstFLORA Fa@TIDA L.—San José del Cabo. 


229. MomorpicA CHARANTIA L.—Climbing over 
dwellings and garden fences and sparingly escaped.—San 
Jose del Cabo. 


230. EcuinocysTis BrRanpEGEI Cogn. Proc. Cal. 


Acad., ser. 2, iii, 59.—Along the seashore. Todos San- 
tos, San José del Cabo, La Paz. 


231. EcHINOCYSTIS MINIMA (Kell.)—San José del 
Cabo. 


232. BRANDEGEA MONOSPERMA Cogn. Cal. Acad., 
ser. 2, ili, 59: Barely entering the Cape Region near 
Todos Santos. The leaves are as variable as those of 
Echinocystis minima, running from nearly entire to very 


deeply lobed. 


233. CYCLANTHERA (EUCYCLANTHERA) TESTUDINEA. 
Annual, glabrous; stems angular, sparingly branched, 
%-1 m. high, climbing in bushes: petioles sulcate, 6-10 
mm. long; leaves punctate-scabrous, triangularly 3-lobed; 
the middle lobe prolonged, the lateral ones sometimes 
quadrate or lobed, all acute or acuminate; base reniform 
with a sessile gland on the upper surface at each side; 
nerves prominent beneath: 4-flowers in small clusters, 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 139 


few-flowered: common peduncle 3-6 mm. long; pedicels 
capillary: calyx-teeth obsolete: corolla rotate, 2-3 mm. 
broad, equaling the 2-flower. Calyx-teeth of & -flower 
very short: peduncle stout, equaling the petiole: fruit 
compressed, strongly gibbous, 12-15 mm. long, shortly 
rostrate, strongly aculeate with numerous stout flattened 
spines 2-4 mm. long; sides thin, membranaceous; ventral 
segment linear, thick and elastic; placenta thick, % as 
long as the capsule, three lobed at the free end and bear- 
ing 2—3 seeds, in as many cells, recurved with respect to 
the placenta, but erect in the capsule: seeds brown, 
scurfy and muricate, oblong, strongly compressed, 5 mm. 
long, with two marginal projections on each side—bear- 
ing a strong likeness to some species of turtle. 

Sierra de San Francisquito, high mountain tops, Oct., 
1891. 

The dehiscence in this species is strongly elastic and 
quite regular, the placental column is attached near the 
center of the straight margin—and to the apex of the 
strong border which extends around the curved side. In 
dehiscence this thick broad band straightens itself and 
curves the contrary way separating from the thin sides, 
and drawing the seeds completely out of the cell. 


234. Srcyos Dreppr: G. Don.—Very abundant in the 
region about Miraflores, often completely covering the 
hedges and small trees about the fields. 


235. MELOTHRIA PENDULA L.?—Miraflores. 

236. WVASEYANTHUS RosEI Cogn., Zoe, 1, 368, PI. 
xi.—La Paz. 

237. MaximowicziA Sonor Watson.—San José del 
Cabo. 

This is apparently the same as the Guaymas plant, but 
the leaves are less dissected. The specimens from Magda- 


I40 CALIFORNIA: ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


lena Bay are of different habit, less glaucous and more 
punctate-scabrous. The stamens are four—one bilocu- 
lar, the remainder unilocular. It may possibly be a dis- 
tinct species. 

238. Brconta (KNESEBECKIA) CALIFORNICA.—Herb- 
aceous from a tuberous root, % m. high, glabrous, pur- 
ple-tinged: lower leaves cordate, somewhat unsymmetri- 
cal, sparingly pilose at the top of the petiole and on the 
veins, equaling the petiole, 5-7 nerved and lobed, 
dentate -serrate and setiferous, 6 cm. wide, 4 cm. long; 
upper leaves very unsymmetrical, 2-3 nerved and lobed, 
dentate-serrate and setiferous; stipules 6-7 mm. long, 
3 mm. wide, broadly lanceolate setiferous, persistent, 
those of the lower leaves unsymmetrical: cymes few 
flowered: bracts broadly acuminate setiferous: pedicels 
3-4 cm. long, bibracteolate at the middle with very set- 
iferous deciduous bracteole: flowers pink or purple: the 
male perianth 4-lobed, the two outer lobes broadly ovate, 
7 mm. long, denticulate, the inner smaller; anthers obpy- 
riform, emarginate: female perianth 5-lobed, the outer 
ones sparingly denticulate, 5 mm. long, the inner smaller ; 
capsule 2 cm. long or more, 2—3 winged, the largest wing 
roundish-deltoid, to-12 mm. in greatest width, the oppo- 
site wing 3 mm. wide, the dorsal small.—Sierra de San 
Francisquito. 


239. MAMILLARIA sp. 
found only in flower from San José del Cabo to the sum- 


A nearly globular species 


mit of the mountains. 
240. MAMILLARIA GoopripeGi1 Scheer. —San José 
del Cabo. 


241. MAMILLARIA RosEANnaA Brandegee, Zoe, ii, 19.— 
Common at low elevations. 


242. CEREUS PRINGLEI Watson.— Common in the 
low country. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. I41 


243. CEREUS STRIATUS Brandegee, Zoe, ii, 19. 

244. CEREUS PECTEN-ABORIGINUM Engelm.—Todos 
Santos, La Paz; San.José del Cabo. 

245. CEREUS (ECHINOCEREUS) sp.—Todos Santos, 
ay Paz: 

246. CEREUS sp.—A species with numerous stems, 
six or eight feet long, hanging from the rocks of the 
Sierra de la Laguna, bearing at the time of collection 
neither flowers nor fruit. 

247. CEREUS GUMMOsUS Engelm.—Abundant in the 
Cape Region.* 

248. CEREUS ScHoTtTit Engelm.—Common. 

249. CEREUS THURBERI Engelm.—Common. 

250.) CERBUSS HE RUCA Brandegee, Zoe, 1, -20.5 Per= 
haps extra limital. 

251. OpunTiA (PLATOPUNTIA) sp.—Common. 

252. OPUNTIA ROTUNDIFOLIA Brandegee, Zoe, ii, 
20.4 ~Vodosmoamtios.. ary Paz. 

253. SESUVIUM PoRTULACASTRUM L.—Growing about 
the borders of salt water marshes. 


254. TRIANTHEMA MONOGYNA L.—Very abundant at 
San José del Cabo. 


255. MoLuuGo VERTICILLATA L.— Juncal and very 
common about San José del Cabo. 


256. Moxriuco CERVIANA Seringe.—San José del 
Cabo, Agua Caliente; growing in sand or cultivated 
fields. 

257. HypROCOTYLE UMBELLATA L.— Growing in 
streams and irrigating ditches at Todos Santos and San 
José del Cabo. 


PERS Wy Or 


I42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


At 


258. ArRrRAcAcIA BRANDEGEI Coulter and Rose. 
high elevations in the mountains. 


259. GARRYA WRIGHTII Torr.—Sierra de la Laguna. 


260. HouUSTONIA BREVIPES Rose. Common in the 
mountains. 


261. HousTONIA ASPERULOIDES (Benth. ) — Todos 
Santos, La Paz, San José del Cabo. 


262. HousTronriA BRANDEGEANA Rose.—La Paz. 


263. HousTONIA ARENARIA Rose. Collected by Dr. 
Palmer at La Paz and by the writer at San José del Cabo. 
Annual, flowers white, ovary containing eight ovules. 
Young specimens. 


264. RANDIA ARMATA DC.?—San José del Cabo. 
265. CHiococcA RACEMOSA Jacq.— Foothills of the 
Sierra de San Francisquito. 


266. DioprA TERES Walt., var. ANGUSTATA Gray.— 
San José del Cabo. 


267. SPERMACOCE TENUIOR L.—San José del Cabo. 


268. MirrACARPUS LINEARIS Benth.—San José del 
Cabo, Innocente. 


269. MrirraAcarpus vitLosus Ch. & Sch.—San José 
del Cabo. 
270. MiTrRACARPUS SCHIZANGIUS DC.— Growing in 


clumps from a woody base. Specimens variable in de- 
gree of pubescence, length of style, etc.—Hills about 
San José del Cabo and in the Sierra de San Francis- 
quito. 


271. RICHARDIA SCABRA L.—San José del Cabo. 


272. GALIUM MICROPHYLLUM Gray.— Sierra de San 
Francisquito and Sierra de la Laguna. The plants are 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 143 


sparingly long-pubescent. /relbunzum polyplocum Wemsl. 
Gray, Synoptical Flora, 41. | 

273. GALIUM UNCINULATUM DC. ?—Sierra de la 
Laguna. 

274. VALERIANA sp.— Common in the high mount- 
ains. 


275. HoOFMEISTERIA FASCICULATA Walp.—La Paz, 
San José del Cabo. 


275%. STEVIA sp. White flowered.— Sierra de la 
Laguna and de San Francisquito. 


276. CARMINATIA TENUIFLORA DC. Common at high 
elevations in the mountains. 

277. EUPATORIUM QUADRANGULARE DC.?—Sierra de 
San Francisquito. 

278. EUPATORIUM GRANDIDENTATUM DC. var. LAXI- 
FLORUM Gray.—Sierra de la Laguna. 

279. EupATORIUM sp.—Sierra de la Laguna. 

280. Euparorium sp.—San Bartolomé, Sierra de San 
Francisquito. 


281. BRICKELLIA COoULTERI Gray.—San José del 
Cabo. 


282. BRricKELLIA CAVANILLEsIL Gray.—Sierra de la 
Laguna. 


283. BricKELLiA sp.—Miraflores. 
284. BRICKELLIA sp.—San Bartolomé. 


285. BRrICKELLIA sp.—La Paz. 


286. APLOPAPPUS ARENARIUS Benth. Low, densely 
glandular pubescent, with thick leaves and large heads 
of yellow flowers; growing on the seashore and covered 
by adhering particles of sand.—San José del Cabo. 


287. APpLOPAPPUS SPINULOSUS DC. . Growing onhills, 


LAA CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


in rounded clumps, branching freely, 3-4 feet high.— 
Todos Santos. 

To this species, rather than to the preceding, I think 
Palmer’s No. 17, from La Paz, should be referred. 

288. CoOULTERELLA CAPITATA Rose.— Sand beach 
near La Paz. 

289. BiGELOvIA DIFFUSA (Benth.) San José del Cabo, 
ia az. 

290. ASTER spiINosus Benth. San José del Cabo. 

291. ASTER ExiLis Ell. San José del Cabo. 

292. ASTER sp. San José del Cabo. 

293. ConyzaA CouLTERI Gray.—Mountains of the 
interior. 

294. ERIGERON CANADENSIS L. San José del Cabo, 
Sierra de la Laguna. 

295. BACCHARIS CA4RULESCENS DC.— Proc. Am. 
Acad, V5 L060. 

296. BAcCHARIS VIMINEA DC.—San José del Cabo. 

297. Baccuaris sp. Male flowers only, of an un- 
identified species from the high mountains. 

298. PLUCHEA SUBDECURRENS DC.—San José del 
Cabo. 

299. ANAPHALIS MARGARITACEA Benth. & Hook.— 
Sierra de la Laguna. 

300. GNAPHALIUM LEPTOPHYLLUM DC.—Sierra de 
la Laguna. 

301. MErLAMPODIUM DIVARICATUM DC.— San José 
del Cabo, in fields. 

302. MELAMPODIUM SINUATUM. Perennial, 2-4 dm. 
high, with many branching stems from a somewhat woody 
base, grayish rough-pubescent all over: leaves 3-4 cm. 
long, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, narrowed but connate at base, 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 145 


sinuate or somewhat lobed on the margin: peduncles 
several times exceeding the leaves, in fruit often 1 dm. 
long: heads small; lobes of the involucres about five, 
rounded and ciliate, united to the middle, penninerved: 
rays bright yellow, 6-10 mm. long, much exceeding the 
involucre: fruiting bracts without hoods, clavate-oblong, 
rough and pubescent, with the lateral edges spinose- 
tubercular at the point of attachment, the inner basal 
angle sharply projecting, the akene exposed somewhat by 
the falling ray: disk strongly convex, the flowers shorter 
than the plicate-truncate, crenate-dentate yellow-tipped 
bracts, only the few central ones antheriferous, the very 
numerous others reduced to linear-clavate rudiments, 
nearly as long as the bracts and ciliate at the summit.— 


San José del Cabo. 

303. PARTHENICE MOLLIS Gray.—La Paz to Todos 
Santos. 

304. HymrENoOcCLEA MoNoGyRA T. & G.—San José 
del Cabo to La Paz. 


305. FRANSERIA FLEXUOSA Gray. 


San Pedro. Small 
tree fifteen feet high. 


306. FRANSERIA MacGpALeNa@ Brandegee.—San José 
del Cabo. 


307. FRANSERIA AMBROSIOIDES DC.—San José del 
Cabo. 


308. XNANTHIUM STRUMARIUM L.—San José del Cabo. 


309. HELIOPSIS PARVIFLORA Gray. Akenes either 
smooth or papillose.—High mountains. 


309%. Ecuipra aLBa Hasskarl.—San José del Cabo. 


310. SCLEROCARPUS DIVARICATUS (Benth.)? This 
must be the plant mentioned, under S. wz7serzalzs, by Dr. 
Gray in the list of Xantus’ plants. It agrees better 


146 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


with the plant of Bentham, but may not be the same. 
The broad foliaceous bracts of the involucre are 5 ina 
single series, many times surpassing the bracts of the re- 
ceptacle. The fructiferous bracts are setose at the sum- 
mit, and more or less on the dorsal tuberculations. The 
outer rows in age have a sharply tuberculate dorsal angle 
and scattered tuberculations over the upper third. The 
apex of the curved pyriform akene projects slightly at the 
summit, and is very slightly (in the outer rows) surpass- 
ed by the peak of the bract; pappus crown nearly obso- 
lete: 


311. ALvoRDIA GLOMERATA Brandegee. Specimens 
from Todos Santos and San José del Cabo are much 
taller and decidedly frutescent. The flowers are smaller, 
solitary or rarely 2-3 in the involucres, always rayless. 
The pappus scales are divided into numerous acuminate 
narrow palee of irregular length. 

312. VIGUIERA DELTOIDEA Gray. The leaves are 
often somewhat irregularly dentate or crenate.—Todos 
Santos, La Paz, San José del Cabo. 

313. VIGUIERA TOMENTOSA Gray.—Todos Santos, 
La Paz, San José del Cabo and the summits of the high- 
est mountains. 

314. EnceiiaA Patmert Vasey & Rose.—La Paz. 

315. ENCELIA FARINOSA Gray.—La Paz. 

316. VERBESINA EROSA. Herbaceous and many stem- 
med from a woody root, scabrous and hirsute, I-1/z m. 
high: leaves ovate-lanceolate, opposite, 1 dm. long on 
short; margined petioles, not decurrent, scabrous above, 
hirsute below, serrate: heads loosely corymbose, 15 mm. 
high, either with rays or rayless: bracts of the involucre 
ovate-acuminate, in 2-3 series, hirsute: rays when pres- 
ent oblong, ro mm. long, fertile: akenes obovate, usually 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 147 


smooth, margined with a wing of variable width that is 
generally broader than the akene, irregularly lacerate and 
ciliate: awns two, as long as the akene and spreading. 

This plant is common on the high mountains of the 
cape region and sometimes grows in deep canons at lower 
elevations. The leaves are often coarsely and doubly 
serrate and white hirsute below. The wing of the akene 
is sometimes entire, and often narrow. Some of the 
marginal ones may be wingless, and are then tubercu- 
late. 


317. HETEROSPERMUM XANTI Gray.— La Paz, San 
José del Cabo and in the mountains. 

318. BipENS NUDATA Brandegee, Zoe,i, 309. Mount- 
ains of the interior. 

319. BIDENS REFRACTA Brandegee, Zoe, i, 310. Mi- 
raflores. 

320. BripENS TENUISECTA Gray.— Foothills of the 
mountains near Agua Caliente. 


21. Brpens LemMmoni Gray.—High mountains. 


3 
322. BipEens prtosa L.—Mountains of the Cape Re- 
0 


323. BipENS HETEROPHYLLA Ort.—High mountains. 


324. GALINSOGA PARVIFLORA Cav. Plants small and 
destitute of pappus.— Sierra de la Laguna and Sierra de 
San Francisquito. 


325. PERITYLE CRASSIFOLIA. Annual, stems ribbed, 
branching % m. high, densely arachnoid-tomentose, the 
glands masked by the pubescence, but causing the thick 
leaves to glisten in the sun much like J/esembryantheum 
equilaterale: leaves thick, reniform or cordate-ovate, 
crenate, on petioles of the same length: heads large, 
many flowered, rays white, conspicuous; akenes curved, 
pubescent on the sides, at least the outer ones ciliate on 


148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


the margins, with one slender, retrorsely barbed awn and 
a short crown of lacerate scales. 

Very few akenes seem to mature, especially among 
those of the disk. The plant hasa very different appear- 
ance from the other white-flowered species of the genus. 
It grows along the seashore at San José del Cabo. 


226, PERITYLE “CUNEATA “Brandesee: ""Zoenz. 54. 
Sierra de la Laguna and a single specimen in the wash 
of the San José River. 

327. PERITYLE MINUTISSIMA Rose zued.—San José 
del Cabo. 

328. PrErRITYLE Emory Torr.—La Paz, San José del 
Cabo. 


329. PERITYLE MICROGLOSSA Benth.—La Paz, San 


é 
330. PALAFOXIA ARENARIA Brandegee.—Sand beach 
at La Paz. 


331. PoRoPpHYLLUM GRACILE Benth.—Todos Santos, 
San José del Cabo.* 

332. PoropHYLLUM FILIFOLIUM DC.f—San José del 
Cabo. 

333. Dysopia spEciosA Gray.—Todos Santos, La 
Paz, San José del Cabo. 


334. TAGETES LACERA Brandegee, Zoe 1, 314.— 
Sierra de la Laguna. 


335. TAGETES MICRANTHA Cav.—Sierra de la La- 
guna, Sierra de San Francisquito. 

336. TaGETES SUBULATA Llave & Lex.—Sierra de 
San Francisquito. 

337. LEPTOSYNE PARTHENIOIDES (Benth.) San José 
del Cabo. 


*Zoe a, 312% 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 149 


338. LEpPTOSYNE DISSECTA (Benth.) Bot. Sulph. 29. 
Said to have been collected at Cape St. Lucas. 


339. LEPTOSYNE HETEROCARPA Gray. Zoe i, 308.— 
San José del Cabo, Sierra de la Laguna. 


340. PrEctTis PALMERI Watson.—La Paz. 
341. PrcTis puNCTATA Jacq.—Near Santiago. 


342. PECTIS MULTISETA Benth.—San José del Cabo, 
a. Paz: 


343. PECTIS PROSTRATA Cav.—Agua Caliente. 

344. BEBBIA ATRIPLICIPOLIA (Benth. )—Common. 

345. HELENIUM THURBERI Gray. Growing along 
the banks of the stream at Rancho Colorado and perhaps 
not really within the Cape Region. 

346. PEREZIA MICROCEPHALA Gray.—Sierra de la 
Laguna. 

347. ‘[RIXIS ANGUSTIFOLIA DC.—San José del Cabo. 
Sierra de la La- 


348. HreRacitum FENDLERI, Gray. 
_guna. 


349. HrerRAcrum, sp.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 
350. MALaAcoTHRIxX XANTI Gray.—San José del Cabo. 


351. ScasvoLA PLumriert Vahl.—Abundant upon the 
Todos Santos beach and also found at San José del Cabo. 


352. LoBELIA LAXIFLORA HBK. var. ANGUSTIFOLIA 
DC.—Common along the streams of the Sierra de la La- 
guna. 

353- HETEROTOMA AURITA. Annual, branching, 
slightly hirsute, 1-3 dm. high: lower leaves variable in 
form, round-cordate or ovate, crenate to laciniate-serrate, 
obtuse or acute, 3-4 cm. long on petioles of nearly the 
same length; upper leaves narrower, laciniate-serrate: 
flowers 10-15 mm. long, blue, on leafless racemes 10-15 
cm. in length: posterior lobes of the corolla deeply 


150 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


divided, ovate; anterior lobes narrowly linear: calyx 
spurred; posterior lobes erect, linear lanceolate; anterior 
lobes similar to and distinct from the others, standing out 
at right angles to the upper ones. 

Compared with //. arabidordes, the spur is much longer, 
the posterior lobes of the corolla much more deeply 
divided and of a different shape. The two anterior 
calyx lobes are situated near the end of the spur, distant 
from the upper ones. A handsome species common in 
the high mountains. 


354. ArsBuTus Menziesi1 Pursh. Leaves large, to- 
mentose below. A medium sized tree, blooming in Jan- 
uary.—Common on the summits of the high mountains. 


355. SAMOLUS VALERANDI L. var. REPENS. Stems 
creeping and rooting at the joints, forming entangled 
mats often many feet in extent.—Sierra de la Laguna on 
moist rocks.— Sierra de San Francisquito on stream 
banks. 

This plant differs strikingly in habit from typical S. 
Valerand?, but some forms collected by J. G. Lemmon 
(No. 2645) in the Huachuca mountains in Arizona are 
intermediate between them. 


356. MACREIGHTIA INTRICATA Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. v, 163.. The leaves are described as ‘‘ leviter 
triplinervis,’’ but the lateral nerves are short, given off 
above the base and usually hardly visible; the reflexed 
pedicels of the hermaphrodite flowers are from. about 
one-half to the full length of the leaves, thickened above 
and with a small bract at the lower third; they are ap- 
parently always solitary, though from the approximation 
of the axils they frequently appear clustered: calyx lobes 
ovate, apiculate-replicate, the lobes at flowering longer 
than the basal part: corolla 5-7 mm. cylindrical-urceo- 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. ieee 


late, conical in the bud, the inner surface glabrous, dark- 
brown, the outer, excepting the base, densely gray-villous ; 
the tube twice longer than the spreading dextrorsely con- 
volute lobes: stamens 3-5, distinct; filaments filiform, at- 
tached to the base of the corolla, twice as long as the 
anthers which are glabrous and long-apiculate by the 
produced connective; the hairy rudiment of a stamen 
occupies the middle of one lobe between the two cor- 
responding sinuses: ovary densely villous, 6-celled, 
6-seeded; style 3-lobed half way to the base, the lobes 
similar to but much smaller than those of the corolla: 
fruit slightly pubescent, globose, 15 mm. in diameter; 
seeds twice as long as broad, rounded and thick on the 
back, straight and thin on the inner margin, the sides con- 
cave; embryo half as long as the smooth corneous albu- 
men; the subulate radicle half as long as the cotyledons 
which are sometimes three. 

From the description of J/Zaba Caribea (DC) Prodr:; 
Vili, 222, this plant appears to be too closely related to it.. 

357. VALLESIA DICHOTOMA Ruiz & Pavon. San José 
del (Cabo, LavPazlodos Santos. 


358. PLUMERIA ACUTIFOLIA Poir.? ‘‘ Cacaloxochitl ”’ 
Very nearly agreeing with the descriptions and drawing 
of this species. The leaves are glandular tipped; the 
lobes of the corolla are twice longer than the tube; the 
mature follicles, 15-20 cm. long, are divergent and re- 
curyed. This striking tree is twenty feet high, sparingly 
branched near the top with the branches terminated by 
large leaves and showy white flowers. Not uncommon 
from San José del Cabo to Triumfo and San Pedro. 


359. PuHitiBpeRTIA Pavont Hemsley.—San José del 
Cabo. 


360.  PHILIBERTIA LINEARIS, var. HETEROPHYLLA 
Gray.—San José del Cabo. 


152 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


361. PHILIBERTIA PALMERI Gray. Agrees with 
Palmer’s flowering specimens, excepting that the top of 
the stigma is slightly more umbonate. The specimens 
vary from very pubescent to glabrous. The follicles 
when young are pubescent, and finally become 4—5 cm. 
long, 1-1% cm. thick, and taper from near the end toa 
point. The ‘‘anterior 5 scales” in the diving. plantvare 
white, globular and prominent. Common climbing over 
the hedges at San José del Cabo and Todos Santos. 


362. ASCLEPIAS SUBULATA Decaisne.—San José del 
Cabo, La Paz. 


363. MrTASTELMA CALIFORNICUM Benth.—San José 
del Cabo. 


364. PATTALIAS, sp.—San Jose del Cabo, Todos 
Santos. 

365. GonoLosus, sp.? In fruit only.—Near La Paz. 

366. HIMANTOSTEMMA PRINGLEI Gray. Common 
near the seashore and in sandy gulches about San José 
del Cabo. A specimen from Buena Vista has very much 
larger and thinner leaves, and few trichomes in the throat. 
Dr. Gray says these trichomes are ‘‘ apparently flat,”’ 
but in our specimens they are clavate. 


367. ROoTHROCKIA CORDIFOLIA Gray. The tube of 
the corolla, which is plicate at the sinuses, is % as long 
as the limb. The stigma is bilobed at the summit and 
irregularly muricate, usually in two divisions, a short dis- 
tance below. The anthers are broad and inappendicu- 
late, and the lobes of the thick corona are two-pointed. 
The rather slender follicles are either smooth or tuber- 
culate, narrowed a short distance above the base, and 
when young are eaten raw by the inhabitants.—San José 
del Cabo, Miraflores. Known as ‘‘ Talayote.”’ 

Dr. Gray compares Rothrockia to Enslenia or Roul 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. rye 


linia, but it would probably be better placed among the 
Gonolobee. 


368. PoLyPREMUM PROCUMBENS L.—San José del 
Cabo. 

369. BuDDLEIA CROTONOIDES Gray. Proc. Am. Acad., 
v, 165. Collected by Xantus at Cape San Lucas. 

370. EusToMA EXALTATUM Griseb.—San José del 
Cabo. 

371. GILIA FLORIBUNDA Gray.—Sierra de la Laguna. 

372. LeasELiaveiniarTa LL Cells either‘one or two 
seeded, tube of the corolla slightly exserted, cilize very 
short and inconspicuous.—Sierra de la Laguna. Common 
about the base of the mountains. 

373. CorpiA PaLMEeRI Watson?—San José del Cabo. 

374. BourRERIA Sonor Watson.—San José del 
Cabo. La Paz. 


375. ‘FouRNEFORTIA VELUTINA HBK. Proc. Am. 
mcad., v, 164.0 Collected by Xantus. 

376. HELIoTROPIUM CuRASSAVvICUM L.—San José del 
Cabo. 


377. HELIOTROPIUM PARVIFOLIUM L.—San José del 
Cabo. 

378. HELIOTROPIUM INNUNDATUM.—San José del 
Cabo. 

379. HELIOTROPIUM FRUTICOSUM L.—San José del 
Cabo. 

380. HELIOTROPIUM PHYLLOSTACHYUM ‘Torr.— San 
José del Cabo. , 

381. HELIoTROPIUM, sp. San José del Cabo. 


382. KRYNITZKIA HELIOTROPIOIDES Gray. Collected 
by Xantus at Cabo San Lucas. Proc. Am. Acad. v, 164. 


2p SER., VOL. III. (12) August 11, 1891. 


154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


383. KRYNITZKIA MICROMERES Gray? La Paz. 
Contrib. U2 >. Elerb.,. amy 73. 

384. KRYNITZKIA LEIOCARPA F. & M.—La Paz, l.c. 

385. KRYNITZKIA ANGUSTIFOLIA Gray in Coll. Xan- 
tus, under Arztrichium. 

386. Ipoma:A PES-cAPR& Sweet. Calyx lobes slightly 
mucronate; stems sixty feet in length, prostrate along 
the sand. Ocean beach at Todos Santos, San José del 
Capos iba Paz. 

387. IPpoM4A ACETOSZFOLIA Reem. & Sch.—Sea- 
shore at Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. 

388. Ipomaa MExiIcANA Gray.—San José del Cabo. 

389. Ipomaa TRIFIDA Don. var. TORREYANA Gray. 
Todos Santos. 

390. IpoM4#A BRACTEATA Cav.—Common about the 
base of the mountains. 

391. IpomasaA cocciINEA L.—Sierra de la Laguna, 
San José del Cabo. 

392. IpomMa#A AuUREA Kell.—Common at low eleva- 
tions. 

393. Irom#a Quamoc iit L.—San José del Cabo. 

394. Troma#a muricaTa Cav.—Sierra de San Fran- 
cisquito. 

395. Ieom#a JaLapaA Pursh.—San José del Cabo. 


396. IPoM#A COSTELLATA Torr.—Miraflores. 


397. Ipoma#a Bona-nox L.—Sierra de San Fran- 
cisquito. 

398. IpomaA, sp.—Miraflores. 

399. Ipomaa, sp. Low and prostrate-twining. Flow- 
ers small, bright yellow.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 


400. JACQUEMONTIA ABUTILOIDES Benth.—San José 
del Cabo, La Paz, Todos Santos. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 155 


401. JACQUEMONTIA VIOLACEA Griseb.—San José del 
Cabo. 


402. DicHONDRA ARGENTEA Willd.—Sierra de la 
Laguna. 

403. EvoLvuLus ALSINOIDES L.—San José del Cabo, 
San Francisquito. 

404. CuscuTA INDECORA Choisy ?—San José del 
Cabo, on Boerhaavia. 

405. CUSCUTA LEPTANTHA Engelm.—La Paz, on Eu- 
phorbia. 

406. Cuscura PALMERI Watson.—La Paz. Contr. 
U.S. Herb ges 

407. CuscuTra AMERICANA L.—La Paz. Collected 
there also by Palmer. 

408. CuscuTA OBTUSIFLORA HBK.—Soledad, and 
probably within our limits. 

409. CuscuTaA TINCTORIA Mart. ?—San Bartolomé. 

410. SoLtAnum HrNpsianum Benth.—San_ José del 
Cabo. 

4I1I. SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L. var. BOREALE.—High 
mountains. Not common. 


412. SoLANuM, sp. A small annual.—San José del 


Cabo. 


413. CHAMASARACHA CorRoNopus Gray. 


Soledad, 
and perhaps to be found in the Cape Region. 

414. Capsicum BAccATuM L.—Miuiraflores, San Bar- 
tolomé. 

4058) yciuM UMBEULATUM: Rose. Contrib. U: Ss: 
lens. vol. 1, 74). 


416. LyciumM BREVIPES Benth. Xantus coll. Prac. 
AmenANcad:, Vv, £66. 


156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


417. Lycrum ANDERSONII Gray, var.—San José del 


418. Lycium Ricuit Gray.—La Paz. 
San José del Cabo. 


420. PHYSALIS CRASSIFOLIA Benth. Contrib. U.'S: 
ery. 1c. 


421. PHYSALIS ANGULATA L.?—San José del Cabo. 


419. PHYSALIS ZQUATA Jacq.? 


422. PHYSALIS GLABRA Benth.—Todos Santos, San 
Jose del Cabo. 


423. DatTuRA piscoLor Bernh.—San José del Cabo. 


424. NICOTIANA TRIGONOPHYLLA Dunal.—San José 
del Cabo. 


425. NuicoTIANA RusTIcA L.—Soledad. Probably 
introduced, but now well established and abundant in 
the surrounding region. Not before found on the penin- 
sula and not seen in the Cape Region proper. 


426. NicoTiaNA Mexicana Schlecht. Proc. Am. 
Aicad 4/¥5 166: 


427. ANTIRRHINUM CYATHIFERUM Benth.—San José 
del Cabo. 


428. IXUSSELLIA: VERTICILLATA EIBK Ye) Thevchar= 
acters relied upon to separate the species of Russellia 
appear to be somewhat uncertain. Specimens collected 
on the Sierra de la Laguna are rather densely pubescent 
and have very stiff upright branches, with small leaves 
which are rugose, cordate-ovate and nearly sessile. The 
many-flowered peduncles are very short. Plants collected 
at San José del Cabo apparently the same species are less 
stiff, nearly glabrous, the peduncles somewhat longer, 
and the ovate to lanceolate leaves taper to slender pe- 
tioles. The leaves in botu forms are more or less cov- 
ered above and below by thin orbicular scales—exactly 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 157 


those described by Zuccarini as belonging to 7. juncea. 
The ribs of the stems are produced by the decurrent 
petioles—a pair to each. The different portions of the 
Same stem are often 4, 6 or 8-ribbed, according as the 
leaves are 3-4-verticillate or simply opposite, and it is 
sufficiently obvious that species founded in whole or 
great part upon this character are of rather difficult main- 
tenance. 
429. Mrmuius tureus L.—High mountains. 


430. STEMODIA DURANTIFOLIA Swartz.—San José 
del Cabo. 


431. Herprestis Monnrera HBK.—In damp soil, 
Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. 


432. HERPESTIS CHAMADRYOIDES HBK.—In the 
mountains near Triumfo. 


433. SCOPARIA pULCIS L.—Todos Santos. 

434. BucHNERA Mexicana Hemsley. var. flowers 
nearly white.—High mountains. 

435. CASTILLEIA Bryanti Brandegee.—Sierra de la 
Laguna. 

436. CONOBA#A INTERMEDIA Gray.— Todos Santos 
and La Paz. 

437. CLEVELANDIA BELpINGI Greene. A single be- 
lated specimen from Sierra de la Laguna, but abundant 
at the proper season, September—November, on the Sierra 
de San Francisquito. Specimens taller with more dis- 
sected leaves than those from which the description was 
drawn. ‘The original diagnosis was so brief and imper- 
fect that a fuller one is here appended. 

Annual, slender, branching, 1-3 dm. high, scabrous- 
pilose with spreading hairs, and very sparingly glandular 
above; leaves linear with few filiform divisions; bracts 
3-parted, usually shorter than the calyx, the tips whitish; 


158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


calyx about equally cleft before and behind, the lobes 
about as long as the tube and cleft laterally but not so 
deeply: corolla 12-15 mm. long, twice the length of the 
calyx, white becoming purplish, curved funnel-form with 
a pubescent line along the back terminating in a blunt 
point between the united upper lobes; lower lobes all 
alike, spreading, not saccate, somewhat longer, much 
wider and more deeply divided than the upper, all cre- 
nate: stamens included; the upper cell of each anther 
twice the length of the lower: style thickened upward, 
little shorter than the corolla: stigma disk-shaped, sub- 
2-lobed: capsule oblong, apiculate. 

This plant differs from Orthocarpus, as Dr. Gray re- 
marked, by its differently shaped corolla and included 
stamens. Nuttall’s Euchroma (Orthocarpus pallescens 
and QO. filosus) is, however, almost intermediate be- 
tween Clevelandia and true Orthocarpus in the former 
FESpect. 

433. RECOMA STANS* Jlss: “A> bush (or smalleirec 
common along the base of the mountains. 

439. MARTYNIA ALTHEAFOLIA Benth.—San José del 
Cabo. 

440. ELYTRARIA TRIDENTATA Vahl.—San Jose del 
Cabo. 

The flowers of Elytraria appear to have been little no- 
ticed. In all our specimens the upper lip is bilobed, the 
lower deeply 3-cleft, and each division bilobed. The 
petaloid stigma is wider than either of the lobes of the 
upper lip, and in vernation is folded over the stamens. 
In the expanded flower it looks exactly like the third lobe 
of the upper lip, and was undoubtedly mistaken for one 
by Cérsted in ‘‘ Mexicos og Centralamericas Acantha- 
ceer, ’ for in describing /. mzcrostachya he says, ‘‘ limbi 
quadripartiti subbilabiati labio superiore 3-fido, lacinia 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 159 


media lateralibus duplo latiore."” The seeds are angled 
by mutual pressure, and soft-muricate: radicle straight. 
The abuminous layer is not separable trom the testa. 


441. CALOPHANES PENINSULARIS Rose. San Jose 
del Cabo. 

442. RueEvuia, sp. Flowers large, white, very fra- 
grant. San José del Cabo. 

443. BererntA PALMERI Rose ?—Todos Santos. 


444. BELOPERONE CALIFORNICA Benth.—Todos San- 
tos, San José del Cabo, La Paz. 


445. BELOPERONE HIANS Brandegee.—Todos Santos. 


446. Justicia PALMERI Rose. Contributions U. S. 
Merb., volig75e abaz, San: jose deli Cabo. 


447. JUSTICA INSOLITA Brandegee.—Todos Santos, 
ba Paz: 

448. I1ENRYA cosTaTA Gray. More hirsute and 
glandular than Mexican specimens, leaves large with less 
prominent nerves, flowers white.—Sierra de la Laguna. 

449. TETRAMERIUM HIsPIDUM Nees.—Sierra de la 
Laguna. 

450. TETRAMERIUM OVALIFOLIUM Césreted? This 
is the Deanthera Sonore ? of the Comondu collection. 
The specimens were past flowering.—Sierra de la La- 
guna. 

451. CARLOWRIGHTIA ARIZONICA Gray. In spite of 
the white or ochroleucous flowers it is probably to this 
species instead of C. cordifolia that the plants collected 
at Comondu and San Julio should be referred. Forms 
which I am unable to separate from them have been since 
collected on the Sierra de la Laguna. ‘They all have the 
entire posterior lip thickened and yellowish at the center 
and contracted below: the filaments more or less pubes- 
cent. The San Julio specimens are small leaved and 


160 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


quite as ‘‘ enervis ’’ as Pringle’s Arizona examples. The 
specimens from Comondu have some of the lower leaves 
an inch in length, somewhat cordate at base and in these 
larger leaves the veins are much more evident. The 
plants from Sierra de la Laguna have a more spreading 
pubescence and the lower cordate-ovate leaves are two 
inches in length on petioles half aslong. Carlowrightia 
cordifolia Gray, at least our example of Palmer’s No. 
224, of 1885, differs very much from the other species; 
the tube of the corolla is short, but the three anterior 
lobes are united for some distance above the separation 
of the dilated posterior lip; the deltoid filaments are much 
shorter than the corolla and the ovate capsule is almost 
sessile, the single mature seed is ovate-acuminate. The 
whole plant is very minutely pubescent and the flowers, as 
Mr. Rose notes, are arranged unilaterally along the spike. 
These variances from Dr. Gray’s description are so many 
and so great as to lead to the suspicion of the mixture of 
plants under the number. 


452. CARLOWRIGHTIA ? PECTINATA. Perennial in 
thick clumps, 2-3-dm. high; branches slender, ramose, 
geniculate and rooting at the swollen joints wherever 
in contact with the damp earth, the bark of the older 
ones white and shreddy, the younger ones apt to be 
pubescent in lines: leaves glabrous, linear-acuminate, 
3-4 mm. broad, 25-45 mm. long, becoming revolute: 
inflorescence, somewhat paniculate-spicate; flowers dark- 
purple, scattered on the slender branchlets: calyx deeply 
5-cleft; lobes linear, nearly equal, as long as the corolla 
tube, a little shorter that the bracts and longer than the 
bractlets which are very like them in form: corolla 6-8 
mm. long, three times the length ot the calyx, almost rotate, 
the deeply 4-parted limb four times the length of the tube: 
filaments pubescent, nearly equaling the corolla; anthers 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. TOI 


muticous, parallel, and nearly of the same length: style 
filiform; stigma minutely bilobed; ovary pubescent; ovules 
a pair to each cell: capsule clavate, 7 mm. long, pointed 
above, long stipitate below; seeds 4, or by abortion fewer; 
retinacula stout, nearly horizontal, allapproximated—when 
only too seeds are developed, one in each cell, they are 
minutely muricate on the back and very deeply on the 
inner face; if the second seed is developed it is very dif- 
ferent from the inner and so arranged as to embrace it 
by an overlapping edge: both sides are nearly smooth, 
but the margin is strongly pectinate on one side, the other 
side rolled in over the second seed; the radicular angle is 
prolonged and pectinate.—San José del Cabo on shaded 
hillsides. 


453. CARLOWRIGHTIA ? FIMBRIATA. Annual, erect, I 
metre or less in height, paniculate-branching above, very 
minutely puberulent; stems whitish, with shreddy bark 
and swollen nodes almost winged by the shortly decurrent 
petioles: leaves nearly glabrous, 3-6 mm. wide, 50-90 
mm. long, linear-lanceolate, long acuminate, tapering to 
a sessile base—the petiole decurrent and persistent: in- 
florescence naked-paniculate at the ends of the branches; 
bracts and bractlets similar in shape but shorter than the 
subulate lobes of the deeply 5-cleft calyx: corolla 7-8 
mm. long, bright straw yellow; the oval nearly equal 
lobes four times as long as the tube, which is a little ex- 
ceeded by the calyx-lobes; posterior lobe of the corolla 
a little narrower than the others and with two small divar- 
icate lobes; filaments very minutely pubescent, shorter 
than the corolla; anthers rather large the cells parallel 
and nearly equal: capsule 8-9 mm. long, pubescent only 
at the apex, ovate, the stipe longer than the body; seeds 
two in each cell nearly as in the preceding species, but 
the two inner ones minutely prickly on the margin; the 


162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


thin margin of the outer ones as well as their radicular 
prolongation, erose-fimbriate.—Between San Pedro and 
IeanPaz. 


454. DiIcLIPTERA RESUPINATA Juss.? This must be 
the plant so listed by Dr. Gray in the collection of Xan- 
tus. The pedicels are however much shorter than in 
Cavanilles’ plate, and densely spreading-hirsute. The 
whole plant is pubescent and the murications of the seed 
are sparse and not subulate. 


455. DicLiepTERA FORMOSA. Perennial, woody at 
base: stems numerous, often a metre in height, rather 
densely spreading-pubescent, sparingly branched; leaves 
lanceolate-acuminate, pubescent above and below, 4-6 
cm. long, the lower on slender petioles % their length, 
inflorescence in loose and distant verticillasters;, peduncles 
very short, often nearly obsolete, with two linear-acu- 
minate bracts at summit; pedicels 3-5, densely spread- 
ing-hirsute, usually much shorter than the foliar bracts 
which are cordate-ovate, pubescent, 18-25 mm. long, 
barely mucronate; internal bracts rather broad acuminate- 
pubescent like the calyx and about equaling it: calyx 4 
mm. long, the acuminate lobes twice as long as the tube: 
corolla rose-purple, 30-35 mm. long, 2-lobed nearly to 
the middle; proper tube narrow, about as long as the 
little broader throat; upper lobe ovate, entire, lower ob- 
long, narrower, minutely 3-lobed, filaments very broad. 
nearly as long as the corolla; stamens oblique, disjoined: 
style as long as the stamens, the lobes obtuse and equal: 
capsule oval, glabrous, 4-seeded, seeds flattened, pubes- 


5 


cent-muricate.—Summit of the Sierra de San Francis- 


quito. 


456. DIANTHERA, sp. Somewhat intermediate be- 
tween this genus and Siphonoglossa.—San Bartolomé. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 163 


457. LANTANA INVOLUCRATA L.—Sierra de la La- 


guna. 


458. Lippia PatmMERI Watson.—Muraflores. 
459. LipPIA NoDIFLORA Mx.—San José del Cabo. 


460. LippiA FoRMOsA. Shrubby, 2-4 mm. high, 
scabrous, pubescent: leaves opposite, obovate-cuneate, 
coarsely crenate, dentate, prominently pinnately-veined, 
rugose, 2-2% cm. long, scabrous above, but the pubes- 
cence longer and softer below: peduncles axillary, twice 
as long as the leaves: heads 2—-2% cm. broad: bracts 
membranaceous, minutely pubescent, reticulate-veined, 
light rose-colored, cordate, 10-15 mm. long and broad, 
the outer acute, the inner ones obtuse: calyx 2-cleft, 
densely white, long pubescent: corolla light rose-colored, 
6 mm. long, tube twice the length of the calyx, ampliate 
above; fruit 2-3 mm. long, nutlets easily separable. 

A common bush with rather showy flowers, growing 
on the hills about Todos Santos. It is related to the 
Brazilian species of Schauer’s section Rhodolippia. 


461. LippIa MONTANA. Shrubby, 1-2 mm. high, 
sparingly pubescent: leaves opposite, rugose, oblong- 
ovate, 20-30 mm. long, pustulate-scabrous above, mi- 
nutely scabrous below, serrate-dentate, the dentations te1- 
minated by bristles; petioles % the length of the leaves: 
inflorescence of axillary short-peduncled heads at the 
ends of the branches; heads about 2 cm. in diameter: 
bracts herbaceous, 3-nerved, oblong-acuminate: calyx 
2-parted, long-pubescent, 2 mm. long: corolla yellow, 
reddening in age; tube ampliate above, three times the 
length of the calyx: nutlets easily separable.—Foothills 
of Sierra de la Laguna, San José del Cabo, San Barto- 
lome. 

462. CITHAREXYLUM, sp. near C. vzllosum.—Mira- 
flores. 


164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


463. PRIVA ECHINATA Juss.—San José del Cabo. 


464. AVICENNIA NITIDA Jacq.—Sometimes a small 
tree fifteen feet high.—La Paz. 

465. Hypris TEPHRODES Gray.—Todos Santos, La 
Paz, San José del Cabo. 

466. HyprTis LANIFLORA Benth. Todos Santos, La 
Paz, San José del Cabo. 

467. Hypris Emoryi Torr.—San José del Cabo. 

468. Hyprtis cotitrna. Herbaceous from a perennial 
root; stems clustered, slender, quandrangular, striate, 
minutely pubescent: internodes twice the length of the 
leaves or more: leaves ovate, rather deeply and often 
doubly crenate-serrate, very minutely brownish-pubescent 
above and below, 1%-2% cm. long, on slender petioles 
from % to % their length: inflorescence axillary, race- 
mose; heads small, 6—-10-flowered on peduncles longer 
than their diameter; bracts short, subulate: calyx nearly 
sessile, turbinate, equal, nearly glabrous, to-nerved and 
reticulate; the teeth very short and surpassed by the 
dense, white, silky hairs fringing the inner margin: corolla 
purple, the tube twice longer than the calyx; middle lobe 
of the anterior lip little differing from the others: stamens 
very slightly exceeding the tube: style bifid, anterior lobe 
of the disk produced: calyx in fruit equal, patent; the 
mouth filled by the silky-ciliate fringe.—San José del 
Cabo; called by the inhabitants ‘‘ Salvia por la Mesa.’’ 

469, Merntrua CANApENstis L.—Sierra de la Laguna. 

470. MicroMERIA Browne! Benth.—This plant was 
collected at Juncal beyond the limits of the Cape Region. 

471. SPHACELE HASTATA Gray.—Sierra de la Laguna 
and Sierra de San Francisquito. There are two deserted 
old ranches in these high mountains, and in their imme- 
diate vicinity this plant is very abundant and seems to be 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 165 


not certainly indigenous; at least it is not generally dis- 
tributed about the high peaks. The species has been 
supposed to be peculiar to the Sandwich Islands, but 
though the habitats are widely separated Dr. Gray has 
noted Adbutzlon tncanum as having a similar distribution. 
Dr. Watson has kindly sent specimens of the Sand- 
wich Islant plant for comparison, and although there are 


shght differences they do not seem to warrant givin 


oO 
5 5 


another specific name. 


472. SALVIA PRIVOIDES Benth.—San José del Cabo, 
La Paz. 


473- SALVIA CEDROSENSIS Greene.— Sierra de la 
Laguna. 


474. BRUNELLA VULGARIS L.—Sierra de la Laguna. 


475. STAcHYs DrumMMonpi Benth.—Sierra de la La- 
guna, San Bartolome. 


476. STACHYS COCCINEA Jacq.—Common in the high 


5S 
mountains. 
477. PLANTAGO HIRTELLA HBK.—Damp situations 
on the Sierra de la Laguna. 


478. Puianraco major L.—Wet situations in cul- 
tivated fields. 


479. MIRABILIS TRIFLORA Hartweg.—Limb of the 
corolla hardly spreading. A most handsome plant, bear- 
ing multitudes of flowers.—Sierra de la Laguna, Triumto. 


480. MIRABILIS EXSERTA. Herbaceous, 4-6 dm. 
high; lower stem glabrate upper part and inflorescence 
pubescent: leaves large, glabrous, cordate-ovate, acute 
or acuminate, the lower often 2 dm. long, on petioles about 
one-fourth their length; those of the inflorescence sessile, 
rounded and obtuse: flowers not congested; involucre 
1-flowered, spreading, campanulate; the lobes ovate, 
obtuse, shorter than the cup: perianth white with a faint 


ho 


166 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


pink shade, 5-6 cm. long, narrowly funnelform with 
spreading limb: stamens much exserted, about twice the 
length of the perianth: style exceeding the stamens: 
fruit 6-8 mm. in diameter, tr0o-sulcate, ovoid, or even 
depressed-globose in some specimens, scarcely thick- 
ened at base; surface smooth, dark-brown, marked with 
lighter flecks; involucre moderately enlarged hal heeh he, —— 
Summits of the spurs of Sierra de San Francisquito. 


481. ALLIONIA INCARNATA L. Flowers white. San 
José del Cabo and at La Paz. 


482. ABRONIA MARITIMA Nutt.—Seashore at San José 
del Cabo and La Paz. 


483. BoERHAAVIA SCANDENS L.  #. elongata Brande- 
gee. Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. Variable as to 
size and position of the glands upon the fruit. Flowers 
white tinged with purple. 


484. BoERHAAVIA XANTI Watson.—San José del Cabo. 
San José del Cabo. 


San 


485. BoERHAAVIA ERECTA L. 


486. BoERHAAVIA VISCOSA Lagasca. Prostrate. 
José del Cabo. 

487. BOERHAAVIA PANICULATA Rich. Becoming large 
and very diffuse.—San José del Cabo, Todos Santos. 

488. Poriyconum, sp. Near P. Hydropiperordes, but 
leaves thinner and broader; the sheaths with few ciliz. 
Growing in shallow water.—Sierra de la Laguna. 

489. ERiocoNnumM ANGULOSUM Benth. Proc. Am. 
Acad., v, 167. Collected by Xantus at Cape St. Lucas. 


490. ANTIGONUM LEPTOPUS Hook. & Arn. Common 
at low and middle elevations. 


491. AMARANTUS PALMERI Watson. Very large and 
robust near La Paz. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 167 


492. AMARANTUuS, sp. Male plants only and prob- 
ably the same as A. Jorreyz of the Xantus Collection. 


493. AMARANTUS spINosuS L.—San José del Cabo. 


494. AMARANTUS FIMBRIATUS (Gray).—San José del 
Cabo. 


495. CELOSIA FLORIBUNDA Gray. 


San José del Cabo, 
Todos. Sometimes forming small trees. 


496. GOMPHRENA DECIPIENS Watson.—San José del 
Cabo, Todos Santos. 


497- FR@.LIcHIA FLoripANA Mog.—Sierra de San 
Francisquito. 

498. FROELICHIA INTERRUPTA Moq.—San José del 
Cabo. 

499. IRESINE LANCEOLATA DC.?—Buena Vista, San 
José del Cabo, San Bartolomé, Sierra de la Laguna. 

500. ATRIPLEX LINEARIS Watson.—La Paz. 


501. CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES L.—Sierra de la 


502. CHENOPODIUM ALBUM L.—San José del Cabo. 


503. Rivina HUmMILIS L. Common at Todos Santos 


and a Raz. 


504. PHYTOLACCA OCTANDRA L.—Sierra de la La- 


guna. 


505. PHAULOTHAMNUS SPINESCENS Gray. 
del Cabo. 


506. STEGNOSPERMA HALIMIFOLIA Benth. 


del Cabo. 


so7. ARisTOLocHIA Karwinskit DC.? Agrees with 


San José 


San José 


the description as far as it goes, but neither the column, 


the stamens or the diaphragm are described. 


del Cabo. 


San José 


168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


507. ArRiIsToOLocHIA, sp. A larger species belonging 
to the same section.—Sierra de la Laguna. 

508. HoutTTuynia CALIFORNICA (Hook.) San José 
del Cabo. 

510. PEPEROMIA UMBILICATA Ruiz & Pavon.—Sierra 
de San Francisquito. 


511. LORANTHUS SONOR Watson ? Growing on Cyr- 


tocarpa. Much larger than the described specimens.— 
San José del Cabo. 


512. PHORADENDRON sp. Common throughout the 
southern half of the peninsula. 


513. PEDILANTHUS MACROCARPUS Benth.—San_ José 
del Cabo. 


514. EupHorBIA ERIANTHA Benth.— San _ José del 
Cabo. 


515. EupHorsia Hinpsiana Benth.—San José del 
Cabo. 


516. EuPHORBIA HYPERICIFOLIA L.—San José del 
Cabo. 


517. EUPHORBIA HETEROPHYLLA L. var. CYATHO- 
PHORA Jacq.—Miraflores, San José del Cabo. Speci- 
mens from the first place have white seeds with a trans- 
verse depression, a solitary gland and the floral leaves 
are sometimes margined with white. Specimens from 
the second locality are smaller, the styles more deeply 
divided, glands five, seeds dark. 


var. ERIOPHYLLA Millsp. Zoe, i, 348.— 
Sierra de la Laguna. 

518. EuPHoRBIA LEUCOPHYLLA Benth. ‘This species 
is extremely variable as was shown by Engelman in his 
notes in Proc. Am. Acad., v, 168-170. £. velutina 
Greene’ Bull.) Cal.. Acad., 11;°57, is exactly the¥typieal 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 169 


form and probably from the same place, as there are in the 
Herbarium of the California Academy a very consider- 
able number of fragments of plants, some with and 
some without labels, collected by W. J. Fisher and 
others, from San José del Cabo, Tres Marias and various 
other little known places on the western coast of Mexico. 
E.. biserrata Millsp. Zoe, i, 347, cannot be considered 
anything more than a more glabrous variety at the north- 
ern limit of the species. Bentham notes, in the original 
description, that the leaves are ‘‘ subsessilibus,’’ ‘‘ mar- 
gine cartalagineo inzqualiter vel subduplicato-dentata.’’ 
The flowers are solitary in the axils of the upper leaves 
of the branchlets. The seeds are white when dry, 
exactly the same in both forms, a very faint tinge of 
salmon showing through, but when wet the salmon color 
is pronounced. The leaves of the glabrous form have 
petioles perhaps a little longer, though this is more ap- 
parent than real, and due to the absence of the spreading 
tomentum; the division of the styles and the margin of 
the appendages is variable as in the type. 

The species, both forms, grows in the clean sand of 
the seashore, never at any distance from it, and is un- 
doubtedly perennial. The leaves even of the main stems 
are often imbricated, the nodes much shorter than the 
leaves, while in other plants growing beside them they 
may be three times as long and of quite a different ap- 
pearance. The leaves in both forms have the obliquity of 
the base characteristic of the section Anisophyllum, 
the stipules variable and apparently unlike on the opposite 
sides of the stem. 


519. EurHorpiA XantTI, Engelm.— San José del 


Cabo, Todos Santos, La Paz. 
520. EupHoRBIA POLYCARPA Benth.—San_ José del 
Cabo. 


2p SER, VOL. LL, (13°) August 20, 1891. 


170 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


521. EupHoRBIA SETILOBA Engelm.—San José del 
Cabo. 


522. EupHorsia Warsonit Millsp. Zoe, 1, 347.— 
Todos Santos. 


523. EupHorsiA CaLirornicA Benth. var.?—Todos 
Santos.” 

524. EuPHORBIA BILOBATA Engelm.— Sierra de la 
Laguna. 

525. EupHoRBIA VERSICOLOR Greene.—Todos Santos. 


526. EupHorBIA INVOLUTA Millsp. The specimens 
distributed under this name, at least the one which was 
sent the California Academy of Sciences is apparently 
identical with Palmer’s No. 627 from Guaymas, 1887, 
distributed under the name &. pediculifera Engelm. var. 
lineartfolia Watson. 


527. EuPpHORBIA TOMENTULOSA Watson.—La Paz. 
528. EuUPHORBIA PEDICULIFERA Engelm.—La Paz. 


529. EuPpHORBIA BLEPHAROSTIPULA Milisp--ContrU: 
Se Nat) Minsened,” 77e 


530. EupHorsia Comonpuana Millsp. Contr. U.S. 
Nat Nias. ogy 


531. EupHORBIA DENTATA Michx. var. LASIOCARPA 
Boiss:-—LatPaz. goon, U.S. Nat Mis wear ae 


532. EuPpHoRBIA, sp.—San José del Cabo. 
533. EupHorsiA, sp.—La Paz. 

534. EupHorsia, sp.—Muiraflores. 

San José del Cabo. 
536. ApELIA, sp.?—San José del Cabo. 


535. KUPHORBIA, sp. 


537- PHYLLANTHUS CILIATO-GLANDULOSUS Millsp.— 
La Paz, Todos Santos. 


538. PHYLLANTHUS ACUMINATUS Vahl.? A small tree 


“ZOe 1, 340: 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. I7I 


with angled green branches seems to be this species. 
Seen onlyin the vicinity of Agua Caliente and Miraflores. 

539. PHYLLANTHUS POLYGONOIDES Spreng.— Sierra 
de la Laguna.* 

540. PHYLLANTHUS, sp.—San José del Cabo. 

541. PHYLLANTHUS, sp.—Sierra de la Laguna. 

542. EupHorBiA (ANISOPHYLLUM) INCERTA.  Per- 
ennial (?) glabrous, branching from the base, forming 
tufts about 2 dm. high and as broad: leaves all opposite, 
thick, coriaceous, entire, oblong, obtuse-mucronate, un- 
equal at base, tolding face inward, 6-10 mm. long, on 
the upper part of the branches equaling or exceeding the 
internodes; petioles about 4% the length of the leaves; 
stipules persistent, oblong, nearly as long as the petioles, 
unequally incised into 2-4 lobes, one of them occasionally 
swollen below the tip: involucres angular, solitary in the 
axils on pedicels about as long as the petioles; lobes tri- 
angular-acuminate; glands four (the place of the fifth 
being occupied by a lacinate process), stipitate, concave, 
nearly orbicular, entirely without appendage; bracteola, 
lacerate: styles very short deeply bilobed: capsule de- 
clined; seeds ecarunculate, round-ovate, smooth, white, 
the angles obscure; cotyledons, % the length and little 
broader than the radicle.—La Paz on the spit opposite 
the town, growing in clean sand which forms a coating 
for the apparently glutinous stems their entire length, but 
does not adhere to the leaves or flowers. 


543. SIMMONDSIA CALirornNicA Nutt.—La Paz. 


544. JATROPHA CANESCENS Mill.—Common at low 
elevations throughout the region. Variable in its pubes- 
cence and often glabrous. 

545. JATROPHA cCoRDATA Mill.— Common at the 
higher elevations of the interior mountains. 


*Zoe, i, 346. 


172 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


546. JATROPHA ANGUSTIDENS (Torr.)—San José del 
Cabo. 


547. JATROPHA SPATHULATA.—San José del Cabo. 

548. Croron Carirornicus Mill. Arg.—San José 
del Cabo and probably the western shore to Alta Cali- 
fornia. 

549. CROTON, sp.—San José del Cabo. 


550. Maninor CArRTHAGENENSIS Mill. — Common 
about San José del Cabo. 


551. BrRNARDIA BRANDEGE! Millsp.—Common about 
San José del Cabo. 


552. BERNARDIA MYRIC4FOLIA Watson.—Sierra de 
la Laguna. 


553. BERNARDIA, sp. Fruit only.—Comondu to San 
José del Cabo. 


554. ACALYPHA ALIENA. Annual, erect, slender, 
3-4 dm. high, minutely pubescent: leaves ovate-lance- 
olate, serrate, truncate at base, minutely punctate, nearly 
glabrous, 3-5 nerved, 2-6 dm. long; petioles slender, 
nearly as long as the leaves; stipules minute, linear, 
deciduous: spikes terminal and axillary. 4 on slender 
peduncles, much shorter than the petioles; sepals canicu- 
late, and glandular on the back: & sessile, axillary ones 
short, terminal much longer; bracts punctate, loose, 
broadly ovate, 6mm. long, serrate, acuminate or 2-toothed 
at apex, somewhat scarious at base; style filiform-dis- 
sected; capsule hispid above; seeds smooth, reddish- 
brown, the capsules of 1, 2 or 3 upper bracts divided to 
the base into three separate indehiscent nutlets, which 
are pubescent and muricate; the cotyledons of these ab- 
normal cocci have the radicle inferior, the cocci being 
anatropous instead of the ovules.—San José del Cabo. 

555. AcALYPHA CALIFORNICA Benth.—San José del 
Cabo. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 173 


556. ARGYTHAMNIA SERICOPHYLLA Gray.—Collected 
by Dr. Palmer at La Paz. 


557. ARGYTHAMNIA LANCEOLATA Mill. Arg.—Col- 
lected by Dr. Palmer at La Paz. 


5358. ARGYTHAMNIA SERRATA (Torr.)—San _ José 
del Cabo. 


559. TRAGIA NEPETAFOLIA Mill.—Todos Santos. 

560. Ricinus communis L.—San José del Cabo. 

561. Ficus PALMERI Watson.—San José del Cabo, 
sometimes bearing aerial rootlets. 

. 562. Quercus, sp.—Forming small trees about the 
summit of the Sierra de la Laguna, and not uncommon 
from Miraflores to the summit of the Sierra de San Fran- 
cisquito. 

563. QueERcus, sp.—Extending from the summits of 
the Sierra de la Laguna to near the ocean at Todos San- 
tos, Miraflores, Agua Caliente, etc. It is a large tree. 

564. PopuLus FREMonTI ?—San José del Cabo, To- 
dos Santos. 

565. Porutus mMontTicoLa Brandegee. - Zoe, 1, 274.* 

566. SALIX LASIOLEPIS. Determined by Mr. Bebb.— 
Sierra de la Laguna. 

567. SaLix BoNPLANDIANA HBK. var.—La Paz. 

568. Pinus CEMBROIDES Zucc.—Common about the 
high summits of the mountains.f 

369. MicrostyLis corymBosa Watson.—High mount- 
ains. 

570. MicrostTyLis MONTANA Rothrock.—High mount- 
ains. 


571. Microstyuis, sp.—High mountains. 


*Garden and Forest, iv, 330, pl. 56. 
+Garden and Forest, iv, 352, pl. 59. 


174 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


572. SPIRANTHES MADRENSIS B. & H.? The speci- 
mens are much larger than No. 1372 of Pringle’s Mex- 
ican plants of 1886 and are very young, not even bearing 
full grown flower buds.—High mountains of the interior. 


573. HABENARIA, sp.—High mountains. 
574. HABENARIA, sp.—High mountains. 


575. EpipacTis GIGANTEA Dougl.—Sierra de la La- 
guna. 

Two species of Orchidacez in mature fruit are unde- 
termined. 


576. PITCAIRNIA, sp.—San José del Cabo. 

577.  SISYRINCHIUM MINUS Engelm.—Sierra de la 
Laguna. 

578. SisyRINCHIUM, sp. Near S$. Californica.— 
Sierra de la Laguna. 

579. ZEPHYRANTHES LONGIFOLIA Hemsley.— Col- 
lected at Rancho Salado, but not found within the Cape 
Region. 

580. AGAVE AUREA Brandegee.—Todos Santos to 
La Paz. 

581. AGAveE, sp. Flowers green with yellowish style 
and stamens.—Todos Santos, Santiago, La Paz. 

582. BEHRIA TENUIFLORA Greene. Leaves several, 
shorter than the scapes, slender, from a fibrous coated 
corm, 2 cm. in diameter, scapes erect, not tortuous, 
much exceeding the leaves, 3-5 dm. in height. Flowers 
red with dark purple tips, 15-18 mm. long, exserted 
anthers green, pedicels jointed below the flower. 

The specimens from which the original description was 
drawn had apparently flexuous stems, in these which are 
undoubtedly the same thing the stems are straight and 
erect. The genus is apparently nearest Brevoortia, also 
of a single species. In that genus the three filaments are 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 17 


OL 


adnate, but easily separable their whole length from the 
perianth, and alternate with the staminodia. In Behria 
the lower fourth of the perianth is adnate to the stipe of 
the ovary, but easily separable from it. The saccate 
portion is not therefore basilar as in Brevoortia in which 
the stipe is free. The basilar ‘‘crown’’ mentioned in the 
original description is not very apparent, the filaments 
being simply dilated at their point of union with the peri- 
anth.—Todos Santos, San José del Cabo to the summits 
of the high mountains. 

583. Noxuina BeExLpine1 Brandegee, Zoe, i, 305.— 
High mountains of the interior. 

584. Yucca Baccata Torr. var.—V/. valida Brande- . 
gee is probably referable to some of the so-called varieties 
of this species. 

585. YUCCA CANICULATA Hook.? Growing in the 
mountainous region. The leaves are thin in texture, two 
to four feet long, bending downward, usually entire- 
margined, bright green, and giving to the plant a resemb- 
lance to Nolina. The fruit is that of 2. daccata and 
more or less beaked, maturing in January. The plants 
are two to ten feet high and rarely branched. 

586. COMMELINA NUDIFLORA L.—Growing along ir- 
rigating ditches of Todos Santos. 


Todos Santos. 


587. COMMELINA ViRGINIcA L.—San José del Cabo, 


588. TRADESCANTIA CRASSIFOLIA Cav.?—San José del 
Cabo. 

589. TRADESCANTIA VENUSTULA Kunth ?—San José 
del Cabo. 

590. TINANTIA MODESTA. Branching, glabrous, I m. 
high: leaves elliptical-lanceolate, narrowed to a petiole, 
8-12 cm. long, 2-3% cm. wide, sparingly hirsute above, 


176 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


glabrous below and finely ciliate on the margins; sheaths 
3-4 mm. long, ciliate, cupulate: cymes terminal or rarely 
a small axillary one of 2-3 flowers, simple, scorpiod, 
8-10 cm. long, unilateral for about one-half its length ; 
pedicels 10-12 mm. long: fruiting calyx, 10 mm. long, 
the flowering much smaller: petals as long as the sepals: 
the three large stamens with glabrous filaments, the three 
smaller with bearded ones; anther cells nearly parallel, 
the connective broadest in the middle: capsule shorter 
than the calyx; cells 2-seeded.—Miraflores. 


591. WASHINGTONIA SONOR& Watson.—La Paz, San 
José. A species of Washingtonia is abundant in the 
canons of the mountains and may be this one. 

592. ERyTHEA ARcUATA Watson. In fruit among 
the high mountains. The palms were found abundant in 
the Sierra de San Francisquito and very few about the 
Sierra de la Laguna. 

593- PisT1A STRATIOTES L. var. SPATHULATA (Mich. ) 
—San José del Cabo. 

The synonymy of this wide spread species, is given by 
Engler in Suites au Prodromus, vol. ii, 634-636. 


594. LEMNA, sp. 


Sierra de la Laguna. 
595. EcCHINODORUS ROSTRATUS Engelm. In standing 
water, San José del Cabo. 


596. PoTraAMOGETON, sp.—Sierra de la Laguna. 
596%. PoTAMOGETON sp.—Sierra de la Laguna. 
San José del 


597. ELEOCHARIS CAPITATA R. Br. 
Cabo. 


598. ELrocHaRis PALUSTRIs R. Br. ?—Sierra de San 
Francisquito. 

599. CyPERUS, sp.—San José del Cabo. 

600. CyYPERUS, sp.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 


601. CYPERUS ARISTATUS Rottb.—San José del Cabo. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 177 


602. CyYPERUS, sp.—San José del Cabo. 

603. ScrRPUS PUNGENS Vahl.—San José del Cabo. 

604. ERIocHLOA puNCTATA Hamil.— San José del 
Cabo.* 

605. PAsSPALUM DISTICHUM L. var. LITTORALE R. 
Br.—San José del Cabo. 


606. PANIcUM FASCICULATUM Willd. var. DISSITI- 
FLORUM.—San José del Cabo, Todos Santos. 


607. PANICUM SANGUINALE L.—San José del Cabo. 


608. PANICUM BARBINODE Trin.— Collected at La 
Paz, by DrrPalmer: 


609. Panicum coLonum L.—San José del Cabo. 

610. Panicum Crus-GauLxii L.—San José del Cabo. 

611. PANICUM PASPALOIDES Pers.—San José del 
Cabo. 

612. OrTHOPOGON HuMBoLDTIANUs Nees. 
flores. 


Mira- 


613. SETARIA PAUCISETA Vasey—Ig91 Palmer’s Mex- 
ican Collection, 1885.—San José del Cabo. 

614. SETARIA GLAUCA Beauv. var. L@vIGATA Chap. 
—San José del Cabo. 


615. SETARIA CAUDATA R.&S. Growing tall among 
bushes.—San José del Cabo. 


616.—CENCHRUS PALMERI Vasey.—Colllected at La 
Paz by Dr. Palmer. 


617. CENCHRUS TRIBULOIDES L.—San José del Cabo. 


618. AGOPOGON GRACILIS Vasey.—Sierra de San 
Francisquito. 

619. MANISURIS GRANULARIS Swartz.—Sierra de San 
Francisquito. 


*The grasses were determined by Dr. George Vasey. 


178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


620. 'TRACHYPOGON POLYMoRPHUS Hook.—Sierra de 
San Francisquito. 

621. HETEROPOGON ACUMINATUS Trin. — Sierra de 
San Francisquito. 

622. HETRopoGcoN conrortus R. & S.—San José 
del'@Cabo, Ua Paz: 

623. ANDROPOGON MELANOCARPUsS Ell. 

624. ANDROPOGON HIRTIFLORUS Kunth.—Sierra de 
San Francisquito. 


625. ARISTIDA SCHEIDIANA Trin.— Sierra de San 
Francisquito. 

626. ARISTIDA ORCUTTIANA Vasey.—Todos Santos, 
San José del Cabo. / 

627. ARISTIDA CALIFORNICA Thurber, var. GLABRATA. 
Differs from the type in its larger size, more spreading 
and branched habit and shorter awned flowering glumes, 
yet appears to be too near for a new species. It has the 
awn jointed to the glume.—San José del Cabo, Todos 
Santos. 

628. ARISTIDA DISPERSA Trin.—Collected at La Paz 
by Dr. Palmer. 

629. ARISTIDA TENUIS Kunth.—San José del Cabo. 

630. MUHLENBERGIA GRANDIS Vasey.—Sierra de San 
Francisquito. 

631. MUHLENBERGIA DEBILIS Trin.—Dr. Palmer at 
La Paz. 

632. PERIEILEMA CRINITA Presl.— Sierra de San 
Francisquito. 

633. Sporospo_us Wricutiu Thurb. ? Specimens too 
old. San José del Cabo. 

634. CHLOoRIS ELEGANS HBK.—Dr. Palmer at La 
Paz: 


PLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 179 


635: BouTrELouUA POoLYsTACHYA Benth. A form.— 
San José del Cabo. 

636. BouTrELOUA RACEMOSA Lag.—San José del Cabo. 

637. BouTELovUA HIRSUTA Lag.—Sierra de San Fran- 
cisquito. 
638. BouTELoua oLicosTaAcHyA Torr.? Too young. 
San José del Cabo. 


639. BouTELOUA BROMOIDES Lag.—Miraflores. 


_ 640. BoUTELOUA ARISTIDOIDES Thurber.—San_ José 
del Cabo. 


641. ELEusINE InpicA Gaert.—San José del Cabo. 


642. DactTyLoTanium A®cypTiAcum Willd. — San 
José del Cabo. 


643. IRHACHIDOSPERMUM MExIcANuM Vasey. With 
good specimens of the male plant I see no reason to think 
this ouvea of Fournier.—In the sand along the coast. 
Todos Santos, San José del Cabo, La Paz. 


644. DiPLACHNE IMBRICATA Thurb.—Collected by 
Dr. Palmer at La Paz. 


645. DIpLACHNE BRANDEGEI Vasey. Older than the 
specimens of 1889—the branches reflexed.—San José 
del Cabo, Todos Santos. 

646. ARUNDO DONAX L.—Probably introduced, but it 
is difficult in some places to determine, as in Texas and 
New Mexico along the Rio Grande.—San José del Cabo, 
Todos Santos. 


647. MoNANTHOCHLOE LITTORALIS Engelm.— La 
Paz. 
648. ERAGROSTIS sPICATA Vasey.—San José del 


Cabo, Todos Santos. 


649. ERaGRosTIS MAJOR Host. Variety. 
del Cabo. 


650 ERAGROSTIS CILIARIS L.—San José del Cabo. 


San José 


t8o0 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


651. ERAGROSTIS CILIARIS L. var. PATENS Chap.— 
San José del Cabo. 


652. ERAGRostis Pursuit Schrad.—Collected by Dr. 
Palmervat la. Pazas Cont, Us -blerbs, wiiy78: 


653. PoLypopiumM PLEBIUM Schl.* ‘The form with 
obtuse segments like Parry & Palmer’s No. 973 from 
San Luis Potosi. Except for the scales on the frond this 
has very much the look of P. vu/gare.—Sierra de la 
Laguna. 

654. PoLypopIUM PLEsIOSORUM Kunze? A single 
frond, not very typical of this species, but better placed 
here than elsewhere.—High mountains of the interior. 

655. GYMNOGRAMME TRIFOLIATA Desv.—Growing in 
the hedges at Todos Santos. 


656. NoTHoLaNA NIVEA Desv. A large and stout 
form like some from Chiapas collected by Ghiesbrecht. 
—Sierra de la Laguna. 

657. NoTHOLAZNA CANDIDA Hooker. — Sierra de la 
Laguna. 

658. NoTrHoL4NA FERRUGINEA Hooker.—Sierra de 
la Laguna. 

659. NotTuot#na Lemmoni D. C. Eaton.—Todos 
Santos, tua Paz. 


660. CHEILANTHES PRINGLEI Davenp.—The speci- 
mens differ from the type in having longer fronds with 
more distant pinne, and the pinnules oblong rather than 
ovate. The fronds, too, are rather less scaly along the 
rachises. Possibly they should be described as a dis- 
tinct species, but some of Palmer’s specimens from Chi- 
huahua (No. 116 of 1885) seem to connect them with 
the original form from Arizona.—Canons along the base 


*The determination of the ferns and the accompanying notes are by Prof. 
D. C. Eaton. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. r8r 


of the mountains and in the hills about Todos Santos and 
San José del Cabo. 


661. PELLAA MARGINATA, Var.-PYRAMIDALIS Baker. 
‘Sierra de la Laguna. 


662. PELL#A TERNIFOLIA Fée. Very fine and large 
specimens.—Common in the Sierra de la Laguna. 


663. PELL#A SEEMANNI Hooker. The form with 
broad pinnules, like Palmer’s No. 226 of 1887, from 
Guaymas.—Foothills near Agua Caliente. 

664. ADIANTUM COoNCINNUM HBK.—Sierra de la La- 
guna. 

665. ADIANTUM CapiLLUS-VENERIS L.—A _ single 
rather large frond, the pinnules like those of examples 
from Santa Barbara, not much lobed.—Sierra de la La- 
guna. 


660. ASPLENIUM BLEPHARODES D. C. Eaton, Zoe, 1. 
197.—Sierra de la Laguna. 

667. ASPIDIUM PATENS Swartz.—Summit of the high 
mountains. 


668. Asprp1um Mexicanum Presl. A form with nar- 
row segments, the same as that gathered in the Huachuca 
mountains of Arizona, Lemmon in 1882, and in Jalisco 
by Palmer and by Pringle.—High mountains. 

669. WoopsiaA Mexicana Fée. This has the indu- 
sium cleft into a few broad segments, but much more 
delicate and evanescent than in W. odtusa, which it some- 
what resembles in the shape of the fronds.—High mount- 
ains. 

670. ANEIMIA HIRSUTA Swartz. This has also been 
collected by both Palmer and Pringle.—Mountains. 


671. OPpnHioGLossuM VULGATUM L. The ordinary form 


of the North Temperate. Zone.—Common in the high 
mountains. 


182 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


672. SELAGINELLA RUPESTRIS Spring. A long and 
slender, branching form, the stems sub-terete; leaves 
gradually narrowed into the straight terminal seta; cilia 
15-20 each side of the leaf. It is the same as Palmer’s 
No. 92 from San Miguel, Chihuahua.—Growing in the 
mountains. 

673. SELAGINELLA CUSPIDATA Link.—Common in the 
mountains. 

674. IsomrTEs MexicAna Underw.*—Sierra de la La- 
guna. 

675. PoOLYTRICHUM PILIFERUM Schreb.?—In the high 
mountains. 

676. WEBERA LONGICOLLA Hedw. High mountains. 

677. CYLINDROTHECIUM CLADORRHIZANS Schimp.— 
High mountains. 

678. FIMBRIARIA ECHINELLA Gottsche.—Mountains. 


679. ANTHOCEROS L&vis L.—Mountains. 


E-ncelia ertocephala Gray and Flesperocallis undulata 
Gray, credited to Cape St. Lucas in a previous paper, 
do not appear to belong to the region. It is probable that 
there was some contusion of labels. 


No. 179 of Palmer’s Guaymas collection, which was 
described by Dr. Watson from imperfect material, grows 
commonly at lower elevations, in the Cape Region, but 
female flowers and perfect fruit have not yet been ob- 
tained. It flowers April-May, and although an abund- 
ance of the male flowers have been sent by correspondents, 
they seem unable to find the female. 


Several plants are not included in the above list, hav- 
ing been collected in a state which does not admit of even 
generic identification. 


* This and the following species were determined by Prof. L. M. Underwood. 


ON THE PROTHALLIUM AND EMBRYO OF MARSILIA 
VESTITA. 


BY DOUGLAS HOUGHTON CAMPBELL. 


In studying the evolution of the higher cryptogams, 
perhaps the most striking peculiarity noticed is the pro- 
gressive reduction of the sexual generation. This has 
evidently gone on along several distinct lines, and has 
resulted in at least one of them in the production of seed- 
bearing plants (spermaphytes), or as they are more popu- 
larly called, phanerogams. Whether or not all the sper- 
maphytes have had a common origin it is not the purpose 
of the present paper to discuss. 

As we survey the great group of Pteridophytes we 
find remnants among our living flora of four groups 
where the preliminary step toward the formation of seeds 
has been taken, but there is strong reason to believe that 
in two, at least, of these, the process has not gone any 
further. This preliminary step is heterospory or the 
formation of two sorts of spores, large and small, giving 
rise respectively to female and male prothallia. These 
are very much reduced, and sometimes almost completely 
included within the spore. 

Among living Pteridophytes, as already stated, are 
four groups in which heterospory is present, viz: Mar- 
siliacez, Salviniacee, Selaginellez, and Isoetez, all of 
which are represented in the flora of California. It is 
with the first of these that we have to deal here. 

The Marsiliacez, including the two genera Marsilia 
and Pilularia, are widely distributed species occurring 
in the warm and temperate regions of nearly the whole 
earth. These plants are remarkable for the extraordinary 


2p SER., Vout. II. Tala] April 19, 1892. 


184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


rapidity with which the germination takes place, and, in 
Marsilia, for the length of time that the spores retain their 
vitality. For studying the germination, species which 
grow where they become entirely dried up after the spores 
ripen, are best. Species like J/. guadrifolia, which is 
strictly aquatic, are more difficult to germinate. J7/. vestzta, 
the common species of California, has proved a most 
satisfactory form for study. Through the kindness ot 
Mrs. Brandegee a plentiful supply of ripe fruits of this 
species was placed at my disposal, and it was possible 
for me to trace the development of the prothallium and 
embryo in a most satisfactory manner. 

The earliest works on the Marsiliacee are extremely 
imperfect and will not be further referred to. Hofmeis- 
ter * was the first to recognize the real affinities of these 
plants, but his accounts leave much to be desired. The 
first account that was in any sense complete was that of 
Hanstein,f which threw a good deal of light on the de- 
velopment of both the prothalltum and embryo, but in 
regard to the former was very far from correct. Owing 
to his methods of treating the delicate prothallium with 
potash and other clearing agents, much of the structure 
was destroyed, and very erroneous conclusions were 
reached. Later, Arcangelit and Sadebeck § corrected 
some of the worst mistakes, and the writer || later, with 
the aid of more perfect modern histological methods, was 


* Hofmeister. The Higher Cryptogamia, pp. 325-327. 

+ Hanstein. Die Befruchtung und Entwicklung der Gattung Marsilia (Jahr- 
buch fiir Wiss. Bot. 1865). 

tArcangeli. Sulla Pilularia e Salvinia (Nuovo Giornale botanico Italiano, 
vol. vili, 1876). 

§Sadebeck, in Schenck’s Handbuch der Botanik, vol. i, p. 238. 

||Campbell. The development of Pilularia globulifera (Annals of Botany, 
vol. ii, No. vill, Nov., 1888. Campbell—Einige Notizen iiber die Keimung von 
Marsilia .Kgyptiaca—Berichte der Deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft, 1888. 

s 


MARSILIA VESTITA. 185 
able still further to advance our knowledge of the early 
stages. Still there were several points in regard to Mar- 
silia that were obscure, especially the first divisions in 
the prothallia, and these it was possible to clear up by a 
study of the material at my disposal. 


REE RO ay. 


The sporangia of the Marsiliacea are formed within 
peculiar ‘‘fruits’’ which are modified segments of 
the leaves, bearing much the same relation to the 
sterile portion that the fertile segments of the leaves of 
Botrychium or Osmunda do to the sterile ones. These 
sporocarps in JZ. vesétzta (pl. 1, fig. 1), are bean shaped, 
very hard bodies, about five mm. in length, and attached 
to the base of the petiole. They are more or less hairy, 
whence the specific name. These fruits open sponta- 
neously when perfectly ripe, if placed in water, but the 
process is comparatively slow and may be hastened by 
cutting away enough of the hard outer shell of the fruit 
to expose the yellowish inner tissue. This latter is of a 
mucilaginous nature, and on the absorption of water 
swells up enormously and causes the two halves of the 
fruit to separate as two valves. The gelatinous inner 
tissue of the fruit continues to expand as more water is 
absorbed, and finally forms a long worm-shaped body, 
sometimes eight or ten cm. in length. To this are at- 
tached the sori, each surrounded by a sac-shaped in- 
dusium, in which the sporangia are closely packed (pl. 
i, fig. 2). Both sorts of sporangia occur in the same 
sorus. Each macrosporangium contains a single very 
large macrospore; the microsporangia numerous much 
smaller microspores. If care is taken in opening the fruit, 
the indusium remains intact for several hours, and this 
was found a great help in the study of the microspores, 


186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


as the whole sorus could be handled, and imbedded, and 
sections made, which would, of course, have been out 
of the question were the microspores allowed to become 
entirely separate. Gradually, however, the walls of the 
indusium soften and most of the spores are forced out 
into the water by the swelling of the mucilaginous matter 
that surrounds them. 

The structure of the fruit and the development of the 
sporangia and spores have been exhaustively studied by 
Russow,* and it is only necessary to state here that up to 
a late stage of development, the sporangia and spores 
develop alike in the two sorts of sporangia, but that later 
in the macrosporangium one of the young spores finally 
grows at the expense of the others, which are gradually 
absorbed by it in its growth, and finally fills the whole 
sporangium. In the microsporangium, all of the original 
sixty-four spores come to maturity. 

In studying the spores they were first treated for about 
two hours with a I per cent. aqueous solution of chromic 
acid, and after repeatedly washing in distilled water to 
remove as much of the acid as possible, were gradually 
brought into 95 per cent. alcohol where they were allowed 
to remain until wanted. By this means the acid was com- 
pletely removed, and they stained readily with cochineal 
or carmine solution, which will not act satisfactorily if 
any acid is left in the specimens. After staining with 
alum-cochineal,the specimens were dehydrated, imbedded 
in paraflfine, and cut with a Minot microtome. Before 
finally mounting, they were further stained on the slide 
with Bismarck brown (in 70 per cent. alcohol) and mounted 
in Canada balsam. Specimens thus treated show very 
beautifully all the details of cell-division, and enabled me 


*Russow. Histologie und Entwickelungsgeschichte der Sporenfrucht von 
Marsilia. Dorpat, 1871. 


MARSILIA VESTITA. 187 


to determine with great precision every step in the torma- 
tion of the prothallium and embryo. 


THE MICROSPORES AND MALE, PROTHALLIUM. 


The microspores of JZ. vestcta are globular cells about 
-075 mm. in diameter. The outer wall is white and suf- 
ficiently transparent to allow the contents of the spore to 
be dimly seen through it. Its surface presents a punctate 
appearance, and at one point there are three lines which 
meet each other at equal angles and mark where the 
spore was in contact with its three sister-spores in the 
mother-cell (pl. m1, fig. 3). Lying close to the inner sur- 
face of the wall may be clearly seen numerous distinct 
starch granules, and in the center the nucleus is vaguely 
discernible; covering the outside of the spore is a thin 
structureless mucilaginous layer,which, however, isscarce- 
ly perceptible in microtome sections. 

Sections through the ungerminated spore show that the 
wall is thick and has several distinct layers. The inner- 
most is thin and delicate, and is probably composed of 
cellulose. The second is thicker and more or less cuti- 
cularized, and the outer wall (epispore) is thick and ap- 
parently composed of prismatic rods placed close to- 
gether (pl. m1, figs. 5 and 6). A surface view of the 
epispore shows that it is the ends of these prismatic rods 
that give the punctate appearance already noted. This 
outer coat may be easily removed by mounting the fresh 
spores in a drop of water and covering with the ordinary 
cover glass, which is then rubbed carefully to and fro. 
The smooth, colorless and semi-transparent exospore is 
then seen, but it is not possible to get a satisfactory view 
of the interior of spores thus treated. In the later stages 
by boiling upon the slide, especially if a little potash is 
added to the water, the exospore may be ruptured, and 


188 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


with care, the young prothallium surrounded only by the 
transparent endospore, may be liberated; but it is so 
delicate, and the walls are so swollen by this process, 
that the study of their arrangement is exceedingly dif- 
ficult, and it was found necessary to devise some means 
by which the spores could be sectioned. This was finally 
accomplished by taking the whole sorus and imbedding 
it. Of course, by so doing it is impossible to regulate 
the direction in which the sections are made, but the 
number of spores is so great, that some of them are al- 
most certain to show satisfactorily the desired stages. 

Occupying the center of the spore is a large and dis- 
tinct globular nucleus. Usually one or more nucleoli are 
present, and the chromatin seems to be fairly abundant. 
The cytoplasm shows a more or less reticulate arrange- 
ment, as if there were large vaculoles which are dis- 
tributed pretty uniformly throughout the spore. Granules 
of various sorts are abundant, some of them, especially 
near the periphery, being the large starch granules al- 
ready referred to, the others being apparently of albumi- 
nous nature (pl. 1m, fig. 4). 

The first divisions occur under proper conditions in 
about an hour after the spores are placed in water. Pre- 
vious to this the nucleus enlarges somewhat and passes 
to one side, usually the side opposite the apex, and the 
granules of the protoplasm accumulate near the center 
of the spore, leaving a more or less clearly defined zone 
in which the granules are much less numerous. The 
central granular mass, however, has running from it lines 
of granules extending to the periphery of the spore (pl. 
Ter M7 

The first wall divides the spore into two very unequal 
cells, the smaller containing but little granular contents, 
and representing the vegetative part of the prothallium, 


MARSILIA VESTITA. 189 


the upper is the mother cell of the antheridium (pl. 11, 
ig. 1S)" Vehevsizevon tise vesetative’ ‘cell (~)i varies a 
good deal in different cases. In the earliest accounts of 
Marsilia this cell was overlooked, but Sadebeck* de- 
monstrated it later. In Pilulariat there is in addition a 
smaller one that is frequently found. The next division 
differs in different cases, but usually is effected by a wall 
approximately parallel to the first one, but more or less 
concave upward, being in tact the homologue of the first 
funnel-shaped wall found in the antheridium of the Poly- 
podiacee (pl. ul, fig. 9), and the lower cell, which has 
very little granular contents, corresponds to the lower 
ring-cell of the wall of the ordinary fern antheridium. 
Sometimes, however, the antheridium mother-cell divides 
at once by an oblique wail into two nearly equal cells, 
which indicate the position of the two groups of sperm- 
cells found in the older antheridium. In no case ob- 
served was there certain indication of the formation of a 
perfect dome-shaped wall in the upper cell of the anthe- 
ridum such as occurs regularly in the homosporous lep- 
tosporangiate ferns, and also, as a rule, in the nearly re- 
lated but less specialized Pilularia. 

The formation of this wall seems to have been partially 
lost as aresult of the extremely rapid development of the 
antheridium, and the separation of the groups of sperm- 
cells takes place by the formation of cells, cut off in 
a more or less irregular manner from the periphery of 
the two cells into which the upper cell of the antheridium 
is at first divided. The cap-cell, at the top of the anthe- 
ridium (pl. m1, fig. 13, d) is almost always plainly visible, 
so that the only difference between the normal develop- 


*Schenk’s Handbuch, vol. i, p. 238. 


+Campbell, 1. c. p. 238. 


Igo CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ment of the antheridium of Marsilia and that of the or- 
dinary Polypodiacee, is in the imperfect development of 
the dome-shaped cell by which in that group the central 
cell of the antheridium, from which the sperm-cells later 
arise, is at once completely separated from the outer wall 
of the antheridium mother-cell. 

In Marsilia the contents of the central cells show a dis- 
tinct separation into a granular inner and a nearly trans- 
parent outer part, and the boundary between the two is 
often sharply marked before any actual division has taken 
place Cpl. im,-figtet2,). 

From the two cells into which the central part of the 
antheridium is now divided, a varying number of sterile 
cells are cut off, which are transparent, and more or less 
completely surround the two central cells which are at 
once distinguished by their densely granular contents. 
Not infrequently (pl. ur, figs. 17 and 18), a sterile cell is 
tormed between these, completely separating them, and 
extending entirely across the antheridium. Sometimes, 
as in the cases figured, this is followed by two walls 
formed simultaneously that run parallel with the outer 
wall of the antheridium, and reach to this central sterile 
cell. In such cases,»a cross section of the two cells 
which are to give rise to the sperm-cells is very sym- 
metrical and nearly semicircular in outline. This re- 
gularity, however, while very frequent, does not always 
occur, and the peripheral cells may be cut off apparently 
without any regularity (pl. 1m, fig. 19). After the sperm- 
mother-cells are differentiated, however, the divisions in 
them show great regularity. Each one divides into two 
nearly equal cells by a vertical wall (pl. u1, fig. 18), and 
this is then followed by a horizontal wall. The next 
division is vertical, and each of the resulting eight cells 
then divides once more, making sixteen in each group ot 


MARSILIA VESTITA. Ig! 


sperm-cells, or thirty-two in the whole antheridium. The 
whole division in J7. vest7ta may be completed within 
about seven hours from the time the spores are placed in 
water, and the formation of the spermatozoids begins 
about an hour later and appears to require about four 
hours for its completion. 

The full-grown prothallium (pl. m1, fig. 20) appears 
very different when seen from different sides. A median 
vertical section, passing through both groups of sperm- 
cells, shows usually the small vegetative cell (4), above 
this the broad basal cell of the antheridium (77), and 
above this the two clearly marked oval groups of sperm- 
cells, sometimes in contact, sometimes separated by a 
sterile cell, and separated from the outer wall of the an- 
theridium by the lateral sterile cells (f) and the cover 
cell (d). If a vertical section is made at right angles 
to the one just described, only one of the groups of 
sperm-cells will be seen, and the lateral peripheral cells 
appear much broader (pl. 11, fig. 20,4). A cross section 
of the antheridium shows the two symmetrical groups of 
sperm-cells, as shown in fig. 20, c. 

The walls of the sperm-cells are exceedingly delicate, 
but perfectly evident, especially when the contents are 
contracted, a case that happens very frequently, especially 
after the spermatozoids begin to form. 

In the early stages of the prothallium and antheridium, 
the nuclei are large and very distinct but with compara- 
tively little chromatin, so that although dividing nuclei 
were often met with, the figures were very small and not 
easily studied. Inthe sperm-cells, previous to the forma- 
tion of the spermatozoids, the nuclei are less readily 
seen, owing to the readiness with which the cytoplasm 
takes up stains, and consequently Marsilia does not afford 
a very Satisfactory subject for the study of the develop- 


192 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ment of the spermatozoids, and this point was only ob- 
served in a very casual way. Nothing was observed, 
however, which pointed to anything peculiar in their 
origin. As in other cases observed, the body of the 
spermatozoid is derived from the nucleus of the sperm- 
cell by its direct change in form. It first contracts on 
one side and forms a thick curved band (pl. 1, fig. 21) 
which then lengthens out and becomes thinner and many 
times coiled until it has assumed the corkscrew form of 
the full-grown spermatozoid. The cilia and the vesicle 
which is attached to the hinder end are derived from the 
cytoplasm. 

When the antheridia are ripe, which ordinarily takes 
place in about twelve or sixteen hours after the spores are 
placed in water, the cells forming the walls become very 
much distended by the rapid absorption of water, and in 
consequence of the pressure from within the exospore 
breaks open along the lines of the three radiating ridges 
at the apex, and the upper swollen cells of the antheridia 
protrude through the opening. Finally the peripheral 
cells are torn apart, and the sperm-cells with the con- 
tained spermatozoids are discharged. The walls of the 
sperm-cells are soon completely dissolved and the sper- 
matozoids are thus set free. 

The spermatozoids of Marsilia are distinguished trom 
all others by the great number of coils in the spiral body. 
In the species under consideration there may be thirteen 
or fourteen. In the active condition (pl. 111, fig. 22, @) 
the coils are close together and the lower coils much 
wider. When the movements begin to slacken, or when 
the body is held in the mucilaginous matter about the 
macrospore, the spiral often becomes much elongated 
(pl. m1, fig. 22,6). The very numerous long cilia are at- 
tached mainly to the lower coils, and the upper pointed 


MARSILIA VESTITA. 193 


end seems to be quite free from them. When the sper- 
matozoid escapes from its mother-cell there is attached, 
as in other spermatozoids, a delicate vesicle (v) con- 
taining more or less granular matter. Some of the 
granules are starch, others seem to be albuminous. This 
vesicle usually becomes detached when the spermatozoid 
is held in the mucilaginous matter about the macrospore 
where they accumulate in very large numbers, hundreds 
often being visible about a single macrospore. Evidently 
this mucilaginous matter exercises an attraction apart 
from that thrown out by the ripe archegonium, as 
they collect about the macrospore long before the 
archegonium has opened. In studying them, they were 
killed with a drop ot weak osmic acid about 4% percent., 
and then stained with a little gentian-violet. In this way 
they may be killed instantly without any distortion and 
the cilia rendered very distinct. 

If we compare now the antheridium of Marsilia with 
that of the other Filicinez we find, as might be expected, 
the nearest affinity with Pilularia, from which it differs 
mainly in the less perfect development ot the dome- 
shaped wall in the antheridium mother-cell, and the more 
distinct separation of the two groups of sperm-cells, 
which, as we have seen, are hereremarkably distinct. In 
Pilularia these remain distinguishable up to the time that 
the antheridium is ripe, but this is less marked than in 
Marsilia. In the Polypodiacew, which are the nearest 
among the homosporous ferns to the Marsiliacea, this 
division is indicated in the early stages of the anther- 
idium, but is finally lost. 

THE MACROSPORE AND FEMALE PROTHALLIUM. 

The macrospore of Marsilia is the most specialized 
found in the Pteridophytes. This is true both of the 
peculiar wall, which however it shares with the nearly 


194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


related Pilularia, and the segregation, even in the un- 
germinated spore of the protoplasm which is to torm the 
prothallium. The spores are very large ellipsoidal cells, 
about .425x.750 mm. in diameter. They are ivory white 
in color and covered witha slimy mucilaginous coating of 
considerable thickness. The upper end of the spore has 
a hemispherical protuberance covered with an evidently 
thinner brownish membrane, and it is the protoplasm 
within this that alone gives rise to the young prothallium. 
In cross sections it is plainly seen that the upper end of 
this proturberance shows three radiating lines correspond- 
ing to those at the apex of the microspore, and like them 
indicates where the spore was in contact with the three 
sister-spores in the mother cell. 

Sections of the ungerminated spore (pl. Iv, fig. I), 
show structures very like those in the microspore but 
more strongly developed. The most noticeable differ- 
ence is in the distribution of the contents. Instead ot 
having these uniform as in the microspore, here the pro- 
toplasm filling the proturberance at the top is finely 
granular and free from the large starch grains that occur 
in the body of the spore. This dense protoplasm, too, 
colors strongly with various staining agents, and the line 
of demarkation is abrupt. The nucleus of the spore is 
situated in the center of the apical protoplasm which, 
however, is not separated by a membrane from the body 
of the spore. The nucleus is more or less strongly flat- 
tened, but this is exaggerated when the protoplasm at 
the apex has contracted, as it often does during the pro- 
cess of imbedding. The protoplasm of the body of the 
spore is arranged reticulately and probably in the living 
spore contains vacuoles and oily matter which is re- 
moved in the process of imbedding. Granules of various 
sizes, partly albuminous, and partly starch, are abundant. 


MARSILIA VESTITA. 195 


The grains of starch are especially large and conspicuous. 
The wall of the spore shows much the same structure as 
that of the microspore, but the peculiarities are more 
marked. The epispore is especially well developed and 
differs mainly from that of the microspore in the prisms 
of which it is composed being in close contact and 
appearing in surface view as polygonal areas in close 
apposition. Outside of the epispore proper the struc- 
tureless mucilaginous outer epispore forms a more or 
less conspicuous layer. It stains deeply and is especially 
developed toward the upper part of the spore. This 
layer is not shown in figures 1 and 12. 

A very full account of the structure of the cell, as well 
as their development, is given by Strasburger.* 

The development of the female prothallium is some- 
what slower than that of the male, and ordinarily takes 
fifteen to twenty hours for its completion, although if the 
temperature is high it may be completed in somewhat less 
time. 

The first sign of germination is an increase in the size 
of the hemispherical mass of protoplasm at the apex of 
the spore, and the boundary between it and the body of 
the spore becomes somewhat less decided (pl. rv, fig. 2). 
At the same time the nucleus becomes more nearly glo- 
bular, and its contents, which in the ungerminated spore 
appear almost uniformly granular, become somewhat dif- 
ferent. The granules become larger, and some of them 
stain more deeply, showing them to be chromatin bodies 
(pl. tv, fig. 4). At no time, however, is the amount of 
chromatin large. The first division was not observed in 
any spores that had been in water for less than two hours, 
and probably very seldom occurs sooner than this. Usually, 


*Strasburger. Uber den Bau und Wachsthum der Zellhaiite, pp. 123-133. 


196 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


but not always, the first wall cuts off the papilla at the 
top of the spore from the cavity below (pl. rv, fig. 5). 
The nuclei of the two cells are very unequal in size, the 
lower one being much smaller. Both are strongly flat- 
tened and the division wall is very convex, and a small 
part of the fine granular protoplasm of the papilla is usually 
cut off from below and remains in the lower cells. The 
lower large cell takes no further part in the formation of 
prothallium and remains with very little change until after 
the fertilization of the archegonium. 

The next division in the upper cell is usually a nearly 
vertical wall which cuts off q small peripheral wall (pl. 
iv, figs. 6and 7), and this is followed later by usually two 
similar ones (fig. 10, ii and iii), which, with the first 
formed enclose a large central cell, the mother-cell of the 
archegonium. On comparing this stage with the same 
one in Pilularia, we find that in the latter the periph- 
eral cells are not tormed until a second wall, parallel to 
the basal wall is formed, and, as a rule, but two walls are 
formed instead of three in the cutting off of the arche- 
gonium mother-cell. That this difference is not essen- 
tial, however, is seen from the fact that occasionally in 
Marsilia the basal cell is formed before the peripheral 
cells are all-cut off (pl..1v, fig: 9). 

A variation occasionally met with was the cutting oft 
of a lateral cell before the separation of the prothallium 
from the body of the spore. 

Generally, before the second peripheral is cut off, the 
first formed one has already divided by a vertical wall 
into two small parts (pl. 1v, fig. 7). At this stage the 
prothallium, exclusive of the body of the spore, consists 
of a large central cell, the mother-cell of (the \arche- 
gonium (fig. 10, 9), and three peripheral cells (4) which 
have undergone more or less further division. The 


MARSILIA VESTITA. 197 


archegonium mother-cell behaves in all respects like that 
of the ordinary ferns. It divides first into a lower or 
basal cell, which forms later a single layer of cells, 
separating the central cell of the archegonium from the 
spore cavity, and a much larger upper one which forms 
the archegonium proper. ‘The basal cell divides into two 
nearly equal cells, and each of these by a similar wall, 
so that a cross section of the base of a prothallium of 
about seven hours (fig. 10, 6) shows this cell divided 
into nearly equal quadrants. While this division is pro- 
gressing in the basal cells, the peripheral cells are also 
dividing by both vertical and horizontal walls, but only 
in two planes, so that the central cell is invested on all 
sides by a single layer of cells. These contain small but 
distinct nuclei and more or less granular contents, and 
after fertilization develop more or less chlorophyl. 

From the top of the central cell is now cut off a shal- 
low cell which later divides into four by two cross walls, 
very much as the basal cell divides, and this forms the 
beginning of the neck of the archegonium (pl. Iv, fig. 
Li) seinesesGelisrdO NOt ,at dirst project, but-a little 
later increase somewhat in size and each becomes divided 
by an oblique wall into two cells, of which the upper ones 
become strongly turgescent and project in the form of a 
papilla beyond the ruptured exospore, which is broken 
through at about this stage (pl. rv, fig. 12). About the 
same time that this division takes place in the next cell, 
a small cell is cut off from the central cell, and forms the 
next canal cell (fig. 12, c), and very soon after a second 
smaller one (fig. 13, 6), and very soon after this the con- 
tents of the central cell contract to form the egg, and its 
walls as well as those of the canal cells become disor- 
ganized. ‘The egg at this stage shows a clear space at 
the top, the meceptive spot (fie. 135 7), and the nucleus 
although distinct is unusually small. 


198 CALIFORNIA. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The opening of the archegonium is brought about by 
the swelling of the neck cells combined with the pressure 
exerted by the swollen mass produced by the disintegra- 
tion of the canal cells, which are forced out more or less 
completely as the archegonium opens, and thus a channel 
is formed down to the egg. 

Owing to the small amount of chromatin in the egg 
nucleus, and the strong staining of the cytoplasm, it was 
found impracticable to attempt a careful study of the 
fertilization. 

The mucilage about the spore often forms a sort ot 
tunnel-shaped cavity above the archegonium, and in this 
and the surrounding mucilage the spermatozoids assemble 
in immense number, and as soon as the archegonium 
opens they collect in such numbers about it that its open- 
ing is often completely choked up. Several of the first 
comers usually succeed in penetrating to the central cell, 
but probably as in other cases where this has been care- 
fully studied, only one enters the egg. Here it soon 
unites with the egg-nucleus, which has in the meantime 
increased in size and moved towards the receptive spot. 

As soon as fertilization is effected the egg secretes a 
membrane about itself, which effectually prevents the 
entrance of other spermatozoids. At the same time the 
inner membranes of the neck cells assume a dark brown 
color. With the first division in the fertilized egg, a 
division begins in the cells of the prothallium, which 
changes the single layer of cells enveloping the egg into 
a double layer, except in the basal cells which undergo 
no further division (pl. Iv, figs. 15 and 16). The lower 
may divide further so that here the prothallium may be- 
come several cells thick, and the surface cells may grow 
out later into root-hairs. 


MARSILIA VESTITA. 199 


THE EMBRYO. 


The embryo was very carefully studied by Hanstein,* 
and as his account is in all important particulars correct, 
I shall simply give here a brief sketch of the earlier 
divisions, as only a few minor differences were noted be- 
tween WW. vestita and AZ. salvatrix, which was the species 
mainly studied by Hanstein. 

The first division ot the fertilized ege takes place 
probably within two or three hours after the entrance ot 
the spermatozoid, but I have no exact data on this point. 
Hanstein says that in the case of AZ. salvatrix about 
twelve hours elapse before the first division, but in JZ. 
vestita the time is certainly much shorter. The first wall 
is a vertical one and divides the embryo into two equal 
cells. This is followed quickly by a nearly horizontal 
one in véeach cell at right angles to the first; and this 
second division divides the embryo into primary organs. 
The first or basal wall, divides the embryo into the ‘* epi- 
basal’’ or forward, and the ‘‘ hypobasal’’ or posterior 
parts, and the second walls divide the epibasal portion 
into cotyledon and stem, and the hypobasal into root and 
foot. | 

The third set of walls ‘‘ octant walls,’’ are not quite 
the same in the two walls of the embryo, in the epibasal 
quadrants the octant wall is at right angles to the others, 
and the resulting cells consequently equal, but in the 
hypobasal quadrants this is not the case, but the octant 
walls make an angle of about 120° with the basal wall, 
so that the octants are of very unequal size. 

The eight cells of which the embryo is now composed, 
while somewhat unequal in size, are approximately of 
the same torm, 7. e. tetrahedral, and one of the cells from 


mile es peo: (2) 


200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


the first, in each quadrant, may be looked upon as the 
permanent apical cell of the organ derived from it. In 
the cotyledon and stem, this does not always appear to be 
the same one, but in the root it is always the larger of 
the two octant cells. The next division is the same in 
all the octants except the two smaller ones of the hypo- 
basal half of the embryo, and consists of a curved wall 
which divides them into two cells, which appear respect- 
ively triangular and quadrilateral when seen from the 
side. We may say that the triangular cell is the apical 
one and the four-sided one its first segment (pl. rv, fig. 
16). 
THE COTYLEDON. 

In a cross-section of a very young embryo, the two 
halves of the leaf quadrant appear exactly the same, and 
it is impossible to say which of the two apical cells be- 
comes the definite apical cell of the young leaf; but soon 
one of these ceases to divide with any regularity and the 
other grows more rapidly, divided by regularly arranged 
segments, and functions, for a time at least, as the apical 
cell of the young cotyledon (pl. rv, fig. 18,@, L*). How 
long this continues was not further investigated, and not 
infrequently the definite apical growth ceases at a very 
early stage, as figured by Hanstein for J/. salvatrix, and 
as frequently happens in Pilularia. 

THE STEM. 


The first divisions in the stem quadrant follow closely 
those in the cotyledon, but here only one octant properly 
goes to form the stem apex, and the other gives rise to 
the second leaf, which grows at first in a manner entirely 
similar to that of the stem, but about the time that the 
cotyledon breaks through the prothallium, begins to elon- 
gate and soon becomes easily distinguishable from the 
stem. 


MARSILIA VESTITA. ZO 


RHE, ROOM: 


As in the other members, the apical cell of the root is 
at first external, and it is not until at least one complete 
series of segments has been cut off from it that the first 
segment of the root-cap is cut off; so that we may fairly 
say that the first root is of exogenous origin, and in no 
sense adventitious. It does not differ in any particular 
in its method of division from that of Pilularia which the 
writer * has described at length, and will not therefore be 
furthers (teatedemere. lhe root occupies by. far the 
greater part of the hypobasal half of the embryo, and 
the foot is comparatively little developed, and does not 
show. any definite succession in the cell division. While 
morphologically, perhaps, only the lower hypobasal quad- 
rant is to be regarded as the foot, physiologically the 
whole lower surface of the embryo acts as such, and 
therefore in this sense, the foot must be said to owe its 
origin in part to the stem as well as to the root quadrants. 

Af figsuiteresis very little. imerease im the size of the 
embryo, the divisions being accompanied by very little 
growth (compare figures 15,16 and 17). When growth 
does begin, however, it is very rapid, and within a few 
days the embryo breaks through the overlying prothallium 
cells, and the first cotyledon is then visible to the naked 
eye as a fine green point. The cotyledon is the first part 
of the embryo to break through the prothallium, but is 
quickly followed by the root, which bends down and soon 
penetrates the mud and fastens the young plant to the 
ground. During this rapid growth the contents of the 
large spore cavity are rapidly consumed, and serve to 
support the young embryo until it can lead an independ- 
ent existence. 


202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The embryo of Marsilia shows the closest resemblance 
to that of Pilularia, but also agrees closely with that of 
the Polypodiacezw, with which we have also seen it agrees 
in the principal points of the development of the sexual 


organs. 
THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE MARSILIACE:. 


A comparison of the Marsiliacea with the other Pteri- 
dophytes will show at once such striking resemblances to 
the leptosporangiate terns as to leave no room for doubt- 
ing the close relationships of these groups. This is seen 
in the tissues and growth of the mature sporophyte. The 
leaf, stem and root, grow in the same way as in the Poly- 
podiacee and the leaves also have the peculiar circinnate 
vernation of the ferns, which is absent in the Salviniacee. 
The structure of the fruit, too, upon which some stress 
has been laid is simply a peculiar modification of the 
leaf, developed as other parts of the plant have been, 
probably, in response to special conditions. The de- 
velopment of the sporangia, too, agrees in the principal 
details with the Polypodiacex, and the early divisions of 
the embryo correspond almost exactly with the embryo 
in that group. With the Salviniacew there is little in 
common, and botanists have long recognized this fact, 
although grouping them together for the sake of con- 
venience, as both are obviously related to the homo- 
sporous leptosporangiate ferns. 

We must bear in mind, however, that in the Marsiliacex 
we have to do with a very much specialized group, which 
has no immediate relations; and we should naturally ex- 
pect to find this indicated in some way. Of the two 
genera, Pilularia comes nearer the Polypodiacee in sevy- 
eral particulars. There are often two vegetative cells in 
the male prothallium, and the structure of the antheridium 
and spermatozoids departs less widely from the type found 


MARSILIA VESTITA. 203 


in that family. This is also true of the division of the 
sperm-cells into two distinct groups, not nearly so promi- 
nent in Pilularia, and merely indicated by the first division 
of the central cell of the antheridium in the Polypodiacee. 
So, too, the female prothallium is less reduced than in 
Marsilia, but in the latter its limits are already seen in 
the ungerminated spore. 

The peculiar quadrifoliate leaf of Marsilia seems to be 
also a form not derived directly trom the lower ferns. 
In Pilularia the leaf is perfectly simple, and this is the 
form of the first leaf in Marsilia: and it is not until sev- 
eral leaves have been developed that the characteristic 
four-parted leaf is met with. 

Without going further into detail, we are pretty safe in 
assuming, as the writer has already done ®* that the Mar- 
sillaceze represemt the end terms of a series of forms 
whose lower members are found among the leptospo- 
rangiate ferns, and probably the Polypodiacez; that of 
the two genera, Marsilia is the more specialized, and 
stands at the top, with Pilularia between it and and its 
homosporous relations; and we are not therefore to look 
for any connection with forms higher up, but conclude 
that this special line of development ends with Marsilia. 


*Campbell. The systematic position of the Rhizocarpex, Bull. of the Torrey 
Botanical Club, Oct. 1888. 


204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. 
PLATE III—THE MICROSPORE. 


All figures magnified about 300 times, and all except figures I to 3 and 22 to 
24, microtome sections. 

Figure 1. Ripe fruit of MWarstlia vestita twice the natural size. 

Figure 2. A fruit which has been artificially opened and placed in water, x 
1%. «x, the valves of the fruit; 7, the mucilaginous body to which the sori 
are attached. 

Figure 3. A fresh microspore seen from the top. 

Figure 4. Section of an ungerminated microspore; 2, nucleus. 

Figure 5. Section through the wall of a microspore x 600. I, 2, 3, the 
three layers of the wall. 

Figure 6. Surface views of the epispore; a, x 300, 2, x 600. 

Figure 7. Section of spore showing first signs of germination. The nucleus 
has moved to one side, and the granular protoplasm has collected in the middle. 

Figure 8. Section of a spore in which the first division is completed; 2, the 
vegetative cell. 

Figure 9. A somewhat more advanced stage in longitudinal section; mz, the 
basal cell of the antheridium. 

Figure 10. Two longitudinal sections of a spore in which no basal cell was 
formed in the antheridium, 

Figure 11. Cross section of young antheridium, 

Figures 12 to 16. Successive stages in the development of the antheridium seen 
in longitudinal sections. x, the vegetative cell of the prothallium; /, the 
peripheral cell of the antheridium; @, the cover cell of the antheridium. 

Figures 17 to 19. Similar stages of the antheridium seen in cross section. 

Figure 20. Full-grown male prothallium and antheridium; a, 4, in longitu- 
dinal section c, cross section; @, side view of a group of sperm cells. 

Figure 21. Two sperm cells from a prothallium eight hours old showing the 
beginning of the formation of the spermatozoids; x 600. 

Figures 22 to 24. Free spermatozoids x 600, Figure 22, a the active sperma- 
tozoid; 4, one which has come to rest and the body become extended; 23 and 
24, two stages similar to that shown in 22 4, but with the cilia omitted. 


PLATE IV—THE MACROSPORE. 


All the figures drawn from microtome sections fixed with chromic acid and 
stained with alum-cochineal and Bismarck-brown. Unless otherwise stated 
magnified about 150 times. 

Figure 1. a, longitudinal section of ungerminated macrospore, x 60, 7, nu- 
cleus; 4, portion of the wall x 300. 

Figure 2. Upper part of spore contents from a spore which has lain for one 
hour in water. 

Figure 3. Upper part of spore two hours old. 

Figure 4. Nucleus of similar spore, x 300. 


MARSILIA VESTITA. 205 


Figures 5 to 6. First divisions in the prothallium; in 5 this has taken place 
in the ordinary way; in 6, the first division wall is vertical instead of horizontal. 

Figure 7. Cross section of an older stage showing the first peripheral cell 
which is already divided. 

Figures 8 and 9. Vertical sections of two young prothallia showing the 
peripheral cells, and in 9, the basal cells. 

Figure 10, Two horizontal sections of a prothallium of about the same age as 
the one shown in figure 9. 

Figures 11 to 13. Stages in the development of the archegonium in vertical 
section, 2, neck; c, neck canal cell; 4, ventral canal cell; 0, the egg. 

In figure 12 the prothallium is seen zz sztu; £, the nucleus of the spore. 

Figure 14. A recently fertilized archegonium. 

Figures 15,:16. Young embryos zz sitz. 

Figure 17. Two cross sections of an embryo forty-two hours after the spores 
were placed in water. 

Figure 18. Two longitudinal vertical sections of an older embryo; 7, coty- 
ledon; 7, roct; s¢., stem; 7, foot. The apical cells are indicated by x, and the 
age of the first walls is indicated by the numbers 1 and 11. 


A NEW NOTODONTA. 


BY HoH. Bib ER. 


Notodonta Pacifica. 

Anterior wings: basal third brown bordered by a dark- 
er line, preceded by a dilution; from these the anterior 
half ashy gray, the interior half brown; the second line 
convergent and almost touching the first line that borders 
the basal third of the wing, preceded by a discal, lin- 
ear mark, which is tollowed by a diluted shade, ending 
into a well darkened apical mark, divided by two nerves 
into three spots. Near the external margin a diluted ful- 
vous shade. 

Hind wings grayish. 

Found in Placer County. 

The species is similar to VV. Zzczac, but the thorax is 
darker than the anterior wing 


5 


Si 
Type in collection of the California Academy of Sci- 


ences. 


2p SER. VOL. III. April 19, 1892. 


ON LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF 
LOWER CALIFORNIA. No. 2. 


BY J. G. COOPER. 


Since the publication of article No. 1 in these Proceed- 
ings, 2d Series Moly iil, April, TS91, (p. 69, another 
expedition, sent out by the Academy, has made large 
additions to our knowledge ot the mollusca of the penin- 
sula and gulf, a full account of which will need much 
give addi- 
tional notes on those terrestrial species that are well 


time for preparation. Asa beginning, I now 


known, leaving for future articles the notes and illustra- 
tions relating to new or undetermined species. 

I may here refer to an article published by me in 
Zoe, Vol. m1, p. 11, April, 1892, giving a full catalogue 
ot the species then ascertained to inhabit the land and 
fresh waters between the United States boundary at Fort 
Yuma, on the Colorado River, to the Pacific and south- 
ward, of which the following is a summary: 


TERRESTRIAL. FRESH-WATER. 

Number kone esr ae ea Ome ON UID ere cMO wales. be ere wee at. 12 
Found north of boundary........ 14 Found north of boundary ...... 10 
Found also in Mexico............ 5 Found alsoin Mexicos 2.) 0%. . 4 
Wadibionstiny Zoemlistmermrs 2 1410) oD esertispecressa se. a yas an sae: 8 
Additions nowrmades 3.2... .0-.. 4 Brackish water species......... 8 

Additions in Zoe list. .......... 5 

Additions now made\........... 6 
Total terrestrial and fresh-water species:..-..............-+2.:. .....04 


As a correction of that list, I must state that Mr. Hemp- 
hill informs me that he never found No. 36, Veronzcella 
olivacea, on the peninsula, and its occurrence there is very 
doubtful. 

The present collection was made chiefly by Mr. Gustav 
Eisen, whose department was the invertebrates, but many 
were also obtained by Mr. W. E. Bryant, especially marine 


2p SreR. VOL. III. (16) October 6, 1892. 


208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


species, on the islands of the gulf. As they did not usually 
go in company to the same places, different species were 
found by various collectors. The Academy is also in- 
debted to Mr. L. Belding tor many good living specimens 
obtained by him south of La Paz, in the rainy season, 
and therefore more perfect than usual. 

I am glad to be able now to confirm the occurrence of 
two of the very rare species first found at Cape St. Lucas 
by Xantus (de Vesey), which have escaped collectors for 
thirty years since. The mystery of their scarcity is solved 
by finding that they belong to the highest regions north 
of the cape, in the Sierra Laguna, about latitude 23° 50’, 
which rise to 5,000 or 6,000 feet; thence they occur with 
less abundance downward, and especially on the east side, 
living on the north slope ot the hills at various levels, and 
sometimes washed down, living or dead, to the sea-level. 

Mr. Eisen’s observations on the large species were very 
interesting, as indicating an imperfect distribution in 
zones, as follows: 


Feet ——- -—— Feet —-— 
Be pallidior. =... ones OO tom so00MND Sproteusrmcee eee 2,000 to 3,500 
iB, inscendens.,..'.2.. 100 to 3,000 B. var. beldingi. .....3,000 to 5,000 
183, HONGO «eyo cane 2,000 to) 3,000' B. artemisia.....)..72.. 500 to 3,000 


This distribution fully contradicts the theory that the 
two largest (named in upper line) could have been intro- 
duced from South America as food (though several species 
are sold in the markets of that country), as no evidence 
of their use in that way was seen. As to introduction 
with roots, Mr. Eisen thinks that 2. froteus is too numer- 
ous on the mountains to have been imported, not occurring 
so plentifully in the more cultivated lower districts. 

BULIMULUS ARTEMISIA W.G.B. 1861. ‘‘ Promontory 
of Cape St. Lucas, latitede: 227-527 yor sexan,’ eNamrns: 
Two found on Sierra Laguna in the fig region, by Eisen, 
at 3,000 feet; they have one more whorl (9), and are 


LOWER CALIFORNIAN MOLLUSCA. 209 


almost 4 inch longer than type. Both are worn, dead 
shells, but show faint vertical riblets on two nuclear 
whorls. 

B. Excetsus Gould, 1853. Four, presented by Mr. 
Belding, are fine fresh shells, but one is bleached. The 
two upper whorls have fine riblets, as in . zuscendens, 
etc. Shells thicker than the other species, more shining, 
and outer lip more expanded than usual. 

B. INSCENDENS W.G.B. 1861. Four living and 13 
fresh, with 73 bleached shells, found near San José del 
Cabo by Eisen, do not show much of the variation form- 
ing var. dryantz, but he states that he found all on the 
ground, so that ascending trees is doubtless only done in 
the wet season, or not at all by some shells, thus account- 
ing for the remarkable variations in form. Eleven from 
the Sierra Laguna above the ‘‘ fig region,’’ 3,000 feet, are 
larger, and have riblets on three apical whorls (not two 
as in others), the largest also with one more whorl (8). 
Nine of these have the divergent mouth. Six, dead, from 
San Leonicio, 3,000 feet altitude, have fine revolving 
stria cutting the lines of growth, as in 2. proteus, but 
less deeply; the mouth also nearly straight. On three 
presented by L. Belding, from between the cape and La 
Paz, this roughness is stronger, being as much so as in 
B. proteus. It is noticed as a light striation in Binney’s 
description, but is now known to be quite variable in 
several other species. Mr. Eisen also got 83 other spec- 
imens from same mountains, above 3,000 to 4,000 feet 
altitude, which are usually more robust in form and 
shorter than the others, but many intermediate. I pro- 
pose to call this extreme 

Var. BELDINGI, as he sent the first specimen of this 
form in good condition from near San José del Cabo, 
Mr. Bryant also finding one at Punta Arena (near latitude 


210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


25° 30’, east coast). They differ from the usual forms 
in a short, oval shape, no divergence of mouth, and small 
size. The extreme of smallness is, length 1.10, breadth 
0.50 inch. Those from the Sierra Laguna are a little 
larger, but intergrades occur up to the largest, which are 
1.90 long ando.7owide. The average size of the species 
may be given as 1.25 long and 0.60 wide, or more robust 
than in Binney’s figure. No clue to these variations is 
derived from altitude on the mountains, except that those 
fonnd highest are of a darker brown color. Large 
numbers were obtained living, when other species were 
inactive in the month of May. 

B. PALLIDIOR Sowerby, 1833. Mr. Eisen obtained 97 
shells near San José del Cabo, and Mr. Bryant 12 near 
Point Arena. They show all the forms between that fig- 
ured by W. G. Binney as typical and Gould’s B. vegetus 
(which was figured as a dark shell, but described as 
white). In size they vary from 1.80 inch long and 1 
wide to 1.35xo0.60. Mr. Eisen brought only one from 
the Sierra fig region, of middle size, and considered it 
almost entirely a lowland species. The specimen from 
the fig region has vertical riblets on the three upper whorls, 
and fewer of them are to be found on some of those from 
lowlands. This one also has rather light revolving striz, 
as in B. proteus, suggesting hybridity. It was often 
found ascending trees. 

B. prtuta W. G. Binney, 1861. Mr. Bryant alone 
obtained six specimens of this species, at Punta Arena, 
which are larger than Binney’s types, looking more like 
a small variety of 2B. suffatus, measuring 0.90 inch long, 
0.60 wide. (Binney’s figure is much smaller than the 
size he gives.) It differs, however, from the young of 
B. suffatus, of same size, in having an open umbilicus. 
One specimen has faint traces of two bands on the body, 


LOWER CALIFORNIAN MOLLUSCA. 211 


but is otherwise bleached. All of them have the vertical 
riblets on first two whorls. 

B. proteus Broderip, 1832. This species, as found 
on the peninsula, is not such a ‘‘ protean ’’ form as some 
others. Mr. Eisen sent 88 dead and mostly bleached 
shells from between the valleys and the ‘ fig region ”’ of 
Sierra Laguna, 3,500 feet altitude, and considers it a 
species almost confined to the mountains. They all have 
more or less rough sculpture, and no variation in the 
longitudinal darker stripes, but vary in form just as does 
B. pallidior. The largest from the fig region is 2.50 
inch long and 1.20 wide. The smallest perfect one, found 
at ‘‘ Laguna’ by Mr. Belding, is 1.80 inch long and 1.20 
wide. The only living one, also by Mr. Belding, is from 
‘« Painted Rock,’’ and young; it has a thin epidermis of 
a pale brownish yellow color. The largest is a third 
longer than Binney’s figure, the smallest about equal to 
it. In the young the three apical whorls are seen to have 
the same vertical riblets as in B. ezscendens, etc. The only 
specimen giving a suspicion of hybridity between this and 
other species is the one of B. pallid7or before mentioned, 
but the resemblance in form of small ones of this and 
some of pallidzor is very close. As to other species, the 
rough sculpture sometimes occurs, but their forms are 
entirely dissimilar, thus making hybridity improbable. 

B. sprRIFER Gabb., 1867. Only one specimen, 1.45 
inch long and 0.70 wide, of this form has yet been sent 
us, and this is a dead one picked up by Mr. T. S. Bran- 
degee near La Paz, which is thus verified as its most 
southern limit. It agrees well with Gabb’s figure in 
Amer. Jour. of Conch., but not so well with Binney’s in 
L. and F. W. Shells. The prominent tooth winding in- 
ward from the columella is very marked in this, but not 
shown in Binney’s figure. It is a specific character and 


212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


nothing more, but is sometimes found even larger in thick 
callous-mouthed examples of 2. pallidior, B. tnscendens, 
and 2. proteus, ditfering in form. As stated by Binney, 
the jaw has the characters of a very different family from 
Bulimus, so we may still include the shell among its ex- 
ternally similar neighbors. In this only, no trace of the 
vertical riblets is seen on the nuclear whorls, but they 
may be eroded. 

B. suFFLATuUS Gould, 1853. Mr. Eisen sent 38 from 
Sierra Laguna, not different from type, the largest being 
1.35 inch long and 1.10 wide. The young has a very 
thin yellowish epidermis, which peels off when adult, be- 
coming pale brown. <A specimen sent from La Paz by 
Mr. Belding has very narrow vertical brown stripes on 
three large whorls, 12 on the lower one, caused by epi- 
dermis being caught between some of the lines of growth, 
a not uncommon event, giving the same coloration seen 
in 2. proteus. The upper two whorls, when not much 
worn, show the same riblets as in #. zuscendens, etc. 
The many specimens of this and of B. pz/u/a obtained do 
not settle the question as to their identity, as none of the 
latter contain the animal. In the specimens of both from 
near San José del Cabo, the young of swffatus difter trom 
B. pilula of the same size only in having the umbilicus 
quite closed; but both forms vary in this character, and 
the following variety certainly connects them: 

Var. INSULARIS J. G. Cooper. Found only by Mr. 
Bryant on one point of Espiritu Santo Island, where he 
got six dead chalky specimens, apparently fossil, though 
only seen on top of the ground. Compared to Gould’s 
type they are not so swollen (while others we have are 
much more so), but they closely resemble some from 
toward La Paz in form, being more narrowly ovate, but 
smaller. A half-grown one is as thin as many of them, 


LOWER CALIFORNIAN MOLLUSCA. 213 


“ 


closely resembling a large B. pelu/a trom Point Arena, 
but the full-grown are thickened more than any of either 
form, the mouth of two having a heavy callous connect- 
ing the lips, and in one developing a blunt tooth on the 
inner wall. (This excessive thickening is also found in 
a var. ot) Helex arecolata trom. the same island.) The 
umbilicus is like that of 2. suwffatus of same size, and 
also as in large B. prlula. It is 1.20 inch long, 0.70 wide, 
mouth 0.65 long, 0.50 wide, in most thickened specimens ; 
no distinct expansion of lip, but its margin is thickened. 
All these forms, which appear to be subspecies of one 
original species, have 5% whorls, but specimens of the 
size of Binney’s figure have but five (or even four, as he 
gives it, which is probably a proof of immaturity). 

B. xantusit W.G. Binney, 1861. Of this Xantus only 
got tour on the promontory. Mr. Bryant found 12 at the 
Rancho Lagunas, near Point Arena, not much above the 
level of the gulf. Mr. Eisen found 116 on the Sierra 
Laguna, mostly near La Chuparosa, 2,000 feet altitude, 
and all were dead, only 22 retaining any of the brown 
epidermis of living shells. The punctures given by Bin- 
ney as the sculpture, are caused by erosion or impertec- 
tion of the shell, as they are entirely beneath the epider- 
mis. The most perfect shell has narrow lines of dark 
and light brown alternating, as in BL. alternatus, and some 
show these stripes in the shell also. The form varies 
trom a short to a long oval, measuring 0.70 inch long and 
0.50 wide to 0.85 long and 0.45 wide, which is the size of 
Binney’s figure. I cannot detect any ‘‘ minute revolving 
lines’? on these specimens, and the ‘‘ wavy striz’’ are 
only on broken lines of growth. Adults have the outer 
lip shghtly everted, and in one the vertical riblets usual 
to the group can be seen faintly in the epidermis of the 
two nuclear whorls (worn off in the others). 


214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


B. cassi Crosse & Fischer, 1872. The description 
given by the authors of this name is very full, and shows 
that in size and form it is much like B. wvantus7z, having 
nearly the same dimensions as Binney’s figure, viz.: 


SHELL, MILLIMETERS. APERTURE, MILLIMETERS. 
1B. BAO os hoger 20} 4ong; 11 wide (B= gabbis..< y. 4a. ck 11 long, 7 wide 
IBeexa it siee eyes DF a ee ee eB Scan tisier aa eee VO ef. G) a 


The chief differences are in color, described as ‘* pale 
brownish flesh-color,’? and in sculpture, which, with the 
usual vertical riblets on the first 1% whorls, has the rest 
strongly marked by longitudinal stria crossing the lines 
of growth, ‘‘ subgranulately impressed at the crossing,”’ 
aperture a dull fleshy white, otherwise as in &. xantusz. 
Binney’s mention of minute revolving lines in the types 
shows that, as in B. zuscendens, it varies, and like that 
species may have them much stronger in local forms. 
B. gabbi was only referred to ‘* Lower California,’’ and 
is not mentioned in any of Gabb’s own writings, but was 
no doubt described from fresh specimens collected by 
Gabb on the eastern side of the peninsula. As Binney 
described bleached specimens of B. xantus7, the resem- 
blance was not very noticeable at the time. The authors 
call B. gabbi somewhat intermediate between B. pallidior 
and B. proteus, but the only way this can apply is in the 
sculpture being like that of the latter, which is sometimes 
found in B. zascendens, and may be expected in local 
varieties of others. As to possible hybrids of other 
species, see remarks under each. Whether these are 
really hybrids or only variations caused by local influ- 
ences is a question not yet ripe for decision. I am in- 
clined to consider B. gabbz the living and unworn state 
of B. xantus?, collected during the wet season, the latter 
being known only in a damaged state. 


LOWER CALIFORNIAN MOLLUSCA. 215 


COLUMNA RAMENTOSA J. G. Cooper, 1891. Ahodea 
californica var. ramentosa, J. G. C. in Proc. Cal. Acad. 
Sci, .er. 2, Vol.il, p--102,.1891. . Mr, Hisen obtained 
I5 specimens of the same. shell found by Bryant, as de- 
scribed in the previous article, showing that to have been 
at the extreme lowest point of their range. Only five of 
them are entire, but most of them retain the fully-devel- 
oped mouth. This shows that it has characters included 
under Co/uwmna, such as folds in the body-whorl, an oval 
mouth with everted lip, and complete spire. The char- 
acters of ‘‘ Subgenus Rhodea,’’ as quoted by Binney, 
exist in this shell only while immature, so that if C. (/tho- 
dea) californica retains them permanently it must be a 
different species altogether. 

C. RAMENTOSA var. ABBREVIATA J. G. C. A curious 
variation, from similar heights on Sierra Laguna, with the 
whorls reduced (from 13-15) to 8 or 9, and other differ- 
ences. Five shells found, one with epidermis, but none 
alive. Has nearly the aspect of Lulimulus artemisza. 

Unfortunately, none of these retain the soft parts. The 
shells will be figured in a future paper. 

Another new form of Cylindrellide was found by Mr. 
Eisen, which will also be described. 

HELIx AREOLATA Pfeiffer, 1845. Specimens of this 
and its varieties have been received in large numbers by 
the Academy, through many collectors and from the whole 
west coast between Margarita Bay and latitude 31°. They 
certainly do not show more extremes of variation between 
this, ‘7. pandore’’ and ‘‘f#/. levis’’ than occur in local 
forms of many others of our western species. A large 
number was, as usual, brought from Margarita Island, 
and, as usual, no other land-shells were found there, 
though very thorough search was not made. Its supposed 


limitation to the west coast was, however, modified by the 
2p SerR., Vou. II. (17) October 6, 1892. 


216 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


discovery of a subfossil form on Espirito Santo Island, 
just north of La Paz, about latitude 24° 30’, by Mr. Bry- 
ant. He thinks it may still be found living there in the 
wet season, as well as the Bulzmulus mentioned before. 

H. AREOLATA var. EXANIMATA differs from the Mar- 
‘ garita Island type in average smaller size and heavy 
thick shell, varying much in height and width, but all 
with six whorls. Mouth small, lips thick, sometimes 
connected by callus, some denticulate at base. Color 
white, or banded irregularly with three to ten bands ot 
varying width, much faded, sometimes covering more 
than half the surface, and much less broken by lght 
patches than in aveolata. In some the whole spire is of a 
dark color, but they are all so chalky and fossilized that 
this may not have been so when living. (Thirty-eight 
specimens received. ) 

Diam., maj. 0.75 to 0.90 inch; min. 0.65—0.80; alt. 
0.50-0.65. 

HYALINA INDENTATA Say, 1822. Several of. this 
species were found by Mr. Eisen high on the Sierra La- 
guna, and a few also in Sonora, Mexico, at an elevation 
of 3,000 feet or more. 

They do not show the distinctive characters given for 
‘‘H, subrupicola’’ Dall., and agree with Eastern speci- 
mens except in smaller size. 

Pura (VERTIGO) OVATA Say, 1822. . Nine specimens 
of this species found with the last; rather small also. 
These two seem to be among the boreal American species 
which follow the mountain chains far south. Betore 
traced south to latitude 31°, Orcutt. 

SUCCINEA RUSTICANA Gould. This, which may be 
only a race of S. oregonensis, was found common by Mr. 
Eisen on the Sierra Laguna, near ponds, etc. The lat- 
ter was already reported to occur south to latitude 31°, 
by Mr. Orcutt. 


LOWER CALIFORNIAN MOLLUSCA. 217 


Lrmax. There is a species from the mountains which 
has not yet been identified. 

LIMNOPHYSA HUMILIS Say, 1822. Also common in the 
ponds of Sierra Laguna, at some height. Before known 
as far south as latitude 31-51. 

Puysa GABBI Tryon. Specimens from high on the 
mountains, where it is very abundant in streams. 

PLANORBIS TUMENS Carpenter, 1857, and var. OCcCI- 
DENTALIS J. G. C., 1870. Many specimens from a dry 
pond at San José del Cabo, sent by Eisen, prove the oc- 
currence of this species nearly opposite Mazatlan, from 
whence it was first described, and also that it there attains 
the large size and five whorls described by me as found 
northward. The only difference from California speci- 
mens seen in them is their narrowness, which aids them 
in crawling through the dense water vegetation, and is, no 
doubt, a local variation caused by the density of aquatic 
vegetation in a tropical climate. 

PLANORBIS SUBCRENATUS Carpenter. A number of 
this species, brought by Mr. Bryant from some part of 
the west coast of the peninsula, prove on comparison to 
represent the other large west coast species. Their chief 
difference is seen in specimens of each of the same size 
showing one less whorl above in this, which also has the 
whorls rounder and the sculpture stronger. 

Three other small species of this family, two differing 
subgenerically from any in the United States, remain to 
be worked up. 

PisipDIUM (ABDITUM) OCCIDENTALE Newcomb. The 
only fresh-water bivalve from the peninsula, was found 
of all sizes, rather common in ponds on the Sierra 
Laguna, but showing no differences from the common 
shell northward. 


ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION 
OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 


BY T. S. BRANDEGEE. 


The appended list contains names of such plants col- 
lected in the Cape Region of Baja California by the 
writer during the months of March and April, 1892, as 
are not found in the Flora of the Cape Region, Proc. 
Cal. Acad., Ser. 2, Vol. 11. These plants were gathered 
during the dry season of a year following a rainy season 
of smaller rainfallthan usual. The number of additions 
to the flora is not large, but the list has especial interest 
in the fact that it represents, in greater part, vegetation 
not to be found in flower at any other time of the year. 

San José, the port of entry, was, as on previous trips, 
the place from which excursions were made. Miraflores, 
Agua Caliente, the Sierra de la Laguna and Sierra de 
San Francisquito were revisited, but the mountains were 
ascended by the Santiago trail, and many localities were 
examined for the first time; one of the most interesting 
of these was La Chuparosa (The Humming-bird). The 
trip made along the southern ocean-shore to Cabo San 
Lucas was of great interest, for several plants of more 
southern derivation—waifs from tropical lands — were 
found and collections were secured from the landing- 
places of the collectors of H. M.S. Sulphur, and the 
region about the locality where once stood the tent of 
Xantus. Afterward, nearly a month was spent at La Paz, 
during which time, however, but few additions to the 
known flora were made, for the region was much more 
dry and barren than usual; yet, a careful examination of 
the borders of the mangrove swamps and the saline flats 
was rewarded by the discovery of some Chenopods that, 
perhaps, were overlooked on previous occasions. 


2p Ser. VOL. III, November 10, 1892. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 219 


Mr. W. E. Bryant, who was one of my companions at 
this time, visited the islands San José and Espiritu Santo 
and made very complete collections of the plants then in 
flower and fruit, but no new name was added to the Cape 
Region flora, although much knowledge concerning dis- 
tribution was gained. 

The plants of the following list are numbered continu- 
ously from those of the previous one. Some corrections 
are made of mistakes in identification, and some notes 
that seem worthy of publication are inserted. The plants 
thus referred to are noted by their numbers, always less 
than 680, in the Flora of the Cape Region as well as by 
names. 


680. BRAssIcA NIGRA Boiss.—Sparingly introduced 
into gardens about San José del Cabo. 

16. LECHEA SKINNERI Benth.— Mature specimens 
show that it is this species, and not ZL. Drummondit T. & 
G., that grows in the mountains. 

34. DRYMARIA CARINATA Brandegee, was found with 
lilac-colored flowers. 

32. * DRYMARIA CRASSIFOLIA Benth. is perennial and 
D. holosteotdes is annual. Ihave been unable to find any 
of the latter species in the Cape Region excepting about 
La Paz, and suspect there may have been some confusion 
of labels, and that the plants were collected at Magdalena 
Bay, where it is very common. 

681. MALvaA BOREALIS Wallm.—Introduced into the 
gardens of San José del Cabo and La Paz. 

682. SapINnDUS SAPONARIA L.—A small tree matur- 
ing its fruit in April and May. Common about San José 
del Cabo and the region east of the mountains. 

117. Lupinus Arizonicus Watson? is common in 


* Zoe, ii, 68. 


220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


sandy locations near the southern shore. It is generally 
an annual, but in some favorable situations persists and 
becomes perennial. 

683. TRIFOLIUM MICROCEPHALUM Pursh.— Abundant 
in the field of the Sierra de la Laguna. 

127. DALEA TROCHILINA.—Woody, I-1% m. high, 
branched above, glabrous: leaflets 7-15, obovate, 3-5 mm. 
long, thickly beset below with glands: spikes dense, 2-< 
cm. long: bracts firm in texture, broad, narrowed to the 
base and somewhat abruptly lanceolate-pointed, white 
silky-pubescent, especially near their edges: calyx ribbed, 
white silky-pubescent, with deltoid lanceolate teeth shorter 
than the tube: corolla pink, conspicuous, the petals nearly 
equal in length, the banner round-deltoid in shape: sta- 
mens 10: ovary pubescent, 2—3-ovuled. 

This species is common about La Chuparosa and pecu- 
liar to the summits of the high mountains of the Cape 
Region, where it is a conspicuous plant of the flora. It 
often becomes 3-4 feet high, and the ends of the branches 
bear an abundance of bright pink showy flowers. Its 
habit is to send up from the root a few, sometimes only 
two or three, woody stems that are naked below and much 
branched above; and as the stalks are only about half an 
inch in diameter, they are bent by the weight of the top. 
Herbarium specimens very much resemble J. ramosissima 
Benth., from Magdalena Island, but are easily distinguished 
by the very different and less deciduous bracts of the 
flowers, by the broader and less acuminate calyx teeth, 
and by the obovate and not cuneate leaves, inclined some- 
times to be apiculate rather than retuse. LD. ramoszssima, 
with which this species was confounded in Proc. Cal. 
Acad., Ser. 2, Vol. 111, 126, is a low woody plant, form- 
ing dense tufts hardly more than a foot in height. 

129. DaLEA Parryi T. & G.—A large form abund- 
ant about San José del Cabo. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 2 


i) 
iH 


132. TEpPHROosIA PALMERI Watson.—During the month 
of October its flowers were ochroleucous, and in the 
same locality in March they were purple. 

684.. OLNEYA TxEsotTa Gray.—Buena Vista, La Paz, 
San José and Espiritu Santo Islands (W. E. Bryant) ; 
also, Guaymas, Hermosillo, Las Durasnillas to Arizona. 

139. _ AstracaLus NuttTauuianus DC. 
abundant species in the mountains during the spring 
months, and persisting throughout the year about chip 


piles and in damp locations, apparently then becoming 
perennial. 


685. AcactA RG@MERIANA Scheele ?—San José del 
Cabo and by W.E. Bryant from Espiritu Santo Island. 
The specimens seem to be the same as Pringle’s 1739 of 
1885 from Chihuahua. 

190. ACACIA consTRICTA Benth.—Also found by Mr. 
Bryant on Espiritu Santo Island. 

686. AcaActA CALIFORNICA.—A tree about 5-8 m. 
high, without spines, glabrous, the branches dark ash- 
colored: pinne a single pair ona pubescent rachis; leaflets 
two pairs, oblong or obovate, 15-30 mm. long, 20 mm. or 


A very 


less wide, obtuse or retuse, veiny, the terminal pair un- 
symmetrical: spikes 1 dm. or less long, densely clustered 
on the usually leafless branches, somewhat loosely flow- 
ered: flowers 4-merous: calyx pubescent, 1 mm. long, 
with obtuse lobes nearly half the length of the cream- 
colored corolla: ovary 8-10 ovuled: pod not seen. 

This tree is very abundant in the region about La 
Palma and Miraflores. It blossoms in April, and at that 
time of the year its myriads of flowers are very conspic- 
uous. ‘The people cail it ‘‘ Guamuchlecillo,’’ on account 
of its resemblance to ‘‘Guamuchle”’ (P2thecolobium dulce) , 
and probably the pods do not produce the edible pulp of 
the Prthecolobium, so the termination ‘‘ cillo’’ is added. 


222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Only very immature pods could be found, but these are 
twisted and curved. 

200. ALBIZZIA OCCIDENTALIS.—A small tree, 5-7 m. 
high, glabrous having usually a smooth, dark ash-colored 
bark: leaves 2 dm. long: pinne 4 pairs, the lower pair 
having each 3 pairs of leaflets, the next 4 pairs and 
the upper ones 5 pairs; leaflets obliquely oval, apiculate, 
very shortly pedicellate, 2-4 cm. long, the lower ones 
smallest and gradually increasing in size to the upper- 
most: flowers ochroleucous, capitate: calyx 3 mm. long, 
teeth short, deltoid: corolla g mm. in length, the lobes 
lanceolate, thickened at tip, half the length of the tube 
and unequal: stamens numerous, twice the length of the 
calyx and connected into an exserted tube: pod 1%-2 
dm. long, 4 cm. wide, tapering at the base into a stipe 
rt cm. long, pointed at the tip, straight, flat, thin-coria- 
ceous intexture, margins through which the valves separate 
raised above the sides; seeds about 10, orbicular, flat, 
I cm. in diameter. 

This tree is common in the Cape Region of Baja Cal- 
ifornia, and is well known by the name ‘‘ Palo Escopeta,”’ 
and grows along the base of the mountains from Todos 
Santos on the west to San José on the south and Mira- 
flores on the east. Its favorite habitatis the broad sandy 
wash at the mouths of large cafions, but it is not uncom- 
mon amongst the small trees throughout the region near 
the level of the sea. It was first collected by Xantus, 
who found no flowers; and Dr. Gray, uncertain as to its 
proper genus, referred it doubtfully to Leucena macro- 
phylla, with the remark: ‘‘ From the pod and look of the 
foliage it may be an Albizzia.’’ Senor Cypriano Dodero 
has obligingly sent me flowers from the trees growing 
along the plaza of San José, and from them its true 
botanical position has been determined. The flowers 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 223 


appear in June or July, and the large pods remain pend- 
ent on the tree the entire year, their size and abundance 
making it a conspicuous one of this region. Through 
the kindness of Dr. J. N. Rose I have been able to see 
specimens of a tree collected by Dr. Palmer at Manza- 
nillo that may be the same as the Cape Region plant, but 
flowers were not collected, and in consequence there is 
not absolute certainty in the identification. 

The genus Albizzia has been supposed to be confined 
to the warm regions of Asia, Africa and Australia, so that 
an indigenous species in Mexico was not to be expected. 

687. Ruus ToxicopENpDROoN L.?—Growing in the 
manner of variety radzcans, but the color and appearance 
of the leaves are peculiar. Only a few immature flowers 
were found. Summits of the mountains. 

688. PirHEcoLopium MeExicanum Rose.—‘‘Palo 
Chino.’’ The wood is used for making tables and chairs. 
La Palma, Agua Caliente. 

689. CONOCARPUS ERECTA Jacq.—Grows along the 
southern shore. 

690. LyTHruM ALATUM Pursh.—Sierra de San Fran- 
cisquito and along the Rio San José. 

691. OPUNTIA PROLIFERA Engelm.—The fruit pro- 
duces quantities of seed, but the general appearance of 
the plants is the same as when growing about San Diego. 

'246. CEREUS.—An undetermined species that bears 
light-scarlet flowers. 

249. CEREUS THURBERI Engelm.—Along the coast 
between San José and Cabo San Lucas a form of this 
species grows that is smaller and has a darker appearance 
than usual. The people of the region insist that it is a 
different species, that the fruit opens in a different man- 
ner, is smaller and has a different flavor; but there seems 
to be no difference in the spines and flowers. 


224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


692. ERYNGIUM NASTURTIIFOLIUM Juss.—San José 
del Cabo. ‘The species was determined by Mr. Rose. 

693. SAamBucus Mexicana Presl.—Not uncommon 
about deserted dwellings where it had been introduced 
for its supposed medicinal properties. 

694. Diop1a cRASsIFOLIA Benth.—On sand-hills near 
the southern shore. 

695. PLUCHEA OpORATA Cass.—San José del Cabo. 
Growing about irrigation ditches. 

297. BaccuaAris BiceLovir Gray.—Differing from 
specimens of this species in having broader and some- 
times more oval leaves. 

696. GNAPHALIUM SPRENGELII Nutt.— Damp loca- 
tions along the San José river. 

697. RUMFORDIA CONNATA Brandegee, Zoe, ili, 241, 
pl. xxiii. Summits of the high mountains. 

325. PERITYLE CRASSIFOLIA Brandegee, is perennial, 
and not annual as described. I collected specimens in 
1892 from the same plants that furnished the original ones 
two years betore. 

338. LEpTOSYNE DISSECTA (Benth.)—I have been 
unable to find this plant in any of the localities of the 
Cape Region visited by H.M.S. Sulphur, and suspect 
there has been a confusion of labels and that, as in the 
case of Drymaria holosteoides, the specimens came from 
Magdalena Island. 

698. SoNCHUS OLERACEUS L.—San José del Cabo, 
La Paz. A weed sparingly introduced into cultivated 
grounds. 

699. CENTUNCULUS MINIMUS L.—San José del Cabo, 
about pools of standing water and in the Sierra de San 
Francisquito near springs. 

700. SAMOLUS EBRACTEATUS HBK.—San José del 
Cabo. Growing along streams and ditches. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 225 


Yor. FORESTIERA PORULOSA Poir. —San José del 
Cabo. 

702. ASCLEPIAS ALBICANS Watson.—La Paz. 

703. ERYTHRAA NUDICAULIS Engelm.—High mount- 
ains of the interior. 

704. ERyTHR#A Doucuasit Gray.—The petals are 
minutely dentate, as also are those from Alta California. 

371... Gitia NuTTraLtiti Gray.—There are only two 
ovules in each cell, otherwise it seems to be G. florzbunda 
Gray. 

705. BuMEUIA LyciorpEsS Pers.?—A thorny bush 
growing at 4,000 feet elevation in the mountains. 

706. ToURNEFORTIA sp.— Differing from 7. /Zart- 
wegrana Steud. mainly in the shape of the corolla. San 
José del Cabo. 

707. PHACELIA SCARIOSA Brandegee.—La Paz. 

708. NAMA DEMISSUM Gray.—La Paz, San José del 
Cabo. 

7og. CRESSA CretTica L.—La Paz. 

710. SOLANUM NIGRUM L.—San José del Cabo. 

711. NicoTiANa CLEVELANDI Gray.—La Paz. 

712. GALVESIA JUNCEA (Benth.)—On the rocks of 
Cabo San Lucas a form of this species occurs with 
nearly orbicular leaves often longer than the internodes, 
and the whole plant is rather densely glandular-pubes- 
cent. The filaments and ovary are less pubescent than 
in the type, but otherwise the flowers scarcely differ, and 
some plants even at this locality approach the type 
much nearer. 

713. MimuLus FLorisuNDus Dougl.—San José del 
Cabo. 

714. SIBTHORPIA PicHINCHENSIS HBK.— Growing 
on damp moss-covered rocks in the high mountains at La 
Chuparosa. 


226 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


715. APHYLLON sp.—Dried stalks of a species that is 
probably A. Coopert Gray, from the Sierra de la Laguna. 

456. DIANTHERA INCERTA.—Perennial, suffruticose, 
tufted, 1-2 dm. high, hirsute-pubescent; stems channeled: 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire, sessile or very shortly- 
petioled, somewhat cordate: flowers usually 2 in the leafy 
axils: bractlets narrowly - lanceolate, shorter than the 
calyx: calyx 4 mm. long, cleft 34 its length into four 
linear-lanceolate segments: corolla purplish, ro-15 mm. 
long, the linear tube longer than the nearly equally 4-lobed 
limb; upper lip entire, somewhat galeate, lower lip deeply 
3-parted, saccate-protuberant in the throat: stamens in- 
serted in the throat, much shorter than the corolla-lobes: 
anthers nearly equal but oblique, both mucronulate at 
base and the upper one at apex: style pubescent below, 
sterile base of capsule one-third its length; retinacula 
obtuse; seeds glabrous, rugose. 

The species is somewhat intermediate between Sipho- 
noglossa and Dianthera, having the mucronulate anthers 
of the former and the oblique connective belonging to the 
latter. San Bartolomé and slopes of the mountains above 
Agua Caliente. 

716. BiGNonta sp.—Climbing to the top of the Acacias. 
Leaves bifoliate, with no prolongation of the petiole; fruit 
a foot or more long. It was long past flowering. Mira- 
flores. 

wi. YPTIS sp.—A bush with curving branches and 
a long densely-flowered terminal thyrsus. San José del 
Cabo. 

718. Pxianraco PaTaGonica Jacq.—Sierra de la La- 
guna. 

719. PoLtyGonum acrRE HBK.— San José del Cabo 
and in the mountains. 

720. PARIETARIA DEBILIS Forster.—San José del Cabo. 


FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 227 


721. SALICORNIA AMBIGUA Michx.—Saline soil about 
La Paz. 

722. SUAEDA SUFFRUTESCENS Watson.—La Paz. 

723. CHENOPODIUM MURALE L.—San José del Cabo. 

724. ATRIPLEX BARCLAYANA (Benth.)—San José del 
Cabo. 

725. Batis MARITIMA L.—Cabo San Lucas and La 
Paz. 

726. IRESINE CELOSIOIDES L.—San José del Cabo. 

727. OuEeRcus sp.—La Chuparosa. 

728. AGAVE sp.—Cabo San Lucas. 

729. AGAVE sp.—La Paz. 

730. JUNCUS XIPHIOIDES Meyer.—Sierra de San Fran- 
cisquito. 

731. ELEOCHARIS ARENICOLA Torr.—San José del 
Cabo. 

732. CAREX sp.—Sierra de la Laguna. 

733. CAREX sp.—Sierra de la Laguna. 

734. Tripsacum LemMMoni Vasey.—High mountains. 

735. FESTUCA TENELLA Willd.—La Chuparosa. 

736. GYMNOGRAMME TRIANGULARIS Kaulf.—Not un- 
common in the high mountains. 

737. PTERIS AQUILINA L.—Sierra de la Laguna. Not 
common. 

738. ASPLENIUM MONANTHEMUM L.—La Chuparosa. 

739. EQuisETUM sp.—Old sterile specimens. La 
Chuparosa. 


ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON NEW SPECIES OF 
OCNERODRILUS. 


BY GUSTAV EISEN. 


The genus Ocnerodrilus appears to be confined to the 
American continent, where it has a large geographical 
distribution, at least through the more temperate or trop- 
ical regions. The expedition sent out by the California 
Academy of Sciences to Baja California and Mexico 
brought home quite a number of earth and water Oligo- 
cheta, among others numerous specimens of at least two 
new species of Ocnerodrilus, for which I here propose 
the names of Ocnerodrilus Beddardi, and sonore. Other 
species were found by me in Central America several 
years ago. New specimens of Ocnerodrilus occidentalis 
have also come to hand from the old and only locality 
where it has been found. to date, and I am able to add 
some points to our previous knowledge of this worm. 
Besides these species, another one has lately been de- 
scribed by Beddard, from British Guiana, which in one 
or two important points differs from those examined by 
me. Thus there are known in all ten species of Ocnero- 
drilus, all tropical or semi-tropical in their habits. The 
systematic position of this genus is a most interesting one, 
as showing affinities with both the water and with the 
land Oligocheeta, with a closer relationship with the latter. 
Among these the new genus- Gordiodrilus (Beddard) 
shows the most affinities with our worms. The additional 
species of Ocnerodrilus which I here describe will neces- 
sitate a change in the genus characteristics as lately 
formulated by Beddard, but will also further verify his 
remark that both Ocnerodrilus and Gordiodrilus are 
characterized principally by negative characters. 

2p SER., VOL. III. January 19, 1893. 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 229 


As regards the characteristics used to define the species 
a few words may suffice. The genus appears naturally 
divisible in two distinct groups, one in which the lower 
part of the sperm ducts (efferent ducts) is enlarged and 
shuttle-like, and one in which the duct throughout is of 
even width. The form and size of the spermatheca 
varies some, but within certain limits it appears constant. 
They are of the greatest value as species characteristics, 
especially so the presence or absence of rudimentary di- 
verticula. The lower part of the prostate appears very 
constant as regards form and relative size. In some 
species the muscular differentiation has progressed con- 
siderably, in others it has hardly begun. It is inter- 
esting to note that the three species which belong to the 
latter class, also show other common characteristics, 
which bind them together in one group. The relative 
size and lobation of the septal glands, especially the one 
in somite v, is of the greatest importance in determining 
the species, and may be used to the best advantage. 
The relative size and form of the sperm-sacs, espec- 
ially those in somite ix and xii, are constant within cer- 
tain limits, and are species characteristics of no mean 
value. The relative thickness of the anterior septa is 
also constant and should be noted. As regards testes, 
ovary and oviducts, I have not been able to note any 
great or constant differences. They appear all very much 
alike, and are all constant in their location. The pres- 
ence or absence of the seta in the inner couple of somite 
xvii may also be used in determining the species. In 
some species both setae are absent, in others only one is 
wanting, and there appears to be a constancy as regards 
which one of the setz in the couple. In one species 
both sete are present. The clitellum varies to some 
small extent. It is much shorter in some species than in 


230 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


others, and may in such cases be used as an exterior 
characteristic. The interior characteristics are the best 
and surest. In the present state of our knowledge it can 
hardly be said that the exterior characteristics are of 
sufficient prominence to be used for determining the 
species, except when coupled with interior ones. To the 
already accustomed eye, almost every species shows cer- 
tain peculiarities in shape, size and color, that may be 
useful in assorting the worms, but these peculiarities are 
not such as may be intelligently described and easily un- 
derstood. 


Ocnerodrilus Beddardi n. sp. Figs. 1, 14, 17, 18, 19, 
20, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 37, 49, 49, 55, 56, 74- 

External characters. The worm varies in length from 
one and a half to two inches when fully extended. My 
method to measure these and similar worms is to first kill 
them in very weak alcohol, a few drops being added to 
the water from time to time. When the worm is dead, it 
should be at once taken out of the weak alcohol, straight- 
ened out and then placed in a narrow glass tube with strong 
alcohol. In this manner the undue contraction and bend- 
ing of the worm is prevented, and the medium contracted 
length may be measured. Ocnerodrilus Beddardi and O. 
agricola are the two longest species of the genus known 
so far. While their length is nearly double that of the 
smallest species, O. occidentalis, the width of the body is 
hardly wider than that species. Compared to this form 
O. Beddardi is more tapering towards both head and tail. 

The clitellum extends from somite xiv to somite xix, 
encroaching on xill, and sometimes not quite covering 
somite xix. It is very much thickened above and on 
the side, but in the immediate vicinity of the ventral 
ganglion it entirely disappears. The spermathecal pores, 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 231 


One pair, are ul isoInite: xix, gel he OvIpore,. One pair, 
ie xiv. Phe male)-pores, are im somite xvi. — The 
nephridio-pores open in front of all the ventral sete. 
Seen from the exterior the posterior nephridia appear 
like heavy white masses, entirely filling the somites. The 
setae resemble those of the other species of the genus, 
are not sculptured or bifid. They are present in all the 
somites except the first. In the inner couple of somite 
xvii the inner seta is wanting, there being only one seta 
in the immediate vicinity of the male pore. All the 
sete are of equal size and form and distance from each 
other in each couple. The prostomium is well developed 
and narrower than in O. occidentalis, but of similar form 
as in most of the other species. 

Septa. The septa separating the somites begin be- 
tween somites iv and v, and continue from there on to 
the posterior send) of the body." Inthe: segments of the 
clitellum they are much reduced. The septum between 
iv and v is very thin, the following four septa separating 
somites v-ix are much thickened, and thicker than those 
in any of the posterior somites. They increase in 
size posteriorly in such a way that the septum between 
somites vili and ix is the thickest of the four, although 
this septum supports only a very small septal gland. The 
succeeding four septa are much thinner and about equal 
to the one between somites iv and v, but thicker than 
those situated behind the clitellum. The septa be- 
tween somites v—vill posteriorly, are sparsely covered 
with small glandulous cells, especially in the region of 
the cesophagus. A quantity of perigastric cells are seen 
floating around in all the somites. These cells are round, 
with granulated contents (fig. 9). 

Septal glands (fig. 1, s. g/., 45). Somites v—vili con- 
tain septal glands, which in the first four somites (v— 

2p SER., VoL. III. (18) January 19, 1893, 


232 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


vii), are very large, filling the greater part of the cav- 
ity. The gland in somite vili is so much reduced in 
height that it is readily hidden in the folds of the sep- 
tum. The anterior gland in somite v is much higher 
(fig. 45) than the other glands, and extended in the direc- 
tion of the pharynx which it reaches and (when the 
worm is contracted) apparently partly overlaps. 

The septal glands in somites vi, vii and viii are at- 
tached to the septum and the cesophagus. From this 
central base the gland extends in all directions, com- 
pletely surrounding the cesophagus, while numerous mus- 
cular bands connect it with the body-wall of the next 
posterior somite. In a transversal section the gland is 
seen to be a composite one consisting of four or more 
lobes or parts (fig. 22, O. occidentalis), which are con- 
nected at esophagus, but at their outer extremities are 
free. Each part is grouped around a muscular band, 
which passes through the gland and at the free apex of 
the gland passes into another muscular band which takes 
its origin on the surface of gland. Both pass then as one 
muscle through the posterior septum and connect with 
the parietes of the posterior somite. 

The muscles of the two larger glands in somite v pass 
through a whole posterior somite and two septa before 
connecting with the body-wall. The upper, centrally 
located, glands in somite v differ from the other glands 
by being grouped around a pair of muscular bands which 
head on the pharynx and transversing the glands, pene- 
trate the posterior septum and somite in a way similar to 
what takes place in the other glands. The effect of this 
arrangement is such as to cause the posterior glands to 
be flattened out against the septum, while the anterior 
gland is stretched out towards the pharynx in the 
opposite direction (fig. 45). This movement is con- 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 233 


stantly taking place in the live worm. With every pulsat- 
ing movement of the vascular system, the septal glands 
participate, being pulled backwards and forwards and 
side ways. In longitudinal sections of the worm, the 
gland in somite v appears as if almost connected with 
the salivary glands surrounding the pharynx, part of 
the latter being arranged around the same muscular 
band (fig.2, s. 9. m.). All these septal plands are 
attached to the cesophagus and probably empty into it. 
The contents of the septal gland cells consist of dark 
irregular spheroid bodies, almost completely hiding the 
nuclei and the cell-walls (fig. 6). 

Alimentary canal (fig. 1 and 2). There are a buccal 
region, a pharynx, cesophagus, a tubular region and a sac- 
culated intestine. Gizzard and typhlosole are wanting. The 
buccal region has very thin walls and is as usual revers- 
ible. Posteriorly it connects with the pharynx which is 
very large and muscular and ends in the end of somite 
ii. The pharnyx is exceedingly muscular, but developed 
only on the upper side above the cesophagus. A section 
through a contracted worm shows the pharynx folded 
back on itself forming a set of three sinuses of which 
the middle one is the longest (fig. 2), and the two others 
of varying length according to the exact region through 
which the section is made. 

This muscular pharynx is supported by a large number 
of muscular bands, which connect the pharynx with the 
parietes of the somites ii—vii. The anterior ends of 
these muscular bands are arranged in three circular rows 
corresponding to the septal lines, the septa themselves 
here being wanting. In every such row there are from 
3 to 4 pairs of muscular bands. In a longitudinal sec- 
tion one each of these bands comes in view, making 3 
appear as upper and 3 as lower ones, while a fourth one 


234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


connects the anterior end of the pharynx with the body- 
wall of somite iv. Two more muscular bands run cen- 
trally backwards, around them being grouped the upper 
septal glands in somite v (fig. 2, s. g/.). At the place 
of attachment to the pharynx these muscular bands are 
straight and less separable in distinct bands, directly be- 
coming more contractile and wavy betore emerging from 
the pharyngeal region. These muscular bands are partly 
covered with large salivary glands (fig. 2, s/. g/.). 
Salivary Glands. While yet in the pharyngeal region 
the pharyngeal muscles are covered with large salivary 
glands, in many respects similar to the septal glands al- 
ready described. The salivary glands are situated in 
somites iii and iv and partially in ii. They form ap- 
parently one connected mass, exteriorly and posteriorly 
differentiated into a number of broad and narrow lobes, 
some of which appear to be constant in shape and posi- 
tion, or at least vary but little. On the upper surface of 
this pharyngeal mass there are thus seen two long narrow 
glands (fig. 2, s/. g/.), one on each side of the median 
line, and running backwards through somites v, vi and 
vii. The lobes of the other more lateral salivary glands 
are broader and more or less multi-lobed. This part may 
again be distinguished as one lateral and one inferior 
part, the latter one being the smallest, and, as regards its 
position, almost resting on the upper part of the cesopha- 
gus. ‘Towards the muscular pharynx all these glands 
diminish in thickness, and in the immediate vicinity of 
the pharynx proper they are entirely crowded out by the 
muscular bands which closely cover the pharyngeal sur- 
face. On the uppermost part of the pharynx, under the 
cerebral ganglion, and in front of it another group of 
salivary glands is seen, but of diminished size. The 
whole mass of glands and muscles project considerably 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 235 


beyond the point of the beginning of the cesophagus in 
somite 11. A beautiful vascular network is interspersed 
between the muscles and in the glandular mass, origin- 
ating principally from the lateral vascular trunks coming 
from the diverticula of the cesophagus. Only with a 
very strong staining of eosine do these minute vessels 
become clearly visible (fig. 2, v.). 

The wsophagus consists of along, comparatively narrow 
cylindrical duct, beginning at the boundary between 
somites i and 11, and extending to the diverticula in 
somite ix. Its inner epithelial walls are much folded. 
Exteriorly the cesophagus is of even width, neither con- 
tracted nor swollen at the septa nor at the place where 
the diverticula enter it. In Ocnerodrilus Evsenz, lately 
described by Beddard, the cesophagus appear to be con- 
siderably enlarged at the junction with the diverticula. 
In Ocnerodrilus Rose the swelling is somewhat less, but 
in other species it is almost entirely wanting. If this 
character is constant, or if it changes according to the 
contractions of the worm, remains yet to be seen. 

Diverticula of esophagus. In somite ix the cesopha- 
gus is furnished with one pair of diverticula, or pouches 
resembling the calciferous glands in other genera. These 
diverticula are found in all the species of the genus, they 
vary a little in form, and are of various lengths, accord- 
ing to the state of contraction, and are hardly constant 
enough to be used as species characteristics, although in 
different species a difference in form may be noticeable. 

The pouch in Gordiodrilus which is median and single, 
differs considerably from the corresponding, but paired, 
organ in Ocnerodrilus. In the former genus the blood 
vessels traversing the pouch form a network, or at least 
anastomose with each other, which is not the case in 
Ocnerodrilus. In the various species of the genus the 


236 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


pouch is of the same general structure, and as far as I 
can see varies only slightly as to form and number of 
parellel blood vessels. The description given here of 
the pouch in Ocnerodrilus Beddardi may therefore in a 
general way be applied to those of the other species 
too, Ocnerodrilus occidentalis has of all species the 
simplest diverticala furnished with the least number of 
blood vessels. 

The pouch contains only one single room, widest at the 
middle, or near the middle, and tapering towards both 
ends, but especially so towards the distal end. But this 
interior cavity of the pouch does not exactly correspond 
in form to the exterior form of the organ, which tapers 
more towards the distal end than the inner cavity does 
(fig. 12). The wall of the pouch is traversed longitu- 
dinally by a number of ridges consisting of blood vessels, 
which lie close enough to almost touch each other, but 
which do not anastomose (fig. 20}. They collect in the 
distal end (fig. 20, c. 7. v.) and emerge as one single 
vessel (c. 7. v.), the lateral vascular blood vessel which 
longitudinally traverses the body (fig. 1, 7. v) from the 
pouch towards the prostomium and somite 1. The 
distal end of the pouch is directed forward and down- 
ward, resting heavily on the anterior septum between 
somites viii and ix, pressing the septum forward. The 
longitudinal blood vessels originate from a single stout 
blood vessel in the tubular intestines. ‘This vessel does 
not appear to emanate directly from the dorsal vessel 
above it, as I have not been able to see a direct connec- 
tion, but it comes apparently from a very short sub-dorsal 
vessel which connects the two hearts in somites x and xi, 
and which is partially or entirely covered by the intestine. 
This vessel, first described by Beddard, does not exist in 
all species, but owing to its fragility it is difficult to de- 
termine its presence except in live specimens. 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 237 


The main vessel in the pouch (fig. 20, w. v.) branches 
in several parts close to the entrance of the pouch, the 
various vessels running longitudinally and parallel to the 
distal end. ‘These vessels group themselves into about 
six bunches (fig. 20), and throughout the greater length 
of the pouch the vessels of each branch keep together, 
forming elevated, longitudinal and parallel ridges, which 
encroach on the upper but especially on the inner surface 
of the pouch. On the inner surface these ridges are 
prominent and sometimes so large as to almost divide the 
pouch in several parallel chambers. No such division 
takes place, however, the inner large cavity being only 
one. At the distal end these ridges come together, and 
the inner cavity ends between them in various narrow 
sinuses, one each between two ridges (figs. 19 and 12). 
These sinuses continue forward and again unite with an 
inner system of lacunary cavities (fig. 12,2. /.) very much 
as is the case in the pouch of Gordiodrilus, as described 
by Beddard. In that genus these cavities connect with 
the nephridium through a narrow tube. In none of the 
sections I made of Ocnerodrilus could I find with cer- 
tainty a similar arrangement, but I am strongly inclined 
to believe that one really exists, as close to the concave 
side of the outer wall of the pouch I frequently found a 
comparatively broad tube with a clear and large, glandu- 
lous lumen which seemed to end on the outside of the 
pouch near its distal end, just opposite to where the inner 
cavities begin. A possible connection with the nephri- 
dium I could not establish. The inner lining of the pouch 
is ciliated and very thin. It is strongly striated, consist- 
ing of flattened cells with round nuclei. This striation 
is also seen in the lining of the inter-lacunary cavities, 
but not in the inter-vascular tissues in which the blood 
vessels are imbedded. The nuclei are of the same form 


238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


in the lining epithelium as in the inter-vascular cell tissue. 
As in Gordiodrilus, the nuclei are less in number than 
the cells and of unusually large size for so narrow cells. 
At the entrance of the narrow part connecting the pouch 
with the tubular intestine the epithelial lining is thicker 
than in the main cavity of the pouch. In one specimen 
the left pouch was forked and a lateral vascular trunk 
issued from each pouch, but on account of the nature of 
the section I could not follow its course forward. 

The pouch is supported by a heavy muscular band 
which attaches to the center of the convex or outer part 
of the pouch and thence runs through the posterior sep- 
tum connecting with the parietes of somite x. 

The position of the pouch on somite ix appears en- 
tirely constant, none of the 10 species known differing in 
this respect. With the pulsating of the bloodvessels the 
pouch expands or contracts following the same beat as 
the hearts. In alcoholic specimens the pouch may be 
more or less contracted in the same species. There is no 
gizzard and no typhlosole. 

The tubular intestine which extends from the pouch 
in somite ix to the sacculated intestine in the xii re- 
sembles (fig. 19), greatly the cesophagus in form. It is 
tubular, neither wider nor narrower and its inner epithe- 
lial lining is strongly ciliated. At the junction with the 
sacculated intestine it is sometimes slightly contracted, 
but there is no real narrowing of the tube as indicated in 
Beddard’s figure of Ocnerodrilus Evsent, nor is there any 
swelling at the junction of the diverticula as in that 
species. The vessel furnishing the blood for the diverti- 
cula first enters the tubular intestine from the hearts. 

In O. feose the cesophagus and tubular intestine are 
much nipped by the septa and enlarged at the diverticulum 
entrance, more so than in most other species, but not to 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 239 


the extent that it is figured by Beddard in the species 
described by him. The narrowing or swelling may be to 
some extent the result of contraction, but it appears at 
least to be partially a character of the species, as some 
species do not show it, even in a series of specimens. 

The sacculated intestine commences with somite xi 
(fig. I, s.z.). Itis wider in this somite than anywhere 
else. In the following clitellial somites the swellings are 
are smaller and in those posterior to somite xix it has 
reached its normal form, only gradually diminishing to- 
wards the caudal end (fig. 1). The muscles supporting 
the sacculated intestine and connecting it with the parietes 
start half way between the septa. Upon the strength and 
size of these muscles depend the greater or smaller sac- 
culation of the intestine. 

Vascular System. ‘There are two primary longitudinal 
vessels, extending from one end of the body to the other. 
The dorsal pulsating vessel and the ventral non-pulsating 
vessel (fig..i¢2 32. anded. 2). | “These vessels are con- 
nected in the usual way in somite ii, and in the posterior 
somite, forming respectively the pharyngeal and caudal 
commissure. 

In somites x and xi these two vessels are also con- 
nected by secondary vessels, forming one pair of hearts 
in each of the above somites. These hearts are the most 
prominent features of the vascular system, whether the 
worm is alive or cut up in sections. The two pairs are 
alike. Emanating in the posterior part of the somite, 
they form large sack-like vessels, especially wide and 
sack-like close to the dorsal vessel, and tapering down- 
wards to the junction with the ventral vessel. These 
hearts are strongly pulsating, expanding and contracting 
in harmony with the dorsal vessel and the vessels of the 
pouch. 


240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


In somites x and xi these hearts are connected by a 
sub-dorsal vessel, which enters the tubular intestine prob- 
ably in somite xi, and in somite ix passes directly into 
the diverticulum of the tubular intestine. 

Except through these four hearts the two vascular 
trunks do not directly connect in the central somites. 
The ventral vessel emits one pair of secondary ncen-con- 
necting vessels in each somite. A corresponding non- 
connecting vessel (figs. 1 and 30) is also emitted by the 
dorsal vessel in all the somites except ix, x and xi. In 
the latter two somites they are replaced by hearts. This 
secondary dorsal vessel is emitted in the posterior portion 
of the somite, close to the septum. It runs at once straight 
out through the body cavity, in almost right angles with the 
dorsal vessel, until it strikes the body wall, where it 
branches and forms a dermal system, especially developed 
in the inferior part of the body, sending out ramifications 
which extend along the longitudinal muscular layer below 
the neural ganglion, but which do not connect or form 
any sub-neural longitudinal system (fig. 30), all the 
vessels being strictly transversal. In somites x and x1 
these transversal vessels have been replaced by the hearts. 
In somite ix one pair of lateral blood vessels pass from 
the sub-dorsal vessel and the hearts through the diverticula 
forming the lateral trunks (fig. 1, /v.), which extend for- 
ward on either side of the worm to the peristomic region. 
In each of somites v to viii, each one of these trunks 
sends out one secondary vessel, which enters the septal 
glands in the somite (figs. r and 2), and one vessel which 
supplies the dermal and sub-dermal parts of the somite. 
The main lateral trunk is branched in somite v or vi, 
one branch going forward and upward, supplying the 
prostomic and peristomic regions, while the other branch 
furnishes the pharyngeal glands and muscles with the 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 241 


necessary blood. In the anterior somites these trunks 
branch repeatedly, forming in somite i and in the anterior 
part of somite ii a perfect network of capillary blood- 
vessels, which connect with the capillaries from the dorsal 
and ventral vessels, both above and below the pharynx 
and cesophagus. ‘The vessel supplying the cesophageal 
diverticulum branches in the organ into numerous parallel 
vessels, which again collect into one trunk, as has been 
already mentioned. There are no dark epithelial pig- 
ment cells on any of the vessels, but the muscular part 
of the dorsal vessel and of the hearts is thick. 

The ventral main longitudinal vessel emits one second- 
ary vesselin each somite (fig. 30, 7; v-.w:).” This: vessel 
starts out anteriorly to the dorsal secondary vessel (fig. 
30, 7. d. v.), and is parallel to the latter. It branches as 
soon as it reaches the body-wall into two distinct trunks, 
one smaller descending, and one larger ascending. The 
former one is very short, and extends, with branches, 
below the neural-ganglion, but does nct anastomose with 
the vessels from the dorsal branch. The ascending 
branch again divides in two parallel branches, which 
closely follow the parietes and again branch, forming a 
wide meshed capillary network on the dorsal side of the 
body-wall. This secondary ventral vessel is present in 
all the somites, even in ix, x and xi. The secondary 
branches of the dorsal and vental vessels are of about 
equal length and thickness, but the branch from the 
ventral vessel is much more branched than the dorsal 
secondary vessel, which is almost entire, and even in the 
ventral region emits few branches. A similar arrange- 
ment is found in Sparganophilus, lately described by 
Benham. (Quart. Journal Micr, Sc., Nov., 1892.) 

These secondary vessels are similar in the various 
species, except in Ocnerodrilus limicola and Hendréez, in 


242 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


which species the dorsal secondary vessel in somite ix 
is transformed to a connecting vessel between the ventral 
and dorsal vessel, similar to a heart (figs. 31 and 38, c. v/.) 
but of less thickness and more cylindrical throughout its 
length. A gastric secondary vessel supplies the saccu- 
lated intestine. It leaves the dorsal vessel anteriorly to 
the other branches almost in the center of the somite, or 
half-way between the septa. It develops into a large 
gastric system, especially prominent in the somites of the 
clitellum. 

There are no blood-vessels on the nephridia. 

The septal glands are furnished liberally with blood- 
vessels, emanating in each somite from the lateral vas- 
cular. trunks (fig.:1,.v.)... As will be seen, the vascular 
system in Ocnerodrilus resembles greatly that of Gordio- 
drilus, especially in having the dorsal and ventral vessels 
only connected in somites x and xi (or in ix, x and x1). 

Nephridia. The nephridia are present in all the 
somites, commencing with somite iv. The anterior four 
nephridia are very small, degenerate, devoid of or with 
very few peritoneal cells. The nephridium in somite iv 
is the smallest, the one in the vi is larger and the one in 
somite viii the largest of all the anterior nephridia. The 
nephridium in somite ix is always very large and fur- 
nished with copious masses of peritoneal cells. This may 
possibly be in some way dependent upon the supposed 
connection between this nephridium and the diverticulum 
in this somite. 

The nephridia in somites x and xi are smaller, some- 
what degenerate, but not to the extent as described by 
Beddard in O. E£vsenz, but still covered with peritoneal 
cells which stain differently from the surrounding sperm- 
sacs. The nephridia posterior to somite xii are all cov- 
ered with peritoneal cells. They rather increase in size 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 243 


towards the caudal end, the largest nephridia being found 
a comparatively short distance from the tail end (figs. 5, 
10, 14). The size and quality of these peritoneal cells 
vary considerably in different specimens; sometimes they 
are perfectly transparent with no dark cell contents, at 
other times they are so filled with a granulated mass or 
sections that the nuclei are not visible. Quite frequently 
the anterior nephridia show some peritoneal cells, the an- 
terior ones always less than those in somite vit which 
nearly always possesses a few of them. As has been 
already stated the nephridia in somite ix show a large 
mass of peritoneal opaque cells as many as any of the 
largest nephridia behind the clitellum. This is not the 
case in all species. For instance, in Ocnerodrilus Rose 
the nephridium in somite ix is entirely destitute of peri- 
toneal cells. Still this nephridium is larger than any of 
the nephridia anterior to the clitellum (fig. 23, 2. Dh.). 

The upper part of each nephridium contains the great- 
est quantity of peritoneal cells. In the middle part the 
number diminishes, again increasing in the part nearest 
the nephridio pore. These pores open between the sete 
and the anterior septum in line with the inner row of sete. 
In the lower part of the nephridium the peritoneal cells 
cover the canal on one side, while in the upper part the 
canal is entirely hidden by the cells. From the outside 
the nephridia appear like very large whitish masses al- 
most entirely filling the somites. The quantity of perito- 
neal, cells vary ane ditterent- species. ~In’)\some; vas «in 
Ocnerodrilus occidentalis, the peritoneal cells even in the 
posterior nephridia are comparatively few. 

Testes. ‘There are two pair of testes, one in somite 
x and one in xi. This being the rule in most species. 
They are attached to the ventral side of the anterior 
septum against which they are generally pressed flat. 


244 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The testes in somite x are much more lobed than those 
in somite xi the latter being entire or heart-shaped while 
the former are multi-lobed. 

While this appears to be rather constant, I do not 
think any great specific value should be placed on the 
shape of the testes, the lobes varying in form and num- 
ber (fig. 3 and 4). 

Sperm-sacs (fig. 1, ssl. and ss.). There are two con- 
stant and two pairs of variable sperm-sacs. The constant 
sperm-sacs are found in somites ix and xii; the varia- 
ble ones in x and xi. These latter sperm-sacs vary 
much as regards their size. All the sacs are situated 
principally in the upper part of the body. The sperm- 
sacs in somites x and xi are connected, but those in ix 
and xii appear entirely isolated, neither connected with 
the other sacs or with each other. 

The sperm-sac in somite ix, consists of a heavy globu- 
lar mass attached to the posterior septum, between somites 
ix and x above the cesophagus. It is lobed, there being 
at least four or six large lobes and several smaller ones. It 
is connected by very narrow tubes following the septum, 
with the testes in somite x. The sperm-sac in somite 
xii is of a different and very characteristic shape. It 
is much lobed and covers the upper and front part of the 
sacculated intestine in this somite like a well-fitting collar. 
It is attached to the anterior septum separating somites 
xi and xii. The lobing of these sperm-sacs is much 
greater than those in the somite ix. These sperm-sacs 
are not connected with those in somite x and xi. The 
latter sperm-sacs are entire, not lobed. They are only. 
present in very mature worms and are of variable size. 
When fully developed they fill the larger part of these 
somites, which are besides crowded by the hearts, testes, 
ciliated rosettes, etc., found in them. The presence or 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 245 


absence, relative size or form, of the sperm-sacs in somites 
ix and xii appear to afford good species characters. In 
Ocnerodrilus occidentalis they are entirely wanting in 
somites 1x and xil. In the other species described here 
as new these sperm-sacs are present, their lobation at 
least in its general traits, being characteristic of the 
species. 

Sperm duct and ciliated rosette. There are two pairs of 
ciliated rosettes, one pair in somite x and one pair in x1, 
corresponding to the testes (fig. 18). The rosettes are 
placed behind and close to the testes, and their structure 
offers nothing unusual. They resemble each other in all 
the species, are very large and delicate, spreading over 
the lower parts of the hearts, but free of the septa. The 
inner cells are large rectangular, with large oval nuclei 
and long cilia. The sperm ducts pass backwards and 
unite imperfectly with each other in somite xi or xii, 
and continue from that on as one duct to somite xvii, 
where are situated the male or spermiducal papille, and 
in which also opens the prostate gland (or atrium). The 
sperm ducts are closely following the body wall, do not 
run straight, but in a wavy, snake-like way, but are not 
coiled. -(Ineig msthey “are «represented» as istraight 
in order to’ make the-fig, clearer.) The male pa= 
pilla, of which there is one pair, occupy the same place 
as the inner sete imi the) respective: somites. . There 
is only one seta left, the othet, the outer one, being 
abortive. The single remaining seta is not differentiated. 
In three of the species, the penial sete are wanting, while 
in Ocnerodrilus occidentalis and other species they are 
either both present or one is wanting. The sperm ducts 
which in some species are enlarged in the vicinity of the 
male pore, are in this species of even width throughout 
their length. The ducts are only imperfectly joined. 


246 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


While forming one single tube as far as their outward 
form is concerned, they still remain separated, the ciliated 
lumen of each being readily visible even close to the 
papille (fig. 57). The absence or presence of a enlarged 
and differentiated lower part of the sperm ducts is of the 
greatest importance as a species characteristic. A similar 
modification of the sperm duct is found in Pygmeodrilus. 
The prostate gland is smaller than in most other species, 
except in Ocnerodrilus guatemala. In Ocnerodrilus occt- 
dentalis it passes from somite xvii to xxiv, or further 
yet; but in Ocnerodrilus Beddard: it occupies only two or 
three somites, and in Ocnerodrilus guatemale only one. 
It is bent several times on itself (in this there is no con- 
stancy) and ascends first upward. The inner epithelial 
lining consists of only one layer of tubular cells similar as 
in the other species and as in Gordiodrilus. 

There exists in the prostates of the various species two 
more or less differentiated parts. Generally there is an 
upper only glandular part and a lower part which is 
muscular and which connects with the male pore. In 
these species, Ocnerodrilus sonore and guatemale, this 
lower part is much less differentiated, containing tubular 
glandulous cells, and this part of the prostate differs only 
in the addition of two muscular layers. In the other 
species the muscular part of the prostate is much differ- 
entiated and entirely void of the tubular glandulous cells, 
so characteristic of the upper part of the prostate in all 
the species. 

In Ocnerodrilus Beddardi the lower part of the prostate 
is narrower, slightly tapering towards the purely glandular 
part (fig. 55). In O. sonore (fig. 59) the lower muscular 
part is thicker than the upper glandular part, gradually 
decreasing in size towards the distal end. The prostate 
of O. guatemale is only half as long and about one-third 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 247 


or one-fourth as wide as this organ in any of the other 
species and very characteristic in appearance (figs. 65 
and 66). At the apex of the male papilla there is a small 
gland without any visible lumen. 

The ovary is situated in somite xiii, as is generally the 
case in Oligochete. It is attached to the anterior septum. 
The disposition of the ova is the general one, the larger 
ones being on and towards the outside and upper margins 
of the ovary with the smallest ones further in. The 
ovary is pressed close to the parietes of body. 

The ovzduct consists of one pair of trumpet-shaped 
organs in somite xiv, one for each ovary. The ovipore 
is situated in this somite, opening outwardly in front ot 
the inner seta. The interior funnel opens into somite 
x1l1, in close proximity to the ovary, and is engaged in 
the septum between somite xiii and xiv. It offers no 
great peculiarities in its structure, but is more rounded 
than in Ocnerodrilus occidentalis (fig. 17). 

The spermathece (fig. 1, 27, 28, 29) consist of one 
pair of flask or club-like bodies, situated in somite ix, 
opening externally behind the anterior septum in the in- 
tersegmental groove between that septum and the vii. 
The shape is flask or club-like, thickest at the inner free 
end, gradually tapering towards the spermathecal pore. 
It is narrowed at the middle and furnished with a varying 
number of diverticula, from two to six. These diverticula 
are short, of -various length, but never as long as the 
width of the spermatheca at the point of attachment. 
The smallest ones are wartlike. They are mostly situated 
at the upper broader end of the organ, and rarely more 
than one is found further down. In the diverticula the 
spermatozoa are seen massed. The inner lining of the 
spermatheca consists of tubular cells, which in cross- 
section appear circular, with large round nuclei. The 

2p Ser., Vou, IIL. (19) January 19, 1893. 


248 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


outer lining is very thin, with few nuclei. The lower 
part of the spermatheca is muscular, and appears to be 
constructed as in Gordiodrilus. There are a few minute 
oblong glands at the base of the spermatheca, at its junc- 
tion with the body wall. The external spermathecal 
papilla is, at full maturity, quite large and prominent. 
The form and existence of the spermathece offer im- 
portant characteristics of specific value. In Ocnerodrilus 
Beddardi and limicola there are small diverticula. In O. 
agricola, O. Rose, etc., the spermatheca is round, or 
cylindrical, with no diverticula, while in Ocnerodrilus occi- 
dentalis the spermathece are entirely wanting. In all 
the species examined by me the spermathecal porus is 
situated in somite ix, but in the species described by 
Beddard the porus, as well as the organ itself, appears 
to be in somite vili.* The structure of the spermathe- 
caw in the various species is very much the same; in O. 
sonore the muscular part is wanting. 

The spermatozoa are tound with moderately long, 
straight, not wavy or screw like, tails. 

Nervous system. The chephalic ganglion is about four 
times broader than high, emitting a large, generally three- 
forked branch, towards the prostomium. A network of 
bloodvessels emanating from the upper branches of the 
lateral vascular trunks and from the dorsal vessel, is 
spread over the cephalic ganglion in a way similar to what 
is found in Ocnerodrilus occidentalis. The ventral 
ganglion emits one pair of lateral ganglia in each somite. 
The pharyngeal plexus emits one pair of ganglia up- 
wards to the pharynx, and one pair laterally towards the 
body wall. 


* There is some uncertainty as to its location. Beddard says once that it is 
found ‘in somite ix, while three or four times the statement reads in viii. 
The former probably is a misprint. 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 249 


Ocnerodrilus guatemale wn. sf. Fig. 61, 62, 63, 64, 
65, 66, 76. 

The clitellum is small: from somite xiv to xvii. 
The body is long, slender, of even thickness throughout, 
with a glossy lustre, and of dark opaque brown when 
preserved in alcohol. In this it differs from O. agricola, 
which always preserves its light and semi-transparent 
color. The size is about one and a fourth inch by three- 
fourths line long, of course with some variations. It is 
one of the longer and slender worms. 

The septal gland in somite v is almost twice as long as 
the one in somite vi. It is deeply lobed; this is also the 
case with the other glands. The size of the anterior 
gland is very characteristic. The gland in somite vii is 
much smaller, and resembles, in its proportions to the 
surrounding glands, those of Ocnerodrilus Hendriez, from 
which it, however, differs in the lobing of the glands. 
In O. Hendriec they are almost entire, while in the pres- 
ent form they are deeply lobed. The glands in vii and 
vill are small, of almost equal size, but the one in vii, 
as usual, is the smallest of the four. 

The sfermatheca is very small, the smallest found in 
any species. In fully matured specimens the height 
of the spermatheca is not quite equal to the width of the 
cesophageal diverticulum. The form is very much like 
that of O. sonore, but the size is even smaller, and as it 
is generally lying flat against the parietes, it may be easily 
overlooked. The lower part of the spermatheca is nar- 
rower than the corresponding part in O. sonore, and the 
whole organ is darker and more opaque. There is only 
a trace of diverticula, the wall being slightly sacculated. 
This species stands near O. Beddardi, sonore and 
Hendriez, but its characters appear very constant, in 
specimens collected several hundred miles apart, and I do 
not hesitate to classify it a well-defined species. 


250 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The prostate gland is one of the most characteristic parts 
of this species, but unhappily all the specimens were con- 
siderably macerated, and the finer structure could not be 
made out. Specimens from Tamaju, in the highlands of 
Coban, showed the same characteristics as the specimens 
from Guatemala city, and I believe the form and size of 
the prostate constant. In structure the prostate gland 
agrees with the same organ in O. Leddardi, sonore and 
Hlendrvez, but in size it is quite distinct, being even 
smaller than the prostate in O. Hendrzez. At the male 
papilla it is only about four times as wide as the width of 
the seta, and at the inner apex it attains double that 
size. It gradually increases in size from the male 
pore, but still. it is very slender, and compared to the 
prostate of O. Beddardz, is not half as long and less than 
one-third as thick. It is entirely confined to one somite. 
The structure appears to resemble that of O. Beddardz, 
the lower or narrower part being furnished with tubular 
glands, resembling those of the upper muscular part 
only smaller. 

There is a seta close to the male pore. The outer one 
in the pair is wanting. In this it differs from O. Bed- 
dardz, in which the inner seta of the couple is wanting, 
but resembles O. sonore. It also differs in this respect 
from O. Hendriez, in which species both seta of the 
inner couple in somite xvii are wanting. There is no 
enlargement of the sperm duct at the male pore. 

flabitat. In garden soils in the city of Guatemala, 
Central America, April, 1882. Also at Tamaju, on the 
river Polochic, on the Atlantic side of the same republic. 
In Guatemala city it occurred in the same locality as O. 
agricola, but was found about a month later. It is a real 
soil species, and I never found it in wet places. 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 251 


Ocnerodrilus sonore, 2.sf. Fig.57, 58,59, 60,71, 73, 75. 


This species comes nearest Ocnerodrilus Beddardz, 
guatemale and Hlendriez. Some ten specimens collected 
agreed in the following characteristics: 

The septal gland in somite v is of almost the same 
size as the one in somite vi and this one again is only 
little larger than the one in vii. The septal gland in 
somite vill is higher than in O. Beddard7 and is only 
little smaller than the gland in somite vii. All the 
glands are less lobed than in O. Beddardz. 

The spermatheca (fig. 71, spth.), is of about one-half 
the size as in O. Beddardi, almost bag-like, very much 
flattened and with no trace of diverticula. There is no 
differentiated muscular part of the lower portion of the 
organ, the whole being of the same structure. The 
spermatheca is about as long as the diverticulum is wide. 
It is very transparent, and shows much smaller and more 
irregular cells than the same organ of O. Beddard?. 

The spevm-sceq(ita7 i.) Ss. Ss.) 1m somite ix is large 
and somewhat lobed. The sperm-sac in somite x is the 
smallest of the four. The one in x1 is larger, but not as 
large as the one in ix. The sperm-sac in somite xii is 
very large, much larger than the others. It is lobed and 
fills the whole of the somite. In no other species is the 
sperm-sac in somite xii of such size; the size appears to 
be constant. 

The sperm duct has no enlargement at the male pore. 

The Prostate is short as in O. Beddardz, but it is more 
cylindrical and the muscular part is not tapering toward 
the glandular part, but on the contrary the prostate is 
gradually increasing in size from the inner apex towards 
the male pore, and the muscular part is in no way differ- 
entiated as regard outline. This I consider a good 
species characteristic of small variability. The prostate is 


252 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


much twisted and confined to two somites. In the inner 
couple of setae in somite xvii the outer seta is wanting. 

The wsophagus is greatly nipped by the septa, is much 
sacculated and is wider than in any of the other species. 
The clete/lum is very short comprising Xiv, Xv, XV1, XVil, 
as in O. agricola. 

The most characteristic features of Ocnerodrilus sonore 
are: the very large sperm-sac in xii; the sacculated ceso- 
phagus: the form and size of the spermatheca. 

flabitat. In moist soil near irrigation canals in San 
Miguel de Horcasitas, Sonora, Mexico. As Ocnerodrilus 
Beddardi appears to be confined to the Cape region of 
Baja California in the vicinity of San José del Cabo, so 
is O. sonore to date only found on the mainland of 


Sonora, Mexico. 
Ocnerodrilus Hendriei, 2. sp. Fig. 38, 39, 72, 77,83. 


Clitellum begins at the center of xiii and extends to 
center of xvill, thus comprising four whole and two half 
somites. 

Size of worm about 1% inches by 34 line. 

Spermathecal pore in somite ix as usual. 

Ovipore in xiv and spermiducal pore in xvii as usual. 

The inner couple of the seta in somite xvii is wanting. 

The septal glands ditter from those of other species 
described in this paper. The anterior one in somite v 
is large, much larger than the one in somite vi. This 
again is much larger than the one in somite vii which 
again is of nearly the size as the one in somite vill, both 
being very small. The characteristic points in these 
glands are thus the unusually small size of the two pos- 
terior glands in somite vii and viii or in fact the com- 
paratively small size of the three posterier glands com- 
pared to the anterior gland in somite v, this gland being 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 253 


of about the same size as in other species. As regards 
the lobing of the glands, it resembles that of O. Frose, 
that is the glands are almost entire, but the relative size 
of the gland is very different from what is the case in 
that species. In O. Hose the gland in somite vii is much 
larger than the one in somite viii while it is of nearly 
the same size as the one in somite vi. From Ocnero- 
drilus guatemale which this species resembles perhaps 
more than any other, it is distinguished by more entire 
septal glands, by a smaller spermatheca, etc. 

The sefermatheca is very small, about as long as the 
diverticulum of the cesophagus is wide. It is contracted 
on two places and greatly resembles the same organ in 
O. limicola. 

The sperm-sacs occur in 1x, X, x1, x1. The one in somite 
ix, as usual, situated principally above the diverticulum, 
is very large, filling the whole of the upper part of the 
somite. It is entire, not lobed. The sperm-sacs in x are 
smaller, or even absent, but the one in vi is again very 
large, occupying a large part of the respective segment. 
The one in xii is situated as in the other species, and is 
deeply lobed, but as regards size is much smaller than 
the one in somite xi. In QO. sonore the sperm-sac in 
somite xii is very large. 

The Prostate gland is short, running through about two 
somites. The muscular part is very small and the lower 
part of the sperm duct is not enlarged. The specimen 
being much macerated, I am not able to give a very ac- 
curate description of these organs. There is a very small 
zone around the male pore, partly extending ventrally. 
The inner couple of sete in somite xvii is wanting (fig. 
WD). 

As regards the size of the prostate, O. Hendrvez and 
guatemale resemble each other more than they do other 


254 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


species. O. Hlendriez has the largest prostate of the 
two, about as large again as the one in O. gwatemale (fig. 
65, 66 and 83). 

The vascular system resembles that of Ocnerodrilus 
/imicola, and there is a large connecting vessel, evidently 
a pulsating one, in somite ix, just behind the diverticu- 
lum of the esophagus. But this vessel is larger than in 
O. limicola, and partakes in shape and size of the nature 
of a heart, much resembling the one in the somite pos- 
tem@onr <0 sit. 

flabitat. Santo Tomas, Guatemala, Central America, 
between Salama and Coban, on the road after a rain. 


Ocnerodrilus limicola, ~. sf. Fig. 31, 35, 47, 53, 78. 


5 


The Cltellum comprises at least five somites, extend- 
ing trom xiv to xviii, and encroaching on somites xiii and 
XK: 

Spermathecal pore in somite ix, as usual, in the groove 
between that and somite viii. 

Ovipore in somite xiv. 

Male or spermiducal papille one pair in somite xvii, 
and a pair of prostate papilla in somite xviii. The zone 
surrounding the papilla is small, and does not extend 
across the ventral region, as in O. agricola. 

The septal glands are in somites v to viii, as usual. 
The anterior three glands are the largest, of nearly equal 
size, but the one in somite v is slightly longer. All the 
glands are characterized by being much more deeply 
lobed than in any other species, even more so than in O. 
Beddardi and guatemale. The posterior gland in somite 
Vill is, as generally, the smallest. 

Spermathece (fig. 31-35, s. spih.) one pair in somite 
ix. This organ is smaller in this species than in any of 
the other which possess spermathece, except O. ewate- 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 255 


male. The form is irregular, cylindrical, contracted in 
several places, and with a few only slightly elevated or 
wart-like diverticula, hardly differentiated from the main 
pouch. In general appearance it comes nearest to that 
of O. Beddard?, but it is smaller, and the diverticula are 
less prominent. 

The festes are in somites x and xi, and offer no pe- 
culiarities. The sperm-sacs are very large, and always fill 
the somites ix to xii. The sperm-sac in somite ix is situ- 
ated asin O. Beddardi and O. agricola. It is deeply lobed 
as in these species. The sperm-sacs in somite xii are 
similarly situated and lobed as in the species just referred 
tO, vary and oviduct, as usual, respectively in somites 
xiii and xiv. 

The cl7tellum does not show the peculiar zone around 
the male pore as in O. agricola, and the male papilla is 
very small and not prominent. 

The inner pair of sete in somite xvii is wanting, simi- 
larly as in O. agricola, Hendrvez, etc. 

While all other species contain only one pair of pros- 
tate glands, O. Zémicola possesses two pair, one in somite 
Xvii and one in xviii. The one in somite xvii opens in 
the male pore, together with the sperm duct. In Gordzo- 
drilus robustus, as lately described by Beddard, there are 
two prostates on each side opening in two consecutive 
somites, but only one pair of sperm ducts, both sperm 
ducts opening in one pore. The prostate itself is un- 
usually narrow at the distant end, thicker at the middle, 
and then again gradually tapering towards the muscular 
part. This muscular part is narrowest close to the gland- 
ular part, from which it gradually increases in size to- 
wards the male pore (fig. 53). 

The sperm ducts are not enlarged close to the pore, as 
in at least three other species, O. agrzcola, Rose and con- 
tractus. 


256 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The inner couple of the seta in somite xvii, close to 
the male pore, is generally full, though in some specimens 
there was only one seta. The pair in xviii is also present. 

A most important characteristic of the species is a con- 
necting secondary vessel in somite ix. In other species, 
except O. Hendrie, so tar known, the two pair of hearts 
in somites x and xi are the only four secondary vessels 
which connect the dorsal and ventral vessels. But in 
O. limicola we find one pair of large vessels in the poste- 
rior part of somite 1x, just behind the diverticulum, which 
connects the two main vessels. This connecting pair is 
cylindrical of almost even width, and evidently does not 
pulsate, or pulsates only weakly, judging from its appear- 
ance in preserved specimens (fig. 31, c. v). 

In size Ocnerodrilus limitcola stands between O. 
Beddardi and O. agricola. It is decidedly smaller than 
agricola, especially as regards the part anterior to the 
clitellum. Too much importance must not be placed on 
the size of any of the species, as they vary considerably, 
and the smaller individuals are equally sexually developed 
as the larger specimens. 

Hlabitat. This worm I found in a clear running mill- 
race and pond at El Portal, a hacienda close to Antigua 
Guatemala, in Guatemala, Central America. It appears 
to be strictly a water species as I did not find it in the 
drier soil outside of the pond. All the other species 
hitherto known either live both in water and in drier soil, 
or in soil only, and must be considered as semi-aquatic 
or terrestrial. 


Ocnerodrilus Eiseni Beddard. 


This worm lately described by Beddard differs, accord- 
ing to that author, from the other species as regards the 
following points: Clctellum extends from somites xiii to 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 257 


xvili,and does notencroach onthe adjoining somites. Such 
distinct clitellum is not possessed by the other species, in 
all of which the clitellum encroaches on the adjoining 
somites. The inner pair of se¢@ in somite xvii is wanting 
entirely. In this respect this species differs from many 
other species, except O. agricola, Hlendrtei and contractus, 
which all possess this characteristic. 

Spermathecal pore between somites vii and viii, and 
the spermathece in somite vill, are smaller than the 
spermathece in O. agricola. Allother species possessing 
spermathece have this organ (one pair) situated in somite 
ix. No spermathecal diverticula. Ovzpore in xiv and 
oviduct in the same somite, opening with the funnel in 
xill behind the ovary. No enlargement of the sperm duct 
close to the male pore. Prostate with a long, narrow, 
muscular tube. 

Buccal cavity extends through three somites and the 
pharynx to the fifth, as in other species. The buccal 
cavity of all species examined by me appears shorter, 
though the want of septa makes the limits uncertain. 

The wsophagus 1s widened at the junction of the 
diverticula, which is not the case in the other species, 
at least not to the same extent. The ciliated tubular in- 
testine is narrower than the cesophagus, and differs in this 
from other species, all of which have the cesophagus and 
tubular intestine of more or less the same width. 

NNephridia degenerate in somites x and xi, as is the case 
to a greater or lesser degree in other species, and the 
posterior nephridia are enveloped in large peritoneal cells. 

Testes in somites x and x1. 

Habitat in soil, not in water. 

As will be seen from the above characteristics this 
species differs from all others in having the spermathece 
in somite villi. It undoubtedly comes nearest to O. agr7- 


258 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


cola, the spermathece of the two species being of the 
same general form, but much largerin O. agricola. The 
clitellum in the latter species is also the smallest. 


Ocnerodrilus Rose, 7. sp. Figs. 23, 24, 25, 26, 36, 48, 
79: 


This is a small species, in size a little longer but not 
any wider than Ocnerodrilus occidentalis or about 1 
inch by 34 line. The body-wall is peculiarly thin, es- 
pecially in somite xii, and more transparent and less 
tough than in O. occidentalis. Clitellum commences at 
the anterior % or 4% of somite xiii and extends to xviii. 
There is no ventral zone surrounding the male pore as in 
O. agricola which this species otherwise comes near. 

The se¢e are as usual, and the inner couple in somite 
XVil is wanting. 

Spermathecal pore in xix. 

Ovipore as usual in xiv and Spermiducal or male 
papille (one pair) in xvii. 

This species appears to form a group with O. contractus 
and agricola. 

The upper part of the peristomium is longer than the 
second somite, but the prostomium appears smaller than 
in other species. The duccal region extends to the pos- 
terior part of somite ii when the worm is contracted. 

Pharynx occupies somites iii, iv and v and is as usual 
very muscular and glandular, but the salivary glands on 
the upper side are much larger than in any other species, 
projecting backwards and encroaching on somite v in 
such a way that the septal gland in this somite is pushed 
backwards into somite vi. 

The four septal glands in somites v—vili are smaller 
than in other species and crowded together in the space 
below three segments. In other words, the salivary 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 259 


glands are larger and the septal glands are smaller than 
in other species. In reality they are confined to the same 
somites as other species of the genus. | 

The anterior septal glandin somite v is hardly any larger 
than the one in somite vi. The one in vii is hardly lower 
than the one in vi, while the septal gland in somite viii is 
much higher than in other species except O. occrdentalis, 
but with a much smaller base. The anterior septal gland 
has the broadest base, those following have shorter bases, 
and the last one in somite vi has the shortest base ot 
all; this is the opposite of what is the case in the other 
species. But this peculiarity is not the only one as re- 
gards these glands. They are all of them less lobed 
than in any other species except perhaps O. occzdentalis 
and //endrzez, the anterior gland in somite v being espe- 
cially entire and continuous in outline. 

The wsophagus which in most other species is tubular 
and hardly contracted is in this species very much nipped 
by the septa. Its walls are also thicker except in somite 
xii where they are remarkably thin and transparent. In 
this somite also, the tubular intestine (or posterior part 
of the cesophagus) is narrower, the sacculated intestine 
commencing first in somite xii, where, as usual, is also 
found the ovary. The inflation of the sacculated intes- 
tine is not any greater in somite xi than in any of the 
other clitellial somites. 

Testes in x and xi as usual. 

The sferm-sacs are small, of undecided form situated 
it-the Upper paki .resomites im, o<.-xi and xi. ‘y Phe an- 
terior and posterior sperm-sacs are not deeply lobed. In 
this respect the species differs from all the others. 

The sfermatheca (fig. 23-36) is long, cylindrical, of 
even outline, thick and opaque, without any trace of di- 
verticula. It resembles that of O.agvr7co/a in this respect, 


260 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


but in shape it is entirely and characteristically different 
from the one in that species. It is about one-third as 
thick and three-fourths as long as the diverticulum of the 
cesophagus. The spermatheca of O. agricola is about 
one and one-half times thicker than the diverticulum, 
and almost globular in outline. 

The ciliated rosettes are in this species smaller, as com- 
pared to those of other species. 

The prostate glands are very slender and twist consid- 
erably, extending behind the clitellum, or as far as the 
end of somite xx. In width they are about the size of the 
widest part of the ventral ganglion. The Prostate con- 
sists of two distinct parts; the more distant one, which is 
glandular, and the one nearest the male pore, which is 
muscular. The glandular part is by far the longest, as 
well as the widest. In form it is cylindrical, of the same 
width throughout its length, and not tapering as in some 
other species. This glandular part consists of a single 
layer of epithelial cells, just as in all other species. 

The muscular part is in this species very long, occupy- 
ing about the length of one and two-thirds somite, and 
about one-third or one-half longer than the enlarged part 
of the sperm duct. In width the muscular part of the 
prostate is slightly narrower than the glandular part. Itis 
also more transparent. The transverse muscles are very 
conspicuous (fig. 24), enclosing a large, regular and well 
defined lumen. The prostate and the sperm duct are en- 
tirely independent of each other until they reach the male 
pore, in which they both open apparently separately. 

The muscular part of the prostate is a little less than 
one-half as long as the glandular part, and somewhat 
narrower. It is narrowest close to the glandular part, 
and then becomes wider towards the male pore. The 
greater part, however, is of even thickness. In the 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 261 


vicinity of the male pore it narrows considerably, but 
widens again nearer the pore. The interior lumen of the 
muscular part is much wider close to the glandular part 
of the prostate. The walls of the muscular part consist 
of spirally wound muscles, which enclose a row of gland- 
ular bodies arranged at intervals in globular masses around 
the lumen (fig. 25). 

Sperm ducts. The most important character of Oc- 
nerodrilus Rose 1s connected with the sperm ducts. In 
all the others, except O. contractus and agricola, the two 
ducts on either side unite in somite x11 into one continuous 
duct, of equal size and thickness throughout its course, 
and even in the somite of the male pore (xvil) is in no 
prominent way differentiated. But in Ocnerodrilus 
feose the sperm-tube is prominently modified in xvi 
and xvii. It is there enlarged to about five or six times 
its original or usual size, forming a kind of long, cylin- 
drical, shuttle-lke at both ends, tapering enlargement, 
the lumen of which is somewhat wavy and as wide 
as the sperm duct before it enters the enlargement. The 
transition between the narrow and the wide part of the 
duct is short, but gradual. Compared to the prostate 
gland, this enlargement of the sperm duct is about one- 
fourth wider than that organ at its widest point. It is flat 
or compressed, and when in its natural state lies closely 
pressed to the parietes of somites xvi and xvii, parallel 
to the ventral ganglion. In length this enlargement 
reaches from the middle of somite xvii to the anterior end 
of somite xvi, thus occupying a length of almost, but not 
entirely, one and one-half somite. The enlargement is 
about one-third wider than the widest part of the ventral 
ganglion in the same somite. 

The enlargement consists of a heavy longitudinal layer 
of muscles, composed of small, shuttle-like cells, arranged 


262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


longitudinally. These directly enclose the original duct. 
A transverse layer of muscles surrounds the whole en- 
largement. 

Habitat, under damp moss at springs at San Antonio, 
near the city of Guatemala, Central America. 


Ocnerodrilus contractus, 2. sp. Fig. 42, 43, 45, 50, 
Bi 5 2 Og Oe 

Clitellum occupies xili-xviil. The inner pair of setx 
in somite xvii is wanting. One very elevated papilla and 
a narrow half-moon like groove around the male pore, 
but no ventral zone. 

The septal glands resemble those of O. occidentalis 
and O. Rose. The gland in somite v is not larger 
than the one in vi, but somewhat smaller. The 
gland in somite vi is the largest of the four glands. The 
gland in somite vii is of nearly the same size as the one in 
somite v, or slightly smaller. The gland in somite viii is, 
as usual, very smallas to height, but not as narrow of base 
as the corresponding gland in O. Hlendrvez. All the 
glands are only slightly lobed, almost entire in their 
margins. The relative size of the septal glands distin- 
guishes this species from O. //endrvez. 

The salivary glands of the pharynx are rather deeply 
lobed, the lower glands being the largest ones. 

The septa supporting the septal glands vary in size, 
and are all much thinner than for instance in O. Hlendrzez. 
The one between viii and ix is the thickest. The one 
between viii and vii is much thinner, and those between 
v and vi and viand vii are the thinnest, both being of 
nearly equal size. 

The sfermatheca is cylindrical, rather even in outline. 
It is larger than the same organ in O. Hendrvez, but not 
as large as in O. Rose, though of about the same form 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 263 


as in that species. The length of the spermatheca is not 
quite equal to that of the cesophageal diverticulum, while 
in O. Rose itis longer than the said diverticulum. These 
measurements refer to sexually mature species. The 
lower part of the spermatheca is narrower and muscular, 
the muscles being arranged in two directions. The outer 
circular layer is the thickest, and reaches only to the 
pouch part of the spermatheca. It contains large round 
nuclei. The longitudinal layer extends all around the 
spermatheca, and is narrower than the inner epithelium 
of the pouch. ‘The cells of the epithelium are narrower 
and less regular than in O. Beddardz. 

The cesophagus is contracted at the septa similarly as in 
O. Hendriet and Rose. The sacculated intestine begins 
in somite xii, and differs in this respect from O. Pose, 
in which species it commences in somite xiil. 

The sferm-sacs are large, and in mature specimens con- 
stant in size and are characteristic of the species. The 
one in somite 1x consists of an enormous sac, not lobed, 
which fills the whole somite. The sperm-sac in somites 
x and xi are narrow, but long, reaching from the dorsal 
to the ventral parietes. The sperm-sac in xii is lobed, 
and attached in the usual way to the anterior septum. In 
O. Pose the sperm-sac in somite x is generally wanting, 
and always, when present, is of very small size. 

The vascular system resembles that of other species, 
but there is no connecting vessel in somite ix, as in O. 
flendriet and limicola, which former species the present 
form otherwise much resembles. From QO. /zmzcola, which 
possesses this connecting vessel, the present species is dis- 
tinguished among other things by its almost entire septal 
glands, by one pair of prostates, etc. 

The lower part of the sferm duct is muscular, enlarged 


and shuttle-like, in very much the same way as in O. 
2p SER., VOL. III. ( 20) January 19, 1893, 


264 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


feose and agricola. But the relative length is not the 
same. In O. contractus this muscular swelling of the 
sperm duct is as long as the muscular part of the prostate, 
while in O. /fose this part is about one-fourth to one-third 
smaller than the muscular part of the prostate. 

The lumen also is wider in this species thanin O. rose. 
In O. contractus the lumen is considerably wider than the 
narrow part of the sperm duct, while in O. /ose the 
lumen is narrower than the sperm duct proper. In O. 
contractus the lumen occupies about one-third of the en- 
largement, while in O. /lose it occupies only about one- 
sixth or one-seventh. The enlargement consists of 
two additional layers, one exterior of transverse muscles, 
which part is very thin, and one interior of longitudinal 
rhomboid cells, arranged obliquely. 

The Prostate is long, cylindrical, not tapering, with a 
long muscular lower duct, of similar form and construc- 
tion as in O. feose. This muscular part of the prostate 
is of the same length or slightly shorter than the muscular 
part of the sperm duct. The glandular part of the pros- 
tate is shorter than in O. feose, or about one and one-half 
times larger than the muscular part. In O. Rose it is 
over twice as large as the muscular part. 

The ovary is in xiii and the oviduct in somite xiv, as 
usual. The ovary, affixed to the anterior septum, con- 
tains very large globular or circular ove. The oviduct 
is almost straight, gradually increasing in size towards 
the tunnel, which is not distinctly set, widened or re- 
flected. 

The cephalic ganglion is in somite iii, and the infra- 
pharyngeal ganglion, which is very large, is between 
somites ili and iv, as usual. 

ffabitat, in pools close to the road, near Llano Grande, 
in Guatemala, Central America. 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 265 


Ocnerodrilus agricola, 7. sp. Figs. 34, 41, 44, 46, 54, 
SI. 


Clitellum is very small, occupying only four somites, 
from xiv to xvii, inclusive, sometimes transgressing on the 
adjoining somites xiii and xviii. But the shortness of the 
clitellum is not its only characteristic. It does not extend 
to the region nearest the ventral ganglion, as in the 
other species, but immediately around the male pore in 
somite xvii it shows a half-moon like margin, leaving a 
round disk-like zone surrounding the male pore. But 
this zone is much thickened, of a somewhat different 
structure from the clitellum. The specimens having be- 
come much macerated, I could not fully make out this 
structure, but it occupies the whole width of somite xvii 
and part of xvi, on which latter it curves with a concave 
sweep towards the anterior part of that somite. 

Spermathecal pore in somite ix, close to the septum and 
in the inter-segmental groove. 

Spermiducal papille, one pair in somite xvii. 

Ovirpore in somite xiv. 

The anterior septal gland in somite v is longer and 
broader than the one in somite vi. The septal gland in 
somite vill is very low, and is the smallest one of the four 
glands. The anterior gland is less lobed than in O. 
Beddardi, or in O. guatemale. 

The sefta in the gland bearing somites are, as usual, 
thicker than the other septa. 

Spermathece, one pair, are found in somite ix. In 
shape the spermatheca differs trom those of the other 
species, in being almost globular without any diverticula, 
and of a size at least twice as large as the spermatheca ot 
Ocnerodrilus Beddardz. In general shape it agrees with 
the same organ in O. Zvsenz, as described and figured by 
Beddard, but itis larger and more globular, apparently but 


266 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


little varying in shape or size in sexually mature worms. 
The lower part of the spermatheca is muscular, but there 
are no glands at the base. The spermatheca fills the 
whole width of the somite. 

Testes are found in two pairs, one in somite x and one 
in xi, of the same shape and size as those in O. Beddardi 
and other species. 

Sperm-sacs are found in somites ix, x, xi and xii, of the 
same general form as those of O. Beddard?. The sperm- 
sacs in somite ix are globular and lobed, but not as much 
so as those in somite xii, which are deeply lobed, and 
closely cover the anterior end of the sacculated intestine 
like a collar. The sperm-sacs in O. Beddardi, agricola 
and guatemale are all very similar. They do not enclose 
nor even cover the testes, and the anterior and posterior 
sperm-sacs are not connected with the middle ones. These 
latter are unusually large in this species, occupying the 
whole space in somites x and xi between the body-wall 
and the other organs. They are larger than in any other 
species of Ocnerodrilus. 

The celzated rosettes and sperm ducts resemble those of 
O. Rose and contractus, but the prostate glands are much 
longer, extending from somite xvii to xxviii, as in O. oc- 
cidentalis, to which species, however, the present worm 
shows no other affinity. The sperm duct is enlarged, or 
rather is surrounded by a muscular swelling close to the 
male pore. The enlargement is about one-third as long 
as the muscular part of the prostate. 

The muscular part of the prostate is very long, cover- 
ing approximately two somites or more, while the gland- 
ular part of the prostate extends through nine somites. 
In the other species with similar structure of the male 
organs, the prostate is much shorter. Thus in O. /len- 
driet and contractus, the glandular part of the prostate 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 267 


does not exceed two and one-half times the muscular 
part, while in the present form the glandular part of the 
prostate is about four times as long as the muscular part. 
The ovary and oviduct are, as elsewhere, situated in 
somites xiii and xiv, and offer no peculiar characteristics. 
The inner couple of the se¢@ in somite xvii is wanting. 
The species is easily and best characterized by the large 
globular spermatheca in somite ix, which is so large that 
it obstructs the view of the cesophageal diverticulum. 
The body-wall of Ocnerodrilus agricola is very thin, 
much more so than in other species; it is also quite trans- 
parent and white. As to size, this species is thicker than 
any other. Epecially the anterior part is thicker than the 
corresponding part of O. Beddard?. 
Hlabitat. Guatemala City, in Guatemala, Central 
America, in garden soil. This species was never found 
in running water, but always in moderately dry places. 


Ocnerodrilus occidentalis, Avsen. Figs. 15, 16, 21, 
22, 68, OD 27036 2 


Clitellum occupies six to seven somites, from xiv to xix, 
sometimes encroaching on somites xiii and xx. It is not 
always present, even in-sexually mature specimens. 

No spermathecal pores or spermatheca. Spermiducal 
or male papille, one pair in somite xvi. The inner 
couple of sete in somite xvii present; ovzpore in somite 
xiv—one pair; septal glands in somites v, vi, vii and viii. 
The glands respectively in somites v, vi and vii are of 
about the same size, while the one in somite viii, which is 
generally in other species much lower, is in this species 
of about the same size as the anterior glands. The gland 
in somite v is not longer than those in vi and vii, and all 
the glands are less lobed than in other species. 

The testes and sperm-sacs are differently arranged in 


268 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Ocnerodrilus occidentalis than in any other species so far 
known. Instead of two pairs of testes there is only one 
pair. This one situated in somite x, attached to the 
anterior septum. It is of the same general structure as 
the posterior testes in O. Beddard7, small, thin and heart 
shaped. Instead of a pair of testes in somite xi, as might 
be expected from analogy with other species, we find 
in this somite a pair of small sperm-sacs, which might 
be mistaken for testes, and were so at first consid- 
ered. by myself. They are attached to the anterior 
septum, varying in size, but always only slightly larger 
than the testes, and never attaining to the size of the 
sperm-sacs of the other species. This sperm-sac, which 
is situated in line with the testes in the somite in front, is 
rounded, almost globular, with a more or less irregular 
surface, like a more or less inflated or collapsing balloon. 
It is furnished with a lower duct, which consists of a 
muscular and glandular layer of cells which in the duct 
are strongly ciliated. This duct reaches only to the 
septum in somite xi, and then connects from there with 
the anterior testes. I suspected first that this muscular 
duct connected with the exterior through the body-wall, 
in which case the sperm-sac would have served also as a 
spermatheca, this organ being absent in this species, but 
I could not find any connection between it and the body- 
wall. 

The lobed sperm-sacs which in other species are found 
in somites 1x and xii, are not found in this species, nor is 
there a pair of sperm-sacs in x, as in all other species. 

The Prostate gland is very long, several times bent on 
itself, and extending from somite xvii to xxvi, when fully 
developed. The ciliated rosettes are in somites x and 
x1, behind the testes and sperm-sacs. The sperm ducts 
pass posteriorly and open with the prostate in somite vii. 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 269 


The seta of the inner couple in this somite are both 
present (fig. 68). There are no spermatheca. 

vary in xiii and ov¢duct in somite xiv. The inner 
opening of the oviduct is found in somite xiii, close to 
the ovary. It is of less rounded form than in Ocnero- 
drilus Beddardi. 

The xephridia are much smaller than in any other 
species, and occupy only about one-fifth of the whole 
width of the somite, while the nephridia in most other 
species are very large, occupying the larger part of the 
somite, the upper part of the nephridium of O. Beddardi 
covering the whole width of the somite from septum to 
septum. Those in front of and in the clitellum, except 
the one in somite ix, are not surrounded by any peritoneal 
cells. Those posterior to the clitellum are furnished with 
a few such cells along the upper part of the nephridium, 
the long, slender lower part being entirely free. The 
quantity of such cells varies greatly with maturity of the 
individual. In many specimens they are hardly traceable, 
in others they are more prominent, but never to such an 
extent as is the case in any of the other species, where 
this glandular covering is most copious. As a rule, in 
the sexually mature worms the peritoneal cells are more 
numerous. In younger worms of QO. occ¢dentalis | could 
find no trace of them. The nephridium in somite ix is 
always at sexual maturity furnished with peritoneal cells, 
but only along its upper part. This is in analogy with 
the development of the nephridia in Ocnerodrilus Bed- 
dardz, where the nephridia in somite ix are larger than 
any others anterior to the clitellum. 

The alimentary canal offers the same characteristics as 
in the other species, but the anterior portion is much more 
contracted and shortened. Thus the pharynx is more 
globular, and the cesophagus and the tubular intestine 


270 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


are thicker than in O. Beddard:. The tubular intestine 
is considerably nipped by the septa. The sacculated in- 
testine commences in somite xii, and the inflation is widest 
in the anterior somites, as in the other species. The 
body-wall is much tougher than in any other species. 

Size of worm, about three-fourth inch long by three- 
fourth line wide. 

From the above it will be seen that O. occrdentalis differs 
in many important points from all other species known. 
The septal glands in viii are very large, in all other species 
they are very small, compared to the anterior glands. 
Spermathece are absent. Sperm-sacs in ix, x and xii 
are absent. The one in xiis differently situated and of 
a different structure from those in any other species. 
The nephridia are smaller than in other species. The 
number of bloodvessels in the cesophageal pouch are less 
in number than in other species. The pouch itself at its 
attachment to the cesophagus is not, or only a trifle, nar- 
rower than at its greatest width, while in all other species 
the pouch is much narrower at the attachment than else- 
where (fig. 84). 

With an increasing number of species known, it may 
be necessary to arrange them in sub-genera, though at 
present any subdivision of the genus would be super- 
fluous. 

Hlabitat. California, San Joaquin valley, at Fresno, 
in garden soil. It comes to the surface when irrigation 
is practiced. So far only found in the garden of the 
Eisen Vineyard, six miles east of Fresno. As I have in 
vain looked for it elsewhere, it is possible that this worm 
has been introduced there from some other locality with 
plants, though I believe that the native habitat of the 
worm is in California, as at the time of the first find no 
foreign plants had been introduced. 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 271 


SETA. 


But little mention has been made of the sete of the 
different species. As species characters they are of 
limited value, principally on account of the difficulty ex- 
perienced in describing them properly, but also on ac- 
count of the small variation between the different species. 
In all the species the seta are sigmoid of the lumbricid 
pattern, and in their general form there is but little or 
any difference between those of various species. But 
in size the difference is greater, as may be seen from 
figures 74 to 82, where are represented the sete of all the 
varieties described by me. All the figures have been 
drawn to the same scale (about 750 diameters) by means 
of a camera, and are as exact as it was possible to make 
them. The margins in all the forms are more or less 
Wavy, in some there is only a suggestion of undula- 
tion, in others again the outlines are distinctly wavy. A 
comparison of the figures will give a better idea than any 
lengthy description. It will suffice to say that the an- 
terior or free ends of the sete are more wavy than the 
posterior parts. The sete of Ocnerodrilus Hendriet are 
more wavy than those of any other species (fig. 77), and 
are besides very characteristic in form. It is inter- 
esting to note that the seta of this species differ, both in 
size, form and waviness, from the sete of O. guatemale, 
its most allied species. The sete of O. /émzcola are per- 
haps the most characteristic of any, the general central 
swelling here having given place to two rounded swellings 
Gig: 78). 

With our knowledge, extended through the discovery 
of new species, the following must be the diagnosis of the 
genus: 


272 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Ocnerodrilus Eisen. 


Small oligochetes inhabiting soil, water, or both. Chi- 
tellum comprises the oviduct and the male pore. 

Spermathece, with or without diverticula, present or 
wanting; in somite ix or vill, generally in ix. Sperm- 
athecal pores in front of inner couple of sete. 

No differentiated penial setae; the inner pair in somite 
xvii either wanting entirely or wanting in one seta, or 
present. Nephridia paired, after the first few surrounded 
by a smaller or greater quantity of peritoneal cells. 

Alimentary canal without gizzard and typhlosole, but 
with one pair of diverticula in somite ix. These diverti- 
cula connect with the cesophagus in the posterior part of 
the somite near the posterior septum. No subnervian 
vessel. One pair of hearts in somite x and one pair in 
xi. Sometimes a stout connecting vessel in somite ix. 
The ventral and dorsal vessels are, except in the som- 
ites, generally only connected in somites x and x1, 
and sometimes also in ix. One pair of lateral longi- 
tudinal vessels from the diverticula of the csophagus. 
Testes in x and xi. One or two pairs of prostate glands 
(atria) in somites xvii and xviii opening in the same 
papilla as the sperm ducts. The epithelial lining of the 
prostate only one cell thick. 


Synoptic ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES. 
I. Spermatheca present in somite ix. Lower part of sperm duct not 
enlarged. 
1. In the inner couple of set in somite xvii one seta is wanting. 
The lower part of the prostate not greatly differentiated. 

a. The spermatheca large, club-like, with several distinct but rudi- 
mentary diverticula. The anterior septal gland is much 
larger than the one behind in somite vi. The prostate not 
exceedingly small. O. BrEpDDARDI. 

}. The spermatheca is small, slightly indented, but otherwise with 
no distict diverticula. The anterior septal gland twice as 
long as the gland in somite vi. Prostate gland is unusually 
small. O. GUATEMALZ. 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 273 


c. Spermatheca very minute, without constrictions or trace of di- 
verticula. The anterior septal gland only slightly larger than 
the one in somite vi. The prostate not unsually small. 

O. SONORE. 
2, The inner couple of seta# in somite xvii is wanting. 

d. Spermatheca cylindrical, contracted, but with no diverticula. 
The septal gland in somite vii almost equal in size to the 
one in somite viii. One connecting vessel in somite ix. The 
prostate very small. O. HENDRIEI. 

3. The inner couple of sete in somite xvii is present. The lower 
part of the prostate is muscular and much differentiated from 
the upper glandular part. 

¢. One connecting vessel in somite ix. Spermatheca with a few 
wartlike and rudimentary diverticula. The septal gland in 
somite vii much larger than the one in somite viii. 

O. LIMICOLA. 
II. Spermatheca present in somite xi, with no diverticula. Lower part 
of the sperm duct with a large shuttle-like enlargement close to 
the male pore. 

f. Spermatheca very large, globular, much wider than the csoph- 

ageal diverticulum. Sperm-sac in somite ix very large, lobed. 
O. AGRICOLA. 

g. Spermatheca long, cylindrical, not as wide as the width of the 
cesophageal diverticulum. Sperm-sac in somite ix very small, 
deeply lobed. O. Rosz. 

h. Spermatheca medium, cylindrical, narrower than the width of 
the diverticulum of cesophagus. The sperm-sac in somite 1x 
very large, not lobed. O. CONTRACTUS. 

III. Spermatheca present in somite viii, with no diverticula. No en- 
largement of the lower part of the sperm duct. 

i. Spermatheca sac like, with no diverticula. Sperm-sacs in ix and 
xii not lobed. O. EISENT. 

IV. Nospermatheca; no enlargement of the lower end of the sperm duct. 

j. The septal glands in somites v, vi, vii and viii of nearly equal 
size. No sperm-sacs in ix, x, and xii, and those in xl very 
small. The inner couple of sete in somite xvii present. 

O. OCCIDENTALIS. 


DIOGNOSES OF THE SPECIES. 
Ocnerodrilus Beddardz, n. sp. 


Clitellum xiii to xix. No ventral zone in xvil. One seta 
wanting in the inner pair in xvi. Spermathece, one pair 
in ix, club-like, medium size, small diverticula. Prostate 


274 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


short. The muscular part of the prostate is very short. 
The sperm ducts not enlarged before reaching the male 
pore. Large lobed sperm-sacs in ix and xii. No con- 
necting vessel in somite ix. The septal gland in v largest. 
Sacculated intestine begins in x11. 

Ocnerodrilus guatemale, n. sp. 

Clitellum very short, xiv to xviii inclusive. No ventral 
zone. Spermatheca very short, sac or club-like, with a 
distinct lower muscular duct, with only a trace of diver- 
ticular swelling. The septal gland in somite v twice as 
large as the one in vi. Sacculated intestine begins in 
somite xii. No connecting vessel in somite ix. 

Ocnerodrilus sonore, n. sp. 

Clitellum very short in xiv to xvii. In the inner couple 
of sete in somite xvii, the outer seta is missing. Sperma- 
theca small, bag-like, no diverticula. Septal glands in 
v of almost the same same size as the one in vi, slightly 
larger. The lower part of the sperm duct is not enlarged. 
One pair of prostates in xvii; the lower or muscular part 
of each duct is not narrower than the glandular part. 
The large lobed sperm-sac in xii is the largest. Saccu- 
lated intestine begins in xii. 

Ocnerodrilus Hendriet, n. sp. 

Clitellum from xiv to xix, encroaching on xiii and xvili. 
The inner couple of sete in xvii is wanting. Sperma- 
theca small, cylindrical, no diverticula, about as long as the 
width of the diverticulum. Prostate short in two somites. 
Sperm-sacsin ix, xi, xii. The oneinixnotmuchlobed. The 
one in xi very large, not lobed, and the one in xii much 
lobed. Sperm ducts without swelling. One pair of con- 
necting vessels in somite ix. The septal glandin v much 
larger than the one in vi. The glands in vii and viii are 
very small. Sacculated intestine begins in xii. 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 275 


Ocnerodrilus limicola, n. sp. 

Clitellum, xiii to xix. No zone in xvii. The inner 
pair of seta in somite xvii are wanting. Spermathece, 
small, cylindrical, with few, small, wart-like diverticula 
in somite ix. Prostate short. The sperm ducts not en- 
larged before reaching the male pore. Large lobed 
sperm-sacs present in ix and xii. One pair of connect- 
ing vessels between the dorsal and ventral vessels in somite 
ix. The septal gland in somite v is the longest. Saccu- 
lated intestine begins in x11. 

Ocnerodrilus Eisent, Beddard. 

Clitellum in xiii to xix. The inner pair of sete in xvil 
is wanting. Spermathece in viii, sack-like, medium, with 
no diverticula. Prostate long. Sperm ducts not enlared 
before reaching the male pore. Large lobed sperm-sacs 
in ix and xii. No connecting vessel in ix. 


Ocnerodrilus Rose, n. sp. 

Clitellum, xii to xviii. The inner pair of the sete in 
Xvii 1s wanting. Spermathece, one pair in ix. Form 
long, cylindrical; no diverticula. Prostate very slender 
and long, witha long muscular part. Sperm ducts greatly 
enlarged close to the male pore. Sperm-sacs in 1x, 
we Xi, Xd ey he Onemineis 1s -sinaller thar in. other 
species, the one in xii not deeply lobed. No connect- 
ing vessel in ix. Septal glands not deeply lobed, 
almost entiress “Phe jonesim v not, or hardly, larger 
than the one in somite vi. Sacculated intestine begins 
in somite xiii. 

Ocnerodrilus contractus, n. sp. 

Chitellum, ineaiitorxvine “he inner pair of the seta 
in Xvll is wanting. Spermatheca, as long as the diverti- 
culum of the cesophagus is cylindrical, even in outline, 
with no diverticula. Sperm duct with a shuttle-like en- 


276 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


largement near the male pore, occupying about one and 
and one-half somite; its lumen about one-fourth or one- 
third as wide as the enlargement. Prostate with muscular 
duct. Septal gland in somite v not larger than the one in 
vi. Sperm-sac in somite ix very large, and longer than 
those in x, xi and xii. No connecting vessel in ix. 
Sacculated intestine begins in somite xii. 

Ocnerodrilus agricola, n. sp. 

Clitellum in xiv to xvii. A large ventral zone in somite 
XVli surrounding the male papilla. The inner pair of 
seta in somite xvii wanting. Spermathece, one pair in 
ix, sack-like, globular, very large, with no diverticula. 
Prostate long. Sperm ducts enlarged before reaching 
the male pore. Large lobed sperm-sacs in ix and xil. 
No connecting vessel in ix. The septal gland in v is the 
largest. Sacculated intestine begins in xii. 


Ocnerodrilus occidentalis, Eisen. 


Clitellum, xiii to xix. No zone in xvii. One seta is 
wanting in the inner pair in somite xvii. No sperma- 
theca. Prostate very long. Sperm ducts not enlarged 
before reaching the male pore. No connecting vessel 
in ix. One pair of testesin x. No large lobed sperm- 
sacs in ix, x and xii. One pair sperm-sacs in xi, with 
muscular duct. The septal gland in v not longer than 
the one in vi, and the one in viii not smaller than the 
others. Sacculated intestine begins in xii. 


The affinities of Ocnerodrilus have already been com- 
mented upon by Beddard, and he has pointed out the re- 
lationship of our worm with Pontodrilus, Photodrilus, 
Microscolex and Gordiodrilus. The latter genus he 
places in the same family as Ocnerodrilus, and retains 
the name of Ocnerodrilide. 

In this I cannot exactly agree. It is, however, entirely 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 277 


too early to successfully generalize as regards the rela- 
tionship of these worms, as it is evident that a whole class 
of worms must exist which forms connecting links between 
the land and water Oligochete, and of which class so far 
only very few genera are known. They have escaped 
the casual collectors by their minuteness, while the stu- 
dents of this class of worms have had only little oppor- 
tunity to collect in tropical countries. When these 
minute Oligochatee have become better known we will be 
able to generalize without running the risk that the next 
investigator will, with equal propriety, upset all our views. 
While Gordiodrilus in many respects greatly resembles 
Ocnerodrilus, it appears to me that it differs too much 
and in too many important points to be placed in the same 
family. As Benham remarks, the affinities of both genera 
are greatest with many genera of the large family of 
Cryptodrilidz, least of all perhaps with Cryptodrilus. 

From Gordiodrilus our genus differs principally in 
having salivary pharyngeal glands. Gordiodrilus has 
none. Also in having a pair of cesophageal pouches, 
while Gordiodrilus has only one. This latter is very 
differently constructed from the pouches in Ocnerodrilus. 
In Gordiodrilus the prostate and the sperm duct open in 
different pores, similarly as in Acanthodrilidz, while in 
Ocnerodrilus the prostate and sperm duct open in the 
same pore. In Ocnerodrilus the male pore is invariably 
found in somite xvii, while in Gordiodrilus it opens in 
somite xviii. The prostates in this genus vary consider- 
ably, in one species opening in somites xvii and xviii (G. 
robustus), in another in xviii and xix (G. e/egans), and 
in another in xx and xxi (G. ¢enuzs). 

The following comparative table will show the difter- 
ences and similarities of the two genera: 


Sete. 


Clitelum. 


Nephridia. 


Alimentary. 


Testes. 


Vessels. 


Ovaries. 


Spermathecee. 


Spermiducal 
pore. 
(Vas deferens) 


CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Ocnerodrilus. Gordiodrilus. 


‘Paired, of usual lumbricid 
pattern. Same. 
‘Variable, always including the 
male papille. Same. 
Paired, after the first few sur- 
| rounded by a smaller or 
greater mass of peritoneal, 
cells. Same. 


No gizzard. 


No typhlosole. 


| 


| cesophagus in somite 


Only longitudinal 


| 
} ulum. 
| 

| 5 . 
‘In x and xi, or only in x. 
‘No subnervian vessel. 


Two pair of large hearts in x 

and xi. 

One or two pair of prostate 
glands opening in xvii (and 
xvii). 


Sperm ducts open in the same 
pore as the prostate. 


In xili. 


One pair, or none, in vili or 
ix, generally in ix. Diver- 
ticula rudimentary or ab- 
sent. 


Always in xvii. 


Gizzard generally, but not 
| always absent. 


Same. 


One pair of diverticula of the One single diverticulum of 
1X.| 


the cesophagus. 


parallel Longitudinal and transverse 
bloodvessels in the divertic- 


bloodvessels in the divertic- 
ulum. 


Same. 


Same. 


Same. 


One or two pair of prostate 
glands opening in two con- 
secutive somites, in xvii, 
XVI, XIX, Kk Or ExT. 


Sperm ducts open independ- 
ently of the prostate, and 
in the same somite as one 
of the prostates, but not in 
the same pore. 


Same. 
Two pair or one pair, in vii, 


vill. Diverticula rudiment- 
ary or absent. 


In xviii. 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 279 


Considering these differences, I propose to place Gor- 
diodrilus in a family of its own, Gordiodrilide, which 
might be characterized as follows (the description being 
atter Beddard) : 

GORDIODRILIDA. 


Small slender terrestrial oligochete, with paired seta 
of the usual lumbricid pattern. Clitellum includes the 
male pore. Nephridia paired, after the first few sur- 
rounded by peritoneal cells. No pharyngeal or salivary 
glands. Large septal glands investing the cesophagus in 
somites v to vil. No typhlosole. CG sophagus with a 
single median ventral diverticulum. No subnervian 
vessel.., Iwo pairs,or earts=in’ x ‘and’ xi) )"Nestes ini x 
(and x1). Prostates opening independently of the sperm 
ducts. Spermiducal pore tn xviii. Ovaries in xiii. Ovi 
ducal pore in xiv. Spermathece variable, in vii or viii, 
or absent, with no or rudimentary diverticula. No penial 
seta, no subnervian vessel, and no blood vessels on the 
nephridia. 


OcNERODRILIDA. 


Small slender terrestrial oligochetz, with paired setx 
of the usual lumbricid pattern. Clitellum includes the 
male pore. Nephridia paired, the first row with no peri- 
toneal cells, the posterior nephridia with more or less 
peritoneal cells. Large pharyngeal or salivary glands. 
Large septal glands investing the cesophagus in v to viii. 
No typhlosole. CGsophagus with one patr of lateral 
pouches or diverticula in somite ix, through which pass a 
pair of large lateral vascular trunks. No subnervian ves- 
sel. Two pair of hearts in x and xi (and sometimes a 
third, smaller, in x1). Testes inx and xi. Sperm ducts 
always opening in the same pore as a large prostate tn xvi7. 


Sometimes an additional prostate opening independently 
2p SER., Vow. IIL. (21) January 19, 1893, 


280 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


in xviii. Ovaries in xiii. Oviducal pore in xiv. Sperma- 
theca, one pair or none in viii or 1x, with no or rudiment- 
ary diverticula. No penial sete and no subnervian 
vessel. No blood vessels on the nephridia. 

Among other genera which Ocnerodrilus resembles, 
Pygmeodrilus appears rather prominently. I will here 
only call the attention to the long prostates which are 
differentiated into a muscular and a glandular part, and 
which extend through many somites, just as in Ocnero- 
drilus and Gordiodrilus. The swelling or muscular en- 
largement possessed by some species of Ocnerodrilus 
resembles greatly that of Pygmzodrilus. The greatest 
difference between that and our genus is the arrangement 
of the ciliated rosettes which in Pygmeodrilus are in- 
vested by the sperm-sacs, while in both Ocnerodrilus and 
Gordiodrilus they open independently. The paired di- 
verticulum of the cesophagus is also found in Pygmezo- 
drilus. 

Of all the various characters in which Ocnerodrilus 
and Gordiodrilus resemble each other and in which they 
also differ from the genera of Beddard’s Cryptodrilida, 
the absence of bloodvessels on the nephridia and the 
single cell structure of the glandular part of the atrium 
are the two most important ones. The character derived 
from the presence or absence of diverticula on the 
spermatheca is weaked by the fact that the diverticula of 
this organ vary greatly in size, or are entirely absent in 
some species of the same genus. The absence of a gizzard 
is of late consigned to a mere species character (by 
Beddard), and the form and arrangement of the setzx 
can inno way be considered of equal value to the ar- 
rangement of the inner organs. ‘The presence of septal 
glands in our two genera is also of great importance, as 
connecting them with lower forms. The safest we can 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 281 


say at present is, that Ocnerodrilus and Gordiodrilus 
are connecting links which, through their relationship 
with Pontodrilus, Photodrilus, Microscolex and Pygmzo- 
drilus, connect the limicolid oligochete with the higher 
terrestrial forms. 

I append some diagrams to show the arrangement of the 
several organs, etc., in the genera, which may be best 
compared with Ocnerodrilus. Some of these diagrams 
are borrowed from Benham’s admirable paper (An At- 
tempt to Classify Earth Worms). The diagram of Gor- 
diodrilus has been compiled from Beddard’s paper on 
this genus. 


282 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


PAPERS REFERRED TO. 


FRANK E. Bepparp. On the Anatomy of Ocnerodrilus. Proceedings 
Royal Society of Edinburgh. Vol. 36, pages 563 to 583. 

FRANK E. BeppArD. On a New Genus of Oligochwete, Comprising Five 
New Species Belonging tothe Family Ocnerodrilidw. Annals and Magazine 
of Natural History, No. 55, July, 1892, page 74, plates vi and vii. 

Frank E. Bepparp. Abstract of some Investigations into the Struct- 
ure of the Oligocheta. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Jan., 
1891, p. S8. 

DANIELE Rosa. Sui genere Pontodrilus, Microscolex and Photodrilus. 
Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia, Universita di Torino, vol. iii, No. 39, 
Marzo, 1888. 

W.B. Bennam. An Attempt to Classify Earth-worms, Quatr. Journal 
of Microscopical Science, vol. xxxi, part ii, p. 201. 


TABLE OF SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 


Ocnerodrilus 


Clitellum in 
somites 


Inner couple 
of sel@ in so- 
mite xvii: 


Spermatheca: 


Septal glands: 
The one in 
somite v is: 


Lower part of 
sperm duct in 
somites xvi 
and xvii: 


Prostate: 


Large lobed 
sperm-sacs 
in ix and 
xii 


Sacculated in- 
testine com- 
mences in 


Connecting 
vessel in so- 
mite ix be- 
tween v. v. 
and d. v. 


| 


xiii to xix. 
\No ventral zone 
| 


|The inner seta 
is wanting. 


Medium size, 
club-like, with 
jrudimentary di- 
verticula. In 
somite ix. 


Larger than the 
one in vi. 


Not enlarged. 


One pair in so- 
mite xvii. 


Present. 


xii, 


None. 


Beddardi n. sp.|\guatemale@ n. sp. | 


xiv to xviii. 
No zone, 


The outer seta |The outer seta| 


is wanting. 


Very small, no 
diverticula. In| 
somite ix, | 


Very much lar- 
ger than theone 
in somite vi; all 
deeply lobed, | 


Not enlarged. 


| 
One pair; very 
minute and 
slender; con- 
fined to one so- 
mite, xvii. 


Present, the one 
in somite xii 
not larger than 
the one in so- 
mite ix. 


xii. 


None. 


sonore 0. 8p. 


xiv to xvii. 
No zone, 


is wanting. 


Very small, bag- 

like; no diverti- 

cula. In somite 
ix. 


Of almost the 
same size as the 
onein somitevi, 
slightly larger. 


Not enlarged. 


One pair in so- 
mite xvii. 


Present. The 
one in somite 
xii very much 
larger than the 
other. 


xil. 


Hendriein.sp.|limicolan, sp.) Hiseni Beddard, 


}xiii to 3xvili, xilito xix. No|xiii to xix. 


\or xiv to xvii. 
No ventral 
zone, 


| 
| 


Both setz 
| wanting. 


Small, cylin- 
\drical, No di-| 
lverticula. In} 
| somite ix, 


Much larger 
than the one 
in vi. 


Not enlarged. 
| 


| 


One pair in 
somite xvii, 
very minute. 


slightly lobed’ 
in xii much) 
lobed. 


| xii. 


| One pair. 


ventral zone. 


Both sets 
present. 


Small, cylin- 
drical, a few 
wart-like di- 
verticula. In 
somite ix. 


Larger than 
the one in vi. 


Not enlarged. 


Two pair, in 
somites xvii 
and xviii. 


Present ; inix Present, both/Present, but 


deeply lobed. 


xis 


One pair. 


Rose vv. 8p. 


No xiii to xviii. No 
ventral zone. j|ventral zone in 
/Xvii, one in xviii. 


Both set# want-|Both sete want- 
ing. ing. 


Medium, sac-like; ‘Long, cylindrical; 
no diverticula. no diverticula. 
In somite viii. 


In somite ix, 


| 
| 

\Not larger than 
| the one in vi. 


Not enlarged. |Much enlarged; 


lumen narrow. 


One pair in so-|One pair in so- 
mite xvii. mite xvii. 
not|/Present, but not 
lobed. jas deeply lobed 
asin limicola. 
xii. xiii. 
None. None. 


xii much lobed. 


l 
contractus 0. sp.| 
| 

xiii to xviii. 
ventral zone, 


No) 


‘Both sete want- 
ing. 


| 

Medium, 

drical; no diver- 

ticula. In somite 
b.¢ 


Not larger, but 
smaller than the 
one in vi, 


Much enlarged | 
lumen wide. 


One pair in so- 
mite xvii. 


The one in ix not! 
lobed, the one in 


| 
| 


xii. 


| 
cylin-| 


None, 


| 
‘occidentalis Hisen. 


agricola n. sp. 


to xix. No 
ventral zone. 


xiv to xvii. Ven-)xiii 

tral zone around) 

male papilla in | 
xvii. 


Both sete want- Both set# pres- 
ing. ent. 


Very large, glob- No spermatheca, 
ular; no divertic- 
ula, In somite ix. 


than the Not larger than 


Larger 
| the one in vi. 


one in vi. 


Much enlarged. | Not enlarged, 
| 


One pair in so-\One pair in so- 


mite xvii, | mite xvii. 
| 
Present, both | None. 
deeply lobed. 
xil. xii, 
Noue. None. 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 283 


EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES. 
PLATE VY. 


Ocnerodrilus Beddardi, tig. 1 to 15. 


Fig. 1. Collective view of the various organs in the anterior part of the 
body, showing their general form and location. This view is 
semi-schematic. 

pr. st. prostomium. 

phx. pharynx. 

s. ph. gl, supra-pharyngeal ganglion. 

s. gl. septal glands in somites v, vi, vil, vill. 

¢. testes in x and xi. 

Ss. S. sperm-sacs. 

ss. 1. lobed sperm-sacs. 

spth. spermatheca. 

c.r. ciliated rosettes in somites x, x1. 

cit. clitellum. 

ov. ovary. 

od. oviduct. 

op. oOvipore. 

6. male papilla. 

pr. prostate gland or atrium. 

s. i. sacculated intestine. 

sp. d. Sperm ducts. 

v.v. ventral longitudinal vessel. 

d.v. main longitudinal dorsal vessel. 

s. d.v. secondary dorsal vessel. 

s. v. Uv. secondary ventral vessel. 

l.v. lateral vessel from the diverticulum. 

es. cesophagus. 

dvt. diverticulum between cwsophagus and tubular intestine. 

h. hearts. 

elt. clitellum. 

ms. muscles connecting the glands with the parietes of the 
somites. 

nph. nephridia. In this figure the nephridia have been left out 
in order not to crowd the lines. 

sp. septa. 

sl. gl. salivary glands. 

ito xx. the roman numerals indicate the number of the somites, 
counting the prostomium and the peristomium as the first somite 


(i). 


le er) 


CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


.2. Section of the seven anterior somites, showing the pharynx and 


pharyngeal glands. The letters indicate the same as in the previous 
figure. 


3. One of the testes in somite xi. 
4. One of the testes in somite x. 
5. A body of peritoneal cells of one of the posterior nephridia. 
Part of a septal gland. 
Part of a salivary pharyngeal gland. 
Transverse section of the clitellum. 
Perigastric cells, massed and single. 


g. 10. Lower part of one of the posterior nephridia, 


i.s.g. iInter-segmental groove. 
nph. pr. unephridio pore. 
pr.c. peritoneal cells. 


. 11. Anterior part of the esophageal diverticulum, showing the be- 


ginning of the lateral collective vessel. Exterior view. 
dvt. exterior of diverticulum. 
cl. v. collective vessel. 


. 12. Longitudinal section of the anterior part of the diverticulum, 


showing the lacunary system. 
ep./. inner epithelial lining. 
i./. interior lacunary system. 
tb. tube supposed to be joined to ?. /. 
cl. v. collective vessel. 


. 13. A more highly magnified part of the former. 


ep.l. epithelial lining. 
v. bloodyessels. 


PLATE VI. 


. 14. Nephridium of one of the posterior somites. The peritoneal 


cells in the upper part of the nephridium are not indicated, the 
general outline only being shown. 


.15. O. occidentalis. Testis from somite x. 
o. 16. O. occidentalis. Sperm-sae with duct from somite xi. 


s. septum. 


.17. ,O. Beddardi. Oviduct. 
ig. 18. O. Beddardi. Sperm duct. 


c.7r. ciliated rosette. 
t. testis. 
A. heart; all from somite x. 


.19. O. Beddardi. A celloidine section of the daventienian of the 


cesophagus in somite ix. The central streamers at @ and ¢ are 
parts of the diverticulum wall and not any interior partitions, 


Fig. 20. 
Bie. 21. 
ov 
s. 
Fig. 22. 
Fig. 23. 
Ss: 
sl. 
Se 
Si 
sp 
SS. 
Ss. 
Ss. 
él. 
(ike 
v. 
the 
* 
ov. 
Sp. 
3) 
Fig. 24. 


v. 


i 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 285 


~ 


these walls being raised in such a way as to be cut through in an 
eccentric section. 
vessels of the pouch, collecting in the longitudinal vessel, c. /. 


./. interior lacunary system. 


es. cesophagus and tubular intestine. 


O. Beddardi. The semi-parallel vessels of the cesophageal diver- 
ticulum. 


wes. v. cesophageal vessel. 
cl. v. collecting vessel. 


O. occidentalis. Ovary and oviduct in somites xiii and xiv. 
. ovary. 


od. oviduct. 


septa. 
O. occidentalis. Septal gland of somite vi. 


es. cesophagus. 


ms. muscular bands. 


O. Rose. A collective and semi-schematic view of the anterior 

part of the body in longitudinal section. 

ph. gl. supra-pharyngeal ganglion, 

gi. salivary glands of the pharynx. 

gl. septal glands in somites v, vi, vil and viii. 
septa. 

th. spermatheca. 

/. lobed sperm-sacs in somites 1x and xii. 

s. sperm-sacs in somites x and xi. 

i. sacculated intestine, beginning in somite xiii. 
clitellum. 

v. dorsal vessel. 

v. ventral vessel. 


dvt. diverticulum of the wsophagus in somite ix. 


testes. 


_7. @iliated rosettes. 


ovary. 


od. oviduct. 


d. the widened or muscular part of the sperm duct. 
male papilla. 


m.pr. wtuscular part of the prostate gland. 
gl. pr. glandular part of the prostate gland. 


O. Rose. Male papilla with sperm duct and prostate gland in 
somite xvii. 


m. pr. muscular part of the prostate gland. 
gl. pr. glandular part of the prostate gland. 


mm. 


SP . 


sp. d. muscular part of the sperm duct. 
sperm duct. 


Fig. 25. 


gl. 


l. 


CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


O. Rose. A part of the muscular portion of the prostate gland 
showing glandular cells imbedded in and between the spiral mus- 
cles. 

glands. 

inner lumen of the duct, the focus being set on the surface of 

the duct. 


ms. spiral muscles. 


Fig. 26. 


Fig. 27. 


d. 


b. 


Fig. 28. 


d. 


O. Rose <A portion of the upper surface of the glandular part of 
the prostate gland, showing the ends of the tubular cells. 


PuiatE VII. 


O. Beddardi. A spermatheca from somite ix. 

rudimentary diverticula; a portion of the tubular cells are shown. 
They are more regular and prominent than in any other species. 
w. body wall. 

O. Beddardi. The other side of the same spermatheca. 

rudimentary diverticula. 


ms. muscular lower part of the organ. 


Fig. 29. 


O. Beddardi. Section of the wall of one of the spermathecal 
diverticula shown in the last figure. 


spz. spermatozoa. 


Fig. 30. 
d. 
v. 
l. 
l 
g 
t 
s 

Fig. 31. 


O. Beddardi, a semi-schematic view of the lateral vessels in one 
of the posterior somites. 

v. dorsal longitudinal pulsating vessel. 

v. ventral longitudinal non-pulsating vessel. 
d.v. lateral dorsal vessel, two of which are found in each 
somite. 


.v.v. lateral ventral vessel, two of which are found in each 


somite. Both of these two vessels cling principally to the 
parietes of the somite. 


.v. gastric vessel, one pair of which are found in each somite, 


they spread on the sacculated intestine, feeding the gastric sys- 
tem. 


». gl. ventral nerve ganglion. 


septa. 


.¢. sacculated intestine. The upper and lower line indicate the 


parietes of the body somites. 

O. limicola. A semi-schematic view of the pharynx, cesophagus, 
septal glands, dorsal vessel and hearts, showing the relative size 
of the septal glands and their lobes. Also the connecting vessel 
in somite ix. 


phx. pharynx. 
sl. gl. salivary glands. 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 2 


CO 
“SI 


s. septa. 

s. gl. septal glands. 

dvt. diverticulum of the cesophagus. 

c.v. connecting vessel in somite ix between the dorsal and ventral 
vessel. 

Ah. hearts in somites x and xi. 

s. 7. sacculated intestine. 


. 32. O. Beddardi. Sperm-sac in somite xii. 
. 33. O. Beddardi. Part of a lobe showing spermatozoa. 
ig. 34. O.agricola. The anterior part of the intestine shown in ont- 


line. 


x. 39. O.limicola. The spermatheca. 
. 36. O. Rose. The spermatheca. 
. 37. O. Beddardi. The upper lobe of the septal gland in somite vy, 


and the muscular band around which it is arranged. 


. 38. O. Hendriei. The anterior somites, longitudinal or side view, 


showing the relative proportions of the septal glands, sperm-sacs, 


ete. 
sl. gl. salivary glands of the pharynx. 
s. septa. 


/. v. lateral longitudinal vessel. 

spth. spermatheca and spermathecal pore. 
det. diverticulum of the csophagus. 

s.s. sperm-sacs. 

ss. l. lobed sperm-sac in somite xii. 

h. hearts in somites x and xi. 

c.v. connecting vessel in somite ix. 

s.7. saccnlated intestine. 

d.v. dorsal vessel. 

v. v. ventral vessel. 


. 39. O. Hendrieci. Spermatheca. 
g. 40. O. Beddardi. Supra-pharyngeal ganglion, the commissures and 


the ventral nerve trunk and their branches. 


g.41. O.agricola. The globular spermatheca. 
.42. O.contractus. Side view of the anterior somites, showing the 


relative proportions of the septal glands, spermatheca, sperm-sacs, 
ete: 

sl. gl. salivary gland of the pharynx. 

s. septa. 

dvt. diverticulum of esophagus. 

spth. spermatheca. 

s. Ss. sperm-sac in somite ix, x and xi. 

ss. l. lobed sperm-sac in somite xii. 


Fig. 43. O.contractus. Spermatheca from the right hand side of somite ix. 


CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


. 436. O.contractus. Spermatheca from the left side of somite ix; same 


individual as last, showing the slight variation in size and form. 


g. 44. O.agricola. Ventral view of the clitellum and male pores. 
g.45. O. contractus. Distal end of spermatheca more magnified. 


PLATE VIII. 


g.46. O. agricola. The prostate gland and the enlargement of the 


sperm duct. Only a part of the prostate is shown; the beginning 
of the glandular part is in somite xviii and the end in somite xxvi. 


g.47. O.limicola. The two prostates in somites xvii and xviii. 
g. 48. O. Rosw. The prostate and the enlarged sperm duct in somite 


XVii. 


. 49. O. Beddardi. The prostate and the sperm duct somite xvii. 
. 00. O.contractus. The prostate and sperm ducts in somite xvii. 


pr. prostate. 
sp. d. sperm duct. 
v. g. ventral ganglion. 
ms. muscular band confining the lower parts of the sperm ducts 
and the prostates to the parietes of the somites. 
D1. O.contractus. The lower part of the prostate and the enlarged 
sperm duct, showing the relative size of the lumen in the latter. 


52. O.contractus. The ovary and oviduct in somites xili and xiv. 


g. 53. O. limicola. One of the prostates and part of the sperm duct in 


somite xvii. 


g. d4. O. agricola. Side view of somites iy to xii. 


S.S.  sperm-sacs. 

ss. /. lobed sperm-sacs. 

h. hearts. 

s. septa. 

si. g. salivary glands. 

sp. gl. septal glands in y, vi, vii and viii. 
spth. spermatheca. 

dvt. diverticulum of the cesophagus. 
t. testes. — 

w. cesophagus. 

s. 7. sacculated intestine in xii. 


Pig. 55. O. Beddardi. The prostate and part of sperm duct. 


st. inner seta in somite xvii. 
c.p. copulatory papilla. 
b.w. body wall. 

sp. d. sperm duct. 

pr. prostate. 


Fig, 56. O Beddardi: ‘The lower part of the prostate showing the mus- 


cular part. 


Fig. 57. O. sonore. Part of the sperm duct close to the male pore. 


DP 
Ne) 


NEW SPECIES OF OCNERODRILUS. 2 


8. O.sonore. Part of the muscular part of the prostate. 


g.59. O.sonore. The prostate and part of sperm duct. 
¢. 60. O. sonore. Spermatheca. 


PrArE Xe 


. 61. O.guatemale. Side view of the anterior somites. The parts 


of the septal glands covering the cesophagus are not represented. 
sl.gl. salivary glands of the pharynx. 
s.gl. septal glands. 
s. septa. 
S. Ss. sperm-sacs. 
dvt. diverticulum of the @sophagus. 
ws. cesophagus. 
s. 7. sacculated intestine. 
ov. ovary. 
ovd. oviduct. 
spth. spermatheca. 
d.v. dorsal vessel. 
v.v. ventral vessel. 
h. hearts. 
t. testes. 


. 62. O. guatemale. Spermatheca. 

. 63. O. gquatemale. Spermatheca, a smaller form. 

oe. 64. O. guatemale. Free end of spermatheca more enlarged. 

oe, 65. O. guatemale. Somite xvii, showing the prostates. 

. 66. O. guatemalw. One of the prostates more enlarged. 

¢. 67. O. contractus. One of the male papilla in somite xvil. 

2.68. O. occidentalis. The male papilla and the inner couple of set in 


somite xvii. 


«. 69. O. occidentalis. The prostates and part of the sperm ducts. 


sp. d. sperm ducts. 

m. pr. muscular part of the prostate. 
gl. pr. glandular part of prostate. 

v. gl. ventral ganglion. 


¢. 70. O. occidentalis. The anterior somite, side view. In this, as in 


nearly all the side view figures where the septal glands are shown, 
oniy a part of the glands are represented in order to show the 
esophagus. In all the species the septal glands surround the 
cesophagus completely and hide it from view. 

sl. gl. salivary glands of the pharynx. 

s. gl. septal glands of somites y to viii. 

dvt. diverticulum of the wsophagus. 

s.s. sperm-sacs. 

0. ovary. 

ovd. oviduct. 


290 


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ai 
Q 


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CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF 


t. testes. 

c. 7. Ciliated rosettes. 

h. hearts. 

s. i. sacculated intestine. 
es. cesophagus. 

Ss. septa. 

d.v. dorsal vessel. 

v.v. ventral vessel. 


the same as preceding figure. 
2. O. Hendrieci. The male pore. 
3. O.sonore. ‘The male pore. 
a. side view. 
6b. front view. 


SCIENCES. 


g. 71. O.sonore. The anterior somites, side view. 


Letters indicate 


74 to 82. Setz of the various species of Ocnerodrilus described in 
this paper. The figures have all been drawn to the same scale, 
with camera, and represent the relative size of the seta in the vari- 


ous species. The drawing was made of one of the inner couples im- 


mediately behind the cltellum. 


. 74. Seta of O. Beddardi. 


75. Seta of O. sonore. 


. 76. Seta of O. quatemale. 


77. Seta of O. Hendriei. 


x, 78. Seta of O. limicola. 
. 79. Seta of O. Rose. 


80. Seta of O. contractus. 
Seta of O. agricola. 


] 
. 82. Seta of O. occidentalis. 
. 83. O. Hendriei. The prostate. 


pr. prostate. 
sp.d. sperm duct. 
v. gl. ventral ganglion. 


. 54. The esophageal diverticulum of O. 
ga. 85. The wsophageal diverticulum of O. 


PLATE X. 


ship with Ocnerodrilus. 


ig. 86. Ocnerodrilus. 

g. 87. Gordiodrilus. 

g. 88. Pontodrilus. 

g. 89. Photodrilus (after Benham). 
¢.90. Microscolex (after Benham). 
ig. 91. Pygmeodrilus (after Benham). 


occidentalis. 
sonore. 


s. 86 to 91. Diagram of the organs of various genera showing relation - 


ON THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES OF TWO 
SPECIES OF KERRIA. 


BY GUSTAV EISEN. 


While my late paper on new species of Ocnero- 
drilus* was passing through the press I found that a 
tube which I had supposed to contain specimens of 
Ocnerodrilus Beddard?, really housed an entirely difter- 
ent form. It was too late to add anything to my previous 
paper, and I had to reserve detailed account to a later 
date. A closer examination of this oligochzetous worm 
proved that not only had I before me a new species, but 
a different genus of unusual interest especially at this 
time when our knowledge of the systematic arrangement 
of the oligocheta is constantly increased by finding ex- 
treme as well as intermediate forms. 

The MS. describing these worms as a new genus was 
already in print, when I received Beddard’s paper on 
Kerria, a new genus, intermediate between Acanthodrilus 
and Ocnerodrilus. I recognized at once that my new 
forms did not differ sufficiently to warrant a new genus 
to be formed. The genus Kerria was founded by 
Beddard on a worm from Pilcomayo, the genus is there- 
for an American one, and we may expect to find it to 
contain as many species as Ocnerodrilus. 

The discovery of this form was quite unexpected. 
The locality where found is the so-called Cape Region 
of Baja California, the extreme southern part of the 
peninsula, not very far from San José del Cabo. The 
exact locality is a swampy or rather shallow pond, sur- 
rounded by tall palm trees ( Pritchardia Sonore ), situ- 
ated immediately south of the village Miraflores on the 
road to San José del Cabo, in the very outskirts of that 


* ante, p. 228. 
2p SrrR., Vou. IIL. April 15, 1893. 


292 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


village. The bottom of the pond consists of a black 
sticky mud which is at the edges of the pond interwoven 
with projecting palm-root fibers. Among these in the 
mud the worm was found. Unfortunately I had only a few 
minutes to spend in collecting and the worm being scarce 
I found only a dozen specimens in all, most of which 
were immature. This was in March of last year. In 
size and form the worm greatly resembles Ocnerodrilus 
Beddardi, though when it was alive there must have 
been some distinguishing features, as my notes made at 
the time of discovery read: ‘‘ Differs in general appear- 
ance from the common Ocnerodrilus of the region be- 
ing perhaps a little thicker in front and also a little 
flatter.’’ 

The occurence and distribution ot these minute oli- 
gocheta are frequenly restricted and unaccountable. In 
the San José del Cabo. Region I found generally in every 
moist place only Ocnerodrilus Leddardi and no other 
form. In this pond, situated in the center of that region, 
anew genus suddenly looms up, and is found nowhere 
else in that vicinity. 

With species of Ocnerodrilus the same limited distribu- 
tion is noticeable. Thus the only California species otf 
this genus is Ocnerodrilus occidentalis which to date has 
only been found in a single garden, one hundred feet 
square, and strange to say five years previous to the first 
finding of this species, the locality in question was in the 
midst of a desert with not a drop of permanent water 
within twenty miles. It is reasonable to suppose that 
the worms were brought down by irrigation water, but 
though I searched repeatedly along the source of the 
water supply and along the canals I could not find them 
outside of the original locality. These instances could 
readily be multiplied. Some species have a wide dis- 


ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KERRIA. 293 


tribution, others are confined to certain ponds and 
marshes or even to certain spots in these ponds. Some 
ponds contain absolutely no oligochzta of interest, others 
swarm with common forms, others again may contain 
a few endemic species for which we search in vain 
somewhere else. Around San Francisco each one of 
the few ponds in the region contain endemic forms, 
while other species are common in them all. I found 
the same to be the case in Mexico and Central America 
as well as in the Sierra Nevada of Calitornia where, even 
in the high mountains where water in the form of springs, 
creeks and rivers form a perfect system and is found 
everywhere, most interesting forms of oligocheta are 
restricted to certain springs or swamps. ‘The cause may 
possibly be laid to the differences in the quality of the 
water, which though slight may be sufficient to prevent 
a wider and more general distribution of species. 


Kerria Beddard, 1892. 


Minute fresh water oligochzta related to Ocnerodrilus 
and Gordiodrilus. Spermathecal pores between somites 
vil and vill and vill andix. Spermiducal pore in xviii. Ovi- 
duct in xiii. Oviducal pore in xiv. One pair of diverticula 
of the cesophagus in ix containing parallel blood vessels 


which do not anastomose. Salivary glands on the 


pharynx. Septal glands surrounding the cesophagus 
in somites v, vi, vii and viii. The posterior nephidia 
covered with large peritoneal cells. No blood vessels 
on the nephridia. The ventral and dorsal vessel con- 
nected by two pair of hearts in somites x and xi. 
No other connecting vessels. The prostates open in 
somites xvil and xix. The sperm duct opening inde- 
pendently in somite xviii. The prostates and sperm duct 


open on two crescent-shaped zones, one on each side of 
2p SER. VOL. III. ( 22) April 15, 1893. 


294 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


the ventral ganglion in somites xvil, xvill and xix, and 
which covers the ventral couple of sete. Testes in x. 
Sperm-sacs present. Clitellum covers the male zone, but 
is not developed ventrally. Seta are sigmoid, eight on 
every somite in couples of twos. 


Kerria McDonaldi ». sf. 


Figs. I-II, 12-19, 21-27. 

The size of the worm is about one inch by 1 line, the an- 
terior part of the body is considerably thickened as far 
as to somite ix, the following somites, towards the 
clitellum are much narrower.  Clitellum covers somites 
xiv to xx. . Four septal glands in somites v, vi, vil and 
vill, the anterior of which is the largest, the posterior one 
the smallest. No gizzard. Sacculated intestine com- 
mences in somite x11. Spermathece two pairs, one pair 
in somite vill and one in ix, with diverticula when fully 
developed. Testes one pair in xX, connecting with 
the sperm-sacs in the same somite. There are one pair 
of sperm-sacs in x, one pair in xi and sometimes a very 
minute one in xii.  Ciliated rosettes in-x. Sperm 
duct opens independently of the prostates in xviii in an 
independent pore. The sperm duct is cylindrical, of 
even width throughout with no enlargements. Two pair 
of prostates, each prostate opening in an independent 
porus. The prostates are short, about as long as the 
worm is wide, much bent and twisted, of varying length 
and of somewhat varying shape. There are a muscular 
and glandular part, the latter consisting of a single row 
of glandulous cells. 

Seta are sigmoid, those of the inner or genital couples 
in somites xvli to X1x are about % smaller than all other 
seta, this referring to those in the same somites as well as 
to those in other somites. All the seta in the genital zone 


ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KERRIA. 295 


are present. The posterior nephridia are thickly covered 
with peritoneal cells, and are very large, filling the somite. 

Hlabitat. in mud at Miraflores near San José del 
Cabo, Cape Region of Baja, California. Species named 
in compliment to James M. McDonald of San Francisco. 

The éody offers little that is characteristic. In out- 
ward form it resembles more Gordiodrilus than Ocnero- 
drilus, judging from the figures given by Beddard, 
though there can be but little outward difference between 
the two genera. The prostomium and peristomium are 
quite large, wider than any of the following three somites 
(ii to iv), which are quite narrow. Somites v to 1x are 
much wider, and somites v, vi and vii are also much 
higher than any of the others, those of the clitellum 
not excepted. From somite viii the body narrows gradu- 
ally down to the clitellum which is only slightly wider 
and not equal in width to the thicker anterior part of the 
body, occupied by somites vi to viii. 

The clte//um covers somites xiii to xx and is developed 
only superiorly and laterally, just as in Ocnerodrilus. 
The posterior part of the body tapers gradually towards the 
tail end which is narrower thanin Ocnerodrilus. In alco- 
holic specimens the body is always strongly bent at somites 
x and xi, the clitellum being often included in the bend. 
This bend makes longitudinal sectioning difficult, or 
at least unsatisfactory, the genital papilla being always 
folded or distorted, the more so as the bend is al- 
ways toward the ventral zone. All Ocnerodrilide bend 
when placed in alcohol, but none to the same extent as 
this Kerria. The body-wall of the anterior somites 
is thicker than in Ocnerodrilus. This is especially the 
case with the ventral region of somites iitoix; the dorsal 
region of these somites is also thick but less so than the 
ventral one. Somites x, xi and xii are very thin walled 


~ 


296 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


‘and it is probably this which causes the body to bend. 
The upper part of the clitellum is much thickened and of 
the same general structure as in Ocnerodrilus. The 
lower part of the clitellum is gradually thinned out to- 
ward the genital zone, below which and the ventral line 
the body-wall is not differentiated. 

Genital zone (figs. 3 and 23). As has been already 
stated the male pore as well as the prostate pores open 
on an elevated zone not unlike that one described by 
Beddard in Gordiodrilus, only the zone is paired, there 
being one on either side of the median line. Between the 
two zones there isa cylindrical cavity of even width run- 
ning exactly below the ventral ganglion and across 
somites xvii, xviii and xix. There are no papille in this 
cavity, nor is there any connection between it and the 
genital zone. But in each of the three somites, covered 
by the cavity, there is a transversal muscle which 
stretches across it and which contracts the body in such 
a way as to bring the genital zones closer together, which 
again gives rise to the tubular cavity. The genital zone 
on either side is crescent-shaped, the convex part of the 
crescent being toward the ventral median line of the body, 
that is, the points of the crescent are turned away from the 
ventral ganglion. The anterior and prosterior part of 
the zone ends each in an oblong papilla thicker at the 
point furthest away from the ventral nerve ganglion. 
The ‘center of the sconvex sidevof the ‘crescent, isitur 
nished with a large oblong papilla, which does not extend 
across the crescent to its concave side. In the center of 
this papilla on the margin of the crescent is situated the 
pore of the sperm duct. In the anterior papilla opens 
the pore of the anterior prostate, while in the posterior 
papilla opens the posterior prostate. In the center 
of the genital zone is a semicrescent-shaped depression, 


ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KERRIA. 2907 


which however does not connect with the interior of the 
body. In examining the inner or outer surface of the 
zone this depression appears transparent, compared to 
the thick and dark edgings of the zone. The segment- 
ations of the somites end prominently on the genital zone 
and the edges are furnished with perforated papillz 
of very minute size, and with a few epidermal appendages 
almost as wide as the body-wall. The inner sete 
of the inner couple are fairly outside of the genital zone, 
while the outer seta of the same couple are entirely in 
the zone and situated very close to the prostate and male 
pore. In Kerria McDonald? the sete are all present, 
while in Averrza zona/vs the outer sete in the inner couples 
of somites xvii and xix are wanting. In Ocnerodrilus no 
similar zone is found. The nearest approach to one 
is seen in Ocnerodrilus limicola, in which species the 
clitellum projects down to the male pore in somite xvii. 
In Gordiodrilus the zone, according to Beddard, is me- 
dian and ventral, there being only one transparent de- 
pression between the genital papilla, on the edge of 
which the four prostates as well as the two male pores are 
opening. The single genital zone must then correspond 
to the two zones and to the tubular groove between 
them in Kerria. In fact in Gordiodrilus the two zones 
and tubular cavity of Kerria must have been fused into 
one single zone. 

The epidermal lining of the central papilla of the gen- 
ital zone is furnished with a small number of paddle-like 
appendages, in reality probably only parts of the zonal 
hypodermis which through ultra development have become 
separated from the papilla. They are quite small and 
their structure is not quite plain, with an interior cellular 
network. In size they are as long as the body-wall is 
wide and they vary in number, 


298 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Sepia (figs. 1 Uas5\i2/ s.). i Thesepta exhibit thet same 
general features as those in Ocnerodrilus and Gordio- 
drilus. The first anterior septum is found between 
somites iv and v and is thin “and imperfect. The 
posterior parts of the pharynx and buccal region rest 
against this septum, only when the body is contracted, 
otherwise there is a short cesophageal part in this somite, 
which in an extended worm intervenes between the 
pharynx and the septum. 

The four septa posterior to this one, that is those be- 
tween somites iv, v, vi, vil, viii, are much thickened, but 
not to the same degree. The septum between v and vi, 
is thinner than the other three, about twice as thick as 
the septum between iv and v. The other three septa are 
of almost the same thickness and about three times as 
thick as the one between iv and vy. 

As usual the septa are thickest in the center, thinning 
out towards the junction with the body-wall. The septa 
following these are of the usual thinness, those anterior ot 
the clitellum being thicker than those in the clitellum or 
posterior to it. 

Alimentary canal (figs. 1, 2, 18 and 19). The alimen- 
tary system resembles that of Ocnerodrilus with few 
less important exceptions. As usual we can distinguish 
the following distinct regions: buccal cavity, pharynx, 
cesophagus, diverticula, tubular intestine and sacculated 
intestine. 

The duccal cavity extends almost to the posterior part 
of somite iv, and is eversible. Its walls are much thicker 
than in any species of Ocnerodrilus which has come to 
my notice, especially so in the posterior ventral side of 
somite iv. 

The pharnyx occupies somites ii, iii and part of iv, and 
-is developed only on the upper side. It is much smaller 


ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KERRIA. 299 


than in Ocnerodrilus and when contracted torms only 
one single fold, instead of three and four as in Ocnero- 
drilus. The walls are as thick as in that genus, and the 
inner epithelial lining is strongly cilated. The upper 
part of the pharnyx is covered with a dense mass of 
muscular bands. 

Salivary or pharyngeal glands (figs. 1 and 2). To 
about two-thirds of their length these muscles are thickly 
coated with salivary glands of similar nature as those 
found in Ocnerodrilus, though the whole mass appears 
more compact and regular in outline than in the latter 
genus. Seen in a longitudinal section there appears to 
be only two distinct bodies of pharyngeal glands, one 
posterior and one anterior, both confined to somite iv. 
The two glandular masses are of almost equal size, and 
are very much rounded superiorly. The posterior mass 
exhibits several distinct lobes, no one of which, however, 
projects much further backward than the other. Seen 
from above the glandular mass is found to be similarly 
compact with few and small projecting lobes. The mus- 
cular bands around which these glands are arranged are 
very similar to those described in Ocnerodrilus. There 
are seven of these large muscular trunks on either side 
projecting sideways. Two of them connect with the 
body-wall of somite iv, two with somite v, one with somite 
vi and two with vii. Owing to the very lateral position 
of these muscular trunks they are not seen in a strictly 
central section, but only in extra central ones. The 
muscles are attached to the pharynx in the same way as 
in Ocnerodrilus, that is they follow the septal depressions 
of the pharynx, some being more lateral or central than 
others. The posterior and most central pair of these 
muscular bands does not attach to the septal glands in 
somite v, as they do in Ocnerodrilus, but pass independ- 


300 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ently backwards and connect with the body-wall in 
somite vi. 

@sophagus (figs. I, 2, 18 and 19) commences at 
the posterior end of the paryngeal and buccal region, 
there being no gizzard. The cesophagus is greatly 
sacculated, much more so than in any species of Ocnero- 
drilus, and the expansions in the various somites are 
peculiarly unequal in size. This unequalness appears 
very constant and varies but little in the four specimens 
sectioned or dissected. 

The anterior expansion of the cesophagus commences 
in the center of somite iv directly connecting with the 
pharynx. The part of the csophagus which is confined 
to this somite is very small. In somite v the cesophagus 
widens, nearly always forming a very large sac which is 
again divided, the anterior part being the highest, pro- 
jecting dorsally higher than any other part of the 
cesophagus. 

The following part confined to somite vi is very small, 
both as regards width and height, being slightly lower 
than the posterior part of the cesophagus in somite v. In 
somite vil the cesophagus is greatly enlarged forming there 
a large inflated sac which is especially developed later- 
ally. This part of the cesophagus is almost twice the 
size of any other cesophageal fold. 

It is followed in somite viii by a very small and princi- 
pally superiorly developed cesophageal fold which varies 
considerably in size, but which is always very much 
smaller than the cesophageal sacculation in somite vii. 
Seen in longitudinal section the sacculations confined > 
respectively to somites ix, x and xi, are of almost equal 
g slightly the highest. But 


5 


size, the one in somite ix bein 
itis much developed laterally, more so than any other 
part of the cesophagus 


ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KERRIA. 301 


Diverticulum (figs. 1, 2, 18,19 and 21). There is, as 
in Ocnerodrilus, a paired cesophageal diverticulum in 
somite ix, emanating in the anterior part of the somite, 
and not in the posterior part as in Ocnerodrilus. The 
junction with the cesophagus is situated in the upper part 
of the cesophagus and the diverticula are so bent down- 
ward that they are not seen whenthe cesophagus is viewed 
from above, being actually covered from above by the 
upper projecting wall of the cesophagus. 

Both diverticula point directly downward and only 
slightly forward. They are much rounded and blunt 
as regards exterior form, while the inner structure re- 
sembles that of the diverticulum in Ocnerodrilus. Com- 
pared to the diverticula of Aerrza halophila, they are 
much smaller than in that species. In fact the whole 
alimentary canal differs considerably from Beddard’s 
form. In Averréa halophila there is a gizzard in somite 
vii, the sacculation of the cesophagus is insignificant and 
lastly the diverticula are very large filling the whole somite. 
But they connect with the cesophagus in the anterior part 
of the somite in the same way as in my new forms, and 
this appears to be a characteristic of the genus, and one 
to which some importance may be attached. The saccu- 
lated intestine commences in Aerrza halophila in somite 
xiii, which is one somite further back than in our species. 
This is probably a good species characteristic, as I have 
found the same variation in species of Ocnerodrilus and 
there it appeared constant. There is only one interior 
cavity with large projecting ridges, one of which is much 
larger than the other. That these ridges in Kerria as 
well as in Ocnerodrilus constitute the first differentiation 
towards a real interior division is evident. While describ- 
ing a number of species of Ocnerodrilus I failed to find 
a single specimen with a perfectly divided diverticulum, 


302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


and I supposed that a real division did not exist. Lately, 
however, in examining a specimen of Ocnerodrilus Bed- 
dard, | found that both ot the two cesophageal diverticula 
were divided, one in five chambers (fig. 20) similar to 
those seen in cutting an orange transversely, the other in 
four chambers. As the worm was sectioned transversely 
and as I took it for granted to be an Ocnerodrilus Beddar- 
dz, | am not able to positively identify the species. It is, 
of course, not at all impossible that some other species had 
been collected at the same time as Ocnerodrilus Beddardz, 
the outward appearance being very slight in the various 
species or even genera. Iam however inclined to the 
belief that the sections were made from an abnormally 
developed Ocnerodrilus Beddardi. Except in being 
perfectly divided in five distinct chambers these diverti- 
cula offered no other characteristics than those generally 
found in this organ in the said species of Ocnerodrilus, 
at least so far as could be judged from transversal 
sections. Probably this chambering of the diverticula 
is less rare than I suspect, it being only perceived in 
transverse and not in longitudinal sections, and it is to be 
presumed that in different specimens this internal sub- 
division has progressed unequally. 

The diverticula in Kerria are less developed than in 
the majority of species of Ocnerodrilus. The longi- 
tudinal blood vessels which traverse it are less regular 
and less numerous. The collective vessel in the distal 
end, which is the sum of all the other vessels of this 
organ is also narrower than in Ocnerodrilus. The whole 
organ is shorter and more globular than in any species 
ot Ocnerodrilus so far known, and it is strongly bent, the 
two sides touching. The exterior wall is somewhat 
folded. It resembles most the diverticulum of Ocnero- 
drilus occidentalis. 


ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KERRIA. 303 


The diverticulum is attached to the body-wall by a 
very thick muscular band, much thicker than in species 
of Ocnerodrilus and also much shorter. The muscular 
band is forked after it reaches half way to the body-wall, 
each fork being attached to the body-wall separately. 

The tubular tntestine otters no great peculiarities. It 
is rather straight, much more so than any part of the 
cesophagus, but is still noticeably contracted at the septa, 
as in Kerrza holophila. It is lined with ciliated cells as 
in Ocnerodrilus. 

The sacculated intestine commences in somite xii where 
it is about two times as wide as the tubular intestine. It 
is more strongly furnished with blood sinuses and vessels 
than the same region in Ocnerodrilus. 

Sepia glands: (igs. trandizes:, e/.)).) There arentive 
more or less paired septal glands surrounding cesophagus 
in somites v, vi, vil and vii. In appearance and arrange- 
ment they resemble the corresponding glands found in 
Ocnerodrilus and Gordiodrilus. The gland in somite v 
is the largest, the one in vi is smaller and the posterior 
one in viii is the smallest, being hardly perceptible. The 
difference in size is greater between the glands in vii 
and vi, than between those in viand v. The one in vii 
is only about one-half the size of the one in vi. All the 
glands are principally developed on the upper side of the 
cesophagus, that part of them being much higher than 
the one below cesophagus. All the glands are connected 
by thick muscular bands with the body-wall of the somite 
immediately behind in the same way as in Ocnerodrilus. 

Beddard does not inform us if there are septal glands 
in Kerria halophila, but we presume this to be the case. 
The absence of septal glands would, I think, be sufficient 
to separate these forms into different genera, but at pre- 
sent we must suppose that the septal glands in Beddard’s 


304 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


species are present and somewhat similar to those of the 
other forms. 

Spermathece (figs. 1,13,14,15,16and 17). There are 
two pair of spermathece situated in somites vili and ix. 
While in Ocnerodrilus and presumably in Gordiodrilus, 
the spermathece open in front of and in line with the 
ventral sete, we find them in our new species of Kerria 
opening in line with the lateral or outer pair of sete. 
Judging from Beddard’s figure of Aerrza halophila 
the spermathece open in front of the inner couple of 
sete though this is not so stated. There appears to be no 
diverticula in this species, but the spermathece are very 
large and appear to well fill the somites. In other 
respects they resemble those of our species, with the 
glandulous part very large and sac-like and the muscular 
part narrow and short. 

The anterior pair of spermathece or those in somite viii 
are generally the smallest. They may be of equal size 
with those in somite ix but they are generally smaller, never 
larger. In shape the spermathece vary considerably, 
also in size. They are, however, comparatively large and 
very conspicuous. Each spermatheca consists of two 
distinct parts, one pointing towards the interior of the 
somites, being sac-like inflated and very much wider 
than the narrow tube-like and muscular part which con- 
nects the former with the body-wall and opens out in the 
intersegmental grove in front of the outer sete. To 
these principal parts may be added a generally three- 
lobed diverticulum which is situated on one side of the 
spermatheca. This diverticulum is not always developed, 
and is besides variable in form and size. It is generally 
present on the spermatheca in somite ix, but is also often 
found on those in somite viii. Sometimes it is, however, 
of diminished size, or merely suggested by a sac-like 


ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KERRIA. 305 


swelling of irregular form. When fully developed the 
diverticulum is three-lobed, the lobes being of unequal 
size and irregular in form. It is affixed to the sperma- 
theca at the junction of the muscular and sac-like parts. 
This sac-like part is generally ovate and regular, very 
much larger than the balance of the spermatheca. It 
exhibits the peculiarity that one side of its wall is much 
thicker than the other, the spermatozoa being massed 
against the thinner wall, leaving the space close to the 
thicker wall free. The muscular part of the spermatheca 
offers no great peculiarities. The muscles are arranged 
in two directions, the inner canal is ciliated. Contrary 
to expectation I never found any spermatozoa in the 
diverticula but only in the main sac-like part as has just 
been stated. The muscular part of the spermatheca is 
bent and twisted and the sac-like part is so bent toward 
the muscular part, that the spermatheca is almost folded 
on itself. The sac-like part is attached to the body-wall 
by a bunch of strong muscular bands two or three in 
number. There are no smallor rudimentary diverticula at 
the apex of the spermatheca similar to those so often found 
in species of Ocnerodrilus as for instance in Ocnerodrilus 
Beddard:. The single lobed diverticulumis, in Aerréa Mc- 
Donaldz, always situated on one side of the spermatheca, 
and the various lobes connect before joining the main 
part. In one specimen the diverticulum was reduced to 
a simple sac-like enlargement, without secondary diver- 
ticula. The few specimens at my command did not 
allow of ascertaining the extent of the variations of the 
spermathece. In two of the specimens out of the four 
sectioned or dissected the anterior spermathecze were 
much the shortest. In the third the spermathece were 
of almost equal size and in this specimen the spermathe- 
cal diverticulum was reduced to a mere sac with no side 


306 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


diverticula, while in two other specimens the diverticu- 
lum was three lobed as already described. The question 
will arise if we have not two distinct species before us, 
but until more material is at hand no definite answer can 
be given. 

Sperm-sacs (figs. 1 and 27). There are generally only 
two sperm-sacs, which may prove to be paired. One pair 
in somite x and one in xi; both are very largefilling the 
whole available space in the somite. The body of the 
sperm-sac is situated principally in the upper part 
of the somite above the hearts and the body-wall. The 
sides of the sacs in somite x are thinner and project down- 
wards, ending in a narrow tube which connects with the 
testes in exactly the same manner as in Ocnerodrilus. 
The sperm-sac in somite x is generally smaller than the 
one in xi. The latter is divided on each side into two 
large lobes, the anterior of which is the largest, both 
being almost globular at least when seen in a longitudi- 
nal section of the body. The under part of this sperm- 
sac is very much lobed and does not connect with the 
testes. The size of the sperm-sac is of course variable. 
There is no sperm-sac in somite xii, nor is there any in ix. 
One specimen possessed a small sac in xii. 

Ovary (figs. 1 and 8). The ovary is situated as usual 
in somite xiii and is of the common form and size found 
in Ocnerodrilus. It is attached to the septum close to the 
body-wall in line with the inner couple of seta. The inner 
matrix is palmate. 

The ov7duct is situated immediately behind the ovary 
and the funnel is entirely free of the septum. It is very 
large, deeply divided or lobed, the lobes clasping the 
ova almost as a pair of forceps. The ovipore is as usual 
situated in somite xiv, in front of the inner couple of sete. 

Two sperm ducts and ciliated rosettes (figs. 1,23 and 27). 


ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KERRIA. 307 


The one pair of ciliated rosettes are found in somites x as 
usual and are located exactly as in the genera Ocnero- 
drilus and Gordiodrilus, free and independent of the 
sperm-sacs. In shape the funnels are much more flattened 
out, being very wide and with thick margin, almost plate- 
like, with the posterior part narrow and somewhat twisted. 

The genus Kerria must be considered to normally 
possess only one pair of sperm ducts and ciliated rosettes, 
though in one specimen I found two pair of ducts and 
rosettes. The spermiducal pore opens on the median 
papilla of the genital zone in somite xvill. The sperm 
duct is rather wider than in Ocnerodrilus but extremely 
delicate and easily ruptured and I could only ascertain its 
position through sections; in dissecting it always became 
torn. It is attached to the body-wall as usual and 
is very wavy, in no instance, even for a short distance, 
being straight, the folds doubling on themselves. The 
duct is cylindrical throughout without any enlargement as 
in some species of Ocnerodrilus and Pygmeodrilus. 
Beddard’s observation that the rosette of Aerrza halophila 
is unusually large, is also applicable to the species de- 
scribed here, but still the rosette does not by far stretch 
across the whole somite. 

As already stated one specimen of Averrza MWcDonaldi 
possessed two pairs of sperm ducts. The ducts in each 
pair were entirely separated. The anterior rosette opened 
in x, the posterior one in xi. The anterior sperm duct 
opened adjoining the anterior prostate pore in xvii, while 
the posterior sperm duct opened in the regular typical 
pore in xviii. As the three other specimens contained 
only one pair of sperm ducts and one pair of rosettes, 
and as the specimen in question in all other particulars 
resembled the typical form we may conclude that the two 
ducts on either side must have been a retrograde develop- 


308 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ment towards an ancestral form, and that a single sperm 
duct with a single rosette is the characteristic and usual 
feature of the genus. 

Prostates (figs. 1, 23, 25and 26). There are four pros- 
tates, two on either side, or two opening in each of the 
genital zones, one in the anterior angle of the crescent 
and one in the posterior. The prostates are short or 
about aslong as the somite is wide, but they are much 
bent and generally do not extend much across the ventral 
ganglion, except when violently extended, when they 
would reach across the ventral side of the body. Their 
exact length, however, varies and one prostate is generally 
a little longer than the other. Asin the allied genera we 
may distinguish a muscular and a glandular part of the 
same general nature as in Ocnerodrilus. The glandular 
part consists of only one layer of glandulous cells. The 
muscular part varies in size, and is generally of unequal 
length in the anterior and posterior prostate. In the 
two specimens which I dissected the muscular part of 
the anterior prostate was much longer than the muscular 
part of the posterior prostate, and in one specimen the 
muscular parts of both prostates were proportionably 
longer than in the other. I presume that there is consider- 
able variation in relative size of these parts and that too 
much importance must not be placed on a longer or 
shorter prostate. Still the variation is probably within 
certain limits and may prove to be of value in characteriz- 
ing the species as we know that in the various species 
of Ocnerodrilus, the relative length and width of the 
muscular and glandular part of the prostate is of 
great importance as species characters. In Aerrza 
McDonaldi the glandular part of the anterior prostate 
was found to be about three times as long as the mus- 
cular part, while the glandular part of the posterior 


ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KERRIA. 309 


prostate 1s more than five times as long on the muscular 
part. The muscular part of the anterior prostate is 
also comparatively much narrower than the muscular 
part of the posterior prostate. The glandular part of the 
respective prostates is of much the same form. They 
are thickest in the vicinity of the muscular part and taper 
toward the inner free apex, which is narrow and pointed. 

Judging from Beddard’s figure ot Aerrza halophila, the 
prostates of those species resemble greatly those of our 
present form. The muscular part is longer in the an- 
terior prostate than in the posterior one, and the gland- 
ular part of the prostate is widest close to the mus- 
cular part just as in Aerria McDonaldz, but they are 
hardly tapering as much as in that species and the inner 
apex is less pointed. 

The prostate pores are larger than the spermiducal 
pores and can be seen without much difficulty, though 
they are by no means plainly perceptible. 

Nephridia (figs. 4,5 and 28). These organs resemble 
those of Ocnerodrilus and especially those of Ocnero-. 
drilus Beddardi. 'The anterior nephridia are devoid of 
large peritoneal cells, while in those posterior of the 
clitellum the upper part of the tubes are entirely hidden 
by these cells. 

The five nephridia anterior to somite ix are small, 
always devoid of peritoneal cells. The nephridia in ix 
are much larger, furnished with some peritoneal cells, 
those in x and xi are smaller. After these the nephridia 
gradually increase in size, those in the extreme posterior 
part of the body being always the largest and of equal 
size. The peritoneal cells gradually increase in number 
toward the last quarter of the body, but this increase is 
quite irregular. In some specimens these cells are many, 


almost filling the whole somite, in others they are few, 
2p Ser., Vou. III. (23) April 15, 1893. 


310 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


in some specimens the cells commence much more an- 
teriorly than in others, but the nephridia in the posterior 
part—the fourth quarter—of the body are always covered 
with the same quantity of cells and are of the same 
large size. This is precisely the case in Ocnerodrilus, 
in the various species of which the nephridia are fairly 
constant in size and form and characteristic of the species. 

Sete (figs.gand10). The sete are all sigmoid and of 
the regular lumbricid pattern and in couples of two, or 
8.in each somite. The sete in the three somites of 
the genital zone are about % smaller than those outside 
of the zone. The free end of the seta is generally 
sculptured with small pointed cavities, but I also tound 
some sete in which those cavities could not be defined. 
In this species all the sete in the genital zone were pre- 
sent and I think that this will prove a constant character- 
istic by which this and the following species may be 
distinguished. The common sete in this species are a 
trifle wider, but not quite as long as in the following 
_species. 

The cephalic ganglion (fig. 22), is narrower than in 
Ocnerodrilus and the lobes less prominent. The ventral 
ganglion is much nipped by the septa and is raised up 
above the intersegmental furrow in a way which I have 
not observed in Ocnerodrilus. The ventral ganglion 
sends out two pair of large nerve ganglia toward either 
side. The anterior one of these is situated in the ante- 
rior quarter of the ganglion and is by far the smallest, 
only half as wide as the posterior ganglionic branch, 
which is broad, paired and situated quite close to the 
posterior septum, about midway between it and the sete. 

The vascular system (fig. 1) is closely allied to that of 
Ocnerodrilus. The ventral vessel is connected with the 
dorsal vessel by two pair of large hearts in x and xi. The 


ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KERRIA. jet 


blood is dark red. The vessels in the cesophageal diver- 
ticulum are less regular and parallel than in Ocnerodrilus, 
and some of them even branch and give off small 
secondary projections. They are fewer than in Ocnero- 
drilus Beddardi, more resembling those of Ocnerodrilus 
occidentalis. They do not anastomose. They collect in 
the distal end to a vascular trunk which runs for- 
ward as in Ocnerodrilus, but is much smaller and less 
developed. The lateral longitudinal trunk gives off 
branches to the septal glands in the usual way. The 
dorsal and ventral vessels send off secondary vessels to 
the dermal system, in almost precisely the same manner 
as in Ocnerodrilus and these vessels do not connect with 
each other, but branch on the body-wall respectively on 
the upper and lower sides of the body. The elaborate 
capillary system, which in Ocnerodrilus occupies the 
anterior two somites, is in Kerria somewhat less devel- 
oped. But the intestinal vascular system in somites 1x 
to xx is much stronger than in Ocnerodrilus, the blood 
sinuses and vessels sometimes approaching the hearts and 
dorsal vessels in size and quantity of blood. 


Kerria zonalis x. sp. 


Figs) h2.13,, 20;and 30: 

One pair of spermathece in somite 1x. Eight prostates, 
two and two opening close together in each end of the 
genital zone. The outer sete in the inner couples in 
somites xvii and xix are missing. 

Habitat. In the same locality as the preceding 
species. Only one specimen found. 

Of this interesting form I can unfortunately not give 
a complete diagnosis as part of the single specimen was 
destroyed before I recognized it a separate species. Evi- 
dently it much resembles the preceding species. © The 


312 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


absence of spermathece in somite vill is of less import- 
ance and may not prove constant. The spermathece in 
somite ix were of similar size and construction as those 
in the preceding species, though of somewhat different 
form. 

The most important characteristics of this species are 
found in the genital zone and prostates. As has already 
been stated the outer seta in the inner couple both in 
somites xvii and xix are missing. The central papilla in 
the genital zone is smaller than in the preceding species, 
but otherwise the zones in the two species resemble each 
other. The sperm ducts are smaller than in the preced- 
ing species. The prostates are eight in number, longer 
and more slender than in Aerrza McDonaldi. The 
muscular parts of the prostates are not as narrow as 
in the preceding form and they are less regular and 
much shorter. There is no difference between the an- 
terior and the posterior prostates, except that one prostate 
in each couple is slightly larger than the other, but I 
doubt if this is a constant character. 

All the prostates resemble in a general way the pos- 
terior prostate in the preceding species, the muscular 
tube in each being comparatively short, gradually in- 
creasing in size towards the glandular part. The pros- 
tates are also less pointed. They are contracted several 
times and rather wavy and irregular in outline with two 
distinct swellings. All the papillz in the genital zone are 
less prominent than in Aerrza WcDonaldz. 

As I found only one specimen and that one being 
partly damaged, I can give no account of the septal 
glands, etc. We must look to a larger supply of speci- 
mens before an extensive description can be made, but I 
think enough is known to warrant us to arrange this worm 
as a separate species. 


ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KERRIA. 313 


According to Beddard the genital sete in Averrza 
halophila are similar to and thus not smaller than the 
Other seta. Phe diference in size of the set is there- 
for only a species characteristic, but one of considerable 
importance as it is an exterior character which does not 
require dissection to be descernible. 

Systematic position. Beddard has already commented 
upon the relationship of Kerria with other genera, and he 
inclines strongly to place it near Acanthodrilus, as well 
as Ocnerodrilus and Gordiodrilus. I believe, however, 
that the relationship with Ocnerodrilus, Gordiodrilus and 
Pygmeodrilus is greater and that those three genera with 
Kerria may be arranged in one large group, though not 
in the same family. The presence of blood vessels on 
the nephridia appears in my opinion to further separate 
Acanthodrilus from the other genera in question, and so 
does undoubtedly the double row of cells of the prostates. 
The size, shape and diverticula of the spermathece of 
Kerria resemble more closely those of Acanthodrilus 
than Ocnerodrilus, etc. But of all the genital organs the 
spermathece are those which vary the most, even within 
the limits of one species. 


open in line 


| With outside seta. 


With outside sete. With inner sete. 


314 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
SPECIES OF KERRIA. 

Kerria: MecDonaldi. zonalis. halophila. 
Genital sete | Smaller. Smaller. Not smaller. ? 
Outer genital 

sete in xvll | | 
and xix | Present. Wanting. Present. 
| 
Spermathecz | With diverticula. With diverticula. | No diverticula. 
Muscular part of 
anterior pros- | 
tate Longer. Not longer. Longer. 
Prostates on 
each genital 
zone Two. Four. Two. 
Gizzard None. None. One in yii. 
(Esophagus Sacculated. Sacculated. Not Sacculated. 
Sacculated in-| 
testine com-. | 
mences in | xii. xii. xiii. 
| 
Spermathecze | 
| 


ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KERRIA. 25 


PAPERS REFERRED TO. 


FRANK E. Bepparp. On the Anatomy of Ocnerodrilus. Proceedings 
Royal Society of Edinburgh. Vol. 36, pages 563 to 583. 

Frank E. Bepparp. On a NewGenus of Oligochet#, Comprising Five 
New Species Belonging tothe Family Ocnerodrilide. Annals and Magazine 
of Natural History, No. 55, July, 1892, page 74, plates vi and vil. 

FRANK E. Bepparp. Abstract of some.Investigations into the Struct- 
ure of the Oligocheta. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Jan., 
1891, p. 88. 

FRANK E. BeppARD. On some Aquatic Oligochetous Worms. Proc. 
Zool. Soc. 1892, No. xxv. 

DANIELE Rosa. Sui genere Pontodrilus, Microscolex and Photodrilus. 
Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia, Universita di Torino, vol. iii, No. 39, 
Marzo, 1888. 

W. 8B. Benuam. An attempt to Classify Earth-worms. Quatr. Journal 
of Microscopical Science, vol. xxxi, part ii, p. 201. 

Gustav Ets—EN. Anatomical Studies on New Species of Ocnerodrilus. 
Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d seres, vol. 111, Jan. 19, 1893. 


316 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES. 


PuatTs XI. 
Kerria McDonaldi, fig. 1 to 12. 


Fig. 1. Semi-schematic view of the organs of the anterior somites as 
seen from above. 
be. buccal cavity. 
br. brain. 
phe. pharynx. 
sl. gl. salivary glands of the pharynx. 
s. gl. septal glands of the cesophagus. 
nph. nephridia. 
spth. spermatheca. 
dvt. diverticula of the csophagus seen from above; partly hidden 
by the cesophagus. 


h. heart. 

ss. sperm-sacs. 
oO. ovary. 

od. oviduct. 

S. septa. 


cl. clitellum. 

pr. prostates. 

v. gl. ventral ganglion. 

s. 7. sacculated intestine. 

sp.d. sperm ducts. 

Fig. 2. Some of the organs of the anterior somites seen from the side in 

a longitudinal section. The nephridia are not delineated and only 
a part of the vascular system is shown. 

prst. prostomium. 

per. peristomium. 

phx. pharynx. 

sl. gl. salivary glands. 

br. brain. 

es. oesophagus. 

s. gl. septal glands. 

dvt. diverticulum of the esophagus. 

h. hearts. 

d.v. dorsal vessel. 

v.v. ventral vessel. 

s.i. sacculated intestine. 

t. i. tubular intestine. 


ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KERRIA. Bila 


Fig. 3. The genital zones seen from below and from the outside of the 
body. 
pr. prostate pore. 
6. male pore. 
v.gr. ventral groove between the two zones; the points of the 
sete are seen protruding. 
Fig. 4. A nephridium from somite xiii. 
Fig. 5. The inner funnel of a nephridium. 
s. septum. 
Fig. 6. Longitudinal section of the genital zone compiled from two 
celloidin sections. 
g.%. genital zone. 
pr. prostates. 
sp. d. sperm ducts. 
p.s. genital or copulatory sete. 
Fig. 7. One of the epidermal appendages of the genital zone. 
8. Ovary and oviduct. 
0. ovary. 
od. oviduct. 
Fig. 9. One of the genital sete of the inner couples in somites xvii, xviii 
and xix. 
Fig. 10. One of the common sete. 
Fig. 11. Natural size. 


Kerria zonalis, figs. 12, 13. 
Fig. 12. Common sete. The genital sete are similar to fig. 9. 
Fig. 13. Testis and sperm-sac showing their connection. 


t. testes. 
ss. sperm-sac. 
Puate XII. 
Rerria McDonaldi, figs. 14, 18, 21 to 27. 
Fig. 14. Schematic view of the spermathece and their position in front of 
the outer sets in somites ix and vill. 
Fie. 15. One of the anterior spermathece, sectional view. 
m.s. muscular part. 
se. spermathecal sac. 
spz. spermatozoa. 
Fig. 16. Another of the anterior spermathece, outside view. 
Fig. 17 and 18. Two of the posterior spermathecx, outside view, show- 
ing the diverticula dvt. 
Fig. 19. Part of the cesophagus, with diverticula, tubular intestine and 
sacculated intestine, seen from above. Only the beginning of the 
diverticula is visible. 


318 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Fig. 20. The same seen from the under side with the diverticula spread 
out. 
dvt. diverticula. 
cl. collecting vessel. 
Fig. 21. Diverticulum of the cesophagus, seen in cross-sections. 
v. blood vessels. 
ep. epithelial lining. 
Fig. 22. Brain and ventral ganglion spread out. 
Fig. 23. The genital zone more highly magnified than in fig. 3. 
$. male pores. 
pr. prostate pores. 
c.s. common sete, large size. 
p.s. penial setze of smaller size. 
Fig. 24. The anterior part of the body seen from the side. 
Fig. 25a. One of the anterior prostates. 
Fig. 25b. Anterior prostate of another specimen. 
Fig. 26a. One of the posterior prostates. 
m.s. wuscular part. 
gl. glandular part. 


Fig. 26b. Posterior prostate from another specimen. 
Fig. 27. Ciliated rosette and sperm duct and sperm-sacs in x and xi. 
Fig. 28. One of the posterior nephridia with peritoneal cells. 
Kerria zonalis, figs. 29, 30. 
Fig. 29. The genital zone and surrounding somites withthe prostates and 


sperm ducts seen from the inner side of the body. 
pr. a. anterior prostates. 
pr. p. posterior prostates. 
sp. d. sperm ducts. 
c.s. common sete. 
p. 8. penial setz of smaller size than the common sete. 
m.s. muscular part of the prostate. 
gl. glandular part of the prostate. 
Fig. 30. The inner pore of the posterior prostates. 
m.s. wauscles keeping the prostates in position. 
pr. prostates. 
pa. papilla. 
intp. interpapillary groove. 


Ocnerodrilus Beddardi, fig. 31. 


Fig. 31. Abnormal five chambered diverticulum, seen in cross-section. 
v. blood vessels. 
ep. epithelial lining. 


AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE FLEXURE OF ROCK. 
BY GEORGE H. ASHLEY. 


Exposures of the axes of anticlines or synclines often 
show the beds of rock bent into an arc of very short 
radius, yet without perceptible fracturing.t| As rocks 
are generally considered inflexible, except when softened 
by heat, a question naturally arises concerning the con- 
ditions under which these rocks have yielded and formed 
such close flexures without breaking. 

The old theory is that it is due, first, to the great verti- 
cal pressure of the superincumbent beds of rock as a 
passive factor,” and second, a greater horizontal pressure 
as the active factor.* Thus, it is conceived that the hori- 
zontal pressure, from whatever source, gradually accum- 
ulates until it is able not only to overcome the resistance 
to bending of the layers, hundreds or thousands of feet 
thick, but also to lift the weight of all the overlying beds. 
Then bending will ensue. But it is assumed that though 
the layers may be under a shearing stress far beyond 
their strength of resistance the great vertical pressure 
will prevent rupture by immediately forcing together 
every incipient fracture.* These incipient fractures, 
however, relieve the horizontal pressure which is con- 
verted into heat® and this heat in turn assists the vertical 
pressure in the mending process. Thus giving way in 


' See for example, Reade’s Origin of Mountain Ranges, pp. 177, 186, 
189, plate 24, etc.; Geol. Surv. of Ark., Vol. III, 1890, pl. VIII; other 
reports on regions of much folding. 

2 K. Clark’s Tables for Engineers, Ist ed., pp. 631] and 204. 

3’ Nature, XIX, (1878), p. 103; Daubrée, Géol. Expérim., pp. 290 et seq. 

* Spring in Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 1880, pp. 171 and 325; Spring in 
The Engineer, Apr. 9, 1886, p. 278. 

5 Prestwick’s Geology, Vol. I, p. 410; Daubrée’s Géol. Expérim., pp. 
448 et seqg.; Mallet in Phil. Trans., 1873, p. 187. 

2p) SER. VOL. TEI: April 20, 1893. 


320 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


minute slippings, the layers in time become folded, and 
when the movement has ceased and erosion exposed 
them, they appear intact. 

In many cases, as shown by microscopic examination 
of the rocks, this may be the true explanation,® but of 
late the belief has been gaining ground that by introduc- 
ing the factor of viscosity of solids under stress the same 
results may be obtained without resorting to fracturing 
at all.’ 

It has long been known that in igneous and meta- 
morphic rocks when heated, the particles have a certain 
freedom of motion among themselves called flow, similar 
to the flow of any plastic substance like putty under the 
slight pressure of the hand.° 

M. Tresca and others have shown that similar flow 
occurs in cold solid bodies when subjected to a pressure 
above the elastic limit and below the ultimate strength.’ 

In application of this principle, if we suppose a hori- 
zontal pressure acting upon a layer of rock which at 
some point is not quite horizontal, the initial pressure 
will at that point be resolved into two components, one 


® Geikie’s Textbook of Geol., pp. 292-3, 506, 575 and 578. 

7 Reade’s Origin of Mountain Ranges, pp. 91 and 92; Becker in Bull. 
Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 4, 1893, pp. 13-90. 

8 King, U.S. Geol. Exp. 40th Par., Vol. 1, p. 752; Callaway in Quat. 
Jour. Geol. Soc., 1883, p. 383; Barus in Am. Jour. Sci., III, Vol. 36, p. 
178; III Vol. 39, p. 234; Prestwick’s Geology, Vol. I, p. 304; Heim’s 
Mechanics mus der Gebirgsbildung, 1878. 

® Tresca in Comtes Rendus, Vol. 59, 1864, p. 754; Vol. 64, 1867, p. 809; 
Tresca in Mém. Say. Etrangers XVIII, p. 733; XX, p. 75; Tresca in Inst. 
Mech. Eng., June, 1867; June 1878; Tresca in The Engineer, June 28, 1878, 
p. 463; June 14, 1878, p. 428; Townsend in Jour. Franklin Inst., March, 
1878; Williams in Gentleman’s Mag., Feb., 1883, pp. 231-2; Spring in The 
Engineer, Apr. 9, 1886, p. 278; Barus, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv., No. 73; 
Becker in Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 4, 1893, p. 51, also p. 13 e¢ seq; 
Barus in Am. Jour. Sci., III, Vol. 45, Feb., 1893, p. 87. 


FLEXURE OF ROCK. 


io) 
NO 
= 


tending to compress and the other to bend the layer. If 
this bending component be great enough, the result will 
be the same as when the ultimate strength of any rigid 
substance is overcome, viz., deformation with rupturing: 
if it be below the ultimate strength but above the elastic 
limit and be applied gradually, flow, or in other words 
deformation without rupturing, will take place. 

But what is the elastic limit? Experiments, as well as 
common observation, show that the limit of elasticity de- 
pends upon the time. Thus, if a rod or bar of glass, ice 
or stone, supported at its ends be struck in the middle, it 
will either break or regain, approximately, its original 
position, showing that the limit of elasticity is practically 
as high as the ultimate strength. On the other hand, if, 
by means of small weights, pressure be applied gradually 
and slowly, the same rod may be bent, and in time will 
exhibit a permanent deformation or set.’? This shows 
that even the time of a laboratory experiment, necessarily 
limited, is sufficient to make the elastic limit, and cor- 
respondingly the force necessary to produce flow, much 
lower than in the case first supposed. 

All this suggests the following conclusion: Assuming 
that the resultant of all the forces acting upon the particles 
at any point in a layer of rock, if below the ultimate 
strength and above the elastic limit of the layer, will pro- 
duce flow in its own direction, we can say, that if the 
proper ratio between this resultant and the time through 
which it acts be maintained, flow will ensue, even though 
the resultant be indefinitely diminished. There seems to 
apply here the mathematical law that a side which has 
any per cent. in its favor, no matter how small, will, if 
given time enough, ultimately win. 


10 Miall in Pop. Sci. Review, Jan., 1872. 


322 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


In other words, vertical pressure is not necessary to 
prevent the breaking of folding beds of rock when time 
enough is given for a small horizontal force to act. It 
does not concern us now whether this be true if carried 
to its smallest limit. 

No experiments on rocks covering any extended period 
ot time seem to have been carried on," but a few cases 
have been observed in which most of the conditions of 
such an experiment have been fulfilled and sufficient time 
has elapsed to make the results pronounced.” In but 
one of these have measurements been made and pub- 
lished.” 

The following notes on a slab of marble bending under 
its own weight are oftered as a contribution to observa- 
tions upon this subject. The slab in question covers a 
grave in the Laurel Hill Cemetery, San Francisco, not 
far from the corner of California Street and Central 
Avenue. It is three-fourths of an inch thick, six feet 
four inches long, two feet six inches wide and lies in a 
horizontal position. As far as could be determined, the 
slab was laid upon the prepared earth, which at this point 
is clay, without support of brick, cement or other ma- 
terial. 

It could not be learned just when the slab was put in 
place, but it was not earlier than 1882, nor later than 
1884. Subsequently the ground settled, and the slab 
being then supported only near the ends, bent as shown 
in the illustrations. 

The position of the supporting earth could not be de- 
termined, but it probably occupies an irregular area near 


11 Miall in Pop. Sci. Review, Jan. 1872. 

12 Becker in Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 4, 1893, p.51; King, U.S. Geol. 
Exp. 40th Par., Vol. 1, p. 752. 

13 Winslow, Am. Jour. Sci. ITE, Vol. 43, 1892, p. 1383. 


FLEXURE OF ROCK. 323 


the head and toot of the slab, that near the head being a 
little distance from the end, for that end is raised slightly 
above the general level.* 

Fig. 2 shows the deflection from a straight line drawn 
over the terminal edges of the further side of the slab 
bearing the name. Fig. 3 shows the same for the nearer 
side. The maximum deflection is 1.65 inches. The 
measurements were taken with a finely divided steel rule 
and tape. 

Minor flexures occur at several places showing an ex- 
treme sensitiveness of the slab to stress. In this case, 


to” — 423” “ “ “ at 4 
is 183" 183" 188" aX ge “e 


2 “ = = (oo 400 : 
ez, ZZZ 
ZZ LITILILIT TT TTT RII TTT TEE 


oo 
Fig 3 
SCALE 
d inch = i foot. 


“Sketch of grave in Laurel Hill Cemetery, San Francisco, California, 
showing deflection of a slab of marble due to its own weight. Dimen- 
sions of slab 6 ft. 4 in. by 2 ft.6 in. by in. Put in place in 1882.(?) 
Measurements taken December, 1892. 


324 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


however, bending seems to have about reached its limit, 
as a thread-like crack about two inches long and 24% 
inches from the head of the slab can be detected on the 
side toward the observer. 

As shown, other slabs cover other parts of the group 
of graves and of these, two are bent more or less but not 
as much as the one described. 

If 160 pounds be taken as the weight of a cubic foot 
of marble (a fair average), the weight of a prism an inch 
square and the thickness of the slab will be almost .07 of 
a pound. We may therefore consider .o7 of a pound to 
the square inch as the bending pressure. 

Considering the curve of the slab an arc of a circle; a 
continuous piece of limestone having the same curve 
would form a closed circle with a radius of 37 feet. 

In summary, a slab of marble 34 of an inch thick under 
a stress of .o7 of a pound per square inch has in 10 years 
become flexed one forty-sixth of its length. 


GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS IN THE STATE OF 
CALIFORNIA. 


BY ANTHONY W. VOGDES. 


The want of a compilation of the works onthe geology 
of California has long been felt by the workers in this 
department of natural science: the author has, there- 
fore, collected with considerable care all of the most 
important official publications on the subject, and he 
hopes that it will be found in some degree useful to the 
geologists of the Pacific Slope. 


I. United States Government Reports. 

Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky 
Mountains in 1842 and in Oregon and North California 
in the years 1843-44, by Capt. J. C. Fremont, U. S. 
Army. Washington, 1845, 693 pp., 24 plates and 3 
maps. 28 Cong., 2d Session, Senate Doc. 174. 

Geographical Memoirs upon Upper California in Ilus- 
tration of his Map of Oregon and California, Capt. John 
C. Fremont, Washington, 1848, 67 pp. Map of same. 
g0 Conger oession.oen. Misc. Doc, 143. 

Notes of a Military Reconnoissance from Fort Leaven- 
worth in Missouri to San Diego in California; including 
parts of the Arkansas, Del Norte and Gila Rivers, by 
Maj. W. H. Emory, U. 8. Army.. Washington, 1848, 
416 pp., 41 plates and map. 30 Cong., Ist Session, Ex. 
Dogs 41. 

eport ‘ot Wieut. Col: Ps St. “George Cooke of his 
march from Santa Fé, New Mexico, to San Diego, Upper 
California. Washington, 1848, 13 pp. and map. 30 Cong., 
Ist Session, Ex. Doc. 41, pp. 551-563. 

Journallot Capt: A= Re ajohnson; U.S, Army. ~ (Ex- 


pedition from Santa Fé to San Diego.) Washington, 
2p S=er., Vou. II. ( 24) May 3, 1893. 


326 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


1848, 48 pp. 430+ Cong:, rst. Session, Ex..Doc. 41, pp. 
5607-614. 

Journal of the march of the Mormon battalion of In- 
fantry Volunteers, under the command of Lieut. Col. 
P.St. (George Cooke, from Santa Ve, New Mexico, io 
San Diego, California, etc. Washington, 1849, 85 pp. 
Special Session, Senate Doc. 2. 

U. S. Exploring Expedition under the command of 
Charles Wilkes, U. S. Navy, Vol. X, Geology by James 
D. Dana. Philadelphia, 1849, pp. x11, 9, 756, 5 maps. 
Folio atlas of 21 plates. 

Report of Hon. T. Butler King on California. Wash- 
ington, 1851, 72 pp. This report was printed by order 
of the House of Representatives. 


Pactric RAILROAD REPORTS. 

Vol. iii. Résumé of a Geological Reconnaissance, 
extending from Napoleon, at the junction of the Arkansas 
with the Mississippi, to the Pueblo de Los Angeles in 
California, by Jules Marcou. This résumé was reprinted 
from the preliminary report of Lieut. Whipple. House 
Doc., 129, Washington, 1855. 

Vol. v, 1857. Routes in California to Connect with the 
Routes near the 35th Parallel and 32d Parallel, explored 
by Lt. R. S. Williamson in 1853, Geological Report by 
William S. Blake. 

Vol. vi, 1856. Geological Reports of Routes in Cali- 
fornia and Oregon, explored by Lts. R. S. Williamson and 
H.L. Abbott, by John S. Newberry. 

1. Geology of the Vicinity of San Francisco. 

2. Geology of the Sacramento Valley, etc., etc. 

Vol. vii, 1856. Routes in California to Connect with 
the Routes near the 35th and 32d Parallel and Routes near 


GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF CALIFORNIA. 327 


the 32d Parallel between the Rio Grande and Pimas Vil- 
lages, explored by John G. Parke in 1854-55. Geological 
Report by Thomas Antisell. 

Description of the Fossils and Shells Collected in Cali- 
fornia, by William P. Blake, Washington, 1855. H.Doc., 
Oa EDs 

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 

Report of P. T. Tyson upon the Geology of California, 
Washington, 1850, 74 pp., 9 sections and one map. 

Part 2. Report of the Secretary of War in further 
compliance with the resolution of the Senate calling for 
copies of Reports on the Geology and Topography ot 
California. Washington, 1850. 37 pp. and 3 maps. 31st 
Cong., 1st Session, Senate, Ex: Doe:, 47: 

Geology and Industrial Resources of California, by 
Ehitipead tyson, Baltimores; regis, xxxiv,127 and 37 
pp-. 9 sections and 3 maps. 

UNITED STATES AND MExicAN BouNDARY SURVEY. 

Paleontology and Geology of the Boundary, by James 
Hall. Description of Cretaceous and Tertiary Fossils, by 
T. A. Conrad. Washington, 1857. 34th Cong., 1 Ses- 


sion, Senate Ex. Doc., No. 108. 


Report MINERAL ReEsourcES UNITED STATES. 
Report of 1867. Historical Sketch of Gold and Sil- 
ver Mining on the Pacific Slope, by J. Ross Browne and 
James W. Taylor. pp. 13-36. 
Geological Formation, etc., of the Pacific Slope, 
by William Ashburner. pp. 37-49. 
Condition of Gold and Silver Mining on the 
Pacific Coast, by J. Ross Browne and James W. Taylor. 


pp- 49-85. 


328 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Report of 1867. The Copper Resources of the Pacific 
Slope. Geological Formation in which Copper is found, 
by J. Ross Browne and James W. Taylor. Section v, 
pp. 138-169. 

Quicksilver mines of California (for Borax, 
Sulphur, Tin and Coal, see Sec. vii), by J. Ross Browne 
and James W. Taylor. Sec. vi, pp. 170-178. 

Report on the Coal Deposits of the Pacific 
Slope, by W. M. Gabb. pp. 188-193. 

Annotated Catalogue of the Principal Mineral 
Species hitherto Recognized in California and the ad- 
joining States and Territories, by William P. Blake. 
Section 1x, pp. 200—212. 

Notes on the Geographical Distribution and 
Geology of the Precious Metals and Valuable Minerals 
on the Pacific Slope of the United States, by J. Ross 
Browne and James W. Taylor. pp. 212-215. 

Report of 1868. General Condition of the Mining In- 
terest, by J. Ross Browne. pp. 12-298. 

Report of 1869. Notes on California, by R. W. Ray- 
mond. pp. 9-33. 

Report of 1870. Condition of Mining Industry. pp. 
13-87. 

Report of 1872. Condition of Mining Industry in Cal- 
ifornia. pp. 13-140. (The Formation of Gravel Deposits, 
p-'55-) (Section of Table Mountain, p. 62.) 

Report of 1873. Condition of Mining Industry in 
California. pp. 7-107. 

Report of 1873. The Pliocene Rivers of California, 
by Amos Bowman. pp. 377-389. 

Report of 1874. Condition of Mining Industry in 
California. pp. 11-156. Klamath County. Geological 


GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF CALIFORNIA. 329 
Sections, p. 145, by A.W. Chase. Nevada County. Map 
of Gravel Deposits, p. 108. 

Report of 1875. Condition of Mining Industry of Cal- 
ifornia, pp. 11-194. (Lignites, p. 75.) 

Report of 1876. Condition of the Mining Industry in 
California. pp. 3-132. Geology of Plumas County, by 
iP A. Edman. sp. 109: .1One map. 

Geology ot the Sierra Nevada in its Relation to 
Vein Mining, by Amos Bowman. pp. 441-470. 

U.S Coasr SURVEY, 

Report of 1855. Observations on the Physical Geo- 
graphy and Geology of the Coast of California from 
Bodega Bay to San Diego, by W. P. Blake. pp. 376 to 
398. Four plates. 

CoLorRAbDO EXPLORING EXPEDITION. 

Geology of the Coast of Southern California, by John 
S. Newberry, Washington, 1861. 

U. S. GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WEST 
OF THE 100TH MERIDIAN. 

Vol. i111, Part 1. Report on the Geology of portions of 
Nevada, Utah, California and Arizona examined in the 
years 1871-2, by G. K. Gilbert. 

Report of 1876. Report on the Geology of a portion of 
Southern California, by Jules Marcou. pp. 378-419. 

Report on the Geology of the Mountain Ranges 
from La Veta Pass to Head of the Pecos, by A. R. Conk- 
ling. pp. 419-22. 

Report of 1877. Geological Report on the portions ot 
Western Nevada and Eastern California between the par- 
allels 30° 30’ and 38° 30’, by A. R. Conkling. Appendix 
H., pp. 1285-1295. 


330 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 

J. W. PowE.u, DIRECTOR. 

On the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Paleontology of Cali- 
fornia, Dy. . Wihite) «bullae a6 Olas ress. 
oo) PP 

Notes on the Stratigraphy of California, by Geo. F. 
Becker: ~ Bull. Nov 19;"Voels-3, 1885-5 26 pp: 

On New Cretaceous Fossils from California, by C. A. 
White. Bull. Nov.22; Voli.3; 1885.) 25¢pp..'5 Plates: 

Notes on the Geology of California, by J. S. Diller. 
Bull: No. 33) Volis5;, 1886. 23 pp: 

Monographs, Vol. xiii. Geology of the Quicksilver De- 
posits of the Pacific Slope, with atlas, by George F. 
Becker. Washington, 1888. xix, 486 pp. 7 pls. and atlas 
of 14 sheets folio. 

8th Annual Report, 1889. Quaternary History of 
Mono Valley, California, by Israel C. Russell. pp. 
261-394. 24 plates and 5 maps. 

Geology of the Lassen Peak District, by J. S. Diller. 
PP. 395-432. 7 plates. 

Summary ot the Geology of the Quicksilver Deposits 
of the Pacific Slope, by Geo. F. Becker. pp. 961-985. 
2 plates: 

Geologic Atlas of the United States. Sacramento 
Sheet, California. Sketch of Gold Belt. Topography, 
Areal Geology, Economic Geology, Structure Sections. 
Washington, 1892. 4 sheets with text. 


TENTH CENSUS REPORTS. 

Vol. v, part. 2,) 2884... Report” of the Physical and 
Agricultural Features of the State of California, with a 
Discussion of the Present and Future of Cotton Produc- 
tion in the State, also Remarks on Cotton Culture in New 
Mexico, Utah, Arizona and Mexico, by E: W. Hilgard. 


GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF CALIFORNIA. 331 


II. California Official Reports. 


Report of the Special Committee in favor ot a Geolog- 
ical Survey of California Submitted by Mr. Randall April 
PA TOS Ts. 6 LO pp: 

Report of 1853.- Geology of the Sierra Nevada or 
California Range, by John B. Trask. 31 pages. 

Report on the Geology of the Coast Mountains and 
part of the Sierra Nevada, embracing their Industrial 
Resources in Agriculture and Mining, by John B. Trask. 
Assembly Doc. No. 9, Session 1854. 95 pp. 

Report on Geology of the Coast Mountains, by John B. 
Wraske™ ‘Senate Doc: "No.1; 1855: 95 pp- 

Geology of a part of Calaveras County, Dec., 1854, by 
William Patton. In Report to the Surveyor-General of 
California. Doc. 5, Appendix F, pp. 86-88. Sacra- 
mento, 1855. 

Report on the Geology ot Northern and Southern Cal- 
ifornia, embracing the Mineral and Agricultural Resources 
of those Sections with Statistics of the Northern, South- 
ern and Middle Mines, by John B. Trask. Assembly 
Doe Now, Session 1856.5) 66:pp. 

Report of a Survey of a Portion ot the Eastern Bound- 
ary of California and of a Reconnaissance of the old 
Carson and Johnson Immigrant Roads over the Sierra 
Nevada. Ann. Rep. Surveyor-General 1856. Assem- 
bly Doc. No. 5, Session 1856. 


GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CALIFORNIA. 
J. D. Wuitney, DireEcTor. 


The Geological Survey of California, an Address Deliv- 
ered betore the Legislature of California at Sacramento, 
Tuesday evening, March 12, 1861, by J. D. Whitney. 
San Francisco, 1861. 50 pp. 


232 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Letter of the State Geologist Relative to the Progress 
of the State Geological Survey, by J. D. Whitney. San 
Prancisco; 186279 yupp. 

Lecture on Geology Delivered before the Legislature 
of California, at San Francisco, Thursday evening, Feb. 
27, 1862,, by, ]..D: Whitey. sam Francisco; 1862242 
Pe: 

Lecture on Geology Delivered before the Legislature 
of California at Sacramento, Tuesday evening, March 
19, 1863, by.J. D. Whitney. Sacramento, 1863.17 pp: 

Annual Report of the State Geologist of California 
forthe year 1862, by J.D. Whitney. San Prancisco; 
TOM) <0) 12s. 

Annual Report of the State Geologist for the year 1863, 
by j.2D. Whitney, Sacramento, 1864.7 pp. 

Letter of the State Geologist Relative to the Progress 
of the State Geological Survey during the years 1864-5, 
by: }2D:, Whitney.» Sacramento, 1866.~ a4 opp. 

Letter of the State Geologist Relative to the Progress 
of the State Geological Survey during the years 1866-7, 
by. J. D. Whitney.: Sacramento,( 18672) 15 pp: 

An Address on the Propriety of Continuing the State 
Geological Survey of California, delivered before the 
Legislature, Jan., 1868, by J. D. Whitney. San Fran- 
Cisco, “TS6Sx> (23 pp: 

Report of the State Geologist on the Condition of the 
Geological Survey of. California,.by J. D. Whitney. 
Sacramento, 1869. 7. pp. 

Letter of the State Geologist Relative to the Progress 
of the Survey during the vears 1870-71, by J. D. Whit- 
ney. Sacramento, 1871. 13 pp. 


Statement of the Progress of the State Geological Sur- 


GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF CALIFORNIA. 333 


vey of California during the years 1872-3, by J. D. Whit- 
Ney. £4) pp. 

Report of the Joint Committee on the Geological Sur- 
vey of the State made to the Legislature in 1874. 

Mining Statistics No. 1. Tabular Statement of the Con- 
dition of the Auriferous Quartz Mines and Mills in that 
part of Mariposa and Tuolumne Counties lying between 
the Merced and Stanislaus Rivers, by A. Rémond. 
Mpril,: 1866.) [x6) pp- 

The Yosemite Book. A Description of the Yosemite 
Valley and the Adjacent Regions of the Sierra Nevada 
and of the Big Trees of -California. New York, 1868. 
pp. 4 to 116, 2 maps, and 28 photographs; 250 copies 
printed. The Yosemite Guide Book, Cambridge, 1870. 
vill and 155 pp. and 2 maps. 2nd Edition, Cambridge, 
1871. viiand133pp.and2maps. 3rd Edition, Revised and 
Corected, Cambridge, 1874. vill and 186 pp. and 4 maps. 

Catalogue of the Invertebrate Fossils of the Western 
Slope of thes United ¥Statess Part 25 by. |. G. Cooper. 
Sam, Pranciseon137V.., 30 pp. 

Geographical Catalogue of the Mollusca found west of 
the Rocky Mountains between Latitudes 33° and 49°, by 
J.G. Cooper. San Francisco, 1867. 40 pp. 

Paleontology, Vol. i. Carboniferous and Triassic 
Fossils, by F. B. Meek. Triassic and Cretaceous Fossils, 
by W.M. Gabb. Philadelphia, 1864. xx and 243 pp. 
32 plates. 

Paleontology, Vol. 11, Cretaceous and Tertiary Fos- 
sils, by W. M. Gabb, Philadelphia, 1869. xiv and 299 
pps, 3O.plates. 

Geology, Vol. 1. Synopsis of the Field Work from 
1860 to 1864. Philadelphia, 1865. xxvii and 498 pp. 
and plate. 


334 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Geology, Vol. 2. The Coast Ranges. Appendix. 
Cambridge, 1882. 148 pp, 5 plates. 

Contributions to Barometric Hypsometry. With tables 
for use in California. Cambridge, 1874. 88 pp. Sup- 
plementary chapter, added in 1878, pp. 89-112. 

Supplementary Chapter and Practical Application of 
the tables to the Observations of the years 1870-1 and 
a discussion of the results obtained, by J. D. Whitney. 
Cambridge, 1878. 24 pp. 

Botany, Vol. i. Polypetale, by W. H. Brewer and 
Sereno Watson; Gamopetale, by Asa Gray. Cambridge, 
1Oyor .xx-and,623 pp: 

Botany, Vol. ii.. By Sereno Watson. Cambridge, 
1880. xv and 559 pp. 

Ornithology, Vol. i. Land Birds, edited by S. F. 
Baird, from the MSS. and notes of J. G. Cooper. Cam- 
bridge, 1870: - xi-and 502 pp. 

The Water Birds of (North America, by S. Fe Baird: 
T. M. Brewer and R. Ridgeway. Issued in continua- 
tion of the publications of the Geol. Survey of Califor- 
nia. Boston, 1834. Vols 1. <x andi5 375ppes Vola 2. 
55?PP: 

Map of Region Adjacent to the Bay of San Francisco. 
2 mules ——-1 jinch. WNew "Y ork,.1879. Invportioliontad 
sheets. Map of Central California, n. p; n. d. 

Map of California and Nevada, by F.v. Leicht and A. 
Craven. rSmiles—azinch, New York, 1673, , Wolered: 
Revised by Hoffman and Craven. New York, 1874. 

Map of Central California and Western Nevada. 6 
miles == 1 inch: — 4 sheets. 

Map of Sierra Nevada adjacent to the Yosemite Val- 
ley s2iamales:—— 7 taehe 


GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF CALIFORNIA. 335 


Report on the Fossil Plants of the Auriferous Gravel 
Deposits of the Sierra Nevada, by Leo Lesquereux. 
Cambridge, 1878. viii and 62 pp. With ten double 
plates. 

The Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada of Cali- 
fornia, by J. D. Whitney. Cambridge, 1879-80. pp. 
1-288, 1879. pp. 289-569-1880. 24 plates and 2 geo- 
logical maps. 

The Climatic Changes of Later Geological Times. A 
discussion based on observations made in the Cordilleras 
of North America, by J. D. Whitney. Cambridge, 
1880-1882. Part I, pp. 1-120, 1880. Part 2, pp. 121- 
264, 1882. Entire work, 394 pp. 

STATE UNIVERSITY REPORT. 

Report on Mount Diablo Coals, by S. B. Christy. 
Sacramento, 1877. pp. 70-74. 

Biennial Report of the Regents of the University of 
California for the years 1877-9. Report of J. D.Whitney. 
Sacramento, 1878. pp. 82-85. 


CALIFORNIA STATE Mininc BureEAu. 

Henry G. Hanks, STATE MINERALOGIST. 

Annual Report of State Mineralogist. First Report 
1880. Sacramento, 1880. 43 pp. 

Second Report of the State Mineralogist of California 
from Dec. 1, 1880, to Oct. 2, 1882. Sacramento, 1882. 
288 pp., map and 4 photographs, with appendix. 

Contributions to the Geology and Mineralogy of Cali- 
fornia, by William P. Blake. Sacramento, 1881. 15 
PP 

Contributions to the Geology and Mineralogy of Cali- 
fornia, on the milling of gold quartz, by Melville Att- 
wood. Sacramento, 1882. 20 pp. 


336 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Third Annual Report of the State Mineralogist for the 
year ending June, 1883. Sacramento, 1883, 112 pp: 
and I map. 

Fourth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist for 
the year ending May 15, 1884. Sacramento, 1884. 410 
pp. and 2 plates. 

Fifth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist tor the 
year ending May 15, 1885. Sacramento, 1885. 235 pp., 
1 plate and 4 sections. 

Sixth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, Part 1, 
for the year ending June 1, 1886. Sacramento, 1886. 
I45 pp. and 1 map. 

First Annual Catalogue of the State Museum of Cali- 
fornia being the collection made by the State Mining 
Bureau during the year ending April 16, 1881. Sacra- 
mento, L682.. Pp. 350. 

Catalogue of Books, Maps, Lithographs, Photographs, 
etc. in the Library of the State Mining Bureau at San 
Francisco, May 15, 1884. Sacramento, 1884. I9 pp. 

Catalogue of the State Museum of California, vol. 2, 
being the collections made by the State Mining Bureau 
from April 16, 1881, to May 15, 1884. Sacramento, 1885. 


22000) - 


CALIFORNIA STATE Minine BUREAU. 
WILLIAM IRELAN, JR., STATE MINERALOGIST. 


Sixth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, Part 2, 
for the year ending June 1, 1886. Sacramento, 1887. 
222-pp., illustrated, 

Seventh Annual Report of the State Mineralogist for 
the year ending October 1, 1887. Contains a Catalogue of 
California Fossils, compiled by J. G. Cooper. Sacra- 
Mento, TOSS... "315 pp. 


GE@LOGICAL SURVEYS OF CALIFORNIA. 2327) 


Eighth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist for 
the year ending October 1, 1888. Sacramento, 1888. 
948 pp., illustrated. . 

Ninth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist for the 
year ending December 1, 1889. Sacramento, 1890. 352 
pp. and 34 plates. 

Tenth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist for the 
year ending December 1, 1890. Contains Geological Map 
of California. Sacramento, 1890. 981 pp., maps and 
plates. 

Bulletin No.1. A description of the desiccated human 
remains in the California State Mining Bureau, by Wins- 
low Anderson, M. D. Sacramento, 1888. 41 pp. and 
6 plates. 

Catalogue ot the Library of the California State Mining 
Bureau, San Francisco, California, September 1, 1892. 
Sacramento, 1892. 149 pp. 


ON LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF 
LOWER CALIFORNIA. No. 3. 


BY J. G. COOPER. 


This paper is a continuation of the article on p. 207, 
where a part of the Lower California land and fresh- 
water shells are described or mentioned. 

CoOLUMNA RAMENTOSA J. G. C. 1891. Plate xiii, fig. 1. 

Fehodea californica var. ramentosa, \. c., p. 215, ete. 

Nuclear whorls 2, turbinate, abruptly truncate, with 
numerous fine vertical ribs, on third becoming oblique 
and parallel to lines of growth, on all the others crossed 
by 10 to 15 transverse stria parallel to sutures, produc- 
ing a file-lke sculpture. Whorls 13 to 16 slightly con- 
vex, cylindrical and nearly equal, the 7th to 11th usually 
largest, then diminishing and penultimate whorl also nar- 
rowed vertically to size of 8th. Body whorl swollen on 
left side, and with 2 deep constrictions about equidistant 
between base and suture, extending from outer side of 
lip to middle of dorsal surface, not visible inside of mouth. 
Peristome slightly expanded and thickened, suboval, 
pointed above, inner lip continuous across columella, 
leaving an umbilical sinus, which continues as a perfora- 
tion throughout axis of shell, mouth of shell large, ex- 
panded, base rounded. Immature shell with the base an- 
gular, forming a rhomboid mouth. 

Length 0.95 to 1 inch, breadth 0.18; mouth 0.19 long, 
0.17 wide; color white, translucent. 

flabitat.—Foothills near San José del Cabo, Lower 
California, 15 specimens near edge of lagoons, one in 
acave.. W. EH. Bryant and (G.2vsen: 

COLUMNA (var.?) ABBREVIATA J. G. C. 1892. Plate 
ihe ey See ame mp uIa tae 


Nuclear whorls, 1%, vertically flattened, the others re- 
2p Ser. Vou. It. May 5, 1893. 


LOWER CALIFORNIAN MOLLUSCA. 339 


duced to 8 or 9, the 7th largest, 6th and 8th about equal 
and much smaller, penultimate not narrowed and larger 
than fourth. Outline swollen at middle, contracted at 
suture of body-whorl, which is shorter vertically than in 
C. ramentosa. Mouth subcircular, subacutely pointed 
at its apex, near suture, the constrictions on body-whorl 
deep, partly visible inside, otherwise as in ramentosa. A 
very thin brownish epidermis covered the living shell. 

Length 0.85, breadth 0.19 inch; mouth 0.22 long, 0.18 
wide. 

Five found on higher part of the range of C. ramentosa 
by Dr. Eisen. 

This might well be considered a distinct species if 
there were not some indications of intermediate charac- 
ters, and until more are known we may attribute the 
variations to environment, local influences producing a 
stunted race. 

MELANIELLA? EISENIANA n. sp. Plate xii, fig. 3. 

Shell sinistral, with a thin brownish epidermis, first two 
nuclear whorls white, smooth, turbinate, third narrower, 
and with the rest covered with numerous vertical riblets, 
increasing to about 50 on body-whorl, where they curve 
round the base and end at the edge of lip. Whorls 17 
to 19 regularly and slowly enlarging from the 3d to the 
body-whorl, which is contracted about one-third, flat- 
tened, sutures moderately impressed, truncating the rib- 
lets. Penultimate whorl swollen, largest, narrowing to- 
ward mouth, which is ovate, acute at junction of lips, of 
which the outer crosses the inner, ending at the sutuse. 

Length about 0.55 inch, breadth 0.14; mouth 0.08 long, 
0.09 wide. Shell transparent. 

Fourteen found by Dr. Eisen under stones living, but 
the epidermis being destroyed by alcohol they do not have 
exactly the color of fresh ones. 


340 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Considerable difference is shown in the shell from the 
species figured by W. G. Binney as of this ‘* subgenus 
of Stenogyra,’’ and it is very doubtful if it is related to 
it, or to the family Stenogyride, which has a jaw of one 
piece, which this certainly has not. Its dissection has not, 
however, been completed, and it seems externally to have 
more relations with Cylindrella. 


BULIMULUS INSCENDENS BRYANTI J.G. Cooper. Plate 
xill, fig. 4. 

For description of this subspecies see ale, p. 101. 

BULIMULUS INSCENDENS BELDINGI J. G. C. Plate xii, 
fig. 5. 

Described in these Proceedings, vol. ili, p. 209, 1892. 
(The latitude of Punta Arena there given as 25° 30 
should be 23° 30’.) 

This subspecies being most common at a high eleva- 
tion, its differences from the lowland type may be due to 
the same environing influences that have produced the 
stunted form of Columna. The occurrence of a few 
specimens near sea-level may be caused by mountain tor- 
rents having washed down a tew, which have, perhaps, 
established a temporary colony there. 


BULIMULUS SUFFLATUS INSULARIS J. G. C. Plate xiv, 
fig. 6. 
Same reference, p. 212. 


BULIMULUS GABBI Crosse & Fischer. 

Since the article above referred to was published, in 
which I showed the close resemblance of this to B. Van- 
tust W. G. B., I have seen the plate and description by 
C. & F.in the Mollusques du Mexique, and there is cer- 
tainly much reason to consider their 6. gabéz as not more 
than a subspecies at most of B. Vantus?, of which they 
merely copy Binney’s figure and description. While 


LOWER CALIFORNIAN MOLLUSCA. 341 


some differences exist, they are not so great as those 
seen in the subspecies of B. zmscendens here given. 


HELIX AREOLATA EXANIMATA J.G. C. Plate xiv, fig. 7. 
Same reference, p. 216. 


PLANORBIS (ANISUS) ANITENSIS n. sp. Plate xiv, fig. 8. 
Shell (when held mouth downward) with the right side 
concavo-convex, the left flat (or slightly concave), the 
left margin forming a sharp carina expanded beyond the 
solid edge of shell, which is marked by a compressed 
line. Whorls 5, visible on both sides, uniformly flat on 
the left side, forming a concave umbilicus on the right, 
where their surface is rounded. Mouth triangular, the 
right lip arched, the left nearly flat, the extremities joined 
to outer angle and to obtuse margin of umbilical cavity. 
Umbilicus half as wide as the shell; flat side of mouth 
one-fourth of diameter; greatest breadth (at mouth) over 
one-fifth of same; greater diameter 0.26, least 0.03 inch. 
Hlabitat.—¥ our specimens found in a laguna at Santa 
Anita, Lower California, at an elevation of 100 feet, and 
to miles from San José del Cabo, Lower California. 
This species seems to come nearest to some of those 
of tropical America, as P. kermatodes Orbigny, which 
ciftens: inslaseemesize, ete. it appreaches also to /. 
planorbis Linné (marginatus Drap.) and P. nitidus Mul- 
ler of Europe, but none seem to be so much flattened 
or doubly concave. The only similar North American 
species is P. exacutus Say, which also differs in being 
lenticular in form (or doubly convex in outline). That 
species is also unknown nearer than Vancouver Island 
and Kansas, 2,000 and 1,000 miles distant. A compari- 
son of this shell with P. (MWenetus) opercularis Gould, 
shows that it is reversed, the flattened side beine the 
right in that shell, which Dr. Gould describes al. 


2p SER. VoL. III. ( 25 ) 3. 


342 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


It may be noted here that Mr. Binney, in Land and 
Freshwater Shells, part 2, p. 127, figures as a variety of 
P. exacutus the shell called ‘‘ Paludina hyalina Lea,’ in 
which the spire is raised in a conical form, tending to 
prove that the species is really dextral. On this account I 
have described these shells as if in the vertical position in 
which they are carried by the animal. 

PLANORBIS (ANISUS?) PENINSULARIS n. sp. Plate xiv, 
fig. 9. 

Shell with both sides concave, the right with whorls 
rounded, their edge forming an obtuse margin, and the 
outer one partly enclosing the others so that it forms % 
the greater diameter of shell. Whorls 5, visible on both 
sides, the rounded (or right) surface showing less of them 
than the other. Left (or umbilical?) surface nearly flat, 
deeply concave near middle, the umbilicus being over 
\% of diameter. Mouth trapezoidal, very oblique, its lips 
curved, the right extremity attached near the concave 
spire, the left to the obtuse periphery of shell. Mouth 
\Y% longer than wide; its breadth over % of that of shell. 
Greater diameter 0.16, least 0.05 inch. Color brown, 
surface smooth. 

Hlabitat.—With P. anztenszs, in same laguna. This shell 
might, at first sight, pass for the young or a stunted form 
of the preceding, but it seems to present essential differ- 
ences too marked to allow of such an inference. Like 
that it appears to be sinistral but it is impossible to decide 
which is the umbilical side with certainty. It is also one 
of the puzzling intermediate forms of the Planorboid 
group, and belongs as much to Menetus as to Anisus, with 
some resemblance to Nautilina. It bears much the rela- 
tion to typical Planorbis that Gonostoma, etc., do to other 
Helicoids, and if found on dry ground might easily have 
been taken for a terrestrial shell. No northern species 
resembles it much. 


LOWER CALIFORNIAN MOLLUSCA. 343 


HELICODISCUS LINEATUS SONORENSIS n. subsp. Plate 
RAY 5 HO TO; 

The little shell here figured was found by Dr. Eisen 
in a damp locality near San Miguel, Sonora, Mexico, and 
supposed at first to be the young of a Planorboid aquatic 
shell, but the microscope proved it to be probably a young 
shell of Say’s species, or perhaps a regional subspecies 
to which I have given tue above provisional name. The 
figure toa would prove its immaturity if it did not have a 
slightly thickened lip, there being but three whorls visible 
and no teeth. //. dineatus is one of the most widely 
spread species of North America, from New Brunswick, 
latitude 49°, to Montana, and Georgia to California, but 
with varieties or subspecies having different characters. 
That of Sonora may, when found mature, add another 
form, but this specimen seems only about half grown. 

It differs from /:meatus in the subangled margin, 
smaller umbilicus, more rapidly enlarging whorls, and 
no denticles. The Californian subspecies is also without 
denticles. It is barely possible that a new Planorbis 
may occur in Mexico having these characters, but none 
is known elsewhere with bands beneath the epidermis. 
I have compared it with Gould’s P. hzrsutus (P. albus 
Muller var.?). This resembles the Sonora shell in hav- 
ing similar lines in the epidermis, but they produce rows 
of bristles which fall off easily with the skin, leaving no 
marks. It is also one-fifth larger than /7. /zneatws and 
has only 3 whorls when full grown. 

It is somewhat singular that Say, the author of the 
species, made the mistake of describing a specimen as a 
Planorbis. It was found ‘‘in a dried up pond with a 
number of aquatic shells in the Upper Missouri region.’”’ 
He called it P. parallelus, and, although three times as 
large as the Sonora specimen, he did not suspect its true 


344 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


character, though he thought it ‘‘ might be a land-shell,”’ 
it probably having been faded and the internal denticles 
absent. (See Binney’s Ed. of Say’s Works, pp. 9, 11, 
63, and his Land and Fresh Water Shells, part 2, p. 135.) 
There is certainly a close resemblance in this land-shell 
to the toothed Planorbes of the subgenus Segmentzna, 
but none of them is described asfhaving colored lines as 
this has. 

Dr. Eisen also found in Sonoraa Bulimulus apparently 
a small variety of B. alternatus Say, a widely spread 
species of Mexico and Texas, very abundant at Hermo- 
sillo. One Helix behri Gabb at Guaymas, and Patula maz- 
atlanica Pfeiffer, north of Mazatlan—s5 or 6 dead. //y- 
alinia indentata Say, is another Sonoran species, named 
in the previous article, p. 216. Also, Zzmax (sp. indet.) 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES XIII, XIV. 


Fig. la, CoLUMNA RAMENTOSA X about 4. 1b, Showing folds of anterior 
whorl and narrowed 2d whorl. 1c, Lateral view of same. ld, Apical 
whorls, the 2 nuclear with vertical, and 2 next with oblique ribs be- 
coming ramentose on third. le, 1f, More magnified figures of sculp- 
ture of four apical whorls. 

Fig. 2a, CoLUMNA (var.?) ABBREVIATA X about 3. 20, 2c, as in 18, le. 
2d nuclear and 3d whorls. 
Fig. 3a, MELANIELLA EISENIANA X nearly 9. 3b, Rib sculpture of all the 

whorls. 3c, Apical whorls, the 3d narrowed. 

Fig. 4a, 6, BULIMULUS INSCENDENS BRYANTI enlarged. 4c, Nuclear whorls. 

Fig. 5a, 6, BuLIMULUS INSCENDENS BELDINGI enlarged nearly $4. 5c, Rib 
sculpture of apical whorls. \ 

Fig. 6a, b, BULIMULUS SUFFLATUS INSULARIS enlarged 4. 

Fig. 7a, 7b, HELIX AREOLATA EXANIMATA, plain and banded examples, a 
little enlarged. 

Fig. 8a, 6, PLANORBIS (ANISUS) ANITENSIS X 10. 

Fig. 9a, b, PLANORBIS (ANISUS?) PENINSULARIS X about 10. 

Fig. 10a, }, c, HELICODISCUS LINEATUS SONORENSIS X 14. 10d, Revolving 
lines more magnified, crossed by lines of growth. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW KANGAROO RAT FROM 
LOWER CALIFORNIA (DIPODOMYS MERRIAMI 
MELANURUS subsp. nov.) COLLECTED BY 
WALTER E. BRYANT. 


BY C. HART MERRIAM. 


In an interesting collection of mammals from the Cape 
region of Lower California, sent me for examination by 
Mr. Walter E. Bryant, is an undescribed kangaroo rat 
which Mr. Bryant has kindly asked me to name. 

It is a small 4-toed form closely related to Dzpodomys 
merrtamt Mearns (from New River, Arizona), with 
which it doubtless intergrades and from which it dif- 
fers chiefly in having the terminal third of the tail 
abruptly blackish. The very large series of D. merrzamz 
in the U. S. Department of Agriculture collection (com- 
prising upwards of 600 specimens) shows that the distal 
part of the tail becomes darker in passing southward from 
Arizona and southern California through Sonora, and 
that specimens from Ortiz and Guaymas are almost ident- 
ical with those from the Cape region of the peninsula. 

The new form may be known from the following de- 
scription: 


Dipodomys merriami melanurus subsp. nov. 


Type No. 539 4 ad. Collection of Calitornia Academy 
of Sciences. From San José del Cabo, Lower Califor- 
nia, March 19, 1892. Collected by Walter E. Bryant. 
Original number, 551. 

Measurements of type (taken in flesh by collector) .— 
Total length, 239; tail vertebra, 144; hind foot, 35. 
Average measurements of six specimens from type local- 

2p SER., Vou. III. June 5, 1893, 


346 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ity (San José del Cabo): Totallength, 240; tail vertebra, 
14r; hind foot, 36.5. 

General characters.—Similar to DD. merriamz, but 
smaller; terminal third of tail abruptly blackish. 

Color.—Upper parts pale ochraceous-buff mixed rather 
sparingly with black-tipped hairs; crescents at base of 
whiskers small; face and supraorbital spot white; not 
dusky on ankle; upper and lower tail-stripes continuous 
to tip, meeting considerably anterior to end of vertebra, 
the crested penicillate part blackish. 


PROCEEDINGS: 


January 20, 1890.—Srarep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from John Crellin and Maurice 
Chaper. 

Additions to Library: 

Hrom ‘correspon denttseaneeerer eee chee cer ci a Mee adr eele) serehe weer oe 56 
By purchase....... 5 pnd Bae | Sane eer canst ference ee ae 5 
By donation eed Wee) oe 

Dr. Harkness spoke on the injury done to oysters planted in the bay 
by whelks, which were probably introduced with them. 

Dr. Behr made some remarks on the fish and crustacea, found in artesian 
wells in Aigeria, donated by Maurice Chaper. Dr. Eisen stated that simi- 
lar fish were found in artesian wells in Kern County. 

Dr. Behr presented specimens of diseased peach roots and the President 
called attention to a recent report on the root-knot disease, published by 
the Department of Agriculture, wherein it is claimed that the disease is 
the work of Anguillula. In the discussion which followed, this theory 
was repudiated by Dr. Harkness and Dr. Behr, they claiming that the 
Anguillula does not produce the disease, but finds in the diseased tissue 
a suitable nidus. 


February 3, 1890.—Sratep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 
Donations to the Museum were reported from Charles H. Ohm, W. S. 
Bliss and W. D. Bliss. 
Additions to Library: : 
rom *CcOrrespomndentsrem emer preee terete ee heen neers Gana ncn ersveds tio 69 
By purchase 


February 17, 1890.—Stratep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 
Frank H. Vaslit and James S. Bunnell were elected resident members. 


Carl H. Eigenmann and Charles Fuchs were proposed for membership. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from Dr. Toland, Carl Precht, 
T. S. Brandegee, C. A. Hamilton, Charles H. Ohm and J. L. O. Hamilton. 


348 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Additions to Library: 
Eromacorrespondents +4 ceria Cone eee Sage Eevee qe eee 138 
By purchase’ t.s.3, 2 J5. hs eeelee tas a herereehe es one Crier ot oaaeee ae thee 13 

Dr. H. H. Behr read a paper on Amblystoma. 

Capt. I. E. Thayer read a paper on modern ship building. 

The President called attention to the death of Ernest St. C. Cosson, of 
Paris, an honorary member, and read a sketch of his life and labors. 


March 3, 1890.—StTatTEp MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from Henry C. Wulf and Robt. 
A. A. Wright. 


Additions to Library: 


HrgmeCOrrespOondentsee ores. ae Aone meat arte ate eee cack eee scret ree ee 46 
By purchase. 38.56 0. oe ck cic Ga Gee tS com ate Cee See eae aoe see eer 3 
By Sdonationec: 2c. cece See pees oe Oe ARE EOE eee ] 


The following paper was read by title: 
Notes on Sub-Alpine Mollusca of the Sierra Nevada, by W.J. Raymond. 


Mr. Gutzkow exhibited a specimen of Cordyceps, and Dr. Behr and Dr. 
Harkness made some remarks upon its life history. 


Mr. Hittell read the following notice: 

‘Ernest Cosson, honorary member of this society, died, at the age of 
70 years, at his residence in Paris, on the last day of 1889. A man of 
generous disposition and in easy circumstances, he early turned his atten- 
tion to botany. Well known in France as the author of local botanical 
works, he is best known abroad by his connection with the exploration of 
Algiers, to the botany of which he devoted the last forty years of his life, 
and which, delayed by his conscientious care, remains unfortunately un- 
finished. He was elected a member of this society in 1887, and testified 
his interest in our welfare by sending us publications and a large collec- 
tion of Algerian plants, and when overtaken by his last illness, was pre- 
pairing to send us a second installment. His death is a severe loss to 


science and to all connected with him.” 
T. S. BRANDEGEE, 


AW daly laloenioiwies 
Committee. 


March 7, 1890.—SratTED MEETING. 


The PRESIDENT in the chair. 

Donations to the Museum were reported from George B. Badger, Harry 
R. Taylor, B. C. Winston, Clark P. Streator, L. Belding and Charles H. 
Ohm. 


PROCEEDINGS. 349 


Additions to Library: 


BIRO COANE OONUC HANHS Go ooo Bade oy Deo mUOa OU COMO Rm eoor Dea e Sate 106 
Bygpurchuseinr sareren ty arse bere ania soiree neice iia oe 7 
18h COMMON. oc cocuc SUAS ENE PASO PE ObOS COomO EDS DUO UU MEM pEEooH oa ot 4 


Dr. H. W. Harkness read a paper on The Nomenclature of Organic Life. 

Mr. August Ehrlich, of Kaweah, Tulare County, presented specimens of 
the sclerotia of a species of Polyporus. 

Dr. Harkness made some remarks on Rhytisma arbuti, a fungus infest- 
ing the leaves of the Madrono. 


April 7, 1890.—Sratep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from Mrs. Charles A. Morse, 
Walter E. Bryant, Charles H. Ohm, F. O. Johnson, Dr. H. H. Behr, E. M. 
Cooper, Walter D. Bliss and D. 8. Bryant. 


Additions to Library: 


[DOKI HKOMARES] NOM IMs og ae aeaeuuces soc uase noouacds osbeGsb uu cones 154 
BN BRIDECH AROMA rete teats fs tise aap CRA Ae oriole Mckee ure 
Bayer OTA GLOOM sor. fer ea cain «slic», 5125 aca Nee AA eet. Gants sayin oes 3 


Carl H. Eigenmann read a paper on Some Features of the Fresh-water 
Fauna of South America. 

Dr. H. Carrington Bolton gave an account of his visit to the bank of 
sonorous sand in the Desert of Sinai. 

Prof. Henry A. Ward, who had visited the same hill more than thirty 
years before, gave an account of his experiences during the journey. He 
then related the story of his recent trip through the inland passage, 
which extends from latitude 42° south for more than a thousand miles 
along the west coast of South America. 


April 21, 1890.—Sratep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Robert Stevenson was proposed for membership. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from Melville Attwood and Carl 
H. Clark. 


Additions to Library: 


HLOMBCOLTES PONCE MLS twas tea emet tees see ieea) xe leh) enone ee coin 63 
TB eh STOLE TS ee yer Oty Sey ce Deen tiun, Cie 3. UR o occ eR NCC ca eee 16 
By. donation may tere a eee ao ee erga ces Sie a a aktpegy st vel 


Several specimens of Coprinus of extraordinary size were presented by 


350 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Mr Carl H. Clark. The largest was over six inches in breadth, with a 
stripe an inch in diameter and sixteen inches in length. 

C. H. Eigenmann spoke on the young of the Quinnat salmon and of 
Osmerus thaleichthys; also on some new species of Scopelide. 


May 5, 1890.—StaTeD MEETING. 
VicrE-PRESIDENT BEHR in the chair. 


Carl H. Eigenmann and Charles Fuchs were elected resident members. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from Charles H. Ohm, Carlos . 
Troyer, W. Otto Emerson, W. D. Bliss, Charles A. Keeler and W. W. 
Price. 


Additions to Library: 


HromecorrespondentSak Mie oan thats ert tae eke ae ne apenas: ee ener OG) 
By GOnAtlOn 165424 8h oth Se als ion te att aot etetee na ree sory ee 20 
BYyRDUPCH ASC: Shi’ Daten. co iry wane sek Pe a SOR a ae ae ETS RI 


May 19, 1890.—Statrep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Charles A. Keeler was proposed for membership. 
Additions to Library: 


HOM sCOTLESpONMdeNts'. cave picts soccer reer eee ne Eten aera eee ee 70 
Byspurchaseh . & tecicc sc. c tea o seemine Ose SAGE Tn ca eaaerstare tomer 7 
Biytdonatrons se, oie c ck te SE Iee Tee  Seee  eee trite Ne ee cia eae een 2 


F. Gutzkow communicated the results of his examination of the deposits 
of pyrolusite within the city limits. 


Carl H. Eigenmann spoke on the development of the membranes in the 
eggs of fishes. 


June 2, 1890.—STatTED MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


W. W. Price was proposed for membership. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from L. Belding, E. D. Flint, 
Charles H. Ohm and T. S. Brandegee. 


Additions to Library: 


Brom ‘Correspondents '.42 2. asters ae ONS SR IS Coe eee 14] 
By PUrCHAGES 3:5. cc ree eee eae OT eee eet 5) 
By Gonatroms, ssc hae cert a ee a, EO ore ee ae 


T.S. Brandegee gave an account of his recent trip to Santa Catalina 
Island. 


PROCEEDINGS. 351 


June 16, 1890.—StaTrep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 
Dr. H. Carrington Bolton exhibited a quantity of sonorous sand pro- 
cured on his late visit to the Hawaiian Islands, and produced from it the 
characteristic sound. 


Dr. Carl Lumholtz gave a lecture on his two years’ residence among the 
cannibals of Australia, profusely illustrated. 


July 7, 1890:—Sratep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from William Barber, Mrs. C. 
W. Knox, L. Belding, Wm. M. Willey, E. D. Flint, James L. Ord and 
Melville Attwood. 


Additions to Library: 


HO MBCOTRES POMC ENUS ac sees. «area ete ee GN Span a eA co Pecucane We eieiay ee eo 156 
VED UE CHAS Cyt ok Sco op erage Oe Nee NM sieges NT cacy ee Soe NOR STs 25 
SBS EO MAG LOM 8 ois xs alls rare neg aes A Meee eyo, Benny Rom sna wre 2 lea asin, Ss 4 


F. Gutzkow spoke on a diatomaceous earth from Sonoma County. 


C. H. Eigenmann exhibited specimens of salmon, salmon trout and 
trout, and spoke on the differences between the species. 


July 21, 1890.--StatrepD MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Additions to Library: 


rom COrres PONG ENS pew easeet cuniea teresa) ard trate le cibis See Sane sR aio 113 
Bry, pouine lnps @e are aig emer ste = AWG Scapa en 2 15,2 sid gen aS eign Hd sys Skis Sas ee So 12 
By adonatlon er tena ert. “iets OLE eT hee Peat COE OR te ere ete Sr 2 


G. P. Rixford presented specimens of marble from Inyo County and of 
carbonate of soda from the soda works at Owens Lake, giving a description 
of the process of manufacture. 

I. KE. Thayer announced the donation of tive cases of corals, thirty-seven 
species, from the Navigator Islands, by Thomas C. Johnston. The thanks 
of the Academy were voted to Mr. Johnston. 

Dr. H. Carrington Bolton spoke concerning the coming meeting of the 
American Association for the Advancement of Science. 


352 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


August 4, 1890.—Statep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Robert Stevenson, Charles A. Keeler, and W. W. Price were elected 
resident members. 

Donations to the museum were reported from W. A. Robbins, Walter E. 
Bryant, A. K. P. Harmon, Charles A. Keeler, Capt. T. D. Shid and Mel- 
ville Attwood. 

Additions to Library: 

ETroOm! COrrespOndeNtS o. oi nae =< wie Oa ae exe hee eee) SRI oe ate 55 
By Spurchase!cn mss aera eee as roe eee MR Sree tee ie ene te ae ee ese 19 

Rosa §. Eigenmann made some remarks on a shark presented by Capt. 
Shid. 

Walter E. Bryant spoke on the geographical distribution of some species 
of Tamias. 

Dr. Gustay Eisen gave an alarming description of the destruction and 
waste of many of the grandest Sequoias in certain localities of the Sierra 
Nevada, and pointed out the necessity of immediate action on the part of 
the Academy in petitioning the government at Washington to permanently 
protect these forests. 

W.S. Chapman, J. R. Scupham and Gustav Eisen were appointed a com- 
mittee to draft resolutions to be presented to the government. 


August 18, 1890.—SratTep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the museum were reported from I. E. Thayer, A. V. La 
Motte, L. Belding, A. W. Anthony, S. T. Dodson, W. D. Bliss and J. W. 
Morrison. 


Additions to Library: 


HTOMICOTFESPONGENTS ei) -s0g tel ee) viele eas ean ade ae 91 
By "purchases ss socccctant cic ae eta e ake ee ae are eR ee ee eae 8 
By donation’ 2205 tes sees ee Oe te te Seen Ree 3 


Rosa S. Eigenmann read a paper on the establishment of a marine la- 
boratory in California. 

A paper written by Dr. Edward Palmer on the customs of the Coyotero 
Apaches was read. 

Dr. Gustav Eisen read the memorial prepared by the Committee on the 
Preservation of the Big Trees, and it was approved by the Academy. 


PROCEEDINGS. 255. 


September 1, 1890.—StTatEep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Additions to the Library: 


MrOMk(COPPESPOMd emigre reucrevertets eee Cleese Se +, vo se1: Taisen < oysy'm, stoyeceis, srelet 105 
JEW VASA WUC HAE BRS seid bu. o uk oo HOO Mi OO ONE eee aac IRR ow. 
By purchase seca eee ent eerie SS one 4 tone med ogee sack flocs 6 


A complete set of the Zoological Record was presented by Mr. Prosper 
Huerne, to whom the thanks of the Academy were voted. 

Dr. Behr made some remarks on the caprification of the fig. 

A paper by Frank J. Walker, on the location and area of Sequoia forests 
was read, and it was voted that a copy with maps be sent to the Secretary 
of the Interior and to members of Congress. 

The Report of the Committee on Sequoia Park was read by Dr. Eisen, 
accepted, and copies ordered to be sent to Congress. 

Memorial on Adley H. Cummings was read by Mr. Holladay, and a copy 
ordered sent to the family of the deceased. 

Amendment to the Constitution of the Academy creating a class of asso- 
ciate membership and restricting the admission of voting members to 
scientists was offered, accepted by votes of the members present and re- 
ferred to the Council. 


September 15, 1890.—SratTep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from Walter D. Bliss and A. 
K. P. Harmon. 

Additions to Library: 
Brom correspond entispeeve terse Sees oc seis oe) oe Neyo ee) wietaveyeiecs ces 56 


~ 


Bi nur chia SO sewcmrp irene rete oer eres tis osa 2 tiohet a aeere 6 na nese oe He) eles 5 
A paper by Mrs. T. H. Hittell on Indian Pictographs or Painted Stones 
was read, and photographs exhibited of several of the most striking ex- 
amples. 
Charles A. Keeler read some notes and exhibited a map showing the 
limited area now occupied on this coast by the English sparrow and urged 
its extermination before it is too late. 


October 6, 1890.—StTaTED MEETING. 
VicE-PRESIDENT BEHR in the chair. 


F. C. von Petersdorff was proposed for membership. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from T. 8. Brandegee. 


354 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Additions to Library: 


EPOMYCOTFESPOMCEMES!. aise cies seo SOUS OO OL CRS AEE ele 145 
Bin Gomationss <2 feist sr beca co ano ere tl ie eyticn tele ie cae ee a ee 138 
By purchase ei ee ep atcty sonia ee IO eRe cies ee en eee 18 


The proposed amendment to the Constitution was adopted, to be finally 
voted upon at the annual meeting. 


October 20, 1890.—Statep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Dr. Geo. M. Sternberg was proposed for membership. 
Donations to the Museum were reported from Henry Hemphill. 
Additions to Library: 


PTOMSCOLreESpPON ONS... eee ssies ele sels oar ya eee Lae ee ee Ce etal eae 151 
BYypUrChaseyodecks guia ce Riess denies op acd te dialer ect oien ew ne eerie 12 
Bye On ablO Ie </f jsis.<) sccusss cos setekeae ord agshane a bataishe sels dee et Oe Oa 1 


Charles A. Keeler read a paper on the Geographical Distribution of Land 
Birds in California. 


The President announced the death of Capt. R.S. Floyd, and James T. 
Boyd, Thomas P. Madden. and Ralph C. Harrison were appointed a com- 
mittee to prepare suitable resolutions. 


November 17, 1890.—Statep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


George M. Sternberg was elected a resident member. 
Additions to Library: 


ELFOMUCOLFESPOMAOMUS A actors eho cicero slateteiveley eel edens coat eyeere eter ene noite 151 
By MUTCHAs ene fates eyo ao osnte vie sre etches ieee a ene ee Oe ee 12 
Lo aC Obae ni topes At mir ise eC AAR eA Pre edt aGutnakecbin o do 2 


Mr. James T. Boyd read the following report: 


To the California Academy of Sciences: 

The undersigned committee appointed on Monday evening, October 20, 
1890, to prepare resolutions expressive of the feelings of the members in 
respect of Captain R. 8. Floyd, deceased, herewith submit the following: 

JAMES T. Boyn, 

Rap C. HARRISON, 

TuHos. P. MappeEn, 
Committee. 


Resolved, That his fellow-members of the California Academy of Sciences 
have heard with profound sorrow of the death of Captain Richard §. 


PROCEEDINGS. 355 


Floyd, a member of this society, and President of the James Lick Trust, 
in which trust this society is largely interested. 


Resolved, That in his death this society has lost a valued member and 
the community an honorable, intelligent and public spirited citizen. 


Resolved, That this society recognizes with pride the valuable services 
to science rendered by him in his devoted, intelligent, untiring and suc- 
cessful efforts to carry out the wishes of its benefactor, James Lick, in the 
construction of the great telescope and in the erection of the observatory 
upon the summit of Mount Hamilton so munificently provided for in his 
deed of trust. 


Resolved, That while we thus recognize his services to our State and to 
mankind we cannot but feel that in this his crowning life-work, he became 
a martyr to his sense of duty and that his early death was in great 
measure due to his devotion to the sciences he loved so well. 

Resolved, That to the faithful and intelligent administration of the 
trusts imposed upon them by Mr. Lick, by the Board of Trustees, of which 
the deceased was president, is this society largely indebted for its present 
excellent financial position. 

Resolved, That we offer to the bereaved family our most sincere con- 
dolence in their and our common affliction. 

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions properly engrossed and 
mounted be presented to the widow of the deceased. 

Resolved, That these resolutions be spread upon the journal of this 
society. 


Walter E. Bryant and T. S. Brandegee, made verbal reports on their 
trip to the Cape Region of Lower California. 


December 1, 1890.—StatEep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Lieutenant John P. Finley, U.S. A., read a paper on Cyclonic Develop- 
ment and Precipitation upon the Pacific Coast. 


A vote of thanks was passed to Lieutenant Finley. 


December 15, 1890.—StTatep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the museum were reported from Dr. Joseph Pescia, Charles 
N. Comstock, Dr. H. H. Behr, Charles H. Townsend and Walter E. 
Bryant. 


356 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Additions to Library: 


Hromicorrespondents. 1.2. 07b stance cee cotterst ol ole ee ene es ers 188 
BygPUTCHAS es {25.4 fue We bew bn ec Mens Dacian che te ee IL: RIOT ee cers 15 
By donations Sadsckene tee ee seh eas ee es er eee eee 2 


The President announced the death of Dr. Henry Ferrer, and, on motion, 
Dr. C. M. Richter and Dr. E.S. Clark were appointed a committee to 
draft resolutions of respect and condolence. 


The death was also announced of Dr. J. B. Trembley, and J. R. Scup- 
ham and Arthur Brown were appointed to draft appropriate resolutions. 


The report of the Nominating Committee was read naming the following 
ticket: 
For President, H. W. Harkness. 
First Vice-President, H H. Behr. 
Second Vice-President, George Hewston. 
Corresponding Secretary, F. Gutzkow. 
Recording Secretary, J. R. Scupham. 
Treasurer, L. H. Foote. 
Librarian, Carlos Troyer. 
Director of Museum, J. G. Cooper. 
Trustees, W. C. Burnett, C. F. Crocker, D. E. Hayes, E. J. Molera, 
Geo. C, Perkins, Irving M. Scott, John Taylor. 


Some remarks were made by Walter E. Bryant, on a kind of fire sticks 
used by the natives of Lower California, and also on the peculiar tendency 
of the small skunk of that region to be afflicted with rabies and to attack 
man. 


January, 5, 1891.—ANNUAL MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


The annual reports of the Officers and Board of Trustees were read and 
ordered filed. 


The judges and inspectors of election reported the following as the re- 
sult of the annual election: 


H. W. Harkness, President. 

H. H. Beur, First Vice-President. 

GEORGE Hewston, Second Vice-President. 
FREDERICK GuTzKOW, Corresponding Secretary. 
J. R. ScupHam, Recordiny Secretary. 

L. H. Foorr, Treasurer. 

CaRios TrRoyER, Librarian. 

J. G. Cooper, Director of Museum. 


PROCEEDINGS. 357 


Trustees. 
W. C. BURNETT, C. F. CROCKER, D. EK. Hayes, 
E. J. Movera, GEORGE C. PERKINS, Irvine M. Scorr, 
JOHN TAYLOR. 
The amendment adopted. 


ADDITIONS TO THE MuUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1890. 


Unless otherwise stated, the following accessions to the collections have 
been received by donation: 

A. W. Anthony, San Diego, Cal.: 3 mammals in alcohol. 

Melville Attwood, San Francisco: | specimen each of Stibnite and Stibi- 
conite, and fossils from Plumas county. 

George B. Badger, Haywards, Cal.: skins with crania of 1 Lepus syl- 
vaticus auduboni, 2 Spermophilus grammurus beecheyi and 1 Neotoma 
Suscipes. 

William Barber, San Francisco: 1 specimen of scorpion, alive. 

Dr. H. H. Behr, San Francisco: 1 Scapanus townsendi and 1 Australian 
marsupial in flesh; 20 specimens Lepidoptera. 

L. Belding, Stockton, Cal.: 1 mammal in alcohol; skins of Chen hyper- 
borea nivalis and 14 other birds’ skins; 10 specimens in flesh. 

Walter D. Bliss, Carson City, Ney.: 24 mammals in alcohol, 2 in flesh; 
1 specimen in flesh of Chamea fasciata, from San Mateo county. 

Will S. Bliss, Carson City, Nevy.: 5 mammals in alcohol, | in flesh. 

T. S. Brandegee, San Francisco: 14 specimens Coleoptera, and 4 shells 
from Baja California. 

D,S. Bryant, Healdsburg, Cal.: 3 adult and 4 young Arvicola in flesh, 
also 3 nests of same; 16 specimens of birds in flesh. 

Walter E. Bryant, Curator: 29 specimens mammals in flesh; 25 speci- 
mens birds in flesh, 18 skins, 4 skeletons; 16 specimens (two species) 
fresh water shells; 7 specimens fresh water leeches; 1 lizard in alcohol; 
nest and 4 eggs of Vireo huttoni. 

Maurice Chaper, Paris, France: 52 specimens fish and crustacea found 
in an artesian wellin the environs of Barna, Algiers. 

Charles N. Comstock, Oakland, Cal.: 1 Bubo virginianus subarcticus in 
flesh. 

John Crellin, San Francisco: 9 specimens Purpura crispata and 3 speci- 
mens Ostrea. 

S. 7’. Dodson, Temescal, Cal.: 1 Wenona plumbea alive. 

W. Otto Emerson, Haywards, Cal.: 1 cranium of rodent; i6 specimens 
avian osteology. 

E. D. Flint, Oakland, Cal.: 1 Scapanus townsend? in flesh and 1 cranium 
of same. 

C. A. Hamilton (through H. S. Durden): collection of insects and rep- 
tiles from Mexico. 

2p SER. VOL. III. ( 26 ) 


358 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


J. L.O. Hamilton, San Francisco: fossil molar of HKlephas primigenius. 

A. K.P. Harmon, Oakland, Cal.: 1 Thomomys talpoides bulbivorous in 
flesh; specimen of wood compressed in Consolidated Virginia Mine. 

Henry Hemphill, San Diego, Cal.: collection of land and marine shells. 

F.O. Johnson, Oakland, Cal.: 1 Scapanus townsendi in flesh. 

Thomas C. Johnston, San Francisco; 5 cases of corals (37 species) from 
the Navigator Islands. 

Charles A. Keeler, Berkeley, Cal.: collection of 514 skins of North Amer- 
ican birds; 50 insects, principally Coleoptera; collection of several hun- 
dred eggs and nests. 

Yharles W. Knox, Oakland, Cal.: 1 Urinator lumme in flesh. 

Mrs. C. W. Knox, Oakland, Cal.: 1 Carduelis canaria in first plumage. 

Lower California Expedition of 1890: 62 skins, 44 alcoholic specimens, 
61 crania of mammals; 183 specimens of birds, 2 birds’ sterna, 3 nests 
and 5 eggs; 75 reptiles; 6 batrachians; 34 tishes; 1,000 insects; 25 crusta- 
ceans; 2 specimens fungi; 2 osteological specimens and remains of 3 In- 
dians; 168 land and fresh-water shells; 11 marine shells; 12 geological 
specimens; 7 miscellaneous. 

B. Macdonald, San Francisco: 1 Spermophilus grammurus beecheyi in 
flesh; 3 Junco hyemalis oregonus, 1 Regulus calendula in flesh. 

Captain George Miller, San Jose del Cabo, Mexico: 1 specimen Hippo- 
campus hudsonius. 

J. W. Morrison, Lakeport, Cal.: 1 Crotalus sp. ?. 

Mrs. Charles A. Morse, San Francisco: 6 birds’ skins from Mare Island, 
Cal. 

Charles H. Ohm, San Francisco: 1 cranium of Vhalassarctos maritimus; 
1 specimen of Madrepore. 

James L. Ord, Arizona: 1 Heloderma suspectum. 

Dr. Joseph Pescia, San Francisco: 1 cranium of Vhalassarctos maritimus. 

FP. H. Pratt, Alameda, Cal.: 1 specimen of water-worn coral. 

Carl Precht, San Francisco: collection of fungi. 

W. W. Price, Oakland, Cal.: 1 lizard in alcohol. 

W. A. Robbins, San Francisco: nest and two eggs of Geothlypis trichas 
occidentalis. 

Clark P.. Streator, San Francisco: skins of 4 Kulmarus glacialis glupis- 
cha, 1 Oidemia deglandi, 1 Achmophorus occidentalis. 

H. R. Taylor, Alameda, Cal.: skin of Mephitis mephitica. 

Captain I. E. Thayer, San Francisco: specimen of hymenopterous in- 
sect (foreign). 

Dr. Charles Toland, San Francisco: specimen Amblystoma macrodacty- 
lum. 

Charles H. Townsend, U. S. F. C. S. Albatross: 5 birds’ skins from 
Alaska and California. 

Carlos Troyer, San Francisco: specimen Hutainia sp.? 

William M. Willey, San Francisco: 1 abnormal egg of domestic fowl. 


PROCEEDINGS. 359 


B.C. Winston, Monterey, Cal.: 1 Didelphys virginiana, juv., 2 monkeys 
and 1 Australian rat in flesh. 

R. E. Wood, Rutherford, Cal.: 1 specimen in flesh of Regulus satrapa 
olivaceus. 

R. A.A. Wright, San Francisco: specimen Hippocampus hudsonius. 

Henry C. Wulf, San Francisco, 4 specimens Placuanomia sp.? 

Purchased: 7 specimens mammals in flesh. 


February 2, 1891.—STaTepD MEETING. 


The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Additions to Library: 


IMO pia, (HOV AeS| OKOMNOKINGS ss5cggeasa0das sacebu udu ocooparaun aden UDO Adas 14] 
IBh7 | TUOROMEAN DS po ob bane pea as he aobclboce adéaueee dovabebeco eovdns pedasr 19 
BS; QOvresbLOMy ys tephra Meet N a tee ache ates Cre mack chee We eee Sets 6 


Dr. C. M. Richter, of the committee to draft resolutions on the death of 
Dr. Ferrer, presented the following report: 

‘«It is with deep sorrow that we are called upon to chronicle the death 
of one of our most distinguished members, Dr. Henry Ferrer. He was one 
of the foremost standard bearers of science on the Pacific Coast. He had 
not only attained a position of great eminence in his profession, a world- 
wide reputation in his specialty; he was not only the most skillful master 
in microscopy, inferior to no one in its technique and application, but he 
was a warm promotor of science generally, one whose devotion to science 
will ever be gratefully remembered by the members of this Academy.” 

Your committee therefore recommend the following resolution: 

Resolved, That the foregoing memorial of the late Dr. Henry Ferrer, 
member of the California Academy of Sciences, be placed in full on the 
minutes as a token of the estimation in which he was held by this 
Academy, and a copy thereof be forwarded to his widow and family. 

A committee consisting of Charles A. Keeler, Walter E. Bryant, and 
J. R. Scupham, was appointed to memorialize the Legislature to take some 
steps to prevent the spread of the English Sparrow. 


March 2, 1891.—Stratep MEETING. 


The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


F.C. von Petersdorff, was elected a resident member. 

Donations to the museum were reported from L. Belding, Robt. A. A. 
Wright, Walter E. Bryant, M. Braverman, B. C. Winston, Geo. W. Dunn 
and Melville Attwood. 


360 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Additions to Library: 


BrOm ACOrrespondentsy. « <:F Sete ceri aio Get ue IOI ee ee eee 123 
BB VAs OM TCH AS 6 15 1a x ope wo re ech me WeR apc te oil ac fet ee AO Boe sf a SP 15 
Bye GOnation .'.is.8: tec eaetet ere ie chee eg oe aes Sted Res eee 2 


Dr. H. H. Behr read a paper on Botanical Reminiscences. 


Walter E. Bryant read a paper entitled, A Provisional List of the Land 
Mamals of California. 


The secretary read an account of the discovery of precious opals near 
Moscow, State of Washington, and exhibited specimens in the matrix, 
presented by Melville Attwood. 


The following communication was read: 

San Francisco, March 2, 1891. 
To the Officers and Members of the California Academy of Sciences: 

I hereby present to this Academy my collection of Fungi, now in this 
building, in the gathering and identification of which I have devoted the 
major portion of my time during the past fifteen years. The collection 
consists of between 10,000 and 11,000 numbers, which are catalogued by 
the card system, nearly 13,000 separate cards having been required for the 
work. 

The catalogue has been arranged for immediate use and the specimens 
are already in convenient receptacles. 

Yours respectfully, 
H. W. HARKNESS. 


A vote of thanks was unanimously tendered to Dr. Harkness for his 
valuable gift. 


May 4, 1891.—Sratep MEETING. 

The PRESIDENT in the chair. 

David 8. Jordan, Charles H. Gilbert, Oliver P. Jenkins, Douglas H. 
Campbell, John C. Branner, Joseph Swain, George M. Richardson, Charles 
D. Marx, Horace B, Gale and Fernando Sanford, were proposed for mem- 
bership. 

Donations to the museum were reported from Frank H. Vaslit, B. C. 
Winston, Walter E. Bryant, J. H. Barr, G. P. Rixford, Dr. H. H. Behr, 
Robert Moses, H. 8. Nichols, William A. Robbins and L. Belding. 


Additions to Library: 


From Correspondentsyy iy sos oc5 ae ea Oe Oe Oe eee eters 322 
Bye purchase... 2. oct ap mae ee te Aen Oe oe eI eer 33 
By donation’:...c sitet til o codes bo Sain ee Ae eee Oe 18 


G.P. Rixford read a paper on Indian carvings at Swansea, Inyo County, 
and presented a series of photographs of the carvings. 


PROCEEDINGS. 361 


E. J. Molera announced the recent death of General Carlos Ibanez, 
Count of Mulhacen, President of the International Geodetical and Statis- 
tical Societies and President of the International Board of Weights and 
Measures, and read a notice of his life and works. 


Professor Carl Lumholtz read a paper on his recent explorations in 
Mexico, giving his experiences and discoveries in the hitherto unexplored 
Sierra Madre country. 

On motion, a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Lumholtz for his in- 
teresting paper. 

The President announced the death of Professor John LeConte, and 
Mr. T. H. Hittell and General J. F. Houghton were appointed a committee 
to draft resolutions of respect and condolence. 


June 1, 1891.—StTatep MEETING. 
The PResIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from William Ryan, Walter E. 
Bryant, Mrs. J. Lawley, Adolph T. W. Erzgraber, Dr. J. G. Cooper, J. G. 
Chalker, Miss Alice Eastwood, Dr. E. 8S. Clark, Mrs. R.A. A. Wright. 

Additions to Library: 

HMrompcorrespondenbtsis: eaten Web acre lertsicts ci 3) seats aio ciel Ble ease bk totes 144 
1 Spo KONO A C0 ee ree ee ee a is to) GI capo OLR TO aS eee Oe Ceci 284 
By purchas ere). y5..0 06sec ORR or igre. «ie ase Salk 15 

The thanks of the Academy were voted to Dr. Gustav Eisen for his dona- 
tion of 279 books and pamphlets on Geology, Zoology, Anatomy and 
Botany. 


Lieutenant John P. Finley read a paper on the Hot Winds of California, 
illustrated with numerous maps and charts. 


Specimens of opals in the matrix from Mexico, Australia and Hungary, 
presented by Melville Attwood, were exhibited, and a short paper on opals 
by Mr. Attwood was read. 


The following memorial of Professor John LeConte was read by Mr. T. 
H. Hittell: i 


A great and honored member of this Academy has passed away from 
amongst us, a man loved by all who knew him for the kindness and 
geniality of his disposition, revered for the elevation and purity of his 
character, and eminent for the breadth and depth of his scientific and 
scholarly attainments. 

Professor John LeConte, of the University of California, closed his long 
and honorable career at, Berkeley on April 29, 1891. He was born in 
Liberty County, Georgia, on December 4, 1518, and was consequently 
seventy-two years and afew months old at the time of his death. He re- 


262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ceived a preparatory training under the tuition of the celebrated Alexander 
H. Stephens, and in 1835 entered Franklin College, afterwards known as 
the University of Georgia, where he graduated with high honors in 1838. 

From an early age he manifested a remarkable taste for scientific subjects, 
and in college exhibited a decided preference for those branches of study 
which were connected with nature and physics. Almost immediately after 
graduation he proceeded northward; entered the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons of the University of New York, and received from that institu- 
tion the degree of M. D. in March, 1841. He then returned to his native 
State and married a lady of beauty and refinement, who survives him as 
his widow. He commenced the practice of medicine at Savannah, where 
he remained until August, 1846, when he was elected to the chair of 
natural philosophy and chemistry in Franklin College, his alma mater. 
From that time he abandoned the practice of medicine and devoted him- 
self to the study of the physical sciences. In 1855 he became lecturer on 
chemistry in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in the University of 
New York, thus reaching a chair in his second alma mater as he had pre- 
viously reached a chair in his first. 

In 1856 he accepted a call to fill the professorship of natural and 
mechanical philosophy in the University of South Carolina, and remained 
their until the spring of 1869, when he was called to the chair of physics 
in our own University of California. He was almost immediately upon his 
arrival in this State appointed acting President of the University, and as 
such initiated the first exercises of that institution. In 1870, after the 
election of Dr. Durant as President, and for several years thereafter, Dr. 
Le Conte gave himself up exclusively to the duties connected with his 
professorship, but in 1875, after the resignation of Dr. Gilman, he was 
again appointed to act as President, and in 1876, was elected to the office 
of President. He continued to fill the office of President for a year and a 
half, since which time, and to the time of his death he occupied the chair 
of physics. 

Professor Le Conte becamea member of this Academy on August 3, 1870, 
and a life member on January 3, 1888. He was also a member of the 
National Academy of Sciences and of many other scientific societies in this 
country and in Europe. He wrote many valuable and important papers 
on scientific subjects and particularly on subjects connected with the 
phenomena of the vibrations of sound, on the astronomy of Mars and its 
satellites, on the famous nebular hypothesis, on the evolution of worlds, 
and on various other matters whereby glimpses are gained into that world 
of truth called nature, the knowledge of which is destined to emancipate 
humanity from the shackles of ignorance and superstition, and all the in- 
numerable ills connected with and inyolved in those immeasurable evils. 

About the end of the last century, the German philosopher Fichte wrote: 
a treatise on the subject of The Scholar, in which he represented the 


PROCEEDINGS. 363 


avocation of the genuine student of truth as the grandest and sublimest 
occupation of the human mind. In perusing his book the reader by 
degrees becomes almost as enthusiastic as the writer was, and feels in 
every part of his sensitive system the verity of what the philosopher set 
forth. 

The glories of conquest and empire, the pride of kings, presidents and 
politicians, the glamour of family and wealth all pass away. They are 
vanities. They are nothing. But what the scholar accomplishes endures 
and advances the race in the path of civilization and culture. In these 
days, quite as certainly as a hundred years ago, there is no greater man 
than the scholar, and among the scholars of California, no one, perhaps, 
made a nearer approach to the character contemplated by the philosopher 
than our late honored member, Professor John Le Conte. 

THEODORE H. HITTEL, 
JOHN F. HOUGHTON. 


July 6, 1891.—Sratep MEETING. 


The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from L. Belding, W.S. Bliss, 
Walter E. Bryant, Miss Alice Eastwood, W.J.Golcher and R. C. McGregor. 


Additions to Library: 


Krome Correspondents ss. 3 se mine mote ieee cieiek, esc nie ontvnieoes tierce Cas 100 
Biv DURCHASCR <a eee eer PRP ERT tee A fh atonet sais tonnes ice ep tegs 21 
BAC OM AG OMe S ee ts cease e ee OR SNe See Lae Sc ea cena ae 8 


The President announced the death of Henry Edwards, Chas. Stephens, 
E. J. de Santa Marina, members. 


Dr. David Wooster read a paper on Stone Heaps in Arizona. 


Dr. H. H. Behr read a paper on a New Remedy for Snake Bites, 


August 3, 1891.—SrarED MEETING. 


T. H. Hirrett in the chair. 


Edward Ehrhorn was proposed for membership. 

Specimens of coal and coke from the Tacoma Colliery, Wilkeson Coal 
Field, Washington, were presented by Mellville Attwood, and a paper by 
him on the subject was read. 

Dr. Gustav Eisen read a paper on the introduction of Blastophaga psenes 
into California, giving a complete description of the caprification of the 


fig. 


364 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


September 7, 1891.—SraTep MEETING. 
The PresIpDENT in the chair. 


David S. Jordan and Joseph Swain were proposed for membership. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from B. Macdonald, W. M. 
Willey, C. W. Knox, Gustav Eisen, J. B. McChesney, Mrs. 8. E. Vaslhit, M. 
Braverman, Frank H. Vaslit, Ramon E. Wilson, Dr. W. Allen, H. H. 
Ellis, Charles Fuchs, Geo. B. Badger, Leland Stanford, Mrs. H. B. Wilson, 
N. Ahrens, W. A. Bissell, D. C. Stone, Walter E. Bryant, R. C. McGregor, 
E. D. Flint, W. H. Shockley and California Fish Commission. 


Additions to Library: 


Hromecorrespondemtsia jesscae ieee eller doce tenet heene Cele errant neta 347 
TEN @ TOWMGHBIT Is gyn pun sh ido de Se doe be oc LD Shenae RMR RA oe ea OO 
1B gi0 oboe) hese ine ero CAR Ms AA ral ee Cam pr eee Aone Nan teeta sce | 2c ao: 156 


The President announced the death of the Second Vice-President, Dr. 
George Hewston, and T. H. Hittell, Dr. H. H. Behr and J. R. Scupham 
were appointed a committee to prepare resolutions of respect and condo- 
lence. 


The death of Henry Edwards was announced and Walter E. Bryant, 
Frank H. Vaslit and H. W. Harkness were appointed to draft suitable 
resolutions. 


October 5, 1891.—Statep MEETING. 
The PReEsIDENT in the chair. 


Charles H. Gilbert, Douglas H. Campbell, Edward Ehrhorn, David S. 
Jordan and Joseph Swain were elected resident members. 


William E. Ritter was proposed for membership. 


Donations to the museum were reported from C. H. Lewis, C. W. Knox, 
Jarlos Troyer, F. W. Bancroft, L. Belding, Charles A. Keeler, Walter E. 
Bryant, F. O. Johnson, A. V. La Motte, Walter D. Bliss, Charles H. 
Townsend, Stewart McClure, Mrs. Dan Patten and J. T. Hill. 

Additions to Library: 

ITLOmM COLrrespOnGeNtsm. ses ses eer 
Ish AU OUIRG Ey Sabb eraptind odo 6c wocou Scam taoobmodcie-2 20% 
ByAG On ations nessa een 

Mr. T. H. Hittell read the following report: 

Mr. PreEsIpent: Your Committee appointed at the last meeting to pre- 
pare a paper expressive of the sense of the Academy upon the death of 
Dr. George Hewston, late Life Member and Vice-President, beg leave to 
submit the following: 

Dr. George Hewston, an honored member of this Academy, who, for 


PROCEEDINGS. 365 


nearly thirty years, was actively engaged in encouraging its objects and 
promoting its interests, has passed away. He was born in Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania, on September 11, 1826, and it was there too that he was 
reared and received his early education. Naturally studious and inter- 
ested in scientific subjects, he turned his attention to medicine and, after 
a regular course of study, was graduated an M. D. from the University of 
Pennsylvania. After practicing a few years in his native city, during a 
part of which time he was Professor of Anatomy in the Philadelphia Col- 
lege of Medicine, he, in 1860, came to California, and being pleased with 
the country and climate, in 1861 brought out his family and, opening an 
office for the practice of his profession, took up his permanent residence 
in San Francisco. 

His main leaning, outside of his profession, was towards zoology and 
particularly the study of zoophytes; but he also from time to time manifested 
lively interest in politics and in 1873, was elected to the Board of Super- 
visors and in 1875, upon the death of James Otis, Mayor of the City and 
County of San Francisco, was chosen to fill his unexpired term, which he 
did with credit to himself and satisfaction to the public. He also for a 
number of years occupied the position of Professor of the Theory and 
Practice of Medicine in the Toland Medical College and afterwards in the 
Medical Department of the University of California. 

He became a member of this Academy on March 17, 1862, and on March 
1, 1869, a life member, and was at the time of his death on September 4‘ 
1891, and had been for several years previously, Vice-President. He was 
a fluent speaker and a ready writer of elegant English. Besides numerous 
written leetures on scientific and literary subjects, he gave frequent oral 
addresses before this Academy on matters of general interest and was 
always listened to with attention, appreciation and applause. He was 
a man of pleasing and attractive presence; and the work he did and 
the impression he produced upon his cotemporaries were those of an 
earnest student and scholar, a good citizen, an honor to his profession and 
a devoted friend to science. 

In view of the death of so prominent a man and member of this 
Academy and as a fiting token of respect to his memory 

Resolved, That the foregoing sketch of the late Vice-President Hewston 
be spread upon the minutes and that the Secretary be requested to forward 
a copy of the same and of this resolution to the family of our departed 
friend. 

Respectfully, 
THEODORE H. HITTELL, 
H. H. BEHR, Dr. 
Committee. 


366 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


October 19, 1891.—Svatrep MBeEtTING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from C. 8. Capp, W. 5S. Bliss, 
W. O. Cullen, F. O. Johnson, Charles A. Keeler, Walter E. Bryant and 
Charles H. Townsend. “ 


Additions to Library: 


Hrom: correspondents? 7.5.9.6 aie a.i-ia neta eda ites aerate ares lene 116 
Bypurchasee jy) tin todeh me na eed Coe ite UN Sera ahs cheer RES RON 
By: Conation Wish: oe eA te Rote Merete ke re eee rts) Ohaeoe n ee 27 


A vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. B. Frank Leeds for his valuable 
donation of 26 volumes to the hbrary. 


Specimens of different mineral substances from the Yellowstone National 
Park were presented by G. P. Rixford. 

Charles H. Gilbert read a paper on the Deep Sea Work of the U. S. F. 
C. 8. Albatross. 


November 2, 1891.—Sratep MEETING. 


The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


The following were proposed for honorary membership: Otto Stoll, 
Sereno Watson, W. H. Brewer, George F. Goodale, J. A. Allen and Her- 
man Graf zu Solms-Laubach. 

Additions to Library: 

Brom: correspondents... <u. scone oid ean ee oer ah Ee eee 108 
By purchases, 5 onl co ott cous: ova caste One ake aoe Ste er reh nOe  oea eee O 
By donation 


The thanks of the Academy were voted to the State Mining Bureau, Dr. 
Harkness, T. S. Brandegee and the Zoe Publishing Company for valuable 
donations to the Library. 


A communication from Lieutenant John P. Finley was read, conveying 
the information of his relief from duty as officer in charge of the Pacific 
Coast Weather Service and announcing his departure from San Francisco. 


Voted, that ‘‘ The Secretary of the Academy be requested to communi- 
cate to Lieutenant John P. Finley that this Academy deeply regrets his 
departure from this field of labor to which he is so pre-eminently fitted, 
and desires to express its appreciation of the valuable services to science 
performed by him while in charge of this division. Also to convey to him 
the thanks of the Academy for many courtesies extended by him and to 
assure him of its best wishes for his future welfare.” 


O. P. Jenkins delivered a lecture on the ultimate structure of muscle 
and nerve and modern appliances used in their investigation. 


PROCEEDINGS. 367 


7 


The following memorial notice was presented: 


HENRY EDWARDS. 


At a previous meeting of this society there was announced the loss, by 
death, of a member who had in former years held important offices and 
taken an active interest in the affairs of the Academy, one who was well 
and favorably known to the public in general as well as in scientific circles. 
That member was Henry Edwards, the tragedian and entomologist. 

Mr. Edwards was born in Herefordshire, England, August 17, 1830. 
His early life was devoted to the study of law, and later he took to the 
stage as a profession. In 1853 he sailed to Australia, and thence to Peru, 
Panama and California, and from these countries he obtained the charm- 
ing sketches for his book entitled ‘‘Mingled Yarns.” 

Mr. Edwards possessed one of the largest private collections of butter- 
flies in the world, and his courtesy in identifying species for others was 
well-known and appreciated by his correspondents. 

In 1867 he was elected a member of the California Academy of Sciences, 
and on January 2, 1877, he became a life member. 

In 1874 he held office as a trustee of this society. For three consecu- 
tive years (1875-1877) he was the First Vice-President of the Academy. In 
1877 he moved to the East and engaged in his theatrical profession. 

Mr. Edwards published a number of valuable entomological papers, 
notably his descriptions of Pacific Coast Lepidoptera ” and ‘‘ Bibliograph- 
ical Catalogue of the Described Transformations of North American Lep- 
idoptera.” 


December 7, 1891.—STatTepD MEETING. 


The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from L. Belding, E. H. Fiske, 
F. O. Johnson, S. Giannetoni, A. V. La Motte, Walter E. Bryant, H. W. 
Harkness, Mrs. A. Van 8. Sumner and Charles Fuchs. 


Additions to Library: 


Exomy correspond enismarmnrie cise cs oN. ne wow casincle eer “roa < eLOU! 
1 Shi BUN] CUEY ce sicioig.omo able 6 GIG OO pio hd lo dg STEARIC eT OIIC CE Or eee a 24 
SVC O MALO Wei sh fe rrep eee ory CNN ea Ton re! ecko) keys yo) ns Gy crsuelo rel eins ecemoyen saeycn 31 


Specimens of slate from El Dorado County, California, prepared to show 
the toughness, cleavage and flexibility, were exhibited, and a paper was 
read, prepared by Melville Attwood, on its chemical analysis. 

David S. Jordan delivered a lecture on the Salmon and Trout of the 
Pacific Coast. 


368 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


December 21, 1891.—StTatTEep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Additions to Library: 


TOM! “COPFESPOMGOWMES sacs reto uy octane renreee sy rage Teasers ol eed eit ae PO Ce 9] 
ES Vs CHAS Gress slot wh weit ieoe see cass eocad icke Sica ge R Ree Ie Tuo onc ner at arse cae eects 1 
By ONA tO I xy crtcy kon Sx tre dogs sitieee HAAG CPs Cones eee EN ts eee ee eRe 5 


The Nominating Committee reported the following ticket: 
For President, H. W. Harkness. 

First Vice-President, H. H. Behr. 

Second Vice-President, J. G. Cooper. 

Corresponding Secretary, Frederick Gutzkow. 

Recording Secretary, J. R. Scupham. 

Treasurer, L. H. Foote. 

Librarian, Carlos Troyer. 

Director of Museum, J. Z. Davis. 

Trustees, W. C. Burnett, C. F. Crocker, D. E. Hayes, E. J. Molera, 

George C. Perkins, Adolph Sutro, John Taylor. 


January 4, 1892.—ANNUAL MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from William F. Nolte. 


Otto Stoll, Sereno Watson, W. H. Brewer, George L. Goodale, J. A. 
Allen and Herman Graf zu Solms-Laubach were elected honorary mem- 
bers. 


William E. Ritter was elected a resident member. 


The annual reports of the officers and Board of Trustees were read and 
ordered filed. 


The officers of election reported the following officers elected for the 
ensuing year: 

H. W. Harkness, President. 

H. H. Beur, First Vice-President. 

J.G. Cooper, Second Vice-President. 

FREDERICK GuTzKow, Corresponding Secretary. 

J. R. Scupuam, Recording Secretary. 

L. H. Foorr, Vreasurer. 

CarRLos TrRovYER, Librarian. 

J. Z. Davis, Director of Museum. 


Trustees : 
W. C. BuRNETT, C. F. Crocker, D. E. HaysEs, 


E. J. Morera, GEORGE C. PERKINS, ADOLPH SUTRO, 
JOHN TAYLOR. 


PROCEEDINGS. 369 


ADDITIONS TO THE MusEUM FOR THE YEAR 1891. 


Unless otherwise stated, the following accessions were received by dona- 
tion: 

N. Ahrens, San Francisco: cranium with horn-cores and one horn of 
Bos primigenius from Alaska. 

Dr. W. Allen, Boulder Creek, Cal.: specimens of fossil bones in sand- 
stone. 

Melville Attwood, San Francisco: precious opals in the matrix (basalt) 
from near Moscow, Wash. 

George B. Badger, Santa Cruz, Cal.: 23 skins and 22 crania of Califor- 
nian mammals. 

F. W. Bancroft, Berkeley, Cal.: 5 specimens of mammals in alcohol. 

J. A. Barr, San Francisco: | specimen crustacean. 

Dr. H. H. Behr, San Francisco: specimen of Gryllotalpa and Gordins. 

L. Belding, Stockton, Cal.: 49 birds’ skins; 4 birds in the flesh; 15 
birds’ eggs and 2 nests; head of Putorius brasiliensis frenatus; head of 
Olor buccinator; pelt of Tamias merriami; 1 specimen Salmo irideus; | 
fresh water shell from Lower California. 

W. A. Bissell, San Francisco: specimens of lignite. 

Walter D. Bliss, Carson City, Nev.: 7 specimens of mammals in alcohol. 

W.S. Bliss, Bijou, Cal.; 1 specimen of Scapanus townsendii in the flesh 
and 2 specimens of Picicorvus columbianus in the flesh. 

M. Braverman, Visalia, Cal.: collection of identified fossils from various 
localities; 1 specimen Latrodectus verrecundum. 

Walter EH. Bryant, Curator: 8 specimens of birds; 15 specimens of 
mammals and 16 crania; living specimen of Bufo lentiginosus; 3 specimens 
Diemyctilus torosus; 6 specimens (1 species) Neuroptera from Oakland, 
Cal.; 2 fossil shells; 1 Gordius; 10 fish; 10 reptiles; 1 specimen Vesper- 
tilio; 5 batrachians; 14 specimens Curculionids; 1 specimen Avian oste- 
ology. 

California State Fish Commission: 2 specimens Salmonide. 

C.S. Capp, San Francisco: cast off skin of Bascanium sp. ? 

J. R. Chalker, Glendora, Cal.; lizard with abnormal tail. 

Dr. E.S. Clark, San Francisco: 3 Coleoptera; 1 crustacean; 1 marine 
worm. 

Dr. J. G. Cooper, Haywards, Cal.: Specimen of Amblystoma califor- 
niense alive. 

W.O. Cullen, San Francisco: 1 specimen of Pica pica hudsonica in the 
flesh. 

George W. Dunn, San Francisco: 1 snake. 

Miss Alice Eastwood, Denver, Colo.: 5 birds’ eggs and 2 nests; 10 speci- 
mens Coleoptera. 

Dr. Gustav Eisen, San Francisco: 1 specimen Atalapha cinerea; 2 speci- 
mens of Cottus sp.? 


370 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


H. H. Ellis, San Francisco: specimen of fossil coral. 

Adolph T'. W. Erzgraber, San Jose, Cal.: A miniature egg from inside 
of normal egg of domestic fowl. 

E. H. Fiske, Santa Cruz, Cal.: 3 skins with crania of Sciurus fossor 
nigripes. 

HK. D. Flint, Oakland Cal.: 1 specimen of Falco sparverius in the flesh. 

Charles Fuchs, San Francisco: representatives of 77 families of North 
American Coleoptera; 1 human cranium from Manilla; 1 specimen Anser 
in the flesh. 

S. Giannetoni, San Francisco (through Horace V. Scott): specimen of 
Hexagrammus superciliosus. 

W. J. Golcher, San Francisco: 1 specimen of Anas discors in the flesh. 

Dr. H. W. Harkness, San Francisco: 4 specimens Coregonus clupet- 
formis. 

J.T. Hill, Redding, Cal.: 3 specimens of gold ore from Electric Light 
Mine, Redding. 

Charles Hoffman, Oakland, Cal.: living specimen of Sciuropterus volu- 
cella hudsonius. 

Fred. O. Johnson, Berkeley, Cal.: 3 specimens of birds; 1 reptile alive; 
living specimen of Bascanion constrictor vetustus. 

Charles A. Keeler, Berkeley, Cal.: 179 specimens avian osteology. 

Charles A. Keeler and Walter E. Bryant: 10 specimens of mammals and 
8 specimens of birds; 9 birds’ skeletons; 6 reptiles; 1 batrachian. 

Charles W. Knox, Oakland, Cal.: 1 specimen Thomomys talpoides um- 
brinus in the flesh; 1 specimen of Phrynosoma sp.? 

Alfred V. La Motte, Glen Ellen, Cal.: 1 specimen Melanerpes torquatus 
in flesh; 1 living Bassariscus astuta; 1 specimen Lophodytes cucullatus in 
flesh; 1 Siamese canoe; living specimen of Pituophis catenifer. 

Mrs. J. Lawley, Calistoga, Cal.: 1 living specimen of Bassariscus astuta. 

W. E. Lingard, San Francisco: 13 specimens of birds from Alaska. 

C. H. Lewis, Oakland, Cal.: 1 specimen of Belastoma. 

B. Macdonald, San Francisco: 1 specimen Crotalus lucifer. 

J. B. McChesney, Oakland, Cal.: Collection of insects, principally 
Coleoptera. 

Stewart McClure, San Francisco: 1 living specimen of Antrozous 
pallidus. 

R. C. McGregor, Denver, Colo.: 5 skins and 4 crania of Californian 
mammals. 

Robert Moses, Concord, Cal.: 1 fossil shell. 

H.S. Nichols, Healdsburg, Cal.: 5 specimens of birds and 1 mammal in 
the flesh; specimens of Rhamnus Californicus. 

William F. Nolte, San Francisco: Japanese marble ball; 1 mounted 
specimen each of African gray parrot, Japanese blue-jay and road-runner. 

Mrs. Dan. Patten, Calistoga, Cal.: 1 specimen of Bassariscus astuta in 
the flesh; 1] specimen fossil leaf impression. 


PROCEEDINGS. 372 


G. P. Rixford, San Francisco: 3 specimens of marble with Indian pic- 
tographs, from Inyo county; 215 specimens shells; 24 specimens of tufas, 
representing formations in Yellowstone Park; 1 specimen obsidian. 

Wm. A. Robbins, San Francisco: 1 egg of Cathartes aura. 

William Ryan, Field’s Landing, Cal.: 4 specimens of Branta nigricans 
in flesh, and a bunch of eel-grass (Zostera marina). 

W. H. Shockley, Candelaria, Nev.: 1 Salmo mykiss; 1 Salmo irideus; 2 
Squalius (conformis? ). 

Hon. Leland Stanford, Menlo Park, Cal.: 1 specimen Bascanion con- 
strictor, alive. 

D.C. Stone, San Francisco: 5 living specimens of albino rat. 

Mrs. Adeline Van S. Sumner, San Francisco: living specimen of Chon- 
drotus tenebrosus. 

Charles H. Townsend, U.S. F.C. 8S. Albatross: 1 specimen of Strix 
pratincola in the flesh; 1 skin of Simorhynchus pusillus, and 1 birds’ nest. 

Carlos Troyer, San Francisco: 1 specimen of Neuroptera. 

Frank H. Vaslit, San Francisco: 1 specimen of Vespertilio sp.? and | 
Prionus californicus in alcohol; 1 specimen of Scapanus townsendii, in the 
flesh. 

Mrs. S. FE. Vaslit, San Francisco: 1 specimen of Scapanus townsendii, in 
the flesh. 

W. M. Willey, San Francisco: 1 abnormal egg of domestic fowl. 

Mrs. H. B. Wilson, Healdsburg, Cal.: 1 arachnid. 

Ramon E. Wilson, San Francisco: 2 specimens Variscite, from 1,800-foot 
level, Holmes mine, Candelaria, Nev. 

B.C. Winston, Monterey, Cal.: 2 specimens quadramana, in the flesh; 
1 Cebus capucinus, in the flesh. 

R. A. A. Wright, San Francisco: anatomical specimen from young wal- 
rus (Odobenus obesus) taken in Arctic ocean. 

Mrs. R. A. A. Wright, San Francisco: crystal from cave at Havana. 

Unknown donor; 1 specimen Dytiscus marginicollis. 

Purchased; 1 specimen Botaurus lentiginosus, in the flesh; 2 skins of 
Lophodytes cucullatus; 33 stone implements; 1 bottle pigment; | reptile in 
alcohol. 


February 1, 1892.—STatTep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Additions to Library: 


Bromc correspond Cents cy senaer eater ese ier oeiserata at ts axohy5 5 fe Gelel miele onl oloishs 133 
BT PUECHASC:22.... saree CMT ee or er eo ae cei Cie tis, Sidiecs) ooo chee OS Stow 14 
Bid on ations acgees se et eC ete Rank gE Partai th clic) viento apeee bishiissr hos Bays 6 


Charles A. Keeler read a paper on Heredity in its Relation to the Inher- 
itance of Acquired Characters. 


372 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


February 15, 1892.—Sratep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the museum were reported from Charles A. Keeler, H. 
Abbott, Herbert Brown, E. D. Flint, Miss Louise A. Littleton, George B. 
Badger,, Charles N. Comstock, T. B. Sanders, George W. Dunn, William 
G. Blunt and Walter E. Bryant. 


Additions to Library: 


Romie cormespondeneer yw ete elise eeiiiettr aera sysisuck sa teks Glee aes 80 
By: purchase: fs\) qe.cicwuss oe ote Poe Ores Fe ee RE eee Res 75 
By donatione. <n steer oss eee op ebdies aerepice e a piciedeths) peer 5 


Dr. Gustav Eisen read a paper entitled ‘‘ The Evolution of the Forms of 
Trees as produced by Climatic Influences.” 


March 7, 1892.—SratEp MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


W.L. Watts and Alice Eastwood were proposed for membership. 


Donations to the museum were reported from W. 8. Bliss, Gustav 
Eisen and T. B. Sanders. 


Letters were read announcing the donation to the herbarium of a col- 
lection of Greenland plants by John H. Redfield, and of a package of 
specimens of Sphagna of the northeastern United States, by Edwin 
Faxon, and a vote of thanks was tendered to each of those gentlemen. 

Charles A. Keeler read a paper entitled, ‘‘Is Natural Selection Creative?” 

Dr. Harkness exhibited specimens of a species of Cynips together with 
the galls from which they emerge and made some remarks on their life 
history. 


April 4, 1892.—SratEep MEETING. 
The PresIpent in the chair. 


Additions to Library: 


Hromucorrespondences. [eke ces. ceien eet heen ee nee essere 140 
1B OUEKCL Ta ee Se OmaOMAr co coldAd ns An Gochdom odo cmodomolScKt 4] 
By, don ption-n wre jee ote ieee eens cee ee tor 4] 


The President announced the death of Sereno Watson, honorary mem- 
ber, and of William A. Aldrich, resident member. 

Dr. Harkness made some remarks concerning his observations on the 
life history of the Cynips infesting the oaks, and discussed the probability 
of the one attacking the buds being an alternate generation of the one 
forming the woody galls. 


PROCEEDINGS. 373 


Frederick Gutzkow described a new process used in refining silver 
bullion. 
Charles A. Keeler made a few remarks bearing on the question: ‘‘ What 


ep. 


constitutes a species 


April 18, 1892.—Sratrep MEETING. 


Tne PRESIDENT in the chair. 
Alice Eastwood and William L. Watts were elected resident members. 


The following communication was read: 

San Francisco, April 18, 1892. 
Secretary California Academy of Sciences: 

Dear Sir—The proprietors of Zoe have the honor to offer for acceptance 
of the Academy fifty copies each of volumes i and ii of that journal to be 
distributed tothe principal societies of the world which are in correspond- 
ence with the Academy, in grateful acknowledgment of favors granted to 
the California Zoological Club and the California Botanical Club. 

Respectfully, 
H. W. HARKNESS, 
T. S. BRANDEGEE, 
KATHARINE BRANDEGEE. 

The President then introduced Mr. Edward Muybridge, who delivered 
a lecture on The Science of Animal Locomotion, with lantern illustration 
of consecutive phases of animal movements and synthetical reproductions 
by the zoopraxiscope. 


May 2, 1892.—SratEep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Additions to Library: 


[MeOuacaGenP dss OOOGISINUS occ Ga pay Arians clece uo MO OU Ren O oie e ial aEnae ryoode 7] 
IBY: PUL CHAS Chi. See eee eer) ele eel Soe se at. Bia neetea anne 107 
] 


DE va AS ROWE EN KOE piers A oc Sexes aera A Search oe OE ROP eR 

Dr. H. H. Behr read a paper on the Flight of Insects, 

Dr. Harkness exhibited gall wasps just hatched from leaf-bud galls of 
the oak. 

The President announced the purchase of the skeleton of a whale, 
which will be mounted and placed in the gallery of the Museum. 


2p Ser. VOL. Il. (27 ) 


374 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


June 6, 1892.—StratTEp MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from Mrs. M. Burton William- 
son, MissMcVenn, W. J. Raymond, T. S. Brandegee, Dr. C. L. Anderson, 
Dr. Dozier, F. Engles, Henry Hemphill, Gustav Eisen, R. Reid and Dr. 
S. Bowers. 

Additions to Library: 


roms correspond enitsp snc ieeeiees reer eee ee 155 
By arenuses.. 2, 7.0 ciel 2 oe eae Se nen tee eee as ee 124 
Byidonation pty jefe ak dee ee ere, Rasen Shade ne este 1] 


The President announced the death of J. J. Rey, L. L. Robinson and 
S. M. Wilson, life members, and of Prof. E. Regel, honorary member. 

Dr. Gustav Eisen made a preliminary report on the expedition to Lower 
California. 


June 20, 1892.—SratTep MEETING. 


The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Dr. Gustav Eisen read a paper on the Lost Civilization of the Mayas, 
as Indicated by Archeological Remains in Mexico and Central America, 
illustrated by stereopticon views. 


July 18, 1892.—Sratep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Anthony W. Vogdes was proposed for membership. 


Additions to Library: 


IEroOmuC OLFESPOM GENES) a .o- ees cnse ete wiles aero ee or sere renee 369 
By purchase <4... (5 ce) cw sae o4 eee <e Sac yaa eee tea 48 
By Gongtiom. 6-4)05.6 cee cae Sass. 5 pe silane Se aes pte ake aie ee eee ee 23 


S. W. Holladay read a paper on Earthquake Freaks. 


Charles A. Keeler gave an account of his recent trip to the Farallon 
Islands, and exhibited a portion of the collections made on the trip. 


August 1, 1892.—SraTep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from 8. Reubel, W. W. Price, 
A. W. Anthony, Dr. J. G. Cooper, John Carlson, Frank H. Vaslit, W. O. 
L. Crandall, Agent S. P. Co., Indio, Cal., C. W. Knox, Frank H. Holmes, 


PROCEEDINGS. B75 


Charles Fuchs, Mr. Goebig, M. Braverman, E. D. Flint, J. W. Barry, Dr. 
Harkness, Charles A. Keeler and J. J. Kinrade. 

Additions to Library: 

IMO MACONBHES) COMMUTES ao oe mMompoindd «boas oeiono ona Groom a aces: £6006 
Byapurchase: qj aeons eee 
d Saye OKO NAG MRO Maes min Aen ey i cue lee yt IR NT pre tt ok artes be are Ve 13 

A paper, by William W. Price, on the Discovery of a New Grove of 
Sequoia gigantea, was read by Walter E. Bryant. 

A paper, by Dr. J. G. Cooper, on Land and Fresh-water Shells of Lower 
California, was read by title. 

The Secretary read a paper, prepared by Melville Attwood, on the ad- 
visability of making an exhibition of Californian iron ores at the World’s 
Columbian Exposition. 

Dr. Harkness exhibited a living specimen of Amblystoma and made 
some remarks concerning its metamorphosis. 

Charles A. Keeler and Prof. W. E. Ritter discussed certain points in 
Romanes’ theory of natural selection. 


September 5, 1892.—SvaTep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Oscar T. Baron was proposed for membership. 

Donations to the museum were reported from W. G. Blunt, Carlos 
Troyer, R. G. Stitt, Lieutenant Holcomb, E. W. Jones, Melville Attwood, 
R. C. McGregor, Miss Effie A. MclIllriach, George B. Badger, Sidney M. 
Smith, Mrs. Nuttall, Mrs. Bush, A. W. Crawford and T. H. Hittell. 

Additions to Library: 


INTFOMs COLLESP ONG EMU Sep ewer Mier att eet mvs sone, x1 Syd wrens ths eet & Fis ote 174 
By, ePUr Chae eer weree ere ge aca oy ieee Ste secs is cl atovetcuats eer brain sett oii 1044 
By: dona tio mee oer eeeretete reste cra rece eisai eee Gente eats. ster wiereeiece tees bole 8 


E. W. Jones, by invitation, addressed the Academy on the subject of 
tin mining, explaining the methods used at the Temescal mine in work- 
ing the ore. 

Charles Fuchs made some remarks on Phlwosinus dentatus Say, which is 
ravaging the cypress trees. 


September 19, 1892.—Sratep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


J.C. Branner was proposed for membership. 


Donations to the museum were reported from C. H. and Dr. E. S. Clark, 


256 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Henry Lorenzen, J. B. Haggin, James E. Requa, Carlos Troyer, G. P. Rix- 
ford and Mrs. A. E. Bush. 


Additions to Library: 


Krom iCOrrespondeniss stese. 6 jac as ce etiatelc crn eu aie eae meme 70 
By spUrchase {Sse occe fen eee Oat ceo eee Retr beara eee 128 
By, donmatlon! 52S none cet ere PRae Se ete Sars be eee ooh Ae Ss) 


Charles A. Keeler read a paper entitled ‘‘Sexual Selection as a Factorin 
the Beautiful in Nature.” 


October 3, 1892.—StTaTED MEETING. 


The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Anthony W. Vogdes and Oscar T. Barron were elected resident members.. 


Donations to the museum were reported from H. 8. Nichols, Miss Effie 
A. Melllriach, Olaf Olsen, Dr. J. G. Cooper, Dr. L. D. Morse and M. Braver- 
man. 


Additions to Library: 


HrOMECOTrESpONGENtS: 0 oer. waeieia. phere om eres) Oe Io ee 61 
BYP PURCHASES J Mate pei see cele whe che Ae ee Ia cele tO ere Re re 13 
Dyed onations Each x Cee Ate coe aro Rr cE OS Or eee eee 2 


Major J. W. Powell, Director of the U.S. Geological Survey, delivered. 
a lecture on the Aboriginal Tribes of North America. 


The thanks of the Academy were voted to Major Powell. 


October 17, 1892.—Statep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from F. A. Marriott, Jr., Mrs. 
C. A. Boland, Frank Miller, Dr. J. G. Cooper, Captain Hultman, George 
E. Twitchell and Thomas C. Johnston. 


A yote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Thomas C. Johnston for his dona- 
tion of a valuable ethnological collection from the South Sea Islands. 

The Secretary read an announcement of the discovery by H. W. Fair- 
banks of Proetus ellipticus Meek, a trilobite from the Waverly Group, in 
Shasta County, California; identified by Captain A. W. Vogdes. 

Lieutenant John P. Finley delivered a lecture on Phases of Pacific Coast 
Weather and Violent Local Storms, illustrated with stereopticon views. 


A vote of thanks was tendered Lieutenant Finley. 


PROCEEDINGS. LE 


November 7, 1892.—StTatTep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from John Carlsen, Gustav 
Eisen, Carl Precht, Dr. J. G. Cooper, John L. Howard. 


Additions to Library: 


IMRoaa) (Co vBHelsy DONAMOKSMS 5 +o oo clucot an Soe bse nn OO ube Dac onoMeasonisaue co 82 
Bye purchaseny, cease tte tastes Serr ter setae os ceo insite seers 77 
BS ye C O11 6101 eee mE ys Sart acc) Gove ove egies wai se Sore en eiele 6 


November 21, 1892.—Statrp MEETING. 
T. H. Hirrewt in the chair. 


James P. Smith was proposed for membership. 


Donations to the Musuem were reported from Willard M. Wood, Miss 
Lottie Rau, George H. Knight, Sam Hubbard, Jr., Overend G. Rose, M. 
H. Gilson, T. 8S. Brandegee. 


Additions to Library: 


HEOMMCOLRESPOMGENtS na) 5... . qc WRONG ert ci vtos anes ane eae cere eicrare S1 
SARCOMAS Ci, Poet eed ho dah he Le AL aay Sayed Mie eee 
TB? GIGHAEH TIO} es syed nme oe kaoM RA ee 0.0 6 Cord Siath Ata Re Onin oman ee icicas coment 2 


H. W. L. Couperus read a paper on the Possibility of the Cultivation 
of Coffee within the Limits of the Unlted States. 

A committee, consisting of Dr. Harkness, T. 8. Brandegee and J. R. 
Scupham, having been appointed by the Council to represent the Academy 
in a general committee from the universities and scientific societies to 
organize and promote the means of procuring a topographical map of the 
valley areas of California, made their report to the Academy through Mr. 
Scupham, who offered the following resolution: 

Wuereas, The General Government, through the Director of the Geol- 
ogical Survey, consents to co-operate with the State of California in the 
survey and mapping of the valley areas of California, to the extent of 
superintending the work and defraying one-half of the expense; 

Resolved, That the Academy heartily endorses the proposition to secure 
an appropriation from the State Legislature that will cover the annual ex- 
pense of $25,000 for securing such survey and map. 


Action on the resolution was deferred until the next meeting. 


378 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


December 5, 1892.—Stratep MEETING. 


The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from Walter H. Levy, Gustav 
Eisen, William Hooper, W. G. Blunt, John P. West and Compania Minera 
y Beneficiadora de la Barranca, Sonora, Mexico. 


Additions to Library: 


LOM PCOLLESPONGEMUSt. -ars ere eres elcid aerate ree een a eter 67 
By purchase acer ey eect cise rersiers Bet Cae, asa aN 15 
Bye done tome icant Sem ete reseed eee) he reer aeteitee re ev eee 2 


The resolution introduced at the last meeting giving the Academy’s en- 
dorsement to the effort on foot to secure for the State a topographical map, 
was discussed and finally carried, after having been amended to read as 
follows: 

Resolved, That the Academy heartily indorses the proposition to secure 
an appropriation from the State Legislature that will cover the annual ex- 
pense of $25,000 for securing such survey and map, that the scale be not 
less than one inch to the mile, and that the whole area of the State be in- 
cluded in the survey. 


December 19, 1892.—Stratep MEETING. 


The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from Herbert Kellogg, Walter 


H. Levy, W. E. Steadman, Baron Boeselager, Walter E. Bryant and G. E. 
Colwell. 


Additions to Library: 


Mrom!Correspomdemts' eos. te eee cee rectal ee cy ene ous eter soe 64 
JE. f OLUERGL IES) 2 ai ASP Re MIRO A ie Pm ecu Sisoichs ceciy o Ene Saabs 16 
IBS rah ULAR OM 512, pecerdee ye chm, eucly e ein © =o e eA ner ceeer eee eco Rea Nes ee 3 


The Nominating Committee made their report naming the following 
ticket. 
For President, H. W. Harkness. 
First Vice-President, H. H. Behr. 
Second Vice-President, J. G. Cooper. 
Corresponding Secretary, T. S. Brandegee. 
Recording Secretary, J. R. Scupham. 
Treasurer, L. H. Foote. 
Librarian, Carlos Troyer. 
Director of Museum, J. Z. Davis. 
Trustees, W. C. Burnett, C. F. Crocker, D. E. Hayes, E. J. Molera, 
George C. Perkins, Adolph Sutro, John Taylor. 


PROCEEDINGS. 379 


January 3, 1893.—ANNUAL MEETING. 
The PResIpENT in the chair. 


Donations to the museum were reported from Ed. Garner, P. F. Round- 
tree, Dr. Julius Rosenstirn, Wm. F. Nolte and Charles Alison. 


Additions to the Library for the year 1892, were reported as follows: 


LOIN HORA NOMGIN IS: coc agg oousee san sable dao ooroeduG ann eMcluodc SeliZ0) 
Bs PUNLCHAS CMs prueestee were terres el rake erecta rete ists seces Sie Sug ret Cie arate 1876 
13377 GONE AKO Ne Ce aah ona aa Sid Opp nbetc 6 elOH OS Senco a0 Hoe SenCIB nic ora 136 


The annual reports of the officers were read and ordered filed. 


The judges and inspectors of election reported the following officers 
elected for the ensuing term: 


H. W. HarkKnsEss, President. 
H. H. Beur, First Vice-President, 
J.G. Cooper, Second Vice-President. 
T.S. BRANDEGEE, Corresponding Secretary. 
J. R. ScupHam, Recording Secretary. 
L. H. Foots, 7'reasurer. 
Carios Troyer, Librarian. 
J. Z. Davis, Director of Museum. 
Trustees. 
W.C. BURNETT, CHARLES F’. CROCKER, D. E. HayEs, 
E. J. Moera, GEORGE C, PERKINS, ADOLPH SUTRO, 
JoHN TAYLOR. 


ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1892. 


Unless otherwise specified these accessions are by donation. 

H, Abbott, San Francisco: abnormal specimen of young sheep. 

Agent Southern Pacific Co., Indio, Cal.: 1 moth and 1 scorpion, in 
alcohol. 

Charles Alison, San Francisco: Collection of centipedes and Thysanuras 
in alcohol. 

Dr. C. L. Anderson, Santa Cruz, Cal.: 15 species shells. 

A.W. Anthony, San Diego, Cal.: 1 pelt of deer (Cariacus macrotis). 

Melville Attwood, San Francisco: specimen of lignite. 

George B. Badger, Santa Cruz, Cal.: 6 specimens serpents; 1 batrachian, 
and 2 Chiroptera in alcohol; collection of reptiles in alcohol. 

J.W. Barry, San Francisco: 1 fish. 

W.WS. Bliss, Carson City, Nev.: 1 specimen of Peropsperotis californicus, 
in the flesh. 

Wiltiiam G. Blunt, San Francisco: 2 specimens of Callipepla sguamata and 
1 Sitomys in the flesh; 2 Himantopus mexicanus in the flesh; 1 Callipepla 
gambeli in the flesh. ; 


380 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Baron Boeselager, Mount Angel, Or. (through Dr. H. H. Behr): Indian 
stone relic. 

Mrs. C. A. Boland, Utica, N. Y.: specimen of Columba fasciata in the 
flesh. 

Dr. S. Bowers, Ventura, Cal.: 82 specimens of Tertiary fossils from 
Southern California. 

T. S. Brandegee, San Francisco: a set of the lichens of Colorado and 
a set of lichens of the Yakima region of Washington, all named by Dr. 
Tuckerman and Charles James Sprague; 1 species shells. 

M. Braverman, Visalia, Cal.: 1 Latrodectus verrecundum and 1 Scorpio 
alleni in alcohol; 5 specimens of reptiles in alcohol, and ten bottles of 
miscellaneous alcoholic specimens. 

Herbert Brown, Tucson, Ariz.: specimen of Crotaphytus collaris in 
alcohol. 

Walter E. Bryant, Curator: 1 cranium of Neotoma fuscipes; 1 Zonotrichia 
coronata; 1 Callipepla californica; 1 Anas carolinensis; skins. 

Mrs. A. E. Bush, San Jose, Cal.: 63 species of fossil shells from San 
Pedro and Santa Clara County; 10 species living shells; garnet sand from 
Monterey Beach; obsidian from Modoc County. 

John Carlsen, San Francisco: 1 Diemyctilus torosus; specimens of lignite; 
1 specimen of Osmylus sp. ? 

Carl H. and Dr. B.S. Clark, San Francisco: Collection of fossils from 
bituminous beds of Los Angeles County. 

G. EH. Colwell, San Francisco: Mounted specimen of Pseudogryphus cali- 
Sornianus. 

Compania Minera y Beneficiadora de la Barranca, Sonora, Mexico: 5 
boxes of ores, principally silver. 

Charles N. Comstock and Charles Hubbard, Oakland, Cal.: Collection of 
North American birds’ eggs. i 

Dr. J. G. Cooper, Haywards, Cal.: 9 mammals; 41 birds’ skins; 2 birds’ 
nests. 

W. 0. L. Crandall, Olema, Cal.: 1 Siphostoma californiense. 

A. W. Crawford, San Francisco: 2 specimens of a Helix from Australia. 

Dr. Dozier, Napa, Cal.: 2 species shells. 

George W. Dunn, San Francisco: 27 specimens of reptiles in alcohol. 

Dr. Gustav KHisen, San Francisco: 22 specimens of land shells from 
Vevay, Indiana; 2 specimens reptiles; 4 specimens crustacea. 

F. Engels, Santa Barbara, Cal.: 1 species shells. 

EB. D. Flint, Oakland, Cal.: Living specimen of Pituophis catenifer; 1 
Gerrhonotus multicarinatus. 

Charles Fuchs, San Francisco: 2 Thelyphonus; 2 Phrynosoma; 2 lizards; 
2 snakes; 5 centipedes; 1 scorpion; | wasp. 

Edward Garner, Quincy, Cal.: 1 Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis; 1 Melan- 
erpes torquatus; 1 Cinclus mexicanus; skins. 

M. H. Gilson, San Francisco: 1 labret from Alaska. 


PROCEEDINGS. 381 


Mr. Goebig, San Francisco: 3 spiders and 103 specimens of insects, 
principally coleoptera, from Costa Rica. 

J. B. Haggin, San Francisco: 2 mounted specimens of Nyctea nyctea. 

Dr. H. W. Harkness, San Francisco: 2 specimens batrachians and | 
reptile. 

Henry Hemphill, San Diego, Cal.: 1 species shells. 

T. H. Hittell, San Francisco: specimens of Monohamus oregonensis. 

Lieutenant Holcomb, San Francisco: 71 specimens of soundings. 

Frank H. Holmes, San Jose, Cal.: 1 specimen of Cypseloides niger. 

William Hooper, San Francisco: 2 specimens of clay stones. 

John L. Howard, San Francisco: Collection of ethnological specimens 
from Gilbert Islands. 

Sam Hubbard, Jr., Oakland, Cal.: 3 specimens of Ayialitis montana in 
flesh. 

Captain Hultman, San Francisco: | scorpion in alcohol. 

Thomas C. Johnston, San Francisco: collection of ethnological speci- 
mens from South Sea Islands. 

E. W. Jones, tin ores, cassiterite, concentrated tin oxide, pure tin, slag 
and crystallized tin from Temescal Tin Mine. 

Charles A. Keeler, Berkeley, Cal.: 1 Atalapha cinerea in flesh; 36 speci- 
mens of birds in alcohol; 5 birds’ skeletons; collection of 30 species 
marine shells; collection of insects. 

Herbert Kellogg, Oakland, Cal.: 1 stuffed lizard from Arizona. 

J.J. Kinrade, Sau Francisco; 3 species of Cretaceous fossils from Glen- 
dive, Montana. 

George H. Knight, San Francisco: stalacite from Calaveras County. 

Charles W. Knox, Oakland, Cal.: 3 specimens of white-footed mouse 
(Sitomys sp.?); 1 Reduvius. 

Walter H. Levy, San Francisco: 7 birds’ nests and 17 eggs; 1 centipede. 

Miss Louise A. Littleton, Zebra, Cal.: specimen of Lynax baileyi. 

Henry Lorenzen, San Francisco: seed pod of Martynia proboscidia from 
Gilbert Islands. 

Lower California Expedition of 1892, collected by Walter E. Bryant: 
144 mammals; 118 mammal crania; 108 birds’ skins; 4 birds’ skeletons; 
4 chelonians; large collection of reptiles; 3 fishes; 19 crustaceans; 17 land 
shells; 3185 marine shells; 18 gorgons; 12 sponges; 140 radiates; 1 speci- 
men fungus; 24 minerals. 

F. A. Marriott, Jr., San Francisco: 1 living specimen of Tarantula. 

R.C McGregor, Denver, Colo.: 3 specimens Diemyctilus torosus. 

Miss Efie A. Meclliriach, San Francisco: living specimen of Eutainia 
sp.?; 1 myriapod. 

Miss McVenn, Haywards, Cal.; 2 species shells. 

Frank Miller, San Francisco: 1 crustacean. 

Dr. L. D. Morse, San Mateo, Cal.: human frontal bone from banks of 
San Mateo Creek. 


382 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF: SCIENCES. 


H.S. Nichols, Healdsburg, Cal.: 1 specimen of Arachnide. 

William F. Nolte, San Francisco: mounted specimens of Pelicanus ery- 
throrhynchos and P. californicus. 

Mrs. Nuttall, San Francisco: fossils from the mountain Kinnekiille, 
Sweden. 

Olaf Olsen, San Francisco: fossil tooth of mastodon. 

Cari Precht, San Francisco: 1 specimen Porzana noveboracensis in the 
flesh. 

W. W. Price, Oakland, Cal.: 2 skins of Coccothraustes vespertinus mon- 
tanus. 

Miss Lottie Rau, Ukiah, Cal.: specimen of Chelopus marmoratus. 

W. J. Raymond, Oakland, Cal.: 1 species shells. 

Rk. Reid, Haywards, Cal.: a specimen of the eastern oyster grown spon- 
taneously at San Lorenzo, Cal., 9} inches long and 34 inches wide, being 
about seven years old and the largest yet known to have been found in 
San Francisco Bay. 

James EF. Requa, Sonora, Cal.: 3 anatomical specimens from mammals. 

S. Reubel, Oakland, Cal.: 1 specimen of ‘‘ Elephant Fish.” 

G.P. Rixford, San Francisco: specimens of Phragmites communis from 
Owen’s Lake, covered with honey-dew from Aphis. 

Overend G. Rose, Lakeport, Cal.: 2 skins of Phalacrocorax dilophus. 

Dr. Julius Rosenstirn, San Francisco: 103 fishes; 92 crustaceans; 52 
shells; 2 reptiles; 106 miscellaneous specimens. 

P. F. Roundtree, San Francisco: 1 metate. 

T. B. Sanders, Susanville, Cal.: 6 specimens of Ampelis garrulus in the 
flesh. 

Sidney M. Smith, San Francisco: specimen of petrifaction from Cook’s 
Inlet, Alaska, collected by Mr. H. M. Wetherbee. 

W. E. Steadman, San Francisco: specimen of ore containing copper, 
silver and gold. 

R. G. Stitt, Fresno, Cal.: 6 specimens of Sciuride. 

Carlos Troyer, San Francisco: specimen of cricket; 4 reptiles; 26 ba- 
trachians; 61 fishes. 

George E. Twitchell, San Francisco: 1 specimen 7’ringa maculata in the 
flesh. 

Unknown donors: | fish; specimen of mineral wool; lava showing leaf 
impression from near Tivoli, Italy. 

Frank H. Vaslit, San Francisco: 1 Gerrhonotus multicarinatus; 1 Wenona 
plumbea. 

John P. West, San Francisco: ‘‘ Bonnet” of right whale. 

Mrs. M. Burton Williamson, University, Cal.: 8 species shells. 

Willard M. Wood, San Francisco: 2 specimens of Limax maximus L. 
found in gardens of San Francisco. 

Purchased: 2 Abalone shells from Point Arena, one containing a strange 
excrescence; 2 mounted specimens of 7'atusia novem-cinctus. 


ADTON a) MATITIM As. elec oo cee see 166 
Abutilon|Califormichm!.s 0.1.41 117 
Gahonouyeeonanwacwtone qoucmaueacsaL 117 
ATIC RIVUIN! pac ayeeve! jevsisiele fomenagodootD 117 
AMOI rrontare orspereoatstetie asta etre isle 117 
DEA Seo aabtlontimacnoo Oates paboeeas 117 
Acacia amentaces. <<). ..02 secre cece 133 
Californie aterteerctelelereetelsiclbee oleleje(eisiel= 221 
(COMI E SS boooanedpouodcounoOdoodS 221 
IFAT NESTATIA v.te\eraesienetsieialelersiere/cictel<re1</e0e 134 
ALICINA  ereesee stele scan Geos 8 BosnoS 135 
VOCTNELIAN Misr telstra etonctslere!eeje\eisielsic 221 
SWintd oun Ciditesreresercratrercicistatercisteieie sy sversts, 134 
Acaliyplay alien aerate icraisicleveiecs<.cicicisie'e 172 
Calif OLN Capetererericttelst tals cre s\s\a:< ois) os 172 
ANGEL Dien cictce setoenrataebarevelele oes oe cscs 170 
Adiantum Capillus-Veneris............ 181 
CONCINMUIM GT erecpateletotessielets:+) «= oadcowda: ls! 
MIFOPOSONVETACIIIS! Seiecieie cies o s0 177 
ABSchynoMene NiVes.. 22... .. 0. sceeees 128 
Wil PUM are siatote ete el states eictalcleie sis <iaveisersi ays 128 
INEM Sacc GoMsoSdodE OU SU SHaE OE eOnBnOIG 227 
RE ngd oor aa sees COUDraROOOBODS OG 174 
AUDIZZ IA MUCD DEK jc iisie ac icinetaidicie o's sew ersieie 134 
OCCidentaligia: << > cicnsclec veesie 222 
AlGhemililay tins uitae rye velevaierete seis. svete 136 
Allionia incarnata. =... <.s.2: 5-< Ramet e 166 
Alvordia glomeratas cccoccccecs coc cccs 146 
Amarantus fimbriatus.................. 167 
Palimerivisertenrersatics/cac cst scinerete 166 
SPIN OS Seae circles varsialeeisteniesaarorc altel 167 
Am mania latifOlial se <crrasc steers aes 136 
AMOTEUXIA BWI SHC eee cm <ereirie ce 113 
Amphistichus rhodoterus........2-.2+-00. 9 
Anaphalis margaritacea ............... 144 
ATICVIUSICAULINUGverctclecieisietsnee lees << 82 
PTAC UIS emer eee dado asase capac wee 
Andropogon hirtiflorus.............. - 178 
MeClANOCALDUSs critic tei sates e ete 178 
Aneimia hirsuta..... 5100 » ODED ODSOCIDO 181 
Anoda acerifolianti is ssaciccmenic ave ste 116 
crenatifiora........... nddosoannono. JUG 
lanceolata@r.%i.cccc nee ee ee ane 116 
AmthoGeroshlevisheccecsism ect ote 182 
Antigonum) LeptoPuUsiscnasemelaeels celle 166 
Antirrhinum cyathiferum............. 156 
Ayphiyllonivsseveievonsvaieisvatsicleraloineieerclenceeiaeuee 20 
Aplopappus arenarius................. 143 
Spin ulosusi esses seeeewescieicereclatercte 143 
Ar butuUsVle nm Zl Ost erctereseteieere ter caer ite 150 
ATENATIAAISIN OL ES). ctatsrclerleleic actos iesiels 114 
Argemone Moexicana...-:- 2.9.2 ...... 006 111 
Argythamnia lanceolata............... 173 
BELICOPH Yai vacaterarelels omits se 173 


Argythamnia serrata......... Date steers 173 
Aristida Californica, var. glabrata..... 178 
GISPORS Aer sieteieiiileteieleuacratajcleveisveverscetets 178 
Orcwttianas-cri sicecs cess ee aetsnee a 178 
Scheidianarm. seseew sucess seas 118 
TONUIS). 0.0 os Aneadoopsao aha aq0osb 178 
Aristolochia Karwinskii............... 167 
Arracacia Brandegei.............. ... 142 
APUG ONG ONARK ay ieeiclecisiiea. ceciee eee eles 179 
Asclepiasialbicang ano. ease sane ames 225 
SUD Wate ee cists) ae Nee eveniaeye eine 152 
Aspidium Mexicanum...:.:........... 181 
DATO MS ey ecrereiteye ele eiercietersincieciererersierere 181 
Asplenium blepharodes.............-. 181 
MONBNGNSMLIMIS te ateceyscialeselsiclsvolciniele= 227 
AISTOTIOXINISN Ls tas. sisisie oicisic ciersiowiels aus sce 144 
SPINOSUSiAvsetee sickens neces ciche ercierie 144 
AStLAGAlUS) ob coc aialsrerremisiessicisieecvels «6 127 
Niuttalilianus se jce.cjeisietcicre “telslelsiors ane 221 
Atamisquea emarginata............... 112 
ALLIPlEX Barclayanaiay <icers ise icles 220 
RIVE ATES 1 <rayetetoyarnierctercvetetoteiereraistetsre svoyers 167 
ASTI CE TUNA itl Bre ateteyehy states iatemiapetelsincielete 164 
Avena Berlandieri ss... .seiccs sas weel: 119 
USM AA =, s/c ccieiecjenciia(era cere wleyavece 119 
Baccharis Bigelovil. 2.2.4.5. <0. 060 224 
CPOTULESCENStimrsieiercee lone eeiatereeiare 144 
viminea...... HOCH AD DOSE cunadoOdS 144 
Baja California, Notes on the Geology 
and’ Petrograpny: Oficina. sae cece 25 
Flora of the Cape Region of. ..108, 218 
BATTS MALI tIIN Ae (6 0 acrers/=/s steie'<t ava) Acaisietcrers 227 
Bawhinia, POrrectarscc. seinceees.seekee 132 
Bebbia atriplicifolia......-:-......-.-- 149 
Begonia Californica .................-- 140 
Behbria tenuiflora...... Sidleraterevayeyers a rssaeless 174 
Beloperone Californica....... ........ 159 
TATU Bete see iete areicteeis Syoe wraisistoreetel 159 
Bere nia Pal moriicreeiosscics sclsccisienveisicn 159 
Bernardia Brandegei ..... Hana BOGGuODS 172 
MYTICHLOTIA 2 cise eeloinsisccistelsiereisss Serer Lgl 
Bidens heterophylla............ Sesto | 1 / 
Lemmoni...... SUDO OEE Dae OHOn ARGS 147 
UU CLEA Soa sores aie sicisans alt terelavoore ete 147 
PLO asi -ccre, sxe rejaie ook cavern elere is ssoerer 147 
MOLTAC TA. Mister. 1s1e te ciojeleioleleretereleerete Brevstetsy LAs 
MOWUISE Cla aererccrersisie tii: resales 147 
Bigelovias Gitias aire cicceimcos aa esse ee 144 
BUS MO MIA ec-cis anise see ew ele ees Fisica eek 226 
Boerhaavia clongaia......00..s.-ecccecs 166 
GREW, cadeudbuucmaoas pans dan oGOudS 166 
PANICULATA. cc nis ccicneis cute cere’ epie as 166 
SCANGENS Aycan cise.eereicletesieeiostariniseieis 166 
WASCOSA! -jefersisisizic.eajeteleverstecslausiect 2 166 


354 


CALIFORNIA ACADEMY 


Boerhaawadexattiieieeclslel cee ss sleed=iellele 166 
BOULLSTIA) SOMOS enaiae ceiseianeeileeiaeele 153 
Bouteloua aristidoides......... Poosade 179 
IDNOMOLGM ES stcwietilecio vad evar irs 179 
IRS UL A en niei-l tld ceickele ie wiskohd eieiseeiere ee 179 
OLTUBOBLAC HIYA ateleeeictataieltelelavelsiaetelsterats 179 

MO EUG hte Woconsoaocondedsosow. 179 
racemosa......-- Sooo got soe Se onc 179 

BPA CLEP Gain yoeinreeicver sic sienelets eisai oie alelere 58 
ISIE) OVA Gs peomnadannds Oo. Bea tas) 
MAOH OS POLI. oreye eles sleeie) ofeiatatsrel= === 59, 138 
ESTAS SL CAPD Tay ciet-ielsielac)s el sieiele/aioisie Pielersiele 219 
Brickellia Cavanillesii................. 143 
(OL UNeA mgunmoon oADOnOeb Ibn aso 143 
SLUMS aval SATIS ye wistesoreis/ctoyaicielera/mteteteislala 165 
Buchnera Mexicana..........-... emai 157 
Buddleia crotonoides.................. 153 
Bulimulus artemisia .....2-0c--67-e> = 208 
EX COISU Spat cis eis ater r mete eicata 101, 209 
ERIVE seer a tniatcfalrare] siaiaielersnareta wort 214, 340 
IMS COME TIA tecteiatense misters iter ce ctere 101, 209 
Late) Lo hnakt i oom oa cher pum Oce 209, 340 

EY SUE cavers << evelsafe ete ieee 101, 340 
PUTT OT (erecta sclera ieteistetafatcielotaie 101, 210 
[SVULTHES, See eo eOROGeE tO dC -.102, 210 
[EMOTE Wa eM ORS Acs ODED oC ONOtS 211 
obali nt os skoq aa ae COO ABO Ace. Otte 211 
SUE AALS (erafel oisivic ss'aicshote’e weievere aietale 102, 212 
EHEC hcoemonoee. Goo dac 212, 340 
DEST eae tas Se RO IAC a PI AO CIODO OF 213 
Bumielia Tycloides,. : as ..)0:<.s/.e oc'sjenar 225 
IBUTROFA! CELASILONia oy,» <teis1 sic lwicivicclelars 121 
PAP ATIOULOS ce icaisc te ileisleterisietal Piers 120 
Hindsiang..-.+ -<<«lc AnOc aa ao ade 121 

IES g hilo) ba aanosoeasacds done a oocone a 121 
MTCTOPH YAN cicccelciawosie aie ssalesiee we 120 
OGCOT OLDE cdc sls siete Sane pedona tlt) 
Cesalpinia pannosa.............. «0. 130 
ISLEKO Us CREA Soe AoC a AnH Oman pro oOSoosd 131 
ULE STUN ee eles ~ a imlele step eile wateiet= 131 

CA AMAAS EN GUO US eat eatielsiaie sfelsiaioiers els 130 
Calliandra Californil Coes c starters eles 134 
(Chophrytha ae atone detomoeace oa 134 
ONT OP MGS a peyetsterethelers slctetere eiatetraratetats 134 
Calophanes peninsularis.............. 159 
CA PRICY DACCREUIN, sale vem cece amesisie | LOD. 
Gardamine Palimertiien nicole cists sieis 112 
Cardiospermum Halicacabum......... 122 
IP MEIN OTL aeveyetee oleleicteleieiotetsieccteiereieleial= 122 
OED ef Ronan SCoOU Sp ObO Eo Scat UD Ube S Dade 227 
monile, var. Pacifica.......ce.se.0. 105 
OPT A aceis we teresepntcl lel olausjoietal a a\etereieiein lots 104 
CENT, SoopotyaGan ages cd0NS0f aso 104 
TOS C65 cases aopoBe. c8cdouds 105 
Carices, New Californian.............. 104 


OF SCIENCES. 


Carlowrightia Arizonica............ Boo alist!) 
HANLON mA oGudoobo sas aoscon Jhpl 
eo ipomae as Homo soOdceuacdnscn 160 

Carminatia) tenmifl orgie ccs cnsisleren ee icieici 143 

Cassia ADSUS).<ij.0%)e eins ssc sua gisis we eeetets 132 
bicapsularis. ........ ACNE Coots a 131 
emarginata.. coc skwcacccesse sec =e 131 
MUCtitANG ls eee SSNS OOO DICS 132 
occidenta lish. 5 «as ceecesnmeieeee 132 
SROTGI. avert oe ites see hil erie 131 
MULLOSB hocks sittireie ciots nares e/siecietaelnnriee 131 

Oagsteliat tonbwOsal cect ctcltsttersictelclele wares 120 

Castillelacbry anti as.eereecines Sach Lay 

Gattab lemve nantes. .r<tcrtcsistcrescaie sicreie aremets 24 

Celosig Tori bundad. occ. scmceelestie= see 167 

@enchrus Palmers. 1s. cm<s-racleeien coo. HhnAte 
tribuloides ov). csstesiels sais Peer 177 

Centunculus minimus........ biome miets 224 

Gereus Treas rcnessicl stores incisal cleo 141 
revs herbaaQeyoh'!-| Soro qageiaeT scoes anos 141 
pecten-aboriginum...............- 141 
PVIN GUE 22 oie svc cle Salen oases sepals 140 
SCHOUM octemactecteeciccts cece ean ence 
SELIAGUE. cic anise seis aysiee sisrcinesicemincie 141 
Mhurperivcays eset eee See Pa} 

Chamesaracha Coronopus ...........-- 155 

Cheilanthes Pringlei ...... SonsOROnCOaL 180 

Chenopodium album..............-.--- 167 
AMIPMPSIOIM OS 0. -tscotefe Perereiatai sei erento 167 
PVA Te ere iaieybye olor elelereiaketetes iste rurelais tare) ace 227 

Chiococca racemosa .....- OCC Oe RaaS 142 

Chlorisielegans. ........ 5... +s spcnaccaja, Leis) 

Githarexylum To 5-- 3s< << sess eee. 163 

Citharichthys sordidus ................ 38 
STIG MBUS! cite we owe seis orem 38 

Clematis ...... RACCOON OCTAL BOT 110 

Cleome ephemera .........+.0--..s.+0- 112 
TOXUOYS:, sete pelorsietsr eee aiersie i oyche ter scoters eee 113 

Clevelandia Beldingi............... 157 

Clevelandia longipinnis............... 10 

Clitoria Mariana...... Geeanakcobad Pao Let 

Colubrina glabra.............. ened aeons 122 

Colmuna Tamentosa.........-.-<5- 215, 338 
var. abbreviata ......... sev cee s2kb, 30S 

Gommelina nidisloras. ccs ciein cee 175 
Milian waGaaeeneooce dnoddarcrsonse 175 

Gondalia Mexicana aaoeniiase reece 122 

Conobea intermedia......... Dance 157 

Conocarpusierecta nec. anise caspecrincre 223 

(OfopeRr WATE) MOA barca ctaseores Goncnaes 63 

ConyzaxCoulitent jccincanenceweisee eet 144 

Copsreodes candida..................-.- 34 

CordiayMPalm Oris: reo aleimreteteretecls a teiia elas 153 

Cotyledon farinosa.................... 136 
TAYOEChe ec SoonnoRoanoon  Podowarts 136 


INDEX. 385, 
Coulterella capitata..... ssn do's Acooowsac wey! Dodonea ViSCOSa .: ss, Sep ce essele nee 124 
Coursetia glandulosa................ 27 Drymaria arenarioides...............-- 114 
Cracca Hdwardsil-... 25. ed-ecce +o- - 127 CALINA LES oct ofeleisjere a'r tee Sa eleceieies 115, 219 
Cressa Cretica:.... 1. -s2<0-++- soccadon 225 CLASSILOML Ap ateharietetsiateisieieteieistoave 115, 219 
Crotalaria incanarn. acre cele s ee eels el+le/el= 124 inxeViGsal. Soo dagaodsoosnccoD. sqooog, 1Ulss 
MULT ans eataa eke vorsietorstcrss ctatctototevoureinia ls 124 holosteoides.........0.. miatenlsisats 114, 219 
SUPA LUS peratpyotsicicier lord teieleiad- ais(ol osciel= 124 polystachia ..:.. wc. Dood dendocds ods 115 
Croton Californicus............ SOBOODOS U2 Dy SOdi1 aS PCCIOSAr. <1012/-1 = 1er01- 0 emiaiernicterets 148 
Cucurbitacearum novum genus et Echinocystis Bigelovit.............--.- 58 
SPCOCLES sere teyere = Sdoosdaded Seeman oat 58 IBTANI CO MOT  acisreteistole sein sie ele soonaut}y Lets 
Cuph eamca-mcsetcndselsae asciete melee eielsicis 136 WPI Bi joyeyei eins esis. oer sopoaguse 13§ 
CuscutapAmeritcanae)y-/pissideres isl oe 155 | Echinodorus rostratus................. 176 
ingecoranen sees Seosadts Evatele eee ehs 155 Clip tan alla cas swiciscis-steiswerevatsle chore soles eve 145 
leptantha...... nopsnacc AS COD G eine LOOM RL LOLET ZUNE UO ELOU UN «jefe oleleieinieiciclelolteiseisis 58 
Obtusiflarate secs Soppacddas 155 | Hleocharis arenicola.........0..--.0.0 227 
PALIN GTi Sondeonececadeas 155 Capiteata rice: asics Syeleaisiovatedsrale .sversyeters 176 
Uline hppa cunidoundocsoojccagcacnes 155 DALUSETISH se retete cleriierereleteer iarsiers 176 
Cyclanthera monosperma ............-. 59 1d) yeh) LENG Leong gaan soca gedondnodG 179 
Gestudin ears nce taieiacitateloerercicieie ess 138 | Hlytraria tridentata. .........0s.c0ceeess 158 
Cylindrothecium cladorrhizans........ 182, | Encelia eriocephala..........-...-...-. 182 
Cy PCruUBiArIS tats sar merlelacteieateroisvere oie eel 176 farinosa...... aeleteievsi=icicPapterereleseisveiey sya 146 
Cyrtocarpa procera......... Regatecstensae ere 124 PLM PL cielo sieeve pievste oareyerals rab ei atesste 146 
Dactylotenium Mgyptiacum .......... 179) |) Hopsetta jordan)... << s<j.ssices ile simis- si 23 
Dalea canescens............ ndoso macnn 1265), BoilobiumyParishit. aa.) 137 
CHmY SOUOIZ As ers fetal otels ovelatoltslele(e ia «7a! « 126 | Epipactis gigantea............ ... nooo ait! 
CUIRVALLC ibenectatete eal beetersvoteye mcheternre) es aisiere AD GPs SHUT SO LeTLTID se fej-y ie (o<ciais oye is cteroiatsleteterayetoreseo 227 
IDOL. aioe Bola coe, CaO n Oo eree LOM VEAP MOSTISNCLI ATT Stpctaysistalsisloreysis sucrotetspesaiele 179 
TUL AULT GLTYN A ararals ctstols) etefetctersiefaisieleleie,> @is/ays 125 | VAT MD ALOTISH felaisyelerele ntaneysavese ia 18u 
LEERTSWAl Coe momeaaien anhod Ao AbonaE Bon onS 220 | EHO Ge pascoasbobUnEoseaded nooatos 179 
PAMOSISS IMG peterstabsnistn sale leictos = 21) 10/011 126 | IPERS ode ate peo OCOObaco boCuBadt 186 
EFOCHWIIM Aitaeircteraieleta we weratetsiel ele /sicinre 20] Spicataja-. ries. Giquewobes6 ceBcad 176 
Damalichthys argyrosomus.......-...-... tt) | Erigeron GaAMAGeNBISH aq) 1c. <cleitolcieniec cs 144 
Dascyllus Davidsonii, Description of | Eriochloa punctata:.. <2... o<- cee = o-- 177 
the harvanOtnemrteyelet aos <\-00 12) 63s/00 93 | Eriogonum angulosum...............- 166 
Datura GS COV were resel-ieleielsjs} «\cvel<ieteicivi os 156 Eryngium nasturtiifolium............. 224 
Desmanthus fruticosus................ 132 Erytheaarcuata....... siaiatoterererieisvefetelti= t= 176 
OligOspermuseallemeceeebi ase yad)-6 «) Loo) |e Erythreca: DOU es asit. cis) -1 eicer|-ne)='- 225 
Desmodium Neo-Mexicanum.......... 128 MVPOCENW ao. nOGnedondnoogdussa06 225 
PLOSEVA TUM serteteret ye reletelevereliors = =a tacs 128 | Erythrina corallodendron............. 129 
scopulorum..... erate aeiatefsiinielsiateyofarete 128 HS ON bE GI ay AN Vays eels alse cie aisiviae) siete afeistale 120 
SCOP PIUTUSIs < stacreolaeieielelsieetelsieielenwcise 129 Bivemi dele ordatiaianere sera ctelesiels/leresiererereiole 138 
Spinaile tr ccrrerssectectes ado sacendsuac 129 Eupatorium grandidentatum.... ...... 143 
PVT ZSb Soames Good sonequDenOdD SAOn 129 Qiaadman pulane 71ers: cter-(eieiss-lefeisieiate = 143 
ID EW ah dete MeSH ODE oA mood Coca socueoeodaar 162 Buphor bia) DilObatarc)j- -1.c\- «1s ete i= = 170 
INCEN tah ron Noes ee RE Teo 226 | Dlepharostipulais.c.)\eiee cece 170 
IDEN dan Rooeoramaroneec doe onda dt 6s sbaD 3 Californians <tetsicleei ce arewiensieiele a 170 
ULE FoR r OOM OCGn odo ncmecd BO a ae! Comonduanacn. casei oeecnes = a0) 
Dichondrakarcen tea. .c.-.clisetetey ioe 155 dentata, var. lasiocarpa...... ..... 179 
Dicliptera TOLMOSA « —smswte scl iee tenia 162 GuilVellieSouws qaoon soc anu I a0 OOGO oN 168 
resupinata ..... sis\e loka e a: sere 162 heterophylla var. cyathophora..... 168 
DIOPIaCrASSILOL IA year cla ratorsfeivalseceie ele syed | VAL ie OLVOPN YM Bis cc. = cree ieyeisiem «1 168 
teres var. angustata.......6.......- 142 | FER TINGS TATA afersveteectciciels/)siclot shalslaisiatsise 168 
Diplachnie Bram d/eeei- telercreii-sleetel= 179 | lege aKO VOILE nooo agwodoootes posocC 168 
imbricata serepeiaetentesceenee ott Lae RING ORGAN sia aiaeie (leh aue sles eter euere Ia 171 
Dipodomys merriami melanurus...... 345 ibapowhtne is sa amodagaGANOOoEoe Oo 8 ebG = LO 


386 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 

Euphorbia leucophylla....... sacoonudior 168) | Helenium Thurberiac.: ee acess erceiee 149 
pediculiferacese.. oiler sesehieese 170 | Helianthemum glomeratum .......... 113 
POLYCAUVPA cree einai c siete Socitonoe goo LH) Helicodiscus lineatus sonorensis...... 343 
BO LULO DA eraisieiofeseel-fofolotarerciele ofaletetetelers ee 170 Heliopsis parviflora....... Sloe centers 145 
tomentulosa..............0. Setersuslere 170 | Heliotropium Curassavicum........... 153 
VELSI COLON sarcierelennisle wiles enern eieeie se 170 LEU LICOSUM see els & kolefele otajateieseitere 153 
WaATSONIG ¢ isaa\5 ce netics ts Siete 170 | inMUN datums aehtaeciececr aoe eLos 
Ranti tse oscars ee caeeioe ee Fabra parvifolium...... SO Be 153 
Euprotomicrus hyalinus .............. 35 phyllostach yume t sey. tenie sistas 153 
Bustoma exaltatum 61.) cc. sais sleil ee ee 153 Helix mMormoOnumy cane. <leecielets aaieeiste 64 
Euthynnus pelamys.................0. 8 BreOlatar in eccchee ts ceccucacotiae ter 215 
Evolvulus alsinoides....... Setcscas tia 4) exanimatas< c.icic ores ares Cok G, OF 
Fagonia Californica ....... so odvadasds> 119 Menryn(Costatar..) 11/1: siete seearteieacie ne 159 
Festuca tenella: .s.23..csseccssen 227 | Hermasunia Palmeri...:-..-......- sodas 118 
UCU RYPAIIMOFi ys Neier sosd hie silence ee 173 Herpestis chamedryvides............. 157 
Himbrigma echinella, o: 2c... cahasies cee 182 Monniera........ Sonosdsodssoane piste LOI: 
Flexure of Rock, an Illustration of.... 319 Hesperocallis undulata..........-..... 182 
Foresti¢ra POrulOsa «i c.ces.hinseccesoss 225 Heteromeles arbutifolia............... 136 
Fouquieria Spin0Sa.......ceee cee. cose es 116 Heteropogon acuminatus.......... Bowe, bf} 
Fragaria Mexicana... .......-.00. esse 135 Contortusieeniccmse caer AIAOOS 178 
Franseria ambrosioides .......... 145 Heterospermum Xanti ................ 147 
LG SALON bictsiarscaarsy sissies eas eieveeeistee 145 Heterotoma aurita..... 0.022 csnccvcees 149 
Mapdalens asec scmcectee detente 145 | Hibiscus Coulteri...................+- 118 
Rrolichta Mloridanales: «co em see ee 167 | TL DILOLIME lave. ieioe ee eirintecsteeetele Bere) ea ilies 
initerruptas = S21. .t ss neewiietteeeeees 167 Hieracium Fendleri. ....... phekeistateretewters 149 
Galactia tenuiflora. -...::.....2.06 -.-- 130 | Himantrstemma Pringlei ...........,. 152 
Galinsoga parviflora................... 147 Hofmeisteria fasciculata...... eel oeteiokers 143 
Galium microphyllum ................ 142 Horsfordia Palimerti:: = cscs. sci e te cisn ace 118 
TUMCTO UL BUM. fe iciccc/s chess e'c.ciwie'nche ste 143 | PAUANIMNG Pane tema risL ieee 118 
Galphimia angustifolia................ 119 | majnbenviltt Cleo ases 6, cos odoouds 118 
Galvesia juncea ............. are 225 | Hosackia labia nie ee cbiiee heir ieiclelees 125 
Ca Nee Cai Re eeicn] Gastkiccddacboor 142 3 (0 Rt eR eS DOSEN OUIC IO Sa on sbt 125 
Gaura parvidlorass o. 2-bee.s cele. oleic nie 137 Moustonia aronariae nic c= -1-clieeiele ieee 142 
Genyonemus lineatus..........20..-. 20 9 cheney rune (sls) Sian Gascon ge ho omnes 142 
Geological Surveys in the State of Cal- Brandegeana q nics. accesses oes some: 1, 
APOND LAlerictascns evesiccaie sarge taeieiettennaee 325 IDNO WUD ES ettemseilers)s staeysteia cisterns ota 142 
Geranium Carolinianum..............- 120 | Houttuynia Californica........-....... 168 
Calta Honibund ae sey. ss eeeiac seer alee 153) ||, (oiyvalinararborenseeenacsoceteer ae ete 62 
Nutt AUT ee ances eset saeee 225 | ind entatansseacee eats. eee 216 
Gillichthys y-CAuUda@ ...0.5. 000... eee ees 11 Hydrocotyle umbellata...............- 141 
Gnaphalium leptophyllum.... ....... 144. Hymenoclea monogyra.......... sraeisteaelae 
Sprengelii...... Ricielavetartae erasers 224 | Hypericum anagalloides............ Ape ails 
Gobiosoma longipinne.........e.eeeeeeee 10 | Hypoglossina stomata............. pane 2% 
Gomphrena decipiens................. 167 lahginthdaey nagémocusapeoncoubsTas T9007 226 
GONO]ODUB Es). i cic es sisi ss eyniete einer aine - 152 Collings. scmsielem en incieetaie eines 164 
Gossypium Davidson: sha. ss!) oe eee 118 NIN OV Yall wists tedsare an Wihte oyetarohpteia’s ore wlaicta 164 
Gouania tomentosa. :...55..0.....00-- 122 lanifloraies: 22h SsSethe eee eee 164 
Guaiacumisanctum)..:- 5.5 \seescelecescr 119) tephrodess ss «cic nccemeteece ces ene 
Gymnogramme triangularis........... 227 | Sindigotera, Anil)... peteeetstia seis «ee. 126 
trifoligtaie s..caccs laser eeeciaetere 180 Ionidium fruticulosum..... Ag ot nomsnes 113 
AS VTAULUSPAING US a/<is/c5 pie weet ee elena te 65 riparium..... ACEO DaAE COGS 113 
GEV EUUgE Ghaaaaroboundosonecd 65 Ipomea acetosefolia,.............-...- 164 
VOrMicmMlaris! = ajssiciseeit cee ser --» 65 | aurea...... Gans Adds ond undacooonse 154 
LAD ON ALIA Aes sicaessseaiels\oteinyere) cisvetas's islets RaUee al BON A=V OX yo elalelelon aie etter toterntetersioys «. 154 

Hematoxylon boreale............. pope lsat IDLACteatar nc cceenive ciciseieis eee tee 154 


INDEX. 387 


pomeaCOCeCines ...)-s-cece eee cee 154 
costellatar anne occasions aces sere LO 
BID Paipyriccvaicisisioesiem sieleicrenisicieiinerret 154 
NEGKICGAMN A tyerere oieeelatel pele e erm isiecioier™ 154 
TVUTL CALA eters, sreyatefertorarevere Saoocoo aden 154 
Pes-capre........- ena dnonadannacand 154 
Quamoclities sacmescle cree oes Nersterctc 154 
trifida var. Torreyana..... ..... .. 154 

Tresine:celostOld es) ates asic ctielsie ele cele 227 
Tam Ceolataracmmersettciectechsleistelclelstsie/sle 167 

TsosteseWexicanayeyeeceiecae deer ciie/< sere 182 

Jacquemontia abutiloides ............. 154 
natal Ptoash eno oten commode swage acGondaO 155 

TAMUSTAl CalifOVMICA rece ciietele a clsie elsistee = 119 

Jatropha angustidens:)jn...00..---.0-. 172 
CANESCENS eaycrtacinicts! lotelwla(eleicls «)siereia 171 
COON Re ccoceonaqocunouc coMndudador 17 
SPAENUMMIATA ye celerersicicier els s\cisie elt (eleisie/eves LA 

Juncus xiphioides........... soopsaccog 227 

SUSHI A LO CLONMEL VIM sciciers ci)  sleie’e ol sciols 137 
revens var. Californica............ 137 

UUSUI Cla INS ONT seiner ctcreleetever ce eters haves) DO! 
PRINT CT Liperrsrarayeve actaictans /ayeveretevela rebel tedeheler 159 

Kan'garooyRat, a0 DO Wi. -).c «1s\esl selec 345 

Karwinskia Humboldtiana............. 122 

(Kerrisinn ricer: erstve lol coraertstetcievetiesrehs 293 
MalopHilar. jicr-reyscteserttvene erdery asics cate 314 
MGDONAIGIN sone aaa Rico tole: 
ZONDMIS oe acta oa se; 6 atarsiere wees 311, 314 

Kosteletzkya Coulteri................. 118 

Krameria canescens ..... alccisietternvetsicieraye 114 
PAT VAOlingys.si-rxeleleickeetevcrelerlererstale tere 114 

Krynitzkia angustifolia ............... 154 
NeOtrOPIOIA ESS! reiscccleelctete sieieis “lel alate 153 
IANS TE aio on oe cone DOD bono DOOCODE 154 
MICLOMENES Hees ssioeiereieleisiciccletelelelele ele 154 

Laguncularia racemosa......... ...... 136 

Lantana involucrata...........-....- . 163 

Ibarrea, Wexicana..... -j.s-iccis+ «0.0 ce Sejere LUD) 

Lechea Drummondii...... .. Sonaacede 113 
Skinnerive scenes AAC OST ORS Bo wks) 

Te1o Cott Us Min WG Ove raterelrercreterelalet eteielere 21 

ICDA Aae ao an taGueoGonoOsoe aaercGadod 176 

IGG Obheiey sMbAGhiMAeRoAnsosoqdeD BeHon 112 
Virginicum....... BdooS auoodcoocoR 112 

Lepidogobius y-cauda................. 11 

Leptosyne dissecta............ se. 149, 224 
NETERO CAP Ateressleoicteieleraleraelelel eleletetiat ol 149 
PALthenLOIGES eves mers celleteho atte 148 

MS PUs ANS ULAPISs re eerehieleteleraler ser eta ne Tes elelels 92 

IDeA AEE Roma anonG 25. caaodo --» 183 

Limax campestris occidentalis......... 66 

Limnophysa humilis....... .......... 217 

Maippia, LOLMOSA. sacra deetePesiss cle lsisielelevelsis 163 
Pope, oo Goeueonoondd cosa soDOUoG 163 


Lippia nodiflora......... eccoedooooaoc. Lt 
Pan Or irseteteeietetelcteisisieistelteinistele sie iaicle 163 
Lobelia laxiflora var. angustifolia..... 149 
Moeselial ciliata it leislereeyeirers cleleieye 153 
MAO PEZLATCIAN AU aycseiotarsicioleisis sleiclaleialcvelers sate 137 
MOranNthUs| SONOLTDs. cei vicstelecisiearelsie elect 168 
Lower California, Land and Fresh 
Water: Shelistota..craeccieicrecr 99, 207, 338 
New Kangaroo Rat from.... ...... 345 
MAT PINUSerectkeeerterel hase sia(sisleiersmrele sooons UH! 
INBVATONOWE sraaocdanooomobonoosbOS 219 
Ly ciumvyAMdersOnii=. cre alesse ee ieee 156 
JOE ATS) 55% So oodacouboue ness CGDnOD 155 
FRACTII ayers ete rsrsicisserarereioree Seititiaescs 156 
Worl ob EAN SA nnnoo ocoasaaosane . 155 
Tay SUP USH SPY AD Cie years w1a(a'siei sl olchcyele ctesievelsiere 97 
LY TOCATPAPMANUL. caicieisisiosiecriaiaseie! lei ait 112 
TYSILOM Ay CANGIG Aya clei eletere crete raisterais ie elo 134 
microphylla........... siearstaherseetstotere 134 
Day ile riya LAG UIs olen jotassicisrels ieretel ohereleatars 223 
Macreightia intricata.................. 150 
Malacothrix Xanti............. we ert L49 
Malpighia Galeottiana......... odooacse. 2g) 
Mal van bone lissspraitelatcstcliaisteretseleteieireisra 219 
Mamillaria Goodridgiis.. <<<... cs. <ms 140 
IHORGHINE) ornoo ponussedenoaomobeb cose 140 
Manihot Carthagenensis............... 172 
Manisuris @ramwlarisis,,.jvemis:cllciaercielels Wits 
Marsilia vestita, Prothalium and Em- 
bryOlOfic ascccte sens Aso cencasc Soo pice ite 
Martynia althewfolia................... 158 
Maximowiczia Sonor®.... 022. ..2. 2.0 139 
Maytenus phyllanthoides ............. 122 
Melampodium divaricatum............ 144 
Spa eyabiesl gas eSonecioos Sisfatelelevetereratetataha 144 
Melaniella eiseniana..... efetaveitelevelatere terete 339 
Melilotus parvitolia.... ............:. 125 
Melochia pyramidata................-- 118 
HOMMEN TOS Bieler ieicieteelvetarclarstetetatete <telelerels 118 
Melothria pendula............. 75408; 139 


Members elected. .347, 350, 352 354, 359, 
364, 368, 373, 376 

proposed. .347, 349, 350, 353, 354, 360, 
363, 364, 366, 372, 374, 375, 377 


Mentha Canad ensisic cc ..2)- «Jessie sce clr 154 
Mentzeliaadherens.............. Googe) Leys 

OMG cecantdes Coodoce. onaadcddoods 137 
Merlucius productus.................- 21 
Metastelma Californicum.............. 152 
Micromeria Brownei... .......- Rianeictare Ot 
Microphysa pygmea............-. S000 Wh 
Microstylis corymbosa. ..........+---- 173 

AOD LAL septa y Key orotaley siete store cietere| easier 173 
Mimosa/distachtya) <i.)0.6.<cceislo cise ele 133 


VaxdlOratccnasanrcseis Aenetie icles sie LOo 


388 


IMGT OSS OMI ete = bee ea ie a qgoonagacdD 4a 133 
Mimulus floribundus ................- 225 
IBFRRERUED cag Gb ore codnugoounEEccesecuS 157 
Mirabilis’ exserta.... ..ccce sce ceemcces 165 
triflora .:... bSnosticoaace Sanesh, o028 165 
Mitracarpus linearis............. RAAgos EP 
BOHUZAMN GUNG Ss eeiele wieis wielale(eleher|steis nine 142 
WILLS US aaisie cers ere ite Melotemiobaateretere . 142 
Mollugo Cerviana,.......c000..ceeenee 141 
OTL CHU abies isisaiat ele cietalaectatalaelietetans 141 


Mollusea, Subalpine, of theSierraNeva 61 
Land and Fresh Water, of Lower 


(CY Vion NE 8S, 5 Sqn AOE AeOUDeSc 99, 207 
Momordica Charantia,..... <..-.....00 138 
Monanthochloe littoralis............-. 179 
Montana, Eruptive Rocks from........ 39 
Monterey Bay, a new Volutoid Shell 

FRO Ne ve sare clerets ater erated diaiavere Siataielereiotatereiorere 107 
Muhlenbergia debilis.............-.--- 178 
Ha Theld bstorer pe 6 CH GQOROOROOn SO OUCSaN- 178 
Myctophum leucopsarum.............. 5 
NamaidemisSum a. cc) -.ckece test oenietale 225 
Nasturtium officinale.................- 111 
Neptunia plena...........- aisseensveitolehereiels 132 
Neri tin api caries... ste nls miela/aiainlerefaraialsie . 103 
INGSiea SAliCHPONIG cy cis victe stare elem ja/cle'dinieietere 137 
NIGOtANA CLO VELANUM. crevice! conse <\e/<lelel- 225 
WEG RIGHTS cacy ele wi cieie hi sila ialeiersts pita ever 156 
MP ISRILO ed Seer ara cata LOCOOGN Oroeucigs 156 
trigonophylla:.. 2... oaeen ence ences 156 
INTSS OILAWSOTOS Hse ere crewrebricmicmeeiescieatacters 127 
Nolina Beldinel 2 .eacere <a cies 175 
Wotholena. Candida. ccm .. ea cele osle rere 180 
PEPTUP IM SA: oc te wale: clas oc) okie letale = [pins een 180 
Emir OMe ale woke, reese sl cerereeie = eee 180 
TUUVE Baie ayaicial arava/aicia awiepelalalelelerden eines 180 
NotodontasPacifica. <<< sloste ante cree! 200 
Notoscopelus brachychir.......-...... 23 
Obituary Notices— 
Ernest GCOSHO Mc nara) Pelaicie cient ticles ie 348 
Henry Ma Wards... .pecricce w= oe eevee 367 
lenny Herre T \clstwisierel eteiet-/tneleiswier OU) 
Leos ee LON sree Gp oco nr DOB eG ObOD.AG 354 
George Hewston.............e00+-- 364 
OMe CONLE) isieeteersicis=ts'e le ois = 361 
OEHELOMEUU SIs. 5 sees ae i Selsieralereletetateretaret= 272 
ABEICOlA spaces ee mach eka OO sean O! 
Leyte dol Reo ae Aoecooco SoROnIcS 230, 273 
CONUPACEUS cei: arstersrereperetelete art to er 262, 275 
1D) Gri) Py SSR plo hee c 256, 275 
PATE WO ECVE mae nOOOc ate BOot 20 249, 274 
IBWenGhaKal SoaeasoG couce BAAS TOAS 252, 274 
[bier Oe An docmogqontonb bude oc 254, 275 
OCCIUEMTALIS: oraen's eis cieelareleyelaiete 267, 276 


aE he Gon oan onsoucdoUDoDOdNOCS 258, 275 


CALIFORNIA ACADEMY 


OF SCIENCES. 


Ocnerodrilus sonore..............- 251, 274 
nothera Drummondii...... Jawan enieay ON 
DROS GO MeM CEO CUDUDOO AOC Sehiesiee 137 
SUMNU AC ee ee eelete selectors Seen oone, oc ce, LH 
OlmeyavLesotal seceee ee raisere donee 2a! 
Ophioglossum vulgatum...... eet ARE 181 
Opuntia prolifera............. sed atetes 223 
rotundifolia...... .. Bas HO Sihrntece WEL 
Orcynus pelamyS.... ..ssseve- sasc.eess 8 
Orthopogon Humboldtianus,.......... 177 
Oxalisicorniculatar. oc... srieveee erie merae 120 
Palafoxia arenaria.......... esis tolsragena¥otets 148 
Panicum par biNod Gis. .9 ee: cleeciee a 5 Leta 
colonum, PSOE Sctastasis sia et 177 
(OLE Sa ogosona: odonos oobcmcos 177 
EOC Uggs anheas s45G00cn0n 06 177 
paspaloides..........ccecsccese Sxocn d tses 
Spas me ey - pos cocneG codwnncoosDSsOS 177 


Paralichthys californicus . ............. 24 


Pamnietaria de DULisisr. oie <ic1celataiereteetete </<ir terete 226 
Parkinsonia Torreyana...........+.00 131 
Paronychia monandra............- noe hls 
Parthenice Mois). oe iicieciemls Es eesicsta 145 
Paspalum distichum var. littorale..... 177 
Passiflora feetida........... BaosDsanobas 138 
TEMES eqoasn sh Jamadn Doccodaboo soos 152 
Patula striatella........ Snenougdes o200 63 
Paullinia’Sonorensis .... 2.2... s-- 6 123 
LOT OS Bivc's/al= ile ot ats claiatey avactetetels se teteta tet 123 
PeCtiS MULE OTA... ac wine chalets sisi sleleuatser esis 149 
Palmieri Soh, swsiesro eewinreteie te cleteretebre 149 
PLOSUL ALA co opm oeinis «ac niviain’oleir)=\=1=)=[=i=I 149 
PUNCUALA ae esos ecisinie' ominletejersie Moreira =v 149 
Pedilanthus macrocarpus,.......-...-- 168 
Pellea marginata var. pyramidalis.... 1&1 
Seemannies secession lcci erecta 181 
iRerababiohts a onoonoscocuecos Modes ouo0 181 
Peperomia umbilicata..............-.- 168 
Perezia microcephala... .....:........ 149 
Perieilema crinita.....- s.ses.-------= 178 
Peritylecrassifolia...... =... 2.2%. 147, 224 
Ona Pe angrodasdougacca dacoasacns 148 
VOW Ls ai oteters we wet otro oe ole’ ain loin wintle 148 
TNILCT OP LOSS ice win = oisfaleleteleinielen sla 148 
DTM UPTSSTINI A ovate w ollercielatelaiete) =lelsle'rateia 148 
Phacelia Scariosa....2...200+.s0--eue== 225 
Phaseolus atropurpureus..........-.-. 130 
MU FOO yaar ASOD Doosoopgouados 130 
MVE Ch eeAAnoenod BoosO note popusS 130 
Phaulothamnus spinescens.... .....-- 167 
Philibertia linearis var. heterophylla. 151 
PALM GLA versieicteves ciclo ieleintels eters eiewereretat= 152 
IPA WODI0 soi mtmlope'leioiste oosconcc Bondeace tli 
Phoradendron,........ 00-00 SOS Cred! its) 
PHOXiNUSOPCUbi, .- Sees ewe eerie ee 2 


INDEX. 


Phyllanthus acuminatus .............. 170 


ciliato-glandulosus ............... 170 
POly ONO ES ere selec oie 171 
Bhyea: Dlamdiry.c o-cl cin etetelalaters dado. ai 
Oley ESTE ne eo at chOe Gouoeanomoudoact 103 
FO Neches a kes wcanornsdubdoncce 64, 217 
Physalisiequiataccc-tyeseciecie sts (iscelele 156 
CMAN EY os BaoabguocockeobeaconuL 156 
CTASSIPO LI Ae ters eerste tereterctoetsp ates tale store 156 
BAD TA eaters oiorsloheseteveresiotel eiorencrosele, sieve 156 
Phytolaccajoctandra. 2.0 .-0......-..0 167 
Iya WEIN LOIS Soacahosco saawooo7 173 
Pisidiumyabaitumalee-erere/nres ieee 65 
COMNPNESSUMIM wereatoe terete tele sea, hs) 
Occidentale r cease eee ts 66, 217 
Pistia Stratiotes var. spathulata...... 176 
IB h(omha hy, seo BEG GobOMEdoUnOUCnOOAtCS 174 
Pithecolobiumydulces tem cle 1 +el-ts= 134 
MEXiCawle % ses shoys se wiolo here siete ee) iss 134 
Mexia munities clini is) eeielele 223 

LO TUM er taranfeteicreteroieiexsle\e/=ca?ole islets 134 
Planorbisianitensisy ys. 4--.ce8-.---6 . 341 
PETIMsSUlanisiestit weleleler tec ale sloeie ec 342 

Jo aeh) Cake 6 aes cop och OOS pose 87 
Subcrenatuss a ty.6 6. oc. 217 
VAL SHE CLUS ser tasiiersieic: ster erec/sie 84 
THAN c oan pactoodsouds deeoouds 88, 217 
Plantago hirteblaean seer scl 1: sere 165 
TNA ON epee apart tertee eawel ace sce see 165 
Patasonicarmtcatctescbisels. c.csseee <a 226 
Pluchestod oratacmcsteeeiteeleein- is cis es. 224 
Subdecunrensssssseee tose. oc. LE 
Plumeria acutifolia..-............. 151 
Polygala; apopetalamccsjers «clare 0c ss <leie 114 
Berlandieninas wea aie veisc.e 114 
PuUulbbe ntl a sey twrotete cclctenciers als eye's ise 114 
Mian thse rece tisha ey Cistate. Sce.ale 114 
Poly Pon ume meester tlserebeletels)cieleievol® 166 
EO an OO OOO bin o - COCID OIRO COUR 226 
Polypodium:plebiumer=> =... 5--+--+s 180 
OGIO AWN Go 5b aos Book Sonoeenos 180 
Polypremum procumbens...........-.. 153 
Polytrichiumepiliferumilse. yacietecseres Lee 
Populus) Hremontif.-oeeeae eae 173 
Monticolac sacle see eiieterearste 173 
Porophylum filifollium,................ 148 
STACI OA aas eee enol tem telclocieteretale 148 
Portulaca Janceolatanncc-ccsscee sarees 115 
Glernceaty 5. a= ae aeeecriietereietcestee 115 
ETO AUES OMSMH ne GHoS \SScchosescddos 116 
PUOSAs Nias esas te See eee WLS: 
Stelliformis cnt) sores elreey- Beiter 2 Ks) 
POtAMOPSTOD acces tease eae dele steers 176 
Primellag certs Bra rcteNcle ve excherane eel eras 82 
Privavechinatacec asteceasctiicleerd vieitsl- 164 


389 

PLOCECCINES) 1 q\c1c\ctaicicls eieto eos édhovoush ce 347 
Prosopis juliflora .......... Ree 132 

| Psidium pomiferum.. ................ 136 
fePrunus)ealicifoliain cc. cicjocc + eels voc 135 
Psoralea rhombifoligr «yo. o ce eee 125 
IADak) La ibbs wvaansoasoodeaanoce als 2PM) 
Pups icorpulenta,..... <tc cle wees ones 64 
OVALE Ge ev kinvominietvisie.cl cele cunts oe 216 
WRQUEKCUS stl nacadaceasd Asacweeices 173, 227 
Rachidospermum Mexicanum........ 179 
andiaarmatarncttacceriene tence eee 142 
FATUNCULUS Seer ye calorie slayroeterteiarestsniciere 111 

| Relbunium polyplocum..............+--- 143 
Rhizophora Manele... «cece. cee ce 136 
Rhodea californica ramentosa. ..102, 215, 338 
Whus laurina: =.) ../.0-..<% B islejsieidtersvsisie,ste 124 
yA ARINC Aooaadasodaan Gagoc 124 
Moxicodenadroneeseasestsese oe sees 223 
Rhynchosia minima... . 2 S55... 0c 130 
Ribes sanguineum ~.5...22%20.,.--. ---- 136 
RACHALAIA/ SCR DLA yc /ciere sarays aaieeloielers oie laiet 142 
RiCiINUS COMMUNIS!s tore cic aici reeilere 173 

} Liopb abbr bgsgoqposoook oodocbEac sata 
Rothrockia cordifolia.................. 152 
IRALD UG cefeinveveie tr cise wlerats Grevataiale ssertiersteiel aoe 135 
IRWIN aco gdp ounce sedudgocobagassace Lut) 
Rum fordia cOnMaAtan’. cc scrsicieileee se oe 224 
Russellia-verticillata: .92 2.252... .- 156 
Sharan bile cosoc aoumaanca secodede 114 

i Salicornia am bigua.. 2.) secscc. ses sen 227 
| Salix Bonplandiana... ...............-. 173 
NASIOLS PIS erratic ciaiere cintela aie rats 173 
SalvialCedrosensisiacqe-icj-c c= leis es 165 

| Wahoo aeoseoenod obccss =. CodceT 165 
Sambucus Mexicanass ie. 2 mslecicleee are 224 
Samolus; ebracteatus..% 22.0... se. ss 224 
Valerandi var. repens........ Ssaen Ls) 

San Diego, Additions to the Fauna of.. 1 
Sapindus|Sapomanian 2.2 32-3... snc 219 
MUG OGIO ES5o aan an dnooopodeC os oo5005 8 
mScexvola Plumienrt i. fy. cee. sc. oe sess WO 
ScaphellayAnmheimitecis.1 «1-11 ciaei-ie > 107 

| Scarabeide, New Species of........... 97 


Schepfia Californica 3... i...-.---<-— 122 
ScizpUs) PUN ENS ye rete allele 177 
Sclerocarpus divaricatus. ........ .... 145 


SCOpaniat GUICIS ice ter lerjete ctl te lerers ='= eli 157 
Sebastichthys carnatus ........... ..-- 24 
FUBIGEWS bo0c tna Gacdsnnosda6 se0dosae 36 
MILELOULOPS ie clol- saree altel foie siertetnata hea oe 

AUUNY|S GITNS)¥ofoteteyatele)-fseete sey eieiotersr= eit) oer =t= 24 
TEST Brats Sosoddomadad. waqanucdc tis, 24 
Sebastodes cereus «0... ee ce ees 20 
CHLOTOStICEUS). Sarrct-i-t)-sialcteie erie lneieisiels 20 


GO} Sooo -oanb Sth ie eietorsereie eel On naO 


390 


Sebastodes goodei ........-...--2++- 12, 38 
LGSVIAS, ayo ereinvere blots aie N Wielsiatee cial =fm inate 38 
melanostOMuUS....j....secscen- ones 17 
UN OL sey eerie ie nee sci 
DLOVIGOL cso eyes Cee ie ain Sacty aL 
IDG UIS| ors ois cleicete o elelerelele/ela So oyeratareiterets 13 
SONTANOLGER: > <smi- i lel pelos eaten alr sterere 36 

Selaginella cuspidata........--..+....- 182 
pri oleis) Ta Kein oo goa ONS OOEE geod Opa 182 

Sesbania MAaCrocarpa ......0.--2.ee0ee 127 

Sesnvium Portulacastrum.... .......- 141 

Sain ER WC RHI Arup Gotin cose does yraenooC 177 
glauca var. levigata.............-. 177 
PAUCISECEA Foo. 2 ec ce erin oes 177 

Sibthorpia Pichinchensis............-. 225 

Sicyos Deppel........---..s-- 00s <+ = 139 

(SHokyobbeGh aokespniooot wena DoBaOIOCDON Oca 117 
TEQCTACCA «cae cle = ole teieie meine ieiaiawe 6 m= 117 
TdifayeloybdOll Gronpnopoosad seoe coos Oo Se 117 
MEAT TS o cle onnis cistncete +n) lvlaininlaleelalnte’s stetals 117 

Sileneaciniate, . so... <2 cmece cca ce = 114 

Simmondsia Californica..............- 171 

Sisymbrium crenatum ..........- oS pee ul 

Sisyrinchinm minus........-.....+++-- 174 

Solanum Hindsianum................. 155 
PUES I UTD) tein oo cisle ois =i=y2)="=is\elalai= os elo) ital 225 
tuberosum var. boreale............ 155 

Sonchus oleraceuS............+seeeeeee 224 

Spermacoce tenuior..... ...--+-+..-+- 142 

Sphacele hastata.....-....-- Pas Westra 164 

Spheralcea Californica.............--- 118 
Thavorn Gh CSc com Nea Ne eet eietstc 117 

Spherium lenticula............. .-+-- 76 
PALEUMELNM L205. eee owt wel 0 7 
PAV INO MGM a)2/aaiaiela se ofatetal syotedee lesa) slmiet= 74 
RYO o Cie OBo oO oof OG eke Or Comp 77 
EPUPIC ALIN © veivjcieto is alate recerainier yo iiealaI=ini= 78 

Spiranthes madrensis .............---- 174 

Sporobolus Wrightii........-- .....--+ 178 

Stachys coccinea............2+..+.00.-. 165 
DIuMMONAAL <5. 6 sos cee ees lems 165 

Stegnosperma halimifolia............- 167 

Stellaria cuspidata.. 0.0 <c.5 5 jje2 «an 114 

Stemodia durantifolia.... ..........., 157 

Steno rac Hits cacy ms ecto! lerpicle <touniel= dele iwis 5 

Stevia.......... SAORI ROD Ee SE ore < AOCe 143 

Stylosanthes viscosa ........ ee coooe to Less 

Suseda Sufrutescenss ..- 6 ycceue eile 227 

Succinea Stretchiana.................- 64 
TUSE CAMA senate nets eer ty 

TMA ETOS LACOLA sixie)eta)al evelalemieraet bteialeisl se b= 148 
UML) HAI Hamman oad GoM 165 b I co5C 148 
Sion aareoacan sosaecaneos oS oocacS 148 

MaliniwM) PAtens cele ane 6 ek steals ae Lke= 116 


ETA OULATE slate leisieieleiejete.sp a1 ela efelel= mini 116 


CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Aihetpabilrisplhyeb(e es saqsosoanes woosee UY 


Tarletonbeania.. .... ROMA Do too ceer OCso 6 

MOTE rrceere cian cetera Seieinieenociaer eee 7 
MOCO Mal SLA S oor ckoteaieeie sorte elie aeh eee 158 
Moe phrosia CamMaiccn <..1.e) cies aie eke 126 

CONSE Ota ss acs oce caer teehee 126 

IPAVMOTLS utes leeks seietete tree 126, 221 

HETVOTID “roterele re eis, aceite veroreateraccreraee oy PAS 
Tetramerium hispidum................ 159 

OV ALIPOMUM toch ee scien ee suet nae List!) 
UME YORE hay GooMedG custo nlEebSS0.05 111 
PRY TUS ELUTION S) wre elotes avin erratic tote ael 8 
TiN antirarini0 GEN UB na srieriie = etere sites sea 175 
MOUTNGLONUID sctie rcs ain cece seestenstelae 225 

Wht orgodbonoacade asia Sad 153 
Trachypogon polymorphus............ 178 
Tragescan tia CYAASILOLIA). . vecis -ssteeletelas 175 

WE NUStIHLA es ole cie scree eete siete eral soe LTD 
Tragia nepetefolia ....... ....- seumaeye 173 
Trianthema monogyna........-........ 141 
Tribulus Galifornicus), oss osc. seiceeeit 119 

Pepi AK Pekaneoohneod caaseeo ncn 119 

TAK UGG ce crore rele er aes iate sinc tataienet 119 
Trifolium involucratum..... ......... 125 

MAicrocephalwum: « ~ \i-cejes aisle oisiels 220 
Tripsacum Lemmoni................-. 227 
Triumfetta semitriloba...............- 119 
Trixis angustifolia ....... serrate at aerts Leo) 
Turnera diffusa var. aphrodisiaca...... 138 

PUVA ces = «pte ne paper Resiecetats 138 
Wie OTL ATI Bi crarety ote a yee taiaieley tsteieiatete oatelselsiare 143 
Vallesia (Gichotonia ss. ica terete) miai-istoiniae 151 
Vallonia pulchella var. costata........ 64 
Vaseyanthus Roseh.. . 4). em rie solatelole 139 
Merbesina GLOSR 2 oem ai eae eteiet einer 146 
Veronicella ollvaceali... fee. nee ceine et 207 
Wertigo.Ovata.. 2. . 2.50 lnm. oe Sefeleetn. (Oe 
Viguiera deltoidea. ........0..0+-.cee 146 

BOMENCOSR pee acre cleleisaree eters eee 146 
Viscainoa geniculata ................- 119 
WiitiS ACTOR, crsterstetotes tel oecmreerrremt errant: 122 
Vatrina spfeitteniarric)-(oicelasy)-layaler eee 62 
Waltheria GetOnsa sc scene coo -lie «nese 119 
Washingtonia Sonore..........-...+--- 176 
Webera longicollan sc. 3.- mee seni 182 
Wislizenia retract. c. os 0-22) smnletla 113 
Woodsia Mexicana..... Matos) aceebelas oie 181 
Xanthium strumarium.....---:......- 145 
Xanthoxylum Caribeum.............-- 120 

TEP ie cengtigowia inedeeee os acc 120 
MAIS [OEE ny accganomaadadnoc aseraas 3 175 

CANDILCTIAtA a - .eei ie eater 175 

CLA Nett MAAC NAGAI G.. Cae eishoeho 
Zephyranthes longifolia..............- 174 
FA SoveEy Ooh oo AVE jonah opadeecsonod one nO 128 


Pin 


PLATE. If. 


DASCYLLUS DAVIDSONI! LARVA 


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PLATE II. 


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PLATE IV. 


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FIGS 22. 
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“ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. 
LSS or: 


AFRICA. 


Cairo—Societé Khédiviale de Géographie: 
Travaux Géographiques en Egypte. 


AMERICA, NORTH. 
CANADA. 


Cap Rouge—Le Naturaliste Canadien, vol. xix, Nos. 6-12; xx, Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5. 
Halifax—Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science: 
Proceedings and Transactions, vol, vii, pt. 3. 
Montreal—Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada: 
Annual Report, vol. viii, and Maps. 


List of Canadian Hepatic. 
Catalogue of Canadian Plants, pt. v. 
Natural History Society: 
Canadian Record of Science, vol. i, No. 2; 
Nos. 1-4. 


Ottawa—Field Naturalists’ Club: 
Ottawa Naturalist, vol. 11, No. 4; iii, No. 4; iv, Nos. 1-9. 


ii, No. 7; 111, No. 8; iv, 


Toronto—Canadian Institute: 
Annual Report, 1888-9. 
Proceedings, ser. 3, vol. vii, No. 


MEXICO. 


» 


Mexico—Deutscher Wissenschaftlicher Verein: 
Mittheilungen, Band i, Hefte 1, 2 
Observatorio Astronomico Nacional de Tacubaya: 


Anuario, xX, Xi. 
Boletin, Tomo i, No. 1. 
Observatorio Meteorologico-Magnetico Central: 


Boletin Mensual, Tomo ii, Nos. 2-12. 


Secretaria de Fomento: 
Informes y Documentos relativos a Comercio, etc., Nos. 51-64 


Memorias, vol. i-vi. 
Sociedad Cientifica ‘‘Antonio Alzate”’: 
Memorias, Tomo i, Nos. 6-7, 12; iii; iv, Nos. 1-2. 


i) 


CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Sociedad de Geografia y Estadistica: 

Boletin, Cuarto Epoca, Tomo i, Nos. 5-8. 
Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural: 

La Naturaleza, ser. 2, Tomo i, Nos. 6-8. 


UNITED STATES. 


Albany--N. Y. State Library: 
Annual Report, 72. 
State Entomologist: 
Sixth Report. 
State Museum of Natural History: 
Trustees’ Report, 42, 45. 
Annapolis—_-U. 8. Naval Institute: 
Proceedings, vol. xv, No. 4; xvi, Nos. 1-3; Index to vols. i-xv. 
Baltimore-—-American Chemical Journal, vol. xi, No. 8; xii. Index to 
vols. i-x. 
Johns Hopkins University: 
Circulars, Nos. 78-84. 
Register, 1889-90. 
Studies from the Biological Laboratory, vol. iv, Nos. 6, 7. 
Maryland Academy of Sciences: 
Transactions, vol. 1, pp. 1-83. 
Peabody Institute: 
Annual Report, 25. 
Berkeley--University of California: 
Register, 1885-89. 
Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, Nos, 85-87, 89; Report 
1858-89. 
Library—Contents Index, vol. i. 
Boston—American Academy of Arts and Sciences: 
Proceedings, vol. xxiv. 
Appalachian Mountain Club: 
Appalachia, vol. vi, No. 1. 
Register, 1890. 
Journal of Morphology, vol. i; i1; 111; iv, Nos, 1, 2. (Purchase.) 
Naturalists’ Directory, 1890. (Purchase.) 
Society of Natural History: 
Memoirs, vol. iv, Nos. 7, 8, 9. 
Proceedings, vol. xxiv, Nos. 3-4. 
Bridgeport—Scientific Society: 
Science and the Spiritual. 
Brooklyn—Entomological Society: 
Entomologica Americana, vol. vy, Nos. 10-12; vi. 
“ambridge—Entomological Club: 
Psyche, vol. y, Nos. 160-176. 


ADD TRON Sh Om le HB RVAUREY.. 


Harvard College Observatory: 
Annals, vol. xviii, No. 10; xxi, pt. 1, 2; xxii; xxiv; xxx, pti. le 
Fourth Annual Report Photographic Study of Solar Spectra. 
History, 1840-1890. 
Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoélogy: 
Annual Report of Curator, 1888-89. 
Bulletin, vol. xvi, Nos. 6-9; xvii, No. 6; xix; xx, Nos. 1-3. 
Memoirs, vol. xvi, No. 3; xvii, No. 1. 
Champaign—IHllinois State Laboratory of Natural History: 
Bulletin, vol. iii, Nos. 5-10. 
Studies of the Aquatic Life of Illinois, i. 
Natural History Survey of Illinois, vol. i, Ornithology. 
Chapel Hill—Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society: 
Journal, vol. vi, pt. 2; vii, pt. 1. 
Chicago—Newberry Library: 
Proceedings of the Trustees, 1889. 
Cincinnati—Society of Natural History: 
Journal, vol. xii, No. 4; xiii, Nos. 1-3. 
Columbus—Ohio Agricultural’ Experiment Station: 
Bulletin, Technical Series, vol. i, No. 2. 
Ohio Meteorological Bureau: 
‘Seventh Annual Report, 1889. 
Report, 1889, Dec.; 1890, Jan.—Apr., June, Aug., Sept. 
Ohio State Forestry Bureau: 
Annual Report, iv. 
Crawfordsville—Botanical Gazette, vol. xiv, No. 12; xv, Nos. 1-11. 
Denver—Colorado Scientific Society: 
Proceedings, vol. 111, pt. 2. 
Des Moines—lIowa Academy of Sciences: 
Proceedings, 1887-89. 
Granville—Denison University: 
Bulletin, vol. y. 
Harrishurg—Geological Suryey of Pennsylvania: 
Southern Anthracite Atlas, pt. 2. 
Eastern Middle Atlas, pt. 3. 
Northern Anthracite Atlas, pt. 5. 
Iowa City—State University: 
Laboratory of Natural History Bulletin, vol. i, No. 2. 
Ithaca—Cornell University: 
Register, 1889-90. 
Lansing—Agricultural College: 
Bulletin, Nos. 55-69. 
State Board of Health: 
Proceedings Sanitary Convention, Nos. 309, 313, 314. 


4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Madison—Washburn Observatory: 
Publications, vol. vi, pts. 1-2; vii, pt. 1. 
Wisconsin Academy of Sciences: 
Transactions, vol. vil. 
Mendon—American Antiquarian, vol. xii. 
Minneapolis—Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota: 
Annual Report, xvii. 
Bulletin, Nos. 1, 5. 
Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences: 
Bulletin, vol. iii, No. 1. 


Nashville—State Board of Health: 
Bulletin, vol. vi, Nos. 3-5. 
New Haven—American Journal of Science, ser. 3, vols. xxxix, XL. 
[Series 1, vol. i, iii, vi-viii, xxxvili-xLi. Series 2, vol. xii, No. 35; 
xili, No. 37; xv, No. 45; xvii, No. 49.—Purchase.] 
Yale University: 
Report of President, 1889. 
Report of the Observatory, 1889-90. 
New York—Academy of Sciences. 
Annals, vol. iii, No. 3; iv, index; v, Nos. 1-8. 
Transactions, vol. ix, Nos. 1-8. 
American Garden, vol. xi, Nos. 1-3, 5-12. 
American Geographical Society: 
Bulletin, vol. xxi, No. 4 and supp.; xxii, Nos. 1-3. 
American Institute of Mining Engineers: 
Transactions, vol. xviii. 
American Museum of Natural History: 
Annual Report, 1889-90. 
Bulletin, vol. ii, Nos. 3, 4; iii+ 
American Ornithologists’ Union: 
The Auk, vol. vii. 
American Society of Civil Engineers: 
Proceedings, vol. xvi, Feb.-July, Sept.—Nov. 
Transactions, vol. xxi, Oct.-Dec.; xxii; xxiii, July-Nov. 
Constitution and List, 1890. 
Central Park Menagerie: 
Report, 1889. 
Century Dictionary, pts. 7-16. (Purchasc.) 
Columbia College: 
School of Mines Quarterly, vol. xi, Nos. 2-4; xii, No. 1; contents 
and index to vols. i-x. 
Garden and Forest, Nos. 96-148. 
Linnean Society: 
Abstract of Proceedings, 1889--99. 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 


Microscopical Society: 
Journal, vol. vi. 
Science, vol. xv, xvi. (Purchase.) 
Torrey Botanical Club: 
Bulletin, vol. xvii, Nos. 1-7, 10-12. 
Memoirs, yol. i, Nos. 3, 4. (Purchasc.) 
Philadelphia—Academy of Natural Sciences: 
Proceedings, 1889, pt. 3; 1890, pt. 1. 
American Entomological Society: 
Transactions, vol. xvi, No. 4; xvii, Nos. 1, 2. 
American Naturalist, vol. xxiii, Nos. 272-276; xxiv, Nos. 
(Purchase.) 
American Philosophical Society: 
Proceedings, vol. xxvi; xxvii; xxviii, Nos. 132, 133. 
The Nautilus, vol. iv, Nos. 1-8. (Purchase.) 
Wagner Free Institute of Science: 
Transactions, vol. ii, iii. 
Rochester—Academy of Science: 
Proceedings, vol. i, No. 1. 
Sacramento—State Board of Health: 
Eleventh Biennial Report. 
State Library: 
Catalogue, General Department, 1889. 
State Mining Bureau: : 
Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, ix. 
Salem—American Association for the Advancement of Science: 
Proceedings, vol. xxxviii. 
Essex Institute: 
Bulletin, vol. xxi, Nos. 7-12; xxii, Nos. 1-3. 
San Diego—West American Scientist, Nos. 50-54. (Purchase.) 
San Francisco—Astronomical Society of the Pacific: 
Publications, vol. i, No. 5; ii, Nos. 6-11. 
Branch Hydrographic Office: 
Special Bulletin, 1890, Nos. 1-3. 
Free Public Library: 
Report of Trustees, 1890. 
Mechanics’ Institute: 
Report of the 24th Industrial Exhibition. 
Mercantile Library Association: 
37th Annual Report. 
Odd Fellows’ Library Association: 
35th Annual Report. 
San Francisco Directory, 1890. (Purchase.) 
Technical Society: 
Transactions, vol. vi, Nos. 2, 3; vii, Nos. 1-3. 


. 


ms ¢ 
ihe 


6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Zoe, vol. i, Nos. 1-9. (Purchase.) 
Santa Barbara—Society of Natural History: 
Bulletin, vol. i, No. 2. 
Springfield—Illinois State Museum of Natural History: 
Report of the Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. vii. 
St. Louis—Academy of Science: 
Charter, Lists, etc., 1890. 
Missouri Botanical Garden: 
First Annual Report of the Director, 1889. 
Topeka—Kansas Academy of Science: 
Transactions, vol. xi; xii, pt. 1. 
Washburn College Laboratory of Natural History: 
Bulletin, vol. vii, No. 11. 
Trenton—The Microscope, vol. x, No. 1. 
Washington—American Monthly Microscopical Journal, vol. xi, Nos. 
9-11. 
Anthropological Society: 
Ameriean Anthropologist, vol. ii. 
Biological Society: 
Proceedings, vol. v. 
Bureau of Ethnology: 
Annual Reports, 5, 6. 
Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages. 
Bibliography of the Muskhogean Languages. 
Textile Fabrics of Ancient Peru. 
The Cireular, Square and Octagonal Earthworks of Ohio. 
The Problem of the Ohio Mounds. 
Bureau of Navigation: 
Rules to Prevent Collisions at Sea. 
Chemical Society: 
Bulletin, Nos. 4, d. 
Commissioner of Navigation: 
Report, 1889. 
Department of Agriculture. 
Botanical Division, Bulletin, No. 8. 


Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium, Nos. 1, 2. 


The Agricultural Grasses and Forage Plants of the United States. 


Treatment of Plant Diseases. 
Bureau of Animal Industry—Animal Parasites of Sheep. 
Division of Chemistry, Bulletin, Nos. 25-27. 


Experiment Station, Bulletin, Nos. 4-6; Farmers’ Bulletin No. 2; 


2. 


Miscellaneous Bulletin, No. 2; Record, vol. i; 11, Nos. 1-4. 


Journal of Mycology, vol. vi, No. 2. 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 7 


Division of Entomology, Bulletin, Nos. 21, 22; Periodical Bulle- 
tin, vol. ii, Nos. 6-12; iii, Nos. 1-4; Bibliography of Eco- 
nomic Entomology. 

Division of Statistics, Miscellaneous Report, No. 1; Report of 
Statistician, N. S., Nos. 69-73; 75-79. 

Report of the Secretary, 1890. 

Department of the Interior: 

Annual Reports Coast Survey, 1858, 1862. 

Report of Commissioner of Education, 1871, 1872, 1874. 

Seventh Census, Compendium and Mortality Statistics. 

Geological Survey of the Territories—Hayden: 

Annual Reports, 1, li, 111. (Purchase.) 

Department of State: 
Consular Reports, Nos. 110-120; Index to Nos. 60-111. 
Special Consular Reports, Nos. 3-5. 
International American Conference: 
Reports and Recommendations. 
Interstate Commerce Commission: 
Annual Report, ili. 
National Academy of Sciences: 
Memoirs, vol. iv, Nos. 1-10. 
Patent Office: 

Official Gazette, vols. 1-liii. 

Alphabetical List of Patentees, vols. xlvii-l. 

Annual Report of Commissioner, 1889. 

Smithsonian Institution: 

Report, 1886, i, ii; 1887, i, 11. 

Contributions to Knowledge, vol. xxvi. 

Reports, 1851, 1856, 1870. (Purchase.) 

Treasury Department: 

Report of the Secretary, 1889. 

Report on the State of Finances, 1890. 

Annual Report of the Director of the Mint, 17, 18. 

Report on the Production of Gold and Silver, 1889. 

Summary Statement of Imports and Exports, 1889-90, Nos. 5-12; 
1890-91, Nos. 1-4. 

U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey: 

Bulletin, Nos. 14-18. 

Notice to Mariners, Nos. 123, 127, 128, 131, 135. 
U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries: 

Bulletin, vol. vii. 

Albatross Explorations, 1888. 

U.S. Geographical Survey West of 100th Meridian: 

Report, vol. 1. 


8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


U.S. Geological Survey: 
Annual Report, viii, ix. 
Bulletin, vol. viii, No. 54; ix, Nos. 55-64, 66. 
Monographs, i, xv, xvi. 
U.S. Hydrographic Office: 
Notice to Mariners, 1890, Nos. 1-31, 37-51. 
International Marine Conference—24 pamphlets. 
U.S. National Museum: 
Bulletin, Nos. 33-38. 
Proceedings, vol. xii. 
U.S. Naval Observatory: 
Report of the Superintendent, 1859. 
American Ephemeris, 1893. 
Papers prepared for Ephemeris and Almanac, vol. ii, pt. 5; iv. 
Washington Observations, 1854. 
War Department: 
Chief of Engineers: 
Annual Report, 1889, pts. i-iv. 
Index to Reports, vol. ii. 
Chief Signal Officer: 
Report, 1889, i, ii. 
Tri-daily Meteorological Record, July-December, 1878. 
Report of the Chief of Ordnance, 1889. 
Report of the Acting Judge-Adyocate-General, 1889, 1890. 
Official Army Register, Jan., 1890. 


AMERICA, SOUTH: 


ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 


Buenos Aires—Instituto Geografico Argentino: 
Boletin, Tomo viii, Nos. 1-4; ix, Nos. 10, 11; x, Nos. 10-12; xi, 
Nos. 1-3. 
Museo Nacional: 
Los Caballos fésiles de la Pampa Argentina, Suplemento. 
Sociedad Cientifica Argentina: 
Anales, xxviii, Nos. 3-6; xxix; xxx, Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5; Indice Gen- 


eral, vols. i-xxix. 

Cordoba—Academia Nacional de Ciencias: 

Actas, Tomo vi and Atlas. 

Boletin, Tomo x, No. 3. 
La Plata—Ministére de Gouvernement: 

Annuaire Statistique, 1888. 

Musée: 
Rapide Coup d’@iil sur sa Fondation et son Déyelopment. 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 


BRAZIL. 
Rio de Janeiro—Observatorio: 
Revista, Anno iv, Nos. 10-12; v, Nos. 1-4, 6-9. 
Annales, Tome iv, pt. 1, 2. 
Annuario, 1888-1890. 
Observatorio Meteorologico: 
Boletins Mensaes, vol. iii. 
Sociedade de Geographia: 
Revista, Tomo v, Nos. 3-5; vi, Nos. 1, 2. 
Sao Paulo—Commissao Geographica e Geologica: 
Boletim, Nos. 1-3. 
CHILI. 
Santiago—Deutscher Wissenschaftlicher Verein: 
Verhandlungen, Bd. ii, Heft 2. 


Oficina Hidrografica de Chile: 
Annuario Hidrografico de la Marina de Chile, Ano xiv. 


FCS DEY 
CEYLON. 


Colombo—Royal Asiatic Society, Ceylon Branch: 


Journal, Nos. 1-4, 6-9; 1865-6; 1867-70; 1871-72; 1873, pt. 
1874, pt. 1; vol. vii, Nos. 24, 25, extra No.; vol. viti; ix; 


Nos. 34-36. 
Proceedings, 1873-1886. 
The Veddas of Ceylon. 
Panini’s Eight Books of Grammatical Sutras, vol. i, No. 1. 


CHINA. 


Shanghai—Royal Asiatic Society, China Branch: 
Journal, vol. xxiv, No. 1. 


INDIA. 


Calcutta—Asiatic Society of Bengal: 
Proceedings, 1889, Nos. 7-10; 1890, Nos. 1-7. 
Journal, vol. xliii, pt. 2, No. 1; xlvii, pt: 1 

ee elixes piel Nos. 1025 pt-2. NOs? amd Supp. I. 

Geological Survey of India: 

Paleontologica Indica, ser. XIII, vol. iv, pt. 1. 
Records, vol. xxii, No. 4; xxiii, Nos. 1-3. 
Memoirs, vol. xxiv, pt. 2. 


lg 


X, 


5 2NOR Se ahauly janis Ps No. 
5; lviii, pt..1, No. 2, and Supp.; pt. 2, Nos. 3-5, and Supp. 
ey 


oe 


IO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Government of India: 
Scientific Memoirs of Sanitary Commissioner, part v. 
Madras—Government Central Museum: 
Catalogue of Batrachia, Salientia and Apoda of Southern India. 
Notes on the Pearl and Chank Fisheries. 


JAPAN. 


Tokio—Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Natur- und Volkenkunde Ostasiens: 
Mittheilungen, Band vy, Hefte 43, 44. 
Imperial University: 
Calendar, 1889-90. 
Seismological Society of Japan: 
Transactions, vol. xiii, pt. 2; xiv; xv. 


JAVA. 


Batavia—K. Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Ned.-Indié: 
Natuurkundige Tijdschrift, Deel xlix. 
Magnetical and Meteorological Observatory: 
Observations, vol. xi. 
Rainfall in the East Indian Archipelago, 1888. 


AUSTRALASIA. 


NEW SOUTH WALES. 


Sydney—Australian Association for the Advancement of Science: 

Report, vol. i. 

Australian Museum: 
Monograph of the Horny Sponges. 
Catalogue of Australian Birds, pt. 1, Supp.; pt. 2. 
Records, vol. i, Nos. 1-5. 
Report of Trustees, 1889. 

Department of Public Instruction: 
Technical Education Series, No. 6. 

Government Astronomer: 
Meteorological Observations, 1888. 
Rain, River, etc., Observations, 1889. 

- Linnean Society of N.S. W.: 

Proceedings, ser. 2, vol. iv, Nos. 2-4. 

Royal Society of N. 8. W.: 
Journal and Proceedings, vols. xii-xvlii; xxiii. 
Catalogue, pt. 1. 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. LE 


QUEENSLAND. 


Brisbane—Royal Geographical Society of Australasia: 
Proceedings and Transactions, vol. v, pt. 1. 
Townsville—Geological Survey of Queensland: 
Geological Features of the Mackay District. 
Geological Observations—Isaacs, Suttor and Bowen Rivers. 
Report on the Sellheim Silver Mines. 


SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 


Adcelaide—Royal Society of South Australia: 
Transactions and Proceedings, vol. xi; xii; x1il, pt. 1. 


VICTORIA. 


Melbourne—Government of Victoria: 
Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria, decade xix. 
Second Systematic Census of Australian Plants, pt. 1. 
Report of the Trustees of the Public Library, Museum and Na- 
tional Gallery, 1888. 
Royal Society of Victoria: 
Transactions, vol. i, pt. 2. 
Proceedings, new ser., vol. il. 
Secretary for Mines: 
Annual Report, 1888. 
Reports of Mining Registrars, Quarter ended 30th Sept., 31st 
Dec., 1889. 
Reports and Statistics, Quarter ended 3lst March, 30th June, 
1890. 
Zoological and Acclimatisation Society: 
Annual Report, xxvi. 


NEW ZEALAND. 


Wellington—Colonial Museum and Geological Survey of N. Z.: 
Annual Report, No. 24. 
Geological Report, 1858-89. 
Studies in Biology, No. 4. 
Catalogue of the Library. 
New Zealand Institute: 
Transactions and Proceedings, vol. xx, xxii. 


12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


EUROPE. 
AUSTRO-HUNGARY. 


Briinn—Naturforschender Verein: 
Verhandlungen, Band xxvii. 
Bericht der Meteorologischen Commission, vii. 
Budapest—K. Ungarische Geologische Anstalt: 
Jahresberichte, 1888. 
Mittheilungen, Band ix, Heft 1. 
Katalog, 1886-1888. 
Foéldtani Kézlény, Kotet xix, Fiizet, 11-12; xx, 1-10. 
Magyar Tudominyos Akadémia: 
Almanach, 1890. 
Index to Publications, 1830-1889. 
Ertekezések, Kotet xviii, Nos. 6, 7; xix, Nos. 1-10. 
Math. Ertekezések, Koétet xiv, Nos. 2, 3. 
Ertesit6, Kétet vii, Nos. 4-9; viii, Nos. 1-5. 
Kozlemények, Kétet xxiii, No. 4. 
Monographia Chrysididarum orbis terrarum universi — Auctore 
Alexandro Moesiry. 
Mathematische und Naturwissenschaftliche Berichte aus Ungarn, 
Band vii. 
Nemzeti Mizeum: 
Természetrajzi Fiizetek, vol. xii, No. 4; xiii, No. 1. 
Société Hongroise de Géographie: 
Bulletin, Tome xvii, Nos. 9, 10; xviii, Nos. 1-6. 
Tablizata—Adolf Toth. 
Cracow—Académie des Sciences: 
Bulletin International, 1889, Nos. 8-10; 1890, Nos. 1-8. 
Graz—Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fiir Steiermark: 
Mittheilungen, Heft xxvi. 
Hermannstadt—Siebenbiirgischer Verein fiir Naturwissenschaften: 
Verhandlungen und Mittheilungen, Jahrgang xxxix. 
Prag—K. Bohmische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften: 
Abhandlungen, Folge 7, Band iii. 
Jahresberichte, 1889. 
Sitzungsberichte, 1889; 1890, No. 1. 
K. K. Sternwarte: 
Beobachtungen, Jahrgang 50; Appendix zum 46, 47, 48. 
Lotos, Neue Folge, Band x. 
Statistisches Commission: 
Handbuch, 1887-88. 
Trieste—Societa Adriatica di Scienze Naturali: 
Bollettino, vol. xii. 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. I 


ie) 


Wien—Akademie der Wissenschaften: 
Denkschriften, Band ly. 
Sitzungsberichte, xevii, Abt. i, Nos. 6-10; iia, Nos. 8-10; 11 b, 
Nos. 8-10; iii, Nos. 1-10. xeviii, Abt. i, Nos. 1-3; iia, Nos. 
1-3; lib, Nos. 1-3; iii, Nos. 1-4. 
Register, No. 12. 
K. K. Geologische Reichsanstalt: 
Jahrbuch, Band xxxix, Hefte 3-4; xl, Hefte 1-2. 
Verhandlungen, 1889, Nos. 13-18; 1890, Nos. 1-13. 
K. K. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum: 
Annalen, Band iv, Nr. 4; v, Nr. 1-3. 
K. K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft: 
Verhandlungen, Band xxxix, Nr. 3, 4; xl, Nr. 1, 2 


BELGIUM. 


Anvers—Société Royale de Géographie: 
Bulletin, Tome xiv, Nos. 1, 3; xv, No. 1. 
Arlon—Institut Archeologique du Luxembourg: 
Annales, Tome xxi; xxii. 


Bruxelles—Société Belge de Microscopie: 
Annales, Tome xii; xiii, fasc. 1-3. 
Bulletin, vol. xvi, Nos. 1-3, 8-10; xvii, No. 1. 
Société Centrale d’Agriculture: 
Journal, Tome xxxvi, Nos. 7-12; xxxvii, Nos. 1, 3-9. 
Société Entomologique de Belgique: 
Annales, Tome xxii; xxiii. 
Société Royale Belge de Géographie: 
Bulletin, Tome xiii, Nos. 3-6, xiv, Nos. 1, 2. 
Société Royale de Botanique: 
Tables Générales du Bulletin, Tome i-xxy. 
Société Royale Malacologique: 
Annales, Tome xxiii. 
Procés-Verbaux, Tome xvii, Nos. 7-12; xviii, Nos. 1-9. 
Liége—Association des Ingénieurs: 
Annuaire, ser. 5, Tome ii, Nos. 4. 5; ili, Nos. 1-3. 
Bulletin, Tome xiii, No. 7; xiv, Nos. 1-5. 
Revue Universelle des Mines, etc., ser. 3, Tome viii, Nos. 2, 3; 1 
N@Eis 2 OR Sp WO BR Sale Sahe Nog Ile 
Société Géologique de Belgique: 
Annales, Tome xiv, Liv. 2; xvi, Liv. 1; xvii, Liv. 1, 2 
Société Royale des Sciences: 
Mémoires, ser. 2, Tome xvi. 


T4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


DENMARK. 


Copenhagen—Botanisk Forening: 

Botanisk Tidsskrift, Bd. xvii, Nr. 3, 4. 
Meddelelser, Bd. ii, No. 4-8. 
Festskrift, 1890. 

K. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab: 
Oversigt, 1889, No. 2, 3; 1890, No. 1. 

Naturhistorisk Férening: 
Videnskabelige Meddelelser, 1889. 
Festskrift, 1833-1883. 


FRANCE. 


Amiens—Société Linnéenne de Nord de la France: 
Bulletin, Tome ix, Nos. 199-210. 
Mémoires, Tome vii. 
Angers—Société d’ Etudes Scientifiques: 
Bulletin, Nouy. Sér., Année xviii. 
Auxerre—Société des Sciences de l’Yonne: 
Bulletin, vol. xliii. 
Bordeaux—Société Linnéenne: * 
Procés-Verbaux, vol. xliii. 
Caen—Académie Nationale. 
Mémoires, 1889. 
Société Linnéenne de Normandie: 
Bulletin, Sér. 4, vol. iii. 
Cherboury—Société Nationale des Sciences Naturelles: 
Mémoires, Tome xxvi. 
Dijon—Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres: 
Mémoires, Sér. 4, Tome 1. 
Lille—Société Géologique du Nord: 
Annales xvi. 
Lyon—Société Botanique: 
Bulletin, vol. vii, Nos. 1-3. 
Nancy—Académie de Stanislas: 
Mémoires, Sér. 5, Tome vii. 
Société des Sciences: 
Bulletin, Sér. 2, Tome x, fase. 23. 
Bulletin des Séances, lre. Année, Nos. 2-5; 2e Année, Nos. 3-5. 
Paris— Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Sér. 7, Botanique— Tome xi; 
xii, Nos. 1-3; Zoologie, Tome ix; x, Nos. 1-3. (Purchase.) 
Journal de Conchyliologie, Sér. 3, Tome xxix. 
Observatoire: 
Rapport Annuel, 1889. 


ADDITIONS LTO) LIBRARY. a) 


Revue Internationale de l’Electricité, Tome ix, No. 95; x, Nos. 97-104, 
106, 108; xi, No. 109. 
Société Académique Indo-Chinoise: 
Mémoires, Tome l. 
Société de Géographie: 
Compte Rendu, 1889, Nos. 15-17; 1890, Nos. 1, 3-15. 
Bulletin, Tome x, Nos. 3, 4; xi, Nos. 1, 2. 
Société Entomologique de France: 
Bulletin, 1889, Nos. 23, 24; 1890, Nos. 1-9, 12-16. 
Societé Zoologique: 
Bulletin, Tome xiv, Nos. 7-10; xv, Nos. 1-6. 
Toulouse—Revue Mycologique: 
Année xii, Nos. 45-47. 
Société des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles: 
Bulletin, Tome viii. 


GERMANY. 


Berlin—Botanischer Verein der Provinz Brandenburg: 
Verhandlungen, Jahrgang xxx, xxxi. 
Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft: 
Zeitschrift, Band xli; xlii, Hefte 1, 2; Register, Bande xxxi-xl. 
Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde: 
Verhandlungen, Bd. xvi, Hefte 9, 10; xvii, Hefte 1-7. 
Zeitschrift, Bd. xxiv, Hefte 5, 6; xxv, Hefte 1-4. 
Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde: 
Sitzungsberichte, 1889. 
K. Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften: 
Sitzungsberichte, 1889, Nr. 39-53; 1890, Nr. 1-40. 
Bonn—Naturhistorischer Verein der Preuss. Rheinlande: 
Verhandlungen, Bd. xlvi, Heft 2; xlvii, Heft 1. 
Braunschweig—Verein fiir Naturwissenschaft: 
Jahresberichte, 2, 3, 4. 
Bremen—Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein: 
Abhandlungen, Band xi, Hefte 1, 2. 
Breslau—Verein fiir Schlesische Insektenkunde: 
Zeitschrift fiir Entomologie, Heft 15. 
Dresden—Hedwigia, Bd. xxvi, Hefte 4-6; xxviii, Heft 6; xxix, Hefte 1-4. 
K. Museum: 
Berichte, 1886-1887. 
Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Isis: 
Sitzungsberichte und Abhandlungen, Jahrgang 1890, Jan.-Juni. 
Verein fur Erdkunde: 
Jahresberichte 3. 4-5, 6-7 und Nachtrag, 10-21. 


16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Diirkheim—Pollichia: 
Jahresberichte, xlviii, No. 3. 
Emden—Naturforschende Gesellschaft: 
Jahresberichte, 74. 
Erlangen—Physikalisch-Medicinische Societit: 
Sitzungsberichte, Heft 21. 
Frankfurt. a. M.—Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft: 
Berichte, 1889, 1890. 
Frankfurt, a. O.—Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein des Regierungs-Bezirks: 
Monatliche Mittheilungen, Jahrgang v; vi, Nr. 6-12; vii, Nr. 1-3. 
Societatum Litterae, Jahrgang i; iii, Nr. 7-12; iv, Nr. 1-3. 
Giessen—Oberhessische Gesellschaft ftir Natur- und Heilkunde: 
Berichte, xxvii. 
Gittingen —K. Gesell. der Wissenschaften u. d. Georg - Augusts - Univer- 
sitat: 
Nachrichten, 1889. 
Giistrow—Verein der Freunde der Naturgeschichte in Mecklenburg: 
Archiv, Jahrgang 43. 
Halle—Academia Cesarewe Leopoldino-Caroline: 
Leopoldina, Heft xxv. 
Nova Acta, Band lii, Nr. 5; liii, Nr. 4; lv, Nr. 1. 
Halle, a. S.—Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fiir Sachsen und Thiiringen: 
Zeitschrift, ser. 4, Bd. viii, Nr. 3-6; ser. 5, Bd. i, Nr. 1-3. 
Verein fiir Erdkunde: 
Mittheilungen, 1889. 
Hamburg—Naturhistorisches Museum: 
Mittheilungen, Jahrgang vi, vii. 
Hannover—Geographische Gesellschaft: 
Jahresbericht, vill. 
Naturhistorische Gesellschaft: 
Jahresberichte, xxxvill, xxxix. 
Kicel—Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fiir Schleswig-Holstein: 
Schriften, Bd. viii, Heft 1. 
Kinigsberg—Fischerei-Verein der Provinzen Ost- und Westpreussen: 
Berichte, 1889-90; 1890-91, Nr. 1-3. 
Physikalisch-Oekonomische Gesellschaft: 
Schriften, 1888, 1889. 
Landshut—Botanischer Verein: 
Bericht, xi. 
Leipzig—K. Sachsische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften: 
Berichte tiber die Verhandlungen, 1889, 2-4; 1590, 1. 
Register, 1846-1585. 
Verein fiir Erdkunde: 
Mittheilungen, 1889. 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY: Ly 


Liineburg—Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein: 
Jahresberichte, 11, 12. 
Jahreshefte, y—vill, x1. 
Marburg — Gesellschaft zur Beforderung des Gesammten Naturwissen- 
schaften: 
Sitzungsberichte, 1589. 
Miilhausen—Naturwissenschaftliche Verein: 
Ueber Fenuerbestattung. 
Miinchen—K. Bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften: 
Almanach, 1890. 
Abhandlungen, Band xvii, Heft 1. 
Sitzungsberichte, 1889, Heft 3; 1890, Hefte 1, 2. 
K. Sternwarte: 
Neue Annalen, Band i. 
Miinster—Westfalischen Provinzial-Verein fiir Wissenschaft und Kunst: 
Jahresberichte, xvii. 
Passau—Naturhistorische Verein: 
Bericht, 1888-1889. 
Regensburg—Naturwissenschaftliche Verein: 
Bericht, Heft 2. 
Stadtamhoff—Historischer Verein yon Oberpfalz und Regensburg: 
Verhandlungen, Band xliii. 
Stettin—Entomologischer Verein: 
Zeitung, Jahrgang 50. 
Stuttgart—Verein fiir Vaterliindische Naturkunde in Wirttemberg: 
Jahresheft, xlvi. 
Wiirzburg—Botanische Institut: 
Arbeiten, Band iii. 
Unterfriink Kreisfischereivereins: 
Bericht, vi. 


GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 


Belfast—Natural History and Philosophical Society: 
Proceedings, 1872-1876. 
Report and Proceedings, 1888-89. 
Naturalists’ Field Club: 
Annual Report and Proceedings, ser. 2, vol. ili, pt. 2, 3. 
Birmingham—Natural History and Microscopical Society: 
Midland Naturalist, vol. xiii, Nos. 145-154. 
Bristol—Naturalists’ Society: 
Proceedings, new ser., vol. vi, pt. 2. 
Cambridge—Philosophical Society: 
Proceedings, vol. vii, pts. 1, 2. 


18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCKS. 


Dublin—Royal Dublin Society: 
Scientific Proceedings, new ser., vol. vi, pts. 7-9. 
Royal Irish Academy: 
Proceedings, ser. 3, vol. i, pts. 1-3. 
Transactions, vol. xxix, pts. 1-13. 
‘Cunningham ” Memoirs, Nos. i-v. 
Trish MS. Series, vol. ii, pt. 1. 
Todd Lectures, vol. i, pt. 1; ii, pt. 2. 
Edinburgh—Botanical Society: 
Annual Reports, 1, 3-8. 
Transactions, vol. i; 1, No. 2; 1v; vy; x; xis xvii, No. 3: 
Geological Society: 
Transactions, vol. vi, No. 1. 
Royal Society: 
Proceedings, vol. xv, xvi. 
Transactions, vol. xxxiii, pt. 3; xxxv. 
Glasgow—Natural History Society: 
Proceedings and Transactions, new ser., vol. ii, No. 2; iii, No. 1. 
Philosophical Society: 
Proceedings, vol. xx. 
Kew—Royal Gardens: 
Bulletin, 1887; 1888; 1889; 1890, Nos. 37-42, 44-48, Appendix, 
a, ahi 
London—British Astronomical Association: 
Journal, vol. i, No. 1. 
Limean Society: 
Journal (Zoology) vol. xx, Nos. 122-125; xxi, Nos. 133-1385; xxiii, 
Nos. 141-146. 
Proceedings, Session 1887-88. 
Royal Geographical Society: 
Proceedings, vol. xii, Nos. 1-7, 9-12. 
Royal Society: 
Proceedings, vol. xlii, Nos. 256, 257; xlili; xliv, Nos. 266-271; xlvi, 
Nos. 284, 285; xlvii; xlviii, Nos. 292, 294. 
Philosophical Transactions, 1889, 4., B. 
Lists, Nov. 30, 1889. 
Mining Journal, vol. lix, Nos. 2835, 2836; lx, Nos. 2837-2886. 
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 6, vol. v, vi. (Pur- 
chase.) . 
Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, vol. xxvill. (Purchase.) 
Nature, Vol. xli, Nos. 1051-1069; xlii; xlili, Nos. 1097-1102. (Pur- 
chase.) 
The Ibis, ser. 6, vol. 1. (Purchase.) 
Zoological Record, vol. xxvi. (Purchase.) 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 


Manchester—Literary and Philosophical Society: 
Memoirs and Proceedings, ser. 4, vol. 111. 


ITALY. 


Bologna—R. Accademia delle Scienze: 
Memorie, ser. 4, Tomo ix. 
Firenze—Biblioteca, Nazionale Centrale: 
Bollettino, Nos. 95-112, 114-118. 
Nuovo Giornale Botanico, vol. xxii. 
Societa Entomologica Italiana: 
Bullettino, 1889; 1890, No. 1-2. 
Milano—k. Istituto Lombardo: 
Rendiconti ser. 2, vol. xxi. 
Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali: 
Atti, vol. xxx—xxxii. 


Napoli—Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Mathematiche: 
Rendiconto, ser. 2, vol. ili, No. 12; iv, Nos. 1-8. 
Padova—Societa Veneto-Trentina di Scienze Naturali: 


Atti, vol. xi, No. 2. 


Pavia—Bollettino Scientifico, Anno xi, N. 3,4; xii, N. 1. 


Pisa—Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali: 


Processi Verbali, vol. vi, pp. 255-302; vii, pp. 1-78. 
’ ’ $ 


Roma—Reale Academia dei Lincei: 


Rendiconti, vol. V, ii, Nos. 5-13; VI, i, Nos. 1-7, 


1-7. 


Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Vittorio Emanuele: 


Bollettino. vol. iv, Nos. 4-6; v, Nos. 1, 2. 
R. Comitato Geologico: 

Bollettino, vol. xx. 
Direzione Generale dell’Agricoltura: 

Annali, Nos. 163, 167, 171-177. 


ty 


9-12; ii, Nos. 


Bollettino di Notizie Agrarie, Anno XI, Nos. 74-79 and Indice; 


NDI Nossal 7 ll =63) de-xxvilite xexex—Kxocliy,. 


Revista Meteorico-Agrarie, Anno XI, Nos. 32-36; XII, Nos. 1-3, 


5-22, 24-32. 
Avifaune Locale, pt. 2. 
Coltivazioni Sperimentali, vol. i. 


Coltivazioni Sperimentali del Frumento, 1885-1558. 


Divisione Industria, Commercio e Credito: 
Annali del Credito e della Previdenza, 1889. 


Bollettino di Notizie sul Credito e Ja Previdenza, 


10-12; viii, Nos. 1-3, 5-10. 


Anno vil, No. 


Commissione Centrale dei Valori per le Dogane, Sessione 1889- 


1890. 


20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Casse di Risparmio, Bollettino 1885, sem. 2. 
Le Societé Cooperative di credito, etc., nell "Anno 1858. 


Annali dell "Industria e del Commercio, 1890. 
Ministero della Publica Istruzione: 
Indice e Cataloghi IV, vol. ii, fase. 1. 
Torino—Musei di Zoologica ed Anatomia Comparata: 
Bollettino, vol. iv, Nos. 67-73, v, Nos. 74-86. 
Venezia—Notarisia, Anno y, No. 19. 


NETHERLANDS. 


Amsterdam—K. Akademie van Wetenschappen: 
Jaarboek, 1888. 
Verslagen en Mededeelingen, ser. 3, Afd. Natuurkunde, Deel v. 
Afd. Letterkunde, Deel v. 
Prijsvers—Adam et Christus. 
*’s Gravenhage—K. Zodlogisch-Botanische Genootschap: 
Verslag, 1863-1884; 1889. 
Harlem—Musée Teyler: 
Archives, ser. 2, vol. ili, p. 4. 
Catalogue de la Bibliotheque, vol. ii, Nos. 1-3. 
Société Hollandaise des Sciences: 
Archives Néerlandaises, Tom xxiv, Nos. 1-3. 
Leiden—Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging: 
Tijdschrift, ser. 2, Deel ii, Afl. 4. 
Middelburg—Zeeuwsch Genootschap van Wetenschappen: 
Levensberichten van Zeeuwen, Afl. 2. 
Utrecht—K. Nederlandsche Meteorologisch Instituut: 
Jaarboek, 1889, Deel i. 
Provincial Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen: 
Aanteekeningen, 25 Juni, 1889. 
Verslag, 25 Juni, 1889. 
De Erfelijkheid van Verworven Eigenschappen. 


NORWAY. 


Bergen—Bergens Museum: 
Aarsberetning, 1889. 
Christiana—Meteorologische Institut: 
Jahrbuch, 1888. 
Norges Geografiske Opmaaling: 
Efterretninger for Sofarende, Aarg. xx, No. 12; xxi, Nos. 1, 2, 
4-10. 
Norwegische Commission der Europaischen Gradmessung: 
Geoditische Arbeiten, Hefte vi, vii. 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 21 


Norske Nordhays-Expedition: 
Memoirs, No. xix. 
University: 
Forhandlingar ved de Skandinaviske Naturforskers Trettende 
Mode. 
Joannis Agricole Islebiensis Apophthegmata. 
Lakis Kratere og Layastromme.—A. Helland. 
Videnskabs Selskabet: 


Forhandlingar, 1889. 
PORTUGAL. 


Lishboa—Commissao Geologico: 
Communicacoes, Tom. il, fase. 1. 
¢ , 
Sociedade de Geographia: 
Boletim, ser. 8, Nos. 7-12; 9, Nos. 1-6. 
Catalogos e Indices; As Publicacoes; A Bibliotheca, 1, Obras Im- 
pressas. 
L’Incident Anglo-Portugais. 
fo) oD 
Importation Abusive en Afrique. 
i 


RUSSIA. 


Por pat—Naturforscher Gesellschaft: 
7 Schriften, No. 5d. 
Sitzungsberichte, Band ix, Heft 1. 
Helsingfors—Fiuska Vetenskaps Societeten: 
Oversigt af Forhandlingar, Band xxxi. 
Bidrag, Finlanuds Natur och Folk, 48. 
Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica: 
Acta, vol. v, pt. 1. 
Meddelanden, 15. 
Herbarium Musei Fennici, Editio secunda, vol. 1. 
Kharkow—Société des Sciences Expérimentales: 
Travaux, 1889, 1, 2, 3. 
Kicv—sociéteé des Naturalistes: 
Memoires, Tome x, Liv. 2. 3; xi, Liv. 1. 
Moscow—Société Impériale des Naturalistes: 
Bulletin 1889, Nos. 2-4; 1890, No. 1. 
Meteorologische Beobachtungen, 1889, No. 1. 
Nouveaux Mémoires, Tome xv, Liv. 6. 
Odessa—Société des Naturalistes de la Nouvelle Russie: 
Mémoires, Tome xiv, No. 2; Math. Sec. Tome x. 
Riga—Naturforscher Verein: 
Korrespondenzblatt, xxxi, Nachtrag; xxxil; xxxiil. 
St. Petersburg—Académie Impériale des Sciences: 


22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Bulletin, Nouv. ser., Tome 1, Nos. 2, 3. 

Mémoires, Tome xxxvi, No. 17; xxxvii, Nos. 1-7. 
Comité Géologique: 

Bulletin, Tome yili, Nos. 6-8. 

Mémoires, Tome ix, No. 1; xi, No. 1. 
Hortus Petropolitanus: 

Acta, Tomus xi, fase. 1. 
Societatis Entomologice Rossice: 

Hore, Tomus xxiii. 
Société Physico-Chimique Russe: 

Journal, Tome xxi, No. 9; xxii, Nos. 2-7. 


SPAIN. 


Barcelona—Asociacion de Ingenieros: 
Revista Technologico Industrial, Ano xii, No. 12; xiii, No. 6. 
Madrid—Observatorio: 
Observaciones Meteorologicas, 1588-89. 
Resumen de las Observaciones Meteorologicas, 1886. 
Sociedad Geografico de Madrid: 
Boletin, Tome xxvii, Nos. 4-6. 


SWEDEN. 


Lund—Botaniska Notiser, 1871-1889. $ 
Universitet: 
Ars-skrift-Mathematik och Naturvetenskap, Tom. xxv. 
Stockholm—Entomologiska Féreningen: 
Entomologisk Tidskrift, Arg. x. 
Geologiska Foreningen: 
Forhandlingar, Band xi, Hafte 6, 7; xii, Hafte 1-5; Generalregister 
till Bande vi-x. 
K. Vitterhets Historie och Antiqvitets Akademien: 
Antiqvarisk Tidskrift ii-iv, v, 1, 2; vi; vii; viii, 1, 2; ix, 1, 2; x, 
1-5; xi, 1, 2. 
Akademiens Manadsblad, arg. 1885-89. 
Teckningar ur Svenska Statens Historiska Museum, hafte 1-3. 
Sveriges Geologiska Undersékning: 
Ser. Aa. Nos. 84, 100, 103, 107; Ser. Bb, No. 46; Ser. c, Nos. 92- 
111, 113-115. 
Om Apatitens Forekomstsatt i Norbottens Lan. 
Liste Systématique des Publications. 
Upsala—Société Royale des Sciences: 
Nova Acta, ser. 3, vol. xiv, fasc. 1. 
Catalogue Methodique, 1744-1889. 
Observatoire Météorologique: 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 23 


Bulletin Mensuel, vol. xxi. 
University: 
Arsskrift, 1889. 


SWITZERLAND. 


Basel—Naturforschende Gesellschaft: 
Verhandlungen, Theil viii, Heft 3. 
Bern-—Naturforschende Gesellschaft: 
Mittheilungen, 1889. 
Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles: 
Actes, Session Ixxii. 
Geneve—Société de Géographie: 
Le Globe, Tome xxix—Bulletin, 1, 2; Mémoire 1, 2. 
Institut National Genevois: 
Bulletin, Tome xxix. 
Mémoires, Tome xvii. 
Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle: 
Mémoires, Tome xxx, pt. 2. 
Lausanne—Societé Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles: 
Bulletin, vol. xxiv, No. 99; xxv, Nos. 100, 101. 
Schaffhausen—Société Entomologique Suisse: 
Bulletin, vol. vii, No. 4. 
St. Gallen—Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein: 
Bericht tiber die Thitigkeit, 1857-88. 
Zurich—Naturforschende Gesellschaft: 
Vierteljahrschrift, Jahrg. xxxi, Hefte 3, 4; xxxil; xxxiii; xxvxivy, 
Hefte 1, 2. 


DONATIONS. 
Benko, Jerolim Freiherrn von-—Das Datum den Phillippinen, Wien, 1890. 
Author. 
Brinton, D. G.—On Etruscan and Libyan Names. ; Author. 
Culin, Stewart—Chinese Games with Dice. Author. 


Dail, W. H.—Deep Sea Mollusks. 
A Critical Review of Bering’s First Expedition, 1725-30. 
Dynamic Influences in Eyolution. Author. 
Dana, James D.—Characteristics of Volcanoes. New York, 1890. 
Corals and Coral Islands. 3d ed. New York, 1890. 


Rocky Mountain Protaxis. Author. 
Darapsky, Dr. L.—Las Aguas Minerales de Chile. Valparaiso, 1890. 
Author. 


Fewkes, J. Walter—New Invertebrata from the Coast of California. 
Author. 


24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Frazer, Persifor—Persistence of Plantand Animal Life under Changing 
Conditions of Environment. Author. 
Greene, Edw. Lee—West American Oaks. San Francisco, 1889. 
James M. McDonald. 
Grote, A. Radcliffe—Revised Check List of the North American Noctuidz 
Part I. Bremen, 1890. Author. 
Harris, Amanda B.—How We Went Birds’-Nesting. 
Charles A. Keeler. 
Haymond, Creed—The Government and the Pacific Railroads. 
Charles H. Hinton. 
Hulst, Geo. D.—The Epipaschiine of North America, 


The Phycitide of North America. Author. 
Keeler, James E.—Motions of the Planetary Nebule. Author. 
Michel, Alberto—Narraciones y Confidencias. Mexico, 1889. 

Author. 
Peale, A. C.—Mineral Waters, 1887. Author. 
Prince Albert de Monaco—Sur un Cachalot des Acores. Author. 
Richards, Edgar—Some Food Substitutes and Adulterants. Author. 
Russell, 1. C.—Notes on the Surface Geology of Alaska. Author. 
Schwerer, Emile—Les Interférences Electriques, Paris, 1891. Author. 
Scribner, F. Lamson—New or Little Known Grasses—ii. Author. 
Stoll, Otto—Zur Ethnographic der Republik Guatemala. 

Die Maya-Sprachen der Pokom-Gruppe. 

Die Sprache der Ixil-Indianer. 

Die Ethnologie der Indianerstimme yon Guatemala. 

Biologia Centrali-Americana—Acaridea. Author. 
Ten Kate, H. F. C.—Reizen en Onderzoekingen in Noord-Amerika. Lei- 

den, 1885. L. Belding. 
Topinard, Paul—ULa Société, ’Beole, le Laboratoire et le Musée Broca. 
Paris, 1890. Author. 
Townsend, Charles H.—Birds from the Coasts of Western North America 
and Adjacent Islands. Author. 
Traxler, R. P.—The Principles of Mechanics, as Applied to the Solar 
System. Author. 
Trembley, J. B.—Meteorology of Oakland, 1889. Author. 
Webber, H. J.—Flora of Nebraska. Author. 


Yates, L. G.—Notes on the Geology of the Santa Barbara Islands. 
Charmed Stones, the so-called ‘‘ Plummets” or ‘‘Sinkers ” of Cali- 


fornia. 
The Mollusca of Santa Barbara Co., California. Author. 
Zincken, C. F.—Die Geologischen Horizonte der fossilen Kohlen. Leipzig, 
1884. Author. 


Technical Society, of the Pacific Coast—Tyransactions and Proceedings, 
1884-1888. Hans C. Behr. 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 


to 
On 


Bulletin of the Torrey Club.—132 numbers. lS. Brandegee. 
Panama-Canal Interoceanique—Rapports, 1-1x. M. Chaper. 
Zoological Record, vols. i-xxv. Prosper Huerne. 


Official Map of the City and County of San Francisco, 1888. 
FE. X. Simon. 

Des Formicides, par Ernest André, fasc. 6-8; Psyche, Nos. 101-102, 113- 
114; 8S separates by Geo. Dimmock. H. W. Turner. 

State Board of Horticulture, Annual Report, 1883; Biennial Report, 1884, 
1887-85. 

Official Reports 10th and 11th Fruit Growers’ Conventions. 

Report on Commercial Conference, 18389. 

Annual Reports State Viticultural Commissioners, 1881, 1887. 

Annual Reports Chief Executive Viticultural Officer, i, ii, and Appendix i, 
ii, ii. 

Report of Sixth Annual Viticultural Convention, 1888. 

Directory of Grape Growers and Wine Makers of California, 1888. 


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