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: PROCEEDINGS
|

OF THE

GBI eis INIA.

AUADEMY UF SULENGKS.

SECOND SERIES.

VOLUME Vv.

S52 a

ATIASI

San Francisco, 1896.

Committee of Publication:

H.W. HARKNESS. | GULIAN P. RIXFORD.
j EpITor: FRANK H. VASLIT.

ab a

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE
ASHLEY, GreorGE H. The Neocene Stratigraphy of the Santa Cruz
Mountainsrots@alitornian soy s ieee ee euel sleet . 273
ASHMEBAD, WILLIAM H. Some Parasitic Hymenoptera from Bae Cali-
Koma}, al, ANY an, WKepalGon cA eb Go cago sdoceg Eeogde Mobuac 539
Banks, NATHAN. Some Mexican Neuroptera...................--.- 151
Beur, H. H. Changes in Fauna and Flora of Califovnia. On the
Powenot Adaptation im Insects). s.).se cel cae none cles 368
Coorrmr, J.G. Catalogue of Marine Shells, collected chiefly on the
Eastern Shore of Lower California, for the California Acad-
emiyofsciences, during 1S9l- 2s. iy. ayn ee un 34
Coorsrr, J. G. On Land and Fresh Water Shells of Lower California.
HIN, ssn 2 eA ease ea na) sarc cas bia) Se OS ep tel to pe gad ee ea Na 163

Cooprr, J. G. On West American Land and Fresh Water Mollusca... 166
CRAMER, FRANK. On the Cranial Characters of the Genus Sebastodes

(FERC XGI ca SH ai) Py arcu ces a UCU Alt Be Clad ale d73

Eastwoop, AticE. On Heteromorphic Organs of Sequoia Sempervi-
TRENDS Sohal sara tex en al arene RI ie US OI sn ta Raia iis dale 170

_ EISEN, Gustav. On the Various Stages of Development of Spermato-
bium, with Notes on Other Parasitic Sporozoa............ ]

EIsen, Gustav. Explorations in the Cape Region of Baja California
in 1894, With References to Former Expeditions of the Cal-

WiLOLMIApA cade mys OLN SCLCTICES ye ras Hey nee) a rae em ered 733

EIsen, Gustav. Biological Studies on Figs, Caprifigs and Caprifica-
{ETOH OVER credit es al cn SUN SUE 2 00 a MP a BS ar cnet aim ees 897

Fox, Witit1amM J. Third Report on some Mexican Hymenoptera,
pPHucipally from -Wower Califormias 057.4 3keen. se es ee 260

HartLEy, Frora. Notes on a Specimen of Alepisaurus Aiésculapius
Bean, from the Coast of San Luis Obispo County, Cali-
POV TNA CE OLN e. ce oa Angee Nett Ck) 2 a RE Da Ne nets 49
Horn, Grorce H. Coleoptera of Baja California. Supplement I... 225
JENKINS, OLIVER P. Description of a New Species of Ranzania from

thie: elawain aie alisVamGl sieges oe sities a earn u anh nure ete nis 779
JonEs, Marcus E. Contributions to Western Botany. No. VII..... 611
JORDAN, DAvip STtaRR. The Fishes of Sinaloa..................... 377
JORDAN, DAvip STARR and Epwarp CHAPIN STARKS. The Fishes of

DE DHOXE SLOW OVO Leas elie i NN Sa baer hem ty aaa Om aR aetna Tis 785
KetLioac, VERNON L. and F. J. Jack. The California Phryganidian

(Bhrycanidiay CalitonmicambPack nism er echt er eee 562

Loomis, Leverett M. California Water Birds. No. 1.—Monterey and
Vicinity from the Middle of June to the End of August... 177

rb TABLE OF CONTENTS.

MEEK, SetH EvGENE and CHARLES J. Prerson. Description of a New

Species of Gobiesox from Monterey Bay, California. ...... 571
PREVA, UDsiao), WileoeteninDommmnencles 95555 bSacod boosse007s eoacun 858
Sraues, Anvin. List of Fresh-Water Fishes Collected in the Vicinity

of Seattle, Washington, by Edwin C. Starks.............. 852
STIZENBERGER, Dr. A List of Lichens Collected by Mr. Robert Reu-

leaux in the Western Parts of North America............. 539
STOWELL, JoHN M. Description of a new Jack-Rabbit from San Pedro

Martir Mountain, Lower California....................-- 51
VAN DeENBURGH, JoHN. A Review of the Herpetology of Lower Cali-

fornia) Parti Ge ptilesice ma lay eae rare rem eueem terme HU
Van Denpuren, Joun. A Review of the Herpetology of Lower Cali-

neways let IN RANA OCONEINESs 64 o6 615.6 cascaded codaoe coomoc 556
VAN DENBURGH, JoHN. The Species of the Genus Xantusia......... 523
VAN DensurGH, JonHn. Notes on the Habits and Distribution of

Amtodax ATE cam sy i. | btu seen (ray eay Ae ee ar PRS este cee sre 776
VAN Dengsureu, JoHn. Description of a New Rattlesnake (Crotalus

Pricer) fronirvAniz on dite one ey eierie | eee eee anes Ee mo io 856
Van DeEnsurGH, JoHNn. Additional Notes on the Herpetology of

Tower Calitormia 2! \.58 oyna eaney et eae eee 1004
Voeprs, ANTHONY W. A supplement to the Bibliography of the

Paleozoic! Crustacea: 4 -ce ine eye aici Terrelle 53

FRONTISPIECE. Ranzania Makua.
I. Spermatobium.
II. Alepisaurus esculapius.
III. Lepus Martirensis.
IV-XIV. Reptiles of Lower California.
XV-XVIITI. Sequoia sempervirens.
XIX. Map of Monterey Bay. .
XX. Coleoptera of Baja California.
~ XXII. Mexican Hymenoptera.
XXITI-XXV. Geology of Santa Cruz Mountains.
XXVI-LY. Fishes of Sinaloa.
LVI. Phryganidia californica.
LVII-LXX. Cranial Characters of Sebastodes.
LXXI. Gobiesox muscarum.
LXXIT. Map of Baja California.
LXXIII. Map of Cape Region.
LXXIV. Sierra Laguna and Sierra El Taste.
LXXVa. Rainfall Map of Cape Region.
LXXVzs. Geological Map of Cape Region.

LXXVI-CIV.

LIST OF PLATES.

Fishes of Puget Sound.

moon #alerunoeG

“BE WASHINGTON, D.C.

OO lie re oe, :

PART ‘1:

N ‘
‘ SAN FRANCISCO :

pee CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. bg eae
1895, : .

Issued November 18, 1895.

CON TEN Ps:

PAGE

On the Various Stages of Development of Spermatobium, with Notes
on other Parasitic Sporozoa. Gustav Hisen.... .........-..

Cataiogue of Marine Shells, collected chiefly on the Eastern Shore of
Lower California. J. G. Cooper.......... Pha tate it A per eee ee

Notes on a Specimen of Alepisaurus esculapius Bean. Flora Hartley.

Description of a New Jack-Rabbit from San Pedro Martir Mountain,
Lower Californias, John M. Stowellye oe. eke ee

A Supplement to the Bibliography of the Paleozoic Crustacea.
Anthony W. Vogdes.

A Review of the Herpetology of Lower California. Part I—Reptiles.
John Van Denburgh.

On Land and Fresh Water Shells of Lower California. No. 5.
J. G. Cooper.

On West Mexican Land and Fresh Water Mollusca. J. G. Cooper....
On Heteromorphic Organs of Sequoia sempervirens. Alice Kastwood
California Water Birds. No. 1. Leverett Meglioomishiaue ieee
Coleoptera of Baja California. Supplement 1. George H. Horn.....
Third Report on some Mexican Hymenoptera. William J. Fox......

The Neocene Stratigraphy of the Santa Cruz Mountains of California.

George H. Ashley. :

Changes in Fauna and Flora of California.—On the Power of Adapta-

tion ineTMnsects yy El. EL Ber 3 tors ani materet ran op ober raereye cana
The Fishes of Sinaloa. David Starr Jordan........................
Some Mexican Neuroptera. Nathan Banks............. ...........
The Species of the Genus Xantusia. John Van Denburgh

A List of Lichens collected by Mr. Robert Reuleaux in the Western
Parts of North America. Dr. Stizenberger.....................
Some Parasitic Hymenoptera from Baja California and Tepic, Mexico.
William H. Ashmead.

A Review of the Herpetology of Lower California. Part I1—Batra-
Co byte avs} La}l anya) Veh aiiel D Vevey oy hited oN ee MRS 5 OE aah let a eh SS a
The California Phryganidian. Vernon L. Kellogg and F. J. Jack....
Description of a New Species of Gobiesox from Monterey Bay, Cali-
fornia. Seth Eugene Meek and Charles J. Pierson

On the Cranial Characters of the Genus Sebastodes. Frank Cramer.. 57

Contributions to Western Botany. No. VII. Marcus E. Jones......

Explorations in the Cape Region of Baja California. Gustay Hisen.. 7

Notes on the Habits and Distribution of Autodax Iécanus.

John Van Denburgh. 77

Description of a New Species of Ranzania from the Hawaiian Islands.
Oliver P. Jenkins.

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—___ OR SER

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY

——— QP ——

=O NCS.

ON THE VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF
SPERMATOBIUM, WITH NOTES ON OTHER PAR-
ASITIC SPOROZOA.

BY GUSTAV EISEN.

[ With Plate i. ]
Spermatobium nov. gen.

The hosts of this parasitic sporozoan are two oligo-
cheta, Helipidrilus frigidus and Phenicodrilus taste,
both found on the Pacific Coast of North America, the
former in the Californian Sierra Nevada at high alti-
tudes, the latter in the mountains of the Cape Region of
Baja California, Mexico, at an altitude of about 4,000
feet. In both hosts the Spermatobium is confined to the
sperm-sacs, where in the young stages it occupies the in-
terior of a sperm cell, but in later stages lives free in the
sperm-sac outside the sperm cells.

Although in the following I have described all the va-
rious stages as belonging to one and the same form, it is
evident that we here have to deal with two distinct species,
of similar structure, but differing very markedly in size
of the adult, but principally in the size of the cytospheres.
That this difference is not dependent upon the host in
which they live is evident from the fact that the Sperm-

2D SER., VOL. V. May 18, 1895.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

atobium inhabiting the smallest host is the largest and
possesses the largest cytospheres, while wzce versa the
larger host houses the smaller species with the smaller
cytospheres. While in one and the same individual host
the size of the adult Spermatobia may differ some, I have
never observed the cytospheres of the respective speci-
mens to differ; this of course makes the difference in
size of the cytospheres in the two species to be of great
importance. I believe, therefore, I am justified in estab-
lishing two species, especially as I may thereby call atten-
tion to similar differences in other sporoZoa.

Spermatobium Freundi n. sp. Figs. 1 to 4, 6 to 9g, 11 to
18, 120 (022, 34) tO) 37,80) tO Ai eA etOnAlS

Host, Phaenicodrilus taste, an oligochet from the Sierra
E1 Taste in the Cape Region of Baja California, Mexico.

Adult and sporogonium (pansporoblast) about one-half
the diameter of those of the following species. Cyto-
spheres about half the diameter of those of the following
species.

Spermatobium eclipidrili n. sp. Figs. 5, 10, 19, 38, 38,
42.

Host, Acliprdrilus frigidus, a oligochet from the Sierra
Nevada, Alpine Meadow, about 11,000 feet altitude, on
middle fork of King’s River, Fresno county, Cal. Sperm-
sac of the host.

Adult and sporogonium (pansporoblast) about twice or
more the diameter of the former species. Cytospheres
about twice the diameter of those of the former species.

In the following I have not separated the two species,
as the various stages of development are evidently the
same in both. I have considered them together, and
placed the figures illustrating my remarks in consecutive
order, regardless of the species to which they refer.

DEVELOPMENT OF SPERMATOBIUM. 3

FTabitat. In my late paper on Eclipidrilus I have re-
ferred to the occurrence of this annelid in two separate
‘ localities at different elevations. One is a cluster of
springs on the south slope of the middle fork of King’s
River in California, at an altitude of about 11,000 feet.
The water in these springs is very cool—icy, in fact—
very clear, transparent, without apparent trace of sus-
pended sediment. The bottom is very sandy, here and
there covered with water mosses. The hosts of Sperm-
atobium live in the sand or fine sediment among the roots
of the moss, etc.

In another locality, the Three Spring Meadow on the
north fork of King’s River, this protozoa was not found,
though Eclipidrilus is common there, too. The water in
these springs is less pure with more sediment, and the
Eclipidrili were found crawling in decayed wood, etc.
The altitude was only about 7,000 to 8,000 feet. I refer
thus in detail to these localities, because other protozoa
flemagregarina nasuta were found to infest in countless
numbers the same hosts, from the higher altitude and
the purer and cooler water, while in those from the lower
locality and the less pure water they were totally absent—
that is, the Hemagregarina nasuta as well as Spermato-
bium eclipidrils.

Phenicodrilus taste occurs in the mountains of the Cape
Region of Baja California, at an altitude of 4,000 feet,
and lower down to the coast, about fifty to sixty miles
north of Cape San Lucas.

METHOD OF INVESTIGATION.

The Eclipidrili were in rather poor state of preserva-
tion, having been hardened and kept in alcohol. ‘The
Pheenicodrili had been carefully fixed in a solution of cor-
rosive sublimate and afterwards hardened, some in abso-

4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

lute alcohol, others in formaline. But notwithstanding
the different conditions of the hosts, the protozoa did not
show any prominent difference in structure, the caryo-
plasm only being less distinctly stained in the alcoholic
specimens. Iam therefore satisfied that the structure here
represented and figured is the real one. This I believe
with the more confidence as Beddard has shown that the
protozoa—Gregarina of Pericheta—do not generally
change their form and structure, even when attacked by
powerful reagents. Much of the success in observing
protozoa depends upon the staining, especially so in this
form, which was not greatly sensitive to the common:
stains of hematoxylon, methyl green, safranine, etc.
After having tried a dozen or more stains at my disposal,
I found the following method to be superior to any other,
and to give by far the finest nuclear images:

I. Staining of the hosts in toto in very weak Dela-
field’s heematoxylon or in Ehrlich’s ammonia hamatoxy-
lon.

2. Hardening and sectioning in paraffine.

3. The slide fixing consisted simply of distilled water
or of formaline and gelatin (% per cent.) in water. This
fixing is used as follows:

t. Cover the space of the cover-glass on the slide
with several drops of the fixing, so that the sections will
float.

2. Warm gently over a plate until the paraffine be-
comes slightly transparent, but not so long that it be-
gins to melt. If it melts, the sections shrink at once and
spoil, but if just heated sufficiently they stretch out, even
if ruffled by the knife.

3. Let the fixing harden in the air during at least four
hours, or better, during the night. Sections heated this
way never loosen, and are always straight. They should

DEVELOPMENT OF SPERMATOBIUM. 5

never be melted, but the paraffine dissolved in pure tur-
pentine or xylol.

When the latter is at last removed by alcohol the slides
are stained by a saturated solution of orange G. in 33
per cent. alcohol. The stain should be left on only a few
seconds, then immediately washed off in 95 per cent. al-
cohol. If too darkly stained wash gradually off with
weaker alcohol until the proper tint has been found. It
is better not to have the shade too bright yellow. Pure
water will wash out all of the stain.

If it is found that nuclei of the hosts are not sufficiently
brightly or darkly stained by the hamatoxylon, the slide
may be again stained by a weak solution of Ehrlich’s am-
monia hematoxylon, under the microscope. Clear with
oil of bergamot, mount in gum-thus in xylol. Such sec-
tions give exceedingly good images. The nuclei of the
hosts were stained by the hematoxylon, while the nuclei
of the protozoa were stained by the orange and well dif-
ferentiated. The nucleoli were nearly always stained
deep yellow, while the other part of the nucleus was
lighter; chromosomes and microsomes in the nuclei were
always stained very dark brown. ‘The cell plasma of the
protozoa were stained lightly by the hematoxylon. A
prolonged staining with only hematoxylon would stain
the protozoa nuclei, but such prepared sections did never
show the elements and structure of these nuclei.

I will also here call the attention to the very great ad-
vantages of gum-thus in xylol as a mounting medium, it
giving images far superior to those by canada balsam or
damar.

IMMATURE INTRACELLULAR STAGES. Fig. ta, 6, c.

The youngest stages of Spermatobium which I have
been able to observe are seen in the spermatogonium, or
the mother sperm cell after it has dropped from the testis

‘

6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

into the sperm-sac. This stage is intracellular, the par-
asites having entered the cell and are feeding on its con-
tents. In size the young Spermatobium is there not any
larger than the fully developed spore (fig. 1a, 6, c), though
I do not thereby wish to say that it is the spore which has
been transformed into an immature Spermatobium, as on
this point I am yet in doubt. This stage is but slightly
larger than the nucleus of the spermatogonium ot the
host (fig. 1@).

The protozoan may at this stage be described as a small
cell with nucleus and nucleolus, the cell being of various
forms, round or oblong, the nucleus always round and the
nucleolus globular and well defined. Generally, how-
ever, the protozoan is pointed oviform, as in the fig. Ia.
In the following I will atways refer to the two or three
principal parts of the protozoan as cell or cytosome, nu-
cleus or caryosome and nucleolus, the definitions of which
are the general accepted ones. The cytotheca is thin
and structureless, frequently wavy and ruffled.

THE CYTOPLASM.

The cytoplasm consists of at least two distinct parts,
which, however, are not always localized, and which
can in no way be designated as ectoplasm and entop-
lasm. At times the cytoplasm appears uniform, slightly
grainy; at other times, or generally, there is a coarser
granulation in the pointed end of the cytosome, as in fig.
ta. In this figure the nucleus of the spermatogonium
is seen to the right in the upper corner. In the lower
corner of the protozoan the cytoplasm is seen to be coarser,
though it is not always darker. The fact that at this stage
the protozoan is intracellular makes observation difficult
and less exact. I think, however, that these two differ-
entiations of the cytoplasm correspond to those found in
the free and adult form, and soon to be described.

DEVELOPMENT OF SPERMATOBIUM. 7

As the intracellular protozoan grows, it gradually fills
out the larger part of the host’s spermatogonium. The
nucleus of the latter, however, remains intact to the last,
and I] am doubtful if it is really at any time consumed by
the parasite. Fig. 16 shows this stage of the protozoan.
The remains of the spermatogonial cytosome is seen out-
side of the edges of the protozoan. On the figure they
are slightly colored yellow; on the slide, however, they
were stained light blue by the hamatoxylon, only the nu-
cleolus of the spermatobium having taken the yellow stain.
As will be seen from this figure, the nucleus and nucleo-
lus of the spermatobium have obtained their full size,
which, however, is variable in different individuals, in
this instance being unusually large. The nucleus of the
spermatogonium shows yet plainly its chromosomes, which
apparently have not been in the least affected by the
parasite.

FREE IMMATURE STAGE. Figs. 2, 3.

In this stage the protozoan is seen free from the sperm-
atogonial host, living an intercellular life in the fluid sur-
rounding the various developmental stages of the sperm-
atozoa in the sperm-sac of the host. This mode of exist-
ence is kept on until after the formation of the spores or
sporocysts. In fig. 2@ is represented a young sperm-
atobium lately having left the spermatogonium of the
host. Its nucleolus is large and has taken the stain
deeply. The boundary of the caryosome is at this stage
often even forming a globe; but this is not always the
case, nor is it typical of this stage, as both previously
in the intracellular form (fig. 14), as later (fig. 26), may
the caryotheca be wavy and irregular in outline. In fig.
2a the cytoplasm is seen to be differentiated, there ap-
pearing several pellucid vacuoles at the apex. In fig. 26
the cytoplasm forms a network, consisting entirely of a

8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

grainy matter with a few more deeply staining micro-
somes. If this stage is previous to or later than the one
represented in fig. 2a, I am not able to say.

After these stages are passed the spermatobium as-
sumes a broader shape, and at the same time the cyto-
plasm is seen to be differentiated. Clear, rounded, pel-
lucid sacs or vacuoles of different size begin to form
in the center of the cell, while at the surface below the
cytotheca are seen accumulating very small, extremely
regular, globular bodies. . The former I term for the
present simply vacuoles, the latter cytospheres. The
vacuoles are first seen in the vicinity of the nucleus and
opposite to it (figs. 3a and 380). ‘Their contents do not
stain, but in some I could detect a faint shading in their
center. They are of different sizes; the largest appear
nearest the center, the smaller further away, or mixed
in with the other in an irregular manner (fig. 3a). The
cytospheres are at first few and gradually increase in num-
ber. Correspondingly the vacuoles decrease in number
and size, and at last the protozoan cytoplasm contains —
nothing but cytospheres of the same size and shape, the
vacuoles having disappeared entirely. If there exists any
connection between the vacuoles and the cytospheres I
cannot say.

ADULT STAGE. Figs. 45 5;

The stage when all the vacuoles have disappeared and
the whole space outside the nucleus consists of cyto-
spheres, or at least is apparently filled with cytospheres,
may be termed the mature stage of this protozoan.
While the protozoan varies in size and shape in the same
host, the cytospheres appear to be always of the same
size respectively in each species, at least from the begin-
ning of the adult stage to the forming of the spores. In
Spermatobium eclipidrili these cytospheres are several
times larger than in Sfermatobrum Freund.

j DEVELOPMENT OF SPERMATOBIUM. 9

In the first stages when the first cytospheres are formed
their bodies are somewhat smaller, but they quickly in-
crease in size; at least, the more numerous the larger
they are up to a certain point. ‘The first cytospheres are
seen only near the surface, below the cytotheca, irregu-
larly distributed in groups, like land and oceans ona map.
What I consider the adult individual is solid, so to say,
with cytospheres, the vacuoles then having entirely dis-
appeared, and even the interior containing cytospheres.

CYTOSPHERES.

The cytospheres are small, perfectly globular, glassy,
pellucid bodies, which do not stain with orange G., and
only very faintly with hamotoxylon, though the latter can
hardly be called staining, but may rather be termed soil-
ing. In fact, they remain pellucid to the last, with the
exception of a central spot of darker color, the latter,
however, not being due to any stain. Soon after the ap-
pearance of the cytospheres this spot is seen to be very
small, exceedingly well defined and very dark, merely
appearing as a single point (figs. 106, 14), sometimes
surrounded by a white zone.

At what I suppose a later stage in the cytosphere, this
central dot or cytosphero-center enlarges and appears as
a small circular disc (fig. 16), also well defined, the
boundary being much the darkest. Ata later stage yet,
the cytosphero-center becomes diffuse, and gradually oc-
cupies a large part of the cytosphere. This is the charac-
ter of the cytospheres at the end of the formation of the
sporogonia and sporoblasts(figs. 18, 20). After the pseudo
navicella spore is formed, the cytospheres diminish in
size, and finally are seen to possess only about one - halt
the diameter of the original cytosphere (fig. 26). I be-
lieve this diminished size is caused by a division of the
cytosphere into four parts, as I have observed a number

IO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCiENCES.

of cytospheres in a spore showing the appearance of di-
vision (fig. 33a), the dark center remaining outside of
the four new microcytospheres. If the division goes still
further Iam unable to state. It is not unlikely that it
does, as no such microcytospheres are seen in the young
protozoan. ‘The cytospheres probably correspond with
the amyloid granules of Biitschli, and appear to be present
in most sporozoa. Besides the cytospheres and the vacu-
oles the cytosome contains, especially in the earlier stages,
a diffuse darker staining plasma (fig. 2a, etc.), which,
however, mostly disappears from view as the cytospheres
accumulate and increase in number. But little of this
plasma is seen in the fully developed form, and only rarely
is any found in the sporulation stage (fig. 10a), and then
generally around the nucleus.

NUCLEUS.

A nucleus is nearly always present and well developed,
though the chromatin bodies are not well definable. The
nucleus shows some very decided phases of development
and differentiation proceeding along two different lines,
accordingly as its division 1s caused by simple budding
and subsequent contraction, or by caryokinesis. The for-
mer phase is found in the early stages of sporulation, the
latter again in the last stages of this process. In the
resting nucleus we find especially prominent a single nu-
cleolus. In the adult stage the nucleus is furnished with
a distinct caryotheca.

The nucleus is not always present in a fully developed
form and in some instances apparently absent. I think
this is due not to the total absence of the nucleus but
rather to the fact that it has disseminated itself all through
the elements of the cytosome or rather scattered its frag-
ment between the cytospheres, as I will endeavor to prove
directly. The nucleus when fully developed does always

DEVELOPMENT OF SPERMATOBIUM. if a

possess a nucleolus, of distinct form and appearance,
which I will describe later on. In its earliest stage the
nucleus is clear, globular, surrounded by a circular cary-
otheca of considerable thickness. As, however, I have
frequently found the outline rosette-like (figs. 41c; 10),
I believe that it possesses an amoeboid movement, al-
ready in the very early stage, when the protozoan is
yet confined to the spermogonium of the host (fig. 16).
In most of the intercellular Spermatobia the caryo-
theca was wavy, slightly folded, showing signs of hav-
ing altered its shape (fig. 41c andd). Some, however,
possessed the regular circular outline. The caryotheca
always stains readily but not deeply with the orange G.
Of the contents of the caryosome— disregarding the nu-
cleolus for the present—I could sometimes distinguish
two different substances: one protoplasmatic, by far the
most abundant, and also a darker staining, more regularly
grained part, probably the chromosomes. How far these
respective substances in the resting nucleus correspond
with the chromosomes and microcaryosomes, etc., of
higher nuclei I am unable to say, as they are not well
differentiated until in the latter stages of sporulation, where
chromosomes and filaments may be distinctly recognized.
We may distinguish several distinct stages of nuclear de
velopment, each one of which presents some characteris-
tics of importance:

1. ftesting macronucleus, with perfect caryotheca, dif-
fuse caryoplasma, single large nucleolus with several in-
tranucleolar bodies.

2. Ameboid nucleus, or the first stage of sporulation
in which the former resting macronucleus divides itself in
numerous micronuclei by an apparently amceboid bud-
ding or diffusion of the caryoplasm in among the cyto-
spheres. The amitotic stage.

I2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

3. Micronuclez, or contracting stage, in which the dif-
fused caryoplasm is concentrated at regular intervals,
forming a large number of micronuclei.

4. Caryokinetic stage, in which the micronuclei fur-
ther divide by caryokinesis.

In the early stages of the macronucleus the caryoplasm
is small in quantity, generally arranged along the inner
wall of the caryotheca (fig. 30), staining in places more
darkly, probably as small chromosomes.

In the more developed protozoan the caryoplasm fills a
large part of the caryosome, is of a streaky, ramified nat-
ure, the ramifications evidently proceeding from a center
near or around the nucleolus (figs. 7, 41). In unstained
specimens the nucleus appears always as a light round
spot, with the darker nucleolus in the center. It is first
only at a more advanced stage that it takes the stain.

In the fully developed Spermatobium the caryoplasma
stains freely yellow, but not as deeply as the nucleolus.
Even a prolonged exposure to hematoxylon fails to stain
it in a distinct way, and it is entirely due to its affinity to
orange G. that it becomes well defined. The most in-
teresting and striking character of the caryoplasm is
its growth, amceboid extension, budding and division, by
which it extends itself far outside of the caryotheca—
in fact, diffuses all through or rather between the cyto-
spheres. This diffusion of the caryoplasma is undoubt-
edly connected with the formation of spores and sporo-
blasts, and appears to begin as soon as the Spermatobium
is fully developed. Of the very great importance of the
caryoplasm in the early stages of the formation of the
sporagonia I believe I have made several demonstrative
observations. In several instances I have observed how
after division one part of the sporogonium remains in
an undeveloped state while the other part develops spo-

DEVELOPMENT OF SPERMATOBIUM. 13.

roblasts and shuttle spore. In every such instance I
found the arrested or undeveloped sporogonium deficient
in or entirely without nucleus, only possessing cytospheres.
I believe that it is want of sufficient nuclear matter which
has caused the development of sporoblasts to cease. In
fig. 45 I have figured such a Spermatobium in which a
part has been arrested in its development while the other
has already produced spores. How this deficiency in
caryoplasm originated in this instance I cannot say, but
it may depend on two distinct causes: either the cary-
oplasm moved the larger part of its bulk to the part which
later on developed, this as I believe causing a division of
the original sporogonium into two smaller sporoblast, or
the caryoplasm may from some cause or other have been
destroyed in one sporoblast while not in the other. That
the two sporoblasts originally belonged to a single pans-
poroblast I judge from the remains of the original cyto-
theca, which is yet seen surrounding the two sporoblasts.

NUCLEOLUS.

But before I describe this diffusion and subdivision of
the nucleus proper, it will be in order to consider the
form, structure and nature of the nucleolus. I believe it
safe to say that the nucleolus is always present, even it
not always under the same form and of the same size. I
have never seen a single fully~developed Spermatobium
which did not possess a nucleolus of some size, small or
large, and when the caryoplasm diffuses the nucleolus
remains, though sometimes in greatly diminished form,
until the very last, when its final division or disintegra-
tion takes place; it apparently does not move with the
caryoplasm.

In its perfect form, even in the intracellular stage ot
the Spermatobium, the nucleolus consists of one single,
globular body, varying in size from one-third to three- -

I4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

fourths the diameter of the nucleus. It is nearly always

very regular in outline, strictly globular, and in its early

stages shows a homogeneous consistency, its plasma stain-
ing intensely and evenly with orange G., but not with
hematoxylon nor with methyl green, and only faintly
Wits Satranine= (igs. 10; (40) aol Ana mete.) sim tae
free Spermatobium the nucleolus always contains one
or more, up to six, minute round intranucleolar bodies of
different sizes and of an intensely light-refracting nature.

These intranucleolar bodies are often, but not always,
surrounded by a transparent sphere, like a vacuole (fig.
46). In very young Spermatobia they are absent or few
in number; in adult specimens again they are more nu-
merous, and I have counted six or eight—some larger,
some smaller (fig. 41d.) Ina young Spermatobium the
nucleolus appears homogeneous, but in older specimens,
especially those which are in the stage of division by
sporulation (fig. 106), I have nearly always found the
nucleolus to contain a number of round, lighter-appearing
globules, which certainly do not appear as if they were
vacuoles, but rather as differentiated nucleolar matter.

I have also but rarely seen a vacuole. At other times
again (fig. 23) the nucleolus seemed to be composed of
a few nearly round globules with irregular outlines and a
darker center.

BUDDING OF THE NUCLEUS.

The diffusion of the macronucleus and the formation of
micronuclei in different parts of the Spermatobium is the
most interesting fact connected with this protozoa. I may
state at once that I have in no instance in this stage of the
nucleus observed regular caryokinesis. The division ap-
pears to take place only by diffusion or budding. The
process of division of the macronucleus in Spermatobium
is effected by at least five phases:

DEVELOPMENT OF SPERMATOBIUM. T5

t. Budding proper of the caryoplasm, by means of
fine, thread-like elongations from the nucleus proper.

2. Formation of caryoplasmic nodes at certain at first
irregular, later on at regular intervals.

3. Growth of these nodules by attraction and contrac-
tion of the outlying caryoplasmic threads. |

4. Final division of these secondary or micronuclei
by caryokinesis and their moving apart, forming the final
nuclei preparatory to the formations of the pseudonavi-
cella spores.

5. Tothis may be added the division or disintegration
of the nucleolus, which takes place later on, and which
does not appear to be of importance in the formation of
the micronuclei. In some instances the nucleolus remains
intact for some time after the division and redistribution
of the caryoplasm.

The first indication of a division of the macronucleus
is seen in the unequal distribution of the caryoplasm
within the caryotheca. The latter at the same time as-
sumes an irregular outline and soon disappears entirely
(fig. 72 and 6). But even before the caryotheca has
vanished, the caryoplasm has penetrated its walls and ac-
cumulated outside of, but adjacent to the latter. From
these agglomerations caryoplasmic filaments are seen ex-
tending irregularly in all directions (figs. 7and8). These
caryoplasmic filaments when properly stained may be
found extending all through the cytospheres, winding
their way between them. At certain intervals there ap-
pear thicker nodes on the filaments and from these nodes
other filaments radiate in various directions. At last a
stage in radiation has arrived when nodes are found
at fairly regular intervals throughout the cytosome (fig.
ga and 6). At this stage there frequently or nearly al-
ways appear one or more darker staining bodies in the

16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

nodes, possibly developing chromosomes, preparatory to
final caryokinesis. .

These nodes appear to absorb the outlying caryoplas-
mic filaments by which they were at first connected with
the mother or macronucleus. During all this radiation of
the caryoplasm, the original caryosome appears to be
growing in size, and it is able to furnish plasma for forty
to sixty micronuclei before diminishing in size, while
frequently it becomes much larger than in its early
resting stage. Finally, however, the original caryosome
generally entirely disappears, though this may not always
be the case, as sometimes (as, for instance, in the case
figured at 10a) a part of the caryosome as well as some
cytoplasm remains after the sporoblasts have already
been formed. In this figure to the upper left of the nu-
cleus is seen a bluish mass, consisting of caryoplasm and
unused cytospheres. The nucleus, colored yellow, has
evidently contracted its caryoplasmic filaments, as none
could be seen either around the remains of the macro-
nucleus or around the micronuclei. The nucleolus again
has been broken up into one larger and three smaller nu-
cleoli. The larger one of these (figured separately 100 )
is seen to contain a number of semi-transparent globules
of nearly equal size. After the stage in which the cary-
oplasmic filaments have been contracted (or disappeared),
the small newly-formed micronuclei begin to divide. Pre-
vious to this division, however, four important points are
to be noticed:

1. The micronuclei are all of the same size, or almost
of the same size.

2. They are scattered at almost equal distances all
through the cytosome of the sporogonium.

3. The cytospheres become grouped around each nu-
cleus in such a way as to form separate little balls or

DEVELOPMENT OF SPERMATOBIUM. 17

sporoblasts with inclosing membrane, the outline of which
is more or less distinct, accordingly as the spheres are
packed closer or looser together.

4. The division of the micronuclei is not effected by
the budding process, but by division in equal parts by
caryokinesis.

DIVISION BY CARYOKINESIS.

After the cytospheres have been attracted into sporo-
blasts, each one surrounded by a thin membrane, the
micronucleus begins again to divide. But now the
division is not effected by budding but by a distinct ca-
ryokinesis. Small chromosomes may be seen scattered
about at first irregularly; later they congregate at the
equator, and finally caryokinesis takes place. I have,
however, not been able to observe either asters or centro-
somes, the highly refractive cytospheres so far obscuring
observation.

Fig. 12 represents such a sporoblast with a single
micronucleus. In Fig. 13 the nucleus has divided into
two, which have moved to opposite poles, and these sec-
ondary micronuclei have again divided. The two upper
ones are yet connected by a caryoplasmic filament.

DISINTEGRATION OF THE NUCLEOLUS.

The first indication of a disintegration of the nucleolus
is a blurred outline, caused by small irregular drops,
staining exactly as the nucleolus, appearing on the outer
circular surface of the nucleolus (fig. 86). Smaller,
more or less irregular globules are seen in the caryoplasm
near by, and in more advanced specimens nucleolar frag-
ments are seen in the various or in some of the cary-
oplasmic nodes. Sometimes one of these new nucleoli
are larger than others, staining either darker or lighter
than the surrounding caryoplasm. Around such caryo-

2p Sur., Vou. V. (2) May 18, 1895,

18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

plasmic nodes the cytospheres are seen to arrange them-
selves regularly.

In the majority of the new cytoplasmic micronuclei I
have not been able to see the nucleoli, but I think it is
safe to say that they are frequently present. As to the
relationship of the nucleoli found in the micronuclei with
that of the macronuclei I cannot say anything with cer-
tainty from observation. I believe, however, that the
nucleolus of the macronucleus dissolves sooner or later,
and that the nuclei found in the micronuclei are really
new elements not directly derived from the macronucleus.
Generally, however, the nucleoli remain conspicuously,
though of diminished size, long after the macronuclei
have all diffused themselves through the cytoplasm. In
the newly formed spores more or less numerous highly
refractive bodies are seen, greatly resembling the inter-
nucleolar bodies and probably identical with them.

Since the above was written and presented for publica-
tion, I have received the paper by Dr. L. Rhumbler on
‘¢Die Enstehung und Bedeutung der Binnenkorper,”’
and I am pleased to say that I find in his explanation of
the structure and action of the nucleoli a satisfactory so-
lution of the morphological importance and nature of
these interesting bodies. I have observed in Spermato-
bium all the three stages he refers to, the liquid, the vis-
cicous and the solid stage of the nucleolar contents, the
above described highly refractive intranucleolar bodies
belonging to the latter. The nucleoli of Zruncatulina
lobatula, as delineated by him (fig. 30, Taf. xvii), is al-
most exactly identical with some of the nucleoli observed
by me. Judging from my own observations, the more
solid parts of the nucleoli could form directly from the
liquid part, or at least independently of the viscous part.
Dr. Rhumbler’s theory that the nucleoli are not organic

DEVELOPMENT OF SPERMATOBIUM. I9

structures but only accumulations of organic secretions of
different states of liquidness, appears to explain the nu-
cleolar structure of Spermatobium.

SPORULATION.

The sporulation is undoubtedly the chief object of the
adult Spermatobium, and it depends chiefly on this process
for the maintenance of the species. In the various phases
of sporulation we have, in fact, the larger part of the life
history of this protozoa. Sporulation, or the forming of
spores, comprises again various stages of development.
These are:

A. Preparatory stages and amitosis.

1. Diffusion or budding of macronucleus.

2. Formation of numerous micronuclei.

B. Formation of spores.

3. Attraction by the micronuclei of cytospheres,
forming sporoblasts.

4. Divisions of micronuclei by caryokinesis.

5. Transformation of each sporoblast into a shut-
tle spore.

6. To this may be probably added another stage,
the formation of sickle germs in the shuttle
spore. This stage I have not observed, and
its existence can only be inferred from what
takes place in other protozoa.

When the adult Spermatobium has begun the process of
sporulation it may be more properly called a sporogonium
or rather macrosporogonium, as at a later stage this ma-
crosporogonium divides into numerous microsporogonia.
The smaller agglomerations of cytospheres and micronu-
clei may again be termed sporoblasts.

Strictly speaking, the sporulation begins with forma-
tion of sporoblasts. After the micronuclei have con-
tracted their plasma filaments and attained their proper

20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

distribution as regards each other (figs. 10 to 13), the
cytospheres appear to group themselves in certain num

bers around each nucleus. The number of such cyto-
spheres varies, the new sporoblasts being similarly of va-
rious sizes, not, however, differing greatly, some being
nearly twice as large as others. It would appear as if
the ‘micronuclei possessed two distinct properties, one
of which is to repel each other, which would cause
them to be regularly distributed; and one to attract the
cytospheres, which would explain the comparatively even
distribution of the latter and their collecting to form spo-
roblasts. The sporoblasts become surrounded with a
thin membrane, which becomes thicker just before the
forming of the lunate and shuttle spore. As to the proc-
ess of forming these spores I am unable to give any sat-
isfactory account. It appears to me, however, as if in
the final, smallest and ultimate sporoblast, we find several
micronuclei scattered about among the cytospheres which
at this stage begin to further divide. After the sporoblasts.
have begun to form—that is, after the cytospheres have
begun to arrange themselves into agglomerate balls (spor--
oblasts)—the whole individual, now a sporogonium, in-
creases in size, and finally divides itself into two or more
smaller or microsporogonia. The ultimate size of these
sporogonia varies. It is probable that all the micro-
sporogonia are found at the same time from the macro-
sporogonium and not by successive divisions. Thus the
individual Spermatobium transforms itself into a macro-
sporogonium, which later again divides into a number of
microsporogonia, each one containing a number of spo-
roblasts, consisting each one of cytospheres, cytosphero-
theca and micronuclei. Each sporoblast converts itself
into a lunate or shuttle spore. In each microsporogonium
we may find from forty to sixty sporoblasts or shuttle
spores, but generally very many less (figs. 24 to 31).

DEVELOPMENT OF SPERMATOBIUM.. 21

Frequently we find a restko6rper consisting of a num-
ber of unused cytospheres scattered about, but princi-
pally situated in the center of the sporoblast. I think
that the name sporophore is an unsuitable one for this
body, because, as has frequently been remarked, the
restkérper consists simply of the unused cytospheres,
which perhaps for want of nuclei have not consolidated
into sporoblasts.

THE SHUTTLE SPORES AND PSEUDONAVICELLA.

The ultimate transformation of the sporoblasts are into
shuttle spores and later the pseudonavicelle. At the
earliest stage these bodies are, however, lunate, crescent-
shaped, concave, considerably varying in form, but not
in size. Each one contains a yellow staining crescent,
possibly the accumulation of nuclear matter, always sit-
uated close to the convex side (figs. 24 and 25).

I have never been able to clearly make out the struc-
ture of the spores at this stage, and, while assuming that
they really are only earlier stages of the shuttle spores,
I have yet some hesitation as to this being the case; the
reason for this is that I have never distinctly seen in them
the cytospheres, which, however, are always very distinct
in the shuttle and pseudonavicelle spores.

- One-half or more of the lunate spore is occupied by a
transparent lunate sac, while the other half or less con-
sists of a granulated crescent.

The real shuttle spores are more regular, but even they
show a concave side, but their contents can always be
clearly dissolved into cytospheres and micronuclear bodies
OM vanying, number, (es. 32, sa Netc.)imywl nis 1s)their,
shape while yet enclosed in the sporogonium. ‘Their
cytothecas are there thin, hardly visible, but always well
defined. Such shuttle spores are also found free among
the spermatozoa of the host, and show these often irre-

22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

gular outlines, probably the indication of amceboid move-
ments (fig. 35). In this free stage the shuttle spores
nearly always contain a distinct nucleus situated generally
at one of the poles, but sometimes also in the middle of
the convex side.

While I have found these shuttle spores in great num-
bers, I have observed only very few real pseudonavicellz
forms. These pseudonavicellz spores are of the same
size as the former, but differ considerably in their struc-
ture.

Their cytotheca is very thick, projecting into a knob
at each pole (fig. 27). The cytotheca contains a single
row of very minute, dark, entirely opaque globular bodies,
which in the knob-like projections at the poles are more
thickly accumulated.

Their contents consist of cytospheres of much smaller
size probably due to a further division of those found in
the shuttle form of spore, in the manner as indicated in
fig. 336. A large nucleus appears present in at least
some of the spores, but the scarcity of these spores has
prevented me from studying its development and form.
So far I have never observed the sickle germs found in
Monocystis, as well as in a large number of other sporozoa.

In this description I have assumed that what I have
here called pseudonavicelle spore is a direct modification
of the shuttle spore. JI must, however, add that I have
never found one of these pseudonavicelle in the sporo-
gonium, but always scattered loose among the shuttle
spores.

DIVISION OF THE ADULT.

A division of the adult form, as well as of the sporo-
gonium, is frequently observed. In figures 38 to 42 I
have endeavored to figure a series of such divisions.
Fig. 38 represents an adult with large cytospheres, and

DEVELOPMENT OF SPERMATOBIUM. 23

not yet in the sporogonium stage. The original nucleus
has partly diffused and formed two secondary nuclei, in
none of which, however, the nucleolus has assumed its
globular form. A thin division of the cytotheca is dis-
cernible extending from a to 6, and from c towards the
center. &

In fig. 39 we find a partly formed sporogonium, in which
the division is more advanced. A number of nuclei have
formed, and the original nucleolus, or what is left of it,
is seen ina stage of division surrounded by a transparent
zone, probably the remains of the macronucleus.

Fig. 40 represents an adult form, in which the division
is more perfect; one-half of the figure is drawn from a
focus set on the micronuclei and vacuoles, the left half
again was focused on the cytotheca showing the accumu-
lation of cytospheres.

Fig. 41a, 6, c, represent one and the same individual in
division, focussed at different depths. In 41a the focus
is on the vacuoles, in 414 on the surface cytospheres and
in 41c on the nuclei. Fig. 41d 1s a nucleus drawn on a
larger scale. In fig. 42 is seen a Spermatobium in divi-
sion, in which the left half consists of an undeveloped
spermatogonium, while the right part consists of two
separating spermatogonia, in one of which is seen re-
mains of a larger nucleus.

My conclusions about the division of the adult may be
summed up as follows:

1. The object of division is not the propagation of
the species, but rather a convenient subdivision of the
large forms.

2. New macronuclei are sometimes formed in the new
individual, but not always.

3. Micronuclei are always formed previous to segrega-
tion of the new individual.

24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

4. In one or more of the separating individuals, the
process of sporulation—forming of a sporogonium—may
be more advanced than in any of the other parts, while
all are yet connected together.

5. The formation of a new perfect nucleus as in fig.
41, probably depends upon the accidental accumulation
of sufficient nuclear matter in one place.

LARGER CYSTS.

In figs. 43 and 44 I have figured two very large and
unusual forms. One of these is a very young form,
irregular in outline, with very small cytospheres and no
nuclei. The other is undoubtedly a sporogonium stage,
with a very thick cytotheca, if we here have to deal with
a formation of a different kind of cyst or with abnormal
forms of the common cyst is undecided.

I found only few of these forms and only in the Ecli-
pidrilus host.

AFFINITIES.

The characters of Spermatobium appears to be inter-
mediate between Klossia and Monocystis, and I think
demonstates that the gregarines cannot properly be sys-
tematically divided accordingly as their habitat as intra-
cellular and ccelomic.

In Spermatobium the young individual inhabits the
spermatogonium or mother cell, just as Monocystis, and
the adult dwells free in the fluid surrounding the sperm
cells. As in Monocystis, Spermatobium develops shuttle
and pseudonavicella spores, the resemblance between the
spores in the two genera being very great.

But the formation of the sporogonium, the sporoblasts
and the spores resemble much more that of Klossia and
Monocystis. While in Monocystis the cyst contains a few,
generally two, sporogonia of unequal and irregular size,

DEVELOPMENT OF SPERMATOBIUM. 25

in Spermatobium are found numerous microsporogonia of
nearly.equal and very regular size as in Klossia. The
adult Spermatobium differs from Monocystis in its general
form. The pointed apices and epimerit are not seen in
Spermatobium, which is more regular, oval, globular or
slightly lunate with rarely projecting apex. The ciliated
covering, consisting of abnormally developed spermato-
gonia of the host, found in Monocystis are not seen in
Spermatobium.

Finally, the form and structure of the nucleus and nu-
cleolus in Spermatobium agrees more with those of Klos-
sia than with those of Monocystis.

The life history of Spermatobium is shortly as follows:

RESUME.

The young Spermatobium is intracellular parasitic in
the spermatogonium of the hosts Eclipidrilus and Pheeni-
codrilus, but it leaves these cells before the spermato-
blasts have begun to grow. ‘The free form is shuttle-
like, later ovoid and finally globular, with extremely
prominent nucleus and nucleolus. In the cytoplasm of
the Spermatobium the cytospheres gradually develop at
the expense of or from the other element.

The macronucleus, at first globular, becomes later ir-
regular, and finally diffuses itself all through and between
the cytospheres, forming at first nodes which later change
into new secondary nuclei equidistant from each other.
The cytospheres group themselves around these micro-
nuclei, which latter again divide by caryokinesis, thus
forming at first microsporogonia, then sporoblasts. The
sporoblasts develop first into shuttle spores. Pseudona-
vicella spores are also found. ;

A division of the adult takes place sometimes, probably
caused by the accumulation of a too large quantity of nu-

26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

clear matter in one spot outside of the. original nucleus.
When the nuclear matter is evenly distributed, the same
power of attraction which caused the adult to divide
causes the sporoblasts to form, which latter is accom-
plished by the even grouping of the cytospheres around
the secondary nuclei. A thin membrane is formed around
the sporoblasts, after which the nucleus of the latter be-
gins again to divide by mitosis.

This budding or amitosis of the nucleus has previously
been observed in a large variety of cells, and the various
views of respective investigators of this subject have been
set forth by Dr. Richard Zander (4) with great clearness.
The type of division found in the early sporogonial stage
of Spermatobium must, with some allowance, be consid-
ered as related to Arnold’s ‘‘fragmentation’’ type, though
want of access to his paper (3) has prevented me from
making a closer comparison.

Ziegler (5) holds that amitosis only takes place in me-
ganuclei, and that these soon perish after the process is
over. This is exactly the case with the macronucleus of
Spermatobium. Fritz Schaudinn (6) again has described
amitosis in the nucleus of various foraminifera, but this
process, as observed by him, differs from the amitosis of
Spermatobium through the presence of achromatic fila-
ments which divide the caryosomic substance in various”
parts. Here then the division takes place inside the nu-
clear membrane, while in Spermatobium the amitosis is
entirely extra nuclear or outside of the original nuclear
membrane.

The amitotic division of the nucleus can thus take
place in at least four different ways:

Segmentation. The nucleus divides itself in equal
parts in the equatorial plane.

Fragmentation. ‘The nucleus is beaded off in various

DEVELOPMENT OF SPERMATOBIUM. 27

equal or unequal parts, not separated by regular division
fields.

Radiation or Budding. The nucleus branches out,
forms nodes, which latter by retraction of filaments be-
come independent nuclei—Spermatobium.

Sporulation. The nuclear plasma become by the aid
of achromatic filaments divided into numerous equal parts,
which, through the bursting of the caryotheca, are set
free and form independent nuclei—Foraminifera.

Hemagregarina nasuta n. sp. Figs. 50 to 64.

This form infests the walls of the blood-vessels and
surrounding mesenterium of clipidrilus frigidus in
enormous numbers. The cysts lie so closely that they
frequently touch each other, and totally obscure the
structure of the tissue of the host, to such an extent that
there appears to be more of the parasites than of the
tissue. Ihave only found the parasite in specimens of
Eclipidrilus from the locality on the middle fork of King’s
' River, California, at an altitude of about 11,000 feet,
while the Eclipidrili found at the lower altitude and in im-
pure water were entirely free both from Hemagregarina
and Spermatobium.

Although the host from the former locality were in-
fested at the rate of thousands, none contained protozoa
of different stages of development. I could only observe
the fully developed form, all cysts and all spores being
absent, the more to be regretted as related forms are only
imperfectly known. The relationship of Hemagregarina
nasuta must therefore remain in doubt, and my rea-
sons for classing it with Hemagregarina depend alone
upon the appearance of the adult form as well as upon
its habitat. As is well known, Hemagregarinas are
principally known through Danilewsky’s description of

28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Hf. Stepanowt from the blood of Emys, the fresh-
water turtle of Europe, and it may be considered fairly
certain that all forms related to Hamagregarina are
true blood parasites, principally inhabiting the blood-
corpuscles of the vertebrates, turtles, birds and lizards
while adult. The spores again are found in the bone
marrow of the turtle, the kidneys, spleen and bone mar-
row of the lizard. This habitat of all the species of this
group makes the presence of a Hamagregarina in the
blood of an oligochet all the more interesting. The want
of large blood corpuscles in the blood ot oligocheta has
made it necessary for our present species to select an-
other habitat, if indeed it is not the original one. Here
it is the lining of the blood-vessels and the surrounding
mesenterial tissues which are infested, especially so the
lining of the blood lacunes in the alimentary canal; in no
instance did I find any of these protozoas in the blood it-
self.

The youngest form was straight, slightly sigmoid, with
no well defined nucleus, while the more advanced indi-
viduals were folded together like the blade and handle of
a pocket-knife, as far as I can judge from drawings very
similar to Hemagregarina Stepanowt. The anterior end,
however, differs from that of this species by having a
slight prolongation, which in fully developed individuals
was sharply pointed, but in less developed ones only ap-
pearing as a serrated surface of the thicker apex. The
most advanced specimens possessed a circular nucleus
near the thicker apex, while less advanced individuals
showed an oblong, less well-defined nucleus nearer the
middle of the body bend. Each individual was sur-
rounded by a dry, thin cyst, considerably distant from its
body, causing it to lie in a large pellucid vacuol.

DEVELOPMENT OF SPERMATOBIUM. 29

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.

PLATE,

Spermatobium Freundi figures: 1 to 4, 6 to 9, 11 to 18, 20 to 32, 34 to 37,
39 to 41, 43 to 45.

Spermatobium Eclipidrili figures: 5, 10, 19, 35, 38, 42.

All the figures are drawn from parafine sections stained with Orange G.
and Ehrlich Hemotoxylon. All drawings were made under Zeiss Obj. 1-12
hom. imm. Oc. 2. Some of the detail figures were drawn on a larger scale,
but not under a higher power.

Fig. 1a. A spermatogonium of the host containing a parasite in very

early stage of development.
n.h. nucleus of host.
p. protozoa parasite.

Fig. 1s. Another spermatogonium from the same. The Spermatobium is
more advanced in development, having nearly occupied the
whole cell, the nucleus of which is yet intact.

n.h. nucleus of the host.

c. h. cytotheca of the host.

n.sp. nucleus of Spermatobium.

v. c. vacuole in the cytoplasm of the parasite.

Fig. 24. A free Spermatobium. The nucleus is globular, the nucleolus is
also globular and well defined. At the apex of the cytotheca
are seen the commencement of vacuoles c.s. 6.

Fig. 28. Another nearly adult Spermatobium.

Fig. 3a. An adult Spermatobium, with commencing vacuoles.

Fig. 38. Nucleus‘of the same.

Fig. 4. Another Spermatobium of more regular form.

Fig. 48. The nucleolus of the latter drawn on a larger scale in order to
show the intranucleolar bodies.

nm. nucleus.
no. nucleolus.
no. 6. intranucleolar bodies.

Fig.5. An adult Spermatobium from Eclipidrilus.

cys. cytospheres.
mn. nucleus.
no. nucleolus.

Fig. 6. Surface view of a Spermatobium Freundi, showing the cyto-
spheres and their relative size compared to those of Spermato-
bium eclipidrili.

Fig. 74. Anadult Spermatobium, with nucleus in a stage of budding.

Fig. 7B. The nucleus and nucleolus of the latter.

Fig. 8a. An adult Spermatobium, with a nucleus yet more advanced in
budding, nodes and micronuclei already having formed in places.

30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Fig. 8s. The nucleus and uucleolus of the same drawn on a larger scale
no. nucleolus ina state of disintegration diffusing nucleolar mat-
ter.
n.m. nucleolar matter.
no. intranucleolar bodies.
nd. nodes or forming micronuclei, by contraction of the nuclear
filaments, or by accumulation of the caryoplasm of two
different kinds.
Fig. 94. Another Spermatobium in which the caryoplasm has been partly,
but yet irregularly distributed.
n.n. new larger nucleus with distinct nucleolus.
n.d. new nucleus in a state of mitosis.
Fig. 9B. A part of the former drawn on a larger scale.
nm. Yremains of macronucleus.
n.d. wacronuclear node division.
ne. macronucleus around which the cytospheres are grouping them-
selves. Smaller nodes are seen scattered about some of
which are yet connected by caryosomic filaments.
Fig. 9c. A smaller specimen with diffusing nucleus around the vacuoles.
Fig. 9p. Spermatobium Freundi with large budding nucleus and large
nucleolus. Vacuoles and cytospheres not drawn.
Fig. 95. Part of a resting nucleus with two extra nuclear bodies of un-
known nature, possibly nucleolar ejected matter.
cyt. cytoplasm.
nob. nucleolus.
en. ejected nucleoli.
Fig. 10. Spermatobium eclipidrili, transforming into an encysted sporogo-
nium.
m. remains of macronucleus.
nm. no. nucleoli.
sp. bl. sporoblasts.
r.k. ‘‘vestkorper,” consisting of unused cytoplasm.
n.n. micronuclei.
Fig. 108. One of the new nucleoli and a cytosphere drawn on a larger
scale.
no. nucleolus with intranucleolar transparent globules.
cys. cytospheres.
These intranucleolar globules are entirely distinct from the
intranucleolar bodies elsewhere referred to.
Fig. 11. A sporogonium of Spermatobium Freundi. The micronuclei are
resting.
Fig. 12. A sporoblast of the former drawn on a larger scale.
n. micronucleus.
cyt. cyototheca.
cys. cytospheres.

ig. 13.

. 20a.

. 208.
. 20c.

5 PALS

. 218.
Selon

ig. 23.

ig. 24.
. 25.

ig. 26.
IS al fc

ig. 298.

28.
g. 29,

DEVELOPMENT OF SPERMATOBIUM. 31

A sporoblast with nuclei in mitosis.

. 138 &c. micronuclei with chromosomes at end of mitosis.
plas
g. 15.

Another sporoblast with single nucleus.
A sporoblast in which the centers of the cytospheres are more
developed, micronuclei not eliminated.

. A sporogonium, with developed sporoblasts, a stage further ad-

vanced than the one figured in 10a.

. One of the sporoblasts drawn on a larger scale, showing three

micronuclei.

. A nucleus and a cytosphere of the former.

nucleus.

cytosphere.
Two sporoblasts with nuclei in a state of division. A large
sporoblast has just divided itself in two almost equal parts.

A smaller, probably final sporoblast with nuclei in mitosis.
The nuclei are yet connected by caryoplasm.

. One of the cytospheres of the former.

A sporogonium of Spermatobium eclipidrili. The nuclei are well
scattered out, but remains of nucleoli are seen in two places.
The cytospheres have not yet collected into sporoblasts.

A similar sporogonium of Spermatobium Freundi at the same
stage of development, Figs. 19 and 20, are drawn under the same
magnification and show the relative size of the sporogonia and
cytospheres in the two species of Spermatobium.

A group of cytospheres.

A cytosphere drawn on a larger scale, both from the sporo-
gonium figured in fig. 20.

A sporogonium in which some of the micronuclei are unusually
small, by an error of engraver not shown.

A sporoblast of the same with five micronuclei.

A sporoblast with dividing nuclei. These sporoblasts would
have further divided.

A remaining nucleolus, showing a spherical granulation, sur-
rounded by cytospheres. The macronucleus has entirely disap-
peared.

A sporogonium with partly developed lunate spores.

Some of the spores drawn on a larger scale.

A shuttle spore with nuclear or nucleolar bodies.

A fully developed psendonavicella spore with beaded margin,
nucleus and cytospheres.

An empty spore of unusual form.

A sporogonium with spores in various stages of development.
A central ‘‘restkorper”’ of unused cytospheres.

A sporogonium with shuttle spores and ‘‘restkérper.”

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Another sporogonium with shuttle spores. The restkorper is
scattered and divided.

A sporogonium with multinucleated shuttle spores.

Some of the spores more highly magnified. Zeiss 1-12, oc. 4.
Lunate spore from Spermatobium eclipidrili.

A shuttle spore from Spermatobium Freundi. The two smaller
figures, A and B, represent the cytospheres, respectively from figs.
33 and 34, showing their relative size.

A shuttle spore from Spermatobium Freundi, showing amceboid
movement.

A sporogonium just bursting, with fully nucleated shuttle spores.
Two of the spores drawn on a larger scale.

A Spermatobium eclipidrili, in division, with three nuclei. Be-
tween a bc the division lines are seen.

A Spermatobium Freundi in division. The nuclei are already
formed, the remaining nucleoli in division.

A Spermatobium in division. Micronuciei are formed and nu-
cleoli dispersed.

Fig. 41a, 8, c. A divided Spermatobium with perfect nuclei, but not fully

developed cytospheres. In 41a the focus is set on the vacuoles.

. Similarly focused on the surface cytospheres.
. Focused on the nuclei.
. A nucleus more magnified.

A Spermatobium eclipidrili in division. In the smaller sporogo-
nia the sporoblasts are already formed, while in the one to the left
the cytospheres are yet diffused. The micronuclei in position.
A Spermatobium of unusual size and structure.

A Spermatobium of similar shape enclosed in a thick cyst. Pos-
sibly the two last are in a stage of development for producing
‘‘ resting cysts.”

A sporogonium of Spermatobium Freundi in which part of the
sporogonium has developed ripe spores while the other part has
remained undeveloped, probably from want of nuclear matter.

Fig. 46 to 59. Hemagregarina nasuta. In 50 we see the youngest form

observed, the body not yet having folded itself. In 62 and 63
the anterior edge is serrated or slightly lobed, while in 64, the
most highly developed form observed by me, the anterior projec-
tion is very prominent. The cyst surrounding the protozoa
consists probably of the remains of a cell wall of the host as the
nuclus (fig. 58) would indicate. This Hemagregarina stains
best and principally with hamatoxylon, it fails to take distinctly
the orange stain. All figures drawn under Zeiss hom. im. 1-12,
Oc. 3 and 4.

DEVELOPMENT OF SPERMATOBIUM. 33

LITERATURE SPECIALLY REFERRED TO.

ARNOLD, J. Weitere Mitteilungen tiber Kern und Zellteilungen, etc.
Archiy f. mikr. Anatomie. 31 Bd., 1888. (3)

Bitscuur, O. Protozoa, Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen, etc. 1882.
PFEIFFER, P. Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger. Jena. 1891.

RHUMBLER, L. Ueber Entstehung u. Bedeutung der in den Kernen vieler
Protozoen, Binnenkérper, etc. Zeitschrift f. Wissenschaftliche Zoologie
56 Bd., 1893, p. 328.

ScHAUDINN, Fritz. Die Fortpflanzung der Foraminiferen und eine neue
Art der Kernvermehrung. Biolog. Centralblatt. 14 Bd., 1894, p. 161.

ZANDER, RICHARD. Ueber den gegenwirtigen Stand der Lehre von der
Zellteilung. Biologisches Centralblatt. Bd. 12, p. 281. (4)

ZIEGLER, H. E. Die biologische Bedeutung der amitotischen Kernteil-
ung, etc. Biolog. Centralblatt, xi Bd., Nos. 12-13. (5)

ZIEGLER, H. EK. and O. von Ratu. Die amitotische Kernteilung bei den
Arthropoden. Biolog. Centralbl., xi Bd., No. 24, p. 744. (6)

2p SER., VOL. VY. (3) May 18, 1895.

CATALOGUE OF MARINE SHELLS, COLLECTED
CHIEFLY ON THE EASTERN SHORE OF LOWER
CALIFORNIA FOR THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY
OF SCIENCES DURING 1891-2.

The Gulf of California is the richest field for molluscan
collections outside of the tropics along the whole west
American coast, principally for the reason that, being
nearly landlocked and opening only southward, it is al-
most as tropical as the more southern waters toward the
Equator, and perhaps even warmer than some regions
where currents from the north have free circulation.
The contrast is thus strongly shown between the gulf and
the western coast of the peninsula, in the small proportion
of tropical species found on the latter and their more lim-
ited range northward.

The length of the gulf is about 760 miles northward of
the latitude of Cape St. Lucas (22° 52’), and of this only
forty-four miles are south of the Tropic of Cancer, while
the width averages about fifty miles. The influx of the
Colorado and other smaller rivers serves to keep the wa-
ter trom becoming too salt for molluscan life, and, though
evaporation must be enormous, it seems thus balanced,
while the usual differences in the species found in brack-
ish waters are observed to only a limited extent compared
with gulfs of less depth, like the Gulf of Mexico. Still,
there are many species identical in both gulfs, and many
analogies with the species found in the Mediterranean
and Red seas, which are the most similar waters of the
eastern continent.

Some of the most important collections from the gulf
previously made are mentioned in Carpenter’s ‘‘ Mollusks
of Western North America,’’ Smithsonian Edition, 1872,
and will give some idea of the number of species found
there. The first well recorded were collected in 1825,

2p SeR., Vou. V. May 21, 1895,

MARINE SHELLS OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 35

during Captain Beechey’s voyage of discovery in the
‘¢Blossom,’’ and published in London, 1839, in which
twenty species from the gulf are mentioned, mostly new
ones. ‘These were chiefly shore shells and showy spe-
cies. In 1836-1842 Captain Belcher, with the British
ship ‘‘ Sulphur,’’ surveyed that coast, and the ship’s sur-
geon, Richard B. Hinds, made some more thorough col-
lections, partly by dredging, obtaining about thirty species,
most of them published in the ‘‘ Zoology of the Sulphur,”’
HOZO tO; LS42.

The next important collections were made during the
Mexican war by the American, Col. E. Jewett, traveling
at his own expense. He touched at Mazatlan, and ob-
tained six species, supposed to be from there, but prob-
ably many more were mixed with the shells collected by
Major Rich, U.S. A., numbering 108 species, and 102
obtained by Lieutenant Green, U.S.N., in the gulf.
These were catalogued by Dr. A. A. Gould, and about
thirty supposed new species described by him as [new]
“¢Mexican and Californian Shells,’’ with figures, in the
Boston Journal of Nat. Hist., vol. vi, 1853.

The most extensive collection ever made in the gulf
was by Fred. Reigen at Mazatlan, which place, being
only about twenty-five miles north of the latitude of Cape
St. Lucas and close to the Tropic of Cancer, shows most
perfectly the influence of a tropical climate on the mol-
lusca. A special work on this collection of about 708
species, and also on all others then known from Mazat-
lan, was published by P. P. Carpenter, as the ‘‘ Mazatlan
Catalogue,’’? 1855-7. The collection was the result of
three years’ work, and contained a few species that may
have been imported on ships.

The Xantus collection, made at Cape St. Lucas, has
been before mentioned, in the first article on land shells

36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

collected by Mr. W. E. Bryant, in these Proceedings,
1891, p. 100. In eighteen months Xantus obtained 361
marine species, some of them probably from the Socorro
Islands and the coast of Mexico, and about sixty of them
were described by Carpenter as new. He states that
‘¢Pacific [Polynesian] shells may have been given to
Xantus by sailors; they were not distinguished from his

own series in opening the packages.’’ A larger propor-
tion of Panama species were found than at Mazatlan by
Reigen. .

The next marine collections known from the gulf and -
also west of the peninsula are those mentioned in a paper
by R. E. C. Stearns on ‘‘ The Shells of the Tres Marias
Islands and other localities along the shores of Lower
California and the Gulf of California’’ (from the Pro-
ceedings of the U. S. National Museum, vol. xvii, pp.
134-204, 1894). The islands named are over 100 miles
southeast of the gulf, and therefore have no relation to
the present subject, except that many of the species reach
the gulf (about fifty-eight out of eighty-nine). Out of
294 1n the catalogue, about 200 occur in the gulf, and
several others on the west coast. It is not, therefore, as
complete a list of gulf shells as we might expect from
collections made by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer
“‘Albatross,’’ with its facilities for dredging and collect-
ing otherwise. The greater part of the species were ob-
tained by the late Mr. W. J, Fisher, who was better fitted
out for collecting than any other private collector, but
only credited with about 130 species from the gulf. The
Academy’s museum is indebted to Mr. Fisher for many
North Pacific shells, and perhaps some from the gulf,
but the latter were left by him in such a confused con-
dition that they can rarely be identified as his. Be-
sides the two collections mentioned above, Mr. Stearns.

MARINE SHELLS OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 37

includes those contributed by ten other persons, who col-
lected small numbers from both coasts of the peninsula
and the main Mexican shores.

It thus appears that there are known about 700 to 800
species of mollusca from near the entrance of the gulf,
and even there very little thorough work in collecting has
been done and most of the shells obtained have been
dead ones more or less imperfect.

From small collections hitherto made in the northern
end of the gulf, quoted by Carpenter or Stearns, it ap-
pears that the species found there are more largely of the
temperate fauna, many of them being identical with those
from the same latitude on the west coast of the penin-
sula. This seems to indicate that the dividing ridge, now
3,000 feet or more in altitude, was crossed by one or more
channels within geologically recent times.

The parties collecting for the Academy in 1891-2 were
not well prepared for obtaining marine mollusca, being
engaged chiefly in collecting vertebrate animals, insects
and plants, on the peninsula and nearest islands, though
also preserving such land shells as they met with, when
not teo busy otherwise. Mr. W. E. Bryant, being often
on the seashore in pursuit of vertebrate animals, spent
some time in collecting the shells along the beaches, liv-
ing or dead, and when La Paz was reached, continued
their pursuit onto Espiritu Santo and San José islands ly-
ing nearly in a line northward from that place, and each
about fifteen to twenty miles long. The latter, crossed
midway by the 25th parallel of latitude, proved to be the
most productive of species of any point visited north of
Cape St. Lucas, nearly 150 miles to the south. Besides
a large number of beach shells perfect enough for iden-
tification, many were obtained in excellent condition
through the aid of native divers, who not only dive for

38 : CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

pearls, but will find other shells for money and collect
many of the larger kinds for food, eating nearly every
large mollusc that is tender and well flavored. The col-
lections were thus made chiefly at San José del Cabo,
twelve miles east of Cape St. Lucas, at La Paz and at
San José Island. Mr. Brandegee and Dr. Eisen also
contributed several species from the same places. These
places are near enough to the locality of the Xantus col-
lection to be considered as belonging to the same local
fauna, yet several species occurred that are new to the
region. As almost every collection of shells, however
small and imperfect, adds some new facts to our knowl-
edge of geographical distribution, a list of these is thought
to be worthy of publication. Some of the doubtful forms
were sent to Dr. Dall of the U. S. National Museum for
comparison with authentic specimens and are given as
identified by him. Duplicates of many of the shells (and
also of many others, native and foreign) are ready for
exchange, in return for species not contained in the
Academy’s museum, or not in good condition.

CLASS GASTROPODA—UNIVALVES, ETC.

ACMA DALLIANA Pilsbry. 2, very near A. scadra.

ACMA FASCICULARIS Menke. 3, young only.

ACMA PEDICULUS Philippi. Large, beach-worn.

ALABA SUPRALIRATA Carpenter. Also Mazatlan
and Cape St. Lucas.

5. ANACHIS TZ2NIATA Philippi. Rare, San José del

PWN H

Cabo.

6. ANACHIS CORONATA? Sowerby. 5, larger than
usual.

¥. .APLYSIA ———? Several young. San José del
Cabo.

8. ASTRALIUM OLIVACEUM Wood. 15, San José del
Cabo.

IO.

Il.

12.

13"

14.
Te

16.

107

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

238
24.
ON

26.

27.
28.

MARINE SHELLS OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 39

ASTRALIUM uNGUIS Wood. 2, young. Also Cape
st. Lucas.

BuLxua ApDAMSI Menke. 28. Many approach xebu-
losa.

CASSIS COARCTATUS Gray. 5, good examples; com-
mon south.

Cassis suLcosA Bruguiere, var. abbreviata Lamk.
3, good.

Cassis TENUIS Gray. 2, fresh examples. Perhaps
imported. .

CERITHIUM ADUSTUM Kiener. 35, common; living.

CERITHIUM GEMMATUM Hinds. 100, common; liv-
ing.

CERITHIUM INCISUM Sowerby. 200, common; liv-
ing.

CERITHIUM INTERRUPTUM Menke. 2, San José del
Cabo.

CERITHIUM OCELLATUM Bruguiere. 150, mostly La
ae

CHLOROSTOMA CORONULATUM C. B. Adams. A
pint of beach shells.

COLUMBELLA CRIBRARIA Lamarck. Common on
algae.

CoLUMBELLA FUSCATA Sowerby. San José del
Cabo. Common.

CoNuUS BRUNNEUS Wood. 30, beach shells; many
perfect.

Conus PRINCEPS Linné. 32, many fine specimens.

CoNUS PUNCTICULATUS Hwass. 6, beach.

CoNUS PURPURASCENS Broderip. 14, many very
Pemece:

CoRALLIOPHILA NUX Reeve. 1, San José del Cabo.

CREPIDULA ACULEATA Gmelin. 6.

CREPIDULA ONYX Sowerby. Many small speci-
mens.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

CRUCIBULUM SCUTELLATUM Gray. A pint or more.

CRUCIBULUM TUBIFERUM Lesson. A pint or more.

CyPR4A ALBUGINOSA Mawe. 10, also San José del
Cabo; good.

CyPR#A ARABICULA Lamarck. 8, some good.

CyPR#A PUSTULATA Swainson. San José del Cabo.

CypR&A SOWERBU Gray. 30, mostly beach-worn.

DRILLIA ATERRIMA Sowerby. 2, beach shells.

DRILLIA MAURA Kiener. I, west coast of Lower
California.

ERATO MAUGERIZ Gray. 1, also Cape St. Lucas.
West Indies.

ENGINA REEVE! Tryon. 12, beach shells.

EUPLEURA MURICIFORMIS Broderip. 3, young; liv-
ing.

EuRYTA ACICULATA Lamarck. San José del Cabo.

FASCIOLARIA PRINCEPS Lamarck. 10, eaten by na-
tives.

FIsSURELLA RUGOSA Sowerby. 1, known before
from the gulf.

FIsSURELLA VIRESCENS Sowerby. 7, known before
from the gulf.

FIssSURIDEA IN4ZQUALIS Sowerby. A common gulf

species.

Fusus CINEREUS Reeve (not of Say). 10, fresh
specimens.

FusUS DUPETITHOUARSI Kiener. 10, fresh; eaten
by natives.

GADINIA RETICULATA Sowerby. Many, San José
del Cabo.

HALIOTIS-FULGENS Philippi. 1, San José del Cabo;
about half grown.

HARPA CRENATA Swainson. 2, one fresh, one
beach-worn.

66.

OF.
68.

69.

70.

MARINE SHELLS OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 41

LATIRUS GRACILIS Reeve. 2, beach-worn examples.

LEPIDOPLEURUS (probably L. fectinulatus Carp.) 1.

LiITTORINA ASPERA Philippi. . Abundant; several
varieties.

MALEA RINGENS Swainson. 20, eaten by natives.

MELAMPUS OLIVACEUS Carpenter. 2, beach shells.

MELONGENA (SOLENOSTEIRA ) MODIFICATA Reeve.
6. This much discussed shell seems to belong
chiefly to this region.

MiITRA MAURA Swainson. I, a wide-spread species.

MiTRA TRISTIS Sowerby. 1, a finely colored exam-
ple.

Mopuius cEropEs A. Adams. Half-pint of good
specimens.

MuRriciIDEA DUBIA Sowerby. 8, chiefly beach shells.

MuRExX BICOLOR Valenciennes. 5, perhaps drasszca
lamarck.

MuREX PLICATUS Sowerby. 4, in good condition.

Murex RADIX Gmelin. 4. This and dzcolor are
eaten.

NASsSA TEGULA Reeve. 2, more common northward.

NassA vERSICOLOR C. B. Adams. 70, also Mazat-

lan (Reigen).

NATICA BIFASCIATA Recluz. 45, common beach

shells.

NatTicA GLAUCA Humboldt. 2, also Mazatlan

(Reigen).

NATICA MAROCHIENSIS Gmelin. 1, at La Paz only.

NaTicA UBER Valenciennes. 13, common beach

shells.

NERITA BERNHARDI Gmelin. 25, common at low

water.

NERITA SCABRICOSTA Lamarck. 50, common at
low water.

So.

go.
gl.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

NERITINA PicTA Broderip. 25, San José del Cabo
only.

NERITINA CALIFORNICA Reeve. Same place, in
creel:

NUTTALINA SCABRA Reeve. 1, a dry beach speci-
men.

OLIVA ARANEOSA Lamarck. 15, mostly beach-worn.

OLIVA PORPHYRIA Linné. 15, fresh specimens.

OLIVELLA DAMA Duclos. 150, common at low wa-
ter.

OLIVELLA MYRIADINA Duclos. 45, called ‘‘rice
Sine lisa:

ONISCIDIA TUBERCULOSA Reeve. 2, good speci-
mens.

OPALIA CRENATOIDES Carpenter. I, a rare species.

PLEUROTOMA NOBILIS Hinds. 1, a fresh specimen.

PLEUROTOMA OLIVACEA Sowerby. Several, beach-
worn.

POTAMIDES MONTAGNEI Orbigny. 2, rare in the gulf.

PURPURA BISERIATA Blainville. 8, living at low
water.

PURPURA PATULA Linné. 60, living at low water.

PURPURA TRISERIALIS Blainville. 4, living at low
water.

PyRULA DECUSSATA Wood. 5, eaten by the natives.

RissorinA sTRICTA Menke. On alge, San José del
Cabo.

SCALARIA HEXAGONA Sowerby. - 2, five-angled ex-
amples. |

SIPHONARIA PELTOIDES Carpenter. 1, beach spec-
imen.

SIPHONARIA LECANIUM Philippi. 1, rare in gulf?

SIsSTRUM CARBONARIUM Reeve. I, rare; identified
by Dall.

92.
8

IOO.
IOI.
IO2.
103.
104.
IOS.
106.
107.
108.

109.

IIo.

MARINE SHELLS OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 43

SOLARIUM GRANULATUM Lamarck. 2, beach shells.

STROMBINA ANGULOSA Sowerby. 20, San José del
Cabo.

STROMBINA MACULOSA Sowerby. 50, mostly from
San José del Cabo.

STROMBUS GALEATUS Swainson. 10, eaten by na-
tives.

STROMBUS GRACILIOR Sowerby. Several beach
shells.

STROMBUS GRANULATUS Lamarck. 100, beach
shells.

TEREBRA LINGUALIS Hinds. 1, also Cape St. Lucas
(Xantus).

TEREBRA VARIEGATA Gray. 3, beach specimens
only.

TORNATINA CULCITELLA Gould. I, more common
in California.

TRITONIUM GIBBosUM Broderip. 5, young speci-
mens.

TRITONIUM VESTITUM Hinds. 1, rare in the gulf.

SERIV TAC PACIFICA) Gray. /i, farein the gult.

TRIVIA SANGUINEA Gray. 12, common at low tide.

TRIVIA SOLANDRI Sowerby. 100, common at low
tide.

TurBo FLUCTUOSUS Wood. 20, common at low
tide on alge.

TURRITELLA SANGUINEA Reeve. 2, a variety of
next?

TURRITELLA TIGRINA Kiener. 12, 7. gontostoma
Valenc. ?

VERMETUS CENTIQUADRUS Valenciennes. 15, very
variable.

Vo.LuTa cuminci Broderip. 3, also var. pedersent
Verrill, 1.

ILLS

118.

119.

120.

I21.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

VOLVARINA VARIA Sowerby. 1, Marginella varia
(Tryon).

CLASS PELECYPODA—BIVALVES.

ANOMIA LAMPE Gray. Valves common; none en-
tine:

ARCA GRANDIS Broderip. 10 valves; 3 young en-
tine:

ARCA MULTICOSTATA Sowerby. 4 valves; 3 young
entire.

ARCA PACIFICA Sowerby. Several valves and 3
large fresh examples.

ARCA TUBERCULOSA Sowerby. Several middle sized
examples.

AVICULA PERUVIANA Reeve. Common and very
large.

“AXINZEA GIGANTEA Reeve. 12 valves; eaten by

natives.

BaARBATIA FUSCA Bruguiere? <A few, perhaps B.
solida Sby.

BARBATIA GRADATA Broderip. A few beach-worn
valves.

CALLISTA AURANTIA Hanley. 30, many fresh;
eaten by natives.

CALLISTA CHIONAZA Menke. Common, eatable;
C. sgualida Sby. (in part).

CALLISTA POLLICARIS Carpenter. One specimen,
determined by Dall.

CARDITA CRASSA Lamarck. Several valves, large
and small.

CARDITA FLAMMEA Michelin. Several valves, large
and small.

CARDITAMERA AFFINIS Broderip. Valves common
and I entire.

124.
128.
ZAG

130:

Bit

132).

MARINE SHELLS OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 45.

Carpium consors Broderip. 1 valve, San José del
Cabo.

CARDIUM PROCERUM Sowerby. Valves only.

CARDIUM SENTICOSUM Sowerby. Valves only.

CHAMA ECHINATA Broderip. Valves, and entire
young. ©

CHAMA EXOGYRA Conrad. A few seen of this
form.

CHAMA FRONDOSA Broderip. 4, the most com-
mon form.

- CLIDIOPHORA PUNCTATA Conrad. Two flat valves,

beach.

CHIONE PULICARIA Sowerby. 30, probably a va-
riety of next.

CHIONE SUCCINCTA Valenciennes. 20, common,
eatable.

CHIONE UNDATELLA Sowerby. 30, common vari-
ety? of the last.

CopAKIA TIGRINA Linné. Many fresh ones, eat-
able.

CRASSATELLA GIBBOSA Sowerby. A few, large and
small.

DIPLODONTA SEMIASPERA Philippi. 1 valve, San
José del Cabo.

DoNAX CALIFORNICUS Conrad. 2 valves.

DosINIA PONDEROSA Gray. A few small ones and
valves.

HEMICARDIUM BIANGULATUM Sowerby. Small
ones | rare.

HETERODONAX BIMACULATUS. 50 valves, scarcely
two alike.

KELLIA SUBORBICULARIS Montagu. 5 specimens.

LaBIOSA UNDULATA Conrad. 2 valves.

LIMA sQuAmMosA Lamarck. Some entire, valves
common.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

LiocARDIUM APICINUM Carpenter. Many valves,
30 entire.

LiocARDIUM ELATUM Sowerby. A few valves.

LirHorpHacus PLUMULA Hanley. Burrowing in
spondylus, etc.

LucINA EBURNEA Reeve. 30'valves, San José del
Cabo.

LuciINA EXCAVATA Carpenter. Valves, very near
L. nuttallz.

LucINA PECTINATA Carpenter. 4 valves. This
and last also found at Mazatlan.

LucINA UNDATA Carpenter. 3, common in the
cult.

MaAcoMA OCHRACEA Carpenter. <A few valves.
(Dall identified. )

MAcTRA DOLABRIFORMIS Conrad. A few valves.
(Dall identified. )

MARGARITIPHORA FIMBRIATA Dunker. 30, pearl
shells; animal, eatable.

MopioLa CAPAX Gould. 10, entire; many valves.

MyTILUS MULTIFORMIS Carpenter. 2, San José
del Cabo only.

MyTILUS PALLIOPUNCTATUS Dunker. 100, San
José del Cabo only.

OPALIA FUNICULATA Carpenter. 2, one from Ma-
zatlan.

OsTREA AMARA Carpenter. 4, identified by Dall.

OsTREA IRIDESCENS Gray. 5 valves, identified by
Dall.

PAPYRIDEA ASPERSA Sowerby. Probably same as
P. bullata.

PECTEN SUBNODOSUS Sowerby. 24, common, col-
lected for food.

PECTEN VENTRICOSUS Sowerby. 8, common, col-
lected for food.

182.

184.

186.
187.

MARINE SHELLS OF LOWER

CALIFORNIA. 447

PECTUNCULUS MULTICOSTATUS Sowerby. Small

but perfect examples.

PERIPLOMA PLANIUSCULA Sowerby. Valves, same

as P. argentaria Con.

PERNA CHEMNITZIANA Orbigny. Valves, and some

perfect examples.
PINNA LANCEOLATA Sowerby

. several specimens.

PINNA MAURA Sowerby. A few specimens.
PLACUNANOMIA CUMINGI Broderip. Only 1 valve.
PLACUNANOMIA MACROCHISMA Deshayes. Com-

mon.

SANGUINOLARIA MINIATA Gould. 2, entire shells.
SANGUINOLARIA NUTTALLI Conrad. A few valves.
SEMELE BICOLOR C. B. Adams. I entire, 2 valves.

(Dall identified. )
SEMELE FLAVESCENS Gould.
SEMELE VENuSTA A. Adams.

IO valves.
2 entire shells.

SPONDYLUS CALCIFER Carpenter. Living, very

massive.

SPONDYLUS LIMBATUS Sowerby. 7 living. All

spondyli are used as food.

SPONDYLUS PRINCEPS Broderip. — Living.

STRIGILLA CARNARIA Linné.
beach.

Valves, common on

STRIGILLA LENTICULA Philippi. San José del

Cabo.
TELLINA INTERRUPTA Wood.
and valves.

Several whole shells

TELLINA PURA Gould. 6 valves.
TELLINA PURPUREA Broderip. 1 valve, San José

del Cabo.
TEREBRA LUCTUOSA Hinds.
TIVELA RADIATA Sowerby.
mens.

1, San Jose del Cabo.
Several good speci-

48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

188. TIvELA ELEGANS Verrill. Several valves.

189. ‘THRACIA CURTA Conrad. I specimen (Dall ident. )

190. VENUS SUBIMBRICATA Sowerby. Valves (S. G.
Anomalocardia).

191. WVOLA DENTATA Sowerby. Valves; common, eat-
able.

Notrere.—In the late ‘‘Catalogue of Shells in the Museum
of the Academy,” etc., including the geographical dis-
tribution of species known from Sitka to Cape St. Lucas,
many are given as from ‘‘ West Coast, lat. 26°,’’ and
southward. ‘These were collected by the late Dr. Gabb
at San Juanico on the west coast of the peninsula, but
the locality having been confused with one on the east
side, in the gulf, at about the same latitude, it was uncer-
tain which coast they were from. In his late paper Dr.
Stearns credits them all to the west coast. (See ‘‘Zoe”’
for April, 1892.)

NOTES ON A SPECIMEN OF ALEPISAURUS ASCU-
LAPIUS BEAN, FROM THE COAST OF SAN LUIS
OBISPO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

BY FLORA HARTLEY.
[ With Plate ii. ]

- The valuable specimen here described and figured was
found on the coast of San Luis Obispo county, Cal., by |
W. P. Stevens, on September 19, 1894, having been
thrown on the beach by the waves. It was presented by
Mr. Stevens to the California Academy of Sciences.
The specimen agrees in most particulars with Dr. Bean’s
original description of Aleprdosaurus esculapius (Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus. 1882, p. 661). The following descriptive
notes contain the principal points wherein our specimen
differs from the type, and present some additional details:

Head in body 5% times; width of head in length of
head 4; height of head in length of head a little over
2;. eye in head 6; interorbital area wider than diameter
of eye; eye in snout 2%. Top of head with two prom-
inent, sharp, bony ridges, that run from the tip of the
snout to behind the eye. On the parietals striz radiate
from this ridge toward the median line and outward to-
ward the eye. Just behind the orbit, and parallel with it,
is a series of six small blunt spines.

Opercle with strong striz radiating from the upper an-
terior angle; subopercle nearly as large as opercle and
strongly striate, the strize radiating from the anterior lower
articulation; a thin membrane connects the opercle and
subopercle; mandible with strong longitudinal striations
and many mucous pores.

Outer row of teeth in upper jaw short and very sharp,
increasing in length anteriorly. No teeth in the extreme
front of upper jaw, but two small decurved teeth on each

side of tip of jaw. Palatine teeth arranged in three groups.
2D SER., VOL. V. (4) May 21, 1895.

50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In front are two very large compressed teeth on each side,
1% inches long, behind which is a naked space 1% inches
long; this is followed by three teeth 5g inches long, and
finally eight short knife-like teeth. Lower jaw with sym-
physis bare, a bifid tooth-like spine on each side of it.
Behind this come two long thorn-like teeth, the first % in.
long, the second ¥% in., followed by 15 short knife-like
teeth. The teeth are all very sharp and directed back-
ward and so long that the mouth cannot be completely
closed. Upper pharyngeal teeth long and slender; upper
pharyngeals formed by the coalesced parts of the 2, 3 and
4 pharyngobranchials.

Gill-rakers long, sharp and toothlike, bifid or trifid;
on the anterior part of the lower gill-arches they appear
as teeth where the arches join the hyoid. Upper lobe of
caudal evidently not prolonged into a filament; middle
rays longer than the height of the tail.

Donets, A117, V 9, Baw iencthiot specimenrssar A
inches. )

The type of this description is in the museum of the
California Academy of Sciences. It is in good condition,
only the tips of the dorsal rays being broken. The ac-
companying figure representing it was drawn by Miss
Anna L. Brown. This specimen is the only one thus far
preserved, excepting the original types from Alaska.

About two years ago, however, a specimen in fine con-
dition was taken at Eureka, Humboldt county, Cal., by
Mr. Augustus J. Wiley and Mr. J. B. Brown, of Eureka.
Mr. Wiley was unable to preserve this specimen, but took
a series of good photographs, which were presented by
him to the Leland Stanford Jr. University. From one of
these photographs a drawing was made by Miss Anna L.
Brown. In view of the great interest attached to this
rare and singular inhabitant of the deep seas, a copy of
this drawing has been given.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW JACK-RABBIT FROM SAN
PEDRO MARTIR MOUNTAIN, LOWER CALIFORNIA.

BY JOHN M. STOWELL.
[With Plate iii]
Lepus martirensis sp. nov.

Type, ad. 6 No. 748, Museum Leland Stanford Junior
University; La Grulla, San Pedro Martir Mountains,
Lower California, June 30, 1893. Collectors, John M.
Stowell and Samuel C. Lunt. i

Total length 603; tail vertebre 95; hind foot 126;
ear, from crown, 184.

Cranial Measurements.

Le} () » 2 oO t , & r
a Ae 8 a Se 3 | Ee &
2 cat |), el gst He |) 3 | oo| 4 8
; = 4 2 2 a [=] i=) fa ey a Pas]
) a q fa] a mie or Fira alll ste 3
5B ey eee | See es ss Sp I Se j ;
oS 5 q Ty || 3 B2@ ) oo 2 Seay eho ee a me)
ce 3 ® pap uh ly eed Cote Ca tS ot ae eB) nea) lech [erect
g j ce ee TS ES Brey ceo) ese oll aS Coe Seey ee aey
3 4 5 = E i % x Ro | BR Fs 58/28 | eo! s| 8
Sh EP Se I SIGS SSR SR alaear CSE) If eet cia llc ae | oe
a ts) o on om - 3 os abt &
ra] i) oe 2 g | g 90 Ore S) o o3 fo) 3 Ee
Sli SP IS i Bo WSS Sas toh Sh cetera os Bol Sos
3) a sy 8 = a = = mh n= i a 3 ial a w
Ble We I Gea) CE Ie | Ae ae Ne oe
Ge) @ 5 2 ac 3 @ w a a = ar By a 6 °
‘s) es) a SO Val a | a4 | PS] P |P =) P | a
748 | 79.5 | 101 | 42 29 | 41. 20 | 14.5 | 31.5 | 40.2 | 10.7 9. 17.5 | 13 alee
749 | 79.5 | 99 | 42.5 | 29 | 37. | 21 | 13 31.5] 41. | 1 8.5 | 17.5 | 12.5 | 72 | 42.
750 | 76. 95 | 42. 26 | 38.7 | 19 | 12 31.7 | 41 Ibe | 9. tie 11.5 | 71 | 43.5

About the size of Lepus californicus, but with much
larger ears and darker coloration.

Color above, steel gray, strongly mixed with black,
without the rufous tinge of ZL. californicus. Sides lighter,
with traces of rufous. Chin and throat yellowish white.
Under side of neck same color as sides, a black tip and a
subterminal white zone on the longer hairs giving a de-
cided gray tinge. Breast and inner side of legs salmon
color, not cinnamon as in L. calzfornicus. Belly whitish,
but strongly washed with light salmon. A white patch
between hind legs. The tail darker on lower side than

in ZL. californicus.
2p SER., VoL. V. “May 28, 1895,

52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The ears are sparsely haired and the hair is very short,
in this respect much like ZL. allent. 'The fringe on the
anterior edge is dark gray, short and fine in texture.
The tips of ears are black, the black extending down the
posterior edge of the convex side for nearly one -half its
length.

This species is based upon three specimens, all fully
adult, collected by Samuel C. Lunt and John M. Stowell
during June and July, 1893, in the San Pedro Martir
Mountains, Lower California, at an altitude of about 7,000
or 8,000 feet.

Four other specimens were seen by the party but not
secured, all in the vicinity of La Grulla, a large timber-
inclosed meadow-tract, watered by mountain streams.
Tracks were seen in several other places upon the mount-
ains, but we did not start the animals from their hiding
places and concluded that they must secrete themselves
in the crevices among the huge rocks which are heaped
up so numerously.

The San Pedro Martir Mountains form a range about
70 miles in length, their eastern slope passing into the
deserts surrounding the Gulf of California, their western
face so abrupt and precipitous as to admit of ascent at
two points only: one from Agua Caliente, near the ex-
treme northern end of the range, and the other sixty miles
to the south, where the mountains are a barren waste in-
habited only by mountain sheep.

Between Agua Caliente and Cape Colnett one passes
over a series of mesas and low ridges, where jack-rabbits
occur. Two of these were seen by us, though not secured,
at San Telmo, and were easily recognized as different
from those upon the mountains. The difference is well
known also to the natives, who recognized our specimens
at once, distinguishing them from the lowland form by
their large ears and dark coloration.

A SUPPLEMENT TO THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE
PALAZOZOIC CRUSTACEA.*

BY ANTHONY W. VOGDES.

In offering this supplement to the literature of this
special subject the author has brought the catalogue up
to date, as far as lies within his knowledge, and cor-
rected some errors and omissions of the first edition.

A few may ask, what is the advantage of such a cat-
alogue; but let them take up any special study, and the
first thing that is wanted is a list of books, to know how
and what to read.

Such compilations are dry and laborious, but like all
things that lead to, or add to knowledge, we have to dig
through a mass of details.

The paleontologist has to work with species and all
such lists save him many a weary day of research through
many pamphlets and books; then again the want of just
such a catalogue as is herewith presented to the Acad-
emy leads to the making of new species, from which we
pray to be delivered. These hastily made children retard
the progress of knowledge, and sooner or later will have
to be reclassified under some older name, delaying the
progress of an advancing science, taking up the time and
labor of the student, to say nothing of his temper.

Agassiz (L.) The Trilobites.
In Canadian Nat. Geol., vol. 6, 1872, pp. 358-361.

Ammon (Ludw. von). Devonische Versteinerungen
von Lagoinha in Mato Grosso (Brasilien).

In Zeitsch. Ges. fiir Erdkunde, Berlin, vol. 28, 1893; No. 5, p. 352.

Phacops brasiliensis Clarke. Harpes sp.

“Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, No. iv, 1893.
2D SER., Vou. V. May 28, 1895.

54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

‘Andersson (J. G.) Note on the Occurrencé of the

Paradoxides 6landicus zone in Nerike.
In Bull. Geol. Inst., Upsala, vol. 1, 1892, No. 1.

Ueber Blécke aus dem jiingerex Untersilur

auf der Insel Oland vorkommend.

In Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad., Forhandlingar, No. 8, 1893, p.
HN

Trinucleus seticornis His.

Ueber das Alter der Vsockive canaliculata

Fauna.

In Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akad., Forhandlingar, 1893, No. 2, p.
125.

Isochilina canaliculata Ky. Primitia distans Kr. P. plana var. tubercu-
lata Kr. P. plicata Kr. Entomis (Primitia?) flabellifera Kr. E. quad-
rispina Kr.? E. obliqua Kr. Primitia auricularis Kr. Entomis ( Bursul-
ella?) quadrispina Kr. Bollia minor Kr. B. major Kr. Tetradeila harpa
Kr. var. 7’.carinata Kr. T. rostrata Kr. TY. erratica Kr. var. Ctenobol-
bina ciliata Kmmons? Beyrichia radians Kr. B. (Ulrichia?) bidens Kr.

Armstrong (J.), Young (J.) and Robertson (D.)
Catalogue of Western Scottish Fossils, with introduction
-on the Geology and Paleontology of the District by John
Young. Glasgow, 1876.

Aurivillius (C. W. S.) Ueber einige obersilurische

Cirripeden aus Gotland.

In Bihang Svenska Akad., vol. 18, 1892-1893, Part iv, No. 3, pp. 1, 22,
plate.

Pollicipes siynatus n. sp. P. validus n. sp. Scalpellum fragile n. sp-
S. suleatum n. sp. S.varium n.sp. S. procerum n. sp. 8S. cylindricum
n.sp. S. strobiloides n. sp. S. granulatum n. sp. S. distinctum Hoek.
S. septentrionale C. W. Auriv. Turrilepas.

Baily (W. H.) Explanation Sheet No. 135 Geolog-

ical Survey of Ireland, 1860.
Cucullella angulata n. sp., now referred to Aptychopsis angulata.

Barrande (Joachim). Silurische Fauna aus der Um-

geburg von Hof in Bayern.

In N. Jahrb. Min. Geol. Jahrgang 1868, p. 641, pls. 6-7.

For list of species see French edition, Bibliography Paleozoic Crustacea,
p. 14.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: OF THE PALZZOZOIC CRUSTACEA. 55

Beecher (C. E.) A larval form of 7rzarthrus.
In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol. 46, 1893, p. 361, also p. 469, mocd cut!
Triarthrus beckii Green.
On the mode of occurrence and the structure
and development of 7rzarthrus beckit.
In The American Geologist, vol. 13, 1894, pp. 38-43, plate.
Triarthrus beckii Green.
Abstract of a paper read before Nat. Acad. Sci., Nov. 8, 1893.
Larval forms of Trilobites from the Lower
Helderberg Group.
In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol. 46, 1893, p. 142, plate.
The author illustrated the larval forms of Acidaspis tuberculatus Conrad
and Phaéthonides sp.?
The appendages of the pygidium of 7yrzarth-
TUS.
In Am, Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol. 47, 1894, pp. 298-300, plate vii.
On the mode of occurrence and the structure

and development of 7rzarthrus becktt.
In the American Geol., vol. 13, 1894, pp. 38-48, plate 1ii.

Further observations on the ventral structure

of Trzarthrus.
In the American Geol., vol. 15, 1895, pp. 91-100, plates iv—v.

Structure and appendages of Trznucleus.
In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol. 49, 1895, pp. 307-311, plate iii.

Bennie (James). On the prevalence of Eurypterid re-

mains in the Carboniferous shales of Scotland.
In Proc. Royal Phy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 9, 1885-88, p. 499.
Not descriptive.

Benshauser (L.) Ueber Hypostomen von Homalono-

tus.
In Jahrb. Konig]. preuss. Geol. Landesanst. fiir 1891, pp. 154-166, 1892.

Bergeron (Jules). Etude paléontologique et stratigra-
phique des terrains anciens de la Montagne Noire.
In Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 3d series, vol. 15, 1887, No. 5, p. 376.

Harpes Escotin. sp. Cheirurus Lenoiri n. sp. Phacops Munieri n. sp.
P. Rouvillei n. sp.

56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Etude géologique du massif ancien situé au

sud du Plateau central.

Paris 1889, pp. 1-361, plates i-ix.

Conocoryphe coronata Barr. C. Rouayrouxt M.C.et Berg. OC. Heberti
M.C. et Berg. ©. Levyi M.C. et Berg. Conocoryphe sp.? Paradowides
rugulosus Corda. Agnostus Sallesi M. C. et Berg. Asaphelina Barroisi M.
C.et Berg. Megalaspis Filacovi M.C.et Berg. Calymene Filacovi M. C. et
Berg. Agnostus Ferralsensis M.C. et Berg. Phacops Potieri Bayle. Harpes
Escoti J. Berg. Cheirurus Lenoiri J. Berg. Phacops Munieri J. Berg. P.
Rouvillei J. Berg. Bronteus Clouzesi J. Berg.

Fig. 2b, plate v, represents the pygidium of a Lichas n. sp. and not a
Cheirurus. The author mentions the following undescribed species: Asa-
phus Fourneti Vern., A. Graffi Vern., Illenus Lebescontei Trom.

Crustacés.
In L’Annuaire Géologique Universel Tome, viii, 1891.
A review of Matthews’, Clarke’s and Delgado’s papers on Trilobites.

La Faune dite ‘‘Primodiale’’; est-elle la plus

ancienne? ‘

In Revue Gen. des Sci. Dec., 1891-1892, pp. 1-24.

Figures Paradoxides bohemicus Boeck. Calymene senaria Conrad. Sao
hirsuta Barr. Olenellus gilberti Wal. Agnostus rex Barr. Paradoaides
spinosus. Boeck. Conocoryphe coronata Barr.

Notes Paléontologique 1. Crustacés.
In Bull. Géol. Soc. France, 3d series, vol. 21, 1893, pp. 333-347, plates
vii, viii.
The author gives a generic description of the genus Asaphelina, A. mi-
quelin. sp. Anthracopeltis crepini Boulay from the Coal Measures is re-
ferred to the genus Prestwichia crepini.

Notes Paléontologiques 2. Crustacés. De-
scription de quelques Trilobites de L’ordovicien D’Ecal-
grain (Manche), 1 plate.

In Bull. Soc. Géol. de Normandie, vol. 15, p. 42, 1894.
Calymene aff. Tristani. C. Lennieriu. sp. Trinucleus Grenieri n. sp.
Dalmanites sp. ’

Bernard (H. M.) ‘The systematic position of the Tril-

obites.

In Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 50, 1894, p. 411.

The author remarks that ‘‘the trilobites may thus be briefly described
as fixed specialized stages in the evolution of the crustacea from an An-

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PALAZOZOIC CRUSTACEA. 57

nelidan ancestor which bent its mouth round ventrally so as to use its
parapodia as jaws.”

Beyrich (Ernst). Ueber eine Kohlenkalk- Fauna von
‘Wiiaavoyee

In Abhandl. d. k. Acad. Wissensch. zu Berlin, 1864, vol. 36, 1865.

Phillipsia parvula n. sp.

Bigot (A.) Note sur les Homalonotus des gres silu-

riens de Normandie.
In Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 3d series, vol. 16, 1888, p. 419, plates v—vii.
Homalonotus bonissenti Moriére. H. deslongchampsi Trom. H. brong-
niartti Delong. H.serrata Trom. AH. vicaryi Salt. H. besnevillensis n. sp.
H. moriert nu. sp. H.incertus n. sp. H. viellardi Trom. Plesiacomia
brevicaudata Delong.

Bolsche (W.) Ueber Prestwechia rotundata H. Wood-
ward aus der Stein Kohlen formation der Piesberges bie
Osnabriick.

In Jahr d. Naturn. Vereins zu Osnabriick.

Bolton (H.) On the occurrence of a Trilobite in the

Skiddaw slates of the Isle of Man.
In Geol. Magazine, Decade 3, vol. 10, 1893, p. 29.
The author describes an imperfect specimen of the genus Asaphus or
Ai glina.
Catalogue of the types and figured specimens

in the Geological Department of the Manchester Mu-
seum, Manchester, 1893, 35 pp.

Leaia Leidyi var. Williamsoniana Jones. Carbonia Rederiana J. & K.
C. fabulina J. & K. C. Bairdoides J. & K. C. Salteriana J. & K. C.
pungens J. & K. C. secans J. & K.. Ceratiocaris minuta J. & W. Pygo-
cephalus Cooperi Huxley fig. Hymenocaris vermicauda Salter. Cyclus
Scotti sp.nov. This article is by Henry Woodward. Arionellus longi-
cephalus Hicks. Niobe Menapiensis Hicks. NN. Homfrayi Salt. Neseu-
retus Ramseyensis Hicks. NN. quadratus Hicks. Neseuretus sp. N. sp.
Phillipsia gemmulifera Phillips. Griffithidesacanthiceps H.W. Hurypterus
punctatus Salt. Pterygotus Lundensis Salt. P. Banksii Salt. Stylo-
nurus megalops Salt.

Brongniart (Charles). Note sur un nouveau genre
d’Entomostracé fossile provenant du terrain Carbonifere

des environs de St. Etienne.
In Annales Sci. Géol., vol. 7, 1876, plate vi.
Paleocypris edwardsii.

58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Burmeister (H.) Ueber Gampsonychus jimbriatus
Jord.

In Abh. d. Naturfosch. Gesellschaft zu Halle, 1854, vol. 2, pp. 191-200,
plate.

The author changes Jordon’s generic name of Gampsonyx to Gampsony-
chus, the former having been used by Swainson for a genus of Falconide.

Clarke (J. M.) On the structure of the carapace in
the Devonian Crustacean A’Aznocarzs and the relation of

the genus to A/esothyra and the Phyllocaride.

In American Naturalist, Sept., 1893, p. 793.

The author places the genera Mesothyra and Rhinocaris under the Rhin-
ocarid#, remarking ‘‘that the two fossils are very closely related, and it
will not do to separate them by more than a generic difference.”’ He illus-
trates the carapace structure in Rhinocaris, R. columbina, Mesothyra oceani,
Hymenocaris vermicauda and Protocaris marshi.

List of the original and illustrated specimens

in the Paleontological Collections, Part 1, Crustacea.

In 11th Annual Report of the N. Y. State Geologist for the Year 1891,
Albany, 1892.

The author gives a systematic classification of the fossil Crustacea.

See also 45th Report N. Y. State Museum for 1891.

On Cordania, a proposed new genus of Tril-
obites.
In 11th Annual Report N. York State Geologist for the Year 1891, p. 124.

The author proposes the new genus of Cordania with Phethonides
cyclurus Hall as the type.

Report of the Assistant Palzontologist.
In 12th Annual Report of the N. Y. State Geologist for the Year 1892,
Albany, 1893.
The author describes a new species of Dalmanites Dolphi, p. 49, fig. 1.

The Lower Silurian Trilobites of Minnesota.
In vol. 3, part 2, of the Final Report of the Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur.
Minnesota, Sept. 27, 1894. Published in advance of the Report.
Calymene callicephala Gr. Isotelus gigas Dekay. J. maximus Locke. J.
canalis Whitf. J. suse Whitf. Ptychopyge ulrichi u. sp. Gerasaphes n.
subgen. G. ulrichana nu. sp. Nileus vigilans M. & W. Illenus americanus
Billings. Jllenus cf. I. indeterminatus Wal. Theleops ovata Con. Bu-
mastus trentonensis Emm. 8. orbicaudatus Billings. Bathyurus extans
Hall. 8B. spiniger Hall. B. schucherti nu. sp. Bronteus lunatus Billings.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PALAZOZOIC CRUSTACEA. 59

Dalmanites achates Billings. Pterygometopus intermedius Wal. P. ebor-
aceusn. sp. P.schmidtin. sp. P. callicephalus Hail. Ceraurus pleurex-
anthemus Gr. Pseudospherexochus trentonensis n. sp. Cyrtometopus sco-
fieldi. Encrinurus vannulus n. sp. EH. raricostatus Wal. HE. cristatus n.
sp. Cybele winchelli n. sp. Odontopleura parvula Wal. Arges wesenber-
gensis Schmidt var. paulianus n. var. Platymetopus cucullus M. & W. P.
robbinsi Ulrich. Proetus parviusculus Hall Harpina minnesotensis n. sp.
Cyphaspis? galenensis n. sp. Proetus stonemani Vogd.

Claypole (E. W.) Paleontological notes from Indian-
apolis.

In The American Geologist, vol. 6, 1890, p. 255.

Hurysoma n. g. LH. newtini n. sp.
_ The term Lurysoma being preoccupied, the author changes the generic
term to Carcinosoma in the same volume, p. 400.

A new species of Carcinosoma.
In the Am. Geologist, vol. 13, 1894, p. 77, plate iv.
Carcinosoma ingens nu. sp.

Cole (G. A. J.) The story of Olenellus.

In Natural Science, London, vol. 1, July, 1892, pp. 340-346.

The author figures after Walcott. Olenellus Thompsoni Hall. O. (Me-
sonacis) vermontana Hall. O.(Holmia) Kjerulfi Linnarsson. This figure
is taken from Holm. There are no detailed descriptions in this paper.

Cox (James C.) Note on the Moore Park Borings.
In Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales for 1880 (1881), vol. 5, part 3, p. 273.
Estheria coglani un. sp.

Delgado (J. F. N.) Fauna Silurica de Portugal. De-
scripcao de. uma forma nova de Trilobite Zzchas ( Ura-
lichas) ribetrot.

In Comm. dos Trabalhos Geol. de Portugal, Lisboa, 1892, 16 pp. and 6

plates.
In French and Portuguese.

Edwards (H. Milne). Des nouvelles rescherches de
M. Walcott relatives a la structure des Trilobites suivi
de quelques considérations sur Vinterprétation des facts

ainsi constatés.
_ In. Ann. Sci. Naturelle, series. 6, voi. 12, 1881, No. 3, 31 pages, plates x,
ay 3-40,

60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Etheridge (R.) The Geology of the northern part of
the English Lake District, by J, Clifton Ward, with an

appendix of new species of fossils by R. Etheridge.

In Mem. Geol. Survey England and Wales, London, 1876, 132 pp., 12
plates.

Niobe doverin. sp. Alglinasp.? Asaphus sp.? Cybele ovata un. sp.

Etheridge (R. Junr.) A monograph of the Carbonifer-
ous and Permo-Carboniferous Invertebrata of New South

Wales, Part 2, Echinodermata, Annelida and Crustacea.

In Mem. Geol. Sur. N.S. Wales Palzontology, No. 5, Sydney, 1893, 131
pages, plates xii—xxil.

Carbonia australis n. sp. Hntomis Jonesi Dekon. Bairdia affinis Morris.
B. curtus McCoy. Phillipsia dubia Eth. jr. P. Woodwardi Eth. jr. P.
grandis Eth. jr. Phillipsia sp.? Griffithides Sweeti Eth. jr. Griffithides
sp.?

The invertebrate fauna of the Hawkesbury-
Wianamatta series (Beds above the productive Coal

Measures) of New South Wales.

In Mem. Geol. Survey N.S. Wales Paleontology, No. 1, Sydney, 1858,
21 pages, 2 plates.

Estheria coglani Cox.

flymenocarts saltert McCoy.
In Records Geol. Survey N. S. Wales, 1892, vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 5-8,
plate iv.
The author states that this species is neither a Hymenocaris nor a Cary-
ocaris, but is in all probability referable to another genus of Salter’s, Ling-
ulocaris. He gives the new name of Lingulocaris McCoy.

Further additions to the Lower Silurian fauna

of Central Australia.

In Ann. Rep. Government Geologist South Australia for the Year 1894,
Adelaide, 1894, pp. 23-26, plate iii.

Asaphus (Megalaspis) howchini u. sp. Hypostome and glabella of an
Asaphus.

On Leaza mitchelli from the Upper Coal Meas-

ures of the Newcastle District.
In Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1892, vii (2), pt. 2, pp. 307-310, wood-
cut.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PALAZOZOIC CRUSTACEA. O61

Etheridge (R. Jr.) and Jacks (R. L.) The Geology

and Paleontology of Queensland and New Guinea.
Pp. xxx and 768, 68 plates and Geol. map of Queensland, London, 1892.
Beyrichia varicosa Jones. Phillipsia dubia Ether. P.woodwardi Ether.
Jr. Phillipsiasp.? Griffithides seminiferus Phill.

Etheridge (R. Jr.) and Mitchell (John) The Silurian
Trilobites of New South Wales, with reference to those

of other parts of Australia.
In Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, vol. 8, 1893, p. 169, plates vi—vii, pt. 2.
The genera Proetus and Cyphaspis. Cyphaspis browningensis Mitch. C.
yassensis nu. Sp. C.horaninu. sp. C. rotunda n. sp.

Feistmantel (O.) Ueber den Niirschener Gasschiefer

dessen geologische Stellung und organische Einschliisse.
In Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Gesellschaft, vol. 25, 1873, p. 593, pl. xviii.
Gampsonychus jfimbriatus Jordon.

Fraipont (Julien). Euryptérides nouveau du Dévonien
Superieur de Belgique.

In Ann. Soc. Geol. de Belgique, vol. 17, 1889, p. 53, plate.
Hurypterus Lohesti Dewalque. LH.? dewalquei nu. sp.

Geinitz (H. B.) Ueber Arthopleura armata Jordon in

der Steinkohlen Formation von Zwickau.
In N. Jahrb. Min. Geol. Jahrgang 1866, p. 144, pl. iii.

Dyas oder die zechsteinformation und das
Rothliegende, 1861.

The author refigures Hemitrochisus paradoxus Schaur, and referred it to
the Decapoda. He also describes Paleocrangon (Prosoponiscus) proble-
~maticus Schaur, and refers it to the Isopoda. He adopted Prosoponiscus
Kirkby in preference to Palewocrangon Salter, remarking that Palewosphe-
roma would have been a more appropriate name than either of the fore-

going.
Gurich (G.) Ueber eine cambrische Fauna von Sand-

omir in Russisch-Polen.

In Neues Jahrb. Mineralogie, 1892, Bad. 1, p. 69.

Agnostus fallax Linn. A. gibbus Linn. Agnostus sp. Liostracus Lin-
narssont Brégg. Paradowxides cf. tessini Brongn.

Ueber eine Cambrische Trilobiten Fauna bei

Sandomir.
In J. Ber. Schles Gesellsch., No. 69, 1891, p. 55.

62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Hector (James). On a new Trilobite (Womalonotus

expansus ).
In Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 9, 1876, p. 602, plate xxvii.

Hicks (H.) The Fauna of the Olenellus zone in
Wales.
In Geol. Magazine Decade 3, vol. 9, 1892, p. 21.

The author refers Leperditia? cambrensis, described in Quart. Journal,
1871, to the head of an QOlenellus.

Huxley (T. H.) Description of a new Crustacean

(Pygocephalus cooperi Huxley) from the Coal Measures.
In Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. 13, 1857, p. 3638, plate xiii.

On a stalk-eyed Crustacean from the Carbon-

iferous Strata near Paisley.
In Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. 18, 1862, p. 420.
Pygocephalus cooperi Huxley.

Jones (T. Rupert) Notes on the Paleozoic Bivalved

Entomostraca, No. xxix.
In Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th series, vol. 6, 1890, pp. 317-324, plate xi.
Entomis serratostriata Sandb. EH. Richteri nu. sp. E. gyrata Richter.
E. variostriata Clarke.

Notes on the Paleozoic Bivalved Entomos-

LA Caw NIOeexexoxes

In Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th series, vol. 9, 1892, pp. 302-308, plate
Xvi.

Leperditia Okeni (Miinster) and var. inornata McCoy. Bythocypris bilo-
bata Miinster. B. ? cuneola J. & K. var. Bairdia curta McCoy. B. sube-
longata J. & K. B. brevis J. & K. B. amputata Kirkby. B. ampla Reuss
B. grandis J. & K. B. Hisingeri? Miinster var. Mongoliensis.

Notes on the Paleozoic Bivalved Entomos-

traca, No. xxxi. Some Devonian species.
In Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th series, vol. 15, 1895, pp. 59-67, plate vii.
Aparchites reticulatus nu. sp. Primitia mundula var. sacculus n. sp. P.
nitida Roemer. P. levigata n. sp. Hntomis serratostriata Sandberger.
Barychilina? semen n. sp. Beyrichia strictisulcata n. sp. Bollia varians
n.sp. Drepanella serotina n. sp. Strepula? annulata un. sp.

Fossil Phyllopoda of the Paleozoic Rocks.
Ninth Report of the committee, consisting of Prof.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PALAZOZOIC CRUSTACEA. 63

T. Wiltshire, Dr. H. Woodward and Prof. T. Rupert

Jones (secretary).

In Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1892, 62d Meeting, pp. 298-300.

The genera here treated of are: Hymenocaris, Lingulocaris, Saccocaris,
Caryocaris, Aptychopsis, Peltocaris, Pinnocaris and Discinocaris.

Fossil Phyllopoda of the Palzeozoic Rocks.

Tenth Report of the Committee, consisting of Prof. T.
Wiltshire, Dr. H. Woodward and Prof. T. Rupert Jones

(secretary ).
In Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1893, 63d Meeting, pp. 455-470, plate 1.
Phyllocarida. KEstherie. E. striata Miinster var. Muensteriana n. var.
H. Reinachei n. sp. EH. Geinitzii n. sp. H. var. Grebeana n. var. Anoma-
locaris. Caryocaris Salteri. Aptychopsis anatina Salt. and Peltocaris
Marriin. sp. Hymenocaris vermicauda Salt. Lingularocaris siliquiformis
Jones.

Fossil Phyllopoda of the Palaeozoic Rocks.
Eleventh Report of the Committee, consisting of Prof.
T. Wiltshire (chairman), Dr. H. Woodward and Prof. T.
Rupert Jones (secretary). Drawn up by Prof. T. Ru-
pert Jones.
In Brist. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 64th Meeting, August, 1894, pp. 271-272.
Elynocaris Hindiin. sp. Discinocaris and Aptychopsis, Macrocaris Gor-
byi. Estheria sp.? EH. Dawsonsi from Nova Scotia.

Jones (T. Rupert) and Woodward (Henry). A mon-
ograph of the British Paleozoic Phyllopoda ( Phyllocarida
Packard), part 2. Some bivalved and univalved species,
Pp- 73-124, plates xili-xxvii.

Paleontological Soc. London, 1892.

Hymenocaris vermicauda Salt. H.? lata Salt. Lingulocaris linguleco-
mes Salt. L. siliquiformis Jones. L.salteriana J.& W. Lingulocaris sp.
Saccocaris major Salt. S. minor J. & W. Caryocaris wrightii Salt. C.
marrit Hicks. C.? salteri McCoy. Aptychopsis prima Barr. A. barrande-
ana n.sp.; also var. brevior. A. anatina Salt. (corrected by authors, not
_A.cordiformis n. sp.) A.latan. sp. A. glabra H.W. A. wilsoni H. W.
A. lapworthi H. W. A. ovatan. sp. A. salteri H. W. A. subquadrata n.
sp. A.angulata Baily. <A. oblata nu. sp. Peltocaris aptychoides Salt. P.
marrii n. sp. (corrected by author, not P. anatina Salt.) P.patula n. sp.
P. carruthersiin. sp. P.? harknessii Salt. Pinnocaris lapworthi R. Eth.,
jr. Discinocaris browniana H.W. D. ovalis n. sp. D. undulata n. sp.
D.gigus H.W. Ceratiocaris? Caryocaris?

64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

On some Paleozoic Phyllopodous and other
fossils.
In Geol. Magazine Decade 3, vol. 10, 1893, p. 198, plate
Peltocaris Salteriana nu. sp. Dipterocaris Etheridge J. & W. Fragments
of a Phyllocarid? Aptychopsis Williamsii n. sp. Ceratiocaris insperata
Salt.
On some Scandinavian Phyllocaridz.
In Geol. Mag., new series, decade 3, vol. 5. London, 1888, pp. 145-150,
plate vi.
Ceratiocaris Scharyi Barr. C. pectinata J. & W. Phasganocaris pugio
(Barr.) var. serrata J, & W. Ceratiocaris Angelini J. & W.

Kiesow (J.) Die Ccelospheridiengesteine und Back-
steinkalke des westpreussischen Diluviums, ihre Ver-

steinerungen und ihr geologisches Alter.

In Schriften d. Naturf Gesellsch. zu Danzig N. F. viii, vol. 3, 1893, 30
pp., 2 plates.

Entomis sigma Kr. Beyrichia sp. B. marchica var. lata Kr. Lichas
angusta Beyr. Cheirurus (Nieszkowskia) cephaloceras Nieszkowski aff.
Phacops (Pterygometopus) levigata Schm. Chasmops odeni Kichw. C.
marginata Schm. C. macroura Sjogren. Chasmops sp. Asaphus (Iso-
telus) sp. Illenus roemeri Volb. J. gigas Holm. J. angustifrons Holm.

Beitrag zur Kenntniss der in westpreuss-

ischen Silurgeschieben gefundenen Ostracoden.

In Jahrb. K preuss. geol. Landesanstalt 1889, p. 80, Berlin, 2 plates.

Leperditia phaseolus His. L. phaseolus His. var. subpentagona n. var. L.
gregaria n. sp. L. gregaria var. arcticoidea n. var. L. gregaria var. ardua
n. var. L. baltica His. L. eichwaldi Schm. Leperditia sp. L. conspersa
n.sp. Beyrichia gedanensis Kiesow. B. gedanensis var. pustulosa Hall.
B. kockii Boll. B. borussica n. sp. B. (Kledenia) wilckensiana var. pli-
cata Jones.

Kirkby (J. W.) On some Permian fossils from Dur-

ham.

In Quart. Jour. Geol., vol. 13, 1857, p. 213, plate vii.

The author refers to Schlotherim’s V7rilobites problematicus under the new
name of Prosoponiscus problematicus instead of adopting for it Schauroth’s
name of Palewocrangon.

On the fossil Crustacean found in the Magne-
sian Limestone of Durham by J. W., Kirkby, and on a

new species of Amphiod by C. Spence Bate.
In Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. 15, 1858, p. 187, plate vi.
Prosoponiscus problematicus Schloth.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PAL/ZOZOIC CRUSTACEA. 65

Koch (C.) Ueber das Vorkommen von Homalonotus

Arten in den rheinischen Unterdevon.

In Verhandl. Naturhist. Vereins d. Preuss. Rheinlande und Westfalens.
Vierte Folge, 7 Jahrgang, Bonn 1880, p. 132.

Homalonotus armata Burm. H. rhenanus Kock. H. crassicauda Sandb.
H. scabrosus Kock. H. obtusus Sandb. HA. subarmatus n. sp. H. acu-
. leatusn. sp. H. ornatus n. sp. H. multicostatus n. sp. H. mutabilis n.
sp. H.rémeri DeKon. H. planus Sandb.

Kratow (P.) Geologische Forschungen am Westlich-
en Ural- Abhange in den Gebieten von Tscherdyn und

Ssolikamsk.

In Mém. du Comité Géol. St. Petersburgh, vol. 6, part 2, 1888.

In addition to those mentioned on p. 129 Bibliography Palzozoic Crus-
tacea the author describes Hstheria subconcentrica, Estheriella trapezoidalis,
EH. oblonge, Estheria sp.? :

Kuntgen (Carl). Die Trilobiten des K. G. H. natur-

historischen Museums.

In Publications de l’Institut Royal Grand-Ducal de Luxembourg, Tome
xvi, 1877, p. 127.

Proetus cuviert Steininger. Phacops latifrons Bronn. P. brevicauda
Sandb. Dalmania caudata Briinn. Homalonotus platynotus Dalm.. H.
delphinocephalus Murch. H. laticauda. H. knightii Koenig. H. obtusus
Sandb. AH. crassicauda Sandb. Homalonotus sp.? Calymene blumen-
bachii Brong.

Laurie (M.) Some Eurypterid Remains from the Up-
per Silurian Rocks of the Pentland Hills.

In Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 37, pt. 1, No. 10, pp. 151-161,
plates i-iii.

Stylonurus ornatus n. sp. S. macrophthalmus n. sp. Hurypterus scor-
pioides H. W. LE. conicusn.sp. LE. cyclophthalmus n. sp. Drepanopterus
n.g. D. pentlandicus n. sp.

The Anatomy and Relations of the Eurypter-
ide.
In Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 37, pt. 2, No. 24, 1893, pp. 509-
528, piates i-ii.
Recent Additions to our Knowledge of the

Eurypteride.
In Natural Science, vol. 3, No. 18, 1898, pp. 124-127.
2D SER., VOL. V. (5) May 28, 1895.

66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Lima (W. De). Note sur un nouveau Eurypterus du

Rothliegendes de Bussaco (Portugal).

In Comm. da Commissao dos Trabalhos Geol., vol. 2, fasc. 2, 1892, pp.
153-157, plate.

Hurypterus douvillei n. sp.

This Permian species is a small one, characterized by its broad cepha-
lon and thorax and slender abdomen.

Lindstrom (G.) List of the Fossil Faunas of Sweden.
11, Upper Silurian. Stockholm, 1888, 29 pp.

Locke (John). On the fossil Cryftolithus tesselatus.

In Proc. Phila. Acad., vol. 1, 1842, pp. 196-197.

Further observations on the same, with woodcut, in the Proceedings,
1843, p. 236.

Matthew (G. F.) Illustrations of the Fauna of the

St. John Group, No. 7.

In Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, section 4, 1892, pp. 95-109, plate vii.
Parabolinella posthuma n. sp. Parabolinella ?sp. Cyclognathus rotund-
ifrons Matt. Huloma sp.?

Matthew (W.D.) On Antenne and other Append-

ages of Triarthrus beckii Green.
In Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 12, 1893, p. 187, plate; also Am. Jour.
Sci., 3d series, vol. 46, 1893, p. 121, plate.

Sur le développement des premiers Trilobites.
In Annals Soc. Roy. Malacologique Belgique, vol. 23, 1888.
Ptychoparia linnarssoni Broge.
Traduction faite sur le manuscrit anglais, par H. Fosir.

Illustrations of the Fauna of the St. John

Group, No. 8.

In Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, vol. 11, section 4, 1893, pp. 85-129, plates
vi-vil.

Beyrichona tinea Matt. Primitia aurora n.sp. Lepiditia sigillata nu. sp.
L. auriculata n. sp. Hipponicharion cavatum n. sp. H. minus nu. sp.
Protolenus elegans W. D. Matthew. P.paradoxoides Matt. Lllipsoceph-
alus galeatus Matt. H. articephalus Matt. #. grandis nu. sp. Leptoplas-
tus spinosus n. sp. Spherophthalmus alatus Boock var. Canadensis n. var.
Ctenopyge acadica n. sp. Conocephalites sp.? Agnostus trisectus Salt.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PALAOZOIC CRUSTACEA. 67

Maurer (F.) Mittheilungen tiber Fauna and Glieder-

ung des rechtsrheinischen Unterdevon.

In N. Jahr. Min. Geol., Jahrgang 1890, ii Band.

Proetus orbitatus Barr. P.strengi Maurer. P.koeneni Maurer. Proetus
conf. P. myops Barr. P.glaber Maurer. Proetus conf. P.neglectus Barr.
P. crassirhachis, A. Romer, A. catillus Maurer. Homalonotus armatus
Burm. A. ornatus Kock. Phacops fecundus conf. var. major Barr. P.
latifrons Bronn.

McCoy (F.) Ueber die Naturgeschichte von Victoria

in alter und neuer Zeit.

In Die Colonie Victoria in Australien; ihr Fortschritt, ihre Hilfsquellen
und ihr physikalischer Charakter. Melbourne, 1861, p. 165.

Hymenocaris salteri n. sp.

This species has remained for over thirty years without a description.
The name has appeared in print at intervals, first in McCoy’s Ancient and
Recent Nat. Hist. Victoria (Victoria Intercol. Exhib. Essays, 1861, p. 162),
and also in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1867, vol. 20, p. 201, and in Smyth’s
Ann. Rep. 2d Geol. Sur., Vict., 1874, p. 33. Salter, in the Quart. Jour..
Geol. Soc., 1863, vol. 19, p. 139, in a note refers the species to Caryocaris
saltert. The species is now referred by Etheridge, Records Geol. Sur. N.
S. Wales, vol. 3, 1892, pt. 1, p. 5, to Lingulocaris McCoyi sp. nov.

Miller (S. A.) Paleontology.
In 18th Annual Report Department of Geology and Natural Resources

of Indiana. Indianapolis, 1894, pp. 257-356, 12 plates.
Mesothyra gurleyin. sp. Macrocaris nu. gen. M. gorbyi n. sp.
Miller (S. A.) and Gurley (Wm. F. E.) Bulletin No.
3 of the Illinois State Museum of Natural History. De-
scription of some new species of Invertebrates from the
Paleozoic rocks of Illinois and adjacent states. Spring-
HeldeRrSO4m) SL spp. o) Plates.

Illenus danielsi n. sp. Lichas hanoverensis nu. sp. L. byrnesanus un. sp.
Ceraurus milleranus D. sp.

Moriere (J.) Note sur un Homalonotus du grés de
May.
In Bull. Soc. Linn., 3d series, vol. 8, 1884, p. 383, 2 plates.

Homalonotus deslongchampsi Trom.

Note sur quelques Trilobites de l’étage du grés
de May.

68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. 9, 1884-85, 3d series, pp. 74-85,
plates i-ii.

Homalonotus bonissenti n. sp. H. serratus Trom. H. brongniarti Des-
long. H. fugitivus Trom. Asaphus carabeufi.

Novak (O.) On the occurrence of a new form of Dzs-
cinocarzs in the Graptolitic beds of the Colonie Haidinger
in Bohemia.

In Geol. Magazine, Decade 3, vol. 9, 1892, p. 148.
Discinocaris dustiana 1. sp.

D’Orbigny (A.)

In Bull. Soc. Géol. France, vol. 14, 1842-1843, p. 563.

This paper contains a discussion by D’Orbigny, Michelin and Huot re-
garding the habits of Trilobites in general. No genera are mentioned.

Peach (B. N.) Ona new Eurypterid from the Upper

Coal Measures of Radstock, Somersetshire.
In Proc. Royal Phy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 9, 1885-88, p. 438, plate xx.
Glyptoscorpius Kidstonin. sp. Hurypterus remipes Dekay, ornamentation
of Illenus, after Salter.

Additions to the fauna of the Olenellus zone

of the Northwest Highlands.

In Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 50, 1894, pp. 661-676, plates
XX1X-XXXll.

Olenellus lapworthi, also var. elongatus, O. reticulatus, Olenelloides nu.
subgen. O. armatus, Olenellus intemedius, O. gibberti Wal. Mesonacis
(O.) asaphoides Emn. Holmia(O.) kjerulfi Linrs. O. gigas.

Postlethwaite (J.) Trilobites of the Skiddaw slates.

In Trans. Cumb. and Wertm. Assoc., 1884~85, No. 10.

Republished in Proceeding of the Geol. Assoc., vol. 9, 1886, No. 7, with
plates illustrating the species.

Reed (F. R. Cowper) Woodwardian Museum notes

on a new species of Cyclus.
In Geol. Magazine, Decade 3, vol. 10, 1893, p. 64.
Cyclus sp. C. harknessi.

Woodward Museum notes. New Trilobites

from the Bala beds of Co. Waterford.
In Geol. Magazine, Decade 4, vol. 2, No. 368, p. 49, Feb., 1895.
Cybele tramorensis n. sp. T'rinucleus hibernicus n. sp.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PALAZOZOIC CRUSTACEA. 69

Remelé (A.) and Dames (W.) Rechtigstellung einer
auf die Phacopiden species Homalops altumia Remelé,

beztiglichen Augabe.
In Zeitschrift Deutsch. Geol. Gesellsch., vol. 40, 1888, p. 586.

Reuss (A. E.) Ueber Entomostraceen und Foramini-

feren im Zechstein der Wetterau.

In Jahres. Ber. d. Wetterauer Gesellsch. fiir 1851-53, p. 59, plate i.

1, Bairdia gracilis McCoy. 2, B. geinitziana Jones. 3, B. King? n. sp.
4, B. plebeia n. sp. 5, B. mucronata n. sp. 6, B. ampla n. sp. 7, B.
Srumentum n. sp. 8? Cytherella nuciformis Jones. 9, Cythere bitubercu-
latan.sp. 10, C. ressleri n. sp.

Richter (R.) Beitrage zur Palzontologie Thiiringens
Waldes. Dresden und Leipzig.

The author describes from the Devonian of Saalfeld a badly preserved
crustacean under the name of Gitocrangon granulatus in addition to those
mentioned of p. 184 of the Bibliography Palzeozoic Crustacea.

Roemer (Ferd.) Geologie von Oberschlesien. Bres-

lau, 1870. Atlas of 50 plates, maps and sections.

The author illustrates the following species: Homalonotus crassicauda
Sandb. Cyphaspis sp. Phacops latifrons Broun. Phillipsia latispinosa
Sandb. P. margintifera F. Roemer. P. mucronata n. sp.

Sandberger (F. v.) Ueber die Entwickelung der un-
teren Abtheilung des devonischen Systems in Nassau,
verglichen mit jener in anderen Landern. Nebst einem

palaontologischen Anhang.

In Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins fiir Naturkunde Jahrg. xlii, 1889, pp.
1-108, plates i-y.

Phacops Ferdinandi Kayser, pl. iii, fig. 4.

The author also enumerates the fossil crustacea of the Devonian System
in Nassau.

Schauroth (Baronvon) Ein Beitrag zur Palaontologie

des deutschen Zechsteingebirges.
In Zeitsch. deutschen Geol. Gesellschaft, vol. 6, 1854, pp. 539-577.
Paleocrangon nu. g. Hemitrochiscus paradoxus.

Schenk (A.) Die geolische Entwickelung Sudafrikas.

In Petermann’s Mitth., 34 Bd., 1888, p. 224.

Proetus ricardi. Encrinurus cristagalli. Homalonotus herschelii. Pha-
cops Africanus. P. kafir.

Not descriptive.

7O CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Schmidt (Friedrich) Ueber eine neuentdeckte unter-

cambrische Fauna.

In Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburgh, vol. 36, No. 2, 1888, p. 27,
plates i-ii.

Olenellus Mickwitzi n. sp.

Revision der ostbaltischen silurischen Trilo-
biten. Abtheilung iv. Calymeniden, Proetiden, Brontei-
den, Harpediden, Trinucleiden, Remopleuriden und Ag-

nostiden.

In Mém. Acad. Imp. des Sci., St. Petersb., 7th series, vol. 42, No. 5,
pp. 1-93, plates i-vi, 1894.

Calymene tuberculata Brinn. C.intermedia Lindstr. C.frontosa Lindstr.
C. conspicua nu. sp. C. ohhesaarensis n. sp. C. senaria Conr. var. Sta-
cyi. Subgen. Pharostoma Cour. P. pediloba F. Rim. P. Nieszkowskii n. sp.
P. denticulata Eichw. Subgen. Ptychometopus Schm. P. Solborthi un. sp.
Bronteus laticauda Wahlb. B. estonicus n. sp. Bb. Marklini Ang.? Proe-
tus concinnus Dalm. var. osiliensis. P. verrucosus Lindstr. aff. S. consper-
sus Ang. P. planedorsatusn.sp. P. ef. distans Lindstr. P. ramisulca-
tus Nieszk. P. Kertelensis n. sp. P. Wesenbergensis n. sp. Cyphaspis
elegantula Lov. OC. planifrons Eichw. Menocephalus minutus Nieszk.
Harpides Plautinin.sp. Harpes Spasskii Kichw. H. Wegelini Ang. Tri-
nucleus seticornis His. Ampyx nasutus Dalm. A. Volborthin.sp. A. Lin-
narssoni n. sp. <A. costatus 8. et B. A. rostratus Sars. Remopleurides

snanus Leuchtb. &. var. elongata Schm. R. emarginatus Tornqg. Agnos-
tus glaber Ang. var. ingrica.

Smith (J.) English Upper Silurian Ostracoda.

In Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, vol. 3, new series, part 2, 1889-90.
Glasgow, 1892, p. 134.

The author gives a catalogue of Scottish Silurian Entomostraca, with
brief descriptions of the following genera: Bolia, Kledenia, Strepula,
Placentura and Octonaria.

Smyth (R. B.) Report of Progress Geological Sur-
vey of Victoria, 1874.

Hymenocaris salteri McCoy.

Tilesius (A. von) Sendschreiben an meinen collegen
Herrn Staatsralt und Ritter von Severguine in St. Peters-
burgh iiber die Natur der Trilobiten.

In A. von Tilesius’ Naturhistorische Abhandlungen Erlaiitermegen be-
sonders die Petrefaktenkunde betreffend Cassel, 1826, pp. 27-37, 38-46,
Taf. iv-v.

The author describes the Trilobites as relations to the Chitonide.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PALZOZOIC CRUSTACEA. /7I

Toll (Edward von). Die palaozoischen Versteinerun-

gen der Neusibirischen Insel Kotelny.

In Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburgh, vol. 37, No. 3, 1889.

Phacops quadrilineata Ang. Monorakos Schmidti, n. sp. Proetus sp.?
Bronteus Andersoni Eth. jr. et Nich. Leperditia Kotelnyensis n. sp. L.
arctica Jones. L. Czesskii nu. sp. L. Sannikowi n. sp. L. Keyserlingi
Schm. Leperditia sp.?

Toula (F.) Eine Kohlenkalk-Fauna von der Barents-

Inseln.

In Sitzungsberichte der Akad. der Wissenschaften, Wien, vol. 71, 1875,
Abth. 1, p. 527, 6 plates.

Phillipsia Griinewaldti Moller.

Tromelin (G.) Etude de la faune du grés Silurien

dans le Calvados.

In Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 3d series, vol. 1, 1876-77.

Homalonotus deslongchampsi n. sp. H.brongniarti Delong. H. serratus
n.sp. H. vicaryi Salt. Plesiacomia (Homalonotus) brevicaudata Delong.
Iilenus docens Trom. JI. viducassianus Trom. Dalmanites incerta Delong.

Under the heading of Phyllopodes belonging
to the Gres des May (Calvados) the author cites two
species of /tzbezrza.

In Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, series 3, vol. 1, 1887, pp. 35, 74.

The author states that Mr. Salter has named but not described two spe-
cies of Ribeiria from Mr. Vicary’s collection, R. conformis Salt and R.
magnifica Salt.

Tromelin (G. De) et Lebesconte (P.) Essai d’un cat-
alogue raisonné des fossiles Siluriens des départments de
Maine -et- Loire, de la Loire Inférieure et du Morbihan,
(Anjou et Bretagne méridionale), avec des observations

sur les terrains paléozoiques de l’ouest de la France.
(Extrait du compte-rendu de la 4th Session Nantes, 1875) de l’Assoc.
francaise l’adv. Sc., pp. 601-661.

Présentation de fossiles paléoiques du départ-

ment d’Ille-et-Vilaine et Note additionelle sur la Fauna

Silurien de l’ouest de la France.
In Assoc. franc. adv. Sc., 1875, pp. 683-687.

72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Observations sur les terrains primaires du
Nord du Department d’Ille-et-Vilaine et de quelques au-

tres parties du massif breton.
~ In Bull. Géol. Soe. France, 3d series, vol. 4, 1875-76, pp. 583-623.
Dalmanitis rouaulti n. sp. D. incertus. D. minus Salt. D. phillipsi
Barr. Calymene bayani T. & L. Homalonotus brongniarti Desl. H. vica-
ryi Salt. Trinucleus goldfussi. Homalonotus gahardensis n. sp.
There is a note to this article on p. 612, in which Bronteus thysanopeltis
Caill. (non Barr.) is mentioned.

Tromelin (Gaston Le Goarant de). Letter sur le ter-

rain Silurien de la Sarthe.
In Bull. Agriculture Sci. at Arts de la Sarthe, vol. 22, 1874, pp. 582-590.
Cerateocaris Cenomanesis n. sp. CC. Bohemica Barr. C. inequalis Barr.

Ulrich (Arnold). Beitrage zur Geologie und Palaon-
tologie von Siidamerica unter Mitwirkung von Fachgen-
ossen, herausgegeben von Dr. Gustav Steinmann. 1 Pa-

laozoische Versteinerungen aus Bolivien von A. Ulrich.
In Neues Jahrb. fiir Min. viii. Beilage Bd., 1892, Hefte 1-2; also pub-
lished separately. Stuttgart, 1892, vol. 1, p. 116, 5 plates.
Acaste devonica n. sp. Crypheus convexus n. sp. C. giganteus n. sp.
Crypheussp. Cyphaspis sp. Dalmanites Clarkei n. sp. Phacops Dagin-
courtin. sp. Phacops sp.

Ulrich (E. O.) The Lower Silurian Ostracoda of

Minnesota, vol. 3. Final Report.

In Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur. Minnesota, July 24, 1894. Author’s extra.
3 plates.

Leperditia Ronault. JL. fabulites Conrad. Leperditella n. gen. L. ca-
nalisn. sp. L. persimilis n. sp. L. macra nu. sp. L.germana Ul. L.?
dorsicornis Ul. Schmidtella Ulrich. S. crassimarginata Ul. R. affinis n.
sp. S.umbonata n. sp. S. incompta n. sp. 8S. brevis n. sp. S. subro-
tundan.sp. Aparchites Jones. A. ellipticus n. sp. A. granilabiatus Ul.
A. millepunctatus Ul. A. fimbriatus Ul. A. arrectusn. sp. A. chatfiel-
densisn. sp. A. minutissimus Hall var. trentonensis n. var. Primitiella n.
gen. P.constrictan. sp. P. limbata n. sp. P. simulans n. sp. P. jfill-
morensisn. sp. P.unicornis Ul. Primitia Jones & Holl. P. minutis-
sima n. sp. P. uphami nu. sp. P. mamata n. sp. P. sancti-pauli n.
sp. P.miculan. sp. P.celatan.sp. P.duplicatan. sp. P. tumidula
n.sp. P.gibberan. sp. Halliella Ulrich. H. labiosa nu. sp. Beyrichia
McCoy. B. initialis n. sp. Hurychilina Ulrich. E. reticulata Ulrich

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PALOZOIC CRUSTACEA. 173

var. incurva n. var. LE. subradiata Ul. EH. ventrosa n. sp. E.? sub-
equata n. sp. H.? symmetrican. sp. Dicranella n. gen. D. bicornis n.
sp. D.spinosa n. sp. D. marginata n.sp. D.? simplex n. sp. Jones-
ella Ulrich. J.obscuran.sp. Bollia Jones & Holl. B. subequata n. sp.
B. Unguloidea n. sp. Drepanella Ulrich. JD. bilateralis n. sp. D. bigen-
eris n. sp. Dilobella n. gen. D. typa n. sp. Ctenobolbina Ulrich. C.
fulcrata n. sp. C. crassa Ul. Ceratopsis n. gen. C. chambersi Miller;
also var. robusta n. var. Tetradella Ulrich. 7’. quadrilirata H. & W.,
and varieties. 7’. lunatifera Ul. Moorea Jones & Kirkby. M. angularis
n.sp. M. punctata n. sp. M.? perplexa vn. sp. Macronotella n. gen.
M. scofieldi n. sp. Cytherella Jones & Bosquet. C.? subrotunda n. sp.
C.? rugosa Jones and var. arctan. var. Bythocypris Brady. B. cylindrica
Hall. B.?curta n. sp. B.granti nu. sp. B.? robusta n. sp. Krausella
n. gen. K.inequalisn. sp. K. arcuata un. sp.

Two new Lower Silurian species of Lzchas

(subgenus) //oplolichas.
In the Am. Geologist, vol. 10, 1892, p. 270.
Lichas (Hoplolichas) robbinsi n. sp. L. ( Hoplolichas ) bicornis n. sp.

New Lower Silurian ostracoda. No. I.

In the Am. Geologist, vol. 10, 1892, p. 263, plate ix.-

Leperditia tumida n. sp. L. mundula n. sp. L. equilatera n. sp. L.
inflata n. sp. L. germanan.sp. L. sulcata n. sp.and ventricornis n. var.
L. (?Primitia) dorsicornis nu. sp. L. granilabiata n. sp. L. millepunctata
n.sp. JL. fimbriatan. sp. Schmidtellan. g. S.crassimarginata n. sp.

Vogdes (A. W.) Notes on Paleozoic Crustacea, No.

4. Onanew Trilobite from Arkansas Lower Coal Meas-

ures.
In Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d series, vol. 4, 1895, pp. 589-591.
Grifithides ornata n. sp.

Waagen (W.) Salt Range Fossils.

In Mem. Geol. Sur. India, series 13, vol. 4, part 2. Calcutta, 1891.

Olenus indicus nu. sp. Conocephalites Warthi n. sp.

Walcott (Chas. D.) Note on some appendages of the
Trilobites.

In Proc. Biological Soc. Washington, vol. 9, 1894, pp. 89-97, plate.

Triarthrus becki Green. Calymene senaria Conrad.

Weitenweber (W. R.) Systemisch Verzeichniss der

Bohmen Trilobiten.
In Lotos, vol. 7, 1857.

74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Einige historische Bemerkungen iiber die Si-
lurische Fauna Béhmens, insbesondere iiber die Trilo-
biten.

In Sitzungsberichte der K. bohm. Ges. Wissenschaften, Prag 1861, pp.
13-14.

The author enumerates some new species and specimens of the collec-
tion of the Prilat Zeidler at Strabow. He gives only the names without
descriptions or figures, as follows:

Paradoxides Sacheri, Proetus myops, P. eremita, P. astyanax, P. fron-
talis, P. Lyelli, Dalmanites McCoyi, D. Fletcheri, Cyphaspis Halli, Lichas
simplex, Trinucleus ultimus, Asaphus alienus, Illenus transfuga, Acidaspis
Laportei, Amphion senilis, Cromus transiens, Bronteus infaustus, B. furci-

Ser.

~Whidborne (G. F.) On some Devonian.Crustaceans.

In Report Brit. Assoc., 1888, p. 681.

Entomis peregrina u. sp. Acidaspis robertsii n. sp. A. hughesii nu. sp.
Proetus batillusu.sp. P.subfrontalis nu. sp. P.audax. Cyphaspis ocel-
latusn. sp. Lichas devonianus n. sp. Bactropus decoratus n. sp. Cheir-
urus pengellii n. sp. Bronteus granulatus Goldf.

On some Devonian Crustacea.

In Geol. Magazine, Decade 3, vol. 6, 1889, p. 28. Abstract of a paper
read at the British Association. The author gives a brief description of
the following new species from Wolborough and Lummaton:

Phacops batracheus, Proetus batillus, P. subfrontalis, P. audax, Cyphas-
pis ocellata, Lichas devonianus, Acidaspis robertsii, A. hughesii, Bronteus
delicatus, B. pardalios, Entomis peregrina, Bactropus decoratus, Cheirurus
pengellii, Dechenella setosa. Phacops granulatus Phil. Proetus champer-
nowni. Entomis peregrina Whid.

A monograph of the Devonian Fauna of the
south of England.

In Paleontographical Society London, vol. 1, pp. 1-344, plates i-xxx;
vol. 2, parts 1 to 3, pp. 1-160, plates i-xvii, 1889-1893.

Phacops batracheus Whid. P. latifrons Bronn. Cheirurus pengellit
Whid. C. sternbergii? Boeck. Acidaspis robertsii Whid. <A. pilata Whid.
Lichas devonianus Whid. Cyphaspis ocellata Whid. Proetus batillus Whid.
P. subfrontalis Whid. P.champernowni nu. sp. P. audax Whid. Deche-
nella setosa Whid. Harpes macrocephalus Goldf. Bronteus delicatus Whid.
B. tigrinus n. sp. B. pardalios Whid. B. alutaceus Goldf. B. flabelli-
fer Goldf. B. granulatus Goldf. Bactropus decoratus Whid. T'ropido-
caris? sp. Cypridina? sp., 3 species. Cypridinella ceca n. sp. Cypridella

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PALZOZOIC CRUSTACEA. 75

sp. Polycope simplex J. & K. P. devonica Jones, also var. major, ob-
liqua and concinna. P.hughesie n. sp. Hntomis peregrina Whid. Cypro-
sina whidbornei Jones.

Whiteaves (J. F.) Description of Four New Species
of Fossils from the Silurian Rocks of the Southeastern

Portion of the District of Saskatchewa.
In Canadian Record Sci., April, 1891.
Acidaspis perarmata 0. sp.

Wood (Henry). Catalogue of the Fossils in the Stu-
dents’ Stratigraphical Series. Cambridge, 1893, 23 pp.

Additions to the Type Fossils in the Wood-

wardian Museum.
In Geol. Magazine, Decade 3, vol. 10, 1893, p. 111.

Woods (H.) and Hughes (T. McKenny). Catalogue
of the Type Fossils in the Woodwardian Museum. Cam-
bridge, 1891, 180 pp.

Woodward (H.) Note on a new British Species of

Cyclus from the Coal Measures of Racup, Lancashire.
In Geol. Magazine, Decade 3, vol. 10, 1893, p. 28.
Cyclus Scotti n. sp.

Some points in the Life History of the Crus-

tacea in early Paleozoic times.
In address delivered at meeting Geol. Soc. London, Feb. 15, 1895. Pro-
ceeding Geol. Soc., May, 1895, pp. Ixx-lxxxviii.

Young (J.) Note ona Series of Trilobites of Caradoc

age from the Silurian Strata of the Girvan Valley.

In Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, vol. 2, 1876, pt. 2, p. 179.

Illenus bowmanni Salt. J. thomsoni Salt. J. barriensis Murch. Cybele
verrucosa Dalm. Proetus latifrons McCoy. Zethus rugosus Portl. Cheir-
urus clavifrons Dalm. Odontopleura ovata? Straurocephalus unicus Wyv.
Thomson.

The author notes the identification of the above species in the Gray col-
lection.

76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

On new forms of Crustacea from the Silurian
rocks at Girvan.
In Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, vol. 1, 1868, p. 169.
Cheirurus trispinosus nu. sp. Solenocaris n.g. S. solenoides n. sp.
Note on a new species of Crustacean belong-
ing to the genus So/enocarzs from the Silurian Strata near
Girvan, and on fragments probably the appendages of a

Trilobite or Limulid Crustacean.
In Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, vol. 2, 1875, p. 66.

Notes on the group of Carboniferous Ostra-

coda found in the Strata of Western Scotland.
In Trans. Glasgow Geol. Soc., vol. 9, pt. 2, 1890-91, 1891-93, p. 301.

A REVIEW OF THE HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER
CALIFORNIA. PART I—REPTILES.

BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH,
Curator of the Department of Herpetology.

[With Plates iv-xiv.]

The peninsula of Lower California lies so far from the
usual routes of travel that few collections of its animals
have found their way into museums. Its reptiles have
been known chiefly from the specimens secured by Botta,
‘Xantus, and Belding. Within the past few years the
California Academy of Sciences has sent several collect-
ors to the peninsula, and among the specimens brought
back each time have been a few reptiles. In this way
the collection has been formed upon which this paper is
primarily based.

A few remarks on the zoégeographical position of
Lower California may not be out of place.

The Sonoran Subprovince, as defined by Dr. Allen,
but excluding Lower California, is inhabited by the fol-
lowing forty genera of reptiles :*

Phylodactylus, Cnemidophorus, Contia,
Dipsosaurus, Verticaria, Gyalopum,
Crotaphytus, Eumeces, Hypsiglena,
Callisaurus, Rena, Phyllorhynchus,
Holbrookia, Leptotyphlops, Salvadora,
Uma, Lichanura, Bascanion,
Sauromalus, Charina, Pituophis,

Uta, Chilomeniscus, Arizona,
Sceloporus, Tantilla, Thamnophis,
Phrynosoma, Chionactis, Natrix,
Heloderma, Rhinochilus, j Trimorphodon,
Gerrhonotus, Lampropeltis, Elaps,
Anniella, Diadophis, Crotalus.
Xantusia,

Twenty-nine of these range over a greater or less part

* The turtles are not considered in this discussion.
2p SerR., Vou. V. May 28, 1895.

78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of the Campestrian Subprovince on the north, or of the
tropical Central American Region on the south. They
need not, therefore, be considered in the present connec-
tion. Eleven genera remain which are confined to the
Sonoran Subprovince, and may be considered character-
istic of that area. These genera are:

Dipsosaurus, Sauromalus, Rena,
Callisaurus, Heloderma, Lichanura,
Holbrookia, Xantusia, Phyllorhynchus.
Uma, Verticaria,

In the so-called Cape Region of Lower California,
twenty-eight genera of reptiles occur, namely:

Phyllodactylus, ~ Cnemidophorus, Hypsiglena,
Ctenosaura, Verticaria, Phyllorhynchus,
Dipsosaurus, Eumeces, Salvadora,
Crotaphytus, Euchirotes, Bascanion,
Callisaurus, Rena, Pituophis,

Uta, Lichanura, Thamunophis,
Sceloporus, Chilomeniscus, Natrix,
Phrynosoma, Tantilla, Trimorphodon,
Gerrhonotus, Lampropeltis, Crotalus.
Xantusia,

Only two of these have not been obtained elsewhere in
the Sonoran Subprovince, while, with the exception of
Holbrookia, Uma, Sauromalus, and Heloderma, all the
characteristic Sonoran genera are represented. The two
Cape genera which have not been found in any other part
of the Sonoran Subprovince are Euchirotes, a two-footed
amphisbenian which has been secured only in southern
Lower California, and Ctenosaura, a genus widely dis-
tributed in tropical America and here represented by a
single species.

Considering now the species of these areas, it is found
that seventy-eight have been obtained in the Sonoran
Subprovince.* Twenty-one of these are of partly or

*“Some of the eastern and southern species have not been included for
lack of precise data.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 79

chiefly Campestrian or tropical distribution, leaving fifty-
seven species which may be considered distinctively So-
noran.

Thirty-eight species have thus far been found in the
southern part of Lower California,* as follows:

Phyllodactylus tuberculosus, Lichanura trivirgata,
Phyllodactylus unctus, Chilomeniscus stramineus,
Ctenosaura hemilopha, Chilomeniscus fasciatus,
Dipsosaurus dorsalis, Tantilla planiceps,
Crotaphytus copeii, Lampropeltis conjuncta,
Callisaurus draconoides, Lampropeltis nitida,

Uta thalassina, Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha,
Uta stansburiana, Phylorhynchus decurtatus,
Uta nigricauda, Salvadora grahamiz,
Sceloporus zosteromus, Bascanion flagellum frenatum,
Sceloporus licki, Bascanion aurigulum,
Phrynosoma coronatum, Pituophis vertebralis,
Gerrhonotus multicarinatus, Thamnophis cyrtopsis collaris,
Xantusia gilberti, Natrix valida,

Cnemidophorus maximus, Natrix celzno,

Verticaria hyperythra, Trimorphodon lyrophanes,
EKumeces lagunensis, Crotalus atrox,

Euchirotes biporus, Crotaius enyo,

Rena humilis, Crotalus mitchellil.

None of these have been found upon the tropical Mex-
ican mainland. Uta nigricauda, Sceloporus zosteromus,
Phrynosoma coronatum, and Phyllorhynchus decurtatus,
range considerably north of the confines of the ‘‘ Cape
Region.’’ Twenty-two of the thirty-eight species are of
very limited distribution, having been found only in the
extreme southern part of the peninsula. The remaining
twelve forms, mentioned below, extend their range over
a greater or less part of the Sonoran Subprovince, and
are among those characteristic of that area.f

* Several species, as Xantusia vigilis, Charina botte, and Lampropeltis
californie, have often been credited to Lower California without evidence
of their occurring there.

+ Except Uta stansburiana, which is also Campestrian.

80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Phyllodactylus tuberculosus, Bascanion flagellum frenatum,
Dipsosaurus dorsalis, Thamnophis eyrtopsis collaris,
Uta stansburiana, Natrix valida,

Rena humilis, Trimorphodon lyrophanes,
Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha, Crotalus atrox,

Salvadora grahamiza, Crotalus mitchellii.

Formulating these data we have the following tables:

GENERA.
Total number in the Sonoran Subprovince............. 2... 0.200000 40
Confinedttoutihe Sonoran Subprowminee. serene ee eee eee eee 11
Motalinumberanethe,“* Capeshecivonieam ee noone erie nner 29
Restrictedstonche ss Cape Re cloneane anaes once bciceeee i ercrrice 1
Common to the ‘‘Cape Region” and Tropical America.......... ..... 1
Common to the ‘‘Cape Region” and the Sonoran Subprovince........ 26
SPECIES.
Total number in the Sonoran Subprovince. ..... AisaowooerabonoooUbssd 78
Contined to;the Sonoran Subprovince. 22.52... see ones. oe ele eee 57
Motalinumibersain the) Capereg oneal erm lane ee ees omen ieee ay nee 38
Restrictedutovthe <° Cape: Reciona) ee anne ace eee eae 22
Common to the ‘‘ Cape Region” and Tropical America................ 0
Common to the ‘‘Cape Region” and the Sonoran Subprovince........ 12

From these it appears that the affinities of the reptiles
which inhabit southern Lower California are almost en-
tirely with those of the Sonoran Subprovince, of which
the ‘‘Cape Region,’’ therefore, forms a part. It is also
shown that a strongly characterized center of reptilian
distribution is located in the terminal part of the penin-
sula, entitling it to rank as one of the minor constituent
life areas or faune of the Sonoran Subprovince. For
this area Dr. Allen has already proposed the name ‘‘Saint
Lucas Fauna.”’

It is unfortunate that so little material has been col-
lected on that part of the peninsula which is just north of
La Paz, for on this account the northern limit of this San
Lucas Fauna cannot, at present, be determined with ac-
curacy. A sufficient number of specimens has been ob-
tained, however, to. show that this fauna is apparently re-
stricted to the rather mountainous area south of La Paz.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. SI

There is in this area, as has already been shown, a
slight infusion of tropical forms, represented among rep-
tiles by the genera Ctenosaura and Euchirotes, but prob-
ably best illustrated by the plants growing near the coast
lagoons. These forms, however, are doubtless no more
numerous or characteristic than those forms, of tropical
origin, which will be found to intrude upon the entire
southern border of the Sonoran Subprovince.

The northern part of Lower California is much more
closely related to the rest of the Sonoran Subprovince
than to the San Lucas Fauna. ‘This is well shown by
the presence of such forms as Callisaurus ventralis, Cro-
taphytus wislizenit, Phrynosoma solare, Rhinochilus le-
contez, and Cnemzdophort of the tessellatus group. While
the known ranges of several species may be considerably
enlarged in the future, the northwestern part of Lower
California and the coastal slopes of San Diego (and Los
Angeles?) County, California, seem to be so well charac-
terized as to merit recognition as a distinct faunal area of
the lowest rank. Its distinctive features are the presence
of certain peculiar species, the absence of others occur-
ring near by, and its forming the limit of distribution of
species whose chief habitat is either north or south.*

Pending further evidence, this area may be known as
the San Diegan Fauna.t Among the reptiles peculiar to
it may be mentioned the following: f

“In this connection I have had the use of a large collection of the rep-
tiles of San Diego County, made by Messrs. Hyatt and Stoddard for the
Leland Stanford Junior University, as well as the specimens belonging to
the Academy.

+When this was written the author was not aware that this area had
been previously recognized and mapped from study of other branches of
animal life.

{Birds apparently belonging to the same list are Pipilo fuscus senicula,
Harporhynchus cinereus mearnsi, and Heleodytes bruneicapillus bryanti.

2p SER., VOL. V. (6) May 28, 1895.

82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Uta mearnsi (?), Cnemidophorus stejnegeri,
Sceloporus orcutti, Verticaria hyperythrabeldingi( ?),
Phrynosoma blainvillii, Lichanura roseofusca,

Xantusia henshawi, Lichanura orcutti.

Several forms of the neighboring areas have not been
taken here, namely:

Uta repens, Sauromalus ater,

Uta microscutata (?), Sceloporus magister,
Cnemidophorus rubidus, Sceloporus occidentalis,
Cnemidophorus tigris, Phrynosoma frontale,
Xantusia vigilis, Crotalus cerastes.

Northern species which have not been collected south
of this area are:

Sceloporus biseriatus, Eumeces skiltonianus (?),
Sceloporus graciosus, Lampropeltis boylii,
Gerrhonotus scincicauda, Bascanion laterale,
Anniella pulchra, Crotalus lucifer.

A few southern forms are also limited by it, as:
Sceloporus zosteromus, Crotalus atrox.

The reptiles of the islands which naturally belong to
Lower California may be divided into two groups, as fol-
lows:

(a) Species which are purely insular; as, Sauroma-
lus hispidus, Uta palmert, Phrynosoma cerroense, C nemt-
dophorus martyris, C. labialis, and Verticarta sericea.

(6) Species which occur also on the northern part of
the peninsula; as, Uta microscutata, Uta stansburiana,
Uta nigricauda, Sceloporus zosteromus, Verticaria hype-
rythra beldingt, Crotalus atrox, Crotalus mitchelliz, and
Callisaurus ventralis.

No species characteristic of the San Lucas Fauna has
been collected on any of the islands.*

It has been thought best to redescribe many of the spe-
cies which have been known only from the very brief and
often inadequate original characterizations. The descrip-

*With the possible exception of Crotaphytus copeii.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 83

tions are all based upon alcoholic specimens. The colors
have been determined by reference to Ridgway’s ‘‘ Nom-
enclature of Colors.’’ Measurements are given in milli-
meters, unless otherwise stated. Only references to a
species as it occurs in Lower California are included in
the synonymies, except that the original description is
cited in all cases. Whenever a citation has not been ver-
ified by actual reference to the original article, it has been
given in quotation marks. When the article contains
no original information about the species as it occurs in
Lower California, the citation has been put in paren-
thesis. Most of the localities mentioned may be found
on the map of Lower California, published in the second
volume of the second series of these Proceedings.

I am indebted to Dr. Leonhard Stejneger for the re-
identification of many of the specimens listed by Dr. Yar-
row, and for the loan of specimens of Sceloporus conso-
brinus.

CARETTA IMBRICATA (L.)
Testudo imbricata.
(1766, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, p. 350.)
Chelonia imbricata.
1887, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 24.

The Academy’s collection contains a single carapace
(No. 2249) of this turtle. It was obtained at San José
del Cabo, by the Expedition of 1893. Mr. Bryant tells
me that he has often seen them in the waters near the

shore.

CHELONIA AGAssizII Dum. & Boc.
Chelonia agassizii.
(1870, Duméril et Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Reptiles, le livr.,
p. 26, pl. vi.)
1887, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 24.

Chelonia virgata.
1883, True, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 28.

84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The green turtle has been taken at Cape San Lucas.
It doubtless occurs in many places along the coast of the
peninsula.

CHRYSEMYS NEBULOSA, new species. Plates iv, v and vi.

Pseudemys ornata.
1883, True, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 33.

Diagnosis.—Allied to C. ornata (Gray), but without
black centers in the costal ocelli, which are much more
irregular and indistinct than in that form. The markings
on the head, neck, and limbs, are much coarser, and the
longitudinal lines less numerous. There are four yellow
rays on the upper surface of the arm, instead of eleven.

Type.—Cal. Acad. Sci. No. 2244, ‘‘ Mainland abreast
of San José Island,’’ Lower California,* W. E. Bryant.

Description of the Type.— The neck is clove brown
with several pale longitudinal lines on each side. The
highest one of these ends on the temple in a large oval
spot of the same color. The lowest and largest is con-
tinued forward across the middle of the lower eyelid,
giving off, at the lower edge of the inferior maxillary
bone, a branch which, continuing forward, crosses to the
upper jaw, runs past the anterior edge of the orbit, turns
forward at a right angle, and terminates at the nostril.
The five similar lines on the nape are continued forward
over the top of the head, and, besides being more or less
undulating, give rise to several short transverse branches.
There are six longitudinal yellow rays on the forearm;
one on each edge and two on each surface. Greenish
yellow lines traverse the backs of the five fingers and
four perfect toes. The vertebrals sometimes show black
spots. All the marginals are ornamented with black
ocelli. ‘The plastron is marked with large longitudinal

*Mr. Bryant informs me that the exact locality is Los Dolores, L. C.,
and that No. 2245 was also taken there.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 85

seal brown blotches, not at all like the double lines on
this region in C. ornata.

Length of carapace 80 mm. Its greatest width 63 mm.

A carapace (No. 2246) 283 mm. in length is much less
distinctly marked than the type, but has a rather indis-
tinct black-centered ocellus on each of the last pair of
costal scutes. Another (No. 2247) 273 mm. long shows
no trace of these ocelli, nor are they visible in the other
alcoholic specimen (No. 2245), the carapace of which
measures 194 mm.

List of Specimens of Chrysemys nebulosa. -

Cal. Acad. Sci. No. Locality. Date. Collector.
2244 Lower California,* abreast W.E. Bryant.
of San José Island.
2245 No data.*
2246 aot,
2247 San José del Cabo, L. C. Gustay Eisen.

PHYLLODACTYLUS TUBERCULOSUS Wieg.

Phyllodactylus tuberculosus.
‘ (1835, Wiegmann, Acta. Acad. Cas. Leop. Carol., xvii, 1, p. 241,
pl. xviii, fig. 2.)”
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No, 32, p. 28.)
Phyllodactylus xanti.
1863, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 102.
(1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 312.)
(1875, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 50, 93.)
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 73.
(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 12.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 98.)

The writer has not seen this species, which has been
recorded from Cape San Lucas and La Paz.

“From Los Dolores, by W. E. Bryant, fide Bryant, from memory.
t From Agua Caliente, by W. E. Bryant, tide Bryant, from memory.

86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PHYLLODACTYLUS UNCTUS (Cope).

Diplodactylus unctus.
1863, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 102.
(1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 312.)
(1875, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 50, 93.)
1877, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p. 35.
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 73.
(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 12.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, ili, 24, p. 98.)
Phyllodactylus unctus.
(1873, Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Reptiles, 2e livr., p. 43.) _
(1885, Boulenger, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., I, p. 94.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 28.)
(1890, Townsend, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, p. 144.

Description of No. 886.—The head is much longer
than broad. The rounded snout is longer than the dis-
tance between the eye and the ear opening. The lipsare
very prominent. The ear opening is a narrow slit, about
the length of the pupil, and has a slight denticulation pos-
teriorly. The scales on the eyelids form a rather con-
spicuous comb. The slender digits are covered below
with a series of transverse lamella, terminated by two
large plates which are somewhat rounded and wider dis-
tally than proximally. The nostril is pierced between
the rostral, first labial, and three nasals, the upper of
which is in contact with its fellow of the opposite side.
There are seven upper and six lower labials; the last of
each, under the pupil, is very small. The two plates be-
hind the large pentagonal mental are followed by several
about the size of the dorsals, which are in turn’ gradually
replaced by the small flat gulars. The back and limbs
are covered with smooth, flat, rounded, equal sized scales,
without tubercles or granules. The muzzle has convex
plates, smaller than the dorsals, but larger than those on
the occiput, which are also convex. The lower surfaces
are covered with smooth flat scales, larger than those on
the back. The conical tail is slightly flattened at its base,

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 87

has large plates below, and is covered elsewhere with
smooth flat scales which are somewhat larger than those
on the back.

Varzation.—There is great variation in the ground color
of the head and back. In some specimens it is pale gray
or creamy white, while in others the prevailing tint is a
dark seal brown. There are, however, some fairly con-
stant markings, brighter in young than in old individuals,
but apparently subject like the ground color, though to a
less extent, to modification in accordance with the amount
of light, or perhaps in obedience to the will of the animal.
These markings are of a deeper seal brown than the
ground color of the darkest individuals. A line originates
on the second labial plate, and, passing through the eye
and the upper end of the ear opening, runs for some dis-
tance along the neck. ‘The upper surface of the head is
blotched and spotted, as are also the limbs. ‘The tail has
about nine cross-bars on its upper surface. All the lower
surfaces are creamy white, slightly tinged with brown in
the darkest specimens. The scales are everywhere mi-
nutely punctulated with dark brown.

mm. | mm. mm. mm.
IL GMA (KO) HU, Ovooee ouddecdS anoue 45 aa 40 30° |») 42
ieee ac eet eae 4s* | 40* 31* ae
Eid MlimbN arco ai emme te ake is TS pa ie esl sega over
ROTO MIIpe et SPAT ee pada nex alas 15 15 11 14
Vea dit OMe aE 75 (ries rene loaevacl qeoiecs eels 12 12 10 103
Snoutstovonbityee en aan oer ie a | 3) 5t | 4 44
Diameter oisorbitiss 42) see fe. 3h 3 3 | 3

Phyllodactylus unctus has been previously recorded
from Cape San Lucas (the type locality), by Mr. Xantus;
from Triunfo, by Dr. Streets; and from La Paz, by
Messrs. Belding and Townsend.

* Reproduced.

88 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

List of Specimens of Phyllodactylus unctus.

Sara Locality. Date. Collector.
857 San José del Cabo, L. C. Oct., 1893. | Gustav Eisen.
885
to San José del Cabo, L. C. Jan. 25, 1893) Gustav Eisen.
893

1182 Miraflores, L. C. Sept., 1894. | Eisen and Vaslit.
1663
to San José del Cabo, L. C. 6G Gt
1669
2204
to Lower California.
2207

CTENOSAURA HEMILOPHA Cope.

Iguana acanthura.

*©1§35, Blainville, Nouv. Ann. Mus., iv, p. 288, pl. xxiv. fig. 1.”
Cyclura acanthura.

1837, Duméril et Bibron, Erpétologie Générale, iv, p. 222 (part).

(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 71.)

(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, ii, 24, p. 98.)
Ctenosaura.

1895, Baird, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 300.
Cyclura (Ctenosaura) hemilopha.

1863, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sci. Phila., p. 105.

(1879, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 50, 93.)

1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 71.

(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 19.)

(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, ili, 24, p. 98.)
Ctenosaura acanthura.

1874, Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Reptiles, p. 138.
Cyclura teres.

(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 71.)
Ctenosaura hemilopha.

(1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 312.)

1885, Boulenger, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., ii, p. 197.

(1886, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., xxiii, p. 266.)

(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 33.)

Description of No. 463.—The body is considerably

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 89

compressed. The tail is conical except at its base, where
it is almost square in section. The limbs and head are
large, the latter sharply triangular and with flattened top
and almost vertical sides. The large nostril is in a round
plate, whose posterior edge is nearer to the orbit than to
the end of the snout. The rostral and symphysial plates
are very broad and low. There are ten labials. There
is a very large plate below the eye, and a series of large
superciliaries. The entire top and sides of the head are
covered with small irregularly hexagonal plates, which
ake convex, except on) the snout and lores: The very
large ear opening is almost vertical and without denticu-
lation. Several series of large sublabial plates pass
gradually into the gulars. The dorsal crest begins some
distance behind the shielded part of the head, is composed
of high spines on the nape, and gradually diminishes in
height posteriorly. It is continued on the middle third of
the vertebral line as a series of enlarged flat plates, but is
not traceable on the posterior third. The back and sides
are covered with small, smooth, subquadrate scales, which
pass gradually into the larger ventrals. The gular regions
are covered with smooth scales which become gradually
larger posteriorly. The smallest gulars are larger than
the dorsals, the largest are smaller than the ventrals. The
scales on the limbs are all smooth. The tail bears whorls
of spinose scales. The first three of these whorls are
separated from one another by three series of smaller
smooth scales; the fourth, fifth and sixth spiny whorls
are each preceded by two series of smooth scales, and
the more distal whorls by single series which gradually
become spinose.

The top and sides of the head are dull pea green. The
back, sides, and hind limbs are pale straw color, heavily
washed with pale olive, and spotted and reticulated with

gO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

seal brown and black. There are five black blotches on
the vertebral line, separated by areas paler than the gen-
eral tint. The first of these black markings is very ~
small; the second is broader than long; the third and
fourth are very large and faintly continuous with the
blackish brown of the ventral surfaces; the fifth is almost
confined to the enlarged medial scales. There are two
longitudinal black blotches on the side of the neck, and
two corresponding lines on the temple. The chin, gular
region, chest, and forelimbs, are blackish brown. The
tail has a ground color of straw yellow clouded with
olive, but is dull pea green on the spines, and barred with
seal brown terminally.

Snout to vent 224 mm. Snout to ear 53mm. Hind
limb 129 mm. Snout to edge of fold 76 mm. Fore
limb 84 mm. Highest dorsal spines 9 mm.

Variation.—The youngest individuals (58 to 76 mm.
from snout to vent) are bright terre-verte green above,
except on the tail which has broad rings of dark olive
separated by narrow ones of broccoli brown. There are
very faint indications of dark vertebral bars. The lower
parts are yellowish white tinged with green. As the
animals increase in size, the green gradually disappears
and the dark markings increase in size and number until
the adult coloration is assumed. The number of femoral
pores ranges from four to eight. The dorsal crest seems
to be higher in the males than in the females, but is never
continued on the posterior part of the back.

This species was collected by Botta in ‘‘ California.”’
Xantus secured it at at Cape San Lucas, the type locality.
Mr. Belding found it at La Paz.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA.

List of Specimens of Ctenosaura hemilopha.

Cal. Acad.

Sci. No.

463
to
466

703
704
709
718
744

830
to
833

850
to
855
858
859

871

Locality.

San José del Cabo, L. C.

Miraflores, L. C.

e¢

San José del Cabo, L. C.

Agua Caliente, L. C.

San José del Cabo, L. C.

Pescadero, L.C.

Miraflores, L. C.

Sierra San Lazaro, L. C.

San José del Cabo, L. C.

cé

Date.

Collector.

Mar., 1892.

Oct., 1890.

6eé

Oct. 10, 1890
Sept.17, 1890
Oct., 1890.

Sept., 1893.

Oct., 1893.

Nov., 1893.

Sept., 1893.

1894.

W.E. Bryant.

Gustav Eisen.

W.E. Bryant.

Eisen and Vaslit.

g2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

DrpsoSAURUS DORSALIS (B. & G.)

Crotaphytus dorsalis.
(1852, Baird and Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 126.)
Dipsosaurus dorsalis.
1859, Baird, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 299.
(1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 312.)
(1875, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, p. 48.)
(1880, Lockington, Am. Nat., xiv, p. 295.)
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 54.
(1885, Boulenger, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., ii, p. 201.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 34.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 97.)
1890, Townsend, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 144.
(1893, Stejneger, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, p. 164.)

Specimens of this lizard from the ‘‘Cape Region’’ show
a tendency to have but one row of scales between the
rostral and nasal plates, while those from northern Lower
California and California more frequently have two rows.
The following table, based upon two hundred and thirty-
one specimens shows this quite plainly :*

Number of scale rows between rostral and nasal; 2-2 2-1 1-1
Northern specimens! .)/23 99: on sneer fe 9 13
|

Specimens from the ‘‘ Cape Region ”.....| 14 6 170

This appears to be the only difference, and is not con-
stant enough to warrant recognition by name.

The species has been recorded from Cape San Lucas
(Xantus), La Paz (Belding), and San Luis Gonzales
Bay ( Townsend ), in Lower California.

* Dr. Leonhard Stejneger kindly furnished me notes on forty of these
specimens, which are in the U.S. National Museum.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA.

List of Specimens of Dipsosaurus dorsalis.

Cal. Acad. :

Sci. No. Locality. Date. Collector.
467 San José dei Cabo, L. C. Mar., 1892. | Gustav Eisen.
468 66 66 66
613 f Sept.18, 1890) W. E. Bryant.
640 Magdalena Island, L. C. Mar., 1889. ff
644 Comondu to San Quintin, L.C.| April, 1889. ue
710
to San José del Cabo, L. C. Sept. 1, 1890
713
716 of Sept. 9, 1890 as
717 be Sept. 1, 1890 ie
827
to i Sept., 1893. | Gustav Eisen.
829
875 gt Aug., 1893. es

1180 Miraflores, L. C. Sept., 1894. | Eisen and Vaslit.
1181 oe oe 6¢
1847
to San José del Cabo, L. C. aie 6G
2011
67 Lower California. — W. J. Fisher.

CROTAPHYTUS COPEII Yarrow?

Crotaphytus copeii.
1882, Yarrow, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 441.
(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 53.)
(1890, Stejneger, N. A. Fauna, No. 3, p. 105.)

Crotaphytus copii.
(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 16.)

Crotaphytus copei.
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 45.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 97.)

Description of No. 635.—The head is large and con-

siderably depressed.
to the end of the snout than to the orbit.

The large nostril is much nearer
The ear open-

ing is very large, oblique, and with an anterior denticula-

tion of small scales.

The scales on the upper surface of

94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the head are very small; largest on the middle third of
its length, smallest on the supraocular region. There
are twelve superior and twelve inferior labials to below
the middle of the eye. All the labials are rectangular,
of about equal width, and longer than wide. There are
several series of enlarged sublabials, which pass gradually
into the granular gulars. The strong gular fold is cov-
ered centrally with larger, pointed, imbricate, scales, but
has very small granular ones at its edge. The back is
covered with small, smooth, weakly pointed, subgranular
scales. There is a strong fold along each side of the
body between the limbs, and several irregular folds on
the neck. The chest and belly are covered with smooth
flat scales. The weakly keeled scales on the tail are
smaller than the ventrals. There are twenty femoral
pores on each side. Male, with enlarged postanals.

The general ground color is pale hair brown, changing
to broccoli brown centrally, finely dotted with white and
cream-buff, and with small spots of very dark sepia which
increase slightly in size medially and posteriorly. There
are two faint pale clay-colored cross-bars on the back
above the hind limbs, and several similar ones on the
basal portion of the tail. Between these bars are pairs
of rather large dark sepia spots, each with a small cream-
colored center. The tail has brown rings separated by
narrower pale cream-colored ones. ‘The chest and belly
are whitish, more or less flecked with slate. The throat has
longitudinal olive-gray bands and blotches on a pale cream-
colored ground.

Snout to vent 119 mm. Tail 240 mm. Snout to edge
of fold 4omm. Snout to anterior edge of ear 28 mm.
Fore limb 46 mm. _ Hind limb 89 mm.

This species has been known from a single specimen,
secured at La Paz, by Mr. L. Belding.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 95

List of Specimens of Crotaphytus copeti ?

Cal. Acad. :
ShieNol Loeality. Date. Collector.
637 Magdalena Island. Mar., 1889. | W. E. Bryant.
638 3 (13 6é

CALLISAURUS DRACONOIDES Blain.

Callisaurus draconoides.
*¢ 1835, Blainville, Nouv. Ann. Mus., iv, p. 286, pl. xxiv, fig. 2.”
1837, Duméril et Bibron, Erpétologie Générale, iv, p. 326.
(1845, Gray, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., p. 227.)
1874, Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Reptiles, 3e livr., p. 158, pl. xvii
bis., figs. 10-10b.
(1893, Stejneger, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, p. 171.)
Callisaurus ventralis.
1859, Baird, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 299.
Callisaurus dracontoides.
(1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 312.)
(1857, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 38.)
Oallisaurus dracontoides dracontoides.
(1875, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 47, 93.)
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 50.
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 97.)

The head is broad and low. The snout is rounded
when viewed from above, but sharply pointed when seen
in profile. The nostrils are large and superior. ‘There
is a strongly marked canthus rostralis. The very large
interparietal plate is broader than long. There are two
or three series of enlarged supraoculars. The other head
plates are small and irregular, largest on the frontal and
prefontal regions, everywhere very flat and smooth. There
is a very long suborbital. The eyelids are heavily fringed.
The labials are low, but long, imbricate, and projecting
laterally. The infralabials are bordered below by from
one to three series of large sublabials. The gulars are
granular, smooth, and, except on the central part of the

region, longer than wide. The gular fold is covered

96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

with imbricate scales, largest at its edge. The back
and sides are covered with small flattened granules, which
pass gradually into the much larger smooth ventrals. A
strong fold extends along each side between the limbs.
The tail is of medium length, and considerably depressed
at its base. The limbs are very long and slender. The
number of femoral pores varies from twelve to eighteen.
The males have enlarged postanal plates.

Measurements of the largest specimens in mm.

SLED Cie Ge Is aie ah i eR eA ete ee Siena iat al 8 6 fc) 6 | 2 |. 2
Snot tonventtinri meskes wise ese Oe 67 | 68 | 65 | 67 | 60 | 55
SD i ee ey ce ge ytaied fatsios oh as escvnl cid gasee ORR 80 | — | — | — | 73 | 62
ELA TOCA TN ax ete iciack. ects) Mee elena ie Pa ae 14 | 14 | 14] 14 | 13 |} 12
Wii d Gyo fener dye va veaeces cs oa co careless arses WS Weis eNOS Pe Ie ©
Head to posterior edge of interparietal...... HOA A eer Th IS Ty I
EL mde linmlo ype y ices te atl aie oy Sabatier rae 62 | 65 | 61 | 62 | 52 | 50
1tons) Webi] 9). 5, eae a a MME Ale Gila ic yess 367 (937 533 135ml colan 29
Base of 5th to end of 4th toe............... DP 4a} | PAs) || P27/ || G32) || Say

There is so much variation in color that no exact de-
scription can be given. The males are grayish above,
tinted with primrose yellow and ochraceous buff on sides,
and thickly spotted with pale yellow or white. Two se-
ries of brown blotches on the back are united on the
upper surface of the tail to form undulate brown cross-
bands. ‘The lower surface of the tail is white, crossed
by from six to eight black bars which correspond in po-
sition to, and are often united with, the brown bands of
its upper surface. The chin and throat are marked with
numerous oblique dusky lines. The latter has a large
half-concealed patch of red. A large blue or green area
along each side is crossed by two almost vertical black
blotches, behind which is a small round black spot. ‘The
limbs are crossed by bands of dusky. The females have

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 97

the larger markings on the upper surfaces more distinct
than the males, lack the lateral blue blotch and posterior
black spot of the males, and have a large bright cadmium
orange spot behind the axilla.

This species was first described from a specimen col-
lected by Botta in ‘‘California.’’ It was afterwards found
by Mr. Xantus at Cape San Lucas, and by Mr. Belding
at La Paz.

List of specimens of Callisaurus draconoides.

Cal. Acad. ‘ d
Sci. No. Locality. Date. Collector.

605 San José del Cabo, L. C. Sept. 3, 1890) W. E. Bryant.
729 a Sept. 16,1890 ae
730 ee ce ce

732
to Hu Sept. 1, 1890 Be
735

739 se Sept. 2, 1890 UE
740 at a6 6
754. a ot 66
894 “ Sept., 1893 | Gustav Eisen.

1400
to Sierra San Lazaro, L. C. Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vasht.
1403
1750
to ~ San José del Cabo, L: C. oh ut
1846
2212
to a 1892 W. E. Bryant.
2237

2195 a Mar., 1892 i

CALLISAURUS VENTRALIS ( Hallow.)

Homalosaurus ventralis.

(1852, Hallowell, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 179.)
Callisaurus dracontoides gabbii.

(1875, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No.1], p. 47.)

(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 189.)
2p S=R., Vou. V. (7) May 28, 1895.

98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Callisaurus dracontoides.
1880, Lockington, Am. Nat., p. 295.
(? 1889, Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 147.)
1890, Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 144.
Callisaurus ventralis.
(1893, Stejneger, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, p. 171.)
This more northern species is quite distinct from C.
draconoides of the ‘‘Cape Region,’’ and may be readily

distinguished from it by the following characters:

C. ventralis. C. draconoides.
Large. Small.
Snout short and rounded. Snout longer and less rounded.
Supralabials prominent and very Supralabials much less prominent and
convex in lateral outline. convex.
Males with two large oblique black Males with two smaller almost verti-
blotches on each side. cal black blotches, followed by a

small black spot.

No intergradation of the two forms has yet been shown,
but two young females from San Ignacio, and one from
Santa Margarita Island, are more nearly like C’. dracon-
ovdes than are any of the other specimens of C. ventralis,
suggesting, but not showing, an instability of character
farther to the south.

The following measurements of C. ventralis are given
for comparison with those of C. draconozdes:

ESKER. Gat nc: a0 Bt a Re icy rere aera! coer ee 6] 4 ) Gu} Qe] eS
Snoutitomventiycnn., 6c sus cae eee eee eee 86 | 88 | 81 | 82 | 72 | 74
2 eu geoeriee siete She ts 5! hin a EE ea era 117 | — | — |107 |102 | 98
Tea ditOKea rie lcci. iss a sc laluebe mers peete omerrenecen 16 | 16} 15 | 16] 15 | 14
Wid thivfotmhen deri: A! i anus ce ere VAS VS a| a4 elisa eles
Head to posterior edge of interparietal ..... Ney |) syed alee Mes | 163
fal lim eer iavcirs i sks thls ee ere 79 | — | 75 | 76 | 70 | 65
d Hone telbin aie Soca td ERA Coase ood 49 | 46 | 40 | 45 | 42 | 41
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe. .......... 35 | — | 32 | 33 | 31! 30

This species has been recorded from San Luis Gon-
zales Bay, and Angel de la Guardia Island. It is com-

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 99

mon on the deserts of the southwestern United States,
and of Sonora.

List of specimens of Callisaurus ventralis.

Cal. Acad.

Sia So. Locality. | Date. Collector.
624 i |
to Ei Llano de Santano, L. C. | April, 1889. | W. E. Bryant.
627

628 San Ignacio, L.C. ee He
629 | ce ee ce

675 | Santa Margarita Isiand. Mar. 5, 1889 a

SAUROMALUS HISPIDUS Stejn.

Sauromalus ater.
1877, Streets, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p. 36.
21883, Yarrow, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 51.
(1887, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 35.)
21887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, pp. 96, 97.
(1890, Townsend, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 144.)
Sauromalus hispidus.
1891, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 409.
(18938, Stejneger, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, p. 174.)

This species has been found only on Angel de la Guardia
Island, Gulf of California. Mr. Belding secured a Sau-
romalus on Espiritu Santo Island, but it is not known to
what species it belongs.

UTA THALASSINA Cope.

Uta thalassina.
1863, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 104.
(1864, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 177.)
(1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 312.)
(1875, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 48, 93.)
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 54.
(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 16.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 35.)
1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, pp. 96, 98.
1894, Stejneger, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., pp. 589, 591.
Petrosaurus thalassinus.
1885, Boulenger, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., ii, p. 205.

IO0O CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Description of No. 1472.—The head is flattened, swollen
at temples, and with rounded snout. ‘The nostrils are
large, superior, and a little nearer to the end of the snout
than to the orbit. The large ear opening has a very weak
anterior denticulation. The head scales are smooth, and
slightly convex anteriorly. The frontal is transversely
divided. The largest supraoculars are separated from
the frontals, frontoparietals, and parietals, by two series
of small plates. The interparietal is very large. ‘There
are six superior and seven inferior labials to below the
middle of the orbit. Several series of enlarged sublabials
pass gradually into the granular gulars which are slightly
largest centrally. The first of the two strong gular folds
ends in a large pouch at each side. ‘The second is con-
tinued as a flap in front of each arm, and is covered with
smooth flat plates the largest of which, at its edge, are
somewhat larger than the scales on the chest. The back
and sides are covered with small smooth round granules,
much larger medially than laterally. The tail, conical ex-
cept where depressed at its base, is covered with whorls
of weakly keeled scales, which are a little smaller than
those of the belly. The scales of the chest and belly are
smooth. Those on the limbs have distinct keels. Fem-
oral pores 17-19.

Most of the large specimens have lost their original
tails, and are now provided with regrowths. ‘The num-
ber of femoral pores varies from fifteen to twenty-one.

There is considerable variation in the intensity, and
some in the distribution, of color in the large series at
hand, but the general pattern is the same in all the spec-
imens. Very young specimens are fully as brightly col-
ored as older ones, and females as brightly as males.
The largest specimens, however, appear somewhat duller
than others, especially on the posterior part of the back.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. IOI

One of the brightest individuals, which has been in alco-
hol little more than a month, may be described thus:
On the anterior half of the back are three transverse
bands of intense black, bordered posteriorly by others of
olivaceous yellow. The first of these bars connects the
shoulders. The second is the shortest and narrowest.
Near its anterior edge are two round yellow spots, about
half the size of the tympanum. The third is the largest
and best defined. It is bordered in front by a narrow
band of plumbeous, which separates it from another of
olivaceous yellow. The remaining space between these
black bands is finely dotted and reticulated with black
sepia, and azure. The posterior half of the back is sim-
ilarly banded, but the colors are here so dull as to appear
as if. viewed through a thick and discolored epidermis.
In front of each shoulder is an azure spot about the size
of the tympanum. Half-way between the upper edges of
these spots and the tympana are smaller spots of the same
color, and others may be seen on the dorsal median line
of the neck. The chin and gular regions, except a large
central patch of greenish olive (pale turquoise blue in
some specimens), are Indian yellow, which color is con-
tinued over the sides, and faintly over the back of the
neck, just in front of the first black dorsal band. The
eyelids and a small area surrounding the pineal ‘‘eye”’
are also yellow. ‘The hind limbs are pale sepia, with in-
dications of seven faint yellowish crossbars. The upper
surface of the tail is bluish, greenish, and brownish,
crossed by twenty-one broad dark olive or greenish olive
bars. The lower surfaces of the tail, limbs, abdomen,
and chest, are creamy white, tinged on the chest with
olive-green and indian yellow. (In very young individ-
uals there are three transverse greenish bars on a yellow
ground.) In the pouches at each end of the middle gu-

102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

lar fold are patches of flame scarlet, but close examina-
tion shows that this color is due to the presence of multi-
tudes of minute parasites.

Three specimens (smallest, medium, and _ largest)
measure in millimeters as follows:

Motalllentothteareepecss ev. «ose 162 378 (tail reproduced.)
SHOOK UO AKEMcg soogndacoselenudoe 52 130 154
Leithayel Gato) i Uc o coer en Mami ie oe oo 38 90 95
J DeopeS\ ed HETIL O) S|. oa canoer ee eee Se A 26 63 67
Headitorearnyme see eco ote 14 32 36
Wadtihioteheadaeerrins. <2. scenianar ll 28 30

This beautiful species was originally described from
specimens collected by Mr. Xantus at Cape San Lucas.
Mr. Belding found it at Playitas, San Lazaro, and in the
Victoria Mountains.

List of specimens of Uta thalassina.

pos Locality. Date. Collector.

741 San José del Cabo, L. C. Sept. 1, 1890),W. E. Bryant.
748 San Bartolome,L. C. Oct., 1890. %

751 66 3 6c

{ Corralde Piedras, Sierra El :

974 \ Taste, L. C. Sept., 1893 | Gustav Eisen.
975 6s 6c a3

976 ce ce 6
1191

to Miraflores, L. C. Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslit.
1226
1452

to Sierra San Lazaro, L. C. ‘ i i
1532

UTA REPENS, new species. Plates vii, and viii figs. A-E.

Diagnosis.—Allied to U. thalassina, but with hind limb
much shorter, snout shorter and more truncate, and four
transverse black dorsal bars in place of the anterior three
of that species.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 103

Type.—Cal. Acad. Sci. No. 633, Comondu, Lower
California, W. E. Bryant, April, 1889.

Description of the Type.—The head is broad, short, and
depressed. ‘The snout is short and truncate. The nos-
trils are large, superior, and much nearer to the end of
the snout than to the orbit. The ear opening is large,
and has an anterior denticulation of three pointed scales.
The head scales are smooth, and slightly convex ante-
riorly. The rostral is very broad and low, with a median
superior projection. The frontal is transversely divided.
The largest supraoculars are separated from the frontals,
frontoparietals, and parietals, by two series of small
plates. The interparietal is very large. There are five
superior and seven inferior labials to below the middle of
the eye. There are several series of enlarged sublabials.
The gular region is covered with small granules which
are slightly largest centrally. There is a weak anterior
gular fold followed by a strong posterior fold. The latter
is covered with small subgranular plates, the largest of
which, on its edge, are about equal in size to the first
scales on the chest. The back and, sides are ‘covered
with round granules, which are larger medially than
laterally. The tail is somewhat depressed and expanded
at its base, and is covered with whorls of small weakly
keeled scales. The scales on the anterior surfaces of
the limbs are large and weakly keeled. The ventral
plates are larger than the caudals.

The color above is dull grayish olive, with four distinct
anterior, and three fainter posterior, transverse black
bands. The tail is similarly barred with dusky. The
throat is brownish marked with blackish slate centrally.
The chest and abdomen are white clouded with slate.

104 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Measurements in mm. of Uta repens. | Uta thalassina.
Sno utitopnenbieerwers se sescr eee eater 103 103 95
Snoutitosol deme cks te dens cucoqencaeeae 34 35 33
SIMONE 1K) OOM. oo codeassewedadoos ave Ua uw 9 8
SNOUbLOMeal eet Aer eke sees aaa earns 22 24 23
Snout to back of interparietal............ 18 20 19
Wadthtoimhe ade mees. i as heaoks Sensis umes 18 18 15
PpBlore alimentos ti a)) sO oh amare, ee 45 42 41
Te Gino btenlls) ys, eae ae eM a Slee clin ie 62 69 63
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe. ...... We 29 27 25
This species is represented by a single specimen. Its

general aspect is very much like that of U. thalassina,

not at all like U. mearnsz.

UTA STANSBURIANA B. and G.

Uta stansburiana.

(1853, Baird & Girard, Stansbury’s Report, p. 345, pl. v, figs. 1-6.)
1859, Baird, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 299.

(1864, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 177.)
(1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 312.)
(1875, Cope, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, p. 48.)
1877, Streets, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p. 37.
1880, Lockington, Am. Nat., p. 295.

(1885, Boulenger, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., ii, p. 211.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 35.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 98.)
(1889, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1859, p. 147.)

Uta elegans.

1882, Yarrow, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 442.

(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 55.)
(1885, Boulenger, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., ii, p. 211.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, 111, 24, p. 98.)
1890, Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 144.

Uta schotti.

[1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 55 (part.)]
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 98.)

An examination of large series has failed to reveal any

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. TO5

character, which will separate Lower Californian speci-
mens of this form from specimens collected in California
and Arizona. Dr. Yarrow gives no character which will
separate them, and, in his Check List, refers specimens
from the Cape Region to U. stansburiana and U. elegans
indifferently.

Two specimens from Espiritu Santo Island do not seem
to differ from those collected on the peninsula.

Uta stansburiana was first described from the valley of
the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Uta elegans was established
upon specimens collected by Mr. Belding at La Paz.
Dr. Streets found the species on Cerros Island; and Mr.
Townsend at San Luis Gonzales Bay, San Bartolome
Bay, and on Carmen Island in the Gulf of California.
Mr. Xantus found it at Cape San Lucas.

List of specimens of Uta stansburiana.

men Locality. Date. Collector.

438 Espiritu Santo Island. April, 1892 | W. KE. Bryant.
439 ee | oe 6

487

to San José del Cabo, L. C. Mar.10, 1892

491

581 Guadalupe to Colnett, L. C. | Apr.28, 1893] A. W. Anthony.
582 Valladares, L.C. ~ May 29, 1893 ‘f

585 San Tomas to Guadalupe, L.C.| Apr.27, 1893 fe

588 “ Fide teas “

594 Guadalupe to Colnett, L. C. | Apr.28, 1893

599 BE | fs ab

632 Comondu to San Quintin, L.C. April, 1889 | W. KE. Bryant.
643 cs | fc uf
1700 |

to San José del Cabo, L. C. | Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslit.
1721 |

106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

UTA PALMERI Stejn.

Uta palmeri.
1890, Stejneger, N. A. Fauna, No. 3, p. 106.

Under this name, Dr. Stejneger has described a Uta
from San Pietro Martir Island, Gulf of California. The
species belongs to the U/. stansburiana group.

Uta microscuTATA Van D. Pilates viii, figs. F, G, and ix.

Uta microscutata.
1894, Van Denburgh, Proce. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 1, Vol. iv, Part 1,
p. 298.

Two specimens from San José Island, in the Gulf of
California, have been compared with the type from San
Pedro Martir Mountain, Lower California. They differ
only in having the bluish white dots on the ventral sur-
faces more numerous, and the femoral pores eleven and
twelve respectively. One is somewhat larger than the
type, being 119 mm. in total length. <A third specimen,
labeled Comondu to San Quintin, is also identical with
the type.

List of specimens of Uta microscutata.

roa Locality. Date. | Collector.
433 San José Island, L. C. April, 1892. | W. E. Bryant.
434 ce a3 ce
631 Comondu to San Quintin, L.C. HG He

UTA NIGRICAUDA Cope.

Uta ornata.
1859, Baird, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 299.
[1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 57 (part).]
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, ili, 24, p. 98.)
Uta nigricauda.
1864, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 176.
(1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 312.)
(1875, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No.1, pp. 48, 93.)

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 107

1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 55.)
(1884, 8. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 16.)
1885, Boulenger, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 11, p. 212.
(1887, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 35.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, ili, 24, p. 98.)

There is a very great amount of variation in the size,
shape, and number of the head plates, even the frontal
being sometimes divided transversely. The largest dorsal
scales are along the median line. They are replaced,
sometimes gradually and sometimes abruptly, by granules
on the sides. Seventeen to twenty-four of the largest
dorsals are equal to the length of the head to the posterior
edge of the interparietal (occipital) plate. The ventral
scales are larger than the dorsals, and perfectly smooth.
The caudals are the largest of all, and are very strongly
keeled and mucronate. The number of femoral pores
ranges from nine to thirteen. The color of the throats
of the males varies from canary yellow to deep Chinese
orange.

108

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

List of specimens af Uta nigricauda.

Cal. Acad.

Gaunt Locality. | Date. Collector.

621
622
673
676

to
679

724
737
758
856
986
987

1227
to
1358

1390
to
1399
2012
to
2108

2191
2211

2282
to
2373

| Magdalena Island, L. C. | 1888 W.E. Bryant.

cc 3

oe ‘Mar. 12, 1889 ue

ac ‘Mar. 11, 1889 os

San José del Cabo, L. C.

‘Sept. 6, 1890 ve
Sept. 2, 1890 He
i Sept. 3, 1890 ue
cs | Oct., 1893 | Gustav Hisen.
| Miraflores, L. C. 66 86

ee ee ce

i Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslit.

| Sierra San Lazaro, L. C. se es

| San José del Cabo, L. C. | CG 3G

ie Mar., 1892 | W. KE. Bryant.

SCELOPORUS ZOSTEROMUS Cope.

Sceloporus zosteromus.

1863, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 105.

(1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 312.)

(1885, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., xxii, pp. 395, 399.)
(1885, Boulenger, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 1i, p. 225.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 37.)
(1889, Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 147.)

1893, Stejneger, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, p. 178, pl. i, fig. 3.

Sceloporus clarkii zosteromus.

(1875, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 49, 93.)
(1880, Lockington, Am. Nat. p. 295.)

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 109

(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 64.)
(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 17.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 98.)

Sceloporus rufidorsum.

1882, Yarrow, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 442.

(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 64.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, pp. 96, 98.)
(1890, Townsend, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 144.)

Sceloporus consobrinus.

[1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 61 (part).]
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 98.)

Sceloporus clarki clarki.

[1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 63 (part).]
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 99.)

This very distinct species belongs to the S. magzister
group. Specimens from the northern part of the penin-
sula and from several of the neighboring islands seem to

be like those from the ‘‘ Cape Region’

in all respects.

The following table may be useful for comparison with
other species:

B < 3S Measurements in mm.
7, 2 ay | a =
a9 I ie = DD Ia ©
S 2) or g 5 | a= =
oe eae svi e 5 ees esa
3 a eh > 2 on are Locality.
S 2 ore =| oO =| g joo
(3) Hy S at om a oO 4
< oH n & ton ~ a lo
Z oj}o eS 5 5 ae aS; o |o
= 4 es S FS n bees Sule
S fale Ve a eal ei
630 | ¢ | 29| 6 | 19 | 106 | 143 | 73 | 48 | 20 | San Pablo.
666 | 6 | 28 | 6 | 22/| 106 | 148 | 78 | 49 | 21 | Magdalena Island.
665 | 6 | 30 5 | 19 | 104} 141 | 78 | 51 | 20 re
664 | @ | 29 5 | 18 95 | 121 | 65 | 44 | 18 | Sta. Margarita Island.
663 | 2 | 29 Ses 93 | 126.| 70 | 46 | 18 ie
Aig aOna oO 5 | 19 | 100 | 1385 | 71 | 48 | 19 | San José Island.
16915 6 | 3 5 | 20 93 | —- | 66 2 | 18 | San José del Cabo.
1690 | 6 | 29 Bal) ale) 83 | —- | 62 | 40 | 17 fe
1688 | 6. | 29°} 5 | 20 |- '99 | -—— | 66 | 43 | 18 es
1686 | 2 | 30 6 | 18 T& | 107 | 5771838) |) Vs a

IIO

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY

OF SCIENCES.

Sceloporus zosteromus is not confined to the ‘‘Cape Re-

: ”?
gion

of Lower California.

It has been recorded from

Cape San Lucas (type locality), La Paz, Cerros Island,
and San Quintin Bay (the type locality of S. rujdorsum ).
The present collection contains specimens from San José
Island, San Pablo, Santa Margarita Island, Miraflores,
Magdalena Island, and San José del Cabo.

List of specimens of Sceloporus zosteromus.

Cal. Acad.
Sci. No.

436
437
539
604
608
609
630
641
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
707
708
714
736
738
844
to
$48
1146
to
1151
1678
to
1699
2192

Locality.
San José Island, L. C.
San José del Cabo, L. C.
San Pablo, L. C.

Magdalena Island ?
Santa Margarita Island.

Magdalena Isiand, L. C.

ce
ce
(a3
oe
ee

San José del Cabo, L. C.

ce
ce

iad
Miraflores, L. C.

San José del Cabo, L. C.

6é

Date. Collector.
April, 1892 | W. E. Bryant.
May, 1892 ss
April, 1892 | Gustav Hisen.
Sept. 3, 1890) W. E. Bryant.
April, 1889 Hs
Mar., 1889 es
Mar. 1, 1889 ee
Mar.

11, 1889 “
Feb. 25, 1889) “

Mar. 11, 1889 “
Sept. 13, 1890 “

Sept. 3,
Sept. 5,
Sept. 2,

1890 ue
1890 ae
1890 a

Sept., 1893 | Gustav Hisen.

Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslit.

oe | ce

|
| Mar., 1892 | W.E. Bryant.

SCELOPORUS LICKI new species.

Plate x.

Diagnosts.—Allied to S. consobrinus, but much larger,

with more strongly mucronate scales, with larger scales on

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. III

the back, with much larger scales on the posterior surface
of thigh, and never with two blue patches on throat.

Type.—Cal. Acad. Sci. No. 1436, Sierra San Lazaro,
Lower California, Eisen and Vaslit, Sept., 1894.

Description of the Type.—The head is considerably de-
pressed, with rounded snout. There are two scales on
the canthus rostralis. The nostrils are large, almost su-
perior, and nearer to the end of the snout than to the
orbit. The ear opening is very large, almost vertical,
and with a strong anterior denticulation of six pointed
scales. The head shields are smooth and somewhat con-
vex. The supraoculars are very broad. The super-
ciliaries are very long, narrow, and strongly imbricate.
There are two series of small, and one of large, sub-
labial plates, bordered below by the large, imbricate,
bicuspid gulars. There is a strong fold on each side of
the neck. The dorsal scales are slightly smaller than the
caudals, strongly keeled, very strongly mucronate, and
with serrate edges. The lateral scales are similar to, but
smaller than, the dorsals, arranged in oblique series, and
graduating into the dorsals and ventrals. The ventrals
are much smaller than the dorsals, smooth, and bi- or
tricuspid. The caudals are very strongly keeled and mu-
cronate. The posterior surface of the thigh is covered
with large, pointed, keeled scales. There are fifteen
femoral pores. Male, with enlarged postanal plates.
There are thirty-three dorsal scales between the inter-
parietal plate and the base-of the tail.

The back and sides are olive brown, many of the
scales having central markings of deep blue or green.
A narrow line of verdigris green runs along each side
from the eye to the base of the tail. - Below this, a nar-
rower similarly colored line runs from the ear to a point
a short distance above and behind the axilla. A patch in
front of the shoulder, the central part of the belly, and

1074 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the anterior and lower surfaces of the thigh, are black,
which color gradually fades into the cyanine blue of the
sides of the belly. The throat is olive gray with greenish
white lines which converge to a point midway between
the neck pouches. The tail is brown suffused with cam-
panula blue and beryl green towards its base.

Snout to vent 74 mm. Fore limb 37 mm. Tail 105 mm.
Shielded part of head, 15 mm. Hind limb 54 mm. Base
of 5th to end of 4th toe 22 mm.

Variation.—There is very little variation in color, either
individual, sexual, or in accordance with age. One male
from Miraflores has a single large blue patch on the throat,
through which the ordinarily whitish lines show as lines
of paler blue.

The following table will serve to show the variation in
structural characters:

! 3 @ Measurements in mm.
S) to. ;
Ce

2 _ (asl 8] « Slee
s oi lerciisea | (ay eee a | oS
: lo] Ghia 3 e o) Oo . ‘ tos] ~ iS)

us co NEMS Stes aen yl) le e 2 Shel ||
3 q Sine cas i | ° gq | a 6a
° Oo; = ~ a oO ~
< 3 |g8i58| 8) 2 Be ae hess | oe

S) Mim in |e | & RD A = Be | n aa)
1436 Calroou| 161) Go 15 ies OS 54 37 15 22
1419 OR SSaed| 5 | eGo 93 46 29 13 19
1409 2 | 38 7 5 | 14 70 == 47 32 14 19
1410 6 | 32 6 5 | 14 73 = 53 36 15 22
1425 Omit Fler ta(15 ij s6u ss TO0S 52 36 13 22
1411 Q@ | 34); 8) 5) 16) 65 97 44 31 13 18
1435 6 | 34} 8] 5 | 14] 63 | 102 48 33 13 20
1422 Cee oOnlpode)| Or | LE pez a erly 50 35 14 20
1412 6 | 36 6 5 | 16 83 112 55 39 16 22
1426 6 | 37 8 5 | 15 59 aes 44 3l 13 19
1439 é | 34 9 5 | 16 40 52 30 19 9 14
1433 6 | 34] 10 5 | lo 32 == 24 17 8 11
1157 é | 34 7 5 | 15 62 103 47 32 14 19
1152 Q | 36 7 5 | 15 70 = 45 29 13 18
1155 6 | 36 6 5 | 15 72 == 53 35 14 22
1160 8 | 36 7 5 | 16 76 —= 55 30 15 22
1159 Q | 35 ¢ 6 | 16 57 == 43 29 12 17

IIERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. I13

The next table shows the same characters of Scelo-
porus consobrinus :*

& | 3 2 Measurements in mm
@) Piles

g SEE ane

* — Se m . [o) fed)

G ee oi aler = 2 |ES

| 3 bal =

: fa Se 8s | Sy |S | 3 : = iba Locality.

“= A lan a) — (o) a oy oS Bla 4

es 9° OD} Ss 3 ~ a= q ® VIO

A n \Saln A re as jod a

: o |S S\o oO} 3 austell @. Ike 3 2

Pie se ps els | 2 |S eee

D |x ain Sin! | Oo | & la o
15697 | 4] 39 8 5 | 18 | 62 | — | 48 | 31 | 13 | 20 | Prescott, Ariz.
15696 |2| 39 9 4!15 1] 58 | 86 | 44 |.28 | 12 | 18 sf
15695 |2) 41 | 10 AALS ey De le alts Ole naan ee ea Hu
17235 |Q| 41 7 5 | 16 | 67 | 98 | 45 | 28 | 13 } 19 Tucson, Ariz.
17234 |3| 38 8 Hele 4a Ol 4 See 2S Polos Eas uo
16958 |6 | 39 8 Del ela One 295 |e Fon gene dain els: a
16959 |6 | — 8 Sel Ge OS: 747283 220) os
16960 |2| 38 9 Boma cua | en eB IP GAL | TO) | ae! 6
2895 | 6 | — 9 5 | 14 | 48 | 62 | 30 | 20 | 10 | 12 | Nebraska.
2895 |Q2| 40 8 SN AM AGSuNESON | 37a Om Palioaltel oS: BY
2895 |6| 42 9 4/15/45 1}— |] 30/19/10] 13 ae
8163 |2| 47 9 By dR Nese Pool or NON Aye te Osea,
8163 6 43 9 AS alts ie tatoo e——" |) 4 ein eel One ah, oe
8491 |@} 45 | 10 5 | 18 | 638 | — | 41 | 27 | 13 | 17 | New Mexico.
8491 |4| 46 | 10 D164) 490) =— || 84423) (Flos) v4 sie

Comparison.—This species may be easily distinguished
from S. consobrinus by its larger scales on the back of
the thigh; from .S. dzserzatus by its larger scales on the
border of the ear and the back of the thigh; from S.
orcutt? by its smaller and much rougher dorsals; and from
S. magister and S. zosteromus by its smaller and more
sharply mucronate scales. It differs from all these in
coloration.

This species is named in honor of Mr. James Lick,
who has done so much to foster Science in California.

*T am greatly indebted to Dr. Leonhard Stejneger for the opportunity
to examine these specimens.
2D SER., VoL. V. (8) May 28, 1895.

It4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

List of specimens of Sceloporus licki.

con eee Locality. Date. Collector.

asi San José del Cabo, L.C. _ |Sept.16, 1890| W. E. Bryant.

979 | ete Lee Septwis93 |(Gustay’wicont

1152
to Miraflores, L. C. Sept., 1894 | Hisen and Vaslit.
1168

1409
to Sierra San Lazaro, L.C. 66 ot
1413

1415
to ee oe ee
1437 if)

1439 : 7 ot “6

SCELOPORUS BISERIATUS Hallow.

Sceloporus biseriatus.
(1854, Hallowell, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 93.)

Specimens of this species from northern Lower Cali-
fornia do not seem to differ from Californian ones.

List of specimens of Sceloporus biseriatus.

Tou Locality. Date. Collector.
583 San Pedro Martir Mt., L. C.|May 27, 1893! A. W. Anthony.
589 Valladares, L. C. May 29, 1893 uu
593 San Pedro Martir Mt., L. C. us
595 fs May, 1893 eg

ScELOPORUS GRACIOSUS B. & G.

Sceloporus graciosus.
(1852, Baird and Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 69.)

Mr. Anthony has collected a number of lizards of this
species on San Pedro Martir Mountain in the northern
part of the peninsula.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. Il5

List of specimens of Sceloporus graciosus.

ead ae Locality. Date. Collector.
584 San Pedro Martir Mt., L. C.| May, 1893. | A.W. Anthony.
586 BY May 12, 1893 ce
587 ss May, 1893. ce
590 “ May 11, 1893 cé
- 591 5G ‘
592 ie &

PHRYNOSOMA SOLARE Gray.

Phrynosoma solaris.
(1845, Gray, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., p. 229.)
(1894, Van Denburgh, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. iv, Pt. 1,
p. 456.)
Phrynosoma regale.
1880, Lockington, Am. Nat., p. 295.

The Academy has one specimen (No. 90) from Las
Animas Bay, Lower California, the locality from which
Mr. Lockington has recorded the species.

PHRYNOSOMA CORONATUM Blainv.

Phrynosoma coronatum.
** 1835, Blainville, Nouv. Ann. Mus., iv, p. 284, pl. xxv, figs. 1-Ic.”
1837, Duméril et Bibron, Erpétologie Générale, iv, p. 318.
1870, Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Reptiles, le livr., pl. xii, fig. 10.
1874, Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Reptiles, 4e livr., p. 239 (part).
(1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 312.)
(1875, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 50, 93.)
[1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 70 (part).]
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 39).
1893, Stejneger, N. A. Fauna, No.7, p. 187.
1894, Van Denburgh, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. iv, Pt. 1,

p. 296.

Phrynosoma

1859, Baird, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 299.

I16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Phrynosoma cornutum.

1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, pp. 66, 67, (part).

(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 98.)

1893, Stejneger, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, pl. ii, figs. 1-lc.
Phrynosoma asio.

(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 67.)

[1885, Boulenger, Cat. Lizards, Brit. Mus., ii, p. 244 (part).]

(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 98.)
Phrynosoma hernandezi.

[1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 68 (part).]

The nostrils are pierced in the lines joining the super-
ciliary ridges with the end of the snout. There are
several longitudinal series of large pointed gular scales,
the exterior of which are continued back upon the gular
folds. There is a series of five very large pointed sub-
labial plates. The head spines are very large. They
are four temporals, one occipital and one postorbital, on
each side, and one large interoccipital. Occasionally
small spines are developed between the temporals. Be-
low the rictus is a broad spine usually without any, but
sometimes with a very small, spine behind it. There is
a row of four or five spinose scales in front of the occi-
pital spines. The other head scales, with few exceptions,
are flat and rugose, usually with irregular ridges radiat-
ing from near the center of each scale. There are two
groups of spines on each side of the neck, the lower
larger. The tail is bordered with a single row of lateral
spines, and bears a group of smaller ones behind the in-
sertion of the thigh. There are two series of periphero-
abdominal spines; the lower shorter than the upper, and
formed of smaller spines. The scales on the chest are
sometimes faintly keeled. Those on the abdomen and
basal part of tail are smooth; on the terminal part of tail,
keeled. The tympanum is naked. There are from six-
teen to twenty-two femoro-preanal pores. The males
have enlarged postanal plates. The tails of the females

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. I17

are shorter than the distance from the axilla to the front
of the thigh, but those of the males are considerably
longer than this distance. The young of both sexes have
short tails. The color above is brownish, yellowish or
grayish, darker laterally. There is a large brown patch
on each side of the neck and a series of three more or
less distinct brown bars on each side of the back. These
bars are light bordered posteriorly. The tail is trans-
versely banded with brown. The belly is often dotted
or blotched with black or brown. All these markings are
more distinct in the young. The larger dorsal tubercles
are often tipped with orange-rufous, and those on each
side of the median line have seal brown or black keels.
The occipital spines are ribbed with very dark brown.
The temporals are yellow tinged with rufous. In very
young individuals the scales of the vertex are grayish or
yellowish white, with a few minute brown or black spots.
These spots, which are on the raised portions of the scales,
become more numerous as the animals increase in size,
until the whole crown appears black or dark brown
crossed by irregular lines formed by the yellow posterior
edges of the scales.

Phrynosoma coronatum was first described from a speci-
men collected by Botta in ‘‘California.’’ It has since been
recorded from Cape San Lucas, and La Paz. The speci-
mens enumerated below show that it ranges far north of
the limits of the ‘‘Cape Region.”’

118 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

List of specimens of Phrynosoma coronatum.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

to Comondu to San Quintin, L.C.

659 Poso Grande, L. C. ‘Mar. 18, 1889

660 ee
719 San José del Cabo, L. C.

San Francisquito, Sierra
Laguna, L. C.
905 San José del Cabo, L. C.

April, 1889

‘Mar. 20, 1889

ims
ce

Sept. 6, 1890

Oct., 1893

Mar. 28, 1892
Nov., 1893

925 os | April, 1892
, |

1169 Miraflores, L. C.

to San José del Cabo, L. C.

Sept., 1894

PHRYNOSOMA BLAINVILLII Gray.

Phrynosoma blainvillii.

Sept. 7, 1890

Jan. 25, 1893)

Sept., 1893 |

W.E. Bryant.

|
‘.

/Hisen and Vaslit.

(1839, Gray, Zodlogy Beechey’s Voyage, p. 96, pl. xxix, fig. 1.)
1894, Van Denburgh, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2. Vol. iv, pt. 1,

p-296:
Phrynosoma coronatum.

1880, Lockington, Am. Nat., p. 295.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 11g

This species has been found as far south as San Tomas,
in the northern part of the peninsula.
A key to the North American species of the Ph. coro-
natum group * is given.
I.—A long spine just behind the broad subrictal. Head plates of adults
yellow, sparsely dotted with brown.
A.—Head plates convex and almost smooth. Ph. blainvillit Gray.
B.—Head plates flat and rugose. Ph. frontale Van D.
II.—No spine, or a very small one, behind the broad subrictal. Head

plates, of adults, chiefly black or dark brown.
Ph. coronatum Blainy.

The present collection contains a single specimen of
this species. It (No. 579) was secured by Mr. A. W.
Anthony, at Valladares, L. C.

PHRYNOSOMA CERROENSE Stejn.

Phrynosoma cerroense.
1893, Stejneger, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, p. 187.

This species, from Cerros Island, is characterized by
having the lower row of peripheral spines ‘‘ only indicated
by a few scattered small spines.’’

GERRHONOTUS MULTICARINATUS Blainv.

Gerrhonotus multicarinatus.
‘© 1835, Blainville, Nouv. Ann. Mus., iv, p. 289, pl. xxv, fig. 2.”
1839, Duméril et Bibron, Erpétologie Générale, v, p. 404.
1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 312.
[1875, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, p. 46 (part).]
1878, Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Reptiles, 5e livr., p. 357, pl. xxi c,
fig. 5-5a.
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 47 (part).
[1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 41 (part).]
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, 111, 24, p. 97).
1893, Stejneger, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, p. 195.

Without larger series of the other species thanare athand,
the status of the Gerrhonoti from the ‘‘Cape Region’’
of Lower California cannot be satisfactorily determined.

* Not including the insular Ph. cerroense.

I20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

it seems probable, however, that they are distinct from
the more northern G. scincicauda, and are referable to.
the name G. mu/ticarinatus Blainv.

The type of G. multicarinatus is one of the specimens
collected by Botta in ‘‘California.’? Mr. Belding found
the species at La Paz.

List of specimens of Gerrhonotus multicarinatus.

GERRHONOTUS SCINCICAUDA (Skilt. )

Tropidolepis scincicauda.
(1849, Skilton, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts., Ser. 2, Vol. vii, pp. 202, 312

plate, figs. 1-3.)
There are two specimens of this species in the collec-
tion made by Mr. Anthony in northern Lower California.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. I21

List of specimens of Gerrhonotus scincicauda.

Cal. Acad.

Sci. No Locality. Date. | Collector.

580 San Pedro Martir Mt., L. C. | May 4, 1893; A. W. Anthony.

598 Valladares?, L. C. May 29, 1893 se

XANTUSIA GILBERTI new species. Plate xi.

Diagnosis.—Similar to X’. vigz/zs, but with smaller eye,
two plates occupying the position of the frontal of that
species, and the interfrontonasal larger and continued
posteriorly to completely separate the frontonasals.

Type.—Cal. Acad. Sci. No. 401, San Francisquito,
Sierra Laguna, Lower California, Gustav Eisen, March
28, 1892.

Description of the Type.—The eye is very small, with-
out lids, and with vertical pupil. The nostrils are pierced
at the junction of the rostral, internasal, first superior la-
bial, and first loreal plates. There are three loreals, in-
creasing in size posteriorly. There are two internasals.
- The two frontonasals are separated by the interfrontonasal,
which is in contact, also, with the two frontal plates. The
other head plates are two frontoparietals, two parietals, two
large occipitals, and one interparietal. The eye is sur-
rounded by a ring of small scales, of which the supercil-
iaries are largest. This ring is separated from the third
loreal by two small scales. There are eight superior and
eight inferior labials. ‘The anterior border of the ear is
slightly denticulate. The ventral plates are arranged in
thirty-two transverse and ten or twelve longitudinal se-
ries. The caudal scales are smooth, convex, and in
whorls of about equal length. The back and sides are
covered with smooth convex granules of about uniform
size. There are eight and nine femoral pores. The gu-
lar regions are covered with smooth, flattened, subhex-

122 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

agonal granules which are slightly larger than those on
the back and sides.

The color above is dark brownish clay, dotted with
black on single granules. A pale yellowish line, two
granules wide, runs posteriorly from each occipital plate,
but is soon lost on the back to reappear over the thigh.

Length to vent (about) 39 mm. Tail (about) 338 mm.
Hind limb 14 mm. Fore limb 10mm. Diameter of eye
1+ mm. Shielded part of head 8% mm. Head to pos-
terior edge of ear 8% mm. Head to anterior gular fold
7%mm. Head to posterior edge of anterior fold 11%
mm. Head to posterior edge of posterior fold 1234 mm.

The single specimen of .Y. gz/berti has been compared
with one hundred and forty-four of 1. vzgz/zs without
any approach to its distinctive characters having been
found. It is of great interest, for it extends the known
range of the genus Vantusza several hundred miles to the
southward, introducing it for the first time into Mexican
territory, and affording another link between the ‘‘ Cape
Region’’ and the Sonoran Subprovince.

It gives me great pleasure to name this interesting liz-
ard in honor of Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, to whom my in-
terest in herpetology is entirely due.

CNEMIDOPHORUS MAXIMUS Cope.

Cnemidophorus maximus.
1863, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 104.
(1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 312.)
(1875, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 45, 93.)
(1880, Lockington, Am. Nat., xiv, 4, p. 295.)
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, pp. 42, 188.
(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 13.)
(1885, Boulenger, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., ii, p. 369.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 45.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 97.)
1892, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xvii, 1, p. 32.

Description of No. 835.—The nostrils are pierced in
the large anterior nasal plates, which are in contact on

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 123

top of the snout. The posterior nasal forms sutures with
the anterior nasal, first second and third labials, loreal,
prefrontal, and frontonasal plates. The loreal is in con-
tact with the third and fourth labials, first subocular, pre-
ocular, first superciliary, first supraocular, prefrontal,
and anterior nasal. There are four supraoculars; the
first, long and narrow, the fourth rather small. The sec-
ond, third, and fourth supraoculars are separated from
the superciliaries, and the third and fourth from the front-
oparietal and parietal, by small convex granules. There
are two transverse rows of small plates behind the pari-
etals and interparietal. There are five superior and six
inferior labials to below the middle of the eye. The sub-
labials are very large and are separated from the infrala-
bials by a series of small granules and plates. ‘The an-
terior gulars are large centrally, become gradually smaller
laterally, and are abruptly separated from the medium
sized posterior gulars. The central scales of the collar
are quite large, those on its edge, smaller. The back is
covered with smalt uniform granules. There are eight
longitudinal and thirty-seven transverse rows of ventral
plates, and four series of large preanals. ‘There are seven
rows of brachials, three of antebrachials, seven of fem-
orals, and four of tibials, but no postantebrachials. The
tail is covered with whorls of obliquely keeled scales.
There are twenty-three and twenty-four femoral pores.
The color above is grayish sepia fading to olive gray
laterally, with three longitudinal dark chestnut bands on
each side, which (bands) are twice as wide as the inter-
vals between them, and are so invaded by spots of the
ground color, as to resemble series of confluent brown
maculations. The limbs are reticulated with coarse
chestnut lines. The upper surface of the head is olive,
palest on the snout. The gular region and the sides of

I24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the head are blotched with walnut brown. Many of the
ventral plates have black basal markings. The tail is
tawny olive, tinged and spotted with dark chestnut.

Snout to vent 131 mm. Tail(regrown) 302 mm. Hind
limb 87mm. Fore linb 48 mm. Snout to ear 30 mm.
Greatest width of head 19 mm. Snout to edge of collar
4I mm.

Young.—Y oung individuals have five bluish white lon-
gitudinal lines on a black ground which is more or less
broken by spots of the same color as the lines. Their
tails and hind limbs are suffused with bright flesh color.
In one there are six instead of five pale lines.

Variation.—The femoral pores vary in number from
twenty to twenty-six. The scales of the collar are some-
times largest at its edge. The general ground color is at
times quite gray, and the dark markings often more or
less obsolete, particularly on the anterior part of the
body. The number of plates on the limbs is very vari-
able.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 125

List of specimens of Cnemidophorus maximus.

Cal. Acad.

Sena | Locality. Date. Collector.

108 Lower California. W. J. Fisher.
705 San José del Cabo, L. C. Sept. 1, 1890) W. E. Bryant.
706 | BG ue eG
715 CO “ Sept. 9, 1890 «
742 ac Sept., 1890 ss

to oG Sept., 1893 | Gustav Eisen.

to Miraflores, L. C. Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslit.

1438 Sierra San Lazaro, L. C. ut us

to oe ; ce 6c

to | San José del Cabo, L. C. “ “

2194. a March, 1892| W. E. Bryant.
2198 a oe Gustav Eisen.
2193 of a W.&E. Bryant.
2241 eg | ec “

CNEMIDOPHORUS MARTYRIS Stejn.

Cnemidophorus martyris.
1891, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 407.
(1892, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xvii, 1, p. 36.)

This species has been described by Dr. Stejneger from
two specimens taken on San Pedro Martir Island, Gulf
of California.

It is most closely allied to C. melanostethus Cope, but
has the blackish suffusion extended over the entire lower
surface.

126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

CNEMIDOPHORUS MULTISCUTATUS (Cope).

Cnemidophorus tessellatus melanostethus.
[?1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 45 (part).]
21887, Belding, West Am. Sci., ili, 24, p. 99.
Cnemidophorus tessellatus tigris.
(1889, Cope, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., p. 147.)
Cnemidophorus tessellatus multiscutatus .
1892, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xvii, 1, p. 38.

Prof. Cope has proposed this name for specimens from
Cerros Island, characterized by the large number of
brachial (7 to 8 rows) and femoral (8 to 9 rows) plates.

CNEMIDOPHORUS STEJNEGERI Van D.

Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus.
21880, Lockington, Am. Nat., xiv, 4, p. 295.
(21889, Cope, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., p. 147.)
[ 21892, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xvii, 1, p. 34 (part).]
Cnemidophorus stejnegeri.
1894, Van Denburgh, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. iv, Pt. 1,
p. 300.

There are two specimens of this species in the present
collection. One (No. 642) was obtained by Mr. Bryant
and labeled Comondu to San Quintin, L. C. The other
(No. 597) was secured by Mr. Anthony and is labeled
Lower California.

This form has already been recorded from San Telmo,
the ‘‘ foothills of San Pedro Martir Mountain,’’ and
‘* between San Rafael and Ensenada,’’ in Lower Califor-

nla.

CNEMIDOPHORUS RUBIDUS (Cope).

Cnemidophorus tessellatus rubidus.
1892, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xvii, 1, p. 27, pl. xii, f.

Description of No. 661.—The nostrils are anterior to
the nasal suture. There are three parietals, two fronto-
parietals, and four supraoculars. The postnasal is in
contact with the first, second, and third labials. The
loreal is very large, longer than high. There are six

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 127

superior and five inferior labial plates to below the middle
of the orbit. The infralabials are separated from the
large sublabials by a series of granules. ‘The gular scales
are rather large centrally, and the posterior part of the
region is not very distinct from the anterior. The scales
on the collar are of medium size, largest centrally, small
at edge, and in about seven transverse rows. ‘There are
no large postantebrachials. The caudal scales are large
and provided with prominent diagonal keels. There are
twenty femoral pores.

The color above is brownish olive, paler on the sides,
overlaid with tawny olive posteriorly, and crossed by nar-
row transverse black bands. The posterior six of these
bands extend entirely across the back, but the others are
interrupted, forming a dorsal series of black spots, with
corresponding vertical bars upon the sides. The black
markings on the neck are reduced to six longitudinal
series of more or less obsolete spots. The posterior limbs
are faintly reticulated with black, and illuminated with
numerous white spots above and posteriorly. The inferior
surfaces of the limbs are deep flesh color, with a slightly
purplish tinge. This color appears, also, on the gular
region, about the ears, and on the lower surface of the
tail. There are no large or distinct markings on the gular
region.

Snout to vent too mm. Snout to ear 23mm. _ Fore
limb 36mm. Widthof head 17mm. _ Hind limb 69 mm.
Snout to edge of color 33 mm.

This name was’established upon seven specimens from
Santa Margarita Island. The present collection contains
one from Magdalena Island, and two fine adults from
Comondu on the peninsula, thus greatly increasing the
known range of the species. The Magdalena specimen
is much smaller than those from Comondu, and differs

128 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

from them in the presence of small, well defined black
blotches on the gular region. Professor Cope is not fol-
fowed in his use of a trinomial because no intergradation
of this with other forms has been shown.

List of specimens of Cnemidophorus rubidus.

Cal. Acad.

Sieh IV. Locality. Date. Collector.
661 Comondu, L. C. Mar. 22, 1889) W. E. Bryant.
662 a3 “ce 3
674 Magdalena Island, L. C. Mar., 1889 iG

CNEMIDOPHORUS LABIALIS Stejn.

Cnemidophorus labialis.
1889, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 643.
(1892, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xvii, 1, p. 51.)

This species has been found only on Cerros Island.

VERTICARIA HYPERYTHRA Cope.

Cnemidophorus hyperythrus.
1863, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 103.
(1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 312.)
(1885, Boulenger, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., ii, p. 371.)
Verticaria hyperythra.
“¢ 1869, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., xi, p. 158.”
(1875, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 46, 93.)
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 45.
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 45.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 97.)
1894, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 17.
Cnemidophorus hyperethra.
(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 13.)

Description of No. 1567.—The nostrils are in the large
anterior nasal plates which meet on top of the snout. The
posterior nasal forms sutures with the anterior nasal, first
and second labials, loreal, prefrontal, and frontonasal
plates. The loreal is in contact with the second, third and
fourth labials, first subocular, preocular, first superciliary,

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 129

first supraocular, prefrontal, and posterior nasal, plates.
There are four supraoculars; the first is in contact with
the first superciliary, loreal, prefrontal, frontal and second
supraocular; the second touches the frontal; the third
forms sutures with the frontal and frontoparietal; the
fourth is separated from the. parietal by a series of gran-
ules. The frontoparietal is more than half as large as
the frontal. There is a transverse row of small occipital
plates. The sublabials are separated from the infra-
labials by granules. There are five superior and five in-
ferior labials to below the middle of the eye. The ear
opening is not denticulated. The anterior gulars are quite
large, and abruptly separated from the small posterior
granules. The scales on the collar are very large, largest
on its edge. The ventral plates are in thirty transverse,
and eight longitudinal rows. The back and sides are
covered with small equal sized granules. The tail is
somewhat flattened at its base, and is covered with whorls
of diagonally keeled scales. The lower caudals are
smooth. The hind limb is as long as the distance be-
tween the anus and the front of the collar. There are
fourteen and fifteen femoral pores.

The plates on the head are pale olive. There are two
narrow longitudinal wood brown lines on the back, sepa-
rated by an area of sepia. The sides are dark olive with
two bluish white longitudinal lines, The upper, of these
lateral lines, arises on the superciliary plates and is con-
tinued for some distance on the tail. The lower originates
on the posterior nasal plate, and ends on the thigh. A
light stripe on the back of the thigh is continued along
the tail. The first and half of the second longitudinal
rows of ventral plates are grayish pale blue. The entire
lower surface, except of the hind limbs, is reddish orange-

crome.
2D SzR., VOL. V. (9) May 28, 1895.

I30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Snout to vent 61 mm. Snout to ear14 mm. Hind
limb 42 mm. Anus to gular fold 41 mm. Fore limb
19mm. Anus to anterior gulars 47 mm. Width of head
9 mm.

The types of this species were collected at Cape San
Lucas, by Mr. John Xantus. Mr. Belding secured others
at La Paz.

List of specimens of Verticaria hyperythra.

Roe Locality. Date. Collector.
451 San José del Cabo, L. C. April, 1892 | Gustav Eisen.
452 “e ce ee
534 at Sept.20, 1890) W. E. Bryant.
606 ae Sept. 3, 1890 ce
607 | anaes “ ‘

611 a Sept. 1, 1890 Ge
725 | oe Sept. 6, 1890 se
T2001 | ft Sept. 1, 1890 c
Tee | cs “ SE ates
728 of Sept.16, 1890 ug
ED | t Sept., 1890 ap
879 os Sept., 1893 | Gustav Hisen.
1120
to Miraflores, L. C. Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslit.
1145
1567 San José del Cabo, L. C. Bd ae
1568 ae us ss
1722
to : sf
1749
2238 dt 1892 W. E. Bryant.
2239 i 2 e
2258
to fe March, 1892 | ec
2281 |

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. I31

VERTICARIA HYPERYTHRA BELDINGI (Stejn. )

Verticaria beldingi.
1894, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 17.

Ninety -eight Verticarias from the ‘‘Cape Region’’ of
Lower California, and thirty-eight (including one of the
specimens upon which V. be/dingz was established) from
northern Lower California and San Diego County, Cal-
ifornia, have been examined with a view to determining
the status of thisform. The character originally depended
upon for the distinction of V. de/ding7 from V. hyperythra,
viz., the small size of the scales on the collar in V. de/-
dingz, was found to be valueless, since many of the north-
ern specimens have these scales as large as in individuals
collected near Cape San Lucas, and since much individ-
ual variation exists in both. There appears to be not
even an average difference, in this respect, between the
northern and southern forms. The difference in the ex-
tent to which granules intrude between the supraoculars
and the large medial head plates, seems, however, to pre-
sent a good average distinction between the two forms,
as is shown in the following table:

Number of Specimens of
hyperythra.| beldingi.
Second supraocular separated from median
WEAGESCALES Eco heAMin Went ae teased uit 3 20
Second supraocular partly separated .......... 5 15
Third supraocular separated .................. 8 0
Third supraocular partly separated............ 82 3
Total number examined .............. 98 38

As this difference is merely an average one, it becomes
necessary to regard V. be/dingi as a subspecies of V.
hyperythra. A trinomial is therefore used.

132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The type of this form’came from Cerros Island.

List of specimens of Verticaria hyperythra beldingi.

pense | Locality. | Date. Collector.
639 | Magdalena Island, L. C. Mar., 1889 | W. E. Bryant.
680 ie Mar. 11, 1889 ae
681 ee ce ce

VERTICARIA SERICEA, new species. Plate xii.

Magnosis.— Hind limb relatively much longer, and
scales on collar, especially on its edge, much smaller,
than in V. hyperythra and V. hyperythra beldingt. A
single median dorsal line, as light distinct and well de-
fined as the lateral ones, instead of two faint brownish
lines as in V. hyperythra and V. hyperythra beldingt.

Type.— Cal. Acad. Sci. No. 435, San José Island,
Gulf of California, Walter E. Bryant, April, 1892.

Description of the Type.—The nostrils are in the large
anterior nasal plates, which meet on top of the snout.
‘The posterior nasal forms sutures with the anterior nasal,
first and second labials, loreal, prefrontal, and frontona-
sal plates. The loreal is in contact with the second third
and fourth labials, first subocular, preocular, first super-
ciliary, first supraocular, prefrontal, and posterior nasal.
There are three supraoculars, the first 1s in contact with
the first and second superciliaries, loreal, prefrontal, fron-
tal, and second supraocular; the second is in contact
with the frontal; the third is separated from the frontal
and the frontoparietal by a series of granules. The in-
terparietal is very narrow. There is a series of occipital
plates. There are five superior and six inferior labials to
below the middle of the eye. The ear opening is not

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. IU2524

denticulated. The sublabials are separated from the in-
fralabials by granules. The anterior gulars are rather
large, and abruptly separated from the small posterior
gulars. The scales on the collar are very small, largest
centrally, smaller on edge. The ventral plates are ar-
ranged in eight longitudinal and thirty transverse rows.
The back is covered with small equal-sized granules.
The conical tail is provided with scales arranged in
whorls. ‘The upper caudals have strong diagonal keels,
but the lower are smooth. There are sixteen femoral
pores. The hind limb is longer than the distance be-
tween the anus and the line of separation of the anterior
and posterior gulars.

The back is clove brown, dotted with gray on single
granules posteriorly, with a median bluish white line
which bifurcates on the neck about a fourth of an inch
behind the occipital plates. There are two similar lines
on each side; the first originating on the superciliaries
and with a faint continuation on the tail; the second start-
ing at the nostril and ending on the thigh. The ground
color of the sides is much paler than in V. hyferythra,
being pale sepia. The general tint of the tail is hair
brown above, pale blue below. ‘The ventral and subla-
bial plates, the chin, gular region, and collar, are all pale
blue.

Length to anus 54 mm. Hind limb 44 mm. Fore
limb 22 mm. Head to ear13 mm. Anus to gular fold
36mm. Anus to anterior gulars 42 mm. Width of head
8 mm.

The single specimen of Vertecarza sericea has been
compared with ninety-eight of Vert:carza hyperythra and
thirty-eight of Vertecaria hyperythra beldingi, without any
approach to its distinctive characters having been found.

134 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EUMECES LAGUNENSIS, new species. Plate xiii.

Humeces skiltonianus.
21883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 41.
(?1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 99.)

Diagnosis.—Similar to E. skiltonianus, but tail salmon
color instead of blue, and with interparietal smaller than
either frontoparietal instead of larger.

Type.— Cal. Acad. Sci. No. 400, San Francisquito,
Sierra Laguna, Gustav Eisen, March 28, 1892.

Description of the Type.—The nasal is small, in contact
with the internasal, postnasal, first labial, and rostral plates.
The postnasal touches the nasal, internasal, anterior loreal,
and the first and second labials. The anterior loreal forms
sutures with the postnasal, internasal, frontonasal, pre-
frontal, second loreal, and second and third labials. The
three anterior of the four supraoculars are in contact with
the frontal. The interparietal is smaller than either of
the frontoparietals. The parietals are in contact poste-
riorly. The last of the seven labials is largest. There
are two azygos postmentals. The limbs overlap when
pressed against the body. There are twenty-four long-
itudinal rows of scales. The dorsal scales are larger
than the laterals and ventrals. There is a median series
of transversely enlarged subcaudals, on each side of which
the other caudals become gradually smaller dorsally.

The ground color above and on the sides is dark olive.
There are two bluish gray lines on each side. The up-
per of these lines originates on the internasal plate, crosses
the anterior loreal, prefrontal, supraocular, and parietal
plates, and runs along the dorsal scales (second and third
rows from the median line) to the tail. The lower trav-
erses the labial plates, crosses the ear opening, and runs
along the side of the neck and body to the hind limb,
-forming the lower boundary of the olive ground color.
The lower labials, chin, throat, chest, preanal region, the

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 135

lower surfaces of the limbs, and the proximal half of the
tail, are dull pinkish buff. The belly and a faint bar
across the throat, are bluish gray. The tail is salmon
or bright flesh color, marked, except on its terminal
fourth, with three narrow poorly defined lines of slaty
heliotrope, in continuation of the olive ground color of
the back.

Snout to vent 52 mm. Tail (about) 95 mm. Hind
limb 18 mm. Fore limb 14 mm. Head to posterior edge
of ear IO mm.

Inst of specimens of Humeces lagunensis.

a ae Locality. | Date. Collector.
San Francisquito, Sierra | ae s
400 ( Laguna, oA C. } Mar. 28, 1892) Gustav Eisen.
402 66 | 3 66

EUCHIROTES BIPORUS Cope.

Chirotes canaliculatus.
1877, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p. 37.
(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 38.)
1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 47.
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 97.)

Chirotes sp. ?
(1880, Lockington, Am. Nat., p. 295.)

Euchirotes biporus.
1894, Cope, Am. Nat., p. 437, figs. 5-de.

.The snout is short, rounded and very convex. The
limbs are very broad and short, with five perfect clawed
digits. The larger head plates are a rostral, three labials,
a nasal, an ocular, a preocular, two suboculars, one su-
praocular, a very large prefrontal, and a pair of frontals.
There are also two small plates between the third labial
and the suboculars. The anus is preceded by several
rows of granules, in front of which is a transverse series
of six large plates. There is a single preanal pore ina

136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

large plate in front of the external preanal plate of each
side.

Total length 199 mm. Limb 8 mm. Tail 18 mm.
Head 7 mm.

The Academy has a single specimen (No. 128) from
La Paz. The type came from Cape San Lucas.

RENA HumILIS B. and G.

Rena humilis.
(1853, Baird and Girard, Cat. N. A. Reptiles, i, Serpents, p. 143.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 64.)
(1891, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 501.)
(1892, Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 590.)
Stenostoma humile.
1861, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 305.
1882, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 142.
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, No. 24, p. 98.)
Glauconia humilis.
(1893, Boulenger, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., i, p. 70.)

The twenty-three Lower Californian specimens of this

curious little reptile in the Academy’s collection are all
from the ‘‘Cape Region.’’ They show that the species
lives both in the mountains, and at the level of the sea.
_ There is very little variation in color. The lower parts
are creamy white, the upper (five to seven rows of scales)
Prout’s brown. The smallest individual is 91 mm. long,
while the largest measures 305 mm., of which the tail
forms 12 mm. |

The type locality is Valliecitas (Colorado Desert), Cal-
ifornia. The species has been taken in Lower Califor-
nia, at Cape San Lucas, by Mr. Xantus, and at La Paz,
by Mr. Belding.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 137

List of specimens of Rena humilis.

Boeing Tocality, Date. Collector.
447
to San José del Cabo, L. C. Gustav Eisen.
450
469 ot March, 1892 as
817
to ee Sept., 1893 a
821
823
to oe ce ce
826 |
880 ‘“s May, 1893 es
881 | i 6 cc GG
882 ee ce 3
883 a July, 1893 a
1547 ae | Sept., 1894 | Hisen and Vaslit.
1629 ce | ce 6c
822 « | Sept., 1893 | Gustav Eisen.
, San Francisquito, Sierra) |,, . , re
2200 eaten aae } ‘Mar. 28, 1892
2°01 ce | 6c | oe

LICHANURA TRIVIRGATA Cope.

Lichanura trivirgata.
1861, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 304.
‘1865, Jan, Iconogr. génér. Oph., 2¢ livr., pp. 69, 70.”
(1875, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 48, 93.)
(1882, Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Reptiles, 8e livr., p. 514.)
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 142.
(1887, Belding, West. Am. Scientist, i11, No. 24, p. 98.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 65.)
1889, Stejneger, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., p. 98, fig. 3.
1891, Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., pp. 512, 514, 515.
(1892, Cope, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 591.)
[1893, Boulenger, Cat. Snakes, Brit. Mus., i, p. 129 (part).]
Charina trivirgata.
(1883, 5. Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., viii, 3, pp. 8, 131.)
(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 22.)

138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The Academy’s collectors have failed to find this snake,
which seems to be a very distinct species.

The types were collected, by Mr. Xantus, in swamps
among the mountains near Cape San Lucas. Mr. Belding
obtained an individual near La Paz.

LIicHANURA ROSEOFUSCA Cope.

Lichanura roseofusca.
1868, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 2.
(1875, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, p. 43.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 65.)
(1889, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., pp. 94, 97, 98.)
1891, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., pp. 512-515.)
(1891, Cope, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., p. 591.)

Lichanura myriolepis.
1868, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 2.
(1875, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, p. 43.)
1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 65.)
(1889, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., pp. 94, 97, 98.)
1891, Stejneger, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., pp. 512-515.

The type of this species was collected in ‘‘ northern
Lower California,’’ by Wm. M. Gabb.

CHILOMENISCUS STRAMINEUS Cope.
Chilomeniscus stramineus.
1860, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 339.
(1861, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 302.)
(1875, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 35, 92.
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, pp. 13, 86.
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S., Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 81.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, No. 24, p. 98.)
(1892, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 594.)
[1894, Boulenger, Cat. Snakes, Brit. Mus., ii, p. 573 (part). ]
Carphophis straminea.
(1883, S. Garman, Mem. Mus. Compr. Zoél. Cambr., viii, 3, pp.
166, 99.)
(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 32.)

The specimens enumerated below agree with Prof.
Cope’s original description, except in the number of tem-
poral plates. These are 1-1, as stated by Cope in his
Critical Review of the Characters and Variations of the
Snakes of North America.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 139

The ground color of the upper surfaces of the adult
specimens varies from brownish drab to bright yellowish
cinnamon. It is cream buff in a younger individual. The
dark dots near the tips of the scales are present in all
the specimens, but do not appear upon the first row of
scales. They are rarely present upon the scales of the
second row, but constantly upon those of the third. The
first, second, and half of the third rows of scales are yel-
lowish white or straw color, as are also the gastrosteges.

This beautiful little snake was first described from
specimens collected at Cape San Lucas by Mr. Xantus.
It was afterwards found by Mr. Belding, at La Paz.

List of specimens of Chilomeniscus stramineus.

ie Locality. Date. Collector.

453 San José del Cabo, L. C. March, 1892 Gustav Hisen.
814 ef Sept., 1893 te

815 oe a de

816 a6 fs ce

877 or May, 1893 $6

990 Miraflores, L. C. Oct., 1893 Bt

1170 re Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslhit.
2199 Ge Oct., 1893 | Gustav Eisen.

CHILOMENISCUS FASCIATUS (Cope).

Chilomeniscus cinctus.

1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 86.

(1887, Belding, West. Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 98.)
Chilomeniscus stramineus fasciatus.

1892, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 595.°
Chilomeniscus stramineus.

[1894, Boulenger, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., ii, p. 273 (part).]

This species is known only from two specimens col-
lected by Mr. Belding at La Paz, in 1882.

I40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

As no intergradation with other forms has been shown,
Professor Cope is not followed in the use of a trinomial.

TANTILLA PLANICEPS (Blainv.)

Coluber planiceps.
*¢ 1835, Blainville, Nouv. Ann. Mus., iv, p. 294, pl. 27, figs. 3-3b.
(1853, Baird and Girard, Cat. N. A. Reptiles, i, Serpents, p. 154.)
Homalocranion planiceps.
1854, Duméril et Bibron, Erpétologie Générale, vii, p. 857.
‘« 1863, Jan, Elenco sist. degli Ofidi, p. 40.”
** 1866, Jan and Sordelli, Iconogr. génér. des Ophid., 15e livr.,
Olle sa, 6”
1883, Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., p. 581, pl. xxxvi, fig. 7-7d.
Tantilla planiceps.
(1875, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, p. 35.)
‘©1875, Cope, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 143.”
(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 24. pp. 13, 190.)
(1883, S. Garman, Mem. Mus. Compr. Zo6l. Cambr., viii, 3, pp. 89,
163.)
(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 31.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 84.)
(1892, Cope, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 598.)

It is interesting to be able to assign a definite habitat to
this long lost species, which has been known from a single
specimen collected by Botta, in ‘‘ California,’’ early in
the second quarter of our century.

There seems to be no doubt that the specimens before
me are referable to this name, although they have, with
one exception, two postocular plates.

The head is very flat, and the snout considerably pro-
longed beyond the lower jaw. The rostral is somewhat
recurved on top of the snout. Behind it are two small
internasals, followed by two prefrontals of about twice
the size of the internasals. The large frontal presents
six edges, but is, in the main, triangular. The parietals
are very large, and much broader anteriorly than poste-
riorly. The nostril is pierced between two nasal plates,
which are united above, but distinct below the nostril.
One pre- and two postoculars on each side. The parietal

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. I41

is separated from the labials by two longitudinally placed
temporals. There are seven superior labials (the third
and fourth entering the orbit) and six infralabials (the
first pair in contact on the middle line). The anal plate
is divided.

There is little variation in color. A specimen from
San José del Cabo may be described thus: The top of
the head, the temporal regions, and the first five trans-
verse rows of scales on the neck are brown, changing
gradually from hair brown, on the snout, to deep clove
brown posteriorly. On the sixth and seventh rows of
scales of the neck is a whitish collar about as wide as the
length of one scale. The rest of the upper surface is
bright broccoli brown, slightly vinaceous on the tail. The
posterior three-fourths of the ventral surface are tinged
with coral red, brightest immediately in front of the anus.
The anterior fourth of the ventral surface is pale grayish
clay color, but may have been red in life, as this color
has entirely disappeared from all parts of the belly in
other specimens.

The specimens mentioned in the following table are all
from San José del Cabo except the first, which was se-
cured in the Sierra de la Laguna.

oe Seale Urosteges .| Gastrosteges Length of |Total length
ars. rows. tail in mm. in mm.

2-2 15 o7 | 139 57 224

2-2 15 57 | 138 34 155

2-2 15 49 139 23 123

2-2 15 55 139 67 260

2-2 15 58 | 140 64 251

1-1 15 | 55 | 139 63 251

142 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

No. 446 has the frontal plate partially united with the
prefrontals. The first pair of infralabials are separated
below in No. 2208.

List of specimens of Tantilla planiceps.

reer Locality. Date. Collector.

440

to San José del Cabo, L. C. 1892 W. E. Bryant.
445

446 ue Gustav Eisen.
537 Sierra Laguna, L. C. \Mar. 27, 1892! 6G

996 San José del Cabo, L. C. May, 1893 | ts
2208 Lower California. |

RHINOCHILUS LECONTE! B. & G.
Rhinochilus lecontei.
(1853, Baird and Girard, Cat. N. A. Reptiles, i, Serpents, p. 120.)
1880, Lockington, Am. Nat., p. 295.

Mr. Lockington has recorded this species as having
been collected by Mr. W. J. Fisher, ‘‘ at or to the south
of Magdalena Bay,’’ Lower California.

The type came from San Diego, Cal.

LAMPROPELTIS CONJUNCTA (Cope).
Lampropeltis boylii.
1860, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 255.
Lampropeltis boylii var. conjuncta.
1861, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 301.
Ophibolus getulus conjunctus.
(1875, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 37, 92.)
1878, Yarrow and Henshaw, U. S. G. G. Surv. W. 100th Mer.,
Appendix NN, p. 212.
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 78.)
Ophibolus getulus boyli.
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 92 (part).
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 98.)

Young specimens of this form are not distinguishable
from those of Z. doyl7z. . However, all the larger indi-

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 143

viduals from Lower California differ from those collected
in California, in having the scales of the white rings
marked basally with black or dark brown. This black
edging seems to appear first upon those scales which are
nearest the median dorsal line, and to extend to the lateral
ones and over more and more of the surface of each
scale, as the animal increases in size.

The type was taken by John Xantus near Cape San
Lucas. Mr. Belding found the species at La Paz.

List of specimens of Lampropeltis conjuncta.

ae oan Locality. Date. Collector.

618 San José del Cabo, L. C. W. E. Bryant.
to a Sept., 1893 | Gustav Eisen.

865 es Oct., 1893 a
1560 a Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslit.
1561 a a i
1562 . ef es

LAMPROPELTIS NITIDA new species. Plate xiv.

Diagnosis.—Allied to L. californie, but with the gas-
trosteges, urosteges, and upper surfaces of head and snout,
entirely brownish black.

Type.—Cal. Acad. Sci. No. 800, San José del Cabo,
Lower California, Gustav Eisen, September, 1893.

Description of the Type.—The head is slightly distinct,
considerably depressed, its plates normal; one loreal; one
pre- and two postoculars; scales in twenty-three rows,
smooth, with two apical pits; postgeneials very small;
anal entire; seven superior labials, the third and fourth
entering the orbit; two hundred and twenty-seven gas-
trosteges; fifty-six pairs of urosteges.

144 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The back and sides are blackish brown; the former,
with a rather indistinct longitudinal line composed of cin-
namon colored spots upon the centers of the scales of the
median series, and upon the inner edges of those forming
the first row on each side of this series; the latter, with
a few scales of the first and second rows dotted, centrally,
with cinnamon or yellowish white. A band of cinnamon
crosses the nape. The gulars, geneials, and inferior
labials, are blackish brown with paler centers. The
plates on the top and sides of the head are brownish
black, with faintly indicated dots of raw umber upon the
loreal, pre- and postocular plates, and near the posterior
edges of the supraoculars and parietals. There are six
cinnamon colored blotches on the upper surface of the
tail. The gastrosteges and urosteges are entirely brownish
black, with the exception of the first ten gastrosteges,
which show faint cinnamon colored dots.

Total length 965 mm. ‘Tail 125 mm.

A small specimen (290 mm.) has, on the sides, rather
numerous cinnamon colored blotches or enlargements of
a similarly colored longitudinal line. This line is of about
the width of one row of scales, and occupies the tips of
the gastrosteges and the lower half of each scale of the
first series.

List of specimens of Lampropeltis nitida.

Cal. Acad.

Sane Locality. Date. Collector.
800 San José del Cabo, L. C. Sept., 1893 | Gustav Eisen.
1533 cs Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslit.

HypsiGLENA OCHRORHYNCHA Cope.
Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus.
1860, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 246.
(1894, Boulenger, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., ii, p. 209 [part].)

HWERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 145

Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha.
(1875, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 38, 92.)
(1880, Lockington, Am. Nat., xiv, p. 295.)
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, pp. 15, 97.
(1883, Garman, Mem. Mus. Compr. Zo6l. Cambr., viii, 3, pp. 80,
161.)
(1884, Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 30.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 78.)
(1887, Belding. West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 98.)
(1892, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 617.)

The present specimens. all agree in having ‘‘ pseudo-
preoculars,’’ flat heads, and dark postocular stripes cover-
ing less than half of the sixth supralabial plates—the
characters said to distinguish //. ochrorhyncha from FZ.
texana Stejneger, and /7. chlorophea Cope.

The total length of the largest specimen is 525 mm.

This species was originally described from specimens
collected by Mr. Xantus at Cape San Lucas. Mr. Belding
obtained others at La Paz, in 1882. It is not confined to
Lower California.

List of specimens of Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha.

nan Locality. Date. Collector.
757 San José del Cabo, L. C. | Oct. 7, 1890 | W. E. Bryant.
811 Be | Sept., 1893 | Gustav Eisen.
868 oe | Oct., 1893 us
1407 Sierra San Lazaro, L. C. Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslit.
1408 ce ee ce
1548 San José del Cabo, L. C. He a
San Francisquito, Sierra ) |, : :
2202 Tee. } Mar. 28, 1892) Gustav Eisen.

PHYLLORHYNCHUS DECURTATUS (Cope).

Phimothyra decurtata.
1868, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p..310.
(1875, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 38, 92.)
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, pp. 99, 191.
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, 1ii, 24, p. 98.)
2p SER., Vou. V. (10) May 28, 1895.

146 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Salvadora decurtata.

(1883, Garman, Mem. Mus. Compr. Zoél. Camb., villi, 3, pp. 39,

145.)

(1884, Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, p. 25.)

(1887, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 72.)

(1888, Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Reptiles, lle livr., p. 663.)
Phyllorhynchus decurtatus.

1890, Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 154.

(1892, Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 618.)
Lytorhynchus decurtatus.

(1893, Boulenger, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 1, p. 417.)

This peculiar snake has not been found by any of the
California Academy’s expeditions to Lower California.

The type was collected, by Mr. Wm. M. Gabb, in the
‘‘upper part of Lower California.’’ Mr. L. Belding
obtained a second specimen at La Paz.

SALVADORA GRAHAMIZ B. and G.
Salvadora grahamic.
(1853, Baird and Girard, Cat. N. A. Reptiles, 1, Serpents, p. 104.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 72.)
(1892, Cope, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 619.)
Phimothyra grahamie.
1861, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 300.
(1875, Yarrow, U.S. G. G. Surv. W. 100th Mer., v, p. 538.)
(1875, Coues, U.S. G. G. Surv. W. 100th Mer., v, p. 620.)
(1875, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 1, p. 38.)
Phimothyra grahami.
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, pp. 15, 98.
(1887, Belding, West. Am. Scientist, ili, 24, p. 98.)

Each of the specimens in the Academy’s collection
has nine upper labials, the number originally stated by
Prof. Baird.* Two have a single small subocular plate
on each side, as in the type of S. grahamie hexalepis and
in one of the specimens referred to that name by Dr.
Stejneger in his Annotated List of the Reptiles and

Batrachians Collected by the Death Valley Expedition.

* Cope gives eight as the number in his key to the species of this genus
(Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 619).

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. I47

Another individual has this plate present on one side only,
thus agreeing with the specimen from St. Thomas, Ne-
vada, recorded by Dr. Stejneger (1. c., p. 206), who also
mentions and figures specimens in which a second sub-
ocular is present. In view of these facts, it appears that
this character is not constant enough to warrant the re-
tention of the name hexalepis.

The largest individual measures 940 mm. in total length.

This species was first described from a specimen col-
lected by Col. J. D. Graham, in ‘‘ Sonora, Mex.’’ Sub-
sequently, Mr. Xantus found it at Cape San Lucas, and
Mr. Belding, at La Paz.

List of specimens of Salvadora grahamie.

aaa Locality. Date. Collector.

652 Comondu, L. C. Mar. 3, 1889| W. E. Bryant.
760 Agua Caliente, L. C. Oct., 1890. oh

761 ae de at

762 San José del Cabo, L. C. Oct. 7, 1890 os

812 ne | Sept., 1893 | Gustay Eisen.
813 bs oe a

876 ie | Aug., 1893 a

1406 Sierra San Lazaro, L. C. | Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslit.
1546 San José del Cabo, L. C. 3G GG

BASCANION FLAGELLUM FRENATUM Stejn.

Bascanium flagelliforme testaceum.

1875, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, p. 40.

1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 112.

(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, ili, No. 24, p. 89.)

(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 71.)
Bascanium flagelliforme.

1891, Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 626 (part).
Bascanion flagellum frenatum.

1893, Stejneger, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, p. 208.

The specimens enumerated below have been compared

148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

with a number from Southern California,* and found not
appreciably different, except that the Lower Californian
snakes seem to have the black markings at the bases of
the dorsal and lateral scales often larger and more nu-
merous. Even this character is, however, rather incon-
stant, and there seems, therefore, to be no reason for
making the separation tentatively suggested by Dr. Stejne-
ger.

The type came from Mountain Spring, Colorado Des-
ert, San Diego Co., California. Mr. Xantus found the
species at Cape San Lucas. The three specimens col-
lected by Mr. Belding at La Paz, and recorded by Dr.
Yarrow under the name &. flagelliforme testaceum, doubt-
less belong here.

List of specimens of Bascanion flagellum frenatum.

yeoneene Locality. Date. Collector.

483 | San José del Cabo, L. C. April 4, 1892| Gustav Eisen.
A “ April, 1892 W. E. Bryant.
535 tk Sept.30, 1890: si

602 as Oct. 6, 1890 ie

610 ms Sept. 4, 1890 GG

658 | Lower California. 1889 cs

793 |

to San José del Cabo, L. C. Sept., 1893 | Gustav Eisen.
799

849 | sf ef ae

866 ss Oct., 1893 | oe
1571 |

to ae Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslit.
1577 |
1618 “ « “
1183 Miraflores, L. C. of a8
1184 GG “ ce

* One of these specimens, from Yosemite Valley, Cal., has a single anal
plate.
+N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 208.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 149

BASCANION AURIGULUM Cope.

Drymobius aurigulus.
1861, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 301.
Bascanium aurigulum. :
(1875, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 40, 92.)
(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, pp. 113, 191.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 71.)
(1887, Belding, West. Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 99.)
Coluber flagelliformis var. aurigulus..
(1883, S. Garman, Mem. Mus. Compr. Zo6l. Cambr., vili, 3, pp.
44, 148.)
(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 26.)
Bascanium laterale aurigulum.
(1892, Cope, Proc. U.8., Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 629.)

The apparent rarity of this species may be due to ig-
norance of its habits. The various expeditions sent by
the Academy to Lower California have secured one speci-
men. It agrees perfectly with Cope’s original description
of the only other known representative of the species,
secured by Mr. Xantus at Cape San Lucas.

Although this species is undoubtedly closely related to
B. laterale, no intergradation has been shown, and there
seems to be, therefore, no reason for using a trinomial
appellation in this connection.

The present specimen (Cal. Acad. Sci. No. 870) is
1.045 m. in length, of which the tail forms 348 mm. It
was collected by Gustav Eisen, at San José del Cabo, in
November, 1893.

PITUOPHIS CATENIFER DESERTICOLA Stejn.
Pityophis sayi bellona.
1877, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p. 40.
(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 106.)
Pituophis catenifer deserticola.
1893, Stejneger, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, p. 206.

Dr. Streets has recorded a specimen of this snake from
San Martin Island, off the Pacific coast of Lower Cali-
fornia. It is a locality where P. catenzfer might rather
Devexpected to occur.

I50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PITUOPHIS VERTEBRALIS (Blainv. )

Coluber vertebralis.
1835, Blainville, Nouy. Ann. Mus., iv, p. 293, pl. 27, fig. 2-2b.
(1853, Baird and Girard, Cat’ N. A. Reptiles, 1, Serpents, p. 152.)
Pituophis vertebralis.
1854, Duméril et Bibron, Erpétologie Générale, vii, p. 238.
1888, Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Reptiles, lle livr., p. 672, pl.
xlvii, figs. 1-ld.
Pityophis hematois.
1860, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 342.
Pityophis melanoleucus vertebralis.
‘©1863, Jan, Elenco, sist. degli Ofidi, p. 59.”
GG , Jan, Iconogr. génér. Oph., 22e livr., pl. 1, fig. 3.”
Pityophis vertebralis. :
(1875, Cope, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 39, 92.)
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 107.
(1884, Garman, Bull. Essex Inst. xvi, p. 27.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 72.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, ii1, 24, p. 98.)
(1892, Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 642.)
Pityophis catenifer.
(1883, Garman, Mem. Mus. Compr. Zo6l. Cambr., viii, 3, pp. 52,
150 [part].)

Professor Cope’s description (Proc. Ac. Phila., 1860,
P- 342) gives a good idea of this species. Many of the
scales of the red dorsal blotches have blackish centers,
varying in extent in different specimens. ‘The anterior
urosteges are frequently undivided. The following table
shows the variability of the scale characters. The speci-
mens mentioned in it are all from San José del Cabo.

Scale orn Pre- | Preoc- |Postoc-| Supra- | Infra- 'Gastro-| Uro-
rows. Boa frontals.| ulars.| ulars. | labials. | labials. _steges. steges
35 12 4 2-9.) | S3eSinal geo 13213 || 239) 164
35 | 8-10 4 9-9. gEaueigue 12-12 243 | 67
BBY PIS) 4i)\, 2-9.) SES hah ofore alamo toni nosaallses
34 ll 4 B29 less heg 13-13 | 251 | 60
35 10 4 2-9 Suse O=10 13213) |) 245i09| 61
35 | 10-14 4 229) 0|\ Beas 029 12-12 | 233 | 63
35 1] 2 en 323 | 10-9 ere | 243 | 62

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. I51I

Pituophis vertebralis was originally described from a
specimen which Botta collected in ‘‘ California.’’ Mr.
Xantus found it at Cape San Lucas, and Mr. Belding at
La Paz.

List of specimens of Pituophis vertebralis.

ee ang | Locality. Date. Collector.

221 San José del Cabo, L. C. Mar., 1892 | W.E. Bryant.
485 | He we od

752 | sf Sept.20, 1890 ai

790 | 6¢ Sept., 1893 | Gustav Eisen.
Ole us “ “

792 a as of

867 me Oct., 1893 ae
1186 Miraflores, L. C. Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslit.

1563
to San José del Cabo, L. C. a | ve
1566 |

1569 : eae. | “
1570 tf “ | 6

THAMNOPHIS CYRTOPSIS COLLARIS (Jan).

Thamnophis cyrtopsis var. cyclides.

1861, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 299.
Eutenia cyrtopsis.

(1875, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, p. 41.)

(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 121.)

(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 73.)

(1887, Belding, West. Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 99.)
Hutenia cyrtopsis collaris.

(1892, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 657.)
Tropidonotus ordinatus var. eques.

(1893, Boulenger, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., i, p. 209.)

Since Mr. Xantus secured a single garter snake at Cape
San Lucas, no representative of this genus has been re-
corded from Lower California. It seems hardly probable
that the Lower Californian form is identical with that of
the Mexican mainland.

152 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

NATRIX VALIDA (Kenn.)

Regina valida.

1860, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 334.

(1887, Cope, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 74.)
Tropidonotus tephropleura.

1860, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 341.
Tropidonotus validus validus.

(1875, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, p. 42.)

(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 24, p. 132. io

(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 99.)
Tropidonotus validus tephropleura.

1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 138.

(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 98.)
Tropidonotus leberis validus. :

[1883, Garman, Mem. Mus. Compr. Zodél. one villi, 3, pp. 28,

143 (part).]

Natrix valida valida.

1892, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 670.
Tropidonotus validus.

1893, Boulenger, Cat. Snakes, Brit. Mus., i, p. 237 (part).

(1894, Giinther, Biologia C.-Am., p. 134.)

The following table, based upon fifteen specimens from
San José del Cabo, will serve to show the variation in the
scale characters of this species.

n i i
oi Bp Z ae = 3 p a Temporals.
SDA | ts Sows & 5 S| 3 S
2) ° bel Oo nm uu 8 Hu a 2 9
2 5 2 | Oi nine 5 2 | Richt. | Lef
Sh LT MSN eo ey UN ea hasan foe
=) oS 7) a =) 4 Ay Ay
72 145 19 0 8 10 2-2 3-3 ]-2 1-2
73 143 19 0 8 10 2-2 3-3 ]-2 1-2
74 146 19 0 8 10 1-1 3-3 1-2 1-2
75 144 19 0 8 10 1-1] 3-3 1-3 1-2
— 142 19 0 8 10 1-2 3-3 ]-2 1-2
UE 142 19 0 7-8 10 1-1 3-3 ]-2 ]-2
78 144 19 0 8 10 1-1 3-2 1-2 1-3
79 144 19 1 (part) 8 10 2-2 3-3 ]-2 ]-2
80 142 19 1 (part) 8 10 1-1 3-3 1-3 1-2
81 145 19 0 8 10 2-1 3-3 ]-2 1-2
82 139 19 0 8 10 2-2 3-3 1-3 ]-2
— 141 19 0 8 10 1-1 | 3-3 1-2 1-2
73 140 19 0 7-8 10 3-1 3-3 ]-2 1-2
78 146 19 0 8 10 1-1 3-2 1-2 1-3
81 147 19 0 8 10 1-1 | 3-3 1-2 1-2

}

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. LSS

Many specimens contained fish which Dr. Chas. H.
Gilbert has identified with A/ugz/ braszlienszs.

Natrix valida was first described by Robert Kennicott,
in 1860, from a specimen collected in Durango, Mexico,
by Lieut. Couch. Professor Cope described others con-
temporaneously from Cape San Lucas, under the name
Tropidonotus tephropleura. Mr. Belding found the species
at La Paz. It appears to be the most abundant snake of
the country immediately surrounding San José del Cabo.

List of specimens of Natrix valida.

ae Locality. Date. Collector.

454

to San José del Cabo, L. C. Mar., 1892 | Gustav Eisen.
462

486 ae 5 W.E. Bryant.
538 oe Mar. 16, 1892 oe

643 G6 Oct. 6, 1890 oe

540 ai Mar., 1892 | Gustav Eisen.
614 36 Sept. 6, 1890 W.E. Bryant.
615 z ‘Sept. 28, 1890 ee

616 66 ce be

617 oe 66 | (3

7550. | “ | Oct., 1890 | z

756 | 3 66 | ce

783 | |

to a | Sept., 1893 | Gustav Eisen.
788 | |

873 og | Nov., 1893 | “
1580 | |

to fs | Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslit.
1617 |

154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

NATRIX CELZNO (Cope).
Tropidonotus celeno.
1860, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 34].
1861. Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 298.
Tropidonotus validus celeno.
(1875, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 42, 93.)
(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 133.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 99.)
Regina valida celeno.
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 74.)
Tropidonotus leberis validus.
[1883, Garman, Mem. Mus. Compr. Zool. Cambr., viii, 3, p. 143,
(part).]
Natrixz valida celeno.
1892, Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 670.
Tropidonotus validus.
[1893, Boulenger, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., i, p. 237 (part).]
There seem to be no structural differences between —
this and the preceding species. In fact, it is not improb-
able that JV. celeno will ultimately be found to have been
established upon melanistic individuals of /V. valida. Un-
til this has been shown to be the case, however, they
must be regarded as distinct species, for they live in the
same localities without any apparent tendency towards
intergradation, so far as the specimens before me reveal.
The number of preocular plates is either one or two, but
the postoculars seem to be constantly three. The largest
specimen is 890 mm. in total length, the tail being 208 mm.
It has the internasal plate of each side united with the
corresponding prefontal, but a groove extends halfway
across between them. Some of the specimens contained
small fish, JZugzl brasclienszs.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. I55

List of specimens of Natrix celeno.

Cal. Acad.

Ss NO. Locality. Date. Collector.

612 San José del Cabo, L. C. Sept. 18, 1890) W. E. Bryant.

789 a Sept., 1893 | Gustav Hisen.
1185 Miraflores, L. C. Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslit.
1359 ce ce ce

1578 San José del Cabo, L. C. us oe

1579 oe ce ce

TRIMORPHODON LYROPHANES Cope.

Lycodon lyrophanes.

1860, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 343.
Trimorphodon lyrophanes.

1861, Cope, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 297.

(1875, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, p. 38.)

1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, pp. 15, 98.

1886, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., p. 286.

(1887, Cope, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., p. 68.)

(1892, Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 679.)

The specimens in the collection of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences agree perfectly with Prof. Cope’s original
description, except in the number of scale rows and
loreal plates. One of the seven has twenty-one rows of
scales, two have twenty-two, and the remaining four have
twenty-three rows. Each of four of these specimens has
a small plate in the notch between the second and third
supralabials, below the posterior loreal, and in front of
the two inferior preoculars. The largest individual (No.
482) is 990 mm. in total length, 155 mm. representing the
tail. It is a female, and contains eggs measuring about
Ox2T mim. |

The types of this species were secured by Mr. Xantus
at Cape San Lucas. Mr. Belding found other speci-
mens at La Paz, in 1882.

156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

List of specimens of Trimorphodon lyrophanes.

Oe - Locality. Date. Collector.
482 San José del Cabo, L.C. Mar. 16, 1892) W. E. Bryant.
810 fe Sept., 1893 | Gustav Hisen.
878 a May, 1893 a6

1405 Sierra San Lazaro, L. C. Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslit.
1549 San José del Cabo, L.C. a6 09

2209 Lower California.

2210 of

CROTALIS ATROX B. and G.

Crotalus atrox.

(1853, Baird and Girard, Cat. N. A. Reptiles, i, Serpents, p. 5.)
Caudisona atrox sonoraensis.

1861, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 292.
Crotalus adamanteus atroz.

(1875, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, p. 33.)

1877, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p. 40.

1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., p. No. 24, p. 75.

(1889, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 147.)

(1891, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 690.)

Without specimens from other localities for comparison,
nothing can be said about the status of Lower Californian
-snakes of the Crotalus adamanteus group. Prof. Cope is
followed, therefore, in the use of the name a¢rox, although
it seems scarcely probable that Lower Californian and
Texan specimens are identical.

In the collection of 1894 are seven specimens about
170 mm. long. These, Dr. Eisen informs me, were taken
from a large female caught at San José del Cabo.

This rattlesnake has been reported from Cape San
Lucas, La Paz, and Los Coronados Islands, in Lower
California.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 157

List of specimens of Crotalus atrox.

Cal. Acad.

Sci. No Locality. Date. Collector.

653 Lower California. 1889
to San José del Cabo, L.C. Sept., 1893 | Gustav Hisen.

860 Hi Oct., 1893 ie
861 iG ee 66
973 Sierra El Taste, L. C. Sept., 1893 i

1542
to San José del Cabo, L. C. Sept., 1894 | Kisen and Vaslit.
1545

1550
to ce ce ee
1559

CROTALUS LUCIFER B. & G.

Crotalus lucifer.
(1852, Baird and Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 177.)
1880, Lockington, Am. Nat., p. 295.
Mr. Lockington has recorded this species from the
northern part of the peninsula.

CROTALUS EXSUL Garman.

Crotalus exsul.
1883, S. Garman, Mem. Mus. Compr. Zool. Cambr., viii, 3, pp. 114,
174.
(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 35.)

Under this name, Garman has described a small rattle-
snake from Cedros (= Cerros) Island, Lower Califor-
nia. It seems to be very closely related to C’. atrox.

CROTALUS ENYO Cope.

Caudisona enyo.
1861, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 293.
(1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 309.)

158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Crotalus enyo.
(1875, Yarrow from Cope, U.S. G. G. Surv. W. 100th Mer., v, p.
534.) ®
(1875, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 33, 92.)
(1883, Yarrow, Bull, U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 74.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 90.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, ili, 24, p. 98.)
(1892, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 693.)
Crotalus oregonus enyo.
(1883, S. Garman, Mem. Mus. Compr. Zool. Cambr., vii, 3, p. 174.)
(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 35.)

This rare rattlesnake is apparently of small dimensions,
the largest individual measuring only 810 mm. to the base
of the rattle.

The scale rows vary in number from twenty-five to
twenty-six; the gastrosteges, from one hundred and sixty-
one to one hundred and seventy-two; the urosteges, from
twenty to twenty-eight. The first and several (1 to 5) of
the posterior urosteges are divided. The scales of the
first row only, and not all of these, are smooth. There
is considerable variation in the number, shape, and rela-
tive size of the head scales of different specimens.

Mr. Xantus collected the type at Cape St. Lucas. Mr.
Belding found a single specimen at La Paz.

List of specimens of Crotalus enyo.

|
|

Cee | Locality. | Date. | Collector.
749 San José del Cabo, L.C. Sept. 27, 1890 W. &E. Bryant.
772 s Sept., 1893 | Gustav Eisen.
773 i if | +
774 | “i ie | ae

1534 | ee Sept., 1894 | Eisen and Vaslit.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 159

CROTALUS MITCHELLII Cope.

Caudisona mitchellii.
1861, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 293.
(1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 310.)
Crotalus mitchellii.
(1875, Yarrow from Cope, U. 8S. G. G. Surv. W. 100th Mer., v,
p. 535.)
(1875, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 33, 92.)
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, pp. 73, 189.
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 90.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, 111, 24, p. 98.)
(1892, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 694.)
1894, Van Denburgh, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., Ser. 2, iv, p. 450.
Crotalus pyrrhus.
1877, Streets, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p. 39.
(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 73.)
(1890, Townsend, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, p. 144.)
(1891, Stejneger, West Am. Scientist, vii, April, p. 165.)
(1892, Cope, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus, 1891, p. 694.)
Crotalus oregonus mitchellii.
(1883, S. Garman, Mem. Mus. Compr. Zo6l. Cambr., viii, 3, p. 173.)
(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 35.)

Since the identity of C. pyrrhus with C. mztchelliz was
shown in these Proceedings (1894, p. 450), the Academy
has obtained twelve additional specimens of this snake.
These show as much individual variation as regards the
scales on the head as the ten specimens already recorded.
One is deep pinkish buff in general coloration, while the
others are of the more usual grayish tint. Among them
are three very young specimens which Mr. Vaslit informs
me were taken from a large female secured at San José
del Cabo, thus showing that this species is ovoviviparous.
The largest specimen is somewhat longer than any pre-,
viously recorded from Lower California, being forty-one
inches in length.

This ‘species, which seems to be most closely allied to
Crotalus cerastes of our southwestern deserts, was origin-
ally described from a specimen obtained by Mr. John

160

Xantus at Cape San Lucas.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Mr. L. Belding secured

another at La Paz, and Dr. Streets and Mr. Townsend

each collected one on Angel de la Guardia Island.

has been found in California and Arizona,

List of specimens of Crotalus mitchellii.

Cal. Acad.
Sci. No.

623
654
764

1404

to |

{
)

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

Santa Margarita Island, L. C.
Las Huavitas, L. C.

Sierra El Taste, L. C.

San José del Cabo, L. C.

Lower California.

San José del Cabo, L. C.

Miraflores, L. C.
Sierra San Lazaro, L. C.

San José del Cabo, L. C.

Feb., 1889
1889
Sept., 1893
Oct:, 1893

Sept., 1893
Oct., 1889

Sept., 1894

W.E. Bryant.

Gustav Hisen.

W.E. Bryant.

Gustav Eisen.

Eisen and Vaslit.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 161

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Puate IV.
Chrysemys nebulosa, new species.
Type. (No. 2244, Lower California, abreast of San José Island.)
(One and seven-tenths times natural size.)

PLATE Y.
Chrysemys nebulosa, new species.

Type. (No. 2244, Lower California, abreast of San José Island.)

(One and seven-tenths times natural size.)

PuaTE VI.

Chrysemys nebulosa, new species.
Type. (No. 2244, Lower California, abreast of San José Island.)
Head from side. (Twice natural size.)
Head from above. (Twice natural size.)
Fore limb from above. (Two and one-fourth times natural size.)
Hind limb from below. (Two and one-fourth times natural size.)
Tail from above. (Twice natural size.)

Pratt VII.

se Qaanreg

Uta repens, new species.
Type. (No. 633, Comondu, Lower California.)
General view. (About one and three-tenths times natural size.)

: Puate VIII.

Uta repens, new species.

Type. (No. 633, Comondu, Lower California.)
a. Head from side. (Two and three-fourths times natural size.)
6. Head from below. (Two and three-tenths times natural size.)
ce. Fore limb. (One and eight-tenths times natural size.)
d. Scales of arm. (Three times natural size.)
e. Hind limb. (One and four-tenths times natural size.)

Uta microscutata Van D.

Type. (San Pedro Martir Mt., Lower California.)
jf. Hind limb. (Three and four-tenths times natural size.)
g- Forelimb. (Three and four-tenths times natural size.)

PuaTE IX.
Uta microscutata Van D.
Type. (San Pedro Martir Mt., Lower California.)
a. General view. (One and four-tenths times natural size.)
6. Head from side. (Four and nine-tenths times natural size.)
c. Head from above. (Four and nine-tenths times natural size.)
d. Head from below. (Four times natural size.)
e. Section of back. (Five and six-tenths times natural size.)
2D SER., VOL, V. : (abt) May 28, 1895.

162

Scelop
Type.
a.

Ge
d.

é.
ve
gq.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PLATE X.
orus licki, new species.
(No. 1436, Sierra San Lazaro, Lower California.)
General view. (About natural size.)
Head from above. (Two and one-fourth times natural size.)
Head from side. (Two and one-fourth times natural size.)
Head from below. (Two and one-fourth times natural size.)
Fore limb. (One and one-half times natural size.)
Hind limb. (One and one-half times natural size.)
Scale from back of thigh. (Four and seven-tenths times natural
size.)
Dorsal scale. (Four and seven-tenths times natural size.)

PuatTeE XI.

Xantusia gilberti, new species.

Type.

(No. 401, San Francisquito, Sierra Laguna, Lower California.)
General view. (Two and one-half times natural size.)
Head from above. (Four times natural size.)
Head from side. (Six times natural size.)
Head from below. (Six and one-tenth times natural size.)
Fore limb. (Six times natural size.)
Hind limb. (Six times natural size.)

Puate XII.

Verticaria sericea, new species.

Type.

EKume
Ty pe.
a
b.

(No. 435, San José Island, Gulf of California.)
General view. (About twice natural size.)
Head from side. (Three times natural size.)
Head from below. (Three times natural size.)
Fore limb. (One and two-tenths times natural size.)
Hind limb. (One and two-tenths times natural size.)

Puate XIII.
ces lagunensis, new species.

(No. 400, San Francisquito, Sierra Laguna, Lower California.)
General view. (About one and one-half times natural size.)
Head from above. (Three and one-half times natural size.)
Head from side. (Three and one-half times natural size.)
Head from below. (Three and two-thirds times natural size.)
Hind limb, etc. (Three times natural size.) :
Fore limb. (Three times natural size.)

Piate XIV.

Lampropeltis nitida, new species.

T'ype.

(No. 800, San José del Cabo, Lower California.)

General view. (Seven-tenths natural size.)
Head from side. (One and one-third times natural size.)
Head from below. (One and one-fourth times natural size.)

Tai

lfrom below. (Seven-tenths natural size.)

ON LAND AND FRESH WATER SHELLS OF LOWER
CALIFORNIA. NO. 5.

BY J. G. COOPER.

Dr. Eisen, accompanied by Mr. F. H. Vaslit, made a
short journey to the Sierra San Lazaro, twenty-five miles
north of Cape St. Lucas, in the early summer of 1894,
collecting for the California Academy of Sciences. At
that point they obtained a few land shells, among which
is one new species, besides additional specimens of
others. They then crossed the gulf to Mazatlan, and
spent some months in the region south of there, as far as
Tepic, the collections made there, up to 3000 or 4000
feet, serving as material for another article following
this.

BULIMULUS ARTEMISIA W. G. Binney.

One specimen is a fourth larger than any before ob-
tained, but is bleached and shows no characters to dis-
tinguish it otherwise: 29 specimens brought.

Buiimutus coopert Dall( 2. p/ula Crosse and Fisher,
not of W. G. Binney).

One specimen, which I before referred to in article 2
(Proc. Cal. Acad., 2d series, vol. iii, p. 210), thus: ‘‘One
specimen has faint traces of two bands on the body, but
is otherwise bleached.’’ After seeing the figures in C.
& F.’s work, which are represented with two narrow
bands on the body-whorl, I supposed that to be the nor-
mal condition of the fresh shell. But as Binney’s type
(which was from nearer the west coast) does not have
bands, and also differs in form, while the bands do not
quite disappear from bleaching, it seems that C. & F.
were wrong in identifying their shells with B. pz/u/a and
a new name is needed. No more specimens are known

to have been found lately, and, according to Dr. Dall,
2p SmR., VoL. V. June 8, 1895.

164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

none of the specimens collected by the Academy’s expe-
ditions agree exactly with the types, although some show
no more variation than we see in varieties of B. xantusz.

BULIMULUS DECIPIENS J. G. Cooper, n. sp.

I propose this name for a new form, of which three
specimens were brought from San Lazaro Mt. They
were living but apparently quite young, too immature to
figure. The largest is nearly of the size and form of B.
pilula as figured, but still more globular, being shorter
and wider, with three whorls. It is more Heliciform,
much resembling //. californienszs Young, and like that
has a single vittiform band around periphery, which be-
comes hidden in the suture of two upper whorls. ‘The
band is, however, paler than the brownish epidermis
(faded in alcohol?). To prove their affinity to the Bu-
limuli of the region, they show the vertical riblets on 1%
apical whorls, and a more sunken nucleus than in the
Helix. No single-banded Helix is known for 200 miles
north of the locality of this species.

BULIMULUS INSCENDENS W. G. Binney.

About 45 specimens were brought from San Lazaro,
representing all its varieties, while the other large species
were quite rare there compared with other localities.

Genus PriicoLumna J. G. Cooper.

Invarticles2, p--215, voleaiu,2d)series, I reterred tos@o-
lumna, the species before called /ehodea var. ramentosa
by me imsarticle 1, /p) 102))volw in, “April, “1Son-eedeine
original Columna (Perry), is a quite different shell, but
other authors have included with it shells with plications
on the body whorl, complete spire, etc., as in my species.
Dr. Dall, having succeeded in finding enough of the soft
parts, in specimens I sent, to examine microscopically,
writes as follows:

LOWER CALIFORNIAN SHELLS. 165

‘*T am now able to state that your ramentosa is a Bu-
limulus! The jaw is like that of Thysanophora exactly,
and also like that of Bu/. artemisia, while the teeth differ
very little.”’ He does not, however, notice the differences
in the shell from that of the latter, and I therefore pro-
pose the above name, having before mentioned the re-
semblance in the nuclear whorls and epidermis to those
of BL. artemisia and suggested the affinity of the two
LOLMS ON p28."

Genus PSEUDOSUBULINA.

In describing JZelaniella ecsentana in article 3, vol. iii,
P- 339, of these Proceedings in 1893, I adopted the genus
with a (?), remarking on the absence of jaw, but did not
suspect it to have lingual teeth of the carnivorous type.
These have been found in a specimen dissected by Dr.
Dall, who refers this and J/. tastens7s to the above genus,
and shows an apparent affinity in this respect to Oleacin-
idz. Several genera resembling this species and P. Zas-
tenszs in form of the shells have been referred to the same
family, especially Megaspira and Balea. I would have
put P. edseniana in the latter genus if not misled by its
external likeness to Stenogyra. But the fact of carniv-
orous dentition does not separate the families entirely in
habits, as some species are known to eat vegetable food
as a rule, not being able to obtain animal food suitable to
their needs very often. They should rather be called
omnivorous, and indeed there are probably few, if any,
species even of the phyllovorous genera exclusively veg-
etivorous.

*The subgenus name Peroneus cannot be used for either of these spe-
cies, the name being preoccupied. The same is true of Leptobyrsus, it
being used in the feminine form in entomology two years before C. & F.
used it (Scudder).

ON WEST MEXICAN LAND AND FRESH WATER
MOLLUSCA.

BY J. G. COOPER.

BULIMULUS EMEUS Say var. MEMBRANACEUS Martens.

Three specimens, only one full grown, seem to be of
this species. They are very thin, translucent, the thick-
est pale yellowish, an inch long, whorls 5. They are
from the vicinity of Tepic.

OLEACINA TURRIS and var. ALBERSI Pfeiffer ( Glan-
dina turrita Carpenter).

This was credited to California by Pfeiffer, but has
not even been found on the peninsula. The eight fresh
specimens brought from Mazatlan are intermediate be-
tween the two forms figured by Binney, and are from
1 to 1% inch long, more like the typical ¢wrrzs than the
var. albersz, which was the form from ‘‘ California.’’ Xan-
tus found it at Colima in the Sierra Madre.

ORTHALICUS PRINCEPS Broderip.

But two of this genus were brought, which come nearest
to this subspecies of the old species uwxdatus Bruguiere,
which they closely resemble. They are from Tepic, but
some form of it inhabits all of Mexico and tropical Amer-
ica, the West Indies and Florida.

ConuLus FuLvus Miller.

One specimen is exactly like the large west coast form
of this species found in California.

HYALINIA INDENTATA Say.
Fourteen fresh shells from the Tepic Valley are larger
than those from Lower California and darker than usual,

otherwise similar to eastern shells.
2p SER., VOL. V. June 8, 1895,

WEST MEXICAN MOLLUSCA. 167

PATULA HORNI Gabb.

The five specimens brought from Tepic do not differ
from the Arizona type, or from the one found on the pen-
insula. They differ from any allied shell figured or de-
scribed as from Eastern Mexico.

PoLyGyRA HINDSI Pfeiffer.

Over fifty specimens were brought from Mazatlan, Te-
pic, etc., mostly fresh and full grown. All seem easily
distinguishable from the next in size, being mostly about
half as large, but there is a great difference in size among
these small shells, varying in about the same proportions
as the varieties of /7. monodon called var. /eaz and var.
fraterna as figured by Binney.

POLYGYRA VENTROSULA Pfeiffer.

Twenty-two specimens from the same region are about
twice the size of the preceding. Both forms show speci-
mens having a broad pale band on top of the body-whorl,
while a narrow dark one runs along the suture and a
wider one near the periphery, which in some becomes a
reddish brown color covering the whole under surface of
the shell. Generally these colors are faint or faded out,
and they do not seem to have been described before.

SUBULINA OCTONA Chemnitz.

Twenty-two from San Blas seem to be of this species,
which is said to range over most of tropical America and
adjacent islands.

SUBULINA LIRIFERA? Morelet.

Seventy or more of a scalariform species from Tepic
approach nearest to this species, which, however, was
described as from Guatemala only. It is probably con-
tained in the collections obtained from Tepic by the au-
thors of Biol. Centrali-Americana, and I therefore defer
its identification until the results of their study of this
genus are printed.

168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

SUCCINEA CALIFORNICA Crosse and Fischer.

This form was founded on specimens obtained near
where Orcutt obtained those identified as S. oregonenszs
Lea, in Lower Calitornia, lat. 31°. Those found by
others near Cape St. Lucas seemed to me to be nearer
the S. rusticana Gould, perhaps a var. of last. Some of
the latter had undulations more or less strongly marked,
but they were not constant, and I did not consider them
specific characters. It seems, however, that there is aS.
undulata Say, from Mexico, probably from Acapulco.
Those brought from Tepic are without undulations, and
seem to me identical with S. oregonenszs, while I cannot
see any difference in the figures of S. californica C. &
F. If the same, Say’s name is prior to Lea’s, but seems
founded on an abnormal character, and not tenable.

TEBENNOPHORUS SALLEI C. & F.
Two specimens brought from Tepic are considered by
Dr. Dall as probably this species.

VAGINULUS MORELETI C. & F.

One found at Tepic, and is said to be found also in
Central America. Although somewhat contracted in al-
cohol, it is very similar to the figure of the living animal
given by the authors, measuring about 1% inches long
and 0.6 wide.

LIMN24A COLUMELLA Say.

Five specimens from Tepic cannot be distinguished as
species from the typical form as figured by W. G. Bin-
ney in Land and Fresh Water Shells, part 11, p. 33, ex-
cept that the largest is only about half the size of the
northern shells. I believe it has not before been reported.
from Mexico. According to Binney, the Swccznea wil-
sont Lea, of Georgia, and S. pellucida Lea, are forms of
this Limnea, but to avoid the chance of a mistake, I ex-

WEST MEXICAN MOLLUSCA. 169

amined the animal taken from alcohol and found the jaw
of Limnea.

PHYSA MEXICANA Philippi.

Two specimens two-thirds the size of Say’s type of P.
heterostropha figured by Binney in Fresh Water Shells,
p. 84, seem to me to confirm identity of the species.
They are less similar to Haldeman’s P. osculans from
Mexico.

PLANORBIS LIEBMANNI Dunker.

Over 70 specimens from Mazatlan do not differ in form
or size from two Vera Cruz shells, whence the typical
form was described. Theyare much smaller than Gould’s
P. gracilentus of the Colorado Desert, showing the same
difference as in the figures given by Binney in Fresh
Water Shells, p. 108. Binney says that the figure is en-
larged, but Gould gives it as half an inch wide or larger
than the figure, while the P. /zebmannz is little over one-
quarter inch. It comes nearer P. havanens7s, which
Pfeiffer says (1. c., p. 107) was found in Texas also, by
Roemer. On p. 108, Roemer is quoted for only P. /zeb-
mannt from Texas, showing some confusion of the spe
cles.

CALYCULINA PARTUMEIA Say, var. TRUNCATA Linsley.

One specimen from Tepic seems to agree better with
this form than with any other, but is even flatter in pro-
portion and smaller than usual, showing that those char-
acters are not confined to the most northern shells, while
the opposite extremes as found in /entzcu/a are not exclu-
sively western. It measures 0.27 inch long, 0.23 high,
and 0.13 in diameter.

The only calyculate species described by Prime from
Mexico is Spharium subtransversum from Tabasco, and
differs in very small size, more elongation and other
characters. The size is given by Prime as length 0.30
inch, height 0.20, diameter 0.10.

ON HETEROMORPHIC ORGANS OF SEQUOIA SEM-
PERVIRENS ENDL.

BY ALICE EASTWOOD,

Curator of.the Herbarium.

[With Plates xv-xviii.]

The following investigations were instigated by the
discovery of a branch of redwood with foliage so unlike
the ordinary form of Seguoza sempervirens that at first it
seemed probable that a new variety of Sequoia had been
discovered. The trees from which the branch must have
fallen grow at the-head of Sequoia Canon in Marin
County, on the southern side of Mt. Tamalpais, and
differ from the trees’in, the lower part of the canon
in a more open straggling habit, a weather-beaten ap-
pearance, and a preponderance of branches densely cov-
ered with short, stout, closely appressed leaves.

A careful examination was made of one of the trees,
and branches were obtained from both the upper and
lower parts. Plate xvi, fig. 1, shows a piece from an
upper branch with the peculiar foliage; fig. 2, a piece
from a lower branch. It will at once be evident that
there are two quite different kinds of leaves on the same
tree, the lower being the ordinary redwood foliage with
broad distichous leaves, while the upper more nearly re-
sembles that of Seguoza gigantea Decaisne. Two trees
that had been overthrown in a storm in the lower part of
the canon showed the same characteristics.

Dr. Kellogg had noticed the scale-like leaves of S'eguoza
sempervirens in ‘‘ Forest Trees of California,’’ published
by the State Mining Bureau in 1882, and so had Dr. New-
berry in ‘‘ Pacific Railroad Reports,’’ part ii, p. 58; but
neither had thoroughly investigated the matter, nor did

they set forth the facts exactly.
2p S=R., VOL. V. May 13, 1895.

SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS. I71I

In order to be sure that this was a universal and nota
local characteristic, it was necessary to examine many
trees in different localities. Besides the trees in Sequoia
Canon, I examined trees in Santa Cruz County, at Wright’s
and at Boulder Creek, and in Sonoma County at Duncan’s
Mills. At Boulder Creek the woodchoppers were at work
destroying the forest, and I had an opportunity to exam-
ine many trees from the topmost to the lowest branches.
Fine specimens were sent from Mendocino, Humboldt
and Sonoma counties, in response to a request for branches
from different trees and different parts of the same tree,
also information concerning the size and location of the
trees from which the specimens were obtained. With-
out any exception, the large trees—two, three or more
feet in diameter—possessed heteromorphic foliage. Many
small trees, a foot or so in diameter, were seen that had
only the broad distichous leaves. There are always scale
like leaves on young upper shoots; but on young trees
they afterwards generally expand into the broad leaves.
(ilate avo; 22)

From all these observations I conclude that all large
trees of Seguota sempervirens have the upper foliage quite
different from the lower, with intermediate forms. This
is not true of Seguota gigantea, so far as my observation
goes.

Among the forty or more fossil species of Sequoia de-
scribed from the Northern Hemisphere it is interesting to
note that the foliage of several species has been found to
be heteromorphic. Of Seguoza biformis, Lesquereux, the
author, says: ‘‘ This species apparently bears two kinds
of leaves even upon the same specimens, either long 2
cm. and very narrow linear, less than 1 mm. wide; or
shorter and broader, decreasing gradually from the base
to the point, linear-lanceolate nearly 1% mm. wide and

172 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

only 8to 10mm. long; the middle nerve is deeply marked
upon both kinds of leaves.’’ (Bull. No. 5, 2d series,
Hayden’s Geol. Survey of Terr., page 366.)

In Heer’s ‘‘Flora Fossilis Arctica’’ illustrations are
given of many fossil species. Seguota Langsdorfii Heer,
the species apparently most widely distributed in past
ages, is similar to S. sempervirens, and the fossil speci-
mens show dimorphic foliage. (Flora Fossilis Arctica,
vol. ii, plate xliv, vol. iv, plates xiii-xiv.) The resem-
blance to S. sempervirens is quite evident. S. frezchen-
bachi Heer, vol. iii, plates xv—xxxvi, shows three forms
of leaves on the same branch.

These go to prove that the genus Sequoia possesses a
tendency towards heteromorphism, which the environment
probably develops.

Along the coast Seguoza sempervirens does not grow
above the altitude to which the moist sea air generally
rises—the fog-line, as it is often called. This is more
apparent near the southern limit of the species, which is
between Pt. Gordo and San Simeon Bay. The luxuri-
ance of the lower foliage may be due to the greater hu-
midity of the lower strata of the atmosphere, while the
stunted upper leaves indicate less nutrition. This view
is strengthened by the appearance of the upland trees
which begin to outgrow the distichous foliage when much
younger than the valley trees, and by the consideration
that the tall trees that rise to a height of two or three hun-
dred feet must reach an elevation which is often above
the fog, even when growing at a comparatively low alti-
tude.

Nowhere is it more plainly shown than in California
that amount of moisture is the most important factor in
forest distribution. Many of the trees that abound near
the coast disappear in the dry hills of the southern Coast

SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS. 37)

Range and are not found in the hot valley of the San
Joaquin, but reappear in the Sierra Nevada mountains at
an altitude of three or four thousand feet above the sea
level, where they again come into almost the same condi-
tions of humidity and temperature as at the coast.

~The amount of light probably also exerts a great influ-
ence. The lower branches need more leaf surface be-
cause of the shade from the surrounding arboreal vegeta-
tion, while the upper boughs that rise above all the other
trees have for themselves alone all the light and sunshine
and so are not compelled to spread themselves out. Their
energies are bent to the reproduction of the species, and
with less nutrition economy is necessary.

As the parts of the flower are but transformed leaves,
the same diversity might be expected. It is even greater.
The carpellary scales of the pistillate aments take many
forms. Plate xviii, figs. 2 and 3, show pistillate aments
IMOMmMGMteTENt trees, MS.-4, 5, 6) carpellary (scales,) Lt
will be noticed that in the same ament there is no uni-
formity, though the scales are longer and narrower in
some than in others. The scales of the staminate aments
range from the broad form shown in plate xviii, fig. 8, to
one much narrower and more pointed. The number of
pollen sacs is not invariable, three or four being the rule.
The cones are round or oblong, and vary in size irre-
spective of the height of the tree. The seeds when ripe
show many forms, figs. 9 and 11 being of one type, figs.
10 and 12 of another.

The proliferous cone shown in plate xvi, fig. 3, is in-
teresting, as it illustrates the nature of the ament, a sub-
ject which has been discussed by many botanists. Such
cones are not uncommon. Engelman says of a similar
cone of Seguozta gigantea: ‘It seems to prove not only
that the fruit scale in this species (and consequently in

174 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the whole tribe) is homologous with that of Abietinez in
so far as it consists of leaves of an axillary shoot, yet
that these leaves are not a single pair, but, as A. Braun
has long ago suggested in regard to Cupressinee, that
there is a number of leaves laterally co-ordinate and
connate bearing a number of ovules on their back.”
(Bot. Gaz., vol. vil, pp. 104-105.)

Prof. Eichler regards the scales of the female ament in
all coniferee as representing nothing but simple leaves. .
(Bot. Gaz... vol. wil, p30. plwemiewor Je roteichilenss
article by Prof. Geo. L. Goodale.) From the manner in
which the scales are arranged on the axis of the cone, as
well as the position of the resin ducts, as shown in plate
XVil, sections 14-15, S. sempervirens, and 16-17 S. gv-
yantea, this view seems the more reasonable.

Sequoia and Taxodium are the North American rep-
resentatives of the tribe Taxodinezw, which is intermedi-
ate between Cupressinee and Abietinez. Several spe-
cies of Juniperus and Cupressus of the Cupressinez have
heteromorphic foliage, also some species of Taxodium;
but in none is the difference so marked as in Seguoza
sempervirens, which approaches the Cupressinez in its
upper leaves and the Abietinez in the lower. It may be
that the hetermorphic character of its foliage indicates its
relationship to the two tribes and that environment may
have no influence. However, while it is interesting to
theorize concerning the cause of the heteromorphism and
the theories may be suggestive, too little is yet known to
form a safe basis for conclusions.

SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS. 175

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

The figures in plates xv and xviare the natural size. Plates xvii and
Xvlii are magnified.

PLATE XV.

Fig. 1. Fruiting twig from a low branch of a small tree in Mill Valley,
Marin County. The tree had grown from one of the suckers of a tree that
had been felled many years ago. It shows the well-known broad distich-
ous foliage.

Fig. 2. Flowering branch from the upper part of a small tree in the
same locality. The young upper leaves are scale-like, but afterwards

broaden out.
PLatTE XVI.

Fig. 1. Fruiting branch from the upper part of a medium sized tree
growing at the head of Sequoia Cafion. This is the characteristic upper
foliage of the large trees—short, stout, scale-like leaves, similar to those of
S. gigantea.

Fig. 2. Lower branch of the same tree with distichous foliage.

Fig. 3. Small twig with proliferous cone.

Puate XVII.

Fig. 1. Broad leaf from the twig shown in plate xv, fig. 1. The canal
down the center which is near the surface makes the central ridge seem
depressed. Figs. 5 and 10 are cross-sections of similar leaves. The po-
sition and number of the resin ducts are seen to be variable in the differ-
ent cross-sections of leaves of S. sempervirens, figs. 5, 10, 6, 7, 8, 9. In these
sections the epidermis is represented by the parallel vertical dotted lines,
the cross-sections of the resin duct by the openings, and the wood cells by
the horizontal parallel lines.

Fig.2. Young appressed leaf of branch shown in plate xv, fig. 2. The
resin duct is nearer the surface at the upper and lower part of the leaf.
The small irregularly placed dots represent the stomata. Fig. 6 cross-
section of similar leaf.

Fig. 3. Leaf from the branch shown in plate xvi, fig. 2. Figs. 8 and 9
sections of same.

Fig. 4. Leaf from branch shown in Plate xvi, fig. 1. Fig. 7 cross-sec-
tion of similar leaf. This is the form that resembles S. gigantea, as can
be seen by comparing cross-sections. Figs. 1] and 12 sections of leaves of
S. gigantea. Fig. 13 cross-section of the bract of a staminate ament.

Figs. 14 and 15. Sections of pistillate scales of S. sempervirens. It is
not usual to find more than one resin duct in these scales. Figs. 16 and
17, sections of pistillate scales of S. gigantea.

176 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Pirate XVIII.

Fig. 1. Staminate ament with bracts at base and the staminate scales
attached to the axis.

Figs. 2and 3. Pistillate aments to show variation in the scales.

Figs.4 and 6. Pistillate scales, back view.

Fig. 5. Same, showing the naked ovules; the number is variable. The
micropyle which receives the pollen can be seen at the top of the naked
ovules. The long point on these scales becomes the inconspicuous bristle
of the ripe cone.

Fig. 7. A bract of a pistillate ament.

Fig. 8. Scale of staminate ament, showing the stem that unites the
scale to the axis, the pollen sacs, one of which is ripe and discharging
pollen. The number is variable, but generally three.

Fig. 8c shows some pollen grains magnified.

Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12 are seeds and show two types of the variable seeds.

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. No. I.—MONTEREY
AND VICINITY FROM THE MIDDLE OF JUNE
TO THE END OF AUGUST.

BY LEVERETT M. LOOMIS,
Curator of the Department of Ornithology.
[With Plate xix.]

A glance at a map of California will reveal that Mon-
terey Bay is not a sheltered roadstead, but merely an
- abrupt inward bend in the coast-line. In the vicinity of
the town of Monterey there is quite a heavy surf at all
times, except in coves protected by little promontories
that intercept and break the swell from the ocean. To
the northward of the town, in the direction of Pt. Santa
Cruz, the beach is sandy with high dunes immediately
back. Inthe opposite direction, toward Pacific Grove,
Pt. Pinos, and southward, the coast-line is rock-bound.
Sunken rocks and miniature islets are numerous a few
miles south of Pt. Pinos. These rocky islets are favorite
resorts of seals, sea-lions, and water birds. The larger
ones whose surfaces are above the reach of the surf are
occupied as rookeries by sea birds during the breeding
season.

While there is no rain during the summer months, cold
fogs are frequent, and so dense are they sometimes, that
they almost amount to drizzling rain. There were but
few sunny days, owing to the ‘‘ high fogs’’ and ‘‘ low
fogs,’’ during the two months and a half of my stay in
1894. During a fortnight in June the sun was seen only
on one day. These fogs hide the coast mountains, and
consequently must have a marked influence upon the
migratory birds that follow the coast-line in their journey
southward. ‘The locality is a very favorable one for ob-
serving the early southward movements, for there are no

storms as upon the Atlantic seaboard. Disturbances far
2D SER., VoL. V. (12) June 19, 1895.

178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

out on the ocean, however, produce quite heavy seas at
times, necessitating some skill in the management of a
row-boat when there is a strong breeze. The tides are
not an obstacle. ‘There is no wind during the forenoon
until after nine o'clock, when a breeze usually springs
-up. The fishermen take advantage of this wind, and at
midday the fleet stands in to the land. The curious palm
sails of the Chinese and the lateen sails of the Italians
give a picturesqueness to the scene, transporting the ob-
server in imagination to far-distant countries.

The observations recorded on the following pages were
made during the summers of 1892 and 1894; the first
season covering the interval between June 20th and Au-
gust 23d, and the second season between June 15th and
August 28th. In June and July of 1892 my attention
was partly directed to the land birds, but in 1894 my
whole time was devoted to the water birds, and I was
therefore able not only to verify but to extend the ob-
servations of the first season.

In 1892 I confined my efforts, so far as the water birds
were concerned, chiefly to the bay, but in 1894 my work
was carried on mainly on the ocean proper. The Hop-
kins Seaside Laboratory at Pacific Grove was my base
of operations both seasons. The directors—Dr. Charles
H. Gilbert and Dr. O. P. Jenkins—courteously placed at
my disposal one of the rooms of the laboratory, where I
prepared my specimens. Each morning I had my boat-
man row out to the ocean to a whistle buoy anchored in_
deep water about a third of a mile northwest from the
outlying rocks at Pt. Pinos. Here I would spend an
hour or two watching migratory birds round the Point.
Afterward I would move down the coast in the boat,
sometimes nearly as far as Pt. Cypress, or go out from
three to ten miles from land, usually returning to the Sea-

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 179

side Laboratory by two o’clock. A trip was made, June
25th, by land, to Carmel. Bay, where I visited a Cormor-
ant rookery on a rocky islet at the extremity of Pt. Car-
mel, or Pt. Lobos, as it is locally known.

EARLY SOUTHWARD MIGRATIONS.

As I have already published* some account of the
migrations witnessed during the summer of 1892, my
present remarks will be restricted chiefly to the summer
of 1894.

The sea offers peculiarly favorable opportunities for
studying migratory movements. On land much of migra-
tion readily escapes observation. Often only the birds
that stop in a locality are noted. The greater perils and
the natural and other obstructions necessitate a greater
elevation of flight. Further, migration over the ocean
continues during the daytime to an extent not usualy ob-
served on land, resembling, perhaps, more the night
migration of land birds. ‘The vegetation of the land also
affords means of concealment, and stragglers escape
notice that would readily be seen on the water.

The occurrence of stragglers on isolated islets, as
American birds on Heligoland (see Seebohn, ‘*Ibis,’’ 6th
ser., vol. iv, pp. I-32) or of the Catbird on the Faral-
lones (Townsend, ‘‘Auk,”’ vol. i, p. 215), illustrate in
another way the favorableness of the sea for the study of
migration. It is not to be supposed that estrays visit such
islets more frequently than they do the adjacent mainland.
Over miles of water they find but a single resting place,
so the chances of meeting them are many, but on the
mainland in an area of equal extent, where any spot
may be a resting place, the chances of seeing them are
extremely few. Some years ago in upper South Caro-

* «<The Auk,” vol. xi, pp. 27, 28, 29; 30, 95-98.

180 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

lina I tried the experiment, during the height of migra-
tion, of sending out each morning an assistant I had
trained, to collect birds in a direction opposite from the
one I would take myself. The results of our day’s shoot-
ing were often very different—so different were they
that I have since been fully convinced that a single ob-
server, diligently spending each day in the field, can know
but little of the rarer birds that happen to be in his neigh-
borhood at the time of his observations, and how impos-
sible it is for a single observer ever to exhaust a locality,
even one of but a few square miles in extent.

The incipient stages of southward migration of the
species that breed in a locality are not always very ap-
parent. Daily records intelligently kept afford a key,
however, to these indefinite movements, for they gradu-
ally develop into those that are unmistakable. The im-
mediate vicinity of Monterey is an advantageous situation
for the study of such migration in sea birds, for there are
no suitable places for rookeries, which causes the south-
ward movements of individuals of breeding species of the
region, from rookeries further up the coast, to be like the
movements of species that rear their young only in the
high north. At the rookeries, migratory movements may |
not always be apparent at the outset, for departure from
them after reproduction is over may be simply forsaking
of the land for the water, the real home of sea birds.

Fune.—On June 16th, California Murres were moving
down the coast. A number of individual birds, a few
couples, and one small company, were seen flying south-
ward, following the shore-line. ‘This was apparently a
migratory movement, for in the weeks that followed these
Murres continued to pass south in increasing numbers,
with no return movements. While no breeding places of
this species were actually discovered, my observations

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 181

later in the season led to the conviction that there must
be a rookery a short distance to the northward of Pt. Santa
Cruz. Also on the 16th, many Dark-bodied Shearwaters
were seen. They were flying steadily northward several
miles out from land. In an hour not less than a thousand
passed my boat. The movements of Shearwaters on the
days that immediately followed indicated, for they were
southward ones, that this was probably a local movement,
though it may have been the ending of the northward
migration of the species in this vicinity. In two males
and two females that were taken, the organs of reproduc-
tion exhibited no signs of recent erotic development,
which was also true of all captured afterwards. This
circumstance raises the question whether the breeding
habitat of this Shearwater is not in the Southern Hemi-
sphere, as is believed to be the case in Wilson’s Petrel.

June 18th, many California Murres were heading south-
ward. Some were also onthe water. Viewed in the light
of the after movements, the stragglers on the water were
apparently birds that had temporarily paused in the
southward migration. Two females were taken. The
ovaries in both showed that they had recently bred. In
1692, no females were secured before July 11th. The
first migratory waves, however, were not comprehended
that season, nor was there opportunity for thorough study
of them. As many Dark-bodied Sheawaters were noted
as on the 16th, but all were moving southward.

June 19th and 20th the movements were about the
same as on the previous days. On the 21st there was an
increase in California Murres, individuals and small parties
in single file appeared from the northward, and passing
quickly by disappeared to the southward, keeping the
course of the coast-line. Solitary ones were quite nu-
merous on the water. At least a thousand Dark-bodied

182 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Shearwaters were seen. They were several miles off
shore, and followed two parallel lines of flight about a
quarter of a mile apart. They came from the northward,
singly, in little companies, and in straggling flocks, and
passed rapidly down the coast.

On the 23d there was considerable southward move-
ment in these two species. On the 30th no Shearwaters
were observed, and only several California Murres. The
scarcity of this latter species rendered still more prom-
inent its extensive movements during the preceding fort-
night.

About a dozen Scoters, all seemingly female deg/andz,
were found near the Del Monte beach at Monterey on
the 22d. Like the specimens procured two years ago,
three females that were captured were in very worn
plumage, and had apparently not bred, the ova in each
being very indistinct. During the rest of my stay this
species was seen at intervals. Its periods of absence
were apparently similar to those intervening between mi-
gratory movements. The Surf Scoter was found in July
and August, and was likewise somewhat irregular in its
occurrence.

On my arrival, Western Gulls seemed to greatly out-
number Heermann’s Gulls, but toward the end of June
the ranks of the latter were apparently re-enforced, for
they became about as numerous as the Western Gulls.
Adult Heermann’s were very scarce in June and during
the early part of July, those with mottled heads and birds
of the year being almost the only kind met with.

It will be observed that the conspicuous movements of
the latter half of June were confined to the California
Murre and Dark-bodied Shearwater. Incipient move-
ments apparently occurred in other species, and another
season of study, with the light I now have, would prob-
ably enable me to define such movements with certainty.

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 183

Fuly.—July 2d there was a great movement southward
of Dark-bodied Shearwaters. The sea was very calm,
although there was a heavy surf, and at midday the sky
was clear. I was out on the water from eight in the
morning until two in the afternoon, going as far down the
coast as Pt. Cypress, keeping near the land on the way
down and several miles off shore in returning. Only a
few Shearwaters were seen before midday. These were.
heading rapidly down the coast. About noon many were
seen at a distance off Pt. Cypress. They were also fly-
ing southward. On going out several miles from land it
was found that there was almost a continuous stream of
these birds coming from the northward and passing south-
ward. They flew only a few feet above the water, flap-
ping their wings a few times, then sailing for a few mo-
ments. The line of movement diverged somewhat to the
seaward, as the birds sheared off to avoid the boat. After
awhile, they began to pass on both sides of the boat, and
it was discovered that there were two parallel lines of
flight, as on the 21st of June. In returning up the coast
to Monterey Bay, I kept in the path of movement, which
was several miles distant from land, for about five miles.
As it was clear, the birds could be seen a long way up
and down the coast. It was fully determined that they
followed the coast-line leading southward, conforming
their course to the inward bend at Monterey Bay.

In rounding Pt. Pinos the Shearwaters approached
much nearer to the shore than in the bay, a few stragglers
even coming within several hundred yards of the surf.
After passing the Point all shaped théir course so as to
regain their former distance from the land. The obser-
vations for the entire season in this and other species indi-
cated that Pt. Pinos is a prominent landmark for water
birds journeying southward.

184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

At least three thousand of the Shearwaters were seen
during the last two hours I was out on the ocean, and
there was apparently no abatement in their movement
before I returned to land. The two streams in which
they moved were formed of straggling companies, vary-
ing from a few individuals to flocks of considerable size.
Often there was a complete break, no birds being in sight
for several minutes. None were seenon the water. Al-
though a portion passed directly through a great gather-
ing of Cormorants and Gulls that had been frightened
from the water by the boat, they did not deviate from
their course, apparently paying no attention to the great
mass of birds flying in confusion about them. Neither
did they decoy to wounded comrades, though Gulls were
attracted to them, several alighting on the water close by
the wounded birds.

With one of the large companies there was a white col-
ored Fulmar. It was probably /w/marus glacialis rod-
gersii, as that subspecies was secured a little later in the
season.

Only two California Murres were seen. Both were
flying southward, following the coast-line south of Pt.
Pinos.

Two male Black Turnstones, with minute testes, were
shot at some rocky islets—known locally as Seal Rocks—
about a mile north of Pt. Cypress. There were per-
haps a half dozen in all.

The occurrence of the Black Turnstone on the Cali-
fornia coast in each of the summer months (as upon the
Farallones, Bryant, fde Emerson, Proc. Cal. Acad, Sci.,
2d ser., vol. i, p. 44) is not an exceptional circumstance,
for the same thing happens on the Atlantic seaboard in
other boreal Limicola—for example, on the Gulf Coast
of Florida (Scott, ‘‘Auk,’’ vol. vi, pp. 156-159).

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 185

It has long been held that the individuals of a species
found during the summer months south of the breeding
range, but not breeding, are actual summer residents,
having failed to migrate northward, or at least failed to
‘complete the migration, owing to barrenness or some ac-
cidental cause. Such cause might possibly exist in tem-
porary sickness or wounds, or the way may have been
lost, particularly if the loiterers were young birds. This
view is not incompatible with the fact of early southward
migration. Such stragglers may occur, and when the
tide of migration sets southward they may join the ranks
of the early migrants of other species. The Fulmar
alluded to above may be an example. It may not have
reached the breeding habitat, and have come from a
locality to the southward of it, joining the Shearwaters
as they passed by or falling in with them on the way down
the coast. The fluctuations occurring in the Scoters may
have been occasioned by the early departure southward
of June birds and the arrival of others a little later from
further north—such local movement being in advance of
the migration from the boreal breeding grounds. While
fully recognizing physical debility and accident as factors
in this question, too great stress must not be laid upon
them, for ample allowance must be made for late north-
bound migrants and early southbound migrants, as the
two migratory movements nearly or quite bridge over the
interval of summer. Movements of Black Turnstones
from the southern frontier of their breeding range, if they
consumed a fortnight and were as early as those of the
California Murres, would reach the vicinity of Monterey
about the 1st of July. It should be added that the young
of this Turnstone are able to take wing in July and leave
the flats of the Lower Yukon for the sea-coast (Nelson,
Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 130).

186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

On the 5th of July, in the vicinity of Monterey, there
was no evident migratory movement. Only one Dark-
bodied Shearwater and four California Murres were noted;
the latter were on the water.

July 6th. Four Western Grebes were found near the
surf within the bay. With the exception of one shot on
the 2d, these were the first observed of the season.

July 7th. Several California Murres were seen. All
were going southward. No Shearwaters were met with,
although it was foggy—a favorable state of the weather
for their occurrence near land. A male Harlequin Duck
was shot as it was rounding Pt. Pinos. The testes were
very large—those of a breeding bird. Another followed
shortly after. Both came from the nothward.

July 9th. I remarked in my journal on this day that
the Tufted Puffin is apparently to be reckoned among
the early migrants. While there had been no pronounced
migration, individuals had been passing southward daily
for some time, with no corresponding return movements,
as in Brandt’s Cormorants, for example, which were con-
tinually coming into the bay to fish and returning to their
rookery south of Pt. Pinos. In the morning a young
Marbled Murrelet was discovered at a patch of kelp near
the Seaside Laboratory. This was the first instance, for
the season, of the species coming under my observation.
There was also a decided flight of Pigeon Guillemots.
Previously no definite movements had been observed.
All were adults. They appeared in twos and threes at
frequent intervals, following the shore-line in a south-
ward direction. Two males were taken. The testes
were very large in both. But few California Murres
were seen, and they were on wing, moving down the
coast. Only one Dark-bodied Shearwater was noticed.
It was going south.

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 187

July roth and r1th but little migration seemingly took
place. The 11th nevertheless was a notable day, for the
Northern Phalarope made its appearance, affording ad-
ditional evidence that the movements witnessed all along
were truly migratory movements. At first two were seen
coming from the northward, about a mile off shore and
a mile south of Pt. Pinos. Then two were found on
the water a little further up the coast. When forced to
take wing, they continued their flight southward. Nearly
opposite Pt. Pinos, stilla mile off shore, another appeared
from the northward and alighted on the water. Within
the bay, fully a mile out from land, a sixth was seen. It
also came from up the coast. The only specimen taken
was a female, and it had evidently bred the present year.

On the 12th, a visit to Seal Rocks disclosed that large
numbers of Western and Heermann’s Gulls were con-
gregated there. ‘That a considerable influx of these Gulls
had taken place had been manifest for several days at the
kelp along the south shore of the bay. A female Fulmar,
apparently Rodgers’s, was shot on the water near the ex-
tremity of Pt- Pinos at midday. It must have arrived
while I was at Seal Rocks, for I passed over the spot
during the morning. The sea was like glass, so it could
hardly have been overlooked. Its ovaries were not those
of a bird that had lately bred, and its plumage was greatly
abraded. Two more Black Turnstones were secured at
Seal Rocks. They were both males, and showed no en- '
largement of the sexual organs.

The 13th was another day of no very obvious migra-
tory movements.

The second week of July marked a decided increase
in the number of California Brown Pelicans seen. Most
were young of the year. Each forenoon they came into
Monterey Bay from the direction of Pt. Cypress. It was

188 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

not ascertained whether they were actually accessions to
the locality (stragglers of a night or off-shore migration,
visiting the bay from temporary roosting places), or
whether they were simply birds from rookeries a little
lower down the coast and were enlarging their food-area
by making daily excursions into the bay. On the 14th
an incident happened that seemed to indicate that migra-
tion from the north was actually in progress in this species.
A little company of young, headed by a fine adult, round-
ed Pt. Pinos during the morning and moved south. At
the Point the young seemed to show a disposition to

break away from the leadership of the old one, attempt-
. ing several times to return into the bay, but each time the
old bird got them straightened out by heading them off,
and finally disappeared with them in line at his tail in the
direction of Pt. Cypress. Also on the 14th, quite a num-
ber of Pigeon Guillemots were observed on the water and
passing in and out of the bay, but no migratory movement
was apparent, there seemingly being a lull in the migra-
tion of the species. Three or four California Murres
were seen; two were on wing going southward. A Wan-
dering Tatler appeared on the rocks near the Seaside
Laboratory. This species was not met with in the weeks
that preceded. In 1892, the 23d of July was my earliest
record.

On the 16th, 17th, and 18th migration was almost at a
standstill. On the 16th an American Eared Grebe and
two young Pigeon Guillemots were captured. The ovary
of the Grebe was that of a breeding bird of the season.
Another young Pigeon Guillemot was seen on the 17th,
upon which day adults were scarce. The Grebe and the
young Guillemots were new birds for the season, so far
as determined by my observations. On the 17th, for the
first time, Heermann’s Gulls appeared to outnumber

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 189

Western Gulls on the kelp. A few California Murres
passed south on each of the three days, but none were
seen on the water. A small flock of Killdeers was found
one morning on the kelp, and Long-billed Curlews, on
wing, began to be conspicuous about the bay. Both cir-
cumstances seem to point to migration, for there is general
dispersion during migration, and birds are stranded in all
sorts of situations after the passage of a migratory wave.
Two Dark-bodied Shearwaters—the only ones noticed
since the 9th—were seen on the 16th, following the shore
line south.

The lull in the migration of California Murres, which
began at the end of June, was broken July roth, when
solitary individuals and companies of less than half a
dozen passed down the coast at short intervals during two
hours I spent in the morning off Pt. Pinos. They shaped
their course so that it brought them near to Pt. Pinos,
then they diverged from the land, taking a direction that
would carry them several miles out from shore as they
passed Pt. Cypress. Nota single one was seen on the
water. On the 19th also, it was very apparent that the
adult Heermann’s Gulls were more numerous than the
Western Gulls or the immature Heermann’s, an extensive
inroad having taken place within a few days. There was
a similar intrusion of adult Heermann’s Gulls about the
middle of July, 1892. Both instances furnish examples
of migration indicated solely by increased abundance, as
in neither case were the birds observed 7m transztu. A
Dark-bodied Shearwater was shot and another was seen.
Both were moving southward. i

From the 2oth to the 25th I did not make any observa-
tions, but my boatman, who was out each day, informed
me that on the 20th and 21st a good many California
Murres went down the coast, and-that Pigeon Guillemots

Igo CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

were more numerous than at any time since he had been
with me.

On the 26th a few adult Marbled Murrelets appeared—
the first of the season. They came from the northward
in couples, and passed with great rapidity down the coast.
There was quite a movement southward of California
Murres, chiefly of individual birds. A few scattered
Northern Phalaropes were also seen going south. Afemale
that was taken displayed no signs of recent oviposition.
It had retained more of the breeding plumage, however,
than the one shot on the 11th.

The passage of individual California Murres down the
coast continued on the 27th as on the 26th. One Murre,
frightened by being shot at, turned upon its course and
flew northward for some distance. Then it rose higher
in the air, apparently to get its bearings, altered its course
so as to head south again, and finally descended to the
ordinary level of flight. This maneuver was resorted to
a second time before it got fully in line with the southerly
trend of the shore. The whole circumstance seemed to
indicate that the bird recognized the landmarks, and was
able to determine the direction by them and regain its
former course.

There was also considerable migration south in Northern
Phalaropes on this day. In two hours during the fore-
noon seven small companies rounded Pt. Pinos—the
largest one had nine birds in it. The testes of a male
that was shot were those of a bird that had bred. A visit
to Seal Rocks revealed that a large flock of Black Turn-
stones was occupying the place of the few individuals
found there on previous visits (the last occasion being
July 18th), proving an invasion from another locality,
presumably from the north, as in the case of the Northern
Phalaropes.

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. Ig!

Very little migration was observed onthe 28th. It was
confined to the California Murre and Northern Phalarope.

On the 30th conspicuous movements took place, par-
ticularly in the Marbled Murrelet and California Murre.
Adults of the former species passed down the coast, singly
and in couples, all the forenoon. The height of their
movement was during the morning. They flew swiftly,
and rounded Pt. Pinos chiefly between the buoy and the
shore. No young birds were seen. The movement of
California Murres was greater than at any time before
during the season. Single birds and little strings were
continually passing south, near the Point and far out, the
whole time I was on the water. There appeared also to
be a steady migration southward of California Brown
Pelicans, though not on so large a scale by far as in the
Murres and Murrelets. Northern Phalaropes showed a
slight increase over former numbers. One large com-
pany and several small ones were observed, en route to
the south.

July 31st there was a dense fog that lasted until noon.
It had the effect to deflect the path of migration so that
the birds came near to the shore. During half an hour,
at eight o’clock, when the fog was densest, a large num-
ber of Dark-bodied Shearwaters on their way down the
coast passed within a few hundred yards of the surf in
front of the Seaside Laboratory. Among them was a
Pink-footed Shearwater. It appeared to be bewildered
by the fog. It was the first one of the season met with.
No Dark-bodied Shearwaters were seen on the 26th and
only one on each of the following days up to the 31st.
These stragglers were all going south.

Quite a number of Northern Phalaropes were flying
about at random during the forenoon of the 31st, ap-
parently lost in the fog. Marbled Murrelets were moving

192 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

down the coast as on the 3oth, but not in such large num-
bers. There were some young ones among them. With
the exception of a single trio, two adults and a young
bird, the Murrelets flew in couples. There was some
migration of California Murres, but not nearly as much
as on the 30th. After the fog cleared away there ap-
peared to be a decided migratory movement southward of
Heermann’s Gulls, small bands passing down the coast
in frequent succession. They flew near the shore and
rather high in the air. There was a directness and
steadiness of flight not observed before. They appeared
to be bent upon a journey, not merely going and coming
from feeding grounds. As already stated, previous in-
dications of migration in this Gull had been manifested
solely by increased abundance, particularly noticeable in
the adults. Four Pomarine Jaegers were seen after the
fog. They followed the same path of movement as the
Heermann’s Gulls. A solitary Cassin’s Auklet was taken.
It was a female, apparently a breeding bird of the season.
This species had not been noted before during the sum-
mer.

Western Gulls gained in numbers during the month in-
stead of diminishing as they appeared to do in July, 1892.
The great increase in Heermann’s Gulls, however, ren-
dered them less prominent.

From the above detailed account, it will be seen that
increase in abundance in some species of summer and
extensive migratory waves in others, followed by intervals
of scarcity, and the appearance of boreal species, were
the chief features of migration in July.

Excluding the Scoters and Black Turnstone, the north-
ern birds to appear were Rodgers’s Fulmar, Harlequin
Duck, Marbled Murrelet, Northern Phalarope, Pomarine
Jaeger; all except the last one appearing during the first
half of the month.

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 193

Conspicuous migratory waves occurred in the Dark-
bodied Shearwater (on the 2d and 31st), in the California
Murre (at intervals from the 19th to the 31st, high-water
mark for June and July being reached on the 3oth), in
the Pigeon Guillemot (on the 9th, and probably on the
20th and 21st), in the Marbled Murrelet (on the 30th and
31st, especially on the 30th),in the Northern Phalarope
(from the 27th to the 31st, forestalling the greater waves
of August), in the California Brown Pelican (on the 3oth),
and in Heermann’s Gull (on the 31st).

A notable feature in the migrations of July was the
length of time when there were no migratory waves in
the California Murre and Dark-bodied Shearwater, only
passing stragglers occurring in either species.

August.—The greatest flight of Dark-bodied Shear-
waters I observed during my stay occurred August Ist.
There was no fog and they kept well away from the
land. Three miles off shore they began to pass the boat
in great numbers, and as far out as I could see at eight
miles they were equally abundant. All passed rapidly
down the coast as upon former occasions, except at mid-
day when a few flew about at random, apparently tem-
porarily halting in their migration. One was seen on the
water., It was witha Black-footed Albatross. Accompany-
ing the Dark-bodied Shearwaters were a white Fulmar,
probably Rodgers’s, and nine Pink-footed Shearwaters.
The latter came straggling along at intervals, not more
than two being seen together. Many Northern Phala-
ropes were observed two miles and outward from land.
They flew up the coast as well as. down, indicating that
there was a pause in their migration also. Marble Murre-
lets were not numerous. Their path of migration was
near the shore. California Murres were migrating as on
previous days, but apparently in smaller numbers. They

2p Ser., Vor. V. (18 ) June 19, 1896.

194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

were all within three miles of the land. Three Poma-
rine Jaegers were seen, and an immature California Gull
was taken, the first example of the season.

On the morning of the 2d two young Marbled Murrelets
were found on the bay near the Seaside Laboratory, and
quite a number of adults were seen on wing heading
down the coast. Many young Pigeon Guillemots and
some adults were on the water. “They were very tame,
and appeared to be tired birds resting after a night’s
migration.* Previously the adults had been very shy,
usually taking wing out of reach of gun shot when the
boat was turned toward them. Only three were seen off
the water—an adult accompanied by two young. They
were going south. Migration was slight in the California
Murre on this day. Only a few were seen, and these zz
transitu. It was somewhat foggy and Dark-bodied
Shearwaters, on their way down the coast, came within
half a mile of the land. Not so many were noted as on
the day before, and only two Pink-footed Shearwaters.
An adult female Red Phalarope was captured alive.
Northern Phalaropes were common, passing and repassing
up and down the coast. Two years before on this day,
instead of there being an eddy in their migration there
was a great wave southward.

In my notes for Aug. 3d I find the following with re-
gard to the Western Gull: ‘‘ This species is now migrating
in considerable numbers. At two o’clock many were
moving south near the shore off the Laboratory. Adult
birds are plentiful, but immature ones are more abundant.
A good many were on the kelp, and some at Seal Rocks.’’

Heermann’s Gulls swarmed on Seal Rocks. The sides
toward the land were literally hidden by them. They
were also scattered all along the kelp within the bay, and

“A similar instance occurred Aug. 6, 1892.

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 195

near Pt. Pinos there was a great gathering of them, evi-
dently attracted by a school of ‘‘blue fish”’ that were
leaping to the surface. As I came in from the ocean at
two o'clock, a succession of small flocks passed the Sea-
side Laboratory, closely following the shore-line in the
direction leading southward. On no previous day of the
season was this species so abundant. In all situations
the majority were dark birds, showing that the migration
of the young was fully under headway. Young birds
outnumbered the adults Aug. 1, 1892. Although it was
foggy during the morning, the only Dark-bodied Shear-
waters seen were one small flock and a few couples.
Northern Phalaropes were common, but no rush took
place. A female Surf Bird, apparently a bird of the
year, was shot at Seal Rocks. Two others were with it.
There was also a large flock of Black Turnstones on these
rocks. The tide of migration was in the ascendency in
the California Murre. Besides single birds and com-
panies in indian file, one large wedge-shaped flock was
seen, the first of the kind for the season. All came from
the northward, passed quickly by, and disappeared to the
southward, following the line of the coast in their flight.

On the 4th it was foggy during the morning, but after-
ward the fog retreated several miles out to sea, leaving a
clear highway along the shore. Northern Phalaropes and
California Murres were the only birds to appear in num-
bers to take advantage of it. Numerous small parties of
the former species and some large ones came from
the northward and passed down the coast. Migration
in the Marbled Murrelet and Dark-bodied Shearwater
was very feeble. Only a few individuals of either were
noticed. Over two miles out from land several Surf Birds
were seen flying southward. The Parasitic Jaeger was
added to the list of the migrants from boreal regions, two

196 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

individuals being noted. In 1892, one was taken and an-
other seen on the first day of the month.

6th. When I reached the beach in the morning small
flocks of Heermann’s Gulls were passing down the coast
at brief intervals, and also Western Gulls in fewer num-
bers. No movement of this kind had been observed be-
fore at so early an hour in the day. It was high tide on
this day in the migration of Northern Phalaropes. There
were large flocks, small companies, and single birds. Most
of them were flying southward, following the shore-line,
sweeping inward at Monterey Bay and outward after
passing Pt. Pinos. Scarcely any were on the water, and
comparatively few went up the coast. Many passed
within a quarter of a mile of the shore, although there
was no *‘ low fog. Several small companies of Cassin’s
Auklets were found two or three miles out on the ocean.
They were apparently the vanguard in the migration of
this species in this vicinity, as but a single one had been
met with before. Many solitary California Murres and
little parties of half a dozen or less passed south. A
bird of the year, under the charge of an adult, was capt-
ured on the ocean several miles north of the buoy. It

was the firstone saw. As its wings were not sufficiently
grown to enable it to fly, it was probably hatched not far
north of Pt. Santa Cruz. Marbled Murrelets did not
appear in any numbers. All that were seen were adults,
flying southward in pairs. ‘Two large straggling flocks
of Dark-bodied Shearwaters, going south, were seen two
or three miles north of the buoy. A Pink-footed Shear-
water was obtained from among them. It was the only
one noticed.

7th. Five miles north of the buoy numerous companies
of Cassin’s Auklets, varying in size from half a dozen to
a score of individuals, were scattered about on the water.

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. LOT:

They were apparently thoroughly tired out. Many were
so weak of wing they struck the crests of the waves fre-
quently in flying short distances to keep out of the way
of the boat. Two young California Murres, each accom-
panied by an adult, were found five miles out from land
in the direction of Pt. Santa Cruz. Quite a number of old
- birds were on the water, and many solitary ones and little
parties in files were flying down the coast. A Pacific
Fulmar—a female of the dark phase—was captured
about three miles off shore. It was very lean and in very
worn and faded plumage, and had apparently not bred
during the season. Four or five miles out a good many
Dark-bodied Shearwaters flew by the boat in a southward
direction. Only one Pink-footed Shearwater was ob-
served. Not so many Northern Phalaropes were encoun-
tered as on the day before.

There was almost a complete cessation of migration on
the. 8th, 9th, and roth. Cassin’s Auklets were not as
abundant on the 8th as the day before. Between six and
ten miles northwest of Pt. Pinos a good many little com-
panies, however, were resting on the water. Fewer were
seen on the 9th. They flew without difficulty. A con-
siderable number of California Murres, in little groups,
were on the ocean between Pt. Pinos and Seal Rocks on
the roth. A few Dark-bodied Shearwaters and one Pink-
footed Sheawater were noted on the 8th. On the gth,
over ten miles northwest of Pt. Pinos, quite a number
were seen flying eastward. A few others, nearer Pt.
Pinos, were flying south. A few Northern Phalaropes
were seen on the 8th and oth. None of them were on
the water, and as many went up the coast as down on the
latter day. Only a small flock of Black Turnstones was
at Seal Rocks on the roth, the great flock that had been
there having disappeared.

198 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

‘The 11th was one of the rare days when there was no
fog, when the shore-line could be seen for miles. The
sea too was calm. It was a day of great migration in
Dark-bodied Shearwaters. They were passing Pt. Pinos
all the forenoon about three miles off shore. The eye
could follow them a long way as they came down the
coast and disappeared to the southward. ‘There were
two almost continuous streams of them made up of strag-
gling companies and loose flocks. At nine o’clock and
again at eleven some of the latter were of such large size
the two streams became merged into a single broad one
at least an eighth of a mile in width. One of these flocks
was estimated to be two miles in length. Leadership ap-
peared to be exercised among them, for one of the birds,
apparently seeing I was making havoc with my gun in a
flock just in advance, left the flock he was in and flew
back along the advancing column, and as he passed by
the birds sheared off to the seaward, going past the boat
out of range. ‘The whole manceuvre was so obvious that
my boatman, who had also been intently watching it, un-
consciously to me, exclaimed, ‘‘ that bird must be some
sort of a general.’’

An adult Pacific Fulmar of the dark phase was shot as
it was resting upon the water. It had apparently dropped
out of the ranks of the Dark-bodied Shearwaters, for I
had been over the spot where it was taken only an hour
before and it was not there then. Its plumage was greatly
worn, and its ovary had no appearance of recent func-
tional enlargement. There was a good deal of migra-
tion in the California Murre and some in the Marbled
Murrelet, but only one or two companies of Northern
Phalaropes were seen.

13th. During the morning there was a low fog hang-
ing over the bay and ocean. It seemed to arrest migra-

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. I99

tion. After it had risen many Northern Phalaropes, chiefly
in small flocks, passed down the coast. Dark-bodied
Shearwaters were migrating in smaller numbers than on
the 11th, and nearer to the land owing to the fog. There
was quite a flight of California Murres, especially after
the fog. A marked increase was noticeable in the size
and number of the flocks of California Brown Pelicans
coming into the bay in the morning from the direction of
Pt. Cypress. A Pomarine Jaeger was shot, and four
other Jaegers were seen.

14th. There had evidently been a migratory move-
ment of adult Marbled Murrelets the night before or early
on the morning of the 14th, for many pairs were found
resting on the water between the Seaside Laboratory and
the buoy, from half a mile to a mile off shore, during
the forenoon. They did not attempt to fly, but dived to
escape pursuit. Only one was observed on wing. On
former occasions but very few had been seen upon the
water. Several of the pairs were secured. The birds
of each pair proved to be mated, one being a male and
the other a female. They displayed strong attachment
for each other. If one was shot the survivor would be-
gin to call and look anxiously about for its mate, or if
they became separated in diving, one would call and the
other respond as soon as they came to the surface. A
touching instance of fidelity occurred a few days before.
A female had been shot and the male followed the boat
as we returned to land, finally alighting near it and look-
ing toward us in evident distress called piteously. Only
three young Murrelets were noted. There was scarcely
any migration in California Murres or Northern Phala-
ropes. Quite a number of the former, however, were
on the water. But one Dark-bodied Shearwater was seen.

But little migration was in progress on the 15th and

200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

16th. On the latter day more California Murres were
found on the water than any time before during the sum-
mer. One flock numbered fully a score. Several young
of the year were seen. Each one was under the guard-
ianship of an adult. A male Pacific Fulmar of the dark
phase was taken on the water well toward the eastern
shore of the bay. Its plumage was bleached and worn,
and new feathers were beginning to appear. ‘The testes
had apparently been dormant during the breeding season.

Migratory movement on the 17th was limited chiefly
to the California Murre. Many were on the water, but
the greater number were pursuing their way south. One
flock of migrants had thirty in it. Four companies of
White-winged Scoters in high black plumage came into
the bay from the direction of Pt. Cypress during the fore-
noon. ‘They were adjudged to be recent arrivals from
the breeding grounds, because their general mien and
their plumage was so entirely different from that of the
ragged and faded birds found not far out from the surf
along the sandy beaches earlier in the summer. In 1892
there was a similar appearance of these birds in high
feather.

Migration in the California Murre was greater on the
18th than upon any previous day of the season. Not only
did they appear in quicker succession, but large wedge-
shaped flocks were numerous. A good many companies
were on the water, but these were insignificant in num-
bers compared with those winging their way southward.
There was no migration apparent in other species, except
in the Northern Phalarope and Dark-bodied Shearwater.
In both it was slight.

2oth. There was a heavy fog during the forenoon un-
til about eleven o’clock, when it lifted for awhile, settling
down again between twelve and one. After one o’clock

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 201

the fog wholly disappeared. Decidedly the greatest
movement of California Murres during my sojourn took
place on this day. During the first part of the forenoon
great numbers were going down the coast within a few
hundred yards of the surf. I spent several hours between
the buoy and the outer rocks at Pt. Pinos watching them
pass by. They moved chiefly in large wedge-shaped
flocks, of greater size on an average than any previously
seen. When the fog lifted we went out about three miles
north of the buoy. Two miles from land and beyond
great numbers of Murres were on the water, scattered
about in large companies. They appeared to be very
tired. Many tried to fly when approached, but most of
these fell back upon the water after flying a few yards.
Some of them did not rise high enough to keep from
striking the water with their wings, and a high wave
generally threw them back upon the water. One was
discovered asleep with his bill tucked under his wing.
He did not wake until the boat was almost upon him. A
young bird with wings not developed sufficiently for flight,
was taken. It was under the care of an adult. No other
was seen.

Over two miles off shore, a male Rodgers’s Fulmar was
secured. It was flying about apparently searching for
food. Its generative organs had the same degenerate ap-
pearance as those in the Fulmars previously taken. Its
plumage was much worn. It was also moulting and new
feathers were appearing. There was some migration in
Dark-bodied Shearwaters. They appeared in twos,
threes, and fours during the fog, passing within a few
hundred yards of the surf between the Seaside Labora-
tory and buoy as they made their way down the coast.
Two were resting on the water with the Murres. Many
small companies of Northern Phalaropes were journeying

202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

southward. ‘The fog also drove them inshore. They
seemed to be confused by it. At the Point some hes-
itated and alighted on the water. They were apparently
not tired, but afraid to venture out on the open ocean, for
they took wing as soon as the boat approached them.
Upon no previous occasion were so many seen on the
water. Some flew back into the bay.

21st. No migration was observed in the California
Murre. Only a very few were seen anywhere on the
water, the great numbers of the day before having disap-
peared. Two California Gulls were taken—the second
and third examples of the season. They were in the
company of Western and Heermann’s Gulls. Small par-
ties of Dark-bodied Shearwaters, passing south, were
found from two to five miles out from land, north of the
buoy. There was quite a continuous flight of them.
But one Pink-footed Shearwater was noticed. It was
flying southward alone. Few Northern Phalaropes were
seen.

22d. It was foggy in the morning and at intervals
during the rest of the forenoon. Many Dark-bodied
Shearwaters were following the shore-line south close to
the land during the morning. When the sun broke
through the mist their path of migration receded several
miles from the shore. About midday the fog banked in
the northern and western parts of the bay, leaving a par-
tially clear strip along the south shore from a little north
of the Del Monte beach to Pt. Pinos. Great numbers of
Dark-bodied Shearwaters passed outward along this open
highway, keeping just without the denser mist. There
were some large flocks, but small ones greatly predom-
inated. At times the flocks appeared so quickly one after
the other that they formed an almost unbroken column.
Three Pink-footed Shearwaters followed the path of the

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 203

Dark-bodied. They kept to themselves, however, appear-
ing singly when there was a lull in the latter species.
Northern Phalaropes did not occur in any numbers.
There was a small flight of California Murres—of sol-
itary birds and small squads. Some sixteen Pomarine
and Parasitic Jaegers were seen. Three were taken at
one spot. Quite a gathering of Gulls had collected there
over several dead ones that had been thrown overboard
as decoys. ‘These in turn attracted a half-dozen Jaegers
that were passing, an Arctic Tern, and two large Terns,
probably the Royal. The fog had suddenly set in toward
the south shore of the bay, deflecting migration, and put-
ting the boat in the path of the Shearwaters and other
birds migrating at the time. Among the Gulls that de-
' coyed was a California Gull.

23d. A low fog closed down upon the bay and ocean
at intervals during the entire forenoon, having the usual
deflecting influence upon migration. Small flocks of
Cassin’s Auklets were going south all the forenoon.
They rounded Pt. Pinos in the vicinity of the buoy. A
few individuals were seen on the water. But little mi-
gration occurred in the California Murre. Several adults
with young were on the water. There was considerable
migration in Pomarine and Parasitic Jaegers. A single
Long-tailed Jaeger was taken. Dark-bodied Shearwa-
ters in small flocks were passing south during the whole
forenoon. ‘They were not nearly as numerous, however,
as the day before. Many passed between the Point and
buoy. ‘There was a good deal of migration in Northern
Phalaropes. When the fog was thickest, they showed a
disposition to stop on the water. A notable event of the
day was the capture of two Sabine’s Gulls—an adult and
a bird of the year. ‘They were apparently migrating.

24th. I did not go out on the water until after nine

204. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

o'clock. There was a heavy cross sea and a strong west
wind. The sky was clear. It was hard work for my
boatman to row against the wind, and most of the fore-
noon was spent in getting out to the buoy. A great
many Northern Phalaropes were trying to make their
way southward. They were following the south shore
olethe bay and» had to tbreast they tulle torcenotesthe
wind. Many became tired out, making short flights,
stopping to rest between. The spirit of migration was
strong in them. The wind blew so hard that the Brandt’s
Cormorants returning to their rookery could not keep in
any order, but struggled against it in confused straggling
flocks. Numerous flocks of Phalaropes were on the
water just inside of the bay off Pt. Pinos. They were
as mindful as we were to face the waves. If a white cap
suddenly developed in front of them they flew lightly
over it, immediately settling again on the water. A fine
illustration of migration retarded by a strong head wind
was afforded in this incident. ‘There was no migration
in other species. Perhaps the wind checked it.

25th. There was but little migration on this day, al-
though the sun rose in a clear sky—a rare occurrence in
this region in the summer months. An adult male Red
Phalarope was secured as it was resting on the water
about a mile off shore. It was the second specimen of
this Phalarope to be positively identified, although indi-
viduals were thought to have been seen occasionally after
the capture of the one on the 2d. Northern Phalaropes—
single birds, and in several instances little companies—
were distributed about on the water between the Seaside
Laboratory and the buoy.

27th. As soon as I got out on the water in the morn-
ing, I noticed that there was an extensive movement of
Phalaropes in progress. As there was no ‘low fog,’’ I

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 205

was surprised to find them within a few hundred yards of
the beach near the Seaside Laboratory, flying out toward
Pt. Pinos. Their large size and light-colored backs soon
made it apparent that they were not Northern, but Red
Phalaropes. At the buoy they were seen to turn Pt. Pinos
and head south in the manner observed all along in other
migrants. The majority were in small flocks. Some in-
dividuals, however, were migrating alone. Toward noon
the flight began to subside, but none apparently stopped
on the water. There was a greater flight of Northern
Phalaropes. It continued without abatement as long as
I was out on the water. Few of them came nearer
to Pt. Pinos than half a mile. Four solitary Black-vented
Shearwaters and one couple passed the boat, as it was
stationed near the buoy, on their way down the coast.
Their advent, seemingly portending the beginning of a
migration later than that of their dark-bodied congener,
was not wholly unexpected, for one was captured August
10, 1892. There was some movement in Dark-bodied
Shearwaters. Its inner edge reached the buoy. A sec-
ond Arctic Tern and two California Gulls were taken.
The latter species was apparently becoming common.
Several Surf Birds, proceeding southward, were seen out
on the ocean near the buoy. Passing individuals had
been observed at different times along since the 4th.

Few white-headed Western Gulls were seen toward the
close of the month. Birds of the year and older imma-
ture ones, however, were numerous. The same remarks
apply about as well to Heermann’s Gull, for dark birds
were almost the only ones met with toward the end of my
stay. The two species seemed to become equal again in
numbers at the last.

It was not satisfactorily ascertained whether any migra-
tion occurred in the Brandt’s Cormorants breeding in the

206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

vicinity. There were fluctuations in abundance that may
have been due not to shifting of fishing grounds, but to
departure of adult birds and arrival of others later from
further north.

The peculiar features of migration in August, as com-
pared with July, were the larger number of birds that
temporarily halted by the way, the greatly increased size
and frequency of the waves, and the greater prominence
of boreal species.

The additional northern birds to arrive were the Red
Phalarope, Surf Bird, Parasitic Jaeger, and Pacific Ful-
mar (dark phase), during the first half of the month, and
the Arctic Tern, Long-tailed Jaeger, and Sabine’s Gull,
during the second half.

Conspicuous migratory waves were observed in the
following species :—

Dark-bodied Shearwater, on the Ist and 2d, the wave
beginning July 31st and reaching its height on the Ist;
on the 6th and 7th; on the rith and 13th, the height of
the wave perhaps occurring on Sunday, the 12th; from
the 20th to the 23d, the height being reached on the 22d;
on the 27th.

Marbled Murrelet, on the rst and 2d—the aftermath of
the wave of the closing days of July; on the 14th, man-
ifested solely by the presence of the birds on the water.

Northern Phalarope, from the 3d to the 7th, the height
beins;oni the 6th; .on the’ 13th) on the z2oth>,on the 23d™
and 24th; on the 27th.

California Murre, from the 3d to the 7th; from the 11th
to the 13th, the height probably being attained on the
12th, Sunday; from the 17th to the 20th, the height ap-
parently being on the 2oth.

Cassin’s Auklet, on the 6th and 7th, manifested solely
by birds on the water; on the 23d.

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 207

Pomarine and Parasitic Jaegers, on the 22d and 23d.

Red Phalarope, on the 27th, probably beginning on
Sunday, the 26th.

The Western and Heermann’s Gulls have been omitted
from the list, as their fluctuations in abundance were not
closely followed at the last.

Summary.—As has been shown by the facts presented,
early southward migration was indicated by increased
abundance in certain ‘‘ summer species,’’ by the appear-
ance of species not previously observed, and by the
passage of migratory waves, the birds being seen actually
in transitu. As early as the latter half of June the tide
of migration apparently began to set southward, migratory
waves seemingly occurring in the California Murre and
Dark-bodied Shearwater. During the first fortnight of
July northern birds began to appear, the Northern Phala-
rope being the most notable example. There were ex-
tensive waves of ‘‘summer species,’’ particularly during
the latter part of the month. The closing days were
signalized by conspicuous waves in the Marbled Murrelet
and Northern Phalarope, and by the advent of the Pom-
arine Jaeger. During August the waves assumed much
larger proportions and increased in frequency. Boreal
birds became prominent, the waves of the Northern
Phalaropes from the outset rivalling those of species
summering in the region. The Sabine’s Gulls, the Arctic
Terns, and the wave of Red Phalaropes, appearing to-
ward the close of the month, foreshadowed the great au-
tumnal migrations that were to follow, as the Pomarine
Jaeger, Marbled Murrelet, and Northern Phalarope, at the
end of July, foreshadowed the movements of August.

While the general tendency was toward increase in size
of the waves as the migrations advanced in a species,
lesser waves also intervened between larger ones. Small

208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

waves were sometimes immediate forerunners of large
ones. Individuals apparently preceded the first waves of
northern species. Usually a large wave extended over
several or more days, beginning gradually, reaching a
day of maximum height, and then subsiding, being fol-
lowed by a period when little migration took place in the
species. With the progress of migration these lulls gen-
erally became of shorter duration, and were marked by
increasing numbers of birds temporarily pausing by the
way, resting upon the water or flying about at random.
When a number of species were migrating at one time,
it did not uniformly happen that the height of migration
occurred upon the same day in each, for often the waves
of some were waning while those of others were waxing.
The California Murre typically exemplified early south-
ward migration in species breeding in the region and the
Northern Phalarope in species breeding in boreal regions.

‘¢ Barren birds ’’ did not play an important part in the
migrations, and young birds of the year did not precede
the adults. In some instances young birds were found
accompanying the adults, as in the Marbled Murrelet on
July 31st. Such young birds, weak of wing, drop by the
way, furnishing seeming instances of prior occurrence of
young birds during the early movements of species into
regions south of their breeding habitats.*

It has been seen that the Dark-bodied Shearwater, a
highly pelagic species, followed the coast-line in migrating
in the same manner as the Northern Phalarope. That the

* The mere occurrence of the young in a given locality before the pres-
ence of adults has been detected proves nothing beyond the bare fact that
young birds were observed there earlier than adults. It does not prove
that they left the region of their birth in advance of their parents, any
more than the habitual absence in a locality of a species breeding to the
northward and wintering to the southward of it, proves that the species
does not migrate.

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 209

Shearwaters were guided on their journey by the land is
shown by their conforming their course to the inward
sweep of the shore-line at Monterey Bay, and by their
deflecting their line of flight toward the land during dense
fog.* The Brandt’s Cormorants breeding in the neigh-
borhood, and well acquainted with the surroundings, were
not so dependent upon the land for guidance, finding
their way readily in a fog over a placid sea from their
fishing grounds to their rookery. ft

Although the migrations in summer off Monterey are
extensive, they are insignificant in comparison with the
movements that follow in autumn.{ Owing to the lack
of proper situations for rookeries, there was not a large
breeding population,§ and hence there could not be ex-
tensive movements in birds breeding in the immediate
vicinity. The food-supply is temporarily very great in
such a thinly populated region, being far in excess of the
demands of the breeding colonies—a condition highly fa-
vorable for early southward migration. ‘The area below
the line of snow and ice in winter in North America is

*Shearwaters and other birds habitually flying near the surface of the
water must from necessity migrate near the land if they desired to keep
in sight of it, particularly in the region of such constant fogs as the vicin-
ity of Monterey in summer. The coast at Pt. Santa Cruz, though moun-
tainous and less than twenty-five miles away, was scarcely ever discernible
from Pt. Pinos owing to the foggy state of the atmosphere.

+ Pelagic migration of birds, especially in its relation to isolated oceanic
islands, will be further considered in another paper, now in preparation.

{This is also the case in the smaller land birds in upper South Carolina.
See ‘“‘Auk,” vol. ix, pp. 33-39.

§Sea birds are necessarily very local on this coast during the season of
reproduction owing to the isolated character of their breeding places.
Certain species are found associated on some islets and not on others.
Such distribution is probably due sometimes to lack of room, and not to
actual scarcity in a species or to the physical conditions. All sea birds
having the same breeding range cannot find habitation at one spot, no
matter how favorable the situation may be.

2D SEeR., VOL. V. (14) N June 19, 1895.

210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

comparatively small. The vast region above this line,
abounding in summer with the means of supporting bird
life, must be largely depopulated before winter. Hence
there is southward migration of birds—migration that ex-
tends even into a land of summer in the Southern Hem-
isphere. Winter also enforces depopulation of Arctic
seas. In the lapse of time sea birds like the California
Murre have seemingly learned, after the cares of repro-
duction are over, to move further south in the sparsely
populated region of great food store, making room for
the countless hosts that must leave the region of their
birth before the chilling breath of winter has turned it
into a region of desolation and famine.*

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE BIRDS OBSERVED.

Only species of which specimens were taken are men-
tioned in the notes that follow. When no year is given,
1894 1s to be understood. The determinations are based
in most instances upon printed descriptions and are there-
fore in a measure provisional.

Echmophorus occidentalis. WersTERN GREBE.—To-
ward the end of summer this Grebe became tolerably
common. A male, taken July 2d, was the first individual
of the season met with.

Colymbus nigricollis californicus. AMERICAN EARED
GREBE.—An adult female was captured on the bay July
1r6th. This was the only example of this species observed
during the summer.

Podilymbus podiceps. Priep-BILLED GREBE.—A single
specimen that was found dead upon the water near the
Seaside Laboratory, August 11th, was the only one seen.

*As there is early southward migration in temperate climates in breed-
ing representatives of ‘‘resident ” land birds, itis not surprising that an
apparently similar migration exists in ‘‘resident” sea birds. In this con-
nection, see ‘‘Auk,” vol. ix, pp. 33-39; xi, pp. 100, 101, 103, 104, 108, 109.

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 211

Lunda cirrhata. Turrep Purrin.—Individuals were
quite common from the outset. Most of them appeared to
be south bound migrants. I was told that a small breeding
colony was located every year on an islet in Carmel Bay.
sbhie(5'Sea) Parrots) apparently have a great deal ot
curiosity, for they were often observed to change their
course when flying by so as to pass near the boat. One,
on being shot at, flew back in the direction from which it
came for a considerable distance; then it returned, pass-
ing close to the boat, and seemingly scrutinizing it.

In a male shot July 13th, the ear-tufts are very short,
being worn off at the end. In another male, August 4th,
one ear-tuft has entirely disappeared and several worn
feathers alone remain of the other. Birds of the year,
strong of wing, were observed as early as the first week
of August.

Ptychoramphus aleuticus. Cassitn’s AUKLET.—So far
as determined, Cassin’s Auklet occurred only as a migrant.
It was first noted July 31st.

Brachyramphus marmoratus. MarslepD MURRELET.—
The Marbled Murrelet appeared early in July, but it did
not become common until at the end of the month. With
the exception of a single female taken August 15th, all
the adults secured were in the ‘‘marbled’’ plumage.
This female was nearly in complete winter garb. Its
ovary did not have the appearance of recent functional
enlargement, as was the case in the other females exam-
ined. This circumstance may account for its earlier as-
sumption of the winter dress.

Brachyramphus hypoleucus. Xanrus’s MURRELET.—
Of a Murrelet shot July 28th on the ocean three miles
north of Pt. Pinos, Mr. Ridgway has written me: ‘‘—the
bird is Brachyramphus hypoleucus with an unusually short

212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

bill. It is otherwise a normal hyfoleucus.’’ The tarsi of
this specimen are scutellate in front—as distinctly scu-
tellate as in Synthliboramphus antiquus. This record ap-
parently extends the known range of this species, for I
find no mention in the general literature of its occurrence
so far north.

Cepphus columba. Picron GuiLLEMoT.—This species
was rather common at Monterey Bay upon my arrival. It
increased in abundance with the progress of the migra-
tions. A breeding colony was apparently established on
the south side of Carmel Bay at the time of my visit,
June 25th, for fifty or more adults suddenly appeared
from the water’s edge of the rocky islets along the shore
when I fired my gun. Before not one had been in sight.
A party of Stanford University students found a nest with
young the day following in the same locality.

Uria troile californica. CaLirornrA Murre.—AI-
though a common bird during the latter half of June, the
California Murre was apparently only a migrant in the
vicinity of Monterey in summer. As has already been
stated, young birds, unable to fly and under the care of
adults, appeared early in August, probably from a rook-
ery somewhere in the vicinity of Pt. Santa Cruz. These
young birds were expert divers. When an adult and its
charge were approached, the young bird would dive
first. Ifthe two became separated, the old one would
call loudly, and as soon as the young responded the
old bird would dive, coming to the surface at the spot
where the young one had taken refuge. I shot an adult,
and quite unexpectedly it proved to be a male. Cali-
fornia Murres, on being approached, have a curious
habit of frequently dipping their bills into the water.
They also have the habit of standing erect on the water

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 213

and flapping their wings, apparently to free the plumage
from water.

Stercorarius pomarinus. PoMARINE JAEGER.—During
August of both seasons this Jaeger became quite com-
mon. In 1892, it was first detected August rst, and in
1894, July 31st.

Stercorarius parasiticus. Parasitic JAEGER.—Nearly
the same remarks apply to this species as to the preced-
ing one. It was not positively identified, however, the
second season before August 4th.

Both Jaegers were very bold. Often they would de-
coy to Gulls thrown overboard to attract them. ‘Several
times individuals came and hovered over the boat for a
moment, apparently drawn by the dead birds plainly in
view init. They did not linger, however, over wounded
companions as did the Gulls. Upon one occasion three
of them tried to capture a small bird that was flying over
the bay not far out from the shore. Although their at-
tack was a concerted one, the bird succeeded in dodging

them and keeping above them, finally escaping to the
land.

Stercorarius longicaudus. LoNG-TAILED JAEGER.—
August 23d an adult male Jaeger was obtained that is ap-
parently this species. The tarsi were light bluish in life,
in marked contrast with the black of the toes. In drying
the color of the tarsi has become olivaceous. The slate-
gray of the under tail-coverts prevails over the abdomen.
The nasal shield and unguis are about equal in length.

So far as I am aware this species has not been previ-
ously reported from California.

Larus occidentalis. WersTeERN GuLu.—With the ex-
ception of the Brandt’s Cormorants, the Western Gulls
are the most prominent birds of the bay during the early

214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

partof summer. Later, although increased in abundance,
they are overshadowed, for some weeks at least, by the
Heermann’s Gulls. No Gull rookeries were discovered.
The beds of kelp growing along the shore of the bay a
short distance out from the surf were favorite resting-
places for both Western and Heermann’s Gulls. They
freely associated on the kelp and elsewhere. On the
rocks and on the open water, especially where there
were schools of fish, Brandt’s Cormorants and California
Brown Pelicans were found in their society. Often great
congregations of Gulls and Cormorants were formed where
the fishing was good. Both Gulls were very unsuspicious
as a rule, and allowed the boat to draw quite close before
taking wing. They invariably decoyed when dead birds
were thrown out on the water to lure them, large flocks
as well as solitary birds being attracted.

Larus californicus. CALIrorNiA GuLL.—The first one
was noticed August 1st. Toward the close of the month
they became somewhat common. ‘They were found in
company with other Gulls.

Larus heermanni. HrEERMANN’s GuLL.— Immature
birds were common the latter half of June, but adults
were scarce. In the middle of July adults became abun-
dant, exceeding the immature birds or the Western Gulls.
By August, birds in dark plumage were in the ascend-
ency, a great inroad having occurred, adult birds, too,
having diminished. Toward the last of the month West-
ern and Heermann’s Gulls for the second time appeared
to be equal in abundance. It is significant that Mr. Hen-
shaw found only adult Heermann’s Gulls during the lat-
ter part of June at Santa Barbara (Ann. Rep. Chief En-
gineers, 1876, Appendix J J, p. 497), while I found al-
most exclusively immature birds at Monterey at the same
season of the year.

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 215

Individuals began to moult as early as June. Most of
the mottled-headed birds of the first part of August had
only partially grown tails. Many of them appeared to be
fork-tailed, two of the old outer feathers remaining.

Xema sabinii. Saspine’s GuLL.—An adult (apparently
a male) and a female bird of the year were obtained Au-
gust 23d. They were decoyed within range with dead
Gulls. In the adult, some white feathers show in the
plumbeous of the head and upper part of the neck.
Otherwise it appears to retain the full summer plumage.
Mr. Bryant has recorded a previous specimen from Cal-
MOnmMiaginpcs AOC Vly iit, Ds LOS. a lbissspecimen iss No:
379 of the collection of the California Academy of Sci-
ences. It is a bird of the year, and is labelled ‘‘San
irancisco) bay «Cal.. Oct. (102)),.18d09-4 Frome Ha ie
Lorquin.”’ |

Sterna paradisea. Arctic TERN.—Two females were
taken—one, August 22d, the other, August 27th. The
former is apparently in summer plumage, but the latter has
white mixed with the black on the top of the head.

Diomedea nigripes. BiLAcK-rooTED ALBATROSS.—On
the rst of August two Black-footed Albatrosses were se-
cured about eight miles north of the buoy. ‘These were
the first observed. During the rest of my sojourn indi-
viduals were seen every few days, one of them within
half a mile of the buoy. They were very unsuspicious.
One bird, sighting the boat a long way off, came directly
toward us and alighted on the water about a hundred
yards away. It sat there motionless until dispatched at
very short range. Another, quite a distance off, changed
its course immediately when a couple of Gulls were tossed
into the air to attract it, and headed in a bee-line for the
boat, only stopping in its career when cut down, scarcely
fifty feet away.

216 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Diomedea albatrus. SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS.—June
18th an adult male was shot near the Chinese fishing
village at Monterey. It was evidently a straggler that
had sought safety within the bay on account of its dis-
abled condition, for the outer primaries of the left wing
were broken off and the feet bore the marks of gunshot
wounds, long healed. It was very tame, and flew only a
short distance when pressed.

Fulmarus glacialis glupischa. Paciric FuLMAr.—As
has been stated ina previous part of this paper, three
examples of the dark phase were taken in August—on
the 7th, 11th, 16th.

Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii. RopGrers’s FULMAR.—
A Fulmar with plumage greatly bleached, shot July 12th,
appears to be this subspecies, and not a faded example
of the light phase of elupzscha. A specimen, procured
August 20th, is undoubtedly typical rodgersz7, it having
enough fresh fall plumage for satisfactory determination.
July 2d and August 1st and 17th, three other white Ful-
mars were seen.

Puffinus creatopus. PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER.—
They were observed both seasons during August as pass-
ing migrants, but were not abundant. In 1894, the first
one was seen July 31st. The flight of these Shearwaters
when migrating is not as direct as that of the Black-vented
and Dark-bodied. They circle frequently and cross their
track, much as Swallows are wont to do when migrating
singly or in small companies.

Puffinus gavia. BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER.—One
was shot August 10, 1892, and six were seen August 27,

1894.

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 217

Puffinus griseus. DARK-BODIED SHEARWATER.—After
the 16th of June this Shearwater apparently occurred
only as a south bound migrant. During the passage of
its migratory waves it was very abundant. It was ob-
served both years. A series of forty-seven specimens
was secured the second season.

Phalacrocorax penicillatus. BranpT’s CORMORANT.—
The going and coming of the ‘‘ Shags”’ in their fishing
excursions into the bay from their rookery at Seal Rocks
is the most striking feature in the bird life of the vicinity
of Monterey during summer. They were abundant in
1892 and still more abundant in 1894. ‘The latter year,
also, wedge-shaped flocks were formed earlier and more
birds were found at the outset on the rocks along the
shore.

Sometimes solitary Cormorants returning to their rook-
ery joined the files of migrating California Murres, and
frequently single Murres were observed bringing up the
rear of strings of outgoing Cormorants. On one occa-
sion a California Brown Pelican was seen at the end of
a line of Cormorants.

Great rafts of these Cormorants collected on the bay
whenever ‘‘ the feed came in.’’ At the distance these
gatherings present a very peculiar appearance. The
water seems to be thickly set with black sticks, often cov-
ering an area of several acres. Gulls, particularly, con-
gregate with the Cormorants upon such occasions.

Two rookeries were discovered; one at Pt. Carmel,
aud the other at Seal Rocks. | iune 25th) I visited) the
former, which is situated on a rock, or little islet, in the
ocean at the extremity of Pt. Carmel, about fifteen yards
from the mainland. This rock rises perpendicularly some
forty or more feet above the water. At first sight it does
not seem that it can be scaled, but closer inspection re-

218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

veals that a foothold may be had in the seams and protu-
berances on its water-worn sides. Only on days when
the sea is very calm can the rock be landed upon, and
then only from the sheltered channel separating it from
the mainland. Fortunately, it happened that the sea was
quiet the day of my visit. The following day a party
of Stanford University students were unable to land on
account of the heavy surf.

We first took a view of the rookery from the main-
land. ‘The Cormorants were very tame, remaining on
their nests while we clambered down the sloping rocks,
and while we stood watching them, on the same level,
only a few yards away. They were safe, however, from
nearer approach, the deep though narrow channel with
its precipitous walls of rock, effectually cutting off fur-
ther advance. They were equally tame when the boat
drew near, as we approached from the water.

The clefts in the sides of the rock were occupied by
Baird’s Cormorants and the top by Brandt’s. There
were comparatively few of the former, but of the Brandt’s
Cormorants there were upwards of two hundred pairs.
Their nests covered the top of the rock, every available
situation being occupied. The surface was so uneven
that all the nests could not be seen from one spot. Stand-
ing in one place I counted one hundred and eighteen.

All the nests of the Brandt’s Cormorants on the rock
contained eggs (apparently in an advanced state of incu-
bation), with the exception of eleven, which had young
birds in them. In ten, the young were just out of the
shell. In the remaining one, they were as large as
‘‘ spring chickens.’’ The eggs in seventy-seven nests
were counted by a companion. ‘Twenty-one contained
four eggs each; thirty-six, three eggs; fourteen, two
eggs; three, five egos; three, one ego. The most ine-

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 219

quent numbers were therefore three and four, probably
the ordinary clutches.

<‘ Sardines ’’’* were lying in little bunches near the
nests, apparently placed there as food for the birds that
were setting.

The smell from the accumulated excrement was sick-
ening. The sides of the rock were so daubed that it
appeared to be white toward the top. Flies swarmed
about the rookery.

It was not until I fired my gun that the brooding birds
began to desert their eggs. The Baird’s Cormorants
were the first to go. Many of the Brandt’s Cormorants
lingered on the edge of the rock while I walked about
among the nests, only a few steps away. Finally all were
driven to the water, where they formed a great raft.
They began to return as soon as I left the top of the
rock.

The rookery at Seal Rocks was much larger than the
one at Pt. Carmel. The rocky islet upon which it was
located is considerably greater in size and much lower in
elevation than the Pt. Carmel islet. From the mainland,
less than a hundred yards distant, no nests were in sight,
all being on the side toward the ocean, hidden from view
by a sort of dividing ridge. The Del Monte drive passes
along the shore directly opposite the Rocks. It is a
much frequented roadway, and the summer visitors have
greatly persecuted the birds with firearms, forcing them
to seek shelter for their nests behind the protecting rock.

My first visit to the rookery was made July 2d. As at
Pt. Carmel, a landing could be effected only on the shore
side of the islet. The resident population was composed

* Dr. Charles H. Gilbert kindly identified the ‘‘sardines” taken from
the gullets of the Brandt’s Cormorants during the summer of 1892. They
proved to be a species of Rock Cod—Sebastodes paucispinis.

220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

exclusively of Brandt’s Cormorants. Their nests were
crowded so closely together on the uneven surface
of the rock that room to place the foot was not always
readily found. Some of the nests were on little points of
rock, others in crevices, every available spot being
utilized. Most of the eggs had hatched. The young
were in different stages of growth, varying in size from
those just out of the shell to half-grown ones. The
larger left the nests when approached, and huddled to-
gether on the edge of the islet well above the reach of the
surf. ‘There was such a complete mixing up of babies
that the old birds must have had some trouble in sorting
them out when they returned, for immediately after I
landed most of the adults retreated to the water, congre-
gating ina great raft a short distance away. A few of
the bolder remained behind for awhile. Several, appar-
ently females, kept close by their young until | approached
within ten feet of them, when their courage failed and
they took flight, leaving the young to shift for themselves.
Two of the larger young birds sought refuge on an out-
lying rock, separated from the islet by a little channel.
They had apparently never been in the water before.
They succeeded, nevertheless, in swimming across the
channel and climbing up the steep sides of the rock, al-
though a number of times they were buried out of sight
by incoming waves.

A vibratory movement of the gular sac, apparently oc-
casioned by fear, was noticed in a number of adults and
half-grown young. Most of the adults observed on the
rookery appeared to have lost the nuptial filaments.

The general form of the nests was circular, except
where wedged in between rocks. They appeared to be
constructed entirely of eel grass ( Zostera).* Those con-

*T am indebted to Mr. H. L. Kimball, an investigator at the Hopkins
Seaside Laboratory, for the determination of this plant.

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 221

taining the larger young were trampled down. Two
typical, untrampled nests yielded the following measure-
ments, in inches:

Outer diameters 6.1.1. 05.8 DOT PAROLE pire te, 19
nme diameternin. 4.5.5: OMe ees ery ane IO
IDIGIOYIONS pees Berea cee oer eeReeR Ae Mipmatse inne 4
LCS eos ee Sela el opr e ais: 7

Not many fish were lying about the nests. There were
too many hungry mouths to be filled for a store to accu-
mulate as at Pt. Carmel rookery.

It was evident that sanitary measures were not in vogue,
for the decaying bodies of several birds were suffered to
remain and add to the almost intolerable stench of the
excrement deposits. Quantities of feathers were scat-
tered about and there were myriads of flies. Some of
the flies accompanied us in the boat most of the way to
Pt. Pinos, much to our annoyance.

On the 27th of July all the young observed during
previous visits were apparently still on the islet. There
were also a few eggs and a few young recently hatched.
When I drew near them, the older of the young birds
crowded to the edge of the islet and many of them tumbled
into the water, where they seemed to be as much at home
as their parents.

Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens. Barrp’s Cor-
MORANT.—Save a solitary one seen July 5th about a mile
south of Pt. Pinos, the only Baird’s Cormorants observed
were those at the Pt. Carmel rookery. There were some
twenty pairs nesting in the crevices on the sheltered sides
of the rock facing the mainland. They were inclined to
keep apart from. the Brandt’s Cormorants, most of them
retreating to a rocky point on the mainland instead of join-
ing the raft of Brandt’s Cormorants on the water. They

222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

were shyer than their larger congener. All had the white
patch on the flanks, but in some it was larger than in
others. No young birds were discovered. The eggs
examined, however, appeared to be well advanced toward
the hatching point.

Pelecanus californicus. CanirorniA Brown PE.t-
cAN.—In June it was rather common. Through July
and August it increased steadily in abundance, toward
the last becoming one of the most conspicuous birds of the
bay.

Histrionicus histrionicus. HarLEQquin Duck.—On
July 7th an adult male, on its way down the coast, was
captured as it was rounding Pt. Pinos. It was followed a
short time after by a second individual.

Oidemia deglandi. WHuitTE-wINGED ScoTer.—Both
seasons White-winged Scoters were quite common off the
sandy beaches during the latter half of June. They were
present at intervals during July and August. During the
closing half of August birds apparently began to arrive
from the breeding grounds.

Oidemia perspicillata. SurF ScoTErR.—Surf Scoters
were also present during summer, occurring in the same
manner as the White-winged, except there was no marked
inroad toward the end of August.

Ardea herodias. Great BLuE HEron.—After the rst
of July individuals were occasionally seen flying over the
bay and ocean or sitting upon the rocks along the shore.
July 13th a fine adult male was secured on the kelp, about
half a mile out on the bay. Another was seen the
same day on drifting kelp on the ocean at Pt. Pinos, the
sea being very still.

CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 223

Fulica americana. AMERICAN Coot.—A few appar-
ently bred at a lagoon behind .the dunes, about a mile
north of Monterey, for they were found there the middle
of June.

Crymophilus fulicarius. Rep PHALAROPE.—One was
handed to me alive on the morning of August 2d. I was
told that it swam into the little cove at the Seaside Lab-
oratory and climbed upon a rock, where it was struck
with an oar and captured. It was an adult female, and
retained much of the nuptial plumage. It was appar-
ently in good health. An adult male was taken on the
25th. On the 27th an extensive wave of these Phala-
ropes passed the vicinity of Monterey.

Phalaropus lobatus. NorruHerN PHALAROPE.—Ap-
pearing July 11th, the Northern Phalarope became very
abundant during August as a transient migrant.

Ereunetes occidentalis. WrsTERN SANDPIPER.—A
male in high plumage was taken July 18, 1892, on the
beach north of Monterey. It was with a company of
Snowy Plovers.

Symphemia semipalmata inornata. WesTERN WIL-
LET.—About two miles north of the buoy a female was
secured August 17th from a company of three that were
flying toward Pt. Santa Cruz. A small flock going in
the same direction was seen on the 20th near the same
spot.

Heteractitis incanus. WANDERING TATLER.—This
Sandpiper was not discovered breeding either season.
The first were observed about the middle of July. They
became very common at the end of that month, frequent-
ing the rocks just above the surf.

224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Numenius longirostris. Lone-siLLED CuRLEW.—In
July, Long-billed Curlews on wing began to be con-
spicuous about the bay, evidencing that the nesting sea-
son was drawing to a close and migration was under head-
way.

AEgialitis vocifera. KitLpEER.—Killdeers were quite
common both summers in marshy situations.

Agialitis nivosa. SNowy PLover.—In 1892, Snowy
Plovers were found commonly on the sandy beaches.
The last of June of that season fully fledged birds of
the year were abroad. A female taken July 4th contained
ova nearly ready for the shell.

Aphriza virgata. Surr Brrpo.—Besides three found at
Seal Rocks on the 3d, a few passing migrants were noted
at intervals during August.

Arenaria interpres. ‘TURNSTONE.—A female was capt-
ured July 18, 1892, on the beach about a mile to the
northward of Del Monte.

Arenaria melanocephala. BrLack TurNsToNE.—Black
Turnstones were first met with on the 2d of July, about a
half a dozen being found at Seal Rocks. On the 27th,
in the same situation, there was a large flock. Early in
August there was a marked diminution in the number of
these birds found at Seal Rocks. This scarcity was
attributed to migration.

Hematopus bachmani. BLAck OysTER-CATCHER.—
They probably bred at Pt. Carmel, for several were seen
there June 26th, by a party of students from the Seaside
Laboratory. _Two pairs were taken by myself at Seal
Rocks; one on the 2d and the other on the 18th of July.

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA.
(SUPPLEMENT I.)
BY GEORGE H. HORN.

[ With Plate xx. ]

The following additional account of Coleoptera from
the Cape Region of Baja California is the result of the
examination of new collections received from the Califor-
nia Academy of Sciences since the publication of my last
paper. The result is the addition of fifty-two species,
half of which are new. ‘The collections were made by
the expedition sent out by the Academy to the Cape Re-
gion and the Pacific mainland of Mexico during the month
of September, 1894.

One of the most interesting in the matter of distribu-
tion is a specimen which I am compelled to refer to Cal-
osoma Sayz, unfortunately a female and without legs. The
discovery of the male may prove it to be a distinct species.

This as well as the former collections from the Cape
Region of Baja California contains a few species identical
with those from the Pacific mainland of Mexico, indicating
the varied origin of the Cape Region fauna. The types
will be found in the collection of the Academy of Sciences
in San Francisco.

CARABIDA.

*CaLosoma Sayi Dej. The unique female is rather
smaller than those found in the States. Pennsylvania to
Texas. San José del Cabo.

DyYscHIRIUS TRUNCATUS Lec. Colorado, Nevada, Cal-
ifornia, Arizona. San José del Cabo.

*On the day after the proof-sheets of these pages left me a male of the
Calosoma Sayi was received, enabling me to state with certainty that it
agrees in all details with the forms from the Atlantic region.

2p SeER., VOL. V. (15 ) July 19, 1895.

226 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

BEMBIDIUM JUCUNDUM n. sp. San José del Cabo, Si-
erra San Lazaro.

PRISTONYCHUS COMPLANATUS Dej. More decidedly
black than the specimens from California. Probably in-
troduced through commerce. Europe, California. San
José del Cabo. |

EuPHORTICUS PUBESCENS Dej. The unique example
is of the Central American type mentioned by Bates in
which the surface is decidedly brassy and the thorax
slightly broader with more arcuate sides. Occurs from
North Carolina southward through Mexico to Santa Cath-
arina, Brazil. San José del Cabo.

TETRAGONODERUS PALLIDUS Horn. San Diego, Cal.,
Tucson, Ariz. Sierra El Taste.

TETRAGONODERUS FASCIATUS Hald. Eastern United
States from Michigan southward, Texas, Arizona, south-
ern California. San José del Cabo.

APENES LUCIDULA Dej. The specimen referred to
this name is duller than usual and the surface sculpture
better marked. From the method of variation of the
species it seems unwise to describe the unique as a dis-
tinct species. There are no Mexican forms allied to it.
Eastern United States. Sierra San Lazaro.

DYTISCIDA.
CELINA ANGUSTATA Aubé. Atlantic region and Flor-
ida to Texas. San José del Cabo.
HYDROPHILIDZ.
CERCYON RUFESCENS n. sp. Sierra San Lazaro.
STAPHYLINIDZ.

TACHYPORUS CHRYSOMELINUS Linn. Europe, Atlantic
States. San José del Cabo.

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 227

SILPHIDAS.
SILPHA TRUNCATA Say. Kansas, New Mexico. Si-
erra San Lazaro.
SCYDMANID&.
EuMICRUS LUCANUS n. sp. Arizona. San José del
Cabo.
COCCINELLIDZ.
SCYMNUS COLLARIS Mels. Canada to Texas. San
José del Cabo.
Scymnus cinctus Lec. (suturalis Lec.) Louisiana
westward to Los Angeles. San José del Cabo.
SCYMNUS ARDELIO Horn. Separated by me from the
series formerly called margznzcollis from which it differs
in usually red legs and the absence of tubercle on first
ventral of male. California, Arizona. San José del
Cabo.
CRYPTOPHAGID.

TOMARUS BISIGNATUS n. sp. San José del Cabo.

DERMESTID.

ATTAGENUS PICEUS Oliv. Cosmopolitan. Sierra San
Lazaro.

HISTERID.

ParRoMALus (Carcinops) virIDICOLLIS Mars. ‘To this
is referred P. mimeticus Horn. Arizona, Mexico. Si-
erra Laguna.

SAPRINUS OREGONENSIS Lec. The unique differs from
typical forms in having the punctures of the apex less
extended toward the humeri. Oregon, California. Si-
erra San Lazaro.

DASCYLLID&.

SCIRTES HUMERALIS n. sp. San José del Cabo.

228 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ELATERIDE.

‘HORISTONOTUS DENSUS Lec. Sierra San Lazaro and
San José del Cabo.

LAMPYRID&.
MALTHODES LUCANUS n. sp. San José del Cabo.

TELEGEUSIS DEBILIS nN. g., n. sp. Sierra San Lazaro.

CLERIDZ.
CREGYA VETUSTA Spin. Pennsylvania to Missouri.
San José del Cabo.

HyYDNOCERA DISCOIDEA Lec. Very variable in its col-
oration. Texas, Arizona. Calmalli Mines and Sierra
San Lazaro.

PTINID.
GIBBIUM sSCOTIAS Scop. Europe, Atlantic States.
San José del Cabo.

Pirnus pycmMaus Ghm. By error this appears in the

previous list as a Ptinus.
PASSALIDA.

INEVEUS “PLASCALA,) PerchtweMexcoo. =Sany joseael
Cabo. Identified through a series sent to the National
Museum by the editors of Biologia Centrali-Americana.

SCARABAID.

OcHOD#US PENINSULARIS n. sp. Sierra San Lazaro,
Sierra El] Taste.

CERAMBYCIDZ.

RHOPALOPHORA BICINCTA n. sp. San José del Cabo.

DEcTEs spINosus Lec. Middle States to Kansas, Texas.
Mexico. Sierra San Lazaro.

LeEpTostTyLus Biustus Lec. Widely distributed in the
Atlantic region, Texas. San José del Cabo.

DySPHAGA DEBILIS n.sp. San José del Cabo.

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 229

CHRYSOMELIDZ.
LEMA TRILINEATA Oliv. Atlantic States, Texas, Ari-
zona, Mexico. San José del Cabo.

LEMA oOMOGERA Horn. This species varies with the
elytra entirely yellow.

GRIBURIUS MONTEZUMA Suff. The generic name Sco-
lochrus is adopted by European authors, although three
years posterior to Haldeman’s name. Suffrian (Linn.
Ent., vil, p. 104) suppresses the older name for no valid
reason. Arizona, Mexico. San José del Cabo.

METACOLASPIS CONSPERSA n. sp. San José del Cabo.
COLASPIS MSTA n. sp. San José del Cabo.
BLEPHARIDA ATRIPENNIS n. sp. San José del Cabo.

CALLIGRAPHA ANCORALIS Stal. Mexico, Sierra San
IWazaro.

CREPIDODERA PENINSULARIS n.sp. San José del Cabo.

PSYLLIODES CONVEXIOR Lec. Atlantic States, Texas,
Nevada and California. San José del Cabo.
BRUCHIDZ.

BRUCHUS DISTINGUENDUS Horn. Florida, Arizona.
Sierra san Lazaro.

TENEBRIONID&.
TRIPHALUS CRIBRICOLLIS n. sp. Miraflores.
EURYMETOPON PUNCTULATUM Lec. By an oversight,
this species appears twice on page 347 of my previous

paper.
ANTHICIDA.

XYLOPHILUS BRUNNIPENNIS Lec. Canada, Georgia,
Arizona, California. El Taste, La Paz.
MELOID.

MACROBASIS LANGUIDA n. sp. San José del Cabo.

230 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

CURCULIONID.

CLEONUS QUADRILINEATUS Chevy. Kansas,Texas, New
Mexico, Arizona. Sierra San Lazaro.

OTIDOCEPHALUS ALTERNATUS n.sp. La Paz.
OTIDOCEPHALUS SPARSUS n. sp. Cape Region, probably.
CoNOTRACHELUS LUCANUS n.sp. San José del Cabo.

ZASCELIS OBLONGA n. sp. Arizona. Sierra San La-

Zaro.

CoPpTURUS SOBRINUS n. sp. La Paz, Sierra San La-
zaro, Sierra El] Taste.

SCOLYTIDA.

XYLEBORUS sp. Closely related to xylographus, and a
little larger. One specimen. San José del Cabo.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

The following pages contain descriptions of those indi-
cated as new in the preceding list, together with notes on
some previously recorded. I have availed myself of the
kind permission previously accorded by the publication
committee and have added descriptions of a few species
from related regions.

BEMBIDIUM JUCUNDUM DN. sp.

Form of axzllarzs, but somewhat more robust, piceous,
shining, head and thorax slightly bluish-green, elytra with
a broad pale vitta with irregular sides extending from base
to apex between the third and seventh striza. Antenne
and palpi testaceous. Head smooth, polished, frontal
striae double, convergent, eyes large and prominent.
Thorax nearly twice as wide as long, sides moderately
strongly arcuate and narrowing posteriorly, hind angles
scarcely evident, not carinate, base with short peduncle;
disc convex, polished, median line extremely fine. Elytra

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 231

oblong oval, one-third longer than wide, humeri obtuse,
disc feebly convex, striz composed of moderate punctures
not closely placed, obliterated at apical third, sutural stria
at apical half and the eighth impressed, the latter distant
from the margin, third interval finely bipunctate, punctures
near the third stria. Body beneath smooth and shining.
Legs and coxe yellowish testaceous. Length, .14 inch;
3.5 mm.

This pretty little species belongs to the group xv, as de-
ned by Dr WweConte (Proc. Acad: Phil: 185750. 15))-
containing awillare, quadrimaculatum et al.,to which group
B. spheroderum and cyclodes Bates (Biol. 1, pp. 147 and
290) probably belong. In fact, the present species seems
closely allied to cyclodes.

Two specimens. San José del Cabo and Sierra San
Lazaro.

CYMINDIS CALIFORNICA Nn. sp.

Piceous feebly shining, elytra paler, legs testaceous.
Antenne brownish, basal joint paler. Head not closely
punctate. Thorax distinctly broader than long, trape-
zoidal, sides arcuate in front, slightly sinuate posteriorly,
hind angles distinct, not prominent, side margin not trans-
lucent nor reflexed, disc very feebly convex, coarsely
punctate at sides and base, more sparsely at middle,
median line fine, sutural margin with three setz, the mid-
dle one short. LElytra very finely striate, striz with fine
indistinct punctures, intervals flat, indistinctly alutaceous
and with one series of irregularly placed punctures, each
with a very short hair. Body beneath piceous, very
sparsely punctate. Length, .30 inch; 7.5 mm.

A small species without translucent side-margin to the
thorax and with the thorax very distinctly wider than long.
It is therefore more allied to uwnzcolor than any other in
our fauna. The latter has, however, but one lateral set-

232 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

igerous puncture and the side margin of thorax distinctly
reflexed and the disc convex and coarsely closely punc-
tate. The elytral intervals are also closely punctate. In
the present species the side margin of the thorax is not at
all reflexed and the disc as flat as in Apenes nebulosa.

One specimen. San Luis Obispo. (Chas. Fuchs.)
This is the first instance of the occurrence of Cymindis
in California.

APENES LIMBATA N. sp.

Form of zebulosa, head and thorax rufo-testaceous,
elytra piceous with a broad lateral pale margin, a humeral
lunule and a somewhat sinuous band near the apex testa-
ceous. Antenne pale. Head finely rugulose and sparsely
finely punctate. Thorax alutaceous, faintly wrinkled and
very sparsely punctulate, median line distinct from base
to apex. Elytra with fine striz, finely punctulate, inter-
vals distinctly alutaceous, sparsely minutely punctulate.
Body beneath and legs testaceous, abdomen piceous,
paler at middle. Length, .30 inch; 7.5 mm.

The pale lateral border covers the outer three intervals.
The humeral lunule is like that of many Cicindele. The
apical band is very near the apex and is composed of
short lines on the intervals, the innermost one being at
the sutural angle.

This species is entirely unlike any in our fauna in its
paler color and especially the pale sides of the elytra.
This is the first indication of the occurrence of Apenes
in the California fauna. One specimen collected at San
Luis Obispo and given me by Mr. Chas. Fuchs.

Having had occasion to refer to an essay of Baron
Chaudoir on some ‘‘Aberrant genera of the group Cym-
indides 7? (Bull. Mose); \1875) 11,3pp. 1-O1 1n)sep=)mtihene
was observed a species described as A. opaca, the name
having been used by LeConte in 1866.

—

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 233

HypROCHARIS RICKSECKERI N. sp.

Oblong oval, slightly broader behind the middle, form
of castus, beneath black, above piceous with olivaceous
tinge, margin of thorax and elytra yellow. Antenna, legs
and palpi yellow, the trochanters piceous. Head finely
punctulate. Thorax finely punctulate with three groups
of coarse punctures, one near the front angle, a second
oblique line each side of middle in front, a third more nu-
merous from the middle of the side obliquely backward.
Elytra minutely punctulate with the usual series of coarse
punctures. Prosternum not prolonged at apex. Tarsal
claws abruptly bent, with a broad lobe at base. Length,
MoOnmch; ati .5, mt.

The yellow lateral border of the thorax is narrow and
well defined, that of the elytra broader but not sharply
limited.

One specimen. Harris’ Pond, near Santa Rosa, Cal.
Ricksecker.

The species of Hydrocharis, four in number, equally
divided between the Atlantic and Pacific regions. They
are as follows:

Prosternum prolonged in point behind the coxe.

Maxillary palpi long. castus.
Prosterniim not prolonged.

Picesus with entire border yellow. Rickseckeri.

P.ceous slightly bronzed. obtusatus.

Surface pale glaucous green. glaucus.

CERCYON -RUFESCENS DN. Sp.

Oval, convex, form of ¢rvstzs, rufescent moderately
shining. Head and thorax sparsely finely punctate.
Thorax without basal marginal line. Elytra without
impressed striz but with rows of moderate punctures not
closely placed, the eighth, ninth and tenth rows with
the punctures deeper and closer for part of their length;
intervals flat, equal in width, irregularly biseriately punc-

234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tate. Body beneath colored as above. Metasternal area
not well defined, moderately coarsely punctate. Meso-
sternum oval, acute in front, coarsely punctured. Pro-
sternum strongly carinate. Length, .o8 inch; 2 mm.

From its form and the fact that the head is vertical the
species seems best placed near ¢rzs¢zs and florzdanus, but
it differs from all of that series by its pale color, which is
not due to immaturity. At first glance it would be taken
for an Olibrus.

One specimen. Sierra San Lazaro.

ANISOTOMA MERKELIANA D0. sp.

Oval, slightly oblong, moderately robust, piceous black,
shining. Antenne rufo-testaceous, the outer three joints
piceous. Head sparsely punctate but with four large
vertical punctures in a transverse row. ‘Thorax more
than twice as wide as long, sides strongly arcuate, hind
angles broadly rounded, disc sparsely punctate with a
few coarse punctures along the base. Elytra moderately
coarsely striato-punctate, intervals flat, minutely sparsely
punctulate, the intervals 3-5—7—-9 with the usual series of
very coarse distant punctures. Body beneath piceous
black, shining, sides of metasternum coarsely punctured,
abdomen less coarsely punctured. Legs piceous black.
Eeneth, sro anch's 4 mua Eos ioya7.

This species so closely resembles va/¢da and agrees
with it in most of its characters so closely that it is prob-
able the females cannot be separated. In the present
species the posterior femora has a large tooth near the
outer condyle, the distal edge oblique, the tibiz are
slightly sinuate not curved as in va/zda. In the latter the
posterior femur is strongly angulate at its middle.

One male from the State of Washington, kindly given
me by Mr. Merkel, to whom I take pleasure in dedicat-
ing it.

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 235

EUMICRUS LUCANUS DN. sp.

Reddish brown, sparsely clothed with paler, semi-erect
hair. Antenne slender longer than half the body, fifth
joint as long as the preceding two and slightly longer
than the two following. Head shining, very minutely
sparsely punctate. Thorax longer than wide, apex nar-
rower than base, sides regularly arcuate, widest one-third
from apex, disc convex, sparsely and minutely punctu-
late, at base moderately quadrifoveolate. Elytra not
wider at base than the thorax, a slight depression within
the humeri, widest at middle, disc convex, surface indis-
tinctly punctulate. Tarsi slender, longer than half the
tibia. IWeneth, -06 inch); 1.5 mm: |

The male has the anterior tarsi slightly dilated.

This species is evidently allied to commuztitonrs, as de-
scribed and figured by Dr. Sharp (Biol. 11, pt. 1, p. 67,
pl. 2, fig. 22), but is of more elongate form and with
more slender antenne.

One specimen. San José del Cabo, with which I as-
sociate two from Arizona in my cabinet.

There are now six species of this genus known in our
faunal limits—gvossus, Motschulskit, vestalis, Caseyz, luca-
nus and Zimmermannt. ‘The latter species has for a
synonym punctatus Casey. The genus Cholerus has, in
Mexico, half more species than Eumicrus, but none are
yet known to me from our fauna. “. Caseyz Brend.,
which is unknown to me, is remarkable in its polished
surface.

PiEsTus ExTIMuUS Sharp (Biol. 1, pt.-2, p. 713).

Through the kindness ot Mr. Ricksecker I have a spec-
imen which I refer to this species, collected in Arizona.
The type is from Chihuahua. P. erythropus Er. is said
by Fauvel (Bull. Soc. Linn., Norm., ix, p. 29) to have
occurred at Opelousas.

236 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ZALoBIuS Lec. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. v, p. 49, March,
1874.

This genus is introduced with the desire to give sketches
of the head and thorax of the two known species. At
the same time some additional characters will be made
known and a new form allied to Zalobius described.

The two species differ greatly in the form of the thorax,
as will be seen by reference to the plate. On both the
disc is quadricostate, the coste abbreviated and indistinct
in spznecollzs, entire and well marked in serrzcollis.

The terminal joint of the maxillary palpi is scarcely
twice as long as the third joint, although Dr. LeConte
gives it greater length. The gular sutures coalesce at
their middle, forming but one, as will be observed in all
the genera in our fauna of the sub-tribe Coprophilini, of
which Zalobius is a member, as stated by LeConte. The
outer five joints of the antennz are described as rather
abruptly wider (Class. Col. N. A., ed. 1883, p. 103),
while in Syntomium but three joints are so. While this
character is fairly good, it will be observed that the
structure of the joints themselves affords a more certain
‘character. In Zalobius the last four joints have the
dense punctuation indicating their sensitive character;
the joints one to seven are smooth, and in sfznzcollis
without hairs, in sevrzcollis somewhat hairy. In Synto-
mium the last three joints have the dense punctuation,
the other joints glabrous but hairy.

It will also be observed that the head is considerably
prolonged behind the eyes in both species of Zalobius,
suddenly narrowed to a neck, while the head is not capa-
ble of retraction on account of the elevation of the back
of the head above the neck. Of the genera of Copro-
philini, Coprophilus is the only one with spinules on the
outer edge of the tibiz.

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 237

These characters have been passed in review with the
view of suggesting a modification of the arrangement of
the genera of Coprophilini as represented in our fauna.
In the table of the classification above quoted the ‘‘ Oxy-
telini genuini ’’ and ‘‘ Coprophilini,’’ as defined by Erich-
son (Staph., p. 30), have been included in one group,
Oxyteli, but it now seems to me better to revert to the
Erichson method and separate the genera with five-jointed
tarsi from those with but three.

The genera may be arranged in the following manner:
Tibiz spinulose on the outer edge.

Antenne gradually thicker, the outer five joints with sensittve punctu-

ation and pubescence. Coprophilus.
Tibiz not spinulose. \
Maxillary palpi rather short and stout, the terminal joint shorter than
the third. Antenne with three outer joints obviously wider.
Syntomium.
Maxillary palpi rather slender and elongate, the terminal joint longer
than third.
Gular sutures confluent at middle.
Middle cox cavities confluent. Antenne not stouter externally. Elytra
not costate. Deleaster.
Middle coxe cavities distinctly separated.
Antenne with outer five joints stouter. Elytra distinctly costate.

Zalobius.
Gular sutures separated their entire length. Middle coxe cavities sepa-
rated.
Maxillary palpi very slender. Outer four joints of antennz stouter.
Elytra costate. Asemobius.

Zalobius is represented by two species.

'ANGOBIUOS “SPINICOLLIS, Lec.) rans. Am. nts SOG).

V; 1874, Pp: 49:
Occurs from Vancouver southward to Santa Clara
@xcicksecker) 7 Plaxx,) fig... 8.

ZALOBIUS SERRICOLLIS Lec. Loc. and cit., 1875, p.
170. |

Collected by me at Fort Tejon, not Owens Valley, as
statediby LeConte. Pl: xx, fig. 9;

238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ASEMOBIUS N. g.

Form elongate, much depressed, surface moderately
shining. Head moderate in size, scarcely longer than
wide, slightly prolonged behind the eyes, very abruptly
constricted, the occiput not elevated transversely at the
constriction. Mandibles moderately prominent, acute at
tip, toothed at middle. Labrum transverse, truncate.
Maxillary palpi long and slender, the last joint a little
longer than the third. Antenne slender, first joint cylin-
drical, stout, second shorter and more slender, third very
slender and nearly as long as the first two, joints four to
seven equal in length, slender, slightly thickened at their
distal end, joints one to seven glabrous with few hairs,
joints eight to ten quadrate, broader, eleventh more elon-
gate, joints eight to eleven densely punctulate and pubes-
cent. Prothorax with sides explanate and serrate. Ely-
tra quadrate, emarginate at base, apex truncate, acutely
notched each side, disc costate. Abdomen depressed,
gradually narrowed to apex, sides widely margined. Mid-
dle coxe separated. Legs slender, tibiz not spinulose.
Tarsi slender, joints one to four nearly equal, fifth as
long as the three preceding united.

AsEMOBIUS CALATUS 0. sp. ;

Pale castaneous, moderately shining. Head _ slightly
concave each side, surface coarsely reticulate. Thorax
broader than long, the disc convex along the middle, sides
laminate lateral margin broadly arcuate, subangulate and
obliquely narrowed behind the middle, edge coarsely ser-
rulate, disc with two feeble coste near the middle which
are bifurcate posteriorly, surface with very coarse rather
closely placed umbilicate punctures. Elytra conjointly a
little wider than long, side margin acute and crenulate,
disc with striz of coarse punctures wider than the inter-
vals, the third and seventh intervals elevated the former

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 239

two-thirds, the latter the entire length of elytra. Abdo-
men longer than the elytra, sparsely punctate, with short
golden hairs. Prothorax beneath with few very coarse
punctures at middle, polished at the sides, abdomen
sparsely punctate gradually more closely to apex.
Eenoth ery inchs) 4.5 mm. Pll xx ne 10:

Male. Last ventral with a deep oval emargination, the
face of the segment slightly flattened.

The genus Asemobius proposed above is allied to Za-
lobius, but differs in having the gular sutures separated
and by the terminal joint of the maxillary palpus scarcely
longer than the preceding joint. The occiput may be
retracted under the apical margin of the thorax, but in
Zalobius the occiput is elevated above the neck, so that
it applies against the edge of the thorax.

One specimen. California without special locality,
but I think given me by Mr. L. E. Ricksecker.

TOMARUS BISIGNATUS 0. sp.

Pale fusco-testaceous, each elytron with a small pice-
ous spot centrally placed, form of fz/chellus but somewhat
more acute behind, surface with moderately coarse pu-
bescence. Head moderately coarsely, not closely punc-
tate. ‘Thorax twice as wide as long, slightly narrower at
apex, sides moderately arcuate, disc convex more coarsely
and less densely punctate than the head, basal foveze well
marked. Elytra punctate, the punctures somewhat larger
and more distant than those of the thorax, very much finer
and nearly obliterated at apex. Body beneath darker
than above, sparsely finely punctulate. Legs pale.
Length, .o6 inch; 1.5 mm.

Camp Grant, Arizona; San José del Cabo.

The species of Tomarus are not numerous and may be
distinguished in the following manner:

240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Elytra coarsely punctate, pubescence coarse.
Margin of thorax continuous; each elytron with a small piceous spot at

center. bisignatus.
Margin of thorax irregular; each elytron with a piceous incomplete band
at middle, a piceous area near the apex. hirtellus.

Elytra finely punctate or nearly smooth; pubescence fine.
Thorax not wider in front, anterior angles obtuse; elytral punctures
distinct. pulchellus.
Thorax distinctly wider in front, anterior angles truncate; elytral punc-
tuation almost entirely obliterated; testaceous, each elytron with a
transverse piceous spot at middle of the side margin. acutus.
Specimens of Pulchellus have been collected in Arizona

and at Los Angeles (Coquillett).

SCIRTES HUMERALIS DN. sp.

Oval, slightly oblong, piceous, moderately shining,
head and thorax rufescent, a reddish band along the side
margin from the humerus one-third to apex, each elytron
with an indefinite paler area at apex, surface sparsely
fulvo-pubescent. Antenne testaceous, gradually darker
to tip. Head rufescent, sparsely punctate, occipital re-
gion narrowly piceous. Thorax sparsely punctate. Scu-
tellum rufescent, piceous at middle, punctate. Elytra
slightly more coarsely punctate than the thorax. Body
beneath piceous;. metapectus smooth; abdomen moder-
ately closely punctulate. Legs rufo-testaceous, the fem-
ona darker.) Wength 702 imchyie3 tim

This species is more oblong and convex than the others
of our fauna. It is most nearly related to ordzculatus by
the presence of a distinct infra-orbital ridge.

One specimen. San José del Cabo.

MALTHODES LUCANUS D. Sp.

Slender, piceous, thorax yellow. Antennz slender
longer than the body, joints two and three equal, each a
little shorter than the fourth. Head shining with few
punctures. Thorax broader than long, disc irregular

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 241

with few scattered punctures. Elytra as long as the
body, scabrous, sparsely pubescent. Length, .10 inch;
2.5 mm.

Male. Last ventral large parallel, curved upward,
channeled its entire length, acutely notched at tip. Last
dorsal oval without processes. Pl. xx, fig. 2.

Allied most closely to curvatus Lec., but differs in the
male characters, its color and by the shorter third joint of
the antenne.

One specimen. San José del Cabo.

MASTINOCERUS OPACULUS DN. sp.

Slender, luteous yellow, abdomen piceous the last two
segments yellow, surface very sparsely pubescent. Head
scabro-punctate, but indistinctly. Thorax similar in form
to that of ¢exanus but less arcuately produced at apex,
surface opaque very finely granular, with sparsely placed
indistinct punctures. Elytra opaque, the disc very flat,
surface minutely scabrous. Venter shining, sparsely
punctate and pubescent. Length, .18 inch; 4.5 mm.

Closely resembles ¢evxanus but is much smaller, the
dorsum more flat and the surface opaque without very
decided sculpture.

Arizona, southern, but locality unknown.

Mr. Gorham (Biol. Cent. Am., iii, pt. 2, p. 106) seems
to have the opinion that our species are not congeneri¢
with the Chilian form described by Solier. The antennz
of the latter are said to have the eleventh joint biramose.
While it is possible that such a character may be found,
all instances heretofore mentioned have been found erro-
_ neous on second examination. Mr. Gorham admits that
Cenophengus is related to Mastinocerus, because the sec-
ond and third joints of the antenne are short and without
rami. This is equally true of both the Mastinocerus of

our fauna.
2D Srer., Vou. V. (16 ) July 19, 1895.

242 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The most remarkable opinion of Mr. Gorham is the
placing of these genera together with Pterotus (which he
does not know) in the Lymexylonide. To carry the
idea to its legitimate extent, Phengodes, Zarhipis and
Tytthonyx must also take the same course.

TELEGEUSIS Nn. g.

Facies of a Malthinus, slender depressed. Head oval,
abruptly prolonged in front of the eye in a short muzzle,
the clypeal region abruptly deflexed but not distinctly
separated from the front, behind the eyes the head is
feebly arcuately narrowed. Eyes prominent, finely
granulated, distant from the thorax. Antenne in front
of the eyes inserted in the angle of the muzzle formed
by the deflexed clypeus, eleven jointed ( female)
first joint stout, conical, longer than the next two
together, second joint short, stout, shorter than the
third, fourth longer than third, five to ten very slightly
shorter, eleventh longer and fusiform. Labrum short and
broad, anterior edge bisinuate. Mandibles falciform but
not prominent, acute at tip. Mentum small, pentagonal.
Labial palpi three, maxillary palpi four-jointed, the basal
joints in each case very small, the terminal joint spathuli-
form and nearly as long as half the entire body. Thorax
quadrate, slightly narrower at base. Scutellum longer
than wide, parallel-sided, truncate at apex, longitudinally
impressed. Elytra about half the length of the abdomen,
dehiscent at their apical half, without distinct epipleure.
Anterior and middle coxe conical, prominent and contig-
uous, the mesocoxe at apex only, the anterior with large
trochantin. Abdomen flat, composed of eight segments,
the first very short and lateral, the joints 2-7 nearly equal
in length, eighth elongate oval, narrower. Legs moder-
ate, femora not stout, tibia slender with distinct spurs.
Hind tarsi longer than half the tibia, slender, first joint as

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 243

long as the next two, fourth scarcely bilobed. Claws
simple. Body with well developed under-wings.

TELEGEUSIS DEBILIS n. Sp.

Form slender, resembling Mathinus, testaceo-piceous,
moderately shining, sparsely clothed with short semi-erect
yellowish hairs. Head sparsely indistinctly punctate.
Thorax quadrate with obtuse angles, apex truncate, base
arcuate, sides slightly sinuate at middle, disc feebly con-
vex with scarcely evident sparse punctuation, in each an
gle a distinct depression. Elytra half the length of abdo-
men, broader at base than the thorax, humeri rounded,
surface sparsely punctate becoming gradually granulate
and at apex densely granulate. Abdomen above sparsely
punctate, the three basal segments almost entirely smooth,
beneath more closely punctate. Legs and coxz yellow-
ise eenothn 522 1mChis) (5 5) Tamm. ppl le xox, 110).400

In this genus we doubtless have our first representative
of the tribe Drilini. It is, however, remarkable in the
length of the terminal joint,of the palpi, nothing at all ap-
proaching it is known to me in the entire order of Cole-
optera. ‘The insect seems most nearly allied to Drilus,
but in the absence of the male nothing positive can be as-
serted.

Sierra San Lazaro.

ATTALUS SETOsUS Horn, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., iv, p.
Aske

This species was described from an unusually pale
colored specimen. Others recently received show that
the color may be entirely piceous, faintly bronzed. Others
have simply a pale humeral spot, which extends and widens,
covering nearly the entire elytral surface, except narrow
sutural and marginal piceous stripes. It is easily known,
however, in all its varieties by the short erect sete.

244 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In addition to San José del Cabo, it occurs at Miraflores,
Sierra E] Chinche, Santo Domingo del Taste and Sierra
San Lazaro.

OcHODUS PENINSULARIS 0. sp.

Oval, slightly oblong, fulvo-testaceous, sparsely clothed
with short fulvous hair. Antenne, except the first two
points, piceous. Head very coarsely punctate, occiput
slightly piceous, clypeus oval at middle, slightly sinuate
each side, the margin narrowly reflexed, front not tuber-
culate. Thorax fully twice as wide as long, disc convex,
not closely granulate, a vague median depression posteri-
orly. Elytra about one-fourth longer than broad, the
strie feebly impressed, moderately coarsely and closely
punctate, intervals flat, very irregularly biseriately punc-
tate. Length, .16-.22 inch.; 4-5.5 mm.

The mentum is a little longer than wide, deeply im-
pressed its whole length and emarginate in front.

In the six specimens examined, in which both sexes are
undoubtedly represented, I find no armature either of the
femora or tibie. The male hind tibiz are, however,
somewhat shorter and more hairy. This species is most
closely related to bzarmatus, and more especially the
female, which has not the clypeal tubercles of the male.
In both sexes of b¢armatus the condyle of the hind femur
forms a narrow plate along the posterior edge, terminating
in a small tooth, one-third from the knee. No such
structure exists in this species.

Sierra San Lazaro and Sierra El Taste.

OcHODUS CALIFORNICUS nN. sp.

Broadly oval, piceous black, elytra dull brown, paler
near the humeri. Head moderately closely punctate,
without tubercles or ridges, clypeus arcuate, the margin
not reflexed. Thorax twice as wide as long, moderately

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 245

densely tuberculate, a vague median impression posterior-
ly. Elytra vaguely striate, punctures of striz coarse but
not close, intervals flat, more closely and finely granulate
than the thorax. Length, .18 inch.; 4.5 mm.

Mentum broader than long, deeply concave, the apex
emarginate.

The unique before me is a female, and shows no arma-
ture of the legs.

This species, by the form of mentum and simple
clypeus, is not especially related to any in our fauna. In
its color it is unique, and might be mistaken for an On-
thophagus.

Pomona, Cal., from H. C. Fall.

OcHOD#US FRONTALIS Lec.

This occurs in Coahuila, Mex. It evidently escaped
Mr. Bates’ observation, unless O—4 (Lamellic. p. 107)
is it.

RHOPALOPHORA BICINCTA DN. sp.

Black, rather dull, elytra with a basal and a post-median
slightly arcuate narrow band of silvery white pubescence.
Head closely punctate, occiput between the eyes
smoother. Antenne (female) yellow, not longer than
the body, joints 5-10, gradually shorter, 11 slightly
longer than 10, joints 8-10 slightly serrate. Thorax as
in f/f. longipes, sparsely punctate, more closely on the
flanks, surface alutaceous, beneath more shining, slightly
transversely wrinkled and sparsely punctate. Elytra
parallel, scarcely wider than the thorax, apices obtuse 3
or 4 dentate, surface closely cribrate punctate. Body
beneath black, shining, sparsely punctate and with sparse
hairs, but with denser patches of silvery white pubescence
at the sides of mesosternum, the hind angles of meta-
sternum and at the sides of the first ventral segment along

246 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the suture. Legs piceo-testaceous, the tibia paler, the
femora at base darker. Length .20 inch.; 5 mm.

This species is placed temporarily in the genus from its
very close resemblance in all the more important struc-
tural details, although the antennz suggest a relationship
with the Cleomenides, as defined by Lacordaire. The
antennz are not setaceous as in Rhopalophora, but rather
filiform, the three penultimate joints slightly flattened and
subseviate. .

The specimen at my disposal is a female and unique,
from which the useful parts of the mouth have disap-
peared. The ornamentation of the elytra is not in line
with Rhopalophorus, and it seems very probable that the
discovery of the male will show the necessity for suggest-
ing a new generic name.

One specimen. San José del Cabo.

DySPHAGA DEBILIS Nn. sp.

Slender, elongate, pale yellowish testaceous, abdo-
men piceous. Front not punctate, neck obsoletely punc-
tate. Thorax a little wider at middle than long, sides
slightly arcuate, surface dull, not distinctly punctate,
sparcely pubescent. Elytra one-third longer than the
head and thorax, extending beyond the middle of the
abdomen, surface shining, slightly wrinkled and vaguely
bicostulate. Abdomen piceous, the last ventral segment
yellow at apical half. Length, .18 inch; 4.5 mm.

The single specimen has the last ventral deeply trian-
gularly incised. This is thought by Dr. LeConte to be
a female character.

San José del Cabo.

The species of Dysphaga are few in number and speci-
mens are always rare. They may be separated as fol
lows:

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 247

Head and thorax piceous black.

Thorax distinctly punctate; elytra not costulate. tenuipes.
Thorax smoother bicallous at base. levis.
Head and thorax reddish yellow; elytra piceous and distinctly bicostulate.

bicolor.
Pale yellowish testaceous, elytra bicostulate. debilis.

METACOLASPIS nN. g.

Head oval, not deeply inserted, eyes free, entire, not
very convex, oval, finely granulated; front feebly sculp-
tured, clypeus not distinctly separated, labrum short,
transverse. Last joint of maxillary palpi slender, atten-
uate at tip, longer than the preceding joint. Antenne
slender, three-fourths the length of body, first joint thick-
ened, second one shorter than the third, joints 3-11 grad-
ually slightly longer. Prothorax transverse, the front
angles not dentiform, hind angles very obtuse, lateral
margin entire. Scutellum oval obtuse at apex. Elytra
very irregularly substriately punctate. Prosternum be-
tween the coxe twice as long as wide. Legs moderate
in length, femora slightly fusiform, the tibiz slender, the
four posterior feebly emarginate at outer angle of the
tip. Tarsi moderate in length, claws deeply bifid, the in-
ner division long and slender.

The insect for which the above generic name is pro-
posed has the general aspect of Colaspis brunnea except
the color. It is certainly allied to Metachroma by the
structure of the prothoracic episterna, the bifid claws and
the emarginate tibiz.

From Metachroma it differs in having the second an-
tennal joint much shorter than the third. The other two
genera are from Malacca and the Philippine Islands. Pyro-
pida has a broad prosternum and less deeply bifid claws,
Chrysopida has dentate femora.

248 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

METACOLASPIS CONSPERSA N. Sp.

Form moderately robust, general color pale yellowish-
white, antennz, metapectus, tibiz and tarsi piceous; ely-
tra brown with numerous yellowish-white spots usually
small, irregularly placed, surface glabrous. Head smooth.
Thorax one-half wider than long, sides feebly arcuate,
front angles distinct, hind angles obtuse, surface polished
with numerous moderately coarse punctures at the sides.
Scutellum smooth. Elytra wider at base than the thorax,
about one-third longer than wide, sides feebly arcuate, disc
convex with closely placed deep punctures, substriately
arranged with three faintly indicated coste. Body beneath
smooth, sides of metapectus finely punctate and pubes-
cent. Length, .16 inch; 4 mm.

San José del Cabo.

CoOLASPIS MCGESTA DN. sp.

Form robust, piceous, upper surface feebly, dark-
bronzed, moderately shining. Antenne piceous, the basal
five joints gradually paler. Head punctate, less closely
on the occiput. Thorax twice as wide as long, narrower
in front, sides broadly arcuate, scarcely undulate, margin
narrowly reflexed, disc convex, finely punctate, but more
coarsely at sides. Elytra very little wider than the thorax,
disc vaguely subcostate near the apex, surface moderately
coarsely, irregularly, not densely punctate. Body be-
neath very sparsely punctate. Legs piceous, the front and
middle femora and all the coxz slightly paler. Length,
.25 inch; 6.5 mm. :

Similar in form to /thabdopterus picipes, but larger and
more robust. It seems most nearly related in our fauna
to C’. nigrocyanea, and like that species has the proster-
num rather wider than in the other Colaspis.

San José del Cabo.

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 249

BLEPHARIDA ATRIPENNIS 0. Sp.

Form moderately robust, rufo-testaceous, antenne,
elytra, tibiz and tarsi piceous black. Basal joint of an-
tenne testaceous in front. Head smooth. Thorax fully
twice as wide as long, slightly narrowed in front, front
angle slightly nodiform, hind angle obtuse, disc convex,
smooth, sparsely finely punctate. Scutellum smooth, rufo-
testaceous. Elytra slightly wider than the thorax, oval,
one-third longer than wide, convex, surface dull, very
finely alutaceous, irregularly geminately striato-punctate,
the punctures not coarse nor close. Body beneath sparsely
punctate, slightly pubescent on abdomen and sides of
metapectus. Length, .22 inch; 5.5 mm.

While the species is placed in Blepharida as a matter of
expediency, there does not seem to be any valid character
for its separation from that genus. The only other species
at present in hand is our rhozs, which differs in some
characters from those given by Chapuis. The elytral
sculpture differs notably from that of rhozs, but several
Mexican species resemble it in this respect.

San José del Cabo. He

CREPIDODERA PENINSULARIS n. Sp.

Oval, moderately robust, rufo-testaceous, elytra piceo-
rufous with distinctly aneous surface. Head smooth,
antenne darker at tip. Thorax twice as wide as long,
slightly narrowed in front, anterior angles truncate, hind
angles acute, sides moderately arcuate, disc convex, with
few coarse irregularly placed punctures, transverse im-
pression moderately deep and with punctures. Elytra
wider at base than the thorax, humeri obtuse, surface with
rows of coarse and deep but not very closely placed
punctures, intervals not convex, smooth. Body beneath
smooth, abdomen indistinctly punctate and alutaceous.
Kegs paler. Length, -10 inch; 2:5 mm.

250 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

This species is not particularly related to any in the
Boreal fauna, but is probably nearer chzrzquenszs, although
from description abundantly distinct.

One specimen. San José del Cabo.

LUPERODES HISTRIO nN. sp.

Form oblong, color variable above, beneath yellowish,
metapectus piceous. Antenne rather longer than half
the body, testaceous, the apex and front edge of each
joint piceous. Head smooth, blue or green, the front
yellow. Thorax slightly wider than long, not narrowed
in front, sides slightly arcuate anteriorly, a feeble sinua-
tion posteriorly, hind angles acute, the anterior slightly
nodiform, disc moderately convex, scarcely perceptibly
punctulate. Elytra wider than the thorax, twice as long
as wide, sides nearly parallel, disc moderately convex,
sparsely regularly, finely punctate. Body beneath yel-
low, sides of metapectus piceous, surface sparsely punc-
tate with short hairs. Femora yellow, with upper edge
and apex piceous, tibiz and tarsi piceous. Length, .16-
.22 inch; 4-5.5 mm. ;

This insect is very variable in color.

Typical form: "ead bicolored; this is constant in all
the varieties. Thorax yellow. Elytraviolet-blue to green,
with an elongate yellow spot from base to middle, narrow-
ing behind, an oval spot near the apex.

Variety: ‘Thorax piceous with greenish surface lustre,
the borders very narrowly pale. Elytra greenish, a basal,
elongate oval pale, spot. |

Variety: Thorax entirely yellow. Elytra almost en-
tirely yellow, with a very narrow greenish margin all
around and along the suture.

This species is placed in Luperodes, or rather the gen-
eric name is adopted for reasons given by me in a synop-

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 251

sis of Galerucini of Boreal America (Trans. Am. Ent.
Soc. 1893, p. 108). It is, however, quite certain that
some other use or arrangement of characters must be
adopted for the genera of the group Luperites as defined
by Chapuis.

Sierra San Lazaro, Sierra El] Chinche.

SCELOLYPERUS CYANELLUS DN. sp.

Form elongate, piceous black, moderately shining,
elytra violaceous, blue or bluish-green. Head smooth.
Thorax quadrate, very little longer than wide, sides very
feebly arcuate, anterior angles slightly nodiform, hind
angles sharply rectangular, disc moderately convex,
smooth. Elytra one-half wider than the thorax, twice as
wide as long, disc moderately convex, sparsely punctulate.
Body beneath piceous or blue-black, sparsely punctulate
and pubescent. Legs black, femora bluish, alutaceous,
the anterior and middle coxz and all the trochanters yel-
low. Length, .12-.16 inch; 3-4 mm.

The males have the posterior tibiz straight. Variations
occur which seem to be merely due to immaturity —the
antennz may be brownish-yellow and the under side of
prothorax, tibiz and tarsi yellowish-testaceous.

This species 1esembles a diminutive form of that variety
of maculicollis with black thorax.

E] Taste and San José del Cabo.

TRIPHALUS CRIBRICOLLIS Nn. Sp.

‘ Piceous black, feebly shining. Head moderately
coarsely and closely punctate with a slight tendency to
become strigose; mandibles more densely and _ finely
punctate. Thorax quadrate, slightly broader than long
and slightly narrower in front, sides very slightly arcuate,
base arcuate, disc convex coarsely and closely punctate,
each puncture (as on the head) bearing a short yellow

252 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

hair. Elytra regularly oval, broadest at middle, one-half
longer than wide, base not wider than base of thorax, disc
convex with the striz of coarse punctures not closely
placed, intervals slightly convex and with two series of
finer punctures irregularly placed each bearing a short
yellow hair. Body beneath more shining than above,
coarsely but not closely punctate. Length, .22 inch;
Bos aaa,

Similar in form to perforatus, but with the striz of the
elytra more closely and the thorax more densely punc-
tured. The finer punctures of the intervals in perforatus
are scarcely evident and the hairs very short.

One specimen. Miraflores.

CERENOPUS ANGUSTATUS Horn. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.
1894, Pp. 426.

A recent invoice with a dozen specimens shows that
my description of the female was erroneous. The female
at hand was merely a feeble specimen of concolor.

The female of angustatus has the clypeus very differ-
-ent from the male, which may be described as truncate
with an abrupt median notch either oval or subtriangular.
In the female there is a deep sinuation each side of the
notch and the angles are obtusely produced so that the
front has somewhat a quadridentate appearance. The
posterior femora have on the inner side of the lower edge
a series of well marked tubercles. Pl. xx, figs. 4, 5.

In addition to the locality at San José del Cabo it also
occurs at Pescadero, Santo Domingo del Taste, Sierra
El Chinche, San Lazaro and Miraflores.

MACROBASIS LANGUIDA D0. sp.

Form slender, general color pale luteous clothed with
slightly paler pubescence, antenne and tarsi black. Tho-
rax longer than wide, a feebly impressed median line.

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 253

Tarsi black with a ring of whitish pubescence at the base
of each joint. Length, .go inch; 10 mm.

Male. Antenne setaceous the first joint as long as the
next two, not sinuate at apex, second three-fourths as long
and equal to the next three joints together. Anterior
tibize with two terminal spurs, the first joint of tarsi longer
than the second. Last ventral segment incised.

This species resembles /znearzs very closely and it is
probable that the females will be difficult to separate.

San José del Cabo.

At the time of my study of Macrobasis (Proc. Amer.
Philos. Soc. 1873) the male of /émearzs was unknown.
The following are the sexual characters which will sepa-
rate it from /anguzda:

M. linearis $ Lec. Antenne setaceous, the first joint
as long as the next five not sinuate at tip, second joint
scarcely a third of the first. Anterior tibiz with a single
spur, first joint of tarsi much shorter than the second and
strongly compressed at base.

OTIDOCEPHALUS ALTERNATUS DN. sp.

Form of vzttatus, piceous black, shining, clothed with
recumbent and not dense gray hairs the alternate inter-
vals of the elytra naked, without erect sete. Rostrum
smooth in front, not carinate, punctate at the sides. Tho-
rax elongate oval, one-half longer than wide, equally nar-
rowed at apex and base, regularly convex, coarsely not
closely punctate. Scutellum densely clothed with white
pubescence. Elytra elongate oval, widest at middle, hu-
meri well marked. Punctures in striz rather coarse and
closely placed, intervals slightly convex, intervals 2—-4-
6-8 moderately densely pubescent, the others sparsely
biseriately punctate, each puncture with a hair. Body
beneath sparsely hairy, a denser line at the sides of meso-
and metapectus. Legs brownish, sparsely punctate and

254 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

hairy. The femora with a small tooth. Length, sine
OSG ey lO tC Asi Ah aati

Related to vzttatus and with similar vestiture but less
dense, the hairs are simple and not tufted. It differs also
_ in the absence otf smooth thoracic line and is without erect
seta.

One specimen. La Paz.

OTIDOCEPHALUS SPARSUS DN. sp.

Form of scrobzcollts, piceous black shining, surface
clothed with tufted pubescence not closely placed, thorax
and elytra with erect white hairs. Rostrum coarsely punc-
tate, smooth at middle in front. Thorax slightly oval,
equally narrowed at apex and base, one-half longer than
wide, sides feebly arcuate, disc convex, very coarsely and
deeply, moderately closely punctate, tufted hairs not closely
placed, erect hairs directed toward the front. Elytra
oblong oval, widest slightly behind the middle, humeri
distinct, surface with striz of moderately coarse punc-
tures, not deep nor closely placed, intervals flat sparsely
punctate. Body beneath sparsely clothed with tufted
hairs and erect sete. Legs piceous, tarsi pale. Femora
with small tooth. Claws with broad rectangular tooth at
base. Length, .18 inch; 45 mm.

This species does not particularly resemble any in our
fauna; it has vestiture similar to U//kez, but less dense.

One specimen in my cabinet, probably from the Cape
Region.

OTIDOCEPHALUS CARINICOLLIS, N. sp.

Form of scrobzcollis, piceous black, surface very dark
bronze, shining, clothed with grayish pubescence with
smooth spaces, the intervals with semi-erect black sete.
Rostrum vaguely bisulcate each side. ‘Thorax elongate
oval, one-third longer than wide, widest slightly in front

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 255

of middle, base and apex equal, disc convex, very coarsely
deeply and moderately closely punctate, the median line
carinate from base two-thirds to apex. Elytra oval, widest
slightly behind the middle, humeri distinct, disc with dis-
dinctly impressed striz having coarse, deeply impressed
and rather closely placed punctures, intervals flat. Body
beneath clothed with much finer pubescence than the up-
per surface. Tuibiz and the femora at base rufescent.
Femora with a small tooth. Claws with quadrangular
tooth at base. Length, .21 inch; 5.25 mm.

This species viewed in profile is more convex than any
of our hairy species, resembling in this respect Chevrolatz.
The vestiture of the upper surface is rather formed of very
large narrow scales than simple hairs. They are however
not at all tufted as in sfarsus or Ulkez. The carinate
thorax will at once separate it from any of our species.

Occurs in Texas. One specimen was given me by
Dr. Dohrn as from California, but I believe the locality
erroneous.

In*the;-Annals) of the: N\. Y.' Acad. Se; 1892) Capt.
Casey reviews the species of Otidocephalus describing
several new ones. QO. nivosus from intermediate speci-
mens from Utah does not seem specifically separable from
vittatus.

O. cavirostris should be compared with Poeyz, the in-
flated and excavated beak on which so much stress is
laid is purely a sexual character. (See Lac. Genera, vi,
p- 569, note, also Schoenh. Curcul. vii, 2, p. 208. Neither
author, however, recognizes that it is a male character.)

O. perforatus Horn. has been separated as a distinct
genus, Oopterznus, based on the absence of scutellum.
The genus is not valid, as a distinct scutellum exists al-
though less evident than in the species with distinct hu-
meri.

256 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

CopTuRUS SOBRINUS N. sp.

Piceous, elytra, legs and beak castaneous. Rostrum
and sides of head with broad white scales, eyes contigu-
ous on the front. Thorax a little broader at base than
long, slightly narrower in front, feebly constricted at apex,
sides feebly arcuate, disc slightly convex, coarsely, deeply
and closely punctate, at sides with broad white scales, at
middle a short line from the base with narrower scales.
Elytra deeply striate with elongate punctures, intervals
subcostiform and imbricately sculptured, color castaneous
ornamented with short lines of white scales on the in-
tervals forming in a general way a basal band, a humeral
lunule extending inward at middle, a white area on the
suture near the apex, another at sides near apex, the scales
otherwise are brownish. Body beneath and legs densely
clothed with white scales, broad on the body, narrow on
the legs. Length, .o8 inch; 2 mm.

Closely related to mznutus in color, form and markings,
but it is readily known by the form of elytral intervals.
In mznutus the intervals are flat and decidedly wider than
the striz, the intervals of sobrinus are subcostiform and
narrower than the strie. The antenne are similar in that
the second joint of the funicle is scarcely visibly longer
than the third.

La Paz, Sierra San Lazaro, Sierra El Taste.

ZASCELIS OBLONGA DN. Sp.

Oblong, form of zrrorata, dark brown, dull, sparsely
clothed with dull white, slim, erect hairs, with more erect
short black seta intermixed. Rostrum very coarsely
cribrate, at base slightly expanded, forming ale over the
scrobes. Head coarsely and deeply perforate punctate.
Thorax a little wider at base than long, sides obliquely
convergent at apical third, posteriorly parallel, disc mod-

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 257

erately coarsely, deeply and closely punctate, with faintly
indicated median carina. Elytra wider at base than the
thorax, disc not depressed, striz with deep quadrate punc-
tures, intervals flat, the third and fifth finely carinate,
rather roughly punctate. Body beneath coarsely, closely
and equally punctate. Femora not toothed, tibiz serrate.
Length, .18—.22 inch.; 4.5-5.5 mm.

Allied in its vestiture to serrzpes, but in form to zrrorata.
Is much less robust and with less coarsely toothed tibiz
than the first, and differs from the second in vestiture and
the absence of femoral tooth.

Two specimens. Arizona, Sierra San Lazaro.

CONOTRACHELUS LUCANUS DN. sp.

Oblong oval, similar in form to zaso, piceous, dull, elytra
marmorate with brownish and dirty white hairs, the latter
more evident at the sides and with four more conspicuous
white spots at the base of the third and sixth intervals.
Antenne rufescent, inserted less than a third from the tip
of the rostrum, which is rather deeply trisulcate on each
side, the sulci coarsely punctured, surface glabrous, a few
hairs near the base. Head densely punctate, with ful-
vous hairs. Thorax quadrate, a little wider than long,
abruptly constricted in front, sides feebly arcuate, disc
convex, very coarsely cribrate, with a median carina from
apex, not quite reaching the base, surface with sparse
erect hairs. Elytra more than half wider at base than
the thorax, humeri not acute, disc with striz of quadrate
punctures not densely placed, the intervals 3-5—7-9
finely carinate, and with a row of short erect hairs. Body
beneath very coarsely and deeply punctate. Mesoster-
num protuberant. Femora unidentate, claws divergent
and acutely toothed. Length, .20 inch.; 5 mm.

This species belongs to the group defined by Dr.

2p SER., Vou. V. (17] July 19, 1895.

258 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

LeConte as 1—B (Rhynchophora, p. 239), and by the
moderate length of beak, which is strongly striate, and
by the protuberant mesosternum, is allied to postzcatus.
It resembles the latter species in the vestiture, and differs
especially in the very coarse sculpture of the thorax,
which approaches that of crzbrzcollis.

One specimen. San José del Cabo.

CONOTRACHELUS ECHINATUS DN. sp.

Form of erznaceus, piceous, clothed with luteous and
dark brown scales, indiscriminately intermixed on the
thorax, on the elytra at declivity an indefinite band of the
paler color, on the intervals are moderately long black
hairs, in the punctures of the striaz a slender pale hair.
Beak longer than head and thorax, sulcate at the sides,
in front rather densely scaly and with erect hairs, antenna
inserted close to the tip. Thorax wider than long, not
greatly constricted in front, sides feebly arcuate, disc con-
vex, coarsely, deeply and not closely punctate. Elytra
nearly twice as wide at base as the thorax, one-third longer
than wide, humeri prominent but not dentiform, disc striate,
striz punctate, intervals flat. Abdomen coarsely and
deeply punctate. Legs piceous, tibiz and tarsi paler,
densely scaly and with whitish hairs. Femora not toothed.
Claws cleft. Length, .10 inch; 2.5 mm.

This species belongs to a small group containing but
two species, characterized by the cleft claws and the
presence of erect sete on the intervals. It differs from
either of the two at present known by the style of vesti-
ture, the longer erect hairs and the entire absence of
femoral tooth. As is usual with species of bicolored
scales the surface is variegated in color and not purely
piceous.

Two specimens. Southern Arizona.

1BTe%,) A
Fig.
Fig. 3
Fig

COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 259

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XxX.

Telegeusis debilis Horn, greatly enlarged.

Malthodes lucanus Horn, terminal ventral segments of male, un-
derneath view.

Malthodes lucanus Horn, terminal ventral segments of male, lat-
eral view.

Head of male Cerenopus angustatus Horn.

Head of female of same.

Anisotoma valida Horn, hind leg of male.

Anisotoma Merkeliana Horn, hind leg of male.

Zalobius spinicollis Lec.

Zalobius serricollis Lec.

Asemobius cxlatus Horn.

THIRD REPORT ON SOME MEXICAN HYMENOPTERA,
PRINCIPALLY FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA.

BY WILLIAM J. FOX.

{ With Plate xxi. ]

The present paper is based on collections made in the
fall of 1894, by Messrs. Eisen and Vaslit. By far the
greater portion was gathered at San José del Cabo
in September, and contains a number of species not
mentioned in my former paper. The remainder, from
the vicinity of Tepic, in the Territory of Tepic, on the
Pacific Coast of Mexico, is of interest as it demonstrates
the difference of the fauna of the main land from that
of the peninsula, as the species are in nearly every case
different from those of the latter region. The ants and
parasitic hymenoptera are not included herein, but will
form the subjects of other papers by Messrs. Pergande
and Ashmead respectively.

CHRYSIDIDZ.

CHRYSIS SELENIA Costa. Numerous specimens. San
José del Cabo.
MUTILLID&.

MUTILLA ORNATIVENTRIS Cress. San José del Cabo.
One specimen. Apparently a widely distributed species,
as I have seen specimens from the eastern United States
and Canada.

SPHZROPHTHALMA Nortoni Bl. Tepic. Two speci-
mens, differing from the type in having the orange spots
on anterior portion of second dorsal abdominal segment
connected with the orange on posterior portion; other-
wise the same, but a little larger.

SPH4ROPHTHALMA SACKENII Cress. San José del
Cabo. Five ¢ specimens, varying from 9-15 mm. in
length.

2p Ser., VOL. V. July 20, 1895.

HYMENOPTERA FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA. 261

SPH ROPHTHALMA MAGNA Cress. San José del Cabo.
Thirteen specimens.

SPHAROPHTHALMA GLORIOSA Sauss. San José del
Cabo. Fifteen specimens. The ground color of this
species varies considerably; usually entirely red, yet
forms occur with it entirely black, but forms intermediate
are commoner. The color of the unusually long, white
pubescence with whichthe species is clothed is invariable.
The size varies from 8-17 mm.

SPH ROPHTHALMA XALAPA Bl. San José del Cabo.
One specimen.

SCOLIIDZA.

MyZINE HAMATA Say. ‘Three females. San José del
Cabo and Tepic. The markings of the abdomen show
considerably variation in this species. The form occur-
ing in the eastern United States usually has the third and
fourth dorsal segments, in the 2 , banded with yellow; in
the two specimens from San José these bands are inter-
rupted medially, but are more prolonged than the lateral
spots on the other segments; in the Tepic specimen the
third segment only is banded.

MyZINE HYALINA Cress. One ¢. San José del Cabo.

MyZINE SEXCINCTA Fabr. What I take to be a variety
of this species is represented in the collection by a single
?from Tepic. Dorsal abdominal segments 1-4 are each
marked by a broad yellow band; the coxe, trochanters
and basal two-thirds of the femora black; flagellum
blackish. I considered this specimen at first as repre-
senting a new species, but the absence of substantial
structural characters together with the fact that forms,
more or less intermediate with the typical one, occur in
the United States, led me to consider it but a variety.

262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ENGYCYSTIS* gen. nov.

Plate xxi, fie. 1, female; fe. 2, head wirom! trom: jie
Z,papdomen or 6; te.)45 hind les tots; snes 5. tore: leg
of same.

Form elongate, slender in both sexes. Eyes tolerably
large, reaching the base of mandibles, ot emargzinate in
either sex. Mandibles armed internally with a strong
tooth between middle and apex. Ocelli distinct. Insertions
of antennz protected by a prominent lobe, the distance
between the insertions less than that between them and
the eye margin. Antenne rather long and slender, taper-
ing to apex, in length about equal to the thorax, joints
long and easily distinguished, 12 in 9,13 in 6. Maz-
illary palpi 5-, labtal palpi 4-jointed, the joints of the
former unusually /ong and slender, of the later short and
stout. Thorax elongate-oblong, narrower than head.
Pronotum much longer than dorsulum and shorter than
middle-segment, the dorsulum small, if anything, shorter
than scutellum, the latter somewhat narrowed posteriorly
and longer than broad. Mesopleure rzdged anteriorly,
and beneath separated from the mesosterum by an indis-
tinct furrow. Metapleure less deeply sunken than in
Myzine. Middle-segment in the only known species
coarsely rugose or rugoso-reticulate. Legs slender in
both sexes, the femora and tibiae not flattened or broadened.
Hind femora at apex beneath produced into a rather sharp
tooth. Fore tibia with one, medial and hind pair with two
spurs, the hind pair being also strongly serrated in the @ ,
less strongly in g , and with the tarsi well spined. Anterior
metatarsus wzth a feeble comb, composed of short, straight
spines. Middle coxea little separated. Abdomen about
asin ¢ Myzine, but not so strongly constricted at base
and apex of the segments. Last dorsal segment of ¢@

*erybs = close by + xdatts = cell.

HYMENOPTERA FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA. 263

with a well developed pygidial area which ts smooth and
bounded laterally by a sharp ridge, in the 6 this segment
is emarginate at apex into which the huge, curved spine
fits, which extends up from beneath. Wings ample, the
stigma large, lanceolate, at least half the length of the
marginal cell; ¢he latter lanceolate, firmly united to the
costal margin tts entire length. Three distinct submar-
ginals and an indication of a fourth, the second shorter than
euther the first or third. Recurrent nervures received by
the second and third submarginals. Basal vern confluent
with the transverso-medial nervure in both sexes. Cubital
vein of hind wings originating a little before the apex of
the submedian cell zm doth sexes, rarely confluent with the
transverso-medial nervure.

Type, &. rufiventris. This genus is allied to Myzzne,
but is very distinct, as will be seen by the characters
given above. It is erected for M/yzine rufiventris Cress.,
and it is surprising that observers like Cresson and Cam-
eron (Biol. Centr. Amer. Hym., ii, p. 258) should have
overlooked such prominent generic characters as this
species possesses. Moreover, the _ coloration—head,
thorax and first abdominal segment black, with the re-
mainder of abdomen bright red, is strikingly different
from any of the species of J/yzzne that I am aware of.

The 2 which has not before been noticed, is very
similar to the 6 ; the head is much more sparsely punc-
tured, and the thorax in general more coarsely sculptured,
except the mesopleurz, which are very densely punctured,
while in the ¢ they have the punctures large and well
separated: abdomen above almost impunctate, else the
strong scattered punctures evident in the ¢ are very
feeble; wings in the middle and at base hyaline, other-
wise fuscous, so that they appear bifasciate, hind pair
except apex hyaline; first and second joints of flagellum

264 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

about equal in length; in the ¢@ the first is shorter than
the second; colored alike in both sexes.

Two 2 specimens. San JosédelCabo. Iam indebted
to Mr. Samuel Henshaw for the loan of Cresson’s type,
which isa 4.

In my opinion this genus differs sufficiently from the
rest of the Scoliide, particularly 77phza and Myzzne, to
be constituted a tribe of that family.

SCOLIA BADIA Sauss. San José del Cabo. One@.

SCOLIA GUTTATA Burm. Two specimens, ? 6. Tepic.
Thoracic markings in these specimens are entirely absent.
The only pale color to be found on them exists on the
second and third dorsal abdominal segments in the shape
of a large spot on each side.

Eis porsATA Fabr. San José del Cabo and Tepic.
Eis TRICINCTA Fabr. Two specimens. ‘Tepic.
ELIS TRIFASCIATA Fabr. One?. -Tepic.

Euis puumipEs Dr. San José del Cabo. Numerous
6 specimens. These differ from the more northern speci-
mens by the clypeus being spotted on either side, as in
specimens from the United States the clypeus is entirely
black. The maculated clypeus is a characteristic of £.
limosa, but plumipes differs in having the fore and medial
tibiz more or less yellowish, whereas in the first men-
tioned the medial tibiz are entirely black.

ELIS XANTIANA Sauss. San José del Cabo.

POMPILIDZ.

PoMPILUS PHILADELPHIcus St. Farg. San José del
Cabo and Tepic. Five females. These are much bluer
than the form common in the United States.

PomMPILUS 4THIOPS Cress. San José del Cabo. One é.

HYMENOPTERA FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA. 265

PomPILUS TENEBROSUS Cress. One?. San José del
Cabo.

PomPiLus FULGIDUS Cress. One@. San José del
Cabo. ‘This specimen is smaller and less blue than the
typical form, but otherwise agrees with it.

POMPILUS CORRUSCUS var. JUXTA Cress. San José del
Cabo.

PoMPILUS INTERRUPTUS Say. A variety of this species
from San José del Cabo.

PRIOCNEMIS FLAMMIPENNIS Sm. Tepic. One female.
AGENIA MEXICANA Cress. Tepic. One female.

PEPsIS RUBRA Dr. Two females, one male. San José
del Cabo.

PEPSIS TERMINATA Dhlb. One éfrom San José del
Cabo.
SPHEGIDZ.
SCELIPHRON Luca Sauss. Three specimens of this

handsome species. San José del Cabo.

SCELIPHRON HISTRIO St. Farg. Tepic. One speci-
men.

SCELIPHRON ( Chalybion) C@#RULEUM Linné. Twelve
males. San José del Cabo.

SCELIPHRON ( Chalybion) ZIMMERMANNI Dhlb. Five
females. San José del Cabo. Sc. aztecum Sauss is prob-
ably the 6 of this species.

SPHEX HABENA Say. One specimen. San José del
Cabo.

SPHEX FLAVIPES Sm. Tepic. Two females. This
is the form described by Saussure as Azrsutus.

SPHEX ABDOMINALIS Cress. San José del Cabo. One 2.

266 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

SPHEX THOM Fabr. ‘Tepic and San José del Cabo.
Two females.

AMMOPHILA MICANS Cam. One®?. ‘Tepic.

AMMOPHILA ZANTHOPTERA Cam. Tepic. One female.
Seems to be close to medzata Cress.

AMMOPHILA FEMUR-RUBRA Fox. San José del Cabo.
One specimen.

AMMOPHILA PICTIPENNIS Walsh. Three females. San
José del Cabo. ‘These differ only from more northern
specimens in their smaller size.

AmMopHiLaA YARROWI Cress. Eight specimens. San
José del Cabo.

CERCERIS GRAPHICA Sm.

I am not acquainted with the female of this species, the
sex described by Smith. A ¢ specimen from Tepic agrees
so well with Smith’s description that I refer it to eraphica
without hesitancy. The flagellum is reddish beneath to
the apex and above, at base the scape being entirely of
that color; clypeus entirely, sides of face broadly, yel-
low; other markings on head and those on thorax as de-
scribed in the female; as are also those on the abdomen,
except that the sixth segment is banded and the pygidium
is more or less yellow; inclosure at base of middle seg-
ment coarsely punctured basally, polished at apex.

The reddish legs with yellow tarsi and the peculiar
combination of reddish, yellow and black of abdomen are
characteristic of this species.

SPHECIUS CONVALLIS Patt. San José del Cabo. Two
specimens.

STizus GopMANt Cam. Two specimens,? 6. San
José del Cabo.

HYMENOPTERA FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA. 267

BEMBEX MONODONTA Say. Four males. San José
del Cabo.

TRYPOXYLON ALBITARSE Fabr. Tepic. One female.

TRYPXOYLON AZTECUM Sauss. San José del Cabo.
Five 9 and thirteen ¢ specimens. In the ¢ the color of the
first tarsal joint varies from white to black. The reddish
color existing on the basal joints of flagellum beneath in
the g does not occur in the female.

TRYPOXYLON SPINOSUM Cam. Two specimens. Tepic
and San José del Cabo.

TRYPOXYLON CENTRALE nN. Sp.

? .—Head higher than broad, finely and closely punc-
tured; fore ocellus separated from the posteriors by a
slightly greater distance than the latter are from each
other, a distinct space between the posteriors and each
eye; front just above the antennze with a prominent,
longitudinal ridge or carina, which extends less than half
way to the fore ocellus; face depressed on each side of
this ridge, above it the front convex, parted by a not
strong impressed line running from the ridge to fore
ocellus; occipital notch indistinct; clypeus flat, not car-
inated, its anterior margin rounded out, subangular in the
middle; space between eyes at the vertex greater than
the combined length of antennal joints 2 and 3, at the
base of clypeus this space is about one-third less than at
the vertex; first joint of flagellum.about one-third longer
than the second; pronotum strongly and bluntly shoul-
dered at each side; dorsulum finely and very closely
punctured, the scutellum less so and not impressed; me-
sopleure less closely punctured than the dorsulum; mid-
dle segment above distinctly striated, obliquely and trans-
versely, with a slight, rather indistinct medial impression,
posterior face with the sculpture hidden by dense, pale

268 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

pubescence, strongly furrowed down the middle, how-
ever, sides shining, delicately striato-punctate; abdomen
long and slender, first segment subnodose at apex, fully
one-third longer than the second, second and third seg-
ments united about one-quarter longer than the first.
Black; mandibles, darker apically, greater part of fore
tibiz, their tarsi and a ring at base of middle tibiz, not
always present, however, reddish-yellow, sides of the
second, third and fourth abdominal segments basally red-
dish; tegule pale testaceous; calcaria whitish; wings
hyaline throughout, iridescent, nervures and stigma black,
space between the recurrent nervure and the transverso-
cubital nervure on the cubital vein distinctly greater than
the width of the submarginal cell at apex; clypeus, head
in front, including the eye-emarginations, cheeks, and
thorax beneath less densely, with silvery pubescence.
Length, 9 mm.

San José del Cabo. Two specimens. Distinct by the
longitudinal ridge of front, sculpture of middle segment
above, clear wings, shape of clypeus, coloration, and po-
sition of ocelli, which are not connected by a furrow.
Its form and coloration is similar to those species with
the middle segment trisulcate above, but in this there is
but one sulcus. It is evidently more clearly related to
frigidum and bidentatam.

EUMENIDZ.

OpDYNERUS DORSALIS Fabr. Tepic. One specimen
representing the red variety of this species.

OpyNERusS Fusus Cress. San José del Cabo. One
specimen. Differs from Texan examples by having the
truncation of the clypeus a little narrowed, and abdomen
more suffused with yellow.

OpyYNERUS LACUNUS Fox. San José del Cabo. One
Q specimen.

HYMENOPTERA FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA. 269

VESPIDZ.

PoLIsTES FUSCATUS Fabr. Ten specimens. Tepic.

POLISTES CARNIFEX Fabr. Ten specimens. Tepic.
All very large.

POLISTES BELLICOSuUs Cress. ‘Ten specimens of a form
which I consider a variety of this species, differing from
Texan individuals by the scutellum and metanotum
(postscutellum) being entirely yellow, and the markings
in general, particularly those of the abdomen, more ex-
tended; the middle segment lacks the parallel yellow
lines which occur in the Texan form. The specimens
are from San José del Cabo.

POLISTES MINOR Pal. Bve. San Josédel Cabo. Three
specimens.

POLISTES LINEATUS Fabr. Numerous specimens. San
Jose del Cabo.

POLYBIA DECEPTA N. sp.

Entirely of a very dark, almost blackish brown, except
the mandibles, which are ferruginous, and the antenne,
which are black, clothed with a sericeous pile; wings:
basal two-thirds or more of anteriors black, as are also
the nervures, on the remainder whitish, the nervures
yellowish, posteriors blackish throughout; middle-segment
with a deep, convex, depression, extending from base to
apex; hind coxez very large; medial and hind tarsi with
joints 3 and 4 greatly extended at apex within, particularly
the fourth joint; petiole of abdomen robust, most convex
in middle above, before the apex with a transverse im-
pression. Length, 15 mm.

One specimen, either a 9 or 3. Easily distinguished
by the color of wings, which is exactly as in Chartergus
apicalis, as in the rest of the insect. It evidently belongs

270 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

to Saussure’s Division Iota, and seems to come closest to
P. socials Sauss., from Brazil. Its similarity in color to
Chartergus apicalis is really remarkable.

MiscHOCYTTARUS LABIATUS Sauss. Tepic. One speci-

men.
APIDZ.

AGAPOSTEMON MELLIVENTRIS Cress. San José del
Cabo. One @ specimen. Another unidentified species
having the abdomen entirely black, is in the collection,
from the same locality.

CoLLETES sp. A specimen of a species related to
aethiops Cress. ‘epic.

CALLIOPSIS MEXICANA Cress. Tepic. One specimen.

PERDITA sp. One specimen. Tepic, ~ Related to
8-maculatus Say, from the United States.

ANTHIDIUM NOTATUM Latr. Two 6 specimens from
San José del Cabo, which represent a variety of this
species, differing in the paler markings, entirely black
femora, and by having greater part of tibiz black; struc-
turally there is apparently no difference from specimens
from the eastern United States.

MEGACHILE sp. San José del Cabo. One @.

CERATINA MEXICANA Cress. Tepic. One @ speci-
men.

MEGACILISSA THORACICA N. Sp.

? .—Head black, the vertex with black pubescence;
front, face, clypeus at the sides and cheeks with pale pu-
bescence, more or less intermingled with black, except
on cheeks; clypeus with strong, sparse punctures; labrum
reddish, strongly furrowed down the middle; mandibles
reddish medially, strongly furrowed, the outer margin

5
HYMENOPTERA FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA. 271

with a fringe of long, golden hairs; antenne black, the
flagellum beneath fuscous, the apical joint beneath red-
dish testaceous; thorax black, its greater part clothed
with dense, black pubescence, which gradually shades
from hind part of dorsulum into the fulvous pubes-
cence with which the middle segment is clothed;
pubescence of mesopleurz posteriorly colored as on
the front; legs blackish brown, fore femora with
black pubescence, that of medial femora a mixture
of pale and black, while on the hind pair it is long-
est and fulvous, tibiz and first joint of tarsi with short,
dark hair on outer portion, internally reddish, apical
tarsal joints reddish, with pubescence of a darker color;
wings pale fulvo-hyaline, nervures and stigma black;
abdomen above with the base of segments 2-4 and
the fifth entirely bluish, the apical portion of segments
2-4 greenish, first segment and extreme sides with
long fulvous pubescence, the fifth and sixth except base,
with long black pubescence, the remaining dorsal seg-
ments clothed with short, thin, appressed, yellowish pu-
bescence, which is most conspicuous on apical or greenish
portion, beneath, the abdomen pale testaceous, the apical
margins of the segments with a fringe of long, fulvous
hair, which is, however, blackish medially on the fourth
and fifth segments, the sixth ventral with black pubescence
only. Length 18 mm.

Tepic. One specimen. Distinguished by the color of
the thoracic pubescence and of antennez. Related to
mexicana Cress. by color of abdomen.

MEGACILISSA MEXICANA Cress. Tepic. One speci-
men.

XYLOCOPA FIMBRIATA Fabr. Tepic. Two speci-
mens.

272 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

XYLOCOPA VARIPUNCTATA Patt. Ten@,oneé, spec-
imens. San José del Cabo.

CENTRIS FLAVIFRONS Fabr. Tepic. One specimen.

EULEMA FASCIATA St. Farg. One specimen. Tepic.
Smith (Ann. Mag. N. H., (4) xili, p. 442) unites fascza-
ta and cajennensis under the latter name, notwithstanding
that fasczata is the first described.

BoMBUS DILIGENS Sm. Tepic. Ones.

Bompsus sp. From Tepic are two%’s and one ? not
structurally distinct from 4. medzus Cress., although the
thorax lacks the broad black band so prominent in me-
dius, and is entirely yellow above. It is probably but a
variety of medzus.

TRIGONA BIPARTITA St. Farg. One specimen. Tepic.

APIs MELLIFICA Linné. Numerous specimens, ¢ and
8 from both localities.

THE NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE SANTA
CRUZ MOUNTAINS OF CALIFORNIA.

BY GEORGE H. ASHLEY.

[ With Plates xxii-xxv. ]
INTRODUCTION.

The following paper gives the results of a preliminary
study of the Tertiary stratigraphy of the Santa Cruz
Mountains, but such additional notes upon the earlier and
later rocks are given as may be of value to subsequent
observers.

The data from which the stratigraphic column herein
given has been worked out were obtained chiefly in the
cliffs along the sea coast, backed up by a reconnoissance
of the mountains themselves. A large number of fossils
were collected and determined, and a beginning was
made upon a detailed geological map of the mountains,
chart No. 3055 of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey
being used as a foundation.

To determine how far the conditions found ; in the Santa
Cruz Mountains hold good in other parts of the Coast
Ranges, short excursions were made into the Mount
Hamilton Range, the Gavilan Range, and to a number of
points in Los Angeles county.

Altogether about five months were spent in the field.

TOPOGRAPHY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Santa Cruz Mountains-—This name has been given to
the series of parallel ridges extending from the Bay of
Monterey northward to Point San Pedro. The ridges
have a strike of nearly northwest and southeast. They
reach their highest point in Mount Bache, 3780 feet
above sea-level; further to the north Black Mountain
reaches a height of nearly 3000 feet. Further to the

northwest, and south of Pilarcitos Lake and Creek, the
2p SER., VOL. V. (18 ) August 1, 1895.

274 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Cumbre de las Auros rises in high bare ridges 2000 to
3000 feet high, and again near Point San Pedro this same
ridge attains a height of 1940 feet in Mount Montara.

The ridge which starts in at Mussel Rock, north of
Point San Pedro, reaches its highest point in Black
Mountain, and to the southeast runs out gradually into the
plain of Santa Clara Valley. The granite ridge which
rises at Point San Pedro breaks down before reaching
Pilarcitos Creek.

West of the high ridge, of which Mount Bache is a
part, is a granite ridge running from near Santa Cruz
nearly to Pescadero Creek. In this region considerable
study would be required to systematize the ridges. The
ridges and their narrow intervening valleys occupy a
region about sixty-five miles long by twenty-five wide as
amaximum. On the ocean side the mountains in some
places reach the sea; in other places they are separated
from the ocean by a narrow strip of flat land. From
Lake Merced to Mussel Rock the foothills are cut by the
ocean in bluffs from 200 to 700 feet in height. At Point
San Pedro the prominent ridge, of which Mount Montara
is the highest point, is cut by the ocean in bluffs from 1000
to 1500 feet high. Between Mussel Rock and Point San
Pedro occurs the nearly level Quarternary. Starting at
sea level at the mouths of San Pedro, Calera, Salt Lake
and Milagra valleys, it extends back into these valleys and
northward toward Mussel Rock. In the latter direction
the ocean has cut a perfect section of the deposit, which
at the Rock is over two hundred feet thick. The surface
of the deposit rises gently as it recedes from the ocean.
From Point Montara the Quaternary extends southward
to Lobetus. At Spanish Town it is about two miles broad,
becoming narrower to the south. At Pillar Point a long
hill of the Merced series rises from the Quaternary, and

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 275

is cut by the ocean. Much of the distance from Point
Montara to Lobetus, the Quaternary and underlying
Miocene form low cliffs.

From Lobetus to Pescadero Creek the ocean cuts a
number of ridges forming high bluffs, the Merced series
being exposed, with a small amount of Quaternary over-
lying. From Pescadero Creek to Point New Year the
flat land occupies a narrow belt from a few hundred feet
to a half a mile broad. Between Point New Year and El
Jarro Point the mountains are cut in high bluffs, the rock
being the White Miocene Shale.

At El Jarro Point the level belt begins again and con-
tinues to the Bay of Monterey, broadening out at Santa
Cruz, and extending up the valley of the Pajaro River
as a broad plain. At Santa Cruz this horizontal land ap-
pears at four distinct levels, the lower two being very
noticeable, the highest standing over 700 feet above sea-
level.

The level land, which extends up the Pajaro River
and Arroyo de las Llagas, cuts off the range from the
Gavilan Range to the south and merges almost imper-
ceptably into the broad level of the Santa Clara Valley.
At San José the Santa Clara Valley has a breadth of
about twelve miles, but to the north is largely occupied
by San Francisco Bay, so that at San Carlos and to the
north the foothills are close to the Bay.

From South San Francisco to Lake Merced, a low gap
cuts off the Santa Cruz Mountains from the San Bruno
Mountains and other hills in and about San Francisco.

The main axis of the range is indicated by the name
‘¢ Santa Cruz Mountains ’’ on the sketch-map. At present
only the northern end of the range has been mapped to-
pographically. But in general it may be said that the
whole area, within the limits indicated above, is occupied

276 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

by an irregular series of ridges and valleys, often with a
difference of level of 1000 feet or more. ‘These ridges
are sometimes parallel to the main axis and structural in
their nature, but more frequently have a trend away from
the main axis at various angles and are the result of ero-
sion.

The main topographic features of the northern half of
the range are as follows: From the Seven-Mile Beach,
between Mussel Rock and Lake Merced, a line of hills
extends southeast to San Francisquito Creek, where there
is a broad wind-gap. Beyond this they continue in the
same direction until they run out in the Santa Clara Val-
ley. ‘This line of hills is also cut in several other places:
by San Mateo Creek; by the creek which rising on the
‘¢ Jersey Farm ”’ flows down to the bay close to San Bruno
station; and by a branch.of Twelve-Mile Creek and
several creeks to the south. Its general aspect is that of
a block tilted up, having been faulted along its south-
western edge. It will be seen from the map that the
drainage is all one way in this line of hills with the ex-
ceptions noted. Aside from the three streams mentioned,
the streams which run from these hills to the bay are
small and dry much of the year. Twelve-Mile Creek,
Seventeen-Mile Creek, Belmont Creek, Cordillas Creek
and Matadro Creek are among the largest north of San
Francisquito Creek.

The topography of these hills is, in the main, like that
of a tilted block, or more correctly, a line of tilted blocks.
All the highest points are close to the southwest edge.
Near the northwest end two points reach 720 feet in
height, and to the southeast some points probably exceed
that height. Its northeast slope is not an even slope for
most of the streams have cut narrow V-shaped channels
several hundred feet deep; so that the old slope is only

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 2G

seen on the narrow divides or is broken down so as not
to be recognizable. It will be noted too that the streams
do not always run direct to the Bay, but frequently spread
out in their headwaters at right angles to their general
course, as though they had found strata which were more
easily eroded than those further down. At two places,
west of San Mateo and west of Redwood City, large out-
crops of serpentine give to the top of the hill the flat as-
pect of a plateau, and from this rise abruptly high cone-
shaped knolls of phthanite. Near Belmont and San Carlos
this phthanite forms abrupt hills close to the salt marsh
bordering the bay. These foothills are for the most part
destitute of brush or trees, with smooth rounded surfaces
and showing but few rock exposures.

The second topographic feature of importance is the
long valley running from Mussel Rock to Black Mountain.
This valley is occupied at the northern end by several
small creeks and lakes; in the middle by San Andreas
Lake and Creek, and Crystal Springs Lakes; and at
the southern end by Bear Creek, and San Francisquito
Creek.

On account of the difference in the erosion of the
broad valley which San Francisquito Creek has cut in the
foothills, and the narrow precipitous valley of San Mateo
Creek, the present outlet, it has been suggested that the
drainage of the whole valley was originally through the San
Francisquito Creek. According to that view San Mateo
Creek has been simply one of the backward cutting
streams of the northeast slope, which has finally cut back
far enough to tap the valley and claim a large share of its
drainage. There are a number of other places where
the same process is approaching similar results. Near
Searsville the valley is quite broad and to the southeast

278 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

forms the valley of San Francisquito Creek, finally ending
in Coal Mine Cafion in the flank of the Black Mounain.

The next salient topographic feature is the main ridge
of the mountains. ‘This starts at Mussel Rock and fol-
lows the same general direction, nearly southeast. At its
northern end it can hardly be distinguished topographic-
ally from the foothills previously described; but near
San Andreas Lake, it reached a height of 1300 feet and
is distinctly marked off by the valley just described. In
width it extends here from the Crystal Springs Valley to
Pilarcitos Valley. Its northwestern end is serrated by the
San Pedro, Calera, Salt Lake, Milagra and other valleys
into a number of long projecting points running down to
or nearly to the shore. Near San Andreas Lake this
main ridge is somewhat broken by San Mateo Creek,
and, after being much reduced between San Mateo Creek
and Pilarcitos Lake, rises and continues southeastwards
with very even crest as far as the San Mateo-Spanish
Town road. South of this road it becomes higher, with
narrow, slightly uneven crest, until it swings around the
head of the long valley described, and joins Black Mount-
ain,

The end of another ridge is met near Point San Pedro.
This ridge, largely of granite, rises abruptly from the
ocean at Point San Pedro, quickly attaining a height of
1940 feetin Mount Montara. Continuing southeastward,
where it is known as the Cumbre de las Auros, it rises
into bare, precipitous ridges, which break down before
reaching the San Mateo-Spanish Town road.

On the ocean side of this ridge and the main ridge de-
scribed in the preceding paragraph, high, irregular ridges
extend seaward between the streams shown on the sketch-
map. ‘These end more or less abruptly, or else run out
at the coast line or a short distance inland.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 279

PREVIOUS WRITERS.

The following will show in a general way the develop-
ment of our present knowledge on the Coast Ranges, and
the Santa Cruz Mountains in particular. Only the more
important points are mentioned here, as these and other
works will be referred to in detail in subsequent chapters.

Beechey.—In 1825 to 1828, Captain Beechey* made a
voyage to the Pacific and Behring Straits. His notes and
collections on the geology of the vicinity of San Fran-
cisco were worked up by Professor Buckland. A map
is given of the headlands about the Golden Gate, upon
which serpentine, sandstone and jasper rock are repre-
sented.

Tyson.—In 1849, Mr. P. T. Tysonf visited California.
He notes the presence of sandstones containing a big
oyster ( Ostrea titan, Conrad) near Martinez and in Liver-
more Valley, and assigns the strata to Eocene or Miocene
age. He finds strata which he thinks may be quite recent
POG late wlertiany. ‘Ele describes: quite: accurately ithe
chierts, Jaspers, etc. (phthanites))), el notes the presence
of hypogene and metamorphic rocks of many kinds,
which have been twisted about and mixed together in the
most confused manner, and mentions having found in a
small space near Bodega Point, gneiss, mica slate, in-
durated talcose slate, hornblende slate and serpentine, the
last containing chromiferous iron. Near San Diego he
notes the extensive diffusion of diluvial drift.

* Zoology of Captain Beechey’s Voyage to the Pacific and Behring’s
Straits in 1825-1528. London. 1839.

+ Report of the Secretary of War, Communicating Information in Rela-
tion to the Geology and Topography of California. Senate, Ex. Doc. No.
47. 1850, pp..15 et seq.

280 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Trask,—Dr. John B. Trask*, as State Geologist, made
a report in 1855, in which he defines the Coast Mountains,
also the local name of Santa Cruz Range. He divides
the rocks of the Coast Ranges into three groups: Ter-
tiary, Primitive and Volcanic. The volcanic rocks he
thinks to be late Miocene in age. His Primitive Group
included the syenites, mica schist, granite, gneiss, por-
phyries and the older greenstone, including also the ser-
pentine rocks; he also groups with these a crystalline
limestone, quite common from Santa Cruz southward, and
makes it the same in age as the group which extends
through three hundred miles of the Sierra Nevada, noting
that it is older than the igneous rocks. In the Tertiary he
calls attention to the widespread existence of bituminous
or Monterey shale, calling it, by way of distinction, the
‘‘infusorial group,’’ and its age the ‘‘ Infusorial Period,”’
but he makes them horizontal, and their exposure due to
simple uplift. Above this he places ‘‘ sandstones and
slates,’’ the former predominating. These upper beds
are very fossiliferous.

Dana.—In the report of the U. S. Exploring Expedi-
tion, Prof. J. D. Danaf calls attention to terraces on all
rivers of Oregon and northern California as evidence of
recent lifting, and to the fiords of British America as
evidence of subsidence in that region.

Blake.—In 1856 Prof. Blaket made a report in which
he gives a general map of the geology about San Fran-
cisco; he also gives sections on Yerba Buena Island, at

* Report of the Geology of the Coast Mountains, etc., by Dr. John B.
Trask. Senate, Doc. No. 14, session 1855.

+ U.S. Exploring Expedition, etc., under command of Charles Wilkes,
U.S. N. Vol. x, Geology, by James D. Dana, 1849, pp. 659-678.

{ Reports of Explorations and Surveys, etc., for a railroad from the
Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. 1856. Senate, Ex. Doc. No. 78.
Part ii, pp. 145 et seq.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 281

Navy Point, Benicia, and from San Francisco to the
Pacific. He names and describes the San Francisco
sandstone, abundant at San Francisco and elsewhere. He
assigns it to the Tertiary, though a portion of the Upper
Cretaceous may be represented. He describes alluvial
deposits about San Francisco Bay, drift deposits in low
passes in San Francisco and sand dunes in the same place.
From finding ‘‘ Post-Pliocene deposits’? at Monterey,
Santa Barbara, San Pedro and San Diego, he argues for
a very recent uplift of that region.

Whitney.—During the survey under Prof. Whitney,*
the Santa Cruz Mountains were crossed in several direc-
tions. His report in a very general way points out the
distribution of the different formations: in those mount-
ains. He makes the metamorphic rocks and San Fran-
cisco sandstone Cretaceous, thinks certain shales in the
valley near Searsville are Cretaceous, but assingns most
of the later rocks of the mountains to the Miocene. He
calls the strata between Lake Merced and Mussel Rock
Pliocene, overlaid unconformably by post-Plocene.

In 1880, in his ‘* Contributions to American Geology,”’
Whitneyf calls attention to the fact that in the Coast Range
the movement has produced crushing and breaking, rather
than folding and uplifting. He notes Pliocene near San
Diego, at north end of San Fernando Valley, uncon-
formable on Miocene, and subaerial Pliocene gravels all
about the Santa Clara Valley. The Miocene he divides
into two groups; one a fine grained slate or shale often
highly bituminous and the other a rather coarse grained
sandstone, the latter being the lower member. He makes

* Geological Survey of California, J. D. Whitney, State Geologist. Geol-
ogy, vol. i, 1865, pp. 61 e¢ seq.

+ Auriferous Gravels, J. D. Whitney. Memoirs of Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, 1880, pp. 15 et seq.

282 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the general uplift post-Miocene with many local move-
ments since Pliocene, the Miocene and Pliocene being
conformable in some places, in others unconformable.

Becker.—In 1888, Dr. Becker.* in his report on the
‘* Quicksilver Deposits of the Pacific Siope,’’ also makes
the metamorphic rocks Cretaceous, but thinks the lme-
stone is the lowest member and probably older. He thinks
the first upheaval took place in lower Cretaceous. The
cherts before mentioned he calls phthanites and argues
that the serpentine is derived trom sandstone.

Cooper.—In the Seventh Annual Report of the State
Mineralogist, Dr. J. G. Cooper ft gives a list of the fossils
of California with their geographical and geological range.
This is a good index of the ages to which some of the
more fossiliferous horizons were assigned at that time and
practically up to the present. The following ages are
given to some of the beds to be discussed later. The
horizontal beds from Santa Barbara to San Diego are all
called Quaternary. The beds of Seven Mile Beach and
their continuation to the southeast are called Pliocene.
The fossiliferous beds along the coast from Half Moon
Bay to Soquel are generally called Pliocene, but in a few
places are referred to as Miocene.

Frairbanks.—Mr. Harold W. Fairbanks tf argues for the
pre-Cretaceous age of the metamorphic rocks and makes
the early upheaval post-Jurassic. He mentions the in-
trusion of granite into the metamorphics of the Gavilan
Range.

Lawson.—In the Geology of Carmelo Bay, Prof. Law-

*U.S. Geological Survey, Monograph xiii, 1888.
+t Cal. State Mining Bureau, Seventh Annual Report of the State Miner-
alogist, 1888, pp. 223 et seq.

{ American Geologist, vol. ix, Mar. 1892, p. 138.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. DNS 6:
son *
shale is of volcanic origin. Gravels which he finds there
overlying the granite he thinks are of Eocene age. He
also differentiates the Pliocene and Quaternary. In a
later paper ft he summarizes the evidence of post-Plio-
cene uplift between San Diego and San Francisco. He
describes in a general way the beds on Seven Mile Beach
and their structure, calling them all Pliocene and naming

suggests that the White Miocene shale or Monterey

them the Merced series. He makes them continuous
with the beds in the cliffs at Pillar Point, giving a section
from Lake Merced to Pillar Point.

A number of other geologists have touched the Santa
Cruz Mountains, without their reports giving us any new
information on the main features of the geology. As for
example Dr. J. S. Newberryt and Dr. Thos. Antisell.§

GENERAL GEOLOGY.

Formations Represented.—The Pleistocene is well rep-
resented in belts of nearly level ground, which skirt the
mountains on all sides, and form benches up many of the
streams.

The Plocene is recognized on Seven-Mile Beach and
to the southeast. Merced series.

The Miocene is the formation which predominates.
‘Mhree: facies are recognized. athe) lower, part ot the
Merced series, very fossiliferous, yellow and drab sands
more or less consolidated; the Monterey series, princi-
pally a light colored bituminous shale, containing few
fossils;;)) the Pescadero: series, (in) part)),. represented: by.
wide spread yellow sandstone, fossiliferous in places.

The Eocene is thought to be represented, but no faunal
evidence of its presence has been found.

* Univ. of Cal., Buil. Dept. of Geol., vol. i, pp. 1 et seqg., May, 1893.

t Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. of Geol., vol. i, pp. 115 et seg. Dec. 1893.
t Pacific Railroad Survey, vol. vi, part ii.

§ Pacific Railroad Survey, vol. vii, part ii.

284 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The Cretaceous is thought to be represented. The
strata containing lower Miocene fossils form the upper
part of a series several thousand feet thick. (Pescadero
series.) No fossils were found in the lower part of the
series, but it seems probable that the Inoceramus reported
by Prof. Whitney came from these beds, and partly upon
that as a basis they have been referred to the Cretaceous.

In addition to the above are areas of granite and lime-
stone that are probably pre-Cretaceous.

There are large areas of metamorphosed sandstones,
phthanites, serpentines and associated rocks, shales and
older eruptives, of which the age is as yet in question.

Distribution of the Formations*—Granite.— While from
the position and character of its outcrops it seems to be
evident that the granite has considerable body underneath,
its outcrops are not very conspicuous in the Santa Cruz
Mountains. It occupies the ridge running from a little
south of Point San Pedro nearly to the San Mateo-Spanish
Town road; also the ridge on the west of the San Lorenzo
River, which extends from near Santa Cruz nearly to
Pescadero Creek. A little granite appears at a few places
along the summit of the main ridge.

Metamorphics.—This may include the Gavilan lime-
stone, the metamorphic sandstone, the phthanite or radio-
larian chert and the older eruptives. They make up most
of the hills running diagonally across San Francisco from
Fort Point and Point Lobos to Hunter’s Point and Visita-
cion Valley. The western side of the San Bruno Moun-
tains. The main ridge, starting from Mussel Rock, as
far as the San Mateo-Spanish Town road. ‘The eastern
foothills from Milbrae to the Redwood City-Searsville
road. From Searsville southeast to Black Mountain and

*The distribution is given only for the regions visited by the writer.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 285,

southeastward. ‘The main peaks shown upon the sketch-
map and adjacent region.

Pescadero Series.—This series makes up the hills of
northeastern San Francisco. The eastern side of the
San Bruno Mountains and hills northwest of Ocean View.
At Point San Pedro. Eastern foothills, from Redwood-
Searsville road to south of Mayfield. Main ridge, from
San Mateo-Spanish Town road to headwaters of Pesca-
dero Creek. Pescadero Point to Pigeon Point.

Monterey Series.—Western flank of main ridge, from
near Spanish Town, southeastward. Coast, from Point
New Year to Santa Cruz.

Merced Series.—Lake Merced to Mussel Rock on the
coast, and extending southeast to Milbrae, forming foot-
hills. Foothills near Stanford University and Mayfield.
Foot of main ridge, west side of Coal Mine Canton. Coast,
from Point Montara to Pescadero Creek. At Point New
Year. Santa Cruz to south of Capitola.

Pleistocene and Recent.—Most of San Francisco.
Valley of Lake Merced. Between foothills and Bay of
San Francisco. Santa Clara Valley. Small areas in
foothills and in stream valleys. Mussel Rock to Point
San Pedro. Raised beaches on coast, from Point Mon-
tara to Pajaro River. Valley of Pajaro River.

Stratigraphical Relations of the Formations.—There
are three, and probably four, marked periods during each
of which sedimentation was more or less continuous, each
being followed by upheaval and folding, and each being
laid down unconformably upon the preceding. The
formations belonging to the first of these have been grouped
together and have been called for want of a better name,

The Metamorphics of the Coast Ranges.—These in-
clude the Gavilan limestone, the phthanite or radiolarian
chert and the metamorphic sandstone. Little is known
accurately of these formations. The phthanite and meta-

286 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

morphic sandstone appear to be conformable, the sand-
stone certainly underlying and probably overlying the
phthanite. Beyond that, the relations of the formations
to each other are not known. There appear to be two
beds of the Gavilan limestone, one of which at least is
several hundred feet thick. The limestone is found asso-
ciated with the metamorphic sandstone and metamorphic
slate, also with younger formations where brought up by
taulting. Dr. Becker,* in treating the rocks of the Gavilan
Range, calls the limestone the lowest member. Its age is
unknown. ‘The phthanites, upon the evidence of Radio-
laria found in them, have been thought to be of Jurassic
or Cretaceous age.f In general, all the metamorphics
are thought to be pre-Cretaceous by Mr. H. W. Fair-
banks. t

Above the metamorphics is a great thickness of sand-
stones and shale, frequently thin bedded, topped by heavy
beds of conglomerate, which, to distinguish, we have
called the

Pescadero Series.—This series comprises all the upper
portion of what has been known as the San Francisco
sandstone, also rocks thought to be Eocene, and at the
top heavy beds of conglomerate which contain Miocene
fossils. The relation between this series and the meta-
morphic rocks below was not made out, all or nearly
all the evidence seeming to indicate that there was no
break between this series and the metamorphic sandstone
and phthanite below. However, as nearly all the geolo-
gists at present actively engaged in studying the meta-
morphic rocks agree in placing them unconformably
below the lowest Cretaceous and as the Pescadero series

“U.S. Geol. Surv. Monograph xiii, p. 181.
t Bull. Dept. of Geol., U. of Cal., vol. i, p. 237, Oct., 1894.

+ American Geologist, vol. ix, Mar. 1892, p. 163.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 287

has been found to extend upward to the Tertiary, it will
be assumed here, purely upon their evidence, that such a
break does exist here between the metamorphics and the
Pescadero series. The series has a thickness of several
thousand feet.

During the next period of sedimentation there were laid
down the two formations known as the

Monterey and Merced Series.—The Monterey series is
a considerable thickness of white, or light colored, fre-
quently bituminous, shale, with some sandstone, and is
overlain conformably by soft sandstones, shales and con-
glomerates or grits, the whole, known as the Merced
series, having locally a thickness of nearly a mile. The
Monterey series contains but few fossils, those being of
Miocene age. The Merced series is very fossiliferous,
at the bottom containing many Miocene forms and at the
top appearing to run nearly if not quite into the Pleisto-
cene:

The two formations appear to grade into each other so
that locally sedimentation seems to have been continuous
from the beginning of the Monterey period at least through
the mitocene.) (On the other hand ethene ais) evidence) or
many minor movements during this long period, many
parts of the area now covered by the formations having
evidently been land areas during part of the time.

These two formations were laid down unconformably
upon the preceding Pescadero series.

Unconformably upon all the preceding formations there
are all around the edge of the Santa Cruz Mountains un-
consolidated deposits of Pleistocene or Recent age.
Locally, as just south of Mussel Rock and one or two
other places, these reach a thickness of over two hundred
feet; but generally they average from five to fifty feet
in thickness. An interesting feature of these deposits is
the part that wind-blown sands play in them, appearing

288 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

at the bottom of the water deposits, and at the top cover-
ing a major part of San Francisco county.

General Structure.—As stated above, each of these
periods of deposition has been followed by upheaval and
erosion. These upheavals have been progressively gentler.
On the San Francisco peninsula no distinction could be
found between a movement which followed the laying
down ot the Pescadero series and a post-Jurassic move-
ment which it is claimed followed the laying down of the
radiolarian cherts and associated rocks.*

Both formations, whether distinct or not, were subjected
to a powerful upheaval, being folded, faulted, crushed
until a structureless mass has frequently resulted. The
lower or so called metamorphic rocks have generally lost
all trace of bedding, the phthanites excepted. In some
places they show secondary silicification. The upper beds
usually show bedding, though in many places this is lost
and secondary silicification appears similar to that more
common in the lower metamorphic rocks. High and ver-
tical dips prevail in both formations.

Movement seems to have taken place largely by fault-
ing, though the structure taken as a whole appears to be
that of an anticline. The bedding of the Pescadero
series along the top of the main ridge is generally more
or-less nearly horizontal, on either flank becoming vertical
or nearly so. The Merced and Monterey series were
evidently laid down upon and around this anticlinal moun-
tain of early Miocene age, and in late Pliocene or in
Pleistocene time came another movement which elevated
the mountains nearly to their present position. As before,
faulting predominates and is the controlling factor in most
of those details of the topography due to structure. Many
of these faults have a downthrow of hundreds of feet or

* American Geologist, vol. ix, Mar. 1892, p. 133 e¢ seq.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 289

even running into the thousands. These faults and nearly
all the structural features have a strike of about north-
west and southeast.

As arule the Monterey-Merced series are only gently
folded, the strata usually having a dip lower than 45°,
but locally the dip is frequently found to be as high as
75° or 80°. The axis of greatest disturbance seems to
have been in about the same line as in the early Miocene
upheaval. During the Merced period a volcanic outflow
of andesite took place in the area of the foot-hills near
Stanford University. Just above this is a layer of barna-
cles, cidaris spines, etc., and in places Pholas borings in
it, with other evidence showing that the outflow formed
later a part of the shore line. Other evidences of slight
movements during the Monterey-Merced period are found
in the distribution of the two formations. In places the
Monterey series lies upon the granite, in others the granite
or Pescadero series underlie the Merced series.

The folding, as a rule, has been sharper on the side of
the mountains toward the bay. The fossils there are
generally distorted and the strata are firmer and more
consolidated. The most noticeable faults are also all on
the northeast flank of the mountains. Along the ex-
posure on the Seven Mile Beach, faults of from a few
feet or inches up to ten or twenty feet are frequent; but
aside from those only major faults have been recognized,
and these partly by the distribution of the formations,
partly by topography. There appear to be two main di-
rections of faulting, parallel with the strike of the moun-
tain, and in a nearly due east and west direction. The
strata are generally tilted up at a high angle, often being
perpendicular, but usually having lower dips as we recede
from the line of greatest disturbance.

The Quaternary was a period of oscillation. During
2p SER., Vou. V. (19 ] August 1, 1895.

290 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

this period there was no folding but simple uplift with the
axis of uplift as before in the axis of the range. The
shore lines show that these movements of subsidence and
uplift rested at a number of levels, the lowest subsidence
being at least 1500 feet* below the present level. Prof.
Lawson proposes as an hypothesis to differentiate the
Pliocene and Quaternary ; ‘‘ that the Pliocene corresponds
to the period of more or less continuous depression of
the coast; and that the Quaternary corresponds to the
more or less continuous uplift which has affected the coast
since the maximum depression was reached.’’t This
hypothesis would seem to meet the conditions along the
southern coast, but will not those north of Monterey Bay,
where the Phocene has been upturned and eroded before
the Quaternary was laid down and where land deposits
form the bottom of the Quaternary. In that region the
difference in the character of the uplift must be used,
the Quaternary being only gently upraised and nowhere
dipping more than a few degrees, while the Plocene is
lifted to angles of from 20° to 80°.

The movements of the Quaternary may be summarized
as follows:

1st. The post-Merced uplift folded the strata of the
Santa Cruz Mountains. Subsequent erosion reduced
them to base level. Movements aggregating 1000 to 1200
feet raise this plane, and again erosion produces marked
benches.

2d. Uplift to a level nearly 400 feet above pregent
level. Land period. Abundant eolian and sub-aerial
deposits. San Francisco Bay a valley.

3d. Submergence bringing shore line of San Francisco
Bay to the foothills, producing benches on coast. Pres-

* Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. of Geol., vol. i, p. 157.
t Uniy. of Cal., Bull. Dept. of Geol., vol. i, p. 57.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY.

ent site of San Francisco an island.
Clara Valley.

Recent uplift to present conditions.

COLUMNAR SECTION OF THE SANTA CRUZ MountTaIns.

Quaternary.

fHolian deposits.
Freshwater deposits.
Marine deposits.
Land deposits.

Elephas, conifers.

| Pliocene.

Fossiliferous beds of
sandstone and conglom-
erate. Transitional from
the Miocene through
the Pliocene.

Monterey Series| Merced Series.

White

Miocene shale; with

Bituminous or

some sandstone.

Living shells.

‘““Venus pajaroensis ” (a
Mactra).

Large Pectens, Areas, ete.

Cetacean bones.

Infusoria.
Pecten peckhami.

Tellina congesta.

Bay filling Santa

Thickness,
200 ft.+

Thickness,
4700 ft.

Thickness,
1000 ft.

Miocene.

Sandstones and conglom-

Turritella hoffmanni.

)
gS
— erates: Carmelo Series(?) | Ostrea titan. is om
o Pescadero sandstones Liropecten estrellanus. (244)
s ies >
3 and shales. Dosinia, ete. a S
>) : | N
a)
nm
= : | :
8 (The ‘San Francisco Plant remains.
3 sandstone” in part.) Inoceramus.
ba Aucella beds. - Aucella.
iS)
: : : : oy
Radiolarian chert or Radiolaria. z
B a
phthanite. ay
: o
Metamorphic sandstone. =
a
Gavilan limestone. | Foraminifera.

Thickness,
300-1100 ft.(?)| 400 ft.+-

292 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

DETAILED STRATIGRAPHY.

In a more detailed study of the stratigraphy, the form-
ations will be taken up from earlier to later. The meta-
morphic sandstone will be considered as at least a more
or less marked facies of the pre-Miocene sandstones.
The future will decide whether it be simply a metamor-
phic facies of the lowest bed of the great series which
have been known as the San Francisco sandstone, or
whether this term has been applied to beds differing not
only in age, as it is quite probable that they do, but in all
their structural relations. The evidence observed will be
given under the relations of the Pescadero series.

LIMESTONE.

Lithology.—This bed of limestone is in places highly
crystalline, in other places it does not appear to be so
much metamorphosed, and contains long lenticular masses
of chert through it in the direction of dip. Prof. Whitney
describes it in one place as follows*: ‘* The upper layers
are thin bedded, and some strata are light colored, others
dark; below the stratification is less distinct, the layers
heavier and the rock more crystalline.’’

The evidence would seem to indicate that there are two
layers, both of considerable thickness. One of the layers
is probably not less than 300 feet thick, a section on Per-
manenta Creek giving much more than that, but with such
poor exposures over part of the outcrop that the section
was not considered reliable. Whitney estimated at one
place that it ‘‘ must be over 1000 feet in thickness.”’ f

Distribution.—This limestone was observed in large
masses in only a few places; one in the Calera Valley,
where it caps some small knolls; and again on the ridge

* Geol. Surv. of Cal., Geology, vol. i, p. 75.

t Geol. Surv. of Cal., Geology, vol. i, p. 75.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 293

between the San Andreas and Crystal Springs Valley and
Pilarcitos Valley, from the San Mateo-Spanish Town
road, where it used to be quarried, northward a few miles.
Near the head of Stevens Creek it outcrops and is well
exposed along the hill on the east of the valley; also
further east, evidently having been faulted or folded.

Blocks and small outcrops were found at a number of
places, but from their occurrence were generally thought
to be only fragments brought up by faulting.

ftelations and Age.—Aside from some indications that
this hmestone occurred low down in the series, no definite
relations could be made out between it and other forma-
tions exposed. Inthe Gavilan Range, Becker makes it
‘« the lowest sedimentary formation encountered.’’* From
the association with it there of rocks of the Archzan
gneiss type, he thinks it may be very old, though he
suggests the possibility of its being a member of the
Knoxville series of the Lower Cretaceous.

In the section up Permanenta Creek there seems to be
some evidence that it is a conformable member of the
series containing the phthanite and metamorphic sand-
stone, and would seem to underlie the phthanite by some
distance. No good outcrop of the phthanite occurs on
the creek, but its position is indicated by fragments in
plenty. Between it and the limestone the bedding in the
sandstone and shale is very indistinct, but in several places
indicated a dip and strike, which is found to agree with the
dip and strike of the limestone when that formation is
reached further up stream.

PHTHANITES, OR RADIOLARIAN CHERT.

Lithology.—Nearly every writer on the geology of Cali-
fornia has noted or described a series of thin-bedded,
cherty strata, ranging in color from red or green to brown

*U.S. Geol. Surv., Monograph xiii, p. 181.

294 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

or black. They are usually very thin-bedded, averaging
about an inch, but ranging from a fraction ot an inch to
several inches. They are very hard, and break up into
little parallelopipedons. Almost everywhere they are ex-
posed, the strata are very much and very characteristic-
ally contorted, yet maintaining their bedding almost
unbroken, like the edges of a bale of cloth which has
been crumpled up.

It has recently been shown that in places the phthanite
contains an abundance of Radiolaria, though in poor pres-
ervation.*

From this it has been thought that the phthanites were
originally silicious deposits, the silica having been derived
from organic remains.

Occurrence.—Small outcrops of phthanite are abundant,
and it frequently appears to be all mixed up with the
sandstone, serpentine, etc., as though in the crushing to
which the metamorphics had been subjected the phthanite
bed had been torn into small masses which had been
thoroughly scattered among the other beds. ‘That we do
not observe the same thing for the other beds is doubtless
due to the fact that, as a rule, we have no way of noting
the lack of relation between adjacent outcrops or masses.
These small outcrops are scattered all along the foothills
from Milbrae to Haakerville, more especially on the
edges of the large outcrops of serpentine. The low hill
at Point Coyote and all the hills close to Belmont and San
Carlos are phthanite, and on most of them may be found
good exposures. There are besides a few scattered ex-
posures—on the ridge between Calera and San Pedro
Valleys close to the road, on the San Francisquito Creek
near Searsville, etc. There are many good exposures of
phthanite about San Francisco. It is the predominating

* Bull. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Cal., vol. i, pp. 199, 200.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 295

rock in the line of hills from Point Lobos southeastward
past the almshouse to the hills just north of Visitacion
Valley on the bay side. This belt includes Bernal
Heights. It is not confined to this belt, and usually may
be found wherever the serpentine or metamorphic sand-
stone occurs. As typical exposures readily accessible
from San Francisco might be mentioned exposures in the
small hill in the northeast corner of Golden Gate Park;
also in the hill near Strawberry Hill, in the same park,
upon which the Prayer Book Cross has been erected.
In numerous cuts in the group of hills surrounding the
‘ almshouse, and in fact nearly everywhere that it occurs
in any quantity, it is much quarried for road material and
hence the abundance of excellent exposures.

Pelations and Age.—The evidence, both on the San
Francisco peninsula and elsewhere, makes it appear that
the phthanite is conformably interbedded with the older
sandstone. Mr. F. Leslie Ransome reports this relation
to exist just north of the Golden Gate and on Angel Is-
land.* It may therefore be considered as of the same
age. By a comparison of its radiolarian fauna with that
of certain cherts of Europe, it has been thought that the
phthanite might be of Jurassic or Cretaceous age.t

THE METAMORPHIC SANDSTONE.

Lithology.—In the area studied a metamorphic sand-
stone is very abundant in which bedding is visible in only
a few places, and then can be followed, as a rule, but a
‘few feet. It is usually light brown or gray in color,
rather fine grained, but variable in that respect, breaking
along joint planes which seem to form a fine network
through it and which are generally stained brown or black.

* Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. of Geol., vol.i, pp. 73-74, and pp. 198, 199.
+ Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. of Geol., vol. i, pp. 237-238.

296 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In many places over considerable areas hand specimens
show a schistose structure full of slickensides and evi-
dently bearing no relation to its original structure and
character, sometimes appearing as though it had been re-
duced to a pasty mass and afterward consolidated.

In many places this old sandstone is further distinguished
by secondary silicification, the rock being filled witha net
work of fine quartz veins.

In some regions the metamorphic sandstone can be
recognized at once. In others the resemblance to the
sandstone of the Pescadero series is so great that it is im-
possible to draw the line between them. For example,
in the San Bruno Mountains the northeastern side is clearly
made up of the Pescadero sandstones showing the bed-
ding and characteristic features. As the southern end of
the mountain is rounded the bedding becomes more ob-
scure and the dip less regular; this continues, the beds
being found at all angles until finally the bedding only
shows here and there, phthanite occurs to some extent,
secondary silicification is quite marked in some places,
and the rock as a whole on the west side of the mountain
would be pronounced the metamorphic sandstone. Yet
the occasional presence of characteristic Pescadero sand-
stone, the gradual transition from the one sandstone to
the other, together with the structure of the mountain,
would seem to suggest that the metamorphic sandstone
and accompanying phthanites simply made up the lower
part of the Pescadero series.

This relation is suggested by the exposures on many of
the hillsin and around San Francisco. Indeed, it is not
to be wondered at that all the early geologists and down
to within a few years have placed the metamorphic sand-
stones, the phthanites, and the younger sandstones in one
series, for such a relationship appears to be the true one
on the San Francisco peninsula.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 297

As, however, most of the recent observers agree in
placing a marked non-conformity between the metamor-
phic rocks and the Cretaceous rocks, with the latter of
which the Pescadero series has been thought to, in part,
agree, the writer has preferred in this paper to accept
their conclusions.

Occurrence.—Vhe metamorphic sandstone occurs in
connection with phthanite or serpentine in most of hills
included in the broad belt which extends from Fort Point
and Point Lobos southeastward to the bay between Mis-
sion Bay and Visitacion Valley. It also forms the south-
western flank of the San Bruno Mountains.

It is found abundantly on the edge of the foothills facing
San Francisco Bay from Milbrae to Redwood City; on
the ridge which starting from Mussel Rock extends south-
east on the west side of San Andreas and Crystal Springs
Valleys. Also in Black Mountain and southward, and in
general wherever the metamorphic rocks are found. In
the Santa Cruz Mountains much of the eastern slope and
the highest peaks are made up of the metamorphic sand-
stone and associated rocks.

feelations.—F rom the lack of bedding or structure it is
seldom that any relation can be made out between the
metamorphic sandstone and the other formations. The
only relation so far observed is that it lies contormably
under the phthanite and probably also above. This ap-
pears in several of the phthanite hills in San Francisco,
notably on Castro Heights. Mr. F. Leslie Ransome
reports the same relation to exist north of the Golden
Gate* and on Angel Island.t

Correlation.—No fossils have ever been found in the
metamorphic sandstone of the San Francisco peninsula.

*Univ. of Cal., Bull. Geol. Dept., vol. i, pp. 73-74.
+ Univ. of Cal., Bull. Geol. Dept., vol. i, p. 198.

298 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Its age is therefore not known. From its association
with the phthanite it has been thought to be ot about the
same age, and so is called Jurassic by some. Assuming
the existence of a nonconformity between these rocks and
the Cretaceous, it may be best for the present simply to
consider them as pre-Cretaceous.*

THE PESCADERO SERIES.

The San Francisco sandstone was one of the earliest
formations recognized and described in this State. Of
late, however, as intimated above, it has been thought
that the formation originally described under the name
San Francisco sandstone, instead of being one formation
represents at least two of very differing ages. In most,
if not all, the recent papers the California or San Fran-
cisco sandstone has been assumed to belong to the pre-
Cretaceous series. But the writer has found that a large
part of what was originally described as the San Francisco
sandstone belongs to a series which certainly is in part
Miocene, as at first described by Blake, probably in part
Tejon and possibly in part Cretaceous. The best expos-
ure of the series was found in the low bluffs near Pesca-
dero, extending from Pescadero Point nearly to Pigeon
Point. It was the only place found appearing to give
anything like a complete section. The beds are practic-
ally perpendicular and near one end of the section are
fossiliferous. As a matter of convenience, the formation
will be distinguished in this paper as the Pescadero series.

The Pescadero series has a thickness estimated at from
2000 to over 10,000 (?) feet. Though apparently over-
looked by some of the recent writers on California geology,
all the earlier workers recognized the existence below the
White Miocene Shale of sandstones containing older Mi-

* American Geologist, vol. ix, 1892, pp. 153 et seqg.; also vol. xi, 1893,
pp. 69-84.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 299

ocene fossils. It is now believed that Blake was right in
placing these with the San Francisco sandstone.

The sandstone and shale, which is quite typically de-
veloped in Telegraph Hill and other hills in the north-
eastern part of San Francisco, is found making up a large
part of the San Bruno Mountains, just south of the city.
It is then found typically developed at Point San Pedro
and again at Pescadero Point. The section there gave a
thickness calculated at 10,800 feet. Near the southern
end of this section are several hundred feet of conglom-
erate, and in this conglomerate were found JZurrztella
hoffmannit Gabb, and a few other forms, not yet identified.
In the headwaters of Stevens’ Creek and Coal Mine
Cafion occurs a conglomerate indistinguishable from the
conglomerate near Pigeon Point, and also containing
Turritella hoffmannt Gabb, together with Lzropecten
estrellanus Conrad, Ostrea and Dosina. Again, in Alum
Rock Cafion in the Mt. Hamilton Range, near San José,
are found similar sandstones and conglomerate with a
similar fauna, and containing also the characteristic Ostrea
tztan Conrad, and some other torms.

The Pescadero section has thus served as a key, showing
as it does in continuous section rock very typical of the
old San Francisco sandstone, as developed in San Fran-
cisco, and conglomerate identical in appearance and
fossils with the somewhat abundant fossiliferous sandstones
and conglomerates underlying the White Miocene shale.

The writer visited the original locality from which Pro-
fessor Lawson described his ‘‘ Carmelo Series,’’ and is
inclined to the belief that the Carmelo series will be
found to be the equivalent of the conglomerate of the
Pescadero series.

In the Coast Range Mountains of Southern California,
Dr. Antisell studied the lower Miocene strata in some de-

300 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tail. Itis believed that the strata described by him will
be found to belong to the Pescadero series.

Petrography and Stratigraphy.—This formation may
be described under three facies, the first two of which
everywhere grade into each other, the last being more
distinct.

The first is typically developed at Point San Pedro and
the neighboring bluffs. The exposure consists of dark
and black shales and slates, or shaly sandstones which,
while showing finer bedding, is distinctly bedded in layers
of from one to three inches or upwards. Many layers of
coarse grained, sometimes conglomeritic, grey or white
hard sandstone or quartzite occur interstratified in that
series. This sandstone, while sometimes heavily bedded,
is not in continuous layers, but constantly varying in
thickness and sometimes disappearing altogether. At the
top of the point, where the nearly vertical shales have
been deeply weathered, they have become the same in
appearance as the soft yellow sandstones which in other
regions have been assigned to the Miocene age, as, for
example, the sandstone exposed along the top of the
ridge west of Woodside and Searsville. The bedding
runs from the shale into the sandstone without break,
leaving no doubt that the one is only the weathered pro-
duct of the other. In places the joints have been filled
with a white mineral like barite. In San Francisco this
facies is well shown by a deep cut on Second street,
several blocks from Market, also at the corner of Jones
and Washington streets.

The second facies, which is quite common, consists of
heavy bedded sandstone, generally of a yellow or brown
color where weathered, but a grayish blue in the interior
of the strata where not weathered. In some places the
beds will average a foot or two thick, the stratification

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 301

being distinct. In other places the strata are very heavily
bedded, and frequently so intersected with joint planes
that it is difficult to make out the real bedding. In many
places these sandstones were observed to be peculiarly and
quite characteristically weathered, so as to give the surface
a pitted or honeycombed appearance, the cells being from
a fraction of an inch up to five or six inches across. The
resisting cell walls have probably been hardened by iron
which has infiltrated into the network of joint planes. At
Point San Pedro these strata lie upon the granite, and are
largely made up of granite boulders and fragments. The
proportion of granite increases as the main granitic mass
is approached, until it becomes difficult to recognize the
separating line.

These two facies were not found occupying definite
horizons, but, as in the Pescadero section, grade into each
other, and succeed each other irregularly in the vertical
section.

The third facies is more characteristic. It is a con-
glomerate, heavy bedded, and apparently made up of the
rocks of the metamorphics, fragments of phthanite being
particularly abundant. This conglomerate is usually quite
hard, the included fragments breaking across where a
piece of the rock is fractured. The rock is usually brown
or dark colored, except where relieved by the red or other
colors of the phthanite. The pebbles are usually not
very large, varying from an inch or under to three or four
inches in diameter. They are frequently found to be dis-
tinctly faulted.

The conglomerate of Carmelo Bay is laid down upon
granite and contains considerable granite, which the con-
glomerates of the Santa Cruz Mountains do not, as far as
observed. This is, however, due to local conditions and

302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

may not affect the main question of their original con-
tinuity.

As previously stated, the best section observed was that
running from Pescadero Point almost to Pigeon Point.
(Plate xxiv). The strata are almost perpendicular for the
whole distance of over five miles; at the northern end
disappearing under some gently dipping strata, and at the
southern end, where the dip of the beds becomes lower,
being cut off by a fault. The section was made by pacing
and abundant observations upon the dip and strike, cor-
rected by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart of
that region. ‘The section was not examined in great de-
tail, and the frequently varying strike gave room for the
presence of faults; but though carefully watched for,
none were found of any magnitude except the one at the
south end of the section. The section gave a thickness
of nearly 11,000 feet, composed, with the exception of
600 feet of conglomerate at the southern end, of the
thin bedded and heavy bedded sandstone, changing rapid-
ly from one to the other all through the section. The
predominating layers average from three inches to a foot
in thickness. Over a large part of the exposure the dip
is as high as 85°, but near the southern end quickly be-
comes lower, at the fault being only about 30°. South of
the fault the dip is still lower, becoming nearly horizontal
just north of Pigeon Point.

One question of vital importance remains undecided.
That is, which is the bottom and which is the top of the
section? Other things being equal it would generally be
assumed that the conglomerate was at the bottom of the
series. But the low dips at the south end of the section
point to the conglomerate as the uppermost member. If
the conglomerate is the lowest member then the whole

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 303

series belongs to the Miocene Tertiary, which hardly seems
probable. If the conglomerate is the uppermost mem-
ber, then the series may be the result of continuous sedi-
mentation through partor all of the Cretaceous and Eocene.
It is not easy on the latter theory to explain the presence
of such large quantities of the metamorphic rocks, which
presumably had just been buried beneath the rest of the
section, unless we assume considerable erosion previous
to their laying down. In the Pescadero section no evi-
dence of a break was observed; the conglomerate seems
to run into the thin-bedded sandstone, the strike and nearly
vertical dip being the same in both.

The conglomerate of the Carmelo series was laid down
upon granite. If it is rightly correlated with the con-
glomerate of the Pescadero series, then the conglomerate
of Pescadero must represent the bottom of the series or
else there must have been uplift, erosion, and exposure
of the metamorphic rocks between the laying down of
the conglomerate and the rest of the series, notwithstand-
ing the evidence to the contrary at Pescadero. This up-
lift and exposure may have been local. As the evidence
seems to favor the latter theory it will be taken tentatively
here:

Professor Lawson estimated the Carmelo series to have
a thickness of at least 800 feet.* The conglomerate at
Pescadero was estimated to have a thickness of 720 feet
at least. Blake gave the San Francisco sandstone a thick-
ness of 2000 or 3000 feet. f

Dr. Antisell, working south of the Santa Cruz Mount-
ains, obtained the following section of the strata below
the White Miocene shale.

“Univ. of Cal., Bull. Geol. Dept., vol. i, p. 19.
+ Rep. Geol. Recon. in Cal., 1858, p. 153.

304 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

‘*Grits and calcareous sandstones, as at Panza and

SantauMliar caritars Mite occas else ec tates Miedo ae ree es 360 feet.
San Antonia sandstones, with Dosina, ete ........... 250 feet.
Gypseous and ferruginous sandstones of Santa Inez,

Panza and Gavilan, containing Ostrea, Turritella,

Ob Ce iain ak Mobo o i aec at SARE ga Ch UR Sp aoe 1,200 feet.

Or thickness below White shale.............. 1,810 feet.

Occurrence.—The Pescadero series is well exposed
at a number of points about San Francisco Bay. At
Benicia, Blake found in rocks of this series a Trochus,
Turritella and shark’s tooth. In San Francisco it makes
up the three hills in the northeast, or business quarter,
of the city. The hills just north and west of Ocean
View and most of the San Bruno Mountains belong to this
series. It is finely exposed at Point San Pedro and at
Pescadero. It appears to be one of the most abundant
formations of the Santa Cruz Mountains. It occurs
abundantly in the Mount Hamilton Range and to some
extent in the Mount Diablo Range.

If it be correctly correlated with the lower Miocene
strata worked up by Mr. Antisell, it will probably be
found that this formation is widespread all through the
Coast Ranges.

Lfeelations.—The relation to the underlying metamor-
phic rocks has already been discussed under that head.
The existence of water-worn metamorphic fragments in
the Pescadero series would argue for a nonconformity
between the two formations, unless, as above, we assume
uplift and extensive erosion during one part of the period
of deposition of the Pescadero series.

At Pescadero Point the Pescadero series is overlain
unconformably by strata having only a small dip, and in
turn both are overlain by about six feet of horizontal

* Pacific R. R. Report, vol. 7, p. 197.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 305

Quaternary. The age of the overlying strata was not de-
termined, as they differed petrographically from any rock
found elsewhere. ‘Their position and, structure would
seem to indicate that they belong to the Monterey series.
In San Francisquito Creek, above the Mayfield-Searsville
road, the Pescadero series with a high dip is overlain by
the gently dipping Merced series; and as the Merced and
Monterey series are found to be conformable, that would
place the Pescadero series unconformably below the
Monterey series.

At Carmelo Bay Dr. Lawson believes a nonconformity
exists between the Carmelo series and the White Miocene
shale or Monterey series. In the same place the Carmelo
series is seen resting upon the granite.* At Point San
Pedro the formation also rests upon the granite,

Correlation.—The fossiliferous formations just under-
lying the White shale that are described by Dr. Antisell
and Prof. Whitney are believed to be correctly correlated
with part of the Pescadero series. Their Miocene age
can hardly be questioned.

An attempt to work out the faunas of the three divi-
sions made by Dr. Antisell for the strata below the White
shale was only partly successful. The following is a
partial list:

ce. The grits and calcareous sandstones.
Ostrea titan Conrad.
Ostrea panzana Conrad.
Hinites crassa Conrad.
Pallium estrellanus Conrad.
Cyclas permacra Conrad.
Balanus estrellanus Conrad.
Asterodapis antiselii Conrad.

b. The San Antonio sandstones.

Dosinia alta Conrad.
Dosinia montereyana Conrad.

* Univ. of Cal., Bull. Geol. Dept., vol. i, p. 7.
2D SER., VOL. V. ( 20 ) August 1, 1895.

306 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Dosinia montana Conrad.
Dosinia longula Conrad.
Dosinia suboblique Conrad.
a. The gypseous and ferruginous sandstones.
Mytilus inezensis Conrad.
Pachydesma inezensis Conrad.
Turritella variata Conrad.
Ostrea.

The gypseous and ferruginous sandstones do not seem
to have been very fossiliferous and are associated with
conglomerate and lignitic layers. They would thus seem
to have some similarity to the Carmelo series of Lawson.

Among the specimens found at the head of Stevens’
Creek were the following:

Ostrea sp. ind.
Liropecten estrellanus Conrad sp.
Turritella hoffmanni Gabb.
Dosinia sp. ind.
Ostrea titan has been found near this point.
In Alum Rock Cafion in what are thought to be the
same beds were found:
Natica sp.
Ostrea titan Conrad.
Liropecten estrellanus Conrad sp.

Glycimeris generosa? Gould.
Nummulites?

Assuming that the younger part at least of the series is
of Miocene age there seems to be some evidence that
part of the series is of Dejon (Eocene) age.” Pherevis
claimed to be a striking resemblance between the sand-
stone of Searsville Valley and the Tejon sandstones.

In a well near Haakerville light colored sandstone, full
of the stems of some plant, was found. Mr. Gabb re-
ports the same stems, and identifies them with fucoids in
the ‘‘ Cretaceous rocks overlying the coal at Mount
Diablo.’’* These beds have since been shown to be

*Geol. Surv. of Cal., Geology, vol. i, p. 71.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 307

Eocene at Mount Diablo. In Alum Rock Canon, near
San José, a piece of float rock was found to contain what
were thought to be Nummulites, though only cross sec-
tions could be obtained. ‘The genus Nummulina, though
known to exist from the Carboniferous to the present, is
only known to have attained a considerable size and to
have been of any geological importance in one age, the
Eocene. The evidence of the fucoids near Haakerville
is of only minor importance, but must be taken into con-
sideration.

If, as the structure suggests, the conglomerate in the
Pescadero section is near the top of the series, it would
seem possible that the great thickness of strata below
represent not only the deposition of the Miocene, but
possibly also of the Eocene.

In conclusion, it may be stated that below the White
Miocene shale or Monterey series of the Miocene, there
has been found to lie, unconformably, a series of sand-
stones, shales or shaly sandstones and conglomerates,
having a thickness of several thousand feet, in part, at
least, of older Miocene age, and possibly extending back
through the Eocene.

THE MONTEREY-MERCED PERIOD.

The Monterey series was among the earliest of forma-
tions described in California. It was assigned to the
Miocene, and later investigations have not modified that
decision.

The first mention of the Merced series was by Whitney,
who merely mentions the finding by Gabb and Remond
of Plocene strata on Seven-Mile Beach.* These beds
seem to have commanded little attention until recently.
They were recently described more in detail by Professor

* Geol. Surv. of Cal., Geology, vol. i, p. 79.

308 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Lawson, by whom they were called the Merced series.*
They have been called Pliocene by all who have worked
with them. From Half Moon Bay southward, at a num-
ber of places, occur very fossiliferous beds, which have
often been mentioned or referred to, but of which little
has been written. The fossils obtained from these beds
have been referred by some to the Miocene, by some to
the Pliocene. ‘The same beds have been referred to the
Pliocene where little disturbed, and to the Miocene where
much disturbed.

The field work done by the writer has seemed to show:

1. That, though minor oscillations have occurred,
there has been continuous sedimentation from the begin-
ning of the Monterey series to the end of the Merced.
(Due to minor oscillations, this is not always true locally.)

2. That the two are similar in structure, that structure
having been received from the movement which took place
at the end of the Merced period.

3. That the fossiliferous beds south of Half Moon Bay
are conformable with the Monterey series below them
and the Merced series above them.

4. That the Monterey series is Miocene, the Merced
series on Seven-Mile Beach principally Pliocene, and
the fossiliferous beds transitional between the two, con-
taining a mixture of Miocene and Pliocene forms. That
means that if a line were drawn between the Miocene and
Pliocene it would not come at the top of the Monterey
series, as usually defined, but from one to several hun-
dred feet higher, somewhere in the period of the fossil-
iferous beds.

It would be difficult, if not impossible, to draw the line
between the two ages, as it would be largely governed by
individual inclinations. Accordingly the writer prefers

* Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. of Geol., vol. i, p. 143.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 309

to simply call them the ‘‘ transition beds’’ of the Merced
series, grouping them with the Merced series because
petrographically they are similar to the predominating
rocks of that series.

THE MONTEREY SERIES.

Lithology.—The Monterey series or formation, or, as
it is variously known, the White Miocene shale, or Bitu-
minous shale, is the most characteristic formation of the
Miocene. Itis for the most part nearly white or light buff
in color, of a shaly, porous character. It is quite soft
and without grit, yet resisting weathering to a remarkable
degree, loose fragments or artificial exposures maintain-
ing their sharp edges. It is usually quite thin bedded,
the bedding being very distinct. It is generally cut up by
joint planes which determine the surfaces of fracture.
The porosity has been found in some cases to be due to
the leaching out of minute shells, probably foraminifera.
This shale has distributed through it some carbonaceous
material, which, though not generally showing, except
occasionally as small black specks, gives rise to the bitu-
minous springs and deposits so common along the coast.

Near Santa Cruz, apparently underlying but probably
part of the same formation, is a black bituminous rock,
like a coarse grained sandstone, in which the matrix is
bitumen. Large quantities of this rock are shipped to
San Francisco.

At places, as on Bald Knob near the road down Tuni-
tas Creek, the shale appears to be silicified into chert or
chalcedony or sometimes resembling opal. It maintains
its white color and bedding.

At Monterey and other places it is very rich in infu-
sorial forms, diatoms, sponges, etc., so that it has been
considered as a vast deposit of such forms. Recently
Professor Lawson* has advanced the suggestion, upon

* Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dep. Geol., vol. i, p. 24.

310 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

chemical and microscopic examination, that the White
shale is of volcanic origin. He estimates its thickness at
over 1000 feet.

There is, however, one feature which would seem to
contradict that theory. At Santa Cruz and for a short
distance south, the bluffs are formed of the fossiliferous
Transition beds. The structure is a shallow syncline. Plate
xxiv. Going north from the lighthouse the lower of the
Transition beds are crossed, as shown in the section, plate
xxiv, and the top of the White Miocene shale reached.
As the bottom of the Transition beds is approached, the
beds take on more and more the character of the White
Miocene shale until before the parting is reached they
become indistinguishable from it, showing that the condi-
tions held over from the one period to the other. Fur-
ther, as mentioned below, its apparent existence in the
middle of the Merced series on Seven Mile Beach.

Occurrence.—The White shale is almost wanting on the
northeastern slope of the mountains. A small exposure
occurs on the Menlo Park-Searsville road, a mile or two
from Searsville ; also, on the road on top of the ridge,
half a mile south of the Searsville-Pescadero road. But
on the west side of the main ridge it forms one of the
principal rocks. One of the best exposures in the Santa
Cruz Mountains is along the coast from Scott’s Creek
south to Santa Cruz. Here it occurs dipping gently to
the ocean and can be well studied in the ravines which
have cut down through it. On the south point, at the
mouth of Wood’s Gulch on Seven Mile Beach, two or
three hundred feet above the beach, there occurs an out-
crop of rock identical in appearance with the White
shale. Its presence here in the middle of the Merced
series is difficult to explain, but will be touched upon later.
Considering the thickness and extent of this formation on

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 311

the coast side of the mountains, the question naturally
arises, what has become of this formation on the bay
side, where only one small outcrop near Searsville has
been noted? The most acceptable answer is that it has
been eroded to that extent. As we shall see under the
discussion of the Merced series, that formation in places
rests upon the granite and older strata; the fragmentary
character of the outcrops of White shale on the east side
of the mountains is strengthened by the further evidence
of great erosion. Faulting may also play an important
part in its present distribution.

Outside of the Santa Cruz Mountains the White shale
is found abundantly over a large area, occurring for sev-
eral hundred miles along the coast.

LPeelations.—The relation to the underlying rocks has
already been discussed. In the Santa Cruz Mountains
it is believe to overlie unconformably all the older forma-
tions, in some places lying upon the granite, in others
upon the Pescadero and older series. In the sections
given by Dr. Antisell from the southern part of the State,
the White shale is uniformly represented as conformable
with the underlying Miocene.*

The relation to the Merced series will be treated under
the relations of the Merced series.

Correlation.—The White Miocene shale is generally
very unfossiliferous, but characteristic fossils have been
found at a number of places, notably at Monterey.

A few fossils were found by Dr. J. P. Smith near the
summit south of Searsville. They were identified as

follows:
Pecten peckhami Gabb.
Lucina borealis Linnaeus.
Pandora conf. scapha Gabb.
Nucula sp. ind.

* Report on Pacific Railroad Survey, vol. vii, pls. i et seq.

SZ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Blake reports* the following from this horizon:

Tellina congesta Conrad.
Meretrix traskii Conrad sp.
Mercenaria perlaminosa Conrad.
In addition Professor Lawson notest the following
forms:
Arca sp. (Nov. ?)
Saxidomus sp.
Leda sp. (Nov. ?)
Lucina like L. crenulata.
Clementia? sp.
Young Cardium, or small Venericardia.
Macoma sp. (Nov. ?)

Among those mentioned by Gabb in vol. 1 of the Pal-
eontology of Cal. is Turrztella hoffmanni Gabb.

Though none of these species except Luczna borealis
Linn. occur on the east coast, by a comparison of similar
forms Conrad concluded that this formation was Miocene.
And as we have both above and below species almost
identical with Miocene species of the east coast, we may
accept his determination.

THE MERCED SERIES.

The beds which will be assigned to this division have
alternately been called Miocene and Pliocene, but of re-
cent years have come to be considered Pliocene. The
field-work of the writer seems to show that they are Pli-
ocene, though at the bottom probably transitional from
the Miocene. ‘This formation is of considerable thick-
ness and is very fossiliferous. Its location is very favor-
able for the exposure of fine sections, so that along the
seaboard it is exposed almost continuously the whole
length of the Santa Cruz Mountains, and in cliffs aver-
aging perhaps 75 feet high (see plate xxiv), but on Seven

* Geol. Recon. of Cal., 1858, pp. 182, 179.
t Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. i, p. 27.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 213

Mile Beach becoming over 7eo feet high. It is doubtful
if there is anywhere in America a Tertiary formation
presenting so many advantages and attractions for study.
That it is intimately concerned in the structure of the
mountain, that it is cut and interbedded by igneous erup-
tions, and that during the deposition of its nearly a mile
of sediment a gradual but marked change in the fauna
can be traced, increases the interest it must have for the
student.

Petrography.—The Merced series of the Santa Cruz .
Mountains is composed of a great thickness of partly
consolidated sands, clays, argillaceous sands and hard,
fine conglomerates. On the bay side of the range the
strata have felt the mountain-making forces more, and
are usually harder and, as shown by the distortion of the
fossils, more crushed. Local metamorphism and minor
variations will be mentioned later. The most abundant
and characteristic rock is a dark drab or slate colored
argillaceous sand, breaking into small fragments of about
half an inch cube, which in many places are bright red
on the joint faces. In places it shows a yellow ochre-like
deposit. It varies in hardness from that which crushes
easily in the hand to tough and more argillaceous varieties
which are like a hard clay. Locally it sometimes forms
very hard nodules or layers, generally due to the lime
from inclosed shells, many of the shells collected being
obtained by splitting open these nodules. In places this
sandstone is thin-bedded, but it is more apt not to show
many bedding planes in a thickness of 100-200 feet.
This rock makes up the most of the long hill at Point
Pillar, and likewise much of the bluffs to the south and
on Seven-Mile Beach.

The next most abundant rock is a yellow or buff colored
sand, generally quite soft; sometimes it weathers in the
bluffs until it seems to be filled with great pot-holes.

314 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Just below the sheet of basalt south of Stanford Uni-
versity the sandstone is coarse grained, nearly white and
very hard. Above the sheet of basalt it has been leached
out until the fragments on the surface are almost as por-
ous as a sponge.

Along the Seven-Mile Beach in particular there are
many thin layers of hard conglomerate. The pebbles
are usually water-worn fragments of phthanite and the
other metamorphics, usually less than an inch in diame-
ter. These layers are, asa rule, very hard and seldom
more than a foot or two thick, though sometimes there
are many layers close together. At several places along
the Seven-Mile Beach section they resist weathering and
stand out very prominently from the softer surrounding
strata, one layer at lowest tide being traceable several
hundred feet out into the ocean. Most of these fine con-
glomerates contain many commuted fragments of shells,
which may account for their hardness. In some the pro-
portion of shell fragments becomes so great that they
would more properly be called shell breccias or brecciated
limestone. Such a breccia outcrops quite prominently
in the foothills west of San Bruno; also along the con-
tact running southeast from Mussel Rock between the
Miocene and metamorphic or igneous rocks. Just above
the sheet of basalt south of Stanford University occurs a
similar brecciated limestone, largely composed of frag-
ments of Balanus, and rather soft and friable. In all the
ravines running into San Francisquito Creek above Sears-
ville a ledge of soft limestone is crossed. It is more
strictly a calcareous sandstone, and is full of fossils which
undoubtedly furnished the lime.

A number of layers of lignite from an inch or two thick
up to a foot in thickness, occur in the section along Seven-
Mile Beach. In some cases the structure of the wood

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. Bs

still shows, but in most cases it is invisible macroscopic-
ally.

At the top of the section along Seven-Mile Beach, the
sandy strata become quite soft—there are found to be no
hard strata. As we rise in the series the strata become
more and more unconsolidated and sandy, the upper layers
consisting almost entirely of yellow and orange sand.

Fine gravel occurs in some abundance, and there is a
little coarse gravel, but in no case is it consolidated into a
conglomerate.

The most noticeable layer in this upper series is a white,
chalky layer, which Dr. Lawson* considers a volcanic
ash. On the beach it appears as a bed having a uniform
thickness of about one foot, interbedded with the other
strata. At one point on the northeast slope of the bluffs,
near the head of Lake Merced, it has a thickness of six
feet. The Spring Valley Water Works Company mine
it here for ‘‘ chalk.’’ Under the microscope it shows no
crystalline structure, nor could any diatoms or foraminifera
be made out; a chemical analysis would probably throw
much light on its composition and origin.

Stratigraphy.—The best section obtained was_ that
along Seven-Mile Beach. ‘This section gives probably a
nearly complete series at the top. The bottom of the
section, however, is about 670 yards north of the contact
with the igneous rocks of Mussel Rock, so that the sec-
tion is not complete; but the dip at this point becomes
low, and there is abundant evidence of faulting, so that
it is not thought that more than a few hundred feet are
omitted.

A study of the contact between the Merced series and
the igneous rocks from Mussel Rock southeastward shows,
however, that the bottom of the series has not been ex-

* Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. i,p. 144.

316 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

posed on Seven-Mile Beach; in other words, that the
Merced series was not laid down upon the igneous rock
of Mussel Rock, the contact between the two forma-
tions being plainly a fault contact. The absence of a large
part of the Transitional beds is evidence in the same
direction.

This section does not include the fossiliferous Transi-
tion beds, of which no section was obtained. ‘They
would probably carry the strata downward several hun-
dred feet, the rock being similar to the drab and pink
argillaceous sand so common above.

The following is the

Section of Merced Series along Seven-Mile Beach:

= Feet.
72 Variable layers of soft, yellow and orange sand.......... 200
ielkiehtscoloredargillaceoussand.) Gens se .scmee< oelae: 6
70 Hard ferruginous layer of brown sand.................. 1
GOmVellowsandyorangersamidip hi) wer yeee eas erences cur 8
68 Hard layer light yellow sand....../. 00.00. Joe. eens tee 1
Gi wVellowesaiiceys aie sees ite len cape ranen SPRUE NAT TT Ate cr seb rieHctaie 8
66 Sand and fine gravel, cross bedded...... ................ 12
65 Layer of ‘‘ Volcanic ash” of Lawson.................... 1
G4ieYellowiendioramee sam dice yae triage si au serrata rae 15
63 Coarse gravel scattered in orange sand................... 4
62m Vellowrandvoramigersandya i earner ceie tlt s sa eS einiar aye 75
61 Yellow sand containing recent fossils. ./.......... 2.2... 10

60 Drab argillaceous sand with red joint faces, containing
plant remains and a few lamelli branches.............. 40

59 Upper bed, upper gasteropod bed, light brown sand, full
of shell and fragments URSUS nOEN Rin fatto chs Sy St ital eee ate eT et he 1-2
HS Vellonasann dy Mone Aes so waaay see eastats i 2 celal gs ean eae ay 3
57 Lower bed, upper gasteropod bed, dark gray sand........ 1-5
Drab argillaceous sand with red joint faces.............. 3+
56 Drab argillaceous sand, red jointing, with plants(?)..... 20
55 Light drab sand slightly cross bedded................... 39
54 Layers fine conglomerate and shell fragments, very hard.. 15
doybluishyarcillaccousisand genes mre ie ser ac)a chine atetteas 165

52 Drab argillaceous sand, quite firm, with many scattered
Sen LE os Mic NAUSEA RMA RO A USANA ie re ae 10

3l
30

bp bt bw bw
ao ~I om

bo bp te
boo

17
16

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. guy)

« Feet
Sanldstomelwaltl fossils es cea cen aes eye Diemaiey test eit 40
Many thin layers of conglomerate and shell fragments... 20
Say AWOL S et ti iaysha tte Socue nada) Sie eee Sse leye eer en amtieies o T 125
Conolomenrater. se occ ce. isle clare AP eae eee eee 2
Poe NOL Zee Bs aa aro a EARN A SPORTS: cet Gon. MAL Ii At osload ona stale ty 10
Conglomerate with Scutella interlineata Stimp............ 5
Mallon) Sei KONE S HAO Nh miasmas- ndvoddudeoone eoas vows 30
Yellow sandstone with many layers of fine conglomerate.. 20
Yellow sandstone with Scutella interlineata Stimp. ...... 15
Mellowasamcd Stone nat: 7 ist yan r aA eee ace nee 55
(Manlio, Men EES) Chi INES Wau e else a easodob cod oc odoeuso 6 fe Marae K()
ello wisamd stone scree ks citi Chars a eer eH ae eae 20
iemite; several thinslayershv) aca acre ok ene ae
Vellowasandstone eas s suc Seto aaeeR ECC ee ee 25
Conglomerate with Scutella interlineata Stimp........... 20
Sandstone, containing many layers a few inches thick
almostimadenuplotScutellas ay (21s eae pane meee 55
Brichtsyellowasandstonel iain acces ae ae 20
Same with hard sandstone layers or nodules a few inches
{SU KEL SS Acacs ac cee at eer ee Fan eE I Sinno Hele acca Gis can Gola Bir 10
Bright yellow sandstone with scattered shells and full of
pot-like holes from a foot to several feet in diameter.... 145
Layers of fine gravel and conglomerate.................. 20
Yellow sandstone with Lucina, etc...................... 110
Drab sandstone with thin layers of lignite .............. 10
Nello wes amd Stoners yo. N62) iis Girls cane ier eau eae yin Ghaae ee 25
Lignite.
Buff sandstone, showing a few scattered fossils.......... 530
Same, showing layers of fine and coarse congiomerate
wathy Crypto Oliveto. IN aSSdCLCsap eines an Cran 55
Drab clay with bright red jointing...................... 6
IB UtiRS ANGST OME NRG Se Oe a, Daa Basal ate ark cera BA a 235
Gravel and conglomerate with fossils, Crepidula grandis
Con., Standella californica Con., Scutella, etc......... 10
BudteSan dsbomer ec 42: fo. i, ala) ese ene enna nator eye ae erate 60
Yellow sandstone with some layers of conglomerate..... 105
Layer of lignite from one to eight inches thick..........
Mellowasamdstomes ati ie stn sty aerate see iy 65
Conglomerate, very hard, with Scutella... .............. 2
Light drab sand with many hard projecting layers of con-
SOMITE TALE ey SERGI MTT STS Ue ae rca nMOS pe Herries COUN ieS 150
Damerastaboven ss seca a. sey PU cee RNa RUM aie SES IY 195

318 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Feet.
15 Buff sandstone and drab clay with hard layers or nodules

of sandstone, containing Venus pajaroensis Con., Sili-
qua patula Dixon, ete. Very similar to beds at mouth

of PuvisimaCreelorycwiie ou scdc.c a syalermiericnerel aaron rete eee 220) —
Conglomerate and shell fragments.
14 Several layers full of Crepidula grandis Midd............ 15
13 Buff sandstone with Venus (Mactra) ................... 10
12 Beds with Crepidula grandis Midd. every few feet........ 40

Seam of lignite.
11 Light drab sandstone, containing beds of conglomerate

andyshellifragments (sj) nee ne ee eer ere 100
lOeButtycoloredasand stones. eee ener eerie 250
9 Numerous scattered lamellibranchs.
8 Buff colored sandstone.......... SG onan dni AU ean eee 160
fel Biakec bh eye eter eID RAN trun Rc NW HIM aN ege it eRe AA OMe endian a LS" bi ato' 1
6 Drab argillaceous sandstone with pink jointing, contains

Venus, etc. Same rock asa Pillar Point.............. 200
5 Same with few fossils. Vellina, etc.............. 00.0005: 120
AyD rabrareilllaceousyro cla en Aap nis ea isin aa Passer re iaien ets 192

3 Lower gasteropod beds. Several hard layers from 1-2 feet
thick containing a great abundance of gasteropods, also

SCUOLA. IStAeCANCE WO 5 ob oaveaosd mo pcosddudosd dodmc 18
2 Buff sandstone with few fossils........................-. 170
lBuiiesandstonien 1/205 dV Oe Nie ae eA lene teat cede Oona Aes 100
LB athisame stores foi ey ye in aoe isl eraperaniees ice aioe Sie le ens 235

Total thickness of the section, 4740 feet.

Some of the upper beds are exposed in a long land-
slide, which has given a little uncertainty to a few of the
thicknesses. It is thought that the upper part of the sec-
tion as given here extends into the Pleistocene, but no
way was found of drawing the line. The upper beds
are practically horizontal and contained no fossils as far
as could be discovered.

The long landslide mentioned gives a good opportunity
to study the variation in the layers. It is about a mile
long and the course agrees with the strike of the strata,
so that the beds are exposed horizontally the whole dis-
tance. It was found that in that distance there was quite
a variation. The two beds of the strata called the upper

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 319

gasteropod beds run all the distance and quite uniformly
three feet apart. Their own thickness, however, varies
from one to five feet, while the beds overlying them are
entirely different in different parts of the course.

The section was made by pacing (corrected by map),
the minor layers being estimated by rough measurement
or by eye. Frequent landslides at the foot of the bluff
make it difficult to get accurate measurements of many
of the layers. At Wood’s Gulch there was found to be
a fault of 825 feet, downthrow on the south side. This
was the only fault of any magnitude discovered, except
those at the south end which could not be measured.
Professor Lawson estimated the same strata to have a
thicknoss of 5626 feet.* These beds appear to thin out
to the southeast.

This section was the only one obtained, since the strata
in the sections south of Point San Pedro have, as a rule,
low dips and would require instrumental surveys to assure
any degree of accuracy.

A little south of Point Montara this formation lies upon
the granite. The lowest bed where it les close to the
granite is almost made up of pebbles and boulders of
granite. In a short distance the proportion of granite
rapidly decreases and the layer becomes very fossilifer-
ous, gasteropods predominating, and from their resem-
blance to those of the lower gasteropod beds of the sec-
tion on Seven-Mile Beach it is thought the two belong to
the same horizon.

In the long hill at Point Pillar, the strata are excellently
exposed dipping south, the dip being as high as 40” part
of the distance. The same rock, the drab argillaceous
sandstone with red joint faces, runs through the whole

* Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. i, p. 147.

320 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

exposure. Lucina borealis Linn. is very abundant here
and a few other Miocene forms were found. At Point
Pillar the dip becomes horizontal or a little north and the
stacks and long reefs seen at low tide show almost com-
plete connection with the bluffs a mile south of Spanish
Town. Here is the same rock containing Crepzdula
grandis Midd. From here to Pescadero Creek the same
sandstone makes up the cliffs under the Quaternary wher-
ever it was examined. In a low anticline south of San
Gregoria Creek it was estimated that about 500 feet of
strata were exposed. Layers of pectens were especially
abundant at the center of this anticline. At Capitola the
thickness actually exposed is small, the rock varying from
very soft and friable drab sandstone to the hard layers of
the same thing, lime from the contained shells probably
causing the difference; the beds here are very fossilifer-
ous and the fossils generally fairly well preserved. See
plate xxiv.

These bluffs from Point Pillar to Capitola will doubt-
less yield excellent sections when a detailed study of them
is made.

No exposure of sufficient continuity to yield sections
of any value were found in the mountains on either the
bay or coast side.

In the mountains over the San Fernando tunnel in Los
Angeles county and the foothills in that neighborhood,
and in the foothills in the city of Los Angeles, the great
thickness of unfossiliferous White Miocene shale is overlaid
conformably by a few hundred feet of fossiliferous gravels
and conglomerates whose fauna would seem to place them
in this Merced series. At San Fernando there appears to
be considerable thickness, but the strata are folded and
faulted so that it would require some detailed study to es-
timate it. In going up the canon leading to the tunnel

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 321

from the south, the structure is seen to be anticlinal, so
that the beds that make up the foothills run down on the
north side of the anticline in the ridge through which the
tunnel is cut. The gravelly deposits in Los Angeles give
good evidence of being shore deposits, for the gravel
seems to to be largely derived from the underlying forma-
tion and the boulders are pierced and sometimes almost
honey-combed with borings of one of the rock boring
mollusks.

Distribution.—The Merced series, antedating as it did
the upheaval which gives the Santa Cruz Mountains its
present topographic position, was probably originally laid
down over all or most of the region now occupied by those
mountains. ‘The upheaval, however, seems to have op-
erated largely by faulting, which resulted in some parts
having been elevated and exposed to erosion more than
others, so that the beds left now were probably under
water during the Quaternary and thus preserved, and it
is only the post-Quaternary uplift which has exposed
them. As we might expect if this theory is true, we only
find these Merced series beds on the lower flanks of the
mountains probably not over 1000 feet above sea-level.
They are exposed in the bluffs along the sea- coast from
two miles north of Mussel Rock to Capitola at least, not
continuously, however, for between Mussel Rock and
Point Montara, at Spanish Town, and along the stretch
north of Santa Cruz this formation is lacking, erosion
having exposed the underlying strata or cut down the
bluffs.

How far back into the mountains the Merced series
extends was not accurately determined. In Purissima, >
Lobetas, Tunitas, San Gregoria and Pomponia creeks it
was found to extend back at least four or five miles from

the coast.
2D SER., Vou. V. ( 21) August 1, 1895.

322 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

From Seven-Mile Beach the Merced series extends
southeast in the direction of strike to Milbrae. From
there to Redwood City the underlying metamorphics are
exposed. South of Stanford University the foothills are
fossiliferous and show the presence of this formation. It
is also shown above Searsville in the lower part of the
ravines running into the valley of San Francisquito Creek
from the west and south.

Whitney * notes the presence of several hundred feet
of this formation on the north flank of the Palo Scrito
Hills.

It seems possible that most of the beds from which
older Pliocene fossils have been reported will be found
to correspond with this series. Dr. Lawson believes that
the strata which he recently described as the ‘‘ Wild Cat
Series”? f in Humboldt county may be correlated with
the Merced series. Thus the fauna reported from Kirk-
er’s Pass and Green Valley, Contra Costa county; Santa
Rosa and Russian River, Sonoma county; would suggest
the presence of the Merced series.

felations.—The relation between the Merced and Mon-
terey series was best seen where the strata of the Soquel
basin rest upon the Monterey series so abundant north of
Santa Cruz. A little north of Surfside, a suburb of Santa
Cruz, the contact is well exposed, the line being marked
by a line of scattered pebbles of older igneous and chert
rock. The beds have a low dip south and are conform-
able. Going toward the lighthouse the beds are crossed
in ascending order. Just above what has been taken as
the line of contact the beds are indistinguishable from the
most characteristic white shale. Ascending the series
the rock changes imperceptably from the characteristic,

“Geol. Surv. of Cal., Geology, vol. i, p. 154.
t Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. i, p. 255.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 323

creamy, fine-grained shale to the light or dark drab sandy
strata characteristic of the Merced, and which can be
traced to the fossiliferous beds of Soquel and Capitola.
(See plate xxiv.)

At Point Montara the Merced lies upon the granite,
and at several places in the San Francisquito basin the
Merced series lies unconformably upon the Pescadero
series. There is thus some evidence of erosion or trans-
gression between the two periods.

South of Half Moon Bay the same relation seems to
exist as at Santa Cruz, as indicated in certain well borings.
On Purissima and Tunitas creeks wells have been sunk
for oil to depths of from 600 to 800 feet. On Purissima
Creek, about a mile from the village of that name, a well
was sunk to a depth of 770 feet; oil was struck at 240
feet and from that depth downward. At that depth they
also struck ‘‘some fossil clam shells.’’* Calling to mind
the scarcity and character of the fossils of the white or
bituminous shale it seems probable that these clams be-
long to the horizon of the fossiliferous beds in the bluffs
on the coast. The suggestion is made that at that depth
is the top of the bituminous or white shale. In one of the
Tunitas Creek wells oil was reported at a depth of 350
feet. The well is 130 feet above sea-level and the dip of
the shaly strata southwest. ‘The above facts would indi-
cate, if our interpretation is right, that the fossiliferous
beds at Purissima, etc., are quite near the bottom of the
series.

Some of the early writers grouped the fossiliferous or
transition beds with the Monterey series, but it has seemed
best for the following reasons to group them with the
overlying Merced series:

“Seventh Ann. Rep. of State Geologist for 1887, p. 101.

324 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Ist. Petrographically the beds are similar to the Mer-
Gediseniese

2d. Faunally there is a strong resemblance, many of
the species, if not a majority, being common to both.

3d. They and the Monterey series differ petrograph-
ically, the White shale being a white, thin bedded, silicious
shale, while the upper formation is largely an argillaceous
sandstone, sometimes becoming an arenaceous clay, and
sometimes becoming very sandy. The latter is seldom
thin bedded, generally showing but few bedding planes
in a considerable thickness. The thin beds of conglom-
erate of the latter have not been noted in the White
Miocene shales.

4th. They differ greatly in their faunas. The White
shale having a small fauna but sparsely represented, while
the Transition beds as well as the Merced series have an
abundant fauna, widely and abundantly represented.
Further, of the species quoted as found in the White
shale, only one species, the Luczna borealis Linn., has
been noted among the Transition beds.

5th. The position of strata at San Fernando and Los
Angeles, where beds whose fauna seem to place them in
the same horizon as the Merced series are to be seen over-
lying the White shale. Also the finding by Professor
Whitney of ‘‘A group of rocks, newer in age than the
bituminous shale,’’* east of Monterey, whose fossils ally
them to the Transition beds of the Santa Cruz Mountains.
He quotes the following species from this locality:

Neptunea recurva Gabb.
Modiola recta Conrad.
Modiola capax Conrad.
Arca canalis Conrad.

Structure.—Plate xxiv gives a section of the strata as

*Geol. Surv. of Cal., Geology, vol. i, p. 154.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 325

exposed along Seven-Mile Beach. The section is not at
right angles to the strike, so that the dip does not appear
as high as itis. Some of the dips were 30° N. 9° E.,
Ce NiOe Ha 75 Nak, OS 4s Nigen he CoN rac
Be Oss NG O5— IN- a> Ey.67 UNG aor ainIN ac
30° N. 9° E., the line of section varying from S. to a few
degrees E. of S. The bearings refer to the true meridian.
The section gives a good idea of the upheaval to which
these beds with the underlying beds were subjected.

Plate xxiv gives also a section from Lake Merced to
Purissima. From this figure it is evident, if our conclu-
sions are correct, that the uplift along Seven-Mile Beach
is not a local uplift, but is intimately connected with the
main recent upheaval, and that we must assign the moun-
tains to an age later than the deposition of these beds.

Where the Santa Cruz Range is cut by the Pacific its
structure would appear to bea simple anticline, rising
probably more by faulting than by folding, and the dif-
ferent ridges due merely to erosion as influenced by this
faulting. Thus, as already pointed out, there is a fault
of 825 feet downthrow at Wood’s Gulch, and evidence of
this fault is found in the ravine which heads against
Wood’s Gulch and flows to the bay. About in this same
line there is evidence of a fault in the north fork of Twelve-
Mile Creek, and in a cut near the Happy Valley House.
Just north of Mussel Rock a fault zone commences and
continues to Black Mountain. This is evidently nota
single fault, but seems to be a line of fracturing, The
contact between the Tertiary and older formations which
run southeast from Mussel Rock follows this fault line at
least to San Andreas Lake. The bluffs along the north-
east side of San Andreas, Crystal Springs and San Fran-
cisquito valleys appears to be due to faulting.

If the streams running from the foothills to the bay be

B26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

examined it will be noticed that quite a number of them
in the upper part of their course run nearly due east. It
will also be noticed that in many of these cases the rocks
exposed upon the two sides of the stream differ. This
has led to the suggestion that a system of east and west
faulting exists in the foothills, and that the streams have
followed these faults.

All through the region, but especially at the northern
end, are found small undrained basins, many of them
containing standing water all the year. Several of these
have been cut into in comparatively recent times by back-
ward cutting streams, and fault lines exposed. This is
very finely illustrated at the head of Wood’s Gulch, where
the faulting appears to have produced such an undrained
basin, the fault scarp forming a perpendicular or over-
hanging cliff. Gradually the basin filled in against this
face, partly by washing from the surrounding hilltops,
partly by wind deposits, partly by fragments from the face
of the cliff, until all trace of the fault is covered up, only
to be exposed when erosion eats its way into the basin.
Judging from those we can examine, these little basins
are the result of faulting, and by an examination of the
map we can get some idea of the amount of faulting that
has taken place.

It would thus seem, from what has been said, that the
structure which has resulted from the last uplift is essen-
tially fault structure, the area having been cut up with
fault lines which follow two main directions, and prob-
ably others which were not discovered.

Correlation.— For convenience we may consider sep-
arately the area from Point Montara to Capitola, that
from Seven Mile-Beach to Milbrae, and that from Red-
wood City southward.

The first division, from Point Montara to Capitola, has
yielded the following fauna:

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY.

327

Wlyol e/a ele
Mee ee [Serie
IVI la |n lo lo
|o |B}. gg joa
BiP |: |@18 18
Fl: | EIB IE
salt RIO}:
| 5 : S
eae Fy
GASTEROPODA. |
Astyris gausopata Gould. .................... ele
Calyptraea inornata Gabb?....... ........... | ik
Cancillaria tritonidearGabb.- 4) 0450.0 see tend lealee
Chorussbelcherm Hinds ss. co nea ESSE
Crepidula grandis Middendorf................ Nesey fees alles
Cryptochiton c. f. stelleri Middendorf......... ea eal ;
imumatiavlewisieGould et) sos. see Hse nye aac a ee
Nassancalifornieali@onrad.) a2). 4 ose coe eseel Dee Rallis ‘
INassayperpineuis Hinds s. 02 ase Bee Seni A
Natica clausa Broderip and Sowerby?.......... je Rep eva
Neptunea humerosa? Gabb................... [Seite eae Pea
Neptunes tabulate: Bainds 2) 5.0). es ee Wee lieleaa ki
Rurpunacrispata Chemmitz. 0.00.05... 4. 44 dee elise lesley :
Purpura saxicola Walencienmes <j)... -erva leler| ae ae
SuLcularcarpentariay Galpin. \ ose. dss deteeieetees Bere li
Wolutilitestindurata Conrad’. 2.02... 0) fone Beale
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. |
Acilaycastrensisy Hinds. 2.20. |. 4.905 ee AUT eealhaes
Arcaxcamalisi@omrade 2a ancien | aa eae = ive ial ees te
Area mcrodonta, Conrady... sea. 2s state st Levedlaeeall ead rs
Arcarsulcicosta Gabbsee si css. 22 so cch aoe shes (lal esa ese ne
Cardiumycorbis Marivmy ts: 0/6 ..02 ss) one Fee Poe se aie hee Ie
Cardiuimimeckianum: (Gabb. 222). 5o5 422. 5e ase :
Chione simillima Sowerby?..... ..........-.- malleilioaliooiloelltc
Crytomya californica Conrad.................. seal eS all alae
GyrenarcalitormicalGablbiea-s- cw... 1s see ee Sola eedtaallsealoe
Givcimenisvoenerosay Gouldiewic. s4cn ec eeeellere eeu een le lige
mucinay borealis; bimimeus..) vs 8 ck vo estore PelR Herel fe laa
Maicomaedullis Nuttall ei) 2c fase eee : adel
Macoma nasuta Conrad 2.26... 222... ae ee 2 “fog
Mieretrix traski<Conrad?) 29.45. 22.2. seen [esses eve sce kane
ModiolaitiabellatanG ould i225... ge.) etnee tall ara oel ewe ee lollies
WISE) TING ore bs aes comme ee aigeaeasy bos OHS es
Pachydesma ineziana Conrad?................ loollealtsallaee
ectenycaurimum-=GOuld 022), 0 goss see oe eee ASA ae
Pecten!pabloensis Conrad ...... 0.25... s5. 282 solaoll called emt
Recten propatulus: Conrad: 2.5.4.2 ab one teil f ives [posal nel aed te
Psamnobia rubroradiata Conrad ?............. Geral evel ed
Sanguinolaria nuttalliana Conrad?............ Sells ollael solo el
Saxidomusveibbosus;Gabb 0. ); lee ol edhe oh [eel a
Schizothceerus nuttalli Conrad ................ Sad boel ee :

Q
3 ets _
+/B| 6B
2 }e | gg
Bos °
a |e |e
et
| te5|
=
nm
o>}
4
o
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re
oO
fee [oes
x) x
pleelee ae
a)
illeolro S'6.0
all vale‘ s 3
elee|seee
ce |
|
ve feeleees
|
|
¥#| x cee
Al S.
bil aicll qid'ono
Ase iae: S
nllawiaoae
Peilegel lienchere
silos uso
if
|
if
| x
|
#*
4 t

328 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

wiie|slelplols| =
SlE/SIB|F\P ls fe) 3
A\@|SlelQli@|siB] 5
rile |@\elelsis| &
9 |B |: og jog | © 8
Sls je IOS iS is 5
B eae vesioal| bedi | os
ES i iten| ese 4
: 5 4) AE cI
: Sere a
5 a oO
® 4
a Bo
. ©
. Led
a2)
SiliquaspatwlayDixonespi an cerry seeder Salle.clfoalt ol oollool|
Solenysiccarius Gouldy try see reese pid bea bacon i
Standella californica Conrad.................. paillaell salt ovo
Standella faleata Gould................. ; aul
Standella nasuta Gould ?..................,.. BPO IG. Bute aie
Mapeskstaminesy Conrady. ees ania sede ene ae Sealer ie lesa ertie ili iallat sd Mola
Mapes; temerrima, Carpenter jesse saree Se lleallaisll sallc-ollo'o||o:0||9 a ove «
* RAS 3 . i x
Venus pajaroensis Conrad................... Baller bieainrstlioia | ell Deall Saallionaee
Yoldia cooperi Gabb......... Tue hes sehen de aouekats Feel ceo cal Golo oily so
Zirphoea crispata Linneus..............-.... sales
ECHINODERMATA. |
Scutella cibbsy Remond ic eee ee eee ee ple Patel evel act ena taco) te oe
Scutella interlineata Stimpson................ al epsilon | ec sera es hall (ae

Pelations of the Fauna.—We have fifty-two species, of
which eighteen are not known living and four are not
known in the present fauna of the same region. Or,
using the old method of percentages, we find 56% of the
fossil fauna in the living fauna. It is found that twenty-
two of the above list have been found in strata whose Mi-
ocene age is not questioned, of which number five are
strictly Miocene. This would place these strata in the
upper Miocene or according to some authorities in the
lower Pliocene. But fortunately we can here use the
more modern method of comparison with known faunas.
We do not as yet feel safe in asserting the identity of any
of these species with those found in the Atlantic Miocene.
In many cases, however, the resemblance is so strong
that for all practical purposes we may assume them to be
of the same type and use them as though we felt sure of
their specific identity.

* Recently shown by Dr. Merriman to be a Mactra.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 329

These strata, like the Atlantic Miocene, are character-
ized by many huge Pectens, large Arcas, and other forms
which have no representatives in the present waters of
the coast. Thus, there is on the coast of California one
very small species of Arca, found at San Diego. In
these strata we find great numbers of several species of
Arca, some of which are over four inches broad. The
most common of these, the Arca microdonta Conrad, will
fit the figure and description of Arca arata Say of the
Maryland Miocene just as well as it does Conrad’s figure
and description of the west coast species. The presence
of the large Pectens, six or seven inches across, gives the
fauna a strong resemblance to the Atlantic Miocene of
Virginia and Maryland. Aside from the above localities,
these Pectens have been previously quoted only from
strata generally acknowledged to be Miocene. The
Crepidula grandis Midd. is another form about four times
as large as any of its living representatives. The Cardz-
um meektanum Gabb, Saxzdomus gibbosus Gabb, Mactra
(not Venus) pajarsensis Con. and the Echinu, Scutella
Gibbsi Rem. and SS. znterlineata Stimp. are among those
which have no living representatives. A number of oth-
ers are only known now living in distant seas. In sev-
eral cases it is found that certain characteristics of a spe-
cies have changed.

We have seen that there is good evidence that the beds
just north of Mussel Rock and those between Point Mon-
tara and Pillar Point are the same as those further south
at Purissima, etc. The fauna at Point Pillar though small
did not give a single form living in the present fauna
there, though the lower beds toward Point Montara did;
thus seeming to support the structural evidence.

The fauna, while closely related to living faunas, as
shown by the percentages given above, is found to have

330 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

quite a number of species closely resembling species
which in eastern America are typical of the Miocene.
Two other facts of interest come in here; first, as already
pointed out, the evidence of practically continuous sedi-
mentation from the White Miocene shale to the top of the
Pliocene or a little beyond; and second, the interesting
way in which, as the series is ascended, the older forms
drop out one by one. Thus, the large pectens are found
only near the very bottom of the series, none of them
having been found in the main body of the section as ex-
posed on Seven-Mile Beach. In the same way many of
the other species can be traced part way up the column,
when they disappear, as the Crepzdula grandis and large
Arcas, thus showing finely a gradual dying out of one
fauna and replacement by another.

It would therefore seem that the lowest, or what might
be called the Pecten beds, are more closely related to the
Miocene, but a rapidly changing fauna soon gives the
beds a Pliocene aspect which is maintained through most
of the section. The writer has, therefore, thought it best
to call the lower beds, as exposed along the coast south
of Half Moon Bay and at Capitola, ‘‘ Transition Beds.”’

On Seven-Mile Beach the great thickness of strata gives
a splendid opportunity for the study of faunal changes.
On account of the friable nature of most of the specimens,
the lists given are very incomplete. The suggestion has
been made that the top of the Merced series on Seven-
Mile Beach extends into the Pleistocene. To show the
ground for such a belief the fauna of the strata from the
‘upper gasteropod bed’’ upward is given separately, the
fossiliferous strata above the upper gasteropod bed espe-
cially having a Pleistocene aspect, all the forms of which
still live on the coast.

Of the forms given, the Weptunea tabulata, Calyptrea

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 331

jfilosa and Crepidula prerupta occur only at the bottom
of the section, the Crepidula grandis, Arca microdona,
Cardium meekianum, Saxodomus gibbosus, Mactra (not
Venus) pajaroensis and Scutella interlineata disappear at
different horizons and are replaced in the uppermost lay-
ers by living forms. Thus for example the living Achz-
narachinus excentricus replaces Scutella interlineata, Car-
dium corbis replaces C’. meekianum, from which it probably
descended, etc.

The fauna of the main body of the section is as fol-
lows:

332 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

LIST OF FOSSILS. =

fo)

GASTEROPODA.
AStyxis causapatay Gow] dias 5 We teuseiicn aaa lt eera is
Chika ilo) CMD sb aou paaoeoncocbecs gecdcy odo 86 oc 4
Chemmnitziastennicula Gouwlde 25-4 o-eie eee ee eee: 2
@horusibelcherisHinds?\. OAs date cece yey eee eaeees x
Crepidulaorandis) Maddendoris sym see ene e ne a
CrepidulayprexruptialConrade ees etree eee cei err nee i
Drillwaainicisa Carpentersepn eerie c com aetna eee -
Iu nay ONAN (Erol oes co esloduacneo sues sees Coan veog ee ze
Nassatcalitornica Conrad. «Varese te eee i
Nassafossata Gould Gc ccc gh lat eae leer Anion ese yaa tee ts
Neptuneaitay bullata wl aird | Sys cee hintaan tara ¢
@Olivellaiibiplicatay Sowerby cies eee crease Selena a
Buxpurarcrspatay Chemin Zi yp evaser aol eet Uri aes) sey ee z
IPurpuraisaxdcolasViallenClemnes acta aie ie ts aarti re cee ee i
Murritellarspervd sayy. (asks sven coos s Her eres eee lars olor eaeeie 3
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
ATCA; MICrOdontay Conrady. ect ase deem eee egeya/ ist) 0s lf ten aa: ie
CardiumymeekianumuGabb. Weenies weer mesenteric i
@axdiumrouadragenarivim (Conrad (yet seer cceictr) os ee ae
Chione|succineta Valenciennes ya. ey pty aro) el seer a
Cry ptomiyarcalifiormicaCommad ay. ncnpiciem cite el) cia rete cree
Macomareduliss Nett tall econ a tte nteiem nt cunts rs eae eget “|
Macoma masta @ onma dei tsr) Mae pienannien ce ie eet erarytie anien acai -
Miytilusicalitormanus Conrad sys pucey vets Satna accent A
SaxidomusicibbosuisnGralblos ssp yee enersre eters mie sii a aetna _
SchizothcerusnubtalitC on rads aeseg asics entices Nn neay eae ei
Silrqmaypa tala Dixons ce MeN UA seers amie Wty cst. stay mages x
Solentsiccarius Goulds) os Ge epee knees: soca cuca names |
Standellacalitornicay Conrad: sieve ee aici jsirseter scree c
Tapes staminea: Comra dios va terres tte ayers jot. hn) ieee 2
Mactra (not Venus) pajaroensis Conrad.................... |
ECHINODERMATA.
Scutellainterlineata Stimpsonimeneeraee eae. =. oso iE

2/3 (e/g
o Sh NG |e
gE /2 |e
oy Ses MS
ali =
eailbs
© El
ie} ot
a ic)
® o
i $
x
Falla c
ola
*
x |
ellie esas
?
x | 4
Wo odhaa'||o.0
|
2s.
* x
| x| 0°
Bib orlidiol| Gio
oeo'll's Ss.
ean?
lettre n.
eall'o-0
aay]
x| x
se iiese od

We have here only a small fauna, thirty-two species
Onpthese
nine are not known to be living and five are found only
in some other district. This gives out of thirty-two spe-

having been identified among those collected.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY.

333

cies in the fossil fauna eighteen in the present fauna of

the same region, or 57/.

The southern character of the fauna is very noticeable.
Several of the living species are known only in more
southern waters, and some of the extinct forms, as the
Arca microdonta Conrad, are related to forms found only

south of this region.

SI eile is
4|/eSlag
EB) on| as
“S| ag) oe
|; |23\ ge
TABLE OF FOSSILS OF UPPERMOST BEDS OF | & iS 8 2
MERCED SERIES. : S| we
B| a
ry | 2g’
e|: 3
' O il
AS iyrisucausapatas Gould iy was 22.1... bi seit nae. Ser Ph
Bittium armillatum Carpenter..................-- A eal eect
Cardiumcoxubis Martyn <5 025. 5.222. ves sees sales
Cardium quadragenarium Conrad? -............... alee
Chione succincto Valenciennes................... aa
Columibellasrichthofeni Gabby...) 5... 26 eccasneeeeee ale 2
Crepidulammavicelloides Nuttall, (x... 20. en alesse stes
Crytomyarcalifornica Conrad) “25, 05.8... - asec 7A Sle
Drilliaamcisay Carpenters ysis.) os. his ch wae eiie pall ae Ie
Driliva;penicillata’ Carpenter e+ 252°... a5 echoes BS ILs ces tee
iMacomea, edulis sNuttallice a 30 200.2: snc wee a lera atelier
Macomammasubar Coma dior. tier ais- ss) s 0) sis pilaster eae
Monoceras engonatum Conrad................./...] 4| Vk
Miyitilusredullistuimmssusy. eessce cc: cele eee mls Reon
Nassa californica Conrad, var............-.....---|- sateen Gia
NAESE WORSE, (Crowillols gins So cacd oboe eauineb so ooue ods. Al :
NassaamendicarGoull dirs sain cri. sc - sla cleuseaeaeteeys | iH
Neptunea recurva Gabb?...........-. Lge ats Selb witatlaeecee
Oivellasbiplicaitia Sowierbygee.. fe. cist <0 eee eee Pa ernclGa
Olivellanntortay Carpenterecesss -. 0.0422 500s eee Alter lesen
Ostrearspelndy mamas Decade. |: ticle Sener Mia leeel tn:
Placunanomia macroschisma Deshayes............| ,|..-.| y
Psephisplordisbainduen ese 8 vos eis os ae See Gilenaeeal a
Purpura canaliculata Duclos? ............4....... Al A
PurpurarcrispatarOhemmit Zsa ie). ye eee AlN es Ba St
Purpura saxicola Valenciennes ...... yore yA Mee yt e abies
varvostrina Gould 2.) 5. seem ees BIE Ea
SaxidomusseracilissGould 8. oo is cen ele mal Pe
Schizotheeris nuttalla Conrad. 2.2. ./2 024. sedans. ‘all .
Standella californica Conrad.....................- al Ieee
Mapessstaminess Conrady ie) oh lk yects oe man ale is
Echinarachinus excentricus Escholtz.............. es [tereante

| j
mn
| ae |F\e
otis 2
192) cr}
Leda} | ilar
or |\da\|m
Bie P |p
Qa |b
ey} lig
Oe le |p)
BPlo g
sol¢ |2
SE Ss
a KS
we]:
oS .
Sug io
oe) |
#|0-
yee]:
| |
eee alt
Jor selee]e-
HG 10/0.0 |
| |
dilo-a lke
|
zalhs
|
) x
[fevepegeu| peter el
9 |
Wt OOM a
x
| #
| alee
|
* x
9 |
ve eeloe
ane
1

334 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

To sum up, it will be seen that out of thirty-one species
that were specifically identified, six are not known to the
fauna of this region (from San Francisco to Santa Cruz),
leaving twenty-five species known in the present fauna,
or 81% of the fossil fauna are living in that region. This
by the old method would make the beds Pliocene. But
considering the smallness of the fauna and the question-
ableness of several of the specific identifications, that
method can have but little value here. Nor have any
satisfactory results been obtained from a comparison with
known Pliocene faunas, for the species are all peculiar to
the west coast, or are not known in the fossil state else-
where.

The arguments from the structural side are, that while,
as shown by the fauna, this formation is possibly later
than Pliocene, it is found to be overlaid by horizontal or
nearly horizontal strata containing Elephas bones, with
evidence of a land period between. Since these beds
were laid down, therefore, there has been a movement
which has tilted them at angles of from 5° to 40°, fol-
lowed by their being exposed to subaerial erosion, and
later by being submerged and covered by deposits at one
place over 200 feet thick and then the whole subjected
to a more or less general elevation to its present position.
It will thus be seen that our assignment of these strata to
the Pliocene is only in a homotaxial sense. ,

Not only does the fauna suggest that these upper beds
might be considered by themselves, but the structural re-
lation to the lower beds is just obscure enough to prevent
a positive assertion that they are conformable. The first
writers on the subject made them unconformable.

The presence of Pliocene on the Seven-Mile Beach
was noted by Gabb and Remond® at the time of the first

“Geol. Sur. of Cal., Geology, vol. i, p. 79.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 335

survey; but the beds we are here considering the top of
the; iiiocene they called’ Rost-llocene::” ~ Dhey noted
the presence of two extinct forms — Scutella tnterlineata
Stimp. and Crepizdula grandis Midd.—among several
species still living on this coast. It was on the finding of
these two forms that the main section was judged to be
Pliocene. In the upper two beds they found only shells
of recent species, among which the genera Tellina, Myti-
lus and Buccinum are represented. Of these two beds,
the lower, according to Mr. Remond, have a northwest
strike, and dip to the northeast at an angle of 35°, while
the upper ones have an inclination of only 10°. We have
already seen that over most of the distance the lower beds
really have a dip of from 65° to 75°, and we find that
these upper beds have a dip of from 5° to 4o°.
Structure and Relations of Uppermost Beds of Merced
Serzes.—The present position of the strata of this forma-
tion as exposed along Seven-Mile Beach is shown on the
left of plate xxiv. The dip over most of the section is from
20° to 30°, but rises as high as 4o°, and at one point was
50°, but was probably local, due to recent movement.
At the northern end the strata becomes practically hori-
zontal. Except along the stretch of landslide, the strata
have nearly the same strike as the beds underlying, rang-
ing from N. 50° W. to nearly due N.

The contact between the Pliocene and underlying beds
is obscured by its occurring just at the south end of the
long landslide. A detailed examination failed to reveal
any definite evidence in proof of or against nonconform-
ity at this point.

In favor of conformity is—a similarity between certain
of the strata lithologically, a similarity in their structure,
and the lack of definite proof of nonconformity, which
factor must be taken as favorable to conformity.

336 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In favor of nonconformity is the difference in the fauna,
several of the extinct forms of the lower beds, as Scutella
enterlineata Stimp., Crepidula grandis Midd., Venus pa
jaroensts Con., and others, not occurring in these upper
beds. Also differences in the strata, the entire absence
in the upper formation of the conglomerates and sand-
stones which ring when struck with a hammer, and which
are abundant to the very top of the lower formation.
Slight structural differences, for while the lower beds
range in dip from 35° to 78° and over most of the expo-
sure are between 65° and 75° the upper beds will only
range from 5° to 30°, though locally rising to 40° and 50°
in one or two places. Further, while in some places the
strike of the strata is nearly the same, at the point of con-
tact there is a marked change of nearly 90°. The strike
which along the landslide is practically the same as the
course along the beach, just south becomes nearly at
right angles to the beach. ‘This difference may be influ-
enced by but is not due to the landsliding, the change
being very marked in the cliff back of the slide. It was
found impossible to correlate strata of the upper and lower
formations. ‘The manner, for example, in which the up-
per gasteropod beds run under the beach and do not ap-
pear again can only be explained by a nonconformity or
a fault." The same thing is) true ‘of the bedtexposedvin
the bluffs back of the slide. ‘There seems, therefore, to
be good evidence of either a fault or nonconformity or
both at the south end of the long landslide. Some of the
evidence is best explained by a fault and some by a non-
conformity. In Twelve-Mile Creek the contact appears
to be near a fault.

The third area, from Redwood City southward, gives
the following list of fossils:

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. B27]

| ] ]
lzlelzlz) =
lajeie(e |S] =
JE) B | |e 5 da
SPSS (8 |] og
© lo 5 g : a
ElSiS IE |
4 ® a
lo |4 1/8 | | g
EDR Ve I ee
(EAE ie ole
Sales
Ancamuicrodonta, Conrad. sis: 54. y- de eee ee aes Salicallls taliarlt ees
Cardium>meckianum) Gabbe... 45.0225. 4-enoee Soll eall eallaoll all epics
Widarishesp spite eve eer tek Net ss RCO eI ste etal Moola lsicliers ?
Crasatella collina Conrad?........ .........0.222-005. eal evel tee a 2
@repidula grandis Middendorf... 3). ./0 52. 02. Sena ee APS Kl MAINS laa ee
Dosinayponderosal Guava ce wets ee sols eral ener eesl rani aS elcaealleastsolt ttso
Gilycimenisrcenerosa Gouldiyiet .. 24021 vaeenee nat CB Nass Keel es es ao ee
INGHN, OOS Ibe Soa éok Bagoseeceenicn dood dost al ellaollosdeal| Soe
Muecinarmuttallue@ommadi en wise s 62) inde ee OMe arene ae a
ual av ewasiliqG.ouill distal oe pe. 2 Seah ray ee aaa cues Clee
MA COrig) maAswhE, COMI el Gong bibbocukdubed oo dinas deed o ci||lealle
INassarcalitormicaComradnn te. 2 ss) cco ane Reso Ess heertbs all
Neptunes; recurvarGabbe ieee) 22. 2) 2.51 ee wens Nese feed se cea a
Rectenislandicus Viulllen ye tec. se... 5 . ee eecr els allhe citpello- n.
Pectenvlatiaunitasy Comrade cys c.c «sree yepeniaey ake: call all Siolteet sell Se
Saxidommusreibbosys! Gabby os. ). came nee ae ee Ba Peel pave een Ot
Schizothcris muttalliiComrads: 2... 2). yee em oan Fatalhets evel sealitealls
Solenysiccanus Gouldieericcris 2: . 2. aes meeeem see lee lesa yealioeslle edi
Standella californica Conrad. ....................2.2/0. Pes fed bine
Standella planulata Conrad?..................6.-.--+- lacloeleslo'n
Mapesstaminea Conrady nina. e occ. sa sytem ere eral liorel lene Mlaouaiciasies
Mapes! tenerrima, Carpenter... ees oe pee es reise ae D
Metaloratellaycaurin ais: oes 4 2): 2. Nel as eueeeten Na ene rae Vatellenaleas eectieseell cea
Mactra (not Venus) pajarcensis Conrad ............... Wee aca pai as nan eae
Woldiaimpressal Comrade! sea. 8: 1s! ioe eee ne ieee Fe enlierall daticioll bast
eel

Out of the twenty-five species given seven are extinct,
not counting the questionable cases, and six are known
living only to the north or south. That is, out of twenty-
five fossil species eleven are found in the present fauna
of this part of the coast or 44%. ‘The fossils in this area
though abundant are very poor, seldom showing sculpt-
ure and generally much distorted; the determinations are
therefore in many cases somewhat questionable.

Merced Series at San Fernando Pass.—At the San Fer-
nando tunnel in Los Angeles county, the beds that have

been considered as Miocene of the Monterey series are
2p SerR., Vou. V. ( 22 ) August 1, 1895.

338 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

overlaid conformably by a series of calcareous sandstones
and conglomerates, which are quite fossiliferous. As this
series occupies structurally the same position that has been
assigned to the Transition beds of the Santa Cruz Mount-
ains it will be of interest to compare their faunas.
Among the fossils collected in the ridge over the San
Fernando tunnel the following have been specifically de-

termined:
Amusium caurinum Gould. Nassa Californica Conrad.
Calyptra filosa Gabb? Neptunea humerosa Gabb.
Cancellaria c. f. vetusta Gabb. Ostrea veatchii Gabb.
Cardium meekianum Gabb. Pachopoma gibberosum Chemnitz.
Chione simillima Sowerby? Liropecten estrellanum Conrad.
Crepidula rogosa Nuttall? Pisania fortis Carpenter.
Dentalium hexagonum Sowerby. Saxidomus gibbosus Gabb?
Dosina ponderosa Gray. Solen sicarius Gould.
Drillia torosa Carpenter. Turritella cooperi Carpenter.
Lunatia lewisii Gould. Turritella jewetti Carpenter.
Macoma nasuta Conrad. Venericardia venticosa Gould.

Myurella simplex Carpenter

In this list of twenty-three species, fourteen are living
in the present fauna of that region or sixty per cent.

Summary.—Based upon the above data the following
conclusions seem justified:

I. A series of beds of considersble thickness and im-
portance and quite fossiliferous overlies the White Mio-
cene shale or Monterey series.

Il. The age of this series is Pliocene, but at the bot-
tom is transitional from the Miocene and at the top prob-
ably transitional in the Pleistocene.

III. This series was laid down before the main uplift
which has given the Santa Cruz Mountains their present
structure took place.

IV. The beginning of the period of their deposition
was marked by minor movements of the earth’s surface.
Evidence of this does not always appear.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 339

A better knowledge of both the fossil and living fauna
would unquestionably modify these results, but it is be-
lieved that it would not materially alter them. Had all
the species collected been identified it is thought the per-
centages given would be somewhat lower. |

The field work done by the writer in Los Angeles
county has shown that the Coast Ranges are not all of
one age. The Santa Cruz Mountains were certainly
elavated at a later date than the mountains of Los Angeles
county. The suggestion is made that the parallel ranges
of the Central California coast line agree in age with the
Santa Cruz Mountains; that the east and west ranges of
Santa Barbara county, and to the south, are of one age,
having been raised during the Merced Period and near
the close of the Miocene. Attention has been called
above to the presence at San Fernando of fossiliferous
strata conformably above the Monterey series. The
fauna of these strata has also been shown to agree closely
in its character with the fossiliferous or transitional beds
at the bottom of the Merced series. The mountains of
that region were evidently raised soon after and defore the
deposition of the uppermost beds of the Merced series
in the Santa Cruz Mountains. ‘This is shown by the ex-
istence at San Pedro and elsewhere along the coast of
horizontal strata, evidently of later age than the neighbor-
ing mountains, which contain an abundant fauna, believed
to correspond with the fauna of the top of the Merced
series in the Santa Cruz Mountains.

THE PLIOCENE OF SAN PEDRO.

The plain of Los Angeles, stretching from the city to
the coast, is broken at the harbor of San Pedro by a long
hill, 1475 feet high, according to the Coast Survey, known
as San Pedro Hill. It is smooth and bare of timber, but
interesting, both on account of its terraces, of which

340 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

about a dozen are recognizable, and on account of cer-
tain fossiliferous beds which fringe its base in places.
The main body of the hill is composed of the Monterey
series, with only gentle dips as far as seen. The dips
vary somewhat, but are most common to the southeast.
These strata were not fossiliferous where examined, but
some pectens were found in one of the fragments in a
conglomerate near the lighthouse. ‘These strata were
thought by Trask* to be Cretaceous, though he had
‘some hesitancy in placing these rocks so high up in the
geological series.’ Later Dr. Antisellf correlated them
with the bituminous or Monterey group.

The fossiliferous beds on the flanks of the hill were
called, by Conrad: “recent, or post-mliocene 4, ing Di:
Cooper’s list of fossils they are referred to as Quater-
nary.§ In 1874, Dr. W. H. Dall published a list of sixty-
nine molluscan forms from a well in San Diego, of which
he states,|| ‘‘ The age of the deposit, in general terms,
may be taken as Pliocene.’’ In 1892, in the correlation
paper on the Neocene, he says: ‘‘It appears that on
Deadman Island, near Point Fermin, at least three dis-
tinguishable strata appear, the uppermost of which is
certainly Pleistocene, while the others are Neocene, and
the middle layer probably Pliocene.’’

As Deadman Island is, is all probability, only an outlier
of San Pedro Hill, the middle layer on the hill may be
included as referred to the Pliocene by Dr. Dall. This
state of things is recognized by Prof. Lawson, who upon

* Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1855, p. 93.

+ Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. vii, p. 77.

{ Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. vii, p. 190.

§7th Ann. Rep. of State Mineralogist, 1888, pp. 227 e¢ seq.
|| Proc. Cal. Acad. of Sci., vol. v, pp. 296-299.

U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. No. 84, 1892, p. 216.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 341

that basis assigns the middle layer on San Pedro Hill to
they mliocene:

It is hoped that the few hours spent there while work-
ing up this paper will put the geology at that point ina
little clearer light and on a more substantial basis, and it
is thought that Dr. Dall’s conclusions will be substantiated.

Surrounding the hill on the east and north is a very
broad terrace, from 20 to 40 feet above tide, most of the
town of San Pedro being on this terrace. Near the depot
this terrace is still flanked by soft deposits. At the top is
a layer, two feet thick, of black sandy soil, containing
many Pecten equisulcatus Cpr., Chione simillima Sby.,
and other living shells. This bed will be treated more
fully under the Quaternary. Below that bed are three
to four feet of dark sand, then another thin layer, which
is quite fossiliferous, and is the middle layer referred to
above. Below that is a sandy deposit that has all the
appearance of sanddune structure. At the entrance to
the harbor this lower deposit is cut away and a recent sea-
cliff runs out to Point Fermin and around the island.
The middle layer or Pliocene is exposed at the top of this
cliff lying uncomformably on the disturbed Miocene. At
one point, where a short drain has cut into the cliff, the
Pliocene layer is especially fossiliferous.

Altogether 125-150 species were collected in this layer,
of which number 104 species have been determined spe-
cifically.

In the following list of Pliocene fossils collected at San
Pedro the first column gives those which have been re-
portedt from the Miocene; the second gives those pre-
viously reported from the Pliocene, most of which are

*Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. i, p. 128.

t+ From Dr. Cooper’s list, 7th Ann. Rep. State Mineralogist, 1588, pp.
223 et seq.

342 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

from the list of fossils from the San Diego well, which
Dall referred to the Pliocene.* The third column notes
those previously reported from the Quaternary, but which
in reality mostly came from these beds, believed now to
be Pliocene, from Santa Barbara, San Pedro and San
Diego. The fourth column gives those known to be
living, the (©) indicating those which have not been found
in the living state. The fifth column indicates those
which are not known in the present fauna of San Pedro,
but which are known to the north (n) or to the south (s).
The last column will be referred to beyond:

slylolelele
ys ep SSS | SE
gio fsisisia
Q (oye hae ~
eo,jo| /o ;P\F |S
B |S | [9a joe joo
We Wes I iet |S
: & ee
NAMES OF FOSSILS. g Z nS
i ial
eo |B
ce BS
| 4
e
S| G0 | SS | pl
GASTEROPODA.
cmea mitravEscholtZ 2 josNe icy Care ean ee ree asses Biel Rates Pike |i
INGE OERTIOE IDK NOAM Raa Mea smnS Suu bang SopoeEe ees Rite fetes Peal
Amphissa conju Gabta Te ever ois.) swe ycaMelnictss ny avayeeste) sess SIA Wiel sal
Astyris carimate seid sip i07).!:cisves ver. celesevapaeeiereic chet alae ess tesa tans oral
ASityrisstuberosa Carpembers i iis ummerae ae cine larval) Dec calltvad leash
Bithhumiarmillatam Carpenter ieee sedate nro. ase vite Belli iesllerall cell
Bithimm: asp enum’ Gaile ees em eeu een nua agent eit sur Manis sil se | ese bee |
BullanvebalosarG oul de here eee ae caer ele rac| aia es aa laa fall eal
Calliostoma canalicalatum Martyn...................... Sallolalf sail gall oo
Cerithidea californica Haldeman’... 2.0.00... 0... ee el pae halllee ins
@hemnitziatenurculayGould i wee cree tele. ies elle sisiene plalparoll uml (eel oc
Chlorostoma aureotinctum Forbes.... ................. zea fess ea eee
Chilorostoma brunneumiPhilippi eee ely) eres. BAe lhealicelic
@hlorostoma,tunebrale Ay Adamsye ee won Wise Bloat alt |
Chiorostomaymont ereyasKouner yy nas Geeta sss bepatars Sellsclaialliealloroiere
Chiorostomarpulligo ty ae aes ee Me ences clce ara eran ge SSI sli Elka lain
Chrysodomius tabullatuis (Baird eee Menai enene note. i lia alae ie ysilfealPeel acts |S
Comusicalitornieu's) bin d's ceive eet er tel ts ae) ci ed Nees Bio hae Weel Sell aie
CrepidulasaduncaySoOwerbye earache ae ees salired| seal eall Bello
CrepidullaydorsataxBrod exip Hey. pone epeei os eal uae Folhoed i elheelhae fo
CrepidiulalexcayatarBroderipy. Meine mera ie telie name algae SSB oI balk eal !Bla

* Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. v, p. 296.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY.

343

jelmlolelele
BIS|E ela |2
Big fe laa
O10} |: |e/ec
Benita ee |e
NAMES OF FOSSILS. ae g |e
POA bere ex tits)
POR Ba ea ee
|; |: 5 ae
| a
Crepidula navicelloides Nuttall)... 2.252.425.0085... Pee eal ae
CrepidulamugosapNuttalls9.l05 ch lee sore une Merge aren scar aloe alla (a
Crucibulumspinosum Sowerby o\..\ssseoee eee ee ean a
Dentalium hexagonum Sowerby........................ isl Mean leans
DrilliarcatyaurantiaaCaroenters |... --ees wacker cell Pall aleeel lis
ID rete Wen, Cen ea wenasbocowoodooouccoacc.coooDoloo) call cih mite
INUISUWIS ROOTS, AMEN E eos bane geenmpeibods Gocud00 odes | | hal Oitece
IFUSUS THOUS IMIS che sooscdeemone dooBdoSn ects coco ppc leblbeat called
Cilyphistasp eraplischoltizger tect) usiy-1) velete terse mene ence evs ieee | saiore
Hipponyx antiquatus Linneous.:. 2.2.2.0. ee eee pes heal eal ea Lt
Ischnochiton regularis Carpenter..........:............ Ui ee a ae als
Iba cuuine Sollichnlls, WOneins cuopueas mapdanooeood GooOcESe Coss allac rao Baile
Leptonyx sanguineus Linneus?.............2.+-+---++ eesti aes
BotiiacigambearGrayeamee cee Serotec acl treileteys eee
Ibamingyiney Iejvalsint (COU ae we a Ben OIEeB Enon iocen: doccq oe ad bool eal sealh elias
Lunatia pallida Broderip and Sowerby.................. Vee [pert iaren ele [mae Lhe
Manigeliaivarie gata Carpemten ty...) 2/2 -peler\enes tare cuellesteloneyacet i | ica [ace
Minwoopyraliy yoo! oll CroOullGl Woe eMnomaate cody cdooo8 ciaed Seales iG Reedlave|
NMonocerasiengonatumi Conrad)... .0. 4.4 eee eee Sea eect | ee ne fate
INGO tineEsse) IsbiNGls 4 Vee ompeeebmnedaddC 6305 ccoG aaquc hsestlesllevial flict ats
INassaitossatan Gould irae tier cl) crs satsclslesenelal potent verre vetoes ct] paler eee ited pele
INasSaymlendicallG onal dee Nias ceeka soos, hele eee ier Wee ice Lape |S
Nassaspexplmouis End Sit) 1). yes) epee eee eons Wenotioea see
NeveritamecluzianalPetits (icc). soos er Eid basal tes
Ocinebrajlurida;Middendort jj) 4.4: ys.) shee ee kale baa ne
Ocinebra interfossa Carpenter...... Bo oe tus oh ooleole elikahias
Oclosionmuin, cap naloky Cowl spaguaaindscson Gooobdso soscos lsollcolf. vali
OlivellaybiplicataySowerlyac. e-skills eee eee [festa ee
Olivellasintortar@arpentersys. f2ict2).q)-ye seen Vette hol esa ed Alba
Olivellaspedroana,Conradlia 502. 2 see oo ee eee OMA lice aN
PlenrOLoMayPerversal Grab. oo): sfsi<\ cies eer dl aeilchere te eeearereers besa el heal ven abl
PrienevoreconensiswNed fields Vs wer jer lvaich eee eee oaloci eal ealpaallige
usp urascrispatar@hemmitzey cj) 24 xin s/s oleh sees eens col hi wstlceall eal
ivanellaxcali tori cabin dss.) ys csc eoreent Acne err ee Halle cdbcecad lineal Ree
NcalariasimdsiyCarpember) ci). <'s\cc sets steve stot ey Renee bes es eel eae ease | ead ata
Surcula carpentariana Gabb)... 22.2... 2.2.2 5.2 2 Sie) oi heel uel toealseal as
Whalotiaxcatie ay Gralblo pec s/s) ss. /eneles erereeyel ea aise pete esate eh allah ealtials
Thylocodes squamigerus Carpenter..................... sal eae teal
‘ANovmavehmlimey, Cencenhis (Chouels Www ae ORAL ceo boos aces won Vee hes
MFOCHISCUS| MOLLISIINS OWT DY2)-) 92 ser cece a eer mece erin alises feral leva ae
Ero phon-orplheuss Gomi dey Gas ui st \elers aise microm eerete eee oie teal alls ee oie toe
Murritellaycooperis Carpenter. css ws susie aysees a steseetel Fol eae alba
RurritellajewebtiCarpember ys cass eas ils mene enniedallher. ae Pall: estate
Turritellarvarivatas Conrady si) juice) Msn cae bere euses. ual mllealigmlla Nie

344 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

: S/2
aS)
®\o

NAMES OF FOSSILS. 5s Hs

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Atcilakcastrensis VElim ds) java mee) nee meg ae jal
Cardium centifilosum Carpenter..... ........0......... Fs
@ardium) conbisw Marty nay ns) cna. eee eee
Cardium,procerumiSowerbynn ee coe eee eee
Cardium quadragenarium Conrad...... soyste elite ee se
Cryptomya californica Conrad............ wossieiah ea sense ellie
Donax californicus Conrad........ syeie ualiovaters alaseen em ee |
Hinmitesscicantous; Gray brine ace einen eta vl ae
Miocardiumysubstriatum) Conrad... etek ee eee |.
inucina borealis Linneusiy yest oe else eee ee steal ages
nucinascaliiornicay Commad si) an nny vane oy aria aeeee eran |
Lucina nuttalli Conrad.......... ea OR aah easly BME Ma eh
utricolayalita \Conmad oe 28205 seen ars br rh panera ala gears
Macomanniquinatal Deshayessaii1 6. Nene eae | Fs
Macomamasuta: Conrad ja. seen. seer aes ee ae I
Macoma secta: Conrad <<). 2... 2).4)) «sank See Nae nea TES
Ostreasluridai Carpenter. = sneer Vata a eee ee may
Pachydesma crassatelloides Conrad. ....................
Pecten hastatus Sowerby ..............-...--. AAR HEL Ben ro lreall
Recten isl anda cuiswViuller sn ys iyeone 7 wena aie eet Aeon al
Bectentlatiaurituss Conrady: 42 4a) earner SE ne ec|lo'o|
Pecten pancicostatus Carpenter... .eceses oases ee |
IRECleEnevEntrIcOsus SOWeLb Yi... eee a <
Pholidideajovordea:Goul daisy.) as | ea enn iin sees. a8
Placnonomia macroshisma Deshayes.................... eae
iPlatyodonicancellatuim; © onra diene coum w my iy Cabelas Hs
Esephis ordi Baird. 2 yu ae 0 eae owner caer) bye |.
Naxidomusyoracilis Gowda cn. yw Melee asa ei eu pea hye l
Saxidomus: ch t-snuttallay Comradinyssaye seen tae Ee coed ail
Schizotherus nuttalli Conrad..... AR eta Te ee RT ah (ese ieee
Solecurtisycaliformianus Conraday, yeaa els eae soil lie
Standella calitornica, Conrad yh was ene Aen
Mapectstamines (Conrad ii" ia anaes e tae cade li cl aaiene ete
Mapesstenerrima Carpenter: ae. 3 ae seniere Bitsy eee Sas
Mellinaybodegensis Minds. ee eee.) eae val
Wenericardiaiiventricosa Gouldsie. seme: © ake Pall call
Zirphoeaycrispata, Minnweus.ca.. see eee eee Sib hoe
Zirphoeaycabbi i ryon. wise nie eae mca ae se. ee Hos

“Kieu ene)

“SUIATT

fa OED SER eh sah Ss oht- ESO hae ES fo cht Ree

‘OLOYMOSTY SULATT

apBB:

“ST VUITBIVO WO SUIATT

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 345

In summary, it will be seen that of 104 species iden-
tified 99 or 95% are living. But many of these living are
only known now in, for example, the Arctic fauna; thus
it is found that of the 104 species, 26 have not been re-
ported from San Pedro, leaving 78 species of 104 fossils
species known to be living or 75%. Even supposing that
a better knowledge of the fauna should reduce by one-
half the number not known there at present, we should
still have only 87% of the fossil fauna represented in the
living. Again notice that of the species which have mi-
grated all but two have gone northward, a number being
known only in Arctic waters at present. As indicated in
the last column a number of these northern forms are
still found on Catalina Island. But as has been shown
by Professor Lawson,* Catalina Island did not share in
the subsidence of which we have such abundant evidence
at San Pedro and all along the coast. Having in mind
then that these beds lie on what are apparently wind de-
posits, and are overlaid by beds whose fauna differ mark-
edly from that of these beds, but agrees very closely with
the present fauna of the coast, also that the hill presents
evidence of having been almost or completely submerged,
we seem justified in drawing the following conclusions:

tst. The deposition of these beds has been followed
by a submergence of at least 1200 to 1400 feet, and later
has come uplift to the present level.

2d. That there has been a change in the climate from
cold to warmer.

3d. That these changes have occupied a long time, as
judged by the fact that so few of the migrating forms have
become extinct; and by the extent of wave erosion ex-
posed on the hill.

Based on the above, the following suggestion is made:

* Univ. of Cai., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. i, p. 138.

346 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

that these beds antedate the close of the ice age and may
have been deposited early in the Pleistocene, or in the
Pliocene.

It is a matter of judgment and precedent as to which
ot those two periods we shall assign these beds. On ac-
count of the distinct character of the fauna, we cannot
compare it with known Pliocene areas, and therefore our
only resource is to fall back on the old method of per-
centages and say that as all the beds of known Quater
nary age have a higher percentage of forms living in the
present fauna, we may conditionally assign these beds to
the Pliocene. On the other hand the arctic character of
the fauna would suggest that these deposits were laid
down during the early part of the Pleistocene in what is
known as the Ice age.

It may be of interest to note that the above list as com-
pared with the latest published list of California fossils
(1888) * shows thirty-three species not noticed before as
fossils at San Pedro, eleven species not previously noticed
as fossil and fifty-four not before known as Pliocene,
while one species has only been known as Miocene.

Sauta Barbaraand San Diego.—A study of the species
recorded as Quaternary from Santa Barbara and San
Diego in Dr. Cooper’s ‘* List of California Fossils’ re-
veals the fact that at those places even a larger percent-
age of the Quaternary fauna is not found in the present
fauna, and suggests that there exist at those places similar
conditions as to those found at San Pedro, that is, two
distinct horizons that have not been differentiated, the
lower of which may be correlated homotaxially with the
Pliocene.

Fapan.—Dr. David Braunsf in his study of the geology

“7th Ann. Rep. State Mineralogist, pp. 228 et seq.
+ Memoirs of Sci. Dep., Univ. of Tokio. No. 4, 1881, p. 77.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 347

of Japan finds similar beds with a similar fauna along
that coast, and reasoning partly from the changes and
migrations which have taken place in the fauna, and partly
on the non-conformities which the beds there show in
places with overlying beds, he assigns them to the Plio-
cene period.

4. THE QUATERNARY.

The Santa Cruz Mountains are fringed around the base
with a belt of nearly horizontal deposits. Topographically
these extend from the edge of the foothills to sea-level
with a very gentle slope. On the ocean side these de-
posits and the older deposits upon which they rest un-
contormably have been much eroded by the waves, so
that much of the distance the lower part of the slope has
been cut away and a vertical cliff is left to mark the ad-
vance of wave erosion. See plate xxii. As erosion is
strongest at about mean tide level, there are usually
numerous reefs exposed at lowest tide. At a few places
stacks, sea caves and natural bridges attest the rapidity
with which the erosion is progressing. At Point San
Pedro erosion has destroyed all trace of this old bench
or terrace. The upper edge of this bench, where it meets
the mountains or foothills, varies somewhat in height. A
study of this variation shows in the case of the Santa
Cruz Mountains that it is due to the character of the up-
lift, that is, the uplift has not been a general vertical rise
of so many feet, but has been strongest in the old axes of
uplift, the main ridges of the range. The result of this
is that the line of contact with the foothills has an eleva-
tion inversely proportional to its distance from the lines
of uplift.. Thus at the Mussel Rock, the terrace is over
220 feet above sea-level.

Quaternary of Mussel FRock.—¥rom Mussel Rock

348 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

southward the sea has cut a fine section of these beds.
The deposits here are at least 150-200 feet thick. At the
bottom is a heavy bed of sand having the peculiar struc-
ture of sanddunes. This rests upon the surface of the
old eruptive rock which makes up Mussel Rock. Above
the aeolian deposit are marine deposits of sand and gravel
to the top of the terrace, the gravel being largely frag-
ments of the old igneous rock. See plate xxv.

In the ravine a short distance south of Mussel Rock,
the deposit is a difficult one to understand. Between the
wind deposit and igneous rock are several argillaceous
sandy layers which are not strictly conformable among
themselves, but appear to have been laid down during a
comparatively rapid rising of the shore. Over these beds
come the wind deposits, and above those the marine de-
posits of sand and gravel. A short distance south the
sand loses its gravel, and, except at a few places where
the irregular surface of the igneous rock is exposed above
the beach, the deposit continues to be sand to the end of
the section at sea level. Near each exposure of igneous
rock, the deposit is largely made up of fragments of the
rock.

On the north side of Mussel Rock, just above the ig-
neous rock, fragments of wood and cones of a conifer
are found. Dr. Lawson reports these on the authority of
Professor E. L. Greene to be Pinus tusignis, or Monterey
pine. Dr. Lawson,* however, placed the beds contain-
ing these cones below the Merced series. My observa-
tions make them a part of the nearly level strata lying on
the surface of the igneous rock from which the Merced
series had” been’ eroded: hese ares the same ase tne

nearly level strata better exposed on the south of Mussel
Rock.

* Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. i, p. 143.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 349

South of Point San Pedro.—Wave erosion has formed
bluffs nearly the whole distance from Point Montara to
Capitola. The Quaternary forms the top of these bluffs
most of the way. Thus, at Purisima we have about
thirty feet of horizontal sand and gravel overlying about
fitty feet of the upper Miocene, the lower beds dipping to
the north. See plate xxiv. The gravel referred to proves
upon examination to be fragments of rock exactly similar
to the layer of volcanic ash in the Pliocene of Seven-
Mile Beach. These fragments of volcanic ash occur
abundantly not only in the Quartenary all along the coast
from Half Moon Bay to Capitola, but also in the Quater-
nary deposits in the little valleys opening out toward the
Bay of San Francisco. This leads to the suggestion that
the layer of volcanic ash on Seven-Mile Beach originally
extended all around the mountains, and that these frag-
ments tell what has become of it and explain why the
Pliocene is not found over a broader area. These frag-
ments argue strongly for a land period with subaereal
erosion between the Pliocene and Quaternary and sup-
port the evidence of the sanddunes at Mussel Rock.
These fragments of volcanic ash were used to some ex-
tent in recognizing the Quaternary.

Fossils are not abundant in the Quaternary along the
coast, though at places Haliotis and some other shells are
quite plentiful.

At Santa Cruz, besides the lower broad terrace already
mentioned, several others are observable. Dr. Lawson*
counted nine, the highest one 1201 feet above sea-level.
The terraces have their sea-cliffs, from the foot of which
the ground slopes gently to the next lower sea-cliff.

Along the Bay of San Francisco.—Along the bay the
Quaternary deposits have not been cut by the waves, but

* Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. i, p. 141.

350 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

form a continuous slope from the foothills to the center
of the bay itself. In some areas, as between San Mateo
and Coyote Point, the layer forming the surface is a black
earth full of commuted fragments of shells. Small areas
of apparently similar deposits occur at the surface of the
Quaternary near the mouths of nearly all the little valleys
which open out upon the main valley of the Bay of San
Francisco. Smaller patches of a few acres occur at many
points on the flanks of the foothills, sometimes several
hundred feet above the bay.

The most abundant shells among these fragments are:

Cardium corbis Martyn.
Cerithidea californica Haldemann.
Macoma nasuta Conrad.

Mytilus californianus Conrad.
Ostrea lurida Carpenter.

The study of the Quaternary on the side of the moun-
tains toward the bay is not easy, on account of the difficulty
of distinguishing between subaerial and marine deposits.
Much of the flat land of the valley appears to be of sub-
aerial origin, as shown in cuts made by streams, but this
seems to be overlain by bay deposits.

Deposits tn Hills near Seven-Mile Beach.—At a number
of places recent erosion has exposed fresh water and
wind deposits. These have already been noticed under
the Merced series in the paragraph on structure. In some
of the drainless basins these deposits are at present form-
ing, in some cases, according to those living in the vicinity,
gaining an inch or two a year. During the rainy season
the deposit is a water deposit, and during the long dry
summer the wind carries off the lighter sand or carries in
sand from the surrounding higher ground.

The short distance that these secondary deposits have
been transported has produced a marked similarity in ap-
pearance between these beds and some of the upturned

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 351

beds upon which they lie. But though so similar in ap-
pearance, erosion discloses a marked difference in the
solidity of the two formations. In the deposit at the head
of Wood’s Gulch, already described, the end of a tusk,
presumably of elephant or mastodon, was found about 75
feet below the top of the deposit.

Though these deposits for the most part appear to be
of fresh water and wind origin, there are some facts that
suggest that they are, in part, at least, of marine origin.
In some cases the top of the deposit is so little below the
elevation of the surrounding land, its area so large, as
compared with the area of the hills from which it might
derive material, that we are led to suppose, either, that the
surrounding points are almost reduced to base level (in this
case the top of the deposit), or else that submergence has
permitted the deposition of marine deposits. There is
one feature that strongly favors the latter theory. Nearly
all the streams running to the bay show a marked terrace
almost to their head. In most cases the streams have cut
down through this terrace, revealing deposits from a few
feet to twenty-five or thirty feet in depth. In many cases
these cuts are very recent, as traces of wagon roads are
still visible at their heads, or are shown upon the U.S.
Coast and Geodetic Survey map of 1869. ‘These terraces
follow about the present inclination of the stream bed,
and, though they can seldom be traced continuously,
would appear to join the general level land which slopes
from the foothills to the bay. The character of these
stream terraces, like the isolated deposits described in the
preceding paragraph, is varied. In places they appear
to be beyond a doubt subaerial stream deposits, containing
trunks of spruce or redwoods, sometimes three or four
feet in diameter. The wood in these trees is still in good
preservation. Above the trees, which lie horizontally,

352 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the strata are suggestive of marine origin, strengthening
the evidence presented above of a very recent submerg-
ence. Dr. Lawson ascribes to these upper beds a Plio-
cene age.”

As some question has been raised as to whether these
terraces are not the result of erosion rather than of sedi-
mentation, it may be well to call attention to the evidence
more in detail. In the first place, these. terraces and
fillings show only horizontal bedding; further, the bed-
bing of the strata forming the hillsides is in nearly, if not
quite, every case where found, more or less highly in-
clined, and finally, in nearly every ravine one or more
contacts were found where the horizontal strata can be
clearly seen lying upon the highly inclined strata of the
Merced series. A few of these might be mentioned.
The formation at the head of Wood’s Gulch has already
been described. In the ravine which heads up against
Wood’s Gulch, a few yards below the Old San Pedro-
Colma road, the Merced sandstones and thin bedded
gravels are well exposed, having an almost perpendicular
dip. On the edges of these perpendicular beds lie the
horizontal Quaternary strata. These horizontal strata
may be traced continuously down the ravine to where
they contain quite a number of horizontal pines near the -~
crossing of the New San Pedro-Colma road. In a branch
of this same ravine occurs a recent cutting from fifty to
seventy-five feet deep. The inclined stratification of the
lower beds was not seen in the cut, but was found only a
hundred or two feet away.

In the cut just north of the Happy Valley House the
horizontal Quaternary overlies strata of the Merced series
having a dip of 35° N, 20° E.

Dr. Lawson has pointed out that the whole coast has

*Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. i, p. 146.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. B58

recenty st ood for a considerable time at an elevation of
1600 to 2100 feet below its present level.* Evidence of
this can be seen in the level summit of the main ridge to
the north of Black Mountain.

Standing upon the hills near South San Francisco sta-
tion where a comprehensive view can be obtained of the
line of hills extending from Seven Mile-Beach to Red-
wood City, between Crystal Springs Valley and the bay,
their summits can be seen to present a remarkably even
horizontal line. Examined on the ground the top of this
line of hills has the aspect of a plateau, from which rise
a few sharply conical knobs. These have the appearance
of remnants left by the eroding waters which planed off
the top of the hills leaving the plateau. Further evidence
of such a submergence and erosion-is found in the fact
that a little further south, where these hills are not sepa-
rated from the main mountain ridge by the broad and
deep valley, their summits are more or less covered with
boulders of metamorphic rocks well water worn.

Altogether the evidence seems quite strong to show
that the Santa Cruz Mountains have very recently been
submerged to a depth near San Francisco Bay of at least
600 feet. Ina later uplift the mountains seem to have
stood for some time at a level about 100 feet below their
present elevation. This has resulted in the marked shore
line where the rounded foothills meet the nearly level
floor of the valley surrounding the bay. This level floor
seems to have been the result partly of erosion and partly
of deposition. It seems quite possible that this upward
movement is still in progress.

What preceded this recent submergence? The evi-
dence, from two standpoints, would indicate a long land

* Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. i, pp. 115-160.
2p SER., VOL. V. ( 23 ) August 1, 1895.

354 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

period. The first is the presence of land and fresh water
deposits beneath the recent marine deposits and above the
upturned and eroded Merced series. The other is the
evidence gained from a topographic study of San Fran-
cisco Bay and neighborhood. Such a study as recently
pointed out by Prof. Lawson* shows the strong resem-
blance of San Francisco Bay, of Rodeo Lagoon, Tomales
Bay, Walker’s Creek, Drake’s Bay, Bolinas Bay, the
valley of Lake Merced, etc., to sunken and submerged
valleys.

The question of the order of the above events is an
open one. Prof. Lawson makes the land period followed
by a slight submergence the last events. The fact that
the marine deposits overlie land deposits has led the writer
to place the recent submergence as subsequent to the land
period, and in its turn it to precede the still more recent
uplift to present conditions.

It is possible that a double movement would explain all
the evidence. Aside from the water-worn boulders capping
the foothills south of San Francisquito Creek, the marine
deposits noticed are confined to the lower levels, about one
hundred feet on the bay side, up to over two hundred feet
on the ocean side, and higher still in the bench fillings of the
streams running into the bay. This theory would give
the following record of events: First, submergence toa
depth of from 1600 to 1800 feet. , Second, uplift of about
1200 feet. Third, uplift to nearly 400 feet above the
present level, according to Prof. Lawson,t followed by
long period of subaerial erosion. Fourth, submergence
to topographic shore-line of present valley. Fifth, slow
uplift to present height. (See fig. 1.)

This theory would account for some of the flooded

* Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. i, p. 263.
t Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. of Geol., vol. i, p. 267.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. AGE

valleys appearing to have been cut out of the eroded
pene-plane; it places the tree trunks found in so many of
the ravines, and the mastodon bones in the third period.

Fig.’ 1.—Diagram showing movements of the Santa Cruz Mountains
during the Quaternary, and the development of the present topographic
features. I-VY—Successive positions of the mountains. Dotted line—
Undeveloped features. Broken line—Partially developed features. Full
line—Developed features. a—Mainridge. b—Spring Valley. c—Summit
of foot-hills. d—EHdge of present valley. e—Shore of San Francisco Bay.
NE.-SW. section through Belmont. Vertical scale five times horizontal.

In Los Angeles County.—In the south part of the State
the evidence of recent submergence is in many places
very striking. As at Santa Cruz, wave cut terraces and
sea-cliffs indicate the various levels at which movement
has rested and given time for wave erosion. At San
Pedro Hill eleven of these terraces have been counted.
In the San Fernando Valley nine were counted, and
several noticed in San Gabriel Valley. These terraces have
been noticed by nearly all the previous writers who visited
the coast of Southern California. Prof. Lawson has given
us more accurate knowledge of these terraces at a number
of localities, and concludes that the movement has been
epeirogenic in its character.*

At San Pedro the most recent deposit, that of the lowest
terrace, is quite fossiliferous in a few places. It has al-
ready been described in the discussion of the Pliocene of
San Pedro. The following shells were collected from
this layer:

* Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. i, p. 157.

356 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Bulla nebulosa Gould. Haliotis cracherodii Leach.
Cerithidea californica Haldemann. Liocardium substriatum Conrad.
Cerostoma nuttalli Conrad. Ostrea lurida Carpenter.

Chione simillima Sowerby. Pachydesma crassatelloides Conrad.
Chione succincta Valenciennes. Pecten «quesulcatus Carpenter.
Chlorostoma gallina. Schizotherus nuttalli Conrad.

Crepidula excavata Broderip.

This fauna is very similar to that on the beach below
at the present time.

With the exception of one point no trace of a non-
conformity was found between the Pliocene and Quater-
nary at San Pedro Hill. At one point a V-shaped bed of
fine gravel appears in the underlying Pliocene. At first
glance it looks like an old stream filling; but examined
closely, the edges of the gravel bed are not as sharply
defined from the rest of the layer as that theory would
seem to require. ‘Though the transition is made in a dis-
tance of two or three inches, the two deposits seem to
blend along that line as though they were local variations
of deposition. ‘The resemblance to a stream cut filling
is so strong, however, that the writer believes that a more
careful examination is required before we can accept
Prot. Lawson’s theory of the relation of the Pliocene and
Quaternary. In brief, that theory is, that the Pliocene
was a period of subsidence and the Quaternary a period
of elevation.*

IGNEOUS ROCKS.

Granite.—The existence of granite just south of the
area of the detail map near Point San Pedro has already
been mentioned. Until the opportunity has been afforded
to make more careful observations on the granite, the
writer prefers not to commit himself to any theory as to
its age or relations to the other formations.

Old Eruptives.—Over much of the country where the

* Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. i, p. 57.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 3517.

metamorphic series is exposed an eruptive rock is very
abundant. It is well exposed at Mussel Rock and to the
southeast of there, making much of the ridge which runs
southeast to San Andreas Lake. Since this paper is con-
cerned chiefly with the Tertiary rocks no attempt was
made to map the igneous rock. Its relation to the lime-
stone is shown on the shore at the limestone outcrop in
Calera Valley. It is undoubtedly younger. On the east
side of San Andreas Lake small exposures show it to be
also younger than the phthanites and metamorphic sand-
stone. It is thus suggested that it may be contempara-
neous with the post-Jurassic upheaval.

Serpentines.—The abundance and location of the ser-
pentine has been described. The question of its origin
remains unanswered. Owing to the interest which has
attached to that question the writer gave to the subject
some study, but beyond coming to the belief that the
bronzite rock so abundant here represents an older form
of the serpentine, the serpentine being, according to that
theory, simply an alteration product of the old basic erup-
tive, he has left the problem where he found it. See Dr.
Charles Palashe’s paper on ‘‘ The Lherzolite-Serpentine
and Associated Rocks of the Potrero, San Francisco.’’*

Merced Eruptives.—West and south of Stanford Uni-
versity a large sheet of andesite is exposed. It extends
from San Francisquito Creek over the foothills nearest
the Bay to beyond the Page Mill Road, which runs up
Matadero Creek. At its most northern exposure near
San Francisquito Creek it is charactized by columnar
structure, the columns being vertical where best exposed,
the sheet of andesite being horizontal at that point.

On the Page Mill Road it appears to have been cut by
later dykes. These dykes, however, preceded the depo-

*Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. i, No.5.

358 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

sition of the overlying calcareous beds. At the same
point an old shore line shows finely, with its Pholas bor-
ings, its beach strewn with rolled fragments from the cliff
of andesite, and the overlying deposit consisting almost
entirely of fragments of barnacles.

The rock under the andesite appears somewhat meta-
morphosed. From fossils collected from above and below
the andesite its age is evidently in the Merced period as
that has been defined in this paper. The fossils do not
show any marked change in the fauna and seem to in-
dicate that the outflow took place during the Merced and
not at the end.

Other late eruptives require further study before being
reported upon.

PALEONTOLOGY.
Distribution.

The Californian Province.— in the present faunas the
California province, extending from the Straits of Fuca
to Cape San Lucas at the southern end of Lower Cali-
fornia, is a well marked province. The provinces north
and south overlap to some extent, but taken as a whole
the -fauna is quite distinct. At the present time this fauna
is distinguished by the abundance of Chitonide, Patel-
lide, Haliotida, Trochide and others.

Aside from the introduced species, the species which are
found in both this province and in some Atlantic province
are found on the Atlantic side only in northern waters.
About fifty species have been noted as occurring inthe Cal-
ifornia province, which have been found in the North At-
lantic or northern Europe. Complete lists of the Cali-
fornia fauna would probably largely increase that number.
A very tew of these, as the Pecten zslandicus Miiller, so
common in the Merced period near Stanford University,
and in the Pliocene elsewhere, are at present found in

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 359

the North Atlantic, but are not known living in the Pacific.

Many species are found in Japan and Kamtschatka,
which are common on the west coast of North America.
Among these may be mentioned: Amuszum caurimnum
Gld., Cardium corbis Mart., Crepidula aculeata Gmel.,
Chrysodomus carinatus Dunker, Cryptochiton stelleriMidd ,
Glycimeris generosa Gld., Lagueus Californicus Koch.,
Leptothyra sanguinea Cpr., Lima dehtscens Con., Lucina
borealis Linn., Szligua patula Dixon, Macoma edulis
Nutt., J7. secta Con., MW. nasuta Con., Mytilus edulis
Linn., atica clausa Brod. & Sby., Placunanomia macro-
chisma Desh., Priene oregonensts Redf., Saxidomus nut-
talli Con., Stphonalia kelletit Fbs., Solen seccarzens Gld.,
Tellina bodegensis Hds.

Local Divisions.—On the coast of California the dis-
tribution of species, so far as known, suggests several
local divisions of the California province. One extending
from San Diego to Santa Barbara county. From a list
of the Mollusca of Santa Barbara county, by Dr. S. G.
Yates,* it is found that Santa Barbara county is the
northern limit of about seventy species, aside from the
strictly local fauna. It is also the southern limit of about
sixty species. It is next found that the Bay of Monterey
marks the northern limit of a large number of species,
and suggests a division extending from the Bay of Mon-
terey to Santa Barbara county., It is probable that Santa
Catalina Island should be included in this division as well
as the Santa Barbara Islands.

From the Bay of Monterey to Bodega Bay seems to
mark another division, but the nothern limit may be such
simply because of lack of observations further north.
Little data is at hand on the faunas between Bodega Bay
and Washington.

* Bull. Sta. Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, No. 2, p. 37.

360 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Santa Catalina [sland.—Prot. Lawson* has called at-
tention to the fact, that Santa Catalina Island did not ap-
parently share in the Quaternary subsidence. The fauna
of this island presents some interesting features, which
would seem to confirm Prof. Lawson’s deduction.

Thus, by a study of Dr. Cooper’s List of California
Fossils, 1888, we find five otherwise extinct species from
the Pliocene and Quaternary of Santa Barbara, San Pe-
dro and San Diego are living on the island: Amycla un-
data Carpenter, Daphuella clathrata Gabb, WVassa insculpta
Carpenter, Psephzs salmonea Carpenter, Solarellia pera-
mabilis Carpenter. There are also found living on the
island and fossil on the coast of the mainland one species,
Crytodon flexuosus Montagn, only known elsewhere in
the North Atlantic; one, Lucina borealis Linneas, known
elsewhere only in Arctic waters; one, Lagueus califor-
nicus Koch, known elsewhere only jn the North Pacific.
In addition to these, thirteen species, Bzttcum asperum
Gabb, Callista newcombiana Gabb, Cardium centifilosum
Carpenter, Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird, Diala acuta
Carpenter, Leptothyra bacula Carpenter, Lucina trunis-
culpta Carpenter, Lunatia pallida Broderip and Sowerby,
Margarita pupilla Gould, which are found on or about
Santa Catalina Island, are only known elsewhere on the
coast to the north; while it forms the northern limit of
four species, Chorus belchert Hinds, Mucula exigua Sow-
erby, Omphalius fuscescens Philippi, Ostrea conchaphila
Carpenter.

These facts indicate that the fauna of Catalina Island
has been little affected during a time when many species
on the mainland have become extinct and others forced
to migrate.

The fauna is largely northern,though possessing a few

* Univ. of Cal., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. 1, p. 188.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 361

southern forms. It thus resembles quite strongly the
fauna studied at San Pedro and called in this paper Plio-
cene. 4

This case is interesting, not alone from showing that
the fauna considered Pliocene on the coast of the main-
land is still living on or about the island, but from the way
the fauna supports the deductions made from the topo-
graphy and vice versa.

Quaternary faunas.—The faunas of the beds recognized
as Quaternary are so similar to existing faunas that what
has been said about the present distribution of species
along the coast will hold for the Quaternary species.

Pliocene faunas.—The Pliocene faunas bear quite a
striking resemblance to the existing forms of the same
region, except that there are present a large number of
northern forms with some forms which have since become
extinct. Until the Plocene has been differentiated at
Santa Barbara, San Diego and intermediate points, as the
writer believes they will be ere long, it will be unsafe to
generalize on the local distribution of species.

Miocene fauna.—The Miocene fauna, while showing
some regional relation to existing faunas, is principally
distinguished by its uniformity over the State and its
southern character.

Climatic changes.—The facts given indicate that during
Miocene times a tropical or subtropical climate existed in
California. This is followed by a colder climate and the
introduction of boreal forms of life. The end of the Ice
age, presumably, brings a return of warmer conditions
and the northern forms return to the North Pacific, some
species suffering extinction under the changed conditions.

The question arises whether the species found in the
Pliocene of California, which are at present living in the
North Atlantic, have migrated from the Pacific, or whether

362 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

they represent southward migrations in both oceans at a
time preceding the Ice age. From the occurrence of
many of the Pliocene forms of California in the British
Crag (Pliocene), it would seem that their distribution is
due primarily to pre-glacial migrations.

A comparison of these results with those obtained by
a study of fossil vertebrates of California would seem to
show a disagreement. Thus Dr. Cooper concludes from
the finding of a large species of lion, a llama, a third
larger than the living camels, also one smaller, a Megal-
omeryx, another of the camel family, a Protohippus, etc.,
which have been thought to have been of Pliocene age,
that the Pliocene of California had a tropical climate.*
Were the Pliocene age of the deposits from which these
fossils were obtained determined beyond question, the
disagreement would be vital, and the beds described in
this paper as Pliocene would probably have to be con-
sidered post-Pliocene.

In the first place, if the deduction upon the age of the
lower beds of the Merced series made in this paper is
correct, it seems probable that many other beds in the
State which have been considered Pliocene may prove to
be Miocene. Some of the beds from which the verte-
brate fossils have been described may be among the num-
ber

Again, the few vertebrate remains found by the writer
were none of them in the beds described here as Plio-
cene. Elephant remains were found at two places in the
Quaternary. Sharks teeth were found at two places in the
beds assigned to the top of the Miocene; those previously —
reported have been called Pliocene. Whale bones from
several localities were found in the Miocene, these also
have previously been quoted only from the Pliocene.

* Proc. Cal. Acad. of Sci., vol. v, p.. 390:

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 363

Another argument of little value, but suggestive, is the
possible contemporaneity of the basaltic outflow near the
top of the Miocene in the Santa Cruz Mountains with
some of the volcanic outflows in the northern and eastern
part of the State. Several of the Pliocene vertebrates
are described as from under the lava.

There seems to be some ground, therefore, for suspect-
ing that many, if not all, of these tropical vertebrates
may ultimately prove to be of Miocene age.

RELATIONS BETWEEN LIVING AND TERTIARY FAUNAS.

Notwithstanding all the evidence of repeated earth
movements and climatic changes, molluscan forms have
been very persistent in the California Tertiary and Quat-
ernary. In Dr. Cooper’s list of California fossils of
1888, thirty-two species are quoted as running from the
Miocene to the present, and the determinations of this
paper have largely increased that number by making
many species Miocene which had previously been thought
to go back not farther than the Pliocene. In the same list
118 species are reported from the Pliocene to the present;
this also would be largely increased by recent data.
From the same source 331 are quoted as found in the
Quaternary and living.

If to these figures be added the species which range
from the Miocene to the Pliocene or to the Quaternary
and those ranging from the Pliocene through the Quater-
nary, it will be evident that the dividing of the Tertiary
and post-Tertiary strata into zones or minor groups will
be a difficult, if not impossible, work from the paleon-
tological standpoint. It is probably that fact more than
any other that has kept the Tertiary stratigraphy so long
in confusion.

Changes in species.—One of the most interesting fea-

364. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tures of the study of the paleontology of the Tertiary and
post-Tertiary of California is in studying the changes
which have taken place in species which did not migrate,
or in tracing the relation between living and old or ex-
tinct species of the same type. Lack of time and lack
of material have prevented studying this subject as the
writer had hoped to do. The few notes given are those
taken down in determining the fossils. These notes will
be given under the descriptive paleontology, but a few
instances of such changes are noted at this point.

Thus, Cardium corbis Martyn and Cardium meekianum
Gabb, appear to grade into each other in such a way as
to suggest that C’. cordzs is simply the living representa-
tive of C. meekianum, no break coming between them.
In the Pliocene at San Pedro is a Chlorostoma which
agrees perfectly with C. funebrale A. Adams, except that
the last coil is sculptured with a number of strong revolv-
ing ribs, the recent species usually having only two, the
anterior one rather faint, and a few obsolete ribs. A large
number of recent and fossil forms were examined with-
out showing any intermediate specimens.

A comparative study of Crepzdula grandis Midden-
dorf with C. rugosa Nuttall and C. excavata Broderip
may show a very close connection. ‘The Miocene forms
of Lunatia lewtsce Gould are found to differ from the liv-
ing in uniformly lacking the constriction near the suture,
which is so marked in large living specimens and upon
which Gould lays great stress in his description of the
species. ‘The Pliocene specimens of J/Zonoceras engona-
tum Conrad differ from those living along the coast to-day
in being from one and one-half to double the size. The
same thing is true of some of the Purpuras.

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 365

SUMMARY.
The salient points of this paper are:
1. The description of the conglomerate and sandstone
formation underlying the Monterey series.

2. The description of transition beds between the
Monterey and Merced series.

3. Hixing the ages of the Merced and Post-Merced
uplifts in southern and northern California.

4. Outlining the Quaternary history of the region
about San Francisco Bay.

5. Studies in the Neocene changes in the faunal geog-
raphy of the California coast.

366 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.
MMGRO CU CELOMGTG Sag eae kala AIS RRC eT RET eee Vaiee ororstal Sree eee 273
Mopoeraphy.and PhysicalcGeographivyss eee eset ete esa 273
IPTEVIOUS SWLIGELS 25 coh ote Serene eR OE Ee aT eae 279
Beechey, Tyson, Trask, Dana, Blake, Whitney, Becker, Cooper, Fair-
banks, “Taw s OMe - fey pics s\n Boe arate testes Wes oe cs eared oe Se mates So Bare ep 279
Generall:Geolo oye sere eae are ae cia eee SROs eye 283
Hormations represented nes rie cutee ee eee earner ete 283
Distribution ofthe tormationsaa eis none eee ee eer ncaa 284.
Stratigraphical relations of the formations ......................... 285
‘General: StrachuUTeieh e ee). tersah vehi SRD PNT ENE Me ane e ny ae eg eg ee TSN en 288
Columnar section of the Santa Cruz Mountains...................... 291
Detailed |Stratigraph yn ease Se Ce ene ieee oe ene 292
MIMS S COME Hai ee Vea ey catia e Pa MaslUAE eneM NOUU e n a ca OaE 292
TithOlo sys y ii isp eso eR es in A Al eaten ORAL A On Apa ee Naliatd aaron 292
IDAStiel butlO Wiss Bo ALAS Sack baa ae 2 aI pe nea tea aes orate hone Dearal fettaha Eres 292
Relatronsandiagevn ie ites te ae panna entire AWC Raise Pacis Shoe eee
The: Phthanite-or Radiolarian: Cherth ene seen bese etae 293
Bib Olo yeas Ae ie aera ao at BE Reet aha aad shat Oya apne aay sAterate cere Ree 293
AD GCUTLON CO gi Mi eRe ei oe Ae Sra Ot me nada BRD vray ite LEYS erg oe ACE TEN 294
Relationsandaeen oictcse se aes eer sinaus clk epeieanoasiease sans 295
The Metamorphic Sandstones eye er astern pelea ioniisinen 295
HD yel ao) Kaye sieeve teas dure ie ue ecaamins Soiet teats Wi Tl) Gnu Ah eR ocho Se Bo 295
OCCUPECTICO SNM EATS els Oise: CONT ARER an Ae cama a ay UIA celine er 297
1 Eee) Keep KO} yea aes VaR Marta eee SRD MN RR ouerniegmy tit ht ara Coal toa ea eta st 297
Correlation toy iies ed wks tae sie Sl > Cage ener Deu eana ane Aeetoha ST ect avnaui under ee UetetS 297
he yP escaderOi Sevres’ gress oslo artes ew ore ume st ateti coll AuSable RRO een 298
iithology and stratiorap hive chelate Waly sia teeny arn) ie neieas ene 300
OC CUEBEMCO MiB) MEA ete Ne selene 8 Ste lok ecru ea Roam RUSH IRAE) al nha CU ener 304
Rela trom sis 4i pico scence eye aie) Mi Re aks ena ne Goren un ras WIDE are Jel Ea 304
Correlationie cee vee ae pn ae liv em apeeaie a a rtegets ete es Trout Musee sense eat ge 305
ThoMonterey- Merced “Period arin atte cee iets nicest eision tees = 307
Mhe Monterey S erie sea cia gcse geen ney snares etoucicie wien hele et ney etsy ae 309
I Dri dalel Koen coe erninMen ERNE aos Naish ho. guia ta pw etre ab a emo mbbiornc Osa 309
OECUPLEN CE.) 8 30S EA RN aa a ee ees pean 2 a aa ear Un oe Crea ee 310
FRET RETO Se US is eee Ue SR a NRA oN, SY oP nC aE NU te ie 311
(Corel atrom es: eee Nene etic a APA eG Se i age eg a Sul
The bMerced: Seriesiseh Ales eee Oe ee elecoin eer Oe 312
H ECS rp oy osr i210) 01h ae ae Ee PPP CEI ROG co g Hieegi cra al ered MAIGAN A CO Glo iainror cs 313
Stratigraphy sock ee fk ie ee ROR EA te credit ot ans crs Oe eran 315
Section on seven= Mile ib ea clearness ietrsks craic) ch eects ieee res 316
d DSF} cra] OF LOWD lpia a en MRR Ser tsi (Say ipa eA BASE A TS o'oin Wa c.c 321
HBV; ry 0)i olny tea eR Ree ET peeB A cS arty ie, ce ne dnd AD ae ae milo tein g aude 322

StLiITchuTre eee ee SACRO RT aaa tre ped secret Oy et ACN eA pe RD eg re 324

NEOCENE STRATIGRAPHY. 367

Page

Worrell aio ners ec Bee se ei EMG nn le secular eels ac RNa h eat MURA 326
JON KORNS) Ole (eve) ODEN Ss de Bad bob o.s ok 6 Ua ea aomm ee Mae Hiatal oen ors)
Structure and relations of uppermost beds......................005. 339
MercedsseriesiatywsanvMernandol Passi sieeve sees hee sca tes eines 337
SS UTI ATS Vee ROWE Ee Aina TG ce SOS ER CANN ay cae Ss a ok eM aL NY 338
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Relations between Living and Tertiary Faunas................ 363

CHANGES INNS Pe CLES aeomiy ert ee leca coho Shee cey ole NnaneR Meee een Maratea Ries Na) 363

CHANGES IN FAUNA AND FLORA OF CALIFORNIA.—
ON THE POWER OF ADAPTATION IN INSECTS.

BY H. H. BEHR.

The power of adaptation to new circumstances plays a
most prominent part in the changes that take place in the
fauna and flora of newly settled countries.

It is chiefly the want of this power that causes the dis-
appearance of types which were characteristic to districts
before the harmony of organic life was disturbed by the
interference of man.

To illustrate the disappearance of such characteristic
features, it is only necessary to mention two instances,
which all old inhabitants will confirm as soon as their
attention is directed to them.

Up to the year 1856 a considerable part of the neighbor-
hood of San Francisco was covered by a chaparral con-
sisting almost exclusively of Ceanothus thyrsiflorus. Part
of this formerly impenetrable thicket has been removed
by human agency, and to a great extent has been re-
planted by our California Cupressus macrocarpa, Pinus
ensignis, Australian Acaciz and Eucalypti. The more
remote part of this thicket, where human interference was
not directly at work, still exists, but in another shape, the
Ceanothus being replaced by S7/ybum Marzanum, a thistle
with large blotched leaves, originally at home in Mediter-
ranean Europe.

Another instance of similar nature is the striking change
that has taken place in our aquatic vegetation. Our
brooks and pools, as far as sewerage does not disable
them to support phanerogamic vegetation, at present are
covered by the luxuriant growth of an African weed, the
Cotula coronopifolia, the round, yellow heads of which
are now familiar to the most superficial observer. Old

inhabitants will recollect the beautifully varied carpet
2p SER., VOL. V. August 12, 1895.

FAUNA AND FLORA OF CALIFORNIA. 369

produced by a graceful waterfern, the Azolla Carolinzana,
that covered the water now monopolized by the luxuriant
but coarse weed—the Cotula.

In both instances it was not so much direct interference
that changed the character of the vegetation, but a certain
inability of the native vegetation to conform to altered
conditions of things.

There is a series of phenomena in the complex system
of changes that follows the occupation of new territories
which practically as well as theoretically is of great im-
portance. Itisa series of changes that gradually establish
themselves in the relations between the vegetable kingdom
and the insect world.

In new countries we find a certain harmony in these
relations. Undisturbed nature characterizes itself by a
greater variety of species than those exhibited in the
agricultural stage, when the battle for existence has begun
to thin out the original inhabitants of the soil. Another
peculiarity of this undisturbed state is a certain equilibrium
in the number of individuals of the different species,
amongst whom there is no preponderation of- species,
otherwise than a very rare and even then a very transitory
one.

The exclusive cultivation of agricultural plants and
domestic animals proves a first cause of long series of ef-
fects, of complications, modifying each other. For in-
stance, the planting of extensive orchards has favored an
increase of those insect species that live on different va-
rieties of fruit trees, and that formerly had a more or less
precarious existence on wild species of the same order,
mixed up with a forest vegetation of orders that do not
favor the multiplication of insect species, depending ex-
clusively on species related to certain fruit trees.

This, of course, is changed after some time, when such
2D SER., VoL. V. ( 24 J August 12, 1895.

370 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

fruit trees are grown to the exclusion of other species,
forming, so to say, a forest of their own.

We will at present refer to a single group of insects,
the Coccides, and especially the species of Lecanium and
its allied genera, which in common life are comprised
under the name ‘‘scalebug.’’ All these insects produce
a sticky exudation, which partly hardens into the pro-
tecting scale from which the group received its vernacular
name, partly it covers leaf and branch in form of a kind
of viscosity.

This viscosity again retains the spores of minute para-
sitic fungi of different varieties, one of the most common
forms being the Capnodium, and we soon will observe a
sootlike substance covering many leaves in our orchards
as a concomitant of the scalebug. Under ordinary cir-
cumstances but few spores out of a million reach their
destination, that is a spot favorable to their development.
But with the facilities offered by the sticky surface of
leaves that are infested by the scalebug and the numbers
of individuals that have already developed and have ma-
tured their spores, the number of germs floating in the
air becomes such that the chances for the development
of the parasites become more and more favorable: and
as the Capnodium, the vegetable parasite, is but little de-
pendent on the species of plant on which it develops, it
soon begins to infest the forests, as well as orchards and
hedges.

As most of our forest trees, being evergreen, never
shed their leaves at once, the foliation of these ever-
greens has ample time to foster and breed on their sur-
faces, roughened by Lecanium and Capnodium, other
fungoid growths, more detrimental to vegetation than the
unsightly but comparatively harmless Capnodium.

Forms of Uredo will pass their dimorphic stage there,

FAUNA AND FLORA OF CALIFORNIA. Oval

to attack afterwards, in their Puccinia stage, grass and
cereals; Rhytisma and Dedalea spores carried in the
feathers of birds will be carried from tree to tree and by
a slow but sure process will kill the giants of the forest.
This is one of the causes that but seldom you find a healthy
Madrona tree in the neighborhood of cultivated land and
that the Sycamores at Niles Station are dying away.

Up to this point it is easy enough to classify the pheno-
mena and derive them from a common source, but fur-
ther on the effects become modified by the consequences
of: other changes that have taken place in the relation of
the different forms of organic life. The agency still ex-
ists and marches on although we loose sight of the Ariadne
thread, which we followed into the labyrinth of co-operat-
ing and antagonistic causes. We soon loose sight of the
wave of the streamlet after its having joined the waters
One the river bed:

The circumstances mentioned here form only part of a
general system of changes that have taken place in or-
ganic life since the settlement of this country.

One of the most remarkable features of these changes
is the degree of ability in the different species that form
part of our flora and fauna to adapt themselves to altered
circumstances, and the methods by which they adapt
themselves.

We will consider here a few cases that were easy to
follow up:

1. Danais Plexippus, a butterfly, common nearly
through this whole continent and lately emigrated into the
Sandwich Islands, New Zealand and Queensland. The
insect was rare in the vicinity of San Francisco up to the
year 1856, when suddenly a great number of this showy
butterfly appeared in the streets of San Francisco. The
caterpillar feeds exclusively on different Asclepiadace-

372 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ous plants (called milkweed), which type does not grow
on this side of the bay. In the following year I found a
great number of the larva on Asclepzas fascicularis grow-
ing on marshy grounds near Brooklyn, then called San
Antonio. Some years afterwards I found the cater-
pillar in a garden in San Francisco on an exotic plant of
the Asclepias family, Gomphocarpus Curassavicus.

From that time the butterfly has visited our streets every
fall, and swarms of this insect working against the west-
ern current of air, peculiar to our summer months, fly
out to the lighthouse, where they disappear, probably
drowned in the ocean.

Since the year 1880 they have not visited the city, which
omission easily could be accounted for by the circum-
stance that the marsh where their food plant, the Ascle-
pias formerly grew, was converted into fields and_ or-
chards.

In this instance the insect has but little power of adap-
tation to new food, because it has shown itself dependent
upon plants of the milkweed family and became locally
extinct, at least temporarily in a district where the ground
containing the milkweed was ploughed over. But, on
the other hand, it has shown wonderful powers of adap-
tation to different climates; proof of it, its wide geograph-
ical range and the colonies formed in countries beyond
the sea, where it probably has been carried in its chrysalis
state in the ballast of vessels.

2. Pyramets Cardut, the most cosmopolitan butterfly
in existence, of an almost unlimited power of adaptation,
because with the sole exception of the real tropics, Aus-
tralia and the regions beyond the Arctic circle, it exists
everywhere. Even the Australian species, Pyramezs
Kershawit, by some authorities is considered identical
and not merely related.

FAUNA AND FLORA OF CALIFORNIA. 373

In regard to food the larva prefers thistles, but will feed
on all other Composite, Malvacez and Urticacez, in our
Golden Gate Park even on Lupinus. It conforms to
most climates and very different circumstances. It has a
single generation in Lapland and I have counted five gen-
erations in California. With all this the insect is less com-
mon in California than its near relation,

3. Pyrameis Carye, which is the most common of the
series, but seems to be restricted to our coast as the Chil-
ean specimens that I have seen, exhibit constant and well
marked differences. The larva proves the same power
of adaptation as its congener by feeding on Urticacee,
Malvacez, Composite, etc., but its limited geographical
distribution speaks against a facility of the species to
adapt itself to changed climatic circumstances or incon-
veniences of travel.

4. Pyramets Hunter? or Virginiensis feeds in Califor-
nia exclusively on Composite. It is here the rarest of
the three congeners, but is common in the Atlantic States
from where it extends as far as Buenos Ayres. So its
adaptive power to new food plants is less than that to
climatic changes.

In general the power of adaptation is greater amongst
the Heterocera than amongst the Rhopalocera, of which
several species have been lost to our neighborhood by
ploughing or building of grounds formerly grown over
by Lupinus Chamtssonis.

On the other hand one of the East India silkworms,
Saturnia Cynthia, has shown great adaptation powers in
its conforming itself to different climates and no power
whatever in adapting itself to a new variety of food. The
insect has escaped from zoological gardens and experi-
mental stations and established itself in different countries
like an indigenous species, but, as far as I could ascer-

374 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tain, it feeds exclusively on Azlanthus glandulosa, which
by some strange coincidence has been introduced as an
ornamental tree into America and into Europe. Without
this coincidence the insect would have perished for want
of food in its larva state and would not have derived
any advantage from its adaptability to different climates.

Deilephila lineata possesses the advantage of easy adap-
tation to climate and to food, combined with the enormous
power of locomotion peculiar to its class. It is generally
considered indigenous to the old and the new world, but
as its organization excludes it entirely from the circum-
polar regions it is evident that there must exist another
center from which the species has spread. The insect
is considerably more common im America than in Europe.
Our specimens are larger and show their greater vitality
by their power of adaptation in the larva state.

I infer from these circumstances that the original center
from which this showy species spread is on our continent
and not in Europe, where the species is comparatively
rare, when on our continent it has occasionally developed
into what was supposed to be an insect pest, but owing to
the very transitory nature of its devastations, can be con-
sidered only a fright. The original food of the larva are
probably Onagracee, which group of plants is much
affected by the congeners of the Deilephila’in other
climates. In California it shows a predeliction for foreign
plants of the same order. It prefers for instance the
Fuchsia cultivated in our gardens to our native Ginothera,
Godetia, Boisduvalia, etc., without neglecting them en-
tirely. It has also adapted itself to Rumex and Polygonum,
to Purslane and its relations, Claytonia and Calandrinia.
Ithas been discovered in great numbers by Mrs. Brandegee
in the Gila desert, feeding on a species of Lupine, and has

occasionally frightened our winegrowers by attacking, in

FAUNA AND FLORA OF CALIFORNIA. 375

company with the larva of Cherocampa Achemon, the
grapevine. In regard to the latter circumstance, I have
to take the part of the Deilephila larva, as much more
mischief is done by the Chcerocampa, which feeds ex-
clusively on the grapevine, when Deilephila generally
prefers the weeds of the vineyard.

The caterpillar is frequently mistaken for the army-
worm, which term is correctly applied to the larve of
different Agrotides, which are much smaller but consider-
ably more dangerous than the formidably looking Deile-
phila, whose devastations are exceedingly transitory.

The Indians eat the caterpillar, and that to my opinion
is another proof of its American birthright, as all savages
avoid eating animals which they do not know for genera-
tions.

I have here to mention another insect, which, originally
very rare, gradually has developed into an insect pest,
without possessing any advantages in regard to locomo-
tion, nor powers for adaptation in regard to food or
climate.

Itis Phryganidia Californica,a type most interesting to
the student of systematic entomology, but without any
attraction as to beauty.

This insect feeds on oaks, formerly exclusively on live-
oaks, but since these oaks have diminished in number, in
proportion to the insect having multiplied the larva has
begun to invade /odata and /ellogg77, but there its power
of adaptation to new food stops.

I do not know how many generations in a year are pro-
duced by the insect. I have counted four, but am certain
there is at least one more.

In consequence of these many generations the destruc-
tion of leaves extends over the whole year, and the poor
tree has scarcely produced a new crop of leaves, when it

376 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

is stripped again by a new generation, so that many live-
oaks in our surroundings die by exhaustion.

Phryganidia Californica was formerly very rare, and
it was not before the year 1859 that I could add the female
to my collection. But from that year the Phryganidia
constantly has gained ground, which circumstance has to
be accounted for chiefly by the decrease in the number
of insect-feeding birds. The group of the warblers
(Muscicapa) was formerly well represented on the penin-
sula and around the bay, but at present most species of
these birds have become very rare, some of them being
entirely lost to our neighborhood.

Wherever the small bird is protected, as for instance in
the Golden Gate Park, the liveoak is free from the Phry-
ganidia and grows well, only being plagued by fungoid
growths like the Capnodium, where the groves by too
dense growth shut out air and light.

The introduction of the English sparrow has made mat-
ters worse, because the sparrow is himself a very poor in-
sect-feeder, but, by pugnaciousness and a certain social
organization of his own, he manages to drive away the
real insect-feeders, warblers, titmice and swallows, and
in this way has become the protector of several of our
insect pests. He is a bird of great power-of adaptation,
but of no utility whatever, and in very short time will
serve as another living proof how easy it is to disturb
the natural relation of things and how difficult to restore it.

THE FISHES OF SINALOA.*

BY DAVID STARR JORDAN,
Assisted by
EDWIN CHAPIN STARKS, GEORGE BLISS CULVER AND THOMAS MARION WILLIAMS.

[With Plates xxvi-lv.]

The Mexican State of Sinaloa lies along the east shore
of the Gulf of California, mostly to the north of the Tropic
of Cancer, extending from Rio Fuerte on the north, which
separates it from Sonora, to the northwest boundary of
Jalisco. The greatest length of the State along the coast
is about 325 miles. The land forms an irregular and
broken slope from the high table-lands and cliffs of the
Sierra Madre on the east downward to the coast. Down
this slope flow several streams of clear water, which ac-
quire great volume in the rainy season (June to Novem-
ber) and which dwindle rapidly in the dry season of the
winter. The coast line is very irregular, being formed
of rocky islands, mostly of volcanic origin, and of ab-
LUPE Clits: OF -- KINCcONeSs,
spurs from the Sierra Madre. Between these are long
curved sand beaches, and occasionally sand-spits across
the mouth of some estuary which is thus converted into a
lagoon. The water of the sea off the coast is very clear.
The bottom is very irregular, as is the contour of the
shore.

The chief port of Sinaloa is Mazatlan. This city of
about 20,000 inhabitants lies on a peninsula between the
Estuary or Astillero de Mazatlan on the south and a curv-
ing bay known as the Puerto Viejo on the north. On this
peninsula are two considerable headlands, Neveria on the
north and Vijia on the southwest, between which is a
sand beach, facing the west, noted for its high surf, for

the terminations of hills or

* Contributions to Biology from the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory of the
Leland Stanford Jr. University. No. 1.
2p SeR., VOL. V. (25) August 15, 1895.

3478 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

which it is named las Olas Altas. North of Puerto Viejo,
at a distance of about seven miles, are three large rocky
islands, very much alike, close together and in a right
line, knownas the three Venados. Opposite them on the
shore is a similar headland, Camarron. About all these
headlands and islands are many rock-pools and basins
left filled with water by receding tides. Beyond the ex-
tremity of Vijia is a tall conical island, over 500 feet in
height, known as Creston. This is surmounted by a
lighthouse and is the most conspicuous land mark of the
harbor of Mazatlan. North of Creston lie a number of
large barren rocks of white volcanic rock, known col-
lectively as Islas Blancas. The scanty harbor of Mazat-
lan lies to the south of Vijia and Creston, between these
and the Isla de los Chivos and Isla de las Piedras. It
ends in a long deep winding channel, known as the Asti-
lero or Estuary, which extends around the south side of
the city, with many muddy arms lined with Mangrove
bushes, then turns, to the south, forming for some ten
miles the narrow channel between Isla de las Piedras and
the mainland. No fresh waters of importance flow into
the Astillero and the tides form strong currents as the
waters pass in and out.

At Altata, in the northern part of Sinaloa, is a small
harbor, the port of the capital City of Culiacan.

Of the several rivers in the State, only one, Rio Presi-
dio or Rio de Mazatlan, was visited by us. This is a
swift clear stream, rising in the mountains. At Presidio
and Villa Union, where it was visited by us, it flows rap-
idly over gravel, being in January some three rods wide
and rarely more than two feet deep.

The fishes of Sinaloa are known chiefly from the col-
lections made by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert in the winter of
1881. Under the auspices of the U. S. Fish Commission,

FISHES OF SINALOA. 379

Mr. Gilbert spent six weeks at Mazatlan where he secured
a collection of about 180 species, of which number about
fifty were new to science. These were described by
Jordan and Gilbert in the Proceedings of the U.S. Na-
tional Museum in 1881, the typical specimens being de-
posited in the Museum at Washington. Previous to this
time a number of specimens had been sent, by collectors
who had visited Mazatlan and Altata, to the Museum at
Vienna, where they were described by Dr. Franz Stein-
dachner, and to Berlin where they were recorded by Pro-
fessor Peters.

Subsequent to the visit of Dr. Gilbert, collections were
made at Mazatlan and Presidio by Mr. Alphonse Forrer,
now of Santa Cruz, California. Most of these were sent
to the U. S. National Museum, where they were described
by the present writer. A few specimens were also sent
to the British Museum.

In December, 1894, through the kindly interest of Mr.
Timothy Hopkins of Menlo Park, California, and under
the auspices of the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory, a branch
of the Leland Stanford Jr. University, an expedition
was sent to Mazatlan for the purpose of collecting fishes.
This was in charge of David S. Jordan, assisted by George
Bea Culver. and kawin ©. Starks) 2 In addition, Mir:
Thomas M. Williams, Mr. Norman B. Scofield and Mr.
James A. Richardson accompanied the expedition as vol-
unteer assistants, with Frank H. Lamb as botanist, and
Mr. George B. Seward as herpetologist.

One month, Dec. 24, 1894 to Jan. 25, 1895, was spent
at Mazatlan in the collection of fishes. One hundred
and eighty-five species were obtained, of which twenty-
nine seem to be new to science, besides two species from
La Paz. A full series of the specimens obtained isin the
Museum of Leland Stanford Jr. University. Other series

380 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

nearly complete have been sent to the British Museum
and to the Museums at Vienna and Berlin. Partial sets
are in the Academy of Sciences at San Francisco and in
the U.S. National Museum. It is evident that the list here
given is by no means a complete record of the fishes of Si-
naloa. Doubtless all the species enumerated from Sonora
by Gilbert, Jenkins and Evermann, and by Gilbert and
others from Lower California, will ultimately be found in
this region. Every day spent at Mazatlan either by Dr.
Gilbert or by ourselves brought some addition to the list,
and the deep water fishes have not been studied at all.

Besides our obligations to Mr. Hopkins, and to the vol-
unteer assistants above named, the writers wish to express
their especial indebtedness for local assistance to Dr.
George Warren Rogers, a scholarly physician resident at
Mazatlan; to Senor Ygnacio Moreno, the leading fisher-
man of the port, whose efforts in aiding our work were un-
wearying. We also owe many favors to Messrs. William
W. Felton, Bert L. Smith, John L. Kendall and J. Rip-
pey, American residents in Mazatlan. From Dr. Charles
H. Gilbert, in whose laboratory the present paper has been
written, we have received much valuable aid in many
ways.

The plates accompanying this paper have been drawn
by Miss Anna L. Brown, artist of the Hopkins Labora-
tory.

The following species are here described as new to
science. ‘The numbers after each name are those borne
by the type specimens on the register of the Museum of
Leland Stanford Jr. University.

Pristis zephyreus Jordan & Starks. (Skin.)

Narcine entemedor Jordan & Starks. 1699.

Urolophus rogersi Jordan & Starks. 1700.

Urolophus umbrifer Jordan & Starks.

Pteroplatea rava Jordan & Starks. 1587.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 381

Galeichthys gilberti Jordan & Williams. 1666, 1667, 1665.
Galeichthys azureus Jordan & Williams. 1575.

Stolephorus scofieldi Jordan & Culver. 2941.

Pecilia presidionis Jordan & Culver. 2687.

Siphostoma starksii Jordan & Culver. 2686.

Mugil hospes Jordan & Culver. 2890, 2954, 1695.

Thyrina evermanni Jordan & Culver. 2688.

Thyrina crystallina Jordan & Culver. 2685.
Scomberomorus sinalow Jordan & Starks. 1720.

Caranx medusicola Jordan & Starks. 2645.

Aynnis hopkinsi Jordan & Starks. 1563.

Trachinotus paloma Jordan & Starks. 2690.

Trachinotus culveri Jordan & Starks. 2691.

Mycteroperca venadorum Jordan & Starks. (British Museum.)
Mycteroperca boulengeri Jordan & Starks. 1621.
Lythrulon opalescens Jordan & Starks. 2963.
Microspathodon azurissimus Jordan & Starks. 1636, 2895, 1610.
Teuthis crestonis Jordan & Starks. 2899.

Balistes naufragium Jordan & Starks. 1656.

Aboma etheostoma Jordan & Starks.

Gobius manglicola Jordan & Starks. 3095.

Scorpena mystes Jordan & Starks. 1616, 1617, 2919, 1501.
Symphurus williamsi Jordan & Culver. 2943.

Orthopristis reddingi Jordan & Richardson.

Alexurus armiger Jordan & Richardson.

Family GINGLYMOSTOMIDE.

1. Ginglymostoma cirratum (Gmelin.) Gara.

Two large specimens, respectively five and six feet in
length, were taken. These agree fairly with published
descriptions, except that the black spots scattered over
the body are very small and pepper-like. It is possible
that these spots vanish with age, and that Gznglymostoma
fulvum Poey, the unspotted form, is the adult of the other.

This species was obtained by Dr. Gilbert, at Mazatlan
and Panama.

382 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Family GALEIDZ.
2. Galeus lunulatus (Jordan & Gilbert). Garo.

Rather common at Mazatlan, where the original types
were obtained by Dr. Gilbert.

3. Galeocerdo tigrinus Miller & Henle.

Recorded by Dr. Gilbert, from Mazatlan and from San
José de Guatemala; not seen by us. It has not been
compared with the Brazilian type of the species.

4. Scoliodon longurio (Jordan & Gilbert).

Rather common in the harbor at Mazatlan, where the
original types were taken by Dr. Gilbert, who also found
the species at Panama.

5. Carcharhinus ethalorus Jordan & Gilbert.

Original described from Mazatlan; not seen by us.
Also recorded by Dr. Gilbert, from Panama. It is not
likely that Carcharhinus limbatus occurs on the Racer
Coast. Probably this related species has been mistaken
for it.

6. Carcharhinus lamiella (Jordan & Gilbert).

A very young specimen with a deformed tail was ob-
tained by us at Mazatlan, the first record of the species
from that port.

7. Carcharhinus fronto Jordan & Gilbert.

This large shark is not uncommon about Mazatlan,
where the original types were taken by Dr. Gilbert. No
specimens were seen by us, but the species is said to be
common in the surf about the Olas Altas. It is said that
during the time that Mazatlan was occupied by French
soldiers a number of these were killed by the sharks
while bathing in the surf.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 383

Family SPHYRNID A.

8. Sphyrna tiburo (Linnzeus). Cornupa.

One specimen obtained by us at Mazatlan. It was not
secured by Dr. Gilbert; this being the first record on the
Pacific Coast of America of this common Atlantic species.
Our specimen seems to agree fully with an example from
Florida.

g. Sphyrna tudes (Cuvier). CorNupDaA.

Not rare at Mazatlan, where specimens were obtained
by Dr. Gilbert, and one by the Hopkins expedition.

10. Sphyrna zygena Linneus. CoRNUDA.

Common in the sea about Mazatlan. Three young
specimens taken by us. Also recorded by Dr. Gilbert
from Mazatlan and Panama.

Family PRISTIDID/Z. .

11. Pristis zephyreus Jordan & Starks n. sp. PEZ DE
ESPADA.

Snout to nostrils, 3 in length to base of caudal; breadth
of saw at anterior end between first two pairs of teeth
half breadth of its base behind the last pairs; teeth on
saw trenchant behind, arranged in 22 pairs; hinder teeth
wide apart, the interspaces 5 times their base; posterior
teeth turned slightly backward, a groove on their posterior
edge; front teeth not quite half as long as the saw is
broad at their base; distance between first and second
tooth three times base of first. (Other specimens exam-
ined for us by Dr. G. W. Rogers show 18 to 21 pairs of
teeth.) Eye equal to spiracle, contained 3 times in base
of saw just behind last pair of teeth; width of mouth a little
greater than base of saw; mouth with about 65 series of
blunt teeth; slant height of pectoral in front, a little more

384. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

than half distance from tip of snout to mouth. Dorsals
sub-equal; first dorsal inserted in advance of ventrals;
about half its base over ventrals; caudal, with a lower
lobe, which is equal to slant height of pectoral; tail with
a keel on side.

Color, plain olive grey above, light below.

Measurements—Length, 50 inches; caudal, 7 inches;
pectoral, 7 inches; dorsal front, 5% inches; snout with-
out nostril, 11 inches.

Type—A skin in L. S. Jr. Univ. Museum.

Common in brackish waters at the mouth of the Rio
Presidio, where one fine specimen was obtained. The
species is also recorded (as Prest7s perrotetc) by Dr.
Gilbert from Mazatlan, and by Dr. Giinther from Chiapam.
Dr. Giinther identifies this species with Prést’s perroteti
described by Miller & Henle, from the Senegal River.
In view of the great difference in the fauna of the Gulf
of California from that of Equatorial Africa, this identi-
fication may be questioned, especially as there are several
details in which the description of Préstzs perotteti differs
from our fish.

We append the description of Miller & Henle, as also
the descriptions given by Latham of his Pr¢stzs antiqguorum
and Pristis pectinatus, together with our account of the
common saw fish of the Gulf of Mexico, usually and
probably correctly identified as Prést7s pectinatus Latham.

The following is the original description of

“Spec. 4. Pristis Perotteti, N.
Kopf. ‘‘Die Form des Kopfes und der Naslécher wie Pristis antiquorum.
Die Sage lauft nach vorn sehr allmihlig spitz zu. Sie ist an der
Basis 1 Zoll 7 Linien, an der Spitze zwischen den beiden letzten
Zihnen 10 Linien breit, 19 Zihne jederseits. Diehintersten Ziihne
sind kurz, wahrscheinlich abgenutzt. Die vordersten sind etwas
breiter als die Hilfte der Breite der Sige, alle am hintern Rande
gerinnt. Die hintern Zihne stehen weit aus einander, um 5-6 Mal
die Breite des Zahns. Die vordersten sind einander etwas mehr

FISHES OF SINALOA. 385

genihert. Die Distanz zwischen den beiden letzten ist nicht ganz
3 Mal so breit als die Basis des Zahns. Alle Zihne nur wenig nach
hinten geneigt.

“¢ Die obere Nasenklappe reicht mit ihrem innern .Rande bis zum
innern Nasenwinkel. Die Zihne sind groésser als bei Pristis anti-
quorum, 60-70 in einer Reihe. :

Flossen. Die Brustflossen vom Kopf scharf abgesetzt. Erste Riicken-
flosse mit der Hilfte ikrer Basis vor den Bauchflossen. Schwanz-
flosse mit kurzem aber deutlichem untern Lappen.

Farbe. Farbe wie Pristis antiquorum.

Maasse. Von der Spitze der Sage zur Mitte zwischen den

STATIS S Crane Ney SiwelMK eli ry yl Rin hay Rpt ene Acca Oanay
Von den Naslochern zum Maul................... Ie OA
Woman Miaka zmmneAtiiennec 5 7 es eat ep aie Sean I
VomrAtter zur Schwanzilosse.).: . oes see een 8’
ameerderiSchwanzhlossere. 4/7. ia eames ae eel Digg Oat
Breite der Sige in der Mitte...................... ae oD Aa
Linge des Lingsten Zahns...... BENE er chiara ates One
IBTRElLCuMeSSeliveme ecm. aos Wo ete ea ee Ate Kea 14°"
Distanzider Naslochene si 22h) ae, oe ee eae eens DG

Breite des Maules.......... Beas

Fundort. Aus dem Senegal. Soll nur im siissen Wasser leben.
Kin Exampler é trocken in Paris durch Perottet.”
(Miller & Henle, Plagiostomen, p. 108.)

From the work of Latham we take the following de-
scription of his
** Pristis antiquorum:

Pr. rostro spinis validis utrinque 18-24. Tab. 26, f. 1.

Squalus pristis, Lin. Syst. Nat. I., p. 401, 15. Faun. Suec. 297.

Mus. Ad Fr. I., p.52. Mull. Lin. Th. 3, Tab. ii, f. 2 (spin. 18).

Gmel. Lin. I., p. 1494, 15. Fab. Fn. Groenl., 130, 91, Mull.

Prodr., p. 38, 319. Klein. Miss. Pisc. 3, p. 12, No. ii, tab. 3, f. 1,2.
(pullus.)

Plin. Nat. Hist., lib. 9, cap. 2. Clus. Ex., tab. 14, p. 136 (spin. 20).
Aidroy. Cet., p.692. Will. Icth., p. 61, Tab. B. 9, fig. 5 (fig. Clusii).
Raii, Syn. Pisc., p.28. Olear. Mus., p. 41, t. 26, f.1. Rondel. Pisce. 487.

Bell. de Aq., t. in p. 66 (Langue de Serpent).

Valent. Amboin, p. 33, t. 19, f. 52. Bloch, Fisch. Deutsch., p. 37, t. 120.
Du Tertre Ant., p.207 (Spadon). Bonann. Mus. Kirch., t. 288, t. 21.
Cabinet de Ste. Genev., t. p. 100. Brouss. Act. Par. 1780, p. 671.
(La Scie.) Pis. Ind. Occ., p.51. Maregr. Bras., p. 158 (Araguagua).
Gronov. Zooph., p. 33. Arted. Syn. 66, Id. Syn. 938. Brown. Jam.

458, I.

386 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF. SCIENCES.

HABITAT IN OCEANO.

‘*Totum corpus ad 15 pedes longum, supra nigricans, seu leucophzo-
griseum, abdomine albicante. Caput antice planum. Rostrum ad 5 pedes
longum, spinis validis numero utrinque 18-24. Os dentibus granulatis
instructum. Oculi magniirideaurea. Pone oculos foramina duo oblonga.
Spiracula quinque. Pinna dorsalis prima ventralibus opposita, altera inter
primam & caudsw apicem media. Pectorales late longeque. Caudalis
brevior quam congeribus.

This species and the following grow to the largest size of any which
have yet come under the inspection of the naturalist, some specimens
measuring 15 feet in length.

The head is rather flat at top, the eyes large, with yellow irides, behind
which is a hole, which some have supposed may lead to an organ of
hearing.*

* Nos foramina hec meatus auditorios esse credimus. Willughb.

The mouth is well furnished with teeth, but they are blunt, serving rather
to bruise its prey than to divide it by cutting. Before the mouth are two
other foramina, supposed to be the nostrils. The rostrum, beak or snout,
is in general about one-third of the total length of the fish, and contains
in some eighteen, in others as far as twenty-three or twenty-four spines on
each side; these are very stout, much thicker at the back part, and chan-
nelled, inclining to an edge forwards. The fins are seven in number, viz.:
two dorsal, placed at some distance from each other; two pectoral, taking
rise just behind the breathing-holes, which are five in number; two ven-
tral, situated aimost underneath the first dorsal; and lastly the caudal,
occupying the tail both above and beneath, but longest on the upper part.
The general color of the body is a dull grey, or brownish, growing paler
as it approaches the belly, where it is nearly white.” (Latham, Trans,
Linn. Soc., 1794, p. 277.)

Mr. Latham thus describes his

‘Pristis pectinatus:

Pr. rostro spinis angustioribus utrinque ad 34. Tab. 26, fig. 2.

Pristis seu Serra, Gesner Aq., fig. in p. 728 (spin. 54), Id. Ic. An., p. 171-
Mus. Besler, tab. 17, f. 3 (spin. 28). Id. f.i(caput, spinis, 25).
Aldr. Cet. f., p. 692. Johnst. Pisce, p. 8, t. iii (spin. 28). Blas.
Anat., p. 466, t. 49, f. 18. Bloch, Deutsch. p. 37, t. 120 (rostr. ar-
cuat.). Knorr, Delic., p. 56, t. H. 4. Olear. Kunst., p. 38, t. 26, f.
i. Pontop. Hist. Norv. ii, p. 240. (spin. 25.)

HABITAT IN OCEANO.

Corpus a priore non multum differt. Rostri spine longiores, & minus
valide, numero variant a 25 usque ad 34. Pinne postica magis excavate.
This and the former species have been confounded hitherto by naturalists,

FISHES OF SINALOA. 387

nor are we certain that any others have been observed by them; and if we
may judge by their figures of each, it should seem that the first described
was the most plentiful. That figured in Gesner is far from a bad repre-
sentation, and the one engraved by Knorr in his Delicizw is sufficiently
accurate. This species differs from the first, in having the snout more
narrow in proportion at the base, and the whole of it more slender in all
its parts; whereas the first is very broad at the base, and tapers consider-
ably from thence to the point. The spines on each side also are longer
and more slender, and vary from 24 to 34 in the different specimens; we
have indeed been informed of one which contained no less than 35 spines
on each side of the snout; but we must confess that we have never been
fortunate enough to have seen such a specimen. This is supposed to
grow to as great a size as the former, and in the general make and shape
of the body does not materially differ.” (Latham, Trans. Linn. Soc.,
1794, p. 278.)

The following description of Prestzs pectinatus Latham
(Pristis granulosa Bloch & Schneider) is taken from a
specimen two feet long, from Key West, Fla.:

Snout to nasal-lobes, 3 in length of body to base of caudal; width of
anterior end of saw between first two pairs of teeth, equal to the inter-
nasal space, 3 the base behind last pair of teeth; saw with 26 teeth ona
side; eye larger than spiracle, half interorbital space; width of mouth
equal to its distance to front of nostril; teeth in mouth in about 70 series;
width across outer angle of pectoral fins, 24 in length from eyes to base
of caudal; width of body behind pectorals, 7. Height of pectoral slant in
front, 3in snout to mouth; dorsals subequal; caudal, with no lower lobe,
equal to pectoral slant.

Color, uniform brown above, below light.

Family RHINOBATID/.
12. Rhinobatus glaucostigma Jordan & Gilbert. Gut-
TARRO.

Very common on sandy bottoms in the estuary or
Astillero at Mazatlan, where the species was omg weet)
found by Dr. Gilbert.

Family NARCOBATID/E.

13. Narcine entemedor Jordan & Starks, n. sp. En-
TEMEDOR.

Two specimens taken in the estuary at Mazatlan, and

388 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

a third procured by Mr. James A. Richardson in the
harbor of La Paz. Specimens had also been obtained by
Dr. Gilbert, at Panama, in 1883, but having been de-
stroyed by fire, the species has remained undescribed
until the present time.

Snout 334 in length of disk; preocular part of snout
~ equals preoral; interocular space in snout, 1%; width of
mouth, 24%. Eye much smaller than spiracle; spiracles
edged with small tubercles. Length of disk equal to its
width; disk equal to length of tail, without caudal fin;
tail with a loose fold of skin on each side. First and
second dorsals equal, rounded behind; ventrals large,
ending midway between posterior edge of disk and caudal
fin. Color: Pale olive brown, a little clouded with
darker; second dorsal edged with pale; dots on head
dusky. ;

Length of largest specimen, 20 inches. Type, No.
LOQOR eos yy. Univ. Wins:

The Spanish name Hxtemedor seems to be equivalent
to /ntimidator.

Family DASYATID A.

14. Urolophus asterias Jordan & Gilbert. Rata.

Very common in the surf and on the sandy beaches
about Mazatlan. Spinules on back and tail 18 to 32 in
number. The upper side of the disk is marked with
round dusky spots, faint, as if washed or faded out.

15. Urolophus rogersi Jordan & Starks, n. sp.

Disk broader than long by a distance 2% times the
interorbital width; anterior margins of disk nearly straight,
the tip of snout projecting; snout from eye, 334 in length
of disk; eyes little smaller than spiracles; width of mouth,
2% times in preoral part of snout; caudal spine inserted
in front of middle of tail. Skin with minute prickles on

FISHES OF SINALOA. 389

margin of pectorals and on middle of back, leaving smooth
areas near middle of pectorals and over branchial arches;
16 to 20 large spinules along median line of back and
tail.

Color, plain brown; caudal fin darker, edged with
white.

This species differs from Urolophus astertas, in having
a wider disk, more acute snout, much smaller prickles,
and fewer spinules on back and tail.

Three specimens obtained in the Astillero, the longest
Hoimenes in entire lenoth: ype, Nos 1700, sein:
U. Museum.

This species is named for Dr. George Warren Rogers,
a scholarly physician, native of Vermont, but long resi-
dent in Mazatlan.

16. Urolophus umbrifer Jordan & Starks n. sp.

Occasionally taken with Urolophus asterias, but much
less common.

Disk round, not wider than long, its length greater
than tail; snout pointed, not exserted. Snout from eye,
4% in disk; eyes equal to spiracles; mouth 2 in distance
to tip of snout; caudal spine inserted in front of middle
of tail; skin perfectly smooth.

Color, brown above, with blackish cross-shades or bars,
radiating from the shoulder; a dark band behind eyes,
and one from eyes; caudal fin dark.

One adult female specimen, the uterus containing four
young.

This is probably not identical with Garman’s U/rolophus
nebulosus, being perfectly smooth and different in color.

17. Dasyatis longus Garman.

Rather common at Mazatlan, where specimens were
also taken by Dr. Gilbert; also recorded by Mr. Garman

390 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

from Acapulco and from Panama, and by Evermann &
Jenkins from Guaymas.

18. Pteroplatea crebripunctata Peters. MANTARAIA.

Very common on sandy shores everywhere about Ma-
zatlan, from which locality it was originally described;
also taken by Dr. Gilbert.

Width of disk twice length to posterior end of anal slit;
snout forming a regular curve from a little in front of
middle of pectorals, a very small blunt projection at tip;
anterior margin of disk convex near snout and lateral
angles, pectorals concave medially ; posterior margin
weakly convex; posterior angle broadly rounded; lateral
angle sharply rounded; distance from snout to a line drawn
through lateral angles, 2% times in distance to tip of tail.

Interorbital a little wider than its distance to tip of snout;
eyes twice spiracles; mouth equals snout, 6% in disk.
Tail rat-like, with a scarcely perceptible fold of skin on
its dorsal side.

Ground color olive brown, everywhere with small dark
points, not so close set as in Pteroplatea rava, indis-
tinct greyish spots, half as large as iris, scattered over
the body among the dark points, these spots are more dis-
tinct on anterior edge of disk; tail mottled with darker;
lower parts light. Markings nowhere so distinct as in
the next species.

Several specimens, the largest 15 inches long.

19. Pteroplatea rava Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Man-
TARAIA COLORADA.

One specimen taken in the Astillero at Mazatlan.

Length of disk 1% width; snout forming an angle
which is almost a right angle: pectorals slightly concave
medially; posterior margin of disk weakly convex; pos-
terior angle not broadly rounded, but curved in some-
what suddenly; lateral angles acute.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 391

A line drawn through lateral angles would bisect a line
from snout to tip of tail. Interorbital 1% in snout; eye
1% in spiracles; mouth 7 in disk, 1% in snout; tail
straight and slender, with a very slight fold on dorsal side.

Ground color light olive brown, thickly set with sharp
cut black points; conspicuous grey or white spots, half
as large as iris, scattered over the body, around which
the black spots form rings; brighter yellowish spots and
half spots around anterior edge of disk; tail mottled above
with darker; lower parts chiefly light orange red or rust
colored in life.

All the markings are very distinct and clear cut, the red-
dish of the belly conspicuous.

One‘specimen, 12 inches long. Type No. 1587.8. S:
Jr. Univ. Mus.

20. Aitobatus narinari (Euphrasen). GaAvILAN.

Rather common in the harbor of Mazatlan, where it
was also taken by Gilbert; a beautifully colored species
reaching a large size.

Length of disk 1% in width; proximal half of anterior
margin of pectoral fins straight, distal half convex; pos-
terior margin concave, the end of each ray forming a
small scallop; lateral angle sharp.

Snout forming an angle, from its tip to division of nasal-
lobes, 1% times breadth of head; width of snout 14 times
distance from its tip to the division of nasal-lobes; nasal-
lobes projecting back over the mouth; width of mouth
1% its distance to tip of snout; numerous blunt buccal
papillae around upper dental plate and on ridge between
nostrils; interorbital 434 in disk; eyes smaller than spir-
acles, which are as long as base of dorsal. Ventrals well
rounded, 3% in length of disk; tail 3% times disk. First
caudal spine equals base of dorsal, which is half second
spine.

392 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Color bluish black with many round yellowish spots
scattered equally over the back and ventralfins; spots about
as large as eye on back, smaller on head, sometimes two
spots run together forming an elliptical spot, about sixteen
spots from eye along anterior margin of pectoral to lateral
angle; posterior margin of pectoral very narrowly mar-
gined with white; ventral side pearly white.

From the description of 4 ~tobatus laticeps this species
differs in the following respects: disk not so broad; tail
not so long; width of head and snout less; ventrals not
truncated behind; pectorals not margined with blackish;
spots on ventrals not assuming the form of ocelli.

Five large specimens obtained; length of disk in each,
15 inches.

This description has been compared by Dr. Barton W.
Evermann, with specimens of #tobatus narinari¢ from
Brazil. No difference of any importance appears, and
in his judgment the Atlantic and Pacific Coast American
forms are identical. .

Notre.—This species has been several times obtained
by Dr. Gilbert and others in the Gulf of California, hav-
ing been identified as #tobatus laticeps of Gill. It does
not, however, agree with Dr. Gill’s description and there
is no evidence that his specimen came from Mexico. ‘o-
batus laticeps was described from an example from un-
known locality received from San Francisco. It is there-
fore quite as likely to have come from Honolulu or from
China, as from the Gulf of California.

The following is Dr. Gill’s description:

‘* A étobatrs laticeps Gill.

‘<The greatest width is rather sore than twice as great
as distance from snout to front of anus. The head is
broad and nearly equals the distance from snout to divis-
ion of nasal lobes. The snout is obtusely angulated in
front, and at its sides is convex and scarcely angulated ;

FISHES OF SINALOA. 393

its width at a line in front of the nostril is as great as the
distance from its point to interlobular nasal emargination,
The rostro-frontal fontanelle is constricted at its anterior
third; the interval between the crests of the anterior por-
tion enters about 2% times in the interorbital area; at the
constriction, about 4 times; at the posterior portion, about
2% times; the posterior portion gradually expands back-
wards and terminates with an oval contour behind. The
nasal lobes are about twice as long as wide, their length
externally exceeding half the length or breadth of the
rostral area.

‘¢The dental plate has a triangular contour; its anterior
angle obtusely rounded.

‘¢The dorsal commences immediately behind the pec-
toral fins. The ventral fins almost truncated behind, be-
tween the well rounded angles; their breadth 2% times
their length. The tail is four or five times as long as the
body.

‘*’The color is bluish-black above, relieved on the head
by numerous, but rather distinct, whitish or yellowish
spots, smaller than eye, much larger on the body and be-
hind towards the sides, and on the ventrols sometimes as-
suming the form of ocelli; below white: pectorals mar-
gined with blackish.

‘‘This species is closely related to A. narinari and
its allies, and especially A. /atzrostrzs A. Dum., but is
apparently distinguished by the combination of charac-
ters given in the diagnosis. It belongs to the genus Gon-
zobatts: Ag., proposed for a species with a more angular
lower dental plate than in A. narinarz, and is related
to the Gonzobatis meleagris Ag.* of the Sandwich Islands,

*« This species has not been characterized, but a dried Aétobatine ob-
tained at the Sandwich Islands by the Wilkes Exploring Expedition prob-
ably belongs to it.”

2p SeR., Vou. V. G26) te August 15, 1895.

394 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

but is distinguished by the more declivous forehead and
the shape of the rostro-frontal fontanelle.

‘‘A single specimen was forwarded to the Smithsonian
Institution by S. E. Hubbard, Esq., of San Francisco,
Cal (Gill’)

21. Manta birostris (Walbaum).

Said to be frequently seen in the open sea about Ma-
zatlan; not obtained by us.

Family SILURID.

22. Felichthys pinnimaculatus (Steindachner).

Occasionally taken in the estuary. Recorded by Gil-
bert from Mazatlan and Panama, by Steindachner from
Altata, Costa Rica and Panama. ‘Two specimens ob-
tained by us.

23. Felichthys panamensis (Gill).

Not rare in the estuary, reaching a considerable size.
Obtained by Gilbert at Mazatlan, Libertad, Punta Arenas;
by Gill and Giinther at Panama; and by Steindachner at
Magdalena Bay, Altata and Panama. One specimen ob-
tained by us.

24. Galeichthys peruvianus Liittken. PANAma.

Recorded by Steindachner from Altata; not seen by
us, and taken by Dr. Gilbert only at Panama; apparently
not common.

The so-called genus Galezchthys is distinguished from
Hexanematichthys only by having the bones of the head
covered by skin. In several species of other genera
(notably platypogon, dasycephalus, gilbertz), the skin on
the head is thickened in females, obscuring the outline
and granulation of many of the bones. It may be that
the species called Galezchthys represent only the extreme

FISHES OF SINALOA. 395

of this condition, and that the species referred to it should
be arranged in other groups.

As the dentition of the typical species of Galezchthys
agrees in essential respects with that of Wexanematichthys,
we unite the two groups under the earlier name, Galezch-
thys.

25.° Galeichthys gilberti Jordan & Williams, n. sp.
BaGRE Bianco. Plate xxvi.

Extremely abundant in the upper part of the Astillero,
along sandy bottoms, exceeding by far in numbers all
other cat fishes. Also found by Gilbert at Mazatlan,
whence it was erroneously recorded by Jordan & Gilbert
as Arzus asstmil’s Ginther. Large numbers of this

species are left on the beach after seining, and the various

&
sea birds, pelicans, man-of-war birds, gulls and the like,
come down to take possession of them. In two cases
specimens of this cat-fish were swallowed by pelicans;
the spines were erected after the fish was partly engorged,
and these spines entering the skin of the sack of the
pelican, made it impossible for the bird to swallow them
or to dislodge them. Considerable numbers of pelicans
are doubtless destroyed every year by attempting to
swallow living cat-fish which have been left by the fisher-
men.

The following description is essentially that of Jordan
& Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, under the name
of Arius asstmilis. The type of that description, 29,213
U.S. N. M., from Mazatlan, coll., Gilbert, may be taken
as the special type of the species, numerous co-types
(numbered 1666, 1667 and 1668, L.S. Jr. Mus.), having
been sent by us to different museums:

Head, 37 to 4; width of head, 54; depth, 5; D. 1.7;
INOAR TA.

396 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Body comparatively elongate, the head depressed but
not very broad, somewhat broader than high; eye rather
large, 5 to 6 in length of head; width of interorbital
space, 24% in head; breadth of mouth, 23; length of
snout, 3.

Teeth all villiform; bands of vomerine teeth separated ©
by a rather wide interval, each small, roundish, confluent
with the neighboring palatine band, the junction marked
by a slight constriction; palatine bands ovate, broad be-
hind, varying considerably in size and somewhat in form,
the width ranging from one-third diameter of eye to two-
thirds, being generally largest in adults; band of palatine
teeth without backward prolongation; band of maxillary
teeth rather broad and short, its length about five times
its breadth. Maxillary barbel broad and flattened at
base, reaching a little past base of pectoral in the young,
scarcely to the gill opening in the adult; outer mental
barbels, 2 in head, inner 3. Gill-rakers, 4-412.

Dorsal shield very short, narrowly crescent-shaped, its
length on the median line not more than half that of one
of its sides. Occipital process subtriangular, not quite
as long as broad at base, with a strong median keel, its
edges slightly curved. A short distance in front of the
beginning of the keel is the end of the very narrow groove-
like fontanelle, which is somewhat widened anteriorly,
finally merging into the broad, flat, smooth interorbital
area, the boundaries of which are not well defined; shields
of head usually smooth, all finely and very sparsely gran-
ular, the granules not forming distinct lines.

Gill membranes forming a rather broad fold across
isthmus.

Dorsal spine long, usually, but not always, shorter than
the pectoral spine, about 134 in head; axillary pore ab-
sent. Humeral process rather broadly triangular, not

FISHES OF SINALOA. 397

much produced backward, less than half length of pec-
toral spine, its surface not granular, covered by skin.
Adipose fin half length of anal, its posterior margin little
free. Upper lobe of caudal longest and somewhat fal-
cate, about as long as head. Ventrals unusually long
about reaching anal in females, shorter in the males. Vent
much nearer base of ventrals than anal.

Color olive green, with bluish luster, white below; upper
fins dusky olivaceous; caudal yellowish dusky at tip;
anal yellowish with a median dusky shade; ventral yel-
lowish, the basal half of the upper side abruptly black;
pectorals similarly colored, the black area rather smaller;
maxillary barbel blackish; other barbels pale.

Length, 12 to 18 inches.

The following specimens from Dr. Gilbert’s Mazatlan
collections are registered in the United States National
Museum:

ZDSMUOl W205 EOO, 129,210, 20,213 (2 \ha2o,2 20 2On2e2
285270, 28,301.

This species is nearest allied to Galezchthys seemannt
(Ginther), a Panama species. Galeichthys jordant
(Eigenmann) from Panama differs in the gill rakers and
in other regards. Galeichthys assimilis is an Atlantic
species, not yet known from the Pacific Coast. With
each of these Galezchthys gilberti has been at one time or
another confounded. Galeichthys gilberti differs from
Galeichthys seemannt, as described by Dr. Eigenmann, in
the absence of pectoral pore, in the shorter spines and in
the fontanelle not quite reaching occipitgl process; ven-

trals unusually long, no dark specks on side of belly,
barbel short, compressed. As noted below, Galezchthys
gilberti bears a superficial resemblance to Vetuma platy-
pogon. Its teeth are different, the ventrals are much
longer, and the adipose dorsal much larger. Vetuma

398 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

platypogon has the sides of belly much soiled by dark
specks.

26. Galeichthys azureus Jordan & Williams, n. sp.
Bacre Azuu. Plate xxvii.

Head 3%; width of head 43, depth 9. Length from
tip of snout to tip of upper lobe of caudal fin 19% inches.
Dpelee7: Re tole AC ys ise Gillgrakensio-\ mae

Body robust, its width anteriorly greater than its depth;
caudal peduncle short, stout; distance from end of anal
fin to base of median caudal rays about one-half length of
head. Head flat, very broad; its depth at posterior an-
gle of jaw about one-half its width; interorbital region
flat, smooth anteriorly and granulated posteriorly; fonta-
nelle almost obsolete, wide anteriorly and ending in a
short groove posteriorly at a point one-half distance from
tip of snout to posterior end of occipital process; top of
head, occipital process and dorsal shield finely granular,
granulations mostly arranged in radiating striz and extend-
ing forward to a line with the pupils, nostrils very large
and close together; posterior one with a broad valve.

Occipital process pentagonal, its length 4% in head,
about as long as wide, with a very low ridge; dorsal
shield crescent shaped with points extending back on
each side of fin, its median length about one-half the
length of its side. Eye small, about 9 in head; inter-
orbital width almost 2 in head; snout 3 in head; breadth
of mouth 2,°, in head.

Maxillary barbel slender, thick at base, 13 in head;
outer mental barbel reaches to posterior angle of jaw,
about 2% in head; inner mental barbel about 4 in head.

Teeth all villiform; premaxillary band narrow, about
one-eighth as wide as long, vomerine and palatine bands
of teeth fully confluent on each side, forming together a
crescent-shaped patch, narrowly divided on the median

FISHES OF SINALOA. 399

line of the vomer; form of vomerine bands similar to
that of the palatine bands but smaller. Palatine band of
teeth without backward prolongations.

Opercle with radiating ridges; humeral process gran-
ular, triangular, lower posterior corner prominent; axil-
lary pore very small. Guill membranes forming a broad
fold across isthmus.

Dorsal fin short, base not including spine equal to base
of adipose dorsal; dorsal spine robust, but little shorter
than pectoral spine, about two in head; its anterior serre
small and tubercle-like; its posterior edge, as well as that
of pectoral, retrosely serrate; soft rays of dorsal extend-
ing but little beyond spine, the longest about three - fifths
length of head. Adipose dorsal about one-half as high
as long. Caudal lobes unequal, the upper lobe about
one-third longer than lower lobe. Anal short, of medium
height. Distance from vent to base of ventrals one-half
distance from origin of anal. Pectoral spine very strong,
its anterior margin with serre towards the tip, which be-
come small tubercles towards base; soft rays but little
longer than spine, which reaches slightly beyond one-half
distance from its origin to base of ventrals.

Color dark blue with silvery reflections on sides; belly
pale, mental barbels dusky; maxillary barbels light below
and black above; paired fins darkest on inner side; other
fins almost uniformly dusky.

One specimen, 19% inches long, was taken by the
Hopkins expedition in the estuary at Mazatlan. It is
numbered 1575 in the collection of the Leland Stanford
Jr. University.

27. Galeichthys guatemalensis (Giinther).

Taken by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan; not seen by us.
Also recorded from Chiapam (Giinther), and the coast of
Colima (Xantus).

400 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

28. Netuma platypogon (Giinther).

Very common at Mazatlan; several specimens taken in
Astillero, where it is scarcely less abundant than Galezch-
thys gilbertt. Also recorded by Dr. Gilbert from Mazat-
lan, Libertad and Punta Arenas; by Ginther from San
José; and by Steindachner from Magdalena Bay and
Callao. To the southward it is very abundant.

In some specimens, perhaps females, granulations are
visible on the occipital process only, the other bones be-
ing covered by smooth skin, as in the subgenus called
Galeichthys. This species much resembles Ga/lezchthys
gilberti. It is, however, readily known by the short,
pale ventrals, as well as by the generic character of the
backward extension of the palatine bands of teeth.

29. Netuma kessleri (Steindachner).

Recorded by Steindachner from Altata; recorded from
Panama both by Gilbert and Steindachner. Not taken
by us.

30. Sciadeichthys troscheli (Gill). BAacGrEr CoLorapo.

Rather common in the Astillero at Mazatlan, reaching
a considerable size. Also taken at Mazatlan by Gilbert,
at Altata by Steindachner; found by Gilbert and Steind-
achner at Panama, and by Gilbert at Punta Arenas. Its
general coloration is decidedly reddish or coppery. The
sculpture of the large dorsal shield and of the occipital
process is subject to considerable variation, and possibly
more than one species of this type exists.

We follow Dr. Eigenmann in referring the short de-
scription of Sczades troscheli Gill to the species called
Arius brandtit by Steindachner. Dr. Gill does not fully
describe the dorsal shield and the type of his description
is lost. In recalling the matter to his memory, he 1s,
however, positive that the type of ¢vosche/z had the large

FISHES OF SINALOA. 401

dorsal buckler shown in Steindachner’s figure of drandtzz.
In that case troscheli and brandtizz must be the same.

Family MUR/AENID.

31. Murena lentiginosa Jenyns. AnevuiLa PINTA.

Not rare in the rocky places about the islands at Ma-
zatlan, where a few specimens were taken by us. Nu-
merous others, the types of J/urena pinta, were found
by Dr. Gilbert. The species is widely distributed, hav-
ing been recorded from Cape San Lucas (Xantus), Co-
lima (Xantus), Panama (Rowell) and San Josef. Island
(Nichols).

32. Lycodontis dovii (Giinther). ANncur~a PINTITA.

Not seen by us at Mazatlan. The original types of
Murena pintita (which we now identify with dovz7) were
taken at Mazatlan by Dr. Gilbert. Specimens which we
have elsewhere referred to this species have been re-
corded from Espiritu Santo (Belding), Galapagos Islands
(Herendeen) and from Panama (Ginther).

The name Gymnothorax as originally proposed by
Bloch, is an exact synonym of J/urena as understood by
us. Of the many later names applied to this type, Zyco-
dontis of McClelland seems to claim priority.

33. Lycodontis castaneus (Jordan & Gilbert).

This enormous eel is very common about the islands
near Mazatlan, where numerous specimens were obtained
both by Dr. Gilbert and by us. Our largest specimen is
5% feet in length. The species is very close to the West
Indian Lycodontis funebris (Ranzani), but is apparently
distinct from the latter. The colors are not the same,
funebris being of a greenish black and casteneus border-
ing upon purplish chestnut. This species and its con-
gener (funebris ) reach a larger size than any other Amer-
ican morays.

402 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Family OPHICHTHYIDA:.

34. Myrichthys tigrinus Girard. CuLEvRaA.

Not uncommon in the harbor of Mazatlan, where sev-
eral specimens (types of Ophichthys xysturus Jordan &
Gilbert) were taken by Dr. Gilbert. Several specimens
were also obtained by us. It has been recorded also from
Acapulco and Panama. The original types of Myrich-
thys tyrtnus were said to come from Adair Bay in Oregon.
It has, however, not yet been taken north of the Gulf of
California, and the locality assigned to the type is very
doubtful.. We have not been able to find a bay of this
name on any map of Oregon.

35. Ophichthus triserialis (Kaup.) ( Ophzsurus califor-
niensts Garrett; /lerpetorchthys callisoma Abbott.)
Recorded by Gilbert from Mazatlan; not seen by us.
A specimen certainly belonging to this species has been
lately obtained by Dr. Gilbert in the Bay of Monterey.
The only other definitely known localities are Cape San
Lucas and the Galapagos Islands, whence it was de-
scribed as Ophichthus rugifer Jordan & Bollman.

36. Ophichthus zophochir Jordan & Gilbert.

Rather common in the Bay of Mazatlan, where it was
also taken by Dr. Gilbert. We have examined specimens
from Acapulco.

Olive brown, abruptly paler olive below middle of
side. Dorsal with a black edge, which shades toward
olive at base of fin; anal similar, paler. Pectoral uni-
formly dusky, the base paler. Teeth 2-rowed above and
below, canines ‘small. Pectoral 23 in head; snout 5%;
eye 1% in snout; gape 23 in head; head and body 1%
in the long tail.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 403

Family MURAANESOCID.

37. Murenesox coniceps Jordan & Gilbert. CULEVRA
Bianca, ANGUILA BLANCA.

Very common about the islands in the neighborhood of
Mazatlan. It reaches an enormous size, a specimen ob-
tained by us being 6 feet and ro inches long and having
a girth of 22 inches.

Family CHANIDA.

38. Chanos chanos (Forskal). SABALo.

Very common on the sandy shores of the bay, reaching
length of about 5 feet. The flesh is poor, and the fish is
seldom brought into the market, but is frequently used as
bait. The hard enamelled scales are used for orna-
mental work by the Indians. We are unable to see any
difference between our specimens and others brought by
Dr. Jenkins from the Hawaiian Islands. We have no
doubt that our species is identical with the common East
Indian form.

leadma depth 45.) i2, 125) wAeo oe Veamoscales
12-70-14; snout 3% in head; eye 3%; maxillary 4y, ;
pectoral 17; ventral 1%; caudal % longer than head;
dorsal 1% in head.

Body elliptical, moderately compressed, the caudal pe-
-duncle slender. Head pointed, rounded above. Eye and
side of head covered by a large transparent, imperforate
adipose eyelid. Mouth small, terminal, toothless, trans-
verse, the lower jaw included: maxillary broad, slipping
under the adipose preorbital, without supplemental bone.
Branchiostegals 4. Opercle truncate behind. Pseud-
branchiz very large. Gill-rakers fine and flexible, very
close set, rather long, the gill-rakers of all the arches
bound together so as to form a perfect strainer. Bones

404 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of gill-rakers flexible. Scales firm, enamelled at base,
with strongly marked longitudinal striz, becoming bony’
when dry; used by the Indians for ornamental work.
Lateral line well developed. Dorsal somewhat nearer
snout than base of caudal, before ventrals, its first ray fal-
cate, its last produced in a short filament, longer than pupil.
Base of fin with a large scaly sheath; pectoral and ventral
with scaly axillary appendage. Anal similar to dorsal,
‘but much smaller. Pectorals and ventrals rather small;
caudal very long, forked to the base, its lobes subequal,
straight; base of fin with small scales. Ventrals some-
what falcate.

Brilliant silvery in color, greenish above; fins more or
less darker; inside of pectoral and ventral blackish.

Stomach forming a muscular crop. Pyloric ceca many.
Intestinal canal long, filled only with remains of plants.

The skeletal peculiarities of Chanos are numerous and
remarkable, many archaic characters persisting. The
following account of the skeleton has been prepared by
Mr. Starks:

SKELETON OF CHANOS CHANOS.

a. Cranium.

The frontals are very large, covering nearly the whole
top of the head, and extending over the dorso- anterior
part of the parietals, supra-occipital and the parotic pro-
cess.

On the side of the skull there is an area bounded by
the supra-occipital, the opisthotic and the sphenotic, which
is not ossified but is composed of cartilage.

Between the frontals, at about their middle, there is a
place in which the bone is fibrous and largely cartilagi-
nous; it is easily broken through.

The basal cavity under the brain cavity is large.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 405

On the upper part of the operculum is a large scale-
like bone.

The suborbitals are well developed and plate-like, ex-
tending back nearly to the posterior edge of the preopercle.

6. Vertebral Column.

There are forty-two vertebre in the spinal column.

The first vertebra is co-ossified to the skull, and appar-
ently bears no ribs; the second vertebra supports a pair
of very small, slender ribs, which articulate directly with
the sides of the vertebra; the third vertebra supports the
first pair of large ribs; they are articulated with the trans-
verse processes.

The first fourteen or fifteen neural spines and pairs of
transverse processes are articulated with the vertebra by
sutures, they are easily separated from the vertebre by
boiling or maceration.

The vertebra gradually increase in size and reach their
largest size about two-thirds of the distance from the an-
terior to the posterior end of the spinal column, where
they are three or four times the size of the anterior ones.
This character is more marked in the adult than in the
young.

c. Shoulder Girdle.

The shoulder girdle is exceedingly well braced, the
post-temporal is widely forked, and strongly articulated
to the epiotic processes of the skull.

The supra-clavicle is long and slender, its posterior face
is hollowed out and attached some distance from the upper
end of the clavicle, which projects upward.

This projecting upper end of the clavicle is braced to
the skull by two long bones.* The first bone is very
slender, at its anterior end it is connected to the exocci-

U.S. F.C., 1883, page 59.

406 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

pital; near its middle it is connected with the posterior end
ot the post-temporal, at which point it turns at a sharp
angle and runs to the clavicle. The second bone is much
larger, it is articulated to the basioccipital. Its posterior
edge is nearly straight for its whole length, but its an-
terior edge is produced and much swollen near its middle,
and joins the post-temporal over the first bone, then runs
to the upper end of the clavicle.

The inner part of the clavicle and the coracoid are thin
and pierced by many holes, so that the bone in places is
little more than network.

The hypercoracoid has a very large foramen; at its
posterior edge is a projection which supports a thin bone,
probably a dermal bone.

The mesocoracoid is well developed.

@here are four actinosts; the frst is lone, but they
rapidly decrease in size to the fourth, which is short and
triangular.

The first ray of the pectoral is large at the basal end,
and hollowed out; it works directly on the hypercoracoid.

d. Branchial Apparatus.

The branchial apparatus is peculiar in the adult, in
having gill-rakers somewhat resembling the filaments of
a feather, on both sides of each arch and on the basi-
branchial. They meet in a middle line between the arches
and unite forming a continuous lattice-work screen, through
which nothing but the very smallest bodies can pass. The
pharyngeals have no teeth, but have gill-rakers similar to
those on the arches; they are enclosed in sac-like pro-
jections on each side.

This description is taken from the skeleton of a large
specimen 4 feet long.. The gill-rakers are not united in
young specimens.

ex s@Otherosk ants:

FISHES OF SINALOA. 407

The septe between the myotomes are ossified about
half an inch under the skin, forming long, slender rays
of bone. :

There is an upper series running from the middle of
the sides up on the back, and a lower series from the sides
down on the belly, they form a sort of a basket around
the body. Those below have a single branch near the
middle of each, the ones above have two branches each,
these branches are lost towards the posterior end.

These bones are not present in the young.

The large caudal fin is attached very firmly to the hy-
pural, the long rays of each lobe join the hypural at
about the same oblique angle, the base of each ray is
deeply divided and articulated immovably with the hy-
pural. The middle short rays are all nearly horizontal
and are much less firmly fastened.

The first interspinal ray of the anal is hollow and cone-
shaped, the posterior end of the air-bladder runs into it
asin the genera Hucinostomus and Calamus. ‘The scales
are very thick and closely imbricated; the skin anteriorly
is a quarter of an inch thick.

Family ELOPIDA.

39. Elops saurus Linneus. CurRo.

Very common in the estuary, ascending into brackish
mud puddles at high tide; not valued as food. Also
found by Gilbert at Mazatlan.

Family ALBULIDZ.

40. Albula vulpes (Linnaeus). SANDUCHA.

Very common in the estuary at Mazatlan; not valued as
a food fish. Also found by Gilbert at Panama and Ma-
zatlan. The band-shaped young, which Dr. Gilbert has
shown to be the larve of this species, were obtained in
abundance.

408 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Family CLUPEID/.

41. Sardinella stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert). SARDINA
Dis, Ayciaiwnas Ieleuie soa.

Exceedingly abundant in the Astillero at Mazatlan,
where many specimens were taken by Dr. Gilbert, as
well as by the Hopkins expedition. This species is also
recorded by Gilbert from Panama, and has been found
in several other localities. The flesh of this sardine is
very rich and delicate, quite equal to that of the European
Pilchard (Clupanodon pilchardus), and it is therefore a
most excellent pan fish. It is, however, not eaten by the
Mexicans, no fish having less than one-half pound weight
being salable in the market at Mazatlan. The art of
properly cooking delicate fish like this is unknown to the
people of this region.

42. Opisthonema libertate (Ginther). Sarpina Macu-
ETE.

Common in shallow water, in the surf and in the harbor
at Mazatlan, where it was also taken by Dr. Gilbert.

43. Opisthopterus lutipinnis (Jordan & Gilbert).

Extremely common in the surf outside the bay, where
great numbers are taken with the seine; a delicate fish
which, probably, is of excellent quality ‘as food.

Our specimens are all smaller than the single one taken
by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan, and they differ in some minor
details. Doubtless all belong to the same species.

Head 42; depth 3°; scales’ 48—13; D. 145A. 54; snout
4 in head; eye 3%; maxillary 2; pectoral 13; anal base
24% in body; scutes 27.

Gill-rakers moderate, slender, about x-+-15.

Body strongly compressed, translucent, the belly much
compressed, with sharp scutes; vent midway between tip
of snout and base of caudal. Front of dorsal midway

FISHES OF SINALOA. 409

between preopercle and base of caudal. Teeth strong,
sharp, unequal in both jaws; small teeth in patches on
palate and tongue. Maxillary pointed behind, reaching
middle of eye.

Color bright silvery, bluish above; a very distinct black
spot at shoulder on level of eye, two-thirds diameter of
eye; chin and nose black. Fins all pale, with no yellow;
a trace of a broad diffuse, lateral streak of silvery, most
distinct in young. Upper ray of pectoral dusky, some
pale olive spots on back, very faint.

Very many specimens taken, the longest 5% inches in
length.

Family ENGRAULIDID.
44. Stolephorus miarchus Jordan & Gilbert.

Obtained by Dr. Gilbert in the open water about Ma-
zatlan; not found by us. ‘These translucent type speci-
ments are apparently immature, but the small number of
anal rays would indicate that it is a species distinct from
any other now known.

The immature or larval specimens obtained by us in
the open sea have the fin-rays of Stolephorus ¢schanus
and must belong to that species.

45. Stolephorus exiguus Jordan & Gilbert.

Originally found by Dr. Gilbert in the Astillero at Ma-
zatlan; not seen by us.
46. Stolephorus curtus Jordan & Gilbert.

Rather common in the Astillero at Mazatlan, where it
was originally found by Dr. Gilbert. Numerous speci-
mens taken by us.

47. Stolephorus ischanus Jordan & Gilbert.
Very common in the Astillero at Mazatlan, where it
was originally found by Dr. Gilbert. Many specimens

obtained.
2D SER., VOL. VY. (27) August 15, 1895.

410 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In the open sea many slender larve, similar in form to
Stolephorus miarchus were obtained by the use of dyna-
mite. The number of anal rays shows that these larve
belong to the present species.

48. Stolephorus lucidus Jordan & Gilbert.

Originally found by Dr. Gilbert in the Astillero at Ma-
zatlan; not obtained by us.

49. Stolephorus scofieldi Jordan & Culver, n. sp.

* Head 334 to 3°, in length to base of caudal; depth
4% to 5; eye 334 to 4 in head; dorsal 12; anal 25 or
20; scales 41 or 42.

Close to Stolephorus delicatissimus, but with larger
head, wider lateral band, and greater number of dorsal
and anal rays.

Body somewhat compressed and elevated, the belly not
carinated or serrated. ‘Teeth in both jaws, and on pala-
tines; afew on vomer. Maxillary covered with teeth its
entire length and reaching beyond base of mandible, but
not to opercular margin.

Gill-rakers 104-12, the longest a little more than half
the eye.

Origin of dorsal midway between base of median cau-
dal rays and center of eye; anal not quite as long as head,
its origin below the middle of dorsal. Lower caudal
lobe longer than upper; longest ray equaling length of

* The following are the measurements, etc., of seven specimens:

Anal Dorsal Head Depth Eye

rays. rays. in length. in length. in head. Scales.
26 12 39/10 43 4 42
26 12 39/10 44 4 41
26 12 3 9/10 43 34 42
25 12 34/5 43 33 41
26 12 33 43 33 42
26 12 34 44 34 42

25 12 3f 5 33 4]

FISHES OF SINALOA. 411
the head; shortest caudal ray 234 in longest. Pectorals
not reaching ventrals, 134 in head. Both anal and dorsal
fins preceded by a rudimentary spine, not half length of
first true ray.

Color translucent, with a distinct broad silvery stripe as
wide as the eye, growing more diffuse at lower anterior
edge, narrowing on caudal peduncle, and becoming fan-
shaped on the base of caudal. Tip of snout black; a
distinct median band of black specks extending from. tip
of snout to base of caudal. No distinct black markings
on fins.

Length, 3 inches. Type, No. 2941, L.S. Jr. Univ. Mus.

Found in the Astillero at Mazatlan, not very abundant.

Named for Mr. Norman Bishop Scofield, a member of
the Hopkins expedition to Sinaloa.

50. Anchovia* macrolepidota (Kner & Steindachner).

Originally described from the neighborhood of Panama;
recorded by Dr. Gilbert from the Bay of Mazatlan, but
not seen by us there; apparently rare.

Family SYNODONTID.
51. Synodus scituliceps Jordan & Gilbert. Carman.

Not very common, on sandy bottoms in the Bay, where
the species was originally found by Dr. Gilbert; also
recorded from Panama.

Color brown, with markings of pale bluish green. No
yellow anywhere.

52. Synodus jenkinsi Jordan & Bollman.

Not rare, occurring in deeper water than the preceding
and reaching a much larger size. The two species are
very Closely related, but seem to be distinct. In Synodus

* Anchovia (Jordan & Evermann, Fishes of North America), is a new
generic name applied to this species, distinguished from Stolephorus by its
robust form and the absence of teeth in the adult.

412 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

jenkinsi, the head is much larger and the form more ro-
bust, besides slight differences in the scales. The speci-
mens obtained were sent to us by Senor Ygnacio Moreno
after our departure from Mazatlan.

Family PG@!CILIIDAL.
53. Peecilia butleri Jordan.

Common in the fresh waters of the Rio Presidio below
the village of Presidio, where the species was originally
taken by Mr. Alphonse Forrer.

Head 3%; depth 23( to 3%; dorsal 9g; anal 6; scales
26-9; eye 3 in head, equal to snout; interorbital 2; pec-
toral 1% in head; caudal equal to head. Longest dorsal
ray 1% in head in male; 1% in female.

Body much deeper and more compressed than in Pecz-
lia presidionzs, the profile rather steeply rising to front of
dorsal. Dorsal and ventral outlines of head meeting at
mouth and forming a somewhat sharp point; snout as
viewed from above, truncate. ‘Teeth in two series, the
inner smaller, more close set, not trifid, the two series
well separated. Interorbital space wide and flat, about
twice as wide as eye.

The sexes differ greatly in the position of the anal fin,
it is under or rather behind dorsal in females, much in
front in males, the tips of ventrals reaching much past
the base of fin. The sexes similar in size, not very unlike
in coloration; both with traces of faint olive cross-bands,
especially on caudal peduncle; a dark curved streak be-
hind eye on opercle bounding a roundish silvery area on
opercle and breast.

Male green with pale blue spots on each scale sur-
rounded by pale bronze shades; no bars. Dorsal and
caudal pale orange, with many small black spots. Lower
fins pale. Female similar, paler, without cross-bands,

FISHES OF SINALOA. 413

with a dark spot behind pectoral; lower fins bright orange,
caudal nearly plain; dorsal speckled as in male. Form
similar to that uf male, deeper than in Pewczlia presidionis.

Alcoholic specimens show no dark spot behind pectoral
and only a few specimens show traces of orange colora-
tion on fins.

The following is a list of the species of fishes found in
the fresh waters of Rio Presidio about Presidio and Villa
Union:

Sardinella stolifera. Scarce.

Pecilia butleri. Rather common.

Peecilia presidionis. Very common.

Thyrina crystallina. Rather common.

Agonostomus nasutus. Very common in ripples.
Siphostoma starksii. Common in alg in sluggish water.
Centropomus ensiferus. Common in cut-offs of rivers.
Centropomus pedimacula. Scarce.

Eucinostomus gracilis. Common.

Xystema cinereum. Not rare.

Heros beani. Common in deep places.

Philypnus lateralis. Common (young very common).
Eleotris equidens. Scarce. ‘

Dormitator latifrons. Common.

Awaous taiasica. Common.

Citharichthys gilberti. Not rare in river; colors very bright.
Achirus mazatlanus. Very common.

Achirus fonsecensis. Scarce.

54. Pecilia presidionis Jordan & Culver, n. sp. Plate

In the clear waters of the Rio Presidio, about Presidio;
with the preceding, and still more abundant.

Head@42 2) depth 32 to 423; D7 01-8 anal 7; ‘scales
28-9; eye equal to snout, 3% in head; interorbital 2;
Caudal (ito Ts) pectoral 14.4 Body erather elongate,
shaped as in a Fundulus, the profile scarcely rising to
dorsal.

Teeth much as in Peczlia butlerz, the outer smaller

414 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

than in dutlerz2; broad and movable, apparently in two
well separated series, the inner row similar to the outer,
but smaller.

Fins all low and short, except anal in male, in which
the first one or two rays are produced and extend back
nearly to the caudal fin.

Dorsal in female inserted over middle of anal, behind
anal in male; caudal truncate.

Female greenish above, sides with violet sheen; three
or four black cross bars. sometimes obsolete in adult, but
very distinct in young; one or two blackish oblong spots
before the anterior bar, representing other bars; a dark
pencil-like streak on sides of body below the scales; a
dark blotch on opercle; a trace of a dark ocellus on last
ray of dorsal at base. Fins without spots; lower fins
plain; a dark streak along edge of caudal peduncle; faint
traces of black markings on edge of dorsal and caudal.

Male much smaller, reddish, with the lower fins yellow-
ish; the coloration generally similar; both sexes rather
dull.

Type, No. 2687, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.

Family ESOCIDAL.
55. Tylosurus fodiator Jordan & Gilbert. Acuyjon.

Common inthe harbor at Mazatlan, where numerous
specimens, large and small, were taken; the largest of
these is about four feet long.

It reaches a length of five feet. Greatly valued as food
in Acapulco; but not at Mazatlan, the people disliking it
on account of the green bones. It often leaps at lights
in boats, and is regarded as a species dangerous to fisher-
men, as its sharp beak readily pierces their scanty cloth-

ing.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 415

56. Tylosurus stolzmanni (Steindachner). SIERRITA.

Occasionally taken in the harbor of Mazatlan, where
specimens, the types of Z7ylosurus sterrzta, were taken by
Dr. Gilbert. One large specimen obtained by us. Its
measurements differ somewhat from those given in the
type of Zylosurus srerrita. The distance between the eyes
is 834 in head. The maxillary reaches beyond the ver-
tical from front of pupil. The eye is 3 in postorbital part
Omheady wlead motquite 2,1 length.) Wh me1s);5 Ar eye
Pectorals with dusky specks, but not notably black at tip.

This fish is probably identical with 7y/osurus stolzmannz,
described by Steindachner from Tumbez, Peru. The
snout in our specimen, as in the type of szevrzéa, is shorter
than in 7ylosurus stolzmannt.

Family HEMIRAMPHID/.

57- Hyporhamphus roberti (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
PAJARITO.

Exceedingly common about Mazatlan, swimming in
schools in open water, especially numerous in the bay;
those of the same age and size go together. Schools of
adults and schools of half grown specimens will be found,
each moving about independently of the other. It is highly
valued as a food fish, although distinctly inferior to Sar-
dinella stolifera.

Lower jaw, measured from tip of upper, two times
length of rest of head. Snout, 2% in head.

This species is found along the whole Pacific Coast of
tropical America, and from Cape Cod to the mouth of the
Rio Grande, being everywhere common southward. We
have seen no specimens from the West Indies.

The type of Hemirhamphus robertt Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes, came from Cayenne, coll. Poiteau. Through
the kindness of our friend, Dr. F. Bocourt, of the Mu-

416 ' CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

seum at Paris, we have received a drawing of this speci-
men. Inthe drawing the lower jaw, from tip of upper,
is 134 times length of head. The head, with lower jaw,
is 12 times in length from tip of upper jaw to base of
caudal. The ventral is midway between front of eye and
base of caudal. The name vodertz belongs, therefore, to
the common long-jawed form; the short-jawed West In-
dian form being //yporhamphus untfasciatus.

Family SYNGNATHID/E.

58. Siphostoma starksii Jordan & Culver, n. sp. CuL-
EVRA DE Rio. Plate xxx.

Common in the Rio Presidio in sluggish water, on the
bottom, about a mile below the village of Presidio. The
species is probably found in brackish and fresh waters
rather than in the sea.

Head 10%; depth 215. dorsal’ 38, on o-- 10 on 2
rings. Rings 13 or 14-4347 or 38. Head and body in
tail 2. Snout 23 in head. Dorsal half longer than head.

Body rather stout. Head scarcely carinate above.
Snout with a slight smooth carina. Two lateral keels,
confluent into one behind.

Belly slightly keeled; no keel on opercle.

Color, dark olive, much mottled with darker but with-
out distinct markings; yellow below.

Male and female common in the fresh waters of Rio
Presidio among alge; not seen in salt or brackish water.
The pouch of the male teeming with eggs in January.

Length 4 to 6 inches.

Type, No: 2686, 1. S.)c.) Univ. Mus.

59. Siphostoma arctum Jenkins & Evermann.

Two specimens taken in the Astillero at Mazatlan, both
males, the egg-pouch filled with eggs. Length 4 inches.
Previously known only from Guaymas. ‘This species re-

FISHES OF SINALOA. 417

sembles the preceding, but its dorsal fin has but 20 rays,
being placed on 0 +5 rings.

60. Hippocampus ingens Girard. CaBaLLiro DE Mar.

Rare in the harbor at Mazatlan. Three male specimens
and one female, each about six inches long, obtained.
Also recorded by Dr. Gilbert. :

D.19. Rings about 11-+36; dorsal on 3+2 plates.

Spines on head and body high, with large fringed flaps
and with many small papilla. Every 3d to 5th tubercle
of dorsal series enlarged.

Greatest depth 1,4, to 1% in head. ‘Tail longer than
rest of body. Snout moderate, 24 to 24% in head, rather
longer than opercle, 2% times eye. Shoulder girdle with
three tubercles; anterior spine on frontal triangle much
smaller than the others.

Color blackish, unspotted, faintly barred with darker;
dorsal speckled with black and edged with white; papille
on body pale, giving an appearance of scattered whitish
dots everywhere; a white speck before eye; a faint trace
of radiating streaks behind it; one specimen further
dotted with black on body, the radiating streaks behind
eye distinct.

Here described from an adult male, 6 inches long. The
female is entirely similar except that the body is much
more slender, the depth 13 in head; the snout is longer,
as long as rest of head.

The male specimens agree fairly with the description
of Hippocampus ingens. The female evidently corre-
sponds to Hippocampus gracilis Gill.

Family FISTULARIDA.

61. Fistularia depressa Giinther. CoRNETA.

Common in the Bay at Mazatlan; many specimens
taken with the seine in shallow water. Also, found in

418 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

abundance by Dr. Gilbert; not yet recorded from local-
ities further south.

Family ATHERINIDZ.
62. Eurystole eriarcha (Jordan & Gilbert). Plate xxxil.

One specimen found in a rocky pool by Dr. Gilbert;
a second one taken by us with a seine on the sandy beach
just south of Mazatlan. Only these two specimens are
known, and the species is probably rare. This species
is allied to the genus J/enidia rather than to Atherina.
It differs from the species of JM/enzdia chiefly in the
extremely long anal fin and in the smallness of its dorsal,
which is unusually far backward. These characters have
been used by Jordan and Evermann to define the genus
Efurystole, of which this species is type. The mouth is
shorter than in A/enzdza, but its. structure is exactly the
same.

Meadis;. depth 5; dorsalim—n 11 on 12analen ie
scales about 48.*

Body short, deep, much compressed; head short, deep,
about % longer than deep, rather broad above; opercles,
truncate behind, the interorbital space about equal to eye.
Mouth very small, terminal, very oblique, with curved
cleft as in WJenzdia; the premaxillary very short, wide
behind, with curved edge, slipping under the narrower
maxillary; the premaxillary protractile, but not much
movable; jaws subequal, the lower slightly included.
Maxillary scarcely as long as eye, not quite reaching front
of eye. Teeth rather large, hooked backward. Snout
short, 3% in head. Eye large, 234 in head. Gill-rakers
numerous, long and slender. Scales smooth, caducous,
not easily counted, 21 before dorsal. Pectoral moderate,

)

* Not to be exactly counted; the number (386-7) stated in our original
description is an error.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 419

not falcate, inserted high, 1% in head, 6 in body, reach-
ing to the middle of the small ventral. Belly not espe-
cially compressed, not cultrate. First dorsal very small,
slightly nearer snout than base of caudal, over first ray of
anal; last ray of dorsal much before last of anal. Anal
very long, somewhat elevated in front, its base 3 times in
length of body. Soft dorsal and anal scaleless.

Color translucent green, very pale; back, lips and bases
of vertical fins faintly dotted; lateral band very broad
and highly silvery, about two-thirds as broad as eye;
lower fins pale; air-bladder not visible through the flesh.

One specimen, 234 inches long.

63. Thyrina evermanni Jordan & Culver, n.g. and n. sp.
late xoxxait:

Common in the estuary. In this species the structure
of the mouth is exactly as in Thyrina crystallina. It
differs from that seen in J/enzda only in having the upper
jaw shorter. It is apparently closely related to the genus
Atherinella of Steindachner, but it has not the toothed
scales of the type of that genus, Atherznella panamensis.
The other characters of Atherinella—the great length
of the pectoral fin, the great compression of the breast
and the long anal fin—are shared by this species which we
have made the type of a new genus, 7hyrina. The name
(65pts, window) refers to the translucent sides. Both
Eurystole and Thyrina are intermediate between JZenzdia
and Atherinella.

Thyrina evermanni differs from Thyrina crystallina in
the longer anal, the more falcate pectoral, the smaller
scales, more compressed breast and the absence of black
on the fins.

Head 434; depth 424 to:.5; dorsal/iv, 1,°7; anal..1,
23 to 125); scales 36-9; eye 224 1m) head; snout 32) in:
head; maxillary 32 in head; lower jaw 2% in head;

420 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

pectoral 14% longer than head, 3% in body; caudal
slightly longer than head; interorbital space broad, nearly
equal to eye.

Body much compressed, the belly sharp edged, con-
cave on each side below pectorals, as if pinched together
between the fingers, the ribs reaching the edge, the scales
passing around it; the edge almost carinate. Back
narrow. Scales smooth, none on dorsalor anal. Mouth
small, terminal, the short jaws curved, the structure pre-
cisely as in JAZenzdza, the teeth moderate, curved, those in
the upper jaw longer; opercles oblique behind, not ver-
tically truncate. Giull-rakers numerous, long and slender.
Pectorals very long and falcate, reaching to front of anal
and beyond tips of the short ventrals, their posterior mar-
gin concave; spinous dorsal small, inserted midway be-
tween edge of preopercle and base of caudal, about over
sixth ray of anal; last ray of dorsal considerably before
last of anal; base of anal 1% times length of head, 234
in body.

Color, light green, much dotted above, translucent be-
low; a black streak of dots along base of anal; some on
sides of head; median line of back dusky; fins all pale;
no black on spinous dorsal, ventral or pectoral; lateral
stripe % width of eye, underlaid by black; a large, per-
fectly transparent, space above front of anal, marking
the posterior portion of the air-bladder.

Length, 2% to 3 inches. Rather common in the estu-
ary at Mazatlan.

About twelve specimens obtained, numbered 2688 in

theme. St e)rs Univ Must

64. Thyrina crystallina Jordan & Culver, n. sp.

Rather common in the Rio Presidio in fresh water; not
seen elsewhere. It 1s apparently not found in the sea,
but confined to fresh or brackish waters.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 421

Head 434; depth 4% to 5; dorsal IV-I, 8; anal I,
21; scales 40-11; pectoral 4 longer than head, 4% in
body; anal base more than half longer than head, 3 in
body; eye 234 in head; snout 34%; maxillary 2%;
lower jaw 2%.

Body rather deep and compressed; snout shortish;
opercle shortish, rounded behind; mouth small, the upper
jaw very protractile, the premaxillary strongly curved;
jaws equal; teeth rather strong, the outer curved, those
in upper jaw largest; eyes very large, silvery; breast
compressed, as in 7hyrina evermannz, but less sharp at
edge, appearing as if pinched between thumb and finger;
pectoral long, pointed, not truly falcate, reaching more or
less past the middle of the short +ventrals, its posterior
margin not concave, the middle rays considerably more
than half length of upper rays; dorsal and anal naked;
gill-rakers numerous, long and slender; first dorsal small,
behind front of the long anal, midway between gill open-
ing and base of caudal; first ray of soft dorsal over about
fourth of anal; last rays of soft dorsal considerably be-
fore last of anal. Caudal lunate, the lower lobe the
longer and broader, as long as head. Color, translucent
green, with considerable dusky dottings, no yellow; fins
dotted; ventrals black, as are lobes of second dorsal and
anal; silvery stripe narrow, little more than half diameter
of the eye; first dorsal and base of anal dusky; air-
bladder evident through the translucent sides of body,
but less clearly so than in 7hyrzna evermannt.

In fresh water, very common in the lower Presidio;
many specimens taken; the longest 3% inches long.
Miyoe. (NO ZOo5. 1. 5: Jr. Unive Mus:

422 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Family MUGILIDA.

65. Mugil cephalus Linnezus. Lisa Macuo. Lisa
CABEZUDA.

Very common in the bay of Mazatlan; a fish of almost
universal distribution on both coasts of tropical. America,
and extending to Europe. We are unable to distinguish
the specimens from the two coasts one from another, and
find no permanent difference between these and specimens
from the Mediterranean. ‘This species is largely used as
food, and often enters lagoons and sheltered places.

66. Mugilcurema Cuvier & Valenciennes. LisA BLANCA.

,Excessively common everywhere, especially in the har-
bor and estuary. This species is also valued as a food,
but reaches a considerably smaller size than the other.
In life the iris is tinged with orange, and there is an orange
spot on the side of the head behind the eye. This species,
like the preceding, is very widely distributed, being found
on both coasts of tropical America.

67. Mugil hospes Jordan & Culver, n. sp. LisiTa.
Plate xxxi. :

Rather scarce in the harbor at Mazatlan, where it oc-
curs in company with schools of the preceding species;
some eight specimens obtained by us. According to Dr.
Gilbert, it is quite common at Panama, but the specimens
obtained there by him in 1883 were destroyed by fire, so
that the species has not thus far received a name. Most
specimens of this species have in the mouth or about the
branchial cavity a small Crustacean allied to Onzscus or
Cymothoa, the condition being similar to that seen in the
eastern Menhaden ( Brevoortia tyrannus). ‘This Crusta-
cean is found in none of the other species of mullet and
its presence is a distinctive character of the present one,
which is also readily known at sight by the much greater

FISHES OF SINALOA. 423

length of its pectoral fins as compared with AZugil curema.
The Crustacean is also common and characteristic of the
same species at Panama.

mleadeayzeto 4's depth 4) to 4yA sD NV sr Ave DI a};
scales 38-13; eye 4% in head; snout 4; maxillary 4.

Body a little slenderer and more compressed than in
Mugil curema, the back considerably more arched, the
profile evenly curved from tip of snout to soft dorsal.
Eye moderate, with a large adipose eyelid. Head broad
and round above; interorbital width 2% in head. Teeth
very small, perceptible with a lens. Tip of lower jaw
forming about a right angle. Space between dentaries
club-shaped, very much larger than in JZugz/ curema, the
subopercles barely touching below. First dorsal inserted
above middle of body nearly over tip of ventral spine.
Second dorsal moderate; its edge incised. Upper lobe
of caudal a little longer than lower, as long as head.
Anal rather high. Ventral inserted before middle of
pectorals. Pectoral very much longer and more pointed
than in curema, 1% in head.

Soft dorsal and anal covered with small scales.

Color much as in curema, rather greener above, sides
silvery, with less trace of longitudinal streaks. Fins pale;
base of pectoral with a round black spot. Upper edge
of pectoral and end of caudal dusky. No golden on head.
Iris with a little brown, green above eye.

Types, Nos. 1695, 2890, 2954, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.
68. Mugil setosus Gilbert.

Four young specimens taken in a rock pool. The pec-
toral is as long as in J/ugzl hospes, reaching the first dorsal,
and there is a distinct dark blue spot at its base. Color
bluish above, muchas in J/uwg7/ curema; much darker than
in the original types of the species, with which our speci-

424 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

mens have been compared. The original specimens came
from a bottom of volcanic ashes.

69. Chenomugil proboscideus (Giinther). lLisrra.

Very common in rocky places, reaching a length of
about 6 inches; not found by us in open water.

70. Querimana harengus (Giinther). VERDE.

Very common in the bay and estuary; often seen swim-
ming in schools on the surface after the fashion of whirli-
gig beetles; occasionally taken in rock pools. Back
bright green, in life with a large, shining, silvery spot on
each side of the back. This spot becomes inconspicuous
when the fish is taken out of the water, but is a prominent
recognition mark while the fish is swimming.

71. Agonostomus nasutus Giinther. TRUCHA.

Extremely abundant in the fresh waters of the Rio
Presidio, especially in the swift places or ripples. It
reaches a length of over a foot, but most of the speci-
mens are much smaller.

Head 4 to 4%; depth 4% to 4%; dorsal IV-1, 8;
anal usually II, 10, very rarely II, 9; scales 43-13; maxil-
lary 3% to 375; eye 3% to 4%; snout 3% to 4; pectoral -
1% to 1%; caudal equal to head.

Body moderately elongate, not much compressed, nape
prominent, rounded. Interorbital much rounded, 3 in
head. Preorbital narrow, as wide as pupil. Mouth rather
small; maxillary reaching front of pupil; lower jaw in-
cluded. Eye large without adipose eyelid. Teeth small,
in villiform bands. Gill-rakers slender, short, close set.
Pectoral short, not reaching first dorsal. Ventrals under
middle of its length, each with a small axillary scale.
Anal and soft dorsal with the free edge concave; caudal
well forked. First spine of anal very short, almost ru-

FISHES OF SINALOA. 425

dimentary; second 3% in longest soft ray. First soft ray
slender, but articulate, half length of longest ray.*

Olivaceous, sides creamy, white. Many scales on sides
punctate so that black scales seem scattered among the
others. A conspicuous black bar at base of pectoral,
followed by a white streak; a narrow black rim around
lower half of eye. Fins all creamy yellow, the upper
ones blotched and dotted with blackish. Young with a
black blotch surrounded by orange on first dorsal. Spot
on pectoral distinct at all ages.

Family SPHYR/AENIDZ.
72. Sphyrena ensis Jordan & Gilbert. Vuicupa.

Rather common in the harbor, where it was found by
Dr. Gilbert; also recorded from Panama by Gilbert, and
from San Bartholomé Bay and Panama by Steindachner.
An excellent food fish, but reaching a smaller size than
most species of the group.

Family POLYNEMID.
73. Polydactylus approximans(Lay & Bennett). Raton.

Very common, especially on sandy beaches; many
specimens taken by us; also recorded by Gilbert from
Mazatlan and from other localities. Used as food.

74. Polydactylus opercularis (Gill. )
Obtained by Dr. Gilbert from Mazatlan and Panama;
not seen by us.
Family HOLOCENTRIDA.
75. Holocentrus suborbitalis Gill. Mojarra Car-
DENAL.

Very abundant in all rocky pools about Mazatlan. It
reaches only a small size, barely exceeding six inches,

“ Apparently taken for a spine by Dr. Giinther, who counts A, III, 9.
2D SER., VOL. V. ( 28 ) August 15, 1895.

426 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and its coloration is less red than that of the Atlantic
species of the genus.

Head 3; depth 2%; D. XI, 12; A. IV, 8; scales
3-36-7; longest dorsal spine 134 in head; longest dor-
sal ray 134; caudal lobes 1%; third anal spine 12;
pectoral 12; ventral rays 1, 7. Seven scales on cheek.
Maxillary slipping under preorbital. Ventral with acces-
sory scale. Dorsal lying in a groove.

Body short and deep, compressed, with slender caudal
peduncle; anterior profile rounded. Mouth small; upper
jaw protractile. Teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer
and palatines. Maxillary moderate, slipping under the
very narrow preorbital, which, like rest of suborbital ring,
is armed with close-set sharp teeth, turned backwards.
Preopercle, opercle, subopercle, interopercle and postem-
poral armed with similar teeth. Preopercular spine nearly
as long as pupil; nearly as long as eye on large speci-
mens. ‘Two spines on opercle.

Steel gray, underlaid by bright coppery red, which be-
comes brighter after death. Everywhere much punctate
with black, the dots coarse. Sides, and especially back,
with purple reflections. Top and side of head coppery;
a curved bright silvery streak from tip of snout, below
eye and around it, ceasing opposite middle of pupil. A
vertical silver streak on edge of opercle and extend-
ing out on spine. Head yellowish, upper lip reddish;
lower with throat silvery. Dorsal brown, clouded with
reddish and dark: dark brown near edge, then a series
of grayish clouds; roundish, irregular, whitish spots at its
base. Second dorsal reddish, its rays pale, its first two
black; the caudal red, base pale; the upper and lower
rays dark yellowish, darkest in young, the dark extending
on peduncle above and below. Anal spines whitish, the
soft rays bright red, the last ones pale, the first soft rays

FISHES OF SINALOA. 427

dark. Ventral reddish, the spine and first soft ray whitish,
the first ray dark red; when the fin is closed it seems
reddish, edged with whitish or yellowish, and with a
blackish line. The dark is fainter in larger specimens.

It is not impossible that Rhamphoberyx pecilopus Gill
is the very young of this species. Mhamphoberyx leuco-
pus may be the young of MWyrzprist7s occidentalis, which
has the ventrals plain.

Family MULLID.

76. Upenus grandisquamis Gill. Cuivo. (Ufenus tet-
raspilus Giinther. )

This small species, rarely exceeding a foot in length, is
generally common in the harbor and estuary at Mazatlan,
where it was found also by Dr. Gilbert. It seems to be
everywhere common on the coast.

Color evanescent, olive with two rows of. light bluish
green spots toward back, then a bronze band, then a blue
streak on level of pupil; 2 or 3 yellowish streaks below
it. Sides of head golden, with a light green streak for-
ward from eye and some blue behind eye. A large black
blotch below last dorsal spine. First dorsal reddish,
clouded with dark. Second mesially black, edged with
orange. Caudal and anal red. Ventral and pectoral pale.

In alcohol much red appears. In life, sides with curved
light yellowish brown, cross bands most distinct on the
silvery lower parts.

Family SCOMBRIDA.

77. Germo alalunga (Gmelin).

Recorded from near Mazatlan by Lay and Bennett;
not seen by us, it being probably a migratory fish coming
in the spring or fall.

428 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

78. Scomberomorus sierra Jordan & Starks, n. sp.
SIERRA.

Rather common in the harbor at Mazatlan, numerous
specimens being taken; also found by Dr. Gilbert at
Panama. This is not valued as a food fish, little attention
being paid to it by fishermen. This, however, may be
due to the lack of appreciation of good fishes by the people
of Mazatlan, who have not learned the art of properly
cooking any fish.

This species is very closely allied to its Atlantic cog-
nate, Scomberomorus maculatus. It differs in the slightly
more backward insertion of its soft dorsal, in its colora-
tion, the spots in maculatus being elliptical and fewer in
number, and perhaps in the fewer pores in the lateral
line (175 in maculatus). In Scomberomorus maculatus the
soft dorsal is inserted one eye’s diameter before anal.

Head 43{ ; depth equal head; dorsal XVH1I-15-IX; anal
Il=15-IX; maxillary 134 im) head; eye 5 in head; pec-
toral 134; ventral 3%; dorsal and anal lobes equal, 134
in head.

Body elongate, its dorsal and ventral outlines about
equal; profile straight from snout to dorsal; head small
and pointed; mouth large, oblique; jaws equal; maxillary
reaching to posterior edge of orbit. Teeth large, com-
pressed and sharp, 26 to 32 in each jaw; gill-rakers
4-+11. Soft dorsal inserted almost directly over front of
anal; lateral line undulating, about 165 pores.

Silvery, above bluish, sides with numerous round brown-
ish spots; three rows of spots below lateral line and one
above. Spinous dorsal white at base, black above; soft
dorsal tinged with yellowish; its margins black; anal
white; posterior face of pectoral entirely black, anterior
face yellowish with blackish borders; caudal black.

Another example supposed to be a male has five rows

FISHES OF SINALOA. 429

of spots below the lateral line, these spots decrease in size
towards the belly, covering both sides nearly to level of
pectoral.

Aesth 7200. 0S\0 Ji.) Umivep Viusie) thie largest 24
inches long.

Family CARANGID.

79. Oligoplites altus (Ginther). Monpa.

One large specimen taken by us. Recorded by Dr.
Gilbert from Mazatlan and Panama.

80. Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider). Monpa.

Common in the harbor of Mazatlan, where it was also
taken by Gilbert. On comparison of specimens from
Mazatlan with others from Havana we are unable to find
any difference whatever. The species called znornatus
is therefore fully identical with saurus.

81. Trachurops crumenophthalmus (Bloch).

Common in the harbor at Mazatlan, where numerous
specimens were taken; not recorded by Dr. Gilbert.
Specimens have been compared with others from Havana
and no difference of any kind is observable. Tvrachurops
brachychirus must therefore be regarded as an exact syn-
onym of Zrachurops crumenophthalmus.

82. Caranx vinctus Jordan & Gilbert.

Rather common in the estuary, where numerous speci-
mens were taken. The original types were found by
Gilbert at Mazatlan, and the species has been recorded
from San Blas and Punta Arenas.

83. Caranx caballus Giinther. CojINERO.

Extremely common in the harbor; also found in abun-
dance by Dr. Gilbert.

430 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

84. Caranx medusicola Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Plate
XXXIV.

Rather common in the surf outside the harbor. Not
found in the Astillero. The young from 1 to 2 inches
long live in the body cavity of the large white jelly fish,
which is very abundant about the Venados Islands in Jan-
uary. Sometimes two or three specimens will be found
in the body cavity of one jelly fish.

lead2% "depth 25) De Vall =m 2 2 ore 2). i Av ellie
or 18; scutes 30 to 32; pectoral } longer than head; dorsal
lobe 1% in head; caudal lobe, as long as head; curve
of lateral line 1% in straight part; height in chord 4;
eye 4 in head; snout 3; maxillary 3; ventral 2%.

Body unusually deep and compressed, the back ele-
vated, the belly similarly arched; head moderate, deep,
the nape arched. Mouth small, maxillary broad, with
broad supplemental bone. Teeth in moderate bands, the
outer enlarged but not canine-like; upper teeth rather
larger and in broader bands. Villiform bands on vomer,
palatines and tongue. Eye moderate; preorbital rather
narrow. Gill-rakers rather long and slender, about 12
below angle of arch. Soft dorsal and anal with falcate
lobes. Caudal well forked, the lobes equal. Pectoral
very long and falcate; ventrals short. Lateral line rather
strongly curved, with moderate armature. Breast entirely
scaly.

Clear blue above, silvery below; no bands or spots
anywhere, except a small black axillary spot and a blue
green patch on back of caudal peduncle; pectoral bright
yellow; anal yellow, the lobe blackish; caudal grayish,
the lobes black with whitish posterior edge; ventrals
yellow.

Length of largest specimens, 6 inches. Type, No.
2645, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 431

Another example was, in life, blue above, silvery be-
low; no dark spots on opercle or pectoral; pectoral
bright yellow, very long. D. and A. and C. lobes, all
tipped with black. Base of dorsal bright blue. Anal and
dorsal largely blue. Base of caudal peduncle green
above. No trace of bands; a slight dusky shade on axil.

The very young, taken from the body of a Medusa,
may be thus described:

ead) 2.invlength; depth) 22>) ‘dorsal Ie) 24 anal
ie 18 of 19; ventral with a sheath,” scales) minute;
caudal keel scarcely appreciable; lower jaw projecting ;
mouth oblique; body deep, compressed; caudal peduncle
slender, the fin short, moderately forked; pectoral short,
not falcate, shorter than head; maxillary broad, reaching
pupil; preorbital narrow; dorsal and anal not falcate;
lateral line arched before, then straight; jaws with teeth;
preopercle with flexible spines.

Clear white, fins all pale, a bright violet blue area above
and behind eye, fading in spirits; dark dots above; dorsals
both dusky at tip.

85. Caranx marginatus (Gill).

Not rare in the Astillero, where several specimens were
taken by us. This species is well distinguished from
Caranx latus, with which it has hitherto been confounded,
since it was originally described by Dr. Gill. The follow-
ing are its characters:

Head 3%; depth 224; dorsal VIII-1, 19; anal II-1,
I5; eye 3% in head; pectoral 3% in length, equal to
head; ventral 74%; dorsal lobe 5%; caudal 3%.

Dorsal outline of body evenly curved from snout to
caudal peduncle; ventral outline straight from gill open-
ings to anal spine, behind which it is curved like the dor-
sal portion.

432 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Top of head, snout, lower jaw, orbitals, maxillary, lower
two-thirds of opercle and preopercle naked; cheeks
scaled; eye large, with membranous eyelid to posterior
edge of pupil in specimens six or eight inches long, not
conspicuous in young examples. Snout equal to eye, twice
width of preorbital; lower jaw entering profile; maxil-
lary reaching to posterior edge of orbit. Teeth strong,
in a single row; lower teeth close together, with two
canines in front; upper teeth larger, the distance between
them irregular, not much enlarged anteriorly; vomer,
palatines and tongue with exceedingly small villiform
teeth. Gill-rakers hardly half eye, 4+13. Breast
scaled; curved part of lateral line, 1% in straight part;
scutes large, about 30; scales, 80.

Color, silvery, bluish above with golden reflections
below; a dark band along plates of lateral line; fins
largely yellow, dorsal, anal and caudal, broadly edged
with black; a distinct small black spot at upper end of
gill-opening; a dark blotch on opercle, and one behind
pectoral.

Body more elongate than in Caranx latus, the fin rays
fewer, the eye larger and the coloration more yellow,
with more black on the fins.

86. Caranx latus Agassiz.

Occasionally taken in the bay at Mazatlan, and gener-
ally distributed throughout the waters of the tropical
Pacific and West Indies. We are unable to distinguish
the specimens from the west coast of Mexico from the

common West Indian form.

87. Caranx hippos (Linneus). Toro.

Very common in the sea about Mazatlan, occasionally
entering the estuary. A food fish of some importance,
reaching the length of two or three feet. We are unable

FISHES OF SINALOA. 433

to see any difference between specimens from the west
coast and specimens from Havana.

88. Gnathanodon speciosus (Forskal). Mojarra
DoRADA.

' Very common in the harbor and estuary, being one of
the more valuable food fishes, the flesh being firm and
delicate. We have compared specimens with others taken
by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu and find no difference. We
have, therefore, no hesitation in continuing to identify our
species (Caranx panamenszis Gill) with this common East
Indian fish, of which the oldest name is sPeczosus.

In life, everywhere deep golden yellow, with black
cross bands.

89. Citula dorsalis (Gill). PAmpano.

Rather common in the estuary. Three specimens
taken by us, one half-grown and the others adult, the
change in form being strikingly marked, as will appear
from the following descriptions:

Citula dorsalis (half grown):

nteadwa2-) depthats, 3. D. ViIEks mon Av ie ern, seve
434 inhead, the orbit 3% ; snout 2% ; pectorals 2% in body,
4 longer than head; ventrals 3; caudal lobe equal to head ;
dorsal with one long filament, as long as body, reaching
middle of caudal; anal with one filament; caudal mod-
erately elongate, the lobes equal; pectoral very long,
falcate, reaching tenth anal ray; ventrals small, reach-
ing just past vent.

Body deep, compressed, rather ovate than angular;
profile straight from the vertical truncate snout to nape,
then rounded, then straight to front of dorsal. A nearly
straight line from chin to frontof anal. Eye rather small,
preorbital deep. Mouth large, the lower jaw included.
Teeth small, in broad bands on jaws, vomer and palatines,

434 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

maxillary reaching pupil. Cheek entirely scaly, some
scales on opercle above. Breast naked, body well scaled.
Body with small scales, the nuchal region naked, scarcely
carinate. Giull-rakers rather long, 2+15.

Lateral line evenly curved, the curve high, equal to
straight part. Scutes small, eighteen with keels; the
total number of scales on straight part 58.

Steel blue above, silvery below, with golden reflections
and shades; fins all pale, tinged with yellowish, none of
them dusky; no black on pectorals. Axil jet black;
opercle slightly dusky, blackish within; a dark spot on
orbit above.

Specimen described, ten inches long.

Citula dorsalis (adult) :

Length 24inehes; head 31) ; depth 277 3, D187 Aue
About 25 scutes developed. Body moderately compressed,
with angular outlines. Profile of head rounded, of belly
somewhat concave, forming an angle at anal similar to
one at front of dorsal. Eye 5 in head. Maxillary 2%;
lower jaw included. Teeth in broad villiform bands on
both jaws and on vomer and palatines. Nostrils large,
equal, close together. Gill-rakers 3-+14, rather stout,
shorter than eye. Dorsal spines nearly obsolete, three
of them present; first dorsal ray filamentous, 134 in body.
Long anal ray 234 in body. Caudal keel considerably
elevated, with a small keel above and below it; scutes not
sharp. Caudal lobes subequal, about as long as head.
Pectoral falcate, + longer than head. Ventral short, 3%
in head. Curve of lateral line low, 1% times in straight
part, its height 4 its chord. Maxillary broad, with very
broad supplemental bone, its width % eye.

Color, silvery, strongly tinged with golden, olive on
upper parts, pearly reflections below. A large black spot
in axil, nearly as large as eye. Fins pale.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 435.

go. Alectis ciliaris (Bloch). PAmpano.

Obtained by Dr. Gilbert; not seen by us. We have
hitherto been unable to distinguish the specimens of this
species from the two coasts of Mexico. We are further-
more unable to find any distinction between the American
form called crzuztus, and the East Indian species, A /ecé7s
ciliarts. We do not believe that any distinction exists,
and therefore find ourselves compelled to believe that this
species, like Caranx hippos and Caranx /atus, is almost
cosmopolitan in the tropical seas, ranging from the coast
Gi Arabiantoy the West Indies. None of the threerane
found in the Mediterranean.

gi. Hynnis hopkinsi Jordan & Starks, n. sp. PAm-
PANO. Plate xxxv.

One large specimen taken with the seine in the harbor
at Mazatlan.

lleadwoy7.adeptua 2+ 3) Dt) Vi-1 tec ean arse smoOmt
234; eye 32 inhead; maxillary 234 ; pectoral, 34 in body;
ventral, 2% in head; dorsal lobes 2% in head; caudal
lobes 12 in head; anal lobe, 2%; preorbital, 44% in head.

Body oblong, compressed, elevated, with angular out-
lines, ventrals outline sharp. ‘Top of head sharply cari-
nate; profile nearly straight from snout to nape, there
boldly convex, then nearly straight to elevated front of
soft dorsal; a concavity in profile before soft dorsal and
before anal. Mouth oblique, rather large, the jaws
equal. Broad bands of small sharp teeth on jaws, vomer
and palatines. Eye very large. Dorsal and anal lobes
low. Lateral line with a long arch, as long as straight
part, which has about twelve elevated scutes and thirty-
seven scales in all from end of curve; curved part of lat-
eral line undulating behind. Gill-rakers short rather few,
twelve in all, those above angle obsolete. Body minutely

436 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

scaly. Belly and lower parts largely naked, a large patch
of scales on cheeks; head otherwise naked.

Bright blue above, with bright reflections, sides bright
silvery; no golden; a narrow brownish streak not quite
so wide as pupil from upper part of gill opening to middle
of base of soft dorsal. Pectoral tipped with black; axil
of pectoral dusky. Upper fins rather dusky, lower white.
Dusky on opercle inside and out but without definite
spot.

More elongate than Cvtula dorsalis, the anterior profile
more convex, the base of dorsal and anal more elevated,
the caudal scutes stronger and fewer, the ventrals longer
though the specimen is larger. Gill-rakers fewer. Pec-
toral long and falcate, reaching seventh anal ray. Ven-
trals not short, reaching vent. Caudal moderate.

One specimen obtained, twenty-six inches long, No.
m63. 1S. ir. Univ. IVius:

We take great pleasure in naming this interesting fish
for Mr. Timothy Hopkins, in recognition of his great in-
terest in scientific research.

We provisionally admit Cztw/a and A/ynnis as genera
distinct from A/ectzs. No structural characters of im-
portance distinguish this group, and all these genera are
merely form variations from Caranx.

92. Vomer setipinnis (Mitchill).

Recorded by Dr. Gilbert as common at Mazatlan and
Panama; no specimens, however, were seen by us. It
is not unlikely that this species disappears from the coast
with the end of the rainy season.

93. Selene crstedi Liitken.

Recorded by Dr. Gilbert as frequently found both at
Mazatlan and Panama. One specimen, sixteen inches
long, taken by Ygnacio Moreno and sent to us.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 437

ead iz5)depth 2; dorsal) V—1, 15; analy (Il) 14;
eye 41in head; snout 134; maxillary 234; ventral 3%;
caudal lobes equal to head; pectoral one-eighth longer
than head.

Body compressed and elevated; profile oblique, con-
cave over snout then straight to occiput, which is well
_rounded; line of back straight to soft dorsal, then lightly
curved to caudal peduncle; ventral outline rounded on
breast to ventrals, then straight to anal, forming an angle
at first ray, then straight to caudal peduncle. Mouth
projecting, with minute teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines,
and tongue; gill-rakers thick and blunt, many of them
knobbed at tip—in old examples at least, one above angle
with 3 or 4 rudimentary ones, and 13 below. A large
bony knob at occiput, conspicuous in adult, the thickened
supraoccipital crest.

Pectoral falcate, reaching to tenth anal ray; dorsal and
anal lobes filamentous, reaching past tips of caudal lobes;
lateral line strongly arched; curve equal to straight part.
Color silvery, with bluish reflections above, dorsal and
caudal dark, pectoral, ventral and anal white; axil dusky.

94. Selene vomer (Linnzus).

One large specimen obtained by us. Recorded by Dr.
Gilbert as common at Mazatlan and Panama. It perhaps
disappears with the end of the autumn, going farther
south.

g5. Trachinotus paloma Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Pa-
LOMA.

A few small specimens taken in the surf at Puerto
Viejo, just north of Mazatlan; other specimens were
taken by Mr. Xantus on Cape San Lucas, and still others
were obtained by Dr. Gilbert in San Juan Lagoon. The
species is apparently not common, and it is not known to

438 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the fishermen. On the Atlantic coast, the very closely
related Pampano, 7rachinotus carolinus, is one of the most
valued food fishes. We are unable to see any difference
of any importance between the present species and the
Pampano of the gulf other than the fact that in the Sina-
loan form the head seems to be larger and longer. On
this difference we have ventured to give a new specific
name to our specimens from Mazatlan. We shall not,
however, be surprised if the SPECS proves inseparable
from Trachinotus carolinus.

Allied to Zyvachinotus carolinus, but with the head
larger.

Head? 3; depth 232 35 Dry Vil=I 24a 1, 1, 123s eve
3% in head; snout 3%; maxillary 2% ; dorsal lobe 1% ;
caudal 1,5.

Body rather elongate, the back moderately and regu-
larly arched; snout bluntish. Mouth large, horizontal,
the lower jaw included, maxillary reaching past pupil.
Lateral line little arched, its curve 1% in straight part.
‘Teeth well developed. Caudal not widely forked.

Silvery without spot or band; anal creamy orange, its
tip whitish. Other fins pale, except dorsal lobe which is
dusky. Axil silvery.

A few specimens taken in the surf, the largest 2%
inches long. Type; No. 2600, LS. Jr.) Univ. n Muse
Other specimens taken by the Albatross in San Juan La-
goon examined; some of these are five inches in length.

96. Trachinotus rhodopus Gill. ( Zrachynotus fasciatus
Gill; Zrachynotus nasutus Gill.)

Very common on sandy shores about Mazatlan, reach-
ing the length of about a foot; not much valued as food.
Readily distinguished at all ages by the reddish color of
the lobes of the dorsal, anal and caudal. These lobes
become considerably elevated with age, but at all times

FISHES OF SINALOA. 439

they are marked by shades of brownish red or maroon
color. There seems to be little doubt that the Zrachyno-
tus rhodopus Gill is the young of the species which he
called at the same time 7rachynotus fasciatus. ‘The very
young specimens to which Gill gave the name Zvachy-
notus nasutus were probably also the young of the same
species, but it may be that they were the young of Zrachz-
notus kennedyz. Dr. Jordan’s identification of the great
Pampano of the Florida Keys with Gill’s Trachynotus
rhodopus is doubtless incorrect. There is at present no
evidence that any species of Zvachinotus 1s common to
both coasts of Mexico.

Young specimens, 2% inches long. Blue above, white
below, no bars. Dorsal and caudal lobes black, with
strong orange shade. Lobes of caudal orange brown,
verging on black. Pectoral and ventral white.

Specimens 6 or 7 inches long, have from 3 to 5 narrow
dark cross-bars, not quite so wide as pupil, running from
a point on a level with pectoral fin to within a short dis-
tance of the dorsal line of the back, but never quite to
it; these bars vary in number and position; posterior
face of pectoral fin dusky. Otherwise colored as the
younger ones.

97. Trachinotus culveri Jordan & Starks n. sp. PAto-
META. Plate xxxvi.

Five specimens, each 7 inches long, obtained in the
market at Mazatlan; no others seen. ‘This species is re-
lated to Trachinotus falcatus of the Atlantic, but its fins
are lower and different in coloration. It is also allied to
Trachtnotus kennedyz, but the body is much deeper and
there is no black axillary spot. It does not seem possible
that with age cu/verz should become transformed into
kennedyt.

Head 32 5)depth 1% ; DOV iTu 7 AIR 1, 17; max

440 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

illary 3 in head; eye 3%; snout 4%; dorsal lobe 1y5 in
head; pectoral 1% in head; caudal § longer than head.

Body very deep, compressed, the back much elevated.
Snout very blunt and convex, the rest of profile straight
and steep; base of dorsal and anal very oblique. Dorsal
and anal lobes rather low. Caudal long. Lateral line
little elevated in front, the curve 1% in straight part.
Gill-rakers very short, about 5+9. Teeth persistent, in
specimens 7 inches long.

Bluish gray, silvery below, tinged with yellow, every-
where much soiled with blackish spots, no distinct mark-
ings anywhere, the axil only slightly dusky; fins all dusky
except middle of caudal and lobe of anal, and the ventrals
which are whitish.

Types, No. 2691, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.

g8. Trachinotus kennedyi Steindachner. PALOMETA.

Two large specimens obtained in the surf. This spe-
cies was originally described by Steindachner from Mag-
dalena Bay, and has been recorded by Dr. Gilbert from
Mazatlan and from Panama.

Head 3%; depth at vent 24%; at anal 2,4; D. VI-1,
19; A 1, 16. Curnverot lateral’ lines 12min stares
part. Eye 5 in head; maxillary 2%4; dorsal lobe 14;
caudal 4% longer than head; pectoral 1% in head; snout
32; least depth of caudal peduncle 3% in head.

Body oblong, compressed, and elevated at bases of
dorsal and anal. Anterior profile of head an even curve,
the snout blunt and convex; line straight from nape to
dorsal. Mouth moderate, very oblique, subinferior,
the lower jaw much shorter than upper, the maxillary
reaching to posterior border of pupil. Teeth obsolete.
Tail widely forked, the lobes equal. Lobes of dorsal
and anal low, not sharp.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 441

Gray above, with deep green reflections, lower half
silvery, with strong golden tinge. Axil jet black, the
color covering base of fin and extending behind for a
distance nearly equal to eye, so that the fin does not cover
it; upper fins dusky, the caudal edged with paler, anal
dusky with golden tinge, ventrals purplish white. Pec
torals dusky ; maxillary with a black streak.

99. Seriola mazatlana Steindachner.

Originally described from Mazatlan by Steindachner,
but not seen by Dr. Gilbert or by us; probably a migra-
tory species.

Family NEMATISTIID.

100. Nematistius pectoralis Gill. PapacGa.Luo.

Very common in all the waters about Mazatlan; speci-
mens reaching the length of about three or four feet found
about the islands of Venados, Isla Blanca and Creston.

Color silvery, iridescent bluish above, with black bands;
the first across tip of snout; the second across interorbital,
involving the top of membranous eyelid; the third from
nape across opercle; the fourth including the first dorsal
spine and running obliquely down on the belly, where it
fades out at about the tip of the pectoral fin; the fifth
running from middle of first dorsal obliquely to lateral
line, then backwards along lateral line to upper lobe of
caudal, including the whole upper half of caudal peduncle;
a sixth indistinct band, following the line of the back for
a short distance, under the soft dorsal; upper part of
maxillary dusky; long spines of dorsal with alternate
bands of yellow and black, and much slaty-bluish at base;
soft dorsal and caudal uniform dusky; pectoral with a
black spot on lower rays, not involving the axil; ventrals
white; anal slightly dusky.

Described from a specimen sixteen inches long.
2D SER., VOL. V. ( 29 ) August 15, 1895.

442 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The two anal spines united with rest of the fin. No free
anal spines. Ventral ray really I, 5, the inner ray very
wide, made up of four branches so that the rays seem
more numerous; ventral spine obscure. Anal fin short.
Pectoral fin falcate. Both dorsal and ventral with sheath.
Soft dorsal and anal low, the last ray slightly lengthened.

Dr. Gill is probably right in regarding /Vematzstzus as
type of a family distinct from the Carangide.

Family STROMATEID/A.

101. Rhombus medius (Peters).

Originally described by Dr. Peters from Mazatlan; not
seen by Dr. Gilbert or by us. Only the original type in
the museum at Berlin seems to be yet definitely known.

Family CHEILODIPTERID.

102. Apogon dovii Giinther.
This species was found by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan, but
was not seen by us.

103. Apogon retrosella Gill. CArpDENAL. Plate xxxvii.

Two specimens of this most beautiful little fish were
obtained by us with dynamite off the Isla Blanca and
Creston Islands. Only the very young, found by Mr. John
Xantus, at Cape San Lucas have been hitherto known.

Head 2£; depth 276: scales 3-26-9; dorsal VI-1, 10;
anal I1, 9; eye 2% in head; maxillary 134; snout 4%;
interorbital 4; first dorsal 2%; second dorsal 12; caudal
14+; pectoral 1%; ventral 13.

Body rather plump, not much compressed, the profile
rising steeply from snout to first dorsal. Caudal peduncle
long and strong; eye very large; mouth large, oblique,
the maxillary opposite posterior margin of pupil. ‘Teeth
small, the outer scarcely enlarged. Premaxillary pro-
tractile; no supplemental maxillary.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 443

Bright scarlet much dotted with black, cheek with
many dark points, a diffuse dark blotch on opercle; a
diffuse black blotch at base of caudal. First dorsal with
triangular red area in front. Second dorsal red at base,
the anterior half jet black above the red, the posterior
half translucent. From black anterior rays, a rather faint
black saddle falls to middle of side. Caudal red at base,
upper and lower lobes black, the middle pale. Anal red
at base, the anterior rays black, the posterior pale. Pec-
toral white, the base deep scarlet. Ventral white, red at
base, blackish at tip. Opercle reddish within, with some
dusky. Preopercle minutely serrulate on its vertical
margin only, these serrulations soft and easily rubbed
off.

A younger specimen was, in life, scarlet, deeper below
and on tail, fading on fins; second dorsal, anal, and caudal
tipped with blackish. An oblong inky spot at middle of
base of caudal. An inky bar below soft dorsal extend-
ing to level of pectoral and spreading on base of soft
dorsal. A black bar from snout through eye to gill open-
ing, broader and clearer behind, overlaid by reddish, a

fainter dusky band below parallel with it.

Family SERRANIDA.

104. Alphestes multiguttatus (Giinther).

This species is found in rocky places along the coast,
having been taken by Gilbert at Mazatlan and Panama.
But one small specimen was obtained by us.

105. Epinephelus labriformis (Jenyns). CABRILLA
PINTA.

This species is generally common about the islands on
the coast of Mexico all the way from Cape San Lucas to
the Galapagos Islands. Only young specimens were seen
by us.

444 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Inside of mouth salmon yellow; pectoral with salmon
color, its edge pale; caudal with a maroon band above
and below; dorsal edged with blackish red, spots on belly
nearly white; dorsal with white on membranes.

106. Epinephelus analogus Gill.

This species is also common in rocky places along the
coast from Mazatlan to Panama. Several specimens were
obtained by us.

107. Promicrops guttatus (Linneus). Mero.

Rather common about the islands and in deep water,
reaching an enormous size, greater than that of any other
bony fish found in the region. The largest seen by us
weighed some seventy pounds, but it is said to attain the
weight at times of 500 or 600 pounds. Only one speci-
men was obtained in a condition for preservation. This
was a small one 20 inches long. ‘The species was found
by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan, Panama and Punta Arenas;
the type of guznquefusciatus were obtained by Dr. Bo-
court at Tauesco.

This species seems to agree fully with the account of
Promicrops guttatus, given by Gilbert & Swain, in 1884.
There is not much doubt of the identity of the Pacific
Coast Promuicrops quinguefasciatus with Promicrops gut-
tatus of the Atlantic.

108. Dermatolepis punctatus Gill.

This species seems to be rare along the coast. The type
was found by Mr. Xantus at Cape San Lucas, another
specimen was brought by Lieut. Nichols from Socorro
Island, and a third was found by Dr. Gilbert about the
islands near Mazatlan. It was found in abundance by —
Dr. Gilbert about the Revillagigedos.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 445

109. Mycteroperca’ boulengeri Jordan & Starks, n. sp.
CABRILLA RaizER. ‘‘ MANGROVE GROUPER.”’
Plate xxxviil.

_ This species is found with J7/ycteroperca jordani Jen-
kins & Evermann in about equal abundance. Itreachesa
much smaller size than any other species of JA/ycteroperca.
It is in many ways an aberrant form, showing affinities
with HAznephelus. The anal fin is short, as in Apzne-
phelus, while the general appearance and coloration is
that of ALycteroperca. ‘The structure of the skull shows
that its affinities are with the latter.

Head 23 in length; depth 2%. Dorsal XJ—14 or 15;
anal III—-9 or 10; scales about 90, 20 above and 42 below;
snout 3% in head; maxillary 24; eye 5%; pectoral 13, ;
ventral 13; longest anal ray 1% ; caudal 13; longest dor-
sal spine 2%; gill-rakers short, about 6+ 17, the longest
about 3 eye; longest dorsal ray 2 in head; length 10
inches.

Body short and deep, compressed. Head moderate,
compressed, its profile not steep, nearly straight, a de-
pression betore eye. Upper canines moderate, the lower
quite small. Nostrils small, well separated, the anterior
slightly larger. Lower jaw very strongly projecting.
Maxillary reaching opposite posterior edge of pupil. Pre-
opercle slighily notched, the angle slightly salient, with
enlarged teeth. Dorsal not deeply notched, the fourth
spine not much elevated. Second dorsal high, not long,
its angle not rounded. Caudal scarcely lunate, the upper
lobe long, the lower truncate. Anal very high, strongly
elevated; its posterior border incised, the anterior rounded.
Pectoral and ventral moderate. Scales smoothish, not very
small.

Color olive gray, covered everywhere with oblong ir-
regular markings of black, between which the ground

446 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

color forms rivulations. Gray lines radiating from the
eye. A black blotch below maxillary. Pectoral olive
yellow. Other fins blackish, clouded with pale. First
dorsal with faint small black spots.

The supraoccipital and temporal crests are high, the
supraoccipital crest extending to the posterior margin of
orbit; the temporal crests are parallel to each other, and
extending to pupil; interorbital space concave.

Several specimens,) the lanoesty (Now 102, 1S. N alg.
Univ. Mus.) one foot in length, taken in the Astillero
at Mazatlan.

We take pleasure in naming this interesting species for
Dr. George Albert Boulenger of the British Museum, in
recognition of his excellent work on the Serranide, in
the first volume of his Catalogue of the Fishes of the
British Museum, the proof sheets of which have been
kindly placed in our hands.

110. Mycteroperca rosacea (Streets). CABRILLA CALA-
MARIA.

Occasionally taken at Mazatlan in rather deep water.
Three specimens only of this species have been preserved ;
one of them from Mazatlan, collected by Gilbert; one,
the original type, obtained by Dr. Streets at some point
further northward in the Gulf of California, and the third
sent to us by Senor Ygnacio Moreno after our return
from Mazatlan. In all of these the life color seems to.
be bright orange.

111. Mycteroperca venadorum Jordan & Starks, n. sp.
GARLOPA.

A very large species found in some abundance about
the islands along the coast, in rather deep water. Buta
single specimen, weighing 75 pounds, was obtained by
us, this specimen being a type of the species. We are

FISHES OF SINALOA. 447

told by Dr. George W. Rogers and others that specimens
weighing 150 pounds are not uncommon. The specimen
from which the species is described was taken by the ex-
plosion of dynamite outside in the deep water not far from
the island called Isla Blanca.

Head 3+ in length; depth 34%. Scales, small, smooth-
ish, about 130. Dorsal XI, 16; anal III, 11. Snout 3 in
head; maxillary 2; eye 8. Gill-rakers 3+8; pectorals
1,45; 4th dorsal spine 33; longest dorsal rays 3; longest
anal ray 24; caudal lobe 134; ventrals 2%.

Body robust, not strongly compressed, the head large.
Lower jaw much projecting. Posterior nostril three times
diameter of anterior. Preopercle scarcely notched, its
angle scarcely salient, its teeth a little enlarged. Gill-
rakers short, thick, few in number. Dorsal deep notched,
2d spine a little lower than the 4th. Soft dorsal high,
slightly angulated. Anal very high, with exserted rays.
Caudal well forked, lobes unequal.

Color olive brown, almost uniform; no spots or bands.
Dorsal, anal and caudal with broad black margin nar-
rowly edged with whitish. Pectoral and ventral darker
behind. Pectoral with pale edge.

The type, a specimen weighing in life seventy-five lbs.,
has been sent as a skin to the British Museum. Its length
was 40 inches to base of caudal fin.

112. Mycteroperca pardalis Gilbert. Capritua PIN-
peAG

This species is said to be rather common at the Venados
and other islands in the neighborhood of Mazatlan. A
single specimen was obtained by us; a head was also
foundan the market: Dr. Gilbert *tells, us that ‘he “has
seen salted specimens apparently of this species preserved
by the fishermen at Guaymas, together with specimens of

448 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

a very large species, probably our Mycteroperca venado-
rum.

Head 3 in length; depth 3,4; dorsal XI, 16; anal III,
II. Scales 100, small, smooth, imbedded, difficult to count.
Eye 6% in head; maxillary 2%; pectoral 124; longest anal
ray 134 ; longest dorsal 2; longest dorsal spine 3%. Cau-
dal upper lobe 1%: ventrals 2.

Body deep, robust; anterior profile rather steep and
straight; lower jaw moderately projecting. Small canines
in both jaws; preopercle with notch and a salient angle.
Gill-rakers about 15-+25, rather stout, the longest about
7% in head; snout 3%. Posterior nostril oblong, 4 times
as long as anterior. Dorsal spines low, the third and
fourth but little longer than the last. Dorsal fin pointed
behind; anal very high, triangular in form; anterior margin
convex, posterior concave. Sixth soft ray very high,
reaching far beyond tip of last, which is short; spines
graduated. Caudal fin broad, on a broad peduncle, un-
equally lunate; upper lobe longer and broader than lower.
Pectorals rounded.

Color olive gray, paler below, clouded with dark above.
Everywhere covered with small roundish dark olive or
bronzed spots so thick as to obscure the ground color;
very close set on head and back, small and distinct, not
larger than anterior nostril, growing larger and less thick-
set below: posteriorly still larger, often half diameter of
pupil, and tending to run together forming elongated
blotches and vermiculations. Dorsal similarly spotted with
spots which grow faint on soft rays; pectoral, anal and
caudal like soft dorsal. All soft fins growing dusky toward
margin. Soft dorsal, anal and caudal very narrowly edged
with pale. Pectoral with broader pale margin; ventral
like pectoral, pale edge narrower. When seen from back
an appearance of about 10 very faint dusky cross-shades,
probably very conspicuous in young.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 449

113. Mycteroperca jordani (Jenkins & Evermann).
CABRILLA DE. ASTILLERO.

Common in the Astillero at Mazatlan, reaching a much
smaller size than any of the three preceding, the largest
among them not being more than two pounds in weight.
It is not found about the rocks, but lives in abundance in
the branches of the Astillero on the muddy bottoms below
a growth of the mangrove bushes.

ileada27,e depen, 2200) Do DOR ence Ase ro. 4) Sealesy
23-125-43. Gill-rakers 3+ 10, short, barely longer than
pupil.” Eye 6% in head; snout 324; maxillary 2%. P.
ei 2 ath DS spines 3 Wonmest sont nay 1213/0.
Dette Oil 3/05

Body moderately elongate, compressed; profile anteri-
orly a little convex, depressed before eye. Mouth mod-
erate, the lower jaw longer. Nostrils well separated, sub-
equal. Preopercle scarcely notched, the teeth at angle
scarcely enlarged. First dorsal low, scarcely notched,
the fourth spine not elongate. Soft dorsal low and
rounded. Caudal truncate or very slightly rounded.
Anal high but not rounded, its posterior border not in-
cised. Pectorals and ventrals moderate.

Color olive gray, with very obscure marks of darker
olive in the form of diffuse dark clouds; lower parts pale
olive. Pectorals yellowish green; other fins blackish,
the soft dorsal and caudal narrowly edged with whitish.
Sides of head with wavy blackish streaks; a black mus-
tache behind maxillary; lower side of head clouded, lower
lip greenish.

Several specimens, each about a foot long.

An adult specimen of the same species shows the fol-
lowing characters:

Head 2% in length; depth 33,. Dorsal XI, 17; anal
tit tre Scales. 120. Snouts3 40 imghead= maxillary 2);

450 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

eye 7%; pectoral 134; ventral 24; anal ray 24; caudal
1%. Longest dorsal spine 23; longest dorsal ray 23.
Gill-rakers short 3-++8, not longer than pupil.

Body robust, rather elongate. Head large, low, its
profile not steep, a depression before eye. Canines in
both jaws, rather strong. Nostrils well separated, the
posterior scarcely longer than anterior. Lower jaw
strongly projecting. Preopercle slightly notched, the
angle little salient. Dorsal rather deeply notched, the
fourth spine not especially elevated. Second dorsal high
and long, with rounded angles. Caudal slightly lunate.
Anal high, but not falcate, its middle rays much elevated
but not exserted; both outlines nearly straight.

Color olive almost black above, with four series of ob-
long blackish, cloud-like blotches along sides; these
irregular in size, the largest twice length of eye. Fins
all dark, clouded with darker. A little dark red on pec-
toral and on the lower edge of anal and caudal. Pale
edge on dorsal, anal, and caudal very slight; none on
pectoral. Cheeks and opercles clouded, the ‘cheeks
faintly reticulate, the lower parts grayish, faintly mottled.
Inside of mouth pale.

114. Mycteroperca xenarcha Jordan.

One specimen, 22 inches long, from the Venados
Islands.

Head\2 2, ;) depth 2) )\Dorsally XT, 16:5 Anal aire
Scales 25-110 to 115-50.

Body rather deep and compressed; head compressed,
with rather short, sharp snout, which is 4 in head; profile
steep and nearly straight. Mouth large, the maxillary
reaching scarcely beyond eye, 2in head. Lower canines
small; upper canines (two in number) strong, scarcely
directed forgvard. Eye small, 7 in head. Preorbital

FISHES OF SINALOA. 451

narrow, 34 width of eye. Interorbital area convex, its
width 4% in head. Nostrils small, the posterior scarcely
the larger, separated from the anterior by one diameter.
Angle of preopercle scarcely salient, but provided with
coarser teeth; a small sharp notch above it. Opercular
spine flat and divided into about six teeth at the end.
Gill-rakers moderate 9+18. Scales moderate, scarcely
ctenoid. Dorsal spines low, the outline of the spinous
dorsal gently convex, the fourth spine longest, 3 in head.
Soft dorsal high, its outline angular, the tenth ray pro-
duced, 12 in head. Anal fin formed as in J/ycteroferca
falcata, its seventh ray produced and falcate, 14 in head,
its posterior outline concave. Caudal subtruncate, the
outer rays slightly produced. Pectoral 134 in head.

Color plain dark olivaceous, the edges of the fins
scarcely darker; no evident markings on body.

115. Paralabrax maculatofasciatus (Steindachner).
CABRILLA PINTA.

Rather common at Mazatlan. This is one of the very
few northern species which extends its range thus far to
the southward. It is found in some abundance about San
Diego, and its center of distribution is probably between
Mazatlan and San Diego, these two places being the lim-

its of its range, so far as now known.

116. Diplectrum radiale (Quoy & Gaimard).

This small species is about a foot in length and is gen-
erally common on the Coast. It is apparently not very
abundant at Mazatlan, the few specimens seen by us be-
ing all taken in the Astillero.

Much cherry red on head and fins in lite, sides salmon
color, streaks on head greenish.

452 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

117. Prionodes fasciatus Jenyns.

Generally common in rocky islands on the Coast.
Obtained by Gilbert trom the islands about Mazatlan,
whence it was described as Serranus calopteryx. Not
taken by us.

Serranus bullert, lately described by Dr. Boulenger
from Las Pefias, Jalisco, seems to be identical with Py7-
onodes fasciatus.

118. Rypticus xanti Gill. JaBon.

This species was found by Gilbert in some abundance
at Mazatlan. It was not seen by us.

Family CENTROPOMIDE.

119. Centropomus viridis Lockington. Rosato.

A common and valued food fish at Mazatlan, where it
was also taken by Dr. Gilbert.

This Pacific Coast fish seems to be really a species dis-
tinct from Centropomus undecimalis, with which it has
hitherto been identified. The only differences we find
are these: In Centropomus viridis the anterior append-
ages to the air-bladder are two to three times diameter of
orbit (in C’.. undecimalis not longer than orbit), and the
third anal spine projects beyond second. In C. wndecim-
alis the second spine is the longer.

Color in life olivaceous, the sides dull silvery, a very

little yellow on ventral, none elsewhere; ventrals not
black.

120. Centropomus nigrescens Giinther. RoBaLo
PRIETO.

Rather common; a food fish of some importance,
reaching a length of about two feet, less common than
Centropomus viridis. Recorded from Chiapam by Giin-
ther, and from Mazatlan, Panama and Punta Arenas by
Gilbert.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 453

121. Centropomus pedimacula Poey. RoBALITO, OR
CONSTANTINO DE LAS ALETAS PRIETAS. (Centro-
pomus medius Ginther.)

Rather common, reaching a length of a little more than
a foot; found at Chiapam (Giinther), San Blas (Nichols)
and Punta Arenas (Gilbert).

We find but one difference between the Pacific form
called Centropomus medius and its Atlantic analogue,
Centropomus pedimacula Poey. Inthe Pacific specimens,
Centropomus medius, the second anal spine is curved and
1% to 13 times in head. In Centropomus pedimacula it
is straightish and longer, 1% to 1% in head. This dif-
ference is of very doubtful value, and for the present we
place medzus in the synonymy of pedzmacula.

Color greenish, the sides bright silvery. Ventral pale
yellow, black at tip, a little yellow on anal, none else-
where. Upper fins dusky; dusky on anal behind the
spine.

122. Centropomus robalito Jordan & Gilbert. CoNsTAN-
TINO, OR ROBALITO DE LAS ALETAS AMARILLAS.

Rather common in the estuary and freely ascending the
fresh waters, numerous specimens being taken by us in
various places in the Rio Presidio. ‘The species was
found by Gilbert at Mazatlan and at Panama; it is prob-
ably generally common along the coast.

At our request, Dr. Evermann has compared speci-
mens of the Pacific form called Centropomus robalito with
Centropomus ensiferus from Cuba. He is unable to find
any differences, and probably the two are identical. Cen-
tropomus armatus Gill from Panama is, however, distinct
from enszferus or robalito.

Olivaceous with bluish reflections; sides silvery, bright-
est above; ventrals bright yellow, not black at tip. Anal
more or less bright yellow; upper fins dusky.

454 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Family LUTIANID 4.

123. Hoplopagrus guntheri Gill. Parco Coconaco.

This beautiful and most interesting species is very com-
mon about Mazatlan in deep water among the islands. It
reaches a considerable size, the largest specimen seen by
us haying a length of 26 inches. There is considerable
ditference between the young and the old in coloration,
the bands so conspicuous disappearing with age. ‘The
species has been found in abundance at Cape San Lucas,
Altata and Guaymas, but has not been noticed further
south.

Adult greenish above, belly coppery pink; head olive,
sides with eight cross bands of warm brown, unequally
placed; fins dusky olive shaded with pinkish and brown;
ventrals black tipped. A dark crescent at base of pec-
toral.

124. Lutianus novemfasciatus Gill. Parco PRIETo.
Parco MarRENo.

This species reaches a much larger size than any other
members of the genus on the Pacific Coast, those speci-
mens obtained by us with dynamite among the Venados
Islands having a weight of about twenty-five pounds. It
is a food fish of some importance. It undergoes very
considerable changes with age, as the notes below will
show. The young are dark in color, the bodies banded
and the amount of red very slight. The adult becomes
uniformly colored with much red, and with increased age
there is a progressive lengthening of the snout and widen-
ing of the preorbital.

Description of adult of 30 inches: Head 3; depth 3
(334 im young)’; dorsal XGVng; anal We ans). scaleswo
(4)-50-13; eye 6% in head; snout 2%; maxillary 22.
Fectoralory. «Ventral 25) Anal 3") i2dyanall spine a5 ae

FISHES OF SINALOA. 455

caudal 134; preorbital 32 (4% in smaller specimens 20
inches long; 5 in those of one foot long).

Body very robust, not much compressed, the back not
sharp. Head very large, the mouth very large, reaching
middle of eye. Canines very strong, in front of jaw
and on sides of lower. Vomerine teeth in a V-shaped
patch, not prolonged behind. Gill-rakers 7, very small,
the longest less than pupil. Posterior nostril oblong, much
longer than anterior. Preopercle slightly notched; 7 or
8 rows of scales on cheeks. .

Dorsal deeply notched, rather low. Soft dorsal low
and rounded. Anal low and rounded. Pectoral long and
pointed. Caudal short, scarcely concave. Anal spines
short, graduated. Scales above lateral line not in a paral-
lelisenies:

Maroon color above, copper red below, becoming sal-
mon color before. Fins blackish, tinged with maroon.
Pectoral dull yellow olive, blackish at tip; a blackish
cross spot on base of pectoral, growing faint with age.
Inside of the mouth salmon. Ventral quite dark, the tips
black. Iris salmon color; no blue spots or line below eye.

Young with spinous dorsal edged with black; anal and
caudal black; ventrals black tipped. A black crescent
on upper part of base of pectoral.

Young of one foot, black with progressively less red
and narrow preorbital. Color largely blackish, tinged
with copper on belly and lower parts.

The young are called Pargo Negro; the half grown,
Pargo Prieto; the adult Pargo Mareno, or Maroon Snap-
per
125. Lutianus argentiventris (Peters). Parco Amar-

sO!

Very abundant everywhere about Mazatlan, and prob-
ably common all the way from Guaymas to Panama. It

456 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

reaches a weight of about five pounds, and is a food fish
of some importance.

Back olivaceous, anterior parts washed with maroon
red, bright on sides of head, becoming more orange pos-
teriorly; posterior half of body bright yellow; some pale
streaks on scales. Pectoral light orange red. Other fins
mostly bright yellow. A row of round blue spots below
eye. Belly silvery, slightly washed with red; inside of
mouth white: iris white.

126. Lutianus colorado Jordan & Gilbert. Parco Cot-
ORADO.

This large, handsomely colored species, is one of the
staple food fishes at Mazatlan, being brought into the
market every day, both from the estuary and from the
deep water about the islands. It reaches a weight of
about ten pounds. ‘Thus far it has been recorded only
from Mazatlan and Punta Arenas, all the known speci-
mens having been collected by Dr. Gilbert.

127. Lutianus guttatus (Steindachner). Parco Fua-
MENCO.

This small, beautifully colored species, 1s generally
common about Mazatlan, and probably in all the locali-
ties along the coast; it is found both in the estuary and
in the neighborhood of the rocks. It rarely reaches a
pound in weight.

Light olivaceous above, the markings bronze olive;
sides pale crimson, the marks more yellow. Belly golden
yellow. Scarlet on iris, yellow about eye; first dorsal
reddish, second with reddish brown markings; caudal
deep rich red; lower fins golden; pectoral nearly color-
less; side of head pink with golden stripes.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 457

128. Lutianus aratus (Giinther). Parco RaizeEro.

This beautiful species is not very abundant about Maz-
atlan, specimens being only occasionally taken. It rarely
reaches five pounds in weight. It is generally distributed
along the coast, having been recorded from Punta Arenas
by Gilbert, and from Chiapam and Panama by Giinther.

Dark green, the dark stripes on sides dark brown, the
interspaces yellowish white; belly coppery red; some
bluish on cheek; pectoral maroon red; ventrals salmon
red, the first ray white; anal creamy red; caudal dark
red, blackish towards tip; dorsals dusky; throat silvery.

129. Rabirubia inermis (Peters). Plate xxxix.

The original type of this species in the museum at Ber-
lin was said to have been brought from Mazatlan. A
single specimen from Panama is in the museum of Stan-
ford University. In this species the supra-occipital crest
is continued forward on the head to the ethmoid region,
as in the genus Ocyurus. ‘This character widely separates
mermis from the genus Lutzanus. The genus Prabsrubia
Jordan & Fesler, of which it is the type, is separated
from Ocyurus chiefly by the small number of the gill-
rakers.

Family HASMULIDA.

130. Hemulon sexfasciatum Gill. Roncapor ALME-
JERO.

This species reaches a larger size than any other of the
group, none that were found by us being less than two feet
in length. It is not very common, living mainly about
the islands. It was obtained by Peters and Gilbert at
Mazatlan, and ranges from Cape San Lucas to Panama.

2p SzR., Vou. V. (30) August 15, 1895,

458 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

131. Hemulon scudderi Gill. RoNncapor PRIETO. .

This species reaches a length of about fifteen inches,
and is very common at Mazatlan, more so than any other
member of the group. “Large specimens were taken by
dynamite in the deep water about the Venados, and the
young are rather common in the estuary. The species
seems to have indifferently eleven or twelve dorsal spines,
and there is a greater variation than usual in the form of
the body and in the shade of coloration. There seems to
be no doubt, however, that all the forms usually referred
to this species belong to a single one. The species is
found from Cape San Lucas to Panama.

Back bright yellow-olive to opposite front of soft dorsal,
the posterior half, more or less abruptly, steel blue black.
The vertical fins all blackish; in some the whole back is
greenish, in others only half; lower parts all gray; most
of the large ones show no traces of spots on scales, some
show afew spots; fins silvery, with golden above and be-
low; mouth red within; black under preopercle.

132. Hemulon steindachneri (Jordan & Gilbert). Ron-
CADOR RATADO.

This small species, not reaching a length of more than
eight inches, and too small to be regarded as a food fish,
is very abundant in the harbor at Mazatlan, especially
about the wharf and in the quiet waters inthe estuary. It
is generally distributed along the coast from Guaymas to
Panama. It seems to be indistinguishable from a species
found along the Brazilian coast and north to St. Lucia.
For this species we have formerly taken the name of
Hemutlon schranki Agassiz. This identification is prob-
ably an error. Mamulon schrankiis probably based ona
faded example of Hemulon melanurum. Apparently the
appropriate name of Hemulon steendachner? should stand.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 459

Fins all golden yellow; body dark bronze, with rows
of pearly blue spots; a large black blotch at base of
caudal.

133. lLythrulon flaviguttatum (Gill). ( Wemulon mar-
garitiferum Ginther. )

This species is not very common in the estuary at Ma-
zatlan, a few specimens having been taken by Dr. Gil-
bert. It is widely distributed along the coast from Guay- _
mas to Panama.

134. Lythrulon opalescens Jordan & Starks, n. sp.
Plate xd:

Rather common in the estuary at Mazatlan, not yet no-
ticed elsewhere; all the specimens of ZLythrulon from
other localities examined by us being referable to Lythru-
lon flaviguttatum.

Head 3%; depth 2% ; dorsal XII, 16; anal III, 9; snout
3% in head; maxillary reaching slightly past front of
pupil, 2% in head; orbit 2%; interorbital 3% ; longest dor-
sal spine 2; longest dorsal ray 4; second anal spine 2%;
pectoral 1;4,; ventrals 1%; scales 7-54-13.

Body deep, compressed, the back well elevated, the

dorsal outline nearly uniformly curved from tip of snout
to caudal peduncle; ventral outline curved from chin to
breast, thence straight to anal spine, and slanting obliquely
upwards to caudal peduncle.
_ Snout small and pointed; mouth small and oblique, the
lower jaw slightly projecting; teeth all small, the outer
scarcely enlarged; preopercle finely serrate, the posterior
limb somewhat concave, the angle broadly rounded.

Gill-rakers short and slender, about half the diameter of
pupil, 8=-15; scales above lateral line arranged in oblique
series; tip of snout, chin and maxillary naked; scales on
head small and crowded; soft fins scaled.

460 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Pectoral reaching to vent; ventrals reaching half way
to second anal ray; second anal spine a little longer and
stronger than third; upper-lobe of caudal the longer,
about equal to head.

Color as in Lythrulon flaviguttatum, in spirits, dark
steel gray; a small very distinct pale spot on each scale
of back and sides, surrounded by darker. ‘This spot is,
in spirits, light yellowish; in life of a pearly blue. Head
plain; a small dusky blotch under angle of preopercle.
Fins plain bright yellow in life. Young with a large black
blotch at base of caudal, as in Hle@mulon steindachnert
and Orthostechus maculicauda, and without the dusky
horizontal streaks seen in most-of the other species.

This species differs from Lythrulon flaviguttatum in
having fewer gill-rakers, the depth and arch of the back
greater.

Described from a specimen (No. 2963, L. S. Jr. Univ.
Mus.) 9 inches long. Two others were obtained.

135. Orthostechus maculicauda Gill.

This small species was not found at Mazatlan either by
Dr. Gilbert or by the Hopkins expedition. Specimens
from Mazatlan and trom Acapulco have been recorded
by Steindachner. It was obtained by Xantus at Cape San
Lucas and Colima, and by Dr. Gilbert at La Paz and
Panama.

136. Anisotremus interruptus (Gill). Mojarron.

This large species occurs in great abundance about
the islands near Mazatlan, many specimens, the largest
over two feet in length, having been obtained by dynamite.
It is occasionally seen in the Astillero. It is widely dis-
tributed along the coast, and specimens were obtained by
Dr. Gilbert in 1881 at Mazatlan.

Body grayish anteriorly, most specimens gray before,

FISHES OF SINALOA. 401

yellow on posterior half; the back tinged with brassy olive,
which grows darker behind, the posterior parts pretty dis-
tinctly yellow; fin spines gray, the soft fins olive, the
fins growing dusky at tip; scales on back and sides each
with a distinct black spot; iris yellow; scales above lateral
line much enlarged, 4 in number, 7 in: an oblique series;
52 pores.

The generally larger size of the scales above the lateral
line may possibly separate this species from the common
Atlantic form, Anzsotremus surinamensis.

137. Anisotremus cesius (Jordan & Gilbert).

This species is known only from two or three speci-
mens obtained by Dr. Gilbert in 1881 from Mazatlan. It
was not seen by us, and is doubtless rare.

138. Anisotremus dovii (Giinther).
This species was found by Gilbert at Mazatlan and
Panama, but no specimens were obtained by us.

139. Anisotremus teniatus Gill. CaTALina.

This species is rather common about the islands. It
reaches a length of about 18 inches, and in life is very
brilliant in color. It is seldom found in shallow water.
It ranges from Magdalena Bay to Panama.

140. Pomadasis macracanthus (Giinther). Burro.

This species is extremely common everywhere about
Mazatlan. It is a food fish of some importance, but the
flesh is rather coarse. It reaches a length of about 18
inches. When taken from the water it makes a loud and
singular noise extremely similiar to the noise made by the
donkey or burro, from which this species receives its com-
mon name. Every species of the genus makes some
noise, but in no case is it so loud as in this one.

462 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

141. Pomadasis branicki (Steindachner).

This small species, rarely exceeding six inches in length,
was found by us in some abundance in the Astillero at
Mazatlan. It was obtained by Gilbert both at Mazatlan
and Panama. Steindachner described it from ‘Tumbez
on the coast of Peru.

142. Pomadasis panamensis (Steindachner).

This species is generally common along the west coast,
but it was not seen by us. Dr. Gilbert found it both at
Mazatlan and Panama.

143. Pomadasis axillaris (Steindachner). BuRRo
BLANCO.

This species reaches the length of about a foot, and is
occasionally taken at Panama; a single specimen being
found by us at Mazatlan. Both Steindachner and Gilbert
also record it from Mazatlan, and a single specimen has
been found by us in the collection of Dr. Streets from the
coast of Lower California. It has not been noticed from
any other locality.

144. Pomadasis nitidus (Steindachner).

This species was found at Mazatlan by both Steindach-
ner and Gilbert, but it was not seen by us. Gilbert re-
cords it also from Panama.

145. Pomadasis leuciscus (Giinther). Burrito.

This small species seldom exceeds a length of six
inches, and is generally common in the bay at Mazatlan,
and on sandy bottoms where the water is shallow. We
found large variations in the depth of body, in the width
of the preorbital and in the length of the anal spines, but
in no case have we been able to make these variations
agree exactly with any of the differences by which we
have hitherto distinguished Pomadasts elongatus (Stein-

FISHES OF SINALOA. 463

dachner) from Pomadasis leucescus (Giinther). We have
reached the conclusion that all of these forms belong to
one species, and that e/ongatus, as we have understood it,
cannot be maintained as a separate species. The two
supposed forms have been recorded from various places
between Guaymas and Panama. The name e/ongatus
was first applied toa Peruvian specimen, which is possibly
different from /euczscus, as we have seen none exactly like
Steindachner’s figure.

The young show ‘yellowish shades on fins. Second
dorsal mottled with blackish; a diffuse dusky blotch on
opercular angle, and evident dark streaks, three or four,
along middle of sides.

146. Orthopristis chalceus (Giinther).

This species is generally common along the coast from
Guaymas to Panama. It was obtained by Steindachner
and Gilbert at Mazatlan, but no specimens were secured
by us.

147. Isaciella brevipinnis (Steindachner).

The original type of this species was obtained by Dr.
Steindachner at Mazatlan. A specimen from Panama,
now in the museum of Yale University, was obtained by
Exot, Bradley... he species: seems) to be, rare, and no
specimens were secured by us.

148. Microlepidotus inornatus Gill. JopaTon.

Five specimens of this rare species, the largest about
fifteen inches in length, were obtained by us with dyna-
mite off the shore of the southernmost of the three Ven-
ados Islands.

In life, steel-blue, with stripes of bright bronze; upper
fins with golden; caudal partly dusky: preorbital with
vertically oblong spots.

464 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Family SPARIDA.

149. Calamus brachysomus (Lockington). Mojarra
GARABATA. !

This species is very common about Mazatlan, being a
food fish of some importance and reaching a length of
about fifteen inches. It was also obtained by Dr. Gilbert.
Its range southward is not certain, but it is generally com-
mon in the Gulf of California.

Family KYPHOSIDA.
150. Kyphosus analogus (Gill). SALEMA.

This beautiful species is rather common about Mazat-
lan, both in the estuary and in deep water in the neigh-
borhood of the islands. It was not found by Dr. Gilbert,
and its range along the coast is not definitely distinguished
from that of the following species, the two having been
recorded as identical by authors who had seen but one.
They were first properly, distinguished by Jenkins and
Evermann, who obtained both atGuaymas. ‘The marked
difference in color, however, does not appear in the de-
scription of Jenkins and Evermann, which was drawn
from specimens preserved in alcohol.

Head 4; depth 2%; dorsal XI, 14; anal III, 12; eye
4% in head; snout 3; maxillary 3% ; pectoral 134, equal
to ventrals; longest ray of soft dorsal 3%; longest dorsal
spine 24%; upper lobe of caudal as long as head.

Body compressed, elliptical; profile in some specimens -
evenly curved from tip of snout to dorsal, in others slightly
produced before eyes and concave over snout.

Mouth small, horizontal; jaws equal; teeth in a single
series, from 22 to 28 in each jaw; maxillary extending to
the vertical from the front of eye. Snout, lower jaw and
preorbital naked, head elsewhere with scales; 12 to 15
rows of scales on opercle; scales on body much crowded

FISHES OF SINALOA. 465

anteriorly; scales 13-76-20; all the fins, with the excep-
tion of spinous dorsal, entirely scaled.

Tip of pectoral sharply rounded; front of anal not
greatly elevated, its longest ray 3 in base of fin, which is
about equal to head; spinous dorsal higher than soft
dorsal; upper lobe of caudal the longer.

Color, steel blue, brighter than in e/egans, with bronze
streaks along the edges or rows of scales, much brighter
than in elegans. A broader gray streak bordered with
bronze at base of soft dorsal. A large brassy spot in the
axil, extending along shoulder girdle; a deep bronze
stripe through eye, another back from angle of mouth;
the two separated by steel blue; fins all blue black, with
some bronze, especially on pectoral. Body more elongate
than in e/egans; the form more elliptical; the mouth less
blunt, with fewer teeth; the scales smaller and more
crowded anteriorly; the fins lower, especially the anal.
Well separated from Ayphosus elegans, living chiefly in
the rocks outside; rare in the bay. Largest specimen
eighteen inches long.

I51. Kyphosus elegans (Peters). Copa.

This species is rather common about Mazatlan, espe-
cially in the sluggish waters of the Astillero. Like the
preceding, it reaches a length of about fifteen inches.

leade32,):) depth 23) dorsal ns anal WL mn; eve
4 in head; snout 34%; maxillary 34; pectoral 13, equals
ventral; longest ray of soft dorsal 2%; longest dorsal
spine 2%; longest anal ray 2; upper lobe of caudal equals
head.

Body ovate, compressed; profile rounded, slightly pro-
duced before eyes; concave over snout in some speci-
mens, straight in others; a gentle curve from eyes to dor-
sal. Mouth small, horizontal, the jaws equal; teeth in a

466 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

single series, about 36 in each jaw; maxillary extending
to the vertical from anterior edge of orbit; snout, lower
jaw and preorbital naked, head everywhere else scaled;
opercles with 8 or 9 rows of scales; scales on body large,
somewhat crowded anteriorly; scales 11-63-17; all the
fins, except spinous dorsal, with scales to their edges,
those on caudal exceedingly small.

Tip of pectoral sharply rounded, not reaching to tips
of ventrals; ventral spine half as long as soft rays; anal
spines short and stout, graduated; anal elevated in front
and higher than soft dorsal; middle spines of dorsal the
longest, about equal to highest rays of soft dorsal; upper
lobe of caudal the longer.

Color grayish black, with paler centers to the scales;
sides with large faint diffuse yellowish white spots; a little
bluish and yellowish on sides of head; a yellow streak
below lower part of eye. Vertebre 9-416 or 10+15.

Family SCIZANID/.

152. Cynoscion reticulatus (Giinther). CorviNna.

Generally common on the sandy bottoms about Mazat-
lan. An excellent food fish, very often brought into the
markets, and reaching a length of nearly 3 feet. It was
found by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan and is common south
to Panama.

Caudal fin yellowish orange in life; inside of mouth
deep orange yellow.

153. Cynoscion xanthulum Jordan & Gilbert. CoRVINA
ALETAS AMARILLAS.

Found in company with Cynoscion reticulatus, but rather
less abundant and perhaps reaching a smaller size. It is
also a food fish. It has thus far been recorded only from
Mazatlan, where the original types were taken by Dr.
Gilbert.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 467

154. Larimus argenteus (Gill).

One large specimen obtained; also found in the Gulf
of California and southward on sandy shores to Panama.

155. Larimus breviceps Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Specimens of this species were obtained by Dr. Gilbert
at Mazatlan, Punta Arenas and Panama. None were
seen by us.

156. Corvula macrops (Steindachner). Vacuocua.

One fine specimen from the Astillero at Mazatlan.

leadsays depth, 35> dorsal) XU ihy25); anal) M6), eye
3% in head; snout 434; maxillary 2%; longest dorsal
spine 134; longest dorsal ray 2% ; second anal spine 2% ;
ventrals 14%; pectoral 12; caudal fin 1%.

Body oblong, moderately compressed, not much ele-
vated; dorsal outline uniform from tip of snout to caudal
peduncle; ventral outline rounded from chin to breast,
then straight to anal spine, then slanting obliquely upward
to caudal peduncle. y

Snout blunt, shorter than large eye; upper jaw slightly
projecting, teeth small and sharp, in one or two irregular
series in lower jaw, in several series in upper jaw, the
outer row slightly enlarged; maxillary extending to pos-
terior edge of pupil; chin with four large pores; edge of
preopercle covered with skin, which is serrated on the
edge.
Gill-rakers slender, 9+-13; scales ctenoid on the body,
cycloid on the head; scales 8-56-11.

Spinous dorsal a little higher than soft dorsal; first dorsal
spine very short, second about 5 times longer, third twice
as long as second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth subequal,
the others rapidly shorter; first anal spine very small, the
second many times longer and stouter, but shorter than
soft rays; ventrals inserted behind pectorals and reach-
ing beyond them; caudal truncate.

468 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Ground color silvery, but so closely set with small dark
brown points as to almost obscure the silver; sides with
about four faint dark cross bands and with conspicuous
black stripes following the rows of scales, about 11 hor-
izontal stripes below lateral line, those above slanting ob-
liquely upward anteriorly, but becoming horizontal pos-
teriorly, tips of ventrals and anal black, other fins dusky.

Described from a specimen 8 inches long.

157. Bairdiella icistia (Jordan & Gilbert).

This pretty species is not rare in the Astillero at Ma-
zatlan, where specimens were obtained by Dr. Gilbert
and by us. It has not been noticed elsewhere.

158. Ophioscion scierus (Jordan & Gilbert).

The species was obtained by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan;
notseen by us. It is more common southward, having
been taken by Dr. Gilbert at Punta Arenas and Panama.

159. Micropogon ectenes Jordan & Gilbert. VERRU-
Canow) |
This species is a rather common food fish about Mazat-
lan, reaching a length of 18 inches. Numerous speci-
mens were obtained both by Dr. Gilbert and by us. It
has not been noticed at any other locality.

160. Umbrina xanti Gill. Coporniz.

This species is very common about Mazatlan, reaching
a length of 15 inches, and being frequently brought into
the market. It is generally common along the coast.

161. Umbrina dorsalis Gill.

This species seems to be scarce at Mazatlan, where a
few specimens were found by Dr. Gilbert mixed with
those of Umbrina xanti Gill. No specimens were ob-
tained by us. It has elsewhere been noted only at Cape
San Lucas.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 469

162. Menticirrus simus Jordan.

This species was described from specimens obtained
by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan. A single very small one was
obtained by us in the surf north of the city.

163. Menticirrus panamensis (Steindachner).
Taken by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan; not seen by us.

164. Menticirrus elongatus (Giinther). VERRUGATA.

This species is very common in the surf on the sandy
beaches about Mazatlan. Specimens were also obtained
by Dr. Gilbert. Elsewhere it has been recorded only
from Chiapam, whence came Dr. Ginther’s original

types.
Family GERRIDA.

165. Eucinostomus californiensis (Gill). Mojarra
CANTILENA. (Dapterts caltforniensis and gracilis
Gill. )

Excessively common in the estuary, being by far the
most abundant species, not excepting the White Mullet. .
It is rarely used as a food on account of its small size, its
length when adult ranging from five to ten inches. The
second interhemal bone in this species is developed in a
very singular manner, being short, much expanded and
hollow, the broadly open upper end being occupied by
the posterior part. of the air-bladder, the structure being
the same as in the genus Ca/amus, but more highly de-
veloped, the bone being shorter and more largely ex-
cavated. This structure is seen also in Hucznostomus
gula, harengulus, and probably others. As Gerres gula
(= argenteus ) is the type of the genus Hucznostomus, this
structure may be held to define that genus as distinct from
Gerres. ‘There can be no question as to its generic im-
portance. In Gerres proper, the second interhemal is

470 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

long and spear-shaped, very much more slender in pro-
portion to its length, not hollow and not receiving any of
the air bladder. This structure is seen in Gerres cinereus
(Walbaum), in Gerres peruvianus Cuvier & Valenciennes,
and in Gerres lineatus Humboldt, as also in several West
Indian species.

Evucinostomus californiensis is generally common along
the west coast of Mexico, from Guaymas to Panama.
It is probably, however, not found in the West Indies,
the closely related Hucznostomus harengulus being appar-
ently a different species. The specimens called calzfor-
neensis by Gill, having the premaxillary groove semi- oval
or (-shaped, seem to represent the adult of this species.
Those called gracz/is, with the premaxillary groove linear,
are the young or half-grown. Still others, especially
adults, have the premaxillary groove round, forming a pit,
and every intermediate character may be found.

At first we thought it possible to separate ca/zfornzensis
and gracz/7s as distinct species. The careful re-examina-
tion of some 200 specimens leaves us wholly unable to
separate them, as all grades of variation occur. Appar-
ently the premaxillary groove is linear in the young, grow-
ing broader with age, but the changes very irregular.
The name Eucrnostomus californiensts has priority over
Li. CU ACItS.

Notrre.—The genus Gerres was established by Cuvier
in the second edition of the Regne Animal, the name
being based on seven species as enumerated by him,
rhombeus, oyena, aprion, potett, lineatus, argyreus and
Jjilamentosus. One of these species must, therefore, be
chosen as the type of Gerres. In 1842, Ranzani estab-
lished the genus Deapterus on auratus, a species closely
related to rkombeus, or rather to the allied o/zsthostoma. In
1850, the name Catochenum was proposed by Cantor as

FISHES OF SINALOA. 471

a substitute for Gervres, regarded as preoccupied by the
earlier name Gervzs, applied by Fabricius to a genus of
insects. The name Catochenum can only be used if
Gerres is regarded as ineligible. By the rules followed by
us, Gerres must be retained, being spelled differently from
Gerrits. In different publications of Poey, plumieri is
made the type of Gerres, although it is not one of Cuvier’s
original species. Bleeker substitutes Dzapterus tor Ger-
res and Catochenum, specifying plumzerz as its type, while
Gill and Poey have used the name Dzapterus for the allies
of gula, to which the name Hucznostomus had been applied
in 1855 by Baird and Girard. Although plumzerz cannot
be made the type of Gevres, it seems to us that the cog-
nate species /zzeatus can be so regarded. If this view is
adopted, the restricted Gerres of the present paper would
correspond exactly with the restricted Gerres of Poey and
Gill. This fact certainly justifies us in choosing /7neatus
as the type of the genus.

There can be no doubt of the generic value of Huczn-
ostomus (gula) and of Ulema Jordan & Evermann MS.
(lefroyz), as distinguished from Gerres. Of the other
groups represented in American waters, Xystema Jordan
& Evermann MS. (cereus) seems to be a valid genus,
while Dzapterus (auratus) should stand rather as a sub-
genus of Gerres. Diapterus differs from Gerres chiefly
in the entire preorbital. Aystema has the preopercle as
well as preorbital entire, while (//ema has the second in-
terhemal very short, and the two spines of the anal are
themselves scarcely enlarged.

Moharra Poey (rhombeus ) difters from Diapterus only
in the presence of two anal spines instead of three, a
character of low importance, as the relation of the species
included in the two groups is very close.

The exotic genera of this group have not been studied
by us.

472 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The specimens recorded by Eigenmann from San Diego
Bay as Gerres cinereus var. (Amer. Nat., 1891, 156)
seem to be Hucinostomus californiensis.

166. Xystema cinereum (Walbaum). Mojarra BLANcaA.

Very abundant at Mazatlan, being one of the staple
food fishes, and reaching a length of nearly two feet; its
flesh is of an excellent quality. The species was found
by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan and Panama, and seems to be
generally common along the coast. Like the rest of the
genus, it occurs in shallow water on sandy bottoms, away
from the surf.

167. Gerres peruvianus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Mo-
JARRA DE LAS ALETAS AMARILLAS.

This small species is abundant at Mazatlan, although
less common than Aucitnostomus californiensis, and Xys-
tema cinereum. It rarely exceeds six inches in length.

Gerres brevirostris Sauvage, from Rio Guayas, near
Guayaquil, is not evidently different from this species.

168. Gerres lineatus (Humboldt). Mojyarra .Curna.
(Gerres axillaris Ginther).

Rather common at Mazatlan, with the preceding, but
reaching a rather larger size, from eight to twelve inches,
and frequently used as food. It was found by Dr. Gilbert
at Mazatlan, and has been recorded from Acapulco by
Humboldt and Bradley, from San Blas by Nichols, and
from Chiapam by Giinther.

Family CIRRHITIDE.
169. Cirrhites betaurus Gill.

The young of this species, from two to six inches in
length, are very abundant in rock pools about Mazatlan,
where numerous specimens were obtained by us, as well

FISHES OF SINALOA. 473

as by Dr. Gilbert. These small specimens are identical
with those obtained by Xantus at Cape San Lucas, the
types of Crrrhites betaurus. It has been supposed that
these are the young of Crrrhites rivulatus Valenciennes,
abundant about the Galapagos and Revillagigedos, as no
differences except those of color appear. The color differ-
ences are, however, strongly marked, and we are disposed
to let Czrrhites betaurus stand provisionally as a distinct
species. The coloration of betawrus has been well de-
scribed by Dr. Gill; that of revelatus is well figured by
Dr. Giinther.

First dorsal fin bright orange red in life; second red-
dish; cross bands on body black.

Family CICHLID.

170. Heros beani Jordan. MojArra VERDE.

Common in the deeper and more quiet places in the
Rio Presidio, especially just below the village of Presidio.
It reaches a length of about eight inches, and is occasion-
ally taken by the hook, its habits being very similar to
those of the abundant sun fishes as seen in the more
northern waters.

Adult light olive, banded with darker; black spots on
each scale. First dorsal edged with dark red, the two
black blotches and black bars obsolete. Young with the
bars distinct; no blue, yellow or red in life.

Family POMACENTRID/E.

171. Eupomacentrus rectifrenum (Gill). PEscapo
AzuL. (Pomacentrus analigutta Gill.)

This beautiful fish is very abundant in the rock pools
about Mazatlan. It is excessively wary and hard to catch.
Great changes in coloration, due to age, have been no-
ticed by Dr. Giinther and others. The chief peculiarity

2D SER., VOL. V. (31) August 15, 1895.

Luigi als CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

is in the greater uniformity in coloration of the adult, in
which the blue shades become obscure, and the ocelli, so
conspicuous in the young, are more or less lost.

This species is exceedingly close to Hupomacentrus
fuscus (Cuvier & Valenciennes), a species found on the
Brazilian coast. Comparing specimens from Bahia with
ours from Mazatlan, we note that in &. rectifrenum the
blue markings persist longer and that the scales on the-
head are smaller, more crowded and more mixed with
small scales in /. rectefrenum than in Eupomacentrus
fuscus.

Hiead 34:5 depth 25 Dis ella ee. lie im-seseales
3-28-9; eye 4 in head; snout 23; D. lobe 13; C. upper
lob eres: Vii eee.

Preorbital and’ preopercle strongly serrate. Teeth
firm, flattened, not notched. Lateral line ending under
ninth dorsal ray. Caudal lunate, the upper lobe the
longer. Dorsal and anal rounded, ventral filamentous.
Gill-rakers short, slender, weak, numerous.

Color of adult (5% inches) nearly uniform blackish
olive, darker on head, back and fins, paler on pectoral
and on axil, where is a yellowish area below the small
axillary spot.

The coloration of the young and partly grown has been
well described by Dr. Gill. Dr. Gill’s last account
(Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863) of this and related
species is most excellent. The only error of importance
contained in it is the failure to examine the teeth of
‘‘Pomataprion’’ bairdii and dorsalis. Pomataprion is
identical with A/7crospathodon.

172. Eupomacentrus flavilatus (Gill). PEscapo AzuL

DE Dos CoLorEs. Plate xl.
This little fish is equally abundant with the preceding
in rock pools. It seems to reach a smaller size. The

FISHES OF SINALOA. 475

differences between the two are comparatively slight but
very persistent, and we believe that the two species are
fully distinct from each other. In life Aupomacentrus
flavilatus is the most beautiful fish found on the coast of
Mexico, showing a most intense shade in the blue of its
back and the orange of its sides. Both this species and
the preceding were found at Cape San Lucas, but only
Evupomacentrus rectifrenum has been taken at Panama.

An irregular line from snout below eye to soft dorsal
divides the fish into two parts; below this line all is bril-
liant yellow with an orange shade, deepest on anal; above
allis the brightest sky blue. Scales darker, but all edged
with sky blue, six sky blue stripes on upper part of head.
An indigo spot on base of first soft dorsal and last dorsal
spines extending on back, this surrounded by a ring of
sky blue; a similar smaller ocellated spot on back of
caudal peduncle.

173. Abudefduf* saxatilis (Linnzus).

Common in rock pools about Mazatlan, where it was
obtained in abundance by Dr. Gilbert and by us. The
largest specimens were taken by dynamite off the Vena-
dos Islands.

Careful comparison of these specimens with others
from the West Indies shows no difference whatever.
Glyphisodon troscheli Gill, the name given to the Pacific
Coast form, is therefore fully synonymus with A dudefduf
(or Glyphisodon) saxatilis.

In life, bright greenish yellow above with steel blue
bands. Dorsal like back; other fins dusky; axillary spot |
faint.

In alcohol, the color is a slaty brown tinged with red-

* Abudefduf Forskal seems to be identical with Glyphisodon and is en-
titled to priority, notwithstanding its barbarous form.

476 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

dish brown below, showing faint dark cross bars, with no
bright color anywhere, the yellowish green of the back
being last to fade; behind the pectoral each scale has a
white spot, these form white lines that run back to a little
past the tip of pectoral. All fins dark except pectoral,
which is colorless.

174. Abudefduf declivifrons (Gill).

This species occurs in rock pools in abundance every-
where about Maxatlan, in company with Abudefduf saxa-
te/is, from which its duller color readily distinguishes it.

In life, dusky brownish with many pale spots on edge
of scales; these vary a good deal; cross bands blackish;
no bright colors. Black spot at base of pectoral con-
spicuous, a good mark, varying in size, larger in older
specimens.

1'75. Microspathodon bairdii (Gill). Plate xlin.

Numerous small specimens taken in the rock pools in
company with Aupomacentrus flavilatus, a species which
the present one closely resembles in color, and which
Scarcely excels it in brilliancy. This species has been well
described by Dr. Gill. It seems to reach only a small
size, none of ours being more than two inches long.

It differs from the other species of J/7crospathodon in
its low fins and in color. The latter may be a matter of
age only, but this does not seem likely, as the young ef
Microspathodon dorsalis (called by Dr. Gill guadrigutia)
has essentially the coloration of the adult. Apparently
four species of M/crospathodon exist on the west coast of
Mexico, but it is possible that all are forms of one protean
species, for which the earliest specific name is dorsalis.

Head'3 ‘depth 2;dorsal@aibino; anal M1 3);veve.2 7%
in head; pectoral 1%; anal 4 longer than head; soft
dorsal and anal lobes equal 1% in head; caudal lobe 1%
in head.

FISHES OF SINALOA. AWE Ti

Body compressed, ovate; profile convex; mouth wide,
lower jaw included; teeth in a single row and movable;
gill-rakers small and numerous; head entirely scaled;
scales on body large 3—30-9; scales running well up on
fins; lateral line high, ending under last dorsal ray.

Color: Body divided into two parts by a line from the
opercular flap to posterior end of soft dorsal, below this line
it is rich, bright yellow, above it is sky blue, darker on
head, with brilliant sky blue spots; a chain of these spots
following the suborbitals below eye; a spot at angle of
mouth, two converging lines of spots:more or less run
together from tip of snout to upper edge of orbit, each
scale on nape with a spot and a few scattering spots on
‘opercle; scales on upper part of body edged with dark;
a dark spot on caudal peduncle anteriorly edged with sky
blue; fins all more or less dusky except anal and ventrals,
which are white and edged with black.

176. Microspathodon dorsalis (Gill). (Pomacentrus
guadrigutta Gill.)

A single specimen 4 inches in length was obtained in a
rock pool on the Peninsula called Vijia, by Mr. George
B. Culver.

This specimen corresponds almost perfectly to Dr. Gill’s
account of Pomataprion dorsalis. A smaller specimen
entirely similar was also obtained. ‘The distinctions be-
tween this species and JZicrospathodon bairdi are con-
stant though slight.

bleadyaye depther2 > 1) Xenon welt 2 | Scalesma—
25-TO eve 24 sin, head; snoutc4:s D. lobe, 137 © lobe:
equals head; P. 1%; V. equals head.

Body compressed, the profile rounded, depressed before
eye so that snout projects. Gill-rakers numerous, very
short, slender, close set. Preorbital deep. Preorbital
and preopercle entire. Teeth in a single row, movable.

478 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Dorsal spines rising to the last, subtruncate, flattened, each
with a brown vertical streak in center; the soft rays and
lobes of caudal much produced, as also ventrals.

Deep indigo blue on body and fins; no pale edgings to
any of the fins; three round sky blue spots above lateral
line, the one near its beginning, the one under front of
spinous dorsal, the third under last spine, the first smallest,
the other two as large as pupil; a larger sky blue saddle
in axil of last soft ray. Head with many sky blue spots
everywhere, those on preorbital and suborbital coalescing
in a blue streak; another streak behind angle of mouth,
and another above eye. Axil sky blue, a bar of sky blue
across end of snout. Angle of snout sky blue.

177. Microspathodon azurissimus Jordan & Starks n.
sp. Plate xiv.

A surpassingly beautiful little fish, obtained by dynamite
from the rocks about the Venados Islands. Three spec-
imens were taken, the largest twelve inches in length.

This species seems to agree fully with J/zcrospathodon
dorsalis, except in coloration, in the greater elongation of
the lobes of the fins and in the greater depth of the pre-
orbital and other bones of the head. All these latter may
prove to be differences of age. The change in the color-
ation can hardly be of this nature. Another species of
this type, MWicrospathodon cinereus Gilbert, has been de-
scribed from Socorro Island. This is very close to dor-
salts and azurisstmus, but is of an ashy gray color and
has a greater number of accessory scales on the large
scales of its body. Pending investigation, we admit all
four of these color forms—6azrd7z7, dorsalis, cinereus and
azurisstémus—as distinct species, which they probably are,
although the differences between cznereus and azuriss7mus
may be derived from the character of the bottom, czzev-eus
having been obtained from a bottom of volcanic ashes.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 479

JElesicl as cleo AR Dy DOL aig sev, JES see ons taal
head; snout nearly 2; pectoral 1%; highest dorsal spine
3 in body; ventral 2% in length; anal lobe 2%; dorsal
lobe 134 in body.

Body compressed and deep; dorsal outline from snout
to caudal peduncle uniform; breast prominent and well
rounded, behind which the ventral outline is straight to
anal spine, then slanting obliquely upward to caudal pe-
duncle. Mouth wide with thick lips; the teeth flat, sharp
and movable, in a single row in each jaw, those in the
upper jaw are arranged in a crescent, in the lower jaw
they are in a straight line in tront, but at the sides they
describe nearly a right angle and run back; isthmus with
a notch made by the prominence of the breast. Tip of
snout, maxillary and lower jaw naked; head everywhere
else with scales, the scales on cheeks in about 5 rows;
scales on body large, 3-28-9; all the fins with scales.
Accessory scales very few.

Lateral line running high and ending under last ray of
soft dorsal: gill-rakers numerous, short and weak, about
5-21. Pectoral short and rounded at the tip; ventrals
with the middle rays produced, 2% times ventral spine,
reaching past vent to anal; spinous dorsal low; with
the exception of the first the spines are about equal; soft
dorsal and anal falcate and filamentous, the dorsal lobe
slightly the longer, not quite reaching to tip of caudal fin;
caudal widely forked, the lobes falcate, the upper lobe the
longer; the middle rays are contained 3% times in the
upper caudal lobe.

Specimens described twelve inches in length (Nos.
TO10, 1636 and 2805, L. S..Jr. Univ. Mus.).

In life, deep indigo blue, with traces of olivaceous
cross-shades. Pectoral, dorsal and caudal edged with
bluish white. Eyes violet.

The species feeds on plants.

480 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Family LABRIDA.

178. Harpe diplotenia Gill.

A single young female specimen was obtained by us
at Mazatlan. This species 1s rare in collections, but is
apparently not uncommon around the rocky islands. It
has been recorded from Cape San Lucas by Xantus, and
numerous specimens from the Revillagigedos have been
taken by Dr. Gilbert. The form called (/arfe pectoralis
Gill is the male of the same species of which //arpe diplo-
tenia Gill is the female.

179. Pseudojulis notospilus Giinther.

This small species is common in rock pools about
Mazatlan, where numerous examples, the largest about
six inches long, were obtained by us. It was found in
these pools by Gilbert, and has been recorded from Pan-
ama by Giinther.

Coloration of adult blue green; bar across base of pec-
toral very bright; no dark spot behind eye; corners and
tip of caudal pale, asin young. Each scale of posterior
part of body with a small sky blue spot at tip; edges of
scales bluish, the base olivaceous. Axil blue, golden be-
hind. Breast and throat pale salmon color, with bluish
streaks and shades; cheeks yellowish, snout blue. Young
with blue spots more distinct, especially one behind eye.
Adult with four dark shades on back extending on dorsal,
the largest at front of soft dorsal; blackish spot diffuse,
not ocellated. Caudal with faint bluish cross- streaks on
faint bronze ground color, the angles broadly whitish; anal
bronze with three bluish streaks, the tip pale. Ventrals
dusky edged.

Young colored like adult but brighter, a paler olive
streak from mouth across opercle above pectoral to base
of caudal, this obsolete in adult. Dorsal unlike that of

FISHES OF SINALOA. 481

adult. First dorsal bronze with bluish cross-streaks, the
large black blotch ocellated with blue and with a patch of
bright yellow before and behind it. Interspaces between
this and the two other, smaller black spots also bright
light yellow.

180. Halichceres dispilus (Giinther). Plate xlv.

This beautiful little fish was found to be rather abun-
dant in the branches ot the Astillero which cross Isla de
las Piedras south of Mazatlan. Unlike most species of
the group, it lives on the muddy bottoms, and is abundant
about the roots of the mangrove, which border the muddy
branches of the Astillero. It reaches a length of about
six inches. A few specimens were also obtained in tide
pools with sandy bottom.

lHeady3 4-3) depth, 4; dorsal DX ri anal We) 12)sseyie
6 in head; snout 3%; maxillary 44%; pectoral 1%; anal
2Gy caudal tin2:

Body slenderand compressed; dorsaland ventral outlines
similar; head pointed, the profile slightly convex: mouth -
small, the jaws equal; teeth in a single row; canines 7% in
front of jaws; at the posterior end of the premaxillary is
a single strong, sharp tooth, pointing forward, and entirely
below the angle of mouth. Lateral line high, following
the curve of the back to the eighth dorsal ray, where it
curves sharply down through two rows of scales, and then
runs straight through middle of caudal peduncle to tail;
pores of lateral line simple; scales large 2-27-10; head
entirely naked; gill-rakers very small and pointed 6+ 7.
Dorsal spines slender but pungent; caudal slightly round-
ed, the upper angle slightly acute; ventrals short not fila-
mentous; scales before dorsal in about six rows, not cov-
ering middle line.

Length of specimen described, five inches. Number
2904 Se jis Univ. Mus.

482 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In life olive green, a bright blue streak, narrow and
somewhat interrupted, from eye to base of caudal; a
broader dark bronze streak just below it, containing a
series of small dark spots, mostly arranged in threes, the
last one darkest, at base of caudal, just above middle line,
these obsolete in adult; below the bronze band, a faint
blue streak, then a broad brown one, then a short one,
bright sky blue bounding the belly, ending over the mid-
dle of anal; belly and throat pearl white. Head cherry
red and bronze anteriorly, becoming olive in all specimens
behind, mottled with blue; a dark blue edged spot behind
eye; a large black spot smaller than eye below fifth dor-
sal spine, the spot crescent shaped, bordered with yellow
behind, mostly on one scale. Iris red. A golden cres-
cent at base of pectoral. Dorsal bright orange, bluish
below. Caudal cherry red. Anal bright orange. No
spots on fins. Larger specimens deeper in color, the
head cherry red, a dark spot bordered with blue behind
eye. Pectoral not black. In alcoholic specimens pearly
streaks appear on sides of head and behind pectoral.

Found by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan. Specimens have
also been obtained at Panama by Giinther, and at Acapulco
by Steindachner.

-Our specimens differ somewhat in color from those
described by Dr. Giinther, especially in the hue of the
head and caudal and in the presence of a black spot be-
hind eye. They are, however, probably not specifically
distinct.

181. Thalassoma lucasanum (Gill).

Obtained by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan; not seen by us.
Also recorded by Mr. Forrer from Tres Marias, the
original types taken by Xantus at Cape San Lucas.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 483

Family SCARIDA.

182. Scarus perrico Jordan & Gilbert. PERRICO.

This large parrot-fish is rather common about the rocky
islands near Mazatlan. A single specimen was obtained
by us. The original type was found by Dr. Gilbert at
the same locality. The fins of another specimen were
found on the beach at La Paz by Mr. James A. Richard-
son. :

Body olive brown. ‘The markings, fins, teeth and spots
on head all bright blue green.

Family EPHIPPIDA.
183. Chetodipterus zonatus (Girard).

Occasionally seen at Mazatlan, several specimens be-
ing taken by us in the Astillero. It was found by Dr.
Gilbert at Mazatlan and Panama. The original type of
the species came from San Diego, where no author sub-
sequent to Girard has seen it. It is probably generally
diffused along the coast, although less abundant than the
corresponding species (Chetodrpterus faber lL.) is in the
Atlantic.

Chetodipterus zonatus agrees with Chetodipterus faber
imMenearly alle respects. | ihe, chietdiktenences ane) that
behind the great band from soft dorsal to analin Ch.
zonatus there are two other bands; one under middle ot
soft dorsal, the other at base of caudal, both distinct com-
plete rings; no other bands. The third dorsal spine is
not very high, being only about half length of head, and
about twice height of the fourth. Dorsal VIII-1, 18;
anal II, 16; scales 70. Long rays of soft dorsal and
anal 4% longer than head.

454 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Family CHAATODONTIDAZ.

184. Chetodon humeralis Giinther. MuNeca.

Exceedingly common in the Astillero, especially on
rock bottom. It reaches a length of about six inches,
and is seldom used as food, although its striking color,
which has suggested the name of A/uneca or doll, makes
it an object of attention.

185. Pomacanthus zonipectus (Gill). MojaArra DE LAS
PirpRaAs. ( Pomacanthus crescentalis Jordan & Gilbert. )

Not uncommon in rocky places about Mazatlan. Two
specimens were obtained by us with dynamite about the
wreck of a French man-of-war in the Astillero. Smaller
specimens, very different in color from the adult, and
hence taken by us to bea distinct species ( Pomacanthus
crescentalis), were obtained by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan
-and Panama. The original type of the species was’ taken
at San Salvador by Capt. Dow.

Description of the adult of Pomacanthus zontpectus:

lead: 27, depths: a mu D re ele 923). Ar 20s ealene
opercular spine longer than eye, 3% in head. Last dor-
sal spine 1% in head. Longest dorsal ray + longer than
head, falcate. Anal rounded. Caudal short, truncate,
1% in head. Pectoral moderate. Ventral very long, 4
longer than head. Preorbital equals maxillary, 1% in
head. Eye 3% in head. Interopercle with one stoutish
spine. “Preopercle very finely ‘serrate. A) lareenhumip
at nape in adult.

Dark gray, blackish posteriorly, most scales with black
centers; ‘edges of scales. prieht sky blue) implite;respe-
cially posteriorly; a triangular bronze yellow patch in
front of line connecting pectorals with ventrals, then a
diffuse blackish bar from front of dorsal along region be-
hind pectorals to ventrals, then a broad curved bar of

FISHES OF SINALOA. 485

yellow, obscured by blackish centers of scales; behind
this a diffuse blackish area; breast vermiculated with blue
and yellowish; a blackish bar covering most of head, be-
hind which the opercles and nape are yellowish; jaws
pale bluish; dorsal orange, vermiculate with sky blue,
the edge bright sky blue, below which is orange; caudal
orange, vermiculated with sky blue, the edge orange, the
very margin blackish. Anal blackish, vermiculated with
sky blue; pectorals light orange, marked with grayish
blue. Ventrals largely blue-black, tipped with orange,
the spine bluish.

Family TEUTHIDIDZE.

186. Teuthis crestonis Jordan & Starks n. sp. Bar-
BERO Necro. Plate xlvi.

Common in the Astillero and in rocky places about the
islands. Also obtained by Dr. Gilbert in 1881 at Mazat-
lanand Panama. ‘These specimens having been destroyed
by fire, have never been described, and were provision-
ally and incorrectly referred to the West Indian species
Teuthts tractus (bahianus ), from which this species dif-
fers in a few respects.

leader depthere: DD. EX i267 Ae I DA snowt

1% in head; eye 3%; pectoral equal to head; caudal 4
longer than head; longest dorsal spine equal longest soft
ray, 1% in head; ventral 14 in head.

Body deep and compressed, the anterior profile steep,
convex before eye; caudal lunate, the upper ray 4% longer
than middle one, ventrals very long.

Body slaty brown, mottled with gray but without bands;
dorsal with a bluish gray band at base, then a bronze one,
forking on soft dorsal inclosing a bluish gray band; five
gray bands and four bronze ones on dorsal more or less
distinct, especially in young; anal with five bluish gray

486 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and five bronze bands more oblique than those on dorsal
and hence not continuous the whole length of fin; caudal
peduncle black, a whitish yellow cross-band behind spine,
faint in adult, the anterior margin vertical, the posterior
concave; rest of caudal black. Pectoral yellowish; ven-
trals dusky, the spine black.

Adult with the pectoral quite yellow; pale band at base
of caudal growing faint with age; a blue streak along
base of dorsal.

Numerous specimens, the largest about six inches in
length, numbered 2899, in the L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.

187. Xesurus punctatus (Gill). Cocuiniro. Plate
xlvi.

Young specimens very abundant in rock pools about
Mazatlan, hitherto known only from Cape San Lucas.
It was not found by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan. Most of
our specimens were secured by the use of the fish poison
called gervo. By pouring this liquid into the rock pools
at low tide this and several other species were obtained
in numbers. ‘This gervo or gerbo is the milky juice of a
tree called fava, abundant in the forests about Mazatlan,
and apparently allied to the Strychnos nux-vomica. In
rock. pools no specimens exceeding two inches in length
were found. Several very large specimens were obtained
with dynamite about the islands of Creston and Isla Blanca,
where the species reaches a length of 16% inches.

Description of adult:

Head 4;\depth 2; ‘dorsaljVil, 26;\ anal Il} 23).) snout
1% in head; eye 5%; pectoral long as head: ventral
1%; caudal 1%; second dorsal spine 2.

Body deep, compressed, covered with fine velvet. Cau-
dal with three stout compressed blunt spines, with broad
bases, the tips turned upward. Some specimens with no
other spines; others with many spines, similar in form

FISHES OF SINALOA. 487

but much smaller, scattered over posterior half of body;
most numerous about the other spines. Gill-rakers ex-
tremely small and weak. Caudal evenly lunate. Pecto-
ral not falcate; anterior profile concave before eye then
convex, the short conic snout projecting; lower jaw in-
_ cluded. Preopercle obliquely placed, its bony edge
slightly roughened.

Color in life olive green, slightly paler below, every-
where evenly covered with small round black spots, close-
set and not confluent, the largest about equal to nostril.
Caudal peduncle and fin abruptly bright yellow, unspotted.
Other fins colored like the body and similarly spotted, the
spots more sparse, the edges dusky with few spots. Large
caudal spines whitish, their bases black; other spines all
black.

Among the young two different styles of coloration
were noticed, but all probably belong to the same spe-
cies:

I. Specimens with the caudal yellow are more dusky,
the dark spots much smaller and more distinct than in
the others. Ground color of back light steel blue gray,
lighter below head. Caudal canary yellow, clouded with
dark at base, the yellow running forward on caudal pe-
duncle.

2. Specimens with the caudal white have ground color
lighter, more milky in general, much more silvery below
eye, the silvery forming an irregular triangular patch on
breast and opercle; caudal gray and white, black at base,
white running forward slightly on caudal peduncle; dark
spots on body forming pale reticulations, above lateral
line white patches. Body deeper than in yellow-tailed
specimens.

Both have the first dorsal and anal black at base, other-
wise mostly white; white line bounding the back; dark

488 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

bar from nape to eye; snout dusky; breast and opercles
silvery.

This species is the type of the genus Yeswrus Jordan &
Evermann (MS.), distinguished from Przonurus by the
armature of the caudal peduncle, as above described.

Family BALISTIDZ.
188. Balistes polylepis Steindachner. PrEz PUERCO.

Generally common in rocky places on the coast from
Magdalena Bay to Panama. Many specimens were ob-
tained by us, the largest of them sixteen inches in length.
It was found at Mazatlan also by Gilbert and by Steind-
achner.

189. Balistes naufragium Jordan & Starks n. sp. PEZz
PUERCO DE PIEDRA.

Four specimens obtained with dynamite, about the wreck
of a French man-of-war in the Astillero at Mazatlan, in
company with Pomacanthus zontpectus. ‘The largest of
these was fourteen inches in length.

Allied to Balistes carolinensis.

Head 13). depth, 13D. Wi 27w Ns 245) scales s5O;ma2
rows on cheek; snout 1% in head; eye 5; 1st D. spine
12; longest ray 14; longest anal ray 174; upper caudal
lobe 1%; pectoral 24%.

Body very plump, not strongly compressed; no streaks
on cheeks; no spinules on caudal peduncle; a few larger
scutes behind gill-openings; groove before eye, slight
not naked. Lateral line traceable for most of its length.
First dorsal spine very stout, the third remote, moderate.
Dorsal moderately elevated and falcate. Anal rounded.
Caudal double concave, the pointed outer rays longer
than the rounded inner ones.

Dark dull olive green, nearly plain, edges of scales

FISHES OF SINALOA. 489

largely pale blue, especially toward the tail; faint traces

of numerous dark cross-bands. Fins dusky olive, the

pectoral and first dorsal paler, base of pectoral dusky.
Mype No. tO56 1. S. jr. Unive ius.

190. Pachynathus capistratus (Shaw). CocHE.

Common in rocky places about the islands of the Ven
ados, Creston and Isla Blanca; many specimens obtained.
This species was found by Gilbert at Mazatlan, and by
Steindachner at Cape San Lucas. We have thus far
been unable to find any distinction between the American
form and the common East Indian species, to which the
name caprstratus was first given. ‘Two markedly differ-
ent types of coloration were obtained, supposed by us to
be votmihestwousexes,.since nowotnenaditterencelexcept
that of coloration is noticeable. In all specimens ob-
tained, however, the sexual organs were so immature
that the sexes could not be distinguished thereby.

Specimens supposed to be female dull olive with darker
clouds; no yellow on posterior parts which are scarcely
paler behind; fins all plain olive blackish; streak behind
mouth light bluish, very faint, soon fading after death;
lower lip blue, then golden, then a blue ring, then yel-
low, then bluish; upper lip livid, bluish above.

Others supposed to be male are in life dark olive
clouded with darker; posterior part of body deep yellow,
below median line; fins blackish; first dorsal bright olive
vellow on membranes; green on caudal membranes, the
rays black. Anal reddish. Streak behind mouth bright
red in one specimen, whitish in another. Upper lip livid
blue then orange, then golden, then livid blue or purplish,
then orange, then crimson, then dark.

Still other specimens were marked with whitish shades
instead of red.

2p Ser., Vow. V. (32) August 15, 1895.

490 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Family TETRAODONTIDA.

191. Spheroides annulatus (Jenyns) var. fo/ctus Girard.
TAMBOR.

Very common everywhere in the Astillero. Specimens -
entirely smooth, and those variously prickly, were ob-
tained; prickly ones, both young and old, were found,
but no very young which were smooth. There seems to
be no specific difference recognizable among these. All
of them, however, differ from specimens taken farther
south in the larger size of the dark spots and in a some-
what greater tendency to smoothness of the body. All
of these, smooth or rough, seem to belong to the form
called folitus, which is probably the northern form or
representative of Spheroides annulatus.

192. Spheroides lobatus (Steindachner). Borere.

Rather common in-the estuary with the preceding,
reaching a smaller size, the largest seen not over Six
inches in length. The species was first described by
Steindachner from Altata, but until its recent discovery
in the Albatross collections it was confounded with
Spheroides angusticeps (Jenyns), from which it is prob-
ably distinct, although the latter, entirely smooth and
uniform dusky in color, may prove to be the adult form.
In both species the two small black flaps on the shoulder
are present, and in both the interorbital space is very
narrow and concave. Specimens taken at La Paz by
Mr. James A. Richardson are intermediate in color, but
retain the prickles.

In life grass green, with maroon colored spots and
markings.

FISHES OF SEINALOA. - 491

Family DIODONTID.

193. Diodon hystrix Linneus. PuERco EspIno.

Very common about rocky places, especially among
the islands, where it was also found by Dr. Gilbert. All
specimens taken belong to the typical Dzodon hystrix.
Diodon holocanthus, 1 different, is unrepresented in our
Mazatlan collections.

Family MOLIDZ.

194. Mola mola (Linnzus). PrEz Mona.

Found in the open sea from San Francisco to Mazat-
lan. It was seen at the latter locality by Dr. Gilbert, but
not by us.

Family SCORPAENID/E.

195. Scorpena mystes Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Lapon.
Plate li.

Common in the Astillero, on the bottom. Very tena-
cious of life, and much dreaded by the fishermen from
the poisonous sting of its dorsal spines.

Allied to Scorfena plumiert Bloch, which species it
represents on the Pacific Coast.

Head@21,.. depth 314); dorsal 2a ro: janal Ile 5;
scales about 30; orbit 6% in head; maxillary 2; pec-
toral 2; highest dorsal spine 3%; second anal spine 3;
caudal 2.

Body robust, not much compressed; interorbital space
wide, not deeply concave, % wider than orbit; a pit be-
tween preorbital and eye, and a broad depression behind
coronal spines; membranous flaps on preorbital, edge of
preopercle, over nostrils and above eyes; preocular, su-
praocular, tympanic, coronal, occipital, nuchal and exoc-
cipital spines present. Maxillary reaching to behind eye;
lower jaw included; gill-rakers short and thick, about

492 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

3+6; head naked, with the exception of a few imbedded
scales on preopercle and posterior part of opercle; scales
on body large, many of them with membranous flaps.

Olive-brown almost black, marbled with light drab;
opercular flap with pale edge; the fins much spotted and
marbled, all except spinous dorsal, with white margin,
more distinct in the young; caudal fin showing three in-
distinct cross-bars; axil jet black, with white spots.

Largest specimen fourteen inches long.

This species differs from Scorpena plumzerz in having
a wider and flatter interorbital area; the lower jaw wider
and more rounded in front; the knob at symphysis not
so sharp and projecting; the pit behind coronal spines
broader and not so deep, and the color darker.

This species was also obtained at Mazatlan by Dr. Gil-
bert, who identified it provisionally as Scorpena plumiert.

Types numbered rsor, 1616, 1617, 2919 on the L. S.
Jr. Univ. Mus. register.

196. Scorpena sonore (Jenkins & Evermann).

This small species is not uncommon in the Astillero,
where numerous specimens, none of them over three
inches in length, were obtained. It has hitherto been
recorded only by Jenkins & Evermann from Guaymas.

Gray above, the flaps pinkish, the bars blackish; lower
parts pink, bright on ventrals and anal; axil orange,
mottled with dusky; ventrals and pectorals black at tip,
edged with pale. Middle rays of pectoral slightly divided
at tip, not all of them being strictly simple.

Family TRIGLID.

197. Prionotus horrens Richardson.

Two small specimens, each about two inches long, ob-
tained in the Astillero.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 493

Family GOBIID.

198. Philypnus lateralis Gill. Asoma pE Mar.
Common in the Rio Presidio and occasionally taken in
the Astillero, especially where the fresh water soaks into
it. The species is common in fresh waters along the
coast, but has not hitherto been noticed at Mazatlan.

199. Dormitator maculatus (Bloch). PUuNEcA.

Rather common in the Rio Presidio and also in the
brackish waters about the estuary. ‘The young occur in
considerable abundance in the mud puddles left by the
winter rains or by the high tides. It reaches in the river
a considerable size, and is a food fish of some importance,
said to be the most valuable in the Rio Presidio. It is
generally common along the coast, as well as everywhere
along the Atlantic side.

200. Eleotris equidens Jordan & Gilbert. Guavina.

Rather scarce in the Rio Presidio, where only one
young specimen was obtained by us. A few others were
found in brackish waters or muddy places about the es-
tuary.

Blackish everywhere, sides with faint whitish streaks,
along rows of scales; a broad blackish lateral band occu-
pying whole of side; back and belly paler; traces of faint
dark cross-bands; caudal black, with a pale margin and
some dark cross-shades; pectorals, dorsals and ventrals
more or less barred with black; a whitish bar at base of
caudal with a darker one before it. Scales 68; preopercu-
lar spine well developed.

201. Cotylopus gymnogaster (Ogilvie—Grant).

Recorded from streams about Mazatlan; not seen by us.

494 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

202. Awaous tajasica (Lichtenstein). ABoma DE Rio.

Found in company with Phzlypnus lateralis, from which
most fishermen scarcely distinguish it. It is rather
less abundant in the river, and was not noticed by us in
the Astillero. Elsewhere on the coast it has been recorded
only from the river at San José del Cabo in Lower Cal-
ifornia, where it was found by Mr. Lyman Belding and
more recently by Dr. Gustav Eisen. '

Comparison with specimens from Havana shows no
differences.

203. Gobius soporator Cuvier & Valenciennes. Cat-
MAN.

Found in abundance in all rock pools, ascending far-
ther above the low-tide mark than any other marine spe-
cies. It does not occur in fresh water. ‘There seems to
be no difference between these specimens and those trom
the Gulf of Mexico, where it is found everywhere in
water not exceeding two feet in depth. \

204. Gobius sagittula (Giinther).

A few small specimens, not over four inches in length,
found in the Astillero on muddy bottoms. It was also
taken by Dr. Gilbert at La Paz, Mazatlan and at Panama.
Gobius longicauda, described by Jenkins & Evermann
from Guaymas, is no doubt the adult of the same species,
as Dr. Gilbert has already indicated.

Head 4%; depth 64%; caudal 2 longer than head; eye
3% in head; maxillary 234; snout 3%; scales about 52,
the first 37 very small; dorsal VI—13; anal 14; skull with
a median lengthwise ridge; interorbital space narrow,
channelled; skull somewhat broader behind; scales before
dorsal minute; head naked; scales ctenoid, much re-
duced anteriorly; lower jaw short, included; no flaps on
shoulder girdle; maxillary reaching to pupil; dorsal spines

FISHES OF SINALOA. 495

slender,*some filamentous; caudal lanceolate; teeth sharp,
rather small, the outer larger; lower jaw thin and flat, its
acutish tip elevated.

Olive, speckled and marbled; side with five oblong black
spots, the smallest at base of caudal; a black blotch on
opercle; dark cross-bars under soft dorsal; head much
mottled; dorsal speckled; caudal with ten zigzag cross-
bars of dark specks; pectoral faintly barred; anal and
ventral plain; a dark curved streak about yellowish base
of pectoral; lower lip dusky; a blackish cross-blotch above
gill opening. ’

In the adult, called Godzus longicauda, the caudal is
much longer, but there is no other difference of impor-
tance.

205. Gobius manglicola Jordan & Starks n. sp.

One specimen found in the mud of the Astillero among
the roots of mangrove bushes ( /thzzophora mange ).

Head 4%; depth 5%; D. VI-12; A. 12; scales about
35, hot to be exactly counted; caudal lanceolate, 2% in
body; pectoral about equal to head; dorsal spine slender,
not filamentous, 174 in head; eyes large, close together,
the range partly vertical, the narrow interorbital deeply
furrowed; no flaps on shoulder girdle; scales moderate,
ctenoid anteriorly, becoming smooth behind; median keel
on head slight; head naked.

Body long, compressed, the head depressed, the cheeks
tumid; snout bluntly truncate; mouth large, the maxil-
lary reaching the middle of eye, not produced backward,
truncated behind, somewhat oblique, the lower jaw a lit-
tle the longer; lower jaw flat; teeth strong, the outer in
both jaws enlarged; cranium without median crest, ab-
ruptly widened behind eyes.

Color light olive mottled with darker; six oblong
blotches of blackish on sides as in Godzus boleosoma, the

496 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY .OF SCIENCES.

last at base of caudal; dorsals and caudal finely check-
ered and barred with dark brownish orange and blackish;
anal mottled; a dark shoulder spot; a dark bar before eye
and one below eye; ventrals dusky, the edge pale.
The species seems nearest allied to Gobzus sagzttula.
One specimen, 1% inches long, numbered 3095 on the
eS.) Ic. Univ. Mus resister.

206. Garmannia paradoxa (Giinther). Plate xlix.

A single specimen found on muddy bottom among the
mangroves lining the estuary.

Head 3%; depth 4%; D. VI-11; A. 9; eye 4 in head;
snout 44%; pectoral 1% in head; dorsal spine 1+.

Form of Gobdzosoma boscz. Body compressed; head
broad and depressed, with tumid cheeks; snout not very
blunt, short, oblique-truncate; eyes rather large, high,
the maxillary not produced, extending to their posterior
margin; mouth large, oblique; lower jaw heavy, slightly
projecting; teeth strong; gill-openings narrow, not wider
than base of pectoral. First dorsal rather high, the first
spine filamentous, reaching past soft dorsal; other fins
low. Head and anterior half of body to front of soft dor-
sal naked; scattering scales Coming in above, twelve rows
of imbricated slightly ctenoid scales along median line of
caudal peduncle and forward to middle of soft dorsal,
the scaled area about as long as head, the upper parts
better scaled than lower. No flaps on shoulder girdle.

Olivaceous with seven or eight dark cross-shades—two
on head, one across’ gill-openings, one behind pectoral,
and a broad one below soft dorsal; dorsals dusky, the fil-
amentous ray pink; lower half of soft dorsal yellowish,
upper dusky; lower fins black; caudal dusky; a dark speck
at angle of opercle; skin everywhere punctate with black;
a pale olive bar at base of caudal.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 497

Skull without median crest. Interorbital space not
concave. Head not very abruptly widened behind eyes.

One specimen 1% inches long obtained. This spec-
imen differs but slightly from Ginther’s account of Go-
bius paradoxus, a species which is the type of the genus
Garmannia of Jordan & Evermann (MS.), distinguished
from Godius by the half-naked body. The genus is
named for Mr. Samuel Garman, the accomplished ichthy-
ologist of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts, in recognition of his important
contributions to ichthyology.

207. Aboma etheostoma Jordan & Starks, n. gen. and
fils Sos elles Us

A single small specimen found in the mud ona shallow
bottom in the Astillero.

ABOMA, new genus, allied to J/7crogobius Poey, distin-
guished by the large, ctenoid scales, which cover the
body; head naked, rather long, pointed in profile, the
mouth moderate, not very oblique; teeth rather strong.
Dorsal spines more than six, none of them filamentous;
soft dorsal and anal short; no flaps on shoulder girdle.
Cranium with a slight median crest. The name Adboma
is used by the Mexicans in Sinaloa as synonymous with
goby. Besides the new species, Aboma etheostoma, which
_ is the type of this genus, probably Godbzus chiguita Jen-
kins & Evermann, and Godius lucretéew Eigenmann &
Eigenmann, will be referable to it.

lead, 3744s depthinsics 1). \V Lier aeino- scales: 26).
longest dorsal spine 134 in head; eye 3; snout 4; max-
illary 3.

Body long and low, moderately depressed and pointed
forward. Scales large, ctenoid behind, none on head,
those on nape and kelly much reduced. Mouth moderate,
terminal, moderately oblique: the maxillary reaching

498 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

middle of pupil, jaws subequal or the lower a little the -
longer; teeth rather strong. No flaps on shoulder gir-
dle. Cranium with a slight median crest. Interorbital
ridge not hollowed out; skull not abruptly widened be-
hind.

Color olivaceous, side with a very broad jet black lat-
eral band, three times interrupted by silvery. Caudal
white with four < shaped bands, growing progressively
fainter behind. Pectoral mottled gray, with a jet black
oblique crescent towards its base, surrounding a large
yellow spot, side of head with four round gray spots sep-
arated by black, the largest below eye, with a black streak
before it. First dorsal jet black; second mottled; the
produced spine with yellowish. Ventrals and anal pale.

One specimen, 1% inches long, in the Museum of the
Leland Stanford Jr. University.

208. Evermannia zosterura (Jordan & Gilbert). Plate
li.

Very common on sandy bottoms everywhere about the
estuary, numerous specimens being dug out of the sand
by Mr. Williams. It is seldom found much if any below
the mark of low tide. It is a very handsomely colored
species, the male being more strikingly marked than any
other of our Gobies. The species has hitherto been known
only from a single specimen taken by Dr. Gilbert at Ma-
zatlan.

Head 3%; depth 6; dorsal IV-15; anal 14; eye equals
snout, 5 in head; pectoral 1%; caudal 1%.

Body compressed, profile convex; snout short, not very
blunt; eyes high, the maxillary reaching to their posterior
margin; mouth oblique, jaws equal. First spine of dor-
sal filamentous, reaching to middle of soft dorsal (male).
Body entirely naked.

Body everywhere speckled with dots of dark-brown.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 499

Male sometimes with traces of eight olive cross- bands.
Fins very ornate, the dorsal and anal yellowish at base,
then a broad median band of jet black, then a broad white
margin. Middle of caudal yellow to the tip, with a black
band above and below, and a white edge above and be-
low this as in dorsal and anal; no bands on tail.

Female with dorsal filament short, reaching about to
first soft ray. Dorsals and anal checkered with blackish;
caudal faintly barred; all vertical fins with pale edgings,
but without the black stripe of the males.

Family GOBIESOCID/.

209. Gobiesox adustus Jordan & Gilbert.

Obtained by Dr. Gilbert in rock pools at Mazatlan.
Rare and not found by us.

210. Gobiesox erythrops Jordan & Gilbert.

Found rare in rock pools at Mazatlan by Dr. Gilbert,
who also records a specimen from Tres Marias. Not
seen by us.

211. Gobiesox zebra Jordan & Gilbert.

Very abundant in rocky places at Mazatlan, especially
among sea urchins. Numerous specimens were obtained
by us, as also by Dr. Gilbert.

The coloration is quite variable, although the markings
are rather constant. In general, light pink with mark-
ings of gray, blackish and olive; a distinct dusky blotch
behind eye and a dark bar across caudal.

212. Gobiesox eos Jordan & Gilbert.

Found in rock pools at Mazatlan by Dr. Gilbert. Not
recorded from any other locality.

Two specimens obtained by us from rock pools among
echini. The bright cherry red coloration is distinctive
and persists in alcohol.

500 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Family OPISTOGNATHID.

213. Opistognathus punctata Peters,

The original type of this species was described by Dr.
Peters from Mazatlan. It was also found by Dr. Gilbert
at Panama, the two specimens mentioned being as yet the
only ones known.

Family BLENNIIDE.

214. Isesthes brevipinnis (Giinther).

This species was found to be rather common in rock
pools at Mazatlan both by Dr. Gilbert and by us.

215. Rupiscartes atlanticus (Cuvier & Valenciennes. )

This species is very common in rock pools about Ma-
zatlan, where it reaches a length of about six inches. It
was found in numbers by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan, but
has not been recorded from localities farther south. Mr.
Charles H. Townsend found it at San Cristobal Bay, and
Mr. John Xantus at Cape San Lucas. Thus far no dif-
ference has been found between these specimens and
those from the West Indies. _

Body liver brown, paler below. Fins mostly blackish;
an orange area on upper edge of caudal; a yellow one
tinged reddish below. Eye red posteriorly.

216. Rupiscartes chiostictus (Jordan & Gilbert).

Only the original types of this species found by Dr.
Gilbert in the tide pools at Mazatlan have been recorded.
It was not seen by us.

Family CLINID.

217. Labrosomus xanti Gill.

Very common at Mazatlan in rock pools with Aewfzs-
cartes atlanticus (Cuvier & Valenciennes), and reaching

FISHES OF SINALOA. 501

about the same size. It was also found by Richardson at
La Paz and by Gilbert at Mazatlan. It has been recorded
from Cape San Lucas by Xantus and from San Cristobal
Bay by Townsend. The Pacific form called Labrosomus
xanti seems to be scarcely if at all distinguished from
the West Indian form, nuchipznnts, cognate to it. The
only difference we have found is in the dentition of the
vomer, and this may not be constant.

218. Labrosomus delalandi (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Extremely common in rock pools at Mazatlan, where
it was also found by Dr. Gilbert. It has not been no-
ced) from any other locality on the Pacific Coast.
Thus far we have not been able to distinguish it from Lie
brosomus delalandi of the coast of Brazil.

219. Enneanectes carminalis (Jordan & Gilbert) n. gen.
lates ian.

Four specimens, types of the species, were found by
Dr. Gilbert in a rock pool at Mazatlan. A single small
example was obtained by us.

The short chubby body, large rough-ctenoid scales,
little rounded profile, and short fins distinguish this spe-
cies sufficiently from 777plerygzon Risso, and character-
ize the new genus /rneanectes, framed for it by Jordan
& Evermann.

220. Auchenopterus monophthalmus Giinther.

Several specimens taken in rock pools at Mazatlan.
At low tide it is often left by the recession of the water,
in which case it creeps about in the Corallina.

In this species the first dorsal is higher and better sep-
arated from the rest of the fin than in the California spe-
cies, Auchenopterus tntegripinnis, and there are some
constant differences in coloration.

502 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Family FIERASFERID/®.

221. Fierasfer arenicola Jordan & Gilbert.

A single specimen found in the sand at Mazatlan by
Dr. Gilbert. At first described as a new species, /veras-
fer arenicola Jordan & Gilbert, and subsequently iden-
tified with the species which occurs in more or less abun-
dance in the shells of the pearl oyster. It was not found
by the Hopkins Expedition. According to Prof. Putnam,
the West Coast species, /verasfer arenicola, is not dis-
tinct from /verasfer dubzus Putnam, of the Florida Keys.
We may, however, retain the former as distinct until com-
parison of specimens can be made.

Family BROTULID.

222. Dinematichthys ventralis Gill. Plate liv.

Found abundant in rock pools at Mazatlan, where
specimens were taken reaching a length of about four
inches. This fish has hitherto been recorded as ex-
tremely rare, and very few were obtained by Dr. Gilbert.
This is one of the species that were brought from their
hiding places by the introduction of the poisonous juice
ot the Hava tree into the water. It has been recorded —
from Cape San Lucas and Mazatlan.

Color in life, everywhere liver brown, the fins edged
with whitish or pinkish.

Family PLEURONECTID.

223. Syacium ovale (Giinther).

Occasionally taken in the Astillero at Mazatlan, where
specimens were found by Dr. Gilbert and by us. It is
more abundant at Panama. The broad-headed form
called Syactum latifrons (Jordan & Gilbert), which has
been supposed, perhaps wrongly, to be the male of this
species, has been seen only at Panama.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 503

224. Citharichthys gilberti Jenkins & Evermann. LEn-
GUADO.

Very common everywhere in the Astillero, and also
ascending the Rio Presidio in the fresh waters nearly as
far as the village of Presidio. In fresh water the color is
considerably brighter than in the sea, and these fresh
water specimens correspond to those described by Jordan
& Goss as Citharichthys sumichrastt. These seem to be,
however, of the same species.

225. Azevia panamensis (Steindachner).

Common in the Astillero, reaching a length of about
eight inches. The following is a count of the fin rays
. nine ee IDE OGRE Gs 1D. So) B46 Ors IDs oe,

31 RS) IDS Roto YVAN eID Covi Vata Giaks JD). "elon vals san) ID);
ie IDS OAs Zaye gD aoe VA, 17/22.

These specimens seem to be inseparable from ye

panamensis.

226. Etropus crossotus Jordan & Gilbert.

Rather common in the Astillero with the preceding
species, but reaching a smaller size, rarely exceeding
‘four inches. On careful comparison of our specimens
with others from Beaufort, Pensacola, Panama, and other
localities, we are unable to find any differences. The
color varies with the bottom, some being plain light
brown, others are much mottled with lighter or with
darker.

227. Hippoglossina macrops Steindachner.

This species was described by Steindachner from a
specimen obtained at Mazatlan. We have not seen it.
228. Paralichthys adspersus (Steindachner).

Very common in the bay and Astillero at Mazatlan,
and in fact everywhere on the coast from Guaymas and

504 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

La Paz to Panama and Callao. It reaches a length of
about three feet, and is a food fish of some importance,
most specimens, however, being much smaller.

Head 3%; depth about 2 in length of body; D. 73 (7o
LOn7O)\; A577 (53 to Oo); rae Veo scales: omylatenall
line about 106+8 with 35 dorsally and 36 ventrally.

Flesh firm. Body oblong, moderately compressed;
mouth large, oblique, the mandible very heavy, slightly pro-
jecting: 4 canine teeth on each side of lower jaw in adult
specimens, 8 in young, the two anterior teeth long; an-
terior teeth of upper jaw strong, but smaller than those
in the lower jaw; the lateral teeth very small and close
set. Eye small, shorter than snout, about 7 (6 to 8) in
length of head; interorbital area, smooth, flattish, %
width of eye. Scales cycloid, small anteriorly and larger
posteriorly. Lateral line strongly arched anteriorly, arch
about 3% in straight part. f

Gill-rakers of medium length, broad, retrose-serrate on
inner side, longest about % length of eye, from 4+13
to 5-14 in number, counted in eight specimens; pecto-
ral fin about as long as mandible, slightly more than halt
length of head. Dorsal low, anterior origin opposite an-
terior margin of eye; caudal barely double concave;
caudal peduncle very strong. Anal spine obsolete; ven-
tral fins small, inserted symmetrically. Fins all scaly.

Color—Large specimens are dark brown, with blotches
on fins; small specimens are covered with pearly white
and very dark brown blotches. ‘The brown blotches are
almost circular, larger and with less definite outlines near
the center of the body, very dark and distinct on caudal.

Seven specimens were taken by the Hopkins Expe-
dition in the estuary at Mazatlan, where they reach a
length of 44 cm. Several specimens were also taken at
La Paz.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 505):

These specimens seem to be identical with Paralichthys
adspersus, described from Callao by Steindachner. The
original types have on the average more gill-rakers than
we find on our Mazatlan specimens, but this character is
subject to variation, and no other distinction appears.

In one of Dr.Steindachner’s types from Callao (11,417,
Mus. Comp. Zool.) we find the gill-rakers longer, 6+17;
depth 2% in length; D. 67; A. 51; scales 120; arch of
lateral line barely twice as long as high, nearly 5 in straight
part; maxillary 2% in head.

Mr. Garman has kindly examined for us six other
specimens, with the following results:

‘‘Paralichthys adspersus from Callao has gill-rakers—

7 above, as long as the eye;

17 below.

= about 2 as long as the eye.

7; nearly as long as the eye.

7; about % as long as the eye.

j; about % as long as the eye.

AMeanis. as longpaslevie. |

—(Garman, in lit., May 3, 1895.)

Family SOLEIDA.

229. Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner). LENGUADO
DE Rio. (Solea pilosa Peters.)

Very abundant in the fresh waters of the Rio Presidio
below the village, varying considerably in color, and
somewhat in form. One specimen was taken in the
brackish waters of the estuary.

230. Achirus fonsecensis (Richardson).

Two specimens found in the Rio Presidio with Achzrus
mazatlanus; not seen at Mazatlan.
2D SER., VoL. V. (33) August 15, 1895.

506 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

231. Symphurus williamsi Jordan & Culver, n. sp.
Plate lv.

Two specimens, the largest about 1% inches long, were
obtained by Mr. Thomas Marion Williams in tide pools
with sandy bottom, in very shallow water, near the estu-
ary at Mazatlan.

Mead 425) depth37, -) Dxo2ia aw eemscales O2.5 body
slenderer than in Symphurus plagiusa, which it much re-
sembles, but not so slender as in Symphurus elongatus,
and the caudal fin not black. Upper eye slightly in ad-
vance of lower. 5

Sand color in life; light gray, everywhere finely mottled
with light and dark, with traces of a few very narrow
dark-cross bands. Fins all mottled; the caudal and pos-
terior part of dorsal and anal not black, scarcely darker
than anterior part.

Type numbered 2943, in the register of L. S. Jr. Univ.
Mus.

Family ONCOCEPHALIDE.

232. Oncocephalus elater (Jordan & Gilbert).

One specimen, the type of the species, presented to
Dr. Gilbert by Dr. Bastow, then a resident of Mazatlan.
It is found in deep water, and was not seen by us, but
numerous specimens have been since dredged by the
Albatross in localities further to the south, so that the
species is now well known.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 507

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE ON THE FISHES OF LA PAZ HARBOR.

Mr. James A. Richardson, a member of the Hopkins
Expedition, spent two days at La Paz, the chief city of
Baja California, where he made a small collection of fishes.
The work was done under very unfavorable conditions, as
La Paz has no fish market and its fish supply is obtained
by the spear and the hook and line. There is but one
seine at La Paz, a very old and rotten one, which was
rented by Mr. Richardson, as was also a parachute seine
and a small dip-net. Considering all the difficulties en-
countered, the list here given shows that the locality is
well worthy of a detailed exploration.

Concerning the harbor of La Paz, Mr. Richardson has
the following notes:

‘The approach to La Paz estuary is guarded by several
large islands, uninhabited, wild and precipitous. The en-
trance to the estuary is very wide, apparently ten or fif-
teen miles, the general direction being north and south
and the length of the estuary about fifteen miles. The
estuary gradually narrows to about one mile at ten
miles from the entrance. As the steamer proceeds up
the estuary it 1s noticed that she hugs the left bank
closely. I was told that in all that breadth of water there
is but a very narrow channel, the balance of the space in
the estuary being of a sand formation, the sand bars com-
ing very near the surface of the water so that they can
be seen from the deck of the steamer. The steamer in
following the channel nearly doubles on itself occasion-
ally, and in the darkness of the night a boat is lowered
and a search is made for certain buoys. The left bank
is made up alternately of gravel beach and abrupt cliffs
all the way to La Paz. The country behind La Paz is
hilly and mountainous, of no value, covered with rocks
and cactus. The right bank opposite La Paz, as far as

508 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

one could see, is one vast stretch of sand and mangrove
bushes lying a little above tide water. This is considered
to be fine soil for cocoanut trees, but it is uninhabited and
uncultivated. The sand beach is very fine; one could
ride a bicycle here for fifty miles following the shore
line.”’

1. Narcine entemedor Jordan & Starks.

Common. One specimen somewhat decayed found on
the beach.

2. Opisthonema libertate (Giinther).
Two specimens obtained (13 in. long).
3. Stolephorus ischanus Jordan & Gilbert.
‘Two small specimens.
4. Stolephons curtus Jordan & Gilbert.
One specimen.
5. Mugil cephalus Linneus.
Very common.
6. Mugil curema Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Very common.
7. Querimana harengus (Giinther).
Very abundant in the lagoons and small estuaries.
8. Holocentrus suborbitalis Gill.
Common in rock pools.
g. Paralabrax maculatofasciatus (Steindachner).
Common.
10. Lutianus novemfasciatus Gill.
Two specimens.
11. Lutianus argentiventris (Peters).

One specimen obtained.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 509

‘12. Xenistius californiensis (Steindachner).

Several young specimens obtained.
Silvery, with continuous streaks of bright warm brown
along the rows of scales.

13. Pomadasis macracanthus (Ginther).

Common.

14. Orthopristis reddingi Jordan & Richardson, n. sp.
Plate xli.

Allied to Orthopristis ruber (Cuv. & Val.)

nlleade?2,-) depth 3) dorsal Xi ny, anal Til 10;
scales 8-52-15; 53 pores.

Eye 4% in head; maxillary 3%; preorbital 4% in
snout; pectoral 12 in head; longest dorsal spine 23;
longest soft ray 33; second anal spine 43; ventral 13;
upper caudal lobe 1%; base of soft dorsal in spinous 134.

Body oblong, the back not much elevated; the anterior
profile straightish, slightly depressed above the Cyel;
mouth small, low, the maxillary reaching to opposite the
nostril; teeth subequal, in broad bands; lower jaw in-
cluded; nostrils both oblong, the anterior the larger; eye
rather large, about as wide as the broad preorbital; pre-
opercle very finely serrated on its posterior margin only,
the serrations very weak; gill-rakers short and small,
about 12; scales moderate, the rows above lateral line
very oblique, those below nearly horizontal, the series
from the scapular scale reaching middle of spinous dorsal.
Spinous dorsal moderate, not deeply notched, the median
spines injured in youth in the type specimen; soft dorsal
low, free from scales; anal spines low, the second a little
longer than third; soft rays scaleless; caudal lunate, the
lobes unequal, the upper longer than lower, which is more
obtuse. Ventrals rather long, inserted just behind axil of
pectoral. Pectoral rather short, not quite reaching tips
of ventrals.

510 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Color pearly gray, darker above; each scale of back
and sides, with a bright bronze spot behind its center;
these forming nearly continuous streaks along the rows
of scales. These streaks run upward and backward an-
teriorly and nearly horizontally on sides, when they are
more or less interrupted or transposed. Head plain gray,
dorsal with some streaks and clouds; outer fins plain;
ventrals somewhat dusky.

One specimen, 834 inches long, was taken by Mr.
Richardson.

This species is very closely allied to the Atlantic spe-
cies, Orthopristis ruber (Cuv. & Val.), but has the body
a little more slender and the head larger.

The specimen from Guaymas provisionally referred to
Orthopristis cantharinus (see Jordan & Fesler. Rept.
U.S. Fish Com. for 1889 to 1891, 500, 1893), is perhaps
a second specimen of Orthopristis redding.

This species is named in honor of Hon. Benjamin B.
Redding, first Fish Commissioner of California, a man
deeply interested in scientific research, to whom Mr.
Richardson has been indebted for many favors, in his
former capacity of Superintendent of the California Fish
Hatching Station at Sisson.

15. Microlepidotus inornatus Gill.

One specimen, 10 inches long, obtained. Common.
16. Umbrina xanti Gill.

Common.
17. Micropogon ectenes Jordan & Gilbert.

One specimen.

18. Eucinostomus gracilis (Gill).

Common.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 5 ba

19. Xystema cinereum (Walbaum. )

Common. About twenty specimens obtained.

20. Gerres lineatus (Humboldt).

Common.

21. Scarus perrico Jordan & Gilbert.

One specimen, found dead on the beach.

22. Spheroides lobatus (Steindachner).

Common. ‘Two specimens obtained. In color these
approach SPherordes augusticeps (Jenyns). It may be
that Jobatus is, after all, the young of augusticeps, as
was supposed by Jordan and Gilbert.

23. Diodon holacanthus Linnezus.

Common. One specimen, 11 inches long, was obtained.

D. 12; A. 12; back and sides covered with spots; no
spots on fins or tail; back very dark; a dark band be-
tween eyes; frontal spines nearly as long as pectoral
spines which are longest.

24. Alexurus armiger Jordan, n. g. and sp. Gosim.
Plate xlviii.

llead) 47, ; depth) 8; dorsal) Wil-135) analir1; V. 1,5;
scales about 102-30; eye 8 in head; maxillary 224 ; man-
dible 2%; snout 5%; interorbital 4% ; pectoral 14; cau-
dal equals head; ventral 2; last dorsal ray 13.

Body long and low, compressed posteriorly, depressed
in front. Head flattish and broad above, the cheeks mod-
erately tumid. Eyes small, high up, separated by a broad
flattish interorbital space; snout short; mouth moderate,
very oblique, the maxillary ceasing below the center of
pupil; lower jaw very heavy, oblique, projecting beyond
upper, its outline horseshoe-shaped, obtuse infront. Teeth
in rather broad bands, the outer enlarged below, but

512 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

scarcely so above; none of them canine-like. Top of
head with very small scales. Cheeks and opercles with
rudimentary scales above. Preopercle with a concealed
antrose hook below as in AVeotrzs. Scales on body very
small, perfectly smooth, partially imbedded; scales on
nape and throat minute. Gill membranes extending a
little forward below, so that the branchiostegals are free
from the isthmus.

Insertion of dorsal twice as far from middle of base of
caudal as from tip of snout; the fin low, its slender rays
slightly filamentous. Soft dorsal low, its last ray highest.
Anal similar, beginning under second dorsal ray. Cau-
dal long, bluntly pointed behind, with strongly procurrent
base above and below, the base above two-fifth length of
head formed of fourteen short rays, that below a little
shorter, of twelve rays, this procurrent portion forming an
angle with the caudal proper where it joins it. Pectoral
and ventrals short, the ventrals inserted under pectorais.

Color olive green, dusky above, paler below, but every-
where covered with fine black dots. Both dorsals with
the membranes pale, the rays each barred with black.
Caudal mesially blackish, all the rays barred or chequered
in fine pattern. Pectoral and anal pale, similarly speckled;
base of pectoral dusky; ventral finely speckled.

One specimen, 6% inches long, taken by Mr. James
A. Richardson in the harbor of La Paz.

This species seems to be the type of a distinct genus
allied to Aleotr?s and FLrotelis, distinguished from //eo-
tris by its very small cycloid scales, from /rotelzs by its
concealed preopercular hook, and from both by the pro-
current caudal fin. The generic name is from d/ésw, to
protect; odsd, tail.

FISHES OF SINALOA. 513

25. Gobius sagittula (Giinther).

Two large specimens, each six to eight inches long,
besides one very young example, corresponding to the
form called Godzus longicauda of Jenkins & Evermann.
As Dr. Gilbert has noticed, this is the adult form of the
species called by Dr. Giinther Huctenogobius sagittula,
of which specimens were found by us at Mazatlan.

The species is very similar to Godzus oceanicus of the
Atlantic.

26. Gobius soporator Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Very common.

27. Scorpena mystes Jordan & Starks.

Common.

28. Labrosomus xanti Gill.

Common in rock pools.

29. Labrosomus delalandi (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Common in rock pools.

30. Auchenopterus monophthalmus Giinther.

Not rare; in rock pools.

31. Paralichthys adspersus (Steindachner).

Very common; about ten specimens taken.

514

XXXVI.
XXVII.

XXVIII.

XXIX.
XXX.

XXXII.
XXXII.

XXXII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
XL.

XLI.
XLII.
XLII.
XLIV.
XLV.
XLVI.
XLVII.
XLVIII.
XLIX.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY

LIST OF PLATES.

Galeichthys gilberti.
Galeichthys azureus.
Sardinella stolifera.
Peecilia presidionis.
Siphostoma starksii.
Mugil hospes.
Eurystole eriarcha.
Thyrina evermanni.
Caranx medusicola.
Hynnis hopkinsi.
Trachinotus culveri.
Apogon retrosella.
Mycteroperca boulengeri.
Rabirubia inermis.
Lythrulon opalescens.
Orthopristis reddingi.

Eupomacentrus flavilatus.

Microspathodon bairdii.

SCIENCES.

Microspathodon azurissimus.

Halicheres dispilus.
Xesurus punctatus.
Teuthis crestonis.
Alexurus armiger.
Garmannia paradoxa.
Aboma etheostoma.
Evermannia zosterura.
Scorpzna mystes.
Enneanectes carminalis.

Dinematichthys ventralis.

Symphurus williamsi.

SOME MEXICAN NEUROPTERA.
BY NATHAN BANKS.

The following sixteen species of Neuroptera were col-
lected= by Dr. Gustay Hisen. and Min.) Krank Ee) Vaslit
mostly in the Cape Region of Baja California; a few,
however, are from Tepic, Territory of Tepic.

Although the collection is too small for generalization,
it may be notéd that the described species from Baja
California were previously known from California; and
there is not a single species of general distribution in the
United States. The three species of Chrysopa which
appear to be new have the wings less veined than usual,
the cells being larger than in our eastern species. Of
the three species from Tepic one appears to be new,
though it would seem strange that such a prominent in-
sect had escaped observation. All of the specimens are
alcoholic.

SIALIDZ.

RAPHIDIA AUSTRALIS Nov. sp.

Length 13 mm. Face yellowish; palpi fuscous, annu-
late with white; antennz yellowish, darker toward tips;
head granulate, above and behind shining greenish, with
a smooth, elongate, rufous spot reaching nearly to the
ocelli; sides of head behind the eyes straight, not convex;
prothorax slender, rufous, contracted before middle,
granulate, each granule giving rise to a short hair, an in-
distinct black fork on the basal portion; legs pale yellow;
abdomen black, with many longitudinal rows of yellow
spots, those on sides are larger and more or less con-
nected, a black median line on the yellow venter, ‘ovipos-
itor nearly as long as the abdomen, upcurved. Wings
quite short, but six or seven costal transverse veinlets,
subcosta runs into the costa at a point before the ptero-

stigma twice the length of the latter; pterostigma short,
2p SmR., VOL. V. August 20, 1895.

516 ; CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

barely twice as long as broad, four short cells beneath it
in fore wings, in hind wings two short cells and then a
longer one. ‘
Described from two specimens from San Lazaro, Baja
California.
MANTISPID 4.
SYMPHASIS SIGNATA Hagen.
Hagen, Stett. Entom. Zeit. 1877, p. 208.
Two specimens, one from San Lazaro, the other, San
José del Cabo, Baja California. September.

CHRYSOPID 2.
CHRYSOPA EXTERNA Hagen.
Hagen, Syn. Neuropt. N. Am. 1861, p. 221.
A single specimen from Tepic. October.

CHRYSOPA PERFECTA Nov. sp.

Length 15 mm. Pale yellowish, a black stripe from
each eye to the mouth; palpi black; antenne shorter
than the wings, pubescent, whitish, slightly darker toward
the tips; prothorax nearly as long as broad, narrowed in
front, a large, elongate, rufous spot each side starting
from the anterior edge, but not reaching the posterior
margin; anterior lobe of mesothorax with a rufous spot
each side; meso- and metathorax sometimes with a whitish
median stripe; legs whitish, white haired; abdomen yel-
lowish. Wings moderately slender, anterior pair scarcely
pointed at tips, the posterior pair more distinctly.so; cos-
tal transversals black; most of the other transverse vein-
lets are fuscous at ends, and faintly margined with fus-
cous; the veinlet connecting subcosta and radius is beyond
the fourth costal transversal; second cubital cell about
twice as long as broad, distinctly swollen on anterior mar-
gin near base; third cubital cell with the division ending
a little beyond the first transversal to the radial sector;

MEXICAN NEUROPTERA. 517

cells large, four gradate veins in the first series, five or
six in the second series; pterostigma not distinct.

Several specimens, San Lazaro and E] Taste, Baja
California.

CHRYSOPA VALIDA NOV. sp.

Length 14 mm. Pale yellowish, no spots on head;
tips of palpi fuscous; antennz much shorter than wings,
whitish, a red line above on basal joint; prothorax much
shorter than broad, narrowed in front, barely rufous each
side; rest of thorax and abdomen yellowish; legs short,
whitish, with white hairs. Wings moderately slender,
anterior pair barely pointed, the posterior pair very dis-
tinctly so; - nearly all the transversals and gradate veins
in anterior pair are black or fuscous, and some gradate
veins in hind wing; usually but two black transversals
before the veinlet which connects subcosta and: radius;
second cubital cell more than twice as long as broad,
barely swollen on the anterior side; division of third cu-
bital cell ends just beyond the first transversal to radial
sector; cells quite large, three gradate veins of the first
series, and six in second series; pterostigma very distinct,
opaque whitish.

A few specimens, El] Taste and San José del Cabo,
Baja California. September.

CHRYSOPA INCERTA NOV. Sp.

Length 14 mm. Brownish yellow, face yellow, with-
‘out spots; antennz shorter than wings, black, except the
basal joint which is yellow and inflated; tips of palpi fus-
cous; prothorax much broader than long, much narrowed
in front, a fuscous stripe on each side, meso- and meta-
thorax with a few fuscous spots; abdomen with many
fuscous dots and streaks; legs pale with black hair, tarsi
darker, an elongate fuscous spot above near tip of femur.

518 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Wings moderate, anterior pair scarcely pointed at tip,
posterior pair a little more so; in anterior pair the trans-
versals, gradate veinlets, many of the marginal veinlets,
and most of radial sector, black or fuscous; in posterior
pair the transversals and gradate veinlets fuscous; con-
necting veinlet between subcosta and radius is beyond the
second costal transversal; second cubital cell more than
twice as long as broad, barely swollen on anterior side;
division of third cubital cell ends beyond the first trans-
versal to radial sectors; two or three gradate veins in first
series, five or six in second series; pterostigma moder-
ately distinct.
Two specimens, E] Taste, Baja California.

MyRMELEONID2.

ACANTHACLISIS FALLAX Rambr.

Rambr., Neuropt., p. 385.
Hagen, Syn. Neuropt. N. Am., p. 223.

Several specimens from San Lazaro and San José del
Cabo, Baja California. September. It is distributed
throughout tropical America, from California to Argen-
tunes

ACANTHACLISIS CONGENER Hagen.
Hagen, Syn. Neuropt. N. Am., p. 224.
One male, San José del Cabo, Baja California. Sep-
tember. It is more common northward on the Pacific
coast.

BRACHYNEMURUS PEREGRINUS Hagen.

Hagen, Syn. Neuropt. N. Am., p. 234 (sub-Mrymeleon).
Hagen, Can. Entom. 1888, p. 59.

Several from San José del Cabo, September, and one
from Sierra El Taste, Baja California. This is found as
far eastward as Colorado and Nebraska, but is more
abundant in the southwest.

MEXICAN NEUROPTERA. 519

BRACHYNEMURUS SACKENI Hagen.
Hagen, Can. Entom. 1888, p. 94.
Many specimens from San José del Cabo, Baja Cal-
ifornia. September. Previously known from Arizona,
Texas, California and Mexico.

BRACHYNEMURUS CALIFORNICUS NOV. Sp.

Length 2 26 mm., é 35 mm., alar expanse 50-55 mm.
Head yellowish, a broad fuscous band through antennal
sockets from eye to eye, vertex with two transverse rows
of fuscous spots, and behind on each side a brown and a
black spot; antennz with two basal joints pale, a band
in front and behind on first one, rest annulate with fus-
cous; prothorax with a broad fuscous stripe each side,
which is forked in front and contains a pale spot behind;
on each lower side is a shorter and less definite fuscous
stripe; many fuscous spots on each upper side of meso-
and metathorax, forming a more or less maculose stripe;
other spots on middle, some of them shining black; a
broad black stripe below wings, containing an interrupted
pale line; legs thickly dotted with fuscous, black on tips
of tibia, third and fourth tarsal joints wholly, and the tip
of the fifth joint; spurs about as long as the basal joint.
Abdomen of élonger than the wings, of the 2 shorter;
pale, lineated with fuscous, near the tip often broken into
spots more or less connected; second segment mostly
fuscous, the others with a median and side stripes, the
former narrow in the middle, usually wanting on basal
part of basal joints, last segment almost wholly fuscous.
Nearly everywhere scantily clothed with white hair and
black bristles. The appendages of the 4 pale, and dotted
with fuscous, twice as long as last segment, slender, bowed
and slightly upcurved, a comb of stiff bristles above near
tip. Wings narrow, hyaline; veins fuscous, pointed with
white; small fuscous spots, most distinct on radius and

520 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

along cubitus; basal part of hind margin of wings with a
long fringe; the costal area biareolated from near the
base to the pterostigma; the space behind the radius, be-
fore the origin of the radial sector, is also biareolated; the
furcation of cubitus is considerably beyond the origin of
the radial sector.

Numerous specimens from San Lazaro, Sierra El
Taste and San José del Cabo, Baja California. Septem-
ber. By. its biareolated costal space it is evidently re-
lated to B. tnscriptus Hagen, but the markings are quite
different.

BRACHYNEMURUS FRATERNUS Nov. sp.

Length? 18 mm., 6 26 mm., alar expanse 35-40 mm.
This is so extremely similar in structure and in coloration
to the preceding species (2. californicus ) that it may be
but a small variety of it. But the specimens were taken
at the same time and place, and show no intermediate
sizes, so I shall consider it, for the present at least, as
distinct. It differs from B&B. californicus, besides the size,
only in that the appendages of the é are scarcely twice the
length of the last segment of the abdomen; and the mark-
ings on the sides of the abdomen of the 6, and on the
prothorax are usually much less distinct.

Several specimens from San Lazaro and San José del
Cabo, Baja California. September.

BRACHYNEMURUS MEXICANUS nov. sp.

Length ? 28 mm., 642 mm., alar expanse 55-60 mm.
Head yellowish, a broad black band across antennal re-
gion, vertex with two comma-shaped black spots, some-
times connected behind to the prothoracic stripes; an-
tenne brown, the basal joint pale above, annulated with
pale; prothorax yellowish, with a dark ‘brown stripe each
side, forked at posterior third, inner branch reaching an-

MEXICAN NEUROPTERA. 521

terior margin, outer branch falling short, sometimes, how-
ever, uniting with the inner branch; lower margin each
‘side fuscous; meso- and metathorax above interruptedly
lined with fuscous, sides with many fuscous spots usually
connected; legs yellowish, with scattered brown dots,
tips of tarsal joints blackish; abdomen blackish, a yellow-
ish line above on each side of the basal joints; clothed
throughout with black bristly hair. Wings hyaline, veins
pale; both pairs evenly spread with many small fuscous
spots, of about equal size, usually having for their center
the base of a transverse veinlet; pterostigma large, dis-
tinct, cream yellow. Wings broad, costal space not biare-
olate till near middle of wings, space behind radius sim-
ple, cubitus forks beyond the origin of radial sector, but
before the forking of radial sector. Antenne of ¢ longer
than thorax, a little shorter in the 2 ; spurs longer than
basal tarsal joint; abdomen in the 4 longer than wings, in
the 2 shorter; appendages of the 6 shorter than last seg-
ment of abdomen, nearly parallel, upcurved, their tips
divaricate, a comb of stiff bristles near the tip above.
A number of specimens from Tepic. November.

MyRMELEON RUusTICUS Hagen.

Hagen, Syn. Neuropt. N. Am., p. 233.
Hagen, Can. Entom. 1887, p. 210.

Several specimens from San José del Cabo, Baja Cal-
ifornia. September.

ASCALAPHIDA.

ULULA MEXICANA McLach.
McLachlan, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zooi. 1871, p. 248.
A single specimen from Tepic, Mexico. October.

ULULA BICOLOR nov. sp.

Length 30 mm., alar expanse 55 mm. Hair on face

white, more grayish on head and thorax; white on coxe
2p SErR., VoL. V. ( 34 ) August 20, 1895.

522 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and femora, rest of legs pale yellowish, with black bris-
tles, abdomen marked with brown and yellowish in the
usual pattern, pruinose beneath; antenne much shorter
than wings, yellowish, tips of joints fuscous, club pale
brownish; pterostigma of fore wings cream white, of hind
wings more fuscous; a curved dark cloud below pteros-
tigma of hind wings in some specimens. Venation like
U. hyalina.

Several specimens from San José del Cabo, September,
and Sierra El Taste, Baja California. Differs from U.
hyalina principally in the shorter antenne and light col-
ored pterostigma.

THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS XANTUSIA.

BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH,

Curator of the Department of Herpetology.

A large number of specimens of Aantusza vigzlis and
several of Xantusta henshawt, which I have recently col-
lected, tempt me to present revised descriptions of the
species of this genus of lizards.*

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

al. One series of small plates (superciliaries) ever eye.
b!. Ventral plates in twelve longitudinal series.

cl. A single frontal, eye large. X. vigilis.
c*. <A pair of frontals, eye small. X. gilberti.
b?. Ventral plates in fourteen longitudinal series. X. henshawi.
a. Two series of small plates (superciliaries and supraocuiars) over eye.
Ventral plates in sixteen longitudinal series. X. riversiana.

XANTUSIA VIGILIS Baird.
Xantusia vigilis.
1859, Baird, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 255.
1893, Stejneger, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, p. 198, pl. ili, figs. la-le.
Description.—The body is subcylindrical, with very
short limbs. The upper surface of the head is flattened,
curving towards the snout. There are three folds on the
throat, the anterior connecting the ears and encircling the
head. The nostrilis pierced at the junction of the ros-
tral, internasal, postnasal and first labial plates. The
rostral is in contact with the first labial and internasal
plates. The two internasals are followed by a large sub-

*Since this paper was written, two new genera of Xantusidwe—Zablepsis
and Amcebopsis—have been proposed (Am. Nat., xxix, Aug. 1895, p. 757),
to contain Xantusia henshawi Stejn. and Xantusia gilberti Van D. Neither
appears to me wellfounded. Noneof the characters alleged to be distinct-
ive of Zablepsis is constant, even as a specific character of X. henshawi;
and the general scutellation and coloring of X. gilberti are so like those
of X. vigilis as to indicate close relationship. Why these separations
should have been made and X. riversiana still have been left in the criginal
genus, I cannot comprehend.

2D SER., VOL. V. August 28, 1895.

524 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

hexagonal frontonasal. Behind this are two prefontals
(in contact), bordered posteriorly by the single broad
frontal and the first superciliary plates. Each of the two
frontoparietal plates forms sutures with the frontal, second,
third and fourth superciliaries, first supratemporal, parie-
tal, interparietal and its fellow of the opposite side. ‘The
parietals and the very large interparietal are bordered
behind by the two large occipitals. A row of small supra-
temporal scutes lies along the outer edge of the occipital
and parietal plates. The two large loreals are in contact
below with the superior labials, and above with the fronto-
nasal and prefontal plates. In front of the first loreal is a
large postnasal. A series of small plates, the upper of which
are the superciliaries, usually surrounds the eye. Be-
tween this ring and the larger loreal are two or three small
plates. There are four or five superior and three or four
inferior labials to a point below the pupil. The eye is
large, without lids, and with vertical pupil. Its diameter
is contained about twice in the distance from the end of
the snout to the orbit. The oblique ear opening has a
very weak anterior denticulation. The inferior labials
are in contact with the large sublabials. The first pair of
the latter are in contact on the median line. The back,
sides, upper and posterior surfaces of the limbs, and the
gular regions, are covered with subhexagonal granules.
There is a series of large plates along the edge of the
last gular fold. The quadrate ventrals are in twelve longi-
tudinal and twenty-seven to thirty transverse rows. The
large preanal plates are arranged in two series of two
each, sometimes surrounded by a few smaller scales or
granules. The tail is conical, and covered with whorls of
smooth scales, which are very narrow and transversely
convex. Its length is very variable. Six to ten femoral
pores form a series along each thigh.

SPECIES OF THE GENUS XANTUSIA. 525

The ground color in different specimens varies from
smoke gray, through many shades of yellow and brown,
to clove brown. Scattered granules are dark brown or
black. At times these dark granules are so numerous as
to become confluent, with a tendency to form longitu-
dinal lines. In other individuals they are scarcely visible.
Some specimens have heavy dotting on a very pale ground;
in others the dotting is heavy on a dark ground; many
show faint dots on a light ground; and several have few
dots on a dark ground. A yellowish line usually runs
back on the neck from the outer edge of each occipital
plate. Two similar lines are sometimes present on the
nape. The lower parts are creamy white, sometimes
clouded with brown towards the sides. The young aver-
age much darker than the adults.*

mm. mm. mm. mm. mm,
SIMONE oy AMS aug: 8 eon an dipcig Bo Go sinDes 47 44 42 37 22
ple iPP RE Paya roys tanya cesar ma yas nt as Renee isis Gens as 40t 47 61 4] 24
es lriaayGhi bib Ay) oy ican See a8 Aes sel a meu apa 17 16 154 15 94
one manny ie ewition Vturee cco nctbe yay stiy guclel\ccs ta 12 11 ll 104 7
Shielded part of head.................. 92 9 9 9 6
SiO mibevowea rere seve ee aon cya tes 9 ' 84 8 8 54
Snout to anterior gular fold............ 9 84 8 8 53
Snout to posterior gular fold........... 15 15 14 15 9
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe........ 64 6 53 54 4
flistory.— The first representatives of Nautusca vigilis

were found at Fort Tejon, California, by Mr. John Xan-
tus, who furnished the three specimens upon which Pro-
fessor Baird based his original description, published in
the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia for 1858. Nothing more concerning it ap-
peared until May, 1893, when Dr. Stejneger recorded
two specimens secured by the Death Valley Expedition
in 1891. Nothing has been known about its habits, and

*See remarks under Habits, p. 527.

+ Regrown.

526 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

this very interesting species has been considered one of
the rarest of our reptiles.

Distribution.—In reality, X. vigzls is the most abun-
dant lizard in the territory it has chosen for its home. It
seems to be peculiarly dependent upon the presence of
tree yuccas. A glance at Dr. Merriams’ map* shows
that these weird plants grow in each of the localities from
which the species has been recorded, viz.: Fort Tejon in
the Canada de las Uvas, and Hesperia, in California, and
Pahrump Valley, in Nevada.

Dr. Charles H. Gilbert and the writer collected speci-
mens near Mojave, and found a portion of a cast skin at
Victor, California, in November, 1893. In September of
the following year, the writer found this species common
at Mojave and Hesperia, and secured a single specimen
near Cabazon on the eastern slope of San Gorgonio Pass,
California. The first three of these localities are situated
in the great Yucca arborescens belt, which extends along
the southwestern edge of the Mojave desert. The last
is in a small and apparently isolated grove of smaller tree
yuccas, seemingly of another species.

flabits.—Mojave, California, Nov. 4, 1893. About a
mile from the station, there is a considerable forest of
Yucca arborescens. The many trees and wind-broken
branches, which lie decaying on the ground, afford a
home to numerous colonies of white ants, scorpions, vis-
cious-looking black spiders, and several species of beetles.
In a deep crack of one of these branches a small lizard
was discovered which, when caught, proved to be a young
Nantusia vigilis. Probably it had not yet learned how to
hide from the day, for I have never seen another undis-
turbed individual.

The key to their home once discovered, the collection

“N. A. Fauna, No. 7, Map 5, 1893.

SPECIES OF THE GENUS XANTUSIA. 527

of a large series of these lizards was merely a matter of
physical exertion. Every fourth or fifth stem that was ex-
amined gave up its Xantusia, and in one instance five, as
many as were previously known to collections, were found
under a single tree.

Most of the lizards were found between the bark and
the ground, but many had hidden in the thick clusters of
dead leaves, from which it was very difficult to dislodge
them. When first exposed to the light, they were dark
colored, and seemed dazzled for a moment, during which
they made no attempt to escape. They were not at all
sluggish, however, and, if not caught immediately, made
for the nearest cover as tast as their very short legs would
permit. This cover was often the collector, and the little
lizards either hid under his shoes, or climbed his legs,
sometimes even reaching his shoulders. ‘They showed no
desire to enter the numerous holes in the ground about
them, or to escape by burrowing. Put into a glass bottle
they became very light colored in a few minutes, but be-
gan to turn dark again immediately after sundown. Young
specimens were numerous, and remained dark longer
than adults. Many fragments of cast skins were found,
but never a whole skin in one place. ‘The stomachs of
several individuals contained the wings of some small
dipterous insect, the elytra of a little brown beetle, and
some very small white bodies which resembled spiders’
eggs.

Several specimens were taken alive to The Leland
Stanford Junior University, and kept for some months in
a large glass jar in which some fine sand and pieces ot
wood and bark had been placed. At first, they ventured
out from their retreat only at dusk unless disturbed, but
after a few days they seemed to become more restless,
and, urged perhaps by hunger, showed themselves many

528 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

times each day. At night, when they were always more
active, they often climbed to the top of a piece of yucca
stem placed upright in the middle of their cage. No de-
sire to burrow was observed. All declined to show any
interest in the small beetles and flies, both dead and liv-
ing, which were placed in the jar, and finally became
greatly emaciated. They were chloroformed in March,
1894.

Mojave, Cal., Sept. 17-18, 1894. As it was not prac-
ticable to learn by actual investigation whether or not
AX. vigilis hid, during the day, among the thick-growing
leaves of the living yuccas, the localities examined in
1893, still clearly marked by the displaced rubbish, were
again searched with great care. The fact that very few
specimens were now secured in this previously-worked
area while the species was very common just outside its
limits, is evidence that the specimens found on the ground
under the dead branches were in their true diurnal home,
and not mere stragglers from the living yuccas.

The specimens were all caught alive and put into a
large glass bottle, but were soon killed by the heat, al-
though care was taken to keep them in the shade as much
as possible. Count was kept as the lizards were put in
the bottle, and showed later that several more were taken
out than had been put in. This may have been due to a
mistake in the record, but was more probably caused by
the birth of young after capture. The adults were after-
wards carefully examined and three were found to contain
young, showing that the species is ovoviparous. One of
the three contains fwo fetuses, the others have one each.
These fetal specimens are about the size of the young
found under the dead branches.

Hesperia, Cal., Sept. 26, 1894. Xantusias were very
abundant. Young were as numerous as at Mojave, Sept.

SPECIES OF THE GENUS XANTUSIA. 529

17-18, 1894, and the habits observed were the same as
recorded there. .

Cabazon, Cal., Sept. 28, 1894. A single specimen,
secured after several hours searching, was shaken from
the dry leaves of a dead but still standing yucca about
two feet high.

XANTUSIA GILBERTI Van D.

Xantusia gilberti.

1895, Van Denburgh, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. v, p. 121, pl. xi.

Description.— The body is subcylindrical, with very
short limbs. ‘The upper surface of the head is flattened,
curving towards the snout. ‘There are three folds on the
throat, the anterior connecting the ears and encircling
the head. The nostril is pierced at the junction of the
rostral, internasal, postnasal, and first labial plates. The
rostral is in contact with the first labial and internasal
plates. The two internasals are followed by a large
frontonasal, which separates the prefrontal plates. Be-
hind the latter are two large frontals. Each of the two
frontoparietal plates forms sutures with one of the fron-
tals, the second and third superciliaries, first supratem-
poral, parietal, interparietal, and its fellow of the opposite
side. The parietal and the very large interparietal are
bordered behind by the two large occipitals. A row of
small supratemporal scutes lies along the outer edge of
the occipital and parietal plates. The two large loreals are
in contact below with the superior labials, and above with
the frontonasal and prefrontal plates. In front of the
first loreal is a large postnasal. A series of small plates,
the upper of which are the superciliaries, surrounds the
eye.* Between this ring and the larger loreal are two
small plates. There are five superior and four inferior

*Most of these plates are united on the side of the head shown in the
figure, pl. xi.

530 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

labials to a point below the pupil. The eye is small,
without lids, and with vertical pupil. Its diameter is con-
tained about two and one-half times in the distance from
the end of the snout to the orbit. The oblique ear open-
ing has a weak anterior denticulation. The inferior la-
bials are in contact with the large sublabials. The back,
sides, posterior surfaces of the limbs, and the gular re-
gions, are covered with smooth subhexagonal granules.
These are flattened on the gular region, but convex on
the back and sides. There is a series of large plates
along the edge of the last gular fold. The quadrate ven-
trals are in twelve longitudinal and thirty-two transverse
rows. The tail is conical, and covered with whorls of
smooth scales, which are very narrow and transversely
convex. There are eight and nine femoral pores.

Snout to vent (about) 39 mm. ‘Tail (about) 38 mm.
Hind limb 14 mm. Fore limb 10 mm. Shielded part of
head 8% mm. Snout toear8mm. Snout to anterior
gular fold 7% mm. Snout to posterior gular fold 1234
mm. Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 4% mm.

Distribution.— Xantusia gilberti is Known from a sin-
gle specimen taken at San Francisquito, Sierra Laguna,
Lower California, Mexico.

XANTUSIA HENSHAWI Stejn .

Xantusia henshawi.
1893, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 467.

Description.—TVhe body is greatly depressed, with very
short limbs. The upper surface of the head is very flat.
There are three folds on the throat. The nostril is

SPECIES OF THE GENUS XANTUSIA. 531

pierced in a small scute at the junction of the rostral, in-
ternasal, postnasal, and first labial plates. The rostral is
broad and rather low, bounded by the first labial, nasal
and internasal plates. The two internasals are followed
by a large subquadrate frontonasal, which is sometimes
divided longitudinally, behind this are two prefrontals,
bordered posteriorly by the broad frontal and the first
superciliary plates. Each of the two frontoparietal plates
is in contact with the frontal, second third and fourth
superciliaries, first supratemporal, parietal, interparietal
and its fellow of the opposite side. The parietals and
interparietal are bordered behind by the two large occipi-
tals. One or more interoccipitals are sometimes present.
There is a row of small supratemporals along the outer
edge of the occipital and parietal plates. The two large
loreals are in contact below with the superior labials, and
above with the frontonasal and prefontal plates. The eye
is surrounded by a series of small plates, the upper five
of which are the superciliaries. Between this ring and
the larger loreal are two small plates. There are five su-
perior and three inferior labials to a point below the pupil.
The eye is large, without lids, and with vertical pupil. Its
diameter is contained about twice in the distance from
the end of the snout to the orbit. The ear opening has
a very weak anterior denticulation. The symphysial
plate is very long. The inferior labials are in contact
with the large sublabials. ‘The first pair of the latter are
in contact on the median line. The back, sides, upper
and posterior surfaces of the limbs, and the gular regions,
are covered with subhexagonal granular scales. There
is a series of large quadrate plates along the edge of the
last gular fold. The quadrate ventrals are in fourteen
longitudinal and thirty-three or thirty-four transverse rows.
The preanal plates are arranged in three or four rows,

532 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the two median ones of the posterior series being largest.
The conical tail is somewhat depressed at its base and is
covered with whorls of smooth scales, which are very
narrow and transversely convex. Eight or ten femoral
pores form a series along each thigh.

The ground color above is broccoli brown. On this
are numerous large irregular rounded blotches of very
dark seal brown, between which run more or less con-
tinuous lines of pale yellow. The upper surfaces of the
limbs and head are similarly, but less distinctly, marked.
The tail is yellow with irregular blotches and half rings
of blackish seal brown. The lower surfaces are uniform
yellowish white.

mm mm. mm.
SHOW H WO CIM cele en Hiner Rian Bid ena A aUS oma wo 65 63 57
BREN 1 Soi te A ee MADER let ere ulna RIG Ree ed os) 83 69 66
15 (vale Me bal oye eve mre Be arnt Name an MOR aAR TTR GY a8 — 27 26
Horeslimmibor caena alias seis orem pated ncaa ce ccna a ate a — 6 10
Shielded partwotsheads fer sass ecr esate tae 13 14 123
SMOMbACO TERE NCO Me NO Sia AMEGe An ech nas vee ar — 13 12
Snoutitovanterior;cularyfoldi..45 i ae eee — 13 12
HNouUt co posteriorstoldw es hae eee eee = 21 20
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe. ............. — 10 93

Distribution.—Xantusia henshawi has been found only
at Witch Creek, San Diego County, California. This
locality is in the chaparral belt, at an ‘‘ altitude of about
2 AVOO Meet. |

Ffabits.—Here this species lives among the numerous
granite boulders, and comes out into the narrower crevices
between them a few minutes before dark. It is, there-
fore, practicable to hunt for it only about fifteen or twenty
minutes each day. If a bit of string or a straw be intro-
duced into the domain of one of these lizards it will often
be seized, the reptile apparently mistaking it for some stray
insect.

SPECIES OF THE GENUS XANTUSIA. 533

XANTUSIA RIVERSIANA Cope.

Xantusia riversiana.

1883, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 29,
1889, Rivers, Am. Nat., xxiii, p. 1100.
1889, Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 147.

Description.—The limbs are very short, and the body
is somewhat depressed. ‘The upper surface of the head
is very flat. The nostril is pierced ina small scute at the
junction of the rostral, internasal, postnasal, and first la-
bial plates. The rostral is broad and rather low, bounded
by the first labial, nasal, and internasal plates. The two
internasals are followed by a large hexagonal frontonasal.
Behind this are two prefrontals, bordered posteriorly by
the broad frontal and the first superciliary and first supra-
ocular plates. Each of the two frontoparietal plates is in
contact with the frontal, second, third and fourth supra-
oculars, parietal, interparietal, and its fellow of the op-
posite side. ‘The interparietal is bordered behind by the
two large occipitals, which are separated from the parie-
tals by two small scutes. There is a row of large supra-
temporals along the outer edge of the occipital and parie-
tal plates. The two large loreals are in contact below
with the supralabials, and above with the frontonasal and
prefrontal plates. The eye is surrounded by a series of
small plates, the upper five of which are the superciliaries.
Between this ring and the posterior loreal are two or three
small plates. A series of four supraoculars separates the
superciliaries from the frontal and frontoparietal plates.
There are five superior and four or five inferior labials to
a point below the pupil. The eye is large, without lids,
and with vertical pupil. The ear has a weak anterior
denticulation. The inferior labials are in contact with
the large sublabials. The first pair of the latter are in
contact on the median line. ‘The back, sides, upper and
posterior surfaces of the limbs, and the gular regions, are

534 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

covered with flattened granules. There is a series of
large plates along the edge of the last gular fold. The
quadrate ventrals are in sixteen longitudinal and thirty-
two to thirty-five transverse rows. ‘The large preanal
plates are arranged in two or three series, edged by
smaller scales and granules. The conical tail is covered
with whorls of smooth scales which are very narrow and
transversely, convex. |aihere 1s a) seplesmor 150m tens to
twelve femoral pores along each thigh.

The ground color is smoke gray or cinnamon, with
numerous irregular maculations of dark brown or black.
These markings are much smaller and less numerous on
the lower surfaces. There is considerable variation in
the color pattern. One specimen has two narrow parallel
black lines, originating at the posterior edge of each oc-
cipital plate, and running the whole length of the back.
The space between each pair of these lines is unmarked,
but the rest of the upper surface is irregularly spotted.
Other specimens offer an almost perfect imitation of coarse
granitic rock.

Snout to vent 106 mm. ‘Tail (injured) 73 mm. Hind
limb 38 mm. Fore limb 30 mm. Shielded part of head
24mm. Snout toear 24 mm. Snout to anterior gular
fold 20 mm. Snout to posterior fold 34 mm. Base of
fifth to end of fourth toe 14 mm.

Distribution.— This largest species of the group has
been recorded from San Nicolas, Santa Catalina, and
San Clemente Islands, California.

A LIST OF LICHENS COLLECTED BY MR. ROBERT
REULEAUX IN THE WESTERN PARTS OF NORTH
AMERICA. :

BY DR. STIZENBERGER, KONSTANZ, GERMANY.

Mr. Reuleaux having kindly favored me with a small
collection of lichens gathered during his last year’s trav-
els through the United States, and comprising specimens
from Yellowstone Park and Monterey, Cal., as well as
from Sitka, Alaska—some of them never found in North
- America before—I made the above-mentioned crypto-
gams the subject of my special study, the results of which
are laid down in the following list, intended to serve as a
supplement to the late Professor Tuckerman’s Synopsis
of North American Lichens:

I. SPHAROPHORON CORALLOIDES Pers., Tuck. New

Enel: 82. Sitka.

B#oMYCES ICMADOPHILUS (Ehrh.) Nyl., Tuck.

Syn. ii, 7, 8; on dead wood. Sitka.

3. CLADONIA FIMBRIATA f. TUB4FORMIS (Hffm.) Nyl.,
Muck) Syne 24 Sitka’.

4. CLADONIA BELLIDIFLORA (Ach.) Scher., Tuck.
Symes 252. oltka,

5. CLADINA RANGIFERINA (L.) Nyl., Tuck. Syn. i,
2A2 6 Sitka.

6. Ramatina cERUCHIS (Ach.) DN. var. CEPHALOTA
Tuck. Syn. i, 21; on dead twigs of shrubs. Mon-
terey.

7. RAMALINA RETICULATA (Noehd.) Krmplh., Tuck.
Syn. i, 22. Sitka, Monterey.

8. RAMALINA FARINACEA (L.) Ach., Tuck. Syn. i, 25.
Sitka.

9g. RAMALINA POLLINARIELLA Nyl.; sterile. Sitka.

2p SER., VOL. V. August 30, 1895

536

Io.
ToT

I2.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ALECTORIA SARMENTOSA Ach., Tuck. Syn. i, 45;
Stemle.) Sitka:

ALECTORIA PROLIXA (Atch.) Nyl., Al) yvbaia “e:
implexa Tuck. Syn. 1, 44; fertile. Sitka.
CHLOREA /VULPINA (LE) )Nyl Duck. Syn. 1,265
sterile on dead wood. Yellowstone Park.
PLATYSMA LACUNOsUM (Ach.) Nyl., Tuck. Syn. 1,
Abb stemles Sitka:

PARMELIA SULCATA Tayl., Nyl., Tuck. Syn. 1, 59;
on trees. Sitka.

PARMELIA VITTATA (Ach.) Nyl., Tuck. Syn. i, 60;
fertile on twigs of trees. Sitka.

PARMELIA ENTEROMORPHA Ach., Tuck. Syn. i, 60;
evernioid, fertile. Sitka.

STICTINA SCROBICULATA (Scop.) Nyl., Tuck. Syn.
i, 102; fertile. Sitka.

STICTA PULMONARIA (L.) Ach., Tuck. Syn. 1, 94;
fertile. Sitka

NEPHROMA ARCTICUM (L.) Fr., Tuck. Syn. 1, 103;
sterile. Sitka.

RHYSCIALYCHNEA (Ach) eNyie, Duck. Sina so:
on bark. Sitka.

PHYSCIA LYCHNEA (Ach.) var. pyema@a (Bory)
Nyl., Tuck. Syn. 1, 5r; upon granitic rocks. Sitka.
PHYSCIA LYCHNEA (Ach.) var. LACINIOSA (Scher. )
Stzb. Helv. No. 305. Thallus red on application of
hydrate of potassa; on bark. Sitka.

LECANORA ELEGANS (Link) Ach., Tuck. Syn. 1,
170; on rocks. Sitka, Yellowstone Park.
LECANORA CERINELLA Nyl. Luxb. 370; on thin
twigs of coniferous trees. Monterey.

LECANORA LACINIOSA (Duf.) Nyl., Zheloschistes
concolor ‘Tuck. Syn. 1, 51 p.p. Thallus without re-

action on application of hydrate of potassa; on bark.
Sitka.

DO!

33"

34.

35:

LIST OF LICHENS. 537

LECANORA POLYTROPA (Ehrh.) var. ILLUSORIA
Ach., Tuck. Syn. i, 192 p. p. (Lecanora varia var.
polytropa); on rocks. Yellowstone Park.

Lrecanora syMmicTa (Ach.) Nyl., Tuck. Syn. i,
192 p.p. Thallus red on application of hypochlorite
of lime; on dead wood. Sitka.

LECANORA HypopToIDES Nyl. in Flora 1867, 371;
on dead wood. Yellowstone Park.°

LECANORA PALLESCENS (L.) Ach:, Tuck. Syn. 1,
196; on bark. Sitka.

LECANORA COARCTATA (Sm.) Ach., Tuck. Syn. u,
15; on rocks. Yellowstone Park.

C@NOGONIUM INTERPOSITUM Nyl. Coen. 91, Tuck.
Syn. i, 258; on thin twigs. Monterey.

LECIDEA MEIOCARPA Nyl. in- Flora 1876, 577; on ©
cones of cypress. Monterey.

LECIDEA SANGUINEO-ATRA (Ach.) Nyl., Tuck. Syn.
ii, 21, f. corticola; on thin twigs of coniferous trees.
Monterey.

LECIDEA MYRIOCARPA (DC.) Nyl., Tuck. Syn. u,
97; on cones of cypress. Monterey.

OPEGRAPHA ATRORIMALIS Nyl. in Flora 1864, 488;
on cones of cypress and on thin twigs. Monterey.

It still remains to add here the diagnosis of a new west-

ern lichen, kindly sent me by Mr. Henry Willey, New
Bedford, Mass.

ALECTORIA PACIFICA Stzb. n. sp.

Thallus fruticulous, prostrate, rigid, terete, smooth,

brown and ‘shining, from 1 to 1.5 cm. in length, 1—1.5
mm. in width, very much divaricately branched, the

branches flexuous, densely intertangled, 0.25 mm. in di-

ameter, at the ends forked with very short branchlets,

scarcely 0.05 mm. in width, apothecia and spermogonia

unknown.

2p S=er., VOL. V. (35) August 30, 1895,

538 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The anatomical structure perfectly agreeing with A /ec-
forta; no traces of an orthogonal-trajectoric direction of
hyphe (as it is found in Cetrarva aculeata). Cortical and
medullary layer with equal, nearly longitudinally run-
ning filamentous elements. No central cavity; medulla-
ry layer cottony, very loose, sprinkled with heaps of go-
nidia (these 0.004—8 mm. in diameter). Thin sections of
the thallus bordered with a very thin light-brown line.
The cortical layer neither thickened nor interrupted by
larger cavities (which are frequent in the older cortical
tissue of Cetrarza). No reactions on application of hy-
drate of potassa and hypochlorite of lime.

Found in the Island of Guadalupe (Pacific Ocean), on
humous earth, by Dr. Palmer.

SOME PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA FROM BAJA
CALIFORNIA AND TEPIC, MEXICO.

BY WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD.

Mhroveh the \indnmess of Mi Wm) |; Hox) of “the
Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, I have been enabled
to examine and report upon another interesting collection
of parasitic Hymenoptera, made in Baja California and
Mexico, in the fall of 1894, by Messrs. Eisen and Vaslit,
members of the California Academy of Sciences.

The collection, although small in numbers, represents
thirty-eight distinct species, distributed in seven families,
and many of which, especially among the microscopic
forms, prove to be new to science, and are briefly char-
acterized below.

Family PROCTOTRYPIDZ.

MeEsiTius Spinola.

1. MESITIUS NIGRIPILOSUS sp. n.

@.—Length 4.5 mm. Black, shining, with sparse
black hairs, more especially apparent on the head and
the apical half of the abdomen. Scape, pedicel, man-
dibles and legs, except coxe and posterior femora, red-
dish yellow; palpi white; flagellum dark brown; wings
subfuscous, the veins brownish yellow.

The head is scarcely longer than wide across the eyes,
alutaceously sculptured, with some _ sparse, shallow,
thimble-like punctures scattered over its surface. An-
tenne 13-jointed, filiform, tapering toward tips and ex-
tending a little beyond the tegule; the scape is obconical,
slightly curved, about four times as long as thick at apex,
while the flagellar joints are all longer than thick, aver-
aging from 1% to 2 timesas longas wide. The pronotum
is long, subtrapezoidal, as long as the mesonotum and

2p SmR., VoL. V. September 7, 1895.

540 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

scutellum united; mesonotum with two complete furrows :
scutellum triangular, with a punctured frenum; meta-
thorax quadrate, with several longitudinal raised lines on
its disk. Abdomen conic-ovate, polished, longer than
the thorax, with the fourth and following segments sparsely
fimbriate with black hairs.

Described from one 2 specimen from Tepic.

Gontozus Forster.
2. GONIOZUS MEXICANUS sp. n.

2 .—Length 2 to 2.1mm. Allied to G. cellaris Say,
agreeing with it in colorational detail, and in having a small,
closed, triangular discoidal cell, but it is readily separated
from it, as wellas G. palliditarsts Cam., by its smaller
size, much longer head, black mandibles and longer ab-
domen.

The head in this species is nearly twice as long as wide,
not narrowed behind the eyes, the space behind the eyes
being fully as long as the eye itself, while in G. cel/arts
the head is only a little longer than wide, rounded behind
the eyes, the space being much shorter than the length
of the eye.

The abdomen is as long as the head and thorax united
or slightly longer. The antennze, except the 7 apical
joints, as well as the tibiz and tarsi, are yellow or brown-
ish yellow, although the middle and posterior tibize are
sometimes dusky.

Decribed from two 2 specimens from Tepic.

3. GONIOZUS TEPICENSIS Sp. n.

¢ .—Length 2.6 mm. Agrees in color and sculpture
with G. mexicanus, but the head is a little longer, fully
twice as long as wide, the space behind the eye being
twice as long as the eye, while the anterior wings have
no closed triangular discoidal cell, the basal vein having
only a slight stump of a vein present.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 541

Described from one 6 specimen from Tepic.

The long oblong head readily separates this species
from all other described species in our fauna, having no
triangular closed discoidal cell in the front wings.

Family CYNIPIDE.

EucaLa Westwood.
4. EUCLA MEXICANA sp. n.

@.—Length 1.6mm. Polished black; mandibles and
legs, including all the coxz, rufous; antenne black, the
5 or 6 basal joints beneath, rufo-piceous; wings hyaline,
the veins pallid, with a slight yellowish tinge. Antenna
13-jointed, reaching to the base of the abdomen, the scape
longer than the pedicel, the first joint of the flagellum
slender, but as long as the scape, the following joints,
2-5, gradually shortening, but increasing in thickness,
joints 6-10 oblong-moniliform, equal, the last joint ovate,
longer than the preceding, the joints 7 to 11 are all deli-
cately fluted.

The scutellum is rugulose, its cup oval, connected with
the hind margin of the mesonotum by a short carina, the
disk flat, with four punctures anda small fovea on its pos-
terior margin. Front wings with the marginal cell closed,
the first abscissa of radius about two-thirds the length of
the second. Metapleura with a small tuft of wool just
above the hind coxe. Abdomen a little longer than the
head and thorax united, with a narrow but dense woolly
girdle at base.

Described from 1 2 specimen from San Lazaro.

HEXAPLASTA Forster.

5. HEXAPLASTA CALIFORNICA sp. n.

@ .—Length 1.1 mm. Polished black; mandibles and
legs, including coxz, reddish-yellow; wings hyaline,

542 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

strongly ciliated, the veins dark brown; the marginal cell
except at basal one-third, open along fore margin.

Antenne 13-jointed, black; scape not quite twice as
long as the pedicel, the latter oval; funicle 5-jointed,
slender, the first joint 2% times as long as the second,
joints 2-3, moniliform, scarcely longer than thick, joints
4-5 a little longer: club 6-jointed, the joints, except the
last which is ovate, oblong-moniliform. Cup of scutellum
elliptic, with a small fovea posteriorly and four punctures
onits disk. Front wings with the second abcissa of radius
stouter and a little longer than the first. The metapleura
have a small tuft of wool just over the base of coxe,
while the abdomen is not longer than the head and thorax
united, with the usual woolly girdle at base.

Described from one @ specimen from San Lazaro.

Family TENTHREDINIDE.

Hytoroma Latreille.

6. HYLOTOMA PG@CILOIDES sp. n.

é.—Length8 mm. Testaceous; head, antenne, three
spots on anterior margin of pronotum, the lateral lobes
of the mesonotum, the tegule, the wings (except a sub-
hyaline streak medially), the prosternum, a line on each
side of the mesosternum, the anterior tarsi (except the
first joint beneath), middle and hind tibiz and their tarsi,
apex of the sixth abdominal segment and the following
segments, all black.

Described from one 6 specimen from San José del Cabo.

The species is allied to Hylotoma pacila Klug and //.
intermedia Cam., but is readily recognized by its color:
From the former in having the stigma and veins black,
not yellow, the wings being less distinctly banded at the
middle, while the anterior tibiz are pale not black. From
FH. intermedia it differs in its smaller size, by the black

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 543

lateral lobes of the mesonotum and by the different color
of the légs.

Family BRACONIDE.

IPHIAULAX Forster.
7. IpHIAULAX MEGAPTERA Cam.
Biol. Centr.-Am. Hym., p. 358, Tab. xv, f. 5.2
Four ¢ specimens from San José del Cabo.

Bracon Fabr.

8. BRACON EXCELSUS Cam.
Biol. Centr.-Am. Hym., p. 321.9
The male of this species has never been described, but
to it I refer a single 6 from San José del Cabo, which dif-
fers in no ways from the @ , except in its smaller size and
in the usual sexual differences.

g. -BRACON FOXII sp. n.

? .—Length 6.5 mm.; ovipositor about twice as long
as the abdomen. Reddish-yellow; the stemmaticum,
antenne, palpi and legs, except the hind coxe and basal
two-thirds of hind femora, black. Wings smoky black,
subhyaline at base, the tegule, stigma anc veins black.

The surface is smooth, highly polished, impunctate;
head subquadrate, the face feebly punctate and clothed
with glittering white pile; the under sufface of the thorax
and the legs are also clothed with pile, but more sparsely
so. Abdomen smooth, but the second segment has a tri-
angular elevation at the basal middle, with broad depres-
sion on each side of it, while the third has two oblique
lateral furrows, and is separated from the second by a
deep slightly arcuate but smooth furrow.

Described from one @ specimen from San José del Cabo.
This lovely species is dedicated to Wm. J. Fox, as a slight
appreciation of the many favors he has shown me.

544 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Herpysomus Forster.

10. HEDYSOMUS QUADRICEPS Sp. Nn.

? .—Length 9 mm.; ovipositor a little longer than the
abdomen. Black, with the middle lobe of the mesono-
tum, the metathorax and the abdomen red.

Head quadrate, polished, the face below antenne rugu-
lose, the clypeus fimbriate; mandibles broad without teeth
within.

Antenne longer than the body, the scape large, stout,
thicker and longer than the pedicel and first joint of flagel-
lum; the first joint of the flagellum is twice as long as
the pedicel. The thorax, except the metanotum is smooth
and polished, the metanotum being reticulate with large,
coarse punctures. ‘The anterior wings have the median
and submedian cells of an equal length, with the second
abcissa of the radius twice as long as the first; hind
wings with the radial cell divided by a cross-vein. Hind
femora, short, much swollen.

Abdomen much wider than the thorax, the first and
second segments irregularly longitudinally striated, the
second being divided into three parts by a semicircular
grooved furrow.

Described from one @ specimen from San José del
Cabo.

This genus closely resembles Doryctes, but the relative
lengths of the three basal joints of antenne, basal cells of
anterior wings, and the characteristics of the abdomen, as
pointed out by Forster, readily separate it.

Hormius Nees.

11. HOoORMIUS ALBIPES sp. nN.

? .—Length 2 mm.; ovipositor very short. Ferrugin-
ous; stemmaticum, lobes of mesonotum, scutellum, me-
tanotum and first segment of abdomen dusky or black;

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 545

. palpi and legs whitish. Antenne 20-jointed, a little longer
than the body, the joints of the flagellum more than three
times as long as thick. Wings hyaline, the second ab-
scissa of the radius not or scarcely longer than the first.
Described from two @ specimens from San José del
Cabo.
CHELONUS Jurine.

12. CHELONUS ALBOBASILARIS Ashm.
Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2) iv, p. 123.

One 6 and one 2 from San Lazaro. The é agrees with
the female except that the abdomen has a transverse fis-
sure at the apex, as in C. jissus Prov., C’. mznimus Cr.,
etc. Some authors have described these as females, but
I have ascertained by a careful examination that they are
really males.

APANTELES Forster.

13. APANTELES MEXICANUS sp. n.

6 9.—Length 2-2.2 mm. Black, shining, the meso-
thorax above punctate; the head, disk of mesopleura and
episterna of metathorax smooth, impunctate; the scutel-
lum is almost smooth but with some sparse punctures;
palpi white; scape, pedicel beneath and legs (except hind
coxe, tips of hind femora and tibiz and their tarsi which
are black or fuscous) reddish-yellow; the abdomen be-
neath and sometimes the suture between segments 3 and
4, brownish-yellow; flagellum brown-black, paler be-
neath. Wings hyaline, the stigma and veins brown, the
inner vein of the open areolet is a little longer than the
recurrent nervure. Metathorax short, rugulose with a
median carina. Abdomen with the plate of first segment
trapezoidal, about 1% times as long as wide, the hind an-
gles slightly rounded; the second segment in 2 is a little
shorter than the third, in the 6 a little longer than the
third; segments 1 and 2 are feebly sculptured, the follow-

546 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ing all smooth and polished; the ovipositor not prominent.

This species spin their cocoons in large masses covered
with a white woolly secretion, resembling a cotton -ball,
and it is probably parasitic on the larva of some large
sphinx moth.

In appearance it resembles A. congregatus Say, but is
readily separated by its metathoracic and abdominal char-
acters.

Described from many specimens from Tepic and San
José del Cabo.

TOXONEURON Say.

14. 'TOXONEURON SEMINIGRUM Cr.

Tenthredoides seminigruin Cr. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. iv, p. 291.

Toxoneuron seminigrum Cr. Can. Ent. v, p. 69.

Toxoneura seminigra Cr. Syn. Hym. p. 239; Ashm. Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash. ii, p. 52.

One 2 specimen from San José. del Cabo.
I have restored the original spelling of this genus, since
there is a Dipterous genus Toxoneura.

Optus Wesmael.

15. OPpius BRUNNEIVENTRIS Cr.
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. iv, p. 178.
One 2 specimen from San José del Cabo.
The species was originally described from Texas, but
it also occurs in the Western States and in Canada.

PHANOCARPA Forster.
16. PHANOCARPA MEXICANA SP. N.

Q .—Length 2 mm.; ovipositor as long as the abdo-
men. Polished black; prosternum rufous; three basal
joints of antennez, mandibles and legs brownish- yellow;
palpi white; flagellum much longer than the body, brown-
black, pubescent, the second joint one-third longer than
the first. The mesonotum has a small fovea just in front

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 547

of the large fovea at base of the scutellum. Metathorax
rugulose, with two smooth areas at base. Wings hyaline,
the stigma and veins light brown, the second submarginal
cell twice as long as the first transverse cubital vein, the
second transverse cubital vein only about two-thirds as
long as the first. Abdomen scarcely longer than the
thorax, with the first segment longitudinally striated.
Described from one 2? specimen from San Lazaro.

Family ICHNEUMONIDE.
Subfamily II, OPHIONINA!.

EnIcospitus Curtis.

17. ENICOSPILUS MEXICANUS Cr.

Ophion mexicanus Cr. Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., 1873, p. 374.
Enicospilus mexicanus Cam. Biol. Centr.-Am. Hym., p. 290.

One é specimen from San José del Cabo.

18. ENICOSPILUS MACULIPENNIS Cam.
Biol. Centr.-Am. Hym., p. 292.
One 6 specimen from San José del Cabo.
Opnion Fabr.
19. OPHION SUBFULIGINOSUS Ashm.
Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), iv, p. 126.
Two specimens, one 4, one 2, from San José del

Cabo.
EXETASTES Grav.

20. EXETASTES FASCIPENNIS Cr.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iv, p. 278.
One 2 specimen from San José del Cabo.
Subfamily IV, ICHNEUMONIN&.
Trocus Grav.
21. TROGUS PULCHERRIMUS Sp. nN.

6.—Length 18 mm. Yellow-fulvous; the upper halt
of the head, the antenne, upper part of pronotum, meta-

548 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

notum, a spot beneath, the tegulz, hind legs, apical one-
fourth of anterior wings and a band across before the
stigma, apical two-thirds of hind wings and the three
terminal segments of abdomen black. The head is
smooth, polished; the mesonotum punctate, becoming
very finely and closely punctate toward the lateral mar-
gins, the pronotum punctate only along the upper hind
margin; the scutellum conically elevated, sparsely punc-
tate; metanotum with a deep transverse furrow at base,
the posterior face with shallow punctures, clothed with a
sparse black pubescense; abdomen, except the basal half
of the petiole, longitudinally shagreened. _

Described from one @ specimen from San José del
Cabo. <A most lovely species, imitating some of the forms
found in the genus Joppa.

CEpICEPHALUS Cresson.
22. CX pICEPHALUS ALBOMACULATUS Sp. n.

9 .—Lengthgmm. Black, shining; the antennal joints
10-20, orbits, face, mandibles, palpi, lateral margins of
pronotum, two short lines on disk of mesonotum, spot on
the scutellar ridges, the scutellum, except the depression
at base, the post-scutellum, a small spot before each meta-
thoracic spiracle, two large spots on the posterior face of
metathorax, a large spot beneath the tegule, the anterior
coxe and trochanters and a spot on the hind coxe above
at base, middle coxe except behind, and a spot on the
middle of mesopleura and metapleura, all white; legs
mostly, apical margins of all the abdominal segments and
the venter, yellow. The antennz, except the broad white
annulus, the middle coxe behind, the hind coxe except
as noted, the hind trochanters above, their femora above,
tips of their tibize and last joint of tarsi, black; the middle
trochanters behind and their femora above, as well as

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 549

their tibiz at tips, are more or less brown or dusky.
Wings hyaline, the tegula except a white spot at base,
the stigma and the veins black; the areclet is pentagonal,
but the lateral veins strongly converge toward each other
above, so that the portion of the radius which forms its
upper side is very short. The head is polished, impunc-
tate, the mesonotum polished, but finely, although not
closely, punctured; the metathorax punctured and finely
rugulose, distinctly areolated, the median area divided
into two by a central longitudinal carina, while the spirac-
ular and middle pleural areas are confluent. The abdo-
men has the apex of the petiole and the second segment
closely punctate, otherwise smooth and polished, with the
gastroceeli distinct, but widely separated.

Described from one 2 specimen from San José del
Cabo.

Subfamily V, CRYPTINA.

Joppipium Walsh.
23.. JOPPIDIUM ANNULICORNE Sp. 0.

é .—Length 13 mm. Dark rufous, closely punctate;
the flagellum, except joints 10-19, prosternum, lower part
of mesosternum, surroundings of scutellums, a broad
band on the metanotum, all coxe and trochanters, the
hind legs, except tarsi, and the petiole of abdomen, black.
Antennal joints 10-19, anterior legs, tips of middle tibiz
and all tarsi, yellow. Wings smoky black, except a
yellowish streak at base of the stigma and along the
stigma of hind wings; the areolet is large, subquadrate.

Described from one 6 specimen from San José del
Cabo.

This species approaches nearest to Foppidium ardeus
Cr:

550 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PotycyrRtTus Spinola.

24. PoLycyRTUS ALBOANNULARIS Sp. n.

Q.—Length 20mm. Head and thorax, except scutel-
lums, black; joints 7-14 of antenne, labium, palpi, an-
terior coxe beneath, scutellums, spots on three apical
segments of abdomen and the apical half of basal joint
of hind tarsi, as well as joints 2 and 3, white; abdomen
and legs, except hind tibi#, basal half of first joint
of their tarsi, as well as the two last joints, red; hind
tibia and tarsi, except as already noted, black or dark
fuscous; wings subhyaline, dusky at tips, the stigma
and veins fusco-black.

The head and thorax are closely punctate, except a
smooth shining space at sides of collar, on upper middle
of mesopleura, and that portion of metanotum enclosed
by the first transverse carina; the metanotum behind this
ridge is transversely rugulose, the lower part of the me-
sopleura, the surface beneath the insertion of hind wings
and the metapleura being clothed with an appressed
pubescence.

Described from one ¥ specimen from San José del Cabo.

Subfamily VI, PIMPLINZ.
PimpLa Fabr.
25. PIMPLA FERALIS Cr.
Proc. Acad. Sci. Phil., 1873, p. 399.
One 6 specimen from San José del Cabo.

Family EVANIID.
EvANIA Fabr.
26. EVANIA APPENDIGASTER Linn.
Ichneumon appendigaster Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. xi, p. 566.

One ? specimen from San José del Cabo.

For a list of the extensive synonymy of this species
consult August Schletterer’s ‘‘ Die Hymenopteren-Gruppe
Evantiden, Wien, 1889—90.”’

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 551

Family CHALCIDID/Z.

SMICRA Spinola.

27 MICRA DELIRA Cr.
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., iv, p. 41.
One é specimen from Tepic. The species was origin-
ally described from Texas, but is widely distributed over
the Southern and Western States.

HaALTICHELLA Spinola.

28. HALTICHELLA XANTICLES Walk.

Hockeria xanticles Walk., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2), 1, p. 147.
Haltichella xanticles Cr., Syn. Hym. N. A., p. 234.
Haltichella americana How., Bull. No. 5 U.S. Dept. of Agric., p. 9.

Two é6 specimens from Tepic. This species is also
widely distributed over the United States and is very varia-
ble in size.

EuryToma Illiger.

29. EuRYTOMA SEMINATRIX Walsh.

Am. Ent., ii, p. 299.

Three ? and two é specimens from Tepic. The species
infest woolly cynipid galls and I fail to find any difference
between those from Tepic and those bred by myself from
galls in Florida. Walsh considered the species only a
variety of his &. aurzceps, but froma close study of many
specimens I fail to find intermediate grades, and, as the
specific characters are constant, I believe it should be
elevated to a distinct species.

30.. EURYTOMA TEPICENSIS Sp. n.

?.—Length 2.2mm. Black; scape and legs, except
coxe and the hind femora medially brownish-yellow;
tegule black; wings hyaline, the veins brownish-yellow.

Head and thorax, flagellum, legs and apex of abdomen
clothed with a sparse, glittering white pubescence. The
flagellum is not quite three times as long as the scape, the

552 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

pedicel is half as long as the first joint of funicle very
little longer than thick at apex; funicle 5-jointed, without
counting the single ring-joint, the first joint being the
longest, or fully twice as long as thick, the following very
slightly decreasing in length so that the fifth joint is only
slightly longer than thick; club 3-jointed, a little shorter
than the scape. The pronotum seen from above is almost
as long as the mesonotum, the scutellum to its tip being
considerably longer than the mesonotum. | Metanotum
medially sulcate, the sulcus having two delicate parallel
carina, the space between them being filled with delicate
transverse raised lines. Marginal vein of front wings
rather stout, 1% times as long as the stigmal, the latter a
little shorter than the postmarginal.

Abdomen subsessile, not longer than the thorax, blunt
at apex, the fifth segment the longest, about 2% times as
long as the fourth, the sixth about half the length of the
fifth, the seventh a little longer than sixth, bearded with
white hairs and bearing spiracles, the eighth segment re-
tracted.

Described from one 2? specimen from Tepic.

Evoxysoma Ashmead.

31. -EvOXYSOMA DECATOMOIDES Sp. n.

¢ .—Length 2.5mm. Black; face, orbits, streak be-
hind ocelli, prosternum, middle lobe of mesonotum pos-
teriorly the axilla and the scutellum, brownish - yellow;
basal half of scape, palpi and legs, white; flagellum
black; wings hyaline, the veins pale brownish, the post-
marginal vein a little longer than the marginal, or more
than twice as long as the stigmal. The head is wider
than the thorax, with large prominent eyes, the occiput
deeply roundedly emarginate, while the face has a deep |
antennal emargination. The flagellum is long, filiform,

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 553

the joints binodose, with whorls of long, white hairs.
The abdomen is polished black, ovate, attached to the
thorax by a long, punctate petiole.

Described from one ¢ specimen from Tepic.

PERILAMPUS Latreille.

32. PERILAMPUS TRIANGULARIS Say.
LeConte Ed. Say’s Works, i, p. 381.
Six specimens from San Lazaro.

ORASEMA Cameron.
33. ORASEMA VIRIDIS sp. n.

?.—Length 3mm. Head, thorax, scape of antenne,
femora and petiole of abdomen, all metallic green; flag-
ellum black; mandibles rufous, the right with two teeth,
the left with only one within; tibia and tarsi brownish-
yellow; abdomen zneous black; wings hyaline, the veins
dark brown.

Described from one é specimen from Tepic.

Metapon Walker.
34. METAPON MEXICANUM §p. n.

@.—Length 2mm. MHead and thorax zneous black,
closely punctate; mandibles rufous; scape, pedicel and
legs, except the coxe and anterior and middle femora,
ferruginous; anterior and middle femora metallic brown;
hind coxe blue. Abdomen pointed ovate, polished black,
as long as the thorax and keeled beneath. Flagellum in-
crassated toward tip, the joints, after the first, increasing
in width and wider than long. Wings hyaline, the veins
brown, the marginal vein twice as long as the stigmal.
The fourth abdominal segment is not quite half as long
as the third, the fifth only a little shorter than the third,
while the sixth and seventh are a little longer.

Described from one ? specimen from Tepic.

2p Ser., VoL. V, (36 ) September 7, 1895.

554 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The species comes nearest to 47. dezphon Walk, but
its smaller size, the metallic colored anterior and middle
femora and the shape and relative length of the abdom-
inal segments readily distinguish it.

CaroLaccus Thomson.

35- CATOLACCUS TEPICENSIS sp. n.

@.—Length 1.8mm. neous black, the dorsum of
mesothorax and the scutellum bronzy-green, finely closely
punctate and clothed with a fine whitish pubescence.
Scape, knees, tibiz and tarsi, brownish-yellow, the tibiz
medially more or less obfuscated; mandibles rufous, the
teeth black; wings hyaline, the veins light brown. Head
transverse, wider than the thorax. Ocelli whitish. An-
tenn 13-jointed, the pedicel not quite as long as the first
joint of funicle, the last two joints of funicle a little wider
than long. Marginal vein of front wings 134 times as
long as the stigmal, the latter a little shorter than the post-
marginal. Abdomen conic-ovate, a little longer than the
head and thorax united, wneous black, clothed with a
sparse white pubescence beneath.

Described from one 2 specimen from Tepic.

Euasmus Westwood.

36. ELASMUS sp.

Of this interesting genus there is a single ? specimen
from Tepic, but with the abdomen and hind legs gone
and in too poor a condition to satisfactorily describe.

CERATONEURA Ashmead.

37. CERATONEURA MEXICANA Sp. nN.

Q.—Length 2.2 mm. Black, shining, but with the
upper surface of the thorax finely alutaceous, the face
strongly striated. Trophi white. Scape, pedicel and
legs, except coxe and base of femora, brownish - yellow.

PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 555

Wings hyaline, the veins pale yellowish. Antenne 1o-
jointed, with two ring joints, the funicle 3-jointed, the
first two joints subequal, more than twice longer than
thick, the third only about twice as long as thick, the
club ovate, 3-jointed. Abdomen ovate, polished black,
with a short finely rugose petiole, the body of abdomen
at apex is clothed with sparse black hairs.

Described from one specimen.

This genus has only been characterized recently by
the writer, the types coming from St. Vincent, West In-
dies. The present speciés approaches nearest to C. pet-
zoluta, but it is larger, not so smooth, with the facial striae
coarser, while the joints of the funicle are proportionately
longer. For description of the genus and the other two
species see Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, vol.

XXV, 1894, pp. 178-179.
Terrasticuus Haliday.
38. ‘TETRASTICHUS ORBITALIS sp. n.

@.—Length 1.1 mm. Shining black; face, orbits,
scape, pedicel beneath, anterior margin of pronotum,
inner margins of the scapula, tegule, base of abdomen
and legs, except the coxe and the middle and hind fem-
ora, brownish-yellow. Flagellum light brown, the three
funicle joints gradually shortening, but also thickening,
the first the longest, a littke more than twice as long as
thick, the last only about 1% times as long as thick, the
club large, stout, ovate, 3-jointed, fully twice as thick as
the first joint of the funicle. Wings hyaline, ciliated,
broadly rounded at tips. Abdomen sessile, ovate, as long
as the head and thorax united and much broader than the
thorax, with the sheaths of ovipositor somewhat prom-
inent.

Described from one 2? specimen from San Lazaro.

A REVIEW OF THE HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER
CALIFORNIA. PART II—BATRACHIANS.

BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH,

Curator of the Department of Herpetology.

The long peninsula of Lower California, parched and
barren except where some stream, escaping from the
sheltering shadows of the upland oaks and pines, winds
down to the ocean or sinks almost immediately into the
panting soil, has few attractions to offer the batrachia.
In consequence, few representatives of this class have been
found within its limits. ‘Those that do occur either live
in the moister mountainous areas or are of wide distribu-
tion and comparatively great adaptation for life in a land
arid and desolate. The Bufo and the Scaphizopus range
as far east as Texas; the LBatrachoseps and Hlyla regilla
occupy a considerable area along the Pacific; while the
Plethodon has been taken, elsewhere, only in southern
California.

HyLa REGILLA B. and G.
Hyla regilla.
(1852, Baird and Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 174.)
1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 313.
1877, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p. 35.
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 171.
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, 111, 24, p. 99.)
flyla curta. ;
(?1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 171.)
(21887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, i11, 24, p. 99.)
Hyla regilla var. laticeps.
1889, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, p. 359.

I fail to find any constant difference between specimens.
of this species from various parts of its range. The char- —
acters which have been claimed to be distinctive seem to
be purely individual, and to occur wherever a series of
specimens has been secured.

2p SeER., VOL. V. September 10, 1895.

HERPETOLOGY

This Hyla has been recorded

OF LOWER CALIFORNIA.

35)/

from Cerros Island, La

Paz, and Cape San Lucas, in Lower California.

List of specimens of Hyla regilla.

Cal. Acad.

Date. Collector.

SeENG) Locality.
San Francisquito, Sierra |
nue Laguna, L. C
404
to Sierra Laguna, L. C.
408
427
to oe
431
600 San Rafael Valley, L. C.
601 San Pedro Martir Mt., L. C.
682
to San Ignacio, L. C.
697
698
to Comondu, L. C.
702
988 Miraflores, L. C.
989 a
997 San José del Cabo, L. C.
San Francisquito, Sierra |
BY Laguna, L. C
2256 Sierra Laguna, L. C.
2257 ag

J Mar. 27, 1892

J Mar. 27, 1892} Gustav Eisen.

Apr. 29, 1893) A. W. Anthony.
May 19, 1893

April, 1889 | W. E. Bryant.
Mar., 1889. a
Oct., 1893 | Gustav Hisen.
Sept., 1893 og

Oct., 1893

HyxLa curtTA Cope.

Hyla curta.
1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 313.
(1875, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, pp. 30, 92.)
(1881, Brocchi, Miss. Sci.au Mex., Batraciens, p. 39.)
(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 45.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 15.)
(1889, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 34, pp. 351, 360.)

There seems to be some confusion in the published

references to this species.

At the end of the original de-

558 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

scription of //v/a curta is the statement, ‘‘ No. 5293, 19
specimens halt 6), Cape St. Lucas. Jno. Xantus.’’
Later, in the list of specimens of A. vepzl/a in “* The
Batrachia of North America,’’ is written, ‘‘ No. 5293—
Ig specimens—Fort Tejon, Cal.—John Xantus,’’ which
is also the entry made by Dr. Yarrow in his Check List.
Thus, apparently, the types of A. curta are referred to
fH. regilla, with a change in the statement of locality.
But //. curta is still recognized as a distinct species (Bull.
WSN. Me No: 345 pp. 3515 260) a alt woulds be iter
esting to know definitely which locality is the correct one,
and whether two species of A/y/a really exist in Lower
California.

SCAPHIOPUS COUCHII Baird.
Scaphiopus couchii.
(1854, Baird, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, p. 62.)
(1889, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, p. 301.)
Scaphiopus varius. ;
1864, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 52.
(1881, Brocchi, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Batraciens, p. 27.)
Scaphiopus couchii (var. varius).
(1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 313.)
Scaphiopus varius varius.
(1875, Cope, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, p. 31.)
(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 177.)
Scaphiopus couchi.
1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 177.
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, iii, 24, p. 99.)
Scaphiopus couchii varius.
(1884, S. Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., xvi, 1, p. 46.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 12.)
1889, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 34. fig. 75.

This species appears to be much less abundant in Lower
California than Bufo punctatus. It has been recorded
only from the San Lucas Fauna, where Mr. Xantus col-
lected it at Cape San Lucas, and Mr. Belding at La Paz.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 559

List of specimens of Scaphiopus couchii.

Cal. Acad. : |
Si NGL Locality. | Date. | Collector.

533 San José del Cabo, L. C. Sept. 23, 1890 W. E. Bryant.
759 ““ Sept.27, 1890 “
763 oe ce ce

930

to | ie | Sept., 1893 | Gustav Eisen.
972
1366 |

to | Miraflores, L. C. Sept., 1894 Eisen and Vaslit.
1363 | |

2512 | Miraflores, L. C. | oe O¢

Buro PUNCTATUS B. & G.

Bufo punctatus.
(1852, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 173.)
1866, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 313.
(1875, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, p. 29.)
(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 162.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32. p. 10.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, ili, 24, p. 99.)
(1889, Cope, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, p. 262.)
Bufo beldingi.
1882, Yarrow, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 441.
(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 163.)
(1887, Belding, West Am. Scientist, ili, 24, p. 99.)

Judging from the large series of specimens secured by
the Academy’s collectors, toads of this species must be
very numerous in the’ ‘‘ Cape Region ”’ of Lower Cali-
fornia. Several which were collected in September con-
tain eggs nearly ready for deposit.

Mr. Xantus found this toad at Cape San Lucas, and
Mr. Belding at La Paz.

560

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

List of specimens of Bufo punctatus.

Cal. Acad.
Sci. No.

432
634
to
636
745
to

747

895
to
940

927
to
929

977

978

1364
to
1386

2129
to
2190

2401
to
2439

2445
to
2511

Locality.

Santa Anita, L. C.

San Ignacio, L. C.

Agua Caliente, L. C.

San José del Cabo, L. C.

Corral de Piedras, Sierra
El Taste, L. C.

Miraflores, L. C.

San José del Cabo, L. C.

Miraflores, L. C.

}

Date.

Apr. 4, 1892

April, 1889

Oct., 1890

Sept., 1893

1894

Collector.

Gustav Eisen.

W.E. Bryant.

Gustav Eisen.

Hisen and Vaslit.

BATRACHOSEPS ATTENUATUS (Esch. )

Salamandrina attenuata.
‘©1833, Eschscholtz, Zool. Atl., pt. v, 1, pl. 21, figs. 1-14.”
Batrachoseps attenuatus ?
1880, Lockington, Am. Nat., xiv, p. 295.

Mr. Lockington has reported Batrachoseps from La

Paz, where it was secured: by Mr. W. J. Fisher.

The

Academy has a specimen (No. 619) collected by Mr. T.
S. Brandegee on San Pedro Martir Mt., Lower California.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 561

PLETHODON CROCEATER Cope.

Plethodon croceater.
(1867, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 210.)
1869, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 100.
(1875, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. l, pp. 27, 92.)
1880, Lockington, Am. Nat., xiv, p. 295.
(1883, Yarrow, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus.. No. 24, p. 192.)
(1887, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 9.)
1889, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, p. 150.

Mr. Xantus is said to have collected a Plethodon of this
species at Cape San Lucas, and Mr. Lockington has re-
corded one from the northern part of the peninsula, sev-
enty-five miles southeast of San Diego, California.

THE CALIFORNIA PHRYGANIDIAN (PHRYGANIDIA
CALIFORNICA PACK.)

BY VERNON L. KELLOGG AND F. J. JACK.
(With Plate lvi.)

Last fall and this spring the oak trees, especially the
live-oaks ( Quercus agrifolia), in the vicinity of the Le-
land Stanford Jr. University and of Palo Alto suffered
serious defoliation by the attacks of the larva of Phryga-
nidta californica. ‘The pest is not remembered to have
been so abundant here before. The caterpillars appeared
in astounding numbers, the continuous dropping of frass
from the infested trees attracting common attention. The
caterpillars were conspicuous, also, on the tree trunks
and on fences and the walls of buildings near trees, often
massing in a way suggesting the well-known Datana
masses, although never forming such compact and iso-
lated bunches. The special interest attaching to this in-
sect, because of its systematic isolation among the Heter-
ocera, its limited geographical range, and its capacity,
abundantly shown last fall and this spring, for damage,
led us to make the observations recorded in the following
notes.

The larve, mostly full-grown, were noticed in great
numbers on September 19, 1894. They were feeding
singly, although crowded together by numerical abun-
dance. The massing already referred to was especially
noticeable in the crotches of the trees and on the trunks
and large branches.: The larve in these groups main-
tained an irregular jerking of the head, much less pro-
nounced than the jerking of Datana larve but very like
it. The caudal extremity of the body is commonly ele-
vated when the larva is at rest, although the anal feet are
used when the caterpillar is walking.

A few chysalids were seen on September 19. By Oc-
2p SER., VOL. V. September 10, 1895.

CALIFORNIA PHRYGANIDIAN. 563

tober 1 most of the larve had pupated, the naked chrysa-
lids being conspicuous objects on the tree-trunks, on fences
and the walls of buildings near trees. When the larva is
ready to pupate, it lies along the bark head downward
with body contracted longitudinally and a little curved.
It then spins a thin irregular net of silk (showing well
when the larve pupated on the glass sides of breeding
jars), covering very thinly the surface against which it
lies. The chrysalid is attached to the supporting object
only by the projecting caudal process (see d, plate lv1),
although the body of the chrysalid rests against the thin
silken net. The fresh chrysalid is fleshy pinkish-yellow,
and it retains a considerable sensitiveness and mobility
up to the time of the issuance of the imago.

By the middle of October many moths were flying.
In the laboratory the pupal stage was uniformly of ten
days’ duration. ‘The moths were very abundant all
through the latter half of October, fluttering with a pretty,
wavering flight through the foliage of the oaks. The
eggs are laid in patches commonly on the under side of —
the oak leaves (occasionally on the upper side), from two
dozen (rarely fewer) to four dozen being laid together.
They lie in a single layer, almost or barely touching one
another, and often in irregular lines. In the laboratory
the egg stage lasted twelve days in all instances noted.
But out of doors the eggs did not begin hatching until
about December; and then they hatched irregularly, un-
hatched eggs being found up to January 1. As late as
February 14 larve in the first stage were found. The
eggs show in a couple of days a shallow polar depression,
and surrounding it a zone of pinkish-brown. This zone
in eggs five days old is a striking cherry red. Just be-
fore hatching the egg becomes pink and ashy mottled all
over. The larve display a singular slowness of growth.

564 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In the laboratory, from eggs hatched December 15, the
larve first moulted December 29, or fourteen days after
hatching. The second moult occurred January 11, the
third January 28—at this time larve in the trees out of
doors were in the second stage, z. e., had moulted but
once—the fourth moult occurred February 22, the fifth,
March 15, and pupation March 27. The imagines issued
April 6 and 7, or ten or eleven days after pupation, agree-
ing with the duration of the pupal stages in the fall be-
fore. ‘Thus we have the winter passed by the insect in
an active larval stage, the evergreen condition of the live-
oaks lending itself to such a life history. Out of doors
the larval stages were passed more slowly than in the
laboratory. At the time of the issuance of the moths in
the in-door breeding cages on April 6, larve just making
the third moult were found in the live-oaks. The out of
doors larve began pupation by the middle ot May, the
moths appearing at the end of the month and during the
first part of June. The newly hatched larvae and those
in the second stage, in feeding, merely skeletonize the
leaves, the soft parenchymatous tissue being eaten, and
the firmer vascular tissue being left unattacked. After
the second moult, however, all the leaf substance is eaten.

The larve of the winter and spring were, although
abundant, less numerous in many localities than those of
the late summer and fall brood. This disparity in num-
bers was largely due to the commendable zeal of a partic-
ular parasite,* Pimpla behrendstz Cresson. To a dis-
cerning observer the abundance of this parasitic ichneu-
mon about the oaks in September was as apparent as the
hordes of caterpillars. A resident of Palo. Alto com-
plained of the large number of ‘‘ small wasps’’ (the ich-
neumons) which entered his house, and buzzed in the

*Determined by Mr. L. O. Howard.

CALIFORNIA PHRYGANIDIAN. 565

windows. ‘The effectiveness of this parasite wherever it
occurred is shown by the fact that of too chrysalids ex-
amined on November 1, 67 were parasitized by this ich-
neumon; and from 144 chrysalids gathered and kept in
the laboratory but 11 moths issued, 99 of the chrysalids
being parasitized by Pzmpla behrendsit Cress., 7 chrysal-
ids containing other parasites, and the others being dead
from various causes.

Although most abundant on the live-oaks (2. agrifo-
fia) the larvee attack other oaks. We have found them
on Quercus lobata, 2. kelloggit, Q. dumosa and Q.
douglassiz. ‘The live-oaks in this vicinity begin to put
out new leaves about January 1, but in the case of many
of the trees badly defoliated by the larve in the autumn,
new leaves appeared much earlier than the first of Janu-—
ary. ‘The wintering of the insect in a larval condition is
only possible in the evergreen oaks, and they are thus the
natural and usual host of the pest. At the time of the
hatching of the first of the autumn brood of eggs (latter
part of November) the leaves of the deciduous oaks begin
to fall. But, oddly, the eggs were found to be deposited
on the leaves of both the white oak and Douglas’s oak
(deciduous oaks), and the larve hatched only to die of
starvation. By this suicidal means the pest aids in de-
pleting its own numbers. The new leaves of the decidu-
ous oaks appear about April 1, before the eggs for the
summer brood of larva are deposited. These eggs,
therefore, can safely be laid on the leaves of these trees,
but the eggs laid by the fall moths on the foliage of these
trees give up their young to certain destruction.

As to the number of generations which appear annu-
ally of this insect, Henry Edwards (quoted by Packard
-in Hayden’s Report of the U. S. Geological Survey of
the Territories for 1875, and in Forest Insects, Fifth Re-

566 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

port of the U. S. Entomological Commission, 1890)
states that there are two. Packard, in Forest Insects,
quotes Mr. Behrens of San Francisco as saying that
three generations appear annually. In our year of ob-
servation but two generations appeared. Moths were
flying in May, 1894, the larve from whose eggs became
full-grown in September, and produced the October
moths. From the slowly and irregularly hatching eggs
of these moths came the slow-growing winter brood of
larvee which became full-grown in the laboratory in the
last of March, but out of doors not until the middle of
May. From these came again a late May and early June
brood of moths. It is to be noted that the occasional ap-
pearance of moths, as, for example, two specimens capt-
ured on February 20, 1895, resulting from the more rapid
growth and transformation of a few individuals of a brood,
is not an unusual phenomenon in the life history of this
insect. It may explain, too, some of the unwarranted
statements occasionally heard concerning this pest, cred-
iting it with five or six annual generations.*

The descriptions of the egg, larval stages and chrysalid
follow. The only illustration of the larva of this species
we have seen, that of Stretch, after which the figure for
Packard’s Forest Insects was made, is a case of mistaken
identity, the conspicuous tufts of hair on the figured cat-
erpillar having no counterparts on the Phryganidia larva.

Ege (see a, plate lvi)—Smooth, spherical, becoming
slightly depressed at one pole soon after exclusion, this
depression becoming conspicuous in a few days. Diam-

*Dr. H. H. Behr, in an article entitled ‘‘On the power of adaptation in
insects,” Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, vol. 5, Aug., 1895, states that there
are four or five generations annually, but after considering again the data
at command concludes (as expressed in a private letter) that ‘‘Phryganidia
has but two regular generations, but under certain circumstances there

niust develop at least one more.’

CALIFORNIA PHRYGANIDIAN. 567

eter .85 mm. Color, shining yellowish-white. In two
days a circular zone about the depressed apex is brown-
ish pink, which in five days after exclusion becomes
cherry-red. Just before hatching the whole egg is mot-
tled with dark-pinkish. Laid on the lower (rarely up-
per) surface of the leaves of Quercus agrifolia and of
other species of Quercus, in patches of from thirty to
fifty.

Larva, first stage (see 6, plate lvi)— Head large,
rounded, bilobed, the mesal line distinct, bearing a few
prominent hairs; color when excluded from the egg,
pearl-gray, soon changing to light brown, shining, width
.68 mm. Body cylindrical, with conspicuous setigerous
tubercles, arranged as follows: a row on each side of the
dorsimeson, composed of two large approximated tuber-
cles on each segment, the caudal tubercle of each seg-
ment lying slightly laterad of the cephalic one. These
dorsal rows bend a little laterad on the second and third
segments. Two rows on each side, the upper row con-
sisting of large tubercles one on each segment, the lower
row of smaller ones two on each segment, the caudal tu-
bercle of the lower pair being a little above the cephalic
one. Cervical shield, broad and widest at mesal part,
brown. Anal shield, distinct, brown. Color of the body
ashy at exclusion, changing in four hours to bright yel-
lowish green above and ashy below, tubercles brown to
black, and there is a narrow, subdorsal, interrupted red-
dish line extending whole length of the body; legs con-
colorous with venter, and marked with brown blotches.
Triangular, brownish blotches occur in mesal line on seg-
ments 4, 6, 8 and 11, and may or may not extend across
the dorsum of segment. Length (at exclusion from egg)
2.05 mm.; width .26 mm. :

Second stage —Head shining brown, ocelli and mouth

568 CALIPORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

parts dark reddish brown; width 1.14 mm. The brown
coloration of the tubercles has disappeared. Two prom-
inent, reddish, continuous, subdorsal lines, also a faint
interrupted median dorsal line. On the pleurum, red-
dish markings on segments 4-11 forming two interrupted
rows of short, sinuous lines. Prominent reddish-brown
blotches on segments 8 and 11. Length 7 mm.; width
.65 mm. ; .

Third stage—Width of head 1.45 mm. Color of body
bright yellow. Subdorsal lines more pronounced than in
previous stages and continuous; mesal line present or
not; on‘segments 2 and 3 are two parallel reddish lines
extending ventrad from the subdorsal line a short dis-
tance. Cervical shield black. Length 10 mm.; width
.78 mim.

Fourth stage—Width of head 1.88 mm. ‘There may or
may not be faint interrupted lines between the median
dorsal and subdorsal lines. <A more or less interrupted,
ill-defined reddish supra-stigmatic line appears, with nar-
row uneven lines running longitudinally between this
supra-stigmatic line and the. subdorsal lines. (All these
lines unite{in the last larval stage to form the broad sub-
dorsal band, in which the composing lines may be partly
traced.) An interrupted reddish stigmatic line is appar-
ent on segments 1-9. General color of body bright to
dirty yellow, the cervical and anal shield and dorsal
blotches black. Length 18 mm.; width 1.5 mm.

Fifth stage—Width of head 2.22 mm. Markings of
body as in previous stage, but usually more pronounced.
Length 22 mm.; width 2 mm.

Sixth stage (see c, plate lvi)— Head large, rounded,
bilobed, mesal line pronounced, bearing a few conspic-
uous hairs; smooth, dark brown, shining; ocelli and
adjacent region black; clypeus prominent, ashy-gray ;

CALIFORNIA PHRYGANIDIAN. 569

proximal segment of antennz whitish, distal parts of re-
maining segments black; width of head 2.57 mm. Body
cylindrical, 11th and 12th segments humped, smooth,
shining, tubercles and hairs not noticeable; general color
light yellow. An alternative: body color is black above
and on sides, and ashy-gray on venter. The majority
‘of the fall brood were yellow; the majority of the spring
brood black. Cervical shield prominent, black; anal
shield small, black. Thoracic legs black. The reddish
median dorsal line widens or becomes a large blotch on
the 8th segment. There is a conspicuous transverse
blotch on the humped 11th segment. Smaller blotches
occur also sometimes on the 4th and 6th segments. There
is a narrow, uneven, black line on each side of the me-
dian dorsal line parallel with it and continuous from Ist
to 12th segments. lLaterad of these narrow lines, there
is a conspicuous broad black subdorsal band composed
of several contiguous narrow lines, the composing lines
frequently blending. On segments 6-11 just above the
bases of the prolegs, which are yellowish white with red-
dish markings, there are two short sinuous reddish lines,
the lower one of each pair being the broader and more
distinct and the space between them being pearly-white
in color. Connecting the upper one of these two lines
with the subdorsal band there is on segments 6-9 a short
sinuous vertical reddish line. When the general body
color of the larva is black the spaces between the narrow
dorsal lines remain yellowish appearing as four narrow
parallel dorsal lines running the whole length of the body.
Length 23-27 mm.; width 3 mm.

At end of this stage, the larve let themselves down
from the tree to the ground by a silken thread, and then
crawl up on the side of an adjacent building or upon a
fence, or upon the trunk of the tree, or they crawl down

2p Ser., Vou. V. (37) September 10, 1895.

570 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

from the foliage to the tree trunk, and form a naked
chrysalid.

Pupa (see d, plate lvi)—Naked, suspended by cremas-
ter, greenish-white with yellow suffusion and black mark-
ings. Wing cases pearly bluish-white, with many black
lines of different lengths. On the dorsum of body an in-
‘terrupted median black line frequently expanding blotch-
like. On either side of it on abdomen, and separated
from it by distinct yellowish markings, an interrupted
broad black band extending to base of ¢remaster. Spira-
cles black, surrounded by yellow. Ventrad of the line of
spiracles a faint narrow longitudinal line of pinkish, and
on the venter two submedian bands of black composed of
narrow lateral blotches. Cremaster single, strong, length
r.5 mm. Chrysalid concave on dorsum and convex on
venter, length 12 mm.; width 4 mm.

Imagines (see €, plate lvi)—Males easily distinguished
from females by longer pectinations of antenne, and in-
distinct yellowish patch just beyond apex of discal cell of
fore wing.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF GOBIESOX
FROM MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA.

BY SETH EUGENE MEEK AND CIIARLES J. PIERSON.

| With Plate 1xxi.]

Gobiesox muscarum n. sp.

Head 34 in length; depth 834; dorsal 6; anal 5.

Body elongate, slender, depressed anteriorly, very nar-
row but slightly compressed posteriorly, the greatest width
of body immediately behind head, 7 in length.

Head narrow, much depressed, wider posteriorly. Eye
small, its diameter 2% in interorbital width, 5 in head.
Maxillary reaching to the front of the eye, its length less
than, 2 in head. {eeth in upper jaw conical; acute;
curved, forming a crescent-shaped patch, those of the an-
terior row enlarged. In the lower jaw is an anterior row
of about five broad, entire incisors, placed nearly hori-
zontally; behind these a crescent-shaped patch of teeth,
similar to those in the upper jaw, becoming canine-like
laterally. No evident opercular spine.

Ventral disk longer than broad; its length 1% in head,
6% in length. Distance from vent to front of anal 2%
in the distance from vent to disk.

Pectoral fin broad, short, 2% in head. Dorsal and
anal fins small, the anal slightly in advance. Caudal fin
rounded.

Ground color—in alcohol—light yellowish, paler be-
low. Above, everywhere sparsely covered with distinct
brownish-red spots about as large as pupil. A lateral
band of the same color begins on the front of the snout,
where it joins the band of the opposite side, extends
through the eye across the opercle to the caudal, becom-
ing very indistinct. posteriorly. This lateral stripe is in
strong contrast with the uniform pale ventral surface.

Two speciments were dredged in January, 1895, in
2D SER., Vou. V. September 25, 1895.

572 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Monterey Bay, at a depth of about eight fathoms. One
of these, the type (1% in. long), is numbered 3030 on
the Register of the L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. The second
specimen (1,/, in. long) resembles the type, but has the
dorsal spots confined to the top of the head and nuchal
region, the lateral stripe disappearing slightly behind
middle of body, and the ventral surface marked poster-
iorly with brownish red spots like the dorsal surface.

ON THE CRANIAL CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS
SEBASTODES (ROCK-FISH).*

(With Plates lvii-lxx.)

BY FRANK CRAMER.

The rock-fishes of the Pacific, commonly but errone-
ously called ‘‘ rock-cod,’’ constitute a large section of
the Scorpenide, a family of the mail-cheeked fishes, and
present extremely interesting problems in distribution and
classification. Fifty or more species have been described
during the past forty years from the west coast of North
America, between the southern boundary of the United
States and Bering Strait. Quite a large number of spe-
cies also, distinct from the foregoing, have been discovered
on the coast of Japan, and all the indications point to
many more that are still undescribed. To the southward
of the United States the group abruptly disappears, but
reappears again in the temperate and cold waters of west-
ern South America, which undoubtedly still hold out a
rich field for investigation of this group.

The rock-fishes of American waters are characterized
by having 13 dorsal spines, while their nearest allies, the
rose-fishes ( Sebastes), have a larger number. Some of
the Japanese forms, however, are described as varying in
the number of dorsal spines from 13 to 14. _ If this is so,
the further study of the rock-fishes of the Japanese coast
will furnish new and interesting material upon which to
base the systematic arrangement of the group, for no
such variation is found in all the fifty or more species of
the western coast of North America.

*T wish to thank Prof. Charies H. Gilbert for putting at my disposal
the material on which this paper is based, and for generously sacrificing
valuable specimens, in order that the series might be made as complete as
possible. The collection of skulls is now in the Museum of the Leland
Stanford Jr. University.

2D SER., VOL. V. October 1, 1895.

574 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

There has hitherto been no agreement among ichthy-
ologists as to the boundaries of the genera of rose- and
rock-fishes. European writers, believing that the differ-
ence in the number of dorsal spines is not a sufficient
basis, for a generic separation of the Pacific forms, in¢lude
them all in the old Cuvierian genus Sebastes. American
writers, however, lay greater stress on this difference,
which they have shown to be connected with a constant
difference in the number of vertebrae. ‘They are also
prompted by the desirability of breaking up so large and
unwieldy a genus into smaller natural groups, and have
thus not only segregated the Pacific forms with 13 dorsal
spines and 12-15 vertebra in the genus Sedastodes, but
have made several efforts to break up the latter genus
into several smaller ones. Between 1854 and 1861 W.
O. Ayres! described numerous species from the Pacific
Coast of California, including them all under the old genus
Sebastes. In 1861 Gill? proposed the genus Sebastodes for
the Sebastes paucispinis of Ayres. In 1862 he placed all
the remaining rock-fish of the West Coast in a new genus,
Sebastichthys, but all the generic characters which he as-
signed have proved worthless.

Ayres accepted the genus Sebastodes, but redefined it so
as to include the species ovals, flavidus, melanops and pin-
niger. It will be seen that this was a natural group, the
characters which he selected being correlated with others
of which he knew nothing. He retained all the remain-
ing West Coast rock-fish in the genus Sedasées ‘* with the
characters of Sebastes as given by Cuvier, except that the
top of the head is always marked by spinous ridges, the
orbits being commonly crested, so as to leave a depression

2°

between them.

1 Ayres: Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1854-1862.
2 Gill: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1861, p. 165; 1862; p. 329.

GENUS SEBASTODES. 575

In 1864 Gill’ separated the then known rock-fishes ot
the Pacific Coast into four genera: Sebastodes, Sebas-
tichthys, Sebastosomus and Sebastomus. The groups which
he thus indicated form natural assemblages of species,
but thus far he has never defined them satisfactorily.
The genera proposed by him have generally been accepted
as of subgeneric value by later workers in the group, but
with a knowledge of the early known species which Gill
was unable to examine, together with many others discov-
ered since, they have found it impossible to draw the lines
of generic separation indicated by him.

In 1880 Jordan and Gilbert* discovered and described
fifteen or more new species, and adopted a more definite
terminology for the spinous ridges of the cranium, which
seemed to them to furnish the most reliable characters.
The arrangement adopted by them on the basis of these
characters agreed in the main with the generic grouping
already proposed by Gill. Since, therefore, the charac-
'ters furnished by the top of the head had been most re-
lied upon for the grouping of the species, and it was still
a mooted question whether they should all be included in
one genus or distributed among several, it seemed to the
writer desirable to make a detailed examination of a
series of skulls in order to determine what other cranial
characters, if any, were correlated with those of the top
of the head, and whether there were any gaps in the
series which would serve as points of separation into gen-
eta.

As will be seen later, the writer has been unable to dis-
cover a basis for such generic separation and is convinced
that the cranial characters fail to indicate such. Since
the present investigation was completed, however, an at-

3 Gill: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1864, p. 145.
Jordan & Gibert: Proc. U.S. National Museum, 1880, p. 287.

576 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tempt has been made by Eigenmann and Beeson ™* along
the same lines, and with opposite results. It therefore
becomes necessary to examine their conclusions in some
detail. As a basis for the primary division of the group,
they have selected the condition of the parietals, classify-
ing the species according as their parietals meet or do not
meet above the supraoccipital. The character is else-
where described as the ‘‘union or non-union of the parie-

tals,’’ and the statement made that ‘‘ the value placed on
suchiarcharacter sian need notjbeidetended here
During the course of his investigation the writer also at-
tempted to make use of this variation in the extent of the
parietals, but came to the conclusion that it had little, if any,
taxonomic value. The inner edges of the parietals are
strictly superficial in position, overlapping the supraoccipi-
tal. Their inner margins are irregular, and the extent of
the lap somewhat variable within the limits of each species,
depending both on original individual variations and on
the extent to which the thin edges of the bones have been
absorbed. Taking a series of species, we have presented
every degree of approximation of these margins, from
the condition where they are wide apart and leave exposed
a broad strip of the supraoccipital, to that in which they
touch, meet, or overlap. Union is never effected between
the parietals and it is misleading to speak of such. The
manner in which the parietals reach or pass over the
middle line is so variable as to suggest anything but genetic
relationship. In a few species the inner edges of the
parietals are parallel and seem to abut against each other
in the middle line, in others the inner outlines are curved
and the left paee overlaps the right. In some cases

Ppec inary Note on the Releneneine of a aaa Ueeatte Wanted
Under the Generic Name Sebastodes: C. H. Eigenmann and C. H. Beeson.
American Naturalist, vol. xxvii, pp. 668-671, July, 1893. For convenience
of reference this paper is given in full in the appendix, which see.

GENUS SEBASTODES. 577

one of the parietals reaches the middle line and the other
does not; in other cases the posterior part of one parietal
and the anterior part of the other reach the middle line,
and yet a wide strip of supraoccipital separates the two
bones throughout their length. All of these conditions
are evident in the accompanying figures. ‘There is no
more reason why that condition of the parietals in which
they barely meet should be chosen as the line of separa-
tion between two groups of species than that any other
degree of approximation or overlapping should be chosen.
The character is unfitted a@ frzorz to serve as a primary
character. The kind of difficulties into which its adop-
tion leads is illustrated, among other instances, by the
fact that S. e/ongatus and S. /evzs are placed in the group
with separated parietals, although in some individuals the
parietals plainly meet.

Not only is the condition of the parietals, by the nature
of the character, unsuited for the purpose which it is
made to serve, but it is not correlated with a single other
important cranial character. After it is adopted as the
primary character it does not serve in the slightest degree
as a key to the rest of the structure. The degree of de-
velopment of the cranial spines and ridges, the condition
of the interorbital space, the curvature of the base of the
skull, the condition of the ventral process of the basi-
sphenoid and the direction of the mesethmoid processes
are all closely correlated with each other and all lead to
the same arrangement of species. The condition of the
parietals not being correlated with a single other charac-
ter, its use as a primary character is bound to rupture all
the correlations that do exist; and that is what it does.
To select a single illustration from among a host of them,
the genus Sebastomus, as made up by Eigenmann and
Beeson, includes species from all parts of the group:

578 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

rosaceus, ruber, constellatus, etc., with concave interor-
bital space, straight base of skull, and strong spines and
ridges; and mznzatus and pinniger with convex interorbi-
tal space, curved base of skull, weak spines and ridges
and depressed mesethmoid procésses. In every point of
structure and conformation of skull the last two species
are. most closely related to the species placed in the gen-
era Primospina, Sebastosomus and Acutomentum; and
are widely separated from the other species of the genus
Sebastomus.

The condition of the parietals was the first character
selected by the writer as a basis for the arrangement of
the species, but it was soon found unreliable from every
point of view and had to be rejected; and the further the
investigation proceeded the more clearly was its rejection
justified. An examination of all the cranial characters in
a large number of species will invariably lead to the same
result.

Of the fifty or more species recognized from the Pacific
Coast of America, the following thirty-two have been ex-
amined by me: 5S. faucispinis, gooder, mystinus, mela-
nops, flavidus, entomelas, ovalis, atrovirens, pinniger,
miniatus, introniger, aurora, chlorostictus, rosaceus, con-
stellatus, rhodochloris, ruberrimus,* saxicola, diploproa,
elongatus, rubrivinctus, levis, serriceps, rastrelliger, aurt-
culatus, vexillaris, caurinus, maliger, carnatus, chrysom-
elas and nebulosus; besides two or three unidentified

* The specific name ruberrimus is here proposed as a substitute for the
ruber of recent authors, not of Ayres, which latter must be regarded as
a synonym of auriculatus. That the specimens to which the name ruber
was first applied belonged to the species auriculatus is clearly shown by the
careful description of the spines on the top of the head. The statements
concerning color and size do not apply to auriculatus, but apply equally
well to each of the three species ruberrimus, pinniger or miniatus. (Ayres,
Proceedings California Academy of Sciences, vol. i, p. 7, 1854.)

GENUS SEBASTODES. 579

skulls. The following West Coast species were not avail-
able: czliatus, proriger, brevispinis, umbrosus, nigrocinc-
tus, alutus, serranoides, rufus, melanostomus, rupestris,
eos, ereus, gilli, zacentrus, sinensis.

The series upon which the following conclusions are
based consisted of fifty-one skulls of thirty-two different
species. Although many skulls could not be procured,
the series is essentially complete, containing representa-
tives from all parts of the group.

The cranial characters that have hitherto proved usetul
relate to the cranial ridges and the spines in which they
end. The characteristic spines and ridges are: the pre-
ocular on the anterior superior border of the orbit; the
supraocular, near the edge of the frontal bone above the
middle of the orbit; the postocular, behind the supraocu-
lar, and the tympanic, behind the postocular on the frontal
bone near the superior posterior angle of the orbit; and
the parietal, present in all the species, a longitudinal ridge
on the middle of the parietal bone. Of these ridges all
may be absent except the parietal,* and in the different
species in which they are present differ exceedingly in
the degree of their development.

In a comparison of the crania some characters which
it was at first supposed would furnish good marks by
which to subdivide the genus into groups, proved other-
wise. The thickness of the bones of the skull is general-
ly correlated with other characters, rather thin papery
skulls bearing strongly developed bony ridges, while
thicker and more bony skulls have the ridges low or ob-
solete. “But there are several exceptions to the rule.
Other characters at first seem important, but as they occur

*Prof. Eigenmann has changed the name of this ridge and its spine
from ‘‘occipital” to ‘‘ parietal,” and I have adopted his name for it, be-
cause it seems much more appropriate.

580 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

in a few species only, far apart in the series, they must be
regarded as sporadic; thus nuchal spines are present in
S. levis, chlorostictus, aurora and constellatus (in the last
species connected with a tendency of the ridges to break
up into spines and tubercles), but they are inconstant
even in the species in' which they occur; so that it is
doubtful whether they are always present in any species.
The coronal spines, likewise inconstant, are usually pres-
ent in .S. aurora, and nearly always present in SS’. awricu-
fatus.

In some species in which pairs of spines are normally
absent, these are sometimes present in a rudimentary or
distorted form, either singly or in pairs. Although the
paucispinis group is characterized by the absence of the
usual pairs of spines in adults, two adult Jaucrspinzs skulls
had a rudimentary supra- or postocular on the left side, and
a very young skull of this division had rudimentary tym-
panic spines on both sides and a postocular on the left
side; a medium-sized me/anopfs had a rudimentary right
tympanic; and a large one had a pair of postoculars and
a deformed left supraocular; a young flavzdus hada
rudimentary right postocular; in an e/ongatus, in which
the supraoculars are normally absent, the spines were
still present in the form of low humps on the ridge; in
another specimen the supraocular spine was sharp and
perfectly distinct.

Hilgendorf expressed the belief that when one of the
three pairs of spines (supraocular, postocular and tym-
panic) is absent, it is the supraocular and not the post-
ocular that has disappeared.* ‘This is proved by several

*Hilgendorf: Uebersicht iiber die japanischen Sebastes-Arten, Sitzungs-
Bericht der Gesellschaft Naturforschenden Freunde zu Berlin, 21. Dec.,
1880, p. 168. ‘*Das maximum von Dornen am Oberkopf kommt bei S.
marmoratus vor, nimlich einer in der Nasengegend, der nasaldorn, drei
auf dem Augenrand, Orbital-dornen, von denen der mittlere bei den andern
Arten zuerst verschwindet.”

GENUS SEBASTODES. 581

series of facts. When the three spines are present to-
gether, the distance from the base of the tympanic to the
base of the supraocular on the one hand, and the distance
from the supraocular to the preocular on the other hand,
are to each other in many species as I to 1, varying from
this ratio to I to 3 in vosacews; while where one of the
spines is absent, the relative distances vary from 3 to Io
to 3 to 15 (except webulosus, 2 to 5). These measure-
ments give the all but invariable rule that, when one of
the spines is absent the so-called supraocular occupies
the position of the postocular. When both the supra-
ocular and postocular are present and differ in size (which
is usually the case), the supraocular is invariably weaker
than the postocular. The depression between the tym-
panic and postocular is always deep, while between the
postocular and supraocular there is frequently a well-
marked ridge (chlorostictus, rhodochlorts, ruberrimus ). In
/ev’s the true supraocular is usually present; in the skull
at hand it was absent, but on one side a blunt knob occu-
pied the position required by the rule of relative distances,
and just behind this point, on both sides, there was a de-
pression in the otherwise continuous ridge, marking the
depression between the supra- and postoculars. In the
skull of e/ongatus, in which one of the pairs of spines is
normally absent, there is a low, conical rudimentary spine
on the left side, occupying the position of the supraocular,
as required by the rule of relative distances. ‘These
facts, taken together, seem to establish the conclusion
that when one of the trio of pairs of spines is absent, the
supraocular spine has disappeared, and the supraocular
ridge merged with the postocular.

A source of error that had to be studiously avoided in
the comparison of species is that due to the changes that
take place with increasing age. Of these, the following

582 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

are among the most constant: The bones of the skull
grow thicker and in very large specimens become spongy.
The processes of the mesethmoid become depressed; and
the ventral process of the basisphenoid, when present at
all, sometimes suffers complete, and always partial ab-
sorption. The interorbital space grows relatively wider,
this being one of the most striking and constant varia-
tions. In the present paper the width of this space is
always given as measured at its narrowest part (which usu-
ally falls immediately behind the preocular spines), and
compared with the total length of the base of the skull.
In a young vew7//aris, the ratio of interorbital width into
the length of the base of the skull is 54%, in a medium-
sized one 4§, and ina large one 4. Ina young maliger
it is 44, in an old one 4%; ina young mznzatus 3+, 1n an
old one 3;;; ina young flavzdus 3,5, in an old one 3.
In a very young ruberrzmus it is 64, in one two or three
times as large 52, in one in which the cranial ridges are
almost competely serrated 5, and in a very large, old
specimen 45’.

The degree of approximation of the parietals seemed
at first to be a valuable character, and it will be seen from
the key given below that in several parts of the group
closely related species have the parietals in contact; but
while it serves well as a character of subordinate import-
ance, the mere fact that any two species have parietals
which meet or overlap is no proot of affinity unless it is
supported by other agreements.

The most reliable cranial characters for the purpose of
classification of the species are: the degree of curvature
of the base of the skull; the convexity or concavity of the
interorbital space and its relative width; the direction of
the mesethmoid processes; the degree of development of
the ventral process of the basisphenoid; and the strength

GENUS SEBASTODES. 583

or weakness of the cranial ridges. . These characters are
closely correlated, and furnish the only basis for the ar-
rangement of the species within the genus. In the pazcez-
spinis, melanops and pinniger groups (see Classification
below) the base of the skull is strikingly curved; the. in-
terorbital space is always convex (at most flat, never con-
cave) and relatively wide, its width never being more than
3% in the length of the base of the skull; the mesethmoid
processes are never directed upward; the ventral process
of the basisphenoid is absent, or reduced to a mere point
or at most occasionally present in very young specimens;
the cranial ridges are poorly or not at all developed and
the spines are delicate or absent. In the vosaceus-nebu-
Josus groups the base of the skull is straight or nearly so;
the interorbital space is always concave and narrow, its
ratio in the base of the skull varying from 4% to 64; the
mesethmoid processes are always directed more or less
upward; and the ventral process of the basisphenoid, the
cranial ridges and the spines are strongly developed.
These two groups of characters would furnish an am-
ple basis for the division of the genus into two, if the
species mentioned were alone to be _ considered.
But between the two groups distinguished by these
characters les another (7ztroniger-aurora) in which
the base of the skull is somewhat curved (approaching
straightness), the interorbital space is flat or slightly con-
cave, of medium width, 4 to 4% into the base of the
skull, the processes of the mesethmoid are directed but
little upward and the ventral process of the basisphenoid
is poorly developed. By the interposition of this group it
is possible to arrange a series from fauczspinis to rosaceus
in which there is an almost perfect gradation of all the
above-mentioned characters, from strikingly curved to
straight base of skull, from convex and broad to concave

584 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and narrow interorbital space, from mesethmoid processes
depressed to those directed forty-five degrees above the
dorsal plane of the skull, from a rudimentary to a fully
developed ventral process of the basisphenoid and from
nearly obsolete to strongly developed cranial ridges.

The single species ruberrzmus furnishes at different
stages in its development a series of characters that paral-
lel in a striking way the series just described. The very
young skull is so much like those of rosaceuws and rho-
dochloris that, if it were the only ruderrzmus at hand, it
might easily be put between them ina series. The width
of the interorbital space is 64 into the base of the skull,
relatively narrower than that of any other skull in the
collection of fifty, and deeply concave; the mesethmoid
processes are directed upward and the ventral process of
the basisphenoid is well developed. The very large skull
of the same species is almost exactly adapted to the de-
scription of the a@urora-introniger group. The inter-
orbital space is perfectly flat and 45% into the base of
the skull, the mesethmoid processes extend forward nearly
horizontally and the ventral process of the basisphenoid
is rudimentary. The gap between these two extremes is
completely closed by skulls of intermediate age.

S. saxicola and drploproa constitute another interme-
diate group with the base ot the skull markedly curved,
the interorbital space slightly convex or flat, of medium
width, 334 to 44% into the base of the skull, mesethmoid
processes directed but little upward, and the ventral pro-
cess of the basisphenoid rudimentary or fairly developed.
This intermediate group, unlike the other, lacks the su-
praocular spine and probably forms one of the links be-
tween the extomelas-pinniger group and the other rock-
fish in which the supraocular is wanting.

The following classification, based exclusively on cra-

GENUS SEBASTODES. 585

nial characters, summarizes what has been said and: in-
cludes some details not hitherto mentioned:

A. Base of skull markedly curved. Interorbital space convex or flat,
broad, less than 3} in the base of the skull. Processes of mesethmoid
not directed upward. Ventral process of basisphenoid rudimentary.
Cranial ridges obsolete or weak, spines absent or delicate.

a. Cranial ridges (except parietal) obsolete or very slightly developed.
Cranial spines absent or very inconstant and weakly developed.

b. Parietals not meeting; mesethmoid processes weak and depressed;
skull moderately thick; parietal ridges weak, with minute spines
or none; other ridges none.

ce. Interorbital space plainly convex, paucispinis.
ec. Interorbital space nearly flat, goodei.

bb. Parietals meeting in the middle line, but separated posteriorly
by a wedge-shaped exposure of the supraoccipital. Mesethmoid
processes better developed, straight and horizontal; skull thick;
the bones striated; parietal ridges low, spineless, other ridges
none.

d. Preocular spines none, flavidus, melanops.
dd. Preocular spines present, mystinus.

aa. Oranial ridges somewhat developed; preocuiar, supraocular, post-
ocular, tympanic and parietal spines present, all delicate; ventral
process of basisphenoid sometimes present in young. (Tympanic
spines usually absent or imperfect in atrovirens.)

e. Parietals not meeting; interorbital space usually plainly convex;
bones thick, more or less striated.

f. Supraocular spine present.
g. Base of skull strikingly curved; parietals nearly meeting,
entomelas, ovalis.

go. Base of skull less strikingly curved; parietals well separated.

h. Interorbital space plainly convex, pinniger.
‘hh. Interorbital space flat or nearly so, miniatus.

ff. Supraocular spine absent; parietals well separated; interorbital
space but little convex; mesethmoid processes directed some-
what upward, atrovirens.

B. Base of skull markedly curved. Interorbital space flat or slightly
concave, of medium width, 3? to 44 in base of skull. ~Processes of
mesethmoid directed but little upward. Ventral process of basisphe-
noid rudimentary or fairly developed.

h. Cranial ridges fairly developed, supraocular spines absent, skull
thin, papery, mesethmoid processes horizontal.

i. Parietals not meeting. sawicola.

ii. Parietals meeting. diploproa.

2p SeER., VOL. V. (38 ) October 1, 1895.

586 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

C. Base of skull nearly straight (slightly curved). Interorbital space flat
or slightly concave, of medium width, 4 to 4} in base of skull. Pro-
cesses of mesethmoid directed but little upward. Ventral process of
basisphenoid rudimentary or poorly developed. Cranial ridges and
spines quite strong.

j. Cranial ridges well developed. Preocular, supraocular, postocular,
tympanic, parietal and nuchal spines present. Coronai spines usu-
ally present. introniger, aurora.

D. Base of skull straight or nearly so. Interorbital space concave and

narrow, 44 to 64 in base of skull. Processes of mesethmoid directed

upward. Ventral process of basisphenoid well developed. Cranial
ridges high and strong.

Supraocular spine present. Parietals not meeting.

1. Skull thick; cranial ridges broken into tubercies and spines; in-
terorbital space flat; mesethmoid processes horizontal; ventral
process of basisphenoid rudimentary in adult (the skull of young
almost exactly as in rosaceus; see below). ruberrimus.

ll. Skulls somewhat papery; ridges smooth; interorbital space con-
cave; mesethmoid processes directed upward; ventral process of
basisphenoid well developed in both young and old. constellatus,
rosaceus, rhodochloris, chlorostictus.

kk. Supraocular spine absent.

m. Interorbital space not widening markedly backward.

n. Parietals not meeting; skull papery. elongatus.
nn. Parietals meeting; skull bony.

‘an

o. Nuchal spines none. rubrivinctus, levis.
oo. Nuchal spines present; ridges thick and high. serriceps.
mm. Interorbital space widening markedly backwards; parietals not
meeting.
p. Coronal spines present, skull bony. auriculatus.
pp. Coronal spines none.
q. Skull thick; bones striated; interorbital space slightly con-
vex. rastrelliger.
qq. Interorbital space concave and the cranial ridges strong and
high. vewillaris, maliger, carnatus, chrysomelas, nebulosus.
The interorbital space becoming more concave and narrower
and the ridges stronger and higher from the beginning to the
end of the series.

It has been impracticable in some cases to separate
closely related species in the above classification accord-
ing to cranial characters, some of them agreeing even in
color patterns and differing only in colors and other de-
tails, and showing no tangible differences in the skulls.

GENUS SEBASTODES. 587

S. serriceps is probably placed a little too high up in the
series, as its other characters indicate closer connections
with the last group. It is evident that the cranial charac-
ters do not furnish a basis for the division of the rock-
fishes of the West Coast into several genera. All the
characters that are at all available for purposes of class-
ification serve remarkably well for arranging the species
in series, but the changes which those characters undergo
in the successive species are so perfectly graduated that
they cannot be used to break up the genus. Jordan and
Gilbert® first grouped the species in 1883, using the num-
ber and degree of development of the cranial ridges and
spines as principal characters. Their arrangement not
only remains, but is more firmly established, with one or
two doubtful exceptions, by the remaining cranial char-
acters.

Connected with this series of cranial characters and
their modifications are a number of other characters. Al-
though the correlations are not always exact, an arrange-
ment of species based on these external characters would
differ but little from that given above.

Ayres long ago pointed out that ‘‘the border of the
caudal fin changes insensibly in the successive species
from the slight emargination of Paucisprn7s to the slight
rounding of uzgrocinctus.’’ In Ppaucrspinzs the anal spines
are graduated, but this feature gradually changes in the
series until in the vosacews group the second anal spine is
longer than the third. In the group represented by faw-
cispints and“ pinniger the longest rakers on the anterior
limb of the first arch are relatively much longer than in
_ the group represented by rosaceus, etc. The decrease in
length is gradual in the series and is quite closely cor-

Jordan & Gilbert: Synopsis of the Fishes of North America, 1883, pp.
652-678.

588 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
related with the decrease in the number of rakers on the
anterior limb. ;

The scales also become successively larger, from very
small ones in paucispinzs to large scales in cutroniger.
But it is impossible to use the size of the scales for the
purpose of generic distinction. In the whole genus the
transverse rows of scales corresponding in number with
the pores are very oblique (making an angle of about
forty-five degrees with the vertical) and. have rarely, if
ever, been counted as the ‘‘ transverse rows of scales.”’
Besides these there is a series that is actually vertical,
making an angle of about forty-five degrees with the

former. For each ‘‘ oblique transverse ’’ row there are
two plainly visible vertical rows, and as a scale for each
of the latter rows lies upon or nearly upon the lateral
line these have been depended on for the determination
Occasionally the
scale of a vertical row lies far enough above or below
the row of pores to be left out of the count, although the
row to which it belongs is continuous above and below
the line. This counting of the scales on the lateral line
instead of the vertical rows to which they belong has led

of the ‘‘ transverse rows of scales.

to confusion, because no two specimens of the same
species give similar results.

It is an easy matter to arrange the species in a prob-
ably natural order; but, even with the fine series of grad-
uated characters described above, it has been impossible
to construct a ‘‘ genealogical tree.’’ The genus is prob-
ably a young and vigorous one; and extensive comparisons
of the young stages of the different species with the adult
condition, comparison of the different species with each
other at different ages, and a study of the later embry-
onic stages of these ovoviviparous fishes, together with the
few facts now known, would in a large measure solve the

GENUS SEBASTODES. 589

problem of genetic relationship in this interesting group.
I include below a diagnosis of the genus, with an an-
alysis of the North American species.

SEBASTODES* Gill.

RocKk-Fisu; ‘‘ RocK-Cop.’’
(Sebastosomus, Sebastomus, Sebastichthys Gill; Acutomentum, Primo-
spina, Pteropodus, Auctospina Kigenmann and Beeson.)
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 165, 1861: type Sebastes paucispinis
Ayres; Jordan and Gilbert, Synopsis of Fishes of North Amer-
ica, 652, 1883.)

Body and head somewhat compressed; head large, 22 to
3% in length of bodyt; depth 2% to 334 in length of
body; mouth moderate or large, with the jaws equal or
the lower more or less projecting; the maxillary reaching
middle of eye or beyond, sometimes beyond posterior
edge of orbit, its length from 134 to 3 in length of head;
teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer and palatines.
Head more or less evenly scaled, without dermal flaps;
interorbital space convex or concave, widening markedly
with age; cranial ridgest more or less developed, one or
more of the following pairs always present, usually end-
ing in spines: preocular, supraocular, postocular, tym-

“A very doubtful species, which may be the young of Sebastes marinus,
with an abnormal number of spines, is accredited to the Atlantic Coast,
viz.: S.? fasciatus (Storer). ‘‘ Body elongated, not convex in front of dorsal
fin as in Sebastes norvegicus; four distinct dark brown transverse bands
upon the sides, the broadest at the posterior portion of the body.” D.
XIII-14; A. III, 7. Provincetown, Mass. (Storer). (Sebastes fasciatus
Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v, 31, 1854.)

An equally doubtful fossil species is referred to this genus, viz.: Sebas-
todes(?) rose Higenmann. It is known only from a fragment, the hori-
zontal limb of a preopercle, which was found at Port Harford, Cal., among
various tertiary fossils, thirty feet above the sea; but the finder himself
thinks it may have been left there by the Indians. (Sebastodes (?) rose
Kigenmann, Zoe, i, 16, 1890.)

tLength of body is measured from tip of snout to base of caudal fin.

{For illustrations of cranial ridges and spines, see explanation of plates.

590 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

panic, coronal, parietal and nuchal. Five preopercular
and two opercular spines; one to three spines on the
suprascapula. Suborbital stay moderate, usually not
reaching preopercle. Gill-rakers various, very long and
slender to very short. Scales moderate or small, mostly
ctenoid, 35 to 100 transverse series. Dorsal fin continuous,
emarginate, its formula XIII-12 to16. Anal fin HI, 5 to
9. Pectorals well developed, the base broad or narrow,
the lower rays undivided. Caudal slightly rounded, trun-
cate or slightly forked; soft parts of vertical fins more or
less scaly?) Pylonic \cceca Oi to, ri Ventebrey 12ers.
Species of varied, often brilliant colors, mostly red. Sexes
colored alike. The group inhabits the two shores of the
northern Pacific Ocean. Some of the species are ex-
tremely localized, and they are exceedingly abundant in
rocky places along the west coast of the United States.
They seem to disappear rather abruptly to the south of
southern California, and the number of species dwindles
northward; none are arctic, the bulk of the group in-
habiting temperate waters. The bathymetric range of
most of the species is rather limited; some live in shal-
low water along shore, the majority frequent rocky reefs
at depths of 50 to 500 feet; a few species have been
taken at a depth of 1600 feet. All are ovoviviparous,
bringing forth great numbers of voung, which are nearly
half an inch in length when born. The species differ
greatly in form and armature, but the genera based on
these differences intergrade too closely to be worthy ot
retention. («<3u07ds, Sebastes; «vs, likeness. )

GENUS SEBASTODES. 591

ANALYSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF SEBASTODES.

a. Interorbital space convex (never concave), broad, less than 33 in base
of skull, cranial ridges very low or obsolete, the spines when present,
delicate; base of skull strongly curved, mesethmoid processes not
elevated (not directed upward), ventral process of basisphenoid rudi-
mentary (or fairly developed only in young); skull usually thick;
anal rays III, 9 to III, 6; gill-rakers usually long and slender;
snout, preorbitals and jaws more or less scaly.

b. Cranial ridges (except parietal) all obsolete or very slightly devel-
oped, cranial spines absent or very inconstant and minute (regu-
larly present only in young), (preocular spines usually present in
mystinus); lower jaw much projecting.

Parietal bones not meeting, mesethmoid processes weak and de-

pressed; scales small, 90-100 transverse series of scales above

lateral line, peritoneum white, lower jaw much projecting, en-

tering profile, a large symphyseal knob, directed forward. A.

dd.

cc.

dak Sigh,

Head 23; depth 33; D. XIII-13; A. III, 9; lat. 1. tubes 65-80,
transverse rows of scales about 100. Maxillary reaching be-
yond eye (in adult), 1? in head; lower jaw much projecting,
with a large symphyseal knob, eye large, 4-6 in head. Scales
very small, irregular. Anal spines small, graduated. Pale
dull orange red, dark brown above; young olivaceous. Peri-
toneum white. San Diego to San Francisco, abundant, and
to British Coiumbia (Bean). paucispinis.”
Head, 24; depth, 32. D. XIII-14; A. III, 8; lat. 1. 55
(pores), transverse rows of scales above lat. 1. about 90.
Maxillary reaching little beyond middle of orbit, 24 in head;
lower jaw much projecting, with large symphyseal knob. Eye
33 in head; nasal spine obsolete; interorbital width 44 in
head; anal spines, short, strong, graduated. Scales rough-
ctenoid. Dusky olivaceous, silvery below, flushed with red.
Peritoneum white. San Diego to San Francisco. goodei.t

Parietal bones usually meeting, mesethmoid processes better

developed, straight, not elevated.

Peritoneum white; dorsal fin deeply emarginate.
A. III, 9.

* Sebastes paucispinis Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., i, 6, 1854.

t Sebastodes goodei Kigenmann and Eigenmann, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,

12, 1890.

592 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Pectorals broad reaching tips of ventrals, but not quite
to vent. Head 3; depth 3. D. XIII-15; A. III, 9; lat. 1.
about 60. Maxillary reaching nearly to posterior margin
of eye, 2 in head; lower jaw much projecting, with large
symphyseal knob. Scales medium. Anal spines low,
graduated, second as long as eye; olivaceous; caudal yel-
lowish or greenish. Peritoneum white. San Diego to
San Francisco, abundant. flavidus.*
eg. Pectorals not reaching tips of ventrals, not nearly to
vent. Head 3; depth about 32. D. XIII-15 or 16, A.
III, 9; lat. 1. 60 (pores). Elongate. Lower jaw project-
ing, entering profile. Eye 44 in head, 14 in interorbital
space. Scales large, those of head greatly reduced. Anal
spines slender, graduated. Gray of varying shades,
back darker; a series of large white blotches along sides
of back, much more marked in some than in others; fins
yellowish. Cortes Banks to San Francisco.
serranoides. t
ff. A. III, 8; head 3; depth 22. D. XIII-16; lat. 1. 53, trans-
verse rows of scales 60-70. Maxillary nearly reaching pos-
terior margin of orbit, a little less than two in head; lower
jaw projecting, its tip entering profile. Eye large. Scales
moderate, accessory scales numerous. Anal spines small,
graduated. Olive brown, dark above; upper part of sides
thickly marked with small slaty-black spots; caudal dark.
Peritoneum white. Monterey to Sitka, abundant north-
ward. melanops.t
ee. Peritoneum biack, colors dusky, fins blackish, dorsal fin not
very deeply emarginate.

h. Head 34; depth 34. D. XIII-15; A. III, 8; lat. 1. 66. Max-
illary reaching posterior margin of pupil; lower jaw some-
what projecting, without prominent knob. Scales all
ctenoid. Second anal not longer than third. Preocular
ridges obsolete; frontal region not specially convex. Black-
ish green, sides rather pale. Peritoneum black. Coast of
Alaska. ciliatus.§

* Sebastodes flavidus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 209, fig. 64, 1862.

tSebastodes serranoides Kigenmann & Eigenmann, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
36, 1890.

+ Sebastes melanops Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 135, 1854,
and U.S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 81.

§ Epinephelus ciliatus Tilesius, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., iv.,474, 1810.

GENUS SEBASTODES. 593

hh. Head 34; depth 23. D. XIII-15; A. III, 9; lat. 1. 66; 50-55
tubes. Maxillary dilated behind, reaching posterior mar-
gin of pupil, 2! in head; lower jaw protruding. Anal
spines graduated, the second 3} in head. Preocular ridges
present, usually ending in spines, frontal region between
them bulging. Slaty black; paler below laterai line. Peri-
toneum black. Puget Sound to San Diego, abundant.

mystinus.”
bb. Cranial ridges somewhat developed, preocular, postocular, tym-
panic and parietal spines usually all present, delicate (supraocular
also present in some species; tympanic usually absent in atrovi-
rens); lower jaw projecting, parietal bones usually not meeting.
i. Lower jaw much projecting, scales rather small; lat. 1. 50-75:
anal rays III, 7-III, 9; dorsal fin not deeply emarginate, soft
dorsal low.
j. Second anal spine scarcely or not longer, usually shorter than
third.

k. Supraocular spine wanting. Head 34; depth 33. D. XIII-15;
A. III, 8; lat. 1.65. Maxillary reaching middie of eye, 2%
in head; lower jaw protruding, its tip entering profile. Eye
less than interorbital space, 4in head. Anal spines grad-
uated. Olive green; creamy below; fins dusky. Peritoneum
black. Port Harford to Monterey, rare. entomelas. t

kk. Supraocular spine usually present. ye

1. Peritoneum black.

m. Maxillary reaching middle of eye. Head 3; depth 3}.
D. XITI-144; A. III, 83; 56 pores in lateral hne. Com-
pressed, elongate; mandible with prominent symphy-
seal knob. Orbit 3} to4in head. Head entirely cov-
ered with moderate-sized scales; those of body larger.
Anal. spines graduated. Rufous; variously marked
with brown; caudal dusky. Peritoneum jet black.
Cortes Banks, San Diego. rufus.t

mm. Maxillary reaching posterior margin of eye, 2 in
head. Head 3 in total length; depth 3}. D. XI1I-133;
A. III, 74. Elongate; head pointed; lower jaw project-
ing. Mandible, maxillaries and snout scaled; scales
of head small, ctenoid, those of body larger. Anal

* Sebastichthys mystinus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 455,
1880; 56, 70, 1881.
+ Sebastichthys entomelas Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 142,
1880. j

+ Sebastodes rufus Kigenmann & Eigenmann, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 13, 1890.

594

ji.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

spines graduated. Mostly black above, lat. 1. vermil-
lion; a black band below it. Peritoneum black. San
Diego. macdonaldi.*
Hl. Peritoneum white. Closely allied to Sebastodes proriger,
but larger in size and more uniform in color; anal spines
graduated. Coast of Alaska. brevispinis.t
Second anal spine notably longer than third. Peritoneum
black.
Supraocular spines usually present.
o. Head 8; depth 23. D.XIII-14; A. III, 8; lat.1. about 70.
Body ovate. Maxillary reaching posterior edge of pupil,
2} in head; lower jaw considerably protruding. Hye
slightly longer than snout. Maxillary and mandible
scaly. Second anal spine longer and stronger than third,
24+ in head. Creamy olivaceous; upper fins greenish,
lower yellowish, mostly dark edged. Young more green.
Peritoneum black. San Diego to San Francisco, rare.
ovalis. t
oo. Body elongate; depth more than 3; pores of lat. 1. 50-52.
p- Head 8; depth 32; D. XIII-14; A. III, 7; transverse
rows of scales about 52; pores of lat. 1. about 51. Max-
illary reaching center of pupil, about 3 in head; lower
jaw much projecting, with prominent symphyseal knob.
Orbit 34 in head. Scales everywhere strongly ctenoid,
rather small; accessory scales not very numerous.
Pectorals not reaching vent. Cranial spines very weak,
often absent. Colored more or less like ovalis. Peri-
toneum black. Pacific Grove, Cal.; rare. hopkinsi.§
pp. Head 2%; depth 3. D. XIII-15; A. III, 8; lat. 1. 50
(tubes). Maxillary reaching middle of pupil, 24 in
head. Eye 3} in head; interorbital space 14 in orbit;
scales small, rough, much smaller above lateral line,
irregular; scales smooth on breast, snout, maxillary
and mandible. Second anal spine much stronger and
longer than third, 24 in head. Pectorals reaching
vent. Dusky above, with faint traces of darker blotches
along back. Santa Barbara Islands. alutus.||

* Sebastodes proriger Eigenmann & Eigenmann (not of Jordan & Gilbert),

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 15, 1890, and Acutomentum macdonaldi Kigenmann
& Beeson, Amer. Naturalist, 669, 1893.
t Sebastichthys proriger var. brevispinis Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 359,

1883.

+ Sebastodes ovalis Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 209, 212, fig. 65, 1862.

§sp. nov.

A full description will soon be published elsewhere.

|| Sebastichthys alutus Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 76, 1890.

GENUS SEBASTODES. 595

nn. Supraocularspines absent. Head 3; depth 34. D. XIII-13;
A. III, 7; lat.1. 75. Maxillary short, broad, reaching be-
yond middle of eye, 24 in head; lower jaw much projecting,
with large symphyseal knob. Eye very large, longer than
snout. Body rather elongate. Second anal spine much
longer and stronger than third, 24 in head. Color chiefly
red; lateral line running ina continuous red stripe; iris red.
Peritoneum black. San Diego to San Francisco, not rare.

proriger.*
ii. Lower jaw little projecting; scales moderate; lat. 1.45-55; A. IIT,
7-III, 6.
q. Supraocular spine present; A. III, 7; color red.

r. Color chiefly orange; head 23; depth 22; D. XIII-14; A. III,
7; lat. 1.48. Maxillary reaching posterior margin of eye,
2in head; lower jaw somewhat projecting, with a sym-
physeal knob; eye 4in head. Accessory scales numerous;
scales on mandible smooth. Anal spines graduated, the
second 3 in head. Peritoneum pale. San Diego to Puget
Sound, abundant. pinniger.t

rr. Color chiefly brick red. Head 22; depth 3; D. XIII-14;
A. III, 7; lat. 1.47. Maxillary reaching past pupil, 2 in
head; lower jaw somewhat projecting, with a moderate
symphyseal knob. Scales rough-ctenoid; those on mandible
rough. Second anal spine equal to third, about 3 in head.
Back and sides everywhere with clusters of black dots.
San Francisco to San Diego; not rare. miniatus.t

qq. Supraocular spine wanting. A.III,6. Olivaceous, marbled
with darker. Head 3; depth 24. D. XIII-14; lat.1.52. Max-
illary extending beyond posterior border of pupil, 2 in head;
lower jaw somewhat projecting. Eye 3}in head. Interorbital
space but little convex. Scales large; mandible with a few
smooth scales. Tympanic spine usually absent; anal spines
eraduated, the second 2} in head. San Diego to San Fran-
cisco, abundant. LORE SS

* Sebastichthys proriger Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 327,
1880.

t Sebastodes rosaceus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., ii, 216, fig. 62, 1862,
not Sebastes rosaceus Grd.; Sebastosomus pinniger Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 147, 1864.

t Sebastichthys miniatus Jorban & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 70, 1880.

§ Sebastichthys atrovirens Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 289,
1880.

596 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

aa.

* Sebastichthys saxicola Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 78, 1890.
t Sebastichthys diploproa Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 79, 1890.
t Sebastichthys aurora Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 80, 1890.

Interorbital space flat or slightly concave, of medium width, meseth-
moid processes but little or not at all elevated, ventral process of
basisphenoid rudimentary. Cranial ridges and spines moderately
strong. Lower jaw usually not much, sometimes not at all, project-
ing; gill-rakers usually long and slender; A. III, 6, to III, 8. Deep
water fishes.

Base of skull strongly curved, supraocular spine absent.

t. Parietal bones not meeting. Olivaceous above, silvery below. Head
22 to 22; D. XIII-12 or 13; A. III, 7; lat. 1.45 (pores). Maxillary
nearly reaching posterior margin of pupil, 24 in head; lower jaw
somewhat projecting, with a conspicuous knob. Scales rough-
ctenoid, present on maxillary, mandible and snout. Second anal
spine longer and stronger than third, 2 to 24 in head. Peritoneum
black. Santa Barbara Islands. saxicola. *

tt. Parietal bones meeting. Uniform rose-red above, bright silvery
below. Head 23; depth 28. D. XIII-12 or 13; A. III, 7; lat. 1.
35 (tubes). Maxillary reaching beyond middle of pupil, 2% in
head; premaxillaries with prominent dentigerous knobs, between
which the tip of lower jaw fits. Eye 3 to 3} in head; interorbital
space 13 in orbit. Scales large, minutely spinous, readily de-
ciduous; very small and cycloid on maxillary, mandible and breast.
Second anal spine longer and stronger than third, 2} to 3 in head.
Peritoneum jet black. Coronado Islands. diploproa.t

ss. Base of skull nearly straight; supraocular spine present, quite

strong. Coronal and nuchal spines usually present (except in me-

lanostomus).

u. Second anal spine much longer and stronger than third, 23 in

head. A. III, 6; head 23; depth 22. D. XITI-13 or 14; lat. !. 29

(pores). Maxillary nearly reaching posterior margin of orbit, 24

in head; mandible included. Eye large, 34 in head, much longer

than snout or interorbital space. Scales everywhere very rough-

ctenoid, covering branchiostegal rays, mandible and mavillary.

Uniform red, light below. Peritoneum black. Santa Barbara
Islands. aurora.}

uu. Second anal spine little or not at alllongerthanthird. A. III, 7.

y. Lower jaw projecting; longest dorsal spine 3} or more in head;

mouth and gill cavities black. \

w. Analspines graduated. Head 3} in total length; depth about

3. D. XIEI-134; A. III, 73; lat. 1: 43. Body short, deep.

Maxillary reaching posterior border of pupil; lower jaw pro-

GENUS SEBASTODES. 597

jecting. Orbit one in snout, 32 in head. Cranial spines
covered with skin. Coronal spines absent. Scales very large,
but few accessory scales. Body scarlet, dark above; mouth
and gill-cavity black. Peritoneum black. San Diego.
melanostomus.*

ww. Second anal spine equal to third. Head 24; depth 24. D.

VV.

XIII-13; A. III, 7; lat. 1. 30 to 35 (pores); about 55 vertical
series of scales. Maxillary nearly reaching posterior margin of
pupil2! in head. Eye large, 3} in head; interorbital width 54
in head. Lower jaw projecting, with prominent symphyseal
knob. Cranial spines quite strong. Scales large, everywhere
strongly ctenoid; accessory scales numerous; highest dorsal 34
in head. Red; axils black; mouth and gill-cavities largely
black. Peritoneum jet black. Santa Barbara Islands.
introniger .t
Lower jaw scarcely projecting. Longest dorsal spine 2} in
head. Chiefly red; mouth and gill cavities and peritoneum
dusky. D. XIII-14; A. III, 7. Nuchal and coronal spines
present; maxillary reaching posterior border of eye, 14 in head.
Interorbital space a little less than eye. Both jaws covered
with rough ctenoid scales; highest dorsal 2} in head. Second
anal spine scarcely longer than third. Yeso; Aleutian Islands.
matzubare.t

aaa. Base of skull straight, or nearly so; interorbital space as a rule con-
cave and narrow; the cranial ridges and spines well developed. Mes-
ethmoid processes directed upward; ventral process of basisphenoid
well developed; skull comparatively thin. Gill-rakers usually short.

x. Supraocular spine present; interorbital space concave.

Cranial ridges broken and armed with accessory spines, and in-
terorbital space nearly flat in adult (ridges smooth, interorbital
space concave in young, as in Sebastodes rosaceus). Second anal
spine searcely longer than third... Head 3; depth 2%; D. XITI-
14; A. III, 7; lat.1. about 50; maxillary reaching nearly posterior
edge of eye, 2 in head; lower jaw a little projecting. Eye 43
in head. Scales on head and body rough; accessory scales
numerous, Color red, nearly plain. Peritoneum white. San
Diego to Puget Sound; Alaska (Bean). ruberrimus.§

* Sebastodes melanostomus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci:; 17,1890.

+ Sebastichthys introniger Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., $1, 1890.

t Sebastes matzubare Hiigendorf, Sitzber. Gesellschaft Naturforschender
Freunde, Berlin, 170, 1880.

§ Sebastodes ruber Jordan & Gilbert (not of Ayres), Synopsis of Fishes
of North America, 665, 1883.

598

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

yy. Cranial ridges smooth; second anal spine much longer, usually
stronger than third.
z. Color more or less rosy, with three to five round blotches of
pink on sides of back.

A. Dorsal spines usually low, the highest less than half the length of
head; no small green spots on sides of back.

BB.
C.

Head and body everywhere with many small roundish pale spots.
Head 24; depth 2}. D. XIII-13; A. III, 6; lat. 1.53. Maxillary
very broad, extending beyond pupil, 2 in head; lower jaw slightly
projecting. Eye 4 in head. Scales strongly ctenoid, accessory
scales numerous; head densely covered with small scales. Second
anal spine considerably longer than third, 2 in head. Orange red,
back olive-shaded. Peritoneum white. San Diego to San Fran-
cisco. constellatus.*

Body without stellate spots.

Second anal spine longer than third.

D. The five large pink blotches washed with orange, general color
light orange, overlaid with blackish. Head 22; depth 2+. D.
XITI-12; A. III, 6; lat. 1. 40 (tubes). Maxillary reaching pos-
terior margin of pupil, 2 in head; lower jaw scarcely projecting.
Eye large, 4 in head; interorbital space rather broad. Scales
moderate; many accessory scales; both jaws with small smooth-
ish scales. Second anal spine 2} in head. Santa Barbara.

umbrosus.t

DD. Bright orange red; the pale blotches on sides surrounded by
purple shades; head with purplish above. Head 23; depth 3.
D. XIII-13; A. III, 6; lat. 1.48. Maxillary not reaching pos-
terior border of eye, 2 in head; jaws equal, eye very large, 3} in
head. Scales moderate; accessory scales numerous. Second
anal spine much longer and stronger than third, 24 in head,
curved. Mandible naked. Peritoneum blackish. San Diego
to San Francisco, abundant. rosaceus.

DDD. General color, bright clear rose-red; pale blotches on sides
surrounded by green shades; no purple. Head 24; depth 3.
D. XITI-14; A. III, 6; lat. 1.58. Maxillary reaching beyond
pupil, 24 in head; jaws about equal. Cranial ridges very sharp;

*Sebastichthys constellatus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 295,

1880.

+Sebastichthys umbrosus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 410,

1882;

Sebastodes wreus Kigenmann & Eigenmann, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.

20, 1890.
+Sebastes rosaceus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 146, 1854;
and in U.S. Pacific R. R. Sury. Fish. 78, plate 21 (poor figure).

GENUS SEBASTODES. 599

eye very large, 34 in head; accessory scales very numerous,
mandible partly scaly; second anal spine very long, longer than
maxillary, 2 in head. Peritoneum dusky. Off Monterey and
San Francisco, rather rare. _ rhodochloris.~
DDDD. Body and head intense rose-pink, color marks washed or
faded. Head 24; depth 3. D. XIII-133; A. III, 64; lat. 1. 37.
Maxillary reaching beyond eye, 2 in head; lower jaw included,
symphyseal knob strong. Eye one in snout, slightly more than
4in head. Maxillary and mandible scaly; accessory scales nu-
merous on cheeks and opercles. Second anal spine 23 to 3 in
head. Interorbital space flattish, with deep median groove.
Peritoneum white or more or less dusky. San Diego. eos.t
CC. Second anal spine about as long as third. Head 3; depth 3. D.
XITI-134; A. III, 74; lat. 1. (pores) 44-45. Maxiliary reaching
posterior edge of pupil, 2 in head; lower jaw projecting, entering ©
profile, without knob. Orbit one in snout, 44 to 44 in head, a
little greater than interorbital width. Scales strongly ctenoid,
accessory scales very numerous everywhere; mandible naked.
_ Dorsal surface closely covered with small, bronze, roundish spots;
ventral surface light geranium red. Peritoneum white, sparsely
dotted with black. San Diego. gilli. }
AA. Dorsal spines very high, the highest half the length of head. Body
above with many small round green spots. Head 24; depth 2%. D.
XITI-18; A. III, 6; lat. 1.50. Maxillary reaching to beyond pupil, 21
in head; jaws equal, a conspicuous symphyseal knob. Eye 34 in head.
Mandible naked. Second anal spine much longer and stronger than
third, 2} in head. Olivaceous above, sides pinkish or golden; the
pink spots less distinct than in Sebastodes rosaceus. San Diego to San
Francisco, abundant. chlorostictus.§
zz. Color nearly as in Sebastodes zacentrus; no round pink blotches
on sides of back. Head 24; depth 23 to 3. D. XIII-13; A.
ITI, 7; lat. 1. 31 (pores), about 60 vertical series of scales above
lateral line. Maxillary reaching beyond middle of pupil, 24
in head; jaws equal. Hye 2% in head, longer than snout or
interorbital space. Nuchal spines present. Scales rough-
ctenoid; those on maxillary and mandible minute and smooth.
Second anal spine longer and stronger than third, 23 in head.
Peritoneum black. Santa Barbara Islands. rupestris. ||

* Sebastichthys rhodochloris Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 144,
1880.
+ Sebastodes eos Kigenmann & Eigenmann, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 18, 1890.
} Sebastodes gilli HKigenmann & Eigenmann, Amer. Naturalist, 154, 1891.
§ Sebastichthys chlorostictus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 294, ,
1880.
|| Sebastichthys rupestris Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 76, 1890.

600

xX.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Supraocular spine wanting.

E. Mandible sealy, peritoneum dusky or black.
F. Lower jaw only slightly or not all projecting; peritoneum jet-

black.

G. Head 23; depth 3. D. XIII-12; A. III, 5; lat. 1. (tubes) 40-45.

Body short deep. Maxillary reaching beyond pupil, 2} in head;
jaws about equal. Eye very large, 2} to 3 in head; interorbital
space 6 in head. Scales small, mostly smooth and cycloid, ir-
regular. Mandible and maxillary partly scaled. Second anal
spine longer and stronger than third, 2 in head. Pale below,
dusky above, blotched with reddish and black; mouth and gill
cavities and peritoneum jet-black. Gulf of California.
sinensis.”

GG. Head 24; depth 34. D. XITI-14 or 15; A. III, 7 or §; lat. 1.

(tubes) about 42, 70 vertical series of scales above lat.1. Max-
illary reaching middle of pupil, 24 in head; lower jaw slightly
the longer, with small knob. Eye much longer than snout, 3
to 34 in head; interorbital space 13 in orbit. Scales large, rough-
ctenoid, those on maxillary and mandible smoother. Second
anal spine usually longer and stronger than third, 14 to 1$ in
head. Five vaguely defined black bars on back; some red on
the sides. Roof of mouth posteriorly dusky; mouth and branch-
ial cavities otherwise white. Peritoneum jet-black. Santa
Barbara Islands. zacentrus. t

FF. Lower jaw strongly projecting. Peritoneum dusky. Head 23;

EE.

depth 34. D. XIII-13; A. III, 6; lat. 1.58. Maxillary reaching
posterior margin of pupil, 24 in head. Eye very iarge, longer than
snout, 34 in head. Scales large, not very rough; accessory scales
numerous; maxillary and mandible scaly. Second anal spine
much longer than third, 2in head. Light red; sides above with
irregular horizontal, interrupted olive- green bands. San Diego
to San Francisco, abundant. elongatus.t
Mandible naked, peritoneum pale or white. Body usually deep.
Scales on head mostly cycloid; lower jaw projecting; head large,
pointed.
Pink, with 4 interrupted cross-bars of black; back sometimes
dusky. Head 23; depth 3. D. XIII-13}; A. III, 74; lat. 1. 50.
Head very large; maxillary reaching posterior margin of pupil,
ereatly dilated behind, its width about equal to diameter of eye;
lower jaw projecting, with a well developed symphyseal knob.

* Sebastichthys sinensis Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 81, 1890.
+ Sebastichthys zacentrus Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 77, 1890.
t Sebastes elongatus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ii, 26, 1859, fig. 9.

II.

HH.

GENUS SEBASTODES. 601

Eye 53 in head, one in interorbital space. Scales of body
weakly ctenoid; those on head cycloid; accessory scales numer-
ous; mandible and maxillary naked. Second anal spine 44 in
head. Peritoneum white. San Diego to Monterey. — levis.*

Pinkish white, banded with deep crimson. Head 24; depth 24.
D. XIII-12; A. III, 7; lat. 1. 55. Maxillary broad, reaching
middle of eye, 24 in head; lower jaw projecting. Eye very
large, 3} in head. Scales of body rather smooth; those of head
thin, mostly cycloid; accessory scales very numerous; mandible
naked; maxillary with a few scales. Second anal spine much
longer and stronger than third, 24 in head. Peritoneum white.
San Diego to Monterey, rare. rubrivinctus.t

Scales on head ctenoid; lower jaw usually included. Second

anal spine little enlarged.

JJ.

Nuchal spines usually present, sometimes coalescent with the
parietals. Head 3; depth 23. D. XIII-13; A. III, 5; lat. 1. 50.
Maxillary reaching middle of eye, 24 in head; jaws equal. Eye
small, 5 in head. Interorbital space closely scaled; jaws naked.
Second anal spine scarcely longer than third, 24 in head. Dark
olive, blackish above, yellowish below; sides with about 7 ob-
lique black cross-bands. Peritoneum pale. San Francisco to
Cerros Island. ae serriceps.}
Nuchal spines none. Interorbital space widening markedly
from before backward.
Coronal spines usually present. Head 31; depth, 24. D.
XIII-13; A. III, 7; lat. 1.45. Maxillary reaching beyond eye,
24 in head; jaws nearly equal. Scales on body large, ctenoid;
accessory scales not numerous; mandible naked. Second
anal spine longer and stronger than third, 24in head. Black-
ish brown, mottled with light brown. Cerros Island to Van-
couver’s Island; very abundant. auriculatus.*

KK. Coronal spines none.

L. Cranial ridges with entire edges.

* Sebastichthys levis Higenmann & Eigenmann, Notes from San Diego

Biol. Lab. i, 6, 1889; Wast American Scientist, 129, 1889.

t Sebastichthys rubrivinctus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 291,

1880.

} Sebastichthys serriceps Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 38, 1880.
§ Sebastes auriculatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 131, 146, 1854,

and U.S. Pac. R. R. Sury. Fish, 80; Pteropodus dallii Kigenmann & Bee-
son, Amer. Naturalist, 66, 1894. This last is probably a young Sebastodes
auriculatus with coronal spines obsolete.

2D SER., VoL. V. (39 ) October 1, 1895.

602

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Head 3; depth 2%. OD. XIII-13; A. III, 6; lat. 1. 47.

Maxillary reaching posterior margin of eye, 24 in head;
jaws equal, no symphyseal knob. Eye small, anterior, 43
in head; scales on body large; accessory scales few. Gill-
rakers extremely short, most of them as wide as high.
Second anal as long as third, 3 in head. Dusky green,
with paler mottlings. Peritoneum brownish. San Diego
to Humboldt Bay; abundant southward. rastrelliger.*

N. Highest dorsal spine notably more than half length of

head.

Head and upper parts not speckled with orange;

membrane of spinous dorsal not very deeply incised.
Color dark brown, varied with light brown; arma-
ture of head, fin-rays, gill-rakers and scales as in
Sebastodes vexillaris; but the lower jaw is more
projecting, the pale shades are better defined, and
the dorsal spines are slender and much lower than
in Sebastodes vexillaris. Puget Sound to Sitka;
abundant. caurinus.t

PP. Reddish, varied with yellowish. D. XIII-16; A.

OOo.

TIT, 6; lat. 1.55. Maxillary extending behind or-
bit, 2in head; lower jaw a little projecting, with-
out knob. Eye high up, 4-44 in head. Jaws
naked. Dorsal spines higher than in Sebastodes
caurinus. Second anal scarcely longer than third,
3 in head. Peritoneum white. San Diego and
northward. vexillaris.t
Head and upper parts everywhere speckled with
orange. Dorsal spines exiremely high, their mem-
branes deeply incised. Head 22; depth 24. D. XIII-
13; A. III, 6; lat. 1. 47. Maxillary reaching posterior
margin of eye, about 2 in head; jaws nearly equal.
Scales rough, jaws naked. Second anal spine little
higher than third, 24 in head; front of back yellow-
ish; soft fins black. Peritoneum pale. Monterey
to Sitka, very abundant northward. maliger.\

* Sebastichthys rastrelliger Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 296,

1880.

+ Sebastes caurinus Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Ichth. 77, pl. 41, fig. 1,

1845.

t Sebastichthys vewxillaris Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 292,

1880.

§ Sebastichthys maliger Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 322, 1880.

GENUS SEBASTODES. 603

NN. Highest dorsal spine little if any more than half the
length of head.
Q. Pale blotches on sides not forming a continuous
lateral band; parietal ridges moderate.
R. Pale markings flesh color, dark markings oliva-
ceous. Head 23, depth 22. D. XIII-13; A. III;
6; lat. 1.43. Maxillary extending a little beyond
posterior margin of eye, 2 in head; jaws about
equal, no symphyseal knob, scales on head rougher
than in Sebastodes chrysomelas, mandible and max-
illary naked. Second anal spine slightly longer
than third, 22 in head. Peritoneum white. San
Diego to San Francisco, abundant. carnatus.*
RR. Pale markings yellow, dark markings blackish;
pattern of coloration exactly as in Sebastodes car-
natus. Head 22; depth 23. D. XIII-13; A. III, 6;
lat. 1.45. Maxillary reaching posterior margin of
eye, 2 in head; lower jaw slightly included. Scales
moderate, rough; accessory scales few; mandible,
maxillary and nasal region naked. Second anal
strong, equal to third, 2? in head. Peritoneum
pale. San Diego to San Francisco; abundant.
chrysomelas.t
QQ: Pale blotches on sides forming a continuous lateral
band. Head 3; depth 22; D. XIII-13; A. III, 7, lat.
1.49. Maxillary extending beyond pupil, 2 in head;
jaws equal. Eye large. Scales rough, accessory
scales numerous; jaws naked. Second anal spine
slightly longer than third, 24 in head; parietal ridges
very strong. Ground color blue black. Body and
fins profusely speckled with pale; pale markings yel-
low. Peritoneum pale. Vancouver’s Island to Port
Harford, abundant. nebulosus. t
LL. Cranial ridges with the surface broken, spinous. Head
2!; depth 23. D. XIII-15, A. III, 7; lat. 1.50. Maxillary
reaching beyond pupil, 2 in head; lower jaw very slightiy
projecting. Eye large, 44 in head. Scales rough; jaws
naked. Second anal spine longer and much stronger than

* Sebastichthys carnatus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 73, 1880.

t Sebastichthys chrysomelas Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 455,
465, 1880.

{ Sebastes fasciatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 146, 1854, etc.
(not of Storer); Sebastes nebulosus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., i, 5, 1854.

604. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

third, 24 in head. Frontal ridges elevated. Bright red,
with black bands. Peritoneum white. Monterey to Van-
couver’s Island, rare southward. nigrocinctus.”

APPENDIX.

For convenience of reference, I add in full the article
by Eigenmann & Beeson, including their proposed rear-
rangement of the group based ona study of its cranial
characters.

PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPECIES
USUALLY UNITED UNDER THE GENERIC NAME SEBASTODES.
(Kigenmann & Beeson, American Naturalist, 668-671, July, 1893.)

On the Pacific coast of temperate North America, a
large number of species of viviparous Scorpenide are
found. They range all the way from tide water to a
depth of 1600 feet, from Cerros Island to Alaska. They
are most abundant on the coast of California, about 30
species being known from San Diego, and a like number
from Monterey. In size they vary from 1 lb. to 30 lbs.

The species have been variously grouped as forming
one genus by Jordan & Gilbert, as forming two by Jor-
dan, and as forming four by Gill. Jordan & Gilbert, in
their Synopsis, arranged the species known to them ac-
cording to the greater or less prominence of the spinifer-
ous ridges of the skull. In examining the skulls of a
number of them, one of us, several years ago, noticed
that in a number of species the parietals meet over the
supra-occipitals, while in others they are separated, and
the supra-occipital is exposed above for its whole length.

A more recent examination of a larger series of skulls,
tended to show that, if we admit the relationships pointed
out by Jordan & Gilbert, this greater or less development

* Sebastes nigrocinctus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., ii, 25 and 217, fig. 6
1859.

GENUS SEBASTODES. 605

of the parietals is of no significance. A more thorough
study has, however, convinced us that the species with
united parietals are related, and that the relationships
pointed out by Jordan & Gilbert are at fault.

The value placed on such a cranial character as the
union or nonunion of the parietals need not be defended
here. It may only be mentioned that in mystznus, which
for other reasons we considered the hub to which the other
groups proposed here are related as spokes, the parietals
are united in 8 out of 10 specimens. The variation of
this character in mystznus but confirmed our view that it
is the radiating point.

Leaving the parietals, the next prominent characters
are the development or nondevelopment of certain cranial
spines and ridges. ‘These spines are found in all stages,
from minute points to comparatively huge spines. The
variation in size for this reason, if there were no other
objections, cannot be utilized for determining generic re-
lationship. The spines are very regularly arranged, and
in any given species certain ones are always present.
(Individual variations should of course be expected in
this character, as in every other, if a sufficient number of
specimens are examined.) The constancy of the presence
of certain spines in a given species warrants the use of
the presence or absence of these spines in the different
species in determining their true relationship. This rela-
tionship is usually borne out by a number of subsidiary
characters. Considering the constancy of the spines,
reinforced by subsidiary characters, we have divided the
species usually united under the generic name Sedbastodes
as follows:

a. Parietals meeting above the supra-occipital.
b. Jaws equal; head narrow above; high and prominent cranial ridges
ending in spines; preocular, supraocular, tympanic and parietals
present. Scales usually very strongly ctenoid; accessory scales

606 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

numerous; suborbital stay directed obliquely downward and back-
ward; second anal spine much heavier than, and at least as long as
the third; body short and deep, back arched; mouth very large;
head heavy. All known species with cross bands.
SEBASTICHTHYS Gill.
nigrocinctus, serriceps, rubrivinctus, diploproa.”
bb. Lower jaw much projecting; head broad, the skull usually convex;
cranial ridges, when present, low; gill-rakers very long and slender;
scales usually smooth, few if any accessory scales. Suborbital stay
little if at all oblique.

c. Parietal ridges ending in spines; preocular, supraocular and tym-
panic spines well developed. Peritoneum black.

d. Postocular spine present. Second anal spine usually stronger and
longer than third. Symphyseal knob strong, projecting forward.
Dorsal low. (Peritoneum black, mandibles and maxillary scaled.)

AcuToMENTUM! E. & B.
I1Type A. ovalis (Ayres).
melanostomus, ovalis, rufus, *alutus, macdonaldi n. sp. nov.=
S. proriger KE. & B., not of J. & G.
dd. Postocular spine not developed.

We have not been able to examine the two species (entomelas and

atrovirens) and cannot vouch for their position.

cc. Parietal ridges not ending in spines.

e. Preocular spines well developed. Supraocular and tympanic
spines sometimes present. Interorbital wide, convex, Perito-
neum black. Approximated edges of sub-opercle and inter-opercle
frequently ending in spines. Primospina? E. & B.

2Type P. Mystinus (J. & G.)
The only species (mystinus) is the most variable species of the
group.
ee. Preocular without spine, skull smooth, without spines. Peri-

toneum usually white.
SEBASTOSOMUS Giil.

flavidus, serranoides, melanops, “ciliatus.
aa. Parietals separated by the supra-occipital.
f. Cranium with parietal ridges only. Lower jaw much project-
ing, entering the profile; a prominent symphyseal knob directed
forward. Head broad, convex. Interobital convex, nearly

smooth.
SEBASTODES Gill.

paucispinis, goodet.
* Species marked with an asterisk have not been examined in reference
to the characters utilized.
ff. Cranium with many ridges, all ending in spines.

’

GENUS SEBASTODES. 607

vie}

. Postocular and tympanic spines both present. Interopercle and
subopercle without spines. Lower pectoral rays normal.
h. Coronal spines; nuchal spines, a spine below, another in front

of eye. * matzubarae with this species we are not
acquainted.
hh. No coronal spines. SEBASTOMUS Gill.

miniatus, pinniger, levis, aereus*, constellatus, umbrosus*, rosaceus,
rhodochloris*, gilli*, rupestris*, eos, chlorostictus*, ruber*, rufus.
go. Postocular spine wanting.
i. Coronal spines none.
Preropovus E. & B.1
Species with normal pectoral rays, (living off the bottom)
saxicola”, prorigert*, brevispinis*, elongatus, sinensis.
Species with lower pectoral rays thick (living on the bottom)
zacentrus’, maliger, caurinus, vexillaris, rastrelliger, nebulosus,
carnatus, chrysomelas.
ii. Coronal spines present.
AvuctosPIna E. & B.?
aurora’, auriculatus.
t The specimen described by E. & K., Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2) III, 15,
1890, is a species distinct from proriger.
The inter-relationship of these genera is complex. It may be repre-
sented by the following diagram, where the genera with the united parietals
are followed by an asterisk.

Type P. maliger (J. & G.)
*Type A. auriculatus (Girard).

Auctospina

Sebastichthys* Pteropodus Sebastomus

a | ~

ve Sebastodes
“

Acutomentum* Sebastosomus*

608

ba |

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE LVII.

Sebastodes paucispinis X 14; Monterey, Cal. No. 1461, Mus. L. 8.
Jr. Univ.

Sebastodes goodei X 14; Monterey, Cal. No. 1462, Mus. L. 8. Jr.
Univ.

Sebastodes flavidus x 14; Monterey, Cal. No. 1471, Mus. L.S. Jr.

Univ.
PLATE LVIII.

Sebastodes melanops < 1; San Francisco market. No. 1466, Mus.
L.S. Jr. Univ.

Sebastodes entomelas x 24; San Francisco market. No. 1472, Mus.
L. 8. Jr. Univ.

Sebastodes ovalis x 24; San Francisco market, No. 1474, Mus. L.S.
dco Univ.

PLATE LIX.

Sebastodes pinniger <x 1; Monterey, Cal. No. 1469, Mus. L. 8S. Jr.
Univ.

Sebastodes miniatus X 8; Cortez Banks, Cal. No. 1467, Mus. L.S.
Jr. Univ.

Sebastodes miniatus x 22; San Francisco market. No. 1468, Mus.

L. S. Jr. Univ.
PLATE LX.

Sebastodes atrovirens X 14; San Francisco market. No. 1493, Mus.
L.S. Jr. Univ.

Sebastodes sp. incog. < 14; North Pacific. No. 1473, Mus. L. §. Jr.
Univ.

Sebastodes saxicola X 2; Santa Barbara Channe]. No. 1477, Mus. L.

S. Jr. Univ.
PLATE LXI.

Sebastodes diploproa x 14; Santa Barbara Channel. No. 1476, Mus.
L. S. Jr. Univ.

Sebastodes introniger X 1; North Pacific. No. 1479, Mus. L. 8S. Jr.
Univ.

Sebastodes aurora X 14; Santa Barbara Channel. No. 1478, Mus. L.

S. Jr. Univ.
PLATE LXII.

Sebastodes ruberrimus X 22; Monterey, Cal. No. 1484, Mus. L. 5S.
Jr. Uniy.

Sebastodes ruberrimus * 13; San Francisco market. No. 1483, Mus.
L.S. Jr. Univ.

Sebastodes ruberrimus x 1}; Monterey, Cal. No. 1482, Mus. L. S.
Jr. Univ.

32.

GENUS SEBASTODES. 609

PLATE LXIII.

Sebastodes ruberrimus < 3%; San Francisco market. No. 1481, Mus.
L. 8. Jr. Univ.
Sebastodes rosaceus X 22; Monterey, Cal. No. 1485, Mus. L. S. Jr.
Univ.
Sebastodes chlorostictus x 14; Monterey, Cal. No. 1487, Mus. L. 8.
Jr. Univ.
PLATE LXIv.

Sebastodes elongatus x 2; Monterey, Cal. No. 1490, Mus. L. 8. Jr.
Univ.

Sebastodes rubrivinctus x 14; Monterey, Cal. No. 1491, Mus. L.S.
Jr. Univ.

Sebastodes levis x 3; Monterey, Cal. No. 1492, Mus. L.S. Jr. Univ.

PLATE LXV.

Sebastodes serriceps X 14; San Pedro, Cal. No. 1501, Mus. L. 8. Jr.
Univ.
Sebastodes auriculatus x 1,; Monterey, Cal. No. 1500, Mus. L. 58.
Jr. Univ.
Sebastodes rastrelliger <x 14; Monterey, Cal. No. 1494, Mus. L. 8.
Jr. Univ.
PLATE LXVI.

Sebastodes vexillaris; Monterey, Cal. No. 1502, Mus. L.S. Jr. Univ.
Sebastodes vexillaris X 1, San Francisco market. No. 1503, Mus. L.
S. Jr. Univ.
Sebastodes maliger x 24; San Francisco market. No. 1498, Mus. L.
S. Jr. Univ.
PLATE LXVII.

Sebastodes maliger x 1}; Monterey, Cal. No. 1497, Mus. L.S. Jr.
Univ.
Sebastodes nebulosus <x 14; Monterey, Cal. No. 1499, Mus. L. S. Jr.
Univ.
Sebastodes paucispinis X 14; Monterey, Cal. No. 1461, Mus. L. 8.
Jr. Univ.
PLATE LXVIII.

Sebastodes flavidus x 14; Monterey, Cal. No. 1471, Mus. L.S. Jr.
Univ.

Sebastodes miniatus % 7; Cortez Banks, Cal. No. 1467, Mus. L. S.
Jv. Univ.

Sebastodes atrovirens ~ 14; San Francisco market. No. 1493, Mus.
L. 8. Jr. Univ.

610

37.
38.

39.

40.
4].

42.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PLATE LXIX,

Sebastodes saxicola x 24; Santa Barbara Channel. No. 1477, Mus.
L.S. Jr. Univ.

Sebastodes ruberrimus % 1; Monterey, Cal. No. 1482, Mus. L. 8.
Jr. Univ. ;

Sebastodes chlorostictus x 14; Monterey, Cal. No. 1487, Mus. L. 8.
Jr. Univ.

PLATE LXX.

Sebastodes elongatus x 13; Monterey, Cal. No. 1490, Mus. L. 8. Aire,
Univ.

Sebastodes rastrelliger x 14; Monterey, Cal. No. 1494, Mus. L. S.
Jr. Univ.

Sebastodes nebulosus % 2; Monterey, Cal. No. 1499, Mus. L. S. Jr.
Univ.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. NO. VII.
BY MARCUS E. JONES, A. M.

Having had an opportunity to examine the material in
the National Herbarium I have been able to correct many
errors, and possibly to make a few more. The following
notes and new species are the result of those studies, and
are only such as have come to light from the identifica-
tion of my collection of 1894 made under the auspices of
tev. Dept. of Agriculture as Special Pield® Avent.
The long delay in the publication of the report necessi-
_tates:the early publication of the new species. The
number of new species and varieties discovered by me
in 1894 and described here are 104, those collected and
named but also found before by others are 29, a total of
133 new species and varieties in the collection. Other
new species and varieties described from other sources
are 57, a total of Igo.

The collection of 1894 consisted of about 50,000 speci- |
mens and 1700 species, there being 1106 species and
varieties in the sets, to these I have added in the sets
which I will distribute about 50 others collected in 1893
and 1895. Avery large amount of material was collected
as the basis of an extended report on geographical dis-
tribution and plant adaptation; this material it is my in-
tention to work up at some future date in connection with
similar material gathered in the Great Basin since 1879.

The types of the new species are in my herbarium un-
less otherwise stated. Duplicate types of all species in
the collection of 1894 are also in the National Herbarium.

New species signed ‘‘ T. & E.”’ are by Tracy and Earl.

New species signed ‘‘E. & E.”’ are by Ellis and Ever-
hart.

All numbers above 5000 belong to the collection of

1894.

2D SER., VoL. V. October 3, 1895. _

612 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In nomenclature I have tried to follow the recent circu-
lar signed by the representative body of American bota-
nists, and not the peculiar nomenclature of ‘‘ A Commit-
tee of the Botanical Club, American Association for the
Advancement of Science.’’ My reasons for doing so
are that the circular is the first and only agreement of
American botanists on nomenclature since the death of
Dr. Gray; that it represents my own views with the ex-
ception of some unimportant particulars; that the ‘‘ List
-of Pteridophyta and Spermophyta’’ prepared by ‘‘A
Committee ’’ represents the views of only a portion even
of that ‘‘ Committee;’’ that it is not representative; that
it when published was not sanctioned by the ‘‘ Botanical
Club ”’ or the American Association; that it is the product
of a few practically self-appointed individuals; that it
does not meet the views of American botanists; that it
degrades the rank of species and genera and opens wide
the flood gates for the indefinite multiplication of ficti-
tious species and genera by those who have practically
no field knowledge, who have of late been manufactur-
ing species in the herbarium; that it destroys the relative
standing of genera, species and varieties by elevating the
latter to specific rank, by making genera of intimately
related natural groups of species and thus destroying the
subgeric relationship while leaving nothing in its place
but a multitude of fictitious genera of no apparent rela-
tionship; that in the use of names it professes that prior-
ity whether varietal, specific or generic shall rule, while at
the same time repudiating it by insisting that no earlier
date shall be used than the Species Plantarum of Lin-
naus; that in ‘‘ Once a synonym always a synonym ’’ the
bibliography of species, etc., is to be loaded up with a
mass of new names nine-tenths of which are wholly use-
less, which will require thousands of changes of well

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 613

known names and thousands of dollars expense in re-
naming herbaria with absolutely no compensating ad-
vantage. I have used double authorities when there are
any because I believe it more just. I have followed the
vorder of Gray rather than that of the Pflanzenfamilien
for convenience and not because I believe it better, for I
prefer the latter.

In three cases I have deviated from the letter of the
circular referred to above, because I believe ultimately
some date near 1885 will be fixed in which varietal names
shall supersede specific ones in the same genus. Should
this not be done the following will be the nomenclature
of the three species: Astragalus ceramicus Sheldon for
A. angustus and its varieties (the name /folzosus Gray
used as a variety, fo/zolosus Sheldon not Gray, having
been given prior to 1885); Astragalus salinus Howell for
A. latus Jones; Hedysarum boreale var. flavescens (Coult.
& Fisher) for A. doreale var. leucanthum Greene.

CLEMATIS VERTICILLARIS var. COLUMBIANA (Nutt. Jour.
hil Aeade. vate oe).

Clematis Columbiana, Nutt. 1. c.

No. 5571. July 3, Provo, Utah, in Slate Cafion, 8000°
alt., on moist slopes, among oak brush.

A comparison of many specimens in the National
Herbarium, from various localities, together with my own
throughout the Plateau region, makes it clear that this is
a well marked variety, being characterized by the usually
entire or crenulate (rarely toothed) leaflets and different
fruit. I have seen but one transition specimen, from
Minnesota. The typical species ranges from the Atlantic
to the Rocky Mountains, and the variety ranges thence
westward to the coast.

Akenes obovate, about 1” long and 34” wide, with apex
crowned by the long tail, which is very slender, and

614 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

scarcely enlarged below; akenes usually obtuse at apex,
never acuminate; sparsely pubescent below, much pubes-
cent above; tail 2’ long; mature peduncles about 5’ long;
leaflets thin, shortly acuminate.

Clematis verticillaris DC. has coarsely and sparsely
dentate, ovate, shortly acuminate leaflets, which are often
trifid; fruiting peduncles 2-3’ long, reflexed; akenes
1-1%" long, obovate, with a broad and flat border, which
tapers abruptly into a flat wide tail, which gradually nar-
rows upward; akenes nearly equally hairy throughout,
and sparsely so, nearly twice the size of those of the var.
Columbiana.

CLEMATIS DoucLasit var. BigELovi (Torrey, Pac. R. R.
epi) O10)

Clematis Bigelovit Torrey |. c.

I can find no characters which separate this from C.
Douglasiz. Palmer’s specimen from New Mexico has
the long peduncle and flower of C. Douglasiz, has three
distinct pairs of leaflets besides the terminal one; the
lower pairs are again 3—-parted, and the divisions stalked
(lateral stalks 2” and terminal one 6” long), making the
leaf 2-ternate, the leaflets are again cut-toothed or parted
into acute segments, whose general outline is ovate to lan-
ceolate, 6-12” long; petioles of the main pairs of leaflets
1’ long; leaflets nearly glabrous; petioles, etc., decidedly
pubescent; inner sepals woolly.

Newberry’s specimen from McComb’s Expedition has
leaflets of Douglasiz, but broader, the fruit is that of
Dougtasit.

Lemmon’s specimen from Arizona has filiform seg-
ments, but in other respects is C. Dowglaszz.

Shufeldt’s specimen from Fort Wingate, New Mexico,
has oblong-ovate leaflets, 6” or less long, mostly entire,
shortly acute, and giving a wholly different appearance,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 615

but is manifestly only a form of C. Douglaszz. These
specimens are in the National Herbarium.

Anemone Tetonenszs Porter.

No. 5763. August 7, Fish Lake, Utah, 10,800° alt., on
gravelly knoll, devoid of trees, in the midst of a heavy
forest of spruces and firs, along with Anemone multifida,
but never showing any tendency toward intergrading
with it.

This does not accord with Mr. Britton’s description,
but does accord with a part of the material on which Mr.
Britton founded his description, z. e., Bailey’s specimen.
It would seem that Coulter’s specimen is either a form of
A. multifda or is a transition form between the two.
There was every facility for hybridization, and yet no
trace of it where I collected my material, though I hunted
for it for nearly an hour and saw hundreds of specimens.
All specimens have long, not ‘‘ short’’ styles, and akenes
barely pubescent on the backs, flowers white; segments
of the leaves narrower and half longer, tapering and very
acute at both ends; petioles of bracts shorter for the
blade; whole plant more strict and not weak. ‘The other
characters given for A. TZefonenszs do not hold. The
sepals are bluish outside and pilose, especially below,
oval, 3° long, not open much, anthers oval and apiculate;
styles 2” long, glabrous above, curved but not refiexed;
heads oval, 3” high; plants 6-8’ high, erect and not slender,
tufted; stems 2-5 from the apex of an upwardly bent
rootstock; dead leaf sheaths present.

RanuncuLus Cusicku. Referred provisionally by
Watson to alism@efolius var. alismellus, and by Holzinger
to hydrocharoides. Root leaves nearly round to ovate,
cordate or truncate at base, obtuse, entire, 1’ long, edges
barely sinuate, on petioles 1-3’ long, with dilated bases;
stem leaves 1-2, similar and short petioled or nearly

616 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

sessile; bracts lanceolate, entire, 6” long; flowers on
long (2-3’) slender peduncles, yellow; petals obovate-
oval, veiny; akenes in a small globular head 34" long,
inflated, very obtuse, as in var. alzsmellus, with minute
beak; whole plant glabrous, erect, 6-8’ high, slender,
but stems rather thick below; roots fleshy-fibrous. The
type is No. 1161, Cusick, Eagle Co., Or., 1884, 6000°
alt. JI also refer to this Watson’s specimen from below
Lobo Divide, Idaho, Aug. 20, 1880.

RANUNCULUS JUNIPERINUS.

No. 5011. April 4, at Copper Mine, 18 miles west of
St. George, Utah, in Beaverdam Mts., 5000° alt., among
junipers, in loose gravelly soil.

No. 5139x. April 30, at the head of the west branch
of Santa Clara valley in the Beaverdam Mts., Utah,
5000° alt., in loose soil on rocks, among junipers.

Perennial, with many long, rather fleshy fascicled roots
from the crown and when the crown is prolonged then
there are many roots growing out from the axils of the
old leaf-sheaths; plants densely tufted with many crowns
which are covered with dark, long, narrow and rather
fibrous leaf-sheaths 1%’ long; stems about 8-12’ long
and generally erect; leaves rather fleshy and doubly-
pedately-parted, the lobes variously toothed or lobed;
petals white at first, veined on the outside with pink, when
old becoming purple and enlarging, 5-8" long, oval to
orbicular, with rather uneven margin, veins very prom-
inent, often rotate-spreading, usually cup-shaped; stamens
many, with minute round anthers; sepals concave, veined,
greenish, almost hyaline, only the claw reflexed, broadly-
ovate, obtuse, enlarging with age and closed over the fruit,
both petals and sepals persistent; flowers 2-3, long-pe-
duncled, always with a leafly bract at the base of the
peduncle, but with no other stem leaves: fruit flat with a

a
CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 617

thick marginal nerve, not at all inflated, 1-1%” long,
nearly 1” wide, broadly obovoid and obliquely so, mi-
nutely apiculate; style minute; seed curved, nearly 1”
long, oblong-obovate, very much smaller than the akene;
akenes many ina head. This is ft. Andersonz var. ten-
ellus Wats., but Mr. Watson seems to have failed to rec-
ognize the great difference in the akene.

This grows on gravelly mountain sides among the rocks
and junipers, and is the earliest bloomer of all flowers.

DELPHINIUM SCOPULORUM Var. ATTENUATUM.

No. 5893d. August 23, Head of Bullion Creek, Utah,
near Marysvale, 11,500° alt., on gravelly and springy
places along cold subalpine streams.

No. 5684c. July 25, Mt. Ellen, Henry Mts., Utah, ro-
000° alt., in similar situations.

This has the wide leaves of the variety e/aucum as well
as the large flowers, it has the viscid pubescence of the
variety subalpinum; sepals linear and attenuate, 12” long,
about 2” wide at base, three times as long as the petals,
nearly glabrous; spur shorter than the sepals, about 10°
long, ascending; racemes compound below; flowers deep
blue. This approaches nearest to D. elatum of any Amer-
ican form, but the petals of that species are very dark
and the sepals wider; in this species the upper petals are
white and veiny and the lower light-blue and hairy.

This grows at timber-line along brooks, has a very
strong odor of musk, and grows in large tufts about a yard
high.

No. 5759 is a transition form toward the type. Gath-
ered August 7, Fish Lake, Utah, 11,000° alt., in hollows
near snow banks.

Delphinium pauciflorum var. depauperatum (Nutt.)
Gray. My specimens No. 5391, June 5, 1895, Marys-

vale, Utah, in Bullion Camion, gooo® alt., in gravel, have
2p SeR., Vou. V. ( 40 ) October 3, 1895.

618 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the roots of this and the habit and flowers of D. bicolor,
so do many from Colorado. The following numbers are
much alike also: .

5409a. June 7, 1895, Marysvale, Utah, in gravel, 6000°
alt.

5441a. June 15, 1895, Ireland’s Ranch, Salina Canon,
Utah, 8,000° alt., in gravel.

nEyoa. May 41805, ollver Weer Utah, inmenraveles
6000° alt.

It is well nigh hopeless to try to bring order out of the
chaos in this genus for half the recognized species run
together.

Aguilegia flavescens Wats. King’s Rep. 5, io.

No. 591th. August 25, Tate Mine near Marysvale,
Utah, 9300° alt., along Bullion Creek among willows.

No. 5338b. May 31, Marysvale, Utah, in marshy
places, 6000° alt.

An examination of the type specimen as well as the
original description shows that Mr. Watson took for the
type of his A. flavescens what he has since regarded as
only a form of A. ceru/ea and which certainly intergrades
with that species. The plants which he has referred to
this species, which grow at a lower altitude, are quite dif-
ferent and characterized by very short and hooked spurs,
very small flowers, hardly more than 6° long, always
yellow; upper leaves reduced to minute bracts; stems
very long, 1-3° long, slender, at least three times as
long as the short and small leaves. It is probable that
the labels of the two species have been changed in the
National Herbarium, but must have been changed by
Mr. Watson himself before his descriptions were drawn
up, for the plant which he calls ‘‘ subalpine ’’ form is sel-
dom found higher than 7500 ft. altitude, but is common
as low down as 6000 ft. altitude along streams, while the

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 619

plant which he has labeled as growing at 5000 ft. altitude
is seldom, if ever, found at a lower elevation than 8500
ft., nor is any Aquilegia known to exist in the Wasatch
Mountains at 5000 ft. altitude, for that altitude is reached
before you touch the base of the mountains.

This low altitude species, above described, may take
the name of flavescens, since it was considered belonging
to the species, rather than to make a new name. It is
always found in cold springs or streams at low elevations.
This is my number 1348 and to it I also refer Watson’s
No. 36.

AQUILEGIA C4SRULEA var. CALCAREA.

No. 5312a. May 28, at the head of the cafon above
Cannonville, Utah, 7000° alt., in very compact and barren
clay, among trees of Pznus ponderosa.

No. 5312am. Same locality as above.

This variety has the habit of the typical form, but the
leaves are reduced to three clusters of three leaflets each,
and these again cleft, parted or lobed; leaflets only 6”
long, and as wide, glaucous, minutely notched at the
rounded apex, faintly nerved, thick, overlapping each
other, and so the whole leaf seeming to be composed of
three nearly round clusters of leaflets, the whole not over
an inch in diameter; petioles very glandular-hairy, as well
as the stems and peduncles; flowers about halt the.size
of typical cerulea; sepals blue- purple, oval, acutish, 6’
long by 4” wide, abruptly contracted at the insertion;
petals nearly square but rounded at apex, 4” long, pinkish,
about equalling the stamens; anthers oval, 4%” long;
stem leaves absent, but there is one 3-lobed bract at the
base of the lowest peduncle, 6’ long; spurs about twice
the sepals, with abortive gland at the tip; leaf-sheaths
very thick and fibrous on the top of the root.

This appears to be a well-defined new species, but in

620 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

view of the great variability in this genus and in view of
the peculiar soil in which it grows, I prefer to consider it
as a mere variety. Found growing among the spruces at
Sooo feet altitude, on the most barren clay soil.

Platystemon Californicus Benth. This is P. crénztus
Greene, but the characters given by Greene do not hold
out. No. 5121. Jones, Diamond Valley, Utah, April
25) T8541 35005 alt.) imisanG:

Cardamine cordifolia Gray.

No. 5341. June 1, 1894, Marysvale, Utah, 7000” alt.,
in cold spring.

This is a form with stems and often the leaves short-
shaggy, with white hairs.

Cardamine cordifolia var. mmcana Gray.

No. 5341a. June 1, Marysvale, Utah, 7ooo° alt., in
gravel, in cold springs.

Very pubescent above, with spreading white hairs.

Arabis hirsuta var. glabrata T. & G., FI. 1, 80.

Not 5683. July 25, 1894,) Mt. oe llen” Park) Lenny,
Mountains, Utah, gooo° alt., in gravel.

No. 5743b. August 4, 1894, Fish Lake, Utah, gooo°
alt., in meadows.
No. s601b. July 6, 1894, Soldier Summit, Utah, 7300°
alt., in gravel.
0. 5537c. June 29, 1894, Thistle, Utah, in: gravel,
5300~ alt.
No. 6054e. September 17, 1894, Nagle’s Ranch,
Arizona, Buckskin Mountains, 7800° alt., on the edge of
streamlets from springs.

No. 5731f.' Fish Lake, Utah, gooo°® alt., in gravel.

This seems to be a well-marked variety, differing from

the typical Azrsuta of Europe in the leaves being either
entire or sparsely dentate, while the European plant seems
to be characterized by very long and often hooked teeth,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 621

making the leaf appear almost laciniate. I have seen no
true forms of the typical species in the United States,
except a few found along the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains, in Colorado and Wyoming.

ARABIS ARCUATA var. PERENNANS (Pringle, Watson, P.
IS IG DAS MOT) 6

It is impossible to separate this from typical A. arcuata,
though extremes seem sufficiently distinct. Coville’s No.
1747 is surely a reduced form of this; root leaves oblan-
_ ceolate, entire, 6-8” long, rosulate; stem leaves oblong to
oblanceolate, sessile, or nearly so, acutish, reduced above;
racemes 3-5° long, rather closely flowered; pods a little
arcuate, and below horizontal on recurved pedicels,
1-1%’ long, 1” wide, barely acute; pedicels slender, 2
long; seeds obscurely in two rows, narrowly winged
above and not at all-at very base, oval, 4%” long; plants

cespitose and many stemmed. Watson’s specimen from
the Uintas, at 12,000° alt., is taller and more lax, with
longer root leaves, otherwise about the same. Rose’s
specimen from the Yellowstone Park is the same. My
No. 5330, from Marysvale, Utah, May 31, 1895, 6000°
alt.,in gravel, has longer pedicels and wingless seeds, but
I fail to find any valid separating character.

DRABA NEMOROSA var. STENOLOBA (Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1,
154).

There is no character assigned by Watson for this
species which holds; generally the pods are linear-oblong
and acute at each end, usually curved most on the outer
side, and about as long as the pedicel, glabrous, but all
these vary, some pods are half the pedicel or even a third
the pedicel, others are longer; some are oblong-ovate,
and some are blunt at apex, all ours are annuals. Dyrada
hirta, at least specimens so named, from Spitzbergen, is
perennial with twisted pods.

622 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ERYSIMUM LINIFOLIUM (Nutt. T. & G., Fl. 1, 91).

Stsymbrium lintfolium Nutt. 1. c.

No. 5485. June 23, Castle Gate, Utah, 6000° alt., in
gravel, along the river in open places in the juniper belt.

No. 5486b. Same locality as above.

INo: 53004 May, 28; Tropic; Utah soooo®, alt nim fields,
in gravel.

It has always seemed to me that this species is wrongly
referred to Szsymbrium and more properly belongs to
Erysimum. It is near to &. chetranthordes, but verging
toward £. asperum.

ERYSIMUM ASPERUM var. PARVIFLORUM: (Nutt. T. & G.,
IIe Te OS).

This is certainly only a variety of 4. asperum as given
in Bot. King by Watson, though Watson’s specimen is
intermediate between this and the type.

Erysimum asperum var. pumilum Watson, Bot. King’s
Exp. is nothing but typical &. asperum as it is found on
the Great Plateau; his specimen is biennial and not per-
ennial.

Erysimum pumilum var. perenne Watson, Coville,
Death Valley Rep. is not surely perennial, but seems to
be an ‘ordinary form of the type with orange flowers near-
est to the var. Arkansanum.

THELYPODIUM WRIGHTII var. TENELLUM.

No. 5559. Provo, Utah}jaim Slate Canon, on -rockst
July 2, 1895, 6000°% alt.

No. 5308ah. Marysvale, Utah, in gravel, 6000° alt.,
June 4, 1895.

Many stemmed from a perennial root, stem slender, in-
tricately branching above, 2—3° high, retrorsely hispid .
below; stem leaves all entire or faintly sinuate toothed,
thin and delicate, 1%-3’ long, lanceolate, obtuse, cuneate

at base; pods 2’ long, almost filiform, knotty, with long

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 623

beak 1-2” long, with a pseudostipe 1-2” long; filiform,
pedicels 4” long, reflexed, rarely ascending; racemes
6-12’ long; root leaves and rarely, lower stem leaves
lyrate.

STREPTANTHUS HowELLir (Watson, P. A. A. 21, 445).

Thelypodium Howellii Watson |. c.

This seems to be a well marked Streptanthus nearest
to S'. cordatus: Leaves sagittate, broadly linear, acute,
t’ long, sessile, oblanceolate, sinuate toothed, root leaves
with almost no petiole; stems ascending from the crown
of a perennial root, 1-1%° high: racemes long and nar-
row, I° long or less; flowers purple or purlish; sepals
saccate, triangular-oblong, 3” long, tips barely spreading;
petals with narrow blade, twisted and coiled, twice the
sepals, purple, claw enlarged below; anthers coiled,
sagittate, 1” long, exserted 1%”: immature pods with
long beak, 1” long, narrow; pods sessile, 1 long, nearly
erect; pedicels 2-2%4” long, greatly enlarged at apex;
plants pubescent below and glabrous above. Has the
habit of an Arabis. Harney Valley, Or., June 8, 1885,
Howell.

CAULANTHUS CRASSICAULIS var. MAJOR.

No. 5685. Jones, Bromide Pass, Henry Mts., Gite
in gravel, on mountain sides, 9,000° alt.

Short lived perennial, 2%-3° high, erect, stems with
barely a trace of inflation, simple but tufted, glabrous
throughout; leaves 3-5’ long, clustered at the root, vari-
ously sinuate-lyrate-pinnatifid, with acutish often curyed
lobes below, terminal lobe half the whole leaf, lanceolate
to oblong, 1-2%' long, petioles shorter than the blade;
stem leaves with still shorter petioles, linear to lanceolate,
mostly entire, 2-3’ long, racemes naked, 1-1%° long or
less; flowers about their own length apart and less than

624 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

half the pods apart in fruit; pedicels %” thick, 1%” long,
very stout, ascending, apex 1” wide; pods sessile, 1” wide,
3-4 long, tipped by the capitate sessile stigma, erect; flow-
ers yellow and tipped with purple, narrowly urceolate; se-
pals 3° long, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, scarcely saccate,
tips recurved; petals linear, nearly double the sepals, re-
curved and twisted with purple center and white hyaline
margins, blade scarcely dilated; fllaments equaling the
sepals, winged, widening below; anthers yellow, 1%-2”
long, linear, not coiled, falling away from the tips of the
filaments, barely acute; immature seeds narrowly oblong
to nearly linear.

SMELOWSKIA OVALIS. Mt. Adams, Washington, above
snow line, August 12, 1892.

Type in the National Herbarium. I have forgotten
the collector. With the habit of S. calycina but leaves
coarser and thicker, floccose hoary throughout except the
pods; pods about 1” long and nearly as broad, a trifle
narrowed at the apiculate apex, erect on pedicels about
3 long; septum obovate, 1” long; flowers small 1-1%”
long, white, petals spreading; style about % the length
of S. calyctna. ‘This is very well marked by the short
pod.

PHYSARIA DIDYMOCARPA var. NEWBERRYI (Gray, Bot.
IvjesyO)):

P. Newberrytl. c.

INO: 5176g.)) May, 5, Silver) iReet, Utahii4 500 7aliaim
red sand, in dry and hot places.

No. 5464f. June 19, near Orangeville, Utah, in clay
soil.

No. 5297b. May 26, Pahria Cafion, 5200° alt., in red
sand.

No. 5312c. May 28, Cannonville, Utah, 6500° alt., in
clay.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. ' 625

No. 5224a. May 15, Rockville, Utah, in red sand,
4000° alt.

No. 5163d. May 4, Silver Reef, Utah, in gravel, 4500°
alt.

The only difference which I can see between this variety
and the type is in the shorter style, which is generally
shorter than the septum of the mature pod; the plant
grows in a different zone, the type species being found
among the junipers of the Great Basin region, and the
variety occurring chiefly in the regions below the juniper
belt as far down as the upper Larrea belt.

LepPipiIuM scopuLoRUM. ZL. heterophyllum (Watson, Am.
INGE On 208) Jones, Zoe, 4) 2077

The latter name is preoccupied. Dr. B. L. Robinson
has called my attention to this and I have suggested this
name in its place.

Lepidium integrifolium Nutt. L£. Utahense Jones.
Having an opportunity to compare my material with au-
thentic specimens I find no appreciable difference.

Lepidium Oreganum Howell seems to be the same as”
L. dictyotum. Wis specimen examined is from Rogue
River, Oregon, April.

Viola pinetorum Greene is only a coarsely toothed form
of V. aurea, it has a long thick root, 6 long. Some
specimens of undoubted IV’. aurea without the other char-
acters of V. pinetorum have coarsely toothed leaves.

Biscutella Californica is deliciously fragrant.

GREGGIA CAMPORUM Var. LINEARIFOLIA (Watson, P. A.
A. 18, 191). G. linearifolia Watson |. c.

CLEOME INTEGRIFOLIA var. ANGUSTA. No. 6057a.

Pods very narrowly-linear and cylindrical. This is
the usual form indigenous to the West. Plants intro-
duced from Mexico are like the typical form.

626 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ARENARIA CONGESTA var. ACULEATA (Watson, Bot. King
40). .

ARENARIA CONGESTA var. MACRADENIA (Watson, P. A. A.
175) 07, 1m part INobimson awww 20), 200). ;

The character of the sepals even in Parish’s type
specimen in the National Herbarium fails, for the sepals
are oblong-ovate, barely acute, with many nerves, and
are not more acute than Watson’s type of A. aculeata in
the National Herbarium. Watson’s specimen has slender
stems and knotty joints, while the more southern speci-
mens in my collection do or do not have the joints con-
spicuous; the sharpness of the leaves varies greatly.
There is no crucial character separating these three
recognized species.

ARENARIA NUTTALLII var. GRACILIPES.

No. 5951. August 20, Brigham) Peak, Utah, «near
Marysvale, 11,500° alt., in gravel, on exposed slopes
above timber line.

No. 5770c. August 7, Fish Lake, Utah, 10,800" alt.,
on exposed ridges.

Sepals ovate to lanceolate, acute, sometimes slightly
pungent, with narrow hyaline margin, midvein rather
prominent, 1144” long; leaves channeled as in the type,
fasciculate, usually arched outward, blunt, or sometimes
abruptly tipped with a short awn, 2-4" long; stems many,
very slender from the erect tap-root, sometimes 18’ long
and filiform, making a loose mat on the ground; flowers
widely spreading or reflexed; petals shorter than the
sepals; leaves scarcely connate; pubescence variable but
glandular-hairy throughout; the season’s flowering stems
usually 2-5’ long, rarely longer, spreading; bracts like
the sepals and leaves, narrowly linear, thick. I also refer
to this variety the following specimens in the National
Herbarium: Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Howell;

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. O27,

Yellowstone Park, Tweedy; Mt. Adams, Washington,
Howell; Yellowstone Park, Rose.

This grows in volcanic gravel above timber line, form-
ing loose mats 7-15’ in diameter, and grows along with
Stellaria longipes and Phlox Dougtasiz.

The variety gvacz/zs Robinson, occupying the same zone
as this variety, has slender-tipped, pungent leaves and
bracts, and subulate-lanceolate sepals, with a very promi-
nent midvein, which runs off into a sharp and rather
long awn, the sepals being 2-2%" long. This is Bolander’s
No. 4976. Coville and Funston’s No. 1546 has little
broader sepals and condensed habit, but the sepals, leaves
and bracts are all pungent. Palmer’s No. 195 seems to
be about the same. All these are high altitude forms,
growing in a very cold alpine zone, while the true /Vwt-
tallic grows in low, warm and arid altitudes, in a wholly
different zone.

ARENARIA Kinet (Wats. King’s Rep. 39, t. 6).

Stellaria Kingi Wats. |. c.

No 55i54 lant Utah; june 27, Coo, alt. in onavel:
on dry slopes.

Having at last collected this species, it is manifest that
it is a true Arenarza instead of a Stel/arza, in spite of the
bifid petals; in fact, it cannot be distinguished from the
allied species of Arenarza, except by the petals. There
is no Ste//arza with which it has anything incommon. It
grows on gravely hills.

ACER GLABRUM Var. TRIPARTITUM (Nutt. T. & G., Fl. 1,
G17)

This would seem worthy of recognition as a variety.
It is the usual Rocky Mountain form, with leaves 1-1%’
long, with three leaflets, or at least nearly parted, short
racemes, 1-2’ long; wing of fruit 6” long, and peduncles

628 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

scarcely ever shorter than the leaflets. The typical form
occurs only northward from California to Idaho and Wy-
oming, with large simply lobed leaves, longer than the
petiole; racemes 2-4’ long; fruit wings about 1’ long.
The variety I have from as far north as Helena, Mont.,
Kelsey, where it is a curiosity. Also 5396, from Marys-
vale, Utah, in Bullion Cafion, 10,000° alt., along streams,
June 5, 1895, grows in clumps, with reddish bark, seldom
over 15° high. No. 5663g, Marvine laccolite, Henry
Mountains, Utah, 6000° alt., in gravel, in box canons.

Linum KINGII var. PINETORUM.

No. 5306. May 28, 1894, cafion above Tropic, Utah,
6500° alt., in gravelly clay.

No. 6015g. September 6, 1894, Panguitch Lake,
Utah, 8400° alt., in gravelly soil.

Low, 3-7 high; much branched from the base, with
very many erect, simple stems, or the outer ones decum-
bent at base; all the lower part of the stems densely clad
with imbricated, 5-ranked, obtuse, glaucous, thick, oblong
(to narrowly oblong above) leaves, 1-2” long, or rarely
longer; the upper leaves more distant and longer, but
always longer than the internodes, rarely acute, 3-4” long;
flowers racemose or racemosely-clustered, rarely corym-
bose; sepals broad, barely acute or obtuse, rather broadly
scarious and ciliate-dentate, I-nerved, or with 1-2 very
faint additional ones; petals yellow, obovate and rounded
at apex, widely spreading, 3” long. In other respects this
agrees with the type of Z. Azugzz. It appears to be re-
markably distinct and grows in a wholly different zone, at
8000 ft. alt., among the pines, in very porous volcanic soil.
In view of the abnormal conditions under which it grows,
it is probable that it is only a good variety, though the
plant is remarkably abundant in the pine forests.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 629

CEANOTHUS FENDLERI Var. VIRIDIS.

No. 6039n. September 12, 1894, Elk Ranch, Utah,
7000° alt., in gravel.
No. 6042d. September 13, 1894, on grade below Car-
mel, Utah, 6500° alt., in gravel.
No. 5822h. August 10, 1894, Fish Lake, Utah, 10,000°
alt., in gravel.
No. 5405f. June 6, 1894, Marysvale, at Jugtown, in
gravel, 7000" alt.

No. 5312a0. May 29, 1894, head of cation, above
Tropic, 7000° alt., in clay.

No. 5308. May 28, at 6500° alt., same locality.

No. 5208b. May 11, 1894, Cedar City, Utah, 6000°
alt., in gravel.

Whole plant glabrous throughout, or only minutely and
sparsely pubescent along the veins of the leaves.

CEANOTHUS GREGGII var. LANUGINOSA.

This has more oblong leaves which are white-woolly
below, and rather gray above. This is Pringle’s No. 708,
collected March 30, 1886, in the Santa Eulalia Mountains,
Mexico. Also Palmer’s plant from Coahuila, Mexico,
both specimens in the National Herbarium.

PTELEA TRIFOLIATA var.. ANGUSTIFOLIA (Benth. & Pl.
Hartweg, 9).

No. 6048. September 15, 1894, Nagle’s Ranch, Buck-
skin Mountains, Arizona, 7600° alt., in gravel. —

After having examined a large suite of specimens from
many localities, I find it is utterly impossible to keep up
these two species, as there is no assigned character which
holds, and I can discover no other valid one.

Trifolium Haydent Porter Hayden’s Rep. 1871. Ithink
this is erroneously referred to 7. A7zngzz by Coulter. The
proper stems are only 1-2’ long; root leaflets round, to

630 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

broadly obovate, 3-4” long, apiculate, very nervose, rather
coarsely denticulate-serrate; stem leaves oval to elliptical
and a trifle longer; peduncles 3-4’ long, terminal and
single; whole plant glabrous and shining; flowers white,
6° long, 2” wide at apex, radiating in all directions, in a
head, rachis not produced; calyx teeth as long as, or one-
third longer, than the tube, subulate; tube 34” long;
densely caspitose and lower stipules imbricated; petioles
1-2’ long. Cook City, Montana, Kelsey, No. 345, Rose,
N. W. Wyoming.

Trifolium gymnocarpum | cannot separate from 7.
Plummere. |

Trifolium Hlarneyensis Howell I cannot separate from
T. eriocephalum.

Lupinus Silert Watson seems to me a good species.
Specimens in the National Herbarium are Newberry in
McComb’s Exp., Ward, Utah; Capt. Bishop same. This
isthe same as, 2. capztatus, Greene. ritt. 0, 1718 Other
specimens are Knowlton, San Francisco Mountains, Ari-
zona; Rusby, Cosnino, Arizona, which is in the same
region.

LUPINUS MICENSIS.

No. 50640. April 14, Mica Spring, Nevada, 4000” alt.,
in granitic gravel.
No. 5149h.. (May 3, Silver Reef, Utah; 35007 alt. {son
slopes in.red stand.
No. 5163g. May 4, Silver Reef, Utah, 3500° alt., on
slopes.

No. 5045f. April 13, Mica Spring, Nevada, 4000°
alt., in granitic gravel.

No. 5095b. April 21, Pagumpa, Arizona, 4000° alt.,
in gravel.

No. 5072b. April 16, Mica Mine, Arizona, 4000° alt.,

in gravel.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 631

INoreg u70). May 15) Silver (Reet Utah,” 35002 alt.,-in
gravel. .

Allied to Z. drevicaulis; annual, 2-6 high, branching
from the base and lateral stems decumbent; whole plant
even to the calyx and pods sparsely long- and silky-villous,
or in some cases quite densely so, the hairs always spread-
ing and soft; petioles usually 3 to 4 times the leaflets;
leaflets spatulate, 8” long or less, and about 2%” wide,
rounded, often apiculate, about 8, not reduced above;
whole plant very leafy; flowers 3%" long, in short, spike-
like racemes, reddish-purple, subtended by short, trian-
gular bracts; calyx lobes lanceolate, 1%4-2” long and the
calyx cleft nearly to the base, banner oval and shorter
than the keel; keel 1%” wide; pods narrowly-oblong,
about 8” long, 2%" wide, deeply cross-wrinkled between
the seeds; seeds 3-4, nearly square, about 114” wide.
This differs from Z. brevicaulis in the narrow pods, much
larger flowers, in racemes instead of heads, and the
caulescent stems. It seems to be intermediate between
L. brevicaulis and L. Arizonicus. Waving gathered it in
very many localities and finding that its characters remain
constant I do not hesitate to separate it as a good species.

This grows in the Larrea belt in red sand and on grav-
elly slopes.

Petalostemon flavescens Watson seems to be a white
flowered form of P. Sear/sie. J can see no other valid
difference.

Psoralea castorea Watson.

No. 5024}. April 5, 1894, Beaverdam, Arizona, 1800°
alt., in drifting sand.

This plant is found only within the Larrea belt on drift-
ing sand dunes, growing singly, from a deep seated, erect,
nearly spherical root which is fleshy and with only scat-
tered woody fibers within; the root is 2’ or more in diam-
Glen:

632 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Psoralea mephitica Wats.

No. 5082a. April 20, 1894, Pagumpa, Arizona, 4000°
alt., in gravelly clay.

No. 5098b. April 23, 1894, top of grade above Pa-
gumpa, Arizona, 5,000° alt., in gravelly clay.

No. 5095. April 21, 1894, Pagumpa, Arizona, 4000°
alt., in gravelly clay.

This is the plant referred to by me in my Contributions
in Zoe as P. castorea. An examination of duplicate type
specimens of the latter species shows that Watson was
mistaken in both his description of the latter species and
in the locality at which it was collected. Watson mistook
the bracts for the calyx lobes, and gave as the locality
where the plants were collected ‘‘ Beaver City, Utah,”
adding (doubtless on the authority of Dr. Palmer) the
statement that both species grew together. This is er-
roneous. Dr. Palmer never collected any plants at Beaver
City, Utah, during the year in which he collected these
species, but he did collect in that year in the Beaverdam
Mountains on the northeastern corner of Arizona at a
place called Beaverdam. On the drifting sand dunes at
Beaverdam Dr. Palmer collected P. castorea probably at
the end of his day’s journey, that being the first place in
which water can be secured west of the Beaverdam
Mountains, and therefore must have been his camping
place for the night. During the earlier part of the same
day along the road he must have collected P. mephitica
among the junipers high up on the mountains in a wholly
different zone from that of the Larrea belt in which the
former was collected. The difference in elevation at
which the two species grow is over 3000 ft. P. mephitica
never grows in loose sand but always on rocky or gravelly
places and is remarkable for its long, tuberous-thickened,
branched, woods, and interlaced roots, forming broad
patches among the junipers.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 633

HoSACKIA RIGIDA var. NUMMULARIA.

No. 5224k. May 15, 1894, Rockville, Utah, 4000~
alt., in réd sand.

No. 5r2sd. April 28, 1894, Diamond valley, Utah,
4000° alt., in red sand.

No. 5098d. . April 23, 1894, 10 miles south of Black
Rock Spring, Arizona, 4500° alt., in gravel, among juni-
pers.

No. 5128. April 30, 1894, Santa Clara valley, Utah,
3000° alt., in gravel, along the river bed.

Herbaceous throughout, prostrate, lower leaflets round,
all the leaves except the very uppermost short-petioled,
whole plant ashy, root woody, stems 1-2%° long, form-
ing loose mats and decumbent or procumbent.

This abounds in sandy or gravelly places, mostly along
the streams. To this I also refer Wright’s No. 1357,
Palmer’s specimen from Fort Huachuca, Arizona, both
being pubescent; also a specimen of the Mexican Bound-
ary Survey, a specimen from Parish collected at Lowell,
Arizona, Rusby’s specimen from the San Francisco Moun-
tains, Arizona, collected in April, and a specimen from
western Texas by Neally, all in the National Herbarium.

Phaca L. Among the genera recently revived for
American plants there is none which deserves so little atten-
tion as this; but this genus is revived, apparently, in order
to avoid the odium attaching to relegating so large and
common a genus as Astragalus to synonymy because ot
priority by position. It is curious to see the twins Phaca
bisulcata and Astragalus scobinatulus in separate genera;
also Astragalus Shortianus and Phaca pectinata, while
Astragalus racemosus, oroboides and gracilis, with strictly
one cell, are relegated to Astragalus, and A. aborigz-
num, alpinus, Feobbinszz, with rudiments of a septum, are

also retained. It would be interesting to see what kind
2D SER., VoL. V. (41) October 3, 1895.

634 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of a generic character the authors of the ‘‘ Check List ”’
would make for Phaca.

ASTRAGALUS ANGUSTUS.

Astragalus pictus Gray, var. angustus Jones, Zoe, 4,
37:

Mr. Sheldon, in making a newname for the type species,
refers my var. angustus to it under the name of var.
Fonestz without previously consulting me as to the de-
sirability my accepting the high honor of having a
variety dedicated to me which in the very nature of the
case could never be more thana synonym. Mr. Sheldon
makes the name to supplant angustus, because, as he as-
sumes, it was used previously by Boissier, but Boissier
never made the name Astragalus angustus, as far as |
know. In his second attempt at correcting names, Mr.
Sheldon, departing from his uniform rule of giving speci-
fic names to varieties and mere forms, reduces (without
having seen my type) my var. to a synonym of the var.
foliolosus Gray, raising that form to a species, stating that
its synonyms are ‘‘A. pictus var. angustatus Jones, not A.
angustatus Boissier, A. ceramicus var. fones7t Sheldon.’’
Now, I never published any Astragalus angustatus, and it
appears that Boissier never published an Astragalus an-
gustus. Hence the resulting batch of synonyms is wholly
useless. Curiously enough, Astragalus pictus var. an-
gustus differs from the type and from the vars. folzolosus
and jlifolius more than they do from each other, and
under the methods so common in closet botanizing would
be called a good species.

The same method of making useless synonyms was
employed in renaming Astragalus strigosus Coulter &
Fisher (A. grzseopubens Sheldon), Mr. Sheldon being
wholly unaware that that name is a synonym for Astra-
oalus serotinus Gray.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 635

The synonym of this species and its varieties, on the
basis recommended by the recent circular of represent-
ative American botanists is as follows:

ASTRALAGUS ANGUSTUS.

Astragalus pictus var. angustus Jones, Zoe, 4, 37, 1893.

Astragalus ceramicus var. Fonesit Sheldon, Bull. Minn.
Geolyand Naty Hist. Surv.; 9, 10; 1604.

A. pictus var. foliolosus Sheldon, 1. c. 9, 138, 1894.

Not A. pictus var. foliolosus Gray.

ASTRAGALUS ANGUSTUS var. PicTuS (Gray, Pl. Fend.
37):

Phaca picta Gray, Pl. Fend. 37, 1849.

Astragalus pictus Gray, P. A. A. 6, 214, 1866.

Tragacantha picta O. K. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2, 947, 1891.

Not Astragalus pictus Steud. Nom. Ed. 2 1, 163, 1840.

Astragalus ceramicus Sheldon, |. c. 9, 19, 1894.

Astragalus pictus var. foliolosus Gray, P. A. A. 6, 215,
1866.

An examination of the type of this variety in the Na-
tional Herbarium shows that it differs from the typical
species in no respect worthy of varietal rank.

Astragalus foliolosus Sheldon, 1. c. 9, 138, 1894.

Not Astragalus foliolosus Bunge, Gen. Astrag. Geront.
2, 125,91So0; a recognized species.

ASTRAGALUS ANGUSTUS var. LONGIFOLIUS (Pursh, FI.
JAG SIS Oley We Vise akoe

Psoralea longifolia Pursh, |. c.

Orobus longifolius Nutt. T. & G. Fl. 1, 346, 1838.

Not Astragalus longifolius Lam..Ency. Meth. 1, 322,
ISB

Astragalus filtfolius Gray, “Pacyhe ks Rep. 712542;
1860.

Astragalus pictus var. filifolius Gray, P. A. A. 6, 214,
1866.

636 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Not Astragalus filifolius Clos, C. Gay, Fl. Chil. 2, 111,
1846.

Astragalus ceramicus var. imperfectus Sheldon, 1. c. 9,
19, 1894. All the above belong to A. angustus.

Astragalus subcinereus Gray. An examination of a
duplicate type specimen of Astragalus Wootont Sheldon
shows that it is the same, the pods varying from deeply
mottled to uncolored. |

Astragalus acerbus Sheldon seems to be identical with
A. Dodgianus Jones, and the latter is not surely separable
from A. Wingatenszs Watson.

Astragalus recurvus Greene proves to be the same as
A .lanceareus Gray,and not A. obscurus, as | had supposed,
the original type specimen being very poor and in fruit
only. My specimen ‘‘ with crimped edges to the pod’’
barely in fruit is this species.

Astragalus Pattersont Gray. An examination of the
type of Astragalus diphysus var. albiforus Gray, Bot.
Ives, shows that it is identical with A. Pattersoniz. Now,
here is a chance to’ immortalize oneself by making a
brand new name for this nauseous and poisonous weed,
on the once-a-synonym-always-a-synonym system.

ASTRAGALUS PATTERSONI var. PROCERUS (Gray, P. A.
GES CONS 7S)).

Astragalus procerus Gray, |. c.

Astragalus prelongus Sheldon, |. c. 9, 19, 1894.

Since this is only a large flowered form with unusually
broad pods, but which vary into the typical species, and
since there is no reason for not using Gray’s original
name, which as a variety is unused, I place it as above.

Astragalus cerussatus Sheldon. This species I think
should stand, as it is not the Astragalus triflorus Gray,
Pl. Wright 2, 45, 1853, though it may be proved to vary
into it, and therefore may have to be reduced to a variety

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 637

of it. It is the Astragalus triforus of Watson in King’s
Rep., at least in part, of Coulter’s Manual, and of most
western collectors, and it may prove to be only an extreme
form of ‘A. Wetherilli Jones, in which case the latter
name will’ prevail, but at present it seems sufficiently dis-
tinct. It seems to be confined to the mountainous regions
of Colorado and adjacent States and Territories. It
blooms throughout the season, often in bloom quite late.

Astragalus triflorus Gray, |.c. This seems to be close
to A. Candolleanus (H. B. K.) Sheldon, and being the
first name in the genus, should stand. It is not at all
certain that it is distinct from Phaca trifora DC. Ast.
62 1 ESo2. Wt seems to be aiyery, variable’ species.
The typical form is annual, with the habit of A. Geyerz
Gray, and seems to be an early bloomer. Specimens be-
longing here are C. Wright, New Mexico, the smallest
specimen on the sheet from the Mexican Boundary Sur-
vey; one sheet of Dr. Mearns, Carrigallilo Mountains,
New Mexico, April 18, 1892. A taller form (which may
be A. cerussatus Sheldon) from E] Paso, Texas, G. R.
Vasey, is apparently perennial, and has purple flowers.

The various forms of this species which may deserve
varietal rank are A. TRIFLORUS var. CANDOLLEANUS (H.
B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 6; 495. 1823), with oblique pods
and many leaflets (usually 8 to 15 pairs).

A. TRIFLORUS var. INSULARIS(Kellogg, Bull. Cal. Acad.
Sci. 1; 6. 1884), with few leaflets and scarcely oblique
small pods. It is quite possible that this will still hold as
a good species.

Astragalus Pondit Greene is close to the two above
varieties and may deserve specific rank. It was poorly
described, but authentic specimens show differences. It
is the second specimen on the sheet in Cal. Acad. Sci.
along with A. zusularzs, described by me in Contributions
Aap. 28, last form described.

638 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Astragalus triforus Sheldon (not DC.), Death Valley
Rep., is A. Tejouenszs or near it.

ASTRAGALUS HOLOSERICEUS. Between King City and
Jolon, Monterey County, California. Miss Eastwood,
news fSo8::

This is probably a variety of A. cerussatus or A. tri-
jfiorus, but until the limits of those species are clearly
made out this must stand, for there are no transitions
yet known. Perennial seemingly, short-shaggy through-
out but the stems and mature pods less so, hairs white,
fixed by the base, spreading, tangled; stemsa little flexuous,
1-2° high, with nodes 1-2’
ing, unbranched; lower leaves small, 2-3) long, with 5-7

apart, barely striate, ascend-

pairs of elliptical and acute leaflets 3” long, and petioles
equaling the rachis; stipules subulate with short filiform
tip, 3° long, reflexed, thick, adnate, not connate; upper
leaves 4-6 long, with short petiole 1’ long or less, leaflets
about 10 pairs, linear-lanceolate, very acute, 6-8" long;
flowers nearly white, 3” long, on stout pedicels 1%” long
which are twice the ovate and minute bract, in a short close
raceme 1-2’ long; peduncles and rachis about 4—6' long,
rather stout; calyx tube campanulate, 1%” long and nearly
as wide, with subulate to triangular teeth nearly as long
and curved; banner short and rounded, blade 2” long,
arched in short curve to 90° just beyond calyx tube, erect
part less than 1” high, sides reflexed a little; wings nar-
rowly oblong, arched to 45° or less, a trifle longer than
keel and but little shorter than the banner, narrower than
the keel; keel a little arched below, rather abruptly bent
at apex to 9o~ and vertical portion with straight edge, the
very tip a little recurved so as to make a short boss, erect
part as long as base and 1%" high, a trifle longer than the
calyx teeth; pods oval 1’ long, 9’ wide, ventral suture less

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 639

arched than the dorsal and a trifle sulcate at times, other-
wise cross-section round, chartaceous, much inflated,
jointed at base but sessile or with stipe shorter than
broad, 1-celled, reflexed or spreading; flowers ascending.

Astragalus debilis (Nutt.) Gray. Mr. Sheldon seems
to have renamed this species under the name of 4A.
Bodrni, without noticing their similarity. Having seen a
duplicate type specimen I discover that Mr. Sheldon’s
deseniption is\ very) inaccurate. Tleysays pod <\flat7;
‘‘species nearest to Astragalus tenellus Pursh, but the
habit is more nearly that of Astragalus flexuosus Doug-
las.”’ In fact the specimens on which Mr. Sheldon bases
his species are so near to A. /eptaleus that it is very dif-
ficult to separate them. ‘The species has no relation to
the Hlomalobt. The pods are triangular or nearly round
in cross-section. Below I append a description from my
field notes of the same species. Ward also collected it
long ago in the same locality as mine and distributed it as
A. oroboides.

ASTRAGALUS DEBILIS (Nutt.) Gray.

No. 5649. Loa, Utah, 7000° alt., in clayey meadows,
July 18, 1894.

No. 5709b. August 1, 1894, same locality.

Prostrate, in open mats, often 3° in diameter, from an
erect and woody root; stems very slender; stipules large,
foliaceous, triangular, mostly reflexed, 4” long, 2” wide;
leaflets oval to lanceolate, acute; peduncles slender, 2-4’
long, surpassing the leaves, capitately flowered and spicate
in fruit, but spike short; pedicel short, stout and black, 4%”
long; bracts green, lanceolate, 13" long; flowers 3-4" long,
light purple, numerous, spreading, the pedicel inclined to
be twisted in fruit; calyx tube 13” long, almost cylindrical,
but a little compressed below and obcompressed above on
the deeper cleft upper side, hyaline, nigrescent with short,

640 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

black and appressed hairs, lower side straight, upper side
a trifle convex, neither oblique nor obliquely attached;
calyx teeth equal, about 1” long, subulate; sinuses except
the rounded upper one acute; banner oval to oblong-oval,
ascending abruptly at calyx tips to 45°, sides reflexed at
point opposite the keel, 4%" wide, not at all at apex, which
is emarginate and rounded, erect part of banner 2” long,
sulcus reduced to a groove above but semicircular below
keel tip and 4%” wide, white spot comes to within 4%” of
the sides and %” of the tip, obovate to fan-shaped, and
lacerate above by the intruding purple veins, which are
very fine, and unite below in twos, but do not forma
ring, white spot 1” wide and 1%” long, all of the banner
is veined with dark purple; blade of the wings 13” long,
sometimes 1” wide, obliquely oblong, with narrowed tip,
but obtuse, left hand one spreading and concave to the
keel, and turned nearly horizontal, with the concave side
down, right hand one incurved over the keel tip and 4%”
longer, light purple and with purple veins near the lower
side, keel much inflated near the calyx tips, but flat be-
yond and %” longer, incurved to 100°, very obtuse, dark
purple; pods triquetrous, 1” thick, oblong, 4” long, acute
at each end, on a stipe 4%" long, which is as thick as
long or nearly so, spreading, minutely pubescent, double
the calyx tube, which it splits as it matures.

Astragalus Tolucanus Robinson & Seaton. Pringle,
No. 4238, on dry ridges under pines, Nevada de Toluca,
Mexico, 12,000° alt., September 6, 1892. With the in-
florescence of A. agrestis and the pods of A. aborigznum
nearly. Perennial, with many delicate, decumbent stems
from an erect root, 6’ long or less: leaves 2-3 long, deli-
cate, thin, with very short petiole; leaflets 10-12 pairs,
2-3” long, 1-1%" wide, elliptical, obtuse, glabrous above,
puberulent below; root leaves smaller; lower stipules

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 641

small, upper enlarging, all connate opposite the petioles,
lanceolate, acute, uppermost 3” long, somewhat hyaline;
nodes 1 apart; peduncles at least equaling the leaves,
fully as thick as the stems, erect or ascending, sulcate:
flowers capitate, about 20, 6° long, spreading, purple, on
pedicels, 1” long; bracts large, oval to obovate, green,
nigrescent, 2” long; calyx tube campanulate, 1%” long,
I’ wide, green, with broad triangular green lobes nearly
as long; banner obovate to oblong, blade 3” long, ascend-
ing 45° ina gentle curve from calyx tips, sides reflexed
y%" wide; wings rt wide, narrowly oblong, ascending,
concealing keel, 34” shorter than banner, fully 1” longer
than keel; keel a little downwardly arched, bent at tip
abruptly to 90° and vertical edge straight, 1%” high,
acutish, purple tipped, veined; pod membranous, 1-celled,
6” long, 2” wide, elliptical, apiculate, round in cross-sec-
tion apparently, not sulcate, stipitate on stipe as long as
calyx tube, pendent, smooth, seed bearing throughout.
Manifestly closely allied to A. aborigiznum. Described
from duplicate type in National Herbarium.

ASTRAGALUS SERPENS.

INOS 56201, 4) July u7, 1894, LoatkassUtah.7500, salts
in gravel, among sagebrush.

Perennial, from a thick, erect, woody, much-branched
root, whose stems for several inches in length endure over
winter and are covered with dead leaf-petioles and even
leaves and peduncles; stems prostrate at base, ascending
at tip, 2-10 long, in rather dense tufts, much branched
below, leaves reduced above and also below, all petioled,
petioles nearly equaling the rachis, the whole being sel-
dom over 14’ long; leaflets about 6 pairs, elliptical and
folded, 2-3” long; whole plant finely pubescent with ap-
pressed hairs fixed at the base; nodes very short, 6” long
or less; peduncles 13’ long or less; flowers 2-5 on stout

642 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

pedicels; pedicels 1” long, much longer than the ovate
bract, reflexed or spreading, 3° long; calyx tube broadly
campanulate, 1” long, with triangular teeth half as long;
banner nearly round, blade 1%” long and wide, with
sides a little reflexed, just equaling the wings and keel,
arched abruptly to 110° at calyx tips, white spot large and
purple-veined, flowers greenish-purple; wings obovate-
oval, very oblique, 134” wide, nearly 2” long, just the
shape of the keel; keel blunt, a trifle arched below and
tip incurved 90°, with a minute boss at tip, keel about
1%" high; pods 1-celled, oval-ovate to half-oval, 1%4°-3"
long, cross-section triangular to roundish, pod barely sul-
cate ventrally, thin-papery, acutish, rounded at base and
very shortly stipitate (stipe half the calyx tube), purple-
spotted; seeds oblong, on stalk %” long; ventral suture
seed-bearing only in the middle. The stipules are tri-
angular, small and seemingly free.

ASTRAGALUS SILERANUS var. CARIACUS.

No. 6036. September 12, 1894, Elk Ranch, Utah,
7000° alt., in gravel.

No. 6033f. September 11, 1894, 4 miles below Ranch
Utah, 7400° alt., in gravel.

This plant differs from the type in having pods which
are 1%’ long or less, variously acuminate-pointed and
often much contracted at the base; the leaflets are ellip-
tical-oblong, 4” long or very much less on the same plant,
with a petiole often 144” long; the stipules are rather
rigid, green, reflexed, triangular or with a triangular base
and the upper ones with a long subulate apex; the plants
are often 3° long and either flat on the ground or (as in
the type) ascending among the bushes; the pods are
from narrowly-oblong to oval and often with an upcurved
_ apex and a downwardly-curved base in the forms with
longer pods.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 643

ASTRAGALUS MEGACARPUS Var. CAULESCENS.

No. 5639f. July 17, 1894, Loa Pass, Utah, 8000” alt.,
in gravel under sagebrush.

This has large leaves, 6’ long, stems a foot high, with
large, green triangular stipules 2-3" long and stipe as
long as the calyx.

The variety Parryz Gray has elliptical leaflets and pods
1%’ long onastipe %’’ long. What appears to be nearly
the same, from Peach Springs, Arizona, by Lemmon, has
a stipe as long as the calyx, and teeth, and stems from 4—
6’ long; the pod is as described above, but elliptical-oval.
It is quite probable that both varieties will prove to be
only forms not deserving varietal rank.

ASTRAGALUS STRIATIFLORUS.

No. 6080k. September 25, 1894, above Series
Utah, 4000° alt., in red sand.

Perennial from an erect root; stems prostrate, 2-6’
long, herbaceous; nodes 6” long or less; stipules hya-
line, light chestnut colored, connate and cup-like, 2’’
high, a little pointed; whole plant densely appressed-
hairy with rather long slender hairs fixed by the base,
and stems short-shaggy with white hairs; leaves on slen-
der petioles which are a trifle longer than the rachis,
leaves 2’ long; leaflets contiguous, 4-6 pairs, orbicular,
folded, 2’’ long; peduncles slender, bearing few subcap-
itate flowers at the apex, 2%-5’ long; pedicels %’’ long,
shorter than the ovate bracts; calyx tube campanulate,
1-1%’’ long, 1’ wide; triangular teeth a little shorter;
flowers about 4’’ long, banner greenish white, purple be-
low and purple veined, oval, the blade 2”’ long, its sides
reflexed a little, arched abruptly at tip of calyx tube to
90°; wings oblong, equaling the keel, %’’ wide, arched;
Keel %”’ wide at base and with the apex produced grad-
ually into a long, narrow, nearly erect sharp tip; ovary

644 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

linear; fruit not seen, but certainly belonging to the /7-
flati and probably near to A. serpfens. Ordinarily I should
not think of describing an Astragalus without the pods,
but this is so distinct in its characters that I venture to
publish it.

This grows in sandy soil on gravelly slopes.

AsTRAGALUS TEJONENSIS. Allied to A. oocarpus.

Pringle, Mojave desert, May 13, 1882, on hills border-
ing the desert. Tehachapi, Cal., June, 1884, hills near
Mejon Pass, Cali, | May: 13)- 1882.9) aims, ‘seems likega
hybrid between Par7sh7z and allochrous, but cannot be, as
allochrous does not grow there; the only possible parents
are Parishii and Douglasi?. Green throughout, but on
close inspection there is the same ashy pubescence as of
the allied species, which is composed of flattish, narrow,
short hairs, fixed by the base and closely appressed;
leaflets and leaves as in A. Partshiz, but leaves 3-5’ long
and ascending, and leaflets ro pairs, 1’ long or less, ellip-
tical to oblong lanceolate, rounded at apex, 2-2%”’ wide;
proper petiole present in all; peduncles and rachis 5-8’
long, finely sulcate as well as the stems; flowers race-
mose, usually ascending, often distant, inflorescence 2= 2%
long in flower and 4-6’ long in fruit; pods ascending
usually, half ovate-oval, ventral suture straight, I-14’
long, 34 to 1’ wide, nearly round, sessile, variously reticu-
lated, nearly glabrous when ripe; flowers like A. Parzshiz
but banner not elongated; keel tip but little incurved
and broader; calyx lobes subulate and half the tube;
decumbent, many stemmed. A. Parzshii seems to have
longer nodes, narrower leaflets, and is more open and
erect. This is instantly recognized from allied species
by its small yellow flowers, long calyx lobes, broad leat-
lets and green appearance. Specimens from Palmer
from Edgewood, Cal., July, 1892, have pods 1’ long,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 645

emarginate leaflets, but otherwise the same. Type in
National Herbarium.

To this species I refer with much doubt Palmer’s spec-
imen from Lagoon Head, Lower California, March 6-15,
1889. Stems erect; petioles absent; leaves and the stiff
long peduncles ascending; whole plant nearly glabrous;
stipules minute, adnate, not connate; spikes 2-4’ long;
peduncles floriferous on the upper third; flowers loosely
spicate-racemose, almost sessile, the pedicels being half
the short ovate bracts; calyx broadly campanulate, tube ~
1’’ long and wide, triangular teeth half as long; flowers
4’’ long, purple; keel large, blade 3”’ long, erect portion
as long as the horizontal part and bent to it at an angle of
90°; banner ascending sharply to 45° and remote from
calyx lobes, sides reflexed; wings 3”’ long, lanceolate,
arched 30°, a trifle longer than the keel which is fully 1”’
shorter than the banner; pods obliquely ovate - oblong,
9’ long, 6’” wide, sessile, rounded at base, papery, sulcate
ventrally, shortly acute, circular in cross-section, nearly
smooth, ascending. Should this prove to be a new spe-
cies, as it is most likely to be, it may be called Astragalus
piscinus.

ASTRAGALUS DOUGLASII var. GLABERRIMUS. Los Hu-
evelos, Lower California, 1889, Brandegee; also at San
Fernando. Plants 1-1%° high, rather bushy, branched
at base, perennial, whole plant glabrous; leaflets about 7
pairs, linear-lanceolate and very sharp, 6—-8’’ long and 1’’
wide, distant, all but the very uppermost petioled; ra-
cemes very lax, 4-5’ long including the rachis, floriferous
on the upper two-thirds; flowers 6-10; pods half-oval,
shortly-flat-triangular beaked, 1-1%’ long, round in cross-
section, deflexed; otherwise as in A. Douglasiz. Type
in the California Academy Herbarium.

Astragalus Haydenianus Gray. From a large amount

646 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of material now on hand, it appears that A. grallator
Watson is only an abnormal form, due either to insects or
some fungoid agency. The normal young pods are vetch-
like, and with age become greatly obcompressed. The
corrugations are due in their intensity or faintness to
moisture and shade, or the opposite. I find that these two
causes, which are purely accidental, produce all the forms
hitherto separated as species and varieties, and so have no
distributional significance. The synonymsare: A. Hay-
denianus vars. major and (Vevadenszs Jones, A. scobznatu-
lus Sheldon, A. demissus Greene, A. Fepsonz Sheldon,
and A. grallator Watson.

Astragalus nitidus Douglas, Herb. Hort. Soc. Hooker,
Fl. 1, 149. A careful examination of all the figures and
descriptions of A. adsurgens Pall. and A. Laxmanni
Jacq., together with specimens of Maximowics from
Japan, lead me to feel quite certain that our plant is dis-
tinct from both of them, and is the same as A. sfrzatus
INute i Geo 320;

Astragalus agrestts Douglas, Hook., Fl. 1, 148. This
has been erroneously referred to A. hypogtlotits L. Our
species has oblong to linear green bracts, which are very
conspicuous, obtuse at the base of the head of flowers,
and acute toward the top of the head, often with a hyaline
margin, about equaling the calyx tube; calyx cylindric,
teeth linear-subulate, 1” long; banner obovate, 6” long,
slightly ascending (15°), sides reflexed more or less;
wings linear, nearly as long as the banner, which is 2”
longer than the keel; banner arched froma point beyond
the calyx tips; pods very deeply sulcate, often almost to
ventral suture, and septum narrow, usually white-woolly,
oval to oblong, splitting the calyx, shortly stipitate; leaves
narrowly elliptical, never acute, usually emarginate when
mature; stipules long-sheathing opposite the petioles,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. ,60447

green at least at tip, blunt, or rarely acute, often 6° long,
and resembling the bracts; pedicels about 34” long.
Throughout the Great Plateau, in subalpine meadows, 6r
even as low as 6000° alt.,in meadows. Apparently from
Bolivia, Rusby, but specimens more like those of Europe.
Astragalus virgultulus Sheldon is the same as A. agrestis
apparently.

Astragalus ea Ly asatiguned im Falls Astraoe
has subulate pointed bracts; cdrnmanuleite calyx, teeth
subulate and shorter than the short tube; banner short
and oval; wings oblong and barely longer than the keel;
leaflets lanceolate andalwaysacute; stipules much smaller,
bracts ovate to linear-lanceolate; calyx lobes less than
half the tube; pods with longer stipe and broader, ovate,
very blunt at both ends; plants sparsely hairy with long
slender hairs (ours are usually nearly glabrous); pods
simply hairy; leaflets about 8 pairs; peduncles longer
than the leaves.

ASTRAGALUS CANADENSIS L. var. CAROLINIANUS (L).

This seems to be a very good geographical variety,
abounding from North Carolina to the Ohio River, and
rarely beyond. ‘This has long open spikes of small, not
greenish nor thick flowers; oblong-oval, apiculate, 2-celled
pods, 4” long.

Astragalus simplicifolius (Nutt. T. & G., Fl. 1, 350,
1838) Gray. It is manifest that this is a reduced form of
what has heretofore been called Astragalus cespitosus.

ASTRAGALUS SIMPLICIFOLIUS var. CaspiTosus (Nutt.
deers Gs or. 252)

To this must be referred the very common and normal
form of the species... The synonymy is A. cespitosus
(Nutt.) Gray, P. A. A. 6, 230; Tragacantha cespitosa
OK. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2, 943; AMomalobus canescens Nutt.
T. & G., Fl. 1, 352; Homalobus brachycarpus Nutt. 1.c.;

648 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

A. spatulatus Sheldon, 1. c.9, 19; A. “ingulatus Sheldon,
l. c. 9, 118. The last seems to be identical with Homa-
lobus canescens Nutt. This species is quite variable.

ASTRAGALUS HYALINuS. Nearest to A. tr7phyllus Pursh.

Stems loosely matted, usually erect, 1 to 2’ high, at the
ends of the much branched thick root; stipules very con-
spicuous, large, much imbricated, at least 9” long, smooth
except at the very base, where there is a tuft of long,
straight, white hairs; leaflets narrowly elliptical to ob-
lanceolate, about 6” long and 2” wide, obtuse or barely
acute, 3, densely silky all over, with hairs attached by the
middle, on a varying petiole; flowers, one or two ina
place, sessile at the base of the leaf, apparently white
with a dark keel tip; calyx very white-villous, cylindrical,
6" long, 1%" wide, little exceeding the stipules, teeth
subulate, 1” long; corolla very pubescent outside, banner
oblanceolate, emarginate, about 1’ long and 1%” wide,
proper blade 3° long; wings narrowly linear and as long
as the banner; keel 3” shorter than the wings, very nar-
row, apex but little arched; fruit immature but manifestly
sessile, very white-silky, ovate or triangular, round in
cross-section, 3° long. At first I took this to be an ab-
normal form of A. ¢rzphy/lus, due to a fungus, but care-
ful examination failed to show any fungus growth, while
some specimens showed normal vigorous pods. ‘This
differs from A. ¢trzphyllus in the pubescent corolla,
broader leaflets, stems, and the very conspicuous stipules.
A. triphyllus is densely congested, like Avryuztzkza are-
tzocrdes. Upper Lawrence Fork, Kimball County, Ne-
braska, No. 80; Cliffs, Banner County, Nebraska,
August, 1890; Hills, Kiowa valley, Scott’s Bluff County,
Nebraska; all collected by Rydberg. Type in Univer-
sity of Nebraska and duplicate types in National Herba-
rium.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 649

Astragalus Caltfornicus (Gray) Greene seems to me
to be a good species, the distinguishing characters being
the more numerous leaflets, the long, tapering, mottled
pods, and the shorter calyx. More abundant material
might, however, prove these characters to be invalid, but
so far they are good.

Astragalus .Tweedyi Canby seems to be very distinct,
but close to A. collinus. Calyx ascending; pods 1-celled,
erect, on a stout stipe, which.is % longer than the calyx,
with the shape of A. arrectus, nearly cylindrical, shortly
acute at both ends, nearly straight, 6 to 8" long, 1%” wide,
about 1” thick; cartilaginous, and like all the rest of its
group, filled with pulp; leaflets fully linear, blunt, 6-8
pairs, 1” wide, 1’ long, rather distant, almost no proper
petiole; stipules very small; plants erect, 2° high; pe-
duncles strict, 6-12’ long, sulcate; whole plant finely pu-
bescent, with slender hairs fixed by the base.

These notes taken from a duplicate type.

ASTRAGALIS HUMISTRATUS var. TENERRIMUS.

No. 6052f. September 17, 1894, Buckskin Mountains,
Arizona, 9000° alt., in gravel, under conifers.

No. 6064. September 20, 1894, road to Nagle’s Ranch,
Buckskin Mountains, Arizona, 9000” alt., in gravel.
No. 6056bm. Same locality and date.

This variety is characterized by having very many slen-
der stems lying perfectly flat.on the ground and covered
with soil towards the base, the whole forming a mat from
1%-3° in diameter; the leaflets are mostly in 4-6 pairs,
ovate to obovate and rounded, 1%” or less long and nearly
glabrous; the flowers are very few, in a loose, short
raceme, nearly white, with filiform calyx lobes longer
than the tube, and the pods of A. Sonore Gray (which

is only a form of humzstratus ).
2p SER., VOL. V. ( 42 ) October 3, 1895.

650 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ASTRAGALUS TEGETARIUS var. ROTUNDUS.

No. 5649b. July 18, 1894, Loa, Utah, 7o00° alt., in
clay.

No. 6002. September 6, 1894, Panguitch Lake, Utah,
8400° alt., in gravel. j

This has the habit of Astragalus tegetarius, but the
leaves are stiffer and more pungent, much after the fashion
ot A. Kentrophyta, but lies strictly flat .on the ground;
the pods are generally not in the least flattened, oval-ovate
and usually straight, though the immature pods are occa-
sionally flattish and sometimes a little curved.

Astragalus tegetarius var. tmplexus Canby does not
seem to be worthy of varietal rank as it is only a con-
densed form.

This species is very close to A. Kentrophyta, but the
habitat is very different, most of the differences in ap-
pearance can be explained by the different habitat.

Astragalus Kentrophyta var. ungulatus. This is the
white hoary plant with lanceolate, curved and acuminate-
tipped pods with round cross-section, represented by Wat-
son’s specimen in the National Herbarium from Monitor
valley, Nevada, and by mine from Sprucemont, Nevada.
+» ASTRAGALUS CYMBOIDES.

No. 5658q. July 21, 1894, Cottrell’s Ranch, Henry
Mountains, Utah, 6000° alt,, in gravel.

No. 5464}. June 19, 1894, Huntington, Utah, in clay,
5000° alt.

No. 5445f. June 16, 1894, near Emery, Utah, 7000”
alt., in clay.

Perennial, flat and matted on the ground; peduncle
shorter than the leaves in flower; stipules triangular,
rather large, adnate, not connate, rather longer than the
very short nodes, densely appressed-strigose and thus giv-

ing the stems a shaggy appearance; leaflets 4-5 pairs,

oO
5

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 651

elliptical, obtuse, usually about 3” long, finely appressed-
pubescent, with hairs fixed by the middle; petioles longer
than the rachis, 24%4-5/ long; pods prostrate, oblong-ovate,
cross-section almost round, 3” wide and 8” long, apiculate,
straight, very fleshy, inner wall woody, the outer composed
of a pulp over %” thick which at the ventral suture is 1”
thick, the ripe pods when dry have a thickened and raised
ventral and dorsal suture, the latter the smaller, the gen-
eral appearance of the pod being that of A. A/7ssourzensis,
the middle of the pod is swelled longitudinally so much
so that the pod seems to be 4-sided, but the two sides are
always rounded and not acute as they are at the sutures,
pods reddish; seeds many, filling the hairy cavity, long
stalked; calyx laterally flattened and much deeper cleft
above; teeth unequal; banner white, bent rather abruptly
at a point 4%” beyond the calyx tips to 45° and arched
above, oblong-oval, sides reflexed at the keel 1” deep,
and banner usually fiddle-shaped by the sides not being
reflexed above and below, notched %” deep; sulcus de-
cidedly narrowed below and nearly V-shaped, 1” deep,
y¥," wide; above it is 1” wide and U-shaped and vanishes
about 1” below the tip of the banner; banner water-lined;
wings linear-oblong, arched a trifle, notched below the
apex, as wide at the blunt apex as below, close- pressed
and convex to the keel to a point %” below the tip of the
keel, then spreading and tips horizontal and incurved and
often touching each other, the concave side is downwards,
pink-purple and streaked with darker color, %” wide;
keel blunt and rounded at the apex to 95°, purple-tipped,
t’ high and nearly as much shorter than the wings; calyx
tube %° thick, 1’ wide and 3° long, the upper side a
little convex, lower straight, oblique at base and a little
thickened there; pedicels very short and as long as the
bracts; the stems are usually 2-6’ long.

652 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

This grows in clayey and rather alkaline soil in desert
places, and always seems to have white flowers; the pods
frequently have the papery surface split away from the
woody inner wall, especially at the sutures after the fash-
ion of A. cicade.

ASTRAGALUS ZIONIS.

No. 5261w. May 17, 1894, Springdale, Utah, 4000°
alt., in red sand.

No. 5249h. May 16, same locality.

No. 5224d. May 15, 1894, Rockville, Utah, in red
Sands 4ooos alti7 2 «.

No. 5001b. March 30, 1894, Bellevue, Utah, in red
sand at 3600° alt.

No. 5239. May 16, 1894, Springdale, Utah, 4000”
alt., in red sand.

No. 5249g. Same date and locality.

This is a tufted perennial with the habit of A. amphi-
oxys, but more slender, while the spreading, rather longer
pubescence of very delicate hairs is fixed by the base and
not by the middle as in that species; stipules very broad,
1-2” long, adnate to the petiole but free from each other,
hyaline below; stems densely tufted from a deep, peren-
nial, erect root, wholly herbaceous, with nodes 3” long or
less, ascending; leaves 5-12’ long, with petiole about 4%
the length and slender; leaflets about 10 pairs, ovate to

lanceolate, 6” long, very acute, not contiguous; peduncles
about as long as the leaves, and the rachis 4% as long as
the peduncle; pods ascending, arcuate, abruptly long-
acute, with flat subulate style, linear-oblong, 2” wide and
about 114’ long, a trifle sulcate and rather triangular in
cross-section, at least when dry, but when fresh much
rounded, ventral suture not raised but pod much flattened
on each side of it, narrow below, sessile, with a complete
joint at base, short-shaggy, mottled, pubescence very

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 653

fine and soft, rarely the pods are obcompressed when
much arcuate so as to be linear in cross-section; this is a
common character, however, in pods which are nearly
round, or even in pods which are much compressed lateral-
ly, they being greatly obcompressed when much arcuate;
banner brilliant pink purple or darker, oval-ovate, sides re-
flexed 1%” wide at a point opposite the keel tip and narrow-
ing to nothing both ways; sulcus inthe banner nearly cylin-
drical, 1%” wide, and forming about % of a circle, 1”
deep and very broad and large, gradually shallowing up-
wards to the apex of the banner which is deeply notched;
the white spot being 4%” above the keel and goes far be-
low it, filling the sulcus and is M-shaped, purple-veined
below and inclined to be stippled above, it reaches within
” wide, as-
cending, a little obtuse, tips horizontal and connivent
over the keel, purple throughout, 1” longer than the
keel; keel straight, bent sharply to g0° and acutish,
purple; calyx tube 3” long and about 1%” wide, %”
thick. The stems are spreading or prostrate, 2-12’ long,

270 the tip) of the banner; ) wines) linear, 11

and are often much tufted, growing in sandy or gravelly
places from 4200° to 4600° altitude, near rocks on gray-
elly slopes, and occasionally hanging in festoons from
crevices of the rocks. When growing this can only be
separated from A. amphioxys by the pubescence and by |
the rather diamond-shaped leaflets, though in the dried
plants the pod is very different.

ASTRAGALUS ARIETINUS.

No. 55540. June 30, 1894, Fairview, Utah, in gravel,
6500” alt.

INOS 520845." May -11,° 1894, Cedar-G@ity, Utah, in
gravel, 6000" alt.

This is the plant referred to by Watson in King’s Re-
port, p. 71, asa form of his A. zodanthus, but is reason-

654 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ably distinct from that species, as an examination of his
type shows. It is characterized by the large, hyaline,
veiny, lower stipules, which are round to reniform or
even obovate, 2—3’’ long and nearly as wide, connate be-
low; leaflets about 9 pairs; wings very long and straight,
with white tips which are horizontal; calyx long; pods
fleshy, the pulp often 1%’’ thick, the innermost wall of
the pod being almost woody, pods from nearly straight to
coiled in a circle, cross-section from nearly round to al-
most didymous, according to the sulcation at the two su-
tures. The flowers are always purple, and the plants
grow in tufts with decumbent stems and are very variable
in the pubescence and pods, but seldom approach the
type of éodanthus. It is No. 270 of Watson from Utah,
and No. 269 from the West Humboldt Mountains, Neva-
da. It also occurs at Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming,
on dry, rocky hills. It is very abundant throughout the
Great Basin, but does not seem to occur outside of it,
except at the north and northeast. For a fuller descrip-
tion of this; plant, see) Zoe; "vols, pi. 204, .umdeneae
zodanthus.

ASTRAGALUS ARIETINUS var. STIPULARIS. Miss East-
wood, along McElImo Creek, S.W. Colorado, June, 1892.

Proper stems an inch or less long, densely covered
with large round to oval hyaline stipules, 2-2%”’ long,
rarely broadly ovate and acute; perennial and cespitose,
strigose with very short hairs fixed by the base: leaflets
4-6 pairs, elliptical to obovate, obtuse, 4’’ long or less,
rather thick, proper petiole twice the rachis, slender,
leaves 3’ long or less; peduncles subscapose, 2-3’ long,
stout, capitately few flowered; bracts ovate and hyaline,
1’’ long; calyx tube cylindrical, a little oblique, 3’ long,
1-1¥%4’’ wide, oblique and a little narrowed below, red-

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 655

dish, teeth about 4% the tube, triangular; flowers purple
and like those of the type species; pods linear-oblong, 1’
long, 2%’’ wide, either triquetrous or obcompressed, so
that the cross-section is linear, sulcate deeply in the
triquetrous forms except at base and apex, coriaceous,
acute at apex and a little narrowed at base, nearly straight
to arcuate to % circle, r-celled, ventral suture raised, thin
and sharp externally, pods green or mottled; perennial
from an erect root; growing in sand. This is liable to
prove a new species, and in that case may take the name
A. stipularis.

Astragalus dorycnioides Douglas. Mr. Sheldon, 1. c. 9,
145, says: ‘‘ The difficulty which many botanists seem to
have had in determining the limits of Astragalus tnflexus
Douglas and Astragalus Purshit Douglas has probably
arisen from the nonconsideration of this species, which
is intermediate between the two.’’ Now since there is no
room for any intermediate species between these two
which almost shade together it becomes interesting to
know the character of A. dorycniozdes Douglas; the fol-
lowing is the description in G. Don, Gen. Syst. Gard.
and Bot. 2, 258: ‘* Plant erect, densely clothed with
hoary silky villi; leaflets obovate-linear, obtuse; calyx
smooth; racemes longer than the flowers; - perennial.
Native of North America near the Columbia River. Flow-
ers purple. Anelegant plant. Stipules distinct and free
from the petioles; flowers in dense heads; banner linear
and elongated. Pods straight.’’ This plant is undoubt-
edly A. succumbens, but the specimens to which Mr. Shel-
don has applied this name in the National Herbarium are
nearly typical A. Purshzz, and have nota single character
in common with Douglas’ description of A. dorycniozdes.

It seems like stretching a point to extreme tenuity to
make a new name for Astragalus Thompsone Watson on

656 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the ground that there is an Astragalus Thompsonianus
which is neither the same word in its spelling nor its
origin and is at best only a synonym for Astragalus
nivalis. On the same basis doubtless it was wise to load
up Astragalus nudus Watson with another synonym since
there is already another Astragalus Watsonianus (OK)
which means the same as A. Serenoz (OK), z. e., is named
after the same person and so means exactly the same.
Mr. Sheldon has also complimented Mr. Watson with A.
Watsoni for A. Hendersont.

ASTRAGALUS INTERMEDIUS, Arizona, Palmer. Type
in National Herbarium.

Plants with the habit and general appearance of A.
amphioxys, but pubescence with hairs fixed by the base,
but pods much like A. Bigeloviz. Perennial, czspitose
or tufted; stems very short, 1’ long, or less, densely cov-
ered with large imbricated, hyaline, puberulent, ovate
stipules, 3-4” long, or less; leaves 2—4’ long, silvery silky
with short appressed white hairs; petioles half the leaf;
leaflets 10-15 pairs, contiguous, oval, 3” long, obtuse;
peduncles. scapitorm, about 6’ long, rather loosely spicate-
ly flowered onthe upper third, erect, not slender, sparsely
pubescent; bracts ovate, hairy, hyaline, 2” long, or less,
much longer than the very short pedicels; flowers hori-
zontal or ascending; calyx tube cylindrical, 3” long, 1%”
wide, a little wider below, obliquely attached, very pubes-
cent with short white or dark hairs; teeth subulate, 1”
long; banner oval, gently arched to 45° from calyx tips,
blade about 4” long, sides reflexed 4%” wide, claw rather
long: wings oblanceolate, gently arched, a little longer
than keel and 1” shorter than the banner; keel straight,
apex arched to go° in a gentle arc to the blunt tip; flowers
purple; pods oblong, 9” long, straight, shortly acuminate
with an oblique tip, truncate to emarginate at base, sessile

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 657

or very nearly so, 21%" wide, 1%” thick, obcompressed,
very slightly sulcate ventrally, and broadly so dorsally,
but not deeply, 2-celled except at the apex, velvety-
pubescent with very short hairs, about one-third longer
than the calyx and teeth, barely splitting the calyx tube.

Astragalus asclepiadotdes Jones. Mr. Sheldon places
this species under a new section, ‘‘Asclepradodes’’ (1. c.
9, 159), in his provisional list, completely ignoring the fact
that I had previously (Zoe 2, 238) made a section for it
and called it ‘‘ Pachyphyllus’’ (Pachyphylla by typo-
graphical error). |

Astragalus ursinus Gray.

No. 5095ah. April 23, 1894, top of grade, four miles
above Pagumpa, Arizona, 5000° alt., in gravel, among
junipers.

This plant appears to be identical with A. arzet7nus
when growing, but the 2-celled pod would place it else-
where; when dry the greatly compressed, almost vetch-
like pod is strikingly different. Stems often single, never
many in a place, prostrate or ascending, always ascend-
ing in flower; flowers seem to be identical with those of
artetinus, but paler; pods linear-oblong, cross section
obovate-emarginate, wall fleshy and soft, the pulp 4%” thick
and the pods 1%” thick, ventral edge grooved, dorsal
edge neither grooved nor ridged externally, but dorsal
septum produced nearly to the ventral suture, the septum
thin and white, and manifestly double; pod reddish,
1%-2’ long, arcuate to % of a circle, contracted but ob-
tuse at both ends; seed cavity small and completely filled
by the seeds, which are on stalks 1” long; pods on re-
flexed pedicels, but arcuate so that the apex is ascending ;
stipules very large, blunt and sheathing below, mostly
hyaline, almost reniform below, ovate above; bracts ovate,
1%” long; pedicels almost none; peduncles 4’ long;

658 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
proper stems rather short; leaves 3-4 on the stem, about
7’ long, about 6-8 pairs of oval, obtuse, almost contiguous
leaflets, 8° long, 3° wide, glabrous above, hoary below, as
well as the stems; peduncles and petioles with white,
short, narrow, appressed hairs, fixed by the base. This
is a perennial, growing in gravelly soilamong the junipers,
on the mesa above the Grand Wash.

This seems to differ well from A. wrszmus, and in case:
it should prove distinct, may bear the name A. enszformzs.

ASTRAGALIS NEWBERRYI var. CASTOREUS.

No. 5006. April 4, 1894, Copper Mine, 18 miles west
of St. George, Utah, in gravel, 5000° alt.

Leaflets 2-3 pairs; calyx usually black-hairy, 8” long,
and teeth 144” long; corolla dark purple like the type,
5 long; pod 1%’ long, arched into three-fourths of a
circle and long-acuminate from the base, completely ob-
compressed at the base and not at all so at the apex, but
rather compressed, shortly shaggy all over, with rather
sparse hairs. In other respects this appears like the type,
but the pod is very different. Because of the variability
of the pod in this species I cannot consider this as more
than a good variety.

This may prove to be too near to A. cebarius Sheldon.

ASTRAGALUS REMULCUS. Rusby, No. 576, Bangharte’s
Ranch, Arizona, May, 1883. Probably also G. R. Vasey,
Kingman, Arizona, June, 1881. With the habit of 4.
Shortianus, and somewhat related toit. Perennial, rather
stout, stems spreading over the ground, with erect or
ascending peduncles; proper stems 6’ long, but may be
much longer: puberulent; stipules triangular, green,
adnate, not connate, reflexed, 2’ long; leaves 6’ or less
long; the petiole one-third the rachis, and stout and sul-
cate; leaflets glabrous above, strigose below, with fine

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 659

wavy short hairs, fixed by the base, oval, 4” long, thick,
about 15 pairs, nearly contiguous, smallerabove; peduncles
6’ long or less, stout, sulcate, capitately 14-20 flowered;
not much elongating in fruit; bracts lanceolate hyaline,
I-1¥%” long, twice the very short and stout pedicels;
flowers spreading, purple, 8” long, large; calyx tube a lit-
tle obliquely cylindrical, 4” long, 13” wide, somewhat com-
pressed, obliquely attached below and alittle narrower, light
colored; teeth deltoid to triangular, and a little longer
than wide; banner elliptical, blade 4” long, sides reflexed
t’ wide in the middle, ascending beyond calyx tips to
45-60° in gentle curve; wings narrowly oblong, obtuse,
arched 45°, 1” wide, a trifle longer than the keel and 1”
shorter than banner; keel straight, apex gently bent to
nearly go°, rounded and obtuse, 3° longer than calyx;
pods oval-ovate, 6” long, 4” wide, sessile, glabrous, fleshy,
much obcompressed, not sulcate, t-celled, base rounded,
apex upcurved, compressed, triangular-acute, 2” long;
fruiting peduncles apparently decumbent.

ASTRAGALUS SHOCKLEYI. Perennial, apparently tall
and coarse, stems coarsely sulcate, branches zigzag with
nodes 2-4’ long; stipules very short and wide, very
broadly deltoid, adnate, %” high or less, with a short
apiculation, 1-2” wide, with green tip; leaves with thick
terete rachis, nearly as thick as the stems, 4—6’ long, stiff
and ascending, scarcely sulcate, leaflets usually 2 pairs,
distant, linear, 6-12” long, thick, often deciduous; plants
racemosely branched above, and almost glabrous through-
out; the scant leaflets give the plants the appearance of
being all stems and peduncles; pods obliquely oblong,
about 6” long and 3” wide, round (when fresh) in cross-
section, obliquely apiculate and obliquely inserted at base ;
dorsal suture nearly straight in the middle, but abruptly

660 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

bent at each end; ventral suture a little concave and
thin, a trifle intruded, not at all sulcate; dorsal thicker,
both sutures raised externally, dorsal suture intruded at
least half way into the pod, except at the tip, where it is
not at all intruded; walls cartilaginous, wrinkled both
ways externally, pod sessile, but a trifle narrowed at the
insertion; pedicels stout, 2° long, ascending, and pods
erect on pedicel.- Very close to A. xudus Watson and
A. pachypus Greene, differing from the former in the
nearly 2-celled and smaller pod, from the latter in the
short, sessile, round pod and few leaflets. Fish Lake
valley, Nevada. Shockley, July 20, 1886.

AsSTRAGALUS PRUNIFORMIS. This belongs to the A.
pachypus group, Stems slender, ascending from a de-
cumbent base, 1-1%° high, very coarsely sulcate, nodes
1-2%’ apart; leaves 3-4’ long; leaflets 6” long, oblong,
with a cuneate base, emarginate, 2” wide, thin, pilose
with fine, loosely appressed hairs, fixed by an enlarged
base; peduncle stout, 6’ long, floriferous on the upper
third; stipules subulate, green, 1” long, reflexed in fruit;
calyx campanulate, tube about 1%” long, teeth subulate,
and as long; pedicels stout, %”,long, equaling the tri-
angular-subulate bracts; stipe slender, 3” long, ascending:
pod in the fleshy state probably round in cross-section,
and almost exact oval, 4” long by 3” wide, with much ex-
ternal pulp, when dry pods are lenticular in cross-section,
parallel (transversely) ridged and reticulated, ventral
suture 1%” thick throughout, dorsal also raised but
thin, pod strongly apiculate, the point being a little above
the middle of the end, 2-celled to the very apex, with the
septum double and the parts separate; flowers not seen.

Butte County, Oregon, July, 1893, Mrs. Austin. Type
in the National Herbarium.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 661

AsTRAGALUS BERNARDINUS. Moronyo King Mine, east
side of San Bernardino Mountains, California, 5000° alt.,
June 16, 1894, Parish. Type in National Herbarium.

This is closely allied to A. tricarinatus Gray, having
the same rushlike round, rather tortuous stems, very similar
pods, and peculiar pubescence of short, flat, closely ap-
pressed hairs fixed by the base, but it differs in being
only 6’ high; stems flexuous and ascending; nodes 1’ apart
or less; stipules triangular, green, adnate, free, evident;
leaves 2-3) long, with rachis like stems but smaller, green,
tapering upward, arcuate, leaflets only ashy and equally
so on both sides, flat, thickish, about 4 pairs, smaller to-
ward tip of rachis, with very weak petiolules, distant,
narrowly oblong, 6” long by 1%” wide, obtuse but not
emarginate, equally rounded at both ends; peduncles
proper only 1’ or less long, with rachis 3-4 longer and
racemosely flowered; flowers 6-10, reflexed; pods linear
and. narrowing below, apiculate, 1’ long, 1%” wide at the
end, %” wide at base, smooth, triquetrous, the back being
a little narrower than the two sides and shallow sulcate,
the sides a little concave, ventral angle acute, the others
obtuse, completely 2-celled, cross-section Y-shaped, very
finely netted, jointed at base, on a stipe nearly as long as
calyx tube; calyx tube campanulate, 1° long; teeth half
as long, triangular; flowers not seen. Perennial, with
many stems from a thick erect root.

ASTRAGALUS REVENTOIDES. ‘Tweedy, No. 7, dry sage-
brush areas, Grasshopper Creek, Beaver Head County,
Montana, 5000° alt., August, 1888. This would pass for
a broad leaved form of A. reventus were not the pod
2-celled) or nearly so. Perennial:rerect, )stems) short; ©
long or less; leaves silvery on both sides with short fine
appressed hairs fixed near the middle, 6 long or less,
stiff, rachis stout, equaling the petiole; leaflets oval to

662 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

elliptical, emarginate, a little narrower below, 6° long, 8
pairs or less; peduncles subscapiform, 1° long, erect, not
stout, slightly sulcate, racemosely flowered on the upper
third in fruit, pedicels slender, erect, 1’ long; calyx cam-
panulate 1%” long, with very short teeth; pods sessile,
oblong-oval, 4-5" long, 3” thick, coriaceous, corrugated,
somewhat fleshy when green, erect, obliquely apiculate,
truncate at base, ventral suture straight, thick and rather
prominent externally, dorsal narrow, not sulcate, nearly
2-celled by intrusion of dorsal suture, except at apex, pod
nearly round in cross-section.

ASTRAGALUS RuSBYI var. LONGISsiMuS. ‘This has the
proper stems erect and only a few inches long, from a
‘woody base; peduncles angled 1-1%° long, sparsely race-
mose on the upper two-thirds; flowers very small, about
1%" long; yellowish keel; wings and banner very short
and blunt; calyx teeth minute; puberulent throughout
even to the pods; leaflets 14-18 pairs, oblong-oblanceo-
late, emarginate; with no proper petiole. Type speci-
mens in the National Herbarium. Dr. Palmer, Chihua-
hua, Mexico, 1885; Pringle same, by streams in the Sierra
Madre Mountains, September 23, No. 1219. _This has
the pods more or less sulcate dorsally and broadly, sep-
tum a little intruded in the middle of the pod.

ASTRAGALUS RACEMOSUS Var. BREVISETUS. Ramos, Za-
catecas, Mexico, May 5, 1892, Jones. Calyx gibbousabove,
broadly oblong, 1%" long and 1” wide, spurred, sete at
base about 1” long; pedicels 1” long in flower, stout, longer
than the ovate-subulate bracts; leaflets about 20 pairs;
plants hoary with minute hairs. To this I refer Carle-
ton’s specimen, No. 221 from Cimarron Valley, Indian
Territory, with few leaflets, and pedicels 2” long. Also
Rydberg’s from Curtis Creek, Fremont County, Nebras-
ka, June 22. This is nearer to the type species however.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 663

ASTRAGALUS RACEMOSUS var. LONGISETUS. ‘This has-
very long hyaline, setaceous bracts as long as the calyx
tube; often robust and with leaflets 3” wide by 8” long,

-elliptical, and large reflexed stipules. The specimens
which form the types of this variety are in the National
Herbarium. Wolf, No. 216, Apex, Colorado, June; Fort
Collins, Colorado, on prairies; Sheldon, Pueblo, Colo-
rado; Bodin and Eastwood, Denver, Colorado; Idaho,
Hayden’s Survey; Moose Jaw Creek, N. W. Q., on open
prairies, Macoun.

Astragalus todanthus Watson, Bot. King’s Exp. 5, 70.
This plant, which Watson confounded with a much better
marked species A. arzetinus, so far as the type is con-
cerned belongs to western Nevada and adjacent Califor-
nia. It has slender stems; nearly glabrous throughout:
flowers white, narrow, smaller; wings and banner usually
equal; calyx lobes filiform-subulate nearly equaling the
short tube; pods lanceolate-acuminate, completely ob-
compressed till the opposite sides touch throughout ex-
cept at the tip; walls thin, merely coriaceous, pod mottled,
minutely puberulent, 3-4” wide, 1-1%’ long, less than 1”
thick. In some of its forms this approaches A. /entzg7-
nosus. Specimens in the National Herbarium besides the
type are Sierras, California, Lemmon; Virginia City,
Nevada, Curran, July, 1884.

WA stragalus lotifiorus var. brachypus Gray. This plant
seems to be a good species, but those most competent to
pass an opinion on it, the field collectors of the plains,
say that both this form and the type form are found on
the same plant, the length of the peduncle being only
accidental, this will reduce the variety therefore.

AsTRAGALUS LEIBERGI. No. 354, Sandberg and Lei-
berg, Egbert Spring, Douglas County, Washington, alt.
3500°, July 1, 1893. Type in National Herbarium.

664. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Related to A. arrectus. Perennial; proper stems woody
below, a few inches high, then branched in tufts, and
branched 1’ or less long, covered with hyaline, imbricated,
glabrous stipules 3° long, adnate, not connate, subulate tri-
angular; leaves filiform, 6’ long, petiole and rachis equal,
tapering to a needle-like but not pungent point, erect; leaf-
lets about 4 pairs, nearly filiform, 9" or less long, deciduous,
reduced toward tip of rachis, distant; peduncles subscapi-
form, 1-1%° high, erect, straight, thick, striate, floriferous
on the upper fourth; flowers racemose, ascending, usually
ochroleucous; pedicels stout, ascending, 1” long, equal-
ing the subulate bract; calyx campanulate, 1%" long,
about double the subulate teeth, hyaline; pods linear-
oblong, 1’ long, 2” wide, 1” high, shortly-acute at both
ends, a little arcuate, ventral suture thick and prominent
externally, a little concave, dorsal suture convex, thin,
broadly sulcate, intruded as a thin hyaline partition half
way to the ventral suture, or at times almost touching
the ventral suture, partition absent at the tip of the pod,
walls of pod coriaceous, fleshy when green; stipe nearly
double the calyx tube, thick especially above, pods erect.

To this I would also refer a more caulescent specimen
from Spipen River, Washington, Wilkes’ Exp., National

Herbarium.

ASTRAGALUS ARRECTUS var. SCAPHOIDES. Dry sage-
brush areas, 5500° alt., Beaver Head County, Montana,
on hills west of Clark’s Cafion, July, 1888. Very coarse
and stiff, apparently 2° high or more, ascending, stems
3" thick; peduncles 1° long, coarsely grooved; leaflets
about ro pairs, elliptical, 1’ long, ashy below, glabrous
above, leaves 6’ long, proper petiole short; pods almost
exactly those of A. asclepiadordes, but 2-celled except at
apex, obcompressed, 1’ long, coriaceous, on a stipe, 9”
long, which is arcuate so that pod is erect, pods 3” thick

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 665

and 1%” high; calyx tube 4” long, with teeth 1” long or
less, triangular; flowers white; peduncles floriferous on
the upper third. Type in National Herbarium.

Astragalus arrectus Gray. Mr. Sheldon has rede-
scribed this species under the name of A. eremzticus, 1. c.
g, 161, and Coulter and Fisher have done the same under
the name of A. atro-pubescens in Bot. Gaz. I have seen
the types of both species. Mr. Sheldon’s name eremzt-
¢cus | think can be maintained as var. EREMITICUS (Shel-
don, 1. c.) for the southern plant growing among the ju-
nipers in the Beaverdam Mts., Ariz., and vicinity (my
numbers 5071, 5003, 5082b, 5098m, 5004e), which is a
part of his type, but my specimens from Sprucemont,
Nevada, included in his type are true A. arrectus.

ASTRAGALUS ATRATUS var. MENSANUS. No. 792, Co-
ville and Funston. Along the Darwin road about two
miles southward from Mill Canton Divide, Darwin Mesa,
Inyo County, California, May 20, 1891. Pods narrowly
oblong, 1’ long, 2” wide, obliquely apiculate, narrowed
below into a very short stipe, puberulent, decidedly flat-
tened, ventral suture very thick, dorsal thin and not at all
sulcate; keel not produced; lower leaves elliptical, up-
per linear; whole plant ashy. Type in National Herba-
rium. :

ASTRAGALUS CONJUNCTUS var. OXYTROPIDOIDEs. No.
798, Howell, near the Dalles, Oregon, May 8, 1885. Leaf-
lets 8-10 pairs, linear, rachis not greatly prolonged, leaves
6’ long or less; flowers white, 15-20; calyx teeth over half
the tube, 1%” long, subulate, hairs silky and white, flow-
ers long and narrow; banner elongated, 2” longer than
the wings, blade at least 6” long, oblomg, ascending 30°
remotely from keel; wings oblanceolate, nearly straight,
1’ longer than the keel; keel about 2” longer than calyx

2p SER., VOL. V. (43 ) October 3, 1895.

666 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tips, straight or nearly so, apex bent in gentle curve to
go°, obtuse; pods 1’ long, 2” wide, sulcate dorsally, nar-
rowly oblong, shortly acuminate, very much resembling
those of Oxytropis Lamberti; peduncles 1-13° long, sul-
cate, rather slender.

ASTRAGALUS FRANCISQUITENSIS. Brandegee, San
Francisquito, Lower California, October 18, 1891. Per-
ennial, with many delicate stems, ascending, with the habit
ot A. leptaleus, but seeming near to A. Wuttallianus,
nearly glabrous throughout; nodes 2-3’ long; stipules
_subulate, not united, adnate, 2” long; leaflets 8-11 pairs,

obovate-oblong to elliptical, emarginate, delicate, finely
petiolulate; proper petiole 6-9" long; leaves 4’ long; pe-
duncles filiform, 6’ long, subcapitately 10-15 flowered;
pedicels slender, %” long, about equaled by the tri-
angular bracts; calyx campanulate-cylindric, tube 1}”
long by 34” wide, subulate teeth about half the tube, tube
hyaline, nigrescent; banner blade 2$” long, oblong, as-
cending 45°, the curve beginning beyond the calyx tips,
sides reflexed, 4%” wide; wings linear, straight, $” wide,
just about as long as banner, not at all arched (thus re-
sembling those of A. arzetznus), 14° longer than keel;
keel short, very obtuse and rounded; pods linear-oblong,
6” long by 1-15" wide, obtuse, sessile, completely 2-celled,
glabrous, not sulcate, chartaceous.

Astragalus metanus. WHanson’s Ranch, Lower Cali-
fornia, near the border, Brandegee, April 18, 1885. Has
the habit of A. /nyoensts. Prostrate from a perennial
HOO 23) long; stems rather stout and sulcate, minutely
pubescent throughout with fine appressed hairs, fixed by
the base, nodes about 3 long, rather flexuous; stipules
very small, green, reflexed, 1” long, adnate, not connate;
leaves 4-7’ long; proper petiole 1’ long on the lower
leaves, but none on the upper ones; leaflets linear-lanceo-

CONTRIBUTIONS 'TO WESTERN BOTANY. 667

late, barely acute, not contiguous, 1%’ long; peduncles
about 1° long, floriferous on the upper third; flowers
racemose, nearly sessile, with ovate bracts shorter than
the pedicels; calyx broadly campanulate, tube 1” long;
teeth triangular and about one-third the tube; flowers
purple; banner 3” long, bent abruptly and remotely from
the calyx tips to 45-90", oval, sides reflexed; wings arched
60°, and exposing the base of keel, oblong, 34” shorter
than the banner; keel abruptly bent to 110”, and apex
produced to a point, 1%” high, base of blade a trifle
arched, about $” shorter than the wings, light colored;
flowers horizontal, about 3° apart; pods lenticular, much
the shape of the Aventrophyta group when flat beaked,
the upper % or % perfectly flat and triangular-acute,
the ventral suture nearly straight, cross-section oval near
the base of the pod, chartaceous, narrowed at very base,
but sessile, lunate, 1-celled, seed-bearing in the middle,
4’ long, 25° wide.

The type is in the California Academy of Sciences.

Astragalus Fulianus. San Julio, Lower California,
Brandegee, April19, 1889. This appears to be near to A.
sabulonum. Annual, erect; inflorescence corymbiform
by the shortening of the upper nodes; stems mostly shaggy
with partly spreading hairs, except the rather shortly and
sparsely pubescent pods; nodes 6 to 1’ apart; leaves 4’
long, of 7-8 pairs of narrowly elliptical acutish leaflets,
which are 6” long and 1 to 13” wide; proper petiole 6-9”
long; peduncles stout, as long as the leaves, the rachis
as long in~fruit; flowers in a close raceme, lax in fruit,
nearly sessile, reflexed and fruit also; calyx campanulate,
tube 1” long, subulate teeth about the same; pods ob-
liquely-oval, swelled to circular in the middle, contracted
at base, with a flat, triangular, acuminate beak, 2” long,
which is nearly central; ventral suture thick, not sulcate,

668 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

seed-bearing in the middle and seed stalks long, pods 6°
long by 3” wide, papery; flowers nearly white, but purple
tipped, apparently.

ASTRAGALUS SEROTINUS Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep. 12, 18
andy5ns T8OO, var.) CAMPESTRIS) (Nimttawl) 7 6c), Gags le gene
25 LO{O:

Astragalus campestris Gray, P. A.A. 6, 229.

Astragalus convallarius Greene.

No: 6032b, September 11, head/ot the Sevier Ree
Utah, 8000° alt., in gravel, under Pznaus ponderosa.

No. 60rgn. September 7, Panguitch Lake, Utah, in
volcanic gravel, under Pznus ponderosa.

No. 5958q. August 29, Brigham Peak, Utah, 11,700°
alt., on open slopes, at and above timber line, in gravel,
No. 6002n. September 6, Panguitch Lake, Utah, in
gravel, 8400° alt., under pines.

No. 5695h. July 27, Mt. Ellen, Henry Mountains,
Utah, 10,500° alt., on open slopes, above timber line and
below it, in volcanic soil; never seems to grow in any but

well drained soil.

It is manifest, from an abundance of material from
many localities, that this is only a variety of A. serotinus,
since the calyx teeth and keel of the flower vary much,
and show all sorts of intergrades.

As has been indicated above, Astragalus strigosus
Coulter and Fisher, with its synonym, A. gr7seopubens
Sheldon, is the same as A. serotznus.

AstTRAGALUS Hookxerianus (T. & G.) Gray, var.
Wuitneyi (Gray P. A. A. 6, 526). An examination of
a large amount of material from the California Academy
of Sciences shows that this is only a variety of A. Hook-
ertanus, as the characters do not hold.

Astragalus Virgineus Sheldon, Death Valley Rep.,
seems to be the same as A. sabulonum Gray.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 669

Astragalus eremicus Sheldon, Death Valley Rep., was
based onavery imperfect and small specimen of A. Coz/-
tert var. Premontt.

ASTRAGALUS COULTERI var. FREMoNTI (T. & G. Pac.
Re Re Rep. 4, 80). From a large amount of material |
find transitions between this and A. Cozlterz, but find
that many specimens referred to this are really only forms
of A. lentiginosus, and not truly referable to the type of
A. Fremontz.

Astragalus INo. 1961, Coville; Death Valley Nep. 27.7;
is Sophora stenophylla.

Astragalus amphioxys Sheldon (not Gray) in Coville,
Death Valley Rep. 85, Nos. 496 and 543 is A. leucolobus
Jones, which is not the same as 4. /ectulus Watson.

Astragalus Purshit Sheldon (net Hooker), Death
Valley Rep. 87, No. 119.6, from the Tejon Mountains,
California, is also A. /eucolobus Jones. Pringle’s, from
the same region, May 13, 1882, is the same. A. /eucolo-
bus is well marked by the roundish, long-villous »ubescent
leaflets; densely cazspitose habit; large lanceolate, hyaline
bracts, 2” long; usually black-hairy calyx (the pos are
those of A. Purshit); hairy stipules; purple flowers,
with banner having a striate purple-veined white spot;
peduncles 2 to 6’ long, erect or spreading, always capi-
tately 6 to 12 flowered, and flowers ascending.

Astragalus cibartus Sheldon. This well marked spe-
cies was fully described by me in my Contributions, No.
3, 291, and I provisionally referred it to A. glareosus, but
indicated its variance from that species, preferring to do
that rather than to make a possible synonym. Mr. Shel-
don, however, with very little material to work on and
without exercising the usual courtesy in such cases, pub-
lishes it without even mentioning the fact that it had been
previously and ‘fully described by me. It is possible,

670 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

however, that its hasty publication prevented a proper ex-
amination of the literature on the species.

Astragalus Chameleuce Gray. This name belongs to the
Phaca pygmea of Nuttall, but so far Ican find no one who
knows what that speciesis. The only character that seems
assured is the habitat which is ‘‘ Rocky Mountains, on the
hills of Ham’s Fork of the Colorado of the West,’’? which
means Ham’s Fork, southwest Wyoming, on the northern
slopes of the Uinta Mountains. So far as the description
goes this might be some form of A. amphioxys, A. cica-
de, or A. glareosus. The forms collected by me have
all been referred by others to A. glareosus, but an ex-
amination of authentic material of the latter species shows
that my plants are not A. g/areosus. They are identical
with Watson’s A. Chameleuce Bot. King’s Exp. 74. The
stems are woody, flat on the ground, as if rooting; pods
very variable, always pubescent, but sometimes sparsely so,
walls fleshy and pulpy, 1” thick, ventral suture thick and
barely if at all intruded, a trifle sulcate ventrally, usually
flattish on the dorsal suture, cross-section oval, the pod
being obcompressed, usually 3” thick and 4” wide, vertical
longitudinal section oblong and arcuate, g’ or more long,
horizontal longitudinal section oval-ovate to ovate, pods
seldom over an inch long, jointed to a very short stipe,
but often very deeply sulcate ventrally and even dorsally
at base, the inner wall is thick and woody, but the outer
is soft pulpy, cavity is full of hairs, showing that it is
filled with juice during part of its growth, the cavity is
double the width of the seeds when they are green;
calyx }” thick, 1” wide and 4” long, hyaline, thicker at
base, cleft deeper above and lower teeth the longer. For
further notes see my Contributions 3, 294. Should this
prove to be distinct from 4. Chameleuce as is quite likely
it may bear the name of A. Uentenszs.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 671

ASTRAGALUS CHAMLEUCE var. PANGUICENSIS.
This puzzling plant has the habit of the type and the
pods of some forms of A. amphzoxys; pubescence almost
shaggy, very dense, of very fine and slender hairs fixed
by the base; nodes usually longer than the triangular,
hairy, green stipules, which are 2-3 long; stems pros-
trate, 2-6’ long; root woody and with many short branches;
leaves 2-3’ long, slender petiole longer than the rachis;
leaflets contiguous, 6-8 pairs, elliptical, 2-3” long, obtuse;
pods linear-lanceolate, 1’ long by 2—3” wide, short-acumin-
ate, very much obcompressed till cross-section is linear,
doubly sulcate throughout ventrally, ventral suture promi-
nent externally, not at all sulcate dorsally, 1-celled, coriace-
ous and fleshy when young, finely and closely appressed-
pubescent; flowers light purple, 9” long; banner 4” longer
than the calyx and 1-2” longer than the keel; calyx nearly
cylindrical, but larger at the mouth, tube 4-5” long, 1”
wide, subulate teeth 1” long, calyx pubescent like the
leaves, but less densely so, green, nearly sessile; bracts
lanceolate hyaline, 2-3” long; flowers in heads 6-8, on
short peduncles, ascending; corolla like that of A.
Chameleuce. No. 6002m and 6023f, September 8, 1894,
Panguitch Lake, Utah, 8400° alt., in gravel.

AsTRAGALUS MUusINIENSIS.

With the habit of A. Wewberryz Gray, but allied to YAU
cicade Jones. Densely cespitose in small tufts, crown
thick with coarse petioles and large, glabrous, triangular,
nervose stipules, 4” long, which, with the petioles, form
heads at the crown; petioles stout, 1’ long, crowned by
1-3 lanceolate to elliptical-lanceolate leaflets, 1’ or less
long; pubescence minute, dense and appressed through-
out; pods ovate, 9’ long, 3-4” wide, with an incurved and
acute apex, very shortly-strigose pubescent, 1-celled,
sulcate ventrally at base, cross-section nearly round,

672 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

outer coat loose; flowers not seen. This would pass for
some form of A. Wewberryi var. eriocarpus, but for the
loose outer coat of the pod. It may be a reduced form
of A. cicade or even of A. Newberry var. ercocarpus,
but the leaflets are of different shape, though in the latter
species they are often reduced to three. No. 54542.
June 18, 1894, two miles south of Ferron, Utah, on clay
slopes, at about 6000° alt.

ASTRAGALUS CICADA var. LACCOLITICUS.

Plants tufted, perennial, proper stems very short and
nodes not longer than the triangular, green, very strigose
stipules, which are 3” long, adnate, not connate; leaves
3-4’ long, the petiole as long or longer than the rachis;
leaflets 5-7 pairs, acute at both ends, nearly oval but ap-
parently diamond-shaped, contiguous, 4-5" long, 3” wide;
pubescence short, stiff, dense, appressed, fixed by the
middle or near it; peduncles shorter or barely longer than
the leaves, erect in flower and decumbent in fruit, capi-
tately few-flowered; flowers like amphioxys, purple, 1’
long; calyx nearly half the whole, tube 4” long, subulate
teeth 1” long, calyx tube cleft deeper above by a broad
sinus, finely pubescent; flowers and fruit ascending; pods
ovate to elliptical, acute, 1’ long, 5-6" wide, rounded at
base, puberulent when young, outer coat separating, but
reticulations not evident. No. 5658q. July 21, 1894, at
Cottrell’s Ranch, Henry Mountains, Utah, 6000° alt., in
volcanic gravel.

Astragalus lentiginosus Dougl. G. Don, Gen. Syst.
Gard:cand' Bot.)2, 257) 1832rublook. Msi. 151s aanissis
the most annoying group of forms in the genus, com-
prising all perennial forms of the group with 2-celled pods.
The pods vary from membranous to cartilaginous and are
connected throughout, the flowers vary from white to
purple, and the shape of the pods from lanceolate to

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 673

oval-ovate at least, always acute and often acuminate. I
have tried in vain to separate the forms into valid species.
As a rule the sutures meet near the upper side of the pod
by the great intrusion of the dorsal suture, but sometimes
they do not quite meet, especially when old, pods often
didymous by being deeper sulcate than usual.

ASTRAGALUS LENTIGINOSUS var. DIPHYSUS (Gray, PI.
Fend. 34, 1849. This includes all the purple and large
flowered forms of eastern Nevada and Utah to Colorado
and New Mexico and south to Arizona having membran-
ous to chartaceous pods.

ASTRAGALUS LENTIGINOSUS var. McDoueaui (Sheldon,
l. c. 9, 169). This seems to include A. frothrockii Shel-
don, l. c. 9,174. This includes all forms with small and
coriaceous pods.

A. LENTIGINOSUS var. CUSPIDOCARPUS (Sheldon, 1. c.
9,147). This includes. all forms with acuminate, long
and coriaceous pods. It is described by Mr. Sheldon as
t-celled, but authentic specimens from Leiberg’s collec-
tion named by Mr. Sheldon are 2-celled. The range of
this variety 1s northward, while the var. WcDougali is
mostly southward.

ASTRAGALUS LENTIGINOSUS var. CHARTACEUS.

No. 5627m. July 13, 1894, Ephraim, Utah, in clay,
6000° alt.

This plant is very nearly like the type in pubescence,
the leaves being rather thick and almost wholly glabrous,
from almost obcordate to obovate emarginate; the pods
vary on the same plants in the width of the septum from
less than $—2” wide, but always 2-celled by being deeply
sulcate ventrally, the walls are chartaceous, very deli-
cately veined externally with parallel veins which throw
off many veinlets which connect with each other, the pods
are perfectly smooth with a triangular, incurved, short

674 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tip, the cross-section is nearly didymous or very often with
the re-entering angle on the dorsal side absent, pods 1-13’
long and about 8” wide, 3-5 in a very loose, subcapitate
raceme which is shorter than the leaves; the flowers are
like those of the type. This plant grows on flat clay
land, in Sanpete valley, at about 6000 ft. altitude. It
grows in clumps with nearly prostrate stems 4—8’ long.
This may prove to be a mere form not worthy of varietal
rank.

ASTRAGALUS LENTIGINOSUS Var. NIGRICALYCIS. Bakers-
field, Kern County, California, Miss Eastwood, March
24, 1893. Densely short-woolly- pubescent throughout,
or velvety, except the less pubescent older leaves and
mature pods; calyx densely black-hairy; leaflets obovate
to oblanceolate, emarginate to truncate, 5-9 pairs; petioles
and peduncles various; stipules triangular, small, re-
flexed; flowers white, 6” long, in heads in flower and in
short spikes in fruit; calyx campanulate to short-cylin-
dric, tube 1}’—2” long, 1” wide, scarcely gibbous at base,
teeth half the tube or less, subulate to triangular, calyx
sessile or nearly so; bracts ovate, 1” long; banner elong-
ated, oblong, 3-4” long, ascending 45—60° in gentle curve
remote from calyx tips, sides reflexed }” wide most in the
middle; wings narrowly oblong, nearly straight, a trifle
longer than the keel; keel straight, apex gently arched to
go° in a uniform curve from apex to end of curve, shortly
acute, 2-3” shorter than banner; pods 1’ long, oval to
ovate, always more or less lunate, chartaceous, mottled,
tip short-triangular to short-acuminate, always incurved,
2-celled, sulcate ventrally; pods 3-7, flowers 10-15; per-
ennial with ascending stems, 1-2° high. Also collected
at Alcalde, California, May, 1881, Brandegee. Type in
the California Academy of Sciences Herbarium, as well
as my own.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 675

ASTRAGALUS LENTIGINOSUS var. DIAPHANUS (Dougl.
Hook. Fl. 1, 151).. This precedes /entzgznosus on the
page, but I follow the usual rule of keeping up the long
used name. This variety includes all papery pods which
are linear, compressed and falcate, and may include 4.
palans Jones with its variety araneosus (Sheldon, |. c. 9,
170), though A. palans seldom has papery pods.

ASTRAGALUS LENTIGINOSUS var. LATUS Jones, Zoe 4,
242. <A. salinus Howell.

This includes the prostrate forms with oval pods.

ASTRAGALUS PALANS Jones var. ARANEOSUS (Sheldon,
CeO jl).

No. 5215e. May 14, 1894, Rockville, Utah, 3500" alt.,
in red sand.

No. 5163h. May 4, 1894, Silver Reef, Utah, in gravel,
3500° alt.

No. 5218. May 15, 1894, Rockville, Utah, in red sand,
3500° alt.

This is a variety of the type approaching /entzginosus
var. diphysus, and appears to be the same as A. araneosus
Sheldon, the type of which is in my collection.

Astragalus amphioxys Gray has for a synonym A. cres-
centicarpus Sheldon, being exactly typical; also A. ves-
pertinus Sheldon, |. c. 9, 150, in which the pod is
obcompressed. The flattening either into compressed or
obcompressed is purely accidental in this species, and
varies with the development and bending of the pod.

All the forms of Astragalus amphioxys are at once dis-
tinguishable from any forms of A. Shortianus by the
pubescence, which is in the latter species fixed by the
base, while in the former it is fixed near the middle, and
therefore giving the plants a silvery appearance.

Astragalus Newberry: Gray. Having now gone over
again and again the ground where this species was found,

676 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and having gathered very many specimens of all forms, I
am certain that this is identical specifically with A. erzo-
carpus Watson, and must therefore take the name. Un-
fortunately Watson’s type is an abnormal form of his
species, having grown in the shade, and therefore having
abnormally long peduncles, but having collected it abun-
dantly near his typical localities, and finding both long
and short peduncles, according to the exposure, I have
no hesitation in placing it here as a variety of A. /Vew-
berry.

AsTRAGALUS NEWBERRYI Gray var. ERIOCARPUS ( Wat-
son, Bot. King 5,71). This includes A. candelarzus and
var. ex7guus Sheldon.

Astragalus Purshit var. tinctus Jones, Contributions 5,
269. Astragalus lanocarpus Sheldon is the same.

ASTRAGALUS SEATONI n. sp. Near to H/ariwegz, but
with slender stems. Collected by H. E. Seaton, on Mt.
' Orizaba, Mexico, 10,000° alt., August 6, 1891. Also by
Bourgeau, at Cacubaya, near Mexico City, 1866. The
latter plant is stouter, strigose and with fewer leaflets;
pods papery; root thick. Seaton’s plants have very
slender ascending or spreading stems; leaflets linear or
nearly so, 6-8” long, 10-12 pairs; peduncles long and
slender, 4-8’ long; spikes linear, loose, 1-2’ long; bracts
scarcely visible; calyx almost globular, the tube about
}” long and teeth one-third as long, triangular and black-
hairy; flowers yellowish or white, sessile; banner round,
not over 1” long or less, sides reflexed, a little longer than
the narrow-oblong wings, which are arcuate, and about
one-fourth longer than the semicircular oblique keel;
pods oblong-oval, 2” long, 1” wide, and cross-section
nearly round, deeply sulcate and septum produced, but
pods not wholly 2-celled, apiculate, very short stipitate,
apparently jointed to the stipe; pods and flowers reflexed

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 677

and nigrescent, with short stiff hair; plants otherwise
nearly glabrous.

ASTRAGALUS HoRNII var. MINUTIFLORUS. Flowers about
24” long; calyx teeth blunt and short; tube 1” long; pods »
_nearly oval, with an acuminate beak, 23” wide, 4” long,
including the beak, 3-6 in a close head; a trifle sulcate
ventrally, nearly smooth, and whole plant nearly smooth;
peduncles slender, 2-23’ long, shorter than the leaves:
this has the habit of A. /entzginosus var. diaphanus. -

San Jorge, Lower California, Brandegee, March 17,
1889, on saline flats.

OXYTROPIS ACUTIROSTRIS (Watson, P. A. A. 20, 360,
1885).

Astragalus acuttrostris Watson, |. c.

Astragalus streptopus Greene.

An examination of flowering specimens of Greene's
species and of the duplicate type specimens of A. acutzr-
ostr?s make it certain that this is a true Oxytrofis and not
an Astragalus. Avery valuable character separating this
genus from Astragalus, which seems to have been at least
partially overlooked, lies in the wings, which are always
enlarged and lobed at the tip, generally very much en-
larged and crumpled, and little like any American As-
tragalt, though A. calycosus has lobed wings.

Should it be necessary to reduce this genus to SPzesza,
the name must be S. acutzrostris (Watson).

OxyTROPIS NOTHOXxYS (Gray, P. A. A. 6, 232, 1866).

Astragalus nothoxys (Gray, |. c.)

Spresia nothoxys (Gray).

This species is manifestly an Oxytropzs, and has been
confounded by most Arizona collectors with A. Arzzoni-
cus, having been distributed widely as that species.

HEDYSARUM BOREALE var. LEUCANTHUM (Greene, Pitt.
September 20, 1892, page 294). S/edysarum flavescens

678 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Coult. and Fisher, Bot. Gaz. 18, 300. Greene’s name
seems to be the older, and though the description is so
meager that no one can tell what it belongs to, yet from
the locality it is quite liable to belong to //. boreale. At
any rate, 7. flavescens is manifestly a form of /. boreale.
Prof. Kelsey thinks this is more than an albino form, and
so it seems to be. N. L. Britton, in the ‘‘ Check List,”’
considers HY. boreale and Mackenzii as forms of the same
species, but I certainly would not so consider them. /7.
boreale is separable from the other by the areole of the
pods, being nearly as wide as long, by the calyx teeth very
short and triangular, and by the short banner; in /#.
Mackenzii, the calyx teeth are long, the areole linear or
nearly so, and the banner as long as the keel; there 1s
some variation in the characters, but I have never seen
specimens which could not at once be separated by the
areole of the pods. The sporadic appearance of /.
boreale in the southern part of its range is in favor of its
identity with /7. MWackenziz, but until its characters fail I
see no way but to keep it up. The eastern forms of //.
Mackenzii have smaller flowers and long filiform calyx
teeth, so far as I have seen them.

LatHyrus UTAHENSIS.

No. 54411. June 15, 1894, Ireland’s Ranch, Utah, at
the head of Salina Cafion, in gravel, at 8000° alt.

This is the plant referred to, L. paluster var. myrtifolius,
by Watson in King’s Report and is Watson’s No. 296.
Whatever may be done with the apparently interminable
forms of this genus in the Sierras and northward this
species seems to be sufficiently distinct from them all to
warrant recognition. Leaflets oval, 2’ long, obtuse at
both ends and apiculate above, 4-6 pairs; stipules large
and leafy, reniform and variously cut, 6” high or less and
nearly 2’ wide: peduncles 4-8’ long, usually about as

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 679

long as the leaves, rarely more, often less, 4-6 flowered;
flowers 9” long, dirty purple or white; calyx lobes subu-
late-triangular, the lower about equaling the tube which
is 14” long; fruit half-elliptical, 2° long; whole plant
smooth, plants straggling upwards from 3-6° high, among
oak brush. This plant which is very common through-
out Utah at middle elevations varies but little. I refer
here also Miss Eastwood’s specimen, No. 1, from Du-
rango, Colorado, and Ward’s specimen from Utah col-
lected in 1875. L. pauciflorus may be a starved form of
this species, but from the imperfect material of that species
it is impossible to tell what its limits are.

PoTENTILLA UTAHENSIS var. CAMPESTRIS.

Tvesia Utahensts var. campestris.

No. 1624. Whitney Meadows, Sierra Nevada Moun-
tains, California, 8500° alt., August 19. Coville.

Young leaves silky, long-villous; narrow leaflets 23”
long or less; plants less glandular, but otherwise the
same, though a little more slender and leaflets not com-
pacted.

AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA var. UTAHENSIS (Koehne,

Die Gattungen der Pomaceen. Berlin, Ostern, 32, t. 2,
1890).
No. 5204d. May 10, 1894, Cedar City, Utah, in gravel,
6000° alt.
No. 5224n. May 15, 1894, Rockville, Utah, in red
sand, at 3500 alt.
No. 5286k. May 22, 1894, Kanab, Utah, 5300° alt.,
on sandstone rocks.

No. 5149l. May 3, 1894, Silver Reef, Utah, on slopes,
3500° alt.

A large number of specimens from different localities

and elevations show all sorts of variations in this most
variable species, the variations being due to aridity and

680 ‘ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

exposure. I therefore place this variety where I did the
original specimen collected by me in 1880, No. 1716, at
Leeds, S. Utah, upon which the species of Koehne was
founded. This would seem to be A. pallida var. arguta
Greene.

All the numbers given above have acute leaflets, the
following have obtuse and rounded leaflets and are nearer
the type of A. Utahensis.

No. 5006a. April 4, 1894, Copper Mine, 18 miles
west of St. George, Utah, 5200° alt., on rocky slopes.
No. 5289k. May 23, 1894, Johnson, Utah, 5000° alt.,
in rocky places.

No. 5312n. May 28, 1894, cafion above Tropic, Utah,
6500° alt., on slopes.

No. 5291e. May 25, 1894, 15 miles south of Pahria,
Ariz., in gravel, 5000° alt.

No. 5663k. July 23, 1894, Marvine Laccolite, Henry
Mountains, Utah, 6000° alt., in gravel. ;

No. 5095h. April 21, 1894, Pagumpa, Arizona. 4000°
alt., in gravel.

No. 5082d. April 20, same locality.

PURSHIA TRIDENTATA var. GLANDULOSA (Curran, Bul.
Cal. Acad. 1, 153). JIagree with Mrs. Brandegee (Mrs.
Curran) that this is only a variety of P. ¢trzdentata. WHav-
ing examined all of Mr. Coville’s specimens in the Na-
tional Herbarium I failed to find constant characters.

POTENTILLA SABULOSA. IVESIA SABULOSA.

No. 6032. Sept. 11, 1894, head of the Sevier River
among pines, 8000° alt., in compact gravelly clay.

This plant ranks next to P. A7ug7z, but very much re-
sembles Utahensis. Stems erect, 6-9’ long, rather slender,
growing in patches much after the fashion of Avrenarza
Kingi, and Fendlerz; petals linear to oblanceolate, about
as long as the calyx lobes; accessory calyx lobes minute,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 681

obtuse, thickish; main calyx lobes ovate to triangular and
acute; seeds 1-2, orbicular, nearly equaling the calyx,
smooth; receptacle very setose: whole plant glabrous
(but not glaucous) except the sparingly hairy upper stems
and calyx tube; leaves 15-3’ long, linear, with broad,
thick, densely imbricated sheaths below and thus forming
close mats.

This plant abounds in pine forests at the head of the
Sevier River, at about 8000 ft. alt., growing in very poor,
somewhat gravelly, clay soil.

RIBES LACUSTRE Var. LENTUM.

INow95 6950. July 27, 1894; Bromide: Rass) Henny,
Mountains, Utah, 10,000° alt., in gravel.

No. 5397k. June 5, 1894, Head of Bullion Creek,
Utah, in gravel, at 10,000° alt. |

No m5oe4t. -julys25, 1394. Mity milena Park. Henny,
Mountains, Utah, 10,000° alt., in gravel.

Densely covered throughout with a yellowish, viscous
pubescence, as well as soft hairs. This is the common
form throughout the mountain region of Utah and Ne-
vada, the pubescence being so viscous as to stain the
sheets yellow in which the plants are collected. It is pos-
sible that the glutinous pubescence was overlooked in
Gray’s type of var. mo//e, in that case this will be ident-

ical with it.

CE NOTHERA TRILOBA Var. ECRISTATA.
No. 6015t. September 6, 1894, Panguitch Lake, Utah,
on muddy shores, 8400° alt.
No. 5893r. August 23, 1894, head of Bullion Creek,
Utah, 11,500” alt., in subalpine parks, in gravel.
No; 5174. May 22,1894, Kanab, Utah;.53007 alt.; in
meadows.
No. 5638d. July 16, 1894, Burrville Sink, Utah, on

muddy shores, 7500° alt.
2D SER., VOL. V. ( 44) October 3, 1895.

682 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

No. 5397n. June 5, 1894, near Tate Mine, on Bullion
Creek, Utah, 10,000° alt., in gravel, along stream.

No. 5312q. May 28, 1894, cafion above Tropic, Utah,
in gravel, 6500° alt.

No. 6056ah. September 18, 1894, De Motte Park,
Buckskin Mountains, Arizona, 9000° alt., in gravel.

No. 5957b. August 29, 1894, Brigham Peak, near
Marysvale, Utah, 10,500° alt., in alpine meadows.

The western forms of this species have the pod desti-
tute of a crest or lobe at the top. I have seen but one
specimen west of the Plains (from California) that is
truly typical, the rest belong to this variety. This species,
like drachycarpa, has the wings reduced to nothing at the
very base of the pod.

(Enothera brachycarpa Gray is said by Watson to be
the same as G@. margzinata var. purpurea Watson Bot.
King’s Exp., but an examination of the type in the
National Herbarium fails to establish the fact. The
specimen is so immature afid so poor that no one can
say that itis not Gt. cespitosa, and which it is far more
liable to be. This would clear up the synonymy very
much, as it is highly improbable that the species to which
it has been referred would exist in subalpine situations,
while its known home is the arid deserts, 4000° to 5000°
above the sea.

CE. SCAPOIDEA var. ParRyI (Watson, Am. Nat. 9, 270).
@. Parry: Wat.1.c. This is manifestly only a variety
with pedicels an inch or less long and a pod 3” long.

CENOTHERA CARDIOPHYLLA Var. PETIOLARIS.

Perennial, erect, stems usually simple, 1-2° high; rather

finely pubescent and glandular; leaves cordate to nearly
round or even ovate, about 1’ long; thick, veiny, coarsely
dentate; petiole 1-3’ long; flowers in rather short ter-
minal racemes, reddish, 6” wide; stigma capitate, 1” wide;

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 683

calyx tube narrowly obconic, 4” long; calyx tips free;
buds oval, 2” long; petals round to rhombic, 3” long;
pods nearly sessile, straight or arcuate, 12-18” long, 1}”
wide, blunt, scarcely narrowed at tip, bluntly 4-angled;
seeds very small. The plants are inclined to be floccose-
woolly.

Rosario, Lower California, Orcutt, April 30, 1886;
Mojave Desert, California, May, 1884, Lemmon; Sur-
prise Cation, Panamint Mountains, California, Coville &
Funston, Nos. 624 and 725; also No. 208, Funeral
Mountains, California, 1891, same collectors. Types in
National Herbarium.

CENOTHERA TENUISSIMA

No. 6083. September 26, 1894, Rockville, Utah, 4o00°
alt., in clay washes.

This plant belongs to the section Chylzsmza of Watson.
Plants annual, very much branched throughout, forming
a large, rounded, erect, bushy clump, 3° high or less,
with very slender branches and long axillary and terminal
racemes, about 8’ long; these are floriferous throughout;
each flower is bracteate with a minutely pediceled, green,
ovate to triangular bract below each pedicel; the bracts
become minute above and gradually enlarged into small,
acute, shortly-petioled leaves below. The main leaves
are lanceolate, sparsely and very slightly and irregularly
dentate, acute at both ends, on a varying petiole, with
prominent primary and secondary veins below, which are
often purplish; leaves minutely pubescent below, and
sometimes with very delicate, sparse, white hairs; plants
otherwise wholly glabrous, the blade of the leaf is usually
about 10° long, and the petiole as long or much shorter;
pedicels usually 5-8” long and filiform; pods clavate-
oblanceolate, about half the pedicels, inclined to be
4-angled, obtuse at apex, a little less than 1” wide; the

684 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

flowers in bud are oval, about 13” long, with a nearly
linear tube, 1” long, which sometimes becomes obconical;
the petals are obovate to nearly oval, yellow, rounded,
about 23° long; stigmas globular and style nearly as long
as the petals. This is one of the most unique species in
the genus, and is very noticeable on account of its size and
delicacy. It grows only in barren clay soil.

CymMopTERUS NEWBERRYI var. JoNEst (C. & R. Um-
belliferze 50).

No. 54229. June 14, 1894, Salina Canon, Utah, near
the mouth, 5200° alt., in gravel.

In publishing C. Mewberry? var. alatus as a synonym
for this plant, I overlooked the fact that C. Foneszz C. &
R., does not antedate this species by position, and there-
fore the name given above must stand, while the latter
name, if any, must be changed.

CyMopTERUS UTAHENSIS.

No. 5098. April 23, top of grade above Pagumpa,
Arizona, in clay among junipers, 5000” alt.

No. 5098h. April 23, 10 miles south of Black Rock.
Spring, Arizona, 4500° alt., in gravel.

No. 5098p. April 23, Black Rock Spring, Arizona,
4500° alt., in gravel.

This plant has the habit of C. montanus and is the
same as the variety purpurascens of Watson in the Botany

of California, but not of Gray in the Botany of Ives’ Ex-
pedition. Peduncles in fruit always as long or longer
than the leaves, nearly erect, rarely decumbent; flowers
purple; involucels thin, hyaline, with 1-3 narrow and green
nerves but otherwise white and papery or sometimes pur-
plish; involucres also large and similar; lobes of both 1n-
volucres and involucels variable but usually roundish to
oblong and rounded at tip; fruit large, oval, with very wide
wings, at least 4” long and with the wings nearly as wide,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 685
the body elliptical, wings 2” wide or more, fruit deeply
emarginate above and below, oil tubes 2-3 in the intervals
and 4 on the commissure; leaves ovate in outline, the
blade 13-23’ long, glaucous, thick, segments in the typ-
ical form nearly contiguous, very small, ovate to nearly
square; old leaf-sheaths very persistent at the crown, the
green sheaths large, hyaline, nerved and usually colored;
root long, erect and fleshy. In other respects this plant
closely resembles C. montanus, having the same very thin
wings without any enlargement except next the seed and
all nearly equally developed.

This is No. 1685 of my Utah collection, and abounds
on the clayey anc gravelly plains, valleys and lower hill-
sides throughout Utah and Nevada.

A common form of this species is the variety MONOCEPH-
ALUS Jones in Herbarium, having the umbellets densely
congested into a single close head, especially in fruit;
the leaves are much reduced and the segments contigu-
ous or imbricated. This form is C. montanus var. glob-
osus Wats. in King’s report as to the fruit; it is also his
specimen from the Trinity Mountains, Nevada. The
type of this form is my specimen gathered at Terminus,
Utah, in 1890. ‘To this I also refer a specimen from Can-
delaria, Nevada: also Palmer’s specimen from Pocatello,
Idaho, probably Marsh’s specimen from Ft. Wingate,
New Mexico, and possibly a specimen of Whipple’s Ex-
pedition ticketed ‘‘California.’’ All the above specimens
are in the National Herbarium, there being a duplicate of
my type in the Herbarium.

CyMoPpTERuS UTAHENSIS var. EASTWOOD.

Much more robust than the type with stems sometimes
16’ high and occasionally somewhat caulescent; rays
1-2’ long; fruit narrower and often much longer pro-
portionally, usually with thin wings 1-15” wide, generally

686 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

truncate or barely emarginate at both ends; oil tubes 2 to
4 in the intervals and 6 to 8 on the commissure; wings
somewhat corky-thickened next the seed; leaves lanceo-
late and the segments rather distant and larger; invol-
ucres and involucels as in the type species. The type of
this variety is Miss Eastwood’s specimen from Durango,
Colorado, collected June 3, 1890. This variety was pre-
viously collected by me on May 2, 1890, at Cisco, Utah.

Mr. Rose had studied this form and given it a name in
the National Herbarium, but now considers it to belong
to this species.

Cymopterus montanus Nutt.

What I take to be the typical form of this species, whose
home is on the plains of Colorado, Wyoming and New
Mexico, has the flowers: sessile, or nearly so, among the
leaves, and even in fruit the peduncles are usually very
short, not as long as the leaves and decumbent; involucre
a narrow, irregular, hyaline border; involucels always
conspicuous, with very wide hyaline border and triangu-
lar and green center, but variable in size; flowers white;
fruit never wider than oval, usually 3” long; leaves never
sheathing above the ground, prostrate on the ground.
Specimens of this species in the National Herbarium are
from Fort Lyon, Arkansas, Palmer; Denver, Colorado,
Eastwood; Pueblo, Colorado, Hicks; No. 210 from Col-
orado, Halland Harbour; Fort Russel, Wyoming, Ruby;
and Laramie, Wyoming, Nelson.

C. MONTANUS var. PEDUNCULATUS.

This is a peculiar form or quite possibly a new species
with long, erect peduncles ‘often double the leaves, with
rays 1’ long; involucres reduced to a mere rudiment; in-
volucels linear to oblong and small; fruit small, about
2° long, oblong, emarginate above and below; wings
nearly 1” wide, rather wider below, and gradually thick-

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 687

ened towards the seed; oil tubes 3-4 1n the intervals and
about 6 onthe commissure; involucels divided to the base
and pinnate-nerved; root abruptly tuberous-enlarged.
The types of this variety are Woolson’s specimen from
Dallas, Texas; Reverchon’s, same locality, with nar-
rower wings.

I refer here with much hesitation a specimen from
Fort Belknap, collected by Sutton Hayes, for this may
belong to Utahensis var. Hastwoode, described above.

Cymopterus purpurascens (Gray, Bot. Ives, 15) Jones.

No. 5002. March 30, 1894, at the foot of the grade
above Bellevue, Utah, in gravel, 3700° alt.

No. 5140c. May 1, 1894, Washington, Utah, in alka-
line clay, on flat, 3000° alt.,

No. 5196m. May 8, 1894, Le Verkin, Utah, in gravel,
3700° alt.

To this I also refer a specimen from the Uinkaret
Mountains, South Utah, collected by Mrs. Thompson in
1892; Rusby’s from Mangus Spring, New Mexico; Lem-
mon’s from Peach Spring, Arizona; Bishop’s from south
Utah; McDougal’s from the San Francisco Mountains,
Arizona; Dr. Mearns’ from the Carrigallilo Mountains,
New Mexico, collected April 17; and the central speci-
men on the sheet marked C’. montanus from the Mexican
Boundary Survey; all these being in the National Her-
barium.

This species is very marked by its long peduncles, at
least longer than the leaves; by its purple and greenish,
not hyaline (except on the very margin), many nerved,
barely lobed, large, rounded involucels, which in flower
are cup-like and inclose the brilliant-purple flowers, simu-
lating one of the Composzte; involucre similar and either
of ovate and acute or wider and obtuse lobes which are
either very large or sometimes reduced even to a rudi-

688 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ment, but always with more or less of a hyaline margin;
fruit about 6” long, nearly round to oval and deeply
emarginate above; wings 2-3” wide, with a narrow, corky
margin next the seed; otherwise very thin; oil tubes 3—4
in the intervals and 8 on the commissure, not evident ex-
ternally; leaf sheaths enlarged at the base and stems
covered below with long, hyaline leafless sheaths; leaves
from fully to barely bipinnate, with obovate, often lobed
divisions, always glaucous and thick, 3-4’ long, mostly
ovate in outline, with petiole equaling or exceeding the
blade.

CYMOPTERUS GLOMERATUS var. Parry (C. & R. Um-
bell. 50) Jones.

Coloptera Parry: C. & R. Umbell. p. 50.

Cymopterus Parry? (C. & R.) Jones, Zoe, 4, p. 49.

I do not adopt the obsolete name C. acaule (Pursh).

An examination of the material referred to this species
in the National Herbarium shows that the specific char-
acter does not agree with the generic character given by
Coulter & Rose under Coloftera, the flowers being white
instead of yellow. The other two species described by
them, as I have already indicated in Zoe, 4, p. 49, have a
minute hyaline involucre, while this species has no trace
of any, and therefore must be compared with Cymopterus
glomeratus and not with C. Fendlerz. On comparison
with a large suite of specimens of C’. g/omeratus there is
absolutely no character of leaf, habit, or inflorescence to
separate this species from that. The only character, and
that a variable one, lies in the wing of the fruit, which in
some specimens is quite thick on the outer edge and with
only a rudimentary thin prolongation beyond, but in other
specimens the prolongation is more pronounced. Insome
specimens of C’. eZomeratus inthe National Herbarium from
the plains, the .corky portion of the wing is quite narrow

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 689

and without the slightest evidence of a thin prolongation
beyond, but the specimens are referred to C. g/omeratus
because of the less thickened wing. I have shown in
Zoe that C. elomeratus shares with C. Fendlerz the char-
acter of a thickened central portion of the wing, that por-
tion next the seed being fully as thin as the portion out-
side of the corky part. In view of these facts I see no
escape from making this a variety of C’. e7omeratus, whose
geographical range seems to be that portion of the Great
Plateau west of the plains, including western Wyoming,
Idaho and Montana.

Peucedanum triternatum var. alatum Coulter and Rose
is a true Pseudocymopterus, with raised winged ribs, and
certainly connects Peuwcedanum with Cymopterus, as the
latter genus is now received. If Pseudocymopterus is to
be retained its limits certainly must be changed.
MENTZELIA MULTIFLORA Var. INTEGRA.

INo- 60826. [September 26, 13894, Rockville; Utah;
4000° alt., in red sand.

No. 5419e. June 14, 1894, Salina Canon, Utah, four
miles up, at 5300° alt.

No. 5263. May 19, 1894, on grade south of Rockville,
Utah, in clay, 4500° alt.

Leaves oblanceolate, simply and bluntly toothed or
lobed; flowers long pediceled and bractless; seeds nearly
orbicular, large, broadly winged. ‘To this I refer Palmer’s
specimen from southern Utah, No. 171, referred in the
National Herbarium to J/. chrysantha.

This grows on very barren clay soil.

Symphoricarpus rotundifolius Gray.

No. 5261m. May 14, 1894, Springdale, Utah, 4000°
alt., in red sand.

No. 5447d. Salina Pass, June 16, 1894, 8000° alt., in
gravel.

690 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

No. 5312ay. May 28, 1894, cafion above Tropic, Utah,
in clay, 6000° alt.

No. 5441t. June 16, 1894, Salina Cafion, in gravel,
8000° alt.

No. 5639. July 17, 1894, Loa Pass, Utah, 8000° alt.,
in gravel.

No. 6015w. September 7, 1894, Panguitch Lake,
Utah, 8400° alt., in gravel.

No. 5289n. May 23, 1894, Johnson, Utah, 5000° alt.,
in gravel.

No. 5137. April 30, 1894, Santa Clara valley, Utah,
5000° alt., in gravel.

SYMPHORICARPUS ROTUNDIFOLIUS var. OREOPHILUS
(Gray).

Symphoricarpus oreophilus Gray, Jour. Lin. Soc. xiv.

The characters given by Gray do not hold out, but
there 1s shading from one into the other at all points.

BigELoviIA DouGLASII var. SPATHULATA.

No. 5758m. August’ 6, 1894); Fish Lake, Utahieim
gravel, gooo® alt.

This shrub has the habit of B. Douwglaszz, but all the '
lower leaves are spatulate to oblanceolate, while the upper
leaves are linear, acute, and generally a little twisted, thus
approaching B. Vaseyz on the one hand, and B. Douglasiz
on the other; the flowers are a little glutinous, and the
leaves sparsely ciliate on the margin; the stem is scabrous,
otherwise nearly glabrous; the heads are sometimes
slightly floccose; scales usually in threes, never more,
obtuse or barely acute, not at all keeled, the outer ones
green towards the apex and oblong, and the inner ones
linear and almost wholly hyaline; corolla lobes reflexed
and triangular; style branches much exserted, and hispid
not quite half their length; akenes pubescent through-
out.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 691

To this I also refer the two doubtful specimens:

No. 5095aj. April 23, 1894, four miles above Pagum-
pa, Arizona, 5000° alt., in gravel.

-No. 5264c. May 19, 1894, near Smithsonian Butte,
Utah, 5000° alt., in gravel.

BIGELOVIA TURBINATA.

No. 6066c. September 24, 1894, Canaan Ranch,
Utah, 5000° alt., in gravel.

This species seems to be next to B. juncea. Bracts
5-6 in each row, the lowest minute and often loose, all
obtuse or only apiculate, and all with a darker center, as
if keeled, oblong to linear, innermost 4” long and 2” wide,
shorter than the flowers; pappus white; corolla oblanceo-
late-cylindrical, with minute, ovate, appressed lobes;
style appendages filiform; anther tips nearly linear;
plants glabrous and a little glutinous even to the flowers ;
leaves sparse, long, canaliculate, uppermost reduced to
mere rudiments. This has the habit of the allied species,
being about 4° high, in a rounded, bushy tuft or shrub,
and grows on clay soil on the borders of an old sink.

BicgELoviA HowarDI var. ATTENUATA.

No. 5847a. August 21, 1894, Marysvale, Utah, 6500°
alt., in gravel.

No. 6106k. October 7, 1894, divide north of Beaver,
Utah, 7000° alt.

No. 6052k. September 17, 1894, Buckskin Mountains,
Arizona, 9000” alt., in gravel.

No. 5912. August 27, 1894, Marysvale, Utah, 7000°
alt., in clay.

Usually with green stems, rarely whitened; heads
viscous; leaves linear to filiform; all the bracts long-

attenuate, not coriaceous, passing into green and similar
involucral leaves; flowers rather inclined to occur in
heads or short corymbs, fully equaling the leaves, light-

692 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

yellow; bracts as long or longerthan the pappus. I take
as the type of this variety my Nos. 5912 and 5847a, and
also refer to it No. 6052k and possibly No. 6106k. I also
refer Newberry’s specimen gathered in McComb’s Ex-
pedition. Other specimens which belong near here, but
with white or whitish stems, are:

No. 6002aa. September 6, 1894, Panguitch Lake,
Utah, 8400° alt., in gravel.

No. 6039b. September 12, 1894, Elk Ranch, Utah,
in gravel, 7000° alt.

No. 59891. September 4, 1894, Circle Valley Cafion,
in gravel, 7000° alt.

BicgELoviA MENZIESII var. SCOPULORUM.

No. 5204v. May 10, 1894, near Cedar City, Utah,
6000" alt., in gravel (altitude probably too high).

No. 6074. September 23, 1894, above Springdale,
Utah, 4000° alt., on sandy and gravelly slopes.

This plant is near to B. Menzzesiz, but is characterized
by very long nearly linear, 3-nerved entire leaves, from
2-3, long and 2-4” wide, acuminate at each end; the
plants are woody below, very sparingly branched and the
branches very long and almost rush-like, erect, and with
gradually reduced leaves towards the inflorescence which
is corymbose, of few clusters of 3-5 heads; heads yel-
low, 5” long, 10 or more flowered; bracts gradually re-
duced to minute scales at the base, all being rounded and
without distinct, green tips, the inner bracts narrowly ob-
long and only a little shorter than the flowers, all glabrous;
fruit linear, hispid; pappus of very delicate white and
strongly barbellate, unequal hairs, nearly as long as the
flowers; calyx lobes linear, and as long as the anthers;
style branches very hispid and long, and stigmatic por-
tion short.

This plant grows on rocks and on rocky hillsides in the
canon of the upper Virgen river above Springdale, Utah.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 693

BIGELOVIA SQUARROSA (H. & A.) Aplopappus squar-
rosus Ti. & A. Bot. Beech. 146. This seems to me much
better placed in Lzgelovia and is close to B. Menziesz7.

BIGELOVIA MACRONEMA (Gray).

Aplopappus macronema Gray, P. A. A. 16, 80.

Wacronema dascozdea Nutt., Vr. Phil. Soc. n. s. 7, 322-

No. 5940r. August 28, 1894, head of Bullion Creek,
near Marysvale, Utah, in gravel at 11,500° alt.

No. 5895. August 24, 1894, Falls of Bullion Creek,
near Marysvale, Utah, 9500° alt., in gravel.

It has always seemed to me that this species is a better
Bigelovia than Aplopappus; in fact it is so close to AB.
Bolanderz that it is very difficult to separate the two spe-
cies._ I leave it for other botanists to determine whether
the other species in the section JZacronema of A plopap-
pus of Gray shall be transferred to Bigelovia. In my
judgment, however, the dividing line is better left here.
In discussing the species of A/acronema, E. L. Greene
curiously enough says that this group is most nearly al-
lied to Chrysopsis. He fails to see that J/acronema passes
directly into Bzge/ovia and that it is well nigh impossible
to separate specifically Lzgelovia Bolanderi and A fplopap-
pus macronema, while there is a direct transition to true
Bigelovia through these species and BL. Parryz, Nevaden-
sts, Howardz, etc. I caunot follow Mr. Greene in his
work on &Ligelovia, Aplopappus, and allied genera.

BIGELOVIA LEIOSPERMA Var. ABBREVIATA.

INo-; 6105. October 7, 1894), mouth ot’ Clear Creek
Cafion, Utah, 6000° alt., in clay.

. Very minutely pubescent throughout, not at all floc-
cose; leaves mostly very much reduced and almost scale-
like, linear, 4° or less long, apiculate, barely flattened;
scales nearly all linear and with only a trace of green at
the tip, not at all keeled; flowers mostly double the rather

694 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

short pappus, the upper half of the tube being inflated
and fusiform and with rudimentary closed teeth; nerves
very prominent, glabrous; style branches subulate-filiform
and hispid for more than half their length. This isa
small shrub about 1° high, branched at the base and
forming a rounded tuft of rather slender branches cov-
ered with the scale-like leaves, the flowers are cream-
‘colored or light yellow and are clustered at the end of the
branches, rather corymbosely, in heads of five or more.

This grows on very barren clay soil, at the foot of the
mountains where almost no other plant will grow.

CHRYSOPSIS C4ESPITOSA.

No. 5249u. May 16, 1894, Springdale, Utah, in red.
sand, 4000° alt.

Ceespitose from a woody much branched root, forming
a dense mat; leaves spatulate 6” long, clustered on very
short (13-20 long) ascending stems, very villous but not
hispid, apiculate; heads 3” high, sessile; scales ashy-
green, linear, somewhat unequal, inner with purple and
hyaline margins and acute; flowers yellow, rays dark and
short; outer pappus setulose. This is a very striking
plant, but may be an extreme form of C. v7dlosa.

This plant grows in very sandy soil covering sandstone
rocks, and seemed to be very scarce.
ASTER GLAUCUS var. WASATCHENSIS.

No. 5861. August 22, 1894, Tate Mine, near Marys-
vale, Utah, 9000” alt., in gravel, on mountain slopes.

Plants glandular above: scales broad and with green,
foliaceous, spreading tips: plants densely tufted, branched
above, 1-2° high.

ASTER THERMALIS.

No. 5410. June 7, 1894, Monroe; Utah, 5500;raltyam
warm springs on lime tufa.

Perennial, with rather fleshy-fibrous roots, growing in

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 695

tufts near alkaline hot springs; stems not in the least
woody, rather flexuous and rush-like, erect or ascending,
g’-12° high, glabrous below, glandular above and very
heavily scented; leaves grass-like, 2-7’ long, 1” wide,
fleshy, sessile, a little clasping, the uppermost leaves
bract-like; scales in about 3 irregular series, green, ap-
pressed, acute, linear; rays 3" wide, 6° long, purple, very
conspicuous; disk-flowers light yellow; akenes linear,
ribbed, villous; pappus very frail and rather scanty;
flowers racemose, few, long-peduncled, 6” wide and disk
3° high.

This plant is never found except in water flowing from
alkaline hot springs which are heavily charged with lime,
bicarbonate of soda and chloride of sodium. The soil in
which it grows is always very poor and thin, covering lime
‘tufa. It seems to be the only aster which will grow in
such places. It is never found in high elevations nor
does it occur outside of the plateau region of Utah.

ASTER TORTIFOLIUS var. FUNEREUS. No. 358, Coville,
Death Valley Rep. Furnace Cr. Can. Funeral Mts.,
Cal., Jan. 30, 1891, and No. 863, near Keeler, Cal., May
16. An intergrading form is his No. 184 from Brown’s
Peak, Cal., Jan. 16. This variety has closely imbricated
scales, in many series, gradually reduced below, not at-
tenuate, closely appressed.

Aster xylorhiza T. & G. This differs in no real re-
spect from A. Wright?i and A. venustus except that it is
lower and has longer leaves. A. venustus Jones answers
to A. Parryz of the same section.

ERIGERON CINEREUS var. ARIDUS.

No. 5149v.' May 3, 1894, Washington, Utah, 3500°
alt., on sandstone rocks.

This plant seems to be near &. divergens in general
appearance, but is shrubby at the base; heads 8” wide,

696 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

including the rays which are very many and narrow, 3”
long, purple; bracts green but sparsely hispid; lower
leaves pinnatifid with distant linear lobes; leaves oblance-
olate-linear, on long petioles; upper leaves sessile, linear,
20° long; flowers corymbose above, heads long-pedun-
cled, with gradually reduced, bract-like leaves on the
peduncles; plants erect, 9-18’ high, growing in clumps
in the crevices of hot sandstone rocks in the most exposed
situations. I[also refer to this a plant collected by Vasey
in 1881 in California, and by Dr. Smart on the Verde
River, Arizona, in 1867, both being referred to . d7ver-
gens and both being barely woody at base.

ERIGERON CASPITOSUS var. NAUSEOSUS.

No: 5386.) June 2; Marysvale, Utahis3o00%7 alta
gravel at the base of the mountains. Grows in tufts in
exposed and hot places.

Very leafy, root leaves 3’ long or less, spatulate to
obovate, 12° or less, upper ones obovate, 1’ long by 6
wide, sessile, almost clasping; whole plant scabrous and
the leaves rough ciliate; heads mostly single, on the
long, ascending, very leafy stems; proper peduncles
about 1’ long; plants glutinous above and with a very
nauseating odor; scales abruptly attenuate at tip, rough,
not hairy.

This abounds on dry, rocky slopes and cliffs at the
foot of the mountains.

ERIGERON C4SPITOSUS var. LACCOLITICUS.

No. 5661. July 23, Marvine Laccolite, Henry Mts.,
Utah, at 6000° alt., in volcanic gravel. Grows in tufts.

Stems many from a much branched, woody root, cov-
ered below with imbricated leaf -petioles, stems about 1°
high, mostly erect or ascending, several flowered; flow-
ers small, 3° wide exclusive of the rays; root-leaves 4’ or
less long, oblanceolate, on a long and winged petiole,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 697

rounded, upper leaves all sessile, oblong or narrower,
r’ long or less by 2-23” wide; heads short-peduncled;
whole plant ashy and very rank smelling.

This grows in very dry places at the base of the
mountains. JIalso refer to this variety Ward’s No. 560
_ from the same region.

Townsendia montana Jones was again collected in 1894
and seems to hold its characters well.

TTOWNSENDIA FLORIFER Var. COMMUNIS.

No. 5322f. May 30, 1894, Kingston, Utah, on basaltic
Knolls, 5300° alt.

No. 5315b. May 28, 1894, ten miles south of Coyote,
Utah, on lava, 6500° alt.

No. 5323. May 31, 1894, Marysvale, Utah, 6000° alt,
in gravel.

This is the czespitose form, with simple stems and large
flowers, 12 wide or less, with acuminate rays. To this
variety I also refer a specimen from Howell, collected on
the Columbia River, opposite Umatilla, April 29, 1882,
this specimen being in the National Herbarium.

The typical form of Zownsendia flortfer has ascending
and branching stems, with 2-4 long-peduncled, small
heads, about 6” wide and high, with rays 3-4” long; scales
ashy, strigose outside, and imbricated; pappus equal; not
more than a winter annual, about 53’ high; flowers purple;
leaves linear-spatulate, 3’ long or less.

APLOPAPPUS LINEARIFOLIUS var. INTERIOR (Coville,
Biol. Soc. Wash. 7, 65, 1892).

Aplopappus interior Coville, 1. c. |
No. 5149u. May 3, 1894, Silver Reef, Utah, on rocks
3500° alt.

No. 5060. April 14, 1894, Mica Spring, Nevada, in
granitic gravel, 4000" alt.

No. 5045n. Same locality and date.

2D SreR., Vou. V. (45 ) October 3, 1895.

698 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

No. 52971. May 26, 1894, Pahria Cafion, Utah, 5300°
alt., in sand.

After looking over all the specimens obtainable on these
two species, I can only consider A. znterzor Coville as a
geographical variety of A. /énearizfolius, as transitions
seem to occur at all points. Mrs. Brandegee has already
called attention to this as a variety.

GYMNOLOMIA MULTIFLORA var. ANNUA. All the forms
of this species growing in our northern mountains are
perennial, as described by Nuttall; those growing on the
arid plains of the south are annual, and with quite a
different habit; the heads are decidedly conical, the
plants are more delicate and slender, often only a tew
inches high. The variety ranges from southeastern Utah
to Mexico and westward, but I have never seen it in the
Great Basin.

‘TETRADYMIA SPINOSA var. LONGISPINA.

No. 5110.) April) 26,.9t. Georee,. Utah. in) redusamdr
on the slopes of Triassic rocks, at 3000° alt., growing in
tangled clumps about three feet high. Soil a little aika-
line.

Shrub 3-6° high, with rounded top and long, slender,
intricately interlaced branches, closely and permanently
woolly, branches rather tortuous; primary leaves 6-12”
long, linear-spatulate, tomentose, straight or nearly so,
horizontal to somewhat deflexed, never hooked, becoming
long slender spines, 1’ long, like those of Opuntia rutzla,
but not so long; secondary leaves fleshy, smooth, linear,
but a trifle widened above, 6" long; scales 3” long, oblong;
heads 4” long, on a peduncle 1” long or less; flowers
about 6-10 in a head; young branches never elongated.
This differs very markedly from the type in the long
spines and in its habitat, but there are transitions in the
National Herbarium.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 699

This grows only in the Larrea belt, and abounds on
drifting sand dunes in the hottest places.

CHANACTIS CARPHOCLINIA var. ATTENUATA (Gray, P.
Bx LNG HO), 9B)

Chenactis attenuata Gray, |. c.

No. 5036au. April 13, ten miles below Mica Spring,
Nevada, in gravel, at 2000° alt.

No. 5045r. April 13, three miles below Mica Spring,
Nevada, in gravel, 4000° alt.

These specimens have very many awns on the recep-
tacle. It would seem that the presence or absence of
awns is accidental rather than specific. This fact also
noted by Mrs. Brandegee, in Zoe.

F. V. Coville, in the Botany of the Death Valley Exp.,
p- 134, says: ‘‘ This plant has not been reported since its
original discovery.’’ It was collected in 1884, by me, at
Yucca, Arizona, and reported in my lists published in the
Same year. See ‘‘ Flora of Arizona, First Fascicle.’’

Chenactis carphoclinia Gray.

No. 5036z. April 13, near Hole in the Rock, 8 miles
above Stone’s Ferry, Nevada, at 1500° alt., in gravel.

There is a great deal of doubt in my mind of the
validity of the characters inthis group. In this particular
number there are no awns on the receptacle, and the
bracts have a prominent midrib, but in other respects it
corresponds with this species.

CHANACTIS ALPINA (Gray, Syn. Flora, 341).

Chenactis Douglasi var. alpina Gray, |. c.

This species is very well defined, as to the high alpine
specimens, shows little variation, but it has been confused
with perennial forms of C. Douglasiz. It is characterized
by being czspitose, often forming large mats above timber
line, stems not filiform; leaves about 2’ long, with many
pinnate, narrowly oblong segments, which are rounded

700 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and often lobed at apex, petiole equaling the blade,
younger parts floccose; stems subscapiform, 2-4’ long,
erect or ascending, rough, scarcely at all glutinous, little
enlarged above; heads large, nearly 1’ high, with broadly
linear green but rough scales; pappus oblong to oblong-
cuneate, about half the corolla tube, lacerate, glabrous.
This is my No. 1232. Watson’s specimen from the Uinta
Mountains, Utah, is much the same. ‘The plants are
perennials with very many long branches which are pros-
trate. This is close to C. Wevadenszs.

Cu4@naActis DouGLASII var. MONTANA. This includes
most of the forms usually referred to the var. a/pzna of
Gray. It includes all the forms so referred in the Na-
tional Herbarium, except Watson’s specimen mentioned
above, and Patterson’s, from Gray’s Peak, Colorado.
All are perennial; peduncles not scapiform, but plants
much reduced in the extreme forms; pubescence less
floccose, otherwise much as in the type. ‘This is the
usual form of the higher mountains, from 7000° to g000°
alt., and ranges from the Rocky Mountains of Colorado
to the Sierras.

RIDDELLIA TAGETINA var. PUMILA.

No. 5474. June 21, 1894, Grand Junction, Colorado,
4400° alt., in gravel, in open places.

Depressed from a thick, branched, woody base; stems
flexuous, 4-8’ long; leaves all entire, obovate to oblance-
olate, 1’ or less wide and 2-3” long, villous or rarely
woolly; heads never clustered, about 10” long, very villous;
peduncles 24-4’ long; rays 6” long, broadly oblong; pap-
pus oblong, truncate to erose, 4 the smooth angled, sul-
cate akene.

This grows on gravelly and high banks of the Grand
River, in very dry situations. It was also collected by
Miss Eastwood in the same locality before I found it.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 7OI

E-ncelia nudicaulis Gray.

Flelianthella nudicaulis Gray.

No. 5069k. April 17, near Horse Spring, Arizona,
2500° alt., in compact clay, on a bare and rather alkaline
knoll, in poor soil.

No. 5376. June 2, Marysvale, Utah, on loose talus, in
very dry and hot places, volcanic soil, 6500° alt.

No. 5095ak. April 23, top of grade, four miles above
Pagumpa, Arizona, on barren clay slope, in juniper belt.

An examination of the type specimen of this species
shows that it is not the same as &. argophylla. All the
specimens described by me in Zoe, iii, 304, belong to this
species, apparently, or else there are two species included
in this one. It is very probable that this will prove to be
an exceedingly variable species, having a wide range.
The northern plants which I have described in Zoe have
avery different habitat, since they grow on dry and rocky
ridges, in very exposed situations, where the soil is free
from alkali. On the other hand, all the specimens given
above under this species flourish in an alkaline, clayey soil,
where no other plants will grow. The allied species, Z.
argophylla, | have never seen anywhere except in very
salty soil, along the salt deposits of eastern Nevada, in
the Larrea belt. It appears that it is never found grow-
ing in any other situations.

An examination of nearly all the species of Axcelza
shows that the character of wingless akenes separating
this from Verdeszna is not good, as several species, such as
E. ertophylla, EF. viscida, etc., have corky wings. In &.
nutans Eastwood, which is probably the same as, or a
variety of, Verbestna scaposa Jones, though rayless, the
outer disk akenes are triquetrous and winged, and doubt-
less represent ray flowers; the species was, therefore,
properly placed in that genus with winged akenes, though
the habit is that of Axcelza.

702 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

I can see no resemblance in this group of plants to
flelianthella proper, but there is a strong likeness to #x-
celia; in addition, the former genus is confined to the
cold mountains at high altitudes, while the latter is con-
fined to the dry and very hot regions at low elevations, or
when the elevations are above 5000° it is due to isolated
peaks or ridges in hot regions. ‘To put this plant and its
congeners into //e/zanthella does violence to their generic
relationship as well as habitat.

Encelia argophylla (Eaton) Gray. Plone argophylla
Eaton, Bot. King Exp.

No. 5032q, April 10, 1894, at salt mine, in hard alka-
line clay, 10 miles above Stone’s Ferry, Nevada, 1200°
alt.

This appears to be exactly like the type of the species.
The scales seldom exceed the disk, ovate acuminate;
akenes very villous, cuneate-oblong, wings narrow, awns
stout and nearly as long as the corolla tube; rays about
1’ long, 1-2” wide, hairy externally like all the other spe-
cies of this group; ray akenes abortive, triquetrous with
or without pappus (this character also belongs to the
group); stems very thick and tufted, branched and very
short, woody, densely covered with the very thick leaves;
peduncles scape-like from the crown of the leaves, 2°
long. .

ENCELIA GRANDIFLORA. ffelianthella argophylla Co-
ville, Death Valley Rep., p. 132; not Gray, Proc, Ay AY
KAKO!

This differs from the above in the glabrous or barely
pubescent not villous akene, which is deltoid, 3” long by
2° wide, with wing conspicuously developed and minute
awns: bracts lanceolate, long-acuminate, longer than the
disk, often 6” longer; rays 4 wide and 2’ long, heads
with the rays 5’ wide. ‘This is a much larger plant than

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 703

E. argophylla, and differs in seemingly good characters.

LAPHAMIA PALMERI var. TENELLA.

No. 5249aa. May 16, 1894, Springdale, Utah, 4000°
alt., in crevices of sandstone rocks.

Stems and petioles filiform; leaves all alternate, doubly
and coarsely dentate, thin; whole plant sparsely floccose-
villous, even to the head; otherwise much as the type.
This plant grows on rocks in delicate tufts, about 6/ long,
the stems are weakly, and ascending or pendent.

LAPHAMIA CONGESTA. :

About 6’ high, in dense tufts from woody base, stems
branched above and branches 2-3’ long and crowned by
the solitary head whose proper peduncle is 1’ or less long;
leaves all alternate, lanceolate to broadly ovate, all with a
cuneate base, petiole equaling or half shorter than blade,
2-6" long exclusive of the petiole, not veiny, entire or in
the forms with larger leaves coarsely few-dentate, acutish ;
stems terete, slender; whole plant very rough-scabrous;
heads campanulate, about 3” high, 15—20 flowered, cream-
colored, rayless; scales narrowly oblong to nearly linear,
about 12, acute; akenes very scabrous throughout, with
one slender awn, nearly equaling the akene. Whether
this and ZL. tenella, which is also rayless, vary into Z.
Palmeri can only be conjectured. If the leaf characters
hold they are certainly good species.

No. 6063. September 21, 1894, in clefts of rocks on
the mesa below the Buckskin Mountains, Arizona, 7000°
alt.

LAPHAMIA GRACILIS.

No. 6050c. September 15, 1894, below Nagle’s Ranch,
on edge of Buckskin Mountains, Arizona, in crevices of
limestone rocks, at 7000° alt., in very dry places.

Slender from a shrubby base, hanging in festoons from
overhanging rocks, 6-12’ long, weak, ashy; leaves

’

7O4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. .

pedately lobed and lobes oblong, rarely again toothed,
blades 6” or less long, all on a slender petiole about half
their length, and obtuse or barely acute, alternate, thin;
plants racemosely branched above with solitary heads on
slender peduncles, 2’ or less long; flowers light yellow;
few, in small heads, 2” long and 2” wide, flowers and
scales pubescent; akenes with thick lateral nerves and
usually a slender awn at each angle, narrowly oblong,
scabrous pubescent.

Senecio Bigelovti Gray. I can find no crucial charac-
ter separating this from S. Auwsbyz Greene.

CNICUS CLAVATUS.

No. 5715. August 2, Fish Lake, Utah, 10,000% alt.,
in gravel.

Plants tufted from a deep perennial root, erect, 2—23°
high, glabrous throughout; leaves lanceolate, root leaves
about 1° long, stem leaves 6-8’ long, all deeply pinnatifid
with lanceolate, very shortly spinose lobes, spines 1” long
or less; leaves percurrent by a narrow wing (3/ high) be-
low the petiole; heads on peduncles 2’ long, involucrate
with several leafy bracts; scales imbricated, coriaceous
except at tips of the innermost, all but the uppermost
spinose with short spines, and these also with lateral
spines; bracts imbricated, the outer somewhat shorter,
the upper all with dark tips; flowers white, corolla lobes
¥y% the tube; at least some of the pappus awns clavate
thickened at the apex in each flower, short, barely ex-
ceeding the corolla tube; heads 2’ high, nearly hemi-
sperical to campanulate. This grows at high elevations
close to snow, in the same situations in which C. Eatonz
is found, but it is conspicuously different from that
species.

CNICUS CALCAREUS.

No. 5695bh. July 27, Bromide Pass, Henry Mountains,
Utah, 10,000° alt., in gravel.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 705

No. 5696. July 30, Cainville, Utah, 4o000° alt., in clay.
-Glabrous throughout except some floccose wool on the
lower bracts, involucral scales scabrous; stems tufted
from a thick perennial root, with the habit of C. Eatonz,
2° high, erect, stout, somewhat branched above; leaves
8-12’ long and 10-15" wide, running down on the stem
nearly the length of the node, pinnatifid into triangular
or oblong lobes, which are short and stout-spinose at tip
and minutely so on the margin; heads sessile or nearly
so, about 13’ long, turbinate-cylindrical, purple flowered;
scales regularly imbricated and outer gradually shorter,
thin, inner subulate-acuminate, very acute, but not prickly,
outermost scales ovate, tapering into a short erect awn;
anther tips apiculate; corolla about equaling the lobe;
all the scales have a dark line in the middle, are not
closely appressed nor rigid; the plants are very leafy
throughout, with heads 1-3 in a cluster, which is sessile
or nearly so. 5

This grows on alkaline clay soil, above Cainville, along
the Fremont River.

If the published characters for other species of this
genus hold, then all these here described are good species,
but I fear that many recognized species will eventually
prove to be forms of polymorphous species, into which
some of these may fall.

CNICUS NIDULUS.

No. 5290a. May 25, Pahria, Utah, in red sand along
the river bed, 5000° alt. |

Erect from a thick woody, perennial root, 2° high,
floccose-woolly throughout, except the nearly glabrous,
seemingly viscid scales; leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid with
triangular lobes, which are very stout-spiny ; spines yellow,
6 long; heads ovate, 10° long; scales coriaceous, regu-
larly imbricated and close-pressed, without green tips,

706 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

outer ovate to lanceolate, the body short, but tipped with
a very stout and long, yellow, roundish spine, 1’ long, or
equaling the head, the inner scales with shorter spines
and the innermost series of delicate, linear, subulate, thin,
red-tipped scales, shorter than the outer spines; corollas
not developed. ‘This species is very striking and seem-
ingly different from any other. It grows in red, alkaline
sand, along the bottoms of the Pahria river, at Pahria,
Arizona.

Crepis occidentalis Nutt.

No. 5568h. July 2, Provo, Utah, 6500° alt., in gravel.

No. 5455e. June 18, two miles north of Ferron, Utah,
on clay, 5500° alt.

No. 5432. June 15, Ireland’s Ranch, in Salina Canon,
Utah, 8000° alt., in gravel.

This differs from the type in having only 8 scales to
the involucre, and tends to break down the distinction
between this and the allied species.

Nemacladus ramosissimus Nutt.

No. 5077ae. April 19, at spring, 15 mules ‘above
Pierce’s Spring, Arizona, 1700° alt., in sand.

No. 5045u. April 15, Mica Spring, Nevada, 4000°
alt., in gravel.

This is JV. cafillar7zs Greene, but I can find no valid
characters on which to separate the two species.

PRIMULA- INCANA.

No. 5312av. May 29, Beaver Coép ranch, at the head
of the South Fork of the East Fork of the Sevier river,
7000° alt., in cold bogs. A very early bloomer.

Plants erect and single from fleshy or fleshy-thickened
roots, no tap root, 6’ high, simple, scapose; root-leaves
rosulate, oval to elliptical-oblong, obtuse, rounded, mi-
nutely-denticulate, 1-2’ long, without petioles, gree n
above, whole plant otherwise white -farinose except the

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 707

corolla; scapes rather stout for the plant; capitate heads
of flowers subtended by obtuse, narrowly-oblong bracts,
2-3" long; flowers sessile or nearly so, 8 or more, in a
dense head; calyx narrowly-oblong, the lobes rounded
and obtuse; corolla purple, the tube barely surpassing
the calyx; lobes about 1” long, throat yellow. This spe-
cies seems to be nearest to P. farznosa, and may be only
a form of it, but it seems distinct.

FRAXINUS ANOMALA var. TRIPHYLLA.

No. 5082w. April 20, Pagumpa, Arizona, in the Grand
Wash, 4000° alt., among rocks, at the lower edge of the
juniper belt.

Leaflets 3 and stalked.

GENTIANA TORTUOSA.

No. 6008. September 7, 1894, Panguitch Lake, Utah,
8400° alt., in meadows.

Prostrate from an annual root, tortuous stems rather
slender and entangled, 2-6’ long; leaves linear-lanceolate
and acuminate, 2’ long, little reduced above; plants flor-
iferous from base to apex; peduncles slender, 1%’ or
less long, tortuous, often deflexed in fruit; flowers sev-
eral to each node, white, 3-4” long, oblong-campanulate ;
lobes elliptical, acutish, nearly as long as the tube; fringe
reduced to scattered sete on the base of the lobes; an-
thers nearly round, extrorse; capsules short-stipitate, as
long as the calyx, oblong; seeds oval, 3” long, smooth
and coat very close, yellowish; calyx tube almost none,
lobes linear, 2-3” long, rather unequal, nearly equaling
the corolla or 14” shorter.

This delicate little plant is near to G. Amarella and
grows in similar situations in gravelly meadows.

Apocynum androsemifolium var. pumilum Gray.

No. 5684ak. July 25, Mt. Ellen Park, Henry Mts.,
Utah, 9400° alt., in volcanic gravel, on open slopes.

708 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

No. 5560. July 2, Provo, Utah, in gravel, 6500° alt.,
among oak brush on mountain sides.

Plants erect; branches widely spreading, 2° long;
leaves elliptical-ovate, 2’ long, 1’ wide; flowers many,
cymose-panicled at the ends of the branches, purple, cam-
panulate, 25” long; calyx lobes triangular, acute; corolla
lobes triangular, 1” long. ‘This is intermediate between
A. cannabinum and A. androsemtfolium. It is the only
form of this species which "have seen in the West. It
grows in more open places along roadsides in the mount-
ains, but never grows in meadows or in moist places fre-
quented by A. cannabinum, nor can it be a hybrid with
that species. This seems to be A. floribundum Greene,
Erythea, i, 151.

ASCLEPIAS LABRIFORMIS.

No. 5650. July 19, 1894, Capitol Wash, near the
Henry Mts., Utah, 5000° alt., in sandy gulch.

Erect, glabrous except the floccose-woolly pedicels;
leaves thick and leathery and all but the lowermost alter-
nate, all short - petioled, the: petiole being 3” long, leaves
lanceolate and tapering from the base to the shortly-acute
apex, I-3” wide, 3-5’ long, overtopping the short-pedun-
cled umbels (peduncle 6” long), umbel with many filiform
bracts; pedicels about 9” long, slender, about 20; calyx
green, lobes ovate to elliptical, 1” long; corolla lobes
oval, white, 2” long; column 3" long; hoods oblong, trun-
cate, greenish white, with a green midrib, just equalling
the anther tube; horns much exserted, touching or over-
lapping in the center; anther wings very broad at base
and truncate, then quickly narrowing above; pods on re-
curved pedicels, mostly erect, glabrous, ovate-oblong,
taper-pointed, 15-20" long.

Phacelia glechomefolia Gray, P. perityloides Coville
in Death Valley Rep. Mr. Coville’s plants seem to be
identical with Gray’s.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. +709

PECTOCARYA LINEARIS var. PENICILLATA (H. & A.
Bot. Beechy, 372 )i.

Pectocarya penicillata H. & A., 1. c.

The constant recurrence of intermediate forms makes
it no longer possible to keep up this as a distinct species.
Among other intermediate forms is one from Wilcox from
Idaho in the National Herbarium.

. Pectocarya setosa Gray. The nutlets are described as
equally divergent, but they are not; they are geminate.
In P. puszlla they are equally divergent in my specimens.

KRYNITZKIA ECHINOIDES.

No. 5297p. May 26, 1894, Pahria Cafion, Utah, 5300°
alt., in red sand.

No. 5312ac. May 28, 1894, Cannonville, Utah, 6000°
alt., on clay slopes.

This is a cespitose perennial, 6’ high, with erect stem,
and is very fulvous, except the lowest leaves; pubescence
of the leaves close, short, dense, appressed, upper stem
and calyx very setose with spreading hairs; corolla white
or cream-colored, usually 1-2” longer than the nearly
filiform calyx lobes, which are 3-4” long, corolla lobes
rounded, rotate, short, about 14” long; nutlets sharp-
angled, wingless, muricate, corrugated, papillose, and
short-setose on the backs and sides. This is very close
to AK. fulvocanescens, to which some specimens have been
referred. The synonymy of this species is very much
confused, the original Aritrichium fulvocanescens of Gray
in Herb. based on Fendler’s specimen from New Mexico
is A. echinotdes, though the specimen is only in flower.
Watson, in King’s Report, took up the name of Gray for
a Utah plant, and erroneously referred Fendler’s plant to
it, but the specimen on which Watson’s description and
figure were founded is now in the National Herbarium,
and is clearly a low altitude variety of A’. sericea(Gray)?. e.

710 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

var. FULVOCANESCENS (Wats.), being scarcely at all ful-
vous, and the fruit with warty (never acute) corrugations
and intermediate papilla, and the short edge of A’. g/om-
erata, the nutlets are not carinate, but are somewhat con-
vex on the back and abruptly narrowed towards the rounded
apex. The nutlets do not fall off in any species of this
group and are pediceled below. My No. 5163ac is almost
exactly this variety.

KRYNITZKIA LEUCOPHA Var. ALATA.

No. 5289t. May 23, 1894, Johnson, Utah, 5000° alt.,
on sandstone cliffs.

No. 5261}. May 17, 1894, Springdale, Utah, 4000°
Altai red. sand. ,onconavell:
No. 5455c-. June 18, 1894, two miles north of Ferron,
Utah, in clay, 5700° alt.
No. 5144. May 3, 1894, Silver Reef, Utah, 4500° alt.,
on sandstone cliffs.
Nutlets bordered by a thick, entire, narrow, raised

wing. :
To this I refer No. 632, Fendler and M. M. Palmer’s
specimen from Fort Defiance, New Mexico.

Echinospermum floribundum Lehm. Dr. Gray upholds
Greene’s E. ursinum from Northern Arizona and adja-
cent Utah, but I fail to find any character which is per-
manent, even in Greene’s duplicate type in the National
Herbarium the characters do not hold.

Polemonium ceruleum L.

No. 5441ac. June 15, 1894, Ireland’s Ranch, Salina
Canon, Utah, 8000° alt.,in gravel, along shaded streams,
in springy places. This is P. flecenum Greene. I have
never been able to see any valid character separating this
species from P. folzoszsstmum Gray. If the flowers are
light colored then it is the one species, if not it is the
other, the leaf and floral characters vary.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. Vp cat

Phlox longifolia var. brevifolia Gray.

No. 5098}. April 23, 1895, ten miles south of Black
Nock? Spring, Arizona, in gravel, in) the juniper. belt,
AFOOw dit NO. 5200v.. May, 2351805, Kanab, Utaly,
5300° alt.,in red sand. ‘These forms have linear-oblong,
obtusish leaves, 1’ or less; the calyx has long and hyaline
interspaces greatly enlarged, and folded outward so as to
make the calyx seem ovate at base. The replication of
the calyx is a character of no permanent value.

PHLOX LONGIFOLIA var. GLADIFORMIS.

No. 5208c. May 11, 1894, Cedar City, Utah, 6500°
alt., in gravel, on slopes.

This has the habit of P. Douwg/lasiz, but is less compact;
leaves densely clustered around the sessile flowers, loosely
imbricated below, or the nodes 3° long, leaves about 13’
long, all subulate-lanceolate, pungently acute, thick and
stiff, midrib and margins prominent, the latter a little in-
volute; whole plant, even to the flower, glandular and
sparsely floccose-hairy, but green; calyx lobes a little
over half the tube; corolla tube nearly double the calyx,
lobes oval, entire. The plants are loosely cespitose, and
would seem to be hybrids between /ongifolia and Doug-
lasti, were it not for the fact that they are very abundant
in the locality where found. It grows on north slopes of
gravelly hills at the mouth of the canon of Cedar Creek.

There seems to be a complete transition from P. /ong7-
folia to P. Douglasiz through the above variety and the
var. brevifolia.

Phlox austromontana Coville seems to deviate in no
constant character from P. Dougdlasz7, the replication of
the calyx relied upon asa crucial character, proves of
no value, as it varies from nothing to a wide fold. I can-
not refer this to P. sfeczosa, as Gray has done.

712 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

GILIA CONGESTA var. PANICULATA.

No. 5464m. June 19, 1894, Huntington, Utah, in clay
soil, 6000° alt.

Densely floccose pubescent, with many small heads in
a rounded panicle and very much branched above, 6-12’
high.

Git1a McVICKER&.

No. 5378. June 2, 1894, Marysvale, Utah, in gravel,
on arid slopes, 7000° alt.

No.'5972g.° August 31, 18945 Marysvale, Utahan
loose gravel, 6500° alt.

No. 5989m.. September 4, 1894, Circle Valley Canon,
7000° alt., in gravel.

This belongs to the section Gz/zandra, biennial, erect,
2-23° high, branched above into a very wide, open,
corymbose panicle, which is often 2° across, and some-
times practically flat-topped; all the upper leaves are
reduced to arcuate bracts, the root leave and lower stem
leaves are pinnatifid with oblong, entire, rounded, acutish
lobes, leaves 2-3’ long; glabrous throughout, except the
glandular, campanulate, very short pediceled calyx; calyx
tube about 1” long, the blunt lobes minute; corolla about
6” long, sky blue, tube 3-5” long, rather ampliate above
and campanulate, with oval lobes, which are 15” long and
surpass the widened upper tube, and are rotate-spreading ;
filaments long-exserted, double the tube, blue, crowned
with oval, minute anthers, filaments spreading. This
plant has the habit of very robust forms of G. latzflora
and G. znconspicua. It is a very beautiful plant, and was
first discovered some ten years ago by Miss Kelley, now
Mrs. McVicker, of Salt Lake City, at Panguitch Lake,
Utah. Her specimen was without the root leaves. I sent
a portion of it to Dr. Gray with the manuscript name.
He also regarded it asa new species, but thought it might

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. Ves

prove to be a form of G. finnatifda. In view of the
imperfection of the original specimen, I thought best to
leave it unpublished till better material could be collected.
Abundant material is now at hand, and I take pleasure in
dedicating this species to its discoverer. This grows on
very hot and dry talus and even on cliffs.

GILIA FLORIBUNDA Var. ARIDA.

No. 5701a. July 31,.1894, Capitol Wash, Utah, near
the Henry Mountains, 5000° alt., on sandstone rocks, in
very arid places.

This plant has the habit of G. Watsonz, but is nearest
to G. floribunda; whole plant greenish, but rough, with
short, stiff, not dense pubescence throughout; tufted in
dense bunches and branched below, stems 2-4’ long,
terminated by a dense head of sessile flowers, 5-10 in the
head; stems white; leaves pedately 3-5 parted, filiform,
rigid, straight, acerose, involute, 1-nerved, 5-6" long,
somewhat longer than the internodes, not reduced above,
and heads with similar bracts; nodes enlarged; calyx
cylindrical, tube 3” long and lobe 1” long, very hyaline
between the angles; corolla white, 1-2” longer than the
calyx, narrowly oblong lobes, 2-23” long; seeds 2 in each
cell, linear. The heads are seemingly a little glandular
and the flowers are vespertine.

This plant grows on the hottest red sandstone rocks in
little crevices and pockets, and is quite fragrant.

GILIA LEPTOMERIA Var. TRIDENTATA.

No. 5445n. June 16,1894, near Emery, Utah, in clay,
7000° alt.

Corolla cuneate and tridentate, rotate-spreading, and
flowers smaller and shorter than in the type. This is
figured by Watson in King’s Report along with the type,
but when growing it is conspicuously different from it,
though often found growing with it.

2p SER., VOL. V. ( 46 ) October 3, 1895.

714 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Gilia scopulorum Jones.

No. 50321. April 11, 1894, lava ridges, ten miles above

Stone’s Ferry, Nevada, 1000° alt.

No. 5024a0. April 5, 1894, on divide 12 miles east of

Beaverdam, in Nevada, 6000° alt., in gravel.

No. 5029m. Bunkerville, Nevada, April 6, 1894, 1550°

alt., in gravel.

No. 5029k. Same date and locality.

No. 5110ac. April 26, 1894, St. George, Utah, 3000°

alt., in red sand.

No. 5036ah. April 13, 1894, near Hole in the Rock,

above Stone’s Ferry, Nevada, 1550° alt., in gravel.

No. 5045x. April 13, 1894, Mica Spring, Nevada,

4000° alt., in granitic gravel. 3
This well marked species, which Dr. Gray has referred

to G. inconspicua, shows no intergrades in any of my

collections for the last fifteen years, and there are no in-

tergrades in the National Herbarium.

Lycium ToRREYI var. FILIFORME.

No. 5015. April 5, 1894, Beaverdam, Arizona, 1700°
alt., in sand.

Leaves spatulate-linear, small, 9” or less long; flowers
on filiform pedicels 9” or less long.

PENTSTEMON ACUMINATUS var. CONGESTUS.

No. 5262. May 19, 1894, near Canaan Ranch, Utah,
5000” alt., in sand.

No. 5467¢. June 20, 1894, Price; Utah, in ‘clay ssoily
5500° alt. :

No. 5441ai. June 15, 1894, Ireland’s Ranch, in Sa-
lina Cafion, 8000" alt., in gravel.

Strict, erect, 2° high; spikes simple, long, dense, lin-
ear; leaves large, oblong, mostly rounded and obtuse;
sepals ovate to oval, acutish, scarious-margined; flowers
8" long, blue; sterile filament densely long-hairy; corolla

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. Wats

hairy within; anthers glabrous. This seems to differ
from P. Parryz chiefly in the blue flowers.

P. acuminatus Douglas is a plant of the northwest rang-
ing through the Great Basin, while the plant of the plains
(P. Fendlert Gray) is certainly as distinct as most of the
reputed species.

P. confusus Jones connects acuminatus and Parry? and
may run into one or the other. P. Wrighii Gray, which
is the same as P. Utahensis Eastwood, seems sufficiently
distinct, but these with P. punicews form a very closely
related group.

PENTSTEMON EATONI var. UNDOSUS.

No. 5110ah. April 26, 1894, in red sand at St. George,
Utah, 2700° alt.

No. 5289u. May 23, 1894, Johnson, Utah, 5000” alt.,
in red sand, among junipers.

Scabrous or short-pubescent, except the flowers and
uppermost stems; lower stem leaves 3-5’ long, narrowly
oblong, 13’ wide, wavy on the margin.

This was also collected by Capt. Bishop in the same
region in 1872. It grows among the junipers in gravelly
soil throughout northern Arizona along the Colorado
River and into Utah as far as the rim of the Great Basin.

PENTSTEMON CONFERTUS var. ABERRANS.

Now soon a \uly)6, 1604, Jcoldiex Summit, Utah,
7BOOwm alta, in okavel. |

No. 5740. August 4, 1894, Fish Lake, Utah, gooo°
alt., in meadows, in gravel.

Flowers about the size of P. humzlis var. breviflorus or
a trifle larger and plants with the habit of P. humzlis; 1°
high or less, not glandular, otherwise almost exactly as
P. confertus. This variety abounds throughout the
mountains of central Utah, being more common than any
other form. It occurs most frequently in subalpine mead-
ows and shady woods in rich soil.

716 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

BuDDLEIA MARRUBIIFOLIA var. UTAHENSsIS ( Coville,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 7, 69). This seems like a nar-
row leaved form, as the wider primary leaves are absent
in Coville’s specimens.

Eriogonum nivale Canby seems to differ in no con-
stant respect from £. ovalifolium.

Eriogonum LFusbyz Greene is &. Fonescz Watson.

ABRONIA MICRANTHA var. PEDUNCULATA.

INO- soins April) 26,) 189454 St) sGeonse, Utahyw 27006
alt., in red sand.

No. 5482m. June 22, 1894, Green River, Utah, 4500”
alt., in clay.

No. 5183t. May 7, 1894, Le Verkin, Utah, in gravel,
3400° alt.

Peduncle ‘double’ the® petiole; “djuit otten™ 3-nenvede
emarginate at both ends, often very large, 9" long; flow-

ers small; fruit often red.

This seems like a hybrid with A. cycloptera, but the
latter is not known in the region. The bracts of both
these species are ovate, small, 1-2” long, abruptly acute
or at least acuminate at apex.

ATRIPLEX SUBDECUMBENS.

Nos5745.)) August 6;18094) Mish Lake Utah sooo,
alt., in gravelly meadows.

This species is nearest A. mzcrocarpa and A. argentea:
plants slender, subdecumbent, annual, 2-8’ long, much
branched at the base, mealy throughout, leafy through-
out; leaves ovate to lanceolate, with a cuneate base, barely
petioled, 6-9" long, rather thin, entire; plants fructiferous
throughout in small, sessile clusters; flowers minute,
greenish; fruiting bracts 1” long, rather cuneate-orbicu-
lar to obovate, apex crimped and obscurely dentate, or
sometimes toothed, green, sides smooth, back nervose to
muricate, seldom if ever with green points, bracts united
below.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. Wi Ai7

_ This grows in gravelly, dry patches in meadows, at
9500 feet altitude.

ATRIPLEX GRACILIFLORA.

No. 5697. July 30, 1894, Blue Valley, near Henry
Mts., Utah, 4000° alt., in clay.

No. 5656e. July 20, 1894, Cainville, Utah, 4500° alt.,
in clay.

Annual, racemosely branched throughout and these
branches again branched, forming a large tuft 1-2° in
diameter, plants about 1° high, inner stems erect and
outer ones ascending or spreading, sparingly mealy
throughout, the younger parts more so, stems round;
leaves all cordate-ovate, 10” long or less, on a petiole 1”
long, entire, fleshy when fresh and rather thick even
when dry; pistillate flowers few, scattered singly among
the upper leaves; staminate flowers in a slender, dichoto-
mous, bractless panicle, yellowish, in heads of 5 or more at
the ends of short pedicel-like branchlets 1-2” long, the main
branches of the panicle 2-4’ long; flowers minute; fruit
on a stalk 3” long, bracts united except at the top and
produced down the stalk to within 4” of the base in a
broad wing, also extended on all sides of the fruit into a
green wing which is barély sinuous above, this wing is 2”
wide on the sides and 1” wide at the apex of the fruit,
fruit 5-8” wide, orbicular to reniform, not warty nor ap-
pendaged, the body of the fruit is ovate to elliptical, 1”
wide and 2” long, closely invested by the bracts which
are separate only at the apex. This remarkable plant
must rank near to the shrubby A. canescens in the fruit
character, though so unlike it in all other respects.

This grows in alkaline soil on the flats bordering the
Fremont River, where the soil is a very compact clay
during the growing season.

718 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ATRIPLEX CORNUTA.

No. 5481. June 22, 1894, Green River, Utah, 4500°
alt., in clay.

This has much the habit of A. graczlifora, annual,
branched chiefly below, erect, 6-12’ high, very mealy
and whitish, stems round; leaves ovate to deltoid with all
three angles sharp when deltoid, often cordate, 1’ long or
less, thick, petioles 1” long; pistillate flowers in clusters
of 1-3 in the lower axils, in fruit all on pedicels 2-3” long
and often pendent; staminate flowers in small, sessile
clusters in simple, terminal, leafy racemes, reddish-white ;
fruit forming a ball 2-3” in diameter by the innumerable
horns or corrugated and lobed processes which cover the
bracts completely and equal their bract lobes.

This frequents the same alkaline clayey soil as A. gra-
ciliflora,.

ERIOGONUM AUREUM.

INo; 6001. September 28; (18945) St. Georce, Uitale
2700~ alt., in sand.

This is an intricately branched shrub, 1-3° high, widely
branched and stout, with rounded top: the stems are
rather short, and quite leafy to the base of the short pe-
duncle; leaves elliptical, shortly contracted into a petiole
2-6" long, the whole leaf being 12-20" long, densely
woolly below and much greener above, entire; peduncles
1-25’ long, then trichotomously and repeatedly branched,
not angled, branchlets short; bracts all subulate and 1-2”
long, but the upper ones minute; involucres and upper-
most divisions appearing glabrous, but really minutely and
sparsely woolly; involucres oblong, 1” long, divided about
¥y% the way into rounded, obtuse, erect lobes; flowers
golden, 1” long, outer lobes oval, obtuse, inner lobes ob-
long, with a green midrib, lobes widely spreading; flowers
with a nipple-like projection at the base and involucres
rounded, not angled; the pedicels are exserted.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 719

This is very close to &. corymbosum and &. Thom-
SOnNG@. ;

To this species I would refer two specimens collected
by Rusby at Holbrook, Arizona, as var. o/utznosum, being
glutinous above; having oblong, crenate leaves, 2’ long;
involucre somewhat angled; flowers smaller.

To this species I would refer as var. ambiguum, No.
1688, Coville, collected on the east slope of the Sierras,
Inyo County, California, having narrow and entire leaves,
peduncles 4-6’ long, small clusters of flowers and only
secondary and very short rays, theinvolucres much angled
and flowers very short, %” long.

ERIOGONUM RENIFORME var. COMOSUM.

No. 5036a0. April 12, 1894, near Hole in the Rock, 10
miles above Stone’s Ferry, Nevada, in gravel, 1500~ alt.

Now SOZ6b)5. April 12, 18945 rOmmiles) below Mica
Spring, Nevada, in gravel, 2000° alt.

Annual, 3-6’ high; leaves radical, 10° long, and with a
slender petiole 1’ long, the blade round or somewhat
oblate, truncate to cordate at base, and fully developed
ones emarginate at the apex; the younger leaves are very
white, with long, comose, tangled hairs, the upper side
less so or even green; inflorescence trichotomously _
branched, mostly at the very base of the stem; small
bracts at least woolly within and with hyaline margins;
involucres erect on pedicels 1’ long or less, over 1” high,
hemispherical, glaucous, with very short hyaline teeth;
flowers very small and exserted, %” long, pubescent with
rough, flat, short, scale-like hairs; flowers reddish or
greenish yellow, outer lobes elliptical, inner lanceolate
and barely acute; stems and pedicels glabrous and flowers
many in each involucre.

This is readily separable from &. Thurberz by the leaves
and flowers and the more open and slender habit; it is

Wf AO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

easily separable from £&. renzforme by the pubescent
flowers.

ERIOGONUM LONGILOBUM.

Now 55907.) Julyn55) rs04,, mean iPnice) Wtahpmarclaye
6000" alt.

Densely czspitose in large perennial mats, very woolly-
hairy throughout, except the glabrous tips of the flowers;
leaves broadly oblanceolate, all on a petiole nearly as long
as the blade, 1-2’ long, thick, margins inclined to be
revolute or at least the leaf convex, obtuse; peduncle
scapose, 1-2’ long, with 3-5 sessile involucres in a dense
head; involucres parted nearly to the base, lobes 2” long,
leaf-like, triangular, erect, equaling the flowers; flowers
abruptly contracted and with a minute prolongation above
the joints; pedicels 1” long, but the flowers seem to be
sessile; lobes of the flowers obovate-oblong, rounded,
barely erose, yellow, with darker or green midrid, often
tinged with red, barely 13” long; heads not bracteate;
akenes very woolly. This appears nearest to &. vzllz-
florum, but somewhat resembles /. ovalifolium in habit
and leaves. ,

RUMEX SUBALPINA.

No. 5957. August 29, 1894, Brigham Peak, near
Marysvale, Utah, 10,500° alt., in gravel, in the bed of a
subalpine stream.

No. 5893a1. August 23, 1894, near the head of Bullion
Creek, above Marysvale, Utah, 11,000° alt., in gravelly
soil, along the bed of a subalpine stream.

Erect in large clumps, 3-5° high, smooth throughout,
stems 1’ thick or less, coarsely sulcate; root leaves I° or
less long, 2-5’ wide, on petioles nearly as long, oblong-
lanceolate, smooth, entire, truncate at base or abruptly
contracted, hardly acute at apex, petiole stout and margin-
less, stem leaves similar but narrower, uppermost often

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 721

linear, none of the leaves at all sheathing, panicle narrow,
1—2° long, branches appressed, densely flowered; flowers
on filiform pedicels 4-6" long, pendent; fruit wings with-
out tubercles, triangular to deltoid, 2-3” long, coarsely
reticulated, sometimes rhombic, but in that case always
with a contracted slightly produced apex, always fimbriate
toothed below, and in the broader-winged forms very con-
spicuously so nearly to the apex.

This grows in cold, gravelly, springy places along sub-
alpine streams, at from 10,000 to 11,000 feet altitude,
along with Oxyria digyna, Polygonum bistorta and A quil-
egla cerulea.

CROTON LONGIPES.

No. 5213. May 12, 1894, two miles east of Leeds,
Utah, in sand, at 3500° alt.

No. 5024au. April 5, 1894, west side of Copper Mine,
in Beaverdam Mountains, Nevada, 3000° alt., in gravel.
No. 5149am. - May 3, 1894, Silver Reef, Utah, in sand,
at 3500° alt.

Shrubby at base, erect or ascending, 1-2° high, slender,
freely branched, stems white-stellate, leaves oblong-
elliptical, apiculate, obtuse, rounded or short- cuneate at
base, 1’ long, on petioles nearly as long, densely or sparsely
stellate below, often glabrous above; flowers in very
short, umbellate racemes, on long, slender pedicels, 2—3”
long; staminate flowers many, I” wide, with triangular
lobes; fertile flowers with pedicels subtended by linear
bracts; bracts as long or longer than the pedicels; calyx
of the pistillate flowers similar to that of the staminate
ones, but nearly 3” wide; fruit nearly round, 1” long,
densely white-stellate. This can neither be placed with
C. Californicus, C. gracilis nor C’. Neo-Mexicanus, though
it is related to them all. Itis nearest C. corymbulosus,
but the flowers are smaller, the calyx lobes very different,

722 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the styles very short, the leaves different, staminate flowers
long-pediceled, pistillate less so and erect, not reflexed.
In C. corymbulosus the calyx lobes are oblong to obovate
and shortly acute, fruit reflexed, flowers large, styles
long, leaves acute and generally ovate, and nearly equally
white-lepidote.

This abounds in sandy places, especially on drifting
sand dunes in the valley of the Virgen and southward.

COMANDRA UMBELLATA var. PALLIDA (A. DC. Prod.
ils (OBX6)))

Comandra pallida A. DC., 1. ¢.

There is no constant character separating this from the
type that I can discover.

TRIGLOCHIN MARITIMUM Var. DEBILE.

No. 5289. May 23, 1894, Johnson, Utah, 5000° alt.,
in alkaline clay.

Flowers simply racemose on the slender, weak stems,
which are 6-12’ high; roots very thick; leaves all radical
and short. This plant is much smaller than 7. palustre,
but in the character of the flowers and fruit certainly be-
longs to 7. marttimum. Watson's 7. palustre of King’s
Report is a taller form of the same.

This grows on clayey alkaline flats at Johnson, Utah,
where no other plant will grow.

CALAMAGROSTIS SCOPULORUM. Densely tufted, about
2° high, erect, stems slender; leaves about a foot long,
coarse, prominently striate-nerved, 3° wide, flat, tapering
to a slender point, very light colored as if glaucous, glab-
rous throughout except the nerves upwardly are very
scabrous; ligule scabrous, 2” long, entire and truncate to
lacerate; inflorescence spicate, broadly linear 4-6’ long
and about equaling the uppermost narrow leaf, 6” to 1’
broad, occasionally a little lax, usually strict and dense;
spikelets nearly white, appressed; rays about five, the in-

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 723

ner ones I’ or more long and the outer very short, pubes-
cent with ascending short hairs, the nodes in the lower
part of the spike about 9” apart; spikelets about 2” long,
lower glumes spreading in flower, equal, the lower 1-
nerved and nerve very prominent and green, ovate-lance-
olate, simply acute, glabrous and hyaline except the very
scabrous nerve, usually; upper glume the same but with
two additional nerves extending only to the middle, occa-
sionally these are wanting; palet barely shorter than the
others, 2-toothed, lanceolate, very faintly 2-nerved, glab-
rous, simply acute, like the others very thin and hyaline;
floral glume ovate-lanceolate, 4-toothed at apex, faintly
4-nerved, scabrous throughout, equaling the palet; awn
attached below the middle, straight, shorter than the
glume; hairs % the palet, sparse. This is manifestly al-
lied to C. sylvatica.

No. 6075. September 25, 1894, Springdale, Utah,
growing in clumps at the base of sandstone cliffs along
the Virgen river, 4000° alt.

Poa FEsTuUCOIDES. Tufted like Mestuca ovina, peren-
nial, erect 2—3° high, slender, minutely upwardly scab-
rous throughout except the spikelets; root leaves clus-
tered and with enlarged short sheaths, the blade 3-5’ long,
involute-filiform and tapering to a point, stem leaves sim-
ilar but a little longer, sheaths half the internodes which
are a foot or less long; ligules usually 2” long and lacer-
ate at top; panicle on a peduncle as long as the upper
leat, 4-6’ long and rachis as much more; rays single about
1%’ apart, filiform, widely spreading, proper ray 1’ long
and half its prolongation as a rachis; raylets single, race-
mose, 3-4, 1’ or less long, branched above the lower %,
bearing 2-3 narrowly elliptical spikelets which are 4-5”
long, 1-1%" wide, with about 5 florets, spikelets widely
spreading and pendulous, all pediceled; lower glume 1-

724 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

nerved narrowly elliptical, acute, somewhat keeled, hya-
line, 2” long, nearly glabrous; upper glume 24” long, el-
liptical, barely acute, rounded, nearly smooth; flowering
glume with two evident marginal nerves, two very faint
additional inner ones, and three others which are visible
only at the top, the midnerve being obsolete except at the
very tip, oblong-lanceolate, with a short-acuminate tip,
scabrous above and hyaline, but on the sides hyaline bor-
der very narrow, 3’ long, rounded; palet concave in
center, with two green nerves, acute, nearly linear, equal-
ing the flowering glume, hyaline; rachis of the spikelet
with joints about 1” apart, pubescent; spikelets somewhat
flattened.

Now 5671... July) 25, 01804, Mt. Kien Henry, Witse:
Utah, 10,000° alt., on open slopes, forming a very con-
spicuous and important part of the vegetation.

STIPE PINETORUM. Close to S. Szbzrica Watson, Bot.
Cal. Allied to S. comata. Densely tufted like Bouteloua
oligostachya and Aristida purpurea, perennial, about 1°
high, erect; root leaves 2-3’ long, filiform-involute,
sheaths 6-12" long thickened, brown; ligule obsolete;
small wiry stems with about 3 leaves whose sheaths are
longer than the internodes, 3-4’ long, with a very short
filiform blade 1-2’ long; panicle linear, 6’ long or less,
barely exserted; rays 2-3, appressed, the lateral ones al-
most none, the central one 3-6" long and 2-3 flowered:
lower glume 3-nerved, subulate, tapering into a thread-
like tip, 4” long, smooth; upper glume 1-nerved and nar-
rower and as long, smooth; flowering glume 23” long,
linear, pungent at base and sparsely long hairy, hairs
denser above forming a tuft 2” long; awn slightly twice-
geniculate, 6-9" long, glabrous.

No: 6023p.) September) 8)) 18945) Panguitch awake
Utah, 8400° alt., growing in open places among the pine
forests.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 725

STIPA ARIDA. With the habit and general appearance
of S. wzr¢dula, also leaves and ligules; sheaths as long or
longer than the internodes; rays in fives below, very
‘short or almost none, appressed, with 3-4 spikelets, fili-
form, the whole, exclusive of the awns, being 1’ or less
long; outer glume lanceolate- acuminate, 4” long, very
thin and hyaline, 3-nerved; inner glume 3° long, nar-
rower and acuminate, 3-nerved; flowering glume 2” long,
fusiform, very narrow, glabrous above and shortly-pubes-
cent below; awn 2-3’ long, thread-like, flexuous but
hardly geniculate, smooth; panicle 6’ long, hardly ex-
serted, dense, wand-like.

No. 5377. Marysvale, Utah, on very dry talus slopes
in shingle, 6000° alt., June 4, 1894.

ELyMus SALINA. With the habit of Sporobolus atrordes,
but culms very different; forming coarse and very close
tufts, I-2° in diameter; stems much thickened below the
fibrous leaf-sheaths, perennial, erect, 1-2° high; lower
leaf-sheaths loose and somewhat enlarged, very coarsely
nerved, nearly smooth, about half as long as the nodes;
ligule abortive; leaves pubescent on the under side, es-
pecially so at the throat, thick, involute, acute, linear, 4—6’
long (the root leaves), stem leaves 2-4’ long, nodes about
3; inflorescence a simple, loose spike like Agropyrum glau-
cum which it much resembles; spikelets single at each
joint, barely contiguous, placed flatwise to the rachis,
6-10; empty glumes 2, subulate, pungent, 2” long, gen-
erally falcate, 1-nerved; spikelet pediceled, pedicel about
4” long and very thick and stout, often very short; spike-
lets about 6” long, 2” wide and 1” thick, 7—-9-flowered:
flowering glume ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, about
4 long, thick, indistinctly 5-nerved, smooth and rounded,
with narrow, hyaline, slightly lacerate margin, palet 2-
nerved, concave in the middle and with broad hyaline

726 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

margin folded around the stamen, lanceolate, acuminate,
bidentate, equaling the flowering glume, joints of the
rachis of spikelet about 2” apart. This remarkable plant
has most of the technical characters of Hystrix, but is
manifestly allied to E/ymus condensatus, and may prove
to be only a form of it.

No. 5447. Top of Salina Pass, Utah, 8200° alt., in
clay, in rather alkaline soil.

EPHEDRA NEVADENSIS var. vIRIDIS (Coville, Death
Valley Rep., 220).

Ephedra viridis Coville, 1. c.
No. 5213d. May 12, ten miles below Kanarra, 4500°
alt., on rocks.
No. 5590e. Head of Soldier Cafion, 6700° alt., in
clay, July 5.
No. 5001k. At foot of grade above Bellevue, Utah,
3700° alt., among rocks, March 30.
No. 5163at. Silver Reef, Utah, in gravel, 4500° alt.,
May 4.
No. 5124. Diamond Valley, Utah, 4500° alt., on rocks,
April 28.
No: 5troao. “April 26," St. George, Utah; 3000° alt=
in red sand.
No. 5338ah. Marysvale, Utah, 6000° alt., in gravel,
May 31.
No. 5297v. Pahria Cafion, Utah, 5300° alt., in red
sand, May 26.
No. 5289y. Johnson, Utah, 5000° alt., in red sand,
May 23.
No. 5476v. June 21, Grand Junction, Col., 4500° alt.,
in gravel.
No. 5663bf. Marvine Laccolite, Utah, 6000° alt., in
gravel, July 23.

This plant, which I have collected in various places in

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 727

Utah and Nevada since 1880, has never seemed to me
anything more than the normal form of the species, while
the form on which the type /Vevadenszs was based is the
less frequent one found in the valleys in less gravelly or
clay soil. The variety abounds on sandy or gravelly
hills, especially in rocky places and among rocks; it is
even found on cliffs. -It abounds throughout Utah as far
north as the lower end of Salt Lake Valley and westward,
and as far eastward as western Colorado.

Cylindrosportum glycyrrhize Hark.

No. 5572. July 3, Provo, Utah, in Slate Canon, 8000°
alt.

On Vectra Americana.

Spores somewhat smaller than as described, but not
otherwise different.

PLEOSPOoRA UTaAHEnsis E. & E.

No. 5902. August 24, Falls of Bullion Creek, Utah,
g500~ alt.

On dead stems of Hupfatorium occidentale. Perithecia
scattered, erumpent-superficial, depressed-globose, spar-
ingly fringed around the base with short, coarse, brown
hyphe, finally collapsing above, 150-250 m. diam., with
a papilliform ostiolum. Asci oblong, rounded above,
75—-90X20—23 m., paraphysate, 8-spored, with only a short
rudimentary stipe. Sporidia crowded, biseriate, oblong-
elliptical, at first yellow, uniseptate and constricted, then
3-septate, and finally about 7-septate, muriform and dark
brown, 20-23xI4—16 m.

This differs from P. /erchtophensis E. & E. in its smaller,
more distinctly rumpent perithecia and comparatively
broader sporidia, and from P. alpestris E. & E. in its
8-spored asci and smaller sporidia.

728 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Puccinia Pentstemonis Peck.

Ile

No. 5739. August 4, Fish Lake, Utah, gooo® alt., in
meadows.

On Pentstemon confertus var. ceruleo-purpureus.

No. 5015bg. September 7, Panguitch Lake, Utah,
8400° alt.

Same host.

No. 60r5bg.

Same host.

Hike

No. 6002ax. September 6, Panguitch Lake, Utah,
8400° alt.

Same host.

No. 6015bg.

Same host, eczdza found on No. 5739 and 6015bg are
the same as #¢cidium Palmert And., and while the teleu-
tospores on No. 6002ax and 6o015bg differ slightly from
the description given by Peck, they undoubtedly belong
to his species. No. 6015bg has the three forms well de-
veloped on the same leaves, and as we find no description
of the uredo-spores, we make the following:

Puccinia Pentstemonis Peck. Amphigenous. I. Spots
and spermagonia wanting; pseudosporidia usually single,
but sometimes in small clusters, three or four times as
long as broad, and from a much thickened base, which is
often bright purple, upper part bright yellow, becoming
white at maturity and splitting nearly or quite to the base;
spores subglobose or oval, contents granular, epispore
thick, slightly echinulate, 18-20x20-22 m. II, III. Sori
small, round, scattered, nearly black; uredo-spores in
the sori with the teleutospores, globose or oval, smooth,
15-1$x18-26 m. Teleutospores broadly oval, somewhat ~
constricted; epispore smooth,, slightly but distinctly

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. 729

thickened at the apex, 27—-30x20-22 m; pedicel hyaline,
fragile.

Uromyces Lycunipis T. & E.

No. 5851. August 22, near Tate Mine, above Marys-
vale, Utah, goo0o°% alt.

On Lychnis Drummondi.

ISU on thesame leayessg laa spots indetnite;
pseudosporidia hypophyllous, irregularly clustered on dis-
colored areas, short, rupturing irregularly; ecidial spores
irregularly rounded, epispores smooth, contents bright
yellow, 15-18 m.

II, III, from the same sori; amphigenous, mostly epi-
phyllous, ‘scattered, irregularly rounded, black or dark
brown, bordered by the ruptured epidermis; uredal spores
globose, light yellow, minutely echinulate, 12-14 m;
teleutal spores ovate, dark brown, epispores not thickened
at the apex, longitudinally wrinkled, about 15x20 m;
pedicel about equaling the spore, hyaline, very fragile.

Puccinia aberrans Peck.

se
No. 5064bi. April 14, Mica Spring, Nevada, 4000° alt.
On Arabis arcuata var. perennans.

No. 5163av. May 4, Silver Reef, Utah, 4000° alt.
On same host.

Now 165. ) May 5, Silver Reet, Utahyeqsoo~ alt.
On Arabis Holbellic.

No. 5165.

On same host.

JOE

No. 5165.

Same host.

No. 5338ai. May 31, Marysvale, Utah, 6000° alt.

Same host.
2p SER., VOL. V. (47) October 3, 1895.

730 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

No. 5354. June 1, Marysvale, Utah, 7000° alt.

Same host.

The three forms of this species all occur on No. 5165.
The ecidial form is the same as A. monoicum Peck,
and A. drabe 'T. & E., and as the specific name aberrans
has priority in publication, it must stand. An examina-
tion of the several forms on diffent hosts from nine local-
ities show the following characters:

Puccinia aberrans Peck. I. Hypophyllous; spots none;
pseudosporidia often covering the entire lower surface of
the leaf, long cylindrical, lacerate at the top, bright yellow ;
zcidial spores subglobose, smooth, yellow, epispore thick,
smooth, 20-28 m. IJ. In the same sori with the teleu-
tospores; globose, epispore thin, smooth, 28-33 m. III.
Usually hypophyllous, but with occasional sori on the
upper surface; spots none; sori small, round, sometimes
confluent, reddish-brown; teleutospores light colored,
oblong, or oblong-clavate, obtuse or round-pointed, much
thickened at the apex, constricted, smooth, lower cell
very thin-walled, 4o-50x20-25 m. Pedicel hyaline, about
as long as the spore, quite fragile.

This occurs on Avrabis, Draba and Smelowskia.

Puccinia globosipes Peck.

No. 5193. May 8, Le Verkin, Utah, 3000° alt.

Li SEL:

On Lyctum Andersont.

In these specimens the sori occur on both the stems
and leaves, and both II and III are found in the same
sori. ‘The uredo-spores do not appear to have been
collected previously, and are described as follows: II.
In the same sori with III. Spores oval or obovate, epi-
spore rather thick, sharply echinulate toward the apex
and smooth at the base, 15—20x30-38 m.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. ak

UreEpo CasTILLeiz T. & E.

No. 5651. July 19, Capitol Wash, Utah, 5000° alt.

On Castilleta affinis.

Amphigenous; in small, round or oblong sori long,
covered by the epidermis; spores oval or globose, reddish
brown; epispore finely and distinctly aculeolate, rather
thick, contents granular, 20—24x15-18 m.

Synchytrium fulgens Schreet.

No. 6012. September 12, Panguitch Lake, Utah,
8400° alt.

On Efpilobtum adenocaulon.

This is referred here somewhat doubtfully, as the
sporangia are much smaller than in the type, but it does
not seem to differ otherwise.

SYNCHYTRIUM cARicis T. & E.

Amphigenous, in elliptical or oblong clusters forming
distinct, reddish brown spots scattered over the entire
leaf; sporangia numerous, globose or oval and often
angular, light yellow, 12-15x20—25 m.

No. 5867a. August 23, Tate Mine, at the head of
Bullion Creek, Utah, 1150° alt., on Carex Pyrenaica.

Erysiphe cichoricearum DC.

No. 5988. September 4, Circle Valley Canon, Utah,
7000° alt.

On Ligelovia graveolens.

This form has been so determined by Burrill (N. A.
Pyrenomycetes, p. 13), but, as he points out, it differs
widely from the type in the greater number of sporidia.
In these specimens the appendages are slender, delicate
and hyaline; the reticulations of the perithecium are very
small, the cell wall thin and delicate; asci numerous,
I5—20 or more; sporidia uniformly 4-6, much smaller
than in the type. The name &. sefulta has been pro-
visionally proposed for this form by Ellis and Everhart,

732 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Bot. Gaz. xiv, p. 286, but without an adequate descrip-
tion. The characters given above would suggest a rela-
tionship to #. commumnzs rather than to &. czchorzacearum,
but no forms of that species have so far been reported on
Composite.

CYLINDROSPORIUM ACERINUM T. & E.

No. 5917. August 27, Marysvale, Utah, 8000° alt.

On Acer glabrum.

Spots yellowish, small, irregular, not bordered; acer-
vuli epiphyllous, large, black, scattered; spores strongly
curved, hyaline, granular, 35-40x1%—2 m.

LoPHIDIUM INCISUM E. & E.

No. 5754. August 9, Fish Lake, Utah, g000° alt., in
gravel.

On Symphoricarpus oreophilus. Perithecia erumpent-
superficial, sometimes subseriate or subconnate, depressed
globose, black, % to 34 mm. diam., at first rounded at
the apex, without any appearance of an ostiolum, then
gashed or cleft across the top and the broad compressed
ostiolum rising from the bottom of the cleft, or some-
times (in the early stage of growth) 3-4 radiate-sulcate-
cleft at the summit. Asci cylindrical, 120 to 150x12-14
m.; short stipitate, 6-8 spored, with abundant, filiform
paraphyses. Sporidia uniseriate, oblong-elliptical, 5-6
septate and muriform, 23-27x12-14 m. This has the
habit of Cuburbztarza.

All localities given in this article are in Utah, unless
otherwise stated.

ErRATA.—Page 613, line 14, for Astragalus foliosus
read A. foliolosus (Gray) Sheldon; erase ‘‘ Sheldon, not
Gray.”’

Page 622, line 21, for Hrysemum pumilum var. perenne
read /. aspeum var. perenne.

Page 632, next to last line, for ‘‘woods”’ read ‘‘woody.’’

EXPLORATIONS IN THE CAPE REGION OF BAJA
CALIFORNIA IN 1894, WITH REFERENCES TO
FORMER EXPEDITIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

BY GUSTAV EISEN.
[With Plates lxxii—lxxv_]

NMR OLD) UiC wa OMRaYe.

Until quite recently the peninsula of Baja California,
Mexico, and especially its Cape Region, has been to
natural science in general a terra incognita. This refers
especially to all lower forms of animal life, although in
the higher classes very little work had been done, and
none that could be in any way called exhaustive. Of
some groups a few species had been collected and de-
scribed, but the real scientific points regarding the con-
nections of its fauna and flora with those of other regions
in the immediate vicinity were almost entirely unknown.

There remained then and remains yet an immense
amount of facts to be recorded, collections to be made of
groups of animals and plants, of the nature of which
science had no knowledge. The zoological features of
Baja California, and the very many and great questions
ot general interest connected with them remains yet to
be established.

In a thorough exploration of this so unknown field the
California Academy of Sciences is the pioneer. The
many and various papers by specialists upon the zoology
of the Cape Region of Baja California, which now ap-
pear and soon will appear in the Proceedings and Mem-
oirs of this Academy are evidences that these statements
are no mere words. Through this work now being done
by the Academy, the latter is gaining a most enviable re-
putation among the scientific bodies of this country, and

is establishing itself on a footing equal with the best.
2p SER., VoL. Y. October 30, 1895.

734 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

An opportunity to study and explore a country so little
and so erroneously known as our Baja California does
not frequently offer itself. Such an opportunity is in
our days a very rare one, so rare indeed that it is safe
to say that this is one of the very few left, and scien-
tifically almost any other country was within a few years
better known than this peninsula at our very doors. In-
deed when the Academy began these explorations, there
remained no other country within our reach which was
less known, more misjudged, less understood, and about
which more conjectures were made and less real facts
known.

We could not possibly have chosen a better field, none
richer, none less worked, none more interesting, none so
inexhaustive, even if it had been in the Academy’s power
to visit more distant lands. The Academy could have
had no other country entirely for itself.

The great advantage of a thorough exploration of the
Cape Region is evident when we remember that the value
of every scientific collection consists in the completeness
of series of the species from a certain limited territory,
and not in the possession of scattered species or incom-
plete series from widely separate localities, no matter how
attractive and otherwise interesting these specimens might
be.

To the Academy of Sciences then belongs the honor
to have grasped this opportunity at a time when the scien-
tific bodies and academies of the world are vieing with
each other to be the first ones in new fields of explora-
tions and scientific researches. Our terra incognita of
Baja California and Mexico has been a most fruitful one.
Large collections have been made and while their value
may not always be money value, it is safe to say that even
in this respect no other outlay in this direction could pos-
sibly have brought more satisfactory results.

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. 735

Nevertheless, a few more words of explanation may be
necessary. The question has often been asked why have
not the energies of the Academy been more or exclu-
sively devoted to home work. The question is appro-
priate, but the answer is nota difficult one. California
and its sister States are now being rapidly explored, and
their fauna and flora are becoming correspondingly well
known. With two universities of high standing, with
several smaller and sectarian institutions of learning, with
a number of private scientific societies, and with a very
large number of private collectors and students of natural
history, it is thought that the State is well provided for,
and that within a very few years all the various groups of
animals and plants will be in a zoological sense very well
known, if not pretty well exhausted. With Mexico these
conditions are entirely different. In the sparsely settled
territory of our sister republic naturalists are yet few,
and explorations most incomplete. While thus our own
country is having its fauna and flora rapidly described, it
has become more and more important to know their rela-
tions with the large Mexican region. From this region
our United States has received a large part of its fauna
and flora, tropical and semitropical species, which in course
of their immigrations to the north, have been more or less
modified, according to the requirements of their new sur-
roundings. On the other hand, northern species have
penetrated into Mexico, and undergone more or less
changes there. In other words, the interchange of faunas
and floras which has been carried on since the ice age
between the two countries is one of extreme interest, and
the many problems connected with it are well worthy of
our greatest energies and studies.

Mexico of to-day, under a most enlightened govern-
ment, is making tremendous strides forward in civ-

736 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ilization and national prosperity. Immigrants are pour-
ing in from all sides, but with them come unhappily foreign
weeds and plants, and foreign animals, which are bound
to, in a few years, considerably change the aspect of the
fauna and flora of the country. In the vicinity of the
cities near the coast, or along the highways, we find every-
where foreign plants and animals well established, which
are driving the native ones further back. If we, therefore,
wish to learn the original aspect of Mexican animal and
plant life, before man begins to interfere too much, we
must commence our studies at once. Ina few years it
will be too late, as much which is the most interesting now
will then have changed or been exterminated in the same
manner as in this and many other countries. But there
are besides other reasons why explorations in Mexico
have been considered desirable, one of these is that in
that country animal and vegetable life is a hundred times
richer and more luxuriant than with us, and the collec-
tions acquired are thus correspondingly large. Another
point of very great importance is, that explorations in
Mexico are comparatively very cheap, and with the very
limited means at our disposal we have been able to bring
together collections the size and value of which could not
have been duplicated in our own country in ten times the
time and withten times the cost. It has then simply been
a question of the largest collections with the least possible
cost.

Our last three expeditions have been greatly assisted
by the courtesy of the Mexican Government, which,
through its Ministro de Hacienda, Hon. José Y. Liman-
tour, has caused special facilities to be extended to us in
all places visited, without which, it is safe to say, our suc-
cess would have been correspondingly less, and been
difficult to achieve. The expedition of 1894 was also

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. ries

very materially assisted by the kindness of General Ro-
mano, Governor of the Territory of Tepic.

The object of this paper is to furnish a short account
of the last expedition sent out by the California Academy
of Sciences to the Baja California Cape Region, and
Tepic on the main land of Mexico; to furnish a more
detailed map of the said Cape Region, as well as a gen-
eral map ot the peninsula of Baja California.

The need of a special map of the Cape Region has been
apparent for some time. The localities visited by the
members of the various expeditions were only indifferently
marked down on any previously existing map, and these
mostly incorrectly located. The rivers and creeks were
nowhere even hinted at and the mountain regions were
everywhere found only indicated.

The Academy is constantly asked to furnish copies of
the map compiled by T. S. Brandegee to travelers, miners,
merchants, scientists, etc., intending to visit Baja Califor-
nia. Of late it has not been able to fill these requests,
because all the maps at its disposal were bound in the
volumes of the Proceedings of the Academy.

A short reference will also be made to previous expedi-
tions by the Academy to these localities, to their results,
both as regards collections, new species and types, as well
as the papers published by various specialists describing
the collections thus made.

In the summer of 1894, the California Academy of
Sciences appropriated money for an expedition to Mex-
ico, the main object being to collect various forms of
lower animals for scientific study. This expedition con-
sisted of Mr. Frank H. Vaslit and the writer. The ex-
pedition started from San Francisco in August; spent one
month in exploration and collecting in the mountains of
the Cape Region of Baja California, then crossed over to

738 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Mazatlan, from there to San Blas, thence to the City of
Tepic, inland. After a month or more exploration in this
vicinity, the members of the expedition returned via Ma-
zatlan, Guaymas, etc., to San Francisco in December.

This, however, was not the first expedition of its kind,
the Academy having previously sent out five different ex-
peditions, the writer being a member of two of them, hav-
ing thus had occasion to visit the Cape Region of Baja
California for scientific purposes three times.

The expeditions have received many and constant
courtesies from the Pacific Coast Steamship Company
and its agents in Mexican ports, and also from the officers
of their steamers, particularly from Captain John von
Helms and Purser W. A. Childs.

TEMPERATURE AND CLIMATE.

As might be expected from a small peninsula situated |
just within the boundaries of the tropics and surrounded
by water, the temperature is a moderate one. All along
the low lands up to 800 feet or thereabouts, we meet at
no time of the year with frosts. In the San José Valley
the frost free belt extends as far north as La Palma, but
as the valley steadily but slowly rises towards the upper
end, we find that at Caduano and Miraflores during the
cold winter months, January and February, light frosts
may now and then occur. In the vicinity of these places,
situated about 1000 feet above the ocean, frosts have been
known to kill back the native vegetation, especially the yel-
low flowering shrubs knownas ‘‘ palo de arco’’ ( Tecoma
stans ). But from San José to La Palma no such frosts have
ever been noticed. All along the coast, however, on one
side to Todos Santos, on the other to La Paz, frosts at any
time are unheard of. Similarly, as we ascend in the
mountains, light frosts may be expected. Both at El
Taste and at Sierra Laguna ice is frequently formed

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. 739

during the night, even in the month of March. But from
that month to December, even at this altitude, of from
4000 to 6000 feet, no frosts occur. As during the cold
months rain seldom falls, snow is never formed, in fact,
snow has never been noticed in any part even on the
highest peaks. The frost evidently only settles in low
and damp places. Even during an occasional rain storm,
in January, it is never sufficiently cold to precipitate snow
on the highest peaks, some of which undoubtedly reach
Sooo feet, the highest one measured by us being over
7000 feet. As a consequence of this favorable tempera-
ture, tender, tropical, horticultural plants, such as pine-
apples, coffee, etc., thrive anywhere along the low coasts
and up the San José Valley as far as La Palma or higher.
The nights are always tempered by breezes from the sur-
rounding ocean, and even the days are never excessively
hot, while in winter the temperature on the lower levels
is such that blankets are needed during the nights, and
light overcoats during morning and evening. From Oc-
tober to June the days, even the warmest, are very
pleasant and most enjoyable. The warm months are
June to September, though by the middle of September
the heat is rapidly decreasing. Even during the warm
first half of September, the warmest part of the year, the
temperature seldom rises above 90. During September
we thus found generally about 88 Fah. in the shade in
the house, during the hottest part of the day, while at
night the temperature in the house averaged 82 Fah.,
cooling off towards morning. The change is thus slow
and gradual. It must be remembered that this was con-
sidered as exceptionally warm, no such hot weather
having occurred for years.

Surrounded as the Cape Region is by the ocean, it en-
joys an exceptionally clear atmosphere. The sky is

740 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

always, except of course during the short rain storms,
marvelously clear and brilliant. We observed at no time
that hazy, yellow dust which is so common in inland
countries generally where summer rains are absent. Even
from the lower levels, whenever the ocean could be seen,
the horizon always presented itself as a sharp, well-defined
line, and one of the most beautiful sights is the advent of
a distant rain storm with thunder clouds, rising above the
horizon. Even the most distant clouds are then seen as
sharply as the nearest ones, the whole offering a most
beautiful perspective panorama. ‘This is also the charac-
ter of the whole Pacific Coast of Mexico and Central
America.

In the various sierras of the Cape Region this clearness
and brilliancy of the air is increased, and we could not
help but think that if ever a very superior place for an
observatory is desired, the sierra of the Cape Region,
especially that of El Taste, is pre-eminently one that I
think cannot be surpassed in any part of the world. The
cause is, as I have said, the nearness of the ocean, which
on almost every side surrounds this mountainous country.
This prevents the dust from distant plains from reaching
here, while high temperature prevents condensation of
the moisture in the shape of fogs. Fogs are entirely un-
known in the Cape Region.

SANITARY CONDITIONS.

The Cape Region of Baja California is one of the very
few places where the various conditions of temperature,
moisture and other climatic conditions are almost perfect.
The humidity of the air is never great, and still never
so low as to become irritating to the lungs. The long
distance to the mainland, and the directions of the pre-
vailing winds are such that the dust and smoke which
they might carry along are precipitated long before they

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. 741

reach the Cape Region. The pureness of the air is no-
ticeable at once and gives the visitor or invalid an inde-
scribable feeling of pleasure and relief.

Malarious fevers are almost entirely unknown. The
water in the creeks and springs is exceptionally pure
and good tasting. The even temperature, the slow
changes and small variations in the heat of day and night,
winter and summer, are especially favorable. If we add
that the three dreaded Mexican diseases, smallpox, yel-
low fever and cholera, have never visited San José del
Cabo, it will be seen that we have good reasons to con-
sider the southern part of the Cape’ Region as one espe-
cially favored, a real nature’s sanitarium.

RAINFALL.

The rainfall in the Cape Region is much more abun-
dant and certain than in any other part of Baja California.
Located within and on the border of the tropics, the re-
gion receives its rain at the time and from the same place
of the balance of tropical Mexico, that is during the sum-
mer months and from the south, the contrary in many re-
spects being the case with that part of Baja California
lying to the north. But the rainfall in the Cape Region
commences later than on the opposite mainland and is
considerably less. The rain commences in July or Au-
gust and lasts until October or November. By the end of
that month, or before, the summer rain is generally over;
there has seldom been December rain. But in January
there may be another period of rain from the north, the
tail end, so to say, of our Alaska cyclones, which mav in
a couple of showers precipitate several inches of rain
and. g@reathy tojthe bennett of ‘the icountay. he (orass
starts then anew and many shrubs and plants burst out
in leaves and flowers. But this winter rain is generally
scant and of short duration. As regards the summer

742 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

rains, September is the wettest month. There is then
sometimes rain for two or three days in succession in the
lowland, while in the high mountains the thunder may be
heard daily for weeks and the rain be seen precipitated in
showers when the mountains are viewed from the plains be-
low. In the various parts of the Cape Region the rainfall
is most unequal. Ina general way it may be said to in-
crease in quantity from the north southwards and from
the lowlands towards the sierras or mountains. Thus in
the vicinity of La Paz the rain is less than two inches a
year. Here’ there may be no rainfall for three years ex-
cept a slight drizzling, not enough to start the grass. But
even a few leagues southward the rainfall has so increased
that there is yearly pasture for the stock. This character
extends along the gulf coast southward, the rain always
being much scarcer along the shore than a few miles in-
land, but it gradually increases towards the Bay of San
José del Cabo.

The valley of San José del Cabo is about forty miles
long by two and three wide, and is by far the most
abundantly watered on the whole peninsula. The upper
end of the valley is at Miraflores, which is about 1000
feet higher than the ocean or San José.

At this place the rain is every year abundant and cer-
tain, and while no rain-gauge has ever been used it is safe
to say that the summer rainfall amounts to about twenty
inches, while at San José it probably does not reach twelve
inches. At Miraflores the rain commences much earlier,
sometimes several weeks earlier than at San José. But
even within the very narrow valley of San José the rain-
fall is remarkably local. Thus the rain may be seen to
reach from the north Santa Anita, Santa Catarina and
other places within ten miles of San José several weeks
before it reaches San José. This rain from the north

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. 743

seldom reaches San José. This latter place receives its
local rains from the southeast, where the clouds are seen
gathering over the ocean shortly before the rain begins.

As regards the rainfall of the mountains, two points are
of interest. The western crest of the high mountains
receives more rain and is more moist than the eastern crest,
but owing to the steeper slopes and quicker drainage and
greater evaporation from north winds, the creeks on the
western slope are of much less duration and much smaller
in volume than those on the eastern side, while all unite
in the San José Creek or River. Another point is that
the central part of the sierra receives more rainfall than
the southern and northern parts.

As a consequence of this the western slope of the Hien
sierra is more moist than the eastern slope during the
rainy season, but when the rains are over it dries up much
quicker and is thus able to sustain much less large vegeta-
tion. The greater fertility of the valley of San José is
due to the course of the San José River which runs in a
general direction from north to south, parallel with the
sierra, thus collecting the combined water from all the
creeks from San José to Miraflores, while on the western
side there is no such central stream to collect the waters
from the mountains, each creek emptying independently
in the Pacific Ocean at floodtime, while in the dry season
the waters sink before they reach the coast.

I have already stated that Miraflores, at the upper end
of the San José Valley, is situated at the northern divide
of the valley. The Miraflores Creek is the most northern
one but one which empties into San José River, as all
creeks from the sierra north of this place empty into the
Gulf or into the Pacific. But strange enough, this divide
of streams, although not much over 1200 feet, is also
a divide of rainfall. A league or so—five, six miles

- i
744 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

—north of Miraflores, which, as we know, possesses
the greatest rainfall of any place on the lowlands of Baja
California, or in the vicinity of Santiago, the rainfall sud-
denly dwindles down to five or six inches. While thus
the pasture is most luxuriant at Miraflores, itis most scant
in the vicinity of Santiago. At Agua Caliente the greater
vegetation is due to the fact that it is situated higher up
in the mountains than Santiago.

As to the actual rainfall in the mountains nothing, of
course, is known with certainty, but it is safe to assume
that from El Taste to Sierra de La Laguna it is not less
than 20 inches, while in the vicinity of Santa Genoveva it
probably reaches 25 inches or more.

‘Towards the south the rainfall gradually becomes less,
and after leaving the region of El Chinche and San
Nicholas and San Felipe, it is decidedly scant, and along
the coast at Cape San Lucas, and from there on to La
Palmilla it is probably not over five inches yearly. In
the accompanying map I have endeavored to show the
distribution of rainfall in the Cape Region.

While in the northern part of Baja California the rain-
fall is precipitated during the cold season, or in the winter
months, it falls in the Cape Region during the warm season
or summer months, or at a time when it can be immediately
utilized by the then growing vegetation. In the north the
winter rainfall is mostly lost to vegetation, as it is only the
part that is stored up as snow and moisture in the soil
until spring that can be utilized for vegetation in general,
the exception, of course, being some grasses and herbs
which sprout as soon as the rain commences, though they
generally flower later in the spring.

In the Cape Region this is different. The very first
shower causes a marvelous change in the country. ‘The
hills and slopes and much of the valley or mesa lands are

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. TAS
covered by a dense mass or jungle of shrubs and low
trees, which in the mountains are much higher. During
the dry season they become mostly bare and dormant, but
with the first shower they cover themselves with leaves
and flowers, and the whole country assumes an appear-
ance of marvelous beauty and verdure. ‘There is thus
little moisture actually wasted, none during a storage
period for future use, as in the northern part. But, on
the other hand, when the rain ceases, the vegetation dries
up very quickly, and, except in the high mountains, no
indications are left of the beautiful foliage and flowers of
a few months previous.

The slow, drizzling rains, common in all temperate
countries, including the larger part of Baja California
north of the Cape Region, give place in the latter to trop-
ical showers, which suddenly gather and in a few hours
may precipitate several inches of rain, after which the
sky clears and the sun comes out warm.

RIVERS, CREEKS, ETC.

As might be expected, from the increased rainfall in
the Cape Region, we also meet here with more creeks
and springs than in any other part of the peninsula. In
the sierra water is found in almost every gulch, even
during the dry season, while in the rainy one every creek-
let is running full. But strange to say, there are in this
sierra few real springs. The watering places during the
dry season are invariably in the otherwise dry beds of
creeks and gulches, except, of course, in places where
the creeks run continually. Real springs, such as we
are accustomed to find in countries where the winter’s
rainfall is stored up in the soil for summer use, springs
gushing out of the soil or from under rocks on the hill-
side, etc., are almost entirely absent, or at least very

scarce. I cannot remember having seen more than three
2D SER., VOL. V. ( 48 ) October 30, 1895.

740 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

in my travels in the Cape Region. One of these is at
Agua Caliente, north of Miraflores, where there is a fine
hot sulphur spring near the bottom of the creek; the
other is the famous spring at San Bartolo, between San-
tiago and La Paz. This spring is one of the marvels of
the peninsula, and the finest spring I have seen in any
country. It courses out through one or two holes from
under an alluvial and glacial mesa, in probably about five
cubic feet of water persecond. It 1s of exceptional purity
and coolness, always retaining its low temperature and its
even and undiminished flow, winter and summer. The
spring empties in an otherwise dry gulch and canon
known as San Bartolo Canon. In the dry season the
canon or creek bed is dry immediately above the spring,
and also some four miles below it. But for four miles or
more the flow from the spring is sufficient to cause the
appearance of a small stream in the bottom of the canon,
besides giving sufficient surplus to constantly irrigate
several hundred acres of land, terraced on the steep slopes
of the canon. ‘The cafion itself is very narrow and pre-
cipitous, its sides are terraced in places, and everywhere
are seen fields of sugar cane, bananas, Ofanees;, Cees
and other tropical fruit trees and plants, making this one
of the most charming spots imaginable, in great contrast
with the surrounding hills which are quite barren, as
compared to those around the San José Valley.

Another spring is found at La Palma, nearer San José,
and a few others are scattered about the country, here
and there.

The San José River is the largest water course in the
Cape Region. It is some forty miles long, or, if we
count in its main tributary at Miraflores, it may be said to
be about fifty-five miles long. It receives during the
rainy season a number of tributaries from the sierra on

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. 747

the west side. But in the dry season most of these do
not reach the main river in the way of surface water, but
there is always a sub- or underflow, which keeps up the
water in the main stream. The water in this is every-
where taken out for irrigation, but the underflow comes
again repeatedly to the surface, so that at the outlet of
the ‘‘ estero’’’ at San José there was 500 cubic feet of water
running to waste into the ocean in the month of March,
while three or four miles up the valley the river had only
the appearance of a large ditch, entirely under control
for irrigation. But in the rainy season the tributaries to
the San José River come down like torrents from the
Sierra and after an unusual ‘‘ aguacero’’ even the San
José River with its shallow bed, half a mile wide, may be
impassable for three or more days, sometimes even for a
week. The water for irrigation seldom fails, and only
once in twelve years, has it become alarmingly scarce so
that crops were a partial failure. This refers also to the
annual rainfall with the same force.

On the east the San José River receives no tributaries,
on the west however there is a number smaller and sev-
eral more respectable ones. ‘The latter are counted from
San José northward: Santa Rosa; San Lazaro (at Santa
Anita) ; San Miguel; San Ignacio (at La Palma) ; Caduano.
Miraflores and San Bernardo.

The San José River irrigates a great many thousand
acres from one end of the valley to the other, but its
waters are badly managed and much wasted, and could,
if properly cared for, irrigate thirty times more land than
at present.

The only other permanent river in the.Cape Region
which always reaches the sea is the Todos Santos River.
This river heads in the Sierra: Laguna and from there
runs straight down to the Pacific. It is used for irrigating

748 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

several thousand acres of bottom land at Todos Santos,
the third important town in the Cape Region. Other
creeks of importance on the Pacific side are San Jacinto
and Palmar to the south and Carissal to the north of
Todos Santos, but while they may be raging torrents,
dangerous and impassable in the rainy season, they dry
up during the dry season and flowing water is found in
their beds only high up in the sierra, while near their
mouths sundry lands may be irrigated from seepage water
and underflow. The country around El] Chinche, Cal-
averas, San Felipe and San Nicolas, all south of El
Taste, form the watershed of a large cafion heading for
Cabo San Lucas. But I understand that the waters sel-
dom reach the Pacific Ocean, at least around San Lucas
there is no stream, though much of the land appears sub-
irrigated. :

As regards the quality of the water in the San José
River I may remark on its exceeding purity. It 1s remark-
ably brilliant and pure, free from sediment and quite
crystaline in appearance. It is good tasting and very
healthful and one of the best waters I have tasted, though
much inferior to that of San Bartolo.

The ridge north of Miraflores divides the waters of the
San José Valley from those of Santiago. The Santiago
Creek, which heads between San Bernardo and Sierra
Laguna, somewhere around Chuparosa, runs directly into
the Gulf, when it runs at all. But generally the waters
of the streams stop in a lake at Santiago, the largest and
probably the only lake in the Cape Region. It is about
one-half mile long and one-eighth mile wide, and it
never dries up. The waters of this river are also used
to irrigate considerable land, but in a crude and most —
unsatisfactory way.

Besides these creeks which show constant water, there

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. 749

are hundreds of others, which consist merely of dry
cafions, with flat dry river beds, giving undisputed evi-
dence of a former period of great rainfall, which probably
has been constantly diminishing since the great ice age.

THE SIERRA.

The most interesting part of the Cape Region is the
great sierra, which towers above everything, and which
imparts its character to the whole country, whether it is
seen from aboard the vessels, far out at sea, or from the
high mountain crests of the sierra itself. The sierra
may be said to begin slowly rising in the vicinity of Cabo
San Lucas and ending immediately north of Sierra
Laguna, but the true and high sierra proper begins with
Mt. Troyer and El Taste in the south, and ends with Mt.
Limantour in the north. This sierra, which possesses
no general name, consists of a granite mass or upheaval,
very precipitous on the western side, and little less so on
the eastern side. Thus the highest points are situated
nearer the western than the eastern side. The eastern
side of this sierra ends at or borders on the San José
Valley, while on the western side it reaches the Pacific,
with a slight rise near the shore line. There is no main
crest or backbone running north or south. On the con-
trary, the sierra is composed of a number of ridges run-
ning parallel east and west, and separated by passes 3000
to 4000 feet high, while the high peaks of the Sierra reach
6000, 7000 and possibly 8000 feet. This feature of the
sierra makes it impossible to travel with pack-animals
any great distance north and south. Thus, if we are
once landed at El Taste in the south, and wish to reach
Santa Genoveva and Sierra Laguna in the center and
north, it is absolutely necessary to first descend to the
plains, and then to ascend the mountains again at another
point. The many ridges sloping down to the east are as

750 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

a rule very precipitous and very narrow, with crests so
narrow that if one should fall from these he might from
the same point tumble down to either side.

The sierra is most imperfectly known. Few, if any,
of the educated people of the region have ever visited
the higher mountains, which to them are a terra incognita.
Only those peaks which can readily be seen from the
valley have been named, and of them only those which
appear as very prominent landmarks. The interior peaks
are entirely unknown, and many first explored and
ascended by us, have not previously appeared on any
map, nor were they designated by names by any of the
inhabitants in the vicinity.

With the right possessed by every original explorer, we
have named some of those peaks, as will be stated further
on inamore detailed description. Each one of the many
ridges which slope down towards the east, north and south
are known as or designated asa ‘‘Sierra.’’ As these
names of the various sierras have not previously been
mentioned in print, nor appear on any maps, I will here
enumerate them.

South of El Taste and Cerro la Calavera we have
three distinct groups of sierras: El] Chinche, San Felipe
and San Nicolas, the position of which may be seen
from the map. If we again start from San José towards
the north, the various and principal ridges or sierras are '
as follows:

Cerro la Calavera, with Mt. Troyer at the upper or
western end.

La Ballena, with Mt. Molera and El Taste or Candel-
ario at the upper or western end.

San Lazaro, with the highest peak on the eastern side.

El Coyote, Los Angeles, Huerigo, Cajoncito, La Com-
munidad, San Miguel, San Ignacio, Cerro Blanco and

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. LE

San Pablo, with the very high peak of Santa Genoveva
at the western end. This is the highest peak of the
Sierras, probably reaching near 8000 feet.

San Bernardo, Sierra de la Laguna, which again is a
cluster of very high peaks, comprising La Aguja or El]
Picacho, Porfirio Diaz, Mt. Limantour, San Rafael, etc.,
while of smaller ridges there are El] Molero, Sirvuelar,
La Torra, San Leonicio, all situated between San Ber-
nardo and Sierra la Laguna proper.

Of this very large number of sierras we have only ex-
plored with any accuracy the most southern and the most
northern, viz.: E] Taste and Sierra Laguna. These parts
resemble each other in the one respect that they contain
each a level flat or meadow surrounded by higher peaks
and wooded hills. El Taste and Sierra Laguna signify
in each case not a high peak isolated from others, but
merely a collective name for a group of mountains around
these two meadows. El Taste is undoubtedly one of the
few Indian names that has survived in the Cape Region.
In Mayo, the Sonora dialect, it means a flat, level piece
of ground, where the Indians run their horse races. The
level meadow in El Taste is also known as La Carrerita,
meaning the same thing in Spanish. It consists of one
larger and several smaller flats, none being over thirty
acres in extent. To the west and several miles distant is
a peak, which on the Coast Survey maps is marked as the
El] Candelero, but which name is not known by any in-
habitants of the district. On that account we found it
best to retain for this, the most visible peak from the west,
the name El Taste. My aneroid barometer showed the
peak to be 5500 feet high. It is the last high peak to the
west, very precipitous towards the Pacific and quite a
landmark from the coast. On the east side of La Car-
rerita the sierra rises gradually into a very steep narrow

752 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ridge crowned by three rounded peaks, the middle one of
which we estimated at 6200 feet, we having not been able
to reach the very highest point. We named this moun-
tain Mt. Molera, after Mr. E. J. Molera of our Academy.
This mountain can only be seen from the San José Val-
ley half way between Santa Catarina and Santa Anita.
The view is from other points covered by the much lower
La Ballena, etc.

On the south side of El Taste, Mt. Molera and La Bal-
lena there runs a respectable creek towards the east and
into the San José river. It heads up on El Taste and sep-
arates from this peak another of prominence but some-
what lower. This peak, which is the most southern one
of all the high peaks in the Cape Region Sierra, we
named Mt. Troyer, after Mr. Carlos Troyer of our Acad-
emy. The peak is somewhat lower than El Taste, about
5200 feet. It is situated about due west from La Cala-
vera.

On the southern slope, on the ridge between El Taste
and Mt. Molera, is situated a ranch, Santo Domingo del
Taste, 3200 feet, and further down on the creek is a fine
camping place known as Corral de Piedras, 2000 feet.
From this place San José may be reached in one day’s
ride.

On the northwestern slope of El Taste there is another
camp EI Saltillo, 3200 feet, one of the best and most in-
teresting for the naturalist. Further down, below the
sierra, is the Rancho San Jacinto.

Sierra Laguna.—By this name is understood in a gen-
eral way the most northern part of the high sierra north
of San Francisquito, the latter never being included in
the Sierra Laguna, though it is not far distant. The
name of Laguna is derived from a lake or lagoon which
formerly existed there, but which some fifteen or more

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. 753

years ago broke through and emptied into the creek,
which carried off its surplus waters to the Gulf. To-day
the lagoon is dry, and forms an oblong somewhat irregular
flat, on account of its dryness not worthy of the name
of meadow. ‘Through its center courses a tiny spring or
two in the deeper channel which at the rainy season, or
after heavy storms, undoubtedly has the appearance of a?
brook, but which at the dry season becomes almost en-
tirely dry, most of the water which comes from the upper
end sinking before it reaches the center of the flat. The
flat contains probably about a hundred acres. About one
mile or so northwest of the flat is situated one of the most
prominent landmarks in the Cape Region, the Picacho or.
La Aguja. This isa high needle-like peak, almost per-
pendicular on all sides, but especially so on the west side,
where it falls about a thousand feet down in the canons
and slopes below. The top is bare and narrow, like a
sugar loaf. A few hundred feet back of it, to the east,
is another but less perpendicular cone, partly covered
with trees and vegetation, and about fifty feet less high.
My aneroid indicated the height to be 6200 feet. But two
or three miles further east, on the southeast side of the
former lagoon, is situated the highest mountain in this
particular sierra. It being unnamed and not especially
designated by any of the inhabitants on either the Todos
Santos or the Miraflores side, we named it Mt. Porfirio
Diaz. Its wanting previously a name may be accounted
for because its top is partly covered by vegetation, and it
is thus not as prominently visible as the Picacho, but it is
almost a thousand feet higher, or about 7050 feet. Right
opposite, on the north side of the Laguna, the sierra
crest 1s a succession of bold and rough tops, the highest
one reaches about 6000 feet. Unhappily the aneroid was
left behind at the ascent, but I estimated the height at fully
6000 feet. We named this Mt. Limantour.

754 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The ascent and descent to and from Sierra Laguna is
one of the most arduous in the Cape Region, especially
when pack-mules are to be brought along.

Geological, Features.—Although no special attention
was given the geological structure of the Cape Region,
a few observations taken on the road may not be without

‘interest. The main sierra from El] Chinche to Sierra La-
guna, and beyond it to Triumfo, consists of a granite up-
heaval, which almost everywhere shows signs of- the
glacial period. This is especially evident on the east side.
Here, all along from San José to Rodeo, we meet with
enormous morains, which all run more or less parallel
from west to east. Especially are the morains prominent
between Miraflores and San Bartolo. At the lower end
of the canon of San Bartolo are large steep morains,
known as the Quebradas de San Bartolo, consisting of
enormous boulders heaped on the top of each other,
several hundred feet high. The coast mountains east of
San José River and from there on to La Paz in the north,
appear to consist chiefly of volcanic stratified red rocks.
East of San José, however, comprising a district from
near San José River and running east, we meet with hard,
crystalline nonfossiliferous lime formation. This forma-
tion gives to the country an entirely different aspect; the
mountains, instead of being rounded, have the form of
table-mountains, crowned by very. sharp, needle-like,
pyramids. How far this region extends northward I am
unable to say.

I think there is every evidence that the whole of the
Cape Region is in a state of upheaval, and probably has
been so ever since the end of the glacial period. At Mag-
dalena settlements I found successive sea beaches several
hundred feet high, with the same shells as now living in
the ocean below, in very good state of preservation.

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. 755

At the end of the glacial period the sierra of the Cape
Region probably consisted of a low island, with morains
ten to fifteen miles long, sloping down to the sea. These
morains did not cross the narrow valley of San José, nor
did I find any remains of such morains east of this valley,
though I may remark that my explorations in this region
have been very imperfect.

RELATIONS AND ORIGIN OF THE FAUNA.

From our geological and other observations, it is evi-
dent that at the end of the great ice period the Cape
Region of Baja California existed as an isolated island,
separated by a broad sound, perhaps several hundred
miles wide, from the main part of the peninsula, while
from the main land of Mexico there probably existed
the same distance as at present. ‘This island must have
had little or no animal life, there being an entire absence
of lowlands on which a milder climate would have made
it possible for animal life to subsist and retain itself, while
the higher mountains were wrapped in snow and ice.
This rocky island must have been several thousand feet
high, with no bare ground exposed to the warmth of the
sun. As the ice melted away and the soil was exposed,
the land gradually rose, bringing with it a lowland sur-
rounding the mountains. ‘The first immigrants of animal
life must have been temperate forms, which again, as the
climate became warmer, ascended to the mountains, while
the later and more tropical forms remained in the lower
lands.

To begin with, only such animals could have immigrated
to the Cape Region as were able by some means or other
to cross the ocean from the mainland. But as later on
the Cape Region became connected with the peninsula
by a low stretch of land, immigration of animals became
much easier and permitted an inroad of northern species

756 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

in much larger numbers. Through these various and
continuous immigrations from surrounding countries, it
might be inferred that the fauna and flora of the Cape
Region must contain a mixture of temperate and tropical
forms. Thisisalso the case. Itis yet too early in our rather
imperfect knowledge of the entire number of species in-
habiting the Cape Region and surrounding countries, to
summarize too liberally, but through the collections
acquired by this Academy we now know that a large
percentage are temperate forms, a small percentage trop-
ical, while a great number of species are endemic, that
is, have so modified themselves from their ancestors in
the Cape Region, that they are classified as new species.
As not all of our collections have been worked up, a
fur her discussion of this subject must be left for a future
time. I will here state that while we have collected
thousands of different species in this our new field, it is
evident that as many more yet exist there, these being
scarce forms, which probably are more dependent on the
peculiarities of the seasons and localities for their exist-
tence and numbers. Believing that the Cape Region of
Baja California is one of the most interesting isolated
points in the world as regards its fauna and flora, it is my
intention to treat of this subject—of the faunal relations
of this region—more exhaustively at a future time.

NATIVE WILD FRUITS AND ECONOMIC PLANTS.

A few words may be said about the native wild fruits
of the Cape Kegion.’ hese, fruits are not manyeybus
several of them are valuable, one or two are very fine.
The head of the list must be given to the red ‘‘ pitahaya
agria’’ (Cereus Thurberz), or red-fruited cactus. It is
one of the very finest fruits I know. In shape it is
round and of the size of an orange, in color it is red;
its pulp is red with many very small black seeds and is

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. WAST

very juicy, high flavored, slightly acid, but also very sweet.

This cactus grows everywhere on the low mesa land to
an altitude of about 1200 feet, and the fruit can be had
for the picking or bought for next to nothing. This fruit
is, like all cactus fruit, covered with spines, but they may
be scraped off easily and are not troublesome. <A most
beautiful preserve is made from the pitahaya with sugar.
In taste the pitahaya reminds one of a very fine water-
melon. ‘There is another kind known as ‘ pitahaya
dulce.’’ It is smaller, sweeter, but not quite as fine. The
pitahaya agria ripens in August and September, the pita-
haya dulce shortly before.

A fruit universally distributed over the Cape Region is
the so-called ‘‘ ciruela’’ (Crytocarpa procera). This is
is a shrub or small tree which for several months in the
year during the rainy season produces enormous masses of
small yellow oblong plums, with a single round seed.
The fruit is juicy, yellow, and very refreshing, though
the flavor is not always fine and rather odd. The seeds
contain a very fine kernel, in my opinion the finest nut I
have tasted. Miss Alice Eastwood has called my atten-
tion to the fact that this plant belongs to the same family
as the Pistacia, and that this will account for the exceed-
ingly high flavor of the nut. I have no doubt but that
the kernel may be introduced into commerce and be a
valuable substitute for the real Prstacza vera. ‘There is a
great difference between the various trees of this kind.
Some bear very large, well flavored and handsome fruit,
others again have small fruit with a decidedly turpentine-
like flavor. This tree should be cultivated and improved.

The ciruela is very common from the sand dunes
along the shore to the mountains, where at an elevation
of several thousand feet larger trees may be found, some
with palatable fruit.

758 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Another fruit is the ‘‘ guayparin,’’ a species of per-
simmon, of a brown color when ripe. Itis not astringent
and is very highly flavored and really more palatable than
the Japan persimmons. It should be useful for crossing
with the Japan persimmons.

Among other wild useful plants two may be mentioned.
One is the ‘‘ palo blanco’’ (Lyszloma candida), the bark
of which is peeled, dried and exported in large quantities
to England and United States for tanning purposes. It is
said to be one of the very best tan-barks known, giving
the leather a fine russet color and making it very soft.
This tree grows everywhere in the mountains, in almost
inexhaustible quantities, Itis a slender tree reaching a
height of thirty to fifty feet.

The herb known as ‘‘ damiana,’’ used for the produc-
tion of damiana bitters, is common in many places. Its
botanical name is Zurnera diffusa.

Aspects of Vegetation.—For a detailed botanical ac-
count of the botany of this region, the various papers
published by T. S. Brandegee will be found most ex-
haustive. Here I will only point to a few features of the
general landscape as they present themselves to the tray-
eler. With very few exceptions the whole of the Cape
Region is densely covered with shrubs and low trees,
among which in the lower elevations are mixed numerous
cacti, some tall and rigid, others of spreading habits and
forms.

During the rainy season all this vegetation is intensely
green, the foliage is fine and feathery and the hills and
mountains present at a distance a mass of green, which
may nearest be compared to the lace-like appearance of
the maiden-hair fern. The trees as a rule are small,
slender and low, of an average of twenty to thirty feet.
Some few varieties are taller. The finest and densest

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. 759

vegetation begins at 1000 feet and extends to 6000 feet.
We may distinguish several distinct regions, which, how-
ever, are not in every locality found at the same altitude.
The lower one of this region, if we except the sandy low
land along the shores, are the mesas and the lower hills.
Here the trees are low with fine feathery foliage, numerous
species of acacias and allied genera. Next region is the
region of the figs. At about 3000 to 4ooo feet wild figs
(Ficus Palmerz) become numerous and form a feature of
the landscape. At about 4000 feet oaks became very
prominent, and we may Call this region the region of oaks.

Above the oak region we enter, in the most elevated
sierra, the region of the pines, especially at Sierra La-
guna. The pines are spreading, without central or stand-
ard trunks, branching low down like our digger pines
(Pinus Sabiniana ), but otherwise in shape recalling the
oaks.

All the trees in the Cape Region show a spreading
form of their crowns, the effort evidently being to pro-
tect their stems, roots and the ground from the heat of
the sun and its drying out effects.

There are two other trees which give a great prominence
to the landscape. I mean the two palms found here, the
species of which have not yet been very critically exam-
ined into. The lower canons in the sierra as well as in
the lowlands, where cultivation is carried on, are here
and there covered with groves of the tall and most beau-
tiful fan palm ( Washingtonia Sonore?). This palm is
not seen above a few thousand feet, and is probably not
indigenous. Higher up, at an elevation of 4000 to 6000
feet, or in places lower yet, we find everywhere in the
gulches and along the streams the blue fan palm( Lrythea
armata? ) with stems a hundred or more feet high, with a
diameter of frequently only six inches at the height of

760 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY .OF SCIENCES.

four feet from the ground. This palm is very graceful,
it rises high above the other vegetation, and is very prom-
inent, especially as it grows in small groves on the hill-
sides where there is mosture.

The richness in flowering plants in the Cape Region is
remarkable. The whole country is frequently ablaze
with the yellow flowers of the ‘‘ palo de arco’ ( Tecoma
stans), or with the lovely large morning-glory ( /pomea
aurea). ‘The blue morning-glories are also exceedingly
numerous in places, every bush and tree being woven
together with a dense net-work of these green vines,
covered by innumerable blue and violet flowers, in many
sizes, from those larger than a dollar to those smaller than
a pea.

TIME FOR COLLECTING.

The best time for collecting and studying animal life
in the Cape Region varies greatly with the seasons. But
as a general rule it may be stated that very soon after the
first heavy shower of rain is the proper time to begin, as
at that time all animal life starts anew. After the first
rains nine-tenths of all chrysalises and larve hatch at once,
and the whole country is then teeming with animal life.
The bushes and trees cover themselves with leaves and
flowers, giving ample food for caterpillars and insects of
all kinds. ‘As this begins in the sierra, the sierra is the
proper place in which to begin explorations and collec-
tions. A week after the first rain the fauna is at its
height. Myriads of butterflies are then seen filling the
air in daytime, while during the evening hours micro-
lepidoptera or moths and beetles of all kinds swarm
around the lights. Countless lizards then dart among
the rocks or on the hillsides or in the branches of the
trees. Most lizards there are vegetable feeders, and with
the advent of the rains they leave their underground nests

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. 761

or hiding places to feed on the tender leaves of the new
vegetation. But, as there is a great irregularity, both in
the quantity of the rainfall as well as in the time when it
commences, so is there considerable variation in the com-
mencement of this exuberance of animal life. It may
begin in July, but it may not begin until September. I[
have seen so many butterflies filling the air in one of the
high valleys of the Sierra E] Taste that the air seemed
thick with them, and this continued for several weeks.
When at such a time a cloud over the sun caused a tem-
porary shadow, this immense and innumerable host of
butterflies suddenly vanished, having taken refuge on the
under side of the leaves of trees, bushes and herbs.
When in an hour the sun again shone out in all its warmth
and brightness, the butterflies all at once left their hiding
places and again filled the air. One day, when I! climbed
the El Taste peak, I beheld just such a wondrous sight.
The whole valley between El] Taste and Mt. Troyer was
filled to a height of 3000 feet, or from the bottom of the
valley to the top of the peaks, and several miles in width,
with butterflies in almost every color of the rainbow, but
principally white and yellow. AsI sat there gazing at
this marvelous spectacle, suddenly a cloud overshadowed
the sun. In fifteen minutes the butterflies were gone,
the air was clear; but when in an hour the sun came out
bright and warm, the butterflies also came out in almost
as large quantity as before. Such days and nights must
be used without rest by the naturalist, as they may vanish
very soon. ‘Thus our principal collecting of beetles and
other insects was done in a week’s time. The second
shower of rain spoiled everything. After a rainstorm of
four or five hours duration, we were astonished to find
that there were scarcely any insects left of any kind.

Butterflies, beetles, moths, wasps, almost every kind had
2p SEeR., VOL. V. (49 ) October 30, 1895.

762 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

vanished as by magic. One evening before, we had
caught a thousand insects by the aid of the lamp ina few
hours. The first evening after the rainstorm had passed
away we caught about ten in twice the time, and it did
not improve with time. The swarms of insects did not
return, and a few more showers made it worse yet.
Finally the dry season set in, and then there was hardly
anything more to be found anywhere except under rocks.

One of the features of the fauna of the Cape Region
is the immense quantity of land shells found in some
places. In certain evidently favored localities the ground
is literally covered with the dead and white shells of land
mollusks. We ride along for hours through cafions, where
the ground is thus strewn. Then as we turn into another
canon, we find no shells at all, not even after close search
under rocks and trunks of trees. Then again as we pass
on, we may enter a locality where we again find an abun-
dance and are able to collect thousands in the space of a
very short time, there being actually no limit to the quan-
tity. Another peculiarity as regards the land shells is
that every sierra and every cation almost possesses peculiar
forms not found anywhere else. All the shells are white
or nearly so, afew are pinkish white. In places they
glimmer on the ground as close and as prominent as white
pebbles on a beach.

A great deal has been said about the number of rattle-
snakes found in Baja California, but most stories about
them are greatly exaggerated. We may find several
during a day, or we may not see any fora week. It is
very rarely that any one is bitten by a snake, and scarcer
yet that the bite is fatal. A universal, and, asI am told,
a sure cure for the rattlesnake bite is the remedy used
by the natives. They take a piece of the pitahaya cactus,
roast is over the fire and apply it to the wound. It is said

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. 763

that it extracts the snake poison in a very short time, and
before any serious trouble has set it. The most feared
animal in Baja California is the skunk. The popular be-
lieve is that its bite causes hydrophobia. No native will
sleep out of doors without covering himself, head and all,
in his serape or blanket in order to prevent the skunks
from attacking him. To my knowledge, however, no
case of hydrophobia has occurred for years.

There are no other poisonous animals in the Cape Re-
gion, the scorpions being no more harmful than wasps.
The big tarantulas are feared, and probably with good
reason, though I have heard of no cases where people or
animals were bitten.

Below will be found a short record of the various ex-
peditions sent out by the California Academy of Sciences
to Baja California and other parts of Mexico:

I. Expedition in March, 1888. W. E. Bryant. Mag-
dalena Island, San Jorge to Comondu and across the
peninsula to La Giganta and Loreto. Back by La Gi-
ganta, San Gabriel, San Juan. Back through Comondu.

2. Expedition spring of 1889. W. E. Bryant and Chas.
D. Haines. Magdalena Island, Santa Margarita Island,
San Jorge, Comondu, from there overland to San Gre-
gorio, San Ignacio, Calmalli, Santa Borgia, El Rosario,
San Quintin.

3. Expedition September and October, 1890. W. E..
Bryant. San José del Cabo, Agua Caliente, Sierra, Tri-
Wino. Wavkeaz.

4. Expedition March to May, 1892. W. E. Bryant,
Gustav Eisen. San José del Cabo, Miraflores, Agua
Caliente, Santiago, Gulf shore, Sierra Laguna, San Fran-
cisquito, La Paz, Espiritu Santa Island, Guaymas, So-
nora, Hermosillo, Durasnillas, San Miguel.

5. Expedition September and October, 1893. Gustav

764 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Eisen. San José del Cabo, Sierra El Taste, across to
Pescadero and Todos Santos, Cabo San Lucas, and back
to San José, Miraflores, San Francisquito, Sierra Laguna,
Todos Santos.

6. Expedition September, October, November, 1894.
Gustav Eisen, Frank H. Vaslit. San José del Cabo,
Miraflores, Santa Anita, La Palma, Sierra San Lazaro,
El Taste, Piedra Corral. Overland from San José to La
Paz by Santiago, San Bartolo, Triumfo, La Paz. Mazat-
lan, by steamer to San Blas. Overland to Tepic, by land
to Mazatlan, via Santiago Ixtquintla, Squinapa, El Ro-
sario, etc.

Expeditions two, three, four and five were made in com-
pany with Mr. T. S. Brandegee, who traveled exclusively
at his own expense. While his specialty was plants he
also collected a few insects, which were donated to the
Academy. Part of expedition No. 5 was also in com-
pany with Mrs. T. S. Brandegee. .

The last two expeditions collected no birds and but few
mammals. Specialties were reptiles, mollusca, insects,
etc. During the last expedition, of 1894, it is safe
to say that of some of these groups of animals about four
times as many specimens and species were collected as
during all the other expeditions together.

DISTRIBUTIONS OF COLLECTIONS.

Until the expedition of 1893 the collections brought
home had remained undescribed, except as regards birds
and mammals. These collections consisted of reptiles,
beetles, butterflies, wasps, flies and dragon-flies, collected
by the members of the expeditions of 1888, 1889 and
1890. By reference to the various papers already pub-
lished and by noticing the routes of these expeditions
it may be seen where these collections were made and
what they were.

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. 765

But beginning with the expedition of 1891, the collec-
tions of lower animals became so large that it was decided
by the President of the Academy, H. W. Harkness, and
the governing Council, to distribute collections to various
specialists for descriptions in the Proceedings of the
Academy. This was done in 1892, 1893 and 1894. The
conditions upon which collections were thus distributed
for scientific work were very liberal and regarded prin-
cipally three points:

1. The MS. of the respective authors regarding the
collections sent them should be published by the Califor-
nia Academy of Sciences.

2. <All types* to be deposited in the collections of the
California Academy of Sciences.

3. The respective investigators to retain a set of du-
plicates, the first set always going to the Academy.

Under the above conditions the collections were dis-
tributed and worked up as follows. References, unless
otherwise specified, are to Proceedings California Acad-
emily Or Sciences, second series.

Protozoa.—A large material for the study of parasitic
protozoa was collected.
KIsen, Gustav. On the Various Stages of Development of Spermatobium,

with Notes on other Parasitic Sporozoa. Vol. v, May 18, 1895.
OLIGOCHATA OR LAND ANNELIDS.—A very large col-
lection of this class of worms in alcohol is being worked
up by the writer. Very great interest is attached to this

“As this paper is intended also for non-specialists it may not be un-
necessary to state that with ‘‘types ” are understood one or more speci-
mens of any species upon which the first description of the species was
based. The great scientific value of types is well understood by natur-
alists and every scientific collection is chiefly valued according to the
‘‘types ’ it contains. The types will always retain their scientific value,
no matter how common will be found the species to which they belong.
A perusal of the papers describing the fauna of Baia California will show
the great number of types thus possessed by our Academy.

766 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

group as no species were formerly known from the re-

gion. A large number of new forms have been found.

The oligochetological fauna of the Cape Region is es-

sentially a neotropic one, only one or two upper Califor-

nia species being found.

Eisen, Gustav. Anatomical Studies on New Species of Ocnerodrilus.
Vol. i111, July 9, 1893.

Ersen, Gustav. On the Anatomical Structure of Two Species of Kerria.
Vol. iii, April 15, 1893.

Eisen, Gustav. Pacific Coast Oligocheta, No.1. Memoirs of the Califor-

nia Academy of Sciences. 1895. 18 plates.
Ersen, Gustav. Pacific Coast Oligocheta, No. 2. MS. now in press.

Lanp AND FREsH WaTER Mo.uuusca.—The collect-
ions were worked up by Dr. J. G. Cooper, who has
kindly furnished the following summary. In all, the
various expeditions brought home sixty-three species
from the peninsula. Of these seventeen were new
to science. Of these latter seven were taken by the three
first expeditions, the other ten by the last ones.

Of all the species collected, twenty-nine are found
north of the U. S. boundary line, on the peninsula only
twenty-eight, east of the Gulf also six.

Around Mazatlan and Tepic seventeen species were

found.

Coorsr, J.G. On Land and Fresh Water Shells of Lower California.
Vol. ili, April 23, 1891.

Coorrer, J.G. On Land and Fresh Water Mollusca of Lower California,
No. 2. Vol. iii, October 6, 1892.

Coorrr, J. G. On Land and Fresh Water Mollusca of Lower California,
No. 3. Vol. iii, May 5, 1893.

Coorrr, J. G. On Land and Fresh Water Mollusca of Lower California,
No.4. Vol. iv, April 28, 1894.

Coorrr, J. G. On Land and Fresh Water Shells of Lower California, No.
5. Vol. v, June $8, 1895.

Cooper, J.G. On West Mexican Landand Fresh Water Mollusca. Vol. v,
June 8, 1895. ,

Cooper, J. G. Catalogue of the Land and Fresh Water Mollusca of Lower
California. Zoe, vol. iii.

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. 67

Marine Moruusca.—Described by Dr. J. G. Cooper.
The collection was principally made by Mr. W. E. Bryant,
during the expedition of 1892.

CooprR, J.G. Catalogue of Marine Shells, collected chiefly on the Eastern
Shore of Lower California, for the California Academy of Sciences,
during 1891-2. Vol. v, May 21, 1895.

SpiperRs.—During the last two expeditions a specialty
was made of spiders. These were turned over to that
most prominent arachnologist, Prof. George Marx, of
Washington, D. C., but who, through his untimely death,
was prevented from finishing the work. In private letters
to the writer he stated that there were about three hundred
species, mostly new, from the Cape Region alone.
These collections, together with those collected during
the expedition of 1894, in the Cape Region and at Tepic,
were, after the death of Prof. Marx, forwarded to Prot.
Nathan Banks, whose eminent services have been secured
in working up the collections. His manuscript is not yet
ready.

PHALANGIDEA or HARVESTMEN.—AII collections made
have been sent to Prof. Clarence M. Weed, who has
undertaken their description.

Scorpions.—A very large collection from Baja Cali-
fornia, Cape Region and Tepic, preserved in alcohol, has
not yet been distributed.

ACARINA OR Mitres.—Are being worked up by Dr.
Otto Stoll. Manuscript not yet received.

MyRIAPODA OR CENTIPEDES.—A very full collection
from the Cape Region. The working up of this collec-
tion has; been undertaken by Proton. 1. Pocock: The
manuscript has not yet reached us.

CRuSTACEA.—A collection in alcohol of fresh water
and land living species have been sent to Prof. Walter
Faxon. His manuscript not yet received.

768 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Other species have been described by Professor Samuel

J. Holmes, as below:
HotmeEs, SAMUEL J. Notes on West American Crustacea. Vol. iv, May
20, 1894.
This paper contains description of a few Baja Califor-
nia Crustacea.

ONIscIDa OR Sow-sBucs.—A very full and carefully
made collection in alcohol from the Cape Region, Tepic,
etc., has not yet been distributed.

InseEcts.—The following statement of the various col-
lections of insects- brought together by Mr. Frank H.
Vaslit and myself during the last expeditions, as well as
of those collected by previous expeditions, has been
compiled by Prof. Charles Fuchs:

THYSANURA and CoLLEMBOLA.
Scuott, Haroutp. In MS.

Thirty species, sixteen n. sp. types, one hundred speci-
mens, collected in 1893 and 1894.

ODONATA.
CALVERT, PuiLtip P. The Odonata of Baja California, Mexico. Vol. iv,
February 19, 1895.

Forty species, six n. sp. types, two thousand six hun-
dred specimens.

Of the forty species, nine are widely distributed over
temperate America; eighteen are@ neotropical; eighteen
nearctic; three restricted to the peninsula.

The collections were mostly made during the last two
expeditions and were preserved in alcohol. The very
large collection from Tepic is being worked up by the
same author, but is not yet ready for publication.

ORTHOPTERA.
These collections are being worked up by Prof. Law-
rence Bruner and Prof. Samuel H. Scudder. Many of

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. 769

the illustrations are ready, but the manuscripts have not
yet reached us.

HETEROPTEROUS HEMIPTERA.
Uuuer, P. R. Observations upon the Heteropterous Hemiptera of Lower
California, with Descriptions of New Species. Vol. iv, June 20, 1894.

One hundred and fifty-four species, thirty-two n. sp.
types, eight thousand specimens.

Seventy-three species, fourteen n. sp. types, collected
by expeditions 1888-1889.

Fifty-nine species, seven n. sp. types, collected by ex-
peditions 1892-1893.

Twenty-two species, eleven n. sp. types, previously in
the Academy collection, collected in California.

The collection made by the expedition of 1894 has
not yet been reported on by Prof. Uhler.

NEUROPTERA.
Banks, NatHan. Some Mexican Neuroptera. Vol. v, August 20, 1895.

Sixteen species, eight n. sp. types, ninety specimens.
Collected by the expedition of 1894, mostly in the Cape
Region of Baja California and Tepic, Mexico.

DIPTERA.
TownseENnD, C. H. Tyter. Notes on the Diptera of Baja California, in-

cluding some Species from Adjacent Regions. Vol. iv, April 8, 1895.

Sixty-one species, sixteen n. sp. types, one thousand
specimens.

Eight species, one n. sp. type, collected by expeditions
1888-1889.

Thirty-five species, thirteen n. sp. types, collected by
expeditions 1892-1893.

Eighteen species, two n. sp. types, previously in the
Academy collection, collected in California.

Collections by the expedition of 1894 are now being
worked up by Prof. Townsend.

770 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

. COLEOPTERA.
Horn, Grorce H. Coleoptera of Baja California. Vol. iv, August 3, 1894.
Six hundred and eighty species, eighty-four n. sp. types,
thirty-four n. sp. typical varieties.
The collections upon which this paper is based were
made by the expeditions of 1888 to 1893.

Horn, GrorGE H. Coleoptera of Baja California. Supplement I.. Vol.
v, July 19, 1895.

Fifty-two species, twenty-three n. sp. types and typical
varieties.

The collections upon which this paper is based were
made exclusively in 1894..

The species collected up to October, 1895, are repre-
sented by one hundred and seven n. sp. types, sixty-seven
n. sp. typical varieties, seven hundred fifty-five species
and about ten thousand specimens.

The collection of beetles by the different expeditions
is by far the largest aggregate of material from Baja Cal-
ifornia submitted for scientific study. In addition to this
the Academy possesses a collection of beetles from the
Pacific mainland of Mexico, State of Sonora to Tepic, col-
lected by the expeditions of 1893-1894, amounting to
seven hundred and fifty-five species, three thousand spec-
imens.

HYMENOPTERA.
Fox, Witi1am J. Report on some Mexican Hymenoptera, principally
from Lower California. Vol. iv, September 14, 1893.

Seventy-eight species, thirteen n. sp. types.

Forty-six species, including eight n. sp. types, collected
by expeditions 1888-1889.

Thirty-two species, including five n. sp. types, col-
lected by expeditions 1892, 1893.
Fox, Witi1am J. Second Report on some Hymenoptera from Lower Cal-

ifornia, Mexico. Vol. iv, April 19, 1894.
One hundred and five species, fourteen n. sp. types.

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. WGjas

Nine species, including one n. sp. type, collected by
expeditions 1888-1889.

Ninety species, including thirteen n. sp. types, collected
by expeditions 1892-1893.
Fox, Wiiiiam J. Third Report on some Mexican Hymenoptera, prin-

cipally from Lower California. Vol. v, July 20, 1895.

The collections upon which this paper is based were
made exclusively in 1894, amounting to sixty-seven species
including five n. sp. types.

The Hymenoptera, including Parasitic Hymenoptera
and Formicidz, are represented in all by seventy n. sp.
types, three hundred and thirty-two species, four thousand
five hundréd specimens.

Parasitic HYMENOPTERA.
ASHMEAD, WILLIAM H. Some Parasitic Hymenoptera from Lower Cali-
fornia. Vol. iv. April 25, 1894.

Forty-four specimens, twenty-one species, nine n. sp.
types.

Seven species, including one n. sp. type, collected by
expeditions 1888-1889.

Fourteen species, including eight n. sp. types, collected
by expedition 1893.

ASHMBAD, WILLIAM H. Some Parasitic Hymenoptera from Baja Califor-
nia and Tepic, Mexico. Vol. v, September 7, 1895.

Thirty-eight species, twenty-two n. sp. types, collected
by the expedition 1894.

This very extensive series comprises some of the largest
families of the order, the members of which in their
larval state, excepting the gall-feeding Cynipide, are para-
sitic upon or within the bodies of other insects, using the
words of Westwood, ‘‘ are of vast importance in the
economy of nature by preventing the too great increase
of different species of insects, especially of the cater-
pillars and moths, of which they destroy a great num-
ber

772 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

BuLastopHac or Fic INsEcTs.

A large collection of these minute wasps, with the
various species of wild figs inhabited by them, was made
in 1893 and 1894. The collection was delivered to
Prof. C. V. Riley, at his urgent request, but since his
untimely death Prof. W. H. Ashmead has kindly under-
taken the description of this interesting and difficult
group.

Formicip@ or ANTS.

PeRGANDE, THEO. Ona Collection of Formicide from Lower California
and Sonora, Mexico. Vol. iv, September 19, 1893.

Sixteen species, four n. sp. types.

Eleven species, including three n. sp. types, collected
by the expeditions of 1888-1889.

Five species, including one n. sp. type, colleerea by
the expeditions of 1892-1893.

PERGANDE. THEO. Formicide of Lower California, Mexico. Vol. iv,
May 17, 1894.

Seven species, including three n. sp. types, collected
by the expedition 1893.

These papers refer only to collections made previous
to 1894.

The very large collections made by us in 1894 both in
the Cape Region and at Tepic are now worked up by
Prof. Pergande, who writes that the manuscript will be
ready before very long, the very large size of the col-
lections having made delay necessary.

ReptTites.—The collections from Baja California have
been worked up by Prof. John Van Denburgh, whose
papers will be mentioned below. The work on the col-
lections from Mazatlan and Tepic is not yet finished, but
is being rapidly pushed by that author.

Van DEeNBURGH, JoHN. A Review of the Herpetology of Lower California.
Part I, Reptiles. Vol. v, May 28, 1895.

Van Densurcu, Joun. A Review of the Herpetology of Lower California,
Part II, Bratrachians. Vol. v, September 10, 1895.

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. 773

VAN DENBURGH, JOHN. Description of Three New Lizards from Califor-
nia and Lower California, with note on Phrynosoma Blainyillii. Vol.
iv, July 12, 1894.

Van DEnBURGH, JoHN. Notes on Crotolus Mitchellii and Crotolus Pyr-
rhus. Vol. iv, September 25, 1894.

Van DENBURGH, JOHN. Phrynosoma Solaris, with a Note on its Distribu-
tion. Vol. iv, September 25, 1894.

FisnEes.—Only fresh water fishes were collected, which
have been handed to Prof. C. H. Gilbert for determina-
tion and description. In this connection it may not be
out of place to call attention to the following very im-
portant paper published by our Academy and bearing

upon the fishes of the region:
JoRDAN, Davip Starr. The Fishes of Sinaloa; 31 plates. Vol. v, Au-
gust 15, 1895.

Brrps.—Collected during the first four expeditions
only. Worked up by Mr. W.E. Bryant, who published:

BryYANT, WALTER E. Description of a Subspecies of Song Sparrow from
Lower California. Vol. i, September 29, 1888.

Bryant, WALTER E. Description of the Nests and Eggs of Some Lower
California Birds, with a Description of the Young Plumage of Geo-
thlypis beldingi. Vol. ii, June 20, 1889.

BrYANT, WALTER E. A Catalogue of the Birds of Lower California,
Mexico. Vol. ii, December 17, 1889.

ANTHONY, ALFRED W. New Birds from Lower California, Mexico. Vol. ii,
October 11, 1889.

‘Mr. Anthony’s collections were made entirely inde-
pendent of the Academy explorations.

MAMMALS.

Bryant, WALTER E. Preliminary Description of a New Species of the
Genus Lepus, from Mexico. Vol. iii, April 23, 1891.

Merriam, C. Hart. Description of a New Kangaroo Rat from Lower
California (Dipodomys merriami melanurus subsp. nov.) collected by
Walter E. Bryant. Vol. iii, June 5, 1893.

Merriam C. Harr. Description of Four New Pocket Mice from Lower
California, collected by Walter E. Bryant. Vol. iv, September 25, 1894.

STOWELL, JoHN M. Description of a new Jack-Rabbit from San Pedro
Martir Mountain, Lower California. Vol. v, May 28, 1895.

774 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Borany.—Although all the botanical collections were
made by Mr. T. S. Brandegee in a private capacity and
therefore not strictly coming under the explorations of the
Academy, still I have thought it well to include a list of
the botanical papers, especially as they are published by
the Academy in its Proceedings. A nearly full collection
of Mr. Brandegee’s plants was donated to the Herbarium

of the Academy by him.

BRANDEGEE, T.S. A Collection of Plants from Baja California, 1889. Vol.
li, Nov. 12, 1889.

BRANDEGEE, T.S. Flora of the Cape Region of Baja California. Vol. iii,
July 14, 1891.

BrRANvEGEE, T. S. Additions to the Flora of the Cape Region of Baja
California. Vol. iii, November 10, 1892.

Harkness, H. W. Fungi collected by T. S, Brandegee in Lower Califor-
nia in 1889. Vol. ii, Dec. 20, 1888.

Vasey, GEo. Grasses from Lower California. Vol. ii, Dec. 17, 1889.

Coenraux, A. Cucurbitacearum novum Genus et Species. Vol. iii, July
7, 1890.

GEOLOGY.
LinpGREN, WALDEMAR. Petrographical Notes on Baja California, Mexico.
Vol. 1i, June 29, 1889.
LINDGREN, WALDEMAR. Notes on the Geology and Petrography of Baja
California, Mexico. Vol. ii, April 16, 1890.

VARIOUS DISTANCES IN THE CAPE REGION.

Leagues.
Cabo San Lueas to San José del Cabo............ APU S rehashed. 3 9
SanvJose tos amtay Ca teria ayn cl aster ren cociaiatee cc cess ueiene elt. ans aut eva 2
SantarCatarimatoy so ambaycArm Itai cesta pe eiaiaps eats tar ies cutie dey eae 1
SantaAmita toa salina cess Ghai citennpy maniacs) alii co on. Hanh x nigra ey eee eee 3
MasPalmna' tow Cad Wan oeye) ii ai ke ak ene Mane raion NUCRUe Laven meaner nia ee 2
Cadwano; tom Miratlores! ie Wee Aree wos, Sena aera 2 Si IAPR cee ate, Mie eae, Vee 1
MiratlonrestoyAouas©@ allaemtece ive ian, Gaairany uct crud ortbei/ctceent Wer ieeere stalls ene eee 2
MATa Tlores TOUS amGla come clay GUN Boar rsa) dil letay com cecne fae creme eelet ay ee 3
Santiveo to Pnsenadarderla ibalimange sei. le cen sioctel a oloeaea rerio 5
Hnsenada: tovsan: Bartolo swe eee centres Cone isucesta os eecraeys Seen aray ste renee 3
SaneBartolotovROde oy) Mee eon Le ee ee sea er tates aah Alay act Pater nels ore tee 2
Rodeo to San Antonio.......... Ges an pt eR em oars aN ate 4.
SaimmAntomiostor Trimm foes beeen valate aye eaarenicne renee helenae 2,
Primm fostowS aml edvo sys Lin oes Meee wee anaes belie ieaena coe a aperee See 6

SanvPedrov toma Pag so wee aes Selo eae pe Coe pee eas 2 Se Ga eC ice tr ea ease ae 8

EXPLORATIONS IN CAPE REGION. TAS

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE LXXII. General Map of the Peninsula of Baja California. Com-
piled from the U.S. Hydrographic Office charts, and from the Brande-
gee map elsewhere alluded to, as well as from various other sources.

PuLaTE LXxilI. Map of the Cape Region of Baja California. The outlines
have been compiled from the U. 8. Hydrographic Office charts. The
nomenclature has been furnished by Capt. John von Helms and by
Capt. E. Labastida of La Paz. The interior topography from notes and
memoranda of the explorations of the writer and Mr. Frank H. Vaslit.

PuaTE LxxiIv. Map of the Region of Sierra El Taste. Compiled from
notes and sketches of Frank H. Vaslit and the writer, made during
the expedition of 1894.

Map of the Region of Sierra Laguna. Compiled from notes, etc., by
the writer, made during the years of 1892 and 18938.

Puate txxv. Map of the Rainfall and General Geological features of the
Cape Region. Compiled by Frank H. Vaslit and the writer.

NOTES ON THE HABITS AND DISTRIBUTION OF
AUTODAX IECANUS.

BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH,
Curator of the Department of Herpetology.

This black salamander was originally described, by
Prof. E. D. Cope, froma half grown specimen collected
at Baird, Shasta County, California. Two others, gne of
which was adult, were afterwards secured at the same
place by Messrs. C. H. Townsend and Livingston Stone.

A considerable number of specimens collected by my-
self at Los Gatos, Santa Clara County, and by the mem-
bers of the Zodlogical Club of the Leland Stanford Junior
University, at Steven’s Creek, in Santa Clara County,
and Glenwood and Boulder, in Santa Cruz County, Cali-
fornia, greatly increase the known range of this species.
These specimens were found under boards, decaying logs,
stones in the vicinity of running water, and in the drain
from a spring.

Autodax técanus, doubtless, is a nocturnal forager. I
have seen it upon the surface of the ground only twice,
and in each instance night was so nearly at hand that ob-
jects near my feet could just be distinguished. If lber-
ated during the day, or if confronted with a light at night,
when it is much more active, this species will proceed,
almost invariably, toward the nearest spot of darkness or
shadow. It usually walks along quite slowly, moving but
one foot at a time, but is capable of motion surprisingly
rapid for a salamander. When moving rapidly, it aids
the action of its legs by a sinuous movement of its whole
body and tail.

The tail of this Autodax is prehensile. Several indi-
viduals, when held with their heads down, coiled their
tails around my finger, and, when the original hold was

released, sustained themselves for some time by this means
2p SER., VOL. V. October 30. 1895.

AUTODAX IECANUS. Wily)

alone. One even raised itself high enough to secure a
foothold.

The animal’s tail is also of use to it in another way.
When caught, Awtodaw récanus will often remain motion-
less, but if touched will either run a short distance with
great speed, or, quickly raising its tail and striking it forc-
ibly against the surface on which it rests, and accompa-
nying this act with a quick motion of its hind limbs, will
jump from four to six inches, rising as high as two or
Geer

Several specimens, which were kept alive for some
time, climbed up the vertical sides of the glass bottle in
which they were confined, and sometimes even passed the
incurved portion of its neck. They were aided in doing
this by the extremely viscid mucus with which they are
covered. )

One, caught on the evening of August first, struggled
violently trying to escape from the hand in which I held
it. A few minutes later, I noticed that it was very quiet,
and, after carefully examining it, decided that the heat of
my hand had caused its death. In order to test this more
thoroughly the animal was thrown into water, but still it
showed no signs of life, and floated, as placed, either on
its back or belly. It was then carried home and laid upon
my table. Ten minutes later it began to walk slowly
away.

A large Autodawx zécanus and fitteen eggs were sent me
from Los Gatos, July 23, 1895. The eggs were evidently
those of a batrachian, doubtless of this species. Each-
egg was about 6 mm. in diameter, almost spherical, and
inclosed in a thin, tough, gelatinous sheath. Each of
these sheaths was drawn out, at one place, into a slender
peduncle, which was attached to a basal mass of the same

gelatinous substance. In this way, each egg was at the
2p SER., Vou. V. ( 50 ) October 30, 1895,

778 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

end of an individual stalk, and all were fastened to a com-
mon base. This base had evidently been anchored to a
stone or lump of earth. The eggs were in the early
stages of segmentation. The following note accompanied
them: ‘‘ The salamander and eggs were found under the
platform in front of a barn, in dry earth next the founda-
tion wall, and about fifteen inches or more below the sur-
face. The ground had been filled in, and was full of
spaces. There was some dry rotten wood near the eggs.
One or two smaller salamanders were near. About twice
as many eggs were found as sent. There was no water
within ten or fifteen feet.’’ The salamander sent with
these eggs was a female, and had a very large number of
minute eggs in its ovaries.

On July 30, 1895, I killed a very large Autodax saihich
had been sent me, from Los Gatos, several days before.
It contained twenty-five eggs exactly like those described
above, except that they lacked the gelatinous covering.
These eggs appeared to be still in the ovaries. There
were twelve on the right side of the animal, and thirteen
on the left. Besides these enlarged ones, there were
many minute ova.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF RANZANIA
FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

BY OLIVER P. JENKINS.
{ With Frontispiece. |

Ranzania makua n. sp.

Drip 13. Cero, 13. Depth ani length eto base
of caudal 2%. Head in length 2%, eye in head 6. Eye
in snout, 2%. Body much compressed, the ventral margin
presenting a sharp, evenly curved keel. Ina lateral view it
is deepest just behind the pectoral fin, narrowing but
slightly to the abruptly truncated posterior extremity, but
anterior from this point both dorsal and ventral margins
curve gradually to the truncated snout. The eye placed
considerably above the axis of the body, and a little nearer
the snout than the base of pectoral, and very close to the
margin of the dorsal outline. Teeth formed into a beak
like that of a turtle, completely hidden by projecting folds
of skin, which form a truncated opening to mouth.

Gill opening just in front of the upper base of the pec-
toral, covered by a two-lobed valve.

Body covered by an armor of small plates, more or less
regularly hexagonal. ‘This structure is more or less con-
cealed in the fresh specimen.

Pectoral fin in height slightly less than % length of
head. It is well above the axis of the body. Dorsal in
height nearly equaling length of head. Height of anal
somewhat less. Dorsal and anal each separated from the
caudal by a notch.

The form of the rays of the fins is interesting. Dur-
ing most of their extent they torm flat horny rods, but
at the outer extremity each divides into a great number
of branches, spreading out like a fan, the edges of which

reach those of the contiguous rays. Fig. 1 gives the de-
2p SER., Vou. V. October 31, 1895.

780 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tail of the three lower rays of the pectoral, Fig. 2 of the -
extremity of two and parts of two others of the dorsal,
and Fig. 3 three rays of the caudal fin.

Fig. 1, : Fig. 2. Fig. 3.

Coloration very brilliant in fresh state. Sides bright
silvery. Upper part of body dark; the sides of the body
are decorated by bright silvery bands, which have the
following disposition: The anterior ones more distinct
and definite. The anterior ones are convex anteriorly,
and nearly parallel. The first three silver bands have
distinct black bands as borders to the bright silver bands.
First band silver portion 5 mm. broad; the most anterior
point of its curve is 2 c.m. from end of snout. Second
band begins at upper anterior margin of eye, bends for-
ward to within 4 c.m. of end of snout, then curves gently
backward and downward, becoming indistinct near ventral
margin of the body. Third band begins at lower anterior
margin of eye, bends but slightly forward then downward
and backward, becoming indistinct near ventral margin
of body. The black band about posterior margin of third
silver band on part of its course gives way to a row of
black spots. The fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh silver

NEW SPECIES OF RANZANIA. 781

bands are branched above and in some cases below.
Along their middle courses they are not bordered by the
black bands, but possess numerous distinct black spots,
the black bands being retained as margins to their lower
portions and in some places along their upper portions.
Fourth lies behind the eye. It begins near dorsal line,
runs slightly forward, just reaching the posterior margin
of the eye, then downwards and backwards, branching
below into two bands; fifth band forms two branches on
one side, three on other side of body between eye and
opercular opening; sixth extends from base of pectoral;
seventh indistinct, arising from just behind base of pec-
toral. All these bands just described pursuing nearly
parallel courses downwards, curving backwards and be-
coming indistinct near ventral margin of body. The
remaining silver bands are irregular, forming an indistinct
network, and system of silver spots, with but few black
dots.

This species is in general form much like ARanzania
truncata Retzius, but differs from it: (1) in having a
smaller eye; (2) in having the eye well above the level of
the mouth; (3) in having both eye and pectoral fins placed
above the axis of the body; (4) in possessing higher ver-
tical fins, and (5) in the coloration. The following is a
table of measurements taken from the fresh specimen:

c.m.
Motal@lentaGhice me eee ree ha iiiom nen Wer re PO er ec antaasn meter ol.
Length of body to base of caudal fin....................... 47.5
(Elen Geena yar na near ed SANG Wines a Stas AA a apis pe Gaye ein cae 18.7
(D.Crot lnireraiaer pera ore hes by chars Selena Aan eR sale te aE
Breadth of body just above pectoral fin. .................... he
RS OUOTDN at: ste APSR SC a Mle A os al OO rete Rol The
JB WAST Bs caer sala esis Pcie ear Tg Heath cr ase Ra ee 3
Vertical diameter of opercular opening. .................... 3.
Vertical diameter of mouth opening....... . Fs Sen balE EL was AN GD

Posterior margin of eye to origin of pectoral............... 9.5

782 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Herphiofs dorsal stingy is ety ae ae eee ane eea ne aaa eine 17.5
Ve eh trol masa Enso ahead ney or ale Ie ai Ral haa ea 15.5
Meno th sols caudal vias ackh oe le oer dy Mere a es ramen kOe Ren ge tReet ae 3.5
BAS CNOL Cael al) het yap Ne ertetutele ici Meal paetenets pes tule AERA 19.
I Gyayers) oye ONyr| NXXAKOEM aS hcl olwuiednatua aba siuc Gaki Ghevemiondace sooo 11.5
IBASEHOT POC t Oma ea ie cee cee eo soe eee eRe nae oe

The proposed specific name makua is, according to
Mr. C. B. Wilson, of Honolulu, a native name of the
fish, and signifies ‘‘ the source from which the Bonito
and Albicore sprung in after ages.’’ The specimen of
which the above is a description is now in the Museum of
the Leland Stanford Jr. University. The University is
under obligations to Mr. Chas. B. Wilson, of Honolulu,
for this valuable contribution. The fish was caught
January 25, 1892, by Mr. Hiel Kapu, at the mouth of
Pearl Harbor, and was frozen in ice and sent to the
University by Mr. Wilson. It arrived in an excellent
state, which allowed me to make a study of it while it
was still fresh. It was immediately drawn in colors by
Miss Anna L. Brown. In answer to a letter of inquiry,
Mr. Wilson gave me the following interesting account of
the fish and its capture:

‘¢ Tt was taken in shallow water three or four feet deep.
It is a deep-sea fish by habit. It was seen by a party of
fishermen in a canoe going from shore to a deep-sea fish-
ing ground, when they were not more than a hundred
feet from the beach near the entrance to Pearl Harbor,
Oahu. The man who first saw it, drew the attention of
the leader of the fishing party to the appearance of this
strange object close to the canoe, at the surface of the
water. The leader told him to ‘hit it with his paddle,’
but the man refused, saying he was afraid that it was an
‘Akua’ (Spirit or Deity). The leader himself then hit
it with his paddle on the side of the head, when it imme-
diately shot off in a semi-circular path, through the break-

NEW SPECIES OF RANZANIA. 783

ers, in front of the canoe, and ultimately landed (in its
terror) on the beach about 600 yards away, where the
fishermen saw it and captured it still alive, a few minutes
afterwards. It frequents the deep ocean alone, and is
believed@by the natives’ to be be the « MaKkwuA™ -source
from which sprang in after ages the Bonito and Albicore.
In its habits it is like them, and is only seen in shallow
water when in flight from its natural enemies, the shark,
sword-fish, etc., and as they when fleeing from their
enemies rise as near the surface of the water as they can
and seek the shelter and protection of some floating ob-
ject such as a log,a ship’s hull, or the like, so doubtless
in this case the Apahu was seeking the refuge of the
canoe’s side when it was first seen. I have discovered
by inquiry from the native Hawaiians, that all three
species of fish when driven into shallow water seem to
be dazed and lose control of themselves, and ultimately
are forced on the beach by the action of the waves. One
other specimen of the ‘ ApAnu,’ the second besides the
one I sent to the University, was cast up on the beach at
Waikiki, near the residence of Edmund Hart. The find-
-ers cooked it and ate it. They said-it was very fine eat-
ing. These are the only two specimens seen here in
ages. It is a very rapid swimmer quite as swift or swifter
probably than the dolphin. When it was struck, it disap-
peared like a flash of lightning and the fishermen did not
expect to see it again. It was on account of this property
ot remarkable speed which it possessed that I recommend
in my original communication to Prof. Jordan, that the
attention of prominent yacht builders be called to its
lines in the hope that they might find something of use
therefrom.’’

Since the aboye was written Rev. E. B. Tuthill has
sent to Dr. Jordan for examination a number of drawings

784 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of fishes of Honolulu. Among them is a drawing of a
specimen of this species. The date of its capture is not
given, and it is possible that the drawing was taken from
the specimen referred to by Mr. Wilson as the second
one known on the Islands besides the one here described.
According to Mr. Tuthill, the species is very rare and not
known to the fishermen.

. Ll .
8 n
104 20 a \ ;

{19

49.

SPERMATOBIUM FRE

ALBPISAURUS ASCULAPIUS.
(No. 2 from a photograph by Mr. A. J. Wiley.)

PLATE

LEY K MNITTON ARETE

Il.

rah ite
iy
Pl

AL Brown Dez. :

LEPUS MARTIRENSIS. New Species.
Co-type No. 750, Museum L. S. Jr. Univ.
Lower Jaw, % Natural Size, other figures slightly enlarged.

PLATE

Ill

LIWh

shbey'rvON& REY S$

LATE IV.

LITH, BRITTON & REY, S.F.

ny
is}

AL EBRrown.

PLATE V.

thts

cess
ieee

iy. ci
AL. BROWN Bz LITH.BRITTON &REY-S.F.

LITTON 4 REY S.F.

THER

AL Grown Dez

mentee
Oe Stik

ia
rhs

PLATE VII.

AL Aroun LBL. S LITH. BRITTON & REY S.F.

Gag sl :

8.6
Reich
Seas
Ban size

us Mt
Uae

I
Ntsceataes
wh

SONY
SeU}
eens
Say
rt?

asses
wees.

ie
Ct
ath

AL Pron Dex.

oy Ear ees ees oe
ern eee

TC ECE
eSeatscece ye

esa,
eicessuual
2

TALI

ULV

oA
saqicl
cla

q 1

LITH, BRITTON & REY,S

IX.

LATE

eo)

es
YY
ft
Cf
Aa:

a
joes
AK
HY
ers
SACS
Sst
Ho
CEU?

re
1,
ore,
worenigs
LOS
CL optgee

ONegee

op :
Susagsiais

LITH BRITTON & REY.SF.

AL Brown Dez.

PLATE X.

SS
=
SS

L Brown Den.

Xi.

PLATE

oN RREY.BF,

LITH, #RITs

BRoun DEL.

AL.

RAT PMOLS Ty

E
3
z=
b
D
a
4
8
z
:
s
a
i

TWX H@LV Id

= ie dae

a>" —F

AL Broun DED.

PLATE XIII.

SPST
rhe a poe)

PLATE XiVe

SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS Enpt.

PLATE XVI.

SS
————s
—— SS

ay LP
EQ AWN \ v) ¥ )
=

a\ )
¥ ee

SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS ENDL.

AREY.SF.

LITY BRITTON

PLATE XVIL.

LEAVES, SECTIONS OF LEAVES AND SCALES OF SEQUOIA.

LATE XVIII.

FLORAL ORGANS OF SEQUOIA.

LITH BRITTON &REYSF.

PVN IDS
121° 50°

- SCALE»
3 Miles lol lath

/ EC
/ ANS MN Reagan

io (2158S Siero arene ere | 2/25 | 0
= Map of

Monterey Bay and Vicinity.

Proc, Gal. Acad. Sc. Vol. V. Plate XX.

PRAT ED Xt,

S
8
2
x
4

Je livANIRIEh O.GUE

e 2 aS y =
eee cals ii Se
ARS Bae 1)

eae

LXxza ee

LTH. ERITION @ REVS.

Raised Beach near Lobetus — Quaternary overlying Merced strata.

PLATE XXIII.

» SAN FRANCISCO

San Bruno &

illbyae

* § Mayfield

(ae
ZT NSS)

gf eat

°
S, i )
ON oy
° nN
@ ENO
2¥ >
/% 9
t Bielawski y WSAnta Clara
YM 9296 2 rf
ys is

s
MT.PLESANT bell anne
a mens

Los' i, ep

‘Alma Guadalupe

#Hlillsdale
eae den Vale
} 1 aera)
nite So Wiehts Guy NH UM >
re ‘ass ve Coyete
Glenwood

ie }
Chap _MTCHOUL
/ TEACHER re Ss Perrys

re: Madrone|”
ge cab
Capi a

~ Tennants
SKETCH. MAP A <
OF THE AREA OF THE ES AS
SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS & :
23 45, Miles FY | SanAndveas| / e
ce mA _ “ts Watsonville ; Gilro
Zorye HK. Lexar, Me Y\g
C894, C894, Bee: j Pajaro

L7H. BRITTON §& FEY, SF.

Pyihin i
Rees Nice yee
1 yl Holgi

vaca’

: a inne ; <Apesthond weeete ti

e gin aK

PLATE XXIV.

Mt. Montara ae
Seven Mile Beach M =
Ouret of Wood's Guten lussel Rock We
Lake Merced Land S\ide = ZF ee; : ;
Se Seean = , é LAL. ——— eu Ne ae A. [eSonPearo Monta ES Pillar Pk. Spanishtown Purissima
a Eugenia ——— AL : - : Se upaeeed z AS NSS = es = = tule
QUATERNARY MESOZOIC GRANITE TRANSITIONAL Mio ae =
Section from Lake Merced to Purissima, 234 miles. Vertical scale twice the horizontal scale.
panGreye orio or Pescadero Cr. Pigeon tbe
(ZS © SER pee mes h
. i —— Oe Santa Cruz Capitol
—— <a ———— ane a inainiulina aaa TA SS seeevel = = =z, ——= SSS a = 3
MEBCEDESHRIES PESCADERO SERIES . Sea eee sain eae

Section from San Gregorio to Pigeon Point, 8 miles. Vertical scale twice the horizontal scale. Section from Santa Cruz to Capitola, 5 miles. Vertical scale twice the horizontal scale.
, a bs

XXV.

PAs:

(7) SHOOI snoaust pue ‘(2) sounp pues SurA[IoAo ‘(v) DUdD0}S19[d JULIVM SUIMOYS ‘YjNOG dy} WOT, YOoU [ossnw

PLATE XXVII

cod
woos eae
OsSu0:

GALEICHTHYS AZUREUS.

GALEICHTHYS GILBERTI.

LAL CTD LITE. BERL TON §- REY, SF

PLATE XXVI

PLATE: XXVIII.

SARDINELLA STOLIFERA.

Anwal, Broun, Dez. LITE. BITTON §-PEV SE

PLATE XXIX.

PCECILIA PRESIDIONIS.

LID. FHUTTON 8 REE, SF
Annual Broun, DEL.

4s
No
yi or

f
ih
ay

‘ fen
‘

Anna l Frown, Dzz.

SIPHOSTOMA STARKSII.

PLATE, XXX.

LATE, BYEITT ON §-F2EV SE.

PLATE XXxXI.

MUGIL HOSPES,

Anya L Brown Dz. LITE BRITTON §-PEV SE.

PLATE

EURYSTOLE ERIARCHA.

LLTEL, APPATLON f- FLEX, SPE

Anna l Brown, Den,

¥
a

PLATE XXXII

THYRINA EVERMANNI.

SPT

SHUTTON &.

LITE.

Anna L Broun, Dez.

PLATE XXXIV.

CARANX MEDUSICOLA.

ATI. BELT LON §-P2EE SE.

Anya lL Brown, Dez.

TEL. LFA TION §- REE, SF

PLATE XXXV

HYNNIS HOPKINSI,

Anwa Ll. Brown, Dzz.

tah te
ay ee
Bay
ins

ea
pael

PLATE. XXXVI.

niet

Retest
ay.

Aes

TRACHINOTUS CULVERI.

LTE, LPILITI ON §- PEF, SF

Anwa LBRown, Dz.

Anna L Brown DE,

APOGON RETROSELLA.

LITH. BRITTON §-PEF,,

PLATE XXXVIII.

MYCTEROPERCA BOULENGERI.

Anna lL Drown, Dez.

7, eis’ =
fie

PLATE XXXIX

)

SSS

=a LN Dee)

ae ak 2 SE

RABIRUBIA INERMIS.,

LITH.LPPITTON § FEY, SPF

Anwa L DRonn, Dez,

PLATE XL.

Sh 5
528 ';

LYTHRULON OPALESCENS,

LITE. BEIITON ’ GPLEY SF.

Anwal. Brovn, Dez.

PLATE XLI.

ar ET SAS
Soe eager ce

ORTHOPRISTIS REDDINGI.

RITION §-2EVSE

LITE.

Anna l Brown, Dz,

PLATE, XLII.

EUPOMACENTRUS FLAVILATUS,

Anna l. Brown Dez, LITE, BRITTON § BEY SE:

PLATE XLII.

MICROSPATHODON BAIRDII.

Aama lL Brown, Dez.

XLIV.

PLATE

AIS
Gu

MICROSPATHODON AZURISSIMUS.

LITH, BRITTON 8 LLEF SE.

DEz

Anna L. Brown

XLV.

PLATE

HALICHGERES DISPILUS.

Ht. LPEPLTT ON 8 FEV: SF

AywaL Broun, Dzz.

aaet
ripen)

PLATE XLVI.

XESURUS PUNCTATUS.

Anna l Brown, DEzz,. LITE. BPLTTON & BEE, SE

re,
parte).

uty De) A
pers

XLVI.

PLATE

»)) Mi x ¥
SRN RS Y

WV at
xe
SNS

¥
w
N

WY,

- a)
WARS
ae u RN

TEUTHIS CRESTONIS.

LATE. PTL ON §-P2EY5, SE.

Arnal. Brown, Dez.

PLATE XLVI.

ALEXURUS ARMIGER,

LITE, BILITTON §-F2EV SE!

AL DROWN, DEL.

Any

PLATE XLIX.

GARMANNIA PARADOXA.

iW. EITTON §-FREV SE

Annal. Brown; D.

PLATE L

ABOMA ETHEOSTOMA.

Anna Ll Prown, Dz. LITE. RITTON & BEY, SE

Pl ATEHy bil:

eet Peer
j eeoky ae crete
fete

Arnal Brown, Dez.

LATE, PRATT ON G-L2EY 7 SF.

PLATE LIL.
>

SCORPAENA MYSTES.

"OW §- PREY,

TH, 27:

LA.

Awwa LZ DRoum, Dez.

ENNEANECTES CARMINALIS,

LITE.

Arnal, Brown, Dez. TION fe REV SF

PLATE LIV

hee

Ml ULM

i >,
ven

2,
fy)

Why 2xts
xh

DINEMATICHTHYS VENTRALIS,

LPI yANANah JEW
LMT PITT ON B-I2EF SE

SYMPHURUS WILLIAMSI,

DEL.

Anya L, Brow,

PLAGE, ILA,

PHRYGANIDIA CALIFORNICA Pack.
A, 2995; E, sarva, first stage; C, larva, sixth stage; L/, pupa; E, /mego, male.

PLATE LVIL

2.SEBASTODES GOODEI

| 3. SEBASTODES FLAVIDUS

van LAnonn, Dez.

ei aaa

Ve?

PLATE LVIIt.

4. SEBASTODES MELANOPS

5. SEBASTODES ENTOMELAS

PALIT ON §LLEF SA

LATE 2

6. SEBASTODES OVALIS

EL,

Anna L, Bown, D,

PLATE LIX.

7.SEBASTODES PINNIGER

9. SEBASTODES MINIATUS

inva L. BRown,DEzz. LITE. BELITON 8-2 oy SE

10. SEBASTODES ATROVIRENS

Jl. SEBASTODES SP.INCOG.

12. SEBASTODES SAXICOLA

2 {TH BERITTON.&- REY, SF.
AnwvaL Drown, Dez.

Ly er

Brow
i,

= PLATE LX1

13. SEBASTODES DIPLOPROA

14, SEBASTODES INTRONIGER

eer ba AECTS

15, SEBASTODES AURORA

Anna l Drown, DEL.

16. SEBASTODES RUBERRIMUS

17, SEBASTODES RUBERRIMUS

18. SEBASTODES RUBERRIMUS

Ana L. BROWN,

eiees

sel an
Lait

PLATE LXIII.

21. SEBASTODES CHLOROSTICTUS

PLATE LXIV.

22. SEBASTODES ELONGATUS

24. SEBASTODES LEVIS

EPLTTON & BEY, SP.

Anna L, Drown, DEL, Li

Huei Give
Tea te LI

yas .
eat ielurs

L
bit

_ PEATE LXV:

25. SEBASTODES SERRICEPS

Ibe

es SS
a=—ax Ry

27. SEBASTODES RASTRELLIGER

LITH. BEITTON 8 PED SE.
Anna l, Brown, Des. Zi $.

Anna l Brown, Dz,

28, SEBASTODES VEXILLARIS

29. SEBASTODES VEXILLARIS

30. SEBASTODES MALIGER

PLATE LXVI.

OM § F2EY, SF

PLATE U.XVIL

31. SEBASTODES MALIGER

32. SEBASTODES NEBULOSUS

33. SEBASTODES PAUCISPINIS

4a J BRown, LED. LITH. BRITION &:

SEBASTODES FLAVIDUS

34.

SEBASTODES MINIATUS

SEBASTODES ATROVIRENS

36.

TILTON & Lz

17H:

Awwa lL Broun, Dez.

PLATE LXIX.

37. SEBASTODES SAXICOLA

38. SEBASTODES RUBERRIMUS

f 39. SEBASTODES CHLOROSTICTUS

Amma L. brown, DEL. LITH. EITION &- FEY, SF

PLATE LXX.

no —_

40. SEBASTODES ELONGATUS

41. SEBASTODES RASTRELLIGER

42. SEBASTODES NEBULOSUS

Awa L. BROWN, DEL. LITH. BRITTON §-2EE SE.

ie)
(S}
& GOBIEBSOX MUSCARUM

= Anna LDRowwn, DEL. LITE PELITON §- REF, SE

in en me repre

5 OB

hes
a

BNA
SA 2S

PLATE LxKAti

SAN MarrinI2 4
fi

gunvaig SYNITIVL

S 3
Aa”
TAN

Ss Lk scholunhh

et NYS *

$
ea02

sol

S Miguel

SAN EAUTISTABAY x
SUipalilaPE

Ne
SAHPUP rob

SANNICOLAS BAY
Palit Pe
aAsiLioBay /

Wercenurios Pt
angles Pe

CSL, aif, ¥

SDANABAY
C Corso, (3

©-SCRUZ IP

¢ ve y SAN OSE 12
Ll wy T r ~

SAN FRANCISCO I~
Aide Head

EXPLANATION

v ISLA PARTIDA
MEXIGAN LEAGuE=(j2900 VAS A:

Epa f
NAUTICAL MILE = {E780 FEET ENS.
STATUTE MILE = S280 FEET

DIST.BY LANDFROM SAN OSE TO
LAPAZ,109 NAUTICAL MILES=41
LEAGUES=125% STATUTE MILES
BY WATER=120 MILES

TOWNS anaVILLAGES Eee

cee

ANCHORAGES a ’ COMPILED BY
WATERWELLS ss

G.EISENanpF H-VASLIT
te F REM LS. GOV. HYDROGRAPHIG GHARTS.
FROM THE BRANDEGEE MAP
AND OTHER SOURGES.

PHOTOOLITH. BRITTON & REY 3.F.CAL

—_—_—s =

bs | 2S%Lnistoba

PLATE LXXItI.
Ye. = rs So As S =
S 2
MAP

SHOWING THE

CAPE REGION nian
BAJA CALIFORNIA.

GOMPILED BY
G. EISEN ann F. H.VASLIT

NOMENCLATURE OF COAST LINE BY
GApPT. JOHN VON HELMS

LalispensaP:
Lupones P

S# LOL CAG 4
= Diablo PE

SS) Di Citta Cruz

NS
\ YEE P

Orregas: Rs
Loca delaSaay @Uentana Kock

Stadela Ventana
Queva deLeon
| Pearico Pt

d Pescaderos Pt

Sand Beach P.

NS
Tha Arditta
Bova del Tule

= : .
oa
ja Pe) “re 00 dalas Palmas
ce

PROTELITH. BRITTON § REY, SF CAL.

~ PLATE LXXIV.

110°
SSW) (PA EEEZZZZEEZ
BSS AC ( (|W"!])!'’#H#2dt”#”H7
|

Ni (ff
a NOU Le
WV MU, ee

0 =
é: SE GEL Zs >
BY iff Uh Mm e2 i

SS ees
WT, yy oe LEE
WifZZ Ze
NAY ly —_—
eS Se

S
: Za Ss WAN
7 Vy Yj ee VAM WZ Ee
Ly Wn LY yee. 3 | IN WO
Hy Hy AN hi) ea ERS MANNS
| Zhe Ee

\
Rea

Hh —“—~

—

EC PIG?
eo

: ‘\ / \\ ' /

(If | Wife fN \\ 1. j
‘ p lf A\ IN \ \! S a
nN : TINY ee
fsa es

fi
ll

2S
———

“EN\iil ( ES Ze
CAHN eee ec 7 oe
Ni GF ERIN NN ASSN ST
: ale ik y WY uy WSs WwSunit \ Sw
SPH NSSZ SAAS S\
SFE PONS GSS p 0
FE I AUS Aig P58
Hl SI) WEEE “sal VLE USZ, :
BS //|\\ SSE] ZERO Y POTOSO-
PEt AIAN oR bGM Y-
ll [| SS, ZZ RM
REI 1\ \\ SSE

WZ
WWE

BS ANGELES ————

/r\\ Lz ss
WZ : iD EIN SSS
YY 7
WWW
Zee (x

Gy WA = Silay fs WT LZ aa
Zz 3 ENN
SS SNE ANZ A 2

Sad 8 c
Sate OF O

N
N

> | \
\ S
Att)
PNY US

Wess Mig

ee SERS

SNe
i
(

f j fi
GY

Tif

RA rress et
—aAt

LEGTON OF STEREA LL TASTE. 109°50'

PHOTO.LITH. BRITTON § REY, SAe

PLATE LXXV A.

RAINFALL, MAP

OF THE

CAPE REGION
BAJA CALIFORNIA.

COMPILED BY
G. EISEN ano F. H-VASLIT

NOMENCLATURE OF COAST L/NE BY

Gap. JOHN YON HELMS

Ss? Lonengong
e, (49
Diablo Wiss Cee,

Ey Se sire,

oa
a. “o
“2% %e
Bijermerio—
Say,
Jf Wrcdra Gord =,
yam Carmencite aye Guz
Salitto Loser zee

Pifo dad Medi
GO ° Di
a pe 3
WOES >
talent .
LY Baca dela Sad hintana Teck
dln
UNledano 4.4, ag ls

Seta Ventana
Cizeva deLeon

SCALE OF RAINFALL \ fee ee ee 797 NericaPt
L_] Less then 2 Inches. & eee SE SS 2 Ue a Cope a
fs) yw Ww 4 g ; me Sele Lilo Lux aN
» 2» € Poet ae
» » ff
a 2? on f < \ ~
Se Cs : Lass ate yes ia

B58 SPescaderos Pt

gars Bl Salado

YS La Ardila
=.) Ns Boca del Tule
eile CERO GE

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ROCEEDINGS

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SECOND SERIES. /

VOLUME: v)

PART 2.

CONTENTS: |
e Fishes of Puget Sound.
Rabat David Starr Jordan and Edward Chapin Starks. 785

scription of a New Rattlesnake (Crotalus pricei) from Arizona.
John Van Denburgh. 856

exican Pormicidees;, Pueo.. Pergande . 2). soi s/s.) oo. 2 soe je sig 808

PAGE.

Biological Studies on Figs, Caprifigs and Caprification. Gustav Eisen. 897
Additional Notes on the Herpetology of Lower California.

Fo ek John Van Denburgh . 1004
Bi gcer Me ee eg rte i. Eta ake MEO ee a emeatil (este LOO
nde eee NU OS ae ee re, ic LODT

SAN FRANCISCO:
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
1896,

s Issued January 18, 1896.

THE FISHES OF PUGET SOUND.*

BY DAVID STARR JORDAN AND EDWIN CHAPIN STARKS.
(With Plates Ixxvi-civ.)

The present paper contains an enumeration of the fishes
known to inhabit the waters of Puget Sound, a large es-
tuary or fjord entering the northwestern part of the State
of Washington. ‘The paper is based primarily on a col-
lection made by the junior author in July, 1895, under the
auspices of the Hopkins Laboratory of the Leland Stan-
ford Junior University, he being the guest of the ‘‘ Young
Naturalists’ Society of Seattle.’’

This society undertook at this time a dredging expe-
dition for the special purpose of collecting invertebrates.
Through the interest of Mr. Timothy Hopkins, the junior
author was enabled to take part in this work.

Nearly two weeks in July were devoted to dredging.
A small steamer was chartered for this purpose. A camp
was eStablished at Point Orchard on Admiralty Inlet, and
collecting and dredging were carried on within a radius
of twenty miles from that point.

Besides the fishes that were brought up in the dredge,
collections were made of ‘‘rock-pool’’ fishes at low tide,
and seines were worked along the beaches.

After the return of the dredging expedition, the fresh
waters about Seattle were seined, with the help of differ-
ent members of the Naturalists’ Society. This fresh wa-
ter collection is described by Mr. Alvin Seale, in an ap-
pendix to the present paper.

Besides the work done about Seattle, a week was spent
by the junior author at Neah Bay, near Cape Flattery, in
the Straits of Juan de Fuca. Here a collection of the
rock-pool fishes was made. A rich field for this work

“Contributions to Biology from the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory, No. 3.
2p SER., VOL. V. (51) December 14, 1895.

786 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

was found on Waadda Island, a small rocky islet, lying
about half a mile from the shore, near Neah Bay. In
this same locality large collections were made in 1880 by
Professors Jordan and Gilbert.

Previous to this expedition a small but very valuable
collection of fishes had been presented to the Leland
Stanford Jr. University by the Young Naturalists’ Society.
The new forms in this collection are described in the
present paper by Jordan and Williams. In the present
list are also included the species enumerated by previous
writers as occurring in Puget Sound and the Straits of
Juan de Fuca. In the list published in 1880 by Jordan
and Gilbert ninety species are mentioned as found in
these waters. From this list we have drawn freely in our
present records of the habits of species. Ina later list
by Dr. Carl H. Eigenmann (1892), 106 species are re-
corded. Inthe present list 141 species are recorded from
these waters. ;

The junior author wishes to express here his obliga-
tions for the many favors extended to him by the differ-
ent members of the Young Naturalists’ Society, who did
all that was in their power to make his part of the expe-
dition a success. He is under particular obligations to
Mr. Charles L. Denny and Mr. Edward S. Meany, who
helped him in many ways, both in the dredging trip and
on his trip to Neah Bay. He is indebted also to Mr.
Henry H. Hindshaw for entertainment in Seattle and help
of various kinds. Valuable aid was also given by Mr.
Adam Hubbert, Miss Adella M. Parker, Miss Maud
Parker, Mr. Trevor Kincaid, Mr. J. W. Busby, Mr. Al-
bert Bryan, Miss Robeson, Mrs. J. E. Chilberg, Mrs. H.
He Hindshaw> Prot..O. Ba johnson) Prot..C Viernes
Mr. Oscar Piper, and Miss Newell, members of the so-
ciety in question. Further acknowledgment is due to

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 787

the kindly interest of Messrs. Goodall & Perkins, repre-
senting the Pacific Coast Steamship Company.

The following species are here described as new to
science, the types of all of them being deposited in the
Museum of the Leland Stanford Junior University as
gifts from the Hopkins Laboratory or from the Young
Naturalists’ Society of Seattle. The new genera are in-

dicated in full-face type.
Ruscarius meanyi. No. 3127.
Oligocottus embryum. No. 3128.
Gilbertina sigalutes. No. 3129.
Averruncus emmelane. No. 3135.
Xystes axinophrys. No. 3130.

Lethotremus vinolentus. No. 3131.
Neoliparis flore. No. 3019, 3133.

Liparis dennyi. _ No. 3703.
Bryostemma nugator. No. 3134.
Xiphistes uve. No. 3132.

Besides these species, the following additional new

species are described from other localities:
Zalarges nimbarius. No. 3125. Open sea.
Hexagrammus otakii. Tokio, Japan.
Podothecus veternus. Robin Island, Alaska.
Podothecus accipiter. Robin Island, Alaska.

The following additional generic names are here used
for the first time:

Astrolytes, Pallasina, Stelgis, Quietula, Ronquilus and
Xererpes.

The fish fauna of Puget Sound marks a transition from
the California fauna characterized by the abundance of
Scorpentde, Embiotocide, etc., to that of Alaska, in
which Cottide, Agonide and the Arctic types of Blennies
are dominant. Here both classes occur, though less abun-
dant than in their respective regions. The present col-
lection is chiefly from depths greater than those reached
by Jordan and Gilbert, who collected largely in Puget

788 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Sound in 1880. The extensive collections made by the
Albatross in the north have been mostly from much greater
depths.

The plates of the present paper are all drawn by Miss
Anna L. Brown, artist of the Hopkins Seaside Labora-
tory.

Family PETROMYZONIDZ.
1. Entosphenus tridentatus (Gairdner).

Common; ascending the fresh waters in spring to
spawn, reaching a length of over 2 feet. It is not used
as food. Not taken by us.

2. Lampetra cibaria (Girard).

Not rare; ascending streams, reaching a length of 8

inches; not used as food. Not taken by us.

Family HEXANCHID.

3. Notorhynchus maculatus Ayres.
Recorded (as (Votorhynchus borealis) from Nisqually,
Washington, by Dr. Gill. Not taken by us.
4. Hexanchus corinus Jordan & Gilbert.
Originally described from Neah Bay and from the Bay
of Monterey. Not seen by us.
Family GALEID_E.

5. Prionace glauca (Linneus). BLur SHARK.
Recorded by Jordan & Gilbert; rare. Not seen by
us.
Family DALATIID.2#.
6. Somniosus microcephalus (Bloch). GRouUND SHARK. ~
Not uncommon. A very sluggish shark. Recorded
by Jordan & Gilbert from Victoria. A stuffed specimen
from Seattle in the Museum of the Young Naturalists’
Society.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 789

Family SQUALID.®.
7. Squalus sucklii (Girard). Doc-Frisu.
Exceedingly abundant. Taken in great numbers with
set lines. It is valued for the oil extracted from its liver.

Family RAJIDAZ.
8. Raja rhina Jordan & Gilbert.

Not uncommon; reaches a length of 32 inches. Not
taken by us.

g. Raja binoculata (Girard). Common SxKaTE; Ray.

Common on sandy shores. Reaches a length of 6 feet
and a weight of over 60 pounds. One small speci-
men obtained, very prettily marked with large ocellated
spot on the base of pectorals, which fades in the adult.
Several of the egg cases of this species were dredged
from deep water, where they lie apparently unprotected
on the sandy bottom.

Family CHIMAQRIDA.

10. Hydrolagus colliezi (Lay & Bennett). Rart-Fisu.

Numerous specimens taken on sandy beaches at night
with a seine, where they were attracted by a camp-fire.
It reaches a length of 2% feet.

Family ACIPENSERID.

11. Acipenser transmontanus Richardson. WHITE
STURGEON.

Common; running up the rivers in the spring. It
reaches a length of 15 feet and a weight of 300 to 400
pounds. Used largely as food, although its flesh is
coarse. Not taken by us.

12. Acipenser medirostris Ayres. GREEN STURGEON.

Not common. Reaches a large size, but is not used
as food. Not taken by us.

790 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Family NEMICHTHYIDE.

13. Nemichthys avocetta Jordan & Gilbert.

The type of this species was taken near Port Gamble
in 1880, by Prof. O. B. Johnson of the University of
Washington. It was presented to the U. S. National
Museum by President A. J. Anderson. Mr. Ashdown
H. Green of Victoria, B. C., reports a second specimen
as recently taken near Victoria and preserved in the mu-
seum of that town. |

Family CLUPEIDA.

14. Clupea pallasi Cuvier & Valenciennes. HERRING.

Exceedingly abundant. Smoked and salted in large
numbers. Mr. J. P. Hammond™® states that from 18 to
25 years ago it was not an uncommon occurrence for a
‘‘oang’’ of fishermen to catch from 200 to 300 barrels of
herring in a night on Puget Sound. Now the largest
night’s work is 20 barrels.

15. Clupanodon ceruleus (Girard). SARDINE.

This sardine occurs in large numbers in the warmer
part of the season.

[Alosa sapidissima (Wilson). SHAD.

This species was introduced into the Pacific about 1878,
and was first noticed in Puget Sound in 1884. They are
slowly increasing in number, although the catch is as yet
unimportant. Specimens of 6% pounds in weight have
been taken in the Sound. Not seen by us. |

Family ENGRAULID/L.

16. Engraulis mordax Girard. ANcHovy.

Abundant; occurring in immense schools. Chiefly
used for bait. Not taken by us.

*American Angler, December 18, 1886.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 791

Family SALMONID.

17. Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum). QuiN-
NAT SALMON; CHINNOOK SaLMoN; TYEE* SALMON.
The first salmon to appear each season, abundant from
August to October. It commonly weighs about 17 (11
to 20) pounds, but specimens weighing 70 pounds are on
record. The most important fish on the Pacific Coast.
In Puget Sound it is not very abundant, and being ob-
tained late in the season, its flesh is somewhat lean and
dry, ranking with the silver salmon, with which it is usu-
ally canned. Inthe Columbia River this species is canned
early in the season, and its quality then is much superior
to that of any salmon canned in Puget Sound.

18. Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum). SitLverR SAL-
MON; SKOWITZ.

Abundant from August to November. It reaches a
length of 30 inches and a weight of 4 to 8 pounds. It is
largely canned at Seattle under the name of Red Salmon.
Its flesh is very red, but dry and not richly flavored, be-
ing muchinteror to the Quinnat or << dyeerx:

1g. Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum). Doc Saumon; LE
Kay.

Abundant; reaches a weight of 20 pounds. It is only
eaten by the Indians, as it runs late in the fall when its
flesh is very dry and poor. One small specimen taken.
20. Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum). HumpsBack

SALMON; Happo.

The smallest of the salmon, reaching a weight of 7

pounds. It is very abundant on alternate years in the
Sound (1893, 1895, etc.), being wholly unknown in even

*Tyee, the common Chinnook name for this species on Puget Sound, is
said to mean king or chief.

792 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

years. It is dark in color, with pale flesh and is regarded
as the poorest of the salmon, although its inferiority to
the silver salmon is in appearance rather than in taste.
It is, however, canned in large numbers, and is of eco-
nomic importance.

21. Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum). SukKEGH; BLUE-
BACK SALMON.

Abundant, reaching a weight of from 4 to 8 pounds.
Often landlocked in the lakes. In value intermediate be-
tween the ‘‘ Tyee *? and the ‘‘ Skowitz’’ or Silver Salmon.
The male in the fall is known as ‘‘ red-fish.”’

22. Salmo mykiss Walbaum. CutT-THROAT TROUT.

Found in abundance in salt water in Puget Sound. It
often reaches 8 or 10 pounds, but specimens weighing
much more have been taken.

23. Salmo gairdneri Richardson. STEELHEAD.

Common near the head of Puget Sound. Considerable
quantities are taken for the market. It sometimes reaches
14 to 18 pounds in weight. It is now canned regularly
with the silver salmon.

24. Salvelinus malma (Walbaum). DoLtity VarpDEN
A ROUT
Abundant. In Puget Sound it is-taken from salt water
in large numbers. An excellent food fish, reaching in
salt water a weight of 11 pounds or more. Locally
known as bull trout or salmon trout.

Family ARGENTINID.

25. Hypomesus pretiosus (Girard). Surr SMELT.

Very common on sandy beaches in Puget Sound. It
reaches a length of a foot and becomes very fat. Itisa
food fish of great value. Several specimens obtained.
A beautiful, symmetrical little fish.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 793

26. Thaleichthys pacificus (Richardson). EuLacHon;
CANDLE-FISH.

Abundant in the spring; not taken by us. A fine food
fish. Reachesa length of about 1o inches. A fisherman
at Olympia says that this species buries itself in the sand
of the beach, in the same fashion as the species of Am-
modytes.

27. Osmerus thaleichthys Ayres. SMELT.

Common, but not of great importance as a food fish.

Length about 6 inches. Not taken by us.

Family MYCTOPHIDA.

28. Tarletonbeania crenularis (Jordan & Gilbert).

A specimen taken off Vancouver Island in 1880 by .
Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, who gave it the manuscript name
of Myctophum procellarum. Not taken by us.

29. Myctophum californiense Eigenmann & Eigen-
mann.

Recorded from Vancouver Island by Dr. Giinther
under the name of ‘‘Scofelus boops;’’ more common
southward in deep water. It is perhaps not distinct from

Myctophum humboldte.
Family CHAULIODONTID.

30. Zalarges nimbarius Jordan & Williams, n. gen. and
Spee cvlate alc

Head 4 in length to base of caudal; depth 5; D. 9, A.
15. Scales probably present in life, but no traces left
except a few impressions. Muscular bands about 42.

Body moderately elongate, subfusiform, formed some-
what as ina stickleback, the tail tapering and slender,
the belly broad and not carinate, the sides moderately
compressed. Anterior profile of head rising evenly, not

794 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

convex; a slight depression before eye. Mouth large,
low, oblique, the lower jaw somewhat projecting. Pre-
maxillaries short; maxillaries long, expanded, the lower
edge curved, overlapping the dentary bones. Maxilla-
ries extending beyond eye, to angle of preopercle, as in
Stolephorus, their length 12 in head, their tip acutish.
Eye very large, 3 in head; snout 4. Bones of lower jaw
thin, broadly expanded, meeting across the throat at the
articular joint, leaving a club-shaped naked area under
the chin. Entire edge of maxillary armed with a single
series of slender sharp teeth, somewhat unequal, some of
them forming slender canines, which are however but
little longer than the other teeth and not fang-like. Teeth
in lower jaw similar, those of both jaws largely directed
forward. No teeth on vomer or tongue; a row of small
slender teeth on each palatine bone. No pseudobranch-
iz. Gill-rakers rather long and slender, about 5+ 17 in
number, the longest about half eye. Branchiostegals
short, 8 in number. Opercle short and thin; scarcely
striated; subopercle and interopercle developed.

Photophores large and conspicuous, forming convex
pearly bodies on a dark background. ‘Two series in a
straight line along lower part of sides, making four series
in all. The two lower series run from chin to the caudal
fin; 47, im each) Series, 10-13-94, o4-7—=$47—5 — Lhesiwe
upper rows begin under chin at front of isthmus and ex-
tend to front of anal fin, 24 in each row, 10+13-+11; 8
photophores along branchiostegal membranes, one for
each ray, all overlapped but not hidden by the broad
transparent rami of the lower jaw; one photophore on
preopercle, one on subopercle, one on preorbital, and
one at lower posterior margin of eye; 2 under tip of
chin.

Dorsal fin low, inserted on posterior half of body, some-

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. ‘ 795

what behind ventrals, at a point midway between pre-
opercle and base of caudal, its last rays extending over
the anterior third or fourth of anal; adipose fin not evi-
dent, perhaps obliterated. Caudal apparently lunate, 13
in head. Anal low, its base 1% in head. Ventrals 21%
in head, inserted midway between front of eye and base
of caudal. Pectorals inserted very low, narrow and
pointed, 12 in head.

Back brownish, the sides burnished silvery;. silvery
area on cheeks Y-shaped, the Y placed obliquely. Fins
with some dark dots, these forming obscure bars across
caudal; dark specks on back of caudal peduncle, and
across base of caudal; some dark dots elsewhere on
body.

Type two specimens, each 23 inches long, and in good
condition, numbered 3125 on the register of Leland Stan-
ford Jr. Museum. They were cast up in a storm and
thrown by the waves on the deck of a vessel coming in
from Australia. The exact locality in the open Pacific is
not known. The types were presented by the Young
Naturalists’ Society to the Museum of Stanford Univer-
sity.

The new genus Za/arges seems to belong to the Chau-
liodontide, near the Atlantic genus Jarrella Goode &
Bean. It may be thus defined: Body subfusiform, mod-
erately compressed, probably covered in life with thin
caducous scales. Head subacute, the membrane bones
normal, thin; mouth large, with expanded maxillary and
mandibular bones; lower jaw projecting. Teeth very
slender, unequal, uniseral, none on tongue or vomer;
no fangs. Eye large. Gill openings very wide; gill-
rakers long and slender; branchiostegals 8; no pseudo-
branchiz. Photophores conspicuous, in two rows on each
side of belly, the upper row ceasing at front of anal; some

796 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

detached photophores on head. Dorsal short, on poste-
rior half of body, slightly overlapping the short anal.
Ventrals inserted before dorsal. Pectorals narrow and
low. Coloration silvery. (4024, surges; dpyjs, silvery.)

Family ALEPISAURID.

31. Alepisaurus borealis Gill.
Very rare; in deep water. A head from Puget Sound
is in the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences.

Family PARALEPID/®.

32. Arctozenus coruscans (Jordan & Gilbert).

‘The sole specimen known was taken at Port Townsend
in 1880, by Jordan & Gilbert. It is in the U.S. National
Museum.

Family AMMODYTIDZ.
33. Ammodytes personatus Girard. Sanp LANCE.

Found in immense schools along sandy beaches in
Puget Sound. It burrows in the sand between tide
marks) It reaches) ai length or +5 or © inches: sive
specimens taken.

Family AULORHYNCHID/.

34. Aulorhynchus flavidus Gill.

Abundant in sheltered bays. It reaches a length of 5
or 6 inches.

Family GASTEROSTEID£.
35. Gasterosteus microcephalus Girard.
Abundant. Specimens obtained in brackish water near
Ballard, Seattle. Length 2 inches.
36. Gasterosteus catraphractus Pallas.

Specimens obtained in abundance, from 3 to 3% inches
in length. It lives on sandy beaches and spawns in the
latter part of July and in August.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. AQT

Family SYNGNATHIDA.

37. Siphostoma californiense (Storer). Pipe Fisu.

Not very common. It reaches a length of 18 inches.
Family STROMATEID/E.

_ 38. Rhombus simillimus (Ayres). PAmpano.
Rare in Puget Sound. Not taken by us.

Family BRAMIDE.

39. Brama raii Bloch. PoMFRET.

A specimen taken at Port Townsend by Mr. James G.
Swan, and reported by him as being not uncommon off
Vancouver Island. It reaches a length of about 20
inches. Recently numerous specimens have been taken
off San Francisco and Monterey. Not taken by us.

Family EMBIOTOCIDZ.
40. Damalichthys argyrosomus (Girard). WHITE
PERCH.

Very abundant; many specimens obtained. It reaches
a weight of 2 pounds, and is a common food fish, though
not of high quality.

41. Teniotoca lateralis (Agassiz). STRIPED PERCH.

Very common; a brilliantly colored fish. A number of
specimens taken. It reaches a weight of 2 pounds, and
is an important food fish, finding a ready sale, although
the flesh is somewhat poor.

42. Embiotoca jacksoni Agassiz. Buiur PERCH; SURF
FIsu.

Somewhat scarce. It reaches a weight of 1% pounds.
Its flesh is poor. A few specimens obtained.

43. Brachyistius frenatus Gill.

Not very abundant; not used as food. Weight 4%
_ pound.

798 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

44. Cymatogaster aggregatus Gibbons. SHINER.

The most abundant species of the group. It is small
in size and is only used for bait. Several specimens
taken.

Family SCORPAENIDZ.

45. Sebastodes melanops (Girard). ‘‘Buacx Bass.”’
Abundant in Puget Sound and a food fish of value.

460. Sebastodes mystinus (Jordan & Gilbert). Priest
FisuH.
Scarce, but more common farther south. No speci-
mens taken by us.

47. Sebastodes pinniger (Gill). Rep Rock Cop.
Abundant in rather deep water. Not taken by us.

48. Sebastodes ruberrimus Cramer. Rep Rock Fisu;
TAMBOR. ;

Taken with hook and line in some abundance in Puget
Sound.

49. Sebastodes caurinus (Richardson).

Very common; brought into the market in abundance.
This species has not been found south of Puget Sound,
being replaced southward by the very closely allied Se-
bastodes vexillar7is. Several specimens obtained by us in
the seine.

50. Sebastodes auriculatus dalli (Eigenmann & Beeson).

Common; a shallow water species. Many specimens
taken with aseine. The specimens of Sebastodes auricu-
latus from Puget Sound are very dark in color, and about .
half of them lack the coronal spines which are especially
characteristic of Sebastodes auriculatus on the coast of
California. The name da//z seems to have been given to
a specimen of this type taken at San Francisco. Pend-

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 799

ing investigation we may adopt the subspecific name dadlz
for the Puget Sound form of this species.

51. Sebastodes maliger (Jordan & Gilbert).

Found by Jordan & Gilbert to be a common species
in the Straits of Juan de Fuca. Reaches a weight of 6
pounds. Not taken by us.

52. Sebastodes nebulosus (Ayres). Rock Cop.

Rather common. No specimens taken by us.

53. Sebastodes nigrocinctus (Ayres).

This peculiarly marked rock fish was found by Jordan
& Gilbert to be common in the entrance to the Straits of
Juan de Fuca, in deep water. No specimens obtained in
Puget Sound.
Family HEXAGRAMMIDE.

54. Hexagrammus decagrammus (Pallas).

Said to be quite common, but less abundant than //ew-
agrammus asper. Not taken by us.

55. Hexagrammus ordinatus (Cope).

Taken at Port Angeles, on the south shore of the Straits
of Juan de Fuca, by the Albatross. Not seen by us.

56. Hexagrammus asper Steller. Mexagrammus super-
ciliosus (Pallas).

Not abundant and not taken by us.

57. Hexagrammus hexagrammus (Pallas). STARLING.

Abundant everywhere in Puget Sound. It lives about
rocky places, and is taken in large numbers with hook
and line and nets. It reaches a length of about 16 inches
and a weight of 2 or 3 pounds. It is a food fish of fair
quality, but inferior to the species of Sebastodes. This
is the southern limit of this species. Several specimens
were obtained by us.

800 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

We may here record a new species of Hexagrammus
from Tokio, Japan, hitherto confounded with the Amer-
ican species Hexagrammus hexagrammus.

Hexagrammus otakii Jordan & Starks,nsp. Plate Ixxvii.

Head 4 in length to base of caudal; depth 4%; dorsal
XIX—23; anal 21; scales 21-106-34; eye 4% in head;
snout 3%; highest dorsal spine 2%; highest dorsal ray
2%; highest anal ray 3; pectoral 14% ; ventral 1%; cau-
dal ry.

Body elongate, not greatly compressed, the head small
and pointed. Mouth not large, the maxillary reaching
slightly past the vertical from anterior rim of orbit; jaws
subequal; teeth conical and sharp, the outer row enlarged,
smaller on vomer, none on palatines; interorbital space
broadly convex; a wide, short, multifid dermal flap over
posterior edge of each eye.

Head scaled above to slightly in front of eyes, opercle
and cheek entirely and densely covered with small scales;
snout, preorbital, suborbital, lower jaw and interopercle
naked. Scales everywhere, except on cheeks and oper-
cles, strongly ctenoid.

Lateral lines 5 on each side; the upper one from nape
parallel with dorsal, stopping under the beginning of pos-
terior fourth of soft dorsal, sometimes uniting with the
second lateral line at this point, not joining its fellow of
the opposite side in front of dorsal; the second running
parallel with it, continued to base of caudal, situated be-
low the first in distance equal to half eye; the third, par-
allel with curve of back, running from the upper end of .
the gill-opening to the base of the caudal; the fourth
short, beginning slightly in front of ventral, past the outer
edge of its base, not reaching to its tips; the fifth parallel
to anal, in distance above it equal to space between upper
lateral lines, barely reaching base of caudal posteriorly,

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. Sor.

anteriorly joining its fellow of the opposite side between
vent and base of anal, continuing simple forward. Of
four specimens examined, in two it stops at the base of
ventrals, in the others it ends midway between that point
and isthmus.

First and second dorsal and anal subequal in length of
base; spinous dorsal very slightly higher than soft dorsal,
its origin slightly behind upper end of gill- opening, the
notch between it and soft dorsal shallow; origin of anal
midway between front of eye and base of caudal, its rays
shorter than those of soft dorsal; pectoral short and wide,
the rays toward the upper edge the longest, the tips of
which reach to end of ventrals; origin of ventrals behind
that of pectorals a space equal in distance to length of
snout; caudal short, shallowly lunate.

Color light brown above, white or yellowish below, va-
riously marked with irregular dark brown mottlings and
spots arranged chain-like; top of head and snout dark;
dorsals dark and mottled; pectorals crossed with irregu-
lar bars; ventrals dusky, not black at tips; anal dusky
and mottled, the end of each ray white.

Four specimens, collected by Mr.-Keinosuke Otaki, a
graduate of the Department of Zoology in Stanford Uni-
versity, now a member of the Fish Commission of Japan.
They are from the markets at Tokio, Japan, the largest
about 9 inches in length.

This is the species recorded from Tokio by Dr. Stein-
dachner (Beitr. Kenntniss Fische Japans, iv, 66) as Hewx-
agrammus asper. It is not likely that the latter American
species occurs in Japan.

58. Ophiodon elongatus Girard. Cunrus Cop; BuLugE
Cop.

Abundant. An important food fish, reaching a weight
of 60 pounds.

2p SER., Vou. V. ( 52) December 16, 1895.

802 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

59. Oxylebius pictus Gill. Plate Ixxviii.

Not uncommon, living among the rocks near shore.
Not taken by us.
60. Zaniolepis latipinnis Girard.

Rare in Puget Sound. It reaches a length of a foot.

Two specimens obtained by Prof. O. B. Johnson are in
the Museum of the Young Naturalists’ Society.

61. Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas). Buack Cop;
BESHOWE.
Common in Puget Sound, where it is valued as a food
fish. It reaches a length of 40 inches.

Family COTTID &.

62. Jordania zonope Starks. Plate lxxix.

Fordania zonope Starks, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
1895, p- 410. ‘The three type specimens of this singular
fish were collected in channel rocks near Point Orchard.
The largest) specimen-(INo. 3124) iS. aim. Unive) aise
inches long. This species has 10+ 3646 vertebre, a
number considerably in excess of that found in the related
genera /ce/us and Artedius. ;

The following is the original description of Yordanza
ZOnOpe:

Genus JORDANIA Starks.

Allied but not closely to 7rzg/ops and Chztonotus.

Body elongate, not greatly compressed; head moder-
ate, partly scaled, with dermal flaps above. Mouth mod-
erate, with bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and
palatines. Body above lateral line closely covered with
strongly ctenoid scales; lower half of body with narrow,
parallel plate-like folds of skin, running obliquely down-
ward and backward from lateral line to within a short
distance of anal fin, the posterior edge of each fold finely

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 803

and sharply serrate. Gill-membranes united, free from
isthmus; a slit behind last gill. Spinous dorsal with very
long base of about 17 spines, longer than the soft dorsal;
anal long; ventrals 1, 5, inserted behind base of pecto-
rals.

JORDANIA ZONOPE Starks.

Head 3% in length of body; depth 5%; dorsal XVII-
15; anal 22; lateral line 50; orbit 3% in head; maxilla-
ry 3%; longest dorsal spine 1%; longest dorsal ray 23;
longest anal ray 2%; length of ventrals 134 ; pectorals 4%
longer than head; caudal 14.

Body rather elongate, compressed posteriorly, not much
anteriorly, the back not elevated; dorsal and ventral out-
lines almost straight from head to caudal peduncle.

Head not large, profile from front of dorsal to eyes
nearly horizontal and straight, then abruptly turning
steeply downward to end of snout, lower profile gently
curved from chin to ventral fins.

Mouth small, the maxillary not reaching the vertical
from front of orbit; jaws about equal or the lower slightly
projecting; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, and
palatines; eyes large, set high in head, a little shorter
than snout; interorbital space deeply concave, half as
wide as eye; a slip of skin, half as long as the diameter
of the eye, over the anterior edge of each eye, and a
longer one over the posterior edge; a few minute fleshy
slips on nape; nasal spines long and sharp, somewhat
curved back; spine on preopercle simple, hooked up, a
minute spine above it, and a blunt spine below; posterior
end of interopercle prominent, forming a blunt spine; ‘
opercle produced posteriorly in a flap, which lies in a
shallow groove in the shoulder girdle; no opercular spine;
gill-membranes united, but not joined to the isthmus; a
distinct slit behind fourth gill arch; branchiostegals 5.

804 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Top of head to middle of eyes, opercles and upper part
of preopercles closely covered with small rough scales;
head otherwise naked; body above lateral line completely
covered with ctenoid scales, not very regular in size, ar-
ranged in about 67 series; lower half of body covered to
within a short distance of anal with about 50 oblique plate-
like folds of skin, the posterior edges of which are finely
and sharply serrate, the pores of lateral line are situated
in the upper end of these folds; pectoral base, belly and
a narrow space along base of anal, naked; fins, with the
exception of pectoral, which has a few rough scales on
the rays, naked.

Dorsal spines slender, the first one inserted in advance
of pectoral base, directly over the upper end of gill-open-
ing, the fin somewhat round in outline, the spines not va-
rying greatly in length, with the exception of two or three
on each side; soft dorsal a little lower than spinous, the
rays subequal, its base is a little shorter than the base of
first dorsal, and slightly longer than the length of head;
ventral fins long, their tips reaching past front of anal fin,
their length equal to the distance from snout to edge of
preopercle, the pubic bone very prominent; pectoral fins
long and curved upward, the middle rays the longest,
reaching far past tips of ventrals and front of anal to the
space between dorsals; the ends of lower rays free, the
width of the fin at its base is contained three times in the
length of the head; caudal rounded.

Color in spirits blackish, with traces of 4 or 5 darker
cross-bars on back, sides below lateral line mottled, faint
dark spots along lateral line, more conspicuous posterior-
ly; a dark bar half as wide as eye, running from eye
downward across cheek to anterior end of interopercle;
bordered on each side by a light streak, a similar bor-
dered bar running across top of head, slightly turning

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 805

around posterior margin of orbit, downward along margin
of preopercle, and ending on posterior end of interoper-
cle; snout abruptly black, lips dark; fins all dark and
slightly mottled, tips of ventral, anal, and caudal rays a
little lighter; caudal and pectoral dark at base; slips on
top of head black; belly very finely dusted with minute
dark points. .

This species is not uncommon in Puget Sound; the
types are three specimens taken in channel rocks at
Point Orchard, near Seattle, by Miss Maud Parker and
Mr. Adam Hubbert, members of the Young Naturalists’
Society of Seattle. The largest of these is 4 inches in
length. The types are in the Museum of the Leland
Stanford Junior University, numbered 3124. Unfortu-
nately the life colors of this brilliant species were not
taken. There is in life much red on the lateral plates
and elsewhere on the body and fins. ‘This disappears at —
once in alcohol.

63. Radulinus asprellus Gilbert. Plate Ixxx1.

Not common; two specimens dredged near Seattle, the
larger about 4 inches in length.

64. Chitonotus pugettensis (Steindachner).

Not common; two specimens obtained with a seine.
It reaches a length of 9 inches.

65. Ruscarius meanyi Jordan & Starks, n. gen. and sp.
Plate: xxx:

Head 2% in length; depth 3%; dorsal X-14; anal 12;
lateral line 6-32; orbit 4 in head; maxillary 2; snout 4;
highest dorsal spine 2; highest dorsal ray 3; pectoral
1%; ventrals 2%; caudal 2%. |

Body robust, deepest and broadest at shoulders, taper- -
ing quickly backwards into a slender caudal peduncle;
back somewhat elevated; ventral outline nearly straight

806. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

from chin to caudal fin; dorsal outline gently and evenly
curved from snout to caudal peduncle.

Mouth terminal and nearly horizontal, maxillary reach-
ing past pupil nearly to posterior edge of orbit; jaws sub-
equal; teeth in narrow villiform bands on jaws, vomer
and palatines; process of premaxillary prominent, extend-
ing between and above nasal spines; preopercular process
well developed, long, near its tip a very small second
spine is developed, making the process befurcate, 3 or 4
short spines below on edge of preopercle; opercle end-
ing in a flap; top of head with dermal flaps, one over an-
terior margin of eye, and a group of 2 or 3 over posterior
margin; a few shorter ones on nape; mucous pores
around mandible, large; opercle, upper part of preoper-
cle, top of head to eyes, and the orbital ring covered
with sharply ctenoid scales, upper part of eyeball with
small rough scales, balance of head naked.

Lateral line with a row of rough plates; upper half of
body completely covered with scales, their anterior edge
imbedded, coarsely ctenoid on their posterior edge; lower
half of body naked.

Dorsal spines slender, those in the middle highest, the
fin without a notch, the longest spines reaching to front
of soft dorsal where fin is depressed, well separated from
soft dorsal; first dorsal ray inserted over first anal ray,
the fin longer and higher than anal; pectorals somewhat
pointed posteriorly, reaching just past the space between
dorsals; ventrals inserted behind the base of pectorals a
distance equal to the length of snout, their tips reaching
to the front of the anal; caudal slender, rounded behind.

Color olive gray, belly dusky; back with dark cross
shades, irregular in number and size, below lateral line
light with small wavy bars running across to within a
short distance of anal fin, then fading out; head with cross

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 807

shades above; a dark bar from eye to side of snout, one
from eye downwards past end of maxillary, another be-
hind it across posterior edge of preopercle; some dark
markings on maxillary; lower lip dark; pectorals light,
with dark wavy lines across them; dorsal fins dark and
mottled; anal and ventrals varying from white to black;
caudal with a dark bar at base, light with irregular dark
cross markings.

Two specimens dredged, about 1% inches in length.
They are in the Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum,
INO, 2077/5

This species is the type of the new genus /tuscarzus,
allied to CAztonotus, but distinguished by the continuous
dorsal, scaly back, and weak armature of the preopercle.
It is named for Mr. Edmond Stephen Meany, Secretary
of the University of Washington, in recognition of his
work in the Young Naturalists’ Society.

66. Astrolytes fenestralis (Jordan & Gilbert).

Common; several specimens obtained with a seine.
It is not found in rock pools. It reaches a length of 5
Imenes. wo Vertebnce.o— 25 — 33. Dhisispeciesus) thertype
of a distinct genus, Asévolytes, distinguished from A7rte-
dius by the scaly, rough, uneven cranium, and more
strongly armed preopercle.

67. Artedius lateralis Girard.

Two specimens obtained with a seine; probably not
abundant.

Color in alcohol very dark; the head black; the body
dark olive green, with faint pale markings on sides above
lateral line; below with numerous clear-cut white spots,
irregular in size, none of them half as large as pupil;
belly dusky or white; fins all jet black; first dorsal with
2 or 3 faint light bars across the spines running backward

808 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF- SCIENCES.

and downward; soft dorsal with 7 or 8 series of spots on
the membrane, not involving the rays, running obliquely
backward and downward; other fins plain black.

68. Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus (Tilesius).

Very abundant in shallow water among weeds, and in
rocky places. It reaches a length of 15 inches; rare-
ly used for food. Several specimens obtained with hook
and line. |
69. Acanthocottus polyacanthocephalus (Pallas).

Abundant. One of the largest cottoids, reaching a
length of 2 feet. Specimens collected with the seine.
70. Enophrys bison (Girard).

Abundant. An exceedingly ugly-looking fish, reach-
ing a length of 12 inches. It is not. used for food. Sev-
eral specimens obtained with the seine on sandy beaches.
71. Leptocottus armatus Girard.

The most common large cottoid in Puget Sound. It
reaches the length of a foot, and is seldom used for food.
Specimens obtained in abundance.

72. Scorpenichthys marmoratus (Girard).

Not uncommon; said to reach a weight of 20 to 25
pounds in Puget Sound. It is not valued as a food fish.
73. Blennicottus globiceps (Girard).

Rather common, in pools left in the sand by the tide.
Several specimens taken near Neah Bay. The largest
was 6% inches long, this being the largest of this species
on record. These specimens (subspecies dryosus ) have
many more cirri on the head than southern specimens.
74. Oligocottus embryum Jordan & Starks, n.sp. Plate

Isexoxtil

Head 4 in length; depth 4%; dorsal [X-15; anal 10;

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 809 |

orbit 4 in head; snout 4; maxillary 2%; highest dorsal
Spine 2%; dorsal ray 134; anal ray 134; length of cau-
dal fin 12; ventrals 1%; pectorals 2% in ‘body.

Body elongate, compressed, back slightly elevated,
deepest under spinous dorsal; caudal peduncle moder-
ately slender. Skin perfectly smooth.

‘Head small, tapering rapidly forward to the rather
sharp snout as viewed from above; profile of head,
straight below, acutely and evenly rounded above; mouth
terminal, horizontal; maxillary reaching to the verti-
cal from the middle of pupil; lower jaw included; teeth
on jaws, vomer and palatines, in narrow villiform bands;
process of premaxillary prominent, extending slightly above
nasal spines, giving the appearance of three spines above
snout; eye set high in head, the orbit as long as snout;
preopercular spine short, blunt and triangular, entirely
covered with the skin; edge of preopercle below, entire:
opercle ending ina short flap; top of head with two rows
of ‘‘mossy’’ cirri, running from the superior orbital mar-
gin, curving over head and continuing on lateral line;
they disappear on its anterior third.

Dorsal spines rather stout, the fin lower than soft dorsal,
rounded in outline; soft dorsal well separated from spinous,
the front of fin the highest; pectorals long, the eighth ray
the longest, rendering the fin pointed behind; it reaches to
the base of about the seventh dorsalray. The pectoral rays
below the eighth are swollen, and posteriorly free from
the membrane; anal about as high as soft dorsal, the rays
somewhat swollen and more or less free; ventrals long,
reaching about to front of anal, their insertion behind
base of pectoral, a distance equal to the snout and eye;
caudal fin slightly rounded.

Color varying from light green to a rich maroon; traces
of 5 or 6 dark cross-bars on back, lower parts dusky with
small light spots; belly white; a dark bar from eye to

810 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

side of snout, one from eye to edge of preopercle behind
end of maxillary, and another from eye to below preoper-
cular spine; lips black; lower rays of pectorals crossed
with black and white bars, which fade out above; ven-
trals light with some dusky mottlings; dorsal dark above,
light at base, no markings; anal with black and white
bars running across the rays, caudal fin mottled.

Two specimens collected in the tide pools left in the
sand on a beach a couple of miles east of Neah Bay,
the largest 23, inches in length. They are now in the
Leland Stanford Jr. University collection, No. 3128.

A third specimen has been collected at Point Lobos,
Monterey County, California, on Carmelo Bay, by: Mr.
John O. Snyder. This specimen is considerably brighter
in color and the markings are more distinct.

75. Oligocottus maculosus Girard.

Very abundant. Specimens taken in large numbers in
a muddy lagoon near Point Orchard. It is one of the
smallest of the marine Cottzde, not over 3 inches in
length. A number of specimens were also taken at
Neah Bay in tide pools. These differ from the others in
being lighter in color, and in having many more cirri on
the top of the head.
76. Dasycottus setiger Bean. Plate Ixxxiii.

One small specimen brought up in the dredge, 1%
inches in length. Probably rare.
77. Nautichthys oculofasciatus (Girard).

Apparently not uncommon. Several small specimens
collected in the rock pools and dredged from deep water.
It reaches a length of 6 or 8 inches.

78. Blepsias cirrhosus (Pallas).
Not rare in Puget Sound, where it is taken in seines.
It reaches a length of 6 inches. Not taken by us.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. SII

79. Ascelichthys rhodorus Jordan & Gilbert. Plate
Isexeciiys:

Plentiful. at Waadda Island, Neah Bay. It is found
under rocks between tide marks. Nota very active fish.
This is the type locality where it was first taken by Jordan
& Gilbert in 1880. It reaches a length of 3 inches. It
occurs also on the rocky coast about Cape Mendocino in
California.

Family PSYCHROLUTID.

80. Psychrolutes paradoxus Giinther.

The original type from the Gulf of Georgia. Not ob-
tained by recent collectors. Dr. Boulenger informs us
that twelve dorsal rays are present in the original type,
three of them entirely hidden by the skin.

81. Psychrolutes zebra Bean. Plate Ixxxv.

Probably rare. One small specimen obtained, about
an inch and a half in length.

82. Gilbertina sigalutes Jordan & Starks, n. gen. and
Spee ivlate Ixeecvi:

Head 3 in length of body; depth 4; dorsal VIII, 18;
analera;. ventrals 1-3; pectoral 15;.eye(Oin head;) in-
terorbital 2%4; maxillary 2%; ventrals 2; pectorals 1;
caudal 24%; base of dorsal 13 in length of body; base of
anal 3.

Body rather slender, robust anteriorly, compressed pos-
teriorly, the greatest breadth and depth at shoulders. Head
large, the nape slightly produced; mouth large and broadly
rounded, oblique, the jaws about equal; maxillary extend-
ing to posterior margin of eye, its end buried under the
skin of the cheek; eyes placed high, the interorbital space
very wide and slightly convex, its width about 2% times
that of the eye; the posterior end of mandible very prom-

812 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

inent; bones of head cavernous, largely made up of car-
tilage; anterior end of preorbital forming a blunt spine
over mouth; process of premaxillary prominent; a couple
of blunt projections behind each eye; upper part. of
shoulder girdle projecting, forming a blunt spine on nape
above gill-slit; a row of large pores around suborbital
ring, and along under part of mandible; no opercular
spines.

Head and body covered with a very loose, naked, moy-
able skin; dorsal fin continuous; no notch between spines
and soft rays; the spines very slender, the first one in-
serted over end of opercular flap; the last rays reach to
the base of caudal fin; anal lower than dorsal, its origin
midway between base of caudal fin and posterior mar-
gin of eye, ending at about the same point that dorsal
does, but not reaching so far; pectorals long and slen-
der, reaching past front of anal and over half way be-
tween their bases and base of caudal fin; they are adnate
to the body for the anterior third or fourth of their length;
ventrals long, not quite reaching to vent, adnate to the
body for half their length; caudal fin rounded.

Color light olivaceous; body and head with innumer-
able dark points giving the fish a dusky appearance; a
large dark blotch across body at the posterior end of the -
dorsal and anal; a similar spot under pectoral; head uni-
form dusky, lighter below; belly white, middle of pectoral
dark; dorsals dark; lower fins white.

A single small specimen dredged, 1% inches in length.
It is numbered 3129 on the register of the Leland Stan-
ford Jr. University Museum.

This species is the type of a strongly marked genus,
distinguished from Psychrolutes by the very long dorsal
and anal fins and by the form of the mouth. It is named
for Dr. Charles Henry Gilbert, who has contributed

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 813

more than any one else to the knowledge of the fishes of
the Northern Pacific.

Family RHAMPHOCOTTIDE.

83. Rhamphocottus richardsoni Giinther. Plate Ixxxvii.

Itead 2; depth 2);;dorsal Vj 13; anal 6; pectoral 14;
orbit 6 in head; maxillary 4; snout 3; highest dorsal spine
6%; dorsal ray 4; anal ray 4; pectoral 2%; ventral 2;
caudal 3.

Body short, compressed, the back elevated, its greatest
depth just in front of spinous dorsal.

Head large, as long as the rest of the body; snout long
and narrow; mouth U-shaped, its gape longer than wide,
lips thick, their surface broken up into papille; maxillary
reaching the nasal spine; lower jaw included; teeth in
villiform bands on jaws and vomer, none on palatines;
eye placed high, its diameter contained twice in the snout,
once anda half in the interorbital; a branched dermal
flap, as long as pupil, at tip of the snout; head with two
large bony ridges above, continuous with the orbital rim |
and ending in strong blunt spines at occiput, head deeply
concave between these ridges; nasal spine sharp and re-
curved; a pair of strong spines over the eyes; a sharp
spine just above opercle, a blunt one on opercle below
flap, and a long sharp one at angle of preopercle; a low
bony ridge leads to each of these spines; a long sharp
spine on clavicle just behind gill-opening; a blunt bony
knob at posterior end of mandible; gill-openings extend-
ing upward from upper pectoral ray, their length equal to
the length of the snout.

The entire head and body covered with multifid spines,
those on head much smaller than the ones on sides;
a few simple spines along cephalic ridges; the first dorsal
spine covered with spinules, and each dorsal ray has a

S14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

row on its side; a few spines on the base of the pectoral
and anal rays. ;

Dorsal spines very weak, fitting in a groove in the back;
soft dorsal higher than spinous, the tips of the rays reach-
ing the base of caudal fin; anal short, few rayed, reach-
ing slightly beyond soft dorsal; pectorals pointed, their
lower rays entirely free, reaching about to the base of the
third anal ray; ventrals reaching to ends of pectorals,
their origin behind the lower part of pectoral base a dis-
tance equal to the length of snout; caudal rounded be-
hind.

Body creamy yellow, with conspicuous irregular dark
stripes, edged with black, running obliquely across the
body; similar stripes radiating from the eye in all direc-
tions, one to end of snout, a triangular one downwards,
one running backwards and downwards, to middle of
preopercle, then turning upwards and running nearly to
occipital spine, two or three short ones above; each of
these involving the membrane of eye; 2 or 3 black-bor-
dered dark spots on edge of opercle; a light yellow streak
surrounded by black across caudal peduncle, behind which
all is bright cherry-red to the end of caudal fin; two
similar spots on base of pectoral; top of head crossed
with wavy black-edged dark bars; tip of lower jaw
black; a line of black spots running along under parts of
mandible; fins all bright red, each ray of dorsal with a
sharp black spot at its base, a few spots on dorsal spines;
anal, pectorals, and ventrals, dark at base.

One specimen, 3 inches in length, collected in a rock
pool, on Channel Rocks near Point Orchard, by Miss
Adella M. Parker of Seattle; a second specimen, pre-
sented by the Young Naturalists’ Society. The skel-
eton of this specimen has been prepared. It shows the
following characters:

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. S15

The posterior end of the prominent ridge, which runs
backward from the superior orbital rim on each side, is
formed Ly the epiotic process. It ends in the form of a
long ‘‘occipital spine;’’ almost directly under it is the
short parotic process.

The post-temporal is short, wide and flat; its upper end
is attached to the inner side of the epiotic spine, and for
the whole length of its anterior edge, to the skull between
the epiotic and parotic processes. From its lower inner
surface it sends a wide thin bone, which is firmly fastened
to the base of the skull. It bears a backward projecting
spine on its lower end, inside of which the supra-clavicle
is attached. »

Actinosts large, wide and thin, without an opening
between them. Subopercle absent; preopercle large,
sending a spine backwards; opercle triangular on its
lower inner angle, the interopercle is developed and
strongly coossified with it; it sends a slender process for-
ward under the preopercle; a projection downward from
the posterior end of the articular; suborbital wide, thin
and concavo-convex, its convex surface outwards. Skull
without basal chamber; vertebrae ro-+14.

Family AGONID.

84. Aspidophoroides inermis Giinther.
The type from Vancouver Island recorded by Giinther.

85. Bothragonus swani (Steindachner).
Known only from the type taken near Port Townsend.

86. Pallasina barbata (Steindachner).
» Taken at Port Angeles by the Albatross.

This species is the type of the genus Pa//asina Cramer,
distinguished from Brachyopszis by the long, Syngnathus-,
like body, and by the presence of a long barbel at the

816 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

chin. The genus S7phagonus, to which Dr. Steindach-
ner refers it, is based on A gonus segaliensis, which seems
to be a true Lrachyopsis.

87. Podothecus acipenserinus (Pallas).

Very abundant on sand beaches, where it is taken with
seines. It reaches a foot in length. Many specimens
taken.

Two additional new species of Podothecus, presented
by the Alaska Commercial Company, collected by Capt.
jeG> Blain} at WNobin Island vin the Gut or Ratiences
Saghalien, may be here recorded:

Podothecus accipiter Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Plate
Ixxxviil.

Head 33 in length; depth 6%; dorsal, VIII-9; anal
LO; pectoral 15) lateral, plates 2655 eye 4.2 in beads
snout 2%; second dorsal spine 1%; second dorsal ray
14%; third anal ray 13; caudal 1%; upper ray of pectoral
i evemtnallsy 2,047

Body elongate, not compressed; head triangular as
viewed from above; the mouth wide, entirely inferior,
q-shaped, the lower jaw shutting behind the upper by a
distance equal to half eye; maxillary not reaching quite to
anterior orbital rim; distance of anterior edge of upper lip
from tip of rostral spines a little more than half eye: teeth
in upper jaw almost obsolete; villiform band of teeth in
lower jaw, wide in front becoming narrow at sides;
vomer and palatines toothless; a patch of thick barbels
below snout in front of mouth, the longest equal to verti-
cal diameter of eye, a similar patch at end of maxillary,
about equal in length to the shortest on snout; two short
barbels on each side of lower lip between symphysis and
angle of mouth. A pair of short, sharp, rostral spines,
pointing directly forwards; at their base and much wider

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 817

apart is a pair of spines which point upwards, backwards
and slightly outwards; running backwards from these are
the ridges that bound the wide groove in which the max-
illary process fits; these approach each other behind and
end in sharp spines which point backwards and upwards ;
these spines are midway between middle of eye and
the spines behind rostral spines; no median or mova-
ble spine at tip of snout; a pair of large spines above
posterior third of eye and a pair of larger ones at occiput,
these are continuous with the dorsal ridges; a curved
ridge running from superior orbital rim and ending in a
small spine just above opercle; a small ridge on opercle;
preopercle with a large spine; a couple of spines below eye
at lower edge of suborbitals, running from them to tip of
snout is a ridge along lower edge of preorbitals; it is
somewhat irregular but without spines; interorbital space
wide and deeply concave, a pair of ridges on each side,
converging forwards; supraorbital rim prominent; ante-
rior nostril ending in a short, wide, conical papilla, with
a small opening at the apex; no noticeable depression at
occiput.

Dorsal ridges converging from the occiput to behind
the soft dorsal; they unite on the second plate behind the
base of last dorsal ray, this is continued as a single ridge
on about 8 plates where it becomes obsolete; the upper
lateral ridge follows the course of the lateral line to about
the middle of spinous dorsal, where it slants sharply up-
ward and is continued to tail above lateral line; lateral
line midway between upper and lower lateral ridges pos-
teriorly; a single spine above base of pectoral indicating
an obsolete ridge between the lateral ridges; lower lateral
ridge becoming obsolete under pectoral on 2 or 3 plates
behind its base; abdominal ridges widest apart behind
base of ventrals, uniting directly behind anal base and

ap Ser., Vou. V. (53 ) December 18, 1895.

818° CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

running simple backwards, becoming obsolete on caudal
peduncle; all the ridges with sharp recurved spines, with
the exception of abdominal ridges behind part of anal;
where the dorsal and anal ridges disappear the caudal
peduncle assumes a quadrangular shape, the corners being
formed by the spines of the lateral ridges; no row of
spines around base of caudal or pectoral.

Fins all very high, origin of dorsal between the fourth
and fifth dorsal plates, the fin to base of last spine covering
6 plates, the membrane covering 24% more; the second and
third spines the longest, a membrane connecting the last
spine to the body for its whole length; when fin is de-
pressed the ends of the last spines reach to the front of
second dorsal; the second dorsal to end of last ray covers
8 plates, the membrane covers one more; the second and
third rays are the longest, the last ray is connected to the
body for about a third of its length; base of anal cover-
ing 8% plates; the rays are very long and not differing
much in length, the last ray not connected to body by a
membrane; the fin begins in front of soft dorsal but
is about coterminous with it, its rays when depressed
reaching past ends of soft dorsal, 6 plates past base of
its last ray; pectorals barely reaching to tip of last dorsal
spine, the fin pointed above, first and second rays the
longest, the lower rays produced beyond the membrane,
making a notch in posterior outline of fin; origin of ven-
trals directly below base of pectoral, their tips reaching 6
plates beyond their base; caudal long and truncated;
vent directly behind base of ventrals. |

Color light brown above, white below; back with many
narrow brown bars placed at irregular distances apart;
head with many blended brown spots, one under eye, one
on front margin of eye, one or two on top of head, one
behind eye, one on preorbital, a similar spot on base of .

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 819

pectoral rays; pectoral dusky. First dorsal with 3 rows
of spots across the rays, a very narrow brown border to
fin; second dorsal with similar spots, not arranged in rows;
anal light above, uniform brown below; ventrals white;
caudal fin dark at base with 3 or four dark spots towards
middle of fin.

One specimen collected at Robin Island, by Capt. J. G.
Blair. It is 8 inches in length.

Podothecus veternus Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Plate
Isami.

Head 3% in length; depth 7%; dorsal I1X-8; anal 8;
pectoral 15; lateral plates 36; orbit 44 in head; snout
2%; upper rays of pectoral 1%; highest dorsal spine 2% ;
highest dorsal ray 23; highest anal ray 23; caudal 2%.

Body elongate, about as wide as deep anteriorly, much
wider than deep posteriorly; mouth inferior, the lower
jaw shutting far behind the upper; teeth on jaws, vomer,
and palatines obsolete; a few short barbels beneath snout
in front of mouth, and at angle of mouth; their length
about equal to pupil; bones of lower jaw extensively cav-
ernous.

A pair of short blunt rostral spines pointing directly
forwards; at their base and wider apart is a pair of sharp
spines curving outwards, backwards and upwards; at the
posterior end of the rather wide rostral groove are a pair
of small spines pointing upwards and backwards; from
their base a pair of diverging ridges run through the in-
terorbital to above posterior margin of orbit. No me-
dian or movable spine at tip of snout. A strong spine
over eye, and a longer one at occiput; a low sharp
ridge on side of head, running from ocular spine and end-
ing in a low spine at upper end of gill- opening; a very
low ridge on opercle not ending in a spine; preopercle
with a strong spine with a wide keel-like base; a hooked

820 CALIFORNIA .ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

spine below eye on suborbital, from which a ridge runs
along lower edge of preorbital to end of snout, below
posterior end of rostral groove; on this ridge is a trian-
gular spine pointing backwards; between this and the
suborbital spine is an acute outward pointing spine not
much widened at its base; interorbital concave, its width
equal to the length of the eye, 2 in snout; supraorbital
rim prominent. ‘The dorsal ridge of body is continuous
with occipital and supraorbital spines, it joins its fellow of
the opposite side posteriorly, directly behind the second
dorsal, and is continued simple on caudal peduncle; the
spines are large and strongly hooked back anteriorly, be-
coming nearly obsolete posteriorly, only traceable on cau-
dal peduncle by the center of each plate on the median
line being slightly produced; spines on lateral ridges with
stronger spines near middle of body than anteriorly or
posteriorly; two or three blunt spines above base of pec-
toral, indicating an obsolete ridge between lateral ridges;
lateral line at end of pectoral fin running along the upper
lateral ridge a short distance, and becoming obsolete an-
teriorly; spines of abdominal ridge low and blunt, nearly
obsolete posteriorly; the ridge joins its fellow of the oppo-
site side directly behind base of anal fin and continues as
a single low ridge on caudal peduncle; a small plate be-
fore base of each ventral; a median row of three running
forward to gill membrane, three on each side of these, a
row around base of pectorals. Origin of dorsal behind
the fourth dorsal plate; including the membrane behind,
it covers 9 plates; one plate between dorsals; the second
dorsal covers 8 plates, behind which are 14 plates; the
last ray of first and second dorsal and anal, are connected
to the body by a membrane; upper ray of pectoral the
longest, reaching to below the ninth or tenth spine of dor-
sal ridge, the lower rays slightly produced beyond the
membrane.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 821

Color in spirits, reddish-brown above, light below;
narrow, irregular, transverse dark streaks across back and
sides; a longitudinal dark bar along each side of base of
both dorsals; a dark streak forward from eye; margin of
spinous dorsal blackish; soft dorsal with a small spot be-
hind, a dark spot on pectoral rays near their base and
some dark bars behind it across rays; anal and ventrals
colorless; caudal dusky.

A single specimen collected by Capt. J. G. Blair at
Robin Island, about 8 inches in length.

Related to P. acifenserinus and P. gilberti. It difters
from the former in having fewer and shorter barbels,
teeth on jaws obsolete, keel and preopercle larger; dorsal
ridges without spines posteriorly, and the spines on the
preorbital ridge different in shape; from the latter in
having the body different in shape, not everywhere deeper
than wide, but the reverse posteriorly; anal much shorter
and lower; no teeth on jaws, and the spines on preorbital
ridge better developed and different in shape.

Allied to Podothecus is the genus Ste/g7s Cramer, of
which Podothecus vulsus is the type. It is distinguished
from Podothecus mainly by the comparative lack of bar-
bels and by details of armature. We present a figure of
the species drawn from the original type of Stelg7s vulsus,
the only specimen yet known. (Plate xc.)

88. Averruncus emmelane Jordan & Starks, n. gen. and
Spe gislaterxci,

Head from tips of rostral spines 4 in length of body;
depth 7%; dorsal VIII or IX-5; anal 11; pectoral 14;
lateral line 35; orbit 4 in head; snout to tips of rostral
spines 344; maxillary 33, interorbital 64%; pectoral 13;
second dorsal spine 22; third dorsal ray 2% ; longest anal
ray 22;. caudal fin 2.

Body elongate, subcylindrical, the caudal peduncle long

822 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and slender, very slightly depressed, about three plates
in front of caudal fin it widens slightly and 1s compressed;
belly somewhat prominent, breaking the otherwise straight
vertical outline from chin to caudal! fin; dorsal outline
straight from occiput to caudal fin.

Head as viewed from above almost regularly triangu-
lar, the prominent preopercular spines and the snout form-
ing the angles; its dorsal profile irregular, much broken
by spines.

Mouth inferior, broadly U-shaped, maxillary reacning
just past the vertical from front of orbit; lips thick, cov-
ered with short, fine papille; upper jaw protractile; teeth
small, in villiform bands, on the jaws, vomer and palatines;
the distance from the anterior edge of premaxillary to end
of the rostral spines is less than half the length of snout;
two cirri as long as pupil under rostral spines, anterior
lower edge of preorbitals with cirri, a group of 3 cirri on
end of maxillary, and a group of 4 or 5 on posterior end
of mandible; one on the middle of each branchiostegal
ray, these forming a line from isthmus to opercle an area
on chin from the mouth to the hyal bones ‘‘ woolly’? with
short cirri; 2 or 3 cirri on lower edge of opercle and in-
teropercle. A pair of parallel rostral spines pointing for-
ward, their tips covered with skin; behind them is a deep
oval pit, on the anterior outer edge of which are a pair of
spines that point upward and outward and are slightly
hooked backwards; at the posterior end of the pit are two
spines, smaller than those above, and slightly curved
backward; no median nor movable spine at tip of
snout; a group of four short spines around anterior
edge of eye, and one large triangular spine over posterior
edge; the interorbital space is deeply concave, with a
low sharp ridge on each side of the median line; pre-
opercle very rough with irregular spines and tubercles;

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 823

middle of suborbital stay with a strong hooked spine;
below the stay, on the naked area, are 2 or 3 plates with
spines on their centers; angle of preopercle with a large
sharp spine; along the lower edge of preopercle are 3 or
4 blunt spines; a ridge of 4 spines running back from
each eye, corresponding with the dorsal keels of body;
below this on each side is a ridge, somewhat irregular but
not broken into spines, terminating in a spine that points
between the dorsal and upper lateral keel of body: a small
ridge on upper edge of opercle which does not end ina
spine; a few small spines around posterior edge of oper-
cle; a few minute spines along median line of top of
head, the upper part of the eye covered with minute
prickles. At the occiput is a deep pit, broader and
deeper than long, divided by a low ridge through its
middle.

Body with four ridges on each side, formed by the
body plates, each plate ending in a strong recurved spine,
except those of the abdominal ridge, which are smooth;
arow of minute spines along median dorsal line from first
dorsal to occiput; small spines following the lateral line;
no trace of keels or spines in front of ventrals. The ab-
dominal ridges are widest apart on the belly, they unite
on the tenth plate in front of the caudal fin. ‘The dorsal
ridges unite on the ninth scale in front of the caudal fin,
but the spines continue double to the tail; a row of sharp,
small spines around the base of the pectoral and caudal
fins.

Dorsal spines slender, the fin highest in front, the sec-
ond spine the longest, its tip reaching to the base of the
next to the last spine when the fin is depressed; third dor-
sal ray the highest, its tip reaching nearly to the last ray
when depressed; the last ray is very short and adnate
to the body for the whole of its length. Lower rays

824 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of pectoral fins produced, extending beyond the mem-
brane, the longest extending beyond the upper ray of the
fin; anal longer and lower than soft dorsal, ending at the
same corresponding place; last ray reaching to the fifteenth
plate before caudal fin. Ventrals differing in length in
the different sexes, reaching from slightly beyond vent to
nearly half its length beyond; inserted slightly behind
pectorals; caudal fin rounded behind; vent anterior, sit-
uated on the tenth plate in front of anal.

Color dark brown, belly white; sides crossed with ir-
regular white bars, giving the fish a mottled appearance,
besides dark dashes as though the fish had been bathed
in ink (2% peddvy) ; snout black; a black streak along lower
edge of preopercle; a black spot on iris above; dorsals
light, mottled with black; anal white with dark mottlings,
a dark bar across the posterior rays, the tips of all the
rays white; ventrals black, abruptly white at tips; pecto-
ral and caudal dark with a white border, a light spot in
the center of fins, and many white spots on the rays; a
black spot at base of pectoral.

Two specimens collected with a seine near Point Or-
chard, the largest 7 inches in length. They are in the
Museum of the Leland Stanford Jr. University, No. 3135.

This species is the type of a distinct genus, Averrun-
cus, allied to Podothecus, but with teeth on the vomer and
palatines. The lack of the median movable rostral spine
separates it from Odontofywxis, in which genus the dorsal
fins are very small.

89. Xystes axinophrys Jordan and Starks, n. gen and
Spray klaterxciit
Head 3% in length of body; depth 5; dorsal [X—-8; anal
10; pectoral 15; lateral line 38; orbit 4 in head; snout
to tip of rostral spines 3%; maxillary 3%; interorbital
3%; pectoral 1%; highest dorsal spine 2%; _ highest

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 825

dorsal ray 2; highest anal ray 234; length of caudal fin
1%.

Body elongate, subcylindrical, deepest and broadest at
shoulders; belly prominent: dorsal outline straight from
first dorsal spine to caudal fin, curved up anteriorly to
occiput. Head very irregular, much broken by large
spines; mouth inferior, rather broad, maxillary reaching
to the vertical from front of orbit; lips thin, not broken
up in papillae; upper jaw protractile; teeth small, in villi-
form bands on jaws, vomer and palatines; the anterior
edge of premaxillary is directly under the base of rostral
spines; a few very small blunt papilliz behind chin; a
barbel at end of maxillary, not half so long as diameter of
pupil.

A pair of sharp rostral spines pointing forward and
upward; behind these is a pair of curved spines pointing
upward, outward and backward; no median spine or
movable spine at tip of snout; between these and be-
hind the rostral spines is an almost circular pit, which is
entirely occupied by the upper end of the premaxillary
process; interorbital wide and concave, a slight median
ridge running from the rostral pit to a point above pupil,
on each side of which is an outward curved ridge ending
in a minute spine; over each eye is the largest spine on
the head or body, the large triangular orbital spine, its
base occupying nearly the whole space above eye; it is
sharp, compressed and strongly hooked back; on the an-
terior part of its base is a small, sharp, preorbital spine,
pointing upward; a series of minute spines running medi-
ally along the top of the head and body from a point be-
tween the orbital spines to the first dorsal spine; on each
side of these are two large blunt spines, with the traces of a
smaller one between them, they are continuous with the
dorsal keels of body; farther down and continuous with

826 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the upper lateral keel of body is a ridge broken up into 4
irregular spines, larger than the body spines; 4 triangular
spines on edge of preopercle, the upper one the largest;
a very irregular ridge running from upper preopercular
spine, under eye, to snout; a ridge on upper part of
opercle.

Body with 4 ridges on each side, formed by the scales,
each of which ends in a spine; traces of a ridge between
lateral ridges; the spines on abdominal ridges as sharp as
those on rest of body; a Y-shaped ridge of spines in
front of ventrals, the forks toward the ventrals and the
base ending at gill-membrane; a raised area between ven-
tral fins, running from their base to opposite their tips,
which is entirely covered with small prickles; the anus is
in the posterior end of this; the dorsal and abdominal
ridges coalesce with their fellows of the opposite side, but
they come together so gradually that it is impossible to tell
exactly where they unite, as the spines continue distinct
to the caudal fin. Small spines covering the outer part
of the base of the pectoral; a ring of spines around caudal
base; a few minute spines on eye above pupil; occiput
abruptly lower than body, but scarcely forming a pit, as
the body is about level behind it.

Spinous dorsal highest in front, the second spine reach-
ing to base of last spine when fin is depressed; the dorsal
rays subequal in length, the last not shortened and not
adnate to body; last ray reaching to the tenth plate before
caudal fin; pectoral fin posteriorly rounded in outline, the
lower rays not .produced; it reaches to the second plate
before anal fin; ventrals small, reaching just past vent;
anal longer and lower than soft dorsal; dorsal and anal
ending at the same corresponding place; caudal fin
rounded behind.

Color, in spirits, gray, with 7 or 8 dark cross-bars; head

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. S27

uniform gray with the exception of a dark spot at occiput;
belly dusky; dorsals somewhat mottled; anal black, with
a white spot near its middle; pectorals white, with a large
black spot on base of rays; ventral black, abruptly white
at tips; caudal black, edged with white.

One specimen brought up in the dredge, 1% inches in
length. Itisin the Leland Stanford Jr. University Mu-
seum, number 3130.

This species seems to represent a new subgeneric or
generic type, allied to Averruncus, distinguished by the
supraocular spine and by the subequal rays of both dor-
sals, the last of each not adnate to the body.

go. Xenochirus triacanthus Gilbert. Plate xciii.

Rare; brought up in the dredge in company with
Odontopyxis trispinosus. One specimen obtained, 3%
inches in length. In this young example, here figured,
the lower rays of the pectoral are not produced.

Qi. Odontopyxis trispinosus Lockington.

Abundant in deep water; the most common species
brought up by the dredge. Length 4 inches. In this
genus and in enochzrus there isa movable spine or long
plate on median line at tip of snout.

Family CYCLOPTERIDE.

g2. Lethotremus vinolentus Jordan and Starks, n. sp.
Plate xciy.

Head 2% in length; depth 2%; dorsal V—7; anal 6;
eye 3 in head; snoutnearly 4; maxillary 2% ; interorbital
2%; ventral disk 1%; height of spinous dorsal 2% ;
length of pectoral 234.

Body short and thick, broadest at head, deepest in front
of first dorsal spine, abruptly compressed at vent; back
somewhat elevated.

828 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Mouth terminal, oblique, the jaws about equal; snout
very blunt; maxillary reaching slightly past the vertical
from front of eye; teeth in narrow villiform bands; teeth
on vomer (the specimen is so small, we cannot be sure
of the palatine teeth); eye large, set high in the head,
its diameter greater than the length of the snout; inter-
orbital wide and flat, the diameter contained 1% times in
the width; gill-opening oblique, about as wide as eye and
on a level with eye; disk % longer than broad, its length
about equal to distance from gill-opening to anterior edge
Olne yc:

Skin thick; head and body nearly naked, a few spines
scattered over it; spinous dorsal with 3 or 4 small spines,
a minute simple spine in front of eye and 2 or 3 above
it; 4 multifid spines following the curve of back, under
spinous dorsal, and 1 under the front of second dorsal, 2
similar spines on each side of nape, just above opercles;
2 on edge of opercle and 3 on edge of preopercle; an
irregular row of 6 running from above base of pectoral
to front of anal fin, and a couple of small ones behind
gill-opening; body otherwise naked. Allthe above spines,
with the exception of those noted as simple, are long sharp
spines in groups of from 3 to 6 with a common base, gen-
erally the length of each spine exceeds the length of the
base. No lateral line.

Spinous dorsal reaching to the first ray of soft dorsal
when fin is depressed, higher than soft dorsal; anal and
soft dorsal similar; caudal small, truncate or slightly
rounded; pectorals very short, reaching to the posterior
edge of ventral disk.

Color bright wine-red, slightly lighter below, without
markings, sides dusted over with very small dark points;
spinous dorsal dusky; other fins colorless. Colors dis-
appear in alcohol.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 829

One specimen brought up from deep water in the
dredge, % inch in length. Numbered 3131 on the regis-
ter of the Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum.

This species seems to belong to the genus Lethotremus
Gilbert, MS. From Z. muticus, type of the genus, it is
distinguished by its few-rayed fins and by its scanty
prickles.

93. Eumicrotremus orbis (Giinther).
One specimen of this interesting fish taken, 2 inches in
length.
Family LIPARIDIDA.

94. Neoliparis greeni Jordan and Starks, n. sp. Plate
x(Gyale

Head 3%; depth 4; depth at disk 5; dorsal VI-34;
anal 30; pectoral 35; caudal 15; eye small, about 10 in
head; snout 234°; longest pectoral ray 134; disk 2%;
longest dorsal ray 2%; longest anal ray 2%; caudal 134.

Body elongate, posteriorly compressed; profile undu-
late, over snout blunt and rounded, depressed over eyes,
well rounded from eyes over occipital region. Skin
thin and exceedingly loose, nearly to the end of the dor-
sal and anal rays.

Jaws equal; maxillary extending to posterior margin
of eye; teeth small, nearly simple, depressible and blunt,
slightly hooked back, arranged in oblique series, those in
the front running nearly straight in, but towards the sides
of the jaw they grow more and more oblique till they are
nearly parallel with the jaw at the sides; superior pharyn-
geal teeth conical and sharp, slightly longer than the teeth
in the jaws, arranged in a single round patch on each
side; inferior pharyngeals separate, with small teeth.
(Teeth probably tricuspid in young specimens. )

Posterior nostrils in a short wide tube; cheeks well

830 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

rounded; gill-rakers short and thick, no longer on the
outer side of the first arch than on the other arches, fourth
arch not free; gill-slit short, its length contained about
3 times in head, its lower edge extending in front of pec-
toral to about the third ray; opercles with a blunt spine
which is covered by the skin.

Dorsals two, connected by a low membrane; first
dorsal about twice as high as anterior part of second
dorsal; the first rays of pectorals inserted under eye and
in front of disk; the anterior rays short, graduated to
the sixth ray, which is about 4 times longer than the first,
the next few rays again short and gradually lengthening
posteriorly; posterior rays % longer than anterior, fin
broadly rounded behind; ventral disk nearly round, its
posterior edge reaching the vertical from gill-slit; its
distance from tip of lower jaw 1% times its length;
caudal truncate or slightly rounded; vent under ends of
pectorals.

Color, in alcohol, uniform brown, breast and lower
parts of head creamy, fins slightly darker. When fresh
the sides were blotched with pinkish.

The type of this species is a specimen Io inches long,
in the Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum, number
3019. It was collected in the Harbor of Victoria by Mr.
Ashdown H. Green, of Victoria, President of the Nat-
ural History Society of that town.

95. Neoliparis flore Jordan & Starksn.sp. Plate xcvi.
Head 3? in length of body; depth at ventral disk 5% ;
depth under middle of soft dorsal 4%; dorsal VI-27;
anal 27 5to,23>) caudal 155) pectoral 205/\ever7, 1m. mead
interorbital space 234; maxillary 2%; pectoral 13; ven-
tral disk 24%.
A small specimen collected at Waadda Island, Neah

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. Sar

Bay. No. 3133, Leland Stanford Jr. University Mu-
Semmes

Body moderately elongate, much compressed poste-
riorly, about as wide as deep anteriorly, its greatest depth
under middle of soft dorsal where the back is elevated.
Flesh very firm, the body retaining its form, the skin
loose but not flaccid. :

Head small, the nape not produced; mouth moderate,
the maxillary extending to below the anterior margin of
orbit; jaws subequal; teeth tricuspid, arranged in series
which are nearly transverse on middle of jaws, becoming
more and more oblique towards the sides, the outermost
series nearly parallel with the sides of jaws; nostrils end-
ing ina short wide ‘tube; gill-opening short, extending
downward to about the fifth pectoral ray, its length about
half interorbital space; opercle ending in a flap, which
extends over middle of gill-opening; ventral disk slightly
longer than wide, its distance from tip of lower jaw once
and a half its length; vent equidistant from posterior edge
of ventral disk and front of anal; skin thick and not very
loose.

Origin of spinous dorsal a little in front of the vertical
from vent, its distance from snout 3 in length of body;
anterior part of dorsal separated by a notch; origin of
anal about equidistant from snout and base of caudal fin;
some of the lower rays of pectoral produced forming a
notch in the lower posterior margin of fin, the fourth to
the tenth of the upper rays the longest, forming a rounded:
point behind, extending slightly past the vertical from
snout; dorsal and anal scarcely connected with the caudal;
caudal long and slender, rounded behind.

Color a uniform dark olive green, under parts white, a
light streak medially along back from dorsal to occiput, a
light spot over opercle; pectoral light at base, dusky be-
hind; other fins colored like the body; lips white.

832 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

This small specimen taken in a rock pool on Waadda
Island, Neah Bay. Length 2 inches.

A second specimen, about 5 inches long, is in the Muse-
um of the California Academy of Sciences. It was col-
lected off San Francisco by Mr. H. D. Dunn. In this
specimen, the dorsal rays are VI-27; anal 25; pectoral
30; caudal 15; teeth blunt. Flesh firm; form and color
of the young specimens above described. The species
is named for Mrs. Flora Hartley Greene, Assistant Cu-
rator of the Museum of Leland Stanford Jr. University.

In the Museum of the California Academy is the only
specimen we have ever seen of the rare /Veoliparis muco-
sus (Ayres), likewise obtained at San Francisco by Mr. H.
D. Dunn. We here present a description and figure of
this specimen (No. 360):

Neoliparis mucosus (Ayres). Plate xcv.

Head 4 in length; depth 4%; dorsal VI-26; anal 26;
pectoral 29; .caudal 12; eye 7 in head; snout 3; ventral
disk 114; pectoral 13; longest dorsal ray 2; highest anal
fay 2; caudal myn.

Body not greatly elongate, rather robust, compressed
posteriorly, holding its width well past middle of body;
head short and thick, broader than body, % longer than
broad, its length 13 times its depth; mouth small, trun-
cate, its cleft almost entirely anterior, scarcely extending
laterally; end of maxillary buried under the skin, barely
reaching to eye; nostrils not ending in tubes; lower jaw
slightly the shorter; teeth sharp, tricuspid, the middle
cusp much the highest and longest, arranged in nine ob-
lique series in both jaws, becoming more and more oblique
toward the sides; interorbital space moderately wide,
about 3% in head, a little convex; gill-slit not extending
below upper edge of pectoral, its length about 1% times
eye and 3 in ventral disk.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 833

Pectoral broadly rounded when spread, its notch com-
paratively very shallow, its tip reaches past vent but not
to notch in dorsal; ventral disk large, slightly longer than
broad, its posterior margin almost midway between its
anterior and front of anal, its anterior margin half its
length from chin; dorsal with a shallow notch; origin of
fin over posterior margin of ventral disk, its longest rays
in its posterior half; origin of anal a little nearer snout
than base of caudal, the last four or five rays rapidly
shortened, making the fin truncate behind; dorsal and
anal scarcely joined to caudal; caudal long and slender,
rounded behind.

Color olive brown, light below; indistinctly mottled;
dorsal and anal darker at their margins; pectorals uniform
dark brown; caudal light, with indistinct cross-lines; lips
dark.

Here described from the only specimen known to us,
five inches in length; from near San Francisco. It is
now in the collection of the California Academy of Sci-
ences) (No-3260)!)) (Collected! by Ee. D. Dunn. otf San
Francisco.

g6. Neoliparis catlyodon (Pallas).

Obtained by the Albatross at Port Angeles.

This is the species figured by Mr. Garman (monograph
of the Discoboli) as Liparts mucosus. Wis description
seems, in part at least, to have been drawn from /Veolzpa-
vis fore. ‘The latter has larger gill-openings than either
LNeoliparis mucosus or LV. callyodon.

Neoliparts callyodon is extremely abundant about the
Aleutian Islands... The coloration, form of mouth, small
gill-opening and the number of fin-rays all point out this
as the original ca//yodon of Pallas.

The following is an analysis of the species of Veol¢paris,

as far as known:
2D SER., VoL. V. (54 ) December 18, 1895.

834 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

a. Gill-opening very narrow, almost entirely above base of pectoral, the
lower edge not below third pectoral ray.
6. Anterior nostrils with distinct tubes.

c. Dorsal rays about 30; anal rays about 24; form robust; ventral
disk 2} in head; color brownish, clouded or banded. North
Atlantic on both coasts, south to Cape Cod. montagui.”

cc. Dorsal rays 34 to 36; anal rays 25 to 28; lower jaw included;
form rather elongate, the head depressed; ventral disk 2} in
head; color pale, irregularly dotted with darker, sometimes
plain brownish. Alaska, south to Puget Sound. callyodon.

_ 6b. Anterior nostrils with a raised rim, and without distinct tubes;
head short, blunt, 4 in length; ventral disk very large, 14 in head;
snout blunt; mouth very short, its cleft almost entirely anterior, the
maxiliary scarcely reaching eye. Dorsal rays 32; anal 26. Color
plain rosy or brownish, not spotted. Off San Francisco. mucosus.

aa. Gill-opening rather large, its base opposite 4 or 5 upper rays of pec-
toral; body deep posteriorly;-nostrils with raised rim, but without dis-
tinct tubes; ventral disk moderate, 24 to 24} in head; head about 32? in
body, depressed above; cleft of mouth broader, partly lateral, nearly 3 in

head; color plain brownish or reddish.
d. Dorsal rays VI-27; anal 21 to 23; pectoral 30; flesh firm.

Puget Sound to Monterey. flore.
dd. Dorsal rays VI-34; anal 30; pectoral 35; flesh lax. Pu-
get Sound. greeni.

g7. Liparis cyclopus Giinther. Plate xcvii.

Head 4%; depth 4%; dorsal 34; anal 29; pectoral
30; caudal 12.

Body much depressed and rather broad anteriorly, deep
and much compressed posteriorly; head a third longer
than broad and a third broader than deep. Flesh much
more firm and the skin less lax than in most species of
Liparis. Opercles with a rather strong spine concealed
by the skin; mouth rather large, terminal; jaws subequal;
teeth small, tricuspid, in broad bands; eye small, 6 in
head; snout 3, flattish and broad above; interorbital
space 4% in head; ventral disk oval,-2% in head, its
anterior edge half the length of the eye behind postorbital
margin; gill-opening moderate, 3% in head, extending

* Liparis montagui Donovan.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 835

downward to the third or fourth ray of pectoral. Dorsal
fin low, continuous, not joined to caudal, beginning slightly
before anal, on a vertical with vent; vent midway between
edge of ventral disk and front of anal. Pectoral fin
emarginate, the upper lobe 12 in head, the lower 2, the
shortest intervening rays 3. Anal long and low, barely
joined to caudal. Caudal 1% in head.

Color olivaceous, darker above; body and pectoral fin
finely speckled with olive brown; fins dotted; bases of
the fins paler than their tips; belly white.

Two specimens 4% inches long, in excellent condition,
taken in Elliot Bay, near Seattle, were received from the
Young Naturalists’ Society. They are numbered 3126
in the register of the Leland Stanford Jr. University Mu-
seum. This species, not been previously recognized
since its original description, is recorded by Dr. Gilbert
from Unalaska.

98. Liparis dennyi Jordan and Starks, n. sp. Plate
XCVIll.

Head 33 in length of body; depth 4%; dorsal 39; anal
30; pectoral 36; caudal 12; eye8in head; maxillary 21;
snout 234 ; gill-opening 22; upper pectoral lobe % ; lower
. lobe 1%; intervening rays 24%; ventral disk 2%; high-
est dorsal rays 23; highest anal rays 23; caudalrays 134.

Body moderately elongate, much compressed posteri-
orly, slightly so anteriorly; head moderate, the cheeks
and nape prominent. Mouth wide, with little lateral cleft;
maxillary extending to below the anterior margin of eye,
its end covered with the skin of the head; the lower jaw
slightly the longer; the teeth tricuspid, those on the inner
part of jaw largest, arranged in about 14 series in each
jaw; series nearly transverse on middle of jaw, becoming
more and more oblique towards the sides, where they are
nearly parallel with the sides of the jaws; interorbital

836 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

wide, slightly concave; nostrils ending in very short,
wide tubes, the posterior over the anterior margin of eye,
the anterior in front of it a distance equal to the diame-
ter of eye; opercle ending in a short, wide spine covered
with skin; it is situated slightly above the middle of gill-
opening; gill-opening running from about the eleventh
pectoral ray to a level with the eye.

Origin of dorsal slightly behind base of pectoral, its
distance from the snout 34 in length of body, its anterior
rays short, gradually lengthening posteriorly, the rays
from the anterior third to near the end about equal, the
last ray abruptly shortened, forming a slight notch where
the fin joins the caudal; posterior two-thirds of caudal
free above; anal similar to dorsal, about the same height,
its origin nearer snout than base of caudal, about under
the base of the tenth dorsal ray, posteriorly it is longer
than the dorsal, joining the caudal at about half its length;
ventral disk nearly round, its distance from tip of lower
jaw 1% in its diameter, I in distance from vent, 2 from
first anal ray; vent midway between front of anal and
edge of disk; upper lobe of pectoral broadly rounded,
reaching to two-thirds of the distance between vent and
front of anal; lower lobe long, reaching nearly to vent;
caudal long and slender, rounded behind. Skin very thin
and loose on body and head, covering the anterior parts
of dorsal and anal, attached at about the middle of rays
posteriorly and covering the base of caudal rays.

Color light brown, lighter below, thickly covered with
minute brown points, which form spots and mottlings on
sides; upper part of head dark, lips spotted with brown;
dorsal and anal dark brown, slightly mottled with lighter;
pectoral light, with irregular brown spots and bars run-
ning across it. Caudal dark brown, mottled at base, two
light bars crossing it towards its end, leaving a narrow
posterior margin of brown.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 837

The type specimen, 8 inches in length, was collected
in Admiralty Inlet by the Young Naturalists’ Society and
presented by them to the Leland Stanford Jr. University.
The species is named for Mr. Charles L. Denny, of
Seattle, in recognition of his active and intelligent interest

in the natural history of Washington.

99. Liparis fucensis Gilbert.

Taken in the Straits of Juan de Fuca by the Albatross.
Locally abundant. This seems to be the species de-
scribed and figured by Mr. Garman (Monograph of the
Discoboli ), under the erroneous name of Liparzs calliodon.
It will be described by Dr. Gilbert in the current number
of the Proceedings of the United States National Museum.

100. Liparis pulchellus Ayres.

Rather rare. Three or four small specimens brought
up in the dredge.

The following analysis will serve to distinguish the
North American species of Lzfaris:
a. Liparis. Vertebre in moderate number, about 39; dorsal rays about

35; anal rays 27 to 30.

6. Gill-openings very narrow, entirely above base of pectoral; pecto-
ral rays from 34 to 37; head a little shorter than broad, and a little
longer than deep; dorsal and anal slightly joined to caudal; caudal
narrow, its rays 12. North Atlantic, south to Cape Cod. liparis.

bb. Gill-openings broad, the lower part considerably below base of
upper ray of pectoral. :

c. Pectoral rays 30; head low, flattish, a third longer than broad,
a third broader than deep; jaws subequal; dorsal free from cau-
dal, which is slightly joined to anal; caudal narrow, of 12 rays.
Puget Sound to Unalaska. cyclopus.
ec. Pectoral rays 41 to 43; head short, not quite as wide as long;
caudal 15 to 20; the dorsal and anal slightly joined to its base.
Puget Sound. Sucensis.
aa. Careliparis Garman. Vertebre about 46; dorsal rays 40 to 44; anal
rays 35 or 36; dorsal and anal largely joined to caudal.
d. Pectoral rays 35 or 36.
e. Gill-opening small, its lower edge not below first ray
of pectoral; nostrils small, the tubes short or absent.

838 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Jf. Fins plain, not distinctly mottled or barred; body
robust, its color plain brownish or with dark spots.
Coasts of Greenland. tunicatus.
@. Fins more or less mottled or barred, body mod-
erately elongate; lower rays of pectoral rather short,
not half head, not reaching beyond ventral disk;
body mottled, usually with concentric rings. Aleu-
tian Islands to Eastern Siberia. ~ agassizii.
ee. Gill-opening rather iarge, extending downward to
about fourth ray of pectoral; nostrils with short tubes;
lower lobe of pectoral long, reaching much beyond disk,
nearly to vent; color brown, the body and fins mottled
and clouded. Puget Sound. dennyi.
dd. Pectoral rays 42; gill-opening large, its lower edge below
upper part of pectoral; body robust; surface covered with
round yellowish spots. Aleutian Islands. cyclostigma.
aaa. Actinochir Gill. Vertebre about 52; dorsal rays 45 to 48; anal rays
38 to 40; pectoral rays 34 to 37; dorsal and anal largely joined to caudal,
gill-opening large, about one-third its length before pectoral; anterior

nostril tubular.
g. Head broad, flattened above; body rather

elongate; skin usually with wavy, concentric
longitudinal streaks, sometimes spotted. Un-
alaska to Monterey. pulchellus.
gg. Head high, boldly rounded, with promi-
nent nape; color olivaceous, clouded and dot-
ted, but without wavy streaks. Coasts of
Greenland. major.

Family BATHYMASTERID.

tor. Ronquilus jordani (Gilbert). Plate xcix.

Not common; occurring in deep water. Reaches a
length of 8 inches. A fine specimen presented by the
Young Naturalists’ Society.

The genus /ronguzlus is distinguished trom Lathymas-
ter by its scaly cheeks, enlarged scales on lateral line,
and especially by its increased number of simple rays or
spines in the dorsal.

Family GOBIIDA.

102. Gobius nicholsi Bean.
Not rare about Vancouver Island. Not taken by us.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 839

103. Lepidogobius lepidus (Girard).
Three specimens dredged, the largest 4 inches in
length.

104. Gillichthys mirabilis Cooper. Mup F'isu.

Not common this far north. Found in the mud in la-
goons. No specimens taken by us.

105. Quietula y-cauda (Jenkins & Evermann).

This little goby was taken in Saanich Arm, Vancouver
Island, by Jordan & Gilbert. One of the two specimens
taken from the stomach of /Hlexagrammus hexagrammus
and recorded as Godzosoma zos belongs to it. The other
is the type of the latter species. This species is the type
of the genus Quwzetu/a Jordan & Evermann, distinguished
from Gzllichihys by the presence of dermal flaps on the
shoulder girdle.

106. Clevelandia ios (Jordan & Gilbert). Plate c.

The original type of this species was obtained from the
stomach of Hexagrammus hexagrammus, in Saanich Arm,
by Jordan & Gilbert, in 1880. It was not in good condi-
tion and the description is defective. Two specimens
were dredged near Seattle by us. A description is here
appended:

Head 3% in length of body; depth 6; D. V-16; A.
14; eye 6% in head; maxillary 1%; pectoral 13; ven-
trals 178; caudal 1%; base of soft dorsal 3 in length of
body; base of anal 3%.

Body long and slender, compressed, the back not ele-
vated; caudal peduncle moderately wide. Head long,
profile steep to within a short distance of the front of the
eye, thence horizontal. Mouth very large, not very ob-
lique, the maxillary projecting to opposite the middle of
the cheek; jaws subequal; teeth in narrow villiform

840 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

bands, eye small, longer than wide, set high in head; in-
terorbital space narrow, about as wide as eye. Body
covered with very small cycloid scales, impossible to
count. Spinous dorsal well separated from soft dorsal,
the spines slender; soft dorsal the higher, its origin a lit-
tle nearer base of caudal fin than tip of snout; anal about
equal to soft dorsal in height, its origin a little behind
first dorsal ray, nearly coterminous with soft dorsal; ven-
trals inserted slightly behind pectorals, reaching midway
between their base and front of anal; caudal short, its
end rounded.

Color light olivaceous, the cheeks and sides with many
dark points which form mottlings; snout dark; a dark
spot on upper part of opercle; top of head black; dorsals
pale, with three or four dark lines running across the rays;
some dark spots on base of anal; pectorals crossed with
dark wavy lines; caudal with about five irregular cross-
bars.

Two specimens obtained, each 2 inches in length.

Family BATRACHID/.
107. Porichthys notatus Girard.

Very common in shallow water. It attaches its eggs
to the rocks just above low-tide mark, and watches them
till they hatch and the young are quite well matured.
The young fasten themselves to the rocks by means of
a ventral disk, which soon disappears. It makes a pecu-
liar grunting noise when disturbed. It reaches a length
of over afoot. Several specimens taken.

Apparently the type of Porzchthys margaritatus Rich-
ardson was the tropical species since described as Porzch-
thys nautopedium. The name margarztatus should not be
used for the northern form.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 841

Family GOBIESOCIDA.
108. Caularchus mezandricus (Girard).

Very abundant under the rocks between tide marks.
It feeds on small shells and crustacea. A large number
of specimens obtained at Neah Bay and in the vicinity of
Seattle; the largest 41% inches in length; said to reach a
length of 6 inches.

Specimens from Neah Bay varied from light olive to
bright cherry-red.

This species has 13 + 19 = 32 vertebre. The species
referred to Godzesox have, so far as known, 10 + 16 = 26.
This increased number, associated with its northern dis-
tribution, may define the genus Caularchus.

Family XIPHIDIONTIDA.

109. Bryostemma polyactocephalum (Pallas).

This species has been referred to the genus Chzrolophis
(Blenniops). It, however, differs from the latter in the
entire absence of the true or median lateral line, and may
be made the type of a distinct genus, for which we sug-
gest the name of Bryostemma. In Bryostemma, as in
Chirolophis, there is a short series of large pores above
the pectoral.

The following is a description of our specimen from
Seattle:

nleadsore a depti.O-7) 1). IE xa e AuiGuat ken 4 Ve. a 88
Fifteen pores above pectoral. Ff

Body elongate, much compressed, covered with small,
smooth, imbedded scales. Head very short, blunt in pro-
file; mouth short, terminal; lower jaw heavy, projecting,
its lip with two small cirri; teeth subequal, small, blunt-
ish, close set, in one row in each jaw; eyes 4 in head,
near together; snout 4; supraorbital cirri, 2% in head;
interorbital space with two large superciliary cirri; top

842 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of head and nape covered with series of erect cirri, the
longest nearly as long as eye; about 15 minute cirri along
dorsal edge of lateral pores, one on each pore. Rows
of pores running around eye, under preopercle, and along
entire length of the short lateral series; about 15 in lateral
series, which is 2 in length of head; gill-rakers not de-
veloped; gill-membranes not joined to the isthmus. Dor-
sal fin beginning over pectoral and running to caudal;
anterior rays fringed with fleshy cirri; first ray, including
cirri, 2 in length of head; anal beginning close behind
vent and running to caudal, lower than dorsal; vent about
\% distance from tip of snout to tip of caudal; distance
from base of ventral to vent 434 in length of body; pec-
toral fin but little shorter than head, its breadth at base
not half its length.

Color, in spirits, pale brownish, with about 13 dark
blotches along dorsal and anal fins; more distinct on dor-
sal; a black spot on fourth to sixth dorsal spines very
distinct; a very faint spot on anterior part of anal; a few
dark markings about head and nape. Cirri mostly pale.

One fine specimen, 6% inches long, from Point Orchard,
near Seattle. Collected by Prof. O. B. Johnson.

This species seems to belong to Bryostemma polyacto-
cephalum. As figured by Mr. Nelson, the latter species
seems to differ in the absence of the lateral pores and in
the much shorter and broader pectoral fin; the propor-
tions of the body before the vent are also different.

A number of young specimens collected by the Alba-
tross in Alaska seem to belong to the same species.
These are more elongate and less compressed, the body
much mottled and vaguely barred, the ventral fins cheq-
ured in fine pattern; head sand color; a black blotch on
fourth to sixth dorsal spine; anterior dorsal spines little
elevated and with few fringes; sides of head with few

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 843

cirri, except in one specimen in which the cheeks are cov-
ered with cirri densely matted. Evidently the species is
very variable.

110. Bryostemma nugator Jordan and Williams, n. sp.
Plate ci. |

Head 5%; depth 5%; dorsal LIV; anal 41; ventral
ia pores Ot lateral series 25.

Body elongate, formed as in Pholzs, less compressed
than in Bryostemma polyactocephalum, covered with small,
smooth, imbedded scales. Head short, very obtuse, almost
truncate; top of head from nostrils to near front of dorsal
covered with fleshy cirri, much smaller than in Lryos-
temma polyactocephalum,; only two or three small ones
extending on first dorsal spine; supraorbital cirrus short,
4 to 5 in head; two small cirri placed at the sides of snout,
with a larger median one behind them, forming a triangle ;
jaws equal; mouth horizontal, the angle extending to
below pupil; eyes small, 4 in head; snout very short,
almost vertically truncate, 24 of eye; teeth of both jaws
subequal, short, bluntish and close set. Lateral series
short, 7% in length of body, concurrent with the dorsal
outline of body. A line of pores begins in front of eye
on a level with pupil, runs under eye and to a level with
pupil again, then back to and along the entire length of
the short lateral series. Gill-rakers not developed; gill-
membranes free from isthmus. Vent \% distance from
tip of snout to tip of caudal; distance from origin of
ventral to anus 4% in length of body. Pectoral fin 5%
in body, as long as head. Dorsal fin beginning in front
of the pectoral, highest along the posterior half; the
longest spine, 2% in head, the fin higher than anal;
dorsal slightly joined to caudal; anal separated from
caudal; caudal rounded, 1% in head; first dorsal spine
4% in head, its surface with 2 or 3 small cirri.

$44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Color of one specimen, probably male, dark brown,
with 13 pale cross-bars along back, extending on dorsal
fin; along sides these become obsolete; on belly they
become increased in number and broadened below; dor-
sal fin with 13 large, very distinct, black ocelli, with yel-
lowish rings, one between each pair of the pale blotches;
anal with about 7 small blackish spots at base on posterior
part, the fin otherwise nearly plain; caudal faintly barred
with light and dark; pectorals pale, with two dark pale-
edged oblique bars before them; sides of head with irreg-
ular dark vertical bars, one of them forming an inverted
\ below eye, this and others extending across lower jaw;
cirri mostly black.

The other specimen, probably the female, has the body
nearly plain brown, the dorsal with but 4 ocelli, the ante-
rior nine being replaced by dark bars on the fin; anal
with dark oblique cross-bars; pectorals barred with black.
Markings on head more sharply defined, coloration other-
wise similar. This second specimen is 434 inches in
lenoth the other 4:

These two specimens were taken near Seattle and pre-
sented by the Young Naturalists’ Society. They are
numbered 3134 on the register of the Leland Stanford Jr.
University Museum.

Three additional specimens of Lryostemma nugator
were taken by Mr. Starks in rock pools on Channel
Rocks. The life colors of these were as follows:

Color, dark red above, orange-brown below, belly cream
color; sides below with cream-colored cross-bars, wider
than eye, running from the axis of body downward and
fading into the general color below; a \-shaped mark
downwards from eye, across branchiostegals to isthmus,
a similar mark behind eyes, across edge of preopercle
this last sometimes broken up and chain-like; top of head

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 845

dark; snout light; 2 oblique dark bars at base of pectoral;
dorsal with 12 or 13 sharp dark brown spots as large as
eye, edged with bright red, these arranged regularly along
the whole length of fin; pectorals and caudal bright red,
with wavy irregular brown lines running across the rays;
anal red, with dark brown bars as wide as the interspaces
running obliquely downwards and forwards; ventrals
light brown.

111. Pholis ornatus (Girard).

This blenny is extremely abundant in Puget Sound,
where many specimens were taken. It is found under
rocks between tide marks, reaching a length of a foot.
No specimens were found at Neah Bay. The species
varies much in color, being typically yellowish - green
with dark markings, but varying to brown or cherry red
with the markings faint or obsolete. One specimen is
notably different in color: Body purplish red, lighter on
the belly; two conspicuous black-bordered white spots
on tront of dorsal; a light streak bordered with black
from eye to nape; pectorals one-fourth shorter than in
the others. Dr. Gill tells us that the generic name Pholvo
Scopoli is equivalent to the later IZurenoides.

112. Apodichthys flavidus Girard.

Common in shallow water among the kelp. It varies
from bright green to red, orange or violet. Two speci-
mens belonging to the green form (var. vzrescens ) were
taken by us in Puget Sound; the larger Io inches in
length, the Smaller 3 inches. ‘These differ in color from
the typical examples. The large one is a bright grass-
green, mottled with light gray; a series of blended white
spots, as large as eye, along the axis of body from the
pectoral fin to the middle of caudal peduncle; belly with
many similar spots smaller in size and somewhat sharper in

846 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

outline; a row of conspicuous black spots, irregular in size,
shape and position, along back at the base of dorsal spines;
a black line as wide as pupil from nape to eye, a similar
line from eye to posterior end of maxillary; a faint light
streak across cheek posteriorly; cheek and base of pec-
toral dusted with fine dark points.

The small one is bright green without distinct markings
on body; a silvery bar, running posteriorly from tip of
snout through eye, across cheek, to the middle of oper-
cle; no bar downward from eye to maxillary, or from eye
to nape as in the large one.

113. Xererpes fucorum (Jordan & Gilbert).

Recorded by Jordan & Gilbert as rather rare on Waadda
Island. No specimens obtained by us. The new genus
AXererpes Jordan & Gilbert is distinguished from A fo-
dichthys by the small anal spine, which is not grooved in
front.

114. Anoplarchus atropurpureus (Kittlitz).

Taken at Neah Bay and in the vicinity of Seattle.
Abundant under rocks, above low tide mark, in company
with Azphidion xiphistes and Pholis. It reaches a length
of 8 inches. ‘These specimens are scaled on the poste-
rior half of the body only, which is probably true of the
genus as a whole.

115. Xiphistes chirus (Jordan & Gilbert).

The most common blenny in Puget Sound, where we
obtained specimens in abundance. At Neah Bay AX7phr7-
dion mucosum and rupestre were found. We found neither
of these in the vicinity of Seattle. Variable in color,
running from dull brown to bright red. This species is
the type of a distinct genus, A7p/zstes, distinguished
from A7phidion by the well-developed pectoral.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 847

116. Xiphistes ulve Jordan & Starks, n. gen. and n. sp.
late cit.

Head 8 in length of body; depth 10; dorsal LXXIV;
anal III, 48; eye 5 in head; maxillary 234; pectoral 3%.

Body eel-shaped as in the related species AX. ch7rus;
head short; mouth small, oblique, maxillary extending to
below posterior margin of eye; jaws subequal, with ca-
nine teeth; 4 enlarged canines in front of lower jaw;
teeth in upper jaw gradually enlarged from behind for-
wards; eye moderate, equal to length of snout; interor-
bital space prominent, sharply convex, narrower than
width of eye; nape not constricted.

Five mucous canals radiating downwards and back-
wards from eye, not reaching to edge of preopercle; the
branches running upwards from upper lateral line ending
on the membrane of dorsal, the lower lateral line not
connected with the abdominal line. Lateral line other-
wise as in A7zphistcs chirus. Origin of dorsal at a dis-
tance behind nape equal to distance from nape to middle
of eye; the fin posteriorly barely connecting with caudal,
anal with 3 spines, its origin about a head’s length nearer
snout than base of caudal, connected with caudal poste-
riorly; pectorals equal in length to snout and half eye,
slightly shorter than caudal; caudal rounded, fan-shaped.

Color olive-green above, very bright green below;
sides along middle and lateral line posteriorly, with con-
spicuous white spots, half as large as pupil, each with a
black spot before and behind it; a black streak from tip
of snout, through eye, to nape, a streak starting from eye
behind quickly fading out; dorsal darker than body, un-
marked; the anterior third of anal green without mark-
ings, behind this, faint cross-bars of brown appear, these
grow broader and darker posteriorly; caudal olive green
with a light bar across base; pectorals green without
markings.

848 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

One specimen obtained on Waadda Island, Neah Bay.
It was found high on the rocks, among alge just below
high water mark. Length 5 inches.

This species is very closely related to A7zphistes chirus.
It differs from it chiefly in having 3 anal spines, in the
branches of the upper lateral line running higher, and in
coloration. It is numbered 3132 on the register of the
Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum.

117. Xiphidion rupestre (Jordan & Gilbert). Plate ciii.
Equally abundant with A7phidion mucosum under rocks

about Neah Bay. It does not reach such a large size as

the latter.

118. Xiphidion mucosum Girard.

Abundant at Neah Bay, where it was found under rocks
between tide marks, in company with 1. rupestre. Reaches
a length of 18 inches.

Family STICHAHID/A.

11g. Lumpenus anguillaris (Pallas).

Taken in abundance with seines along sandy beaches
in Puget Sound. It reaches a length of 20 inches.

Family CRYPTACANTHODIDAZ.

120. Delolepis virgatus Bean.

A stuffed skin from near Seattle is in the collection of
the Young Naturalists’ Society, collected by Prof. O. B.
Johnson.

Family ANARRHICHADID.

121. Anarrhichthys ocellatus (Ayres). Wotr Fisu.

Rare in Puget Sound; more common southward. It
reaches a length of 8 feet, and is sometimes eaten. It
feeds on crustacea and mussels, which it pulls off from
the rocks and crushes between its powerful jaws.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 849

Family ZOARCIDAE.

122. Lycodopsis paucidens (Lockington).

Abundant in Puget Sound. Length about ro inches.
Not taken by us. The large-mouthed specimens, called
by Jordan & Gilbert Pawczdens, are the male and the
small-mouthed ones, called faczficus, the female of the
same species.

Family SCYTALINID.
123. Scytalina cerdale Jordan & Gilbert. Plate civ.

Specimens were found in abundance in the loose gravel
under boulders at Waadda Island, Neah Bay. It has not
been taken since 1881, when Drs. Jordan & Gilbert took
the two type specimens (one of which was afterwards
destroyed by fire) in this locality.

The skeleton does not differ essentially from that of
Lycodopsts paucidens, with which it has been compared.
The skull is not at all depressed, the wide depressed form
of the head of the fish is due to the fleshy cheeks. The
frontals take up the greater part of the top of the skull,
the parietals are separated by the supraoccipital, which -
extends forward to the frontals. Opercles all present.
Lower jaw large and strong, Post-temporal scarcely
so firmly attached as in Lycodes; the clavicle long and

slender.
Family GADID/.

124. Microgadus proximus (Girard). Tomcop.

A few specimens obtained. Very abundant. Taken
in large numbers by the fishermen. It is a food fish of
some value, and meets with.a ready sale. It reaches a
length of a foot.

125. Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius. Ataska Cop.

Not uncommon in certain localities near Cape Flattery.

This is probably its southern limit.
2p SER., VOL. V. ( 55) December 19, 1895,

850 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

126. Pollachius fucencis (Jordan & Gilbert).

Occasionally taken in deep water in Puget Sound. .
Not obtained by us.

Family MERLUCCIIDA.

127. Merluccius productus Ayres. Hake.

Abundant. It does not rank high as a food fish, as its
flesh is soft and watery. It reaches a length of over 2
feet.

Family TRACHYPTERIDZ.

128. Trachypterus rex-salmonorum Jordan & Gilbert.
KING OF THE SALMON. |
Very rare. Two-specimens recorded from Neah Bay,
where it is regarded by the Indians as a sacred fish, the
King of the Salmon.

Family PLEURONECTID/E.

129. Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linnzus). Harpur.

One of the most valuable fish taken in the region. It
is found most abundant off Cape Flattery. Several fish-
ing schooners are engaged in the halibut fishery. It
reaches a weight of over 200 pounds, and a length of 5
O16 feet.

130. Eopsetta jordani (Lockington).

Not abundant in Puget Sound. It reaches a length of
18 inches and a weight of 3 to 5 pounds. A fine food
fish. Not seen by us.

131. Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan & Gilbert.

Common. ‘The types of this species were first obtained
at Seattle and Tacoma, where it was taken with hook and
line from the wharves. Length about a foot.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 851

132. Lyopsetta exilis (Jordan & Gilbert).

A small flounder; not very abundant. It does not
reach a length of over g inches. It is of no value as a
food fish. A specimen in the collection of the Young
Naturalists’ Society has the right pectoral black, but
it is not otherwise peculiar.

133. Psettichthys melanostictus Girard.

Abundant. It is one of the best of the flounders for
food. It reaches a length of 20 inches.
134. Citharichthys sordidus (Girard).

Very common in deep water in the sound; weight 1%
pounds.

135. Isopsetta isolepis (Lockington).

Common in rather deep water. It reaches a length of
15 inches. Not taken by us.

136. Isopsetta ischyra (Jordan & Gilbert).

Not common. The type from Elliot Bay, near Seattle,
where it was taken with a seine. Length 18 inches.
137. Parophrys vetulus Girard.

Very abundant. Many specimens collected with a
seine in shallow water. It is a good market fish, and
reaches a length of 14 inches. The young are spotted
with blackish.

138. Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres).

Very common. Specimens secured in abundance on
sandy beaches. About 18inchesin length. Puget Sound
specimens are rougher than those found farther south.
139. Platichthys stellatus (Pallas). Drtamonp FLoun-

DER.

The commonest flounder in the sound. It is not held

in as high esteem as a food fish as some of the other

852 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

flounders. It reaches a length of 2 feet. A few speci
mens preserved by us.

140. Microstomus pacificus (Lockington).

One specimen dredged from deep water in Puget
Sound.

141. Pleuronichthys cenosus Girard.

Rather common. The specimens taken show a black
spot on sides and one on tail. It reaches a length of
about a foot.

SUPPLEMENTARY.

List oF FRESH-WATER FISHES COLLECTED IN THE
VICINITY OF SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, BY EpwInN C.

STARKS.
BY ALVIN SEALE.

1. Entosphenus tridentatus (Gairdner). LAmpReEy.

Three young specimens about 30 mm. in length were
taken July 7 in a small stream which flows into Green
Lake. Lamprey are reported as being very abundant in
this lake during the spring. Great numbers, not only of
E:. tridentatus, but also of Lampetra cibarta, spawn in
the small stream mentioned above.

2. Catostomus macrocheilus Girard.

A few small specimens collected in Green Lake, Seat-
tle, 4 to 9 inches in length.

3. Mylocheilus caurinus (Richardson). ‘* Cuus.’’
D.8. A. 8. Head 434; depth 4%; scales 13—-76-9;

eye 4% in length of head; snout 3%; teeth 1, 5-5, 1.
Fourteen specimens, 3 to 10 inches in length, were taken

in Lake Washington, July 14. A very common species.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 853

4. Ptychocheilus oregonensis (Richardson). ‘* SQquaw-
FISH.”’

D.9%. A. 8%. Head 3% in body; eye 4% in head;
teeth 2, 4-5, 2; scales 12—-74-9; caudal peduncle 3 in
length of head; lateral line slightly decurved.

Thirty-three specimens, 2 to 9 inches in length, were
taken in Lake Washington, July 14; 71 specimens of
young were taken in Green Lake, July 24. This species
was by far the most abundant fish in the lakes.

5. lLeuciscus balteatus Richardson.

DE tOs UN to, ilead 472,--depth 372; eye 212 injhead:;
teeth 2, 5-4, 2; scales 13-60-3; caudal peduncle 2% in
length of head.

About 50 specimens, 2 to 4% inches in length, were
taken in Green Lake, July 29. Three of the larger of
these had a bright rosy band extending along the sides
from the head back as far as the vent. These three
specimens were opened, and proved to be females filled
with eggs. No males showed the rosy color. About 60
small specimens were taken in Lake Washington, July 27.
They showed no perceptible variation from those in Green
Lake. A very abundant species.

6. Salmo mykiss Walbaum. ‘‘ CutT-THROAT TRouT.”’
Two specimens, 9 inches in length, were taken with
hook and line in Lake Washington, July 14. Very com-

mon.

7. Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum). SawLmon.

Six large specimens taken November 7, 1892, and two
taken June 30, 1895, in Lake Washington. Those taken
June 30 were more silvery in color than the ones taken
November 7, the latter being quite dark. A very abund-
ant species.

854 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

8. Gasterosteus microcephalus Girard.

One adult 58 mm. in length, and three young 34 mm.
in length, were taken in Green Lake. The adult had 7
well developed plates, the young had but 5. It was of
interest to note that these specimens seemed to indicate
that the young have the plates well developed first on the
sides below and between the dorsal spines, and that the
dorsal portions of the plates were the first to develop. The
young were much lighter in color than the adult. Eleven
specimens, apparently all adults, were taken in Lake
Union. These were apparently similar to those from
Green Lake, except they had 9g or ro plates.

g. Cottus asper Richardson.

Twenty-eight specimens, 2 to § inches in length, taken
July 26, in Lake Washington. A common species.

LXXVI.
LXXVII.
LXXVIII.
EXXIX.
NOOK,
LXXXI.
XK
LXXXIII.
LXXXIV.
WOOO.
LXXXVI.
LXXXVII.
LXXXVIII.
THOOMEG
x

KC:
XCI.
COE
XCIV.
XOV.
XCVI.

XCVII.
XCVIII.
XCIX.

FISHES OF PUGET SOUND.

LIST OF PLATES.

Zalarges nimbarius: type. Open sea.
Hexagrammus otakii: type. Tokio.

Oxylebius pictus. From Monterey.

Jordania zonope: type. Point Orchard.
Ruscarius meanyi: type. Point Orchard.
Radulinus asprellus. Near Seattle.
Oligocottus embryum: type. Neah Bay.
Dasycottus setiger. From Unalaska.
Ascelichthys rhodorus. From Waadda Island.
Psychrolutes zebra. From Point Orchard.
Gilbertina sigalutes: type. Point Orchard.
Rhamphocottus richardsonii.
Podothecus accipiter: type. Robin Island.
Podothecus veternus: type. Robin Island.
Stelgis vulsus: type. Point Reyes.

Averruncus emmelane: type. Point Orchard.
Xystes axinophrys: type. Point Orchard.
Xenochirus triacanthus. From Point Orchard.
Lethotremus vinoientus: type. Point Orchard.
Neoliparis mucosus. From off San Francisco.
Neoliparis greeni: type. Victoria.

Neoliparis flor: type. Waadda Island.

Liparis cyclopus. From Elliot Bay, near Seattle.
Liparis dennyi: type.
Ronquilus jordani. From Ellot Bay.
Clevelandia ios. From Elliot Bay.
Bryostemma nugator: type. Hiliot Bay.
Xiphistes ulve: type. Waadda Island.
Xiphidion rupestre. From Waadda Island.
Scytalina cerdale. From Waadda Island.

From Point Orchard.

855

Admiralty Inlet, near Seattle.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW RATTLESNAKE (CROTALUS
PRICEI) FROM ARIZONA.

BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH,

Curator of the Department of Herpetology.

In a collection of reptiles made by Mr. W. W. Price
for the Leland Stanford Junior University is a new spe-
cies of rattlesnake which I take pleasure in naming for
its energetic collector.

Crotalus pricei n. sp.

Diagnosis.—Small; internasal and prefrontal plates
large; anterior nasal in contact with rostral; supraocular
normal; nine supralabials; 153-159 gastrosteges; two
rows of small dorsal spots; belly dark slate.

Type.— Leland Stanford Junior University Museum
No. 1702, Huachuca Mts., Arizona; W. W. Price; July
or August, 1893.

Flabitat.— Southeastern Arizona, probably in mountains
only.

Description.—Small; head subtriangular; rostral nearly
as broad as high; two nasal, one loreal, and two preocu-
lar plates; two internasals; four prefontals; one to three
rows of scales between supraoculars; nine supralabials;
nine infralabials, first pair in contact on the median line;
one row of scales between labials and orbit; scales in
twenty-one rows, parts of the lower two smooth; gastro-
steges 153 to 159; urosteges 21 to 247, the first and from
two to nine of the posterior ones usually divided; rattle
very slender and delicate.

The general ground color is olive gray so thickly cov-
ered with minute brown dots as to give the animal a
decidedly brownish hue. A narrow dark brown band of
uniform width runs back and down from the eye just

touching the upper angles of the eighth and ninth labials
2p SeR., VOL. V. December 30, 1895.

NEW RATTLESNAKE FROM: ARIZONA. 857

without involving them. The scales below this band are
vinaceous cream. ‘There are two small seal brown spots
on the occiput. The geneials and gulars are yellow
tinged with vinaceous laterally. The rest of the head is
unicolor. Along each side of the back is a series of from —
54 to 60 small brown blotches. Anteriorly these have. a
tendency to alternate, but posteriorly they unite with one
another to form cross-bars. ‘There are seven similar
brown bars on the tail. The dorsal blotches are seal
brown, palest centrally, and are edged with very pale
brown or white. They are about one and one-half scales
long, and from two to three rows of scales wide. They
-are separated from the other'blotches on the same side of
the back by about one and one-half scales, and from
those of the opposite side by the width of one scale.
There are two or three rows of smaller alternating brown
spots on the sides. The gastrosteges, except anteriorly,
are dark slate. ‘The edges of the gastrosteges and of the
scales of the first row are whitish. The tip of the tail is
bright salmon or flesh-color.

Length to rattle, A47 mim. eae mm 240 mim,
Length of tail, Aeniayaal, AAG) waka. 9) 2 Soohaar,
Segments in rattle, 7+ 6 3+

One of the five specimens has ten supralabials on one
side of the head.

MEXICAN FORMICIDA.
BY THEO. PERGANDE.

The present paper is based upon a collection of Form-
icida, made by Messrs. Eisen and Vaslit during Septem-
ber, 1894, in the Cape Region of Lower California and
during October and November on the mainland of Mex-
ico; the majority having been taken in the territory of
Tepic, and on an overland trip from the city of Tepic to
Mazatlan, all on the Pacific Coast of Mexico.

In addition to a few species which have been previously
recorded by me, the collection contains quite a number
of new or otherwise interesting forms, some of which
have not heretofore been observed to occur so far north,
while a few extend their territory into Texas and even as
far east as Missouri.

Subfamily CaAMPONOTINI.

1. BRACHYMYRMEX ADMOTUS Mayr.

Brachymyrmex admotus Mayr., Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, xxxvii,
1887, p. 523.

Worker: Length, 1.6 mm. Head somewhat longer
than broad, its sides nearly parallel and slightly arcuate;
the occiput emarginate. Clypeus broader than long,
strongly convex, arcuate in front. Scape, reaching be-
yond the occiput. Ocelli very minute. Mandibles nar-
row and furnished with four acute teeth; their surface
polished, indistinctly striated and sparsely punctured.
Thorax not much longer than the head, stout, of nearly
equal width; the prothorax about one-fourth narrower
than the head; constriction between the meso- and meta-
notum rather deep, the declivity of the metanotum flat
and longer than the basal section. Scale small, narrow,
rounded at apex. Entire surface of body polished, the

thorax and abdomen with extremely fine and transverse
2p SER., Vou. V. December 30, 1895.

MEXICAN FORMICIDZE. 859

strie. Pubescence yellowish, the erect hairs rather coarse
and sparse, most dense on the abdomen; antenne and
legs without erect hairs. Appressed pubescence most
dense on the head, antennz and legs.

Color of the head, antennz and thorax brownish - yel-
low, the abdomen somewhat darker brown, with the su-
tures paler. Clypeus, mandibles and legs paler yellow,
the femora often more or less distinctly dusky.

Five specimens. » Vepic, Mexico.

2. PRENOLEPIS LONGICORNIS (Latr.) Roger.

Formica longicornis Latreille, Hist. nat. Fourmis, 1802, p. 113.

Prenolepis longicornis Roger, Verz. d. Formiciden, 1863, p. 10.

For synonyms and references, see Dalila Torre, Cat. Hymenoptero-
rum, vii, Formicidx, 1893, p. 179.

Worker: Length, 3 mm. Head about twice as long as
broad, rounded behind, its sides nearly parallel. Cly-
peus strongly convex and with a rather sharp median
carina. Mandibles narrow and with about four or five
acute teeth. Antennz very long and slender, the scape
about three times the length of the head. Thorax elon-
gated, slender; dorsal surface of the pro-mesonotum
slightly arcuate, the suture dividing them nearly obsolete;
metathorax slightly elevated posteriorly, gently and uni-
formly arcuated and furnished each side, above the coxe,
with a small conical tubercle.

Scale stout, narrow, slightly broadest at apex. Abdo-
men ovoid, pointed posteriorly. Legs long and slender.
Pubescence whitish; erect hairs coarse and rather sparse;
a few semi-erect hairs on femora and tibiz; appressed
pubescence observed only on legs and antenne. Head
and body polished and faintly shagreened.

Color black, with a bluish reflection on the head and
thorax; scape and legs black or brownish; palpi whitish;
tarsi and posterior margin of the abdominal segments yel-
lowish or brownish.

860 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Numerous specimens. Tepic, Mexico.

A cosmopolitan species; common in the tropical re-
gions of Asia, Africa, Australia and America, and in
many of the hothouses of Europe and this country.

3. PRENOLEPIS ANTHRACINA. Rog. var. NODIFERA
Mayr.

Prenolepis nodifera Mayr, Sitzber. Acad. Wien, lxi, 1870, p. 388.

Prenolepis nodifera Mayr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges., xx, 1870, p. 948.

Prenolepis nodifera Forel, Mittheil. Munch. ent. Ver., v, 7, 1881:
p. 2.

Prenolepis nodifera Forel, Bull. soc. Vaud. sc. nat. (2) xx, P. 91,
1884, p. 348.

Worker: Length, 2.4-2.8 mm. Head about twice as
long as broad, the sides parallel and nearly straight,
rounded behind the eyes, the occiput slightly emarginate.
Clypeus of the usual form, rather strongly convex and
carinated along the middle. _Mandibles furnished with
six acute teeth. Antenne rather stout, the scape about
one-fourth longer than the head. ‘Thorax of the usual
shape in this genus, the meso-metanotal constriction deep;
the metanotum convex, elevated, nodiform, with an acute
angle each side at base of the declivity. Scale narrow,
wedge-shaped, somewhat broadest and slightly rounded
at the apex. Abdomen of the usual shape. Legs rather
stout.

Erect hairs blackish, rather coarse and quite dense,
though less dense on the scape and legs. Appressed
pubescence whitish, most dense on the legs and antenne.

Color black, polished, the thorax and scale sometimes
dark brown. Mandibles, base of scape, trochanters, tarsi
and sometimes the apex of femora and tibia yellowish
or brownish-yellow:; posterior margin of abdominal seg-
ments, if extended, whitish.

Female: The characters of the female, which I judge
as belonging to this species, are as follows:

MEXICAN FORMICID. S61

Length, 4 mm. Head about as broad as long; eyes
larger, the antenne more slender, the clypeus shorter,
broader and more distinctly truncate in front than in the
worker. Thorax broader than the head and but slightly
convex above. Scutellum broader than long; the meta-
notum short, convex, with two more or less distinct fovez
near its anterior margin. Scale broader than in the
worker, its upper edge arcuate. Abdomen elongate
ovate. Legs stouter than in the worker. Erect hairs
rather short and fine, the appressed pubescence very
dense on the head and abdomen.

Color of the head, antennz, mandibles, some parts of
the thorax and legs brownish-yellow; the rest dark
brownish.

Wings wanting.

Male: Length, 2.6 mm. Head slightly shorter and
the eyes larger and more projecting than in the worker.
Mandibles narrow and with but one tooth at the apex.
Metanotum not elevated or nodiform, gently sloping to- _
wards the scale, with two, posteriorly uniting, median
carine. Scale broader than in the worker, its apex ar-
cuate. Genital claspers long, slender, curved slightly
inward, and furnished with numerous rather long and
slender hairs. Wings brownish, the stigma and veins
darker.

Erect hairs finer than in the worker, especially those of
the abdomen. Scape without erect hairs. Appressed
pubescence dense, particularly so on the head and thorax.

Coloration as in the worker.

Many workers, twenty males and two females.

Tepic, Mexico; San José del: Cabo and Sierra San
Lazaro, Cape Region, Lower California.

$62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Aly t CAMPONOTUS ESURIENS (Smith) Mayr.

Formica esuriens Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Brit. Mus., vi, 1858, p. 54.

Camponotus vulpinus Mayr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges., Wien, xii, 1862,
pp. 658 and 770.

Camponotus esuriens Mayr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges., Wien, xiii, 1863,
p. 398.

Formica esuriens Norton, Am. Nat., 11, 1868, p. 59.

Formica (Camponotus) esuriens Norton, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1868,
Comm., p. 1.

Camponotus atriceps st. esuriens Forel, Bull. soc. Vaud. sc. nat. (2),
ayy dea Clly MSG), jos 7G

Camponotus esuriens McCook, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., Philad., 1879,
p. 140.

Camponotus atriceps st. esuriens Forel, Bull. soc. Vaud. sc. nat. (2),
xx, P. 91, 1884, p. 340.

Numerous workers. Tepic, Mexico.

5. CAMPONOTUS FRONTALIS nN. sp.

Large worker: Length, 7.8 mm. Head quadrangular,
its sides parallel and gently curved anteriorly, the occiput
slightly emarginate. Clypeus about twice as long as
broad, its sides slightly diverging anteriorly, the anterior
margin nearly straight. Frontal area small, obsolete.
Eyes rather small, oval and but slightly projecting. Man-
dibles robust, furnished apparently with six teeth. Scale
wedge-shaped, stoutest at base, broadest above, slightly
convex in front, nearly straight behind, the apex rounded.
Head and thorax opaque and densely and finely granu-
lated; sparsely punctured; punctures of the prothorax
somewhat coarser and more numerous and the surface
slightly reticulate. Clypeus rugoso-granulate. Mandi-
bles sub-opaque, finely and densely striated and sparsely
punctured. Abdomen slightly polished, densely and-
finely granulated, the punctures rather numerous and
coarse.

Erect hairs white and glistening, that of the head short
and not readily observed and intermixed with few minute,
appressed yellowish hairs. Pubescence of the thorax and

MEXICAN FORMICID. 863

first abdominal segment rather dense, long and fine; pu-
bescence of the antennz and legs shorter and semi-erect;
that of the scape intermixed with a few longer, erect
hairs.
Color black, the abdomen with a slight bluish reflec-
tion. Head, in front of insertion of antenne, including
the clypeus and anterior part of face between the frontal
carine, cherry-brown, the brown color extending ob-
liquely to the lower external angle of the base of the man-
dibles; scape, first joint of the flagellum and joints two to
four of the tarsi somewhat paler brown; posterior margin
of the segments of the abdomen somewhat yellowish in a
certain light.

Small worker: Length, 5.4 mm. Head slightly longer
than broad, broadest just behind the eyes and slightly
narrower towards the mouth; the occiput rounded; cly-
peus broadest in front and with a distinct median carina;
the frontal area more distinct, the eyes larger and more
convex and the antenne longer and more slender than in
the large worker. Head and thorax opaque, the sculp-
turing as in the large worker, except that the clypeus is
not rugose; the abdomen is more distinctly polished and
‘the bluish reflection more pronounced, the surface faintly
but densely wrinkled. ‘Pubescence. similar to that of the
large worker, though longer and denser on the head,
coarsest in front of the antenne and sides of the head.

Color entirely black, excepting the flagellum and tarsal
joints, which are darker or lighter brown.

Two large, fifteen small workers. Tepic, Mexico.

This species resembles very much Camp. novogran-
adense, differing from it, however, in the larger and
broader head and darker and differently distributed brown
color and denser pubescence of the large worker, and the
entirely black head of the small worker. It seems also

864 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

to be related to Camp. abscisus and andrez, but differs
from both in the bi-colored head.

6. CAMPONOTUS PUNCTULATUS Mayr var: RUFICOR-
NIS n. var.

Small worker: Length, 5 mm. (Head longer than
broad, slightly narrowed anteriorly, its sides straight,
rounded behind the eyes, the occiput but faintly emar-
ginate. Clypeus triangular and with a rather acute, me-
dian carina; its anterior margin angulated. Frontal area
minute, the frontal carinz nearly parallel; mandibles with
four or five teeth. Antenna long and slender, the scape
reaching considerably beyond the occiput. Prothorax
about as broad as the head behind; suture between the
meso- and metanotum obsolete, both segments descend-
ing in an almost straight line to the base of the scale.
Scale very stout, of equal thickness and nearly quadran-
gular, the anterior face somewhat shorter than the poste-
rior one, the upper edge thick and slightly rounded.
Abdomen elongate oval. Legs rather long and quite
slender. Head, thorax and abdomen delicately sha-
ereened; mandibles smooth and sparsely punctured.

Erect hairs whitish, rather scarce on the head and tho-
rax, more dense and slightly coarser on the abdomen;
hairs of antenne and legs short and appressed, those
along the inner edge of posterior tibiz longer and semi-
erect. Appressed pubescence quite dense, yellowish and
olistening.

Color black. Face in front of eyes, antenne and an-
terior angle of prothorax reddish-yellow, clypeus, anterior
tibia and the tarsi more brownish, the mandibles yellow-
ish.

Two specimens. Tepic:

It differs from Punctulatus in the paler portions of the
head and legs and the denser appressed pubescence.

MEXICAN FORMICID. 865

Vie CAMPONOTUS TEPICANUS nN. sp.

Large worker: Length, 5 mm. Head slightly longer
than broad and slightly narrowest anteriorly, the sides
nearly straight, the occiput but shghtly emarginate. Cly-
peus somewhat longer than broad, slightly broadest an-
teriorly, convex above and without a median carina, its
anterior margin arcuate. Frontal area obsolete. Man-
dibles very robust and provided with five or six rather
blunt teeth. Antenne short, the scape reaching barely
beyond the occiput. Thorax uniformly arcuate above,
broadest in front and gradually diminishing in width to-
wards the scale. The prothorax is about two-thirds the
width of the head and slightly convex above; sides of
metathorax nearly parallel; sutures between the segments
distinct; scale stout and of nearly equal thickness, broad-
est above, the apex slightly arcuate and bluntly rounded.
Legs stout.

Head and thorax semi-opaque, the occiput polished,
densely and finely granulated and sparsely punctured, the
punctures most dense on the vertex and thorax; an im-
pressed longitudinal line between the frontal carine.
Clypeus somewhat polished, the granulation extremely
fine, almost obsolete, the surface sparsely punctured.
Mandibles nearly smooth, rather indistinctly and finely
striated and sparsely punctured. Abdomen densely gran-
ulate-punctate.

Erect hairs reddish and quite dense and fine on the
thorax and scale, somewhat coarser and more sparse on
the abdomen, except on the posterior margin of the seg-
ments; very sparse on the head. Posterior tibiz without
erect hairs; very few on the scape. Appressed pubes-
cence minute, most dense on the thorax and abdomen.

Head, scape, first joint of the flagellum, thorax and

legs reddish-yellow. <A large, somewhat squarish, poste-
2p SER., VOL. V. (56) December 30, 1895,

S66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

riorly broadening spot on the vertex, remaining joints of
the flagellum, teeth of mandibles, two, not well defined
spots on the pronotum, the dorsum of the meso- and me-
tanotum, the scale and abdomen black; the posterior
margin of the abdominal segments somewhat yellowish.

Small worker: Length, 4 mm. In coloration and
sculpturing almost identical with the large worker. The
scape is somewhat longer; the coloration of the head,
thorax, legs, etc., paler yellow, while the black color of
the head extends over the entire vertex, the occiput and
the space between the frontal carine.

three specimens) aiepic:

This may be a race of Camp. marginatus, though it is
more hairy than any of the races of that species known

to me.
Subfamily DoLicHopERINI.

8. DoLICHODERUS GRANULATUS DN. sp.

Worker: Length, 3.6 mm. Head about as broad as
long, broadest just behind the eyes and narrowing slightly
towards the mouth, the sides nearly straight. Clypeus
broader than long, convex and with a median carina, ob-
tusely triangular in front. Frontal area very small, obso-
lete. Frontal carine strongly diverging and but slightly
curved posteriorly. Scape reaching beyond the occiput.
Mandibles robust and armed with four or five acute teeth.
Thorax stout, compact, narrowing posteriorly, the pro-
thorax nearly as broad as the head, somewhat convex
above, its lateral margin forming a blunt carina; the dor-
sal surface of the pro- and mesonotum evenly arcuated,
the suture between them distinct; constriction between
the meso- and metanotum deep, the metanotum somewhat
elevated, nodiform, the declivity steep, not excavated;
the lateral margins of the dorsal or basal section form
quite distinct carina. Scale stout, broad, convex in front

MEXICAN FORMICID. 867

and behind, broadest above, the edge sharp and semicir!
cular. Abdomen short, broadly oval, about as long as
the thorax and rather broader than the head. Legs
stout. Head densely and quite coarsely granulated.
Thorax densely rugoso-granulate, the sculpturing slightly
stronger than that of the head and somewhat concentric
towards the sides of the pronotum; declivity of the me-
tonotum as well as both sides of the scale transversely
striated. Abdomen with dense and fine transverse wrin-

kles. Head and thorax semi-opaque; mandibles, legs —
and abdomen polished.

Erect hairs white, most dense and rather coarse on the
abdomen, longer and finer on the thorax and base of the
abdomen; quite profuse on the scape and legs. Ap-
pressed pubescence very scarce, most dense on the fla-
gellum.

Color black; mandibles, and sometimes the entire an-
tenne reddish-yellow, the flagellum generally brownish
towards the end. Eyes brown. Legs paler or darker
brown, the tarsi and trochanters generally brownish - yel-
low. |

Twelve specimens. Tepic.

9. AZTEKA CCRULEIPENNIS Emery var. FASCIATA
n. var.

Large worker: Length, 3.4-3.6 mm. Head somewhat
longer than broad, slightly narrowest anteriorly, the sides
gently arcuate, posterior angles rounded, the occiput
quite deeply emarginate. Clypeus very broad, its lateral
lobes extending to the sides of the head, the anterior
margin but slightly arcuate. Mandibles robust and armed
with eight or nine acute teeth. Scape about as long as
the head and reaching somewhat beyond the occiput.
Prothorax about one-fourth narrower than the head, con-
vex above and at the sides, rounded in front. The me-

868 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

sonotum is somewhat elevated above the pro- and meta-
notum, convex above, compressed at the sides, and much
narrower than the prothorax; the metanotum broadens
posteriorly; the declivity 1s quite abrupt and shorter than
the basal section. The scale is wedge-shaped, broadest
above, the apex acute and arcuate. Abdomen small,
broadly oval. Legs stout.

Body polished; mandibles finely and densely striated
and sparsely punctured; head, thorax and abdomen finely
and densely punctured.

Erect hairs quite dense, including legs and antenne.
Appressed pubescence yellowish, minute and rather
dense. |

Color of the head, antenne, mandibles and sometimes
the entire legs, reddish-yellow; sometimes the entire face
or only a spot between the frontal carine, the upper mar-
gin of the vertex and the thorax brownish; the legs, ex-
cept tarsi, brown or blackish; the abdomen paler than
the head, with pale brownish bands. Teeth of mandibles
and the eyes black.

Small worker: Length, 2.4mm. The head is propor-
tionally smaller and the occiput less strongly emarginated
than in the large worker. It is almost uniformly brown,
except the face each side of the frontal carine, the man-
dibles and scape, which are reddish, and the tarsi yellow-
ish, while the whole surface is more highly polished.

Numerous specimens. Santiago Ixtquintla.

The discovery of the sexes may prove this to be a dis-
tinct species.

10. AZTEKA EISENI n. sp.

Large worker: Length, 4.8-5 mm. Head longer than
broad, the sides parallel and slightly arcuated, the occi-
put deeply emarginated; vertex with a short, impressed,
median line. Clypeus ot the usual shape and slightly ar-

MEXICAN FORMICIDZ. 869

cuated in front. Mandibles robust and armed with seven
acute teeth. Antenne rather short, the scape stout, not
reaching to the occiput; the two basal joints and the last
joint of the flagellum longest, joints three and four slightly
longer than wide, the remaining joints about as long as
wide and increasing gradually in width towards the end
of the antennz. Prothorax about one-fourth narrower
than the head, widest in front of the middle and very
convex; pro-mesonotal suture rather deep; the mesono-
tum distinctly elevated and convex; metanotum not ele-
vated, convex and with a transverse impression each side
near the anterior margin. Scale stout, nearly as broad
above as below, the apex bluntly rounded. Abdomen
broadly ovate and about as long as the thorax. Legs
stout.

Polished. Head and thorax extremely fine and densely
punctured, the punctures slightly stronger on the clypeus.
Mandibles finely but rather indistinctly striated and finely
and densely punctured, intermixed with few coarser punc-
tures. Abdomen finely shagreened.

Erect hairs yellowish, sparse and almost wanting on
the abdomen, most numerous on the head in front of the
antennze and mandibles, the thorax and around the end
of the abdomen; antenne and legs without erect hairs,
except a few at the apex of the scape. Appressed pu-
bescence whitish and dense.

Color lighter or darker brown, the thorax, legs and ab-
domen sometimes quite pale yellowish. Mandibles red-
dish-brown, the teeth and eyes black. Clypeus, the scape
along its front edge, declivity of the metanotum, the base
and sutures of the abdomen and the legs more or less dis-
tinctly yellow or brownish-yellow.

Small worker: Length, about 3.4 mm. MResembles in
every respect the large worker, except that the head is

870 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

proportionately shorter and its sides more strongly arcu-
ated, while the coloration is more uniformly brownish-
yellow. |

Twenty-two specimens. Santiago Ixtquintla.

‘This species resembles very much Azteka angusticeps,
differing from it, however, in the larger size, the sparser
erect hairs and the absence of such hairs on the antennze
and legs.

It. ‘TAPINOMA MELANOCEPHALUM (Fab.) Mayr.

Formica melanocephala Fabricius, Entom. Syst., ii, 1793, p. 353.
Lasius melanocephalus Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 417.
Myrmica melanocephala Lepeletier, Hist. nat. Ins. Hym., i, 1836, p-

185. f

Formica nana Jerdon, Madras Journ. of Litt. & Sc., xvii, 1851, p.
125.

Myrmica pellucida Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. Zool., ii, 1857,
p. 71.

Myrmica( Monomorium,) pellucida Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Brit. Mus.,
vi, 1858, p. 124.

Formica familiaris Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. Zool., iv, 1860,
Suppl. p. 96. °

Tapinoma melanocephalum Mayr., Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, xii,
1862. p. 651.

Micromyrma melaunocephala Roger, Berlin entom. Zeitschr., vi,
1862, p. 258.

One specimen. San Blas.

This species is quite common on all of the West Indian
islands and has also been found in a hothouse of the bo-
tanical garden at Washington, D.C.

12. DoRYMYRMEX PYRAMICUS Rog. var. FLAvuS Mc-
Cook.
Dorymyrmex flavus McCook, Comstock, Rep. Cotton-worm, 1879,
p. 188.
Dorymyrmex pyramicus var. flavus Mayr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges.
Wien, xxxvi, 1886, p. 433.
Three specimens. San José del Cabo and Sierra San
Lazaro, Cape Region, Lower California.

MEXICAN FORMICID. 871

13. DoRYMYRMEX PYRAMICUS Rog. var. NIGRA n. var.

Worker: Length, 2.8-3.4 mm. Black; the mandibles
reddish - yellow, the under side of the head and the tarsi
brownish. ‘This form is somewhat more robust, though
otherwise like flavus.

Twenty-five specimens. Tepic.

Subfamily PoNERINI.

14. EcCTATOMMA RUIDUM Roger.

Ponera (Ectatomma) ruida Roger, Berl. entom. Zeitsch., iv, 1860,

p- 306.

Ectatomma ruidum Mayr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges., Wien, xii, 1862, p.
732.

Ectatomma scabrosa Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc., London (3) i, 1, 1862,
p. 3l.

Ectatomma scabrosa Roger, Berl. entom. Zeitsch., vi, 1862, p. 292.
Ectatomma ruidum Mayr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges., Wien, xxxvii, 1887,
p. 539.

Eleven specimens. ‘Tepic.
This species is quite common in Brazil, Central Amer-
ica and the West Indies.

15. EcTaToMMA (GNAMPTOGENYS) RIMULOSUM Roger
var. SPLENDIDUM n. var.

Worker: Length, 4-4.6 mm. Head longer than broad,
its sides parallel, the posterior angles rounded, the occiput
slightly emarginate. Eyes convex and projecting, placed
beyond the middle. Antenne rather short, the scape
barely reaching the occiput, the flagellum clavate, joints
two to eight shortest and about as long as broad. Cly-
peus triangular and about as broad as long, the anterior
margin straight, the upper surface faintly concave. Man-
dibles elongated, narrow, leaving a large triangular open-
ing between them when closed, the terminal half curved
downward: the cutting edge smooth or faintly denticu-
late.

872 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Thorax compressed at the sides, uniformly and gently
curved and slightly convex above. Suture between the
pro- and mesonotum obsolete, both segments forming one
piece which is slightly broadest in front; pronotum some-
what angulated posteriorly and prolonged in front into a
short neck. Meso-metanotal suture slight and most read-
ily observed if viewed from the front. Metanotum of
equal width, the declivity convex and bordered on each
side by a curved carina, which at its upper end forms a
minute and slightly projecting angle. Node very stout,
longer than broad, truncate in front and behind, broadest
and highest posteriorly, where it is as broad or somewhat
broader than the metathorax; it is longitudinally arcuate,
convex above and at the sides; on the anterior end of its
under side is a large, flattened and backward curved
tooth, the basal portion of which extends carina-like to
near the end of the segment.

Abdomen longer than the thorax, anteriorly slightly
broader than the scale and strongly constricted between
the first and second segment. First segment with a tooth
below the insertion of the scale.

Entire insect polished. Head, thorax, scale and the
two basal segments of the abdomen closely and longitu-
dinally striated above and at the sides, the striz some-
what finer on the second segment of the abdomen, the
remaining segments smooth and highly polished. Man-
dibles sparsely punctured. Erect hairs of the body, legs
and scape fine and quite profuse.

Color red or yellowish-red, the abdomen somewhat
paler; the head and thorax with a red reflection and the
scale and two basal segments of the abdomen with a beau-
tiful golden reflection. Cutting edge of mandibles black
or dark brown; eyes black; scape and legs yellow.

Many specimens. ‘Tepic.

MEXICAN FORMICID/. 873

This variety differs from rzmulosum besides the some-
what smaller size, in the larger scale and golden reflection.
It comes apparently also near Yctatomma( Gnamptogenys )
continuum, differing from it, however, in the larger size
and other minor characters.

16. PACHYCONDYLA VILLOSA (Fab.) Mayr.

Formica villosa Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 409.
Ponera villosa Iliger, Mag. f. Insektenk. vi, 1807, p. 194.
Ponera bicolor Guérin, Iconogr. régn. anim., vii, Insect., 1845, p.
242.
Ponera pilosa Smith, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., vi, 1858, p. 95.
Ponera pedunculata Smith, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., vi, 1858, p. 96.
Pachycondyla villosa Mayr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges., Wien, xii, 1862,
p. 720.
Formica villosa Roger, Berl. ent. Zeitsch., v, 1862, p. 287.
Two specimens. ‘Tepic.
This species was also discovered by Mr. E. A. Schwarz

at San Diego, Texas.

17. PACHYCONDYLA HARPAX (Fab.) Mayr.

Formica harpax Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 401.

Pachycondyla Montezumia Smith, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., vi, 1858,
p. 108.

Ponera amplinoda Buckley, Proc. Ent. Soc., Philad., vi, 1866, p. 171.

Pachycondyla orizabana Norton, Am. Nat., ii, 1868, p. 64.

Pachycondyla harpax Mayr, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 1lxi, 1871,
p. 397.

Two specimens. Tepic.

Specimens of this species, agreeing exactly with Buck-
ley’s description of Ponera amplinoda, were also discov-
ered by Mr. E. A. Schwarz at Beeville, Texas, living
under dried cow dung.

18. ODONTOMACHUS HA°MATODA (L.) Latr.

For synonyms and references, see Dalla Torre, Cata-
logus Hymenopterorum, vol. vii, Formicide, p. 50.
Two specimens. Tepic.

874 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Subfamily Doryuint.

Ig. Ecrron (AcamMatus) scHmiTtTi Emery.

Eeiton Schmitti Emery, Bull. Soc. Entom. Ital., v, 26, 1894, p. 183.
Eciton Schmitti Emery, Zool. Jahrb., viii, 1894, p. 258.

Many specimens. Tepic.

20. Eciron (ACAMATUS) MELANOCEPHALUM Emery.
Eciton melanocephalum Emery, Zool. Jahrb., viii, 1894, p. 260.

Eight specimens. ‘Tepic.

21. Eciron (ACAMATUS) CALIFORNICUM Mayr subsp.
OPACITHORAX Emery var.
Eciton californicum Mayr, subsp. opacithorazx Emery, Zool. Jahrb.,
villi, 1894, p. 260.
Numerous specimens. San José del Cabo.
It differs from the typical form in the slightly coarser
sculpturing of the thorax.

22. Eciron NITENS Mayr.
Eciton nitens Mayr, Annu. Soc. natural., Modena, iii, 1868, p. 168.
Eciton nitens Mayr, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 1xi, 1870, p. 398.
Two specimens. San Lazaro, Lower California.
These specimens, notwithstanding their rather small
size, measuring only 2.4 mm. in length, agree apparently
in every essential point with the description of the above
species. I deem it therefore advisable, until a larger se-
ries has been obtained, to regard them as but a small
form of that species.

Subfamily Myrmnicint.

23. PSEUDOMYRMA GRACILIS (Fab.) Mayr.

Formica gracilis Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 405.

Leptalea gracilis Erichson, Arch. f. Naturg., v, P. 2, 1839, p. 309.

Pseudomyrma bicolor Guérin, Icon. régn. anim., vii, Insect., 1845,
p. 427.

Pseudomyrma bicolor Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc., London (2) iii, 4,
1855, p. 157.

Formica gracilis Roger, Berlin. entom. Zeitsch., vi, 1862, p. 289.

MEXICAN FORMICIDA. 875

Pseudomyrma bicolor Norton, Am. Natur., ii, 1868, p. 65.
Pseudomyrma gracilis Mayr, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 1xi, 1870,
p. 407.
Pseudomyrma bicolor Rothney, Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1889, p.
352.
Pseudomyrma gracilis Emery, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., xxii, 1890, p. 59.
itenaworkers: Depic:

This is an extremely variable species. In some of its
forms the entire head, the thorax, both nodes, anterior
and median legs, are reddish-yellow, the antenne brown
or blackish and the posterior legs and abdomen black.
In another form, only the thorax, with the exception of a
round spot on the mesonotum, more or less of the anterior
and median legs and the first node are reddish, the rest
black. A third form is black, with the anterior margin of
the head, mandibles, base and apex of the scape, protho-
rex, margin of the mesonotum, apical third of anterior
femora, the tibiz and tarsi, petiole and apex of first node
and base of abdomen reddish- yellow, while in a fourth
form the anterior margin of the head, the mandibles, the
pro- and metathorax, the anterior femora, except at base,
and the anterior tibia and tarsi are only reddish - yellow
and all the rest black.

24. PSEUDOMYRMA PALLIDA Smith.

Pseudomyrma pallida Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc., London (2) iii, 4,
1855, p. 159.

Pseudomyrma pallida Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Brit. Mus., vi, 1858,
p. 155.

(hem specimens. dhepic:

25. MonomoriumM mMinuTtuM Mayr, race EBENINUM
Forel.
Monomorium minutum Mayr, race ebeninum Forel, Hist. Phys. Nat.
Polit., Madagascar, Formicides, xx, 1891, p. 165.
Numerous specimens. Santiago Ixtquintla, Tepic.
Very similar in appearance to JZonomorium race car-

876 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

bonartum Smith, from which, however, it may be readily
distinguished by the stronger meso-metanotal constriction
and the more elevated posterior portion of the metanotum,
the declivity of which forms nearly a sharp angle with the
dorsal face of the segment, and in the more slender and
longer pedicel of the first node.

This race is quite common on the West Indian islands
and the Central American republics.

26. CREMASTOGASTER SUMICHRASTI Mayr, var.

Cremastogaster sumichrasti Mayr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges., Wien, xx,
1870, pp. 990 and 993.

Many specimens. Ixtquintla, Tepic.

Very similar in appearance and coloration to Cr. mzs-
sourzensis Emery, but differing from it in the shorter ter-
minal joint of the antenne, the not emarginate posterior
edge of the first node, the more transverse second node
and the much longer and finer hairs of the head, thorax
and abdomen.

27. CREMASTOGASTER OPACA Mayr.

Cremastogaster opaca Mayr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges., Wien, xx, 1870,”

pp. 989 and 992.
Twenty-one specimens. Tepic.

28. CREMASTOGASTER SCULPTURATA N. sp.

Worker: Length, 2.2-2.4 mm. Head polished, finely
and sparsely striated above and below; granulated at in-
ner side of eyes. Antennal fovez finely reticulated.
Clypeus with a flattened, smooth and polished median
area which is bordered each side by a slightly elevated
and posteriorly diverging carina; its lateral pieces sparsely
striated. Mandibles polished, faintly striated and sparsely
punctured. Club of antenne two-jointed.

Pronotum with a few coarse and somewhat irregular
carine. ‘“Mesonotum slightly elevated in front, sparsely

~ eS

MEXICAN FORMICID. 877

and coarsely sculptured. Basal section of the metano-
tum with a few, posteriorly diverging carine; the decliv-
ity small, triangular and smooth; metanotal spines rather
long, slender, directed backward and upward. Sides of
thorax coarsely granulated.

First node elongate -quadrate, flat above, rounded in
front, truncate behind and with the posterior angles quite
acute; surface smooth and polished. Second node small,
rounded and with two rather deep longitudinal lines above,
the space between them granulated. Abdomen highly
polished and rather long and pointed; faintly transversely
wrinkled.

Erect hairs of the head, thorax and abdomen rather
sparse, whitish, long and slender; hairs of legs and an-
tennze shorter and sub-erect. Appressed pubescence ap-
parently none.

Color black. Mandibles yellowish; antennz and legs
dark brownish, the coxe and tarsi somewhat paler.

Four specimens. Tepic.

This species resembles somewhat Crem. crinosa Mayr,
but differs from it in the sculpturing of the head, thorax
and nodes; it comes also near to Crem. carinata and
curvispinosa Mayr, from which it, on account of the pe-
culiar formation of the clypeus and the differently sculp-
tured thorax, may be readily separated.

29. CREMASTOGASTER LINEOLATA (Say) Mayr, race
CERASI Fitch, var.
Myrmica cerasi Fitch, Trans. N. Y. State Agr. Soc., xiv, 1854, p.
835.
Myrmica cerasi Fitch, First and Second Rep. Ins. N. Y., 1856, p. 130-
Cremastogaster lineolata Say, var. cerasi Emery, Zool. Jahrb., viii,
1894, p. 282.
Numerous specimens. Sierra San Lazaro and San
José del Cabo, Cape Region, Lower California.
Differs from the typical form in the shghtly rougher

878 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

pro- and mesothorax and the somewhat coarser striz of
the metathorax.

Cremastogaster sanguinea Roger is evidently but a va-
riety of cerasz.

30. PHEIDOLE PUNCTATISSIMA Mayr.

Pheidole punctatissima Mayr, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 1xi, 1870,
p. 400.

Pheidole punctatissima Mayr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges., Wien, xx, 1870,
pp. 980 and 983.

Pheidole punctatissima Mayr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges., Wien, xxxvii,
1887, pp. 583 and 598.

Five soldiers and six workers. San Blas, Tepic.

31. PHEIDOLE TEPICANA 0. sp.

Soldier: Length, 3 mm. Head about twice as long as
broad, the sides parallel, faintly narrower posteriorly and
with the angles rounded, the occiput deeply emarginate
and with a deep median channel extending nearly to the
clypeus. Frontal area minute, oval, deeply impressed.
Clypeus very short, transverse, sinuate in front and be-
hind; the anterior margin deeply emarginate at the mid-
dle. Antennz short, the scape about one-half the length
of the head. Mandibles robust, the cutting edge with
two or three teeth at the apex.

A deep constriction between the meso- and metanotum.
Lateral angles of the pronotum obtusely rounded; meta-
notum with two short, erect, stout spines. Nodes as in
the worker. :

Vertex finely and transversely striated and more or less
strongly rugose at the posterior angles, the striae inter-
spersed with coarse punctures; face and clypeus longitu-
dinally striated, the stria becoming more rugulose between
the eyes and frontal carina. Mandibles polished, sparsely
punctured and with a row of coarser, elongated punctures

near the cutting edge.

MEXICAN FORMICID. 879

Thorax polished, its sides and dorsal face of the meta-
notum densely granulated, the declivity and channel be-
tween the spines finely reticulated or granulated. Sides
of first node very finely granulate, the second node with-
out sculpturing. Erect hairs quite dense and rather coarse,
especially so on the head and abdomen.

Color dark brown or black. The anterior third of the
head, extending between the frontal carine to about the
middle of the head, and sometimes almost the entire sides
of the head, the clypeus, mandibles, flagellum, tibia and
tarsi, more or less distinctly reddish-yellow, the scape and
femora brownish. Sometimes the entire head, thorax and
nodes are reddish; the anterior half or more of the abdo-
men yellowish- brown, and legs and antenne yellowish;
or the posterior angles of the head and the thorax brown-
ish and the legs and antenne reddish.

Worker: Length, 2.2-2.4 mm. Head longer than
broad, the sides arcuated, the occiput rounded, the ver-
tex with a faintly impressed median line. Clypeus con-
vex and with a slender median carina, the anterior margin
arquate. Mandibles of the usual shape, armed with a
number of acute teeth. Pronotum convex above and at
the sides, prolonged into a neck and without lateral an-
gles; there is a rather deep depression across the anterior
end of the mesonotum and a deep constriction between
the meso- and metanotum; upper face of metanotum quite
flat, the thorus short, stout, acute and about one-fourth
the length of the basal section. Nodes of the usual shape,
the second node rather small and nearly globular. Legs
and antenne rather long and slender.

Head faintly and indistinctly shagreened, granulated
between the eyes and frontal carine. Sculpture of the
clypeus indistinct; mandibles finely striated and sparsely
punctured. Thorax densely granulated, the pronotum
almost smooth.

880 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Erect hairs fine and sparse, slightly more dense on the
scape and abdomen.

Polished; black or dark brown; mandibles and tarsi
yellowish.

Ten soldiers, twenty-five workers. Tepic.

The worker resembles very much that of Phezdole com-
mutata Mayr, but differs from it in the less strongly con-
stricted suture between the meso- and metanotum, the
longer metanotum and its thorus and smaller second node;
the soldier has a much longer head and entirely different
sculpturing.

32. PHEIDOLE RUGIFRONS nN. sp.

Soldier: Length, 3.4-3.8 mm. Head very large; much
longer and broader than the thorax; its sides parallel, the
posterior angles rounded, the occiput deeply emarginate
and with a deep furrow extending to the clypeus. Cly-
peus short, convex, its posterior angle extending far be-
tween the antenne, the posterior margin deeply emargin-
ate each side, arcuate in front and deeply emarginate at
the middle. Antenne very short, the scape not reaching
to the middle of the head. Mandibles very robust and
with one or two blunt teeth at the apex. Thorax rather
deeply constricted between the meso- and metanotum,
the latter with two short and stout, acute and erect spines;
the declivity concave; pronotal angles obtusely rounded.
Upper edge of first node straight or slightly concave;
second node transverse, broader than long, with the lat-
eral angles obtusely rounded.

Head, semi-opaque and densely reticulate -striate, the
reticulation somewhat longitudinal in front and more or
less distinctly transverse on the occiput; space between
the frontal carinz and the clypeus longitudinally striate.
Mandibles polished, coarsely and sparsely striated and
sparsely and coarsely punctured. Pro- and mesonotum

MEXICAN FORMICID2. 88r

transversely and finely striated above, sides of prothorax,
anteriorly, rugoso-striate; metanotum and sides of the
thorax densely granulated, the declivity polished and with
fine, transverse reticulations. First node, smooth above,
its sides finely granulated; second node finely and dense-
ly granulated and with a few longitudinal, impressed lines.
Abdomen polished and sparsely punctured. Erect hairs
whitish, rather dense, short and fine, though somewhat
stouter on the abdomen.

Head red, with the posterior angles and median furrow
sometimes brown or black, or with a blackish stripe each
side of the occiput. Scape black or dark brown, the fla-
gellum yellowish-brown, darker towards the end. Tho-
rax and nodes black or brownish; the abdomen black.
Femora dusky, or with a brownish tinge, the tibiz gen-
erally paler and the tarsi more or less distinctly yellowish.

It resembles very much the soldier of -P2. tepzcana, but
differs from it in the larger size, the rougher head, deeper
emargination of the clypeus and more transverse second
node.) —

Seven specimens. (epic:

33. PHEIDOLE CARBONARIA DN. Sp.

Soldier: Length, 2.2 mm. Head longer than broad,
slightly broadest anteriorly, the sides nearly straight, the
posterior angles rounded, the occiput deeply emarginate ;
a deep median furrow which reaches nearly to the frontal
area. Frontal area elongate triangular and deeply im-
pressed. Clypeus sinuate in front and behind and deeply
emarginate at the middle. Antennz short, the scape
reaching slightly beyond the middle. Prothorax about
one-half the width of the head and shaped like that of the
worker, the sutures between it and the mesonotum but
faintly indicated, the transverse depression of the meso-

notum very slight, meso-metanotal constriction deep, the
2D SER., VOL. V. ( 57) December 30, 1895,

882 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

metanotum very similar to that of the worker, the spines
short and stout. Second node nearly globular.

Polished; the anterior third or more of the head quite
densely and longitudinally striated, the rest sparsely
punctured, the occiput with faint transverse wrinkles.
Median section of the clypeus finely striated, the lateral
section smooth. Mandibles polished and with but few
punctures. Prothorax smooth or very faintly sculptured
in front; the mesothorax smooth above and densely gran-
ulated at the sides; metathorax granulated above and at
the sides. Nodes and abdomen smooth. Erect hairs
white and rather sparse.

Black or dark brown; the anterior margin of the head,
clypeus, mandibles, antenne and legs yellowish or brown-
ish-yellow.

Worker: Length, 1.8 mm. Head somewhat longer
than broad, the posterior angles broadly rounded, the oc-
ciput distinctly emarginate; the face with a delicate me-
dian furrow. Frontal area distinct, triangular.. Clypeus
with.a faint median carina and delicate oblique striz each
side of it, the anterior margin not emarginate. Antenne
rather short, the scape reaching but slightly beyond the
occiput, the club longer than the remaining joints of the
flagellum. Prothorax somewhat narrower than the head,
rounded above and at the sides. Pro- and mesonotum
without an apparent dividing suture; the mesonotum ta-
pering posteriorly and without a transverse depression;
meso-metanotal constriction quite deep; metanotum flat
above and faintly broadest behind, the spines reduced to
short, stout teeth, between which the surface is slightly
concave. Nodes as in the soldier.

Polished. Head, with a few, almost imperceptible,
short striz between the frontal carina and in front of
the eyes; punctures very fine and sparse. Mandibles

MEXICAN FORMICID&. 883

sparsely punctured. Prothorax without sculpturing, ex-
cept faintly so on the neck, the mesothorax smooth above
and densely granulated at the sides; metathorax granu-
lated above and at the sides. Nodes and abdomen
smooth. Erect hairs very sparse.

Black. Antennz, clypeus and legs brown; teeth of
mandibles black or brown; mandibles and tarsi yellow-
ish.

The worker resembles very much in general appear-
ance the genus Monomorium, but differs from it in the
two-jointed palpi.

Four soldiers and seven workers. ‘epic.

34. PHEIDOLE FLORIDANA Emery, var. DEPLANATA
Mg WEEE

The soldier of this variety differs from the typical form
in the somewhat smaller size, the smoother and anteriorly
less distinctly emarginate clypeus, more strongly granu-
lated thorax, the flattened dorsal surface of the metano-
tum and the shorter and stouter thorus.

The worker is smaller and more strongly granulated.
The head, metathorax and end of body dark brown, pro-
and mesothorax reddish-brown; antenne, legs, nodes
and basal segments of the abdomen brownish-yellow.

Five soldiers and two workers. ‘Tepic.

35. PHEIDOLE VASLITII N. sp.

Soldier: Length, 3.8-4.4 mm. Head somewhat longer
than broad, deeply emarginate behind and with a deep
median furrow, extending nearly to the clypeus. Cly-
peus convex, the anterior margin arcuate and notched at
the middle. Antenne rather stout, the scape about two-
thirds the length of the head. Mandibles robust and with
but two stout teeth at the apex. Pronotum slightly angu-
lated at the sides; the mesonotum with a deep and broad

884 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

transverse depression, its posterior section with a small
blunt tubercle each side anteriorly; meso-metanotal con-
striction deep and narrow, the metanotum with a deep
channel along the middle, the lateral margins of the chan-
nel quite sharp; spines stout, acute and about one-fourth
the length of the basal section. First node as usual; the
second node transversely oval and with two longitudinal
impressed lines.

Head reticulate-striate and densely and finely granu-
lated; area between the frontal carine not granulated,
the striz diverging posteriorly; median area of the cly-
peus polished, and with coarse striz along the anterior
margin. Mandibles polishéd, sparsely and quite coarsely
punctured. Pronotum transversely striated and indis-
tinctly granulated, and with hair-bearing points. Me-
sonotum densely but rather indistinctly granulated, the
anterior section with a few hair-bearing points; the entire
metathorax as well as the sides of the other two segments
densely granulated. Abdomen polished and very fine
and densely shagreened and with hair-bearing points.
Erect hairs rather long, fine and quite dense, those of the
scape and legs somewhat shorter, appressed pubescence
most dense on the head and abdomen.

Color yellowish-red or brownish-red, the head and ab-
domen frequently darker in the larger specimens.

Worker: Length, 2.6mm. Head longer than broad,
the sides gently arcuate. Clypeus convex, the anterior
margin but slightly arcuated and slightly notched at the
middle, with a slender median carina and a shorter one
each side of it. Antennz slender, the scape reaching
beyond the occiput; joints two to eight of the flagellum
longer than broad. Mandibles of the usual shape, with
two long, acute teeth at the apex and a number of minute
teeth behind them. .Pronotum without projecting lateral

MEXICAN FORMICID. 885

angles; the mesonotum with a rather deep median depres-
sion, the posterior half slightly carinated each side and
minutely angulated in front; meso-metanotal constriction
quite deep; the basal section of the metanotum is longer
than the declivity and somewhat broadest posteriorly, the
upper surface is quite flat and slightly concave between
the thorus, which-are rather small, acute and nearly erect.
Upper face of the first node nearly straight, the second
node nearly globular.

Surface of the head, except between the frontal carine,
quite densely and finely granulated, and with a few fine
strie in front and behind, and at inner and outer side of
eyes; space between the frontal carina smooth; clypeus
sparsely and finely granulated; mandibles faintly striated
and quite coarsely punctured. Thorax densely granu-
lated, the pronotum in front with two or three transverse
stria. Nodes densely granulated. Abdomen smooth,
very fine and obscurely reticulated. Erect hairs rather
sparse, long and fine, somewhat shorter on legs and an-
tenne; appressed pubescence sparse, most dense on the
head.

Polished; thorax yellow or reddish-yellow; the head
and nodes either of the same color or lighter or darker
brownish, the abdomen brown or black. Antenne and
femora brownish; the clypeus, tibiz and tarsi generally
somewhat paler; mandibles yellowish, the teeth black or
brown.

Nine soldiers and thirteen workers. Sierra San La-
zaro.

This species resembles very much PA. dreviconus and
cubaensis Mayr, but differs from both in sculpturing and
other characters.

36. PHEIDOLE SUSANN/ Forel, race LONGIPES n. race.

Soldier: Length, 4.4-4.6 mm. Head longer than

886 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

broad, the sides gently arcuated, the occiput deeply
emarginate; the face with a rather deep median channel.
Frontal carine nearly half the length of the head. Fron-
tal area triangular. Clypeus with a sharp median carina;
the anterior margin slightly sinuate each side and with a
shallow and broad emargination at the middle. Mandi-
bles with two large teeth at the apex. Antenne rather
slender, the scape reaching somewhat beyond the occi-
put. Pronotum without lateral tubercles; mesonotal de-
pression not as strong and the metanotal spines longer and
stouter than in the worker; second node nearly globular.

Head sub-opaque and densely granulated, the anterior
half distantly striated and faintly reticulated, the posterior
half with elongated, shallow depressions; space between
the frontal caring quite smooth and faintly shagreened;
the frontal area polished; clypeus faintly rugose about the
middle and somewhat more coarsely so each side. Man-
dibles polished, rather densely and quite coarsely striated,
sparsely, and very coarsely punctured near the cutting
edge. ‘Thorax finely and densely granulated, the granu-
lation slightly coarser in the longitudinal depression of the
metanotum; second node distinctly shagreened. Abdo-
men densely granulated, more coarsely so on the first
segment and with numerous, more or less elongated shal-
low depressions and hair-bearing points. Erect hairs
yellowish, coarsest and densest on the abdomen, very
sparse on the thorax.

Color reddish- yellow; antenna, mandibles and abdo-
men slightly brownish, anterior margin of the clypeus,
the cutting edge and teeth of the mandibles brown.
Eyes black.

Worker: Length, 3 mm. Head much longer than
broad, much prolonged and tapering beyond the eyes,
with a deep constriction at the end, forming a distinct

MEXICAN FORMICIDA. 887

neck. Clypeus truncate behind, slightly arcuated ante-
riorly and slightly emarginate at the middle. Mandibles
with two large and acute teeth at the apex, the rest finely
denticulate. Antennz very long and slender, the scape
about twice as long as the head. Thorax much elon-
gated, the prothorax elongated pyriform, broadest behind
and with a neck-like constriction anteriorly; it is convex
above and at the sides; transverse mesonotal depression
quite strong, extending down to the lateral margin, the
posterior half sloping gently and uniformly to the meta-
notum; meso-metanotal constriction somewhat stronger
than that of the mesonotum. _ Metanotum elongated and
gently curved towards the base of the first node, the
basal section much longer than the declivity; declivity
slightly concave along the middle; the thorus very mi-
nute. Second node subglobose.

Head finely and densely shagreened, the space between
the frontal caring smooth; clypeus faintly granulated.
Mandibles sparsely punctured. Pro- and mesonotum
finely and densely shagreened, the metanotum granu-
lated. Nodes apparently smooth. Abdomen smooth,
the basal half or more finely shagreened. Erect hairs
sparse and slender, shorter and suberect on the scape
and legs; appressed pubescence very minute and sparse.

Color yellow; the mandibles and legs slightly paler,
the abdomen faintly brownish. Eyes black. The whole
surface polished. .

Sixteen soldiers and numerous workers. Cape Re-
gion, Sierra San Lazaro. é

This form differs from P. susanne in the somewhat
larger size, longer antenna, shallower transverse depres-
sion and not abrupt posterior half of the mesonotum, the
less deep meso-metanotal constriction and the longer met-
athorax.

888 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

It seems also to be related to Phezdole ( Atta) testacea
Smith.

37. PHEIDOLE SUBDENTATA N. sp.

Worker: Length, 2.6 mm. Head nearly twice as long
as broad, the sides parallel and slightly arcuated, rounded
behind; clypeus convex, rounded behind, arcuate in

front, the lateral angles reaching to the mandibles, with-

out a median carina; frontal area but feebly indicated;
mandibles of the usual shape, armed with two long teeth
at the apex and six or seven minute teeth behind them.
Antenne rather long and slender, the scape almost twice
as long as the head. All joints of the flagellum longer
than thick, the club being about one-half the length.
Pronotum about one-fourth narrower than the head,
rounded above and at the sides, prolonged into a neck
anteriorly; mesonotal depression shallow; meso-metano-
tal constriction deep; metanotum somewhat elevated pos-
teriorly and slightly curved longitudinally, convex above
and with a slight longitudinal furrow at base, the basal
section much longer than the declivity and furnished with
two minute teeth. Nodes of the usual shape.

Head smooth, sparsely striated in front of eyes and be-
tween base of antenne; antennal grooves slightly granu-
lated. Clypeus smooth, with few and indistinct striae.
Mandibles smooth, faintly and sparsely punctured. Pro-
notum and anterior half of mesonotum above, faintly sha-
greened and with a few hair-bearing points, posterior half
of the mesothorax and the metathorax densely granulated ;
nodes and abdomen smooth, the petiole of the first node
granulated laterally; the first segment of the abdomen
sometimes with a few elongated, shallow, obsolete depres-
sions. Erect hairs rather sparse, pale and slender.

Polished; yellowish-brown, the head and abdomen

MEXICAN FORMICID. 889

generally somewhat darker, the clypeus, mandibles, an-
tenne and legs somewhat paler.
Many specimens. Tepic.

38.. PHEIDOLE OBTUSOSPINOSA DN. sp.

Soldier: Length, 6.5 mm. This species resembles
very much the soldiers of Ph. vas/ztzz, though it is much
larger, the scape is shorter, and only about one-half the
length of the head, which is also more densely and more
sharply reticulate -striate; the pro- and metanotum more
distinctly transversely reticulate-striate; the metanotum,
besides being granulated, is also finely and transversely
striated between the spines and on the declivity; the
spines are much stouter, obtuse at tip and more or less
distinctly curved inwards; the second node is much
broader, transversely oval and with numerous, rather
deep, longitudinal striz; the sculpturing of the abdomen
is very similar but much coarser, and the hairs on every
part of the body denser.

Color ferruginous, the abdomen varying from light
brown to nearly black. Anterior margin of head black.
Mandibles brownish-red.

Many specimens. ‘Tepic.

PHEIDOLE Westwood, subs. CERATOPHEIDOLE,

n. subg.

This remarkable species, of which but two specimens
were obtained, agrees in almost all of its characters with
those of soldiers of the typical Pheidole, from which it
principally differs in the unusually long and slender an-
tenne, the scape of which reaches to the occiput, whereas
the club of the flagellum, instead of being three-jointed
as in Pheidole proper, zs composed of four long and sub-
equal joints. ‘The number of joints in the palpi could
not be ascertained. The discovery of the sexes and
workers, if such exist, may exhibit additional characters,

890 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

which might entitle this form to a generic rank; for the
present, however, it may be considered as being but a
subgenus of Pheidole.

39. PHEIDOLE (CERATOPHEIDOLE) GRANULATA 0. Sp.

Soldier? Length, 5.6mm. Head nearly twice as long
as broad and somewhat broadest in front, the sides gen-
tly arcuate, posterior angles rounded, the occiput deeply
and somewhat angularly emarginate; a deep median fur-
row extending to the frontal carine. Frontal carinz
about one-third the length of the head, converging poste-
riorly. Frontal area distinct, elongate triangular. Cly-
peus transverse, extending posteriorly between the base
of the antenne, the posterior margin arcuate, posterior
margin of the lateral pieces deeply sinuate, the anterior
margin arcuate and angularly emarginate at the middle.
Eyes in front of the middle. Mandibles very robust and
provided with two stout teeth at the apex. Antenne
twelve-jointed, slender, the scape reaching to the occiput;
the seven basal joints of the flagellum subequal in length,
each about four times as long as thick, joints eight to ten
also subequal in length, each of them about one-third
longer than any of the preceding joints, the last joint
slightly the longest. Prothorax not quite one-half as
broad as the head, broadest posteriorly, prolonged into a
neck anteriorly, convex above and at the sides; mesono-
tum slightly elevated anteriorly and with a rather broad
and shallow, transverse, median depression; meso-meta-
notal constriction deep and rather broad; metanotum flat-
tened above, somewhat concave between the spines, the
basal section about twice the length of the declivity;
spines stout, directed back- and upward and about one-
fourth the length of the basal section of the segment.
Nodes as in Pheidole, the second node broader than long
and obtusely angulated.

MEXICAN FORMICID. 891

Head, densely and finely granulated and longitudinally
reticulate-striate, the striz becoming obsolete towards the
occiput. Frontal area polished and with a median carina.
Median section of the clypeus indistinctly granulated,
with a median carina and a few anteriorly diverging striz,
the anterior margin coarsely punctured, giving it a ser-
rated appearance. Mandibles polished, coarsely and
rather sparsely striated and punctured. Entire thorax
densely granulated, the neck of the pronotum with a few
transverse striz; both nodes and the abdomen also dense-
ly granulated, and the first abdominal segment with a few
shallow and somewhat elongated depressions. Erect
hairs yellowish, rather stiff and quite dense, especially so
on the head and abdomen, intermixed quite evenly with
shorter, suberect, stiff hairs. Legs and antenne with ap-
pressed pubescence, intermixed with a few erect hairs on
the scape and along inner edge of femora.

Color reddish- yellow, the legs paler; mandibles red-
dish, with the external margin and cutting edge, the an-
terior margin of the clypeus and the eyes black.

Two specimens. Tepic.

This form appears to be the connecting link between
Pheidole and Messor.

40. APHASNOGASTER MUTICA 0. sp.

Worker: Length, 5 mm. Head longer than broad,
slightly narrowest in front, rounded behind. Frontal
area oval and with a few longitudinal striz. Clypeus tri-
angular, arcuate in front and with a broad and somewhat
angular emargination at the middle. Mandibles armed
with three large teeth at the apex and a number of smaller
ones behind them.

Prothorax about one-fourth narrower than the head,
very convex and with a short neck; the meso- and meta-
thorax narrower and nearly parallel; anterior half of the

892 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

mesonotum oval, convex and somewhat elevated above
the pronotum, its posterior half almost in a plane with the
metanotum; constriction between the meso-metanotum
quite deep and narrow; basal section of the metanotum
rather more than twice the length of the declivity, its an-
terior half rounded above, the posterior half with a de-
pressed, elongated triangular area which merges poste-
riorly with the declivity. Spines wanting, their position
indicated by an angle at the upper edge of the declivity.
First node stout, erect, convex in front, above and be-
hind; second node pyriform if viewed from above, ele-
vated and broadest behind, convex above and rounded
behind.

Head, densely and finely granulated and finely reticu-
late-striate; striae between the frontal carine diverging
posteriorly; clypeus with a median carina and irregularly
striated; mandibles densely and quite coarsely striated
and sparsely punctured, the punctures becoming coarser
towards the cutting edge. Prothorax highly polished and
faintly shagreened; elevated section of the mesonotum
highly polished and without sculpturing; the posterior
section finely. and irregularly striated and granulated, the
lateral pieces densely granulated and with faint oblique
stria; metathorax delicately shagreened, with faint and
sparse transverse striz at base above and a few coarse,
longitudinal stria at sides above the coxe. Nodes pol-
ished and but faintly shagreened. Abdomen polished,
the basal half or more of the first segment finely sha-
greened.

Erect hairs yellowish, sparse, more dense and coarsest
on the abdomen; pubescence of antennz and legs short
and suberect, with a few longer hairs along inner edge of
femora.

Color of the head, antenne, thorax and nodes reddish,
the clypeus, mandibles and legs more yellowish; anterior

MEXICAN FORMICID. 893

margin of the clypeus, the teeth and external edge of the
mandibles and the abdomen black.
Hight specimens. San Jose del Cabo.

41. ISCHNOMYRMEX MEXICANUM nN. sp.

Worker: Length, 7 mm. Head elongated and more
than twice as long behind than in front of the eyes, ta-
pering to a neck and terminating in a sharp and elevated
collar. Frontal area triangular and depressed. Clypeus
transversely triangular, its posterior angle rounded, the
lateral pieces deeply sinuate, the anterior margin arcuate
and broadly emarginate at the middle. Mandibles armed
with three stout teeth at the apex anda series of smaller
teeth behind them. Prothorax about one-half as broad
as the head in the region of the eyes, prolonged anterior-
ly into a neck, the mesonotum with a shallow, transverse
depression beyond the middle; metathorax much elon-
gated, its basal section about four times the length of the
declivity, it is nearly straight above and with a shallow,
longitudinal channel along the middle, the spines are short,
stout and toothlike. Nodes rather stout. Legs very long
and slender, the first tarsal joint of the posterior legs at
least as long as the tibiz.

Head, densely granulated, its anterior half somewhat
irregularly rugoso-striate, with the stria between the
frontal carine somewhat finer; there is also a deep, elon-
gated, median depression just beyond the carine; frontal
area with a median and several posteriorly converging car-
ine; clypeus indistinctly granulated; mandibles quite
densely striated and sparsely punctured. Prothorax pol-
ished, faintly shagreened and very sparsely punctured;
the mesonotum granulated along the middle, the anterior
lateral half obliquely striated and the posterior half dense-
ly granulated; surface of the metathorax quite coarse and
transversely rugoso-striate, the striz at the sides, poste-

894 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

riorly, fine and longitudinal. Nodes faintly shagreened.
Abdomen smooth, the first segment with a few narrow and
elongated depressions. Erect hairs yellowish, short and
stiff, most dense on the abdomen, those of the antennz
and legs shorter and finer.

Polished, brown, the mandibles and tarsi reddish - yel-
low.

Two specimens. Tepic.

This species appears to be related to /schnomyrmex
(Myrmica) longipes Smith, the description of which is,
however, so obscure as to leave considerable doubt about
it.

42. POGONOMYRMEX BARBATUS (Smith) Mayr.

Myrmica barbata Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Brit. Mus., vi, 1858, p. 130.
For additions] references, see Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. vol. vii, For-
micide, 1893, p. 118.

Twenty-three specimens. Miraflores and Sierra San
Lazaro, Cape Region, Lower California.

43. PoGoNoMyRMEX CALIFORNICUs (Buckley) Emery.

Myrmica californica Buckley, Proc. Ent. Soc., Philad., 1867, p. 336.

Pogonomyrmex badius Mayr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges., Wien, xx, 1870,
p- 971; xxxvi, 1886, p. 450; xxxvii, 1887, p. 610.

Pogonomyrmex badius Pergande, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), iv, 1893,
p. 33.

Pogonomyrmesx californicus Emery, Zool. Jahrb., viii, 1894, p. 311.

Numerous specimens. San José del Cabo.

A somewhat larger, more robust and more strongly
sculptured variety of this species, has also been found by
Dr. Gustav Eisen at Tucson, Arizona.

44. XIPHOMYRMEX SPINOSUM nN. sp.

Worker: Length, 3.2-3.4 mm. Head, thorax and
nodes coarsely and longitudinally rugose, those of the
head somewhat finer and the spaces between them dis-
tinctly reticulated, the clypeus quite coarsely striated;

MEXICAN FORMICID. 895

striation of mandibles somewhat finer and denser. An-
tenn stout, the scape not quite reaching to the occiput.
Meso-metanotal constriction faint, the thorns stout, acute
and straight, directed back- and upward and diverging
towards the end; they are somewhat longer than the dis-
tance between them at base; declivity deeply concave,
and with an acute, rather long and broad tooth each side
of the insertion of the petiole of the first node. Nodes
very stout, the first one almost cubical, convex above and
at the sides, narrowest in front, with the anterior and pos-
terior face perpendicular. Second node transversely
oval, convex. Abdomen polished, the first segment
finely and densely granulated and sparsely punctured.
Erect hairs yellowish, shortest and stoutest on the abdo-
men, legs and antenne.

Fourteen specimens. Sierra San Lazaro, Cape Re-
gion, Lower California.

45; CyPHOMYRMEX FLAVIDUS n. sp.

Worker: Length, 2.2-2.8 mm. Head, as usual in this
genus; the antennal grooves deep and extending to the
apex of the lateral angles of the occiput, the frontal car-
inz with a deep and rounded emargination opposite the
eyes; the occiput obtusely and deeply emarginate, the
vertex with a depressed and flattened triangular area at
the posterior angles and a circular area each side of the
triangular frontal area. Clypeus slightly arcuate; the
scape of the antenne reaching slightly beyond the apex
of the posterior angles; joints two to seven of the flagel-
lum about as long as broad.

Pronotum convex above, carinated laterally and pro-.
vided each side, posteriorly, with a prominent, stout and
obtusely rounded tubercle, and with an acute angle ante-
riorly at insertion of the coxe. Mesononotum oval and
with a longitudinal furrow, the margins bordering it,

896 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

bluntly rounded and provided in front of the middle with
a rounded, tubercular elevation. Meso-metanotal con-
striction deep, the metanotum concave along the middle;
the spines are reduced to short and flattened, bluntly tri-
angular teeth, a small tubercle in front of each tooth and
a tubercle above the coxe. First node, not counting the
pedicel, broader than long, more or less distinctly arcu-
ate in front, angulated posteriorly, with the upper sur-
face quite flat; second node transverse, narrowest in
front, and with a deep, posteriorly broadening channel
along the middle. First abdominal segment with a de-
pressed median line, reaching to or beyond the middle.

Face and clypeus sparsely but distinctly granulated,
rest of body opaque and sparsely covered with minute,
glistening, yellowish and appressed scale-like hairs, which
are most dense on the abdomen, legs and antenne.

Color yellow or reddish-yellow; generally the clypeus
and a more or less well-defined, broader or narrower
stripe along the middle of the face, of a lighter or darker
brown; teeth of mandibles and eyes black.

Seven specimens. Santiago Ixtquintla, Tepic.

This species appears to be related to Cyp. k&zrby7 and
morschz, but differs apparently from both in some of the
characters mentioned.

46. ATTA LAVIGATA (Smith) Mayr.

“codoma levigata Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Brit. Mus., vi, 1858, p.
182.

Atta sexdens var. levigata Mayr, Reise d. Novara, Zool. ii, 7, For-
micide, 1865, p. 80.

Numerous specimens. Tepic.

47. ATTA (ACROMYRMEX) SAUSSUREI Forel.

Atta (Acromyrmex) tardigrada Buckley, st. saussuret Forel, Bull.
Soc. Vaud. sce. nat. (2), xx, P. 91, 1884, p. 361.

Many specimens. Tepic.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON FIGS, CAPRIFIGS AND
CAPRIFICATION.

BY GUSTAV EISEN, PH. D.
INTRODUCTORY.

Caprification of figs is a practical process based on
scientific principles, which latter are as interesting and
have been as misunderstood as those connected with the
practical part of the process. Since time immemorial
caprification has been practiced in certain countries, and
practical results have been claimed for it. As regards
the practical value of caprification, there are two distinct
and opposite views held by different investigators. Some
claim that caprification is necessary and valuable, others
hold that itisuseless. As regards the scientific principles
involved, there are also various views put forward, as will
be explained further on, some of which are radically op-
posite to the others. The chief reason why this question
has not been solved long ago has been two-fold. First,
many of the scientific investigators have not been prac-
tical horticulturists, while others have not been aware
that they experimented on figs which really did not re-
quire caprification, and which would not be benefited by
lite

Every investigator began and ended his researches with
the erroneous idea that all cultivated figs were alike, and
he drew his conclusions accordingly. This alone explains
the indifferent results achieved so far.

The many points involved in these interesting questions
are both practical and scientific, and the two groups are
so interwoven that the one cannot possibly be understood
without a full knowledge of the other.

I am anxious that this may be understood in the begin-
ning, as in the following pages. practical details will be

2p SerR., Vou. V. (58) January 11, 1896.

898 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

found hand in hand with scientific studies. The practical
cultivator who knows but little of scientific phraseology,
would not understand the terms unavoidably used below,
except they were properly explained. Similarly, the
scientific investigator, whose interest in this subject
lies principally in the process of caprification and in its
supposed value or uselessness, would not properly under-
stand the practical details connected with the horticultural
crops of the figs, except that they be explained in a
way that may seem too elementary to the horticultural
student or practical botanist.

My studies and experiments concern principally the
following varieties of figs: .

Caprifig (Ficus carica silvestris ).—This is the wild fig, in
which the Blastophaga breeds and goes through its various
transformation. This fig tree species contains three crops
of figs, of which only the male flowers attain maturity
without caprification. The female flowers require polli-
nation in order to produce seed.

Smyrna Fig (Ficus carica smirniaca.—The fig trees of
this class possess no male flowers, no mule flowers, no gall
flowers, only female flowers. The latter require always
pollination or caprification, in order to come to any kind
of maturity. Only cultivated varieties.

Common Fig (Ficus carica hortensis).—The common
fig of our orchards. This fig tree contains no male flowers
in any crop. The figs require no caprification or pollina-
tion in order to mature fruit, and it is yet undecided to
what extent this class can be benefited by these processes.
Only cultivated varieties.

San Pedro Fig (Ficus carica intermedia ).—This class
contain no male flowers. The first crop contains mule
flowers, is not susceptible of caprification and not bene-
fited by it. The second crop of this class requires capri-

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 899

fication and pollination in order to attain maturity, as its
flowers are all perfect female flowers. Only cultivated
varieties.

CROPS OF THE FIG.

General Remarks.—The caprifig as wellas the edible fig,
bears several distinct crops every year. So distinct are
these crops, and so important does the distinction between
them appear to those nations which depend upon fig cul-
ture as an article of food and commerce that the various
crops have been given separate and characteristic names.

In order to understand these names, a detailed descrip-
tion of the various fig crops is necessary. We must bear
in mind that while the fig and the caprifig crops in a gen-
eral way resemble each other, they still disagree in some
important points. This may also be said to be the case
with the principal types of the edible fig. Ina general
way, it may be stated that we have three distinct crops,
appearing each one at a separate time, ranging from
spring, summer and fall, according to the season in the
respective countries. But each one of these crops is
characterized in a distinct way, and without a full knowl-
edge of them, a perfect understanding of caprification is
impossible.

The Various Crops of the Fig.—While the edible fig tree
as a rule possesses three distinct crops, we do not always
find all these crops following each other on the same tree.
This may be and is often the case, but fig trees and fig
varieties exist in which one or more crops are wanting.
The first, second or third crops may be respectively sup-
pressed or one of these crops may be present, while the
other two are suppressed.

Shortly after the fig tree begins to ee out in the spring,
small button figs are seen pushing out from the wood of
last year, below the young leaves of the present season.

goo CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The place were these figs develop is the place where dur-
ing last season existed a leaf, and which fell off last fall.
These figs grow rapidly and mature generally in the end
of May in all southern countries, or in June in northern
ones. This is the first crop of figs, also known as early
figs, first figs or summer figs. This crop of figs has not
yet matured, or, in some varieties, has hardly matured,
when other young figs are seen to push out from the leaf
joints of the present year. In course of a month or two
these figs ripen and constitute then the second or main
crop. With most figs this crop ripens in August, later or
earlier according to variety. This crop is also known as
second figs, autumn figs or late figs.

A third or later crop is found in some varieties forming
in August and ripening in November. ‘This may be called
the third crop. But this third crop is not greatly distinct
from the second crop; both develop from the leaf joints
of the same season. In reality this third crop of edible
figs can only be considered as the last of the second crop.
The first crop is, however, entirely distinct from the sec-
ond crop, as it is produced on the old wood. Sometimes
the last figs of the third crop do not fall in the autumn,
but winter over and ripen early next spring just as the
first crop, and are thus hardly distinguishable from it. In
the caprifig the three crops are more distinct than in any
cultivated varieties of the edible fig.

The Crops of the Caprifwg.—In the caprifig the three
crops are more distinct than in the edible fig, but, as in
that fig, they are not always all present in the same tree.
Thus caprifig trees exist which develop only one crop,
while others possess two or three crops. The variation
in crops may be confined to individual caprifigs trees of
the same variety, or it may characterize some special va-
riety, in which all the trees are exactly alike.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. gol

The time at which these respective crops of the caprifig
come to maturity does not exactly correspond with the
time of the ripening of the edible figs. The first crop of
both figs appears and ripens at about the same time, but
the second crop of the caprifig ripens before the second
crop of the edible fig. The first and second crop figs of
the edible varieties are continuous in their appearance at
least, and continue so until late in the fall. Figs of al-
most every size may always be found on the edible fig
tree during its period of vegetation. But in the caprifig
the various crops are more distinct and separate, there
being often short time between the maturing of the sec-
ond crop and the appearance of the third crop on the
same tree.

In Smyrna the various crops of the caprifig are con-
fined to distinct trees, which again have received distinct
names, though both kinds are undoubtedly only distinct
sexes of the same variety of caprifig. The tree which
bears the first crop, doghadhes, are known as orginos bog-
hadhes, while those trees which bear the second crop or
ashmadhes are known as orginos ashmadhes.

The first crop or the orginos boghadhes never contain
any male flowers and pollen. This tree may, however,
have a later crop which bears male flowers.

The orgtnos ashmadhes again which produce the figs
used for caprification, which crop is the second crop or
the ashmadhes, do as arule never possess any first crop.
It will therefore be seen that in order to possess a com-
plete succession of crops of the caprifig, we must either
cultivate varieties which bear three crops on the same
tree, or if we grow the Smyrna orgzmos we must have
both the boghadhes and the ashmadhes. The former
breed the first crop of blastophagas, the ashmadhes again
breed the second crop of blastophagas from egys laid
by the wasps hatching from the boghadhes.

go2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

As the boghadhes or first crop and the ashmadhes or
second crop in Smyrna are produced on different trees,
it will be seen that either we must have both of these trees
in the same orchard, or we must.caprificate the trees
bearing only the second crop. The latter plan is adopted
in Smyrna, where only orginos ashmadhes are cultivated:
There two or three strings with caprifigs are hung on the
edible fig, while in order to produce crops of figs and fig
wasps on the caprifigs eight or ten strings with figs are
required, the conditions and sizes of trees being equal.

LVames of the Crops.—In order to avoid misunderstand-
ings, the various crops are given distinct names in all
foreign countries where fig culture is prominent. The
crops of the caprifig, which not always correspond with
the crops of the edible figs, are named differently. The
following table will give a clearer idea of these names.
As the English language has no suitable names for the
various crops of the caprifig and the fig, I propose that
we for the early first crop of edible figs adopt the Span-
ish name ‘‘ brebas,’’ and that we simply call the second
crop edible figs, ‘‘figs,’’ or autumn figs. For the caprifig
I believe we can do no better than adopt the nomencla-
ture of the German specialists who now-use the Neapol-
itan names: mamme, proficht and mammont, respectively
for the first, second and third crops. There can thus be
no misunderstanding as to what is meant. These names
are rapidly becoming international and would admirably
serve their purpose. In the following pages of this paper
I shall as much as possible avail myself of those names.
As our fig industry develops the words ‘‘brebas’’ and
‘¢profichi’’ (48) will become household words just as
for instance the word ‘‘ dehesas’”’ has been adopted by
both raisin - growers, raisin- packers and by the public
generally.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 903

NAMES OF VARIOUS CROPS OF EDIBLE FIGS (FICUS CARICA).

904 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

NAMES OF THE CAPRIFIG AND ITS VARIOUS CROPS
(FICUS CARICA SILVESTRIS.)

(Sept.-May.) | (May-July.) | (Aug.-Nov.)

First Crop. Second Crop. | Third Crop.

IRENE! 5 ob oa'd c Caprifiguier.

tally sees. cua Caprifico. Mamme. Profichi. Mammoni,
Spain Wyte eee Caprahigo.

Portugal...... Fico de toca.

Arabic Spain...) Obzakar.

Greeces enna: allooepouwsdneo Cratitires.
Morocco...... | Tokkar.
Asia Minor....) Illek, or
Orginos.| Boghadhes. Ashmadhes.
Malta ........ Tokar. Tokar ta-noss., Tokar-tayeb. | Tokar leoul.
Ancient Greek.|............ Olynthoi.
California..... | Caprifig. Mamme. Profichi. Mammoni.

Characteristics of the Various Crops of the Caprifig.—
In the foregoing it has already been pointed out that the
various crops of the caprifig differ from each other in
several respects. Here it is only necessary to generalize.
The mamme form in the fall, remain on the trees over
Winter and come to maturity early next spring. This
crop contains only a few or no male flowers, many gall
flowers, but no true female flowers, as seeds have never
been found in this crop. The time of maturity is June.

The profichi appear in May or earlier, and mature in
June or July, according to climatic conditions. They
contain an abundance of male flowers, no female flowers
and a large number of gall flowers. The mammoni (or
third crop) produce only a few male flowers, numerous

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 905

gall flowers and a few female flowers, capable of pro-
ducing seed after having been pollinated by the male
flowers of the profichi or previous crop.

The various crops of the caprifig do not always succeed
each other continuously. There is frequently a lapse of
time between the falling of the profichi and the appear-
ance of the mammoni. No account has here been taken
of the female caprifig tree, as yet almost unknown.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CROPS OF THE CAPRIFIG.

; | Male Flowers. Female Flowers.|GallFlowers.
Mamme, or Ist crop. Wanting, or very few., Wanting. Many.
Profichi, or 2d crop. Very many. Wanting. Many.
Mammoni, or 3d crop. Few. Very few. “Many.

Characteristics of the Crops of the Edible Kig.—As to
the edible figs the different crops are different in size,
quality, flavor, sweetness and sometimes in color. The
first crop, the ‘‘fiori,’’ fig fleurs, ficos lampas, brebas,
etc., are large figs, not very sweet, but pulpy and luscious
for eating fresh, and they are highly prized on that
account. The different names given to these large figs
indicate the value in which they are held. The differ-
ence is considered so important that for instance in Spain
and Mexico the common people will insist that the ‘‘ bre-
bas”’
tinction is made as to the three crops. When fig culture
becomes as important here as it now is in Europe and
Asia, names may be required for the first crop of edible
figs. We have already proposed for the first crop the
name ‘‘ brebas,’’ now used in all Spanish-speaking coun-

are not figs. In California, however, no great dis-

tries.
A large number of figs do not produce any first crop

go6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

or brebas, some give very few, and others again, like the
San Pedro, produce only brebas, the second crop only
rarely maturing any figs, which even then never prove of
any great value.

The second crop, known in France as ‘‘figues-ordi-
naires,’ in Spain as ‘‘ higos,’’ in Portugal as ‘‘vendimos,”’
and in English-speaking countries only as ‘‘figs,’’ need
here no special reference. It is this crop alone which is
used for drying in Smyrna or in other foreign fig-growing
countries, as well as with us in California. These figs
are sweet or very sweet, and, compared with the brebas,
much smaller in size. In Italy a difference is made as to
the first or lowest figs of the second crop, which are called
pedagnuoli or low figs, while the later or upper figs on
the same branches are considered less valuable and are
known as cimaruoli or top figs. In the edible figs the
third crop can hardly be said to exist as a separate crop,
as the last figs are only a continuation of the second crop.
The fig tree continues often to bear until frost sets in, or
until the tree becomes otherwise dormant. Some fig
varieties, like the Natalino, ripen their last figs in midwin-
ter, if properly protected.

POLLINATION.

The process of fecundation or pollination is necessary
in order that the ovary may be fertilized and produce
seed. The pollen grains, when ripe, appear to the un-
aided eye as a fine dust. But under the microscope each
grain may be seen to be beautifully and characteristically
sculptured. These pollen grains are brought on the
stigma either by wind, transmitted by insects, or fall by
gravity. As soon as the pollen grains are on the surface
of the stigma—provided the latter is in proper condition,
neither too old or too young, that is receptive—they be-
gin at once to grow, sending out one or more pollen tubes,

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. QO7

like long roots, which penetrate through the style, and
following its canal, finally through the funnel-shaped
Opening in the ovule, reach the inner nucellus. The
fertilization has then taken place, and immediately after-
wards changes take place inthe ovule and nucellus, which
in short time lead to the production of a fertile seed. As
a rule, we find that in the same flower the pollen grains
and the stigma are not fully developed at one and the
same time. It is therefore evident that the pollen ina
flower cannot be useful for fertilizing the stigma in the
same flower. This is nature’s remedy against self-fertil-
ization, requiring that the pollen be brought from some
other flower or from some other tree of the same kind.
In the majority of flowers the pollen can only be trans-
ported from one flower to another by means of insects,
and often the flowers are so peculiarly constructed that
only a certain kind of insect can reach the pollen, or
rather, can reach the honey glands at the base of the
anthers, as without the presence of these glands the in-
sects would have no occasion to visit the flowers, which
in such a case would remain sterile.

Nearly every flower we see in the field, and certainly
every bright colored flower, requires the visit of some in-
sect, in.order that its stigma may be fertilized by the
pollen which adhered to the insect when it left the last
flower visited. Thus the insects and the flowers stand in
close intimacy. The honey glands of the flowers furnish
food for the insects, which are attracted to the flowers by
their size, color, scent, or by the odor of the honey. The
insects pay for their visit and for their meal by unknow-
ingly carrying the pollen from one flower to the other.
The insects are fed, the flowers pollinated. Only in
very few instances do the insects live and breed in the
flowers. One such instance is the fig, in which the

908 ; CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Blastophaga wasp breeds and passes nearly its whole life.

The Fig and the Caprifig .—It is now generally conceded
that the edible fig is in some way descended from the
caprifig (29). The caprifig is the wild fig of the Mediter-
ranean region, though its original native home must be
searched for in the mountain regions of southern Arabia.
From its original habitat the caprifig tree was spread by
cultivation, or at least by transplantation, to other districts,
and finding suitable conditions, soon established itself as
a wild tree in the forests and mountains of the respective
counties suitable to its multiplication through seedlings. It
is now generally known to botanists that the caprifig
carries figs which contain three distict kinds of flowers,
male, female and gall flowers, all in the same fruit, as
will be described later on. But, besides, it is also known
(20) that there exists also a caprifig tree which only bears
fruit in which all the flowers are female or pistillate,
though trees of this kind are comparatively very rare.
Cuttings taken from either one of these trees would only
produce its kind, but seedlings might produce both kinds,
though probably the majority of the offspring would be
like the parent tree.

Through cultivation and selection by man several types
of the caprifig tree have been originated, though they are
not at present well understood or described. The Italian
botanist Pontedera, and after him Gallesio, were the first
ones to mention this fact, and although other botanists
have neglected to verify and through observations en-
large upon Pontedera’s and Gallesio’s reports, we have
no good reason to doubt that their ideas were in the main
correct. Gallesio describes (21) the purely female tree
of the caprifig as ‘‘ fico semz-mula.’’ In general he
recognizes among the caprifig the following types:

Fico selvaggto, or common wild caprifig, with two or
three crops a year.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 909

fico della natura, the original wild caprifig, with only
one crop a year, this crop developing during the sum-
mer and ripening in the fall (22).

fico mostro, all caprifigs which bear no fruit or which
drop all their figs while these are yet young ; also trees in
which the male flowers only arrive at development.

Fico mula, with female flowers, which do not develop
fertile seed, and which, as he expresses himself, become
pomologically but not botanically ripe.

Fico semi-mula, with no male and with only female
flowers, which, when pollinated, become botanically ripe,
and consequently also pomologically ripe. This fig is
undoubtedly the female tree of the caprifig.

From the descriptions of the other kinds, we may at
least conclude that there exist numerous races or variations
among the caprifigs. ‘To what extent these variations of
the caprifig will prove constant can only be determined
by further investigations.

Among the caprifigs imported to California from various
places, we can distinguish several varieties, though on
account of the age of the young trees, it is yet too early
to properly describe them. One variety possesses large,
almost entire or shallow lobed leaves, others have the
leaves more lobed.

The herbarium of the Academy of Sciences in San
Francisco possesses specimens of caprifigs from France,
with as deeply lobed leaves as any variety I have seen.

It is evident the varieties of caprifigs are many, distinct
as to habits, number of crops, shape and quality of fruit,
some even being edible, shape and size of leaves, etc.
The importance of the different varieties of caprifigs
cannot be overestimated, as it will certainly be found that
a variety which will be suitable in one place, will be a
failure in another. Home raised seedlings should there-
fore be resorted to.

QIO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Those caprifigs already imported to California produce
an abundance of male flowers in the profichi. A majority,
or at least a great quantity, of these profichi come to
pomological and botanical maturity without pollination
and caprification. They produce male flowers with per-
fect pollen, but as far as I have seen, no female flowers
with fertile seed. The caprifig at Niles produced a num-
ber of soft, yellow and large figs in the end of July, all
containing pollen. These figs were much larger than
any dry caprifigs imported from Italy and Smyrna, which
may possibly be explained by the latter having been
picked in a somewhat earlier stage of development. If
so, the pollen in the imported figs must have perfected
itself after the picking of the fruit, a very doubtful
theory (24).

The fact that the caprifigs at Niles do not produce any
fertile seeds, although they have both perfect male and
female flowers, depends upon the fact that, as in the
edible fig, the male flowers shed their pollen first long
after the female flowers have past their state of receptivity.
As this Niles fig only produces one crop a year, it is evi-
dent that it is impossible for the female flowers to have
been fertilized from the pollen of a previous crop; this,
however, being the only way in which seed in any fig can
be produced.

The Fig.—The fruit which we call a fig is really not one
single fruit, but a large number of fruits (or flowers)
placed on a common receptacle. The fig itself is this re-
ceptacle, and in its interior are seen the small fruits, or
the flowers if the fig is unripe.

If we cut open a fig lengthwise, we see first exteriorly
a fleshy homogenous mass, the receptacle proper enclos-
ing a central hollow, which connects with the outside
through a narrow passage at theeye. Lining this central

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. OI

hollow on the inner surface of the receptacle are seen an
almost innumerable quantity of small apparently similar
flowers, which are fleshy, of unequal size and a little de-
formed, and which apparently only slightly resemble
flowers with which we are generally acquainted. These
are, however, the true flowers of the fig. They fill the
whole interior surface of the receptacle, except close to.
and at the ‘‘eye’’ where they are replaced by ‘‘ scales ’”’
or small leaflets, which latter interlock and form a
thatched obstruction in the throat of the fig. This is gen-
erally the appearance of the fruit of the common or edible
fig tree.

The wild or the caprifig is slightly differently con-
structed, a difference, however, which is of the utmost
importance and interest.

In the caprifig we find, besides the scales at the eye and in
the throat, not less than three different and distinct flowers
covering the interior of the receptacle: male, female and
gall flowers. The male flowers occupy the place nearest
below the scales of the throat, while the lower part of the
receptacle is filled with mostly gall flowers and with a
few female flowers. The proportion of these flowers is
different in the different crops of the figs. ‘The hiber-
’ or first crop have a few male flowers
and many gall flowers, but no female flowers. The second

nating ‘‘ mamme’

crop or ‘‘ profichi’’ has many male flowers and many
gall flowers, but no female flowers. The third crop or
the ‘‘mammoni’’ has no male flowers, a few temale
flowers and many gall flowers. There are, however, ex-
ceptions to this rule, but this proportion is the most com-
mon .one and is generally constant. There is also a
purely female plant of the wild caprifig which possesses
only female flowers, but this plant is as yet almost un-
known. It has already been mentioned that this form was

O12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

first described by Pontedera, but has not been described
by later botanists. Its existence, however, is entirely in
accordance with what is the rule in other fig species (25).
The different crops of the fig will be more minutely de-
scribed presently.

If we consider the tig pomologically it will be seen that,
as it is principally the receptacle that is eaten, the various
flowers found in the fig greatly detract from the value of
the fig, as they are never as juicy as the receptacle part.
Especially is this the case with the male flowers, which
are never edible; and whenever they occur they must be
cut away before eating.

The Male Flowers.—The male or staminate flowers of
the caprifig are as just stated situated immediately below
the throat of the fig, variously occupying from one-half or
two-thirds of the space in the receptacle of the second
crop, are rarely found in the third crop and are com-
paratively few in the first crop.

The flowers, though small and sometimes somewhat
inresular, are) still pertect.\@m).-) Dhey, possesses) toun
petals, generally shorter than the anthers, and shorter
than those of the female flowers. Inside these petals are
seen four stamens carrying larger pollen producing or
pollen bearing anthers.

In the second crop these stamens attain their full de-
velopment in the months of June or July according to
locality, or about two months after the time that the female
flowers have reached their perfection in the same fig. It
is evident, therefore, that in usual cases, the pollen trom
the anthers cannot fertilize or pollinate the female flowers
in the same fig. Their function is to pollinate the female
flowets of the succeeding crop. Thus the pollen from
the second crop or ‘‘ profichi,’’ pollinates’ the ‘*‘ mam-
moni’’ or third crop, the female flowers of which are in

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. O13

their prime and receptive at a time when the pollen of the
profichi is ripe. The pollen in the profichi is very abun-
dant, of a pale yellow color, resembling a flowery yellow
powder, which may easily be shaken out and collected
without injury to its vital qualities.

The above refers only to the caprifig, or, if we wish to
be more distinct yet, to the male tree of the caprifig. The
edible fig, as cultivated in our orchards, does not possess
any male flowers (26) except in extremely rare cases, as
will be mentioned below.

The anthers in the male flowers are not always prop-
erly developed. This is especially the case in seedlings
raised from Smyrna fig seeds, which originated from a
pollination with the caprifig. Such seedlings do not all
possess male flowers, those that do are more or less similar
to the caprifig flowers, the anthers frequently being as
well developed as in the real wild fig (27).

Female Flowers.—In the common caprifig female flowers
have been found with certainty only in the third crop or
mammoni. In this crop alone have fertile seeds been found,
but always in very small quantities; hardly more than one
fertile seed in every fig (47). In the edible figs perfect
female flowers capable of producing developed embryos
are more common. Generally it has been supposed that
all flowers found in the edible figs were female flowers
capable of producing fertile seeds. But this is undoubt-
edly not the case. All flowers of the edible figs ina
general way resemble the female flowers, but, as I will
shortly demonstrate, they are not all alike, and they differ
in the various crops and in different varieties.

In the second crop of the genuine Smyrna figs nearly
all flowers are perfectly developed female flowers, which
only require pollination in order to bring fertile seed. This
appears also to be the case in San Pedro and other figs,

2p SER., VOL. Y. ( 59) January 11, 1896,

O14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

which regularly drop their second crop figs. As far as
microscopical structure is concerned their flowers are en-
tirely similar to those in the genuine Smyrna figs. That
common edible figs possess at least some female flowers
is clearly demonstrated by the finding of fertile seed in
many such figs in iocalities where caprifigs are grown
spontaneously. But the small quantity of seeds found
indicate that the quantity of real female flowers is always
small.

In places were caprifigs are not growing wild, that is
where they are not growing spontaneously from seed, it
is very difficult to decide whether a flower is a true female
flower or not, and the only possible way to ascertain it is
to pollinate it and await the results of fertilization. A
wild caprifig always indicates that pollination is taking
place through the agency of wasps, as even the caprifig
will not propagate itself spontaneously and become wild
without their agency, as the pollen cannot be transferred
through the wind either to the female flowers of the capri
or the edible fig.

As regards the structure of the female flowers some
slight variation is noticeable. The petals are generally
four in number, but sometimes three or five. According
to Solms the number is quite variable within the above
limits, but according to my own observations the number
four is the most constant. In size the petals vary some,
one pair often being a little longer than the other, and
all four are always ionger than ‘the petals of the male
flowers. All are more or less fleshy and sometimes they
are furnished with short hairs at the margin. In the cen-
ter between these petals projects a single pistil, at the base
enlarged, forming the ovary. The central part is elong-
ated two or three times longer than the ovary. This part
is the ‘style... The upper. partiof the style 1s benteand

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. QI5

funnel-shaped, often, or perhaps generally, divided, one
projection of the stigma being longer than the other.
With a higher magnifying power the margin and upper
surface of the stigma is seen to consist of a layer of
minute glands, of a warty appearance, while from the
center of the stigmatic funnel extends downwards'a nar-
row canal or lumen, which passes through the whole
length of the style and down through one side of the
ovary, here bending upward and touching the very em-
bryo. When the female flowers are receptive, that is
when they are in condition to receive the pollen from the
male flowers, these glands become greatly swollen and
somewhat glossy, of a green or light green color, which
after the receptive stage is passed changes to a bright
brown, The inner surface of figs in such a stage are
‘seen to be spotted brown when cut open. ‘The stigma
attains its recepitvity long before the male flowers are
ripe in the same fig receptacle. This difference in the
maturity of the flowers makes it impossible for the female
flowers to be fertilized or pollinated by the male flowers
of the same fig. Thus the female flowers of the mam-
moni can only be pollinated by the male flowers of the
preceding crop—the profichi.
The crops of the edible figs do not exactly correspond
with those of the caprifig. Thus when the male flowers
of the profichi are ripe, and at a time when the other
flowers in this fig have passed their prime months before
the female flowers of the second crop Smyrna figs have
just attained the state of receptivity. They can therefore
be pollinated by the male flowers of the profichi of the
caprifigs. The time for this pollination is June or July
according to climatic conditions in various countries.
This rule as to the difference in time of ripening of the
male and female flowers in the caprifig holds also good in

g16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the few instances where male flowers have been found
in the edible figs. Hence the impossibility of the female
flowers in our edible fig being fertilized by the pollen of
the male flowers immediately above them. It is only the
female flowers of the following crop that could thus be
impregnated by the pollen.

The Gall Flowers.—The gall flowers, which occur in
abundance in all caprifigs of all crops, are in reality noth-
ing else than female flowers which have been transformed
in order to accommodate the requirements of a small
wasp, the Blastophaga psenes. These gall flowers are
not able to produce seed, though they in general aspect
resemble the female flower.

The petals in the gall flowers are smaller and more
unequal in size. The chief difference, however, between
these flowers and the female flowers is found partly in
the stylus of the pistil, which is not as elongated as in the fe-
male flowers, and partly in the stigma, which is very much
smaller and entirely wanting the glands at its upper mar-
gin. The gall flowers cannot be pollinated, or if they are,
neither does the pollen develop pollen tubes nor does the
embryo or egg in the lower parts or ovary become fertile.

While it is true that the gall flowers do not produce
seed, still it is a fact that they develop to a certain extent,
if punctured by the wasp, or more correctly after the egg
of the Blastophaga wasp has been properly deposited.
They then develop into galls, that is the lower part of the
stigma swells up, the integuments of the embryo-sac
harden, forming a glossy and brittle covering as a protec-
tion for the larve of the wasp.

Those gall flowers which are not thus wounded by the
Blastophaga egg, do not develop any further, but at once
wither and shrink up. Gall flowers are found in all wild
fi species, though in some species their nature is not ap-

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. O17

parent until the egg of the Blastophaga is laid. In the
edible fig no gall flowers have been found with certainty,
at least the Blastophaga wasp, for whose special benefit
these gall flowers seem to have originated, has never been
found breeding in the edible figs. It has been supposed
that the cause of this was to be sought in the sugary juices
of the edible fig, which killed the eggs or embryo of the
wasps, but I am satisfied that this is not exactly true.
Many varieties of wild fig species produce very sweet
fruits, edible and quite palatable, and still these figs serve
as home for Blastophagas. The cause for the inability
of the wasp to breed in common figs must be sought for
elsewhere, and, as I will presently point out, is due to the
fact that the edible figs contain flowers modified to such
an extent that they are unsuitable as breeding places for
the wasps.

The gall flowers are characterized by a much shorter
style, by an undeveloped stigma, devoid of receptive
glands, and by an imperfect embryo which never devel-
ops more than to a certain limited degree. The discov-
ery of the distinction between gall flowers and female
flowers is due to Solms-Laubach (25).

Until his researches were made known it was supposed
that the female flowers turned into galls when stung by
the wasps. He again proved that the distinction existed
independent of the wasps, which however only select
the peculiar gall flowers as the only ones suitable to re-
ceive their eggs.

Mule Flowers.—Under this name I arrange the major-
ity of the flowers of that class of edible figs, varieties
which mature their figs regularly without the presence of
the caprifig and its pollen. These flowers are, as far as
I know, not found in the caprifig, nor in any other wild
fig species. They are undoubtedly a product of culture

918 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and must be considered either as more highly developed
gall flowers, which, bereft of the Blastophaga influence,
have partially regained their original structure, but which
just on that account have lost the capability of producing
galls; or they may be considered as degenerated female
flowers which have lost their fecundity by inertion—in
other words, by not being pollinated for ages, so to say—
in the same way as many other cultivated flowers have
degenerated. I am inclined to, consider the latter as the
more probable, though at present no direct proof can be
given. That the great majority of the flowers in our
edible figs (except the Smyrna race) is different from the
true female flowers, both in structure and nature, is un-
doubted, whether we assign as a cause one or the other
of the above theories. ‘These mule flowers never reach
any botanical maturity, and are really something half-way
between the true female flower and the true gall flower.

The mule flowers are characterized by an imperfect
stigma, by a style in length intermediate between that of
the gall and the female flower, by imperfect embryo, and
by the property of becoming fleshy, sweet and edible
without pollination. I have so far not found any in the
Smyrna figs, comparatively few in the second crop of the
San Pedro class, but almost exclusively occurring in the
first crop of this class. The stigma of the mule flowers
has no developed glands and is not receptive.

Male Flowers in Edible Figs.—It has frequently been
stated that male flowers are not found in edible figs, and
this must be considered as the rule. However, there are
some exceptions to this rule, and as they are of great in-
terest, if not to the grower at least to the student, it may
be proper to mention the subject somewhat more in de-
tail.

The male flower of the fig was for a long time unknown

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 919

to botanists, and, strange enough, it was first described
from specimens found in the edible fig. The male flower
of the fig was first described by the prominent botanist
La Hire in the year 1714, from figs grown in Paris either
under glass or in the open ground (36). Unfortunately
La Hire does not give particulars as to the variety from
which the flowers were taken, and it is not even certain
that La Hire got his flowers from the edible fig. An-
other variety of edible fig which regularly produces seed
is the ‘‘Croisic,’’ cultivated in the vicinity of the ocean
bathing place Croisic, on the coast of Brittany, in the
Department of Loire inferieure. This fig has been men-
tioned by Solms-Laubach (37), and described as being
green when ripe, with white or pale pulp, very juicy and
sweet, but with poor aroma. The male flowers occupy
the same place and distribution as in the profichi of the
caprifig. The place they occupy on the receptacle ripens
less perfectly than the balance of the fig, and remains
always somewhat hard and dry, generally to such an ex-
tent that it becomes necessary to remove that part of the
fig before eating.

Another somewhat similar edible fig was observed by
the same author as cultivated at Cherbourg in France,
also on the Atlantic coast. The male flowers in this fig
were, however, degenerated or improperly developed
(36). The findervof these figs believes thern to be only
highly developed caprifigs which have become edible.
He is even tempted to trace their introduction to France
to the time when the Pheenician traders extended their
ocean voyages to the northern coast of France, a time
when supposedly the edible figs were yet in a semi- wild
or undeveloped condition.

Another fig with numerous male flowers was found by
Mr. B. M. Lelong at Los Gatos, October 20, 1891. The

920 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

fig, judging from the photograph, is of medium to large
size and edible. Mr. Lelong describes the pollen as very
abundant and that the fig possessed numerous fertile seeds
(38), which he says must have been produced by the
pollen of the male flowers above.

The Cordelia Fig.—The only certain instance of male
flowers having been found in an edible fig in California
is the one I am about to mention below.

In July, 1893, I found a box of figs in the market of
San Francisco, marked as having come from Cordelia in
Solano County, containing very large yellow figs, a size
larger than our largest Adriatic. Upon opening these
figs I found every one with a fully developed zone of
male flowers, fully ripe and with an abundant, perfectly
developed pollen. In other respects the figs resembled
very much the Italian Gentile, which is now also growing
in California in various localities. These figs belonged
to a distinct variety and were propagated as table figs,
though the dry zone of male flowers greatly detracted
from the quality of the fig. The fig was juicy and very
sweet. It is not impossible that this fig is identical with
the Croisic fig described by Solms-Loubach, and that it
has been brought here by setlers from Croisic in France.

Finally, it may be stated that both myself and Mr. E.
W. Maslin, of California, have raised seedlings of Smyrna
figs. Some of those raised by the latter came to fartzal
maturity at least, and contained male flowers in greater
or lesser abundance. Such figs, however, must be con-
sidered as improved caprifigs—improved by being raised
from seed of Smyrna figs. The Cordelia and Croisic figs
are undoubtedly descendants from the male caprifig,
having retained the male flowers, while they also have
developed sweetness and juiciness to a greater degree
than their wild parents. It is hardly to be expected that

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. O21

these figs will develop perfect seeds without the aid of the
Blastophaga, as it is probable that they, as other figs will,
bring their male and female flowers to perfection at widely
different times, in other words, that when their female
flowers will be receptive, their male flowers will not yet
have developed their pollen.

It must be clearly understood that edible figs possessing
male flowers are inferior to those which do not possess any,
and the presence of male flowers is without any import-
ance, froma horticultural point of view. The Blasto-
phaga cannot live in those figs, because they do not pos-
sess perfect gall flowers; the pollen cannot be utilized
for pollination or caprification, because there is no prac-
tical way of getting it out of the fig and onto the flowers
of the next crop, and finally such figs are inferior for
eating, as the male zone is dry and not eatable.

In the caprifig we have three kinds of flowers. Male
flowers, which, on account of their time of ripening of
the pollen, can only pollinate female flowers of the suc-
ceeding crop. Female flowers which produce seed, but
which, on account of the early time at which they are
receptive, can only be pollinated from the pollen of the
preceding crop. Gall flowers, which resemble the female
flowers, but which are at no time receptive, and which
serve no other purpose than breeding places for the
Blastophaga wasp. The caprifig possesses also a purely
female plant with only female flowers.

The edible figs consist of two or three distinct types.

The Smyrna type (/7cus carica smirniaca), with only
female flowers, capable of producing seed by pollination.

The Common type (/%cus carica hortensis), with prin-
cipally male flowers, neither capable of producing seed
nor able to serve as galls or home for the Blastophaga
wasps.

O22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The San Pedro type (/%cus carica intermedia), with
mule flowers in the first crop and female flowers in the
second crop.

The Cordelia type (/cus carica relicta), which is a
very rare one, which carry some male flowers, and which
must be considered as semi-capri, or reverted edible fig.

Various Kinds of Maturity.—In the fig as well as in
other fruits, we can distinguish between two kinds of ma-
turity. Gallesio was the first one to make the distinction,
and I here adopt it, somewhat modified, as being of
particular use in demonstrating the nature of the fig. We
find that some or most edible fig varieties set and mature
their figs without pollination, but that as a consequence
such figs contain no perfect flowers with fertile embryos.
This state of maturity may be called pomological maturity,
as it does not necessarily require the botanical perfec-
tion of the flowers. Pomological maturity is attained by
the great majority of edible figs, and is undoubtedly an
inheritance from the caprifig, which becomes similarly
pomologically mature. This pomological maturity is not
necessarily accompanied by any botanical maturity, as,
for instance, is proven by our California figs, which never
contain any fertile seed (35).

The other kind of maturity may be called botanical
maturity, as it requires the female flowers to be devel-
oped with perfect embryos, in order that the fruit may
set and become also pomologically mature. If the fruit
is edible or cultivated as a fruit, the pomological maturity
will always be effected by the botanical maturity. The
Smyrna figs can only attain pomological maturity by first
being botanically mature. But nearly all other figs be-
come pomologically ripe without necessarily or generally
being botanically ripe. Other figs again, like the San
Pedro, produce a pomologically ripe first crop, but the

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 923

second crop, which possesses perfect female flowers, does
never become pomologically ripe, and can only be botan-
ically ripe by pollination.

The pomological maturity always indicates and implies
a long continued cultivation of the fruit by man, and can
be applied only to cultivated fruits. Among other fruits,
besides the fig, which attain pomological maturity without
botanical maturity at the same time, we may mention some
varieties of dates, one variety of pomegrenate, the
seedless orange, many apples and pears, the common
edible banana, the pepino Solanum of Central and South
America, seedless grapes, and a number of other fruits
and vegetables in which the seeds are abortive, and have
become so, partly through the continued asexual prop-
agations of the plant, partly from other causes. Botanical
maturity is attained by all fruits which produce perfect
seed, and if the fruit is edible, it is also pomologically
mature.

But it must be remembered that the fruits here enumer-
ated as attaining pomological maturity only, are all such as
have been developed from pollinated flowers. As far as is
known, no other fruit than the fig develops without previous
pollination. The development of the common edible hig
receptacle must, therefore, be considered somewhat in the
same light as the maturity and development reached by a
tuber, or by the stems of the sugar cane, etc. Pomological
maturity merely indicates that the fruit becomes edible,
while botanical maturity means that the fruit has developed
fertile seeds.

Seeds in Smyrna Figs.—We have already several times
referred to the fact that all edible figs may be divided in
two distinct classes or types, one which, when ripe, does
not necessarily contain fertile seed, and one which, when
ripe, always ‘contains fertile seed, as otherwise it would

924 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

not be ripe or mature. There are also other differences.
The Smyrna figs belong to the latter class, and they al-
Ways contain ripe and fertile seeds.

But, as the cultivated Smyrna fig never contains any
male, and as caprification with the wild fig is always re-
sorted to in order to cause the figs to mature, it is evident
that the seeds thus produced must, when growing, give
us hybrid plants, plants which more or less partake of
both parents, the wild as well as the Smyrna fig.

Artificial pollination of figs is no new or remarkable
discovery. Gasparrini relates how (40) he repeatedly
introduced the pollen of the caprifig into the edible figs,
especially of the Lardaro variety. But his pollination
produced no decided results. No increasein the number
of fertile seeds was noticed, either because the flowers
of the Lardaro variety were principally mule flowers, on
which the pollen could have no ettect, or because the female
flowers had all been previously pollinated. From this
Gasparrini draws the illogical conclusion repeatedly quoted
by later writers, that the caprifig is of a different species
from the edible fig, that its pollen cannot influence or
fecundate the female flowers of the edible fig, and that
consequently the practice of caprification is illusionary
and of no value whatever. Gasparrini did not know of
the class of figs which I have designated as the Smyrna
type, and which, unlike any other class, produces prin-
cipally receptive female flowers, which do not produce
seed without the aid of pollen from the caprifig. Had
Gasparrini had opportunity to extend his interesting and
in detail going investigations to this class of figs, the con-
clusions to which he came would no doubt have been
greatly modified.

The history of the Smyrna figs in California is intensely
interesting, and directly bearing upon this point of the

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 925

production of fertile seeds. Imported in 1880 (for de-
tails sée the historical part), and quite extensively propa-
gated and planted in the most dissimilar parts of Cali-
fornia, those figs failed to bear one single ripe fruit during
a period of (10) ten years. The fruit would form in
abundance, the flowers would develop and become ap-
parently receptive, as shown by the glands of the stigma,
and by the length of the style, but the fruit would in-
variably fall, when apparently one-third or one-half grown.
It was this fact, together with my observation that im-
ported Smyrna figs always possessed numerous fertile
seeds, while such were never found in our (other) edible
figs, that made me a strong advocate of caprification, and
which satisfied me that pollination was necessary and not
illusionary, as almost every one else (41) believed, prin-
cipally on the testimony of Gasparrini and Olivier. It
would indeed have been strange that Smyrna figs should
not ripen their fruit in California, if the maturing only
depended on climatic conditions or differences in soil.
Those figs, consisting of three distinct varieties, were
planted in the most dissimilar localities and in greatly
ditferent soils, and exposed to varied climatic conditions,
found in the northern, central and southern parts of Cali-
fornia, in the interior valleys, in the foothills, as well as
on the coast. All the old world fig districts together
would hardly show more variations in climatic and other
conditions, than did those various localities in which the
Smyrna figs were tried in this State. Still not one tree
properly matured a single fruit. A few of the first crop
became half ripened, that is, became yellow, soft, but
insipid and not sweet; and besides never attained a proper
size, or a size at all approaching that of the imported
dried figs. I had no opportunity of trying direct pollina-
tion (from want of caprifig pollen) until 1891, in the last

926 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

days of July. The experiment, I afterward learned, was
tried the year before in Fresno, and successfully produced
a few ripe Smyrna figs (40). Onthe 26th of July I re-
quested Mr. E. W. Maslin to accompany me to the Shinn
orchard, situated near Niles, not far from the San Fran-
cisco Bay.(42). The only caprifig tree there possessed
afew very ripe fruit, large and pulpy, in which the pollen
was fully developed and very abundant. We shook the
pollen out in the palm of Mr. Maslin’s hand, and from
there transferred it to the Smyrna figs, of which there
were various sizes. Not then knowing in what size the
flowers would be receptive, I pollinated various sizes, in
all about thirty figs, which were properly marked by
strings. Figs on all the three different varieties were
pollinated. As means to introduce the pollen we used a
goose quill, the’end of which was pared off obliquely.
This open part of the quill was filled with pollen, then
pushed through the scales closing the eye of the Smyrna
fig and the pollen shaken down, in probably about one
thousand times larger quantity than was actually needed
to fertilize the fig. | found that figs of a certain) size?
about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, allowed the
quill to readily penetrate, the scales on them giving away
quite readily at the slightest push of the quill. It was
not necessary to cut the scales or to open the eye artifi-
cially and violently, simply the pushing the quill in would
allow the pollen to drop down in the receptacle. Many
of the figs thus pollinated came to perfection as large,
ripe and luscious figs, in every way perfectly developed with
numerous perfect seeds. But out of the many thousand
similar Smyrna figs on the same as well as on immediately
adjoining trees, of one single fig that was not pollinated
by Mr. Maslin and myself came to maturity; all fell from
the trees just as they had been doing during ten years

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 927

previously. I consider this experiment absolutely con-
clusive. It shows: That the true type of Smyrna figs
does not set and mature fruit in California if left to them-
selves, but that the figs invariably fall off. That they
contain perfectly developed female flowers, receptive in
the end of July. Of these facts I had already satisfied
myself long before through microscopical study of the
fig flowers. Y
That these flowers if pollinated will cause the fruit to
mature, while they themselves (the flowers) develop fertile
seed. Our experiment also proved that the pollen from
the caprifig tree is not and cannot be transferred by the
wind, or by other insects than the Blastophaga, to the
edible figs. As this caprifig tree had born ripe pollen
for years (it being ten years old or more) still not one
of the surrounding Smyrna figs had been pollinated
and had come to maturity before our experiment was
made. Still they grew so near to the caprifig tree that
their branches closely interlocked, almost forming one
single tree. The principal value of this experiment
depends upon this very fact and upon the age of the
trees, which were old enough to have matured fruit, if
they could have done so without pollination. ©
Caprification is only one step further,.it is the pollina-
tion by the aid of a wasp, semiartificially introduced in
the fig by hanging the caprifigs in their immediate vici-
nity. An account of this experiment is found in the
‘¢ Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of
the State ot. California, 1891, page. 230 to, 231.77) Lhe
account is substantially correct, but the part relating to
the Blastophaga contains some errors which will be noted
ina different place. The figs so pollinated were exhibited
by Mr. James Shinn at the Horticultural Convention in
Marysville, also by E. W. Maslin at the rooms of the

928 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

State Board of Trade and have also been photographed
by B. M. Lelong in the State Reports so often referred
to (for 1891).

Experiments in pollinating Smyrna figs have since been
carried on by me yearly with the same results—both
horticultural and botanical maturity. The proper time
for pollination in California changes frequently from year
to year according to seasons. I haye seen a difference
in the time when the figs were ready for the pollen, vary-
ing between several days to several weeks or a month.
Near the coast this difference is much greater than in the
interior valleys, where one year with the other the varia-
tion in time seldom extends to more than two weeks.

Our experiment further proved without a doubt that the
figs in question, consisting of several hundred trees, im-
ported by G. P. Rixford in 1880 and 1882, through the
aid of Consul E. J. Smithers in Smyrna, were genuine
Smyrna figs, On account of the persistent dropping of
the figs the idea originated by the late Dr. Stillman be-
came prevalent that these figs were not what they pre-
tended to be, but simply wild figs sent us by the jealous
Smyrna growers, who were afraid that our fig production
would come in opposition to their own products. On that
account, most of. the ‘‘ Bulletin’’ figs were rooted out
(43)-

I grieve to tell that I once shared this idea and did Mr.
Rixford a great injustice in publishing it in the Rural
Press, the retraction in the following number, upon find-
ing out my mistake, hardly undoing the wrong. However
Mr. Rixford has lived to see himself and those concerned
in the introduction righted, and his efforts and success in
being the first one to bring the genuine Smyrna fig to
California cannot be too greatly appreciated. Only the
future will demonstrate the true significance of this im-
portation and of Mr. Rixford’s work.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 929

Pollination of San Pedro and Gentile Figs.—Since the
MS. of this paper was completed, or almost so, I have
been able to successfully experiment with pollination of
the second crop of San Pedro and Gentile figs. My ex-
periments were made in Kern County, California, on two
fig trees, one a San Pedro and the othera Gentile, planted
by me some years previously.

As I have stated, these two fig varieties mature only a
first crop under any circumstances, at least no case has
come under my observation where a fig of the second
crop came to perfect maturity, the crop generally drop-
ping as a whole when one-fifth grown. The time for ex-
periment was July 11. The pollen had been secured
from a caprifig tree of the Bulletin variety grown about
200 miles away and transported in a glass-stoppered bot-
tle:

The San Pedro tree contained about 420 figs. Thirty-.
six of these were pollinated with a goose - quill by inject-
ing caprifig pollen through the eye in liberal quantities,
many times more than would have been brought there by
inquilines. A few weeks afterwards the majority of the
pollinated figs were turning soft, while the non-pollinated
figs remained hard, many falling off. By the 16th of
August I again visited this tree. Ten mature figs had
been taken off. Eight remained on the tree fully ripe
and very sweet, but somewhat smaller than the first crop,
and six figs were partly mature. All of these figs were
among those caprificated or rather pollinated by me and
marked. Of all the other, nearly 400 figs, on this tree,
which had not been pollinated, not a single one showed
any sign of maturity, and later on all these dropped off.

With the Gentile tree the case was quite similar. This
tree contained 86 second crop figs. Of these 19 were

pollinated and 10 of these came to full maturity, two to
2p SER., Vor V. ( 60 ) January 11, 1896.

930 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

partial maturity. The balance all dropped off before
even beginning to soften. Microscopic examination of
the ripe fruit of these pollinated second crop San Pedro
and Gentile showed that a large number, more than one-
third (about), of the flowers possessed fertile seed. ‘The
effect of pollen had thus been to produce a botanical as
well as a horticultural maturity, the latter having been
effected by the former. My experiments in pollination
have not been repeated, but I think enough has been
demonstrated to show that the regular and periodic drop-
ping of figs is—in varieties where the whole crop fails to
come to maturity—invariably caused by the want of pol-
lination of the female flowers. In other words, where
perfect female flowers are found in the fig, they must
have pollination in order to produce a horticultural matu-
rity of receptacle. Where again the flowers in the recep-
tacle are imperfect as far as their generative capacity is
concerned, then a horticultural maturity will ensue, polli-
nation and caprification being useless, and impotent to
produce any effect. Horticultural maturity will be effected
without pollination or caprification.

Pollination of First Crop San Pedro.—May 16th I
pollinated nineteen figs of first crop San Pedro, the figs
being of very much the same size as those ready for pol-
lination of the second crop. In the middle of June thir-
teen of these figs had matured, the others had fallen off.
Examination showed that no fertile seeds had been formed,
all the ovaries being shrunk and abortive. This was as I
expected, as previous microscopic examination of fig
flowers of the first crop San Pedro figs had always shown
the ovaries to be shrunk. Whatever effect pollination
may have had on these flowers, if any, it certainly could
not have effected any fecundation or production of seed.
Pollination of the first crop San Pedro is therefore use-

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 931

less. As regards the figs on this tree which I did not
pollinate, I may state that nearly all arrived at perfect
horticultural maturity.

Seeds in the Common Edible Figs.—Under this class I
arrange, as has already been stated, all fig varieties with
_ only mule or with principally mule flowers, which set and
mature their figs without the aid of pollen. If the seeds
of such figs are examined under the microscope, it will at
once be seen that they are only seeds in appearance, but
not in reality. They are mere glossy hulls of a yellow or
brown color, but with no kernels and embryo capable of
development. Even without the aid of a microscope this
may be ascertained by crushing the seeds with the point
of a knife. The shell will then be seen to collapse, the
interior being absolutely empty without any kernel. A\I-
though I have examined many thousands of figs grown in
California during the past ten years or more, I have failed
in finding a single seed properly developed. I at first at-
tributed this alone to the former total absence of caprifigs
in this State. I now believe it to be due in equal degree
to the absence of or at least scarcity of female receptive
flowers in our figs, generally speaking. This same ob-
servation as regards the absence of seeds in common figs
has been repeatedly made in Europe. In France, Solms-
Laubach found no figs which contained developed em-
bryos (44). Gasparrini, however, found repeatedly seed
in several of the Italian figs. However, he says that in
the early figs, probably meaning first crop figs, he never
found any fertile seed or seeds with embryo. But in the
‘*pedagnuoli’’ of the white figs and of the Dottato he
found frequently fertile seed, even in places where capri-
fication did not take place. As has been previously stated,
he pollinated the flowers of the Lardaro variety, but did
not succeed in producing any more seed than what would

932 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

otherwise have been the case. To account for this he
-assumes that the seed had formed through what by nat-
uralists is called ‘‘ parthenogenesis,’’ or self-development.
However, Gasparrini’s experiments upon this subject are
defective and not at all conclusive. It is much more prob-
able that those varieties did contain some perfect fémale
flowers, which had in some way been pollinated. Par-
thenogenesis is too rare an occurrence to be accepted
without thorough experiments (45). The fact that Cal-
ifornia figs, which formerly at least could not possibly
have been pollinated, never exhibited fertile seeds, speaks
strongly against the parthenogenesis theory of Gaspar-
rini and for the belief that even for ordinary figs both
pollen and female flowers are required for the production
of seed. Solms-Laubach found fertile seed in many Ne-
apolitan figs and frankly admits that their presence can
only be explained by the influence of pollen. Figs of
various edible varieties, which were sent from Brazil by
Fr. Miiller to Professor Solms-Laubach (44) were inva-
riably found void of embryos. In that country no capri-
figs existed, just as in California. Until further the par-
thenogenesis theory must be disregarded for the /7zcus
carica tribe. In northern Italy G. Arcangeli found
‘¢some’’ fertile seeds in Aco bzancolino, which he calls
a semi-wild fig, the majority of its seeds, however, being
merely shells (46). In the other figs growing in the
vicinity of Pisa, such as the (co prombinese and the Fico
verdino, no tertile seed were ever found.

The conclusion which I draw from the above and other
investigations in regard to the perfect and fertile seeds
found in our common edible, which produce fruit with-
out pollination, are as follows: Figs with only mule flow-
ers cannot produce. seed with fertile embryos or with
semi-developed embryos. These so-called seeds are

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 933

mere shells without kernel. When this class of figs are
found to contain some seeds with developed embryo, it is
to be explained by the presence among the mule flowers
of perfect female flowers, which again have been brought
to development only by the introduction of pollen, either
by the Blastophaga wasps or by some other means.

Parthenogenesis or seed-development without pollen
has been proven to exist in at least one tropical fig, Azcus
Roxburghit; here, however, only by excitement caused
by the sting of a Blastophaga, without pollination. That
this is not the process of seed production in the Smyrna
tribe of our edible fig is absolutely and conclusively proven
by the experiments of Mr. E. W. Maslin and myself.
We produced seedlings from Smyrna fig seeds which all
when arriving at maturity proved to be hybrids between
the edible Smyrna and the wild caprifig. This hybrid-
ization could of course not possibly have taken place ex-
cept by the introduction of pollen to the female flowers.
If their seeds had developed by parthenogenesis the seed-
lings would not have been hybrids but would have been
varieties of the Smyrna fig. The seeds were of course
taken from imported Smyrna figs, which had been capri-
ficated in Aidin. ‘The very fact that hybrid figs were
produced on the seedlings showed conclusively that the
mother figs had been caprificated with wild pollen, and
that the process had been effective.

FLOWERS IN OTHER FIG SPECIES.

In connection with what has been said above, it may be
of interest to shortly consider the structure of the fruits
of other fig species. Those who wish to more especially
study the flowers of the fig, we refer to the special works
enumerated in the ‘‘ Literature.’’ Here we can only
mention this subject in a passing way. Ina great num-

934 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ber of fig species there are two distinct individual trees.
The male tree, with figs which contain male flowers and
gall flowers, the meaning of which will by this time be
fully understood. Other trees of the same species carry
only figs which contain nothing but female flowers. Some
species of this class have the male and gall flowers pro-
miscuouly distributed over the surface of the receptacle,
in others again the male flowers occupy an upper zone
around the eye of the fig, while the gall flowers are con-
fined to the lower and opposite end of the fig.

Other species of figs again (such as /7cus elastica)
produce figs which possess both male and female flowers
promiscuously placed on the same receptacle. This ar-
rangement of the figs is probably the most ancient one of
all. In this fig the differentiation between gall flowers
and seed flowers begins first after the Blastophaga has
laid its egg and depends apparently upon chance only—
those which have not been pierced but only pollinated by
the wasp, develop seed, while those in which the Blasto-
phaga egg has been laid develop into gall flowers.

If we again consider only the peculiar bottle-like re-
ceptacle of the fig,
fig which have an open flat or slightly convex receptacle,
such as is the case’ with Dorstenza. Others again, like
the mulberry, have a very convex receptacle, on the out-
side of which are found the individual fruits (28) instead
of inside, as in the fig.

we find plant genera related to the

EVOLUTION OF THE FIG.

The theory of evolution now generally accepted by
nearly all naturalists can readily be applied to the fig.
While we cannot absolutely prove the various stages of
development of our edible fig, from more ancient and less
perfect form, we can, nevertheless, follow these develop-
ments by studying various figs and nearly allied plant

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 935

genera. Such a study, the details of which are outside
of the-scope of this treatise, will clearly show us how,
from mere simple forms, through adaptation to surround-
ing influences, our more complex figs have gradually
developed from more simply organized forms, or if we
will, from ancestors differently constructed. In order to
simplify our study, we might profitably divide it in two
parts, and first consider the development of the ‘‘ fig ’’ or
the fig receptacle, which we call the (fig) fruit, and sec-
ondly the development of the group of plants which we
call ‘‘ fig trees,’’ more particularly the edible fig tree, as
being the one which concerns usthe most. Not only will
this study show us that our figs have developed from less
highly constructed ancestors, but also that in some in-
stances, as regards the flowers, a certain retrogression
has taken place, in which some flowers, through want of
use of certain organs, have degenerated from more per-
fect ones.

EVOLUTION OF THE FIG FLOWERS AND THE FIG
RECEPTACLE.

In order to reach its present form, both the fig flower
and the fig receptacle must have, in course of time, un-
dergone many changes, nature having always in view to
prevent self-fertilization and produce as perfect seeds as
possible. This change and gradual development must
have taken place very much as follows:

The first form of receptacle was convex, as it is yet
in the mulberry. This surface exposed the flowers too
much to the adverse influences of wind, insects, etc., and
the receptacle became more flattened out, as it is yet in
Dorstenia, a plant related to the fig. But the change
kept going on, and the receptacle became more and more
concave, thus exposing it less and less to outside influences.

936 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Finally, fig forms appeared with a flask-like receptacle,
only open at the top or eye, and in order to exclude the
majority of depredating insects, this opening became
covered over with scales, as in our present figs, wild or
cultivated.

If we again consider the flowers alone, we find that in
the lowest forms of figs, which must also have most re-
sembled the coldest forms, the female and male flowers
were promiscuously scattered over the surface of the re-
ceptacle. Butin order to further prevent self-fertilization,
the male flowers matured later than the female flowers,
and this again necessitated first the introduction of pollen
from other figs, later on from figs of other crops of the
same tree, and later on yet from figs on different trees.
The differentiation as to time of maturity of the male and
female flowers is probably anterior to the closing of the
eye of the receptacle by scales. <A further development
and differentiation took place as regards the respective
location of the flowers. The male flowers were gradually
made to occupy the upper part of the receptacle around
the eye, while the female flowers were assigned the lower
or bottom part of the receptacle opposite the eye.

A further step in. development was a differentiation of
the female flowers under the influence of the wasps which
had come to inhabit the flowers. Some flowers prolonged
their styles in order to make it impossible for the Blasto-
phagas to injure them by the deposition of eggs. Other
female flowers again shortened their styles in order to
facilitate the deposition of the Blastophaga eggs. The
stigmas of these flower became useless, gradually de-
creased in size and changed their shape, at the same time
losing their receptive glands. These latter flowers are
the gall flowers, as we see them at the present time in
various fig varieties. That the gall flower is a degenerated

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 937

female flower is certain, as in some varieties it yet depends
upon chance which flowers are to be gall flowers and
which are to remain female flowers. Those pierced by
the wasps develop into galls, those which are not pierced
remain female flowers. In our present caprifig the female
flowers, even if pierced by the ovipositer of the Blasto-
phaga, will never become gall flowers.

This was the state of development of the wild fig when
man appeared to take an active part in the development
of the fig and in the production of new varieties, suitable
as food or luxuries. How this evolution by cultural selec-
tion must have taken place will be presently considered.
Here it may only be remarked that the mule flowers may
have originated in two different ways. Either they may
be explained as a degeneration of female flowers, which
have lost their power of producing seed, by not being
regularly pollinated, or they may have originated from
gall flowers which, from want of wasps, gradually lost
the power of producing galls, or which lost that power
with increased sweetness and edibility of the receptacle.
The latter two theories combined seem to me the most
plausible.

ORIGIN OF THE EDIBLE FIG.

Like all. other fruits cultivated by man, the fig tree, as
we find it to-day in our orchards, improved and bearing
edible, luscious fruits, must have descended from wild
ancestors, less edible and less valuable for the use of man.
In most all other fruits it.is easy enough to point out the
wild ancestors, as we yet find the original cherries, plums,
peaches, apples, pears, etc., growing wild in the for-
ests and fields of our respective continents. But with the
fig it is somewhat different. Our edible figs differ con-
siderably from the wild fig, the caprifig of course being
the only fig tree from which we may possibly suppose a

938 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

descent through ages of cultivation. But as has been
shown in these pages and as has been well known for
nearly two centuries, the caprifig differs in having male
and gall flowers, while our edible figs possess principally
flowers of a different kind. In order to explain the de-
velopment through cultivation by man of our edible figs,
several different theories have been put forward by prom-
inent investigators, each theory in its turn to be thrown
down if not fully disproved by more recent research.

We will here shortly consider each one of these the-
ories separately, as they are of great interest both in po-
_mological as well as scientific respects.

First Theory.—The oldest theory perhaps was the one
brought out by the well-known Italian investigator and
horticulturist Gasparrini. He held that the fig and the
caprifig are specifically distinct, or in other words he did
not believe that the caprifig is the male tree and the edible
fig the female tree of the same species. He would derive
the edible fig from some unknown ancestor not yet found,
perhaps from some species which in course of ages have
entirely disappeared in its wild natural state.

Gasparrini based his opinion principally upon his fail-
ure to produce or rather to increase the number of fertile
seed in the edible fig, either by pollination or by caprifi-
cation with the pollen of the caprifig. His experiments
were numerous and fairly carefully performed, and as far
as they go quite valuable. But they prove an entirely
different thing from what Gasparrini claimed, and it is
impossible to logically draw the conclusions from his ex-
periments which he unhesitatingly did.

The force and value of his arguments become less im-
portant, convincing and conclusive, when we can show
that his many experiments, upon which alone he based his
theory, were made on fig varieties which possess few or

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 939

no receptive female flowers, but which we now know are
characterized by their small number of female flowers, by
their large number of mule flowers, and by the total ab-
sence of gall flowers. ‘To Gasparrini the large class of
Smyrna figs, which possess only fully developed female
flowers, was entirely unknown. At his time as well as
in our day this class of figs do not grow in Italy, and he
had no idea of their existence anywhere else. A theory,
therefore, which does not take in consideration all classes
of edible figs cannot be considered as absolutely plausible
and convincing. We now know through my own exper-
iments in pollination, and through the production of hy-
brid figs from Smyrna fig seeds by Mr. Maslin and myself,
that the pollen of the caprifig really is capable of pro-
ducing fertile seed when applied on the stigma of the
female flowers of the Smyrna fig. This does not, it is
true, prove with absolute certainty that the caprifig and
the edible fig are of the same botanical species, but it
does disprove Gasparrini’s conclusion that the pollen of
the caprifig is incapable of fertilizing the female flowers
of the edible fig, when these flowers are properly devel-
oped. The presence of fertile seeds in many figs was
explained by Gasparrini through what is known botan-
ically as parthenogenesis or unsexual development (30).
That parthenogenesis is a possibility cannot be denied, as
it is proven to exist in at least one tropical fig, and proba-
bly exists in several, but itis arare occurrence. And even
if taken in consideration it must be remembered that it is
now proven that in the species in which it does exist it is
caused by the sting of a Blastophaga wasp, which stimu-
lates a growth in the nucellus, which might be called in-
ternal or seed budding (98). The existence of parthen-
ogenesis or self-budding without the impulse of outside
influences has not been shown to exist in the edible fig, and

940 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

until it is shown we must leave it without serious consid-
eration. i ;

Second Theory — Professor Solms-Laubach the most
prominent of all late investigators of the edible fig, be-
lieves that the caprifig is the wild species from which the
edible fig has been originated by cultural selection by
man. When he speaks of caprifig he refers alone to
the caprifig tree, which produces male and gall flowers |
in its various crops, but does not take in consideration
any purely female tree of the caprifig. To Solms-Laubach
the existence of a purely female tree of the edible fig
was unknown at the time he put forward his theory.
Short as his theory is and without going into details and
without efforts to explain everything, it must be con-
sidered extremely plausible. But later on Professor
Solms-Laubach gave up this theory or changed it to some
degree, adopting the one here described as the third
theory.

Third Theory.—This theory as regards the origin of the
edible figs was developed by the eminent naturalist, Prof.
Fritz Miller (31). He considers the caprifig to be the
original wild male fig tree and the edible fig the female
tree of the same species, both sexes having existed sepa-
rately and originately as wild trees, before their cultiva-
tion was begun by man. This cultivation must then have
been entirely confined to the female tree, and any improve-
ment in the fruit must have been brought about through
bud variation (99). This third theory was already held by
Linneus (32), and was the one which Gasparrini especially
endeavored to disprove. Prof. Fritz Miller founded his
theory on the fact that the caprifig tree is to a remarkable
degree barren, producing fertile seeds always few in num-
bers, and only in his third crops, the ‘‘ mammoni,’’ while
the edible fig tree is supposed to show a greater fertility

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. O41

through an increased production of fertile seeds. This
theory was at once.adopted by Professor Solms-Laubach
after he had in Java studied a number of wild fig species.
He had there discovered that most of these fig species pos-
sessed sexually separate individual trees. In other words
some fig trees produced fruits with mixed flowers, both
male and gall flowers, while other trees of the same fig
species produced only fruit with female flowers (33).

According to this theory the caprifig produces two
sexually distinct trees. The male tree with male and gall
flowers and a few female flowers, and the female tree
with only female flowers.

The existence of such a tree was not shown by Prof.
Miiller, but it had already been mentioned and described
by the Italian investigators, Pontedera and Gallesio, the
the latter as ‘‘ fico

former describing it as ‘‘ Erinosyce,
semi-mula.’”’

In his description Gallesio adds that this fig has no male
flowers, but only female flowers, which when fecundated
produce seed or become botanically ripe, while the pomo-
logical ripeness also takes place as an effect of the fore-
going fertilization (20).

Gallesio’s description has been doubted, though I think
that in this, as well as in his other classification of the
various forms of the caprifig, he is entirely correct.

This theory is strengthened by the fact, already referred
to, that seedlings from Smyrna figs, fertilized by the pollen
of the caprifiig, do.to some extent show a distinction of
sexes on different trees. But an objection of some con-
sequence to this theory is borne out by the fact that not
all edible figs produce seeds, that some contain no fully
developed female flowers, and that some again contain
male flowers, the latter, however, rarely. Only in the
Smyrna tribe of figs do we find fertile seed in very great

94.2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

quantity, though it is true that also some Italian figs of
the edible kind produce mature seed.

This has led me to propose a new theory of the origin
of the edible fig, based on the occurrence of different
flowers in different varieties of figs, which proves to my
mind that not all of our figs are, strictly speaking, de-
scended in the same manner from the original ancestor,
which however in every instance is the wild or caprifig.

Fourth Theory.—According to my own views the edible
figs are of several different kinds, which in their extremes
or types are well characterized. I distinguish at least
four different types.

First Type.—The common edible figs, which produce
ripe fruits (receptacles) without caprification and pollina-
tion. This type becomes pomologically mature, but does
not become botanically mature, or at least the latter rarely.
Its flowers are mainly mule flowers and a few female
flowers, but no perfect gall flowers and no male flowers.
This class includes nearly all our common edible figs in
Europe and California, and all those propagated in hot-
houses. ‘This class of figs bears several crops, but there
is no great or important difference either in the receptacle
or in the flowers of the receptive crops. Some of the fig
varieties belonging to this type produce a few fertile seed
when pollinated or caprificated.

Second Type.—This type or group comprises the Smyrna
figs and is characterized by its flowers which are only fe-
male ones, perfectly developed. They produce in abun-
dance when pollinated or caprificated. ‘They have no
mule flowers, no gall flowers and no male flowers. The
fruit becomes botanically ripe and as a consequence of
the botanical maturity the receptacle becomes also pomo-
logically ripe. This isa purely female type, all the flow-
ers being perfectly developed female flowers. This type

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 943

of figs are at present confined to the Smyrna district,
being there the fig or the only fig cultivated for commer-
cial purposes. In the other Mediterranean districts this
type of figs is entirely unknown. Introduced to Califor-
nia it never produced fruit until pollinated.

Third Type.—This is the San Pedro type, with different
flowers in the different crops. The first crop or fiori
contains only mule flowers. This crop becomes conse-
quently pomologically ripe without pollination or caprifi-
cation, but even if pollinated it will never become botan-
ically ripe or produce seeds, as the flowers are all with
abortive embryos or ovaries.

The second crop contains only fully developed female
flowers which require pollination in order to set fruit or
become botanically mature, the receptacle never becom-
ing horticulturally mature as long as the flowers are not
pollinated.

To this class belongs a limited number of figs, which
are, especially valuable on account of their brebas or first
crop. Among varieties belonging to this crop are the
San Pedro (yellow), the Gentile, the Bitontoni, the Por-
tuguese, and a few others.

Fourth Type.—To this class belong very few edible
figs which are characterized by having more or less per-
fectly developed male flowers in a zone around the eye.
The other flowers are principally mule flowers. This
class becomes pomologically mature as well as botanically
mature, the latter referring to the male flowers. If the gall
flowers and female flowers are developed properly is not
known. To this crop belongs the Crozszc fig, the Corde-
fia fig, and a few others.

The origin of these various types I derive from the va-
rious crops of the caprifig, through artificial or horticult-
ural selection. The first type may either have descended

944 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

from the male tree of the caprifig, through elimination of
the male flowers. The gall flowers in not being used for
galls would naturally endeavor to regain their female nat-
ure, while the female flowers by now and then being pol-
linated would more or less retain their female or seed-
producing nature. This theory was first suggested by
me in letter to Prof. Solms-Loubach, who however thinks

that the origin of this class may be equally well explained
by supposing their descent from the female caprifig, in
which case the female flowers through non-use have be-
come degenerated. But the fact that this class contains
both mule flowers and perfect female flowers speaks, I
think, in favor of my theory that the mule flowers are in
reality only degenerated gall flowers, or perhaps more
correctly gall flowers which through non-use are regain-
ing their female nature. If descended from the female
tree of the caprifig there is nothing to explain why some
of the flowers are capable of producing seed while the
majority are not.

The second type or Smyrna figs must have descended
directly from the female tree of the caprifig, their flowers
having retained their female nature through constant cap-
mucation.) ||

The third class is more difficult to explain. However,
I think it may have descended from a cross between an
improved Smyrna and a caprifig.

The fourth class is nothing else than a direct descend-
ant from the male caprifig. It retains its male flowers,
they having not yet been eliminated, while the pomolog-
ical maturity is simply an improved botanical maturity of
the caprifig, as it is well known that several varieties of
caprifigs are edible, though inferior in quality.

How this cultural evolution and development could
have taken place is not difficult to understand. The

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 945

efforts of man to cultivate and propagate only the best or
what proves most suited to his purposes has caused him
to gradually discard, first all inferior trees, later all infe-
rior varieties, all which either did not suit his taste or
which in other respects did not prove as profitable as
others. This progress in selecting varieties has been
continued to our own day with nearly all kinds of fruit,
progressing more or less rapidly according to the intelli-
gence and civilization of the cultivators. As the fig is one
of the oldest of fruits mentioned in the history of the hu-
man race, the selection and improvement of varieties must
have taken place at an early date; in fact, at the dawn of
higher civilization. No barbarous people could evolve the
luscious edible fig from the insignificant and, for eating,
worthless caprifig, even if we suppose that some chance
seedling of the temale type with superior fruits had been
found. The likelihood that caprification was invented
simultaneously with the cultivation of the first edible fig
makes it more probable that the civilization of the people
in question was considerable. The origin of the edible
fig of the Smyrna kind must be traced to some one of
those ancient nations whose history and remains are the
most obscure and the least unravelled of any.

It is more than probable that the Smyrna race was first
originated and that later the other class of edible figs was
evolved. Or it may be possible that both originated simul-
taneously, or nearly so, in separate countries. The truth
and facts of this we will never know, and our assertions
can only have the value of more or less probable con-
jectures. ;

The first figs of either class must have been very infe-
rior to those now considered our best. The class which
descended from seeds of the male caprifig must, to begin

with, have possessed some male flowers in at least one of its
2D SER., VOL. V. ( 61 ) January 11, 1896.

946 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

crops. The first effort in selection must have been to
eliminate these male flowers, as both they and the part of
the receptacle on which they grow are hard, dry and oth-
erwise not palatable. Thus in the Croisic fig (26) the
male flowers, together with their part of the receptacle,
is always removed before eating, and this necessary pro-
cess must have first stimulated efforts to produce a fig
without the objectionable parts. While this selection and
improvement of edible figs was being carried on by the
ancient cultivators the wild fig was not entirely left to it-
self. It was found necessary in some instances to pro-
pagate even the wild fig in order to procure the figs for
caprification. What would be more natural than to sup-
pose that those figs were especially propagated which pro-
duced greater abundance of pollen? ‘This selection in a
small way would in time give rise to several types even
among the wild figs, similar to those perhaps as have been
described by Pontedera, Gallesio and others.

After the first objectionable features of male flowers
were eliminated other improvements followed as to flavor,
taste and sweetness, etc.

GENERAL REMARKS ON CAPRIFICATION.

Caprification is a horticultural process, which consists
in suspending the profichi or summer figs of the caprifig
on the branches of the edible fig. The object of caprifi-
cation is to produce seed in the edible figs and to cause
these latter to set and mature.. Only such profichi as con-

tain fig wasps—Blaslophaga psenes—are of any value in
caprification. Shortly after the profichi have been sus-
pended the female Blastophagas hatch out of their galls
and in their efforts to leave the fig become covered with
the ripe pollen of the caprifig. Once outside of the cap-

rifig the Blastophagas search for other caprifigs in order

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 947

to lay their eggs in them. But not finding any caprifigs,
they enter the edible figs in mistake. The effect of this
visit is the pollination of the Smyrna fig flowers with the
caprifig pollen brought along by the wasps. The pollina-
tion again causes the edible figs of a certain class to ma-
ture seed and to set its fruit. In order that pollination
may be properly accomplished, it is necessary that the
figs practiced on should have female flowers in a proper
state of development with receptive stigmas, and that the
pollen of the caprifigs should be properly developed and
in a good condition. Not all edible figs are equally sus-
ceptible of caprification. The time for caprification is in
June and July, according to locality. Caprification is
nothing else than an artificial pollination accomplished
partly by man, who suspends the caprifigs; partly by the
wasps, which carry the pollen from the caprifig to the fe-
male flowers of the edible fig.

HISTORICAL NOTES ON CAPRIFICATION.

There are very good reasons for supposing that caprifi-
cation is as old as the cultivation of the fig by man. That
it originated in some of the oldest agricultural countries
is much more probable than that the practice is of com-
paratively modern origin, for instance invented by the
Greeks during the time intervening between the Homeric
songs and the era of Alexander. For this belief speaks
the fact that the caprifig is not a native of Greece nor of
any other Mediterranean country, but one of southern
Arabia, and possibly also of other countries in the vicinity
of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. The fig was intro-
duced to Greece, as has already been shown (49), and
whether we presume that the first introduced fig race re-
quired caprification or not, it follows that this caprifica-
tion was not and could not have been invented in Greece
nor in any other country where the caprifig was not orig-

948 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

inally wild, and wild at the time the first figs requiring
caprification were grown under cultivation. If the self-
setting fig race had been the one first introduced to Greece
then the Greeks would never have thought of caprifica-
tion, or if some uncommon genius had done so, he would
have been obliged to go to distant countries in order to
see, find and bring home the caprifig of which he could
otherwise have had no possible knowledge. The discov-
ery of caprification in Greece, as has been held by the
majority of investigators, except Solms, would be as im-
probable and as impossible as the discovery of the placer
mining of gold in a country where native gold only occurs
in solid veins of ore. Caprification must have originated
in a country where the caprifig was wild. But particu-
lars about the discovery will never be forthcoming, the
records having been forever lost. Even in the oldest
books of the Semitic races no mention is made of any
process which can with any certainty be explained as re-_
ferring to caprification. As is stated elsewhere, in the
Book of Amos (50), we read of botes schiquaim, which
means ‘‘one who operates on the wild fig.’’ But if this
operation refers to caprification, or to the oiling of the fig,
or to the yet common and necessary practice of cutting
the ‘‘Sycomore figs’’ with a knife in order to give an op-
portunity to their inquilines escape, will always remain
an uncertainty, with some probability that the last expla-
nation is the correct one. A circumstance which makes
it probable that caprification was in very ancient times
practiced in Asia is the fact that Syria is yet the country
which grows principally or almost exclusively figs re-
quiring caprification in order to set and mature. In
nearly all other countries other, though inferior, vari-
eties have been or are being substituted, varieties which
mature without pollination and caprification (51).

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 949

For the oldest written record of caprification we must
go to the oldest Greek writers. Aristotle, the teacher of
Alexander, and one of the best-informed scholars of an-
cient times, describes caprification in very much the same
way as it is practiced to this day. Aristotle explains the
effect of caprification through the bite of the wasp, which
Gauses' the air, to enter the fig; etc. |’ He,-as well as ‘all
writers, for a period of 2000 years or until the time of
Linnezus, were unable to give a true explanation of the
effects of caprification (52).

The most minute description of caprification as prac-
ticed and understood by the ancients is given by Theo-
phrast (53). Not only does he correctly describe the
process of caprification, but he informs us of certain facts
of great interest. One of these is that there are two races
of figs, one which requires caprification in order to set
fruit, and one which sets fruit without caprification. ‘Theo-
phrast was the first one to point out this, and he must have
learned it through observation of the various fig varieties
grown at his time. Another statement made by this
writer is to the effect that caprificated figs had a lesser
commercial value than figs not thus caprificated (54).
Whatever may have been the case at his time, it is not so
now. If Theophrast’s statement is correct it can be ex-
plained by the Smyrna tribe not thriving in Greece, or by
their unimproved state at that time.

Theophrast also mentions how ignorant cultivators in-
stead of using caprifigs suspended other substances in the
trees, such as galls from elm trees, the peasant believing
that the wasps emerging from these elm galls would have
the same effect as fig wasps. Of course if the fig tree in
which they were suspended belonged toa race which did not
require caprification, the effect of either varieties of wasps
(or of any other foreign substance) would be the same or

950 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

none. ‘Theophrast’s explanation of the effects of caprifi-
cation is similar to that given by Aristotle. He rejects
the theory that the wasps close the eye of the fig and
through the prevention of the entrance of the air causes
maturity. On the contrary, he maintains that the wasps
enlarge the eye of the fig, cause its juices to flow, suck
up the superfluous ‘‘humors”’ of the fig, and that the
warm and fermentation producing air effects the matur-
ing of the figs. The differences between the two races
of figs of which one requires caprification and the other
not is explained by this author through the influence of
soil and climate, as well as by a different nature of the
fig, which enables it to ripen its fruit without the aid of
the wasp. The circumstance that in Italy no caprification
was practiced at his time, he explains by the supposed
drier soil and climate of that country, which absorbs the
superfluous juices of the fig. The humid climate of
Greece, he contends, makes it necessary to employ the
aid of the wasps in order to relieve the figs of their super-
fluous moisture.

Pliny, the great Roman naturalist and compilator,
follows Theophrast closely (55). He classes the caprifigs
as the wild fig, wanting in the juices necessary for the
food of the wasps. ‘The latter not finding the necessary
food flies to the edible fig and through nibbling enlarges
the mouth of the fig, and allows the fertilizing air to enter,
which again transforms the milky juices of the fig to sweet
honey. Pliny believed that caprification was only prac-
ticed in the Archipelago (from which it was later intro-
duced to Italy). At the time of Pliny caprification was
unknown in Italy. The account given by the great Latin
naturalist is evidently only a compilation from other
authors and from hearsay (55). He appears not to have
made any personal investigations or examinations.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. O51

Through all the medizval ages, or for over fifteen hun-
dred years after Pliny, horticulture and natural science
made little progress, and the opinions of the ancient
writers were adopted as regards almost all points of human
knowledge. So also their theories about caprification.
For fifteen hundred years after Pliny this process was
practiced by the cultivators of the soil in the same way
as in the time of ancient Greece; no one was found to
inquire in its nature and value, much less to solve the
enigma of this, the most interesting of all horticultural
usages of all times.

In 1583, Cesalpinus discovered the sexual organs of
plants and was able to point out their functions, but his
discovery bore no fruit as regards a better understanding
of caprification, and all writers after him for nearly two
hundred years followed the teachings of ‘Theophrast,
Pliny and Plutarch.

In the early part of the eighteenth century two botanists
occupied themselves with a closer study of the fig. One
of them was Giulio Pontedera (56), who was the first one
to describe the flowers of the caprifig and their structure,
though) he did not recognize their sexal nature.” Ele
also studied the fig wasps and caprification, but little sus-
pected the true nature and influence of the wasp. Pon-
tedera ascribes the effects of caprification to the bitings
of the wasps, which cause the air and light to enter the
fig. This is the more remarkable when we consider how
very minute are the wounds caused by even a large quan-
tity of wasps. As seldom more than very few wasps
enter one fig, it will be seen that the extra air that can
penetrate on account of the wasp bites is very small in-
deed, if any at all.

Another investigator, one of the most prominent bot-
anists of the early part of the eighteenth century, was

952 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Tournefort. He traveled in the Levant and in Greece
and made special study of caprification as practiced there.
Being well acquainted with fig culture in Provence, in
France, he was well qualified for his time to take up the
study of caprification. Tournefort had studied Theo-
phrast and tried to explain his statement about the lesser
value of the caprificated figs, through the necessity of
drying such caprificated figs in ovens which again cause
their aroma to disappear. As Solms-Laubach points
out Tournefort confounded the wasps with moths which
infest dried figs, just as so frequently happens in our day.
Tournefort describes the three crops of the caprifig, men-
tions the two races of the edible figs, of which one re-
quires caprification, while the other will set fruit without
it. The effects of caprification he explains in the same
way as every one before him, by the biting of the wasps,
which causes the superfluous juices to escape. Finally,
he mentions that a fig which in Provence without capri-
fication produces 25 pounds of figs, in the Island of Zea
gives 200 pounds (57). A very unsatisfactory statement,
when we consider the distance of the two localities and
the uncertainty that the two trees were actually of the
same variety; not to speak of climate, soil, age, cultiva-
tion, etc.

It was reserved for Linnzeus to discover the true nature
of caprification (32). While previous to his time, the
nature of the sexes in flowers had been described and
generally accepted, still no one had thought of the pos-
sibility of an insect transmitting the pollen from one flower
to another and thus cause fecundation. As Pliny of old
had forshadowed the theory of evolution so did Linnaeus
a century before its rediscovery indicate how, at least, in
one instance, flowers were dependent on insects for their
pollination. Linnaeus points out how, in order that the

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 953

female flowers of the fig may be properly fecundated, it
becomes absolutely necessary for the pollen of the anthers
to be distributed through the cavity of the fig. And this
could not be accomplished, if nature had not supplied
the fig with a wasp, which could carry the pollen from the
male flowers to the female tree. And this wasp, he says,
isthe 2 pseni of the ancients, or ithe he imsect; | The
opinion of Linnzus was published in 1749. But Linneus
was not aware of the fact that some figs ripened their
fruit without fecundation; want of material for investi-
gation caused him to think that the fig was absolutely
dicecious, in other words that it possessed sexes distinctly
separate only on different trees.

John Hill again, who published his great work A
History of Plants, in London, 1751, refers only shortly to
the fig and its Caprification. He condemns Tournefort’s
theory of puncture and irritation, and states that pollina-
tion is the real effect of caprification; but he does not
refer to Linnzus, though it is probable that he must have
heard of the latter’s views upon the subject.

Later in the century both Milne and Cavolini, inde-
pendently from each other, discovered that a difference
must be made between the maturing of the seed and the
maturing of the receptacle, and that the former maturity,
at least, must require pollination, even if the latter (or
pomological maturity) could be accomplished without it.
Milne clearly defines this by saying (59): ‘‘ The ques-
tion supposes that the fig trees in this country bring fruit
to maturity without assistance of caprification, and the
fact cannot be denied. The same thing, we have seen,
obtains in Spain, Provence and Malta; but the fruit, or
more properly, the fruit vessel, is in all cases to be dis-
tinguished from the seed contained within it. If the male
be wanting, the seed will not vegetate when sown; but

954 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the fruit may, nevertheless, swell and come to an appear-
ance of perfection; and so it is observed to do in the
instance in question, and in many others, especially when
the fruit is formed of one of the parts less connected
Withiyseed as the cali. receptacle; eter

Filippo Cavolini published his work on caprification in
1782, or twelve years later than Milne, whose opinion he
had, however, not read. Cavolini believes the caprifig to
be” the male tree, and the fig) the: female ot the same
species. He further notes the difference between the fig
receptacle and the seed (60), and how the former can
come to maturity on account of its greater attachment to
the stem of the tree, while the seed, which is only at-
tached to the pericarp by its vessels, requires pollination
in order to mature. This pollination causes the juices in
the fig to flow more freely, bringing both the seed and
receptacle to maturity. That some figs mature their recept-
acles and others not depends on a defective structure, by
which the juices from the stem of the tree are more or
less obstructed in their flow into the fig’s receptacle.
As this obstruction is lesser or greater, the fig requires
more or less pollination, in order to cause more or
less sap to flow, while the seed, in order to attain
maturity, always requires pollination. That the same va-
riety of fig can mature in one locality without caprification,
while in a different district it must be caprificated in order
to mature its receptacle, depends upon differences in
locality and soil. Cavolini’s ideas are clearly expressed
and to the point.

At the very end of the century a French botanist,
Olivier, traveled in the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, Persia
and in Greece, making a particular study of the fig. His
descriptive work of his travels was published in Paris
(year 9). Olivier came to the conclusion that caprifica-

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 955

tion was a useless and ignorant proceeding, which should
be abandoned. ‘‘ This operation,’’ he says, Sor One avant ln
some authors, both ancient and modern, have spoken with
admiration, appeared to me to be nothing else than a
tribute which man pays to ignorance and prejudice.
Caprification is unknown in many parts of the Levant, in
Italy, in France and in Spain, and begins to be abandoned
in the Archipelago, where it used to be practiced, and
which, nevertheless, still produce excellent figs for eating.
If the operation was necessary, whether fecundation be
effected by the fertilizing pollen dispersed in the air in-
troducing itself into the mouth of the fig, or whether
nature makes use of a little fly to transmit it from one fig
to another, as is commonly believed, it is evident that the
first fig in flower could not fecundate at the same time
those that have already attained a certain size, and those
which are only just appearing, in order to ripen two
months later.’’ ‘The knowledge which Olivier possessed
of caprification was in reality most superficial and defect-
ive, and some of his statements are even false and mis-
leading, and not worthy of quotation, except for the fact
that disbelievers in caprification have pointed to him as an
eminent botanist, who had conclusively proved the de-
lusiveness of the process in question. Olivier did not
even know that it was the caprifig which was used for
caprification, but stated that it was the common ‘‘ figues
fleurs,’’ the brebas, or first crop edible figs, which were
hung on the trees. This also appears again in the last
lines of his statement quoted above, beginning: ‘‘ First
fig or flower,’’ etc. His statement that caprification was
unknown in Italy and Spain is also (61) incorrect.

In 1820, Giorgio Gallesio, a prominent Italian horticul-
turist, published his treatise on the fig. How far Gallesio’s
statements were based on investigations in nature, are not

956 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

known. Later writers on figs have endeavored to show
that his theories were. founded principally on book learn-
ing, and not on observation (62). Iam not of that opinion,
as his statements show a frankness and fairness entirely
indicative of truthfulness. Gallesio holds that there are
two races of figs, one which requires caprification in
order to mature its fruit, and one which matures without
the aid of this operation. The different requirements
between the two fig races depend upon a difference in
construction of the figs, and each race retains its charac-
teristics, regardless of the influences of soil and climate.
The difference in construction lies in the ovary of the fig.
Some figs have ovaries without ovules, and those figs
which cannot be fertilized, can also not feel the action of
the pollen from the caprifig. These are the m/e figs.
The other class of figs, with perfect ovules, are sensitive
of the pollen, and under its influence develop perfect
seeds. These he calls semi-mules. The fecundation
causes the juices to flow to the fig and effects its maturity.
The caprifig alone containing the pollen is, therefore,
necessary, and the only way to apply it is through capri-
fication.

Gallesio also describes a caprifig with only female
flowers—‘‘ the fico semi-mula’’ (63). His statement that
the original wild caprifig bore only one crop of figs, is
shown by Solms-Laubach (64) to be erroneous, or at least
very improbable.

In the middle of our century the Italian botanist,
Guglielmo Gasparrini, published a series of four differ-
ent treatises upon figs and caprification, extending in time
from 1845 to 1862. No one has contributed so much to
our knowledge of caprification as Gasparrini, and no one
has made as many original researches as he has done.
Gasparrini, as Olivier before him, takes a decided stand

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 957

against caprification, believing himself warranted to do
so on account of the result of the experiments made by
himself. Gasparrini’s experiments have been by many
considered conclusive and almost final, and his views have
been adopted almost unchanged by later writers on the
subject of caprification. While conceding that Gaspar-
rini’s experiments were scientific and fairly carefully
made, and highly interesting and demonstrative, | hold
that the main conclusion which he drew was singularly
illogical, though it may have been warranted by the in-
sufficiency of hisexperiments. Gasparrini’s almost only,
but fatal, error was, that he experimented only on a few
Italian figs, not suspecting even that there might be other
figs differently constructed. From his observation he
concluded that because ‘‘ a few were so,’’ therefore, ‘‘ all
must be so.’’ Gasparrini’s experiments are too elaborate
to be here noticed in detail. ‘Those who wish to further
study the subject are referred to his respective works,
one of which is partly translated in the California State
Horticultural Reports for 1891.

Gasparrini formulates his conclusions in nineteen dif-
ferent paragraphs, answering as many different questions,
but principally concerning three different points:

t. Does the caprifig fecundate the domestic fig, and
cause them to set (65)?

2. Does the caprifig fecundate the female flowers of
the fig and produce seed (66)?

3. Does the caprifig hasten the maturity of the fig?

We will shortly consider some of the more important
points, as answered by Gasparrini, his answers being
given here:

t. Does caprification hasten the maturity of late figs?
Answer, no. The experiments made by Gasparrini are
good, and I consider his conclusion correct (67).

958 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

2. Does caprification cause late figs to set in greater
number? No. The conclusion is illogical. The ex-
periments only show that caprification had no effect on
the varieties experimented with—the Colombro, Lardaro
and Sarnese.

3. Does the caprifig, by the assistance of its insects,
fecundate the female flowers of the late fig? No. His
experiments were partly defective, partly insufficient, and
the conclusion drawn is illogical and incorrect. The
varieties experimented on were the last ones mentioned,
besides the Dottato. Gasparrini found seeds in figs not
caprificated, but as they had not been absolutely isolated,
they may have been pollinated, nevertheless. He explains
the production of seed without pollination by ‘* partheno-
genesis.’’ The fact, as has been already shown, that
seeds never form in edible figs growing in California and
Brazil, where the caprifig is not generally distributed (68),
is sufficient evidence for rejecting parthenogenesis, and for
adhering to the pollination theory (69).

4. Does the fly cause the setting and afterwards an
earlier maturity of the fig by the puncture it makes in it?
No. In this I fully agree, the experiments being appar-
ently conclusive (70). The general conclusions to which
Gasparrini came he summarises as follows:

1. That to understand well the effects of caprification,
it is in the first instance necessary to know the nature of
the fig and of the caprifig, and what connection they have
with each other. We have seen that the caprifig is not
the male of the fig, as has been hitherto believed, but a
species so different from it that it may well be taken as
type of a new distinct genus.

2. The structure of domestic figs, as well as of those
to which the caprifig is applied, is perfectly similar in so
far as concerns the organs of the flower, the structure of

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 959

the seed and of the receptacle; so that it does not appear
how the insect of the caprifig can be necessary to some
varieties only.

3. We have seen by experiments that the insect neither
hastens the maturity nor causes the fruit to set, whether
of early or late figs, nor yet is it necessary for fecunda-
tion.

4. That the circumstance of the caprifig losing many
of the fruits in which the fly has not been bred, does not
serve to prove the necessity of caprification, but rather
to refute the doctrine completely, as the fly does not breed
in the domestic fig; and besides, we have seen that when
the caprifig bears a large crop of fruits many of them fall
unripe, even though the insect has been in it, and the
grub be found in the ovaries.

5. In respect to the dropping of some figs, the causes
must be sought for chiefly in constitution and mode of
vegetation of those varieties, also in the soil, climate and
adverse conditions of the season.

6. That this caprification is useless for the setting and
ripening of fruit, and therefore this custom, which entails
expense and deteriorates the flavor of the fig, ought to be
abolished from our agriculture.

To the above conclusions of Gasparrini I will offer the
following remarks. My own experiments (to be detailed
further on) in pollinating Smyrna figs with the pollen of
the caprifig, show conclusively that the caprifig and the
edible fig are closely related, though this fact does not
necessarily imply that they belong to the same species, of
which, however, there is no doubt (71).

No. 2 of above can only refer to those varieties on
which Gasparrini experimented and knew. My, experi-
ments, just referred to, show that not all figs are con-
structed exactly alike, and that accordingly the fig insect

g60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

is necessary to some varieties, while it may not be so to
others.

Point No. 3. The insect may not hasten the maturity
of the fruit, but still cause it to set. My pollination ex-
periments show that pollination does cause the fig
of a certain class to set, and as the caprification is the
only practical way by which this pollination can be pro-
duced, this caprification must be necessary for this class
of figs, though not for any other class differently con-
structed.

Point 4. The fact that the caprifig loses much of its
fruit does not prove caprification anerror. It only shows
that pollinated fruits are susceptible to influences, climatic
and others, which affect the setting of all figs (and all
fruits), whether they be Smyrna figs or not.

Point 5. The causes enumerated as effecting the drop-
ping of the fruit, do not exclude other causes from having
the same effect. Caprification, if effective under favor-
able circumstances, cannot prevent caprificated figs to
fall, if climate and soil are unfavorable. If not caprifi-
cated, they would, under the above conditions, have fallen,
anyhow.

Point 6. In order to be correct, this point should only
refer to some or certain figs, or to all figs similar to those
experimented upon.

Before leaving Gasparrini and his work, I will shortly
state what his experiments, so interesting, and laboriously
performed, have really proven.

They have shown us that caprification does not hasten
the maturity of the fig. Further, they have proven, that
itis not the sting itself of the wasp which influences the
setting of the fruit of the edible fig. They also show
that many figs, which are regularly caprificated by the fig
growers, require no caprification, and that, as far as these

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. Q61

figs are concerned, caprification should be abandoned.
This point is confirmed by the circumstance that these
same figs mature in countries where no caprifigs are grown.

I cannot see how any other conclusions of importance
can be drawn from the experiments of Gasparrini. It
must always be regretted that he never thought of the
possibility of their being any other race of figs than that
one which he happened to have under his eye. - How
different, for instance, would his conclusions have been
if he had had the ¢rwe Smyrna figs to experiment on.

In our own times no one has given as much study to the”
fig question as Professor H. Count Solms—Laubach. His
researches were published in 1882, and contain a perfect
mine of knowledge, partly compiled, partly his own
investigations. While scientifically investigating his sub-
ject and studying the figs and the fig insects, both in Italy,
Java and France, it appears that he had no opportunity
to make direct experiments in caprification, but founded
his opinions principally on the experiments of Gasparrini.
He sifts the knowledge of others with rare ability and
patience, adds numerous and interesting observations of
his own. His researches are of the utmost importance.
As a botanist, he rejects, as insufficiently proven, Gas-
parrini’s theory of parthenogenesis, and showing that
Brazilian figs produce no fertile seed, concludes that
caprification is necessary for that purpose.

During his investigations in Java he discovered that
most figs growing there consisted of female trees as well
as of male trees, and he found that the male tree pos-
sessed a flower especially adapted to foster the Blasto-
phaga, a degenerated or differentiated female flower,
which he calls the ‘‘ gall flower.’’ This gall flower has
probably lost its power to produce seed. Returning home

and investigating the caprifig, he found that even this fig
2p SER., VOL, V. ( 62 ) January 11, 1896.

962 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

contained this gall flower, almost exclusive of any real
female flower. He further shows how different species
of figs are inhabited by different species of Blastophaga.
He also unconditionally adheres to the theory of the
caprihg and the fig being of the same species. Later on
he adopts the theory of Fr. Miller, that the edible fig is
the female plant and the caprifig the male plant. But he
is entirely unaware of the existence of a race of figs
differently constructed than the common edible figs which
he had investigated, and he shared the opinion of Gas-
parrini, that all figs were affected by caprification in the
same manner, though he recognized the absolute neces-
sity of pollination and caprification in order that fertile
seeds may be produced. But if caprification is not needed
any more, it was once a necessity, ages ago, when the fig
was first brought into cultivation by man, and before the
‘present race of figs, which requires no caprification in
order to set and mature, had originated. The class of figs
which the Italians considered as requiring caprification
had been shown to set fruit without this operation; the
class that once at a time required caprification must, there-
fore, have been lost, and superseded by a better, more
modern class, evolved from the former. He comes
to the following conclusion: ‘‘ Caprification was once,
ages ago, a necessity; it is now no more useful, but only
a horticultural operation, transmitted from generation to
generation, down to our time, and in its original form.
Its scientific importance as means for judging the modifi-
cations undergone by our economic plants (culturpflanzen)
in the course of ages, can hardly be overestimated.”’

It is hardly necessary for me to remark that Solms’
conclusion is based on his belief that this race, once
requiring caprification, has been lost, has ‘‘ died out,’’ as
no longer of value. Now, if this race has not died out,

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 963
but can be proven to be yet extant and to constitute our
best figs, the conclusion arrived at by Solms must fall.
Prof. Solms-Laubach has since acknowledged the cor-
rectness of this.

THE ,FIG WASPS OR BLASTOPHAGAS.

All known wild fig trees, and there are over one hundred
distinct species described (72) by botanists, are inhabited
by very minute wasps known as “ inquilines ’’ or para-
sites, and scientifically described as Blastophage. These
Blastophagas not only visit the figs, but they live, breed
and develop in them, nay more, if deprived of their fig-
hosts, these Blastophagas could not live, breed and de-
velop anywhere else. ‘The organization of these little
wasps is such that while they may possible feed themselves
for a short time (though it is doubtful if they do feed
at all), they could not possible deposit their eggs else-
where than in the ‘‘ gall flower’ of their respective fig,
not even in the female flowers of the same fig. Even if '
they did succeed in doing so, their eggs would not de-
velop elsewhere and the brood would soon perish. The
species would thus become extinct. But this is not all.
The relation between the fig and the Blastophogas is so
intimate that in order to foster those little wasps nature
provides the fig with flowers especially constructed to
elsewhere described. But

their use, the ‘‘ gall flowers
if the Blastophaga is dependent upon the fig for its exist-
ence, the fig is hardly the less so upon the Blastophaga.
Without the Blastophaga no fertile seed would be pro-
duced with any regularity (if at all) and the fig species
would be in danger of perishing. The influence of the
Blastophaga is somewhat different in different fig species.
It has been shown that in one species at least, not only
the female flowers are dependent for their pollination upon
the Blastaphaga, but that the male flowers actually do not

964 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

develop their fertilizing pollen without having first been
stimulated by the mechanical action of the Blastophaga.
This discovery was made by Dr. Cunningham, a result
from his experiments on /7cus Peoxburghit, in India.

Figs are visited by many insects, but a distinction must
be made between << visitors and ““regular boarders.
The former visit the figs in order to feed, either on the
fruit and its juices, or upon other insects. The boarder
or ‘‘inquilines ’? again breed in the fig, and cannot breed
anywhere else. The former will injure the fig in various
degrees, while the latter are absolutely necessary for the
material maintainance and multiplication of the fig tree
species they inhabit.

LIFE-HISTORY .OF THE CAPRIFIG WASP, BLASTOPHAGA
PSENES.

If we during the month of June or July (73) cut open
a ‘‘profico’’ or scond crop caprifig just when it is full
grown, we may notice that it contains a large number of
gall flowers or galls around which crawl numerous little
insects, some of which resemble minute black wasps,
while others of the same size are wingless and very dif-
ferently shaped, as well as being of a yellow or brown
color. A closer inspection will reveal to us that a num-
ber of the galls are perforated: by a single round hole
through which may either be seen the hollow of the gall,
or the wasp itself, not having yet escaped. A closer in-
spection may even show us how the light colored insects,
which are the male wasps, are enlarging the holes in order
to enable the females or winged wasps toescape. These
respective insects are male and female of the same species
known to naturalists variously as Llastophaga psenes,
Blastophaga grossorum, or Cyntps psenes.

The male insects are the first ones to hatch and escape,
with their powerful mandibles or jaws they easily cut

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 965

through their galls and then set to work to liberate the
females. Before the latter escape they are fecundated
while yet in the gall, by the males, Each gall contains
only one single wasp. The male wasps never leave the
Hig. Bhey are so constructed that they could not very
well live outside, and even inside the fig they soon perish,
their life-work having been accomplished when liberating
and fecundating the females. ‘The females even do not
tarry long in the fig and soon find their way out through
the eye of the fig, which has opened sufficiently to let
them pass through without injury to their wings (74). In
case the fig has been injured and compressed in such a
way as to close the eye, the wasps will remain as pris-
oners until otherwise let out, for instance, by cutting the
fig.

With care and aided by a magnifying glass, we may
further follow the female Blastophagas as they escape
from their old habitation. ‘Their first work is to look for
figs suitable to lay their eggs in, the only object of the
wasps now being to propagate their species, it being
doubtful if they feed at all. As soon as outside of the old
caprifig the female Blastophaga halts on the outside of
the fig and endeavors to free herself of a whitish powder
with which she appears to be literally covered. This
powder is the pollen from the anthers of the male flowers
of the caprifig in which she hatched and with which she
came in contact when she escaped from the fig. This
process of cleaning she performs in very much the same
way as does a house-fly, streaking herself with her front
legs, bending at the same time the head, body and wings.
She never succeeds in getting entirely clean, as a large
portion of the pollen will adhere in spite of all her efforts.
But when she considers herself sufficiently clean she flies
away and lights on a less than half-grown caprifig of the

966 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

same or some other tree. The mammoni or third crop of
the caprifig has by this time advanced so far in develop-
ment that its interior flowers are just of the proper size
and age to suit the wasps (75). If there are no such figs
at hand the wasps will soon perish. Having lit on a mam-
moni the Blastophaga finds the fig-eye closed by scales
(76). But these scales are not impossible to penetrate.
In order to enter the fig the Blastophaga saws out a tiny
little piece of the outside edge of a top scale, which opens
to her an entrance between two scales. Next she pushes
herself under the scale and then zigzags herself through,
until she reaches the interior hollow of the fig. But her
efforts to get through between the scales have been tre-
mendous, and in so doing she almost invariably loses her
wings. They are always lost in the very beginning of her
work, and can be seen remaining, wedged in between the
outside scales just like feathers stuck under the band of
a hat. In order to ascertain the presence of the Blasto-
phaga in a green fig it is not always necessary to cut the
fig open, as the presence of the wings of the wasp stick-
ing between the scales is a sure sign that the wasp has
succeeded in getting in. And even if the wings have
fallen off the little wound caused by the gnawing of the
wasp can be told by the minute drop of sap that has oozed
out and hardened. It is this drop of sap which was, re-
markably enough, for ages considered as being the real
cause of the setting of the figs. If no wings and no gum
is seen on the scale it may be safely assumed that no
Blastophaga has entered the fig in question.

As soon as the now wingless Blastophaga has entered
the figs she hurries down to the gall flowers there to de-
posit her jeggs. Of these she only imserts) one ime
flower. The egg is always placed in the same way and
in the same particular spot in the fiower. This particu-

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 967

lar place lies between the nucleus of the fig ovary and the
integument surrounding it. If left anywhere else obser-
vation shows that the egg will not develop. In order to
accomplish this the wasp first alights on the stigma of the
fig flower. Then she extends her ovipositor and runs it
down through the canal which from the center of the
stigma leads through the whole length of the style to the
funnel or entrance to the ovary of the flower. This is
penetrated by the ovipositor and the egg is laid and se-
curely wedged in between the nucleus of the ovary and
the integument surrounding it.

As soon as the egg is deposited, the ovipositor of the
wasp is withdrawn. ‘The lower part of the canal is filled
by a filiform appendage of the egg, while the upper part
of the canal fills with a brown exudation from the
wounded cells. As soon as one egg has been laid, the
wasp immediately departs to another flower there to re-
peat the process. The egg depositing power of a wasp
is simply enormous, and one wasp is capable of laying an
egg in each of the many gall flowers of a fig. After the
eggs have been all deposited the Blastophaga endeavors to
regain the outside of the fig through the same way she
entered. But in this she rarely succeeds. Being by the
egg-laying process completely exhausted, she generally
succumbs before she regains her liberty and her dead
body may be found in the opened fig. The work of the
Blastophaga has not alone been that of depositing eggs.
Involuntarily she has rubbed against some of the female
flowers of the fig, and the pollen which adhered to her
body when she entered has been deposited on the stigmas
of these flowers. The effect of this pollination is the
development of seeds in the female flowers. This would
not otherwise have taken place without the aid of the
wasp, because the pollen from another fig could not very

968 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

well have penetrated through the closely thatched scales of
the eye; and the pollen from a male flower in the same
fig would only be ripe from a month to six weeks after-
wards, at a time when the stigmas of the female flowers
will have attained their full development and receptivity.
After the egg has been deposited the gall flower does not
at once cease to develop. The embryo and kernel of the
seed keep on growing for a month. After that the egg of
the Blastophaga begins to develop, and when it passes
into the larva stage it begins to feed on the embryo of the
fig, which thus soon perishes. The integument of the
ovary again grows and assumes the form of a large, hard,
brownish and glass-like gall. In two months the young
female Blastophaga wasps have attained their full devel-
ment and after copulation with the wingless males are
ready to leave the caprifigs. And this they do in the
same way as they left the previous crop, the profichi.
The males die within the figs in all the crops. They have
performed their function and are of no more use. It may
here be incidentally stated that even if the wasp’s egg is
not deposited in a gall-flower, the latter will after a cer-
tain time cease to develop. It will never produce seed.

At this time the winter figs or the ‘‘mamme”’ destined
to become the first crop of the following year are of the
proper size and development required by the Blastopha-
gas, which enter them in the same way as described above
in order to deposit eggs.

Next spring these develop and ripen and the young
Blastophagas leave them in April. They immediately
afterwares enter the second crop caprifigs and their de-
posited eggs will in the end of June have developed into
perfect wasps.

The cycle of the Blaslophaga is thus perfected and we
have followed its life history through the various crops of

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 969

the caprifig through the year. Each crop of fig has, as
we have seen, had its own crop or brood of wasps, from
which follows that if a crop of figs should entirely fail
the crop or brood of the wasps would also perish.

To facilitate the understanding of the life history of
the wasp the following diagrammatic table has been pre-
pared:

A. SkconD Crop oR PROFICHI OF THE CAPRIFIG. April to June.

1. In April these figs are less than quarter grown.

2. The Blastophaga females enter the figs and here deposit their eggs
in the gall flowers.

In June, or two months later, these Blastophaga eggs have become
fully developed, and the perfect wasps emerge to seek other figs.

4. In emerging the wasps are covered with pollen.

B. Tairp Crop oR MAMMONI OF THE CApRIFIG. June to October.

1. In June the third crop is quarter grown.

2. The Blastophagas emerging from the previous crop penetrate into
these third crop figs and deposit their eggs in the gall flowers.
3. In doing so they also pollinate the female flowers.

4. In October the Blastophaga eggs are fully developed and the perfect
wasps emerge hunting for the young figs of the mamme.

5. A few seed fully developed are found in this the third crop of the
caprifig, none being found in the two other crops.

C. Tue First Crop ork THE MAMME OF THE CAPRIFIG. October, through
winter, to April.
In October the mamme are quarter grown.
2. The Blastophaga, hatching from the preceding or third crop, enter
the mamme and there deposit their eggs in the gall flowers.
The mamme, with the gall flowers and the eggs of the Blastophaga,
hibernate on the tree without further development.
4. With the advent of spring the mamme and the Blastophaga eggs
resume development.
5. In April the Blastophaga eggs have developed into full grown wasps,
which emerge from the figs seeking the young figs of the next crop,
the profichi, in order to deposit their eggs in them (78).

(Je)

PROCESS: OF CAPRIFICATION.

The process of caprification consists in bringing the
caprifigs, of the proper age and crop, in close proximity

970 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

to the edible figs, in order that the wasps, as soon as they
leave the caprifigs, may be lured into the edible figs.
Practically this is accomplished in different ways, more
or less proper and economical. In Smyrna, Syria,
Greece, Italy and Africa the caprifigs are pulled at the
proper time in June, the profichi being the only crop used
for this purpose. The caprifigs are then almost full grown
and the male flowers ready to shed their pollen. The
caprifigs are at once strung on split reeds or rough straws
in quantities of three to five on each straw. These
straws are thrown over and suspended among the branches
of the edible fig tree. Another method, much inferior to
the former, consists simply to cut branches from the
caprifig trees and suspend them in the edible fig trees.
This injures the caprifig trees and does not enable the
cultivator to regulate the number of caprifigs according
to the quantity actually needed. This method is only in
use in certain parts of Portugal and Spain. A third way
to accomplish caprification is to plant a few caprifig
trees in among the edible fig trees, and to simply depend
upon the wasps themselves finding their way in sufficient
number to ithe) edible sigs) Mhis: method) ws the least
proper of any for many reasons, one of which is that
the caprifig thrives equally well or even better in poor
rocky soil, and it would be more economical to give
the good soil over to the edible fig trees. Another reason
is, that the Blastophaga would preferably go to the young
caprifig instead of to the young edible fig, if the former
were to be found close by, as they of course would, if
the caprifig tree was planted in among the edible fig trees.
If, again, the caprifig trees were such that they bore no
young caprifigs at the time the wasps hatch out, then, of
course, their propagation in this tree would be impossible,
and it would be necessary next year to bring new Blasto-

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. Q71

phagas from other caprifig trees. The growing of caprifig
trees in among the edible figs would, therefore, not only
be useless, but would be entirely improper. This leads us
to the necessity of having separate plantations for the
caprifig.

Separate Plantations of Caprifigs.—In most countries
where caprification is practiced it is a general saying that
it is necessary to go to the hills for the caprifigs (79). It
is not only more economical, as has just been pointed out,
to grow the caprifigs separately, but it is in many instances
necessary. ‘The soil and moisture in the orchard is not
always suitable to the caprifig. It must be remembered
that the caprifig is yet in its comparatively wild state,
while the edible fig is a horticultural product or creation
which only can be expected to attain its proper qualities
under the most favorable conditions. Practically this is
true. It frequently happens that when the edible figs are
receptive, or their female flowers ready for pollination
through caprification, that at this very time the caprifigs
growing in the vicinity of the edible figs are not properly
developed, while other caprifigs grown in different soil
and at a different elevation are just of the proper size and
condition to furnish both Blastophagas and pollen. But
another even more serious objection to having a few cap-
rifigs growing in rich soil is that their crops are not al-
ways following each other in immediate succession. The
Blastophaga, in order to properly propagate her brood,
requires young caprifigs ready to receive her eggs as soon
as she hatches out. Frequently the tree from which she
hatches does not possess these figs, while other caprifig
trees do. It is therefore necessary, in order to procure a
constant supply of Blastophagas, to have a large number
of caprifig trees growing together. Ina grove of such
trees there will always be some that bear figs of proper

972 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

size in which the wasps may breed. Such plantations of
caprifigs should be made separately and in various local-
ities, in order that the supply of figs may never fail.
Quite frequently it also happens that the caprifig crop in
a certain locality fails, while in a different one, where the
climatic conditions have been dissimilar, the crop of cap-
rifigs may be abundant. This shows the necessity to have
caprifig plantations in various localities, especially in a
country like California, where the caprifig trees are not
wild and where frequent importations of caprifigs with
inquilines are difficult if not impossible. When the cap-
rifig crop fails in Smyrna fresh caprifigs are imported by
the vessel load from the Grecian islands, and in all coun-
tries where caprification is considered necessary in order
to procure a crop of figs a regular and profitable trade is
carried on in caprifigs, which often bring much more than
the edible figs (80).

Quantities of Caprifigs Required.—The quantity of
caprifigs needed to caprificate a fig tree varies with the
size of the tree. In Smyrna some thirty figs are required
to caprificate a large full-grown edible fig. If too few
are hung on the tree an insufficient quantity of wasps are
had and the edible figs are not all pollinated. If too many
are hung too many wasps will enter the edible figs, injure
their flowers, and, according to some observers, cause
the figs to prematurely drop and decay.

For smaller trees a less quantity of caprifigs are re-
quired than for larger trees, but even the largest in
Smyrna are not given more than thirty figs to the tree.
The caprifigs are hung on the limbs of the fig trees before
sunrise and when the wind is not blowing. ‘The process
of hanging up the profichi must be repeated several times,
as only those edible figs are pollinated which are of proper
size and receptivity. For the younger figs new profichi

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 973

must be supplied later on, if their maturity is required,
and the quantity of caprifigs necessary at any time must
be regulated according to the number of figs to be polli-
nated.

Proper Time for Caprification.—Caprification should
always take place when the female flowers of the fig are
receptive. This can be easily ascertained by cutting
open the fig. With a magnifying glass the stigmas of
the female flowers should be seen to be bright and light
greenish with a peculiar fresh luster, as if they had been
lightly varnished or moistened. Further the stigmas and
styles should be erect, if bent and brownish they are too
old to receive the pollen and past their receptive state.
This occursin Smyrna and in the Mediterranean districts
in the middle of June.. The second crop, the only one
used, is then in proper state of development to be capri-
ficated. In California the time for caprification will vary
with the locality. In the Bay district, around San Fran-
cisco, the Smyrna figs are receptive in the end of July,
in the interior earlier. The edible figs when ready for the
caprifigs are about one-third grown, hard and green. The
caprifig again should be cut when the pollen is properly
developed and just before it has burst from the anthers.
The caprifigs are then almost full grown, though in
opening them the female and gall flowers will not be
found developed. The size of the fig varies with va-
riety

as there are many varieties in caprifigs—but the
average size would be an inch and a halt long by three-
quarter inch wide. Some caprifigs are much smaller.
Thus the caprifigs received from Smyrna and taken there
from the fig trees in which they had been suspended,
were almost twice as large as those brought from Palermo
(Sr). The various races of caprifig vary in size and
softness, some remaining always hard, while others grow
larger and become soft and pulpy.

974 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

As regards the Smyrna figs at the time of caprification
it may be stated that at the moment when their female
flowers are receptive, the scales at the eye loosen or rather
becomes flexible, allowing the wasps to enter. This
softness of the scales may be easily ascertained as by
pushing a quill or a stick against the fig eye, it easily
penetrates between the scales, without injury to them and
without causing any juice to exude, if the fig is of proper
size. While on the contrary if the fig is too young the
scales will be found to be hard and fixed, cannot be
pushed back, and the least wounding will cause an abun-
dance of milky juice to exude. If again the fig is too
old, the scales will be equally hard and fixed and the fig
will be yellow and will early drop.

If the fig is cut open, the stigmas should be fresh and
moist, the styles erect and greenish, not brown.

What Takes Place in Caprification.—We have already
followed the life history of the Blastophaga in the caprifig.
Its history in the edible fig is somewhat different. The
wasps cannot breed in the edible figs, they can only visit
them. Shortly after the caprifigs have been suspended,
or sometimes even before, the Blastophagas begin to
hatch. It even appears that the pulling of the caprifigs
hastens the maturity and escape of the wasp. As soon
as these have hatched they crawl out of the caprifigs in
search of young caprifig mammoni, in them to lay their
eggs, as has been already described. But as the caprifigs
are not near, no such mammoniare to be found. In place
ot them the wasps only encounter edible figs, and not
being aware of the deception practiced, they enter these
edible figs for the purpose of breeding. The flowers of
the edible figs are, however, so constructed that the inten-
tions of the wasps are completely frustrated. Instead of
the necessary gall flowers, which are especially adapted

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 975

to the ovipositor organs of the wasps, only female flowers
with long styles are found and which are otherwise so
modified that the wasps find it impossible to properly lay
their eggs. All their frantic efforts to penetrate the canal
of the style and to reach the fig ovary and its nucellus are
in vain. ‘The Blastophaga cannot breed in any edible fig.
Still, her visit has a very great effect on the edible female
fig flowers, provided these are of the proper age and
development. The pollen from the caprifig, with which
the wasps were liberally dusted, adheres to the female
stigmas, the effect being pollination and fecundation of
the flowers. The Blastophaga herself dies and her dead
body may be seen upon opening a fig which has not
advanced too far in maturity. g

It is here assumed, as is really the case, that the wasp
cannot properly place its egg in the female flower, but
even if she could do or would accidentally do so, the egg
would not properly develop, as it is only the gall flower
which is suitable to the growth of the larva of ‘the wasp.
But even if by chance such development would take place
the young wasp would quickly perish by being enveloped
in the sugary liquid of the mature fig. A certainty is,
however, that I have never found any gall in the mature
Smyrna GES, which shows that no such development takes
place.

What Does Not Take Place in Caprification.—Since
the most remote time, so many opinions have been ex-
pressed as regards the consequences of caprification, that
it may be proper to here point out what does not take
place. The old opinion that the gnawing of the wasp
relieves the fig of its superfluous juices, and thus causes
it to mature, is too absurd to be given much thought.
The gnawing done by the wasps is so infinitely small that
the fig, through the combined efforts of twenty wasps,

976 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

would not lose one single ordinary drop ot sap. Figs
wounded by a needle in such a way that many drops of
juice escape do not show any tendency to set better, as I
have repeatedly demonstrated. The gnawing of a few
wasps can, therefore, not have any effect on the recep-
tacle of the fig. Nor would caprification affect figs which
regularly set their fruit without the process. Thus, of
all the figs which we have tried in California, some fifty
or more varieties, only some seven or eight kinds do not
set their fruit, all others do. To caprificate the regular
and common kind of edible figs would, therefore, be a
useless waste of time and work. They would probably
produce some fertile seeds, but it is doubtful if their
quantity would be sufficient to greatly improve the fig. It
has been said that the Blastophaga produces a gall in the
edible figs, and that this gall formation would cause the
figs to set and mature, in the same way as a worm-eaten
pear or appie ripens sooner than the uninjured fruit. But
we have already seen that no such gall is produced in
edible figs, and experiments in Italy have almost conclus-
ively demonstrated that the entrance of the wasps does
not hasten the maturity of the fig fruit (81).

There remains only one point more. It has lately been
shown that in one East Indian fig the wasp causes the
female flowers to set seed without pollination, supposedly
only by piercing them, and thus causing an irritation. I
have good reason to believe that this is not the case as
regards the Smyrna fig. The wasps first received by Mr.
Shinn, at Niles, were let loose among the Smyrna figs in
his grove at Niles. I examined the wasps as they hatched
out from the figs and found no pollen on any of them,
the male flowers having dried up on the passage from
Smyrna without producing pollen. Some twelve hours
after the wasps were let loose I cut open numerous

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 977

. bl
Smyrna figs and found that the wasps had already entered
them and were moving over the stigmas of the flowers.
Still, not a single fig that had not been pollinated by hand
developed that season, although probably a thousand
wasps had been let loose in one place among the fig trees.
If irritation alone would cause maturity, we would hardly
have failed to receive at least a couple of mature figs
through the visit of the wasps. The quality of the seed-
lings grown by myself and Mr. Maslin have, on the
contrary, shown that pollination actually takes place.

We may, therefore, with a fair degree of certainty,
establish the following facts:

1. The visit of the wasps to the female flowers of the
Smyrna figs is powerless to produce fertility or maturity,
except accompanied by pollination.

2. The gnawing of the wasps on the scales of the
eye, or the mere irritation of the flowers does not produce
a flow of sap sufficient to stimulate the fig in any unusual
way.

The Effects of Caprification.—Caprification can, there-
fore, only be effective and profitable in varieties which
contain a majority of developed female flowers. If such
figs are not caprificated they will drop off, shortly after
the receptivity of the female flowers is past. On such
figs the immediate effect of caprification is: first, the set-
ting and the coming to full maturity of the fig receptacle
(the fig); second, the development and maturity of the
female flowers and their ovaries and seeds. Another 1m-
portant effect of caprification is the dropping at full
maturity of caprificated figs, or rather of figs in which
caprification has been successful. All Smyrna figs drop
of themselves when ripe, while all other fig varieties in
which caprification is not an absolute necessity, must be

cut or pulled from the tree at harvest time, as they will
2p SER., VOL. V. ( 63 ) January 11, 1896.

978 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

fall only when past their prime. The advantage of having
figs requiring caprification is, therefore, evident in all
districts where such figs will grow.

The expense of caprification is much smaller and
requires less labor than the pulling or cutting off of the
figs when ripe, provided, of course, that the figs would
set without being caprificated, which they will not do.

Besides the pomological or horticultural maturity of the
receptacle, the caprification causes the botanical maturity
of the female flowers, which, as we will see, is of great
importance to the cultivator.

The Importance of Seeds in Dried Figs.—The greater
value of caprificated varieties over those which do not re-
quire the process is to be sought in the development of
fertile seed. The seeds in our common figs consist only
of empty glossy shells with no trace of kernel. All such
seeds have no taste and can in no way contribute to the
flavor of the dried fig. Not so, however, Smyrna figs
which have been caprificated. They all contain seed of
large size with a full, oily kernel, which when crushed 1s
found to be in the highest degree aromatic and ‘‘ nutty.”’
Such seed when present in sufficient quantity greatly con-
tribute to the quality of the fig, giving them an intensely
aromatic flavor. It is only during the process of drying
that the aromatic taste of the seed is permeated through
the pulp of the fig in very much the same manner as al-
monds and other nuts communicate their flavors to pud-
dings, preserves, or canned fruits generally. Smyrna
figs when dried are therefore more highly flavored than
any other figs. To the fresh fig the seeds do not com-
municate these aroma, and fresh caprificated figs are
therefore not superior to other fresh figs, at least the cap-
rification does not produce the superiority, if there is

one (84).

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 979

Which Figs should be Caprificated.— The shortest an-
swer to this question is: all figs which drop off if not cap-
rificated. It has not yet been fully ascertained which
these figs are. It is only certain that the great majority
of figs will mature their receptacles without caprification.
In California we have, however, since some ten years
had growing several varieties imported from Smyrna and
of these none perfected fruit until they were artificially
pollinated. ‘This class then requires pollination and cap-
rification, and must be caprificated if fruit is to be ex-
pected. We have also had other figs in this State which
have never matured fruit, though “twenty years old.
One of these varieties is growing on the place of R. B.
Blowers of Woodland. ‘The trees must be some twenty
or more in number and at this date must be about twenty-
five years old. Only one tree of this kind once produced
a ripe fig. It is evident that this variety requires caprifi-
cation, both in order to set fruit and to mature its seed.
If the variety came from Smyrna is not known, but it un-
doubtedly belongs to that class of figs.

Another class of figs require caprification for their sec-
ond crop. Among such varieties San Pedro is the most
prominent one (86). But there are other varieties like
the San Pedro, such as the Portuguese of Italy, the Gen-
tile, etc., all of which set their first crop but drop their
second crop. Microscopic examination shows that the
second crop of these figs possess fully developed female
flowers, while the first crop which matures have only
flowers with abortive ovaries. In another place in this
paper I have related my experiments in caprificating the
second crop of San Pedro and Gentile, and the success
achieved, undoubtedly proving that caprification is neces-
sary for a certain crop while it is not necessary for an-
other crop.

980 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Where Capripication 7s Practiced.—Nowhere is caprifi-
cation practiced more thoroughly, more constantly and
more successfully than in the home of the fig, Syria and
Asia Minor. In the vicinity of Smyrna, the foremost fig
region of the world, the figs of which are acknowledged
superior to any grown elsewhere, caprification is a neces-
sity. The fig crop without it would fail, at least the crops
from all varieties which produce the Smyrna figs of com-
merce. The fact that some figs may be produced with-
out caprification even there must be attributed to the same
cause which produces some fertile seed in the Italian figs
without direct fertilization by caprification. The real
cause of the setting of figs in either case is the presence
of caprifigs in the vicinity, from which the wasps carry
the pollen irregularly and sparingly, but sufficiently to
produce a few figs and a few seed. The importance of
caprifigs in Syria and Smyrna is so great that they often
command a higher price than the edible figs, and in cases
of failure of the caprifig crop sailing vessels are sent to
distant ports to the Grecian islands to bring whole cargoes
of the fruit. This bringing of cargoes of caprifigs at
great expense by intelligent growers must point to the
value of caprification there, and is in glaring contrast
with the occasional practice of some ignorant cultivators
in Greece and Italy, who, failing to procure caprifigs,
suspended galls of elm trees among their figs (87). As
the culture of figs followed the immigration of the Phaeni-
cians and later on that of the Arabs, so do we to this day
find caprification practiced in all countries formerly occu-
pied by those nations. That is along the north coast of
Africa in Algiers and Morocco, in the islands of the Med-
iterranean, Cyprus, Kreta, Sicily and the Malta group,
and further west in the southern parts of Spain and Por-
tugal.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 981

To this day caprifigs are highly valued and bring a
high price in Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers and Morocco, and
parts of the Iberian Peninsula, especially when the crop
is scarce. Leclerc (61) tells us that in Algiers the pro-
fichi of the caprifig bring two sous per dozen (not quite
a half cent).

In Greece caprification has been in vogue since very
ancient times, as has been mentioned elsewhere. From that
country it spread to southern Italy first after the time of
Pliny, and has there been practiced ever since, principally
in the territory of the old kingdom of Naples or in
southern Italy generally.

To the general rule that caprification is practiced in
Greece and Grecian colonies, one exception is mentioned
by Solms-Laubach. In Marseille and vicinity capri-
fication is unknown. Itis also not practiced in central
and northern Italy, or in the territories occupied anciently
by the old Umbrians, Etrurians and Latins, nor is it prac-
ticed anywhere in southern France and the Riviera.
Solms declares two causes for this to be possible. Either
in ancient times caprification was practiced even there,
and later on abandoned, or it was never introduced, fig
culture having been only lately brought to these regions,
and at a time when caprification was no more necessary,
varieties in the meantime having appeared which would
ripen their receptacles without it. But as from the de-
scriptions of Pliny and Cato it becomes evident that capri-
fication was not known in Italy in their time, it is almost
certain that in countries where caprification is not now
practiced, it has never been introduced. This is the case
in all fig districts of America, as neither in the Southern
States, in California nor in Brazil, the Argentine or in
Peru and Chile, has caprification ever been even advo-
cated until within the last ten years, or after the late in-

982 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

troduction of the real Smyrna figs from Smyrna. ‘This
has also been the case in Australia and New Zealand. It
is probable that to countries, within easy reach of Syria,
the first varieties introduced were those requiring caprifica-
tion; later only the self-ripening kinds followed, or were
originated on the spot. The kinds which require caprifica-
tion are much more exacting of climate, soils and condi-
tions generally than the self-ripening kinds, as we know
that Smyrna figs if transplanted to less favored localities
loose their superior qualities, even if caprified. As the
self-ripening kinds became more common and distributed
the Smyrna varieties were allowed to gradually die out,
but the caprification had taken such hold and had become
so deeply rooted, that it continued to be practiced on
varieties which did not require it.

The circumstance again that caprification was not in-
troduced in the more northern provinces, such as north
Italy, south France, and north of Spain, must be sought
in the unsuitability of those places for those varieties
which required caprification. It is more than probable,
that in the above countries fig culture never assumed any
degree of development until the advent of figs which did
not require caprification in order to bear. The variety
of caprifig which carries its mamme over winter is more
susceptible to frost than other figs. At least it will be im-
possible for the fig wasps to survive in countries where
the caprifig crops are interrupted by heavy winter or
spring frosts. This would also make caprification im-
possible, except the caprifigs were yearly imported from
more favored districts, a proceeding that would not prove
practical and remunerative (88).

Can other Insects be Substituted for the Blastophaga.—
It is well known that figs are visited by numerous insects
other than the regular Blastophaga, and the question

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 983

arises to what degree could they be depended upon to
carry the pollen from the caprifig to the edible fig, or
could they do so at all. Some entomogists not acquainted
with the practical side of the question have claimed that
the Blastophaga was not required, but that any insects
would do the work. In order to carry the pollen from
one fig to another it is by no means necessary that the in-
sect should breed in the fig. Allit has to do is to crawl
in to the caprifig at the proper time, and then to crawl
out and in into the edible fig, and the pollination is accom-
plished. But in order that any practical result to the
crop at large may come from this visit, several circum-
stances are imperatively necessary and must coincide.
The insects must make these visits at the proper time.
They must be of proper size to be able to enter the closed
eye of the fig. The insects must be present in suffi-
ciently large number to pollinate the fig crop, not single
figs. As tothe first point it will be seen that no other
insect can be found, which will have any business in the
caprifig at the time when required, and even if the pollen
of the caprifig would serve as its food, it would have no
cause to afterwards visit the edible fig, which at the
period when such visit is required does not produce any
food, it being green and hard, with no trace of sugar.
Insects only visit flowers in search of food or to lay their
eggs. No other insect than the Blastophaga has been
found to do the latter properly and at the time when re-
quired. The second point is readily understood. The
eye of the edible fig is closed, and only an insect with a
peculiarly developed instict would know how to push its
way between the closed scales. At this stage of the de-
velopment of the fig no insects have been found which
visit the figs, except the Blastophagez and some parasitical
wasps which prey on her brood, and which would not

984 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

enter the fig except they knew the Blastophagas were al-
ready there. The most important point, however, is the
quantity of insects required at a given time. Only an
insect which will actually breed inthe caprifig can be de-
pended on, and it must breed in countless numbers. A
few visitors would have no practical influence on the fig
crops. They may fertilize or pollinate a few flowers,
but they would be of no practical value to the grower and
would not produce a crop. ‘Taking it all in all no insect
has been known, and no one is likely to ever be known
that can be substituted for the Llastophaga psenes.
Different Species of Blastophaga in Different Kigs.—
As far as is known, different species of figs are, asarule,
inhabited by distinct and characteristic species of inqui-
lines. Thus one, Blastophaga psenes, has only been found
in one or two nearly related fig species, and no other
Blastophaga species has been found in our caprifigs.
Parasitical wasps are always found together with the
Blastophage, preying on and developing in them, just as
the Blastophaga preys on and develops in the embryo of
the fig. Even when difterent fig species grow close
together, do the wasps keep to their respective fig hosts;
accidentally the wasps may visit other figs, but they do
not breedinthem. It appears as almost certain that every
fig species is inhabited by Blastophage. Thus, in the
botanical garden of Java (88) a row of fig trees, consist-
ing of five different species of figs, was found to be
inhabited by as many different species of Blastophage,
each variety in its own fig host, to which it was strictly
confined (90). The cause of this localization of species
must be sought in the organization of the wasps and
their ovipository organs, which only enables the insect
to deposit its eggs in a certain kind of flower, which
again has been changed so as to accommodate the pecu-

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 985

liarities of the wasp, her size and capabilities. Under '
such circumstances, there is but little hope that, for in-
stance, the wasp inhabiting the Lower California and
Sonora fig species can be made to inhabit and breed in
our caprifigs (89). Even the sycamore fig is inhabited
by its species of inquilines, but which have never been
found in the caprifigs (91). It may, therefore, be as-
sumed with great certainty, that only closely allied fig
species are inhabited by the same species of Blastophage.
But in many species of figs we find more than one species
of Blastophaga. Some figs even are inhabited not only
by different species, but also by different genera of true
Blastophaga, while the latter again are preyed on by
parasitical wasps often equal to them in size.

SUMMARY.

’ Caprification, then, is an horticultural process, based
on scientific principles. It has been used since very
ancient times, and is yet in vogue in many countries. It
is an absolute necessity in places where Smyrna figs are
grown, or in places where it is of importance to pollinate
such figs as possess receptive female flowers. Caprifica-
tion causes such figs to set and mature, when otherwise
they would fall off immature. This horticultural maturity
is caused by and preceded by the botanical maturity of
the female flowers. Again, caprification is not required
for that great class of figs which sets and ripens fruit
without it, except, indeed, it should be found practical,
profitable and possible, to produce sufficient seed, in such
varieties of this class as possess receptive female flowers
in sufficient number.

956 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

LITERATURE.

For access to some of the books enumerated below, my thanks are due to
Mr. Adolph Sutro and his librarian, Mr. George Moss, who not only placed
the Sutro Library at my disposal, but also imported rare books for my
special benefit.

Several references to books which I had no opportunity to inspect, have
been made after Solms-Laubach.

As a great number of the following works are books of travel and con-
tain only few pages ora few lines devoted to our subject, I have added
the pages on which are found these special references.

‘My very sincere thanks are due to my esteemed friend, the well known
entomologist, Dr. E. A. Schwartz, in Washington, D. C., for first calling
my attention to Dr. Cunningham’s experiments on Ficus Roxwburghii and
for copying extracts of his memoir at a time when the original was not at
my disposal. To my knowledge, there is no one in this country who has
so carefully studied the subject of caprification as Dr. Schwartz.

ANNALI del Minist. d’Agricolt. Ind. e commercio, Quinquennio, 1870-
1874, Vol. I, Roma, 1876, page 696. Contains reports from various fig
districts in Italy

ARCANGELI, G. Sulla caprificazione e sopra uno caso de sviluppo anor-
male neifiori del Ficus Stipulata Thunberg. Societa Toscana de
Scienze Naturali, Nov. 2, 1882.

ARISTOTLE. Historia animal. lib. V, Cap. XVI, 3, Caprification.

Bary, Erwin dE. Tagebuch der Reise von Tripoli nach Ghat und Air,
Zeitschr. d. Gesellschaft f. Erdkunde, Berlin, 1880. Bd. 15, ch. 3,
page 2301.

Bastner, T. F. Naturw. Reise durch die Kirgisen Steppe nach Khiva,
in von Baer u. Helmersen, Beitr. zur Kentn. der russich. Reichs, Vol.
IV, Petersburg, 1848, page 237.

Beur, H.H. The Smyrna Fig Insect. Pacific Rural Press, San Francisco,
Calif., Feb. 20, 1892.

Brernarp, Mrs. Boris. Our Common Fruits. London, 1866, page 232.
Bernarp, M. Mémoire sur Vhistoire naturelle du Figuier, in Mémoires
pour Servir a Hist. Nature. de la Provence, Vol. I, Paris, 1782.
Benson, Martin. Guide to Fig Culture and Catalogue of Rare Tropical

Fruits and Plants. Cutler, Dade County, Florida.

Betitew, H. W. Journal of a Political Mission to Afghanistan. London,
1862, page 9.

BorsGeLin, L. pr. Malte, ancienne et moderne. Paris, 1809, Vol. III,
page 277.

Braun, A. Die Pflanzenreste d. Meypt, Museums Berlin. Berlin, 1877,
page 14.

Braun, ALEXANDER. Ueber Parthenogenesis by Pflanzen; Abh. der K.
Akad. d. Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1856. Berlin, 1857.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 987

Branpis, D. Forest Flora of Northwest and Central India. London,
1874, p. 419.

Brorero, FELIX DE AVELLAR. Compendio de Botanica. Paris et Lisboa,
1788, Vol. II, page 159.

Bussato, Marco, pA RAVENNA. Giardino d’agricoltura ed. 5. Venezia,
1781 (1592).

Bucu, LEopotp von. Physikalische Beschreibung d. Canarischen Inseln.
Berlin, 1825, p. 120. ‘

Cato. Seri. rei rustici, Ed. Schneider, Vol. I, page 19, Cap. 8, 1.

CAVOLLINI, Fitippo. Memoria per sirvire alla storia compiuta del Fico e
deila proficazione. Opuscoli scelli sulle scienze e sulli arti, Vol. V.
Milano, 1782.

CELLA, PAOLO DELLA. Viaggio da Tripoli da Barberia alle frontiere occi-
dentali dell Egipto. Genova, 1819, page 30, 120.

CEeLsius, Onaus. Hierobotanicon, Upsala, 1747, Vol., page 370.

Cuapas. Etudes sur lVantiquité historique d’apres les sources Egyp-
tiennes. Paris, 1872, p. 105.

Cox, Wint1AM. A view of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees. Philadelphia,
1817.

COQUEREL. Description des Parasites d’un Figuier de Vile de Bourbon.
Guérin, Rev. et Voy. Zool. VII, 1855, page 365, ete.

Cronan, P. L. et H.M. Floruled. Finistére. Paris, 1867, page 210.

Davy, Joun. Notes and observations on Ionian Islands and Malta.
London, 1842. He experimented with caprification and states that,
when caprification by his order was discontinued, the crop failed,
only few figs ripening and these of inferior quality. He says that
the statement of De Candolle (Physiologie Vegetal Tome II, page 580)
that caprificated figs are inferior, is entirely erroneous, De Candolle
having made the statement from hearsay, and not from personal ex-
perience. .

Devotovicu, ANtHoNy C. Caprification of the Smyrna fig. The Pacific
Rural Press, May 18, 1895. Mr. Denotovich tells of the orginos
boghadhes and the ashmadhes. He mentions that also the male or
caprifig there are caprificated. From Mr. Denotovich I learn that it
was from his father’s place in Aidin that the Bulletin cuttings were
secured.

Detrino, Feperico. Note critiche sull. opera la distribuzione dei sessi
nelle piante, etc., del Prof. F. Hildebrand. Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat.,
Vol. X, Milano, 1867, pages 272-303. Also Vol. 16-17, Milano, 1873-
74, page 239.

Du Breuit, M. A. Culture des Arbres et Arbrisseaux a fruits d. table.
Paris, 1876, page 602.

DuHAMEL bU Monceav, HENRI, Louis. Traité des Arbes Fruitiers. Paris,
1768, 2 Vol. 4; 1762 Ed. is inferior and of no value.

988 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

DunameL pu Moncreav. Traité des Arbres et Arbustes que lon cult. en
France. Paris,. 1809.

Duveyriger, H. Exploration du Sahara, Vol. Les Touareg du Nord. Paris,
1864, page 193. .

Eisen, Gustav. The Fig of Commerce, its Culture and Curing; and a de-
scriptive catalogue of all its known varieties. Los Angeles, Califor-
nia, 1887.

Eisen, Gustav. Caprification of the Fig. Citrograph, Redlands, Cali-

fornia.

Eisen, Gustav. The Fig and its Culture and Curing, with Special Ref-
erence to California. Fresno, Catif., 1885.

ENGLER. Versuche. Entwickelungsgesch. d. Planzenwelt. Leipzig, 1879,
page 57.

Frepiter, Dr. Cart Gustav. Uebersicht d. Gewichse d. Kénigreiches
Griechenland. Dresden, 1840, pages 606 to 613. This work, which
has some pretensions as regards importance and advice, contains ab-
solutely nothing of original research. The author has the bad and
inexcusable fault of translating all names of varieties into German,
and speaks of Zuckerfeige, Brustfeige, Siidfeige, etc.

Ficart, Brey. Studii scientifici sull Egitto, Lucca, 1865, Vol. II, page
217 and 80.

Forskat, Perrus. Flora egypto-arabica, ed. Karsten Niebuhr Haunie,
1775.

Forsytu, F. D. Report of a Mission to Yarkand. Calcutta, 1875, page 79.

Frank, B. Die Pflanzen Krankheiten. Encyclopidie d. Naturw. I Abth.,
13th Lief., pages 552-568.

GALLESIO, G. Pomona Italiana. Pisa, 1817, 3 vol.

GaLLo, AGosTIno. Venti gionate d’agricoltura. Bergamo, 1757, page
112. Fent. Ed., 1588.

GARIDEL, PIERRE. Histoire des plantes que croissent aux environs d’Aix,
etc. Aix, 1715, fol. 100 planches.

GARIDEL, PIERRE. Histoire des Plantes de la Provence, 1715.

GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE, London, contains a large number of articies on
figs, caprification, etc., but as their enumeration would make this list
too bulky it is here omitted. None of the articles is of any special
value as regards caprification.

GASPARRINI, GUGLIELMO. Ricerche sulla natura del Caprifico e del fico e
sulla caprificazione. Rendiconte dell Acad. d. Napoli, Vol. TV, 1845,
pages 321-412, tab. 8.

GASPARRINI, GUGLIELMO. Nuove Ricerche sopra alcuni punti di anatomia
e fisiologia spettani alla dottrina del fico e del caprifico. From same
as last, Vol. VII, 1848, pages 394-417, tab. 3.

GASPARRINI, GUGLIELMO. Sulla maturazione e la qualita dei fichi dei Con-
torni di Napoh. In Atti del Academia Pontaniana, Vol. IX, Napoli,
1860.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 989

GASPARRINI, GUGLIELMO, Nuove asservazione su taluni agenti artifiziali

che accelerano la maturazione nel fico. Atti della reale Acad. d. sc.
, fisiche e mathem. Vol. II, Napoli, 1865.

GAUDIN, CH. ET C. StRozzI. Contributions a la flore fossileitalienne, mén
4; Neue Denksch. d. allg. Schweizerischen Ges. f. d. ges. Naturwiss.
Vol. XVII. Ziivich, 1860, page 10.

GeENYy, PH. Les Figuiers spontanés et cultives dans les Alpes Maritimes.
Nice, 1867. Only in MS. colored plates but no text. The present
whereabouts of the MS.—which is of great value—is unknown.

GIAcInTO, CaRLo. Agricultero de Malta. Not seen by me.

GLas, GEORGE. History of the discovery and conquest of the Canary
Islands. London, 1764, page 81.

GussongE, J. Enumeratio plant. vase. in insula Inarime provenientium.
Ficus auct. G. Gasparini, Napoli, 1854.

Hatevy, JoseepH. Voyage au Nedjran, Bullet. de lasoc de George d.
Paris. Ser. VI, Vol 6, 1873, p. 271.

Hanoreau ET LETouRNEUX. La Kabylie et les coutumes Kabyles I. Paris,
1878, page 434.

HasseiLquist, Friep. Reise nach Palestina, 1749-1752, ed. c. Linneus.
Rostock, 1762, page 221.

HELDREICH, THEODOR von. Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, mit beson-
dere Beriicksichtigung der neugriechischen und pelasgischen Vulgar-
namen, 1862, pages 20 and 21.

HEGARDT, CORNEL. Ficus in C. Linné Amcenitates Acad., Vol I, page 41.
Holmie et Lipsizw, 1749.

HEHN, Vicror. Culturpflanzen und Hausthiere in ihrem Uebergang aus
: Asien nach Griechenland und Italien, 2 aufl. Berlin, 1877, p. VII.
HERRERA, GABRIEL, ALONSO DE. Agricultura general corregida segun el
testo original de la prima ed. publ., 1513, por el mismo autor, Real socie-

dad economica Madriiense. Madrid, 1818, Vol. II, page 245.

Hii, Joun. A history of Plants, London, 1751, page 134. In this very
fine work, the author criticises Tournefort’s explanation of the effects
of the Blastophagew, and clearly states that it is easily seen that the
real result of the Blastophaga visit to the female fig is a pollination
of the flowers, by means of the pollen from the male flowers.

Host, G. Nachrichten von Marokos und Fes. Copenhagen, 1781.

Hueues. The country of Belochistan, etc. London, 1877, page 19.

Huc, M. Souvenirs ’un voyage dans la Tartarie el la Chine, 1846. Paris,
1850, Vol. II.

Ipn ret AwwAm. Livre de l’agriculture, traduit par J. J. Clem. Mullet.
Paris, 1864, Vol 1, page 336.

JOURNAL OF THE HORTICULTURAL SocirETy oF Lonpon, Vol. III, 1846.
Translation of Gasparrini’s Memoir of the Caprification of the Fig.

Knoop JoHaANN, HeRMAN. Beschrijvingen, afbeeldingen von de beste
soorten von Appelen en Peeren. Amsterdam, 1790, pages 32-35.

990 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Knorr. Thesaurus rei herbarie hortensisque. Norimberg, 1770.

K1aproru. Description du Tubet—du chinois en russe—par 1. Pére Hya-
cinth Bitchourin. Paris, 1831, page 139.

LAGARDE DE. Ueber die Semitischen Namen des Feigenbaums und der
Feige. Gdéottinger-Nachrichten, Jahrg. 1881, page 388.

La Hire. Observation sur les figues. Hist. d. Vacad. roy. d. sc. Mem.
d. Math. et Physique, 1712. Paris, 1714. The male flower of the fig
is first described here.

Lecierc. De la caprification au fecondation artificielle de figuiers. Comp-
tes rendues d. l’acad. des sc., Vol. 47, 1858, page 330.

Lrtone, B. M. The Caprification or the Setting of the Fruit. Sacramento,
Calif., 1891.

Letone, B. M. The fig. Ann. Report of the State Board of Hortcult. of
the State of California, 1889. Sacramento, 1890.

Mayr, Dr. Gustav. Feigeninsecten, beschrieben von. Verhandlungen
der Kais-Konigl. Zoolog-Botanische Gesellschaft in Wien. Jahrg. 1885,
XXXV, Bd. Wien, 1886, pages 147-250. Tafl. XI-XII. The standard
work on fig insects.

Mayer, Paut. Zur Naturgeschichte der Feigeninsecten.

Manca DELL’ARCA, D’ANDREA. Agric. de Sardegna.

Masuin, E. W. Caprification of the Fig. Placer County Republican, Dec.
29, 1886.

Meyer, E. H. F. Geschichte d. Botanik, Bd. III, page 278. Konigsberg,
1856.

Meyerporrr. Voyage d’Orembourg a Bokhara. Paris, 1826, page 203.

MILneE Contin, A. Botanical Dictionary or Elements of Systematic Bot-
any. London, 1770. Caprification.

Miceue., F. A.G. Prodromus Monographie Ficuum. Hooker’s London
Journal of Botany, Vol. VII.

Movers, F.C. Die Phonizier t. II. 2. Berlin, 1850, page 528.

Miuier, Frirz. Caprificus und Feigenbaum. Kosmos, VI Jahrg. Bd.
xii, 1882, page 342, etc.

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992 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

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BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 993

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994 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

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really the White Adriatic and not the Smyrna, as has been proven
afterwards, the error being caused by a misrepresentation of the
grower.

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Venuto, Antonio. L’Agricoltura. Napoli, 1516, cap. 9, Del Fico.

NOTES.

For full titles of works mentioned below, and for a fuller reference to
the researches and publications of the various authors, see the list of Lrr-
ERATURE above. é

1. As the flowers of the fig species are generally and well known to
botanists, I have considered best to hold my description of the fig flowers
in a more popular form, so as to be more easily understood by non-bota-
nists.

20. Pontedera, p. 175. This female tree he calls Hrinosyce. Gallesio
also mentions such tree under the name of Fico Semi-mula, but it is un-
certain if he himself has seen it. A somewhat similar form of the caprifig
is described by Solms-Laubach, p. 35, as having grown wild in a garden
at Chiaja, near Naples. Asall, or at least nearly all other fig species which
have been particularly described possess such an exclusively female form,
it is more than likely that Pontedera’s description is correct. Miiller and
Solms-Laubach assume that the edible fig is the female tree and the caprifig
the male tree, which I can only understand to mean that the edible fig is
descended from the female tree.

21. Gallesio, p. 46. Solms-Laubach doubts the correctness of these
descriptions and calls them most artificial, p. 33. But after his discovery
of purely female trees of the Java fig varieties, he may have somewhat
modified his opinion.

23. According to Solms-Laubach, there is absolutely no foundation for
this description, p. 33.

24. This caprifig tree grows in Shinn’s orchard at Niles; was imported

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 995

by G. P. Rixford. It is the only large caprifig tree known to me in Cali-
fornia.

25. 'The female tree of the fig was first described by Solms-Laubach in
species from Jaya. See his Die Geschlechtesdifferenzirung der Figen-
baiumen.

26. As will be seen in a different place, so far only very few exceptions,
have been noted, among them the Cordelia fig in Solano county, Cal., and
the Croisic fig growing at the mouth of the Loire river in France, and the
fig found by B. M. Lelong at Los Gatos, in California. See Solms-Laubach,
I, p. 14.

27. French authors generally describe the caprifig male flowers as hay-
ing only three petals, which is an error, undoubtedly originated by
describing the figure in ‘‘ Du Breuil,” where the figure of the male flower
is erroneously drawn,

28. Solms-Laubach was the first to thoroughly study the arrangement
and structure of the fig flowers. He was the discoverer of the gall-flowers
and the distinction between them and the female flowers. See his iast
cited work (25).

29. Both varities are known as Ficus carica Linneus, and to belong to
the same botanical species.

30. For Gasparrini’s theory, see his work vol. I, p. 378. Partheno-
genesis is an extremely rare occurrence and cannot be accepted without
' positive proof, which Gasparrini fails to give. Healso moderates-the force
of his arguments by saying that it may be possible for the pollen to have
entered in some way.

31. Fritz Miller, Cosmos, 1882, p. 342, seq.

32. Cornel Hegardt, Ficus in Linné, p. 41. This most important and
interesting reference made by Linneus to the sexes of the fig reads as
follows: ‘‘ Quod si jam fructus femineze foecundetur e cavitate fructifica-
tionis caprifici sc. maris adscendens farina antherarum penetret, tan-
demque per totam cavitatem disseminetur necesse est. Heec omnia nature
viribus impassibilia apparerent, nisi supremus genitos Ficui huic propriam
assignasset cupidinem. Cupidoficus nobis dicitur quem antiqui psenem
seu insectum ficarium vocarunt.”

33. Solms-Laubach. Die Geschlechterdiff. etc., p. 1. Prof. Solms-
Laubach adopts this view without any discussion and refers to it as being
as easily seen as soon as pointed out as the ‘‘egg of Columbus.”

34. Solms-Laubach relates, I, p. 17, that also in Naplesit is well known
that seedlings produce partly caprifigs, partly a number of varieties which
are poor for eating purposes. This practical demonstration of the rela-
tionship of the two figs is of importance as demonstrating that they are
different sexes only of the same species. My California experiments have
resulted similarly.

35. The fact that one tree has been found which produces male flowers

996 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and according to him also seed, does not in the least detract from this
theory. The Lelong fig, the Cordelia fig, as well as the Croisic fig, must
be cousidered as improved caprifigs which have not yet lost their male
flowers.

36. LaHire, page 287. But Colin Milne was the first one to closeiy point
out that the cultivated figs contained no male flowers, only female flowers.
(1770.) See Milne’s dictionary, article, ‘‘ caprification.”

37. Solms-Laubach, I, p. 14.

38. B.M. Lelong in Report of State Board of Horticulture, 1891, p.
234. Mr. Lelong says that the flowers ‘‘ were so grouped that the pollen
from one was freely conveyed to the other. Thus fertilized the female
blossoms had developed into hundreds of perfect seeds with well defined
kernels.” Here then is no proterogynic dichogamy, a notable exception
if true.

39. Solms-Labach, 1, p. 14, also Gasparrini, II, p. 400, tab. 2.

40. Gasparrini 1. ec. under point No. 8. He says he impregnated arti-
ficially thirty flower heads on a Ladaro fig by introducing into the aper-
ture the pollen of the caprifig. In California this experiment was first
tried in 1890 by Mr. G. Roeding.

41. Asis customary with unpopular theories, the first remarks on capri-
fication in California were simply sneered at and at the best considered
illusionary, and heated discussions were entered into.

42, For further account of this visit, see the introduction of the
Blastophaga in California.

43. So called because they were distributed to the subscribers of the
San Francisco Bulletin, an evening daily paper, which, during Mr. G. P.
Rixford’s management, did much for horticulture in California. A full
history of this introduction will be found in a work on Fig Culture, which
I soon hope to publish.

44. Solms-Laubach, I, p. 64 and 65. No seeds found in figs from An-
gouléme, St. Savinier, La Mothe, as well as in the ‘‘ wiid” figs from these
districts. Nor did he discover seeds in figs sent from Brazil, by Prof. F.
Miiller, same No. I, p. 39. The seedling referred to in Prof. Miiller’s
letter probably originated from imported Smyrna figs, similar seedlings
being quite common in, for instance, Washington, D. C.

45. Solms-Laubach, p. 34, is inclined to reject the parthenogenesis
theory entirely, until proven by conclusive experiments. HEyen Gasparrini
himself half doubts it, saying that pollen may possibly have entered in
some unaccountable way.

46. Arcangeli, p. 2.

47. Solms-Laubach, I, p. 11, found only twenty fertile seeds in forty
caprifigs (mammoni). Gasparrini, I, p. 328.

48. Profichi is pronounced as proféekée.

49. See historical part.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 997

50. Amos, cap. 7, v. 14; see further Solms-Laubach, I, p. 75; Lagarde,
p. 370, 395, 283.

51. Investigations arerequired. The North African States may possess
many of the Smyrna tribe.

52. Aristote, Hist. anim. lib. v, cap. xvi, 3.

53. Theophrast, II, c. 9, 5, etc.

54. This statement of Theophrast appears to me to indicate that none
of the finer Smyrna kinds were thriving in Greece. This is yet the case
in our day, neither in Greece, Italy, France or Spain do the caprification
requiring kinds of Smyrna succeed. Indeed, they are said to give but in-
ferior fruit as soon as planted outside of a few localities near Smyrna.
None of the cultivators or nurserymen of Europe seem even to be aware
of there being a type of Smyrna figs different from the kind grown by
them. Leclerc, p. 332, is the first writer to point out that caprificated figs
are superior to those not caprificated. But this can only refer to dried figs,
nor is it likely to refer to figs of the same variety.

55. Pliny, Nat. Hist., L. 15, e. 21.

56. Pontedera denied the nature of the sexes of the plants generally.
From his point of view, it was, of course, impossible to recognize any
reciprocity between the flowers of the fig and the Blastophaga.

57. Tournefort, I, p. 130.

58. Solms-Laubach, I, p. 26.

59. Milne, p. 13.

60. Cavolini, p. 240; cap. 28, p. 238.

61. Gasparrini, who especially points to Olivier as a great French
naturalist, appears, in his great enthusiasm over a similarity in views, to
have overlooked the fact that both Tournefort and Olivier were grossly
ignorant of what they wrote about. Any one who, in writing of caprifica-
tion, believes that the ‘‘ figues fleurs” are hung in the trees, cannot pos-
sibly possess an opinion of caprification worthy of being quoted and
adopted.

62. Gasparrini, I, p. 365; Semmola, 7c., p. 422; Solms-Laubach, I, p.
34.

63. Gallesio, p. 47.

64. Solms-Laubach, I, p. 31.

65. See paragraph on pomological maturity, p.

66. See paragraph on Botanical maturity, p.

67. The answers quoted here are Gasparrini’s; the comments those of
the author.

68. The caprifig has not been introduced to Brazil, and only recently to
California, where as yet comparatively few trees are found, all without the
wasps.

69. In this Solms-Laubach unconditionally, almost, agrees. See I, p.
36 to 40.

998 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

70. Gasparrini must be given full credit for being the first one to dis-
cover the cause of the failure of the Blastophaga to breed in the edible fig.
The insect cannot lay its eggs in the proper place in the ovary of the fig.

71. This is also accepted by other botanists, who have lately investi-
gated the subject. Solms-Laubach and F. Miiller, the two most prominent
fig investigators now living, consider the fig as the female tree of the
caprifig. Gasparrini investigated at a time when the theory of evolution
was not yet conceived, and when species were believed to have been created
distinct.”

72. According to Willkomm, there are 500 species of figs described.
And I may add they are all different from our Picus carica.

75. The time differs according to the climatic condition of the locality.
In Italy caprification is practiced in June. At Niles, California, the capri-
figs mature in the middle of July. In Lower California, I found the
Blastophagze emerging from the figs of Vicus Palmeri in March, from what
must have been the first crop of that fig. A taer generation again
emerged in September.

74. In the Baja California species of Blastophaga which inhabits Ficus
Palmeri, the wasps do not crawl through the eye of the fig, but cut a round
hole below the eye and thus escape in the same way as they did from their
galls. Only, the hole made in the figs is larger than the hole in the gall.

75. As his been shown elsewhere this is not always the case. If there
are no caprifigs of proper size the wasp cannot lay her eggs.

76. The closing of the eye by scales is a necessity. If the eye was
open the Blastophaga would find the fig full of other insects and the func-
tion in the fig flowers would be seriously, if not fatally, interfered with.

77. No one should attempt to understand the process of caprification
except he is possessed of at least a preliminary knowledge of the structure
of flowers, and of the importance and functions of their principal parts.

78. Solms-Laubach, I, p. 21, was the first one to correctly describe the
place in which the Blastophaga eggs are deposited. Gasparrini had in-
correctly believed that the eggs were deposited on the outside of the ovary.
Solms-Laubach demonstrated that it is deposited between the nucellus and
the integument.

79. Professor Newton B. Pierce of the Agricultural Department in
Washington, who has observed caprification in Sicily, informs me that in
the vicinity of Palermo the caprifigs are always brought from the ‘‘ hills.”

80. Solms-Laubach, I, p. 60, relates how a ‘‘Rottolo” of propichi in
Ischia frequently brings half a ‘‘lira.”’ According to Leclerc, p. 16, ¢. p.
330, and Hanoteau et Letourneaux, p. p. 433, etc., the caprifigs sell in
Fort Napoléon for 2 sous the dozen.

81. By Professor N. B. Pierce.

82. See the experiments of Gasparrini.

83. How far the production of a limited quantity of seeds in the com-

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 999

mon edible figs would cause these to drop is not known. This is a most
interesting field for experiment.

84. I was the first one to call attention to the value of the fig-seed as a
source of aroma and flower in dried figs. This is now almost everywhere
accepted as true and as being one of the chief causes of the superiority of
the Smyrna fig over the Italian figs, the latter seldom possessing seed in
any quantity. Leclerc was the first one to point out the superiority of
caprificated figs—in Algiers—but he does not mention the cause (p. 332;
see also (54).

85. See above page.

86. To what extent common figs are benefitted by caprification cannot
as yet be determined. Gasparrini demonstrated that many of the Italian
varieties were not benefitted by the procees, but rather injured. It may,
however, be -possible that figs of the common kind which contain more
female flowers than usual are benefitted by developing seed.

87. As noted already by Theophrast, Tournefort,!Olivier and by Gaspar-
rini. The practice is probably not uncommon among ignorant people.

88. Solms-Laubach, II, p. 2 following. The account of the different
Blastophaga species is mostly from the above work.

89. Atpresent nothing absolutey certain can be decided until the experi-
ment has been properly tried, but taking in consideration the fact that
distantly related figs species have always been found to be inhabited by
different species of Blastophage, nothing practical is likely to come out
of such trials. As regards the actual introduction by me of such Blasto-
phage, I may say that it was done without any expectation of success.
The well known entomologist, Dr. E. A. Schwartz, of Washington, D. C.,
writes me: ‘‘It is a serious error to believe that any of the species of
Blastophaga found in the wild figs of Lower California'and Mexico can be
colonized on the caprifig. The only way to introduce them is to have
caprifig trees grown in pots in Asia Minor, for instance, and when the
Blastophagas have been colonized on them, to transport them here in
living and healthy condition, with the figs yet attached.” Even more
closely related fig species are generally inhabited by distinct species of
Blastophaga. This indicates a difference in the structure of the fig
flowers.

90. According to Solms-Laubach, II, p. 2 and following, these tig
species and their inquilines were as follows: Covellia subopposita in-
habited by Blastophaga constricta; the Covellia canescens by BI. Solmsi;
Covellia lepicarpa by Bl. bisulcata; while in the vicinity were found Ficus
Ribes inhabited by Blastophaga crassipes; Ficus (or Urostigma) religiosum
by Blastophaga clavigera; Ficus diversifolia by Blastophaga quadripes;
Ficus hirta by Blastophaga Javana, ete.

91. _The Sycomore fig (Sycomorus antiquorum) is inhabited by the Syco-
phaga Sycomori, in general appearance quite similar to the Blastophaga of

I00O CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the caprifig. A second inquiline (the Apocrypta paradoxa Coquerel) is found
associated with the former in this fig, and it appears that also in other
Sycomore fig species are found several species of inquilines living together.
Wild fig species which I found in Mexico, were also inhabited by different
Blastophage.

92. This statement I take from B. M. Lelong’s report. My own ex-
perience is that trees grown from cuttings sucker as much as any others.

93. E. W. Maslin, of Placer county, has grown a large number of
seedlings from Smyrna figs, but none of them has proved valuable or has
even properly matured its fruit. W.M. Williams has told me of a seedling
fig originated in Los Angeles county, and Prof. EK. J. Wickson in his
California fruits, etc., refers to a ‘‘ seedling fig grown by Major Reading
in 1858, which bore figs of uncommon size.” In the Mediterranean
countries figs are frequently originated from seed accidentally, but few
varieties prove of any value. Solms-Laubach refers to figs growing wild in
France, which must have come from seeds, I, pp. 64, 65, and which did
not show fertile seeds. He attributes their origin to the aid of birds,
which must have brought the seed with them from southern districts
where the caprifig exists, probably on their migration flights from Africa
and south Italy towards the north. The caprifig seeds itself regularly in
all countries where the Blastophaga is found, but not in other places,
which indicates that even the caprifig must be caprificated.

94. These notes are principally from Prof. Van Deman’s account in the
U. S. Depart. of Agriculture, Divis. of Pomology, Bulletin No. 1, 1887,
p. 90, and from.

95. P.J. Berkman, in the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Special Report,
No. 4, p. 8.

96. Denotowitch, Anthony C., now of Fresno, California, late of Aidin,
Smyrna, has given me several points of interest in regard to Smyrna figs.
He has imported to Fresno several varieties of figs from Smyrna, and
during the months of May and June, 1895, he received regular shipments
of caprifigs with Blastophage every fifteen days. These were placed in a
fig orchard some six miles east of Fresno, but no results have been yet
recorded, nor could any well be expected for several months to come.

97. As has already been stated, the first introduction of Blastophaga
psenes was made by Mr. Shinn, at Niles, but want of sufficient caprifigs
for their propagation made the venture a failure. There was at the time
only one caprifig tree on the place. This tree had just finished shedding
a crop of ripe caprifigs, of which only a dozen ripe figs yet remained on the
tree. But there was absolutely no sign of a succeeding crop, and the
hatching Blastophaga had no caprifigs in which to lay their eggs. The
insects would then naturally perish, as they could not possibly survive
until a new crop of figs could attain proper size. It is absolutely neces-
sary to the welfare of the wasps that they should immediately upon their

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. IOOI

hatching have new caprifigs of proper size in which to lay their eggs. If
these new figs are not found on the same tree from which the wasps hatch
they must be present on other trees in the vicinity. The failure of the
first importation of Blastophaga to California can therefore not be won-
dered at. With only one caprifig tree and that one bearing only one crop
a year, this importation could not possibly have been a success.

98. The most interesting and astonishing discovery of parthenogenesis
in the‘wild fig was first made by D. Cunningham on the various forms of
flowers of Ficus Roxburghii. His experiments and observations on the
flowers of this fig species, both before and after the access of the Bias-
tophagas, show conclusively that parthenogenesis takes place in this
species and that the Blastophaga is necessary not only to produce seed in
the female flowers, but also to perfect the male flowers. Fora full account
of this see his work: D. D. Cunningham, on the Phenomena of Fertiliza-
tion in Ficus Roxburghii, Wall. Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden,
Calcutta, Vol. I.

99. Seedlings would invariably have a tendency to bring male flowers
in the fig.

I002 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
NDR OD UCTOR. scilsl: hie iaace a Nei tesa a rea aes GOS ean eee RE ME RTA Seta Sy cen 897
@ROPSKORGTHE IG 5..2)c.0 aicley a lab esssekspentes ciety tick eae Roan eel iey aoe 899
Generaliremarksisicac gsm puceene Ml gaa ae ee eT ene nes ern 899
ihe wWViariousiCropsro tate yh Chane ae nee n are reams 899
her Cropsrot ther C@apritio aaa ae asp ere ita ar yee: eee 900
Names ofrtherCropsw cia vais MNUI ak Pty aa vein nee erie ay sea 902
Names of Various Crops of Edible Figs... ...................... 903
Names of the Caprifig and its Various Crops.................... 904
Characteristics of the Various Crops of the Caprifig............. 904
Characteristics of the Crops of the Edible Fig................... 905
IB OUTTA TT ON SOY, Uruk baie cule Maat ie aie Ween nea UA ORR RUS ae cote bt ue eA 906
Generalbremarks iii cli ene) ois tener ero i getlfel- yo caine hsb) eee ee 906
A Miovsy Joivey Erranel eave) OPH omMTNee Lo ig koa poodao bcoodag Goo Cadoue oon Dee 908
SUI ICESRd Degen a Mean Re aoe evi oa eS TA Me eT le Su Alcon eee ras La. 910
ARIA E NY IE Wey NON yesh eey rag oosigne es meteles Ve lciai yt ty Olgld dasl ere aN eaIgEH OG DGG ic 912
UhewMem ale WHlowmerss e's occas vcctay cole eeerea eee te che jalie woken kereetea 913
MexGralltlowersi ose car salon skis sa ereron cena rte Vardenbie ee a6o 0 916
Wale VETO Wels) cchechy wala ues Ata Lasts eae a a een RE ne Caer esa Ou,
Malermlowers) ia Hi dilblerbiosay. sone aimee ie sai acer ears eae 918
Mey ox clea a Bile ee Gi i oie UNA aaa eat pro eaaceyiae reg ea uty yee 920
Variouspkand scotia Matin tives seers Meee eee cane ieee 922
Seed shiny Smyrna Hie ss bys al areca ret eon veneer te eee hate 923
Pollination of San Pedro and Gentile Figs...................... 929
Pollination of Hirst (Crop San Pedro Migs. nace emer 930
Seed sank Commioneb dillble Biosys eiescien yi sta sues aye erates 931
HlowerspmiOthershiles Species ericienca icles teal rere e eon Te ue arate 933
VOT ULTON MOR. TEGE VHT Gey ey Neye rts cy sare ae icatseacpatern Ran een Mea eMac ap arse liao 934.
Evolution of the Fig Flowers and the Fig Receptacle. ......... 935
Ovmkeahay Kori aialavewn Mobl ole IGiker Aan a iginine a4 boo oliuom cdlaoulsaunobodedds 937
CAPRI CANTO NMGa i a cj geia etree ce tes TINstacene meres lonenea ce tance a nst Sete RUO AC alee Raa 946
GeneralRemarks Agee in arcane al on MIS Wnaursean okay Seeaiicye alist eyelet 946
HistoricalyNotesionyCapriticatiomee seis hse Rls e erat 947
ihe shies Wiasps! or Blastophagasine que casera ernie euckatte 963
Life-History of the Caprifig-Wasps, Blastophaga psenes.......... 964
Table of the Life History of the Blastopaga..................-. 969
IBrocessor (Capriticatiomiiac in meee uy Panties spearereKen a taerenere 969
Separate Plantations of Caprifigs)..4..saeeeno cee deci eo 971
Quantities of Caprifiss Required ......2. 1.6... 0022 cee e ee ee een 972
IProperplaimesionr | Capriticationky erie einienc cine cineae societies 973.
Whatilakes Place in: Capritication my seo).cmsmenieiacie cients 974
What Does Not Take Place in Caprification..................... 975
Ther ttectsKotsCapritication mi-sm cr acra erase sclera 977

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIGS. 1003

Mhewmportancelot Seedsiny Dried shies 0s seis ieee etal elves ee 978
Wihichehies! Should be Capriticated yas ec ssce ccc oles cis lees relo i 979
WihererCapriticationyisy bracticed ams meyers pi) civatnetlsnechhs tists 980
Can Other Insects be Substituted for the Blastophaga sea Ghats. Goa Meat 982
Different Species of Blastophaga in Different Figs............... 984
SUTRA So aay eb Marion Pie a Ata om OG SMB Agito mac HiaD Sonia solar 985
ALBA Hera GUE ON risers ta ate Paltectin, Note Cain eRe ere RM RPE DY eon creos Nala en st Sener ay 986

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE HERPETOLOGY OF
LOWER CALIFORNIA.

BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH,
|Curator of the Department of Herpetology. |

The collection upon which these notes are based was
made by J. M. Stowell and S. C. C. Lunt while on a
zoological expedition to San Pedro Martir Mountain in
the northern part of Lower California. The specimens
which they secured now belong to the Leland Stanford
Junior University, and I am greatly indebted to Dr. Chas.
H. Gilbert of that institution for the privilege of exam-
ining them. Several species and one genus are included
which have not been recorded previously from the penin-
sula. These are Crotaphytus wislizenit, Sceloporus or-
cuttt, Lampropeltis boylit, Bascanton piceum, Thamno-
phis hammondi, Crotalus ruber, and Rana draytonie.

A few specimens in the Academy’s collection also are
recorded, adding one more species, Lepzdochelys olwacea,
to the known fauna of this territory.

‘STOWELL AND LUNT COLLECTION.

CROTAPHYTUS WISLIZENII B. & G.

One specimen (No. 1087) of this species was secured
at San Tomas, July 15, 1893.

UTA STANSBURIANA B. & G.

The collection contains specimens (Nos. 1437-1444)
taken at San Telmo, June 17; San Rafael Valley, June
19; and in the foothills of San Pedro Martir Mt., June
20-21, 1893.

SCELOPORUS ZOSTEROMUS Cope.

This species was found at San Telmo, and in the foot-
hills of San Pedro Martir Mt.

2p SER., VoL. V. January 15, 1896.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. IOO5

SCELOPORUS ORCUTTI Stejn.

This very distinct form was found in the San Rafael
Valley, July 15; at Wasson’s Ranch (in San Rafael
Valley 68 miles southeast of Ensenada), July 14; be-
tween Ensenada and San Rafael Valley, June 8; and in
the foothills‘of San Pedro Martir Mt., June 20-21, 1893.

SCELOPORUS BI-SERIATUS Hallow.

This lizard was secured between Ensenada and San
Natael Valley, june S,,1893; at) San elmo, July 15);
and on San Pedro Martir Mt., July 6, 1893.

SCELOPORUS GRACIosUS B. & G.

Several brightly colored males and females were col-
lected on San Pedro Martir Mt.. The number of scales
on the back ranges from fifty-nine to sixty-six, fourteen
to seventeen being equal to the length of the shielded
part of the head. ‘The femoral pores vary from fifteen to
nineteen.

PHRYNOSOMA BLAINVILLII Gray.

Blainville’s horned-toad was found at Ensenada, June
7 to 9; San Telmo, June 17; and at Wasson’s Ranch in
San Rafael Valley, July 15, 1893.

GERRHONOTUS SCINCICAUDA (Skilt.)

Five typical specimens were taken on San Pedro Martir
Mi-jnjune 20°to July) 5, 1393.

CNEMIDOPHORUS STEJNEGERI Van D.

The numerous examples of this species collected by
Stowell and Lunt have been recorded elsewhere. (Proc.
CalbyNcade ser. 2.1vOl.1V,) Dt. 1... 2OL, sloOd™)
VERTICARIA HYPERYTHRA BELDINGI (Stejn. )

The thirty-one Verticarias secured by Messrs. Stowell
and Lunt have been included in the table given on page

I006 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

131 of this volume. They were collected at San Telmo,
June 17; near Ensenada, June 12; and between San
Vincente and Salado, June 15, 1893.

LicHANURA ROSEOFUSCA Cope.

AY young specimen * of ‘this; snake (Uns) rs UE. INos
1125, vicinity of Ensenada, L. C., June 8, 1893) is in-
teresting because it shows the instability of the chief char-
acter upon which Z. orcutt7 is based. On one side of the
head there are two true loreals, as in Z. orcutt7, while on
the other there are three, as in L. roseofusca. The scale
rows are forty-one in number.

LAMPROPELTIS BOYLI (B. & G.)

The single specimen (L. S. Jr. U. No. 1724) is typical
of this species. It was secured in the foothills of San
Pedro Martir Mt., July rz, 1893.

SALVADORA GRAHAMLZ B. & G.

One typical specimen (L. S. Jr. U. No. 1723) was
collected on San Pedro Martir Mt., July 6, 1893. With
it is the following note: ‘* Sage brush—partly buried in
sand.”’

BASCANION PICEUM Cope.

That BL. piceum is based on anything more than mela-
nistic individuals of B. flagellum frenatum, 1 have great
doubt. ‘The evidence at hand, however, is not quite suffi-
cient to prove their identity, and it seems better to re-
cognize them as distinct forms than to run the risk of
premature ‘lumping.’ The difference seems to be purely
one of coloration, for although the type of B. prceum
(from Camp Grant, Arizona) has nineteen rows of scales,
all the (5) specimens that have been found since have
seventeen.

HERPETOLOGY OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 1007

Of the three adult specimens secured by Messrs.
Stowell and Lunt, one is as dark as the type of LB. prceum,
while the others are somewhat lighter, especially on the
tail. A young specimen (No. 1632) is not distinguishable
from individuals of B. f. frenatum of the same size.

aoa We) Noss 1132) 338 nog 247 Teon vicininy vot
Ensenada, W..@;.) june 11,1893.

‘THAMNOPHIS HAMMONDII ( Kenn.)

The two young garter-snakes (L. S. Jr. U. Nos. 1721
and 1722) collected on San Pedro Martir Mt., July 3,
1893, evidently belong to this species, although each has
a well-developed dorsal line extending over its whole
length. The supralabial plates are 7-7 and 7-8; ‘the
scale rows, 21.

CROTALUS RUBER (Cope).

A head (L. S. Jr. U. No. 1718) from Ensenada must
be referred to this form if it be admitted that ruber is sep-
arable: trom airox, The ditterence is purely “one of
color, but at present seems to be quite constant, however
additional specimens may affect our views. ‘The mere
fact that the difference is slight seems no reason for using
a trinomial.

CROTALUS LUCIFER B. & G.

meeheda (Ges Sir. Ul iNoti17 no) trom) San kedro
Martir Mt. seems to belong to this species, although it is
so black as almost to conceal the characteristic markings.

Dr. Streets’s ‘‘ Crotalus adamanteus atrox’’ from Los
Coronados Islands, referred to on page 156, really belongs
to this species, as Dr. Stejneger has already shown.*

*U.S. N.M. Report, 1893, p. 445, 1895.

1008 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

RANA DRAYTONII B. & G.

Except that the dorso-lateral ridge is probably less de-
veloped, the frogs which Mr. Stowell collected on San
Pedro Martir Mt. seem to agree in structural characters
with specimens of Rana draytoni from San Francisco,
Oakland and Monterey, California. The dark dorsal
blotches, however, are indistinct, small, and much less
numerous than in typical, 7’. draytonz, and the light spots
on the posterior surfaces of the thighs are more regular
and distinct. Two specimens from Colton, San Bernard-
ino Co., Cal., agree in color with the Lower Californian
frogs, and one of the examples from Monterey is not very
dissimilar.

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES COLLECTION.

LEPIDOCHELYS OLIVACEA (Esch. )

One young specimen (No. 2248) was collected at San
José del Cabo, by Gustav Eisen, Jan. 25, 1893.

TANTILLA PLANICEPS (Blain.)

A “specimen collected by Hs Billa at {San jjosemdel
Cabo, Nov., 1895, has but one postocular plate on each
side of the head, as in one of the specimens already re-
corded. ‘The entire lower surface is red.

THAMNOPHIS HAMMONDII (Kenn.)
A single garter-snake, typical of this species, was
brought from Comondu by Mr. W. E. Bryant.

nO Cia DINGS:

January 21, 1895.—Statep MEETING. \
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

George Otis Mitchell and R. H. Freund were proposed for membership.

A vote of thanks was extended to Mr. Owen A. Wells, member of Con-
eress from Wisconsin, for his interest and earnest labors in behalf of for-
est preservation.

John Van Denbergh read a paper on Poisonous Reptiles of California.

February 4, 1895.—Srtarep MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Donations to the Museum were reported from Charles M. Tyler and
George F. Breninger.

Additions to the Library:

IDROMT COMMAS DOMG EIN) GuibogoM oA moes doe cob ondg Sone soGE od oosuo DanMar 184
Bye DUT Chas Ckaatcnrere oie tclrss Serenata laresey sue caveee acs eet ae ay NTU oieec unr phate gs 29
MS Sy enCl TVA LY OMreie efit a!s daub yates tuo Seana sc pAcaca yor ooh oan pels spaeumn ee and oka vt ioe ft he 4

Leverett M. Loomis read a paper on Birds of the Ocean off Monterey in
Midwinter.

Miss Alice Eastwood exhibited foliage and cones of the newly-discov-
ered redwood from the head of Redwood Cafion and made some remarks
concerning the trees.

A history of the donation of the fund of $5,000 for the purchase of
books, by the terms of the will of Amariah Pierce, was given by Mr. S. W.
Holliday, and on his motion the thanks of the Academy were voted to
President Harkness for obtaining the donation for the Academy from his
old friend.

President Harkness gave a sketch of the life of Mr. Pierce and how he
came to bea life member of the Academy, also the circumstances attend-
ing the making of the donation.

February 18, 1895.—Statep MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Samuel J. Holmes read a paper on the Crustacea of the Pacific Coast.
65

IOIO CALIFORNIA: ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

March 4, 1895.—Statep MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

R. H. Freund, George O. Mitchell, Frederick A. Woodworth, 8. J.
Holmes and John Hornung were elected resident members.

Donations to the Museum were reported from Chas. Holm, R. E. Wood,
Capt. J. N. Knowles, A. Krause, Wm. G. Barrett, Mr. Ferem and H. W.
Fairbanks.

Additions to the Herbarium:

354 plants collected in Mexico, presented by Agricultural Department,
Washington, D.C.

70 Japanese plants and 186 Atlantic species from Dr. Wm. M. Canby, by
exchange.

50 plants from Behring Sea, donated by the curator.

300 Canadian plants, presented by the Geological Survey of Canada.

180 Florida plants, donated by the curator.

116 unnamed plants from the Agricultural College, Las Cruces, N. M.

25 Japanese and North American Characew from Dr. T. F. Allen.

1479 Pringle’s Mexican plants, by purchase.

Additions to the Library:

MTOMECOLES |) OTe WISI basse rece eile eee ee oe Peer 121
By DULCH ASE eee ati tumiaie, lial aetaale Inrct sth siete apes Beene nia eo ners =n ree 66
153/200 Koy oY HON ar as tM nea eran Naina Ber eArne He caus bhile Nin Sera ENS ale Gio din] S.Ole 00 o 23

Prof. H. P. Johnson read a paper on the Structure and Life-history of
the Infusoria as Illustrated by the Genus Stentor.

March 18, 1895.—Sratep MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

H. W. Fairbanks read a paper on An Ascent of Mount Whitney in May,
illustrated with stereopticon views.

April 1, 1895.—Svratrep MEETING.
The PresIpENT in the chair.

Donations to the Museum were reported from Wm. F. Nolte, J. Z.
Davis, L. Belding and Edward McCue.

Additions to the Library:

HroOm"correspon dents rawr ses aoe ee onc kkicr: 118
Biy purchases ip csi o eictole sai oee oye ate or SDE erate Bee SL eG RG OS ey EEC rent 47
By donation ie hre 5 os eee ace GIN e esr SECT RR ate Dn ne RICE 9

Prof. R. H. Freund read a paper on Blood, its Mocroscopic Characters
and their Importance, illustrated under the microscope.

PROCEEDINGS. IOII

April 15, 1895.—Statrep MeEeErine.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

The committee on public reservations presented the following resolu-
tions, which were adopted:

WHEREAS, It is rumored that the Government intends to construct a
road by filling in part of Mountain Lake in the Presidio Government Res-
ervation at San Francisco. This road, which would cross the lake at a
place where it is thirty feet deep, would be many hundreds of feet long
and would sadly disfigure this beautiful lake, and undoubtedly lead to its
final destruction by subsequent filling in and by greatly increased growth
of tules and other weeds.

Mountain Lake, which contains fourteen acres, more or less, is one of
the prettiest landmarks on the peninsula and its shores could with little
expense be converted into a beautiful park. A portion of the southerly
part of the lake is in the public park of the City and County of San Fran-
cisco, known as Mountain Lake Park, which, in the course of a few years,
will doubtless be beautifully improved by the city and county. Its water
is pure and good. It seems incredible that while we are spending $500,000
in creating a lake in the Golden Gate Park of San Francisco any one
should conceive the idea of destroying that most beautiful Mountain
Lake, situated close by, only for the purpose of securing a straight road
from the Marine Hospital to a public street. A road around the lake
would cost many times less, would be more durable and more beautiful,
and would serve every purpose, as going around the small lake would take
but afew minutes more time than crossing it on the newly proposed road.
But in order to reach the nearest street it is not necessary to cross the lake
at all, as a short cut already existing through a small sand-bank, if some-
what widened, together with filling in a few feet, would give immediate
access to one of the city highways. To destroy the beautiful Mountain
Lake would be, we think, a great wrong, besides there can be really no
necessity for it. It would be far better to dredge out the shallow weedy
portion of it and stock it with fresh-water fish, plant trees around its mar-
gin and make it ‘‘a thing of beauty” which would be ‘‘a joy forever,”
than to destroy it by making a highway across it.

To put a grade eighty feet wide on top crossing that lake would require
a filling of at least one hundred and sixty feet wide on the bottom; besides,
its weight would squeeze the mud from the bottom and in fact ruin the
Jake as such. It would be as well to fill it in at once.

We think it would be as sane to undertake to destroy the Farallones or
any other small island in the Pacific, so that a ship might pass directly
over it, as to grade across this beautiful lake for a direct road to the city
when no one could be to any extent accommodated by such change.

In our judgment it would be a wrong, a great wrong, one that would be
regretted for all future time.

IOI2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

We say improve Mountain Lake, beautify it, and make its ever-flowing
springs useful by stocking it with fish. Therefore be it

Resolved, That the California Academy of Sciences strongly opposes the
proposed filling in of any part of the Mountain Lake, and urgently requests
the authorities of the War and Interior Departments of our Government at
Washington to preserve the lake intact in order that it may some time in
the future be beautitfied and utilized.

Resolved, That copies of this resolution be forwarded to the Secretary
of the Interior and the Secretary of War, also to the Senators and Repre-
sentatives in Congress, as well as to the Mayor and Supervisors of this city.

W.S. CHAPMAN,
Gustav EISEN,
Committee.

May 6, 1895.—Sratep MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Donations to the Museum were reported from Wm. F. Nolte, Rev. F. H.
Wales, Olaf Olsen, J. B. Walker, Mrs. Fannie V. Hubbard, M. Braverman
and Dr. David S. Jordan.

Additions to the Library:

EROMUCOrrESpoOMdents 2) 1h cy Wns wha iil a cee les locente se wean taker Sava ene 146
IB VeDULC IA Sensi ruta: une U sr tiel ects sel raves coat aec hed NIA y a BSE aes eM 124
Bry OM AE OMe) 5).cra wig pale elioro ake dis siucents Mp seats sade Cael eRoet ee hte tral aca ee 5

Mr. D.S. Richardson gave an illustrated lecture entitled ‘‘ Mexico, an
Hour below the Border.”

May 20, 1895.—StatTEpD MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Donations to the Herbarium were reported from Dr. Wm. M. Canby
and Frank W. Hubby.

Accessions to the Department of Conchology:

Donation from D. Thaanum, Sandwich Islands, 21 species.

Exchange from Buffalo Society of Natural Science, 37 species.

Exchange from Naturalists’ Society of Seattle, 22 species.

From State Mining Bureau, 110 species of fossils, collected by W. L.
Watts in Ventura and Los Angeles counties.

Dr. Gustav Eisen lectured on the Expedition to Tepic, Mexico, in 1894,
with stereopticon illustration.

PROCEEDINGS. IO01l3

June 3, 1895.—Statep MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Donations to the Museum were reported from H. Miiller and Lillian
Thompson.

Additions to the Library:
rom correspomdentsy)ia.. chcaswass 42s): Agate Genet naire eu tee Cleese 119
JB Ny TORN GI NESS) Lal al Cn RNR a aera INE a aie Se Ae aioe Maa eO orn nw ote Dosa Haat 52
By donation

President Harkness exhibited specimens and described an interesting
fungus found on Madrono in Mill Valley.

July 1, 1895.—Statep MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Donations to the Museum were reported from Oscar Kunath, H. E.
Weeden, J. Z. Davis, Alex. H. Lyons, W. W. Price, Lester L. Edner, A. C.
Wright, J. M. Hyde and A. Krause.

Additions to the Library:

HLOMMECORTE SP OMMEM ESS iy is lei cetera eee eee ICI eb ctere peer 117
IB} V7 JOULE] AENSYS) on a GMa at a arena ina aitinD Gta cann LS etiosca ane a mado Ot 62
LBW CIOMEOMLWG HAS OG Beas AelaGe eon cee VodbaAlaseawoOC Foo ooo Ag asdo nD aboe 2

The President called attention to the summary dismissal of Prof. Geo.
Davidson from his position at the head of the Coast and Geodetic Survey
on this coast, and, on motion, W. S. Chapman, Gustav Eisen and G. P.
Rixford were appointed a committee to present suitable resolutions on the
subject.

Edward §. Jones described the preparation of calcium carbide and gave
an exhibition of the acetylene gas derived from it.

Prof. Gustav Eisen gave a lecture on Lower California and Sonora, illus-
trated with stereopticon views.

August 5, 1895.—Statep MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.
Donations to the Museum were reported from John L. Howard and A.
C. Wright.
Additions to the Library:
IMFOMUCOLTESPOMG SMES) say ales sioreqers iy oe oles yeu soles ovesenel oie: euch ete er tshiere volte ef ef -Melol Rent 168

IB yopUnCWAaser ee cr enn slciieteualolee sare ereei tier eeenegare pet cllepea-yecksteiteRWeihetoieeatey= 68
TH Clot aol i PEE ne ue MRS DOSS chews acd Sun mA eho ooo Iban oon 8

Iol4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

George Otis Mitchell read a paper on Our Modern Conception of Matter
and Force.

Announcement was made of a recent discovery on Alcatraz Island of a
fossil, the existence of which disproves the idea that the San Francisco
sandstones are pre-cretaceous. The cast of the fossil was found by Cap-
tain A. W. Vogdes and it may be referred to the genus Venericardia, a
genus which ranges from the cretaceous to the tertiary formation. This
discovery, with that by Major Elliott of an Inoceramus, named by Gabb
after its discoverer, clearly indicates that the San Francisco sandstones
probably belong to the cretaceous period.

Louis A. Robertson read a poem on evolution.

The committee appointed to draft appropriate resolutions on the dis-
missal of Prof. Davidson from the Coast Survey presented its report,
which was received and placed on file.

September 2, 1895.—SrarED MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Donations to the Museum were reported from L. Belding, Mrs. C. W.
Geiser, Henry Helfrich, John M. Curtis and C. E. Hayes.

Additions to the Library:

TaiHoneTy | COMMAS) NOMNCKENAN ES Ges Geo ows DORR oS ek oe boUD Uo UbdHbo UAOO amscol 117
ID/OE) | aoaaeasdkadocud cuca suob oo adombhebogD sodg obo SCO Dec 299
13g Chop Moe Adee Anta Mole ei ep Shin do ye Oto one DoRadG-cH oO moog on) bad ac 26

Leverett M. Loomis read a paper entitled ‘‘Aerial Voyagers.”
Amendments to Article III of the Constitution, proposed by the Trus-
tees, were read and adopted.

September 16, 1895.—SrarED MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Donations to the Museum were reported from Henry Hemphill.

Additions to the Herbarium:

216 specimens of Hawaiian plants, presented by the Botanical Club.

37 specimens from Ojai Valley, Cal., presented by F. W. Hubby.

75 species from W. G. Wright, in exchange.

72 specimens from the herbarium of the University of Minnesota, in
exchange.

Prof. William E. Ritter read a paper on the Zoological Station of Naples
and what it has done for the promotion of biological science.

President Harkness reported that the Council had decided to report

PROCEEDINGS. IOTS5

back to the Academy the proposed amendments to Article III of the Con-
stitution without change.

The proposed amendments were then read, and, after the words ‘or in
approved interest - bearing corporation bonds” were stricken out, were
adopted, by sections.

As adopted the proposed amendments read:

*‘Section 5 of Article III of the Constitution of the California Academy
of Sciences is hereby amended so as to read as follows:

“Section 5. Whenever the Trustees shall have in their hands funds
that in their opinion are not needed for the immediate use of the Acad-
emy, they shall have the power to loan the same in the name of the Cor-
poration upon such terms as they may deem fdvisable.

‘No loan, however, shall be made except the same shall be secured by
mortgage of unincumbered real estate in the State of California; or by a
pledge of bonds of the United States, of the State of California, of a County
or City and County of this State, whose value shall, in the opinion of said
Trustees, be ample security for the amount of the loan and the interest
thereon.

‘The funds of the Academy shall not be loaned to any of its Trustees,
nor shall any loan be made except upon the vote of not less than five of
the Trustees, entered upon the record of their proceedings, and specifying
the amount, terms and security, and the person to whom the loan is made.
If any loan is made contrary to the provisions of this section, the Trus-
tees making the same shall be individually and severally liable to the Cor-
poration for the amount so loaned.

‘«Section 6 of Article III of said Constitution is hereby amended so 3s
to read as follows:

‘Section 6. The Trustees shall have power, if in their judgment it is
advisable, to invest any of the funds of the Academy not needed for imme-
diate use, in bonds of the United States, of the State of California, of any
County or City and County of this State. Such investments, however,
shall be made only by the unanimous vote of all the Trustees, entered
upon the record of their proceedings and specifying the amount and char-
acter of the investment.”

Mr. E. J. Molera read certain proposed amendments to Articles II, III,

IV and VI of the Constitution, consideration of which was postponed
until the next meeting.

October 7, 1895.—Stratep MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

H. P. Johnson, John C. Merriam, W. A. Setchell, Vernon L. Kellogg,
David C. Booth and A. Van Der Naillen were proposed for membership.

IO16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Donations to the Museum were reported from Mrs. Sophia Casey, G. P
Rixford, C. S. Capp, Henry Helfrich and Henry Hemphill.

Additions to the Library:

From correspondents..... Ree re Ateneo aC IA etre is aha Neto tl NGG CN eon 'c 113
EBS VAP UT CHASE cis )eihes- cai 5 ceeayisnaberay 7 corciera ice neato ns a Seca eve ay ame ae Me a Beene 49
By OMA tVOM (62)... lta cencoe aa eneile cise lesbos Gp seaiuar mena Rep CR cts Pee etene grea 4

Dr. David Starr Jordan delivered a lecture on The Value of Faunal
Studies.

The amendments to the Constitution proposed by Mr. Molera were pre-
sented and on vote the matter was indefinitely postponed.

October 21, 1895.—StatEpD MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Otto von Geldern, John Hornung and Hermann Kower were proposed
for membership.

Additions to the Herbarium: Ss
'358 specimens collected by Dr. Edw. Palmer at Acapulco, Mexico,
donated by California Botanical Club.
195 specimens collected in the Hawaiian Islands by A. A. Heller,
donated by the curator.
17 specimens from Catalina Island, donated by Mrs. W. J. Ten
Dr. H. H. Behr made ‘‘Some Remarks on Extinct Animals and the
causes which led to their Extinction.”
The following papers were read by title:
Notes on a Specimen of Alepisaurus esculapius Bean, from the Coast of
San Luis Obispo Co., Cal. By Flora Hartley.
Description of a New Jack Rabbit from San Pedro Martir Mountain,
Lower California. By John M. Stowell.
A Supplement to the Bibliography of the Paleozoic Crustacea. By
Anthony W. Vogdes.
A Review of the Herpetology of Lower California. Part 1—Reptiles.
By John Van Denburgh.
On Land and Fresh Water Shell of Lower California. No.5. On West
Mexican Land and Fresh Water Mollusca. By J. G. Cooper.
On Heteromorphic Organs of Sequoia sempervirens. By Alice Kastwood.
California Water Birds, No.1. By Leverett M. Loomis.
Coleoptera of Baja California. Supplement. By Geo. H. Horn.
Third Report on some Mexican Hymenoptera. By Wm. J. Fox.
The Fishes of Sinaloa. By David Starr Jordan.
Some Mexican Neuroptera. By Nathan Banks.
The Species of the Genus Xantusia. By John Van Denburgh.

PROCEEDINGS. LOW 7,

The Neocene Stratigraphy of the Santa Cruz Mountains. By George
H. Ashley.

Changes in Fauna and Flora of California—On the Power of Adaptation
in Insects. By H. H. Behr.

A List of Lichens collected by Mr. Robert Reuleaux in the Western Part
of North America. By Dr. Stizenberger.

Notes on the Habits and Distribution of Autodaz iécanus. By John Van
Denburgh.

The Californian Phryganidian (Phryganidia californica Pack.) By Ver-
non L. Kellogg and F. J. Jack.

Cranial Characters of the Genus Sebastodes. By Frank Cramer.

A Review of the Herpetology of Lower California. Part II.—Batra-
chians. By John Van Denburgh.

Description of a New Species of Gobiesox from Monterey Bay, Cal. By
Seth Eugene Meek and Charies J. Pierson.

Some Parasitic Hymenoptera from Baja California and Tepic, Mexico.
By Wm. H. Ashmead.

Contributions to Western Botany. No. 7. By Marcus E. Jones.

Explorations in the Cape Region of Baja California in 1894. By Gustav
Hisen.

Description of a New Species of Ranzania from the Hawaiian Islands.
By O. P. Jenkins.

November 4, 1895.—Stratep MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

H. P. Johnson, John C. Merriam, W. A. Setchell, Vernon L. Kellogg,
David C. Booth and A. Van Der Naillen were elected to resident member-
ship.

Additions to the Library:

EPOMMCOLFESPONGEN tS HEN heel, hh gaunt re leniren se ewremnasl saeco 4a ua veae a eawon 174
TE} ye [ONO AG ANS) Saal lhe ae Ae DE RES OME SIP SAGs ain VENA Ata, ANN Gara LMU cae 473
ldhy ClOMANOM Gy aceneos Sonne e ooo cUnHboDboc didbobcdugeon Woke odo mG4 a0 4

Dr. Gustav Eisen delivered a lecture, illustrated with lantern slides,
entitled ‘‘A Glimpse at the Ancient and Modern Civilizations in Guate-
mala.”

November 18, 1895.—Statep MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

A paper by Captain A. W. Vogdes, entitled ‘‘Typical Military Roads,
with Illustrations of the French Road System,” was read by the acting
Secretary.

rors CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

December 2, 1895.—Statep MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Donations to the Museum were reported from J. F. Bekeart, Samuel B.

Doten and G. P. Rixford. ——
Additions to the Library:

IRiONany GOWAN OOUGIENS Gc skyuqoaploca scion oboe codcno soca code upon soadNs 82

1B UA MIN sin een ri ee HRD EA Nigh ONb ane o/c.a\5 nig Gole/age Gola.c.0.00 0 co 53

IBhy CloimenmMOMe. Hebe sodawsagucde Bub oad wboveu Dodo Dade ab190 dedood ond dood i)

Also Harmonica Macrocosmica, an astronomical atlas, published in
Amsterdam in 1708, presented by Carlos Troyer.

Dr. O. P. Jenkins delivered a lecture on ‘‘ Glaciers, Past and Present,”
illustrated with stereopticon views.

December 16, 1895.—Starep MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Additions to the Herbarium:

81 specimens from Atlantic States from Wm. M. Canby, in exchange.

41 Hawaiian plants, donated by Miss H. A. Spaulding.

30 specimens from the Summit, donated by G. W. Dunn.

22 specimens from Lake, Shasta and Kern counties, presented by mem-
bers of the Botanical Club.

81 plants from Calaveras County, donated by Dr. F. E. Blaisdell.

Mr. Leverett M. Loomis reported the donation of several hundred care-
fully prepared bird specimens and a representative series of eggs of Cal-
ifornia birds from Dr. T. S. Palmer of the Division of Ornithology and
Mammalogy of the U. 8. Department of Agriculture.

A vote of thanks was tendered to Dr. T. 8. Palmer for this highly val-
uable addition to the Academy’s scientific collection.

The nominating committee reported the following ticket:
For President, David Starr Jordan.
First Vice-President, William E. Ritter.
Second Vice-President, J. G. Cooper.
Corresponding Secretary, Theodore H. Hittell.
Recording Secretary, Gulian P. Rixford.
Treasurer, Lucius H. Foote.
Librarian, Carlos Troyer.
Director of Museum, J. Z. Davis.
Trustees, W. C. Burnett, W. S. Chapman, Charles F. Crocker, H.
W. Harkness, W. S. Keyes, George C. Perkins, Granville W. Stewart.

PROCEEDINGS. IOIQ

January 6, 1896.—ANNUAL MEETING.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

George C. Edwards and Frank H. Vaslit were elected life members, on
recommendation of the Council.

Otto von Geldern and Hermann Kower were elected to resident mem-
bership.

The reports of the Officers and Board of Trustees were read and ordered
on file.

As the result of the annual election, the following were deciared officers
for the ensuing year:

Davip STARR JORDAN, President.
WitL1aAM E. Ritrer, First Vice-President.
H. H. Beur, Second Vice-President.

J. OB. Gunn, Corresponding Secretary.
G. P. Rixrorp, Recording Secretary.

L. H. Foorr, Vreasurer.

CHARLES A. KEELER, Librarian.

J. Z. Davis, Director of Museum.

Trustees:
W. C. BURNETT, W. S. CHAPMAN, CHARLES F. CROCKER,
Wenor IGEY ES. E. J. Mouera, GEORGE C, PERKINS,
G. W. STEWART.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN FOR 1895.
The additions to the Library for the year 1895 have been as follows:

ELOMMCOLTES POMCEMUS yj arte ake eee eet sae Concrete een storey 1646
VST CHAS Cyne Uae cee ih cea tanec ee cre ayers’ a aroun 1394
IBNY. -GCIOMENGONOLN. is ces olaen haeNa Miolsiaia Windia abs 6 Solan Geni Ge 109

HIRO) rea LEM tee ea as ee Co eT CCEA clad bo Maeve de ee oon, ec 3149

Valuable donations of books and pamphlets have been received from T.
F. Allen, G. H. Barber, Frank Campbell, T. C. Chamberlain, Geo. K.
Cherrie, Frank M. Comstock, E. D. Cope, M. A. Cornu, Alice Eastwood,
Dr. Gustav Eisen, Thos. Hanbury, 8. W. Holladay, Robert L. Jack, Charles
Janet, Vernon L. Kellogg, Dr. Otto Kuntze, Dr. F. Kurtz, D. T. Mac-
Dougal, George H. MacKay, James M. Macoun, A. M. McClatchie, George
Lane Mullins, A. §. Packard, R. A. Philippi, H. A. Pilsbry, William E.
Ritter, Benjamin L. Robinson, H.C. Russell, Federico Sacco, Erwin F.
Smith, C. A. Townsend, S. M. Tracy and F.S. Earle, Carlos Troyer, H.
W. Turner, Frank H. Vaslit, A. W. Vogdes, Henry B. Ward, Herbert J.
Webber and Don E. S. Zeballos.

Early in the year the bequest made by Mr. Amariah Pierce of $5,000 for

I020 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the purchase of books, became available. In February a list of desirable
publications was carefully prepared, which was printed in convenient form
and a copy sent to a large number of the principal dealers in scientific
books, with a request that each would indicate on the list the works whith
he could furnish, with the lowest price for cash, and return the marked
lists. The returns were then tabulated for the purpose of comparison and
orders were sent out in accordance with the most favorable bids. The
orders for such books as could be procured in the United States went to a
local house and a large order was sent to Leipzig. The remainder was
placed in the hands of our London bookseller, who undertook to procure
the books from the different dealers designated on the list furnished to him,
collate them and ship to the Academy in convenient quantities. :
The additions to the Library thus far from this fund number 648 com-
plete volumes, besides numerous parts of volumes not yet completed. In
accordance with the provisions of Mr. Pierce’s wiil each volume bears upon
the title page:

| | DONATED
| BY
AMARIAH PIERCE.

The cost of the books already received has been about $3,500. The final
shipment on the orders placed is now on the way from London. It in-
cludes a complete set of the publications of the Museum d’Histoire
Naturelle of Paris and also of the Société Géologique de France, besides
many other rare and valuable works, the value of the consignment being
about $1,200.

The following is aglist of the publications, purchased with this fund,
received up to January 1, 1896:

Anatomische Hefte. Weisbaden. Arbeiten, Bande i—v; vi, Heft 1; Ergeb-
nisse, Bande i, ll.

Archives de Biologie. Paris. Vols, i-xiil.

Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Générale. Paris. Series 1, vols.
i-x; series 2, vols. i-x and supp. vols. to iii, v; series 3, vols. 1, il.
Archives Italiennes de Biologie. Turin. Tomes i-xxiii; xxiv, Nos. 1, 2.
Archiy fiir Mikroskopische Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte. Bonn.

Bande i-xlv; Namen und Sachregister zu Bande i-xl.

Bibliotheca Zoologica. Stuttgart. Hefte i-xvili; xix, Lief. 1.

Biologisches Centralblatt. Leipzig. Vols. i-xv.

Hooker’s Botanical Miscellany, vols. i-iii; Journal of Botany, vols. i-iv;
London Journal of Botany, vols. i-vii; Hooker’s Journal of Botany
and Kew Gardens Miscellany, vols. i-ix.

Isis von Oken. Leipzig. 1517-1848.

PROCEEDINGS. IO2L

Jahresbericht wiber die Fortschriitte in der Lehre von den Pathogenen Mi-
kroorganismen. Braunschweig. Jahregang i-viii; ix, abt. 1; Register
Jahrgang i-v.

Jenaische Zeitschrift fiir Naturwissenschaft. Jena. Vols. i-xxix.

Journal of Physiology. London. Vols. i-xvii.

Morphologische Arbeiten. Jena. Vols. i-iv; v, Nos. l, 2.

Morphologisches Jahrbuch. Leipsic. Vols. i-xxii.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1830-1894. Index
1830-1890.

Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia. New
series, vols. i-xvi.

Zeitschrift fiir Wissenchafthche Mikroskopie und fiir Mikroskopische
Technik. Braunschweig. Bande i-xi.

Zoologische Beitrage. Breslau. Bande i-iii.

Agassiz, Louis. Iconographie des Coquilles Tertiaires. Neuchatel, 1845. -

Apgar, Austin C. Pocket Key of Birds. 1893.

Arago, Jacques. Voyage Autour du Monde. 5 vols. Paris, 1840.

Baillon, H. Histoire des Plantes. Vols. i-xiii. Paris, 1867-1895.

Baird, Brewer & Ridgway. North American Birds. 3 vols. Boston, 1874.

Bajon. Mémoires pour servir a l’Histoire de Cayenne, et de la Guiane
Francoise. Paris, 1778.

Baker, J.G. Handbook of the Fern-Allies. London, 1887.

Baker, J.G. The Amaryllideze. London, 1888.

Baker, J. G. Handbook of the Ivridex. London, 1892.

Balfour, F. M. A Treatise on Comparative Embryology. Vols.i, ii. Lon-
don, 1880-81.

Baudrillart. Dictionnaire des Péches. With atlas. Paris, 1827.

Beddard, F. E. Animal Coloration. London, 1892.

Beechey’s Voyage in H. M.S. Blossom. Zooiogy. London, 1839.

Behrens, Wilhelm. Tabellen zum Gebrauch bei Mikroskopischen Arbeiten.

Bloxam and Huntington. Metals; Their Properties and Treatment. Lon-
don, 1885.

Boas, J. E. V. Lehrbuch der Zoologie. Jena, 1894.

Boveri, Theodor. Zellen-Studien. Hefte i-iii. Jena, 1887-90.

Brand and Coxe’s Dictionary of Science, Literature and Art. Vols. i-iii.
London, 1865.

British Museum. Catalogue of Birds. Vols. i-xiy.

Catalogue of Lizards. 1845.

Catalogue of Lizards, 2d ed. Vols. i-i11, 1885-87.

Catalogue of Shield-Reptiles. Parti, 1855. Appendix, 1872. Part
ii, 1872:

Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles. 1873.

Catalogue of Batrachia Gradientia. 1850; 1882.

Catalogue of Batrachia Salientia. 1858.

1022 CALIFORNIA; ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

British Museum. Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes. 1858.
Catalogue of Gigantic Land Tortoises. 1877. pes
Catalogue of Tortoises, Crocodiles and Amphisbenians. 1844.

British Ornithologists’ Union List of British Birds. London, 1883.

Buller, Walter L. A History of the Birds of New Zealand. Vols. i-ii.
London, 1888.

Bush, Richard L. Reindeer, Dogs and Snow-Shoes. New York, 1871.

Cavanilles, A. J. Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum que aut Sponte in
Hispania Crescunt. Vols. i-vi. Matriti, 1791-1801.

Chapman, Frank M. Birds of Eastern North America. New York, 1895.

Chastellux, Marquis de. Voyages dans l’Amerique. 2 vols. Paris, 1786.

Cheney, Simeon Pease. Wood Notes Wild. Boston, 1892.

Claus, Carl. Grundziige der Zoologie. Bandei, ii. 4th edition. Mar-
burg, 1880-82.

Claus, Carl. Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 5th edition. Marburg, 1891.

Comstock, John H. A Manual for the Study of Insects. Ithaca, 1895.

Daudin, F. M. Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles. Vols. i-vili. Paris, 1803.

De Candolle, Alphonse et Casimir. Monographiw Phanerogamarum.
Vols. i-viii. Paris, 1878-1894.

Delessert, E. Voyages dans les deux Océans Atlantique et Pacifique.
Paris, 1848.

Dixon, Charles. The Migration of Birds. London, 1892.

D’Orbigny, Alcide. Voyage dans les deux Ameriques. Paris, 1853.

Doubleday, Edward. The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. Vols. i, ii.
London, 1846-1852.

Dumeril. Prodrome de la Classification des Reptiles Ophidians. Paris,
1853.

Duhamel du Monceau. Traité Général des Péches. 2 vols. Paris, 1869.

Elliot, D. G. Monograph of the Tetraoninew or Grouse Family. 5 parts.
New York, 1864-65.

Engler and Prantl. Pflanzenfamilien. Lief. 1-125. Leipzig.

Festschrift zum Siebenzigsten Geburtstage Rudolf Leuckarts. Leipzig,
1892.

Fitzinger, L. I. Neue Classification der Reptilien. Wien, 1826.

Fitzinger, L. I. Systema Reptilium. Fasc. 1. Vindobone, 1843.

Fliigel, Felix. English-German and German-English Dictionary. 3 vols.
London, 1894.

Foster, M. Text Book of Physiology. 5 vols. New York, 1893.

Gitke, Heinrich. Heligoland as an Ornithological Observatory. Trans-
lated by Rudolph Rosenstock. Edinburgh, 1895.

Gibson, W. Hamilton. Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms. New
York, 1895.

Goebel, K. Outlines of Classification and Special Morphology of Plants.
Oxford, 1887.

PROCEEDINGS. 1023

Goss, N.S. History of the Birds of Kansas. Topeka, 1891.

Gray, Jane Loring. Letters of Asa Gray. Vols. i, ii. Cambridge, 1894.

Gray, Maria Emma. Figures of Molluscous Animals selected from Various
Authors. Vols.i-v. London, 1854-1874.

Grisebach, A. H. K. Flora of the British West Indian Islands. London,
1864.

Haeckel, Ernst. Systematische Phylogenie der Protisten und Pflanzen.
Theil i. Berlin, 1894.

Harvey and Sowder. Flora Capensis. Vols. i-ili. Dublin, 1859-65.

Hertwig, Oscar. Die Zelle und die Gewebe. Jena, 1893.

Hertwig, Oscar. Lehrbuch der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen
und der Wirbelthiere. Jena, 1893.

Hewiston, William C. Illustrations of New Species of Exotic Butterflies.
Vols. i-v. London, 1856-76.

Hooker, W. J. Synopsis Fiicum. 2d edition. London, 1883.

Hooker, W. J. Niger Flora and Enumeration of the Plants of Western
Tropical Africa. London, 1849.

Hooker’s Icones Piantarum. Series 1, vols. i-iv; 2, vols. i-vi; 3, vols.
i-x; 4, vols. i-iv. London, 1837-94.

Hornaday, William T. Taxidermy and Zoological Collecting. New York,
1893.

Huxley and Martin. A Course of Elementary Instruction in Practical
Biology. London, 1888.

Jan, G. Elenco Sistematico degli Ofidi. Milano, 1863.

Jonge, J. K. J. de. The Barents Relics. Translation by 8. R. van Cam-
pen. London, 1877.

Kingsiey, John S. The Riverside Natural History. Vols. i-vi. Cam-
bridge, 1888.

Koch, Ludwig. Die Arachniden-Familie der Drassiden. Hefte i-vii.
Niirnberg, 1866.

Krefft, Gerard. The Snakes of Australia. Sydney, 1869.

Kuntze, Otto. Revisio Generum Piantarum. Parts i, ii, iii1!. Leipzig,
1891-93.

Kutzing. F. T. Species Alearum. Leipzig, 1849.

Lacépéde, Comtede. Histoire Naturelle des Serpens. Tomesi, ii. Paris,
1788-89.

Latreille. Familles Naturelles du Régne Animal. Paris, 1825.

Latreille et Sonnini. Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles. Vols. i-iv. Nouv.
ed. Paris, 1830.

Lindley, J. Tradescantia undata.

Mabille et Vuillot. Novitates Lepidopterologice. Fasc. 1-12. Paris,
1890-95.

Marshall and Hurst. A Junior Course of Practical Zoology. Fourth
edition. London, 1895.

1024 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Mcllwraith, Thomas. The Birds of Ontario. Toronto, 1894. —

Merrem, Blasius. Versuch eines System der Amphibien. Marburg, 1820.

Minot, H. D. The Land Birds and Game Birds of New England. Cam-
bridge, 1895.

Molino, P. Fr. Alonso de. Vocabulario de la Lengua Mexicana. Leipzig,
1880.

Miiller, Herman. The Fertilisation of Flowers. Londen, 1883.

Museum Richterianum. Leipzig, 1743.

Museum Senckenbergianum. Vols. i-ili. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1833-45.

Newton, Alfred. A Dictionary of Birds. Parts i-iii1. London, 1893.

Orton, James. Comparative Zoology. »New York, 1894.

Paleontologische Mittheilungen aus dem Museum des Konigl. Bayer.
Staats. 2 vols. and atlas. Stuttgart, 1864-84.

Pappe, L. Silva Capensis. Cape Town, 1854.

Parker, T. Jeffery. Lessons in Elementary Biology. London, 1893.

Payer, J. L’Expédition du Tegetthoff. Translation in French by Jules
Gourdault. Paris, 1878.

Pfeiffer, L. Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger. Zweite Auflage. Jena,
1891. Nachtrige. Jena, 1895.

Rothschild, Walter. The Avifauna of Laysan and the Neighboring
Islands; with a Complete History to Date of the Birds of the Hawaiian
Possessions. Parts i, ii. London, 1893.

Sachs, Julius von. Lectures on the Physiology of Plants. Oxford, 1887.

Sachs, Julius von. History of Botany. Oxford, 1890.

Salviani, Hippolyto. Aquatilium Animalium Historia. _Roma, 1554.

Sargent, Charles Sprague. Forest Flora of Japan. Cambridge, 1894.

Sargent, Charles Sprague. Scientitic Papers of Asa Gray. Vols. i, ii.
Cambridge, 1889.

Saunders, Howard. An Illustrated Manual of British Birds. London,
1889.

Schafer, E. A. The Essentials of Histology. Philadelphia, 1894.

Schlegel, H. Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpens. 2 vols. and atlas.
La Haye, 1837.

Schwalbe, G. Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Sinnesorgane. Erlangen, 1887.

Sclater, P. L. Argentine Ornithology. Vols. i, ii. London, 1888-89.

Seebohm, Henry. The Birds of the Japanese Empire. London, 1890.

Shaw, George. General Zoology or Systematic Natural History. Vols.
i-xiv. London, 1802-24.

Shufeldt, R. W. The Myology of the Raven. London, 1890.

Standard Dictionary of the English Language. Vols.i, 11. New York,
1895.

Staudinger and Schatz. Exotische Schmetterlinge. I Theil, Zweite
Auflage, Lief. 1-10; ii Theil, Lief. 1-6.

Stearns, W. A. New England Bird Life. Vols. i, ii. Revised and Edited
by Dr. Elliott Coues. Boston, 1893.

PROCEEDINGS. 1025

Stone, Witmer. The Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
Philadelphia, 1594.

Strasburger, Eduard. Das Botanische Practicum. Revised edition.
Jena, 1887.

Strasburger, E. Handbook of Practical Botany. Edited by W. Hillhouse. ,
London, 1893.

Sundevall’s Tentamen. London, 1889.

Swainson, Wm. Exotic Conchology. Second edition. London, 1841.

Swainson’s Zoological Illustrations. Series 1, vols. i, ii; series 2, vols.
i-iii. London, 1820-29. i

Tchihatcheff, Pierre de. Voyage Scientifique dans l’Altai Oriental. With
Atlas. Paris, 1845.

Trumbull, Gurdon. Names and Portraits of Birds. New York, 1888.

Tradescantia, 6 plates; Commelinaces, 4 plates.

Tuckerman, Edward. Synopsis of the North American Lichens. Part i;
Boston, 1882. Part ii; New Bedford, 1888.

Villefosse, Héron de. De la Richesse Minérale. 2 vols. and atlas. Paris,
1819.

Voyage of H.M.S.Sulpher. Zoology, 2 vols.; London, 1843-45. Botany,
London, 1844-46.

Waterhouse, F. H. Index Generum Avium. London, 1889.

Wilson, Alexander. American Ornithology. 3 vols. and atlas. Phila-
delphia, 1828.

Wilson, Scott and Evans. Aves Hawilensis. Partsi-v. London, 1890-94.

Wood, W. Index Testaceologicus. London, 1856. ,

Zimmerman, A. Das Mikroskop. Leipzig, 1895.

INDEX.

New genera in full face, new species and varieties in SMALL CAPITALS, Synonyms in

italics.

Atbomancd epllartyratrerevecjsicccieystterercisie.cieicais 493 Alosa sapidissima...........:.-:s0-2.- 790
CLOBEUT OA rrreye eye ste eta aval cteoc asters vereccvaialaks 494 Alphestes multiguttatus............... 443
Aboma ETHEOSTOMA.............. 381, 497 Amelanchier alnifolia var. UTAHENSIs. 679
Abronia cycloptera .................... 716 pallida var. argula.......s.c. cece 680
micrantha var. PEDUNCULATA,..... 716 Ulahensissemiceer ives: sadn udsou" 680
Abudefduf declivifroms................ 476 A4mmodytes personatus..............-- 796
BAX AIS etirtnete acicieaiistecinctisee ee AD Ammodyitidsere ec ialciersioree sie Sara tate 796
Acanthaclisis congener..............-. 518 Ammophila femur-rubra.............. 266
VED eC ockeacod aeOsoRe eee Cena bun En 518 MiCANS! i se)- see ae esieteite tl orletacvere 266
Acanthocottus polyacanthocephalus... 808 PLCLIPEN Isher sey eae ceeteelelaeoets 266
ANC ODIO Ta DEUIMe essere eis eieisisielclsicieisieelere' 732 Warro witeoaneicterc ion oaicie ioe aeiee 266
var. tripartitum........ SO6de00 627 VANtCHO PLOT Arte ters afelaleicl ci-leisle sicieleicleiehete 266
Achirus fonsecensis................ 413, 505 Anachis coronata.. 2... 2.5)... ss. e0sst 38
mazatlanus........-2062-5-+-2 0 413, 505 LES ENE aoe aE BpaonsbouConbenadeeneS 38
Acipenser medirostris................. 789 Anarrhichadidessecsentisociiereciciecs 848
transmontanus................. Shoo tsk) Anarrhichthys ocellatus............... 848

PA CIPODISOLIG xe fe\siereiclsjetel ot='siel-/o1eis) ofc) eleieieiere 789 Anchovia macrolepidota............... 411
Acmea dalliana..................00000- Bho | NAO Ayasooosoabosteoneacdaadnoded coed 790
FASCICUMALISH erie sich ae creat ate 38 Anemone multifida .................--- 615
TEKH DUIE 3s boas Su sooouodoooooDoaeoC 38 Tetonensis..... ... Seopa ass aaecadicd 615
PACULOMENTUM. Warste lela ciiceisls Scieln cin «/eit isle 589 Anguila Blanca..................3- see. 403
JEchmophorus occidentalis............ 210 Din tage SHEUAOADUDO OOOO 401
FU CUGIUMY DAD )sei.1c.5 cicveiniersl calc «ie iele sfaisiere 730 im titarge cia rlateas sicic cove heyebeteesieie shetaeis 401
monoicum......... quouidodosoupion 730 | Anisotoma MERKELIANA.............-. 234
TELM easdasadscnsooodanaboosbos 728 | Anisotremus cesius..::............-.- 461
PASIALIGIS) NIVOSBs 2). ee cteleiene ciel selec o e's 224 COVA es See esate tea ar aa 461
WORM canoes poodnacomooounooesas 224 INterrupltus ees eee eee 460
Abtobatus laticeps.s.s..5. 0. ee ee ee 392 teniatussaca. cue: mp liceehepagis pas Lar 461
MATA NAT ays eey tetera avetelersico elena vals 391 Anniellagpulehralacyrsccicisiscrvescee 82
Agapostemon melliventris ............ 270 ANO MIAH AM DE Hs cercpeceterleretbsrstselaleleyetsielate 44
AVG enTaTINE RICAN Ary atciec/aelsiciciersia! ola ebaepersior= 265 Anoplarchus atropurpureus........... 846
Agonide ...... SS AE ORO HE EO aI 815 Anoplopomarfimbriasedtcsaileicie ke clei 802
Agonostomus nasutus ............. 413, 424 AN tWICL arpa tater tarclot cfaletsiesekeareherarets 229
Agropyrum glaucum................-.. 725 Apanteles MEXICANUS............--.0-5 545
Agujon .......0. REVUE Purser a vleh ueralerat oisaa 414 Apenes LIMBATA....... Nobauauonoosodot 232
Ailanthus glandulosa.................. 374 INO TI IE ae eu eM SE A 226
Alaba supralirata..................000. 38 Aphenogaster MUTICA. ........-.....- 891
Albatross, Black-footed...............- » 215 APHLIZaA NAPE atacapiienseicisiae lactate 224
Short-tarledy ers tersialescvsie slater 216 Apide........ ANA USea stasesa alos Carsearar teas tate ane OU
FIMPIME AWS Soe ro nA AsAeHnm os bonbucdeS 407 APISHMEMIfiC aiies-tercieyalorsieisjelatereerieletellarel> 272
AN ourubiok:). 43 boos ArasanosSdanopasmcuodnas 407 Aplopappus tnterior........... ....697, 698
PAVE CLISHCHIIATIS Nr eyteracies cial texeiersharortielolo 435 LINEARIBOLIUS(!. «010s cic e seein e\eine O98
Alectoria jubata c. implera. ...........- 536 VWALSENT ERT OR seteleiicisieleieisiereiaiete OOM
PIACIET OAC eraser cic cietoraletot sists el ole res tonatote 537 TM UCVONEM AR stavaiacisters seis etereicker ticle «ee. 693
{DRO GET oS AogunspoeaeneuEdacguee Geren 536 SQUaTTOSUS.......-. Spafessictelerststsis 0. 693
BALTNONTOSA cyorsiaeralataystotel-ucterelersieale drersiale 536 Aplysia.....-.... es fetce (overt es eahlarstastetaters 38

ANS PISAUTI CE ory pcteleyasisctiote on a olsieiaciccte 796 Apocynum androsemifolium ........-. 708
Alepisaurus eSculapius................ 49 VAT DUMUUL LIM yeraaieverarsietsieyelotsiel- 707
Dorealishy eae see eciae 796 Cannabinum na aoserceerele eesico., (NE)
AlexuruS ARMIGER.............. 381, 511 EPLOTLOUNAUM wre ovclargivinilaperatalskelelelieteois\ t= 708

1028

Apodichithys faviGusi. cic. crise -iere 845
FADO GOMNCOW lie tevelerereleresereusretsheaiclotsiercretersretete 442
MOULLOSElAerefaraisetevelsteleeloeieiewucretce 442
Aquilegia cerulea....... eee 018, 619, 721
var. CALCAREA........... eit 619
ALB VESCENSlsparnlaeireiscichclenteitiaresiciejetaOLGmOko
Arabis arcuata........... ab nmadeoonouK}S 621
var. PERENNANS............621, 729
hirsuta var. glabrata............... 620
Holbeellii ..... afeiotsloyorcte eh Agar G 729
IAT CAZOTATCIS Hei wumteceueccrssiistekes sloreuesieistera 44
miullticostataneacaanee ooo eeee 44
DACTACAIraeertereleryacticirelcitelaiooercivcete 44
tuiberculosawc.-niiciee oles ale 44
Arctozenus COruscaDS...............6. 796
ATC Oa HNECLOATAS!/-yo1-/feicyevers olniievelsisievelcemests 222
ATENALIA ACULEALA i \eercieioressieisieisceiclevciicicis 626
congesta var. ACULEATA.......... . 626
var. MACRADENIA............... 626
INA NGIIE aS Codgiso Gupdoedoso + eoEedoord 680
IMNLENPLeES) cine ioe ees Barveiete 224
CUN GTleesieyeteieisacvelereveheuii terion ».-627, 680
MACHA ACNUA./.rosielelecieisercisicieiciee eleele O20
melanocephala.............. GSO 224
Nuttallii var. GRACILIPES.......... 626
var. gracilis ............. Rseriche 627
Argentinide............60 cose cess cere 792
Aristida purpurea.................-.006 724
ATIUSFASSIMIILIS Hye nyelieieleccieinverelelersererciiete 395
Artedius lateralis...................... 807
FAS CALA PIT sieeicte vote cyst evelitststcnsiedsie eretecseerntels 521
Ascelichthys rhodorus................. 811
Asclepias fascicularis..... .......... 872
LABRIFORMIS......0..cceeceseceeees 708
Asemobius.............-6.20.0-- 237, 238
OQUMLA TU Steireteieravcleletecheisrecevorerceeteroine re tere 238
Aspidophoroides inermis...... ....... 815
Aster glaucus var. WASATCHENSIS..... 694
Parry ieiciesieeineiiccs Miia is ai eaestade ee eteice te 695
THERMALIS........4- Séapuadooudodon 694
tortifolius var. FUNEREUS......... 695
VeNUBEUS ......2- dod0aesapaqd akelatelevels 695
SWITCH GIT yaraielercleyetnieiersioveins ce eter einels 695
XVLOLNIZA ap rovoncelvereielsteleisioretotaysieietslafele 695
Astragalus aboriginum......... 633, 640, 641
CEN DUS shite sc itatat stoxsielsiaistcelepactel reise 636
GCULUTOSERTSiarcisistetsielelcisinieiciaislelaetererete ses 677
adsurgens .....+. matetolelsicreists wiavetefel heer 646
BEPCSUUSMareielaiovevaisieialsieloreicceiejers 640, 646, 647
AILOCHTOUBS!jorcisatetayeineisi cvs cleo eielercieisclele 644
alpinus...... Afavebonelataavavsvere cicvsicheisiciokete 633
amphioxys.652, 653, 656, 669, 670, 671,
672, 675
ANIQUISCALTIS seereieieletsiaierelolereicisicicicis sreisiele 634

ANGUSTUS. ....... Gudiocoodd 613, 634, 635

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY

OF SCIENCES. —

Astragalus ANGUSTUS Var. LONGIFOLIUS 635

VAT PLC MU S\eparctelstchertetelsictiteiceterela 635
CIOUPLOTLS a005 co0000 000800800000 0000 675
ARIETINUS.........-.--653, 657, 663, 666

var. STIPULARIS........ do9000.00 654
FATIZONIC USM eelteriea(lsleye ices eee 677
arrectus. ........ Retcioteten terete 649, 664, 665

var. EREMITIOUS........... wee. 665

SCAPHOIDES....-......000- 664
asclepiadoides...............--- 657, 664
atratus var. MENSANUS...........e- 665
atropubescens.,.......---2-- eer eee 665
BERNARDINUS)|eeritdtecicisteheeceieeeire 661
IBIS OlOWiliceeterentrirrcieoieesciee «.-. 656
EBOQUIUE es sore ieieisente foe chs cree Oe «1. 639
COS PULOSUSilsercieverstercioperctorerstoiciettercletetete 647
Californicusliecsncmieccescee nee 649
CALYCOSUB)ojreiclclelsieielsieleloleelaclsiereietsrenrae 677
CAM PEBLLIS | hk. Sloe ee eee 668
Canadensis var. CAROLINIANUS.... 647
Candelarvus). vis... \-s/s\eieis/sielniclsl ie) fee) ONG

VAL CLUGWUS liars uiterevelseleieielevete icles 676
Candolleanus ..........-.-..0 Dodac Want!
CENAMUCUS racrloiieleiciissieevaceioete 613, 635

var. imperfectus.........+- ... . 636

Jonesii ........ pada 0Obd 634, 635
cerussatus......... wee... 636, 637, 638
Chameleuces.. 2. ck cies ce ele 670, 671

var, PANGUICENSIS....... s5odo0 Wut
cibarius..... SO0bd0dLIGd000s 0000 658, 669
CICA CBOs rere ale reraeeyererer spetetoyens 652, 670, 671

var, LACCOLITICUS...........4. 672
COLLIMUS ye eieeieesehcclesel ce oieraeks . 649
conjupctus var. OXYTROPIDOIDES.. 665
CONVALLATLUSH ey tetsieiectectseloeicc terete 668
Coulteri........... atsisietetete eierarerteneete 669

var, FREMONTI..........-...008 669
CYESCENLICATPUS ....42 e+e cere eee wee 675
OV MB OLDESyarclerercreeversieteleletaatereierers -... 650
Gebilisweeciemiceelelesiers sOueSaoEGOsS 639
demissus......... eleteisite So.ndodaon 6 646
diphysus var. albiflorus............ 636
Dodgianus..... diobinigin |bndod doo 0De8 636
GOrycnio0ides.... 2... eee eee eee vee. 655
Doug lasii er yelereseriiereliteriertels sesee. 644

var. GLABERRIMUS ........204- 645
ENSIFORMIS,.......- o-+---- - 658
OREMUCUS Korersielaloke(rereicycrt sic celelelommeleteteroiers 669
EREMULCUS naa iselstole rele eee ese 665
ertOCArpUS .....+- +6 apodoudcagaoucn 676
filifolius ........eceecsceeee+-- 635, 636
flexuosus........... Mekecdaletcreteetietetcis 639
folrolosus .............613, 634, 635, 732
foliosus ..... oe yap ME bart tae 618, 732
FRANCISQUITENSIS. ........-+.0-0-- 666

INDEX. IO 29

Astragalus Fremonti...............26.-. 669 Astragalus nitidus.................-.-- 646
(ExCKiGal do ddodepondacamoounosnodEde 637 MAINE) conncaanoocapsoue. cdocobooK 656
BIEREORUS 555 cooco boagbaddHen OK 669, 670 MOLNOLY Siterrceltiertiterciore cieteietnetckolencieeke 677
APOE Ss bootGboooaadumanobUaseNDoS 633 (UMD cnindecinsdosuoaobooee GoD ao 656, 660
ORCIGEOP? Sauda a vobcd ao nosaOooUaTooao 646 NIU ttalliamisisryescheterd mere enieicierce 666
GUIS CODWOENS) aelcleleistejoletoreveicielaisio=iele 634, 668 ODSCULUS Ms assialelersiomietetelelevolefeleleleletelels 636
ante Olerrert circ dar ciecisicts ce ciarteicle 676 OOCATPUSeeriectos ctelsiertevatciokeleteretelerete 644
Hay denianus yyeeisiejisteiie nile nie 645, 646 OLObOldestaasenisoeec sees 633, 639
WE. TCH addtinccubanedaodsdee 646 pachypus........ shox dodoaocodbd06 660
LIN(EVAGENSTBS ajarcicleieriteishe cin evete 646 DATATISH ererererelarotalaictevorerelofeislsleleteretslorehers 675

JET RIGBONG coodcoonsbaocoagddosObGo 656 var. ARANEOSUS.........-..-.+: 675
HOLOSERICE UB). se cle sein) ieiclele 638 Parishiies seacccwianecle sect 644
Hookerianus var. WHITNEYI....... 668 Pattersoniesicawcrcvorcicleiacicreciecmere 636
Hornii var, MINUTIFLORUS......... 677 Var. PROCHRUS 6.1.00 =< feeeeee os 636
humistratus............--....-.000- 649 WAG Bodo. odsqoduabossese \GocG6de6000 635
var. TENERRIMUS .......-+e0+-+ 649 var, angustatus.....-........... 634
EDVWATZLNIUS slelatoteselavelaistcioteterers cheleieversiclel te 648 angustus ............--.634, 635
Hy POPlottist sass eens s 646, 647 filifolius\ cc Jase eee sien054,) O80
IMAM OX US eyarleereieieoisteleieeielelarcietete s 655 EOLLOLOSUS!.lnaiseis/teleeireeiceier 635
WOT TOS canooonodonnuEsudouepenOnoo 637 PIS CUNUS Paver cete ek ceelree erie 645
ENDER MED DU Sieeretatersrerete eiekerciciarenere) = elere 656 POT GLTN Ee ercre seater aieke ere eaiiettciete 637
ISM OCINSI-5 onda sobuoGabeODDDUOOS 666 (PU CCLONGUS steteiroaiclsishelsicielaieisteievensictaetos 636
Lodanthusierre each 653, 654, 663 MOR OCET-USsieleierslaisioveretevcleieieieiisellotietaseiere OOO
EDSON eieieteraiereictoiele\- sudodacuGhGess 646 PRUNINORMIStsetevete-telearctsisisiierekreloevel= 660
IUTATANN TU Sie sicratoetersielavelevoteterecieieleYe\evere =| 667 Purshiitreyareeiletrsttecierneraeisicieisterareere 669
Kentrophyta ...........-.0--.0006- 650 VATA tin Gussie eects 676
Var. UNGULATUS.... ......00- 650 TACEMOSUSE Meret eee eer neice 633

AM COATIUS siefelsieie/croeeeecciaiale sleleisciaisievele 636 Val BREVISETUS <a cincc cic ce oicleiee 662
UANOCATPUS voi. cece ence condor -scces 676 LONGISETUS .... 663
IE SdudccoosoouapUnpeonddctodsnos 613 TECUTVUS EMS eel HSN Oe 636
MFAXIMAN NT Ey geloveyorveleeeicieer eile teeters 646 REMUMCUStyateevclalciellareteterereaeste/atoletetere 658
IGG) G3 sou gbasdoocsooduabaseonds 669 REVENTOLDES ei cielsisiiclstciiiie tele ciere 661
MGOUDETBibcrrciielece selects octeieete 663 TOVENCUBssrleetelsltcvetsievoriaercietecte aeteiays 661
lentiginosus,.......-.. 663, 669, 672, 675 RODDINSIM cere eek iia ies emolers 633
VAL OHAR TA CHUSH csc clscicic ces 673 eothrOocicitaceeicistare se lercente erie e nO
CUSPIDOCARPUS.........0. 673 Rusbyi var, LONGISSIMUS.......... 662
DIAPHANUS .......-.-- 675, 677 sabulonum.................-...667, 668
DTEPHIVSUB elsiclcielesisiessiciens 673, 675 SQLUNUS eeracterelepslorercleleteiierelee titre 613, 675

TPA Wee yarteyercciosct ateistercict aici 675 BcODINnatuUlUSien elie acter elet: 633, 646
McDOUGALI..............- 673 SHATON Tiere nicer icsacecersloetcorcisie 676
NIGRIOALYCIS.........000 674 Serenolia.ccmcwucccicictcimerilecciiiane 656
leptaleus ..........- SAR ota se 639, 666 SCLOLINUB eae seorsetseiee cise 634, 668
NETEOVO NUS goonondcodd Adddcdousaeon 669 Var, CAMPESTRIS.........-...-- 668
UNG ULALUS ryalerotetstels! serelefoterelicieieisiclsver~ 648 BERPENSpectdseimiocisicsm cetaclelryetere 641, 644
CONGUPOUTUE) ei crcialafo\s aHelsicielsis/sie sisic «+s /0i 635 SHOCK EV seiace ayevsjelepeltcreciecistersie lve OOo
lotiflorus var. brachypus...........+ 663 Shortianus.................633, 658, 675
McDougali.,.......... dovdododedsude 673 Sileranus var. CARIACUS........... 642
megacarpus var, CAULESCENS....... 643 Simplicif oliusepeyeiaelee esereistey sieeve 647
VAL LALLY anccteiece var inecicererels 643 Var. CHSPITOSUS ..-.....-se-«-s 647

MEE DANIO Siterecttsyereretcisicle eset slots leyeleravele clei 666 SOUR! Ban causussaduasnucooDECaddoT 649
Missouriensis......-....--0.-2++++ 651 SPALULALUS anon aaclelet veleiseeisse eine: 648
IMU SINTER NSIS .i(ele)-1o\ie'slaicis) ia inie\eicisinle ele 671 SLIP UTARIS Sacre terete eisleeictem eerie 655
ING WIDELDYilieicioieteteleieicirelersicists 671, 675, 676 SUCPLOPUSmemajeryecetlseisieleteias tlt peletolerers 677
VWalOASTOREUSsiselstlcetelecieisiacis 658 STREATUR LOR USs sre iceciarctejejolelelelel sels ee 643
ERIOCARPUS..........- 672, 676 SULCUS Nawctersienicelerelsiccierets 646

IO30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Astragalus strigosus..... 2.0.22. ee eee 634, 668 | Axinea gigantea......,........-.-.-00- 44
BIUDCIME TOUS siercclayerercintekeleterselie ctevrel 636 Azevia panamensis...........------.0. 503
BUCCIIMbENS aA. eeecie ore eneenee 655 | Azolla Caroliniana.................2.6. 369
OS SLATIUS sarciacteliexeelstetereiciotsselatersiatatels 650 | Azteka cceruleipennis var, FASCIATA... 867

VAL CM PLELUS fo)aicie =u yee aisle seletel ots 650 | MISE Nie etcherleteisiela rt eiccerretaete 868
RODUNDUShsesieccemueerts 650 | Beomyces icmadophilus .............. 535
TEMIONENSIS( (c/s -1eicielateleiels elolclelevelsie 638596440) Bagre Blan cOme1-cyel-reryecieiy siccteketeeisciers 395
TOME Us aeeraieretereleloferelsiokefereveteveiarsioriatsrens 639 Colorado crremlleiiecieicl sce eiereeeie riers 400:
Thompsone............. GeOP OCOD 655 Bairdiella icistia (20.2... sj. a 5 «ce sce - 468
THOMPSONIANUG! sic\ccic crctsiiecrsicisis cisleie 656 | Balistes NAUFRAGIUM.. ........... 381, 488
MOL WC ANUS) jeveyareretelsver sales! sisvecietersie (aleve 640 POlylepisl vane crys eels 488
tricarinatus....... ........ Ba eteV evs 661 Balistid eye sae aoed-eclsirseccentemaate 488
ULIALOLUSHerolsicieieviorersrevetelcl syevere 636, 637, 6388 BarbatiafusCayececsemecrocerccebers 44
var. CANDOLLEANUS..........- 637 VAG Aba eiecceleianactaleicrolevoleine lavstee ater vers 44
ENSUE MRIS aueyetayererctoieletclarslere 637 Barbero Negroes. 65.22.15)... 2 <ciserele acess 485,
triphyllus........... 5 648 | Bascanion aurigulum............... 79, 149
IM WV COM YAiacrarerelsciclova suclalsyepsvecusiciovetsneterske 649 flagellum frenatum......... 79, 80, 147
TNE NSTSlopetetaiaielorerrelavecetsta-vercieiaisnsiciels 670 lateral evn iisescicoeislecvem econ aoe 82
UETS UTVUSsetoteberetelevareciseiaratercie cieicictchers 657, 658 | PICS UWI erelelesiayaterel-terelcieielTenereseicketeetetere) 1006
vespertinus,......+ 675 | Bascanium aurigulum.............se00s 149
WOO acoaak coco GboBbasHooenoddS 668 SJlagelliforme........ 2.46 fF Pie ee Ea 147
WUT GULULUS. vieisicisioencievsrciscsteisieieceecls 647 laterale aurigulum....... ...+.02.00- 149
Watsont......-.-..-..-.. nscesce ese 656 Lestaceum --- see se eee tee e eee 147
Watsonianus............. eae 656 | Bathymasteride....................06. 838
Wietherilliiasn aosckcees siete canto 637 | Batrachians of Lower California....... 556
Win Gatensisrrccveis a ppciinsilersailstsrte 636 | Batrachide ............ aS oared ooUCOn 840
Wootonix ees auie state ccc c cinaiisiercistets 636 | Batrachoseps attenuatus............... 560
ZI ONIS Hee yetiel rather oie neistciesins actos 652 | Bembex monodonta................... 267

Astralium olivaceum.............. 38 Bembidium JUCUNDUM ............ 226, 280
PUTT UN SSP ayepet cca tektsemy ciarcsan pear oial eaten 39 | lst aooonsn, dasoussdanpoaccan abc 802

Astroliy.tesicsccocinciielasescse ben ceece 787 | Bigelovia Bolanderi.... .. .........-. 693
fonestralis en wk assert SOT Douplasiiwyscveaiiodecenoeceee cee 690

AETV CLINT se aeversioietclotajeis/sielevareresunesiyreretats 418 Var. SPATHULATA .......002000% 690

Atriplexiargentes <icuisisccdcesceecleesees 716 QTAVEOLEDB ooo). /eiacjatsieie sy-lsserelsielrelace 731
CANESCENS Kya rielarerslerelalstevelerstaevarievuseaics TAT HO WATS HeA Se Nasia noe a oo sietsion terete 693
CORNUD Ar creietela)aciisiatsteretoiereteiare ai sieietels 718 | VAL ALTENUATA Gi e\scleiiiciiieiels 691
GRACILIFLOBA........0. 0000.04: 717, 718 JUNC Ae a cepoloersrdeitslenercioce teheaets 691
MiICTOCATPA sy aisles tae 716 | leiosperma var. ABBREVIATA ...... 693.
SUBDECUMBENS|is\clejeiereisis'«)clsisieleisiststciors 716 | MEA CRONE MAN ceycersietaletsielcelsiavcrcisiensis 693

Attia) Maeva atayelereisre cic blu tieiele s ariceeelars 896 Menziesii......... jondndoodaade 692, 693
BAUBSULLOL pectclolcle slorele nvalerer'etsl neietsterciots 896 | var. SCOPULORUM......... ...- 692
sexdens var. lavigata.............. 896 | Nevadensisneeremecemarae eee 693
EAT CUT AC a reverse fereioyescielalcioy tetedsta ete ciel 896 | APALTV A ievebels terete voteeetcketoe ce ck etetevoisloters $93

Attagenus piceus................00008% 227 | SQUARROSA\ sie ecsiesicleleicreyeer mea iciel 693

Attalus setosus..........52...-.6 cece e- 243 | DUR BLNA TAY eimajeisrelsyaleriel-ltchelsselalcheels 691

Auchenopterus monophthalmus...501, 513 | WEE albopboysodoudeoD OoaUEwodueadad 690

AUCLOSDUN Ce etretetetetersirieinetssaiciondieleicieys tecrenciete £89 | Biscutella Californica................- 625

Anklet viCassinsivciicciccreccins cuits D1) Bla ckoB ass elrerremtetarsteketorctetelexcteclkenchsietets . 798

Aulorhynchid®............00-- 2. eee eee 796 Blastophaga psenes.. .....916, 946, 964, 984

Aulorhynchus flavidus................. 796 | Blennicottus globiceps..............0. 808

Auitodaxsi6canus sinetarelctsiei.ciclsifeteroteraeneelate 176 Blenniidewe ce anriceisecjcum ie orem eietereenete 500

Averruncus EMMELANE.......-. 787, 821 Blepharida ATRIPENNIS............ 229, 249

Avicula peruviana........-se.ecsessees 44 Blepsias cirrhosus..............-...-. 810

Awaous taiasica...c... ..eeas eres eee 413 BomDUSieesijetictersrelsistelelevoioteereesreieyvokieier 272
tajasica..... SpschodanousooLEdod danas 494 | diligens ......... Sonodosckadbo,6005 272

Botete........ Sggd booodgasuoodsocan6Go4
Bothragsonusis wand enc sce) clleeleee
Bouteloua oligostachya...............
Brachyistius frenatus................+.
Brachymyrmex admotus......... ....-
Brachynemurus CALIFORNICUS.........
VADER RIN U Sloteieietoieieiersieleleleitiels cieereioieias
ALE XIN CHAUNIUS cotetajeterefetsyersiaieleterepevefeler sfeletsr
MEANS Googe odudidouDsoobopdoon
Back emileereryerectreerieievereietoeisteereicisieys
Brachyramphus marmoratus ..........
Wy POlOUCUS ere lelewciels eccle cl o\e\< = cle ehe
Bracon/excelsus..2. cic ces ccc cee oe oe

BLAND Seectasisiceicla tice eee eteryriets etslersctelats
Brotulide ...
ECM Sd cdooguougndvagkaeDbodsoObe
Bruchus distinguendus,...............
Bryostemma NUGATOR.......... 787,
polyactocephalum.................
Buddleia marrubiifolia var, UTAH-
IN SIS Meee otcieteieterel ae ieiausisieisicvelsleleieieleleyorere
IB UL ONDELAUICG Uy -iersjoreloioieleiels ciaisiesolejeyelsiavelelele
PuNnctatussac. le. i cece os 559,
Bulimulus artemisia ....
OOORERTarravetcistey ceielolstctateleeteiettereicvctete
DECLPLENS seicyoleiisjsciskereisicicle: steteisieieicinters
emeus var. membranaceus.........
inscendens ..... odes coAdéoonuctieass

eee score coer secs

Calamagrostis SCOPULORUM.......+-..-.
BY LV GEIS lreleie rete rciajeresa\sicleleieleleie’- elneisiale
Calamus brachysomus,............+00.
Calligrapha ancoralis........... douse
Calliopsis mexicana.........-.....----
Callisaurus draconoides.......- 79, 95,
dracontotdes..... ....ccccces Boros
dracontoides dracontoides........-.--
dracontoides gabbit......... sse.ee-
WGLTUCH IS Beriaisig Hono OODBGOuS 955 97),

CHIOM BAe cieaterieiieisteloteiers cierevelsiovoiateteysia\s

INDEX. I 03 i
490 Callista pollicaris............ceesee-00-- 44
815 Calosoma Sayi-.......ce eee es ete cee 225
724 Calyculina partumeia var. truncata.... 169
797 Camponotinirecciusciictelscwicleleletielerercreielsts 858
858 | Camponotus atriceps st. esuriens........ 862
519 ESUTIENS,....2.0 wees SAAN Ue 8 862
520 FRONTALIS ...... eeeeee paq00dDo0G00 862
520 punctulatus var. RUFICORNIS...... 864
518 TE PT CAN US stericieeteloieteicicrelerei=ileleiielstelsi= 865
519 SVU POUMMUS oeisyerefetetaleloleleretciere lolevetetetajetetelals 862
211 Candile=fisherieeraricsaeiclsntierclelctosieielelste 793
211 Caprifig. ..................897, 900, 904, 971
543 Carabideicewivencrcleclowtatsleeverceieieicleleieleiete 225
543 Warangid seyyererey terstercleleieimieloveietetsrexeishatelsisiolare 429
543 Oaranx CAabaAllUs vacericraeielsisieielelelenaiclelere 429
797 LP POSsraiercieisteieia\evorererclerePeleialraleie)siaVerels 432
7197 ERIS) SAGs sm auodGsa ose book Soeo6 GOKO 432
502 IMAL GIMATUS) pysteicieiciele clorel oveleriele) vela\ stars 431
229 MEDUSIG OLsApsteycteleysveterskelavelolorerreiers 381, 430
229 PANAMENSIS ie. 022 sic. cee cee cenes 433
843 VANCES eee ate einie es aialol Noletolotelcleieleie letersi £20,
841 Carcharhinus ethalorus............... 382
PLONTO ne itaisisielerstlsieccverehelelcbetelalersieveheietere 382

716 lami ellatecemeceeeeeneeee fs FORA ee 382
559 Cardamine cordifolia...........-....6. 620
560 Valen CAMA plerajetenee eyepetaiererstetore 620
163 Cardlen alicimicierctecctreceinoen ie etele eee. 442
163 CAritavCLasSareicic.ccjayarclara\clsloletctelctaieisioisielsts 44
164 FLAMIN CAiceturescre terse eieveMicletalef totale Pee «3
166 Carditamera affinis ...............000. 44
164 OardiumyCONSOLS seeciacmsles cilellerretoter 45
163 PLOCETUM....... . cee ~ sce 45
39 BONCICOSUMGi-iae/sielaloleletevelelseerstee ick: 45
462 Caretta TMDLICATALiiclercleicisicis cine sleyeteieieie 83
461 G@arex, Pyremaicas slices. isllaleicierretele)leltate 731
462 | Carphophis stramined.........-..++.00 138
417 Oassisicoarctatusicpcccieveiearial elec eicletels 39
449 sulcosa var. abbreviata...... ..-.. 39
446 TONUIS ee erarcjaiata crateiteloleioialevelelorevetololeverelels 39
451 Castilletasatinis.csciccacicee tcleeeercle 731
447 Catallinayecrerersrcisiecicteletelersioietelotaievel Keletorevereter= 461
445 Catolaccus TEPICENSIS.........seee-ees 554
494 Catostomus macrocheilus.............- 852
722 Caudisona atrox sonorensis....... .-s0+ 156
722 GUM ssssondooeuGs opobuoD, lobnoocecs 157
464 IMULCHELLE Tea rateray ePaisiolelalalejelcisisictels esp D SD,
229 Caulanthus crassicaulis var. MAJOR.... 623
270 Caularchus meandricus ........... 841
98 Ceanothus Fendleri var. VIRIDIS....... 629
98 Greggii var. LANUGINOSUS.........- 629
95 thyrsiflorus., ........ cscs cccncens cs 368
97 Celinaiangustatajicwiccleiciieirckdcies sects 226
98 Centris flavifrons................022206 22
44 Centropomide,......... ADA Haas eid 452
44 Centropomus ensiferus............-.-: 413

1032

Centropomus medius.,.........--.00005 453
MICTOSCONS seepiyeyreevae sree en elk 452
Medimacuilaerisccneisciesie 413, 453
ODBC Ri srercsetessiatersiviecriels seeds eee 453
WATT AIS i dape cre sapere ielers nae tae oeicee ean 452

Cepphusicolumbainjeaeieearies canine acts 212

Cenam\by cid meetin hoc ice 228

Coratinaimexicanasnrn.vrp renter 270

Ceratoneura MEXICANA.,....,.........- 554

Ceratopheidole..............-.....5 889

Gerceris Sraphbica yes «sevice science 266

Cercyon RUFESCENS...........-..-- 226, 233

Cerenopus angustatus ................. 252

Cereus) Phurberi yer aerer nyc ners 756

Cerithium adustum.................... 39
GEM MAGUIM eve emis iene 39
ENCISWIN vrei caste eve terres 39
interruptuUmMy ease seaehee eee 39
ocellatumisaaienie sania celeste 39

Cheenactis attenuatd........cecceeeecees 699
Carphoclinian wcrie-ciscicciss ence cette 699

WAT ATT RENUATAS oicie sicccversiclele sceele 699
INTRPIN Warastclaveiatays svelstelsiciercveralersieintoiaeitans 699
Douglasii var. alpina........... 699, 700

VAT ap M OINTUAINAsieterepynielslepeyareyeeiareiers 700
Nevadensis! sci oo asec ckeeme e's 700

Chenomugil proboscideus............. 424

Cherocampa Achemon..............-- 375

Chetodipterus zonatus................ 483

Chetodon humeralis,...........-...... 484

Cheetodontid pyrene scenes nent 484

Chalcidid ee soni eee 551

Chamavechinataysereroce seca es 45
EX OLY TA Necrretelicjeleietcratetcietersvometctstel sscvelecet: 45
FONG OSA Vn see ee eee 45

Chamid ce yee ye Oe tag Clee aye ae Aas 403

Chanos\chanosiz,.-s essen eee 403

Charing trevor gata Mercere sine 138

Chauliodontide.. 3. jie ccs ccencee 793

Cheilodipterideve.a) ie neues 442

Cheloniayagassiziie eyo yean ic seuietces 83
RIOT UCHLG ie shee wasinictele sae relay sole teeetene 83
CULL padnnish sdoooddaa bo spa dnoaNeec 83

Chelomus albobasilaris................ 545

Chilomeniscus cinctus...........0.0-5.: 139
LASCIALIS as eiicinniciats ehateicieemieneiee 79, 139
HtLAMINOUS verre geist fortarie sete 79, 138, 139

BPASCUALUS I scesis eye sine rate eis ctonke 139

Chim Bride eveiersicc tae eee ieloe eee 789

Chionespulicariaceniaccwcass cece: 45
BUCCINC baeieeetcicis vicicisi stele creiieh 45
Und atellartrrncnacrces eects 45

(Olathe) auribceoHoD RAGS ADODo ona sab ashe 407

Chirotes wWrimcemtociemmetsteictestsiejateieeeivere 135
CON ALUCULALUS Reece ete eee 135

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Chitonotus pugettensis................ 805
CHUVO Sas ors Okina He ee eeteeene 427
Chloreainvul pinaras. passe leleelerineeeete 536
Chlorostoma coronulatum............. 39
CHO pas eee ee aoe eels dee EE 465
Chrysemys NEBULOSA.................. 84
Chrysidid wayne neice ces aoe aaa 260
Chrysisyseliniananaasrh cece ener 260
Chrysomelidaeyascaaeiece steerer 229
Chrysopa externa............... Bl aaa 516
IASKOLMMUG Eo noooanepuaoage ood oodb 517
PERE EOD As tlereteyateroinleicinryaiicteietokrrrds 516
VATGLD AR evatateseiheieicheveteictetetekereietstelarsictete 517
Chrysopideesrcectisiis seealetie nto 516
Chrysopsis CHSPITOSA..........-.2000- 694
WATOS B15 i aereladay aster aiaebe peat 694
COND Secs OOO Pea eRe Rata an GS 852
CLOT E GB se appa ve rouse oon evnie' Vat ther staked ree 473
Cirrhites betaurus.............0-.0000 472
Cirrhitid ates: fs sckhicsen cen eee eee 472
Citharichthys gilberti............. 413, 503
BONGUAUS ty rilecclort ioe nee cecil 851
SUMUCKT ASLAM aa eei erie eee 503
Citulasdorsalissssnacce sce cess cents 433
Cladina rangiferina.................... 535
Cladonia bellidifiora................... 535
fimbriata f. tubeformis............ 535
Clematis Bigelovii.............40- vee 614
Columbiana... cccete.ccaseseeevece 613
DOU Plaster), Seco cieciceteeyoeasiertec 614
Var. -BIGELONAEL «2 -)s\-\s/seliecene 614
Wernticillarisiwcitescivisceice 614
var. COLUMBIANA.............. 613
Cleome integrifolia var. ANGUSTA...... 625
Cleonus quadrilineatus................ 230
CLErid ese ase aes share eaaiattenaaeke 228
Clevelandiavioshyycmsnicctecice eats 839
Clidiophora punctata.................. 45
Clinideae eerste aaa: he ailo(ctulevan tonics 506
Clupanodon ceruleus. ..............-. 790
Clupeaspallasivr ajc ects cre neers 790
Clupeidereecccee cence cl reas 408, 790
Cnemidophorus hyperethra..... 2.2.0.2... 128
(OGRE Hasu.ssoandobododsaouboN 128

Na bialig eres ences ae ane ee 128

UI MAY EBaoomanocdoecoeoouodGoDeDS 125
INAXAMMUS Hyeioferetcverdattenisve cherries 79, 122
MuUltiscutatusls sac wtelieevaeietee 126
AMOS ogo ne os oooasuaSsanouaNd 82, 129
Btejneserivect iter -eicissloleiectrete 82, 126, 1005
tessellatus melanostethus.........000+ 126
INUTLUSCULALUS. arterel -vcinieletasietetels sietle 126

GOLA NG on.g08 scondoddo aboadodoon 126
bessellatussicicc acne en eke eae 126

INDEX.

Cnemidophorus tigris................. 82
@nicus CALCAREUS..............2-2- 00+ 704
CHAV/ATU Sisrrieitelatelersl-reusiciateievelelolersistere 704
DPI SaaadonplaoueaecsacoDoobe 704, 705
ND Mila U Staretaletetstovereler ova) sicleeiskeut latetstelelevere 705
Coccinellidze wee yee nee eee ee 227
WOCH OMe rreraeterteictatereuslarsialenavesclejeis wiskecnate 489
Wochinitoercr costes crsicive si cisis asia anne 486
CWodbrAllasliaryanc cts cinievstisierctre ies 849
IB Va CsA stay eavstetaste cio sherntoave eels 802
IB TiVO ragecracienereepover crete cis vsionlniote inte ate 801
COWILHNS: Gsqgoao bonodocodaoeaobduoebos 801
Codakia tigrina 5.5. <cjcccccsss.eceesa ss 45
OhyloramtsogoasoeouncdosenossodoubuooeH 468
Ccenogonium interpositum............ 5387
OOpiNGKO Gan dodhdonauoos dHodseo Oe oUAedS 429
Colaspis M@sTA.................... 229, 248
Coleoptera of Baja California.......... 221
COMO BA Scot boacoessoa SABC aoBe ere 270
Coloptera Parryt...........2.2....000 688
Coluber flagelliformis var. aurigulus.. 149
FNKOUT U6 ocdoooddcodooss boon oKAsoo 140
wertebralismieaene clo aaeelcer 150
Columbella cribraria.................. 39
AEUDISYOEN Sica a Ante a eae sern cae Rea 39
Colymbus nigricollis californicus..... 210
Comandra pallida.........chece sp eseeee 722
umbellata var. PALLIDA...... .... 722
Conotrache!lus ECHINATUS ............. 258
ISU CIAUNIUS Siatavatatenete: cisiesoitretelcsoiciauberaiere 230, 257
Conus) fullivuseeewecicie cic ciohisr inte 166
ConusPbrunNeusiyeaececs eciec kieeielece 39
PEIN CE PSkiaperjavcievesisielesienic Aelsyslesarelsts 39
PUNCTICUAtUS syascyse ile ecclesia: 39
PULPUTASCENS HE. 5. isc cee cies ele 39
Constantinos sericea eel sixe tle 453
de las Aletas Prietas............... 453
CootwAmMericanycjaceesies ceva eels hae 223
Coprophilushe re secs crisrsree maces 237
Copturus SOBRINUS ...............- 230, 256
Coralliophila nNUx. 2 ci... 35s cess 39
Cormoramti Baird sieves. sce neliel< ests 221
IBLANCbS seciecinchiteiess holsiNioes Meek 217
Corne tas eearreeistcieretsleise lacie aca aes 417
COTO OS Cian mg Gamo URS ORS aTS 383
WOTVITIA Taisen tas elec ea laete oss eereiens 466
Aletas Amarillas...........- ...--- 466
Corylaimacrops acne delsseiels ictal «lease 467
COttiG eee ee ere varianie didamerse ites 802.
Oottusiaspernnecgac-wecmripeniioeinciieies 854
Cotula coronopifolia............ ae Caaaite 368
Cotylopus gymnogaster............... 493
Crassatella gibbosa..................-. 45
Cresyaivetustarecccccriccliiismicincieis 228

Cremastogaster lineolata race cerasi.., 877

1033

Cremastogaster lineolata var. cerasi. .. 877

OWE Goud oganbooub ec oGbeeooldosadoo™ 876
SCULPTUWATAC i icjelrncce da driers 876
SUmiIchrastieaacclaaat coer 876
Crepidodera PENINSULARIS.........- 229, 249
Crepidulajaculeata... 0.) -sniee nse ee 39
GhubesonoooosdcudoboMeonooouooE buoS 39
Crepisioccidentalisiiajece--cciceemicciccee 706
Crotalus adamanteus atrow.............. 156
GULLO Riise eiatohs env cca sooneagene 79, 80, 82, 156
COLrastes ay -\emii eee eae 82
Gay Mhoosuboassocdsanagodonbos 79, 157, 158
Chlledt canon tdndooouasoGdaGseDoann 157
IWeitenimanced eee ee 82, 157, 1007
Mitchelliitenaseneeenceeece 78, 80, 159
ONCTONUSTENY Ovieralersrora tates lara taicier a 158
WOGHANAIG, Sonalobon spaced suucdee 159
IBM SS GoabomnaoddbOOUeADS Doo aD Ouod 856
DYNURUS Herero el ekeller terete ee aoe 159
TUDOR ee ses arnei sates nat tethers 1007
Crotaphytus copeii.................. 79, 93
CORIO SE SUB HOOBOD DGD sO nOSenh ne Gua 92
WASLI ZENIT yaiacrsie elseheNetee cieva sioner 1004
Croton Californicus................... 721
corymbulosus .............+00- 721, 722
PLAC ae rle re crsloseee tahoe nee oes 721
LON GLP BAteteiel slelstayaieteteterelereicioisier alters 721
Neo-Mexicanusi..) (1 sisece ee eniciene 721
Crucibulum scutellatum.............. 40
tubiferumbespey cert nie 40
Crustacea, Bibliography of the Paleo-
ZOU eerie ieee eee 53
Crymophilus fulicarius................ 223
Cry ptacanthodidiey ancien eee eee 848
Ory ptine cee eee reas ee eayaea 549
Cryptophagide errs a eee 227
Crytocarpa proceray.4.. 4c... eee 757
Otenosauraner vis seireeie ee tee eee 88
Acanthurnaecernees Acree eee ee 88
hemilophaqae ase oy ets)
Calera eel one at poe nae 402
Blancas yay Vetere peice as relate ieee recta nate 403
Gey OM eee escarole 416
Cupressus macrocarpa............-...- 368
Curculionider see Meee eee 230
Curlew; Long-billed.. sii. 2 scsi 224
Cyclopteride cence eee 827
Cyclura acanthurain i. .cs/ecssisi cere 88
Remilopnorrecesketeiydeaesciielcr eee 88
LER ES IR hese Rip teeusrare pen OU Mabe ua Lute 388
Cylindrosporium ACERINUM..........., 732
Gly Gy Trhizeye ey acrisloncterciciesrelcheiiors 727
Cymatogaster aggregatus..,........... 798
Cymindis CALIFORNICA...........++--:- 231
Cymopterushacaulersceer cements 688

1034

Cymopterus Fendleri.............. 688, 689
Glomeratustiseressatticiyeticecritt 688, 689
Veins dum Coyaaonpodagoy.odcs 688
dice gabe dosooeuseeoedasse n6aco 684
montanus .;:......... 684, 685, 686, 687
VATS GLOOOSUS) atciolelelaiereistetatetefeleiaiele 685
PEDUNCULATUS........... 686
PUrPULrASCENS ......eeee-..- 684
Newberryi var. alatus.............. 684
VAT WON ESTE eisisieteieicirsineisielcievetel= 684
IED Sgoo sod SO bbdGoobon. wBDG.0OdG Wes)
PUTPUTASCENS es ie eile cies cielelele 687
WHWN ONG 6.455 ododoboodascoddoon . 684
var. EASTWOOD .......... 685, 687
MONOCEPHALUS........... 685
CyMipid ers ciel acees 541
Cynoscion reticulatus...... ........... 466
Kamthulumbpeeierist either 466
Cyphomyrmex FLAVIDUS..............- 895
Cyprea albuginosa ........006.......-. — 40
ATADICUI At cane etm eee tesla 40
PUSEU a Lee Payee anteater sakes 40
SOMO as sagodageaeedaasaadamacon 40
IDEN EUEICE)s Us dogesadd ence Goebdeedodlodeuc 787
Damalichthys argyrosomus............ 797
Danas ElExdpPUS srs selves ste seiteloa oe 371
lO MEA AUNGIED) cho shapodoquosbgouooNoDoUUDD 227
IDREN ALA Es) cdnbesooduHdaub pon OeON a Ubaseo 388
Dasyatis longusis:....:...0..0-50-. .. 889 |
Dasycottus setiger.....:../............ 810
Dectes spinosus........ Beckson naub ene we 228
Deilephila lineata...../.000......0000. 374
Deleastentasccitisrelsvtstchisetecterr rire kere 237
Delolepis virgatus...............--00 . 848
Delphinium bicolor... 202 3.004.623..6.. 618
elatum ........ Batley susieiensreleleneterersiel stats 617
pauciflorum var. depauperatum... 617
scopulorum var, ATTENUATUM ..... 617
var. glaucum.......2.......... 617
subalpinum.: 3.0.2... 5.05% 617
Dermatolepis punctatus..... 0........ 444
IDEN ocnootoosHonbnubbasecenobo 227
Diapteris californiensis................. 469
ACTOS RU EROONE HG BONA A auracitras Gibkinn 469
Dinematichthys ventralis.............. 502
Diodon holacanthus....s. went e see niee we OLL
DARIO He SUNOSD ONG Ub EHH ea aa obOs 491
DWiIOAONGIA DR eins ee eee 491
Diomedea albatrus ................ 0008 216
MUTE TU OSheisiepaiereisions) sts sys eieve cero cries 215
Diplectrum= rad ales ses. sieve) ce seine ete 451
Diplodactylus unctus...........--0.00 0s 86
Diplodonta semiaspera................ 45
Dipsosaurus dorsalis ............ 79, 80, 92
Doeafis hier ierrcoclonsirerselrarterisciscesise res 789

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Dolichoderinivyejceeacieeeestn cee 866
Dolichoderus GRANULATUS............. 866
Donaxicalitornicuspeeeenieceeeenae 45
Dormitator latifrons................0.- 413
IM ACUI ATUS Peery risteicteicistelsisterteeietiet 493
DOnyliD tere sees eto tenia 8l4
Dorymyrmex flavus............600.0... 870
pyramicus var. flavus............. 870
SVT MINT CORUAU tstetetad te teicreclelcitesicteions 871
Dosinia ponderosa.................0005 45
Drabavwhintartccacteciecisacch me eet 621
nemorosa var. STENOLOBA.......... 621
SANUS soanobosspuasoouooooucSsaDE 621
Drilliavaterrima) 2s jye soo sesso ils cle 40
TID AUT Breet Varetvepisitetened veteetarersteleriens 40
Drymobius aurigulus ..2/.......cceee es 149
Duck Harlequintsiesces ssc 222
Dyschirius truncatus.................. 225
Dysphaga bicolor..........5.. 0.00.00 247
DE BLEU ars elsthetetoteteicrstetericteiers 228, 246, 247
EB WAS ee ctaccle 5, a ainlo'< Stezene en latersetorateeee 247
TENUMIPCS yrs eiche vail ecccercielousimersteyaieteree 247
Dytiscid eye sass cisisicielesitoisicnetate 226
Echinospermum floribundum.......... 710
UNSUNUNME ose iaicissfaisisistsiare sre aoucls oe elatcere 710
Elciton californicum subsp. opaci-

EH OTA Weber ate eter tote oro teenie 874
melanocephalum................... 874
NILEN Ses Henny eae ase seletes eeecenee 874
SCHMITI oe shek coe eners 874

Ectatomma rimuliosum var. SPLENDI-

DUM aeeteyatste cle aiisiete he iciche erercreteteteletreiotats 871
cet hbhen Coe sonoonude Bebe Colocobid. a. 871
SCUD OSA AN reicicincencietienioielelete eceictetoheiers 871

IDI MEMS SH boSSoobobbOboGobedoDDdCGo000 554
Hlateri d's vesayas cer cisteccevarciccorctersieiaieve ehetateve 228
Eleotris equidens. —_............. 413, 493
IM LISYMOLSALA esters velteiny ioe atelele eietarti terete 264
PLUMMUPeS Naseer wicrelsiistecicll seterers 264.
ELI CIM CLA cere steretaietcletoicoe ielel ove lotoiielee tele 264
trifasciata sacs sisse cle clesemnels 264
CNAME GS oOUabO bODeGOUOOUOOOO 0000 264
MLO PIG Bye yapocivels era eaeslsleeteiorerekete 407
WIOPS SAULUS Mis srateisistsrs csisieleisiel a stetsjeretarste 407
Elymus condensatus............02e cece 726
SATIN US. ce cieiesiticicmicerecitechnte Gbo550 725.
Embiotoca jacksoni..............ee.06 6 Uy
HM DiOtOCid Be ss arseic isc ccc toe ile eibleneterele 797
Encelia argophylla............ 701, 702, 703
Eriophy lla... seissicie cis «ie ciedieyekeiciciereie 701
GRANDIP DORA seeieclecleleelelelalereterersretele 102
TLUGICAULIS HA errcyelerernivce ce evereicieietctciere 701
DOO Gaasdadausebbooded. 660 90n080 701
VASCULAR ae cicersie sve sc cleieizicloreteretersiotets 701

INDEX. I 03 5
HN erawliday averse elels Re eatetele 790 Eucinostomus californiensis........... 469)
NOTA dove meieiereleleloleyel sie iele slousieheiers 409 (pRHEdOD Soogocbo ope. ve oopde 413, 470, 510
Engraulis' Mordax 2... 5.se6.-0-- scene - 790 Huccela MEXICANA ......ci0ceee0 ese scene 541
Engycystis............. be techie aisteibets 262 Euctenogobius sagittula..............4. 513
BUPALVEM ERIS srratesevetveleis sels isiele myeisiaisio ee 263 Hulachonterieca acc cne on oee ee 793
Enicospilus maculipennis ............ 547 Hutlema fasctatar cic sili. 2)scleleie nlaseleisl erate 272
TMS KT CAMUS Sass eleveiel-ieleleiots wfcreieiae ele 547 Eumeces LAGUNENSIS............-45 79, 134
Enneanectes carminalis............ 501 Skiltonianusmaneyerierwetelerioee ss 82, 134
Enophrys bison.............0-+.+0+-+- 808 tM CNI Gers eecien erica street 268
Hintem ed oneness iieiecc cil lalneiseisieteetre 387 Eumicrotremus orbis................+- 829
Entosphenus tridentatus........... 788, 852 Humicrus LUCANUS ............-.-- 227, 235
Eopsetta jordani............. dgandbdahe 850 Eupatorium occidentale ............... 727
Ephedra Nevadensis....... .....-.... 727 Euphorticus pubescens.............+5- 226
var. VIRIDIS....... JooKeon.cu.s01do 726 Eupleura muriciformis..............-- 40
Dies sooo dcbuogauuacoucoeaasAoodD 726 | Eupomacentrus flavilatus.............. 474
Ephippide@...... SOO BHO FeO AO UUOOSSDS 483 TECHirenumMesopisreisweiseiicts gdagoodod 473
Epilobium adenocaulon................ 731 Eurymetopon punctulatum..... codacaueek)
Epinephelus analogus...............5. 444 Eurystole eriarcha............. Sisislersisiere) AUS.
JabrifOnmi siierereivereiotetersisteiser ls icreiaeiels 443 Kuryta aciculata ........0...cec000..-. 40
HrAatOVMAUSeLiH\.. ireieoyeie\seicies hele ws 40 Eurytoma seminatrix........ S0oou oases eu
Ereunetes occidentalis..............-.. 223 TEPICENSIS ..........+-- aopacbosode 551
Erigeron cespitosus var. LACCOLITICUS 696 ID UREN OMAR Ban iad danood Lae “dp000 151
Var. NAUSEOSUS.......2++--000 696 COM ATAS era crersyettacietelsteletesstsietonstetens 151
cinereus Var. ARIDUS............ - 695 Evania appendigaster........ eieisselejeero{s 550
GiivGuT~enGncss assaogens moos enoe 695, 696 Evermannia zosterura......... ......0- 498
Eriogonum AUREUM...... BoddououDdoD 718 Evoxysoma DECATOMOIDES ..........++ 552
Var. AMBIGUUM .. cio en cece os «ere 719 Exetastes fascipennis..... SSodsoocbag0.s 547
GLUTINOSUM ........ ..-- 719 Explorations in Cape Region of Baja
COPY MDOSMMU Sem ee eee etoteine 719 Oaliforniaeeercercce EAE Rees 733
DONESU eeepc sre spate siniete custaie Stave ielete 716 Fasciolarin princeps.................0 40
THON GIL OB Ui Migercicisio\clcieusj=\cle)eisiaiete clelevese 720 Felichthys panamensis..............+- 394
MB al Cearcest harctersisiecieetcrat owleleweinveloisiareie 716 pinnimaculatus.......... SOR Oacice 394
ovalifolium......... Maleewincenvers 716, 720 MOStUcaiOWAN al.) ciaieissieicicelelelsiejs(eiemisrelsieiele 723
TMONULOTIMNMOPratieieeicalelaticiecteietteletetelers 720 Hi combiancolinoOsas-mieescecweciase este Oe
var. COMOSUM ....... qdocaceade 719 Gellajmatiurarciereemisstieieietieciertyescls +. 909
Rusbyi....... Bye en olarahesieletoietacen cateieiste te 716 ANOS CLO aiarereteyatctcvetererepelsic(eleleravorsieostalatater = 909
PEINOMUP SOM yesrelelelmicvery aye lskactolelelelnielote 719 TIN UL aeeeiare leveinieteteletersi< fet op dopooooAuSS 909
MAUTWELIiMmeeeeiacicie siete leieleieieieohs aay) PLOMDINESOecereisiciercisveielsioeveieyersieiteM GOs
VALI ONIN ere iclelelelerslele ae icrelelsten nea selvaggio..........- Fotbdmassoode c - 908
Eritrichium fulvocanescens..........++ OD) semi-mula .... -. BBgonosaEooGee Sag ey
Erysimum asperum var. PARVIFLORUM 622 verdino.......... acofelyeteRalelfeveratetaienetensts 932
var. Arkansanum....... ...... 622 HICUSKCATIC AN ect aieter orotate eerie 9038, 9382
pumilum...., aaecoecopoede 622 NOrtensisg cere de-kelecielee snes Oooo SL
ENE Cay siohevelsierarsietrctatas 622, 732 AMTELMEC AAS. farcicle; scaieistejetateleis 898, 922
cheiranthoides .............. 2622 LELIC tatters Soiiekafeisiee ecreiee venga
LINIFOLIUM.....c..0200- 6 ate conver Ooe STLVEStEVISNs ioje)esetese cnstorsialatere ies 898, 904
PAT-OULOMUMEstoicioisreielsisieisia\keieiejsielele)sveleel = 622 smirniaca........... wees. 898, 921
pumilum var. perenne............- - 732 elastica.......... aiskoletetel lelstevelsnersieleters 934
Erysiphe cichoriacearum.......... 731, 732 Palmeriey ic atasiss eeisielevae ee eheteaieks 759
COMMUNISt Ase ecraeeie eee -. 732 ROxbuUurg Mele erie cess acon 9338, 964
SPU tayrerret wesw ctetecweriocic letersi 731 Pierasferarenicola:, ../02). 0. cjceeleeas ele 502
ny theaarm ators yu cites siete cei els welees 759 Fierasferids. ........... siofatateleinveters wees 502
SOCIO Bees aie eeyarsicrsCerellalafnl iclsieouivelalsls sane enya Fig, Biological Studies on....... aiNarores 897
HtTOPUS CLOSSOLUS ss-yiel=cre epaciaeelcesteieiels 503 CommoOney elec creceleee cet 898, 931
Euchirotes biporus ...........-.--- 79, 135 Cordelia........ Gicle chaveleiereteisie wisielng DUO aS

1036

Fig, Gentile..... ele ratohh siete (ete leave ot ecetatare eters 929
SanePedropprerericehicais 898, 922, 929, 930
Srh7aeiadogdadusdobcboeuo cocoon 898, 923

HMishesjof Singloaen.ceeccee) veces 377

Fissurella rugosa...........-ess.es ene 40
WVATOBCONIS/y.porcicvat sreisteforepctetcieveenerereeareiee 40

Fissuridea inequalis .................. 40

Fistularia depressa...............:.... 417

Mistwlaniidse ys cen sce eae 417

Hlounder; Diamonds css oca eee 851

MOLMICATESUTVENS ae siececiciicieeel ect cee . 862
BA AMALLARIS Wao wonlete cinch 870
OT RECHUT SS el MNS nut nt sree can an einen 874
ROR Oe ra Niarartoreorctstelenetetersticietele siete 873
LONGUCOTNIS AWsisencmnciole cease eee 859
MELONOCEPRALGs), a\c\e« si vicicis'ssielsieres sieve 870
LEB ES 95 DOO OA ROU OR aUOOULOB EN GOd 870
WULLOSA rails erlares DSCREN iy ate 873

Hormlcide, Mexicans. 3 .ccs laneten ss 858

Fraxinus anomala var. TRIPHYLLA..... 707

Muli cavanvericanayr -k\sscsmaciscis eros cere 223

HulmanyPacificuans wesc aeeeee 216
MOAR ELS iS a esyceitesnine ence 216

Fulmarus glacialis glupischa.... ..... 216

TOUGOLBUs seiserete nh stasce lesen 216

HUISUSKCINCTEUS Hence eaten eee 40
dupetithouarsi .... 2... ....2..c-- 00 40

Gadider reer iverserccs cee lemon 849

Gadinia reticulata................0005 40

Gadus macrocephalus................-. 849

Galeichthys AZURBEUS............- 381, 398
GILBERT wee prea steno 381, 395
guatemalensis:).s.ccecsch ees eee see 399
PELUVIANUS 5.0 oS ssia5 vets bee one 394

Galeidee ye ees sas ee oe 382, 788

Galeocerdo tigrinus................... 382

Galeusslunulatus ass fides esse coces 382

Garlopatanaiiaees Vaasia ee hha ect ewlocisics 446

Garmannia paradoxa:...6sc.0565 vee ee 496

Gasterosteidse: sjsu ene aura ncetiee 796

Gasterosteus catraphractus............ 796
microcephalus.....i:sceeeeees 796, 854

Gata eee tik Giace a eiamens pula sien ela oe yet 381

CET 0) EC RASC DUC UAAR OG SH eset aee HeLa Ala 382

Ganvillam veers Ween Ur Saleh ay eae) 391

GentianalAmarellan. iin cece ee nee 707
PORDUOSAscvers etiteiersytalsicicteeaisiel osiesicis 707

Germopalvlungarcncncs.sssiseneciectenee 427

Gerrestaxnullarisencahecc an sea 472
OREVINOSENUSH Ierereiuaisia heisiticene ie eee 472
Line atusy eerie iatiscte ce ooweien 472, 511
PELUVIANUS ais seis sess sls ce ee siceices 472

Gerrhonotus multicarinatus........ 79, 119
SCINCICAUCA vers cic ceivetlree rae 82, 120, 1005

Geerrid ee retiectictelstolesotelsiereteiageriisisteteieteleiors 469

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Gibbiumyscotiasi-1--)-ce eines 228
Gilbertima sIGALUTES............ 787, 811
Gilia congesta var. PANICULATA........ 712
Aoribundaeceecedsrcreccece sean 713
VAT SATU Atarerereistsenavatcistetelctetetetetarsts 713
INCONEPICUA..aicicieiclc) ioe celsierte ele ULe nN:
Vatifloraacjeeerectneeicocericene dood. {1}
leptomeria var. TRIDENTATA....... 713
MOVic mE RZ Wein saison aceite 712
pinnatifidaweeneadcioseoece eee 713
ScopulorumaAnaseeeeecee aan 714
WiatSoOn ie sale Neeser een isos seein 713
Gillichthys mirabilis.................. 839
Ginglymostoma cirratum............. 381
Ginglymostomidsess- 540) eee aeenee 381
Glandina turritas ys. 528 50. 2 eee 166
Glauconia humilis........0.00 cece eevee 136
Glypisodon troscheli..............00000 475
Gnathanodon speciosus...............- 433
Gobiesocidweresnse- ce eee 499, 841
Gobiesoxiadustus: 2. J.c0 es ncscce leis 499
Gobo onldospodoerosobaNe .o6dcclbcaao 499
enythropsitcmecrineieitcreneecrt 499
MUSOARUMMaslyereteleistenclecisvelsreicieen icine 571
ZODLB a Asieleisieloicteistecies eetonococeree 499
Goblidee yeaa ee a eet ae 493, 838
Gobius longicauda ......... US ES A 494, 513
MANG LIC OLAV A cierctsierclcieleieve iss creiere 381, 495
NICHOISU A arose eee hake roe 838
Sagittulacise strc crossneiececteccieae 494, 513
SOPOLACOT iy elereleceistverclefeletereieitteletere 494, 513
Gomphocarpus Curassavicus.......... 372
Goniozus MEXICANUS..............00005 540
TEPIOE NSIS seicresciersreteteialccieleiaie telajeleteterere 540
Grebe, American Eared................ 210
Pied-bitlled se yess erie eae ee 210
Wester mans siyeicicvelsieveroe slotnctae waeteteye 210
Greggia camporum var. LINEARIFOLIA. 625
Limeantfolcamenceociciareisiciseltcereceraiet 625
Griburius montezuma ..........2....-- 229
Gua Tae iciiiaisrels Cinacaistsieremiaietetatnelaercvere 493
Guillemot, Pigeon.................... 212
GUL CALTO Tiere ivele cide Mciekere ee ree lapel emele islotete 387
Gulls Californian. cewek ieee 214
Heermann ys sesiiscirete cae cevccte errs 214
Sabine swe jac saccasacisteoceroctetotes 215
IWIESCODIN a Aiittercisleicrerersts ehereeteleratienelele 213
Gymnolomia multiflora var, ANNUA.... 698
VAG Oe iafeyereivictevoisssvemreleteroeelacictone rere 791
Hemagregarina NASUTA.......... ....- 27
Hematopus bachmani................. 224
Jem bis es Gadou odor oouRdoCOdObS Gua 457
Hemulon margaritiferum .-........6 459
SCRU AMAR eretevercle stoicteteoictaiar teem relter 458
E(AnwoloWyal SotignanoandascoaddebasG000 458

INDEX.

Hemulon sexfasciatum,................ 457
Steindachnerimaertecrreacericeiccr 458
EEN) peeocaano0o000 Dona dhoviebod secouD OS 850
lek Mba Sa dnooopc6sadanmOsen DoD bOEOoDe 850
Halichceres dispilus..... ...........5. 481
Vali Otis HUlSS NS sepercccreiers ei-celnis chiles eles 40
Haltichella americana ..............04+ 551
xanticles,..... Go0ceDbObOODo CGbeC ADS 551
TAN Pay CLeENnatarey sei wsroisiie lsleilersielsil sive 40
Harpe diplotenia.... 2.0... 16... cee 480
DECLOTALUS pac llelocishe citer reticeeilcierele 480
Hedysarum boreale...............eee0: 578
NODS SMT AVIESCEINS | sciclel- ciciniciicleteisie + 613
LEUCANTHUM.......... 613, 677

JLOOCEROSS saan" owa6odanedocdaeD 677, 678
WEE CVA Sd Bodcanuon das. voSSaenoES 678
Hedysomus QUADRICEPS.,............. 544
Helianthela argophylla ...........-...- 702
MUAUCAULIS or yitetsiyerelctelcicieceisicleieincheks 701
Hemicardium biangulatum............ 45
Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus,........ 808
LSM AMP WIG Ae erefereiciclelol= afe\elaieleverel-osiniere 415
TELONAGTEAIBIUC arevcieis'sie)sieiereleieielcisisieicye 222
Heros beani........ .. poco.cooodsoDT 413, 473
Herpetoichthys callisoma............. . 402
PLO rrin ere asirersccie. eiersieu shou ooouaE 790
Heteractitis incanus................... 223
Heterodonax bim.aculatus ............. 45
HIOXA@STAMMIGCB. 20. ise we civcte ces ciseels ag ee)
Hexagrammus asper...... BU dcavoub oeSe 799
decagrammus..............-- S56 bad NEN)
INEXASTAMIMUSH sis le cisyselelaietsveleitsieleredole 799
Ordinatus)........022..-:- Be octaes 799
OTINKAT Ty yictetelersioleke es eteie ee cteneieaoke 787, 800
SUperciltOsUs.......6.....000-ee0--- 199
Hexanchide....... bobobdpaboocbondasad 788
Hexanchus corinus.............-. ..-- 788
Hexaplasta CALIFORNICA..........6- .-. 541
Hippocampus ingens................. . 417
Hippoglossina macrops.............-.. 503
Hippoglossoides elassodon............ 850
Hippoglossus hippoglossus............ 850
HAISCOT Gee anc aielateieteisiersiars eiclsincclo Gonoee 227
Histrionicus histrionicus............. 222
Hockeria wanticles..........0. 2 eee eee 551
HLOTOCE MUTI Daya tatel ete iotelslotohveriors Miclsieisisiessie 425
Holocentrus suborbitalis...... . ..425, 508
Homolobus brachycarpus............--- 647
COIVESCENS wate siier lola: sicfelayoleievorolaicisletel= 647, 648
Homalocranion planiceps............-++ 140
Hamalosaurus ventralis...............- 97
Hoplopagrus guntheri..............-.. 454
Horistonotus densus,.......... obeosoD 228
HIOTMIUSPATBIP ES egelcjerctcvasetcters eievereieeieiciere 544
Hosackia rigida var. NUMULARIA....... 633

Hyalinia indentata....-............... 166
Hydnocera discoidea...............-... 228
Hydrocharis castus............ ....-. 233
LAU CUB Y crreistoreterotelieic ei oveKoie einer aiefeletelete 233
OME Sceoanadanocoundbubop oa Mowe 233
RICHSE CRE R Depicts, cieleiere) heleietelellsieyete’ «| oiey= 233
Hydrolagusicolli coi peti ieyarcicis arctica 789
iy dno ph iliGceveeyetetorareratrcrelerererevenefelerelstelete 226
Ishyiby GubAcognwaoaeoebodoLcoqD0 UD OO 556, 557
TO GULA Grsnincis tence creer 556, 557
Var. OQtiCeps)........-000- .. 556
Hylotoma P@CILOIDES................. 542
Hymenoptera from Lower California.. 260
Barasiticrnersjarcteiccsiertvetltestiey A Ne 539
Hynnis HOPKINS: <5). <1 /sjenlere viosels betel 381, 435
Hypomesus pretiosus............. .... 792
Hyporhamphus roberti................ 415
Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha...79, 80, 144, 145
OCRTOTNYMCHUS erarey-lelaie/apevaiehelo/seieteiel koieks 144
Ichneumon appendigaster.............. 550
"UGHNE UIMONIG Bree wrawaielalayorehel Lelcletot i ierarele 547
TOHNEUIMONIN ives evsiet sieialslodeletsiele) erelevelaveys 547
NEM ana acanthwriarsascicnirslrem oem 88
Iphiaulax megaptera..................- 543,
Ipomea AUTO asiarsearsereretetstaiciaien-fereicioicisiersteneko 760
Isaciella brevipinnis................. . 463
Ischnomyrmex MEXICANUM...........- 893
Inesthes brevipinnis......... BOUDAaS 500
Isopsetta ischyra...............-. byteon 851
isolepsis........-. BEGodoUDDbODUCOaS 851
TV ES1a) SABUTOS AC. .(lcrciei-isielelolelolele‘elsoreteleie OO
Utahensis var. CAMPESTRIS ........ 679
UCliokienos saspopacuosaupacndGaacseuosdon 452
Jack Rabbit, new, from Lower Califor-
ML aecesitatercicisierelors duodadaodepdauades 51
Jaeger, Long-tailed...... Goud cu sHoteoaG 213
PATASiti Cierra cia cle evsielets Adoinsane oon é 213
POmMarine sy: <2). cece has Beusiaisieksteneleteretate 213
UOMO GSos5 “caganoavacbodaD od aobado He «ie
Joppidium ANNULICORNE.............. 549
Jordania Zonope...............-- 802, 803
Kellia;suborbicularis\2..csempeseieee 45
Kai Ori stefaretataevatelccstcietatevelofeiaverctelersieore 224
Krynitzkia aretioides................-- 648
ECHIN OMDES ia ctaeleleislelaieisfolevefelelcisielevelet=te 709
Sulvocanescens.............2 008 eral OD,
glomerata. ............. sielersteiieisteters 710
leucophe var. ALATA............-- 710
BETICE RAs .teircs iepeueqereinrerels Hoonooe0.Cs 709
var. FULVOCANESCENS........-. 710
Key phoOsi detrei niieitre oes erk iets 464
Kyphousus analogus...............-..-- 464
GEES seee anos ap gbadooepadaoooop 465
Mabrosayumadwlatarcy.yeistereretetelsiieieeleecieeiete 45-
Mba DLL Gceyewielatnatelereielate afafeleialotetnetenstaistctetotels 480.

1038 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Labrosomus delalandi.............. 501, 513 | Lethotremus VINOLENTUS....... 787, 827
TOM Gogo agsoduGaduod <docue secs 500, 513 | Leuciscus balteatus.................... 853
Lampetra cibaria.-..........sces0.-e-e 788 | Lichanura myriolepis...........:5....-. 138
LUE AF OCR Ban Gee REE EEE Aeron HeaGee 852 | OX CULLUM RRO rite seine Ee 82
Lampropeltis boylii........... 82, 142, 1006 | TOSCOLUSCAmcsateeelsietreiteiele 82, 138, 1006
WRT CON UILCEM sjarei-t-valeleerelsieieicictore 142 | ULLWIT Pa taeerrtrcrecrlelcteielreceticke 79, 137
conjuncta............ Vater aici nes 79, 142 | Lichens, West American ... .......... 535
NITED AA erasers civletasuetsoleicie enon 79, 143 || Dima squamosa,)...02.¢cs.000c-5 es sees 45
GAUDY ELON ya tee ert reiclstenrelerereie ete peat vste 228 | Limneza columella...............--.0-6 168
Laphamia CONGESTA.............. ees 703) |i imum neil eteeeie aelsion ee aeiecieon 628
GRIAOLEIS iieiejeetyeyatelayenisieen eter elsicie stctete 703 var. PINETORUM................ 628
Palmeri var. TENELLA.......... - 703 Liocardium apicinum,.... ...........- 46
ATG DO TAS yates tale eet eas secttate SNe Seu ae 491 | Latium KAS craideramaresersslceeae erie 46
Tarimusiargenteus (200.0054. 2. cece ce AGT | suiparidid ereccectlcdaiemecie ee eC eee 829
reVICEPS eee eerste eee ee 467 hiparisiagassiziles. pesca eeee 838
A APTORW Mere iaoiccinias aia c een aia ee ee 632 CYCLOPUSH-eisicceekiat eee teen 834, 837
Larus icalifornicuss.-. + 25+25 scsoecee: 214 cyclostigman-cassseeee enone ener 838
INESEMI ANN ereteereroe eee OL: DITNHNNAL GSsdgsdecasooo05Ge 787, 835, 838
occidentalisheecscce noe eee 213 LUCOTISIS ee aihlocicece sae 837
Lasius melanocephalus.............2000 870 Li PATisiyyo aye eastern ee Ce 837
Lathyrus palustris var. myrtifolius.... 678 Majorca crn te ee ee ee 838
DaUCiMoruse ae aetieece Aiea sete 679 (OOMHEGN obaadasobsooonaabooace save BY
UDA ENSTS dace ccsisrehis steiner eee 678 pulchelilusteeecccer tte 837, 838
Matirusyeraciliss ssc sce secctemie ee ele 41 LUGAR Sa oogobunoododE GdocDeOGe 838
Lecanora cerinella................. He LOGON PMUUSAS DUAN Byer erasers etre elt barereoietitions 422
Coarctatarsre eco aaei erie 537 Cabezudarrrcsacccsem cece cisaiteecier 422
Sle PAN Bada ireciloncoe erectiste ee. 536 Mach Onpecacyctetsialeletsiersicraiictetsleheicisrorte 422
Ny Pop toides rh cis see wie ence niiesoe BtHiy pee HGdood omens radsooudGuosdocooe 422, 424
TACLINIOSA eisai ciaistete ecisvexte ee 5386 | Lithophagus plumula................. 46
pallescensyncisvectrtccsieee een 537 | Littorina aspera ... ................05 41
polytropa var, illusoria............ 53iele Lophidiumpncisumivasnceoececeeee 732
SYVMMMITC Lae Werree nis aren rc tacesewaroeree 537 | Lower California, Coleoptera of........ 225
varia var. polytropa............... 537 | Explorations in Cape Region of 733
Mecideaismeiocarpaysn isc. censeccdes 537 Herpetology of, Additional Notes. .1004
MYTIOCALD Aste seein 537 | Batrachianssepiselcleceies ceisler 556
Sanguineo-atra...... 0. 0c. eee een ee 537 Reptiles eilerenciresvelsieistelrericet revels 77
SILO NAY Pred era ste Micros ero e ers epeia e meses 791 Hymenoptera from................ 260
WHeMAvOMO Foray esse eee ee eo || Jack Rabbit, new..... HoAMaeooDo. | Gil
trilineatabe Cecchi eps ene 229 | Land and fresh Water Shells of... 163
MUEN UAT Osea nersal te icici cee heee ate 503 Marine Shells of................... 34
GEN Of yiieieeitprcterchelecveter-tordlslstorctereenerers 505 Parasitic Hymenoptera from.,..... 539
Lepidium dictyotum........ dedaboande 526 | Lucina excavata............0....-. eee 46
heterophylleuniassacann cee en ener 625 DEC ULI A A ele ay acisalaisrercieel(lainy=\=/stotelorel stem O
InteerifoOllUmi esc cisc ee Memes 625 UNG atari vacsisiete elotas sisieietetereieys 46
Oneganum sense emis eee 625 | Lumpenus anguillaris................. 848
SCOPULORUMU cst siiae nde eee 6250); undascirrhatanancca sects raceciceeoci 211
CEA ENS ENE Ura tiateictucine i enone een OD | LuperodesiBisTRIOy. scsi ceiclersieeien 250
Lepidochelys olivacea..............0.. 1800 | Lupinus Arizonicus... ............... 631
Lepidogobius lepidus ..............0.. 839 | brevicaulis ./cisn eens cae eae 631
MepidopPleuruss sles co steeretie sealer 41 CAMUALUS ejinialeciisveisieriecieiersieieisite rete 630
Lepidopsetta bilineata............ Se SES B5 Tall MICENSIS) <i-\./s\cslsje,e + wiejse sieleiselnieisinielel 630
We ptaleavgraculeserercist sinc csivloteve «vsleiee sire 74 | Silerigerncferstecilersiaic cieveeiecncciiercesicts 630
Leptocottus armatuB .................- 8087)! utianida nyse (shoe siercsion ceo 454
Le ptostylus biustusi. cic. cecil ecu ce ces © 228) |b Utianus arvatusiiscsieecieiceidcle cei iielelsste 457

TLE PUS MAR TIRENSIS sister cietelcle ctevelacsie jones 51 ATZONTIVENEVIS . cores sor cic crelesies 455, 508

»
‘

INDEX. I039
Lutianus colorado....... SUSoDOOOUSICS 456 Microspathodon dorsalis............... 417
UWLTA TUS aerate nets ersten ciaicters Seictvsisleve 456 Microstomus pacificus. :..... ae 852
novemfasciatus.......... ..... 454, 508 Mischocyttarus labiatus............... 270
Lychnis Drummondii.... .... ....... 729 Mitra maura........... RAY eeyrcepeinstar nn aee
Lycium Andersoni. .............. Sooon: UG) CLISTISMAscemicistesiieto cate eo eas
Torreyi var. FILIFORME............ 714 Modiolavcapaxces rice mic tour oerulemecieres 46
Lycodon lyrophanes ............----...- 155 Modulus cerodes........... Stiousoosdape 41
Lycodontis castaneus................05 401 Mojarra Blanca.................. 472
Goh Able oo oddoosSabes ST ae pA Net rae 401 Cantileniansyacsci se ase oes 469
Lycodopsis paucidens................. 849 Cardenal....... Bobirodoume bao aoee 425
hyopsetta exilisys.<.)c- 5.268 sense cee 851 C@hinaiaeencseetelercit siavelewicictaheletetsiotetels 472
Lysiloma candida...../............0...- 758 de las Aletas Amarillas _........ 472
Lythrulon flaviguttatum .............. 459 de las Piedras ......... Mloecerercirineiest 484
OPADLESCENS 0.00.0. aeceses ccc: 381, 459 Moradiaietisay-Wec ieee ee eles 433
Lytorhynchus decurtatus............0- 146 Garabata....... aheehsicialatorstetevehatore . 464
Macoma ochracea..... Bre eee rctieicieiels 46 WiOrd OS acrastecrnsicre soodadadoauoKadods 473
Macrobasis LANGUIDA........-..... 229, 252 MO jarro nes nwrcmiatcleleierscrclciesle ekevoieratcketerete ee. 460
NTN ATIS eye ree eecricleelnsteretete 253 Molarmolaicceicisetmecniiscticetcecen 419
Macronema discoidea................... 693 WObisE) Beas GoooondeGan BACAR OMAN SOGHCe 491

Mactra dolabriformis ................. 46 Mollusca, West American Land and
Malear ring en sparscciseieclels cites sinlercte silat 41 Fresh Water....... souGonodsH nodded, 166
Matchodes LUCANUS ............--- 228, 240 WMV Es ceo uqoKoE KSB OSL do0, aSoddodieo.Go 429
Mangrove Grouper..............eeeee: 445 Monomorium minutum race ebeninum, 875
Miamtabirostrisiie..-cisinee. sc oe cleeccine 394 Moi debishiprseericrccisterrier nie cinerea 839
Man bara Aly severvscn\oiecs srsievels sclomicielesaisietecsre 390 Mugilicephialusiysjsisicjssc cleleisteleteisteiele = 422, 508
Colorada... ...... dsandossouondoce 390 curema ........ Saud obs bdo00dd0 422, 503
Mam tis pid say tejecists sce cie deveicierdcie wiers o .. 516 HOSPES......00+ GaGa ROOoOG sHoe Ob 381, 422
Margaritiphora fimbriata.............. 46 SO LOSUS peace ar rorarerccelcHovetotere minteveneteye 423
Marginella varta ..........2.cs0eec00, 44 Mie lly ca pierevenctelelscersteierere ajeiieteteteleloyerelereysrers 422
Mastinocerus OPAOULUS...... ........ 241 Milli ae arerereiorere eM es aereeeet heiciae 427
Mie cach eee ee seer cde Ne es 270 Munieca.......... Soeaocadsocanoaragdone Cex
Megacilissa mexicana.................. 271 Murena lentiginosa............2-...-.: 401
DEH ORACTCAWae mslaiscteetsicieierielsicistelere 270 Mureenesocid 22ers snichcsjrtstveieieversisicieaoe 403
Melampus olivaceus...... ....... Nevers a L Murenesox coniceps........ MBoaoboso OO 403
Meloide............- SdSonAG KobeaGoeS SE 229 Miurcenideieicer saeicionnee elensinietskoraichorels eee. 401
Melongena modificata...... .......... 41 Murex bicolor sancsiccciiadsccdele Baa sai ob
Menticirrus elongatus. .............- . 469 plicatus ...... Natvofersoer ats sondddasooo 41
PANAMVENSISH eer cyelslele chivetcle: leteileiels 469 PA GTK yaar iarslayeveveiote He odu GoouoeN OR 41
simus...... boone Abas wa sodnulesueon 469 Muricidea dubia...............--000.-- 41
Mentzelia chrysantha....... . ........ 689 Murre: Californians caer cteroeicioiaee 212
multiflora var. INTEGRA............ 689 Murrelet, Marbled................ darren Do
Mer ME CII GD eysteeyaeccietefepelery stocks elatsiveleeisa + 850 MQ MtUSis cf ee sacle es gacod dss 211
Merluccius productus.................. 850 Mutilla ornativentris.................. 260
NEO GssbAonoeeseadodon Seb easHBaateauae 444 Mutillidzer ie. Sete ictnticneiatelsketereiete 260
Mesitius NIGRIPILOSUS ..........2.000- 539 Mycteroperca BOULENGERI....... -381, 445
Metacolaspis............ SpaboOwed .2. 247 serseb si oesen Gado ad oobde 46 Gooulbond0DD 449
GCONSPER SA acy le eetaiaiacs 229, 248 pardalisns-yns ces Hed eel
Metapon MEXICANUM.................+- 553 TOSACCA ase isrsyetnreicielcieletojceiers ween 446
Microgadus proximus ........... Neiaters 849 VENADORUMih is ctoisiecielsleieiey-is esse 381, 446
Microlepidotus inornatus....... . 468, 510 xenarcha........ SoG. asddoubaododeD 450
Micromyrma melanocephala..... Hea haoy meHh!) Myctophide............. BoduIDoD CbOeOb00 793
Micropogon ectenes........ HOBOdO RS 468, 510 Myctophum californiense........ em OOOD 79¢
Microspathodon AazURIssIMus......381, 478 Mylocheilus caurinus...............-+5 852
DAA GIT Waaeicieisinicisic ceelcisiioleieil teieleteleints 476 Myrichthys tigrinus.................. . 402
cinereus ...... atasielsieleiciorerelarrervereraats 478 Myrmeleon rusticus..............0008- 621

I 040

Myrmeleonidee..... 0.0... cece ence 518
Myrmica Darbata .... 2... ce wees eceie 894
COMM RAP Ooonoapadsoc00s0bendous 606 894
COR aa600000 SHdassaRO DOOM ORDO SONS 877
MELANOCEDRALA sretrelresetevsteleriorsieie eyeltelers 870
AAIME bisoosoodnceod ssosuoDSNcoudoD 870
DVIny INT CLIT ie veleveisiereveieialereletsivicteravisielers 874
Mytilus multiformis................... 46
palliopunctatus............ ....--. 46
Myzine hamata.............-..-- eects 261
Ty/ailiin a teteweeleie ehstetetsteravaetereer sien Wcrerers 261
TU JUVENENTS Jenin vicleicicieecie wees sicrivie els 263
SORCIN CHAR re reves oieliieile eis lere nicloistevonn 261
Narcine ENTEMEDOR..........-. 380, 387 508
INAECAD ALG aires lactsceteien oictereleieletersterers 387
NERD LEM bso oaandeobsbeddoo caso000 41
versicolor:....9....2: bobbossaceoune 41
Naticavbifasciatatmcscciemccmceniserece el 41
AEE olbu doddeebeouaGdoG dddloda Gaon 41
MATOCHICNSIS\e\-)-joie) -teiejsicinicislontcieleloiat- 41
WhOgosgugiocdaddbnosboGEOoUGUbEOUO 41
NELIOb<CClE ANZ oaabac cooodeanOoU Goede 79, 154
VRE cu cépobeodcooUboronoses 79, 8U, 152
GAUL danasacsocoduasicesasdodbo 154
Wakelin souccddundossusboeoed bo 152
Nautichthys oculofasciatus............ 810
Neleus thascala.............0c20.- 220s 228
Nemacladus capillaris.......... 5 s+ 706
TAMOSISSIMUS ....-....-.ecee ees eee 706
Nem atistil dase cis serelsietaeueleleciseveienarelel> 441
Nematistius pectoralis ..............-. 441
INEM Chit hiyt Gee sem ereretsotersveiecimarettesleietelete 790
Nemichthys avocetta.............-.06- 790

Neocene Stratigraphy of the Santa Cruz
MOUNTAINS ariceicteerissicisie inci clei 273
Neoliparis callyodon............... 833, 834
FLOR ...... SHEA GCOS OOD 787, 830, 834
GREENS iclocitere coieic aleve sieietertrovels 829, 834
MONCAG UT.) jsvoi-/sieoie eicieveial eas ale veeee B34
TEU COB US ie sievesererererayelalsiaiioreiovleleysncra 832, 834
Nephroma arcticum..,................. 536
Nerita\bernhardi 0.0.05... 00sec scene 41
BCADLICOStAN ea lepals soils soveiclcisersioncicire 41
Neritina californica. ..............e0000 42
DAC TATE tere iceyalecicveleiehololee Minar rors 42
INetumavkesslerieyn sj otnocosimncinecinercts 400
DIAtY POOF eiteteveree ieee 400
Neuroptera, Mexican.................. 515
Notorhynchus maculatus.............. 788
Numenius longirostris...............4 224
INGLE ALIN AVS CA DTA ietisjeictererelelsisleieicyereialnicyeiere 42
Ochodeus CALIFORNICUS............008 244
LLONTALIS rele hiellatceretielorstsiscaretveteterstcte 244
PENINSULARIS.....0.. sees sceece 228, 244
Odontomachus hematoda........eeccec 873

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Odontopyxis trisponosus.........--.-- 827
Odynerus dorsalis..............-...2.. 268
LUNES gos doped topdsoo nad dOODO0NN 268
IEKREMEGo noo bodsongdeanooadobdeodsD 268
C&codoma leevigata....... 2... eee eee eee 896
(idicephalus ALBOMACULATUS.........- 548
CEinothera cxespitosa.........-eeeeeee eee 682
cardiophylla var. PETIOLARIS...... 682
Hrachy CaTvpareierersicterclerey-i-isielsieratelelehe eile 682
marginata var. pUrpUred..........6+ 682
JEUEPUO sooo osapodudbobodo.adcooN DHOo 682

TE NULSSEM Ar yelelsisielelelersve/eterel aisisievetelerstote 683
scapoidea var. PARRYI...... 682
triloba var. EORISTATA..........+.- 681
Oidemia deglandi................eeeeee 222
PETS pPicillatagverccipemekeleeiherrckekrrer 222
Oleacinayburris ne nn senate 166
Var albersiceicicctelclerpetaciiecretels 166
Oligocottus EMBRYUM............-+ 757, 808
AAO WIO No gadoooeadodoo 4 6060600060 810
Oligoplites altus.............05 eeeseee 429
SAUEUS ety seer irre teeevetateteroieiokeveleresetors 429
Oliva araneosa..........-.ceeee cece eee 42
MOV AVE, SacsouscHoscUSGonoSD CS 42
Olivella dama..............0.2++-eeeee 42
DU TIA imapyescyeeleicieleverolalelolrereicietsles sled 42
Oncocephalidee yay wee. eiweiojeleleielal so iciereke 506
Oncocephalus elater...........-.eee0-- 506
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha.............. 791
IEhs pg doodnandooooboddccdod copS0Ga0 791
KAUSUCCH easter eretoietelcielel= 791
MELE A eet leteteictemicieleleriecierete 792, 853
tschawytscha.........-.22.2+- scene 791
Oniscidia tuberculosa. .......-......, 42
Opalia crenatoides...............22200. 42
funicullataeciveccemctecsiicieetatelteks 46
Opegrapha atrorimalis................- 537
Ophibolus getulus Doyli................ 142
CONFUMCLUS saleiaieiercieisievselclictereretererers 142
Ophichthus rugifer...... 0.0.2... cece es 402
Livi ot Nb) ad Saigon ooaueHoe ddaucda 402
ZOPHOCHILR eee vsieietoecitetekesiere 402
Ophichthyide ree )-iieieiicici-ieieveieieels) eeneleiere 402
Ophiodon elongatus ................00+ 801
Ophion mevicanus.... 222-20... e ev eeeees 547
Subfuliginosus ......0...-..- scenes 647
Ophionin we irferareroreteytlereielle <tecepehesenstsistorere 547
Ophioscion scierus ..............+0.05- 468
Ophisurus oaliforniensis........ 0.0.00 402
Opisthonema libertate............. 408, 508
Opisthopterus lutipinnis.............. 408
Opistognathidw.eji ste cle ele 500
Opistognathus punctata.............5. 500
Opius brunneiventris................4. 546
Opuntia rutila......... 0.5... e eee eee 698

INDEX. I O4 iL
OraseMa VERLDIS ttle scree sfenct- triers 553 Pectocarya SetOsa.........5..00-5 es eeee 709
Orobusilongufoliuss winjaecs eee. onl O00 Pectunculus multicostatus............ 47
Oxrthopristisichalceustae.sss4s6 sence 463 Pelacanus californicus ................ 222
REDDING heer lcitee dorset elt tices 381, 509 Pelican, California Brown..........--. 222
Orthosteechus maculicauda............ 460 Pentstemon acuminatus............... 715
Osmerus thaleichthys.................. 793 var. CONGESTUS................ 714
(OSET CARATS TANS ate ee aera eee ean 46 Pentstemon confertus..... Wbooesdoo soe 715
TEI OSCENS EAE EEE nee is 46 VIG AUERSITENRIS) ODS o\polopinge on o's 715
Othalicus princeps.............-.....- 166 ceruleopurpureus........ 728
Otidocephalus ALTERNATUS........ 230, 253 CONFUSUS...-.2+2+--eeee eee vee 715
GARINI COMMIS yest ese hihicte. 254 Eatoni var. UNDOSUS ............+5 715
SPARS U Spee trey tenes eas acre astecactachese 230, 254 Fendleri.....-.-+---.2.2 0 2 eee 715
Oxylebius pictus Ba State Ria cay See EN RM 802 WUMITL TS ers pets setevercleielrectersoerterers 715
Oxy niandiaynase eee eee eee nce: 721 var. breviflorus..........-..... 1S
Oxytropis ACUTIROSTRIS.....,........- 677 EOE Nlo ves teeeee settee cess se eeee TIS
Lamberti ......... Serle ae ay Aaa 666 TRO PABSENUE)0ac00 grog agaHoaosO DH ooKG 715
NO THOR Sern ae eee eels), LY: 677 WAKAO Bs ogocceaonskeo| cooodcba8o6 715
Oyster-catcher, BIS C esate ee tae 994 neta SOOO SC iii ii eae ae i 715
Pachycondyla harpax.............2...5 873 Pepsis mura s\olelefeye/s elelalejevelele\sisfeh=|myebaie sees 265
ION EESTI CE ees 873 TELM IN ATA cepa lke 265
VAL OS aa eee a ee) Le 873 Perch, IDV adoaonEOOOUo Uo Ooo ool daGODO 797
OTIZAU AN ie a eas eaES7 9 San eee! Micliclevehoteranch-Ralaiet=fopail-fafatat-dalelatetes alin 197
Pachynathus capistratus .............. 489 punts Pppacsanoobo ABR ER RECORD Ape 197
TIAALTSTE@ dine elas Ha ae ne a 415 IPerditanyster is ricicesistrci ieee siren 270:
Pall asin ae nee 787 Perilampus triangularis............... 553
TD or GS ie eaaae eeiree ec eed waiter 815 Periploma planiuscula................. AT
Alona Sera ca sre Sor aleehl 437 Perna Chemnitzianays.e----/clecciece . AT
Ballon. jee ewe Oh ha eel 439, 440 IRVIMGcdasoccscoues SybmeagdMoOnsouOOoSS 483.
AM PAN OF eee atk ee .433, 435, 797 Pescad owAzaleroracisretiarelcbefatetelod deters paiche 473:
TEP ATTEN Go tines oe eee a ene ayy deidos! Colores cms cciiecreicisscle 474
Papagallo 441 Petalostemon flavescens.........-..+22+ 631
gallo..... ActEE Ba ROARED OR OUaCOobO f i
Papyridea aspersa.........222-22-.e-++. 46 Bearlsi2 soda0000 erecta taletarReeletete - 631
Paralabrax maculatofasciatus......451, 508 | Petromyzonide...................... -- 188
Paralepidsey eee ey ceeec fe pratuenel ke 796 Petrosaurus thalassinus...............-- 99
Paralichthys adspersus............ 503, 513 | Peucedanum triternatum var. alatum. 689
Pane omar anil omaeeimecnicccrncneeee 455 | Pez de Espada..........-......... teres s 38S
GOCOTACOR GA re ae ee acy iy MOL aerrrieticieteletete ele alwlojele siejeielejeeleleiale 49h
Colorad OF erases crteie sisiste seine steers 456 PUCICO 1... sees sees eee eens verse 488
HY AIM ON CONSENT ieee 456 de Piedra.............-.+4. vee 488
MERAH) oo oane ied ee pe tan ade eae 44 VAKNCTKS HOSA Oe POC DUDE HOO DUSOOOOO ODO 633
Det ee ea at eam uae 454. OIsUleatasaaseticisice eee 633
| BYU AES ls Ae Rea eel Nr pee 457 ECU ALA aleve vatelalolelrslsitelerchakelelsisieve 633
Parmelia enteromorpha................ 536 JAWS) Bea poop HORCORoE GED oD Dogo Cd 635
Bulcatayenevsecn cis Sosenni hice cue 536 PEE CERIO OS Ge DORR oRO000 2080 7920109 670
CoA ia | nea ue eae Re NGS 536 Phacelia glechomefolia ............... 708
Paromalus mimeticus........2.022.005 1, 227 perityloides...-. -... TSP EI TRE RAT GCS 108:
SHANKS oo cer mene 297 Phenocarpa MEXICANA................- 546
Parophrys vetulus 851 Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens.. 221
FS RATS PN bee a RON ince NS igre eee 208 penicillatus........ Sosdae padovbee bia 217
Patulahorni.). Mike eee wikees 167 | Phalarope, Northern....... beeeeees wees 228
Pecten SUbNOOSUS ..,..cc)jieiee es see sees 46 Red. ....-- PonoovoUR ERC Damp OAn0 223
STi COGTI CH) ERO ees 46 Phalaropus lobatus................--- . 223
Pectocarya linearis var. PENICILLATA... 709 | Pheidole CARBONARIA...-.............. 881
penicillata : ; _. . 709 floridana var. DEPLANATA.......... 883
pusilla 6. a See eae 709 GRAN UMMA TA rays cto\tavoperes steicioncioleldersy-(eqaione 890

1042
Pheidole OBTUSOSPINOSA.....-..eeceeee 889
PUNCTALISSTMA)\ 7 -)-besiesreerrrieislalerntar eke 878
INLEAMNEXOINS) Gormiggo ovo vabboEaLOOOOS . 880
SUBDENTATA.... 2.00008 ceece dodoo tests)
susanne race LONGPIPES...... sad0o) eish)
FDEP T CIAUN ACs lcteieraielelaistelelcves giedoubo0o.G0 87
VAAISIUL LLL ve vetekelalesesevevereyers dladoeso sands 883
Philypnus lateralis .... ........... 413, 493
Phimothyra decurtata..............-..- 145
GRU sodo coodbaoeceoudenenosaDad 146
QTARAMUC oi vis wlelelsinie-te'sie's bogcoduanos 146
Phlox austromontana.......-.--.+----- 711
IDOE GoGuddacaopooGOOnEoOG 627. T11
longifolia var. brevifolia.......... 711
var. GLADIFORMIS,.......-. ...- 711
speciosa......... RG Seria 711
Ia Cracking GadanudogonagboauoKdoD 845
Phryganidia Californica........ 375, 376, 562
PENT IO SOMA ciateleieys/sionraeuerieiersieleicretceeiete - 115
LSLOM EAP stetrojereverstereveys Sete ereiniee stots 116
blaimvillii ees cm-jras 82, 118, 119, 1005
CECE Sod gabe “abooosanoondoo0d 119
coronatum..... aboobenss 79, 115, 118, 119
COVMULUMU Mn celeisteleerc es telsrorencteioeeheitiecle 116
frontale..... ddodad.ouoodobaokddos 82, 119
RET IVANACZUaeielevetessisveleisinieie bbaEdGodaous 116
PUYUBistdosdcodonboddeboeadsouDodOo 115
SOVARG Ta teysieleiceletetsielene Bes aa senes areas 115
QOPI cbasdadogaseGoodGo Sdebisoosoos 115
Phyllodactylus tuberculosus......79, 80, 85
TLIC EUS secrete cele Asoo abbooObs odode 79, 86
TON UL seraorvesiietetcvere ayeisyateletets sleaistereveleree 85
Phyllorynchus decurtatus...... 79, 145, 146
Physa Mexicana... ..ccccee sess eee es 169
Physaria didymocarpa var. NEWBER-
FELIS Lial evebelictaleneieiaystaisvaevetoverey casielslevalshemey ics teiele 624
MINEW DEPNY Uactarnnisisleyeyarecnisbcisielssen teieie eae - 624
Physcialychive ae pyteiarseitoresicven eaieasielexerets 536
var. laciniosa......... SO AMBORGIC 536
VAL PY LM COA sever iceelclermeve rivers 536
IPIOSEUSIOXCLMVUS). syeleieverersieiccsckeforclesls Bacio: Ze
Pimpla feralis..... sidduianeson canAGASoGS 550
IPAMUPLIND yeiswerceiieeielse eee eseTAe 550
Pinnea lanceolata orice steele Srotenal)
TUT ALAD ie ynystale een teisiokorersrerlevercrensrctecerseiete 47
PINUSHINSi GNIS, veeioseeheise qooaseeestous 368
PONGErOSA ..... 2... ceeeces see e619, 668
BaADINIAM A caver cieiicrere teeters lta teers 759
MELLO O BEM SH i siaya vss arcislaserepsiedoieiove (ete tatenstetsletetal 197
PAS FACT URV OLA ./catare sisi oie orslarelaYers ave stanisisheye 757
PIEMUSPY LITE USs reorereveieta stelatctele terevevercnsyeiee 228
Pituophis catenifer deserticola........ 149
vertebralis...... MYsisieleieversicisleaitcesete 79, 150
Pity OPHUSCONLENUT ET ssreins eloisvee\sie ss ayes wieieje 150

ROBM ALOIS eresoeerisiolevveieles ssihe wes Sere LOU,

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Pityophis melanoleucus vertebralis....... 150

sayi bellona........... poDDaGbuAUdoE 149
vertebralis,.........+ Po En aU aAD HCO 150
Placunanomia cumingi........-....... 47
IMACTOCHIUSIMMA NW arejeleleeicieyeleeiaeltelisrelcle 47
Planorbis liebmanni.... .............. 169
Platichthys stellatus ..........-....<-- 851
Platysma lacunosum..............:... 536
Platystemon Californicus......... eee. 620
CHUNUUS LS arate cla is eiee ciebeieeeee 620
Pleospora alpestris............. dasonnd 727
Richtophensishir. «ete .c)-yeveetevelacievers 727
UU DAHENSIS ite: eric eiteivorn ioe soo UY
Plethodon croceater..........20.205 os 561
PICWLONIE CHG Gon ercfererteleleinislveteievelster sietele 502, 850
Pleuronichthys ccenosus........ Mee tnetciate 852
Pleurotoma nobilis.......... LRA OAS B00) Ce
olivacea’...... ccajeis tel piaisreaneatetelacitenale 42
Plicolunmnang). 5650. eiesoe ease ee 164
PLOVERASUOW Yee ciscinec aoiieiconileraeiele 224
Poa FESTUCOIDES..........++ Odendbeddes 723
Podilymbus podiceps..............--.. 210
Podothecus ACCIPITER............. 787, 816
ACLPENSETINUS sa-eceme soles ier 816
VETER NIU Strlsuictielrelereloe bei teer reece 787, 819
Posciliawbutlerieaciswtepeeec cieteiete eis 412, 413
PRESLDIONLES saieeetelenlsreie isin wiclslerene 381, 413
Peeciliide ..... Hbocopookss Sablodeo. cde sieve 412
Pogonomyrmex badius...........00.0+- 894.
barbatus... ccc. vem ale J EABORESOO 1500 010 894
CalifOrnicusisaceteleeeerie tye Rees ROO
Polemonium ce#ruleum..............-. 710
Jjilicinum ....... Bbachouabondbesscaad 710
BOLL OSTSSUINUNT 2\.1.Jeleioienslaier= aisle) eye ectelraks 710
Polistes bellicosus........-..........+. 269
(Seba abbitebes s See Uo cond nooa-coS00 269
LUIS CAIUS care toteleterciols okeieleteieieteretetoreicerters 269
LUT EA TU Shee tcrevasteleroleicineleleteisrereitlatecters 269
minor...... Maveletate aleieloletoleciceiee 269
Pollachitus/fUcencis sy. cule wicie|= falehetelets 850
Polybia DECEPTA..... Koopudase coe ae 209)
Polycytus ALBOANNULARIS,.....-..- .. 550
Polydactylus approximans............. 425
OPELCUlAris er caecyetemestelstetae arise aD)
Polygonum bistorta........-........+-- 721
POLY SyLAMINASI sarees creleieiele}elorereteletelareiatats 167
VENtLOSUM A ccrycie nies tole eieilelerele tele steievetone 167
Polynemidax..... coco CUbidboobisa do bioacod 425
Pomacanthus crescentalis...........+-05 484
ZOMLPSCLUSPerere\s etovara love ole eleva iolatcvoreletcieas 484
POMA CENT yoisutevere tee lele netsio) eyslevehoretetstcte 473
Pomacentrus analigutta ........--0000 473
quadrigulla .........20s 6 adantabode.d6 477
Pomadasis axillaris... 22... sian .. 462
(DAM ICI eye tyataloelelelel okerelevets ereverelsistate 462

INDEX.

Pomadasis elongatus ............2+ -2: 462
IOWCHXGUIS;; G45 oo60000dd non aedodanca 462
macracanthus.......,....- -....461, 509
RUNUGUAUS eerereatetsvecyensitetelsleiavelse erersiens .-- 462
DANAMIEMISI Shel tepaciisisietsveiierltesir ache 462

Pomataprion bairdit...............---+ 474
COPD asongdoo coop dass nobuEoNoGD 474

Pomfret... «- doo s boda pnODdROS Oo Gde Woe

Pompilide...... SOouadosanoodvoooNseaD 264

Pompilus! ethiO Psy co icici esclele msi) eat 264
COLEUSCUSHV AL e UXba ree intisicicce 265
HU TUS refeielejecietcleielsisiaisle rep mata be ate 265
TO CCLEUPLUS eric erica ciosiesere 265
philadeliphicusiecssyjtecicciceceles 265
fenebrosusyenaacetceaklic cco 265

Ponera amplinoda.........--+...5 gulsuos 873
DIGOMPSeSd a nobocao basso boMnUodeeOuo 873
OCCLUICULAL A eersleverictcteastrelelclorecnicleier 873
DULOSU MG Neciseie ee eateric eins winters 873
FUME scoop ponDS be doncod boob oe 871
WULLOSORar tart ate ima oieiratel slstelsrnie cepa etal 873

IPOMELIM I yervejorstaiene sicioterels gog0god! Bea cnde 871

PorichthysMotatus). <2... eles. ns wee 840

Potamides montagnei................-. 42

Potentilla) Kineii ses. ose wie eee see 680
RUNISIBORIN. Googuua bacosoa.uceqse wood 680
(Witahensisiiycsietere tats clteei lorie BuGabo eld)

var. CAMPESTRIS.........--.... 679

Prenolepis anthracina var. nodifera... 860
HOTIGIC OLMUS ele cierstnielteleicters cletere cisvetet= 859
PLO GUPENA see reipilsauciste siseicietsictele cise cide 860

IPG UNI 6565 sadadeoHodousd auapoCoOado 798

PETUMOSD UIUC erty ketralsoValeisoieletaieintetetekelelsteter: 589

Primulatartmo sas -iiit\slelerelorecisisccieiei ete 707
TN CANA Sole rattiaszeletsisteterstalalshalelspavatalctelsliote 706

Priocnemis flammipennis...... seedadea leew

IPTLOMACEHAIAUC Haver aecialel esjejeretalateteteleleiers sie 788

PrIiONOGES TAS CLALUS ier itsielehicisver sie ciety si 452

PLIUONOMISANOLTENS).\. avejeisis/sieietels elersielei-iete 492

IBID. Cab aaaoqudbed qaopaniaononsoe 383

Pris tispantiqgnorvumeyreeyaisercecs ic veoevelel- 385
CRUPLMON 3s BoSsopip oaaaquobadodEbEooS 387
DeChimatUsrecersseeciietet eerste aeietee 386
PELobte tiers pvcyeololvtieie Ee alavelefcislelcl sister 384
ZEPHVR EU Shere lelefeieisicicierieis)siseisierete 380, 383

Pristonychus complanatus...... ...... 226

IPTOCEE MIME casicieisiere(sh-seielereieiish-iefehsies eneciel 1009

IPPOCTOLEY PIG eee cielersioielele elels clei utetereisiehe 539

Promicrops seUttatus «(jee cin cer «ete a cale 444

Psettichthys melanostictus............ 851

Pseudemys ornata ....2- 2.2. seen ee ees . 84

Pseudojulis notospilus............-. . 480

Pseudomyrma bicolor.......... ... 874, 875
OLACHIISH A Eh cclelelhepcaiierieneitciostors 874, 875

PAT a eretelaicielonere ie ieletedsietcinnctsieereerels -. 875

Pseudosubulina,...........-..-++-..--. 165
Psoralea castorea..... Behertictofetercbets 631, 632
LONGUfOU Ciereraratsterslervorsosietelcatstetcheke ok 635
TaaHN HOKE) ooond aooodagcduonoogbuOnOD 632
Psychrolutes paradoxus ......-...0+.-- 811
PAN Po so poccoInd cadd cugnoObdcooboNd OO 811
Psy chrolutidgeencepecuttieinletrl iss 811
Psylliodes conveXior...........-..006 a5 Pee)
Ptelea angustifolia...... Gaspoop dd baanaO 629
trifoliata var. ANGUSTIFOLIA,....... 629
Pteroplatea crebripunctata,........... 390
RAW 2AWwetntetelelicleleyeielate Sasa bacdtonobdode 390
PGCTOPOAUSzprcrietaietscleiniemicretsictareleisicisercko keto 589
IDM EG oqdcooouoaadoD Yondasaano Sub 701 eee
Ptychocheilus oregonensisS ............ 853
Ptychoramphus aleuticus,........-..-- 211
PUCCINIA ADELLANS Fale eiviele’e wide lyk loons 729, 730
Alka) yok oes) mA ne DODO OUOOOUOOUOCOOO OO 730
Pentstemonis ........ SSQcuIdCDO Roo 728
PUCLCOMHS PIN OR Mejaerarclee le ciclelererslelelelerys 491
Putin Dut te diececrrerecrersieiery kel vernetherenet 211
PUMNUS (CLEALOPUS ys lolaioyojorela\siatsfeveielckelevel= 216
DAV ADs eisrcrersy ele HGdO GoSboSeebEOOOD000N 216
griseus...... AgoaseooO daodsoceodad 217
Puneca...... HadggdodaaaooodGG0deE 493
Purpura biseriatay sci) cewile ele) slelloieen ee
Patil a eelerarerefeferercvelovetefapeteacyeletssexarersyatetats 42
triserialis....... GB Gnos ooecieo0000 00D 42
Purshia tridentata var. GLANDULOSA... 680
Pyrameisi Cardi teaieciscteiyetteiterelstcr= 372
OMA GasccuooHeuoood We DpDHEOODUNO 373
Hunteri..... 5. Spipciete he hereterolc loleretesetaneyers 373
Kershiawwialqerencisemioericiitceitclosisics 372
Virginiensis....... DDR ONUaoddoOdoG 373
Pyrula decussatay. - 0.1). cece) ele 6 phan. 2)
Querimana harengus.............6. 424, 508
COR UNG UE tomb obodonasaninaoondecab dad 787
RYix COULD el ateteyiies el clerehebenictote (aleto aevoterereteliae 839
RADITUD La AMETIMAIS seeped date close raleeesrelere 457
Radulinus-asprellustiaiccverewilererectee 805
MEU Disseinresctelelelereteteinisiotaaloe state coreltele chateveratere 789
Raja binoculata........ BESSA OO MARA Ron 789
THIN erect aouneaasno DACRE EHO ain 789
RBI UG EBV eyeyeretevevetoncrepeve mis tmoloivetersiertye retry 789
Ramalina ceruchis var. cephalota...... 535
farinaceatecree acct see oD
pollinariellas << i.% ci. <icieie'sie odeancs 535
Teticulatarry sacekesecletsieltsteicters 535
RANA raycONPi:sscjoleeicreiieleyeloieeisielels 1008
Ranunculus alismefolias var. alismel-
LUSseeecee danmen Earl vaca stey PSE ES 615, 616
Andersoni var. tenellus............. 617
CUSIGKIUMEE Gercdercletetveisisrere Gdbsdn00b00 615
Hy Arocharoldes, .cii)-i.j0)-velesele vi eieieie'e 615
JUNIPER EN US stetetsvatereierete edehele levies 616

1044 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
RanzanmiaMakua, -./ 2/65 seciee slnnle «cler eels 779 Salvadora grahamix........ 79, 80, 146, 1006
Raphidia AUSTRALIS.....0s¢cssesseeeee 515 | Salvelinus malma ...........c0.e sees 792
DEVAL =f1 SD Wembatelolerctelsfaratclsisieneleievolsieieversierele crete 789 Sand Wancerrjseyrieesc se scissors 796
INFO So pouQDOOCDOGdoOODoDUOOD DOOdonoD 425 Sandpiper, Western............--..-: 223
DRUAVjelelelelsiafelelelaleveieieieiolsiv'sie Gu onndoondoobaes 789 DAIUC UCT altateleterVorelelevelsielefedelereretereveisverereistehats 407
TREAD IE) CXKHMCK oon oo GaadDOos DU DOOOdnan OC 152 Sanguinolaria miniata................. 47
WAZ ooodbeodEDboodooboundodoDDees 154 | mutta « Fersteiaicievsicraiciere levevetelcreretate 47
Mena Mum Tis seiaciteraesicietelenicicieisse 79, 80, 136 Saprinus-regonensSis............+..... 227
Reptiles of Lower California.......... 17 | Sardina de Aceite...............0.. +00 408
RHamMphocottiadD seriyeeericeecelecsaiets 813 | Machete.......... ssieis idee bees aaa 408
Rhamphocottuswrichardsonilyy.scteuici- sie OLS! || MOATAIN Ee sete sieieerlnelcle nice otitis 790
Rhinobatid eestor eet 387 Sardinella stolifera........... $o80-b0 408, 413
Rhinobatus glaucostigma,............. 387 Saturnia Cynthia..... axchuloicdevaietexctommrctasiere 373
Rhinochilus lecontei........0..:.....: 142 Sauromalus ater............-ceceee. 8209
RMhompbuswmediusjp eases e ee ce: 449 hispidusyywewecsictenc: Be aera Fl)
SUT TLTNVUS s)s\ereretore iciadelerc\starersel slate olstete 797 Scalaria hexagona,.............ee00.-00 42
Rhopalophora BICINOTA........ --- 228, 245 SCAphHiopUsCOwChT.-\2 seieleielsrereicdele eievotensierete 558
Ribes lacustre var. LENTUM............ 681 COUCH eters tetel\ alate eretels vel ovatersteretets 558, 559
VAL WINONO) ecercrceience Bbaoa0nes0000 681 WATUUS syeialaveloreletaleleieteveicier torr ec iete 558
Riddellia TAGETINA var. PUMILA....... 700 Vitis OUEKIO Sek a Soleo bdadoogoGOe0d0 558
PRASSODMAISELICUA -jrere eieloieleinicisiaiess -lexclersteisiete 42 | UANUUSsarreisior anche levelsielstel ot ieiaeie tote eren® 558
VOWALTTO seyercieiereletelieicieivelersicisys Boascausuovo 453 | WANLUS sare siesta crecterslateiaesiaie oe Re 558
de las Aletas Armarillas............ 453 Scarabsldsowtseeaee ee ene Ce eae . 228
TROLEN Oc S500 coduuocdeHoodbaogunosassd0d 452°) (Scarideeiciiees- Ha a elele Sisecta rae OSTEO 483
PLTELO).. wiejsie o10\0 visis e(cleteiessivie(ois sje ties) 1+ £52) 5) 'Scarusiperricomeces. scsi cts sel. 483, 511
FROCK COM se yotevocieterecterereercteietieteiets 589, 799 Sceliphron aztecum . ....c.eecee seen 265
VOC era tomreteteveleteisisreters\svercteinieiekeiaratisiate spec 789 _ CHTULS UMA ae fareyoiele oral oleiersleystotsTeyahevelsaete 265
OCI MIS hs arelerearelcietetleletescistsrsicinieteraicte 573, 589 | USGL OL ep ye pey-tetreteltevaetercial lolemicterehoea aXe 265
ING eGoudgadun adHoadKdodD. baoauaoo€ 789 | MU CEO si raraferaseyetensterstetereterel=\eteleisl=terlersteieteyeyt CO
Roncador-Almejero...... ii tee e scien 457 | ZIMMELMANNIssacy nee aee lee 265
PTO LOS alaterteletolodcicveictevelsieyeheesisiesicle .-» 458 | Scelolyperus CYANELLUS...........---- 251
VATA C Owetctartctsveterelelelociacsreeietnersctisier 458 | Sceloporus biseriatus.......... 82, 114, 1005
Romquilus icc ige as tesecee wae 787 | Clanliclarici seen asec -,. 109
FONGAN Peano eet ee ane aia CE 2 B38 i0l clarki zosteromus.......0.....se000- 108
RUMEX/SUBALPINA sc. ccc sce de sd were 720 CONSODIVNUSNarotoreaeckaret ein oteyayeeelatetel sieve 109
Rupiscartes atlanticus................. 500 | BTACIOSUBia(ais -tetelalelsialeicieisterst 82, 114, 1005
CHIOSTICEUS cissajeieieceerelocce erica aeiae 500 TORT gees cpupsitetovevevareleioteietelaite fer eceleverterens 79, 110
Ruscarius MEANY! ............6. 787, 805 WMIASISLOMN avyelstaiatelclefetelolele cinicferetoeleciets 82
AVY PEICUS RANE s ./siaveleresieierel sicieievaeeleteieisieels 452 OCCIAESNtALIB Hey areteytel-atecvererel-tureneeters 82
Saal wei cee core ore ok ber eegeu sae at 403 Ghgebin thane de yon SWmAnacemGinnns Ha 82, 1005
Salamandrina altenuata................. 560 TUSLLOTSUM 50 o~ 0 00 wove ce cieiesise/ seis LOO
Sallomayey sae eeeeteleresiealelsvere eee tenia mises 464 ZOSTCLOMMUBerersieieletelelerersiore 79, 82, 108, 1004
Salmo ‘gairdneri.. 0 ss sees nace Raysee 2 Selscmid eee cravstouretovelets evetothel weir rcrataisiarsiets 466
VI ICISSiai)jatcjeisrevetounarets See g2s2000 Sciadeichthys troscheli................ 400
B@lMOT? ARs eH ee Ree ee ae Rue Re 853 Scirtes HUMERALIS............0000. 227, 240
Blue-bachke ese vers a ce hetone lorie 792 Scobiambadia cycmacrritereeietctiamteectere 264
CMIN MOOK ss -\elenisre icles level aascresine esters 791 @Unttataicstarcecevers erie evecleretereeiel rere 264
1DYOy32 So aS aad COUCH Gon AaaGAe ads 791 SCOUT Ba Oe rertaciores ciacisictievel trelciareroieleiatekete ee OL
ELM p bachaNrrcrsieeieitee eee 791 Scoliodon ons uriowe jin ete cleicicleleteierete 382
STAN MOL LIC sereheveteicicie eisicisveareta nian .e. 850 SCoOlytid'o Wasa asiieiceterscisclscicceiteiseesaU)
GUTTA TE Ae ere telorete fopateinnereiewints eicioharee 791 ScomberomoruS SIERRA. .........e08- 428
Sillivionspremagereotarererswtsns lec sia waclerctonnereets 791 HINA] OG repoeieiveicietelsinrerelveieoctelers -.. 381
IGEhoodbaodvaccunDDOL Bp aeeOeSouadeG 791 SCOMMDTIL GMa eels icvereretas mielebeyerersheteretetatcters 427
ALM ONIN eartoreardov creer ie etecs crete iii 791 Scorpena MYSTES..............981, 491, 513
Salvadora’ decurtatdscasecsess csce wes ee 146 SUNLOLH fas vetererctaras Peysnohel hetehel slevehel evehetarare 492

INDEX. I 045
Scorpenichthys marmoratus..... . 808 Sebastodes rupestris............-....0. 599
PS COLP SNUG Decree isicveletereieiae elereticieiclole 491, 798 saxicolay.se<- ef sralalatelatatctatererensterete 585, 596
SOOT SET tcooodubooosoodnoob ocecua bone 222 serranoides............ daiceodcucdqes 592
White-winged .............. Soocood 222 SELLICEPSaeicisi- slei-lteen ie sieves eieiels DOO, O01
Sydmenide.................. seYatelelsletevers 227 Shane Pescaqqac ca! onas ooodue cddIod 600
‘Scymnus ardelio............. ODO HGCdS 5 PPA TUMDLOSUSteseriate eile aeiete Selene 098
cinctus..... mislaielelchcicr sh sVelelohictsteisveretetevevense ill \er-cillenaiconoaoos! caucuses nocK -..086, 602
Collarishyaecisccice cies ie Fe dents S22 ZACCNULUS cela lelarereysteledetersteievetstoieisiels -- 600
SUTURALIS.......- KonddCOsGQndoKUd6 227 NedastomuUssaaccctieriocueceeee Sates 589
‘Scytalina cerdale........... Be oaHetas 849 Sebastosomus...........22-200 epsieesielcievore 589
poCytalinidsornntvesisie sae aise en deeies 849 Selene cerstedi........... anoooLuNGEoAS 436
Sabastes paucispinis.............0000008 589 vomer...... SS Es{d stats nee tct yas asl Siatenaraichets 437
Sebastichthys....... oanudbopooonanENDede 589 Semele bicolor...... goose Hatsleien octets 47
Sebastodes alutus............06.-.. ... 594 HAVESCENS Succ e acs ceils eicee AOODAGS 47
atrovirens ......... 50a sono den oulen nh OD) VENUStAl ss ceaiclelejce 4 ADO GoD BOO 47
AUTICMAbUSH reece cree eialsciels «se 586, 601 Senecio Bigelovii ........00...2 5.0.0.8 704
Galliyynssvcsee a ihc atatererseaieioee Aleit 798 RUSDYUrinstotnie oem eieleeeneaee Beene 704
AUTO PAR Ee relies Sateedaeur Seis 586, 596 Sequoia sempervirens................. 170
IbreVvispIMiSwsaeeiisee eee cea 594 Seriola mazatlanarwc.o4.. 1soscea cesioe 441
Carnatus..........-- sleistesteveisie OSU, R003) Serranide..... Uiadelolereieleisinieicicieeicehrins -. 443
caurinus....... Jes] sle/vie|s\ee\s/eis\2\ siete 602, 798 Serranus bullert.......0. 2.005000 deoudood 452
chilorostictus’...:........ .. ...086, 599 caloptenycrm escuela 452
chrysomelas......... Alavavarererare strep 586, 603 Shadiyaeesaecee Spite are vallislatauatsreietctsuerepere 790
CUT ab Shree ie eres cherie ete dei 592 Sharkj(Bluere senwssecceccnones abode 788
constellatus.............. selene 586, 598 Ground ecenesicae AaOnn eacdad uo Joao Afsts}
Cranial Characters of............ 573 Shearwater, Black-vented........... 36 ZIG}
GipPlTOPTLO ary je etes-\erse ee Seiten OOO 090: Dark-bodied..... eeteatiehetexs OunoO Eee 217
LOM GALUSHctaiavereteterer tepeveieretece stel-yote 586, 600 PiMK-fOOLOMS cea cisiereseieteelercienerec ioe 216
EMTOMETAS awieveeppestercicteearreraciele 585, 593 Shells, land and fresh-water, from
Onc ogooS00udod one boobooH abode se 599 Lower California... viccccccs . 163
flavidus........ Aoduacusdde 2. »:085, 592 marine, from Lower California.... 34
Callbtesaoanagooo MPd ees ovevicteretetetenuets 599 Shin eriiayeretos sarees eos narra shasta 798
SFOOMEI aise «ele OWsnd aoacudGseas 585, 591 Sialidw......... Slofefsistereloras meiner ret errehs - 515
NO PING leerelercceisene etic nurses 594 Sierra: 3... RAROrE SUC Gsda dou nado oas 428
DINETO MIG SL tcetwaveratetieren ieee .-.586, 597 Stervitiagedcertetieciets USM ad Sateesy Merci oie 415
NOWA Se ierccialeteertnsrcisiorsie siciaae ers S0s7000 Siliphaltrunc ata aeclemavseronesve does 227
Macdonald meryy viva sso see NISO4 AGH phi daleesee eee ae ee Pts 227
TVA TG OTserererctororetelcteraistevetereteiers 586, 602, 799 SUUri da asa sae eee ee Eee 394
IMATZ UD ALD erecicrarcieterersiorsraie cieterinare rere cis 597 Silybum marianum..... soo GooLoUeeb oT 368
MeELANOPS seecssieeie see 5505515924. 798 op SinaloswMishesotccemeccacomeen cet ee 377
MeETANOSTOMIUS|yeielepsiehe rer seiteyek secs oke 597 Siphonaria lecantum.............. 5000.) 62}
AMA MTATUSyoraters erates wleis Sooameunon -085, 595 PeltOid ese sAsee cee pace erator 42
MYSEINUS! a's chocit ceive viele sie a 000 5 090,,.198 Siphostoma arctum............-.s008 .. 416
MOD UILORUS Arlette sereiciererer 586, 603, 799 CALIFOrMIENS 6 erericlerer hetero ete oe NOT.
NUISTOCINCLUS ie ajay ole cvelewisefere)zieiels 604, 799 BVA RST Defevorersiataleveraretstajelsiorerers 381, 413, 416
LOW ALIS eeelersotarelctelctevetierervohore settee 585, 594 Sistrum:carbonarium, . 32.0.2... ccs. 42
WAUCISPINIS@ tye iclo sees 585, 591 Sisymbrium linifolium.. .............. 622
PIMNNTGSMe A salolel aavatersleleie cieters 585, 595, 798 Skates Commoniesacueesa cies tee 789
LOLI OL Mepacinielserercieteieleietereuscesleiaate . 595 SEOW GZ Waseca st arereiant steiaratau es raisers everets 791
rastrelliger.......... jagsoodesad 586, 602 Smelowskia calycina.............. ..+. 624
THOGCOCHTOLISs ir slelarsfelcisiotenterie sites 586, 599 OWA TS Ye eras een cote Pye Nets Cee Hea 624
TOBACOUS 2c. sac tt bstices waits 886, 598 Smel teiereretcrtee eee tid HORS rGe MASE SOoOnG 793
RUBERRIMUS.....c00se08+ 586, 597, 798 SULT fate ete cau crcatis terete aeiy a vera retat gt PCat 792
PUDLUVINCCUS sacs cetsrcrveteterete «sels 586, 601 HIMICraydelinagy werner isle see rtene 551
MULLS Sees tel elsyetetasspeteeievecers oisieeholerets 593 Solarium granulatum.... ............- 43

1046 CALIFORNIA
Soleaipilosa......... 2055 Suounousonbaog 505
Soleido wrest ese BoooGe Goose aa neonUs 505
Somniosus microcephalus............. 788
SPAT Bo verepareiel ekelesetetsherasiersisielesarsteleteletvavevere 464
Spermatobium......... doooo0dd0adS 1
MOLLETD REL Ttaletolaelsveleretatel lejetsccleisyencievers 2
FREUNDI...........-06 niogesdooac000 2
Spherophoron coralloides............. 535
Spherophthalma gloriosa............. . 261
IMAC MAN acfalelohelehyatetekalarversraseueketslelelCetct> 261
INOPLOVIUE Googud! DooLOOGoebabeomhe, 660 260
SACKEMI yo aytorctesieveicistiete heen seer 200
CHEW boo adoKod obo OOU OD ScoUmDo bY 261
Sphecius convallis......... SHoURosemead 266
Sphegide..... Aiaianleteceagubute un oa" AN Cay aan 265
Spheroides annulatus var, politus ..... 490
lobatus...... popoooudopeopreddde 490, 511
Sphex abdominalis..............-...:. 266
HAVADES Watatejereiere clo iaes si wemiekeletroriete aheic 266
haben avert elcor rece . 266
Thome... Siafee ee its lone eioe Berio . 266
Sphyrsena ensis..... . 2.0 cic. fe es eco PAR
SyolinaPabb hos osuggusoodsovoobadocdcus ~ 425
Sphyrna tiburo............. sarele aitnesee . 383
tudes....... Salo bobo op eaDa ber ssowans 383
ZY OIA sya) efoisioeoiwiensi/nehelelsvateieteretsiei=| siete 383
Sphywmideo ieee eteeusteyciedeuoevnieeet= hoood uu Bho)
Spiesia ACUTIROSTRIS...........--.+06 677
NODHOXGVS)jcle'scle/slareisicte cievelsicve Sivee oo 677
Sopohora stenophylla................. 669
Spondylus calcifer........ 2... pccrsye 47
NTI DAGUS ey ereyeleyey tren lsyeneteee ere aacdiso 47
PLINCO PS selai-leisisieeetersiniere ciriowelenl eee Bo. etl
Sporobolus airoides..................- 725
SQUMAlIidee rele iersieieics eletareniorte aie Wave re se 789
SolmalusySUCkdie e cereesicicgererslersietncisisiclevet= 789
Squanwvetishytyeiscccieviersaeveys a eee aed creda lea ete 853
Staph y Lima iyejesisteversterucieners cisersicsehers aie 226
carlin eyes clersie ajatsteleicihsieladekers Ae ae ene 799
Steelhead.......... BO Oto doane bo sadu tos Le
S Celis irene oieteeldiciereracheessiels Perinat Oil
VALLI SUIS sepereletey ctsieveteiciesepsveterscietiorels Se oou tea
Stellariazkang7it prejeicleis cle eiciciele loshin) 627
TON GIP ES Melereiciarscrieeccicin accel OSU
Stenostoma humile...... Sabre ouesouacos 136
Stercorarius longicaudus.............. 213
DALTASITICUSKeciseverere(tcnteiststictehaiserasiciie 213
DOTMVALUTMUS He jefojuleytoieseleroretatctsierilepyerst-iat= 213
Sterna Paradise. ......ciccecc-sisicier ce ele 215
Sticheide..... padOCoaunAbAoosodedsoana 848
Stictarpulmonariaieea icici 536
Stictina scrobiculata...... .........,. 536
Stipa ARIDA....... Isis Tas Bias Ls Voke eer eisehek 725

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Shaloy) aergepouNoro long onoeouGosD00O0DD000D 724
Silbin cawerpaetrsrert her cielelectelottelystevere 724
viridula........ opnO0b00D SON DOOD 725

SovAUs) Cook osoouocda cooas0cc0ane 266

Stolephons curtus............ Addo soon lilt)

Stolephorus curtus...............0..... 409
ORT OUUS acsserenietcisic role) sve vereyeys (nicdestevetsiars 409
ISCHAMUSeeyeeerere tee siete sion ete 409, 508
IRENE Gao goooduded son oo edac0d0n Lil)
miarchus........ cabacdDedOsoDE D005 409
SCOFIELDL..... Slelsisislel sistent siete COO Uap asL O.

Streptanthus cordatus............... . 623
ISON AHH oy aa duoobecd goood, .0000 so -. 623

Strigilla carmaria.........+..0..0.-:-0- 4T
IchaymowWENoqeodsoGoCo0C 0d0 Sesto apa Xe e hie

Stromateide...... denadoadnos 300080 442, T97

Strombina angulosa.................-- 43
TALKIES soodgooqObOC esedoaodadac 43.

Strombus galeatus.... ....... out Beas
QATVACIIT OT apspetaiereseleleieicicielertcieore trees 43
STAMULACUSE yore atciererstcteelelereletereetorS 43

SturgeomWMiGreenhaas icici eceiecieclorr ty 789
WIDE CH Ne feie cya icieic/sislere eleloiciclven eer BR LOO

Subulina) lirifera... <-s... ace cielo ao. alae
OCLOM Aa seeeicilerrieirelckeiseiiicrelascits 167

Succinea californica......... bboouDo000 168

Sukie ohiiecteceuseterrcele ENERO AO CAO o.c 792

SULMBIndaerceewtclketerclseritecietelerracr iene 224
IMs ag oognodHooDeDoG, cOnAGodeoad no UY

Syacium ovale........ aadaouocdoodaCo 502.

Symphasis signata... ...... oh eaters 516

Symphemia semipalmata inornata. ... 223

Symphoricarpus oreophilus......... 690, 732
LOCUNGIFOMUS) eel ieilaicddetei=i ve ieicueieicveree 689

Var. OREOPHILUS ..........24 s.. 690

Symphurus WILLIAMSL........+,.6- 381, 506:

Synchytrium ‘GARICIS... 2.0)... ccc we 731
Ful Sens nyse cryercloleleis dadcaseonlopeoton 731

SY MOMALM Lee wecvyayercletsclsicecleleitetere 416, 797

Shraavoyslormnis shoes be nboadaucg obo. co0D000 oo Call

Sy NOUS jem KINSIeliej)-l-ileiieevelleerslsrenets 411
SCIGMIICE DS seemisicteaceieiayilelsteelaieeuare 411

SyNtomiumeyerercisicrlatercleraae tas spreleiarereter 237

Tachyporus chrysomelinus............ 226.

Teniotoca lateralis...... ccs eeeeeccees 797

Mam DOL etc ocsllivsee ccc 490, 789

Tantillayplanice ps! isc. <cs)-/le' 79, 140, 1008

Tapinoma melanocephalum ........... 70

Tarletonbeania crenularis.............. 793.

Tatler, Wandering......... seleietseieleveroets 223

Tebennophorus sallei.................. 168

MMECOMAISTANS hrajerercreleieleicieterareserele|letotoiarer tore 760

WMel@GetUsisiccijee eyelets aieisia eile 242
DEBLDS cielctere eieieiciiitelerevekeieleterercieyste 228, 243

INDEX. I O47

MOMMA ANGELL LA apelel cele eial-Telcleleloieleisvere 47 Mra caCantharpuce deteioeneperrouiy-ytciontelsiete- 635
TWP Moogaucgoc0s dusboqooDoGooE sab oC 47 Trifolium eriocephalum...--,.......... 630
FOWEA VEX Go55 Gono UDO DUDODAbbbioo000r 47 GYM NOCALP UM ey ace poyeseelstokel le eller 630
REM EDLLONUM cose eristercleisier el telelaisic ened deters 229 -Harneyensis .........- Seq0 jodo boon) WEN)
Menthredin1d sewers sie ssi eeeier ler 542 leieR WOKS ES Oban SoobodeduUAdoapE sc- 629
Tenthredoides seminigrum............++ 546 ughyaill ssaeaoeosanqaoaobauodDOD OD ROOC 629
Merebravlin gwalisiy j-\jole! sel evcies eeiniel> 43 Mriolidze seer sacle poeGduoicadoDa Dod 492
TECHNO coon soon oo Dboeds oo ccoMEeas 47 Triglochin maritimum var. DEBILE ... 722
NEIICEPE) nose pop duqaeaEdoeooue ad bio, eS g Palustre ........ se eee a aiels 722
eran, Aaonl@bos abadvosecauposbbuanocnso5 215) | TMrigonabipartitascs sce ces it ocecel 272
Pestudorwmo iCal jeresjaissel lo 'eleie velerele Hobsoo 83 Trimorphodon lyrophanes....... 79, 80, 155
Tetradymia spinosa var. LONGISPINA... 698 | Triphalus CRIBRICOLLIS............ 229, 251
Tetragonoderus fasciatus.............. 226 Tritonium gibbosum...... AEE, eared
pallidus ........ eel ctevcie(etertnicte te ciate 226 WeESti tina. ieee Lee eee A pe ke sae hey: 53
Tetraodontide ...... nfatetotctetenekerayeleioieretenoe 490 MriviaipaciliGaneaece cee Bh cl}
Tetrastichus ORBITALIS............+-++ 555 Sancuimeasy scene ee eee eee 43
PREWGNUGE ce areravetsielafelaleeiclersietwis ciavelohesotiaisl 485 solandri-.= 0.2... ie Line ate Trae pan 43
Teuthis CRESTONIS...........-+.-+- 381, 485 Trogus PULCHERRIMUS......+....--+++- 547
Thalassoma lucasanum............-.-- 482 | Tropidolepsis scincicauda.............. 120
Thaleichthys pacificus................. 793 Tropidonotus celeno.......... wiesimtstate 154
Thamnophis cyrtopsis collaris..79, 80, 151 leberis validus......2::s.0+----- 152, 154
WAIN CY CLUMES eater aeteicisicverece erst LOL ordinatus Var. eques..........-.---- 151
HAMMONAI A eile ctalele sae 1007, 1008 LEPRTOPLEUrG.... 0+ o- ole saree ere e- er 152
Theloschistes concolor .......... ...... 536 CUTS soooodnecob booadooucedoa 152, 154
Thelypodium Howellii..... dunoseooonon 623 RANT IO SHOR SEE OKC SHOR EOe Uo: aay!
Wrightii var. TENELLUM........... 622 tephropleura ........0.0+-20---- 152
Mhraclarcuntarenseicesscecisisisve st siecle 48 validus..... SRoaie Rtas rie craeerto ne 152
Thyrima CRYSTALLINA....... 381, 413, 420 GMeoNbthy CMURUIOROEY he dooodadou sodoCdKS 792, 853
EVERMANNE «..2..0:..200-2+eee- 381, 419 DollyaWiar deme yeretevelelcisiersvel=iereteisl=/e ais}
Tithonia argophylla...... Sdbious ‘sonboe 702 INANE Ses5Godnnoso0no.. ddcoudadds we. 424
Mivelavele Gans yeeis.)ccetejerscele's\-lelsiele einer 48 Trypoxylon albitarse...........-...... 267
TACHIEIEE 6 pooh oo cehoheopoapoDEDoec oT 47 WAKO so5ndnd daddy adboddodaoCAG6 267
Tomarus aCutUs) oes. ce cieesisie es 240 CHIND RATE Ee yapetete/areletensteisveleiertiielafetel ters 267
BISIGNATUS ticle sieleieieleverois|iaisicle 227, 239, 240 SPINOSUM Per creer leieverereristersiletsiolelatere 267
IMPAWIE GoodseoneueEnoaddooauNde.d0 240 Se Turbo: tluctuosuspsscicc canoes oe ees:

OUI Chellis ayeepaye) etolstehareletein ej ie csererssehele)= 240 Purneraithuisaeaarecieicisievecieis ieee sickle 758
Gnormyoysl Caaggaccnsodcbu booasboudsHonodD 849 UMA Ob aon Gad odoGS Bddouomooso ‘| 224
Tornatina culcitella............-....- 43 BAC esereteretatclceievercielaratsvolereicicl=(=tiateeers . 224
ROLO Mee emer ieleeiele sis abdbsacosasooudnad 432 Turritella gontostoma........-52--2-0: 43
NowWMNSCIAia MOLITOT verre ciate ciyelcieieieislels 697 sanguinea.. 202.00. on. Sooowdoo.000 43
VBL GC OMMUINIS.).\2/eyattela\e(ais\=hs)shelelels 697 tIGTIN ape vesisloleisieeeiienicisels Soouose 43

MNO MAE og anasHAdeooos. sAsUbUOGnOS 697 Tv VOSULUS LOGLIATONT.a<nale wi ctoleieres-lovelelerefors 414
MOKONGULAPS ENING Disielalelesfolelclsiehe )s/s\clelsi= 546 SCtOlzmia mM Mil seers jevelaleieveloretel statalene/siats 415
Toxoneuron seminigrum..........-6-. 546 UlulapercolORirecsciiciec ei ceccieicleseieiersioi Oo
Trachinotus (CULVERT. -\..).6..--.-..- 381, 439 MEXICANA eveie clelesiele boooba aden -.. 521
lke hyalsoqdasdpoccas Hoes peoe ooeo 440 Wmbrina dorsalisi cs. c. ss cseceiel ne ceeces 468
IDNEOMU GHD babadoooNd: odouGdod 381, 437 Kamei cess neste Mier etopsketetetel -...468, 510
rhodopus........ idinddecdoebaonsone 438 Upenus grandisquamis........ Sdo0ubo CoN
Trachurops brachychirus.........-.-.+++ 429 tetraspilus.......... SudogyUOE DOO ObOS 427
crumenophthalmus.........-....-- 429 Uredo CASTILLEIZ ........... sooNsen.o6 731
Trachynotus fasciatus.........--.. Saou ne tees! Uria troile californica........ ........ 212
nasutus ..... ‘anos da deaoadudusunood 438 Urolophus asterias... cc. ccccc cess oe 388
TrachyPteOrid sec\ansicieisis icicles sicieiehe\ese)sheveiei= 850 ROGERSIoer-footiciscieiocisrelele SoObaon0 380, 388
Trachypterus rex salmonorum........ 850 DMBRLMHR relcisiewcvelsieieieleictereteisrerere 380, 388
Tragacantha ce@spitosa.........-++- sae 647 Uromyces LYCHNIDIS...... auodobadds «. 729

1048

Whit) VA LARS noogasoaoo onbos6do vaea.00e00 104
AYLOAEN Sllontetetarenetabelsteralaieloreteveistcieteveretetetel 82
MACrOSCUPAtAeseclelonl eels cet 82, 106
MULTI GAC A letetcteaterertelepicrtierseetsiere 79, 106
OM agdanocnne me aoosonouod boeOoU5 106
joa ado qnodaGoacooosemadgoNos 106
MAHON oadocodopacogegonqcoUsONo 82, 102
Ress ane sousau Oba Boodonade Decco be 104
stansburiana...........79, 80, 104, 1004
Thalassinaweeee ease ceernee 79, 99

Whyolloslbinghodonodesdosab odumosnoDocodKG 467

Vaginulus moreleti................. ... 168

Venus subimbricata.................-. 48

Verbesina scaposa..... clan iee ateteres oallOL

WeRescsaauannonne: BanacHiabboddAad soda 424

Vermetus centriquadrus...,. ..... ... 43

WEEAEDUB apo gooos bo dase cosuddneaaooods 469

WELTU PATO elercissecler erectile eat Rie L OS

Werticariatb eldingtityterccies<isi-iicieersecriele 131
hyjpeny Chay.) \erey-et(eseisiesevetesicoleveiate 79, 128

Deldim gies cic eerie 82, 131, 1005
BERICE Avteieretelererciorstarersterelerelscrereicressictere 132

Vespid@...... SBE REO umateran 269

SVU CLA PAM CLICAN As ce:cjeiiaietciete.sisieisieleiniisieecre 727

SVAl CU alee staretre raters cisteleronsierslocoteietele/atclousicictonele 425

Wi Ola AULeES so... ec oc wore ceieice'e eleteichs “4. 625
IDUMLCLOVUTVY cterelclolaieieh-terelelarcieiealnelerereyeyaiat= G25

Wiolaidemtatars clevecsicsraicrcciete citer stecchersie iene 48

MOLUtATCUMIN EG ecrtevarleieree seveeis cies eins 43

var. pederseni ............-.-. 43

VOI VATUMAIV ATID ayateseiciacistelares-rtersieterevarerelsis 44

Vomer setipinnis............--sceeeeee 436

Washingtonia Sonor®........ ......... 759

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES.

Water Birds of California.............. 177

Wallet Western! reece cericitecmeecetiet 223
AWOL DIE oggodclec aagganaago0g00 400-0000 848
Xantusia GILBERTI........ oH0000 79, 121, 529
henshawilascccecitiesc eee eee nOs OOO
TIVETSLANAsrrieselleisycrteieteh alert 533
vigilis....... St TRUCE is Pia. 82, 523.
MEM A SADINT Cyc aletepelers cisisveieVeleisteteteroeions 215
Xenistius californiensis ......... ..... 509
Xenochirus triacanthus...............- 827
2.) Ri WF oagquopoceooubaEDcaDdeab odode 787
HUUCONU Mp tevererpajeterotstetensfoleteveteds eioelerercioke 846
Xesurus punctatus ..............22000- 486,
Xiphidion mucosum......-. ........ 848
Mb Xe ho gounoooospeeccdAqMOaobGKC 848

Gy omblebGormnileAeaqeggoagddoouK0NGOs oOdD 841
Xiphistes chirus..................... 846
WW: coODadOOO OR doUdoDGotooga00 787, 847
Xiphomyrmex SPINOSUM.............-+ 894
VMS DOLUSSsevereleleieisleireioerereieiecictert te 230
Xylocopa fimbriata.............-..2265 271
VALID UN CLALAN cece ocereinietselcvetciscictelelstenete 272
Xylophilus brunnipennis.............. 229
Xystema cinereum............ 413, 472, 511
Kystes AXINOPHRYS.............. 787, 824
Zalarges NIMBARIUS........+-.+ 787, 793
ADI OWI S eysretoreletsterciveroteicketcietelsreicierstete 236, 237
SeErricollissviserrecvsiscerictecisicielele verte 237
SPIMICOMIST aser-ayeeieiaye) o eieterewolcleieiatelete 237
Zaniolepsis latipinnis................. 802
ZasceliS OBLONGA ........0+cerecces 230, 256.
| LOarcidas......... 2... cess eee cee e eee ee 849

Page 384,
Page 41,
Page 46,
Page 77,

Pages 77,

Page 156,
Page 164,

ERRATA,

after title, add By J. G. Cooper.

line 17, lamarck read Lamarck.

the species numbered 160 should follow No. 79 on page 42.
in list, for Gyalopum read Gyalopium.

81, 142, for Rhinochilus read Rhinocheilus.

for Crotalis read Crotalus.

line 11, for H. californiensis Young read young H. Califor-

niensis.

_- Page 525,

Page 528,
Page 555,
Page 627,
Page 638,
Page 639,
Page 645,
Page 650,
Page 655,
Page 658,
Page 670,
Page 666,
Page 667,
Page 693,
Page 693,
Page 703,
Page 716,
Page 719,
Page 719,
Page 727,
Page 730,
Page 731,
Page 732,
Page 773,
Page 913,
Page 921,

for Xautusia read Xantusia.

sixth line from bottom, for ovoviparous read ovoviviparous.
line 8, add from Tepic.

after var. tripartitum (Nutt.) add Pax.

read Tejonensis for T'ejouensis.

read debilis for DEBILIS.

read A. PISCINUS for piscinus.

read var. UNGULATUS for var. ungulatus.

read A. sTIPULARIS for stipularis.

read A. ENSIFORMIS for ensiformis.

read A. UINTENSIS for Uintensis.

read A. METANUS for A. metanus.

read A. JuLtianus for A. Julianus.

line 25, read cannot for caunot.

lines 4, 5, 23, read Macronema for macronema.
line 23, read var. tenella for L. tenella.
Hriogonum should be placed on page 718.

read GLUTINOSUM for glutinosum.

read AMBIGUUM for ambiquum.

read Glycyrrhize for glycyrrhize.

line 5, drabe should be Drabe.

line 22, cichoricearum should be cichoriacearum.
next to last line, aspeum should be asperum.
line 4, for Crotolus read Crotalus.

line 3, for flowery read floury.

third line from bottom, for male read mule.

PLATE LXXyl

PRroce.CaL.Acap Scr.(2) VoL.

ZALARGES NIMBARIUS

LATE. EYPITT ON $-F2E ESE

EL.

tD.:

Amma L Drown,

Proc.CaL.ACAD. SCI. (2) VOLV.

Anna LBrowm, DEL.

HEXAGRAMMUS OTAKII

PLATE LXXVII

LITE. PEITTON §- FEE; SFE

PLATE LxxX

D. OCT. (Z) VOL.V.

Proc CaLAc

OXYLEBIUS PICTUS

LUTH.BELTTON §-P2EF 5S F.

Dron, DEL.

7,
Eee

Anya

LXXIX,

JORDANIA ZONOPE

Anwal Drown, DEL. LITE BEITTON 8 EE, SE

ye ery:
hers si

Proc. Cat. Acap. Scr.(2) VoLV. 7 PEA Dn Ooe

RUSCARIUS MEANY!

Awwa L_ Drove, Dzz. LITE PLITON 8-2 SE,

PLATE LX

Proc.Can.Acap. Ser. (2) VoLV.

RADULINUS ASPRELLUS

LATH SPITT ON L205 (SL

Animal Brown DEn,

I
yy
i

robe

PLATE 1

Proc. Ca..Acap. Scr. (2) VoLV.

OLIGOCOTTUS EMBRYUM

LITH, BEPITT ON G-PLEE SE,

EL; .

Awya L. Drown, 2:

Proc.CaL.Acap. Scr. (Z) VoLV. PASE OC an

DASYCOTTUS SETIGER

Anal Brown, DEL. LIT. PEITION § BEE, SE

5 Eh

Proc.CatAcap. Setr.(2) VoL V. PLATE LXXXIV

ASCELICHTHYS RHODORUS

Anwva LArown,Dzz. LITE. BEITION & REX, SF

PRoc.CaAL.Acap. Sct. (2) VoLV. PLATE. LXXXV.

PSYCHROLUTES ZEBRA

Anna L Brown Dz, LITE, BELITION 8 PREV SE

Proc. Can.Acan. Sct.(Z) VOL.V. > ATE EDOOavAh

GILBERTINA SIGALUTES

Awwal Drown, LEZ. LTH. SPLIT ON 8- REY, SE

jProc.CaL.Acap. Sct. (2) VOL. PLATE LXXXVII

RHAMPHOCOTTUS RICHARDSONI

Aawal Brown, Dez. LITH BRITTON 8.2K SE:

Proc. CAL Acap. Scr.(2) VoLV. PLATE LXXXVIIL

PODOTHECUS ACCIPITER

Anal Drown, DEL. 4 LITE. BERILTON § BEE, SF

Proc.Can.Acan. Sct. (2) VoL. IG /AGDIEH, LNOOMD,

PODOTHECUS VETERNUS

Anna l Brown DzEn,. LITH. BITTON & PREY SE

PLATE

Soa:

Proc. Cau.Acap. Scr. (2) VoL V.

Ro he
ATES

STELGIS VULSUS

LMT EPIL ON GI2EF i SE

Aywa L Drown, DEL.

PEATE OXI

Proc.Cat Acap. Sct. (2) VOL...

AVERRUNCUS EMMELANE

LITE EPEITION & PAEY, SF

DEL.

Aynal Brown

Proc.Cau:Acap. Scr. (2) VoLV,

Anwal, Broun, DEL,

XYSTES AXINOPHRYS

PLATE XC

LITE BELTTON 8. REV SE.

mo)

5
;

Roc CAL.Acap. Sctr,(Z) VoL.V. PLANE GU,

S35

SHIN
NS

XENOCHIRUS TRIACANTHUS

1
Animal Brawy, DE, LATH BEDI T ON 8: E2EV SE

Proc.Car,.Acap. Set.(2) VoL V PLATE, -XC1V;

LETHOTREMUS VINOLENTUS

Avimal, Brown DE. LTH. BILTTON §- BEE, SE

Yj}

Proc.CAL.Acap. Scr.(2) VOLV. PLATE XCV

NEOLIPARIS MUCOSUS

Anwal Deon, LDzz. LITE. BEITION §- REY, SF

PLATE XCVI.

ROG.CAL.Acap. Sct.(2) VonV.

NEOLIPARIS GREENI

ON §- REX, SE

(LLL. PPE PPT I

oun DEL.

Awwa LB

- PrRoc.CaL.Acap. Sct. (2) VoL. PLATE XCVIL

~ LIPARIS CYCLOPUS

Annal, Broun, DEL. LITH. BIEITION § REY, SE

PLATE

| PRoe. CAL Acap. Sct. (2) VoLV.

LIPARIS DENNY!

ALE, EEVTT ON §-FREY

DEL.

Aviva LAR,

PLATE -XCIX.

Proc Cat.Acap. Scr, (2) VoL.

LITH, EPEITION G-ILEV 52,

RONQUILUS JORDAN!

4L DROWN DEL,

PRoe.CALAcap. Sci.(2) VOLV. PLATE €

CLEVELANDIA 10S

| Anna l Brown, DEL: LATH BRITTON §-2EV SE.

PLATE GI

Proc.CaL.Acap. Scr.(2) VoLV

ss) i oy Rae
2) D5) PPPs)”
SOY RNa aN ,
yy. sy) pry, DY, yey)
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BRYOSTEMMA NUGATOR

LITE BITTON 8-PREY SE

Awnwa L Daou, ZEzz..

Proc Cat. Acap. Sct. (2) VoLV. PLATE Cll

XIPHISTES ULVAE

Aama Ll Brown, Dz. LITE. BRITTON & REE, SE

ae
Uh ti

?
i
2-2

CIE.

PLATE

(Can Acap. Sct. (2) VoL.V.

PROC

XIPHIDION RUPESTRE

LITH. BPLITT QN §-PREF SE

zzz

WV, L/,

Anna Ll Brov

ete

oo]

Aaa io

PLATE, CIV

PRoc.Cat.Acap. Set. (2) Vou.

SCYTALINA CERDALE

row

LATE UTIL ON § REY

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ONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRAR

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Full text of "Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences"

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