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PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


CALIFORNIA 


ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


SECOND SERIES. 


VAD SEL 09.9 9 Sym 


1S96G. 


Tssued March 1, 1897. 


SAN FRANCISCO: 
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
1897. 


Committee of Publication: 
WILLIAM E. RITTER, 
DAVID STARR JORDAN, GULIAN P, RIXFORD, 


TABLE OF CONTENTS, 
Bh 2 eA Le 


PAGE. 
Coorsr, J. G. On some New Cretaceous (and Eocene ?) Mollusca of 
CULE UTELD CG eae a aa ee RR Olt ROREG Se ar. Baths Moh. SS 330 
Eastwoop, ALice. Report ona Collection of Plants from San Juan 
County in, Southeastern Utah 2. 06. ig eos ae coe 270 
Eastwoop, Auice. Descriptions of some New Species of Californian 
PDE eam akon sete 2, os 5.4 ais, Gal ea ans MES ee 422 
Hotmes, SAmuet J. Description of a New Schizopod from Lake 
NRCC RN Er ie ais ties ioe aceite eeu eer, CR 199 
Horn, Grorcr H. Coleoptera of Baja California. Supplement II... .367 
Horn, Grorce H. The (idemeridx of Boreal America.............. 382 
JORDAN, Davip StaRR. Notes on Fishes Little Known or New to 
EUSTHRGOME Mietegs URED sad o/c crchas' sd oie lana hE ate 201 
JORDAN, Davin Starr. Note on Emmydrichthys Vulcanus.......... 5624 


JORDAN, Davip STARR and Epwin Cuarin Starks. Description of 
a New Species of Pipe-Fish (Siphostoma Sinalow) from 

MISA RN RI ee ea Ts Pane stand cian cae. Ciseath eg RR ER he 268 
KELLOGG, VERNON L. New Mallophaga, I,—with Special Reference 
to a Collection made from Maritime Birds of the Bay of 

Wroantierey .Onxlitornaar: 2.55... .,) abet <alelseieles ek ew ew lee 3] 
KELLOGG, VERNON L. New Mallophaga, II,—from Land Birds; 
together with an account of the Mallophagous Mouth- 


ARE etseaeye este rel ie Sledaas whe ogc sc ncahesel ee a Sk cubis So one CG 431 
Loomis, Leverett M. California Water Birds. No. II.—Vicinity of 
Monterey, tia Mid wanton...) .Heis's 20s" tS e. ekg ae es 1 
Loomis, Leverett M. California Water Birds. No. III.—South 
Haxallos Palani cinir Sime ee oe aos oe Soa ooce Mae oe eg eta 353 
Rutrer, CioupsLtey. Notes on Fresh Water Fishes of the Pacific 
mlopalar Northtimerion.’ 022s) 2 Wee: Sade ds eo eee 245 
Scnorr, Haratp. North American Apteny SOCenea yes. sie an ees ee 169 


SEALE, ALvin. Note on Delistes, a New Genus of Catostomoid Fishes.269 
STARKS, Epwin CuHapin. List of Fishes Collected at Port Ludlow, 

Dy a gM) SEE ermal eee keto), pclain asain pte Oe eee ele ae 549 
STARKS, EDWIN CHAPIN and Davyip STARR JoRDAN. Description of 
a New Species of Pipe-Fish (Siphostoma Sinalow) from 


INN APPT get cp ite jen Pes af vw, dm ah Sipe ee eel Ola a, aD 268 
Van DeENBURGH, JoHN. Description of a New Lizard (Eumeces 
gilberti) from the Sierra Nevada of California....... ...... 350 


VAN DensuRGH, JoHN. A List of some New Reptiles from South- 
eastern Arizona, with a Description of a New Species of 


Cena ROntase nati sola < Oeiddiaretm ede Wik sls, aal eine eyvierragelane 338 
VoeprEs, ANTHONY W. Notes on Paleozoic Crustacea, No. 5.—Car- 

baniferous ‘Trilobites from Missouri.. /...2..... .. sss: 6 197 
eee SUM ACNE ears attics Sic <p 5 od bse, nets ores lode ate oe mag commer 563 


te 
II-XV. 


XVI-XVIII. 
XIX. 


XX-XLIII. 
XLIV-XLVI. 
XLVII-XLVIII. 
XLIX-L. 
LI-LII. 
LIITI-LIX. 
LX-LXXIII. 
LXXIV-\V. 


LIST OF PLATES. 


Map. 

Mallophaga. 

North American Aptery gogenea. 

Neomysis mercedis. 

New or Little Known Fishes. 

Utah Plants. 

New Cretaceous Mollusca of California. 
Arizona Reptiles. 

Maps of Farallon Islands and Adjacent Mainland. 
New Species of Californian Plants. 
Mallophaga and Mallophagous Mouth-parts. 
Fishes of Port Ludlow. 


PmROCHHWDIUINIGS 


<0) as 


Peak NA ACADEMY 


— or —- 


Sow, N CRS: 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. No. II.—VICINITY OF 
MONTEREY IN MIDWINTER.* 


BY LEVERETT M. LOOMIS, 
Curator of the Department of Ornithology. 
{ With Plate i. ] 


The present paper is based on observations made 
between the 11th of December, 1894, and the 13th of 
January, 1895. As upon former occasions, a little cove 
at the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory was the starting point 
in my daily excursions on the bay and ocean. The Lab- 
oratory was again the place of indoor work, one of the 
buildings, through the courtesy of the directors, being 
used to prepare specimens in. According to local infor- 
mation the weather was unusually stormy during my 
visit. This, however, was not a drawback, for there was 
only one day when it was deemed unsafe to venture out 
on the water. There were a few days when the sea was 
as calm as any time in summer. Although it was the 
rainy season (it rained on fourteen days of my stay), the 
climate was more agreeable than in summer, as there 


* Pages 1-14 read at the Thirteenth Congress of the American Ornithol- 
ogists’ Union, held in Washington, D. C., Nov. 11-14, 1899. 


Proc. Cau. ACAD. Sci., 2p SmR., Vou. VI. February 21, 1896. 


2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


were no penetrating fogs. With green grass, flowers 
blooming in every yard, strawberries on the vine, it was 
difficult to realize it was winter, although the higher 
mountains in the distance were whitened with snow. 

The surprises that await the student of birds invading 
an unworked field were not wanting in the present instance. 
Some species that were confidently expected were not 
found and others that were not even thought of as winter 
birds proved to be more or less common. It was fully 
anticipated after the experiences of August that the three 
Jaegers and Sabine’s Gull would occur as winter residents, 
but not a single individual of any one of these -species 
was seen. It is scarcely to be supposed that the tide of 
their migration passed wholly by Monterey, or, on the 
other hand, that it had receded northward. Doubtless 
the locality was within the winter range of some of them 
at least, the local centers of distribution being to the 
northward and southward. 


MIGRATION. 


A greater surprise than the absence of the boreal birds 
mentioned was the presence of the Black-vented* and the 
Dark-bodied Shearwaters. Thousands of the former 
passed Monterey Bay on their way southward. Winter 
migration in birds nesting in the Northern Hemisphere is 
a well-known fact, there being continual movement south- 
ward and northward as the zone of snow and ice advances 
and retreats, but migration southward in the Northern 
Hemisphere in winter to breeding grounds appears to have 
escaped the observation of ornithologists. Such a migra- 
tion exists in the Black-vented Shearwater. 

During two hours of the latter part of the forenoon of 
December 14th fully two thousand Black-vented Shear- 


* This name, Black-vented Shearwater, is adopted provisionally in the 
remarks that follow. See ‘General Observations ’ beyond. 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 3 


waters were seen passing down the coast. The move- 
ment was still in progress at the time of my return to 
the land. As in the case of the migrants early in the 
season, they followed the shore-line. Appearing from 
the northward, singly and in companies, they passed 
swiftly by and disappeared to the southward. At Point 
Pinos the inner edge of their path of flight was not more 
than half a mile from the shore. Three males and a 
female were secured. Accompanying the Black-vented 
were a few Dark-bodied Shearwaters. A half a dozen 
were identified, one of them being captured. 

On the 18th I was again far enough out from land to be 
in the path of migrating Shearwaters, but only two were 
observed, a Black-vented and a Dark-bodied. Both were 
heading southward. On the 2oth, after a heavy gale, a 
Dark-bodied Shearwater was shot as it was flying over 
the bay about a mile offshore midway between the Lab- 
oratory and Monterey. As I did not go out toward Point 
Pinos it was not ascertained whether there was a move- 
ment in progress. 

About fifty Black-vented Shearwaters were seen during 
the forenoon of December 31st. They came from the 
northward, straggling along at intervals, and without 
pausing passed quickly out of sight down the coast. It 
was clear and they kept well off from the land—from 
three to five miles at Point Pinos. A female was the.only 
specimen taken. The organs of reproduction in this 
bird were functionally enlarged, which was not the case 
in the examples obtained on the r4th. 

January 2d two Black-vented Shearwaters were seen. 
They were flying southward. No others were met with 
between Dec. 31st and Jan. roth, although trips were 
made outside of the bay on six of these days. Much of 
this time the weather was unfavorable for migration. A 


-} CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


great storm occurred on the 4th.* On the roth, 11th, and 
12th (the last days observations were made) the sea was 
very still, and many Black-vented Shearwaters were mi- 
grating. On the morning of the roth, between eight and 
nine o’clock, individuals and small companies to the num- 
ber of about five hundred passed southward by my station 
two or three miles northeast of Point Pinos. During the 
remainder of the forenoon only a few were observed. 
Several were found resting on the ocean early in the after- 
noon. During the closing hours of the day another flight 
of these Shearwaters took place, several hundred being 
seen. When I left the ocean at sundown it was still un- 
der headway. Most of them passed Point Pinos between 
three and four miles offshore. None were noticed nearer 
to it than a mile or further out than six miles. 

The sky was cloudless and the ocean like glass all day 
long on the 11th. In the forenoon about two thousand 
Black-vented Shearwaters were seen going south. The 
height of the movement was between eight and quarter 
past ten. During the latter half of the afternoon about 
a thousand more were observed. Both forenoon and 
afternoon I went out on the ocean fully six miles beyond 
Point Pinos. At this distance the minor features of the 
coast fade from view, leaving only the bolder outline ris- 
ing in the background to the summits of the mountains. 
The majority of the Shearwaters passed Point Pinos be- 
tween three and four miles from land. Stationed further 
out at sea I could watch them in their flight down the coast 


* As there are no storms on this coast in summer, the early southward 
migrations are but little influenced by the weather. The intervals between 
the waves, as in the Dark-bodied Shearwater (‘No. 1,’ pp. 193, 206), may 
have been due to local distribution over the ocean. Variation in the time 
of breeding, such as occurred in Brandt’s Cormorant (l. ¢., p. 218), would 
account in part for the hiatus existing between the movements of the Cali- 
fornia Murre. 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 5 


for several miles. It was distinctly seen that their course 
conformed to the trend of the shore, bearing to the east 
at Monterey Bay and to the west off Point Pinos. There 
were no large flocks, but at intervals there was quite a 
continuous stream of individuals and little parties. Four 
Dark-bodied Shearwaters were noticed—single birds mi- 
grating in company with the smaller species. 

Only the forenoon of the 12th was spent upon the water. 
Nearly as many Black-vented Shearwaters were found 
migrating as on the previous day, but they were not so 
far at sea, there being a haziness of the atmosphere that 
obscured the coast-line.* The bulk doubled Point Pinos 
from one to two miles from the shore. The movement 
continued the whole forenoon, but its height was at nine 
o'clock when quite a rush occurred. A Dark-bodied 
Shearwater was taken and four others were seen. They 
appeared singly with individuals of the lesser species. 

The sexual organs of the eight Black-vented Shear- 
waters that were secured on these three days were in an 
advanced stage of erotic development. The larger testis 
of one male measured (in inches) .32x.47 and of an- 
other .38 x .53. The ovaries of the females exhibited a 
corresponding development. Not the slightest indication 
of similar functional activity was detected in other species, 
althougn hundreds of specimens of Auks, Gulls, Ful-- 
mars, etc., were examined. 

The beginning of the migration of these Shearwaters 
was apparently witnessed Aug. 27th, the last day of ob- 
servation in the summer expedition. In January, the mi- 
gration was evidently drawing to a close, the breeding 


*In the preceding paper I have frequently referred to the deflection to- 
ward the land of the path of migration in the Dark-bodied Shearwater 
and other pelagic species when the guiding coast-line was hidden from 
view by low-hanging fogs. The migration of a species may be almost in- 
terpolar in extent and still be modified by local conditions. 


‘ 
6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


‘season being at hand. It is noteworthy that the speci- 
mens obtained previous to Dec. 31st did not show the 
enlargement of the reproductive organs. 

The Dark-bodied Shearwaters observed were seem- 
ingly stragglers bringing up the rear in the southward 
migration of the species, this migration apparently com- 
mencing during the latter part of June. The ovary and 
testes were undeveloped in the female and the two males 
taken, which would seem to indicate that they were not 
going to breed. It may be such loiterers furnish the in- 
stances of early return of ‘barren birds,’ the Fulmars 
noted in the previous paper perhaps being examples from 
Arctic regions. 

The range of the Black-vented Shearwater has been 
but imperfectly defined, even the fact of its abundance 
off the coast of middle California remaining unknown 
until my recent investigations. In the light of the winter 
migration discovered, it seems probable that this species 
extends to the boreal latitudes reached by its Dark-bodied 
congener, which has been reported on the Asiatic side 
from the Kurile Islands (Salvin, ‘ Ibis,’ 5th ser., vol. vi, 
p- 355). Atthe antipodes this latter species is affirmed 
to nest on the Chatham and other isles in New Zealand 
seas, its habitat apparently extending as many degrees 
south as north of the equator. The condition of the gen- 
erative organs of the specimens taken in June and July 
off Monterey suggests the probability that it does not 
breed in the Northern Hemisphere, but simply passes the 
interval of the southern winter there. This is perhaps 
true also of the Slender-billed Shearwater, which has a 
similar latitudinal distribution and is known to nest in 
New Zealand and the vicinity of Tasmania (Buller, Hist. 
Birds N. Z., 2d ed., vol. ii, p. 230). The observations 
of Mr. Brewster (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xxii, 
pp- 403-405) appear to establish that Wilson’s Petrel and 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. | 


the Greater and Sooty. Shearwaters do not rear their 
young during the sojourn on the North Atlantic.* 

The Black-vented Shearwaters at Monterey were un- 
doubtedly migrating to a breeding habitat further south. 
While their destination may have been north of the equa- 
tor, it seems highly probable that they did not stop short 
of the Southern Hemisphere. There was ample time for 
migration to the South Temperate Zone, for they were 
speeding southward at a rate apparently equal to that of 
the fastest express train. Continuing their flight half of 
each day, a few days would suffice to cover several thou- 
sand miles. If reproduction was postponed until Feb- 
ruary, the height of the season in Wilson’s Petrel on 
Kerguelen Island (Eaton, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lon- 
don, vol. 168, p. 134), over two weeks might elapse before 
it would be necessary for the Monterey migrants to be on 
their breeding grounds. f 

A collation of the facts bearing upon migration scattered 
through the two volumes of Sclater and Hudson’s ‘Argen- 
tine Ornithology’ reveals that migratory movements occur 
in South America similar to those in North America, 
southern winter with its failure of food forcing the birds 
to move toward the equator. The transmigration from 
the northern continent, however, has no corresponding 
parallel in the southern.{ The smallness of the area to 
be depopulated south of the Tropic of Capricorn seem- 
ingly explains the absence of such migration, there being 
no need for retreat to antipodean temperate latitudes to 


* The Pink-footed Shearwater and several other members of the order 
Tubinares should be included with the species occurring but not breeding, 
so far as discovered, on northern waters. 

+ A greater length of time might transpire, for the nesting season is 
protracted through the southern summer into March in the Dark-bodied 
Shearwater (Buller, 1. c., p. 232). 

t Nevertheless, it may be that there is some migration of indigenous 
birds from temperate and tropical South America extending to tropical 
North America. 


8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


avoid over-crowding. Upon the ocean opposite condi- 
tions seem to prevail. The necessity for migration ap- 
pears to be greater on southern than northern seas, for 
the frigid waters of the Antarctic encroach upon the 
South Temperate Zone. It is not remarkable, therefore, 
if Petrels in their flight from the dearth of winter pene- 
trate into the Northern Hemisphere as far as Pomarine 
and Parasitic Jaegers and North American Limicole pen- 
etrate into the Southern. 

That the rear guard was present in December and Jan- 
uary does not disprove that the Shearwaters came north 
to escape from winter famine. If the end of their journey 
was in the remote southern regions, the mild climate of 
the California coast would be exchanged for the inhos- 
pitable Antarctic summer. Further, if the interval occu- 
pied by reproduction be the limit of the sojourn in the 
breeding habitat, as is true in numerous species visiting 
boreal climes, most of the year would be spent on warmer 
seas to the northward. The vexed question, why some 
birds migrate from tropical and temperate to colder lati- 
tudes to rear their young, arises when inquiry is made 
why the Shearwaters do not breed on California shores. 
That migration is not satisfactorily explained on the score 
that the conditions of temperature essential to reproduc- 
tion are wanting in the winter abode, is evinced by cir- 
cumstances like the periodic return of the American 
Golden Plover from the Pampas to the nesting home on 
the tundras, and the breeding of Tufted Puffins on the 
Santa Barbara Islands and of Yellow Warblers on the 
shores of the Frozen Ocean.* 


* Bearing upon this point, is the extension of the breeding range of 
certain species further south on the Pacific than upon the Atlantic coast, 
Turdus ustulatus being a notable example. On favored slopes in the Santa 
Clara Valley oranges thrive, and on the same ground this Thrush breeds, 
abundantly. Specimens may be obtained that cannot be distinguished 
from examples of swainsonii from the East. 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 9 


Provided there was sufficient time before the Auks, 
Gulls, and Cormorants breed for the Shearwaters to bring 
up their young on the islets along the middle coast of 
California, there would not be room for the great hosts 
that in all probability were winging their way southward 
in September, October, and November. Many places too 
that are tenantable during summer are not so in winter, 
the sea breaking over them in stormy weather. The con- 
gregating of hordes of Gulls upon the islets is a further 
barrier. Inthe colder boreal regions means of sustenance 
are lacking in winter, and off Lower California there is ap- 
parently accommodation only for ‘ residents’ and perhaps 
for some migrants from the tropics, for breeding begins 
earlier than further north (for example, during the latter 
part of December in the Man-o’-War Bird—Bryant, Proc. 
Wal, Acad) Sci, 2diser., vol. ii, \p. 263) but south ofthe 
Tropic of Capricorn summer has opened new territory 
for habitation. As stated in the previous paper the vicinity 
of Monterey affords subsistence in summer far in excess 
of the requirements of the breeding population, owing 
to the absence of suitable places for rookeries. It nat- 
urally follows that birds come south and enjoy this 
bountiful store after the cares of reproduction are over, 

‘returning north when their breeding grounds become 
habitable again. Hence it is not extraordinary if the 
Shearwaters, knowing the way by previous experience, 
resort to an inclement region having nesting accommoda- 
tions, although available only for a brief period. In short, 
it is held that the return of all birds to the region of their 
birth is a physical necessity, there being no room for them 
to rear their young anywhere else.* 


*Stragglers it is true might loiter by the way, but if the majority of 
migrants were uncertain in their destination over-crowding must inevitably 
ensue. Perhaps the occupancy of rookeries affirmed to take place in ad- 
vance of the breeding season prevents aliens from securing a foothold. 


IO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


It is the custom of writers upon the migration of birds 
to speak of the tropics as a region of superabundance of 
food capable of permanently supporting the migrants 
that come from colder climes. If this was really the 
case, after the departure of these birds to their nesting 
grounds there would exist a vacuum that would remain 
unfilled until their return. That such a void occurs any- 
where in nature is not sustained by fact. ‘‘ Living space 
is always at a premium,”’ life seeking an entrance wher- 
ever there is a possibility. What compensation there is 
from the Southern Hemisphere for the departure of north- 
ern birds is not definitely known, for no trained students 
of migration have been on the ground to enquire fully 
into the matter. This much, however, has been ascer- 
tained, that some birds of the South Temperate Zone 
extend their northward flight into the tropics, and that 
there is some migratory movement in species restricted to 
tropical regions. (Cf. Hudson, ‘ Argentine Ornithology;’ 
Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 284, 
vol. vi, p. 14; Ridgway, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1890, 
p--267; Nuttall, Man. Orn., 2d ed:; Land Birds, paz 
Below the Tropic of Capricorn migration toward the 
southern pole and summer seemingly prevent deficiency 
of food through the presence of North American birds. 

The birds of southern oceans doubtless vary in the 
extent of their migrations like those of the Northern 
Hemisphere, some species not reaching warm temperate 
regions, others extending to the tropics, etc. The Slen- 
der-billed Fulmar and Black-tailed Shearwater apparently 
exemplify migration that is usually not protracted into the 
North Temperate Zone. There probably exists early 
summer movement toward the equator in temperate cli- 
mates similar to that of the Scarlet Tyrant in Argen- 
tina (1. c., vol. i, p. 154), of the California Murre off 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. IDal 


Monterey (‘ No. 1,’ p. 180 et seq.), or of the Louisiana 
Water-Thrush in the mountains of South Carolina (‘ Auk,’ 
vol. ix, p. 34). It is obvious that winter compels the 
evacuation of Antarctica and that transmigration and early 
summer displacement in regions of plenty, making room 
for birds from further south, would prevent over-crowd- 
ing on austral seas just as the general swaying of bird 
life toward the equator does in the Northern Hemisphere 
and on the continent of South America.* 

While there is great diversity in migratory movements, 
the general effect of migration is that the bird population, 
as a whole, is shifted southward when winter reigns in 
the Northern Hemisphere and northward when it has its 
domain in the Southern. (See my remarks on this point 
in * “Phe Auk,’ (vol. xi, pp. 100-102.) 

In January, the near approach of the season of repro- 
duction compelled the immediate return of the Black- 
vented Shearwaters to their nesting haunts.t Desire for 


“If there proves to be migration of some birds breeding in the tropics 
to the temperate zones during summer, the pressure from the hemisphere 
having winter would reasonably account for it. 

It is not impossible that there exists a double migration in some pelagic 
species, southern-born birds migrating north and spending the summer 
in the home of the northern-born representatives of the species, breed- 
ing birds of the Northern Hemisphere and those seeking refuge from 
the scarcity occasioned by southern winter occurring at the same time 
in the same region. A migration of this kind would account for birds 
in latitudes higher than the breeding range independent of retrograde 
movement. It should be added that Mr. Hudson explains the pres- 
ence of boreal Sandpipers ali the year round in Argentina by a similar, 
though less protracted migration, summer birds coming from the Arctic 
and winter ones from the Antarctic (1. ¢., vol. ii, pp. 187, 191). 


+t The December and January Shearwaters and other late migrants, like 
north-bound boreal Sandpipers on the Florida coast in June (Scott, ‘Auk,’ 
vol. vi, pp. 156-159), not improbably penetrate into the higher latitudes, 
and in consequence delay their journey until summer has become domi- 
nant. Such migrants, however, are only stragglers, the vast hosts crowd- 
ing closely upon the retreat of winter. 


I2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


procreation in migratory birds is doubtless a stimulus in 
the return-journey. That there is, however, above and 
behind this a deeper incentive, is manifested through early 
summer migration southward, as in the California Murre. 
The physical necessity exists for alternate depopulation 
and repopulation of the Northern and Southern Hemi- 
spheres as winter holds the supremacy in either. The 
adaptation of birds to this physical necessity 1s migration. 
Two prime factors enter into the adaptation—the past 
and the present. That the inheritance from the past 
amounts to anything more than the immediate urgency 
requires, the facts of migration apparently do not evidence. 
While migration may have originated with the Glacial 
Period or more remote secular refrigeration, and have 
been the adjustment to the conditions that existed then, 
the present adjustment meets the conditions of winter as 
they exist now. In brief, it is maintained that all the 
diverse movements constituting migration are the out- 
growth of time and are enforced by the present need of 
adjustment of population to food-supply.* On one hand 
there is intelligent t adaptation on the part of the birds 
to the present necessity for migration, on the other hand 
there is probably a hereditary disposition for travel 
awakened into migration in the young by the example of 
the adults—the habit, acquired in youth, becoming fixed 
to retreat after reproduction along familiar routes to re- 
gions where food will not fail and afterward to return to 


*So nice is this adjustment between population and food-supply that 
birds sometimes perish for want of food through extraordinary severity 
of season (see ‘ Auk,’ vol. xi, pp. 110, 111; vol. xii, Smith, p. 183; Wayne, 
p. 184; Cory, p. 187; Deane, p. 303). 

+t The overcoming of obstacles by the adults when the young succumb, 
the meeting of exceptional conditions by exceptional migration, the ap- 
parent recognition of landmarks, and the exercising of leadership, appear 
to warrant this statement. 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 13 


the nesting homes when summer has made them habitable.* 

How oceanic birds find their way to isolated islands 
should at least receive passing notice. My observations 
on the early southward movements (‘ No. 1,’ p. 183 et 
seq.) show that the Dark-bodied Shearwater and other 
highly pelagic species followed the coast-line in migrating 
in the same manner as the Northern Phalarope. While 
this circumstance does not prove that landmarks enable 
the Yellow-billed Tropic Bird to reach the Bermudas 
(Reid; Bull. Us 5° Nat. Mus..No: 25, p> 263) or the two 
migratory Cuckoos of New Zealand (Newton, Dict. of 
Eards,)p 5677) buller, t.—c:, vol? Vv pps xi; 129,01 33). to 
find their. way to their winter quarters, it does prove 
that pelagic birds are not guided by a mysterious sense of 
direction, but by natural phenomena. To what extent 
ocean currents and winds direct is not known, for no one 
has studied the subject. As birds are highly sensitive to 
changes of temperature,t the warm waters of the Gulf 
Stream-may guide the Yellow-billed Tropic Birds until 
the Bermudas may be sighted from a considerable eleva- 
tion. The East Australian Current may direct the New 
Zealand Cuckoos in their aérial voyage. 

In the report on the Procellariida collected during the 
‘Challenger’ expedition (Voy. Chal., Zo6l., vol. ii, p. 
147) it is stated of the Short-tailed Albatrosses that ‘‘ they 
followed the ship every day in numbers till we got into 
the trade-winds, when no more were observed.’’ Per- 


* Possibly there may be a deeper insight—an intelligent appreciation of 
the necessity of migration. The psychological aspects of migration are 
presented at greater length in my paper in the ‘ Auk,’ vol. xi, pp. 112-117. 


t Often in my experience in upper South Carolina has the end of a cold 
spell been foretold by the birds when there was no apparent indication of 
milder weather. Suddenly Carolina Wrens and other choristers of winter 
would break the stillness with their hearty songs, proclaiming the change 
that was soon to follow. 


14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


haps such winds may to some extent be a factor in the 
wandering and migratory movements of birds over the 
deep. 

Fishermen know the breeze is coming when landsmen 
can detect no sign of it. The Yuma trailer performs 
feats that would be incomprehensible to a Broadway busi- 
ness man. Is it passing strange that migratory birds whose 
very existence depends on their being able to find their 
way to their winter and nesting abodes should have their 
faculties so keenly developed as to discern guiding marks 
where our duller senses perceive only a pathless sea? 


GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 


#Echmophorus occidentalis. WrsTERN GREBE.—The 
closing weeks of summer gave promise that Western 
Grebes would be plentiful later in the season. This 
promise was abundantly fulfilled, numerous companies of 
them being found at times on the bay during my winter 
visit. They were very unsuspicious, and, if specimens 
had been desired, line shots would often have yielded 
several. 


Colymbus holbellii. HoLpa@_ii’s GreBpe.—This species 
was appatfently uncommon, for a female obtained Dec. 
31st on the bay near the Seaside Laboratory was the only 
individual observed during my sojourn. 


Colymbus auritus. Hornep GreBE.—While common, 
this Grebe was seemingly not as numerous as its near 
relation, C’. 2. californicus. The immature specimens in 
the Academy’s collection having the distinctive shape of 
the bill obscured are readily distinguished from examples 
of the latter species in winter dress by the coloration 
of the sides of the head. The dark color of the pileum 
scarcely invades the auriculars and does not shade into 
the white, presenting an abrupt line of demarcation. 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 15 


Colymbus nigricollis californicus. AMERICAN EARED | 
GreBE.—The American Eared Grebe appeared to be the 
most abundant member of the family in the vicinity of 
Monterey. They were usually found in little companies, 
and were very tame, allowing the boat to come quite near 
before diving. 


Podilymbus podiceps. Prep-BILLED GREBE.—Only 
one Pied-billed Grebe was seen, and it was captured, 
being shot from the shore at the Laboratory. As but little 
collecting was done at the surf, the apparent scarcity of 
this species may have been due largely to lack of obser- 
vation in proper situations. 


Urinator imber. Loon.—A female was taken on the 
day of my arrival at one of the reservoirs that supply the 
towns of Pacific Grove and Monterey with water. I was 
informed that this bird had been on the reservoir for sev- 
eral weeks, and had become quite fearless, no one having 
molested it. I did not satisfactorily determine whether 
this species occurred with the other Loons on the bay 
and ocean. 


Urinator pacificus. Pacitrrc Loon.—The great num- 
ber of Loons passing and repassing up and down the 
coast is one of the striking features in the bird life at 
Monterey in winter. So far as could be judged without 
making a systematic slaughter, the present and the follow- 
ing were the only species represented. They were seem- 
ingly about equally abundant. 


Urinator lumme. Rrep-THROATED Loon.—On the water 
both pacificus and /umme were wary, diving when ap- 
proached before they were within reach of gun shot. It 
was not difficult, however, to secure either on wing, for 
individuals were continually flying by within range. 

A male (No. 1910, Coll. Cal. Acad. Sci., Mowry’s, 


16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


, Jan. 5, 1882) has the back narrowly reticulated with 
white. This specimen is distinguishable at a glance from 
the winter examples of faczficus in the collection by the 
streaking on the pileum, which appears to be a diagnostic 
character in /uwmme. 


Cerorhinca monocerata. RuiInocERos AUKLET.—Soli- 
tary Rhinoceros Auklets on the water near the shore 
were the only ones observed previous to the forenoon of 
January 12th, when there was quite an extensive move- 
ment. The birds appeared in pairs from the northward, 
and passed down the coast without halting. A number 
of the specimens taken during my stay had patches of 
hardened asphalt on the lower parts. This substance was 
also found on numerous other birds, particularly Auks 
and Fulmars. One California Murre had its breast and 
abdomen completely encased and its wing feathers firmly 
glued together. The unfortunate bird was very lean, 
probably being unable to secure food in its helpless con- 
dition. Mr. A. W. Anthony has explained how the birds 
get the asphalt on their plumage. He states (‘ Zoe,’ vol. 
iv, p- 365) that small, soft sticky blotches, from a sub- 
marine source, occur floating on the surface of the sea, 
in this adhesive condition becoming attached to the feathers, 
afterwards hardening into a solid mass. 

At Monterey many of the examples I obtained of the 
light phase of the Pacific Fulmar presented a greasy and 
stained appearance, which was apparently: caused by 
mineral oil, for patches of considerable extent were found 
on the water, and Fulmars were inclined to congregate 
upon them. 

In four December and January Rhinoceros Auklets— 
two adults and two young—there is indication of the horn- 
like process at the base of the upper mandible. 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 7 


Lunda cirrhata was not met with. Its absence is at- 
tributed to local distribution. 


Ptychoramphus aleuticus. Cassin’s AUKLET.—Com- 
paratively few were seen near the land. Offshore, how- 
ever, they were common, particularly upon the ocean. 

The exposed culmen in eight specimens in a series of 
twenty-two exceeds .75 inches, in two extreme examples 
reaching .83. Ten individuals (summer and winter birds) 
of the same series have the throat decidedly paler than 
the chin and jugulum. Ina female (Aug. 7th) it is almost 
pure white. 


Synthliboramphus antiquus. ANcriENT MuRRELET.— 
About five hundred yards from the surf, a belt of drift 
kelp, extending from the Seaside Laboratory around Point 
Pinos, had gained an anchorage on the rocky bottom. 
The narrow strip between this breakwater and the beach 
was the favorite resort of Ancient Murrelets, except on 
the rare days when there was a north wind, which in- 
variably drove the bird life of the bay away from the 
exposed south shore. A good many were also found 
near the surf in the little coves in the direction of Mon- 
terey and some were seen several miles out from the land. 
In the sheltered places they chiefly frequented food ap- 
peared to be abundant. They were great divers and 
swimmers under water, and voracious in their pursuit of 
small fry, occasionally driving the fish to the surface in 
the eagerness of the chase. Often not a Murrelet would 
be in sight for some time. Then a pair or a small company 
(the largest one observed numbered nine individuals) 
would suddenly appear from the depths. Unlike the 
Marbled Murrelets, they did not generally seek safety in 
flight when pursued. Neither did they dive as soon or 
remain as long under water when keeping out of the way 

Proc. Can. ACAD. Scr., 2p SER., Vou, VI. (2) February 21, 1896. 


7S CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


of the boat. If a white cap developed near them they 
would always escape from it by diving. Although over 
a hundred were taken in the narrow belt near the surf, 
they were more numerous there toward the last than at 
-the outset, new birds apparently coming in to take the 
places of those that had been shot. 

That this little Auk leaves its summer home in the land 
of icebergs and comes south in considerable numbers in 
winter to California has not been generally known to or- 
nithologists, the single specimen taken by Dr. Dall off 
Monterey in January, 1874, and reported by Dr. Stejneger 
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. ix, p. 524) apparently being 
the only one recorded from this coast. 

Many of the one hundred and two specimens preserved 
exhibit in a large degree the plumage ascribed by the 
books to the nuptial season. About half the birds of the 
series have the black throat patch. In the majority of 
them the black is more or less mixed with white. In sev- 
eral, however, it is uninterrupted and in a dozen others 
there are only a few stray white feathers. All of these 
specimens have to a greater or less extent the streaks on 
the upper back and indications of the latero-occipital 
stripes. In several examples the latter are well developed. 
On the sides beneath the wings the black prevails in nu- 
merous cases. With perhaps the exception of a few 
having the throat patch white and gray, the birds of the 
remaining half of the series are apparently young-of-the- 
year. All have the chin, at least, mouse gray, the shade 
varying in different individuals. In many the mouse 
gray also invades the region of the throat. The black of 
the head and neck is duller and the sides are slaty, 
sometimes in stripes. There are traces of the white 
lateral markings of the crown and back in some of these 
apparent juveniles. 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 19 


Several specimens of the collection have but one foot, 
the other having been severed some time before their 
capture, the stump being entirely healed. A like cir- 
cumstance is mentioned in the ‘ Water Birds of North 
America,’ vol. ii, p. 505. 

Brachyramphus marmoratus. MarBLED MuURRELET.— 
Although common, they were not as plentiful the middle 
fortnight of my stay as at the beginning and during the 
closing week, when an extensive flight from the north- 
ward, lasting several days, passed Point Pinos. The birds 
flew in twos and threes, appearing at short intervals dur- 
ing the hours the movement was at its height. 

The greater part of the specimens obtained have the 
interramal space to a varying extent mouse gray. In sev- 
eral the feathers of the dorsal region are narrowly tipped 
with white, presenting a somewhat squamous appearance. 


Cepphus columba. PiGEoN GutttemotT.—A single 
male, taken Dec. 12th, was the only ‘Sea Pigeon’ met 
with during my visit. 

The lower parts of this specimen are immaculate 
white with the exception of a few drab feathers on the 
breast and abdomen and a collar, about an inch in width, 
of blended drab and white. This collar, with a deeper 
shade of drab, extends around the back of the neck and 
encroaches upon the occiput where it branches off into 
imperfect superciliary stripes. There are only faint traces 
of white on the crown. The wing-patch is as fully de- 
veloped as in a bird of the breeding season. 

Of nineteen summer adults from Monterey, all except 
two display more or less white on the under surface of 
the wings. This is likewise true of the remaining three 
adult summer birds in the Academy’s collection, from 
the Farallones, Alaska, and East Siberia. In several speci- 
mens the white forms conspicuous patches. In the ex- 


20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


treme ‘example of the series ( ?'ad:, Monterey, : Cal, 
July 28, 1894) the inner edges of the primaries are broadly 
margined with it, when the wing is closed forming a patch, 
partially concealed by the under coverts, one and a fourth 
by one and a half inches in diameter. An equally large 
white area occurs on the under coverts near the edge of 
the wing somewhat over an inch below the carpal joint. 


Uria troile californica. CaALirorniA Murre.—The 
facies of the bird life of the bay and ocean was contin- 
ually undergoing change. Species would be present in 
force and afterward almost entirely absent for a while, 
shifting their quarters as the inhabitants of the woodland 
are wont to do from day to day in winter. There were, 
also, extensive movements up and down the coast. Some 
of these perhaps had more than local significance. The 
flights of Marbled Murrelets and Rhinoceros Auklets 
previously alluded to may have been tardy migration from 
stormy seas to the northward, followed a little later by a 
return movement; such migration being like that of the 
Horned Larks and Longspurs with the advance and re- 
treat of the snow. ‘The passages of the California Murres 
were especially interesting, for they furnished additional 
proof that the movements witnessed in June and July 
were truly migratory ones. Some days large wedge-shaped 
flocks, in frequent succession, would be passing down the 
coast, in the same manner as south-bound migrants, on 
other days the majority would be heading northward, or, 
more rarely, as many would go in one direction as the 
opposite. In summer, however, the path of flight in- 
variably led to the south. 

On the afternoon of January 11th quite a number of 
Murres were having a clamorous concert several miles 
out on the ocean. As the sea was like glass and the air 
as balmy as a warm summer’s day, it may have been that 
the nuptial passion was temporarily aroused. 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 21 


From the outset a large proportion of the Murres seen 
had the sides of the head and neck, the throat, and fore- 
neck brown—a state of plumage the books describe as 
peculiar to the season of reproduction. Four examples 
at hand (three males and a female) differ only from the 
June birds in the- collection in being unworn and unfaded 
and in having the feathers of the upper parts not tipped 
with a lighter color. Of the four white-throated speci- 
mens preserved, two females and a male have a brown 
collar on the fore-neck. The chin in each is brown to a 
varying extent and the white of the throat more or less 
mottled with the same color. The fourth example (a male) 
has but faint traces of the collar and the throat is chiefly 
pure white. The white latero-occipital stripes scarcely in- 
vade the cervix in one of these specimens, and the dark 
markings on the sides and flanks are distinct in all of them. 

Two August young-of-the-year in the collection of the 
Academy are immaculate white below, save a little dark 
drab-gray in the interramal space. An adult male (No. 
7418, Aug. 10, 1887, San Francisco Bay, Cal.) shows a 
strong tendency to melanism, the white feathers of the 
lower parts being conspicuously margined with brownish 
drab. Indications of similar abnormal coloration exist in 
a winter example of Urza /omviza from Greenland in the 
American Museum of Natural History. 

There 1s, also, in the Lawrence Collection of the Amer- 
ican Museum a specimen (No. 46,093) of Megalestr?s 
skua, which has the following legend on its label: ‘* Ste7- 
corarius catarractes. Calif.—off Monterey ’’ (written in 
ink). ‘‘ Presented by N. Pike, Esq.’’ (written in pencil). 
This is doubtless the example referred to in Baird’s Birds 
of North America, 1858, p. 838. 


Rissa tridactyla pollicaris. Paciric Kirriwake.— 
Several hundred yards from the outer rocks at Point 


22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Pinos there appears to be a natural petroleum well in the 
ocean, and on stormy days the oil on the troubled waters 
prevents the waves from breaking over a considerable 
space. December 29th, returning from a three miles 
trip west of the Point against a strong southeast wind and 
a heavy cross-sea, we sought this spot to rest for awhile 
and watch the gulls as they came out of the bay and went 
down the coast. In one little flock that passed near by 
there was a Pacific Kittiwake, which came close to the 
boat when a dead Gull was tossed overboard as a decoy. 
It proved to be a young female, and was the only example 
of the species obtained during my stay. 


Larus glaucus. GLAucous GuLL.—An immature male, 
shot Dec. 19th, is referred to this species (not to darrov- 
zanus), it having the following dimensions, in inches: 
Length, 27.50; chord of wing, 18.30; chord of exposed 
culmen, 2.40; depth of bill through angle, .82; depth at 
base of exposed culmen, .g2; tarsus, 2.80. 

Dr. Cooper has previously recorded either this Gull or 
barrovianus from California under the name of ‘ Larus 
Tluichonsi’ (Proc. Cal. Acad.Sci., vol. iv, pp. 9, 70): 


Larus glaucescens. GLAUCOUS-WINGED GuULL.— Whales 
frequently came into the bay. Occasionally there would 
be several in sight at one time. Often they would be at- 
tended by a great train of Gulls and Pelicans, ‘‘ feeding 
upon the slop-over.’? The Glaucous-winged was one of 
the most numerous of the Gulls in these gatherings. In 
the Carmel Valley near the ocean I found them in com- 
pany with Western Gulls following the plough as Robins 
are accustomed to do in spring in upper South Carolina. 
The tameness and familiarity of the water birds on this 
coast strikingly contrast with the wariness of those of 
the North Atlantic. 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 23 


All the adult specimens taken had the head and neck 
clouded with sooty gray. In two males and a female, 
however, the gray is restricted almost entirely to the upper 
surface of these parts. It is a notable circumstance that 
most of the examples of this Gull obtained at Monterey 
are females. 


Larus occidentalis. WrsTERN GuLL.—Young Gulls 
of this species are very confiding. Frequently individuals 
alighted within a few feet of the boat, expecting some- 
thing edible to be cast overboard, mistaking us for fisher- 
men, who throw back into the water the undesirable part 
of the catch. So ravenous were all the Gulls that a 
scramble invariably ensued when I threw away the cotton 
used in wiping the blood from my specimens—the suc- 
cessful bird flying off with the coveted prize. 

This species was among the most abundant of the Gulls. 
Individuals with immaculate white heads and necks were 
not uncommon. 


Larus argentatus smithsonianus. AMERICAN HERRING 
Guiu.—Estimating from the number of specimens taken 
on different days, this species and the following one were 
about equal in abundance. Both were apparently com- 
mon over the bay and ocean and along the shore. 


Larus vege. VecaA Guii.—In their excursions in and 
out of the bay many Gulls passed over the rocky point 
at the Seaside Laboratory, preferring to take the short cut 
across the land rather than the safer détour over the water. 
Several afternoons, when my assistants were short of 
material to work upon, a series of American Herring, 
Vega, and other Gulls were shot at this spot. 


Larus californicus. CALirorNniA GuLu.—This is par 
excellence the Gull of lesser size of Monterey and vicinity 
in midwinter, sharing rank in the scale of abundance 
with its larger congeners, g/aucescens and occidentalis. 


24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Larus delawarensis. RiNc-BILLED GuLL.—Apparently 
the Ring-billed Gull was not common in the neighbor- 
hood. Two females (one mature and the other nearly 
so) were the only examples I was able to bring back with 
me. 


Larus brachyrhynchus. SwuortT-BitLED GuLL.—At 
times adult and immature birds were very common on the 
bay and ocean in the vicinage of Point Pinos. January 
9th many were found on the sand-bars at the mouth of 
the Carmel River in company with the next species. 


Larus canus. Mew Guiui.—The geographic distribu- 
tion of Larus canus is stated in the second edition of the 
A. O. U. * Check-List’ to be, *‘ Europe and Asia; acci- 
dental in Labrador?’’ Nevertheless it appears to be 
common on this coast in winter. I took a number of 
specimens with me to Washington and Mr. Ridgway has 
corroborated my identification. It should be noted that 
Mr. Henshaw has reported this Gull from Southern Cali- 
fornia (‘Auk,’ vol. ti, p. 232) and Dr. Stejneger from the 
Commander Islands (Bull. No. 29 U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 
9Oe ae roe. U2) 5. Nat. Mus.,vol. x, pi'123)): 


Larus heermanni. HErERMANN’s GuLu.—In the fluct- 
uations that occurred, Heermann’s Gulls were never 
abundant, the hordes of the previous summer having dis- 
appeared. Birds with variegated heads and young-of-the- 
year were the prevailing kind. In the collection of the 
Academy there is a series of January and February speci- 
mens, from San Francisco Bay, having the head snow- 
white. It is unsettled whether such birds wear the 
‘ ordinary ‘winter’ livery of adults, or whether they have 
attained early the nuptial plumage. 


Larus philadelphia. Bonapartre’s GuLti.—During a 
hard rain storm, Dec. 19th, a young male was secured on 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 25 


the bay near the Chinese fishing village. Upon no other 
occasion was the species met with. 


Sterna maxima. Rovat Tern.—This was the only Tern 
observed, and at intervals during my visit it was decidedly 
common. Asarule they did not decoy as readily as the 
Gulls. Any conspicuous bird thrown into the air, how- 
ever, would usually cause them to fly around the boat 
in large circles. If one was shot its companions showed 
great anxiety and others were drawn to the scene, partic- 
ularly if the bird was winged and made an outcry. 

Immature birds lacked much of the silvery gray on the 
quills, the closed wing posterior to the greater coverts 
having a dusky aspect. 


Diomedea albatrus. Snort-TAILbeED ALBATROSS.—On 
my arrival, just after a storm, a few adults and birds-of- 
the-year were found close in shore on the bay. Dec. 20th 
two of the former were noticed witha great congregation 
of Gulls that were following a whale about a mile out 
from the town of Monterey. During the last week of 
December and in January only individuals in dark plumage 
were observed. Whenever a storm was brewing they 
were sure to appear near land. The greatest number 
noted at one time was during thick weather on Dec. 29th, 
a dozen or more being seen off Point Pinos in the course 
of anhour. The old birds were extremely wary. Even 
the young would rarely decoy, in this respect differing 
widely from the Black-footed Albatrosses of August 
(<No. 1,’ p. 215). One day I founda young Short-tailed 
Albatross with a company of Gulls on the water close to 
a Chinese fishing boat—all waiting for the fishermen to 
throw something overboard. As we drew near the large 
bird became uneasy, being quick to discern that he had 
been singled out from his lesser companions. Another 


26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


time one was lured within range by the familiar manceuvre 
of tossing a dead Gull into the air. When wounded in 
the wing and cut down to the water it screamed with rage 
and viciously bit the disabled member. On being ap- 
proached it turned fiercely toward the boat and seemed 
eager to attack the occupants. 


Fulmarus glacialis glupischa. Paciric FuLtmMar.— 
On the morning of January 2d, there was an ‘oil slick’ 
on the bay about thirty yards wide and two miles long, 
extending from Point Pinog northeastward. The bay was 
placid and this narrow strip of oily water appeared almost 
as distinct as a traveled road through a field. Congre- 
gated upon it were over a hundred dark Pacific Fulmars, 
a few light ones, and several Rodgers’s Fulmars. They 
were scattered about in groups and seemed to be feeding 
ona slimy substance floating on the surface. With the 
exception of a few on wing none were seen away from 
the ‘ slick.’ Several times during my sojourn, the bay 
became a rendezvous, and in each instance the dark 
phase far outnumbered the light, not more than one of 
the latter being seen to ten of the former. 

The fearlessness of Fulmars is proverbial. On one 
occasion a Pacific Fulmar instead of becoming frightened 
when a comrade was shot by its side, immediately began 
to pick at the body, apparently endeavoring to get at the 
intestines, for individuals had been observed at different 
times feeding on these soft parts in birds that had been 
thrown away. The Western and Glaucous-winged Gulls 
were also inclined to cannibalism. It would seem from 
this that decoying is not altogether an act of sympathy. 

In a dozen specimens, selected from a considerable 


series, the transition from the light to the dark phase is , . 


nearly or quite complete, apparent young birds of the 
former bridging over the gap. A single specimen of an- 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 27 


other series exhibits in a large measure the two styles, the 
posterior half of the lower parts belonging to the light 
and the anterior to the dark. 


Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii. Ropcers’s FuLMAR.— > 
Typical exemplifications of this subspecies appeared to 
be rare, if not altogether wanting. 

The light phase of g/up7scha in a series in the collec- 
tion of the Academy shades into an extreme example of 
rodgersit from San Francisco Bay having the ‘mantle’ 
pure white. 


Puffinus opisthomelas.* BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER.-— 
These Petrels were very wary, usually sheering off from 
the boat out of range. The outer birds of the larger 
companies were apt to pass nearer than others. Their 
flight was low, apparently never more than ten feet above 
the surface of the water. They alternately flapped their 
wings and sailed, the wing beats varying from five to ten. 
Wounded birds (most of the examples secured were 
winged) invariably showed fight when being taken into 
the boat, one biting my hand until it bled. 

All the specimens obtained differ considerably from 
the type of opisthomelas (No. 16,991, 6, U.S. Nat. Mus., 
Cape S. Lucas, L. Calit., J. Xantus). Pending further 
study, I defer comment. 


Puffinus griseus. Dark-BODIED SHEARWATER.—A 
male (one of the three specimens taken in December and 
January) has the chin and throat for the space of an inch 
and five-eighths pure white, faintly mottled, chiefly pos- 
teriorly, with drab-gray. In a male obtained in June the 


* According to Mr. Salvin (‘Ibis,’ 5th ser., vol. vi, pp. 356, 357), Puffinus 
opisthomelas should be restored as the name of the bird described by Dr. 
Coues from the Lower Californian coast, Puffinus gavia (Forst.) having 
‘pure white under tail-coverts.” 


28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY. OF SCIENCES. 


chin is largely pale cream-buff.. Some summer speci- 
mens of both sexes have the chin whitish, and a few the 
throat also. ) | 

As pertinent to the matter in hand, I would announce 
the discovery by Mr. Joseph Mailliard of Pufinus tenur- 
rostris off Monterey in December, 1895. Mr. Mailliard 
informs me he saw great numbers between the 14th and 
20th of the month and secured twenty specimens, one of | 
which he has generously presented to the Academy. 
These December Shearwaters in all probability were late 
voyagers on their way to the breeding habitat in the South- 
ern Hemisphere. 

The Academy is indebted to Mr. L. L. Edner of Pacific 
Grove for a skin of Oceanodroma. furcata taken at Mon- 
terey, June 13, 1895, at which date tardy north-bound 
migrants of this species were said to be plentiful on the 
bay. 

Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus. FaRALLONE Cor- 
MORANT.—They were not abundant, being lost sight of 
among the Brandt’s Cormorants. A February specimen 
in the collection is in transition plumage, having the jugu- 
lum and fore-breast conspicuously pied with black and 
~ whitish. 

Phalacrocorax penicillatus. BranptT’s CORMORANT.— 
‘Shags’ did not appear to be as plentiful as during the 
previous summer; however, they were abundant. A 
favorite roosting place was Seal Rocks, standing-room 


being found among seals, sea- Ove Pelicans, and a host 
of Gulls. 


Pelecanus californicus. CALIFORNIA BROWN PELICAN.— 
Pelicans were more numerous in December and January 
than in August. The largest flock observed had upwards 
of a hundred birds in it. There were marked intervals 


CALIFORNIA. WATER BIRDS. 29 


of paucity and abundance. Adults were easy to secure 
during a high wind; carrying so much sail, they were 
reluctant to seek safety in flight. 

Merganser serrator. RrED-BREASTED MERGANSER.— 
At the outset no drakes were seen, but later they began 
to make their appearance along the rocky shore, where 
the females were common. Both sexes were shy. 


Aythya collaris. RiInc-NECKED Duckx.—A drake was 
captured by my boatman at the larger reservoir near 
Pacific Grove on the day of my coming. 


Charitonetta albeola. Burrur-HEAp.—Females were 
quite common on the reservoir mentioned. Only one 
male was seen. 


Oidemia deglandi. Wuirr-wincep Scorer.—Although 
they were very common, there were days when none were 
met with. Unlike their near relatives, the Surf Scoters, 
they always gave the boat a wide berth, probably because 
they were esteemed an edible duck by the Portuguese 
fishermen. 


Oidemia perspicillata. Surr Scorer.—The great 
abundance of Surf Scoters and Loons gave an aspect to 
the ornis of the bay wholly wanting in summer. For 
ducks, these Scoters were tame, and it was without diffi- 
culty that a series was secured. 


Erismatura rubida. Ruppy Ducx.—About twenty 
were on the reservoir with the Coots on the day of my 
visit. Like the other denizens of the place they would 
not leave it when harassed. 


Ardea herodias. Great BiurE Hrron.—Two were 
seen on the stranded kelp, one in the cove near the Labo- 
ratory and the other on the ocean at Point Pinos. A 
third was noted at Seal Rocks. 


30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Fulica americana. AMERICAN Coot.—Having learned 
that an army of ‘ Mud-hens’ were making the larger res- 
ervoir back of Pacific Grove their winter quaiters, I 
visited this little sheet of water on the day before Christ- 
mas, finding several hundred swimming upon the surface. 
Although they were pursued in three boats and thirty of 
them shot, they made no attempt to escape beyond flying 
from one side of the reservoir to the other. Because 
they stirred up the mud of the bottom, they had been 
relentlessly persecuted by the men employed by the water 
company. Some time before, their ranks had been thinned 
ina single afternoon to the number of three hundred, 
and afterwards, I was told, they were exterminated. At 
the mouth of the Carmel River a few were seen on the 
sand-bars, Jan. 9th. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA, I,—WITH SPECIAL REFER- 
ENCE TO A COLLECTION MADE FROM MARI- 
TIME BIRDS OF THE BAY OF MONTEREY, 
CALIFORNIA. 


(With Plates ii-xv.) 
BY VERNON L. KELLOGG. 


CONTENTS. 


The Mallophaga: Introduction. 
Historical and Bibliographical. 
European. 
American. 
Structure. 
External. 
Internal. 
Life-History and Habits. 
Immature Stages. 
Parasitism. 
Distribution. 
List of Hosts, with Parasites. 
Systematic. 
Position among Insects. 
Classification, with Keys. 
Synopsis of Genera. 
Terminology. 
Account of Collections Examined. 
Methods of Collecting and Preserving. 
Descriptions of New Species, and Identification of Old Species. 
Index of Species. 
Explanation of Plates. 


THE MALLOPHAGA—INTRODUCTION. 


The Mallophaga constitute a small order of parasitic 
insects which live externally on the bodies of birds and 
mammals. The insects are small, one-tenth of an inch 
being perhaps an average length, wingless, and have bit- 
ing mouthparts, with which they feed on the feathers or 
hair of their host, not sucking blood as the true lice do. 
They have anincomplete metamorphosis. The structure 


and habits of the insects have until recent years been very 
Proc. Cau. AcaD. Sct., 2p SER., Vou. VI. March 7, 1896. 


32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


imperfectly understood—even yet the position of the 
group among insects is but provisionally established (see 
postea), and the knowledge of the life history is strangely 
incomplete. 

In America, besides some account of the commoner 
forms infesting domestic birds and mammals included in 
Professor Herbert Osborn’s ‘‘ The Pediculi and Mallo- 
phaga affecting Manand the Lower Animals’”’ (Bull. No. 7, 
1891, Div. of Ent., U.S. Dept. Agric.), and a discussion 
by Prof. A. S. Packard (Proc: Amer. Phil: Socy 1887; 
vol. xxiv) of the position of the, group among insects, 
practically nothing touching the systematic consideration 
of the group has been published. 


HIsTORICAL AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL. 


EuropEAN.—The Mallophaga are first recognizably 
mentioned in the writings of Redi (1668 and 1686), 
where the common 7ynoton luridum of the ducks.may 
be recognized in his ‘‘louse of the teal,’’ and the com- 
mon Lifeurus baculus of the pigeons is evidently the 
subject of his description of ‘‘Pulex columbe majorts.”’ 
In the various writings of Albin (1720), Otto Fabricius 
(1780), J. C. Fabricius \(1781, 1737, 1605), De Geer 
(1778), Linné (1746, 1789), Scopoli (1763), Schrank 
(1776, 1781, 1804), Panzer (1793), and others, curious 
accounts and brief descriptions of the common Mallo- 
phaga are to be found. 

It is to the writings of Christian Ludwig Nitzsch, Pro- 
fessor of Zoology in the University of Halle, in the suc- 
ceeding century, however, that we turn for a definite me- 
moir which may be recognized as a real beginning of the 
systematic study of the Mallophaga. Nitzsch’s ‘‘ Die 
Familien und Gattungen der Thierinsekten (Insecta Epi- 
zoica) als ein Prodromus Naturgeshichte derselben,’’ 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 33 


published in Germar’s Magazin der Entomologie, vol. 
iii, 1818, Halle, presents the essential features of the 
classification of the group now used, and contains the 
earliest accepted nomenclature. Since the publication of 
this pioneer memoir four monographic works have been 
issued, together, needless to say, with numerous lesser 
memoirs containing descriptions of new species, compiled 
and more or less comprehensive conspecti of the group 
in text-books, and morphological treatises. 

The monographs indispensable to the student of the 
Mallophaga are Henry Denny’s Monographia Anopluro- 
rum Britanniz, or an Essay on the British Species of Par- 
asitic Insects, 1842, London, illustrated with colored 
plates; Christoph Giebel’s «Insecta Epizoa, die auf 
Saugethieren und Vogeln schmarotzenden Insekten, nach 
Chr. L. Nitzsch’s Nachlass bearbeitet, mit XX Tafeln 
nach Nitzsch’s Handzeichnungen,”’ ra74, Leipzig; E: 
Piaget’s ‘‘ Les Pediculines, Essai Monographique, vol. i, 
Texte, vol. ii, Planches, 1880, Supplement, 1885,’’ Ley- 
den; and O. Taschenberg’s ‘‘ Die Mallophagen, mit be- 
sonderer Beriicksichtigung der von Dr. Meyer gesam- 
melten Arten,’? Nova Acta der Ksl. Leop. - Carol. 
Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher, Band xliv, No. 
I, 1882, Halle. Of these monographs Denny’s is limited 
to a consideration of the parasites found on birds col- 
lected in England, his descriptions are too brief, and the 
colored figures too superficially drawn, so that it is often 
impossible to recognize from his description and illustra- 
tion the species of parasite which he had under consider- 
ation. Giebel’s monograph, as indicated in the niles is 
based on the unpublished descriptions and drawings of 
Nitzsch. Giebel also had access to the specimens col- 
lected and prepared by Nitzsch. The work is a monu- 


mental one, although many of the descriptions are incom- 
Proc. Cau. Acap, Scr., 2p SER., Vou. VI. (3) March 9, 1896, 


34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


plete, and the colored illustrations leave much to be de- 
sired in the way of accurate detail. Piaget’s monographic 
essay is easily the most valuable treatise on the group, 
the descriptions being good, the uncolored figures in 
every way admirable, and the scope of the work truly 
monographic. Piaget has fairly attempted to include in 
his original essay a consideration of every species of 
Mallophaga described up to 1880. In his Supplement he 
publishes the descriptions of more than 100 new species 
which have come under his observation. Taschenberg’s 
memoir is the first part of what he hopes to make a com- 
plete monograph of the group. It includes the genera 
Goniodes, Goniocotes, Lipeurus, Ornithobius, Akidoproc- 
tus and Trichodectes. The descriptions of new species 
are very complete, and the keys to species in the consid- 
ered genera of great value; the illustrations only, though 
good, are not up to the exceptionally high standard of 
the work. Taschenberg, like Giebel, has had access to 
Nitzsch’s types. 

Of the lesser systematic memoirs Nitzsch’s posthumous 
papers, edited by Giebel, in the Zeitschrift fiir gesammte 
Naturwissenschaft, vols. xvii, 1861, xviii, 1861, and xxviii, 
1866, are the most important; all of their contents are, 
however, included in the Insecta Epizoa. Next in im- 
portance, as far as number of described species goes, are 
Rudow’s papers, consisting of an inaugural dissertation 
(1869) and several articles in the Zeitschrift fiir gesammte 
Naturwissenschaft, 1869-1870. Rudow’s descriptions 
are deplorably incomplete; Piaget has practically dis- 
carded them in his monograph. Of treatises on the Mal- 

_lophaga to be found in text-books of general entomology, 
that in Burmeister’s Handbuch der Entomologie, 1832, is 
markedly the most complete. 

Finally, of morphological memoirs, those of Kramer on 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 35 


Lipeurus jejunus (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1869, vol. xix, 
p- 452), of Melnikoff on the embryology of the Mallo- 
phaga and of the Pediculide (Archiv f. Naturgesch., 
1869, vol. xxxv, p. 136), and of Grosse on the anatomy 
of Tetraopthalmus chilensts [= Menopon titan| with some 
comparative studies (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1885, vol. 
xlii, p. 530), are the most important. A full abstract of 
Grosse’s paper was published by Macloskie in the Amer- 
ican Naturalist, 1886, vol. xx, p. 340, and is thus readily 
accessible to American students. 

A few descriptions of new species have been published 
recently by Piaget (Tijdschr. v. Ent., and Notes of the 
Leyden Museum), and by Picaglia (Atti d. Soc. Ital. di 
Sci. Nat., and Atti d. Soc. dei Nat. di Modena). 

I append a bibliographic list of the more important sys- 
tematic and morphological memoirs. Full bibliographic 
lists are to be found in the monographs of Giebel and 
Piaget. A good list is that published by Picaglia at the 
beginning of his paper, ‘‘ Pediculini dell’Istituto anato- 
mo-zoologico della R. Universita di Modena,’’ Atti d. 
Soc. dei Naturalisti di Modena, 1885, serie 3, vol. iv. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
SYSTEMATIC. 


ALBIN, ELEAzAR. A Natural History of English Insects, 1720, London. 
BURMEISTER, HERMANN C. C. Handbuch der Entomologie, part I, 1835, 
Berlin. 
DrGeER, CARL. Mémoires pour servir a l’histoire des Insectes, vols. v, vii, 
1778, Stockholm. 
Denny, Henry. Monographia Anoplurorum Britanniaw, 1842, London. 
FAsRicius, JOHANNES CHRISTIANUS. Systema Entomologiw, 1775, Flens- 
burg. 
Species Insectorum, 1781, Hamburg. 
Mantissa Insectorum, 1787, Copenhagen. 
Systema Antlatorum, 1805, Brunswick. 
Fapsrictus, Orro. Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, Copenhagen and Leipzig. 
GrRvAIs, Pau. Histoire Naturelles des Insectes aptéres, 1847, Paris. 


36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


GIEBEL, CHRISTOPH. Insecta Epizoa. Die auf Siiugethieren und Vogeln 
schmarotzenden Insekten, nach Chr. L. Nitzsch’s Nachlass bearbeitet, 
1874, Leipzig. 

Grouse, ADOLPH E. Beschreibung der auf A. Th. v. Middendorff Sibirischen 
Reise gesammten Parasiten, in Middendorff’s Reise, vol. ii, part i, 
1851, St. Petersburg. 

GuURLT, ERNEST F. Verzeichness der Thieren auf Welchen Schmarotzer- 
insekten leben, mit Hinzufiigungen von Schilling. Arch. f. Natur- 
gesch., tome xxiii, p. 276 et seq., 1857. 

Uber die auf Haussiugethieren und auf Hausvégeln lebenden 
Schmarotzinsekten. Mag. f. d. ges. Thierheilkunde, vol. viii, 
p. 409; vol. ix, pp. 1-10, 1842. 

Neues Verzeichniss der Thiere auf welchen Schmarotzerinsekten 
leben. Archiy. f. Naturgesch., vol. xliv, p. 162 et seq., 1878. 

LInNE (von) CaRL. Systema Nature, 13th ed., tome I, vols. iv, v, 1789, 
Leipzig. 

Merenin, Pau. Les Parasites et les maladies Parasitaires chez l’Homme, 
les animaux domestiques et les animaux sauvages avec ies quels ils 
peuvent etre en contacte, 1880, Paris. 

Murray, ANDREW. Economic Entomology, Aptera, 1877 (?), London. 

Nirzscu, CHristiaAN Lupwic. Die Familien und Gattungen der Thier- 
insekten (Insecta epizoica) als ein Prodromus Naturgeschichte dersel- 
ben. Germar’s Mag. d. Ent., vol. iii, pp. 261-316, 1818, Halle. 

Panzer, GEeorcius W. F. Faunz Insectorum Germanice, 1793, Niirn- 
berg. 

Pracet, Epmonp. Les Pédiculines, Essai Monographique, 1880; Supple 
ment, 1885, Leyden. 

Description d’une nouvelle Pédiculine. Notes from the Leyden 
Museum, vol. xi. 

Quelques nouvelles Pédiculines. Tijdschr. voor Entomologie, vol. 
xxii, p. 147 et seq., 1888, Hague. 

Quelques Pédiculines nouvelles. Tijd. v. Ent., yol. xxxiii, p. 223 
et seq., 1890, Hague. 

Proaeuia, Luret. Intorno alia divisione del genere Menopon nei due 
sottogeneri Menopon e Piagetia. Atti della Societa dei Naturalisti di 
Modena, ser. iii, vol. ii, p. 103 et seq., 1884, Modena. 

Pediculini nuovi dei Museo di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della 
R. Univ. di Modena. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze 
Naturali, vol. xxviii, p. 82 et seq., 1885, Milan. 

Pediculini dell’ Istituto Anatomo-Zoologico della R. Uniy. di 
Modena. Atti d.Soc. dei Naturalisti di Modena, ser. iii, vol. iv, 
1885, Modena. 

Repi, Francesco. Esperienze intorno alla generazione degli insetti fatti, 
1668, Firenze. (Reprinted in Opusculorum, Pars I, 1686, Amstelo- 
dami.) 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 37 


Rupow, Ferp. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Mallophagen oder Pelzfresser, 
Diss., 1869, Halle. 
Neue Mailophagen, Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Naturwiss. vol. xxxiv, p. 387, 
1869. 
Beobachtungen iiber Lebensweise u. Bau der Mallophagen o. Pelz- 
fresser. Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Naturwiss. vol. xxxv, p. 272, 1870. 
SCHRANK, FRANCESCO pI PAoLa. Enumeratio Insectorum Austrize indi- 
genorum, 1781, Auguste Vindelicorum. : 
ScoroLi, JOANNES ANT. Entomologia Carniolica, 1763, Vindobonae. 
Srimonetta, Luicr. Elenco sistematico dei Pediculini appartenenti al 
Museo Zoologico dell’ Univ. di Pavia. Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. xiv, 
p. 204 et seq., 1882, Florence. 


STEPHENS, J. F. A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects, 1829, Lon- 
don. 

TASCHENBERG, OrTo. Die Mallophagen, mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung 
der von Dr. Meyer gesammelten Arten. Nova Actad. Ksl. Leop.-Carol. 
Deutschen Akademie f. Naturforscher, Bd. xliv, No. 1, with 7 plates, 
1882, Halle. 


Wuitr, Ap. List of the specimens of British animals in the collection of 
the British Museum. Part 17, Anoplura. London. 


MORPHOLOGICAL. 

GRossE, FRANZ. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Mallophagen. Zeitschr. f. 
wiss. Zool., vol. xlii, p. 530, 1885. 

Kramer, P. Beitrage sur Anatomie u. Physiclogie der Gattung Philop- 
terus Nitzsch. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xix, p. 452, 1869. 

MeELNikorr, N._ Beitrige zur Embryonalentwicklung der Insekten. 
Archiv f. Naturgesch., p. 136, 1869. 

Wept, D. Ueber das Herz von Menopon pallidum. Sitzungsb. Acad. Wiss. 
Wien., vol. xvii, p. 173, 1855. 


AMERICAN. As already mentioned in the Introduction, 
there are practically no American systematic papers on 
the Mallophaga excepting Professor Herbert Osborn’s 
account of ‘* The Pediculi and Mallophaga affecting man 
and the lower animals’’ (Bulletin 7, 1891, Division of En- 
tomology, U.S. Dept. Ag.) Of this bulletin pages 30- 
54 treat of Mallophaga found on domestic mammals and 
birds, including the cat, dog, bear (sic), llama, goat, 
sheep, horse, mule, cow, guinea-pig, pouched gopher 
(sic), duck, goose, swan, chicken, pigeon, peacock, 
pheasant, guinea-fowl and turkey. Many of the species 


38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


referred to in the bulletin have evidently been observed 
on animals in America by Professor Osborn, but just how 
many and what species are not told. One new species, 
Trichodectes geomydis, found abundantly on the Pocket 
Gopher, is described and figured. I find this species 
common on 7homomys talpoides bulbivorous in this State 
(California). Among the illustrations of the bulletin are 
twelve original ones, indicating that at least these twelve 
species have been personally observed by Professor Os- 
born. 

In the American Monthly Microscopical Journal for 
November, 1894, Professor Osborn publishes a key to 
the genera, including in it all of the genera then known, 
excepting Westwood’s Ancrstrona and Taschenberg’s 
Eurymetopus and Bothoriometopus. 

In the American Naturalist, 1871, in a paper entitled 
‘*Certain Parasitic Insects,’’ Professor A. S. Packard 
names, illustrates, and briefly describes seven new spe- 
cies of Mallophaga collected from American birds. Un- 
fortunately neither the descriptions nor illustrations have 
been sufficient to enable any one of these species to be 
recognized by subsequent writers. Similarly Dr. Leidy © 
in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences 
of Philadelphia, refers in briefest terms to a Menopon 
taken from Pelecanus erythrorhynchus (Florida) and 
names it WZenopon perale (see Menopon titan, this paper). 

Of other American literature on the Mallophaga, there 
are in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural 
History, 1851, brief abstracts of two papers read before 
the Society by Dr. W. I. Burnett on ‘‘ the external para- 
sites of warm-blooded animals’’ and ‘‘ observations on 
the relations of an order of parasites (lice) to’the differ- 
ent faune, as bearing, first on the distinct creation of 
types of animals, and second on the local creation of 


NEW MALLOPHAGA,. 39 


these types wherever they are found.’’ Dr. Burnett 
noted that ‘‘although there are single species (of para- 
sites) peculiar to particular animals, there are others 
which are found on different species of the same genus 
as is the case in the parasites living on birds of the genus 
Larus (Gulls) and the diurnal birds of prey.’’ From an 
examination of the structure of these animals, Dr. Bur- 
nett was of opinion that they should be placed in an order 
by themselves, closely allied to the Insecta; ‘*they num- 
ber about 250 species, the mandibulate parasites occupy- 
ing the highest and the haustellate the lowest position in 
the order.’’ Inthe second paper Dr. Burnett makes a 
curious argument for the theory of a special creation of 
each species of animal based on the facts shown in his 
study of the distribution of their parasites. 

Prof. A. S. Packard read at the meeting of the Amer- 
ican Philosophical Society, September 2, 1877, a paper 
‘*On the Systematic Position of the Mallophaga,’’ which 
was published in the Proceedings of the Society, 1887, 
vol. xxiv, p. 264. Prof. Herbert Osborn has published 
in Insect Life, 1890, vol. iii, p. 115, a ‘‘ Note on the Pe- 


? 


riod of Development in Mallophaga,’’ and in the same 


journal, 1891, vol. iv, p. 187, a paper on the ‘‘ Origin and 
Development of the Parasitic Habit in Mallophaga and 
Pediculidz.”’ 

I append a list of the American papers. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Burnett, W. I. Abstr. of paper read Feb. 6, 1850, in Proc. Bost. Soc. 
Nat. Hist., 1850, vol. ili, p. 240; abstr. of paper read Aug. 7, 1850, in 
same, p. 322. 

Packarp, A.§. ‘Certain Parasitic Insects,” American Naturalist, 1870, 
vol. iv, p. 83, ill. 

‘**On the Systematic Position of the Mallophaga,” Proc. Amer. 
Philosoph. Soc., 1887, vol. xxiv, p. 264, ill. 
Lripy, J. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1878, p. 100. 


40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Mactoskiz, G. ‘‘Grosse’s Classification and Structure of the Bird-lice or 
Mallophaga ” (abstract), Amer. Nat., 1886, vol. xx, p. 340, ill. 
Keriioce, V. lL. ‘‘ Notes on the Mallophaga,” Transac. Kansas Acad. Sci., 
1889, vol. xii, part i, p. 46. 7 
OSBORN, HERBERT. ‘‘ Notes on Mallophaga and Pediculidew,” Canad. Ent. 
1884, vol. xvi, p. 197. 
‘‘Note on the Period of Development in Mallophaga,” Insect Life, 
1890, vol. iii, p. 115. 
“Origin and Development of the Parasitic Habit in Mallophaga and 
Pediculidx,” Insect Life, vol. iv, 1891, p. 187. 
‘“The Pediculi and Mallophaga,” Bull. No. 7, Div. of Ent. U.S. 
Dept. of Agric., 1891, ill. 
“* Collecting and Studying Parasitic Insects,” Amer. Mo. Mic. Jour., 
1894, vol. xv, pp. 56-59. 
“Keys to the Genera of Pediculide and Mallophagide,’’ Amer. Mo. 
Mic. Jour., 1894, vol. xv, pp. 344-346. 


STRUCTURE, 


EXTERNAL.—The characteristic external appearance of 
the Mallophaga is due to a structural condition incident 
to the parasitic habits of the insects. The body is small, 
wingless, greatly flattened and usually strongly chitinized. 
There are no indications of wings in any stage of the in- 
sect’s life. 

flead (fig. 7, plate ii). The head is large in propor- 
tion to the whole size of the body, flat (slightly convex 
above and slightly concave below), and variously cres- 
centic, reniform, quadrangular, triangular, narrowly or 
broadly conical. It is usually sparsely haired, the hairs 
appearing specially along the acute lateral margins. The 
mouth parts and oral opening are on the under side of the 
head; and the antenne are outstretched or concealed in 
excavations on the under side. The most.conspicuous 
character of the fixed parts of the head, other than their 
extremely flattened condition, is the great development of 
the clypeus which usually forms the principal part of the 
head in front of the antennary insertions, and is prolonged 


as a flat, tapering or expanding, colored or partly uncol- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 41 


ored plate, whose anterior margin, variously notched, 
roundly emarginated, truncated or convex, forms the 
frontal line of the head. The suture separating the cly- 
peus from the epicranium is usually distinct or unmis- 
takably indicated, sometimes indistinguishable. The 
hind-head is usually widest across the temporal region, 
the temples often being strongly expanded laterally with . 
angulated or rounded margin. The occipital region is 
usually concave, so that the head sits ‘“hat-like’’ on the 
prothorax. The head presents certain chitinous bands 
projecting forward from the occipital margin, inwardly 
from the eyes, forward from the bases of the antennae, 
etc. The presence or absence and the character of these 
bands are used as distinguishing specific characters, and 
the bands are named and defined in the, Terminology 
(see posted ). 

The antenne (figs. 10, 11 and 12, plate ii) are short, 
37» OF 4-, or 5-segmented and vary much in shape and 
character. They are filiform (suborder Ischnocera) or 
clavate or capitate (suborder Amblycera), and sometimes 
differ in the two sexes of the same species. When this 
is the case they are the antennz of the male which depart 
from the typical condition, showing appendages on one or 
more segments, probably used for grasping the female. 
The antenne arise from or near the lateral margins of the 
head, and usually from about the middle of the margin. 
The fossa may be deep or shallow; its angles projecting 
and acute or short and rounding; and the antenne may 
project directly and always from the head ( suborder 
Ischnocera) or they may lie concealed in excavations on 
the under side of the head (suborder Amblycera). 

The eyes are simple and are located in the lateral mar- 
gins of the hind-head not far behind the antennary fossa, 
in a deep or shallow ocular emargination of the lateral 


42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


margin, or on the non-emarginated margin. ‘They are 
two in number, although each is sometimes slightly or al- 
most completely divided by an angular emargination. 
They are flatly convex to hemispherical, and clear to 
strongly colored. 

The mouth parts (figs. 7, 8, 9, plate 11), situated on the 
under side of the head, and variously from the middle of 
this aspect to the frontal margin, are fitted for biting and 
consist of rather large, strongly chitinized, usually two- 
toothed, usually sharply pointed mandibles, inconspicuous 
and as yet imperfectly known maxillz without * palpi, and 
a labium of various character and size; either large and 
with 4-segmented palpi (family Liotheidz) or small and 
without paipi (family Philopteridze). Despite the good 
work of Grosse the knowledge of the mouth parts of the 
Mallophaga is still manifestly incomplete. 

Thorax. ‘The thorax, which is composed usually of 
but two segments (three in but three genera), the meso- 
and metathorax being indistinguishably coalesced, is flat, 
larger than broad, and variously shorter than the head to 
much longer than the head (in one species as long as the 
abdomen). The lateral borders of both sclerites are 
strongly chitinized. The metathorax sometimes closely 
resembles an abdominal segment and is often closely joined 
to the first abdominal segment. The prothorax usually 
bears one to a few stiff hairs on its lateral margins; the 
metathorax often bears in addition to the hairs almost al- 
ways present in the lateral angles, a series of long, strong 
hairs ranged along the posterior margin. These hairs 
may arise from small uncolored (unchitinized) spaces and 


*The earlier writers, Nitzsch et al., ascribe the visible palpi to the max- 
illa; Grosse is positive of their labial connection. A study of the anatomy 
of the Mallophaga, now being made in my laboratory, will, it is hoped, 
afford some further data on the mouth parts subject. 


ee ee 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 43 
project upwards, being undoubtedly tactile organs. In 
the case of the three genera in which the mesothorax can 
be distinguished from the metathorax, this separation is 
especially evident in immature specimens, as would be 
expected in the case of a specialization by reduction. 

The legs (fig. 13, plate ii) are strong and of variable 
length; the forelegs are the shortest and are used as foot- 
jaws for carrying food to the mouth. When at rest the 
forelegs project forward beneath the head. The coxe 
are usually short (long and projecting beyond the lateral 
margins of the thorax in one genus) and are rarely ap- 
pendaged. The femora vary from long, subcylindrical, 
to short, thick, subovoid; the tibiz are usually shorter 
than the femora (sometimes as long, rarely longer) and 
slender, and are armed at the distal extremity with spines 
and sometimes, in the males, with special structures for 
holding the female. Both femora and tibia bear from a 
few to many short to long hairs; sometimes series of 
short, strong spines. The tarsi are 2-segmented, the 
distal segment with one (mammal-infesting forms) or two 
(bird-infesting forms) claws, the first segment of the tar- 
sus is short and with or without one or two small lobes; 
the second segment is short (family Philopteridz) or elon- 
gate and slender (family Liotheidz) and bears a pulvillus 
between the claws. ; 

Abdomen. The abdomen is flat, short, oval to long 
and slender, often differs in the sexes, especially in the 
shape and character of the posterior margin of the last 
segment, and is composed of 9 (sometimes apparently 8) 
or 10 segments. It may be almost naked or pretty thor- 
oughly clothed with hairs, and bears almost always one 
to several short to long hairs in the posterior lateral an- 
eles of each segment, which angles sometimes project 
acutely. The hairs on the dorsal surface, as on the 


44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
. 

thorax, sometimes arise from small, circular, uncolored 
spaces, when they are said to be ‘‘pustulated.’’ The 
last segment is variously elongate, short, with emarginate, 
truncate or convex posterior margin, which is evenly or 
unevenly fringed with short to long hairs. The lateral 
margins of thesegments are usually strongly chitinized, 
the chitin being sometimes translucent, but usually dark 
brown to black. 

INTERNAL.—For our present knowledge of the internal 
anatomy of the Mallophaga we are indebted chiefly to 
Nitzsch, Kramer and Grosse. Among the points of 
special interest presented by the internal structure are the 
concentration of the nervous system and the differing 
types of crop in the two sub-orders. 

Alimentary Canal (figs. 1 and 2, plate 11). The cesoph- 
agus of the Amblycera simply expands widely to form a 
crop; in the Ischnocera the crop appears as a conspicu- 
ous diverticulum or lateral sac of the cesophagus. The 
crop often bears spines or teeth on its inner wall. There 
are two pairs of salivary glands, variously cylindric, 
clavate, sub-spheroid, reniform, or divided into many 
small cylindrical tubes. The stomach usually presents 
two forward-projecting sac-like expansions. ‘There are 
four thread-like, unbranched, Malpighian tubules. 

Genitalia (figs. 4 and 5, plate ii). In the male there 
are paired testes, two sperm-ducts uniting to form an 
ejaculatory duct, accessory glands and a protrusible penis, 
with chitinized, often elongated, side-pieces. The female 
has paired ovaries (‘‘three pairs of ovarian tubes in 
Liotheide, five pairs in Philopterida’’), two oviducts 
_ uniting before issuance, and a seminal receptacle (called 
by Nitzsch ‘‘ Kittdruse,’’ but by Kramer and Grosse a 
receptaculum seminalis). 

Dorsal Vessel. Wramer found the heart of Lzfeurus 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. , 45 


jejunus to be a long delicate tube with expanded, turnip- 
like, posterior extremity. The ‘‘ wing-muscles’’ are 
greatly reduced. There are but four openings for the 
ingress of the blood, which is not rich in white corpuscles. 
Wedl was able to study the heart of AZenopon pallidum, 
but Grosse could not succeed in making preparations 
showing the heart of Zetraopthalmus chilensts | = Menopon 
tztan |. 

Respiratory System (fig.6, plate 1). In AZenopon titan 
I have found six pairs of abdominal spiracles (segments 
3-8) and a pair of prothoracic spiracles. There are two 
large longitudinal trunks and one large transversal trunk 
(segment 4 of the abdomen) in /ztan. 

Nervous System (fig. 3, plate ii). There are two head 
ganglia, the supra-cesophageal and the infra-cesophageal, 
and three thoracic ganglia lying close together. There 
are no abdominal ganglia, the hindmost thoracic ganglion 
sending back into the abdomen two large nerves, whose 
branches provide the abdominal viscera with nerves. 


Lire-Histrory AND HasBirTs. 


The Mallophaga have an incomplete metamorphosis. 
The eggs are elongate-oval, are fastened singly by some 
gluey substance to the vanes or barbs of the feathers, and 
the young issue by breaking off a circular cap or lid at 
the larger free end of the egg. The duration of the egg 
stage has not been determined for any species. A num- 
ber of eggs of Vitzschia pulicare (host, the Chimney 
Swift, Chetura pelasgia), collected by P. H. Rolfs 
(Ames, Iowa), and kept, some of them, ‘‘ in a tight paste- ~ 
board box in his vest-pocket, the others enclosed in cot- 


99 


ton-plugged tubes under a setting hen,’’ incubated under 
these circumstances in from 13 to 20 days. The age of 


the eggs at time of collecting was notknown. The young 


40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


resemble the parents in essential characters; the notice- 
able differences are the comparatively larger head, the 
smaller, especially shorter, abdomen, and the absence or 
incompleteness of the markings, especially those of the 
abdomen. The color of the very young is always whit- 
ish; as they grow older chitinization follows and the brown 
and black colors appear (see plates). The number of 
moults or the duration of immaturity is not known for 
any species. I have observed nymphs (presumably in 
the stage preceding the final moult) which were fully as 
large as the adults of the same species. I have figured 
the immature stages for one or more species in nearly all 
the genera met with by me on the water and shore birds 
(see plates). In none of the monographic works is there 
any attention paid to the young. From the preceding 
brief account it is obvious that the life-history of the 
Mallophaga is as yet practically unknown. 

Parasitism. The parasitic habits of the Mallophaga 
have been the subject of some little study, mainly directed 
to ascertaining whether or not the blood of the host ever 
forms a part of the food of the parasite. From the con- 
dition of the mouth parts and from repeated examination 
of the contents of the crop the food of the Mallophaga is 
affirmed to be the epidermal scales and the hair or feathers 
of the host. The conspicuous large, dark, pear-shaped 
blotch in the abdomen found in a majority of individuals 
examined is discovered, on careful examination, to be the 
crop and its contents, composed of bits of feathers show- 
ing through the semi-transparent body of the insect. In 
Nitzsch’s drawings, illustrating the Insecta Epizoa, this 
_food-filled crop appears in many of the individuals figured. 
Denny’s figures also show the discolored crop. Of course 
such a ‘‘marking’’ is an evanescent one: immediately 
after a full meal it would be present; later, after diges- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 47 


tion, it would be wanting. A few instances are recorded 
of the presence of blood in the crop, but it has been sug- 
gested, with much show of probability, that the blood was 
such as might not infrequently, because of wounds, be 
found by the parasite on the feathers, perhaps dried and 
hard. There is one instance, however, known to me 
among the habits of the parasites which cannot be so 
readily explained. J/enopon titan var. linearis of the 
California Brown Pelican (Pelecanus californicus) is 
found commonly clinging to the inner surface of the 
gular pouch. The clinging is accomplished by the use 
of the mandibles, each parasite of the half dozen individ- 
uals which may be grouped together having its mandibles 
inserted in the skin of the pouch. The mandibles are 
not thrust in suddenly on touching the insect with the 
collecting forceps, but the insects are always, as tar as 
observed, firmly lodged. Indeed some effective clinging 
would be necessary always to prevent the carrying away 
of the parasites by the water taken into the pouch of the 
pelican in feeding. In several instances a small region 
surrounding the parasites was raw and bloody. What is 
it that serves these parasites for food? Perhaps, of course, 
simply the epidermal scales of the inner wall of the pouch. 

The abundance of certain species of Mallophaga, like 
Menopon pallidum, on domestic poultry causes the hosts 
much inconvenience and sometimes actual injury. The 
injury is done by the irritation of the skin of the host by 
the sharp-clawed feet of the hordes of parasites, rather 
than by any direct hurt through the feeding. After the 
death of the host, the parasites either attempt to leave the 
body, usually migrating slowly toward the head, or sim- 
ply die on the body. The death of the parasites remain- 
ing on the body usually ensues in two or three days. I 
have observed the death of some in four or five hours, 


48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


and, on the other hand, have collected live parasites from 
a bird skin seven days old. The death of the parasites 
can hardly be caused by starvation, in view of their feed- 
ing habits, but rather must be attributed to the lack of 
animal heat which they have been accustomed to during 
the life of the host. 

Mallophaga which infest swimming and diving birds 
are not furnished with special contrivances for their 
pseudo-aquatic life. They, in fact, never come, neces- 
sarily, into contact with the water, living, as they do, at 
the roots of the feathers where the water can never pen- 
etrate, and where they have a constant and sufficient sup- 
ply of air for the longest submergence possible to the 
host. 

The origin of the parasitic habit among the Mallophaga 
and its influence on their structure are questions of much 
interest, but ones which cannot be touched on here. 

Some of the phenomena of the relations of parasites to 
hosts, the migration of the parasites, and the influence of 
their peculiar habits on the rapid establishing of varia- 
tions, are considered in the following paragraphs under 
the head of ‘‘ Distribution.” 


DISTRIBUTION. 


The Mallophaga are parasites which live for their whole 
life on the body of the host; only in rare instances are the 
insects to be found off the host’s body. The common 
louse of the hen, AZenopon pallidum, has been found 
walking on the roosts or elsewhere in the chicken houses. 
But the Mallophaga are not ‘‘stationary parasites’’ of, 
that extreme type in which the organs of locomotion are 
lost; and the infesting of new hosts is accomplished by 
actual migration of individuals from one bird to another. 
It is obvious that for any one bird-species this migration 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 49 


may be readily accomplished: (a) from male to female, 
or vice versa, during copulation; (b) from parent to 
young, during the nesting season. In both of these 
cases there is actual contact of the hosts. If at other 
times in the life of the host it comes into actual contact 
with other birds of its own species migration of parasites 
can take place.- Such cases must occur among birds of 
gregarious habits; the crowding together of gulls on 
small masses of floating sea-weed, or on masses of food, 
or on the rocks of the shore, must bring about actual con- 
tact of the bodies of the birds. But, as common observa- 
tion shows, there are in the crowding groups of gulls in- 
dividuals of different species. Thus in these cases there 
is possible a migration of parasites from one bird-species 
to another, these species in the case of the gulls being 
closely related ones—species belonging, in fact, to one 
genus. But on the ‘‘ roosts 
of the shore and the outlying rocks, birds of very differ- 
ent kinds sit huddled together. Along the rocky shores 
of Point Pinos on the Bay of Monterey, pelicans, cormo- 
rants and gulls gather in great numbers and perch side by 
side on favorite ‘‘roosts.’’ It seems as if migration of 
parasites from one to another of these bird-species could 
here, and elsewhere under similar conditions, often be 


9? 


of maritime birds, the cliffs 


accomplished; and I have found Lzpeurus toxoceras, de- 
scribed by Nitzsch from a cormorant, on both a cormo- 
rant and a pelican shot on this shore. Other cases of 
contact occur between birds of prey and their victims (I 
have noted a Physostomum, a genus confined normally to 
passerine birds, on a sparrow-hawk); and in those few 
groups of closely allied forms among which hydridization 
occurs, as with the ducks. Still other opportunities for 
accidental or normal contact between birds of different 
species will suggest themselves to the student. 
Proc. Can. ACAD. Sci., 2p Szr., Vou. VI. (4) March 9, 1896. 


50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The opportunities for migration so far referred to are 
sufficient to account for the spreading of a parasite spe- 
cies among individuals of its host species, and for the 
condition presented in cases like those of Docophorus lari 
and rmus lineolatus common to many species of gulls, 
and those of Zyrénoton luridum and Docophorus icterodes 
common to many species of ducks: cases where the birds 
are of gregarious habits, or where hybridization occurs. 

But of those cases of a parasite common to two or more 
bird-species, one or more of which are Old World forms 
and the other or others New World forms, a further ex- 
planation is necessary. In this paper I ascribe to Mallo- 
phagous species described from specimens taken on birds 
of Europe or elsewhere not on the American continent 
specimens of twenty-two different species of Mallophaga 
taken on American birds. Examples of such occurrence 
are WWrmus signatus and WV. pileus from the American 
Avocet (Recurvirostra americana) and described by Pia- 
get and Nitzsch from specimens taken on the European 
Avocet (Recurvirostra avocetta); Docophorus pertusus 
from Fulica americana (America), originally described 
from Fulica atra (Europe), and so on. In rare instances 
we find a bird-species common to both the Old World 
and the New World: certain birds of circumpolar range, 
as Cepphus grylle, and exceptional cases like that of Pu/- 
jinus major, come in this category. The parasites of these 
birds will of course be common to America and to Europe. 
But such instances are rare. A few other cases may exist 
in which certain strong-flying maritime American and 
European or Asiatic birds may meet occasionally on some 
midoceanic island and a migration of parasites be effected. 
‘Such instances, also, are exceptional. The occurrence 
of a parasitic species common to European and American 
birds, which is not an infrequent matter (out of the sixty 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. Bil 


species of Mallophaga referred to in this paper as being 
taken on American birds one-third are referable to spe- 
cies previously described from European or Asiatic birds), 
must have another explanation than any yet suggested. 
This explanation, I believe, is, for many of the instances, 
that the parasitic species has persisted unchanged from 
the common ancestor of the two or more now distinct but 
closely allied bird-species. With the spreading of the 
ancestral bird-species, geographical races have arisen 
within the limits of the species which have, with time and 
isolation caused by newly appearing geographical barriers 
(due to geologic or climatic changes), come to be dis- 
tinct species—species often distinguished only by super- 
ficial differences in color, etc. The parasites have re- 
mained practically unaffected by the conditions which 
-have produced the differences among the birds; the tem- 
perature of the host’s body, the feathers as food, all of 
the environment is essentially unchanged in its relation 
‘to the parasite. The parasitic species thus remains un- 
changed, while the first Larus species or Anas species 
becomes differentiated into a dozen or score of specific 
forms, all with a common parasite. 

In substantiation of this explanation of a common pos- 
session of a parasitic species by Old and New World 
birds some examples may be referred to. As already 
mentioned, I have found on Fulica americana the same 
species of parasite, Docophorus pertusus, described by 
Nitzsch from specimens taken from the European Fudica 
atra; Docophorus melanocephalus taken by me on Sterna 
maxima is recorded by European authors from Sterna 
caspia and S\. cantzaca; Nirmus punctatus, found by me 
on Larus occidentalis was described by Nitzsch from 
Larus ridibundus and has been found by Piaget on Larus 
dominicans from Chile and on Larus ichthyetus from the 


52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Volgas; Wirmus stegnatus and JV. prleus found by me on 
feecurvirostra americana were described by Piaget and 
Nitzsch respectively from /tecurvirostra avocetta, the 
European Avocet; Lifeurus ferox taken by me on Dio- 
medea albatrus is recorded by European writers from 
Diomedea exulans, brachyura and melanophrys; Lipeurus 
forjiculatus taken by me on Pelecanus erythrorhynchus 
and P. californicus was described by Nitzsch from P. 
onocrotalus; and similarly the most of the twenty-two 
previously described species taken by me from American 
birds might be thus offered as examples. We have in 
all of these cases the common parasite occurring on the 
American representatives of the genus to which the orig- 
inal Old World host belongs. Looking now for the ex- 
ceptions to this condition—namely, for instances where 
the known species when found on an American bird is . 
found on one widely separated phyletically from the Eu- 
ropean host—we find no clearly defined instance of this 
condition, no instance where association during life or 
‘*strageling ’’ after death of the host can be put aside as 
possible explanations of the presence of the parasite on 
the unexpected host. 

There are to be noted other results of the influence on 
the taxonomy of the Mallophaga of the peculiar condi- 
tions of their parasitic life. While the uniformity and 
persistence of the conditions under which the life of 
the parasites is passed tends to preserve with little 
change the species types, the peculiar isolation, often 
pretty complete, of groups of individuals of a parasite 
species on individual birds of the host species and the 
consequent close breeding tend to foster and fix those in- 
evitable slight variations always manifest in a comparison 
of offspring and parents, but under normal conditions 
held in check or lost (unless directly advantageous) by 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 53 


crossing among less closely related individuals. For ex- 
ample the individuals of a parasite species on a bird of 
long life and non-gregarious and monogamous habits, 
like an eagle, live very much the lite of an isolated com- 
munity. ‘There must be many years of in-and-in breed- 
ipo. jit 1s ike island life.» The sresultsisycertain: ; the 
members of this isolated group will soon differ from the 
specific type in noticeable particulars. On the other 
hand, the conditions of life on this ‘‘island’’ are practi- 
cally identical with the conditions on other similar 
‘*islands ’’—other eagles—inhabited’ by other individuals 
of the same parasite species, so there is no iufluence 
working to produce a wide divergence of the members of 
these various isolated groups of individuals of the same 
species. Now this isolation of groups of individuals is in 
some degree an incident of the life of all Mallophaga; in 
some instances it is considerable; in others, inconsider- 
able, but taken altogether a condition in the life of the 
whole order exerting an influence which has the readily 
recognizable result of creating a great number of small 
variations within species limits. 

We have noted now two influences resulting from the 
peculiar habits of the Mallophaga which are somewhat 
opposed to each other. One influence, due to the uni- 
form (as far as relation to parasite goes) conditions of the 
habitat, the body of the host, tending to preserve essen- 
tially unchanged the type-forms of the parasites; the 
other influence, due to the isolation of groups of individ- 
uals and the consequent close breeding, tending to foster 
and fix small variations. The results, manifest to any 
student of the group, are to render difficult the division 
of the order into distinct genera on account of the general 
similarity of structure, and to make difficult the definition 
of species on account of the many slight variations among 


54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


the individuals from different bird individuals. While I 
believe myself able to refer specimens taken from Amer- 
ican birds to a score of species described from specimens 
taken from European and Asiatic birds, in all of these 
instances there are slight but recognizable differences be- 
tween the American specimens and the type-forms of the 
species (as well as I am able to make comparison, having 
only the drawings and descriptions of these type-forms to 
Terer' to): 

The differences in relative abundance or rarity of the 
individuals of a species, and in the relative freedom or 
seriously infested condition of the hosts may be referred 
to briefly. Certain specific examples will serve to illus- 
trate the various conditions. In the first place the host 
species may have several parasitic species as Dzomedea 
albatrus, Fulmarus glacialis vars. glupischa and rodgersit 
and Fulica americana, each with six species of parasites; 
or the host species may have but one (very rarely) or two 
or three parasitic species infesting it, as with most of the 
ducks and gulls. A parasitic species may be constant in 
its appearance on the individuals of its host species, as 
Docophorus lari, almost certain to be found on any gull 
specimen shot, Lzpeurus celer, which I found on twenty- 
nine out of thirty specimens of Audmarus glacralts vars. 
glupischa and rodgersii examined, Docophorus occidentalis 
similarly found on twenty-nine out of these thirty Ful- 
mars; or it may be found on but few individuals of the 
host species, as Docophorus guadraticeps found on one of 
fourteen specimens of /ulica americana examined, and 
Nirmus prestans found on two of fourteen specimens of 
Sterna maxima examined. ‘There may be many individ- 
uals of a parasitic species always present on the body of 
the host, as with Z7feurus celer on the Fulmars, of which 
parasite I have collected nearly one hundred specimens 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 55 


from a single bird, and which is always abundantly pres- 
ent on its host; or the individuals may be few even though 
the parasite is a constant one, 7. ¢., almost always to be 
found on any specimen of the host examined. TZyrznoton 
luridum of the ducks is a good example of this constant 
presence insmall numbers. There may be more than one 
species of the same genus of parasites on a single host, as 
Lipeurus celer and Lipeurus varius, both numerous on the 
Fulmars; but usually the different parasites of a host rep- 
resent different genera, exemplified by the remaining four 
species of parasites of the Fulmars which belong to four 
other and different genera. 

Finally, I may append to these desultory remarks con- 
cerning the distribution of the Mallophaga and the influ- 
ence on their taxonomy of their peculiar habits of life a 
list of those bird hosts with their parasites, the examina- 
tion of which has afforded the data for this paper. In 
preparing the list I have eliminated all instances of un- 
doubted ‘‘ straggling.’’ 


LIST OF HOSTS WITH PARASITES. 


Colymbus nigricollis californicus. Synthliborhampus antiquus. 
Docophorus lari. Docophorus montereyi. 
kanseusis. atricolor. 
Menopon tridens var. insolens. Menopon loomisii. 
Urinator pacificus. Brachyrhampus marmoratus. 
Docophorus colymbinus. Docophorus montereyi. 
graviceps. é atricolor. 
Oncophorus advena. Uria troile californica. 
Menopon tridens var. pacificum. Docophorus calvus. 
Urinator lumme. Rissa tridactyla pollicaris. 
Docophorus colymbinus. Docophorus lari. 
lari. Larus glaucus. 
graviceps. Docophorus lari. 
Nirmus farallonii. Larus glaucescens. 
Ceratorhina monocerata. Docophorus lari. 
Docophorus acutipectus. Nimus lineolatus. 
Ptychorhampus aleuticus. Colpocephalum funebre. 
Docophorus montereyi. Menopon infrequens. 


Menopon loomisii. 


56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY QF SCIENCES. 


Larus occidentalis. 
Docophorus lari. 
Nirmus lineolatus. 

punctatus. 

Larus argentatus smithsonianus. 
Docophorus lari. 
Nirmus lineolatus. 

Larus vege. 

Docophorus lari. 
Nirmus lineolatus. 

Larus californicus. 

Nirmus lineolatus. 

Larus delewarensis. 
Docophorus lari. 
Nirmus lineolatus. 

punctatus. 

Larus brachyrhynchus. 
Docophorus lari. 
Nirmus lineolatus. 

Larus canus. 

Docophorus lari. 
Nirmus lineolatus. 

Larus heermanni. 
Docophorus lari. 
Nirmus lineolatus. 

felix. 

Sterna maxima. 
Docophorus melanocephalus. 
Nirmus prestans. 

hebes. 
lineolatus. 

Sterna forsteri. 

Menopon tridens var. insolens. 

Diomedea albatrus. 

Nirmus giganticola. 
Lipeurus ferox. 
densus. 
Eurymetopus taurus. 
Colpocephalum pingue. 
Menopon navigans. 


Fulmarus glacialis glupischa. 
Docophorus occidentalis. 
Lipeurus celer. 

varius. 
Eurymetopus taurus. 
Ancistrona gigas. 
Menopon numerosum. 

Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii. 
Docophorus occidentalis. 
Lipeurus celer. 

varius. 
Eurymetopus taurus. 
Ancistrona gigas. 
Menopon numerosum. 

Puffinus opisthomelas. 

Lipeurus diversus. 
limitatus. 
testaceous. 

Giebelia mirabilis. 

Puffinus griseus. 

Lipeurus diversus. 
limitatus. 
Giebelia mirabilis. 

Phalacrocorax dilophusalbociliatus. 
Docophorus lari. 

Nirmus farallonii. 
Lipeurus toxoceras. 

Phalacrocorax penicillatus. 
Nirmus farallonii. 

Pelecanus erytbrorhynchus. 
Lipeurus forficulatus. 
Colpocephalum unciferum. 
Menopon titan var. impar. 

Pelecanus californicus. 
Docophorus lari. 

Lipeurus forficulatus. 
toxoceras. 
Colopocephalum unciferum. 
Menopon titan var. linearis. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. Eo, 


M erganser serrator. 


Docophorus icterodes. 


Lipeurus temporalis. 
squalidus. 
Merganser americanus. 
Lipeurus squalidus. 
Trinoton luridum. 
lituratum. 
Anas boscas. 


Docophorus icterodes. 


Trinoton luridum. 
lituratum. 

Anas americana. 

Trinoton luridum. 
Anas carolinensis. 

Trinoton luridum. 
Spatula clypeata. 

Trinoten luridum. 
Dafila acuta. 


Docophorus icterodes. 


Trinoton luridum. 


lituratum (?) 


Aythya americana. 


Docophorus icterodes. 


Aythya affinis. 


Docophorus icterodes. 


Charitonetta albeola. 
Lipeurus squalidus. 


Oidemia deglandi. 
Docophorus icterodes. 
Oidemia perspicillata. 
Docophorus icterodes. 
Lipeurus constrictus. 
Erismatura rubida. 
Docophorus icterodes. 
pertusus. 
Trinoton luridum. 
Ardea egretta. 
Colpocephalum laticeps. 
Fulica americana. 
Docophorus pertusus. 
Lipeurus picturatus. 
longipilus. 
Oncophorus advena. 
Laemobothrium atrum. 
Menopontridens var.pacificum. 
Recurvirostra americana. 
Nirmus signatus. 
pileus. 
Coipocephalum uniforme. 
Menopon indistinctum. 
Charadrius squatarola. 
Docophorus fuliginosus. 
Charadrius dominicus. 
Nirmus orarius. 
Colpocephalum timidum. 


POSITION AMONG INSECTS. 


What the position of the Mallophaga among insects is, 
is still a moot question, as indeed, strictly speaking, is the 
position of any one of the groups. The Mallophaga by 
reason of their habits have been constantly associated in 
entomological literature with the Pediculide. It is hardly 
worth while here to trace the Mallophaga in their tortuous 
path' through the various schemes of insect classification 
from the times of Redi to the present day. It has not 
been until comparatively recent years that the facts of 
structure and life history upon which the classification of 
any group depends were known in the case of the Mallo- 


58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


phaga. The classificatory attempts prior to that time 
were simply the results of conjecture. 

Grouped for a long time with the Hemiptera, because 
the Mallophaga are, what the Pediculidz, undoubted 
Hemiptera, are, external parasites of animals, the testi- 
mony of the biting mouthparts finally effected their re- 
moval to that heterogeneous group of insects, the order 
Pseudo-Neuroptera. Here they came to be associated, 
in all of these steps more and more nearly approximating 
the truth, with the Termites, Psocids, Perlids and Embids, 
these groups forming the suborder Platyptera. Dr. Brauer 
in 1885 broke up the order Pseudo-Neuroptera, and after 
this cataclysm our Mallophaga found themselves in com- 
pany with the Termites and Psocids constituting the order 
Corrodentia. Finally under the impetus thus acquired in 
order- breaking many entomologists have gone further, 
and in the hands of these men the Mallophaga reach the 
standing of an independent order. The latest American 
text-book of entomology, Comstock’s Manual of Insects, 
1895, adopts this treatment of the group. 

Whether a group of insects should be called an order 
or a suborder or what not is largely, of course, a matter 
of an author’s attitude in matters classificatory. The 
point manifest in all this shifting about and gradual 
growth of ranking importance of the Mallophaga is 
that the group is one well removed from any other group 
of insects. The more the structure and life history of 
the bird-lice have been studied, the more difficult it 
has become to ally them closely with any other insects. 
The, at first glance, apparently simple and lowly struct- 

-ure of them is discovered by study to be the result of a 
specialization along the lines of parasitism. The sim- 
plicity of outer habitus, lack of wings, the rather Thysan- 
uriform appearance are not the simplicity of a general- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 59 


ized, of a racial condition, but of a specialization, albeit 
in the line of reduction or degradation. With the simple 
general structure there goes a highly concentrated ner- 
vous system, greatly modified mouth parts, and curiously 
specialized antenne. 

The thorough study of the life-history, embryonic and 
postembryonic, is needed to throw more light on the po- 
sition of the Mallophaga. ‘Till such study is made, the 
present isolated position assigned the group, based on the 
known structure of the adult and on its habits, may be 
accepted as representing the consensus of authority. 


CLASSIFICATION. 


The Mallophaga were divided by Nitzsch into two fam- 
ilies, the Philopteridz, with filiform antenne and without 
maxillary palpi, and the Liotheidz, with capitate 4-seg- 
mented antenne and maxillary palpi. The family Phil- 
opteride included two genera, 7richodectes, with 3-seg- 
mented antenne and 1-clawed tarsi, and Phzlopterus, with 
5-segmented antenne and‘2-clawed tarsi. The latter 
genus was subdivided into the five subgenera, Docoph- 
orus, Virmus, Gonziocotes, Goniodes, Lipeurus. The 
family Lzothezde@ similarly included two genera, Gyropus, 
with 1-clawed tarsi, and Lzotheum, with 2-clawed tarsi. 
The latter genus was subdivided into six subgenera, Zu- 
reum, Lemobothrium, Physostomum, Trinoton, Colpo- 
cephalum and Menopon. ‘The two 1-clawed genera 777- 
chodectes and Gyropus were found by Nitzsch exclusively 
upon mammals; all the other genera exclusively upon 
birds. 

In essential identity the classification of to-day is that 
of Nitzsch; it differs in discarding the generic groups 
Philopterus and Liothewm, and in considering the Nitz- 
schian subgenera as genera, and in the addition of sev- 
eral new genera. 


60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


That change by which the one-time subgenera of Phi/- 
opterus are now put on equality with the genus 77richo- 
dectes, and similarly the subgenera of Z7otheum on equal- 
ity with Gyropus, seems to me ill-advised. The two 
genera found on mammals differ so radically and in so 
many ways from their related genera in each family that 
I believe their striking host and structural differences 
should be emphasized in the classification. I propose, 
therefore, in the light of the present position of the Mal- 
lophaga as an independent order of insects, to rank the 
Nitzschian families as suborders, and the Nitzschian gen- 
era as families, and the Nitzschian subgenera, the genera 
of present. day writers, as genera. This will leave un- 
changed the present generic names and ranking, but will 
restore the expression, first indicated by Nitzsch in his 
generic rankings, of differences between the mammalian 
parasites and the avian parasites. This re-ranking, which 
is practically a return to classification of Nitzsch, finds 
expression in the keys and synopses which I have ar- 
ranged to receive all of the genera so far recognized. 

Although the Mallophaga include already nearly 1000 
described species there are but few genera and these 
genera are difficult to separate. In other words, the 
whole group is a series of closely related and intergrad- 
ing forms. The causes and conditions of this state of 
affairs I have already attempted to explain in the para- 
graphs under the head of ‘‘ Distribution’? (antea). In 
this place the facts of this close inter-relation come home 
to us in the attempt to arrange keys for the separation of 
the genera. I found trouble, when beginning the study 
_ of the Mallophaga, in distinguishing by the published 
keys certain genera; whether a Philopterid parasite was 
a Docophorus or a Nirmus, or whether a Liotheid para- 
site was a Menopon or a Colpocephalum, were questions 


a 


SL a ey ee 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 61 


not definitely answered by the key. In introducing into 
the key the genera which have been described since the 
making of the key used in the European monographs, I 
find naturally increasing difficulties; so I have accompa- 
nied the key with a synopsis of all of the described gen- 
era, Calling attention to the characters which go to give 
any genus its peculiarly characteristic appearance. With 
the key and the diagnosis I hope that any genus can be 
satisfactorily determined. For definitions of the terms 
used in referring to various structures of the Mallophaga, 
see the Terminology, following the synopsis. 


KEY TO THE SUBORDERS. 


A. With filiform 3- or 5-segmented antennew, and no labial palpi. 
; Suborder IscHnocrra. 
AA. With clavate or capitate 4-segmented antennw, and 4-seomented 
labial palpi. Suborder AMBLYCERA. 


KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE SUBORDER ISCHNOCERA. 


A. With 3-segmented antenne; tarsi with 1 claw; infesting mammals 
(family Trichodectidz). TRICHODECTES N, 
AA. With 5-segmented antenne; ‘tarsi with 2 claws; infesting birds 
(family Philopteridz). 
B. Antenne similar in both sexes. 
C. Front deeply angwarly notched. AkIpoproctus P. 
CC. Front convex, truncate, or rarely with a curving emargina- 
tion, but never angularly notched. 
D. Species broad and short, with large movable trabecul« (at 
the anterior angle of antennary fossa). 

E. Forehead with a broad transverse membranous flap 
projecting beyond lateral margins of the head in the 
male, barely projecting in female. 

GIEBELIA Kellogg. 

EE. Without such membranous flap. 

DocopHorus N. 
DD. Species elongate, narrow; with very small or no 

trabecule. Nirmvus N. 

BB. Antenne differing in the two sexes. 
C. Species wide, with body elongate-ovate to sub-orbicular. 

D. Temporal margins rounded; last segment of abdomen 
roundly emarginated; antennsw of male without append- 

age, third segment very long. EuryYMETOPUS Tasch. 


62: CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


DD. Temporai margins usually angulated; last segment of 
abdomen convex, rarely angularly emarginated with two 
points. 

E. First segment of antenna of male large, sometimes 
with an appendage; third segment always with an 
appendage. GONIODES N. 

EE. First segment of antenna of male enlarged, but 
always without appendage; third segment without 
appendage; last segment of abdomen always rounded 
behind. GoniocoTEs N. 

CC. Species elongate, narrow, sides sub-parallel. 

D. Third segment of antenna of male without an append- 
age. ORNITHOBIUS Denny. 

DD. Third segment of antenna of male with an appendage. 
E. Front deeply angularly notched. 

BorurioMetorus Tasch. 

EE. Front not angularly notched. 

F. Antenne and legs long; a semicircular oral fossa. 
LirevuRus N. 

FF. Antennz and legs short; oral fossa narrow, 

elongate, extending as a furrow to the anterior 

margin of the head. OncoPHORUS Rudow. f 


KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE SUBORDER AMBLYCERA. 
A. Tarsi with | claw; infesting mammals (family Gyropidz). 
Gyropus N. 
AA. Tarsi with 2 claws; infesting birds (except Boopia?) (Family 
Liotheidz.) 
B. Ocular emargination distinct, more or less deep. 
C. Forehead rounded, without lateral swelling; antennez pro- 
jecting beyond border of the head. CoLPpocePHALUM N. 
CC. Forehead with strong lateral swellings. 
D. Antenne projecting beyond border of the head; temporal 
angles projecting rectangularly; eye large and simple. 
Boopta P. 
DD. <Antennz concealed in groove on under side of the 
head; temporal angles rounded, or slightly angular; eye 
divided by an emargination and fleck. 
E. Mesothorax separated from metathorax by a suture. 
TRINOTON N. 
EE. Meso- and metathorax fused; no suture. 
La=MosotHRiuM N. 
BB. Ocular emargination absent or very slight. 
C. Sides of the head straight or slightly concave, with two small 
laterally-projecting labral lobes. Puysostomum N. 


a 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 63 


CC. Sides of the head sinuous; forehead without labral lobes. 
D. Body very broad; metathorax shorter than prothorax. 
KurevM N. 
DD. Body elongate; prothorax shorter than metathorax. 

EK. Ocular emargination filled by a strong swelling; 
sternal markings forming a quadrilateral without 
median blotches. Nirzscuta Denny. 

EE. Ocular emargination without swelling, hardly ap- 
parent or entirely lacking; median blotches on 
sternum. 

F. Very large; with two 2-pointed appendages on 
ventral aspect of hind-head; anterior cox with 
very long lobe-like appendages. 

ANCISTRONA Westwood. 

FF. Small or medium; without bi-partite append- 
ages of hind-head. Menopon N. 


SYNOPSIS OF MALLOPHAGA. 
Suborder ISCHNOCERA. 


With the antenne filiform, 3- to 5-segmented, sometimes 
differing in the sexes; no labial palpi. 


Family TRICHODECTID. 


Characters of the single genus. 

Genus Trichodectes. Infesting mammals; tarsi with 
one claw; antennz 3-segmented, in some species differ- 
ing in the sexes; legs thickly beset with hairs; female 
with a pair of bent appendages on the sides or ventral 
surface of the eighth abdominal segment. 


Family PHiILopTreRID#. 


Infesting birds; tarsi with two claws; antennz 5-seg- 
mented, not lying in an excavation on the under side of 
the head, but always projecting far beyond the sides of 
the head. 

Genus Docophorus Nitzsch. (Plates iiiandiv.) Body 
short and broad, head usually as wide across the tem- 
ples as long, front broadly truncate or convex or slightly 
concave, rarely with a curving emargination; clypeus 


64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


with distinct suture, often with a broad uncolored anterior 
and lateral margin; signature usually shield-shaped, with 
acuminate posterior angle; prominent movable trabecule 
reaching to or beyond end of the first antennal segment; 
antennz similar in the sexes, with thick first segment, 
segment 2 the largest, and segments 3-5 subequal. Thorax 
with meso- and meta-segments completely coalesced; legs 
rather flattened, insertions approached; front legs small- 
est and usually concealed beneath the head. Abdomen 
usually oval, of nine segments of about equal length; last 
segment of male rounded, of female small and emargin- 
ated. Color and markings whitish on buffy ground, 
markings clear light brown to opaque dark brown, and 
even to black; head with antennal occipital bands; thorax 
with lateral borders; abdomen with lateral bands, dark- 
est, and lateral transverse blotches, longest in male where 
they nearly meet on the median line. This genus has 
been found on birds of all the larger groups except the 
Galline. 

Genus Giebelia Kellogg. (Plate xi.) General char- 
acters of Docophorus; forehead (labrum?) with a broad 
transparent membranous flap extending across the ventral 
-surface of head and projecting conspicuously beyond lat- 
_ eral margins of head in the male and but slightly in the 
female; rectangular anterior angles of temporal region 
with large eye in the angle. Found, as yet, only on the 
genus Pufinus (Shearwaters). 

Genus Vzrmus Nitzsch. (Plates v and vi.) Body usu- 
ally narrow and elongate, though not actually long, the 
species rarely exceeding 3% mm. in length; the antenne 
similar in the sexes; clypeal suture ordinarily indistinct; 
the trabeculae wanting, or if present very small, incon- 
spicuous and not movable (rarely large and feebly mov- 
able); other characters approximately those of Docophor- 
ws. Found on all kinds of birds. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 65 


Genus Akrdofroctus Piaget. Body slender, elongate, 
Nirmoid in general shape; front of clypeus with a deep 
median rectangular notch, clypeal suture not distinct; 
antenne similar in the sexes, situated distinctly before the 
middle of the head, short; prothorax rectangular, meso- 
and metathorax fused, widest (except in one species) in 
front; abdomen with broad sutures and a longitudinal 
median uncolored line; slightly mesad of the lateral band 
there runs parallel with it on each side a second narrow 
transparent lateral band; the two last segments in both 
sexes abruptly narrower than the seventh and conical. 
But four species belonging to this genus have been de- 
scribed. 

Genus Hurymetopus Taschenberg. (Plate xi.) Body 
broad, Docophorus-like; antennz differing in the sexes; 
clypeus broad, truncate; anterior angles of antennary 
fossze produced and pointed; metathorax short, broad, 
without indication of constriction between meso- and 
meta-segments; coxz not projecting beyond lateral mar- 
gins of thorax; posterior segment of abdomen broadly 
round with slight rounding emargination, deeper in fe- 
male than in male. But three species of this genus are 
yet known, of which one is so aberrant that it should 
probably. be made the type of a new genus. 

Genus Gonzodes Nitzsch. Body large and broad; head 
usually with temporal margin and outer occipital margin 
angulated; head often varying in form in the sexes; 
antenne differing in the sexes, third segment of male 
always with appendage, first segment enlarged and some- 
times with appendage; prothorax usually trapeziform, 
metathorax much larger, rounded laterally; abdomen 
usually broadly oval, lateral band broad. Color usually 
whitish or pale yellowish, the blotches tawny, the bands 
dark brown to black. Found only on Gallinaceous birds. 

Proo. Cau. ACAD. Scr., 2D SeR., Vou. VI (5) March 11, 1896. 


66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Taschenberg has given sub-generic names to certain 
pretty distinctly separable groups of species. These sub- 
genera may be distinguished by the following table: 
A. With rounded temporal and occipital corners. No appendage on third 
segment of male, or a very small one. Stronglyocotes. 
AA. With angulated temporal and occipital corners. 
B. Antenna of male with segments 4 and 5 very short, third segment 
with appendage. Temporal angles weak. Coloceras. 
BB. Segments 4 and 5 of male antenna of ordinary size. Temporal 
angles distinct. 
C. Segment 3 of male antenna with appendage; segment | long 
and thick and sometimes withappendage.  Goniodes s. str. 
CC. Segment 3 of male antenna without appendage (distal angle 
slightly produced); segment 1 without appendage. 
Rhopaloceras. 

Genus Gonzocotes Burmeister. General characters those 
of Gondodes, but usually smaller species, and with an- 
tenn of male never appendaged; the antenne differ but 
little in the sexes, the male sometimes having the first and 
second segments larger than in the female. The species 
of this genus are found on gallinaceous and columbine 
birds. 

Genus Oruithobius Denny. Body elongate, narrow; 
head broad, rather quadrangular; clypeus with a frontal 
emargination expanded within so that the bounding sides 
are pincer-like in shape, the points almost meeting, thus 
nearly inclosing the emargination; the antenne arise far 
in front of the middle of the head, and differ in the sexes; 
the antenne of the male have the first two segments larger 
than the others, and the third, which is diagonally trun- 
cated and expanded distally, is with or without an append- 
age; the abdomen has two parallel lateral bands on each 
-side, and the last segment of the male is pointed, of the 
female rounded or truncate. Only three species of this 
genus have been found, all on swans. 

Genus Bothriometopus Taschenberg. Body elongate, 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 67 


sides subparallel; head about as long as wide, with swell- 
ing rounded temples; clypeus including most of the fore- 
head; without antennal bands, and with a deep angular 
frontal emargination or notch (much as in Ak&zdoproctus ) ; 
antenne situated in front of middle of head and differing 
in the sexes; the antenna of male long, first segment 
thickened and as large as all the others together and with 
a pointed projecting process; antenna of female short, 
first two segments of equal length; legs very long, abdo- 
men of both sexes with posterior segment 2- pointed be- 
hind. But one species has been described, taken from 
Palamedea. | 

Genus Lzfeurus Nitzsch. (Plates vii, viii, ix and x.) 
Body long, slender; head usually narrow, elongate, with 
rounded temporal margins; clypeus usually with distinct 
signature, and with distinct or indistinct suture; antenne 
differing in the sexes, the male antenna with first segment 
long and thick, rarely with appendage; third segment has 
an appendage, which is sometimes small and inconspicu- 
ous; the female antenna is simply filiform with first seg- 
ment the thickest and second segment the longest; meta- 
thorax usually at least twice as long as the prothorax, 
often showing a lateral constriction indicating the line of 
fusion of meso- and meta-segments; the legs arise far 
apart, the proximity of the’ coxal cavities of the second 
and third pairs of legs to the thoracic margins being one 
of the diagnostic characters of the genus; the coxe are 
long and project conspicuously beyond the lateral margins 
of the thorax; abdomen elongate and narrow, with seg- 
ments 8 and g fused. Body color, white to brown, with 
conspicuous markings of pale brown to black. There 
are many described species and they have been found on 
all kinds of birds, being especially common on swimmers 
and rare on passerine birds. 


68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Genus Oncophorus Rudow. (Plate xi.) (The generic 
name Oncophorus was proposed by Rudow for a species 
which has since been transferred to another genus, Aurvy- 
metopus, but Piaget, retaining the generic name, has 
grouped under it a number of species presenting the 
characters following. This genus ‘‘sert de transition 
naturelle entre les genres Docophorus et Nirmus dune 
part et les genres Goniodes et Lipeurus d autre part.’ ) 
Usually small, 2 mm. being a maximum length among the 
known species; varying from broad to slender; head 
conical, clypeus with or without distinct suture, with or 
without signature; antenne differing in the sexes, the 
male antenna longest, and the first three segments with 
or without appendages; prothorax but little shorter than 
the metathorax; legs short like those of MVzrmus; color 
generally dark brown. But few species (eleven) so far 


described. 
Suborder AMBLYCERA. 


With the antenne clavate or capitate, 4-segmented, and 
with filiform 4-segmented labial palpi. 


Family GyRopip#. 
Characters of single genus. 


Genus Gyropus Nitzsch. Infesting mammals, tarsi 
with one claw; temples produced into angulated pro- 
cesses; mouth parts on the frontal margin of the head; 
size, small from .7 to 1.2 mm. 


Family LioTHEIDA. 

Infesting birds (see Boopfia! ); tarsi with two claws; 
the 4-segmented antennz lying, when not outstretched, 
‘in an excavation on the under side of the head. 

Genus Colpocephalum Nitzsch. (Plate xii.) Body 
varying in size from very small (1 mm.) to large (3 mm.), 
elongate, oval or elliptical; head usually wider than long 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 69 


with distinct ocular emargination; eye located in the pos- 
terior portion of the emargination, simple or semi-divided 
by an emargination; temples usually swollen or ‘‘ winged’”’ 
with rounded or nearly straight lateral margin; just be- 
hind the eye and along the anterior margin of the temple 
a series of fine short hairs, the ‘‘ocular fringe’’; the 4- 
segmented labial palpi extending beyond the lateral mar- 
gins of the head; the 4-segmented antenne with first seg- 
ment short, cylindrical, second, conical, truncated, third 
goblet-shaped, fourth cylindrical or ovoid usually ob- 
liquely truncated; prothorax usually longer than metatho- 
rax, with produced lateral angles and bearing a pale or 
uncolored transverse line which does not extend into the 
lateral angular regions; mesothorax indicated by a slight 
constriction and sometimes by an uncolored transverse 
line across the metathoracic segment; first segment of 
tarsus short, with a small flat lobe or plate, second very 
long and slender; abdomen with nine segments, the pos- 
terior one differing in the sexes, with distinct dorsal and 
ventral posterior borders. Color whitish or yellowish 
with pale to dark brown markings. The genus contains 
many species, found on all birds except ostriches. 

Genus Boopza Piaget. The single species upon which 
this genus is established by Piaget was found by him in 
company with individuals of Colpocephalum truncatum on 
Phascolomys fossor, a wombat! Can these true Liotheid 
forms have been stragglers from some bird host to this 
mammalian host? The characters of the genus, as shown 
by the one species, are: Body about 2 mm. long; head 
rounded in front, ocular emargination wide but shallow, 
situated more anteriorly than in other Liotheide; eye 
hemispherical, very large, located in the anterior portion 
of the ocular emargination; temples angularly produced; 
the palpi passing the margins of the head by three seg- 


70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ments; the antenne with second segment subspherical, 
third pedunculated, fourth the largest; thorax much as in 
Colpocephalum; legs, long and hairy; abdomen of eight 
(?) segments. The middle of the head and borders of 
the abdomen yellowish; the rest of the head, thorax and 
abdominal blotches tawny. 

Genus 7Zyznoton Nitzsch. (Plate xii.) Body large, 
from 2 to 6 mm. long; head, triangular, with rounding 
angles, with projecting rounded temples, and convex ar- 
cuated occipital margin; antenna, short and concealed, 
palpi projecting beyond lateral margins of forehead; eye 
prominent and emarginated, appearing double; the whole 
thorax very long, in one species larger than the abdomen; 
mesothorax separated from metathorax by distinct suture 
(the diagnostic character of the genus) ; legs long, strong 
and haired; first segment of tarsus short, with two nar- 
row and acute lobes, second long with two small lobes 
near the extremity; abdomen elongate oval, nine seg- 
ments, the posterior segment being rounded behind in the 
female and trilobed in the male. Color whitish, with 
brown or reddish brown blotches and black bands. 

Genus Lemobothrium Nitzsch. (Plate xiv.) Large 
species, from 5 to ro mm. long; body elongate, rather 
slender; head usually longer than wide, truncate or emar- 
ginate in front; temples but little swollen with occipital 
corners angulated; occipital margin deeply concave, with 
a neck-like prolongation; a large and distinct oral fossa; 
the mesothoracic suture obsolete, although usually faintly 
indicated; metathorax separated from abdomen by dis- 
tinct suture, but of general appearance of an abdominal 
segment; legs long and strong; first segment of tarsus 
short with a large lobe; second segment very long and 
without lobes; abdomen elongate, tapering posteriorly ; 
the ninth segment rounded or truncate. Color varying 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. y/o 


from tawny to blackish brown on a whitish ground. 
Found on birds of prey, and certain water birds. 

Genus Physostomum Nitzsch. Species large, from 2% 
to 5 mm. long; body elongate; head broadly conical, 
straight or a little concave on the lateral margins, without 
ocular emarginations; broad and usually truncate or flatly 
convex in front; temporal corners angulated; the under 
side of the forehead with two small motile muscular lobes 
projecting slightly beyond the lateral margins, character- 
istic marks of the genus; palpi prominent; antenne very 
short, always concealed in their furrows; thorax longer 
than the long head; -meso- and metathorax completely 
fused, the posterior width of the metathorax same as an- 
terior width of first segment of abdomen; legs robust, 
little colored and with few hairs; first segment of tarsus 
with a small double lobe; second segment rather short. 
Abdomen elongate elliptical, ninth segment broad and 
rounded. Color clear pale brown to yellowish, abdomen 
with lateral bands. ‘The species are few and have been 
found as yet exclusively on passerine birds. 

Genus Hureum Nitzsch. Body large, head and abdo- 
men very wide, and metathorax very short; head without 
ocular emargination and with temples very much enlarged 
and rounded; antenne concealed in their cavities; the 
palpi never projecting beyond lateral margins of the head; 
thorax about same length as the head; prothorax con- 
cave before and behind; the shorter metathorax of the 
same form as first segment of abdomen; legs long, sec- 
‘ond segment of tarsus very long; abdomen with acute 
posterior angles of segments, and hairy. But two species 
are known, one found on a swallow and the other on the 
chimney swift. 

Genus JVitzschta Denny. Body of medium size, about 
2mm. long; head with small ocular emargination, and a 


72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


slight but distinct emargination of the lateral margin in 
front of the ocular emargination, being about where the 
projecting palpi pass the margins of the head; head wider 
than long, temples expanded and angulated in front and 
behind; antennez short and entirely concealed in their 
cavities; palpi rather long and projecting beyond mar- 
gins of the head; prothorax hexagonal with obtuse an- 
gles; the mesothoracic suture slightly indicated on the 
lateral margins; legs long and only slightly colored, 
first tarsal segment very short with a small acute lobe, 
second segment larger; abdomen similar in the sexes, 
obovate, widening posteriorly, with broad lateral bands. 
Color tawny, blotches ferrugineous, and lateral bands 
dark reddish brown. Only one species certainly known; 
found only on the chimney swift. 

Genus Anczstrona Westwood. (Plate xii.) Body very 
large, 6 mm. long and 2% mm. wide; head crescentic, 
without ocular emargination; with two 2-pointed strongly- 
chitinized processes on ventral aspect of hind head pro- 
jecting backward beyond occipital margin of the head; 
antenne concealed in ventral cavities; the lateral palpi 
short. Prothorax as large as the head; the metathorax 
like an abdominal segment; the coxe of the front legs 
bear a long appendage or lobe; abdomen of ten seg- 
ments. Only a single species certainly known; found 
on the Fulmars. 

Genus Menopon Nitzsch. (Plates xiv and xv.) Body 
small to Jarge, varying from I mm. to 5 mm. in length; 
of general shape and character of Colpocephalum (from 
which it is sometimes hardly distinguishable), but the oc- 
ular emargination is wanting or is slight; an ocular emar- 
gination is often present and plainly visible inferiorly, but 
superiorly there is a membrane which extends across it; 
head always widest across the temples; the antennz 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. ne 


short, first two segments truncated, conical, the second 
rarely with a short appendage, the third usually pedicel- 
lated and goblet-shaped, receiving the spherical or ovoid 
or cylindrical fourth into this open mouth; the fourth is 
always the largest of the four segments; mesothorax 
fused with metathorax; legs long, first segment of tarsus 
very short with a lobe of variable form, second long with 
a small chitin plate often swollen at its extremity; abdo- 
men differs in the sexes, both as to general form and 
specially as to the last (ninth) segment; posterior border 
of ninth segment of female fringed with fine hairs which 
are not present in male. Color whitish or yellowish with 
darker markings. This is a very large genus, infesting 
all kinds of birds. 
TERMINOLOGY. 


By means of the following definitions and accompany- 
ing figures the student will be enabled to understand, it 
is hoped, the special descriptive and structural terms used 
in the synopses, keys and descriptions of Mallophaga. 
Most of these terms are the English equivalents, as nearly 
as possible, of the terms used in the French and German 
monographs. A few of them are here first used. 


74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Fig.1. Docophorus fuliginosus Kell., male; clyp., 
clypeus; clyp. sut., clypeal suture; clyp.h., clypeal 
hair; sig., signature; md., mandibles; ant., antenna; 
tr., tradvecula; e., eye; occ. b., occipital band; ant. b., 
antennal band; lo., chitinized part of labium; occ.sig.,: 
occipital signature; pth ,prothorax; mth., metathor- 
ax; tar., tarsus; p.h., ‘‘ pustulated”’ hairs; tr. bl., 
transverse blotch; /.6., lateral band; sp , spiracle; 


gen., genitalia. 


Fig. 2. a, antenna of Li- 
peurus baculus 4; b, antenna 
of Lipeurus ferox 3. 


ANTENNAL APPENDAGE 
(fig. 2). A projecting pro- 
cess on the first or third 
segments of the antennsz 
of the males of certain gen- 
era. This appendage may 
be simply a slight projec- 
tion of one side of the 
distal extremity of the seg- 
ment, or may be long and 
curving, and may arise 
from the middle of the 
segment. 


ANTENNAL Banps(ant.b., 
fig.1). Pale to dark-col- 
ored chitinous bands ex- 
tending along the lateral 
margins of the forehead, 
interrupted and divided 
into two parts when the 
clypeal suture is distinct, 
sometimes divided into 
three parts (Nirmi nigro- 
picti). 


ANTENNARY FuRRows (ant. /., fig. 3). The 
furrows on ventral aspect of head of mem- 
bers of the Liotheidw# in which the antennz 
lie, concealed from dorsal view. 


CLYPEAL Hatrs (clyp. h., tig. 1). Usually 
short, fine hairs on the margins, frontal and 
lateral, of the clypeus. ‘ 

CriyPeEus (clyp., fig. 1). That part of the 
head in front of the clypeal suture; prominent 
throughout the group. 


CLYPEAL SUTURE, or, in descriptions of the head, the suture (clyp. sut., 


fig. 1). 


The distinct or indistinct suture separating the clypeus from the 


.rest of the head; when distinct, appearing as a narrow uncolored line; 
when indistinct, usually recognizable on the lateral margins of the head 


by a small emargination. 


ForEHEAD That part of the head in front of the mandibles and an- 


tenn. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. is 


GENITAL BiorcH. Abdominal markings on the under side of the last 
segments of the female; sometimes single and median, sometimes paired 
and lateral. 

GENITALIA (gen., tig. 1). The colored chitinized parts of the genitalia, 
often showing through the surface of the body. 


Hinp-HEAD. That part of the head behind the mandibles and antenne, 


InTER-cOXAL LINE (i.c. /., fig. 4). A sternal marking consisting of a 
colored line or narrow band running transversely between two cox of 
the same side. 


LATERAL Banps (l/. b., fig. 1). The dark or transparent lateral margins 
of the abdomen. 
LaBIAL Paupi (lb. p., fig. 3). 
“ The 4-segmented labial palpi, 
present only among the Liothei- 
de; usually projecting laterally 
beyond the lateral margins of the 
forehead. 


METATHORAX (m. th., fig. 1). 
As the meso- and metathorax are 
in most genera of the order fused 
into a single segment; the term 
metathorax used when no men- 


Fig.3. Under side of head of Lemobotho- tion is made of the meso-thorax 
rium similis Kell.; of.,oralfossa; Jb. p., labial is intended to apply to this com- 
palpus; md., mandible; pg., paraglossa; ant., 
antenna; ant. f., antennary furrow; e., eye. pound segment. 


Occip1TaL Banos (occ. b., fig. 1). Pale to dark-colored chitinous bands 
extending from the occipital margin forward to the mandibular rami. 

OccipiraAL Marcin. The posterior margin of the head. 

OcuLaR Banps. Bands extending from the eyes to the anterior extrem- 
ities of the occipital bands. 

OcuLaR Brotcnw. A colored blotch contiguous to the inner margin of 
the eye. 


OcuLAR EMARGINATION. An emargination of the lateral margin of the 
head, the eye lying in the emargination though near the posterior end of 
it. 


OcuLaR Fieck. A small intensely black spot of pigment in the eye. 
ORAL Fossa (0./., fig. 3). A furrow lying in front of the mandibles. 


OcuLaR FRINGE. A series of closely set small hairs on the posterior 
half of the inner margin of the ocular emargination and extending to and 
sometimes on the temporal margin; especially characteristic of Menopon. 
and Colpocephalum. 


76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


PustuLatepD Harrs (p. h. fig. 1). Hairs rising from uncolored (unchit- 
inized) spaces. 


SIGNATURE (sig., fig. 1). A colored blotch on the clypeus, usually with 
a posterior acuminate point. The occipital signature is a usually sub- 
circular colored blotch on the under surface of the hind-head, often show- 
ing through above. 

SterNAL Marxines (fig. 4). Colored 
blotches and lines on the ventral aspect of 
the thorax. 


TEMPORAL MaRGINS (t.m., fig. 1). The 


? aa to) 
ae po a. lateral margins of the hind-head. 


TRABECULAE (tr., fig. 1). Two processes, 
i t : * ° 
Piet Ayer og nk ades one on each side of the head, projecting 


ment of Nirmus prestans Kell.; laterally from the anterior angle of the an- 
cox., coxa; i. c. l., intercoxal , 

line; m. bl., median sternal tennary fossa; largest and movable in Do- 
blotch; m bl. a., median blotch 

of abdominal segments. cophorus. 


TRANSVERSE BiorcHes (tv. b1., fig. 1). The colored blotches, one on 
each lateral half of each abdominal segment. 


CoLLEcTIoNsS MADE. 


The specimens which I have had for study have been 
collected by me from newly-killed birds, or from freshly- 
made skins under the following circumstances: 

(a) A-collection made at Lawrence, Kansas, during 
the years 1889-1892, exclusively from newly-killed birds, 
the birds determined by me, and in most cases collected 
by me. 

(b) A collection made by me at the Hopkins Seaside 
Laboratory on the shore of the Bay of Monterey, Cali 
fornia, during the two weeks from Dec. 17, 1894, to Jan. 
1, 1895, from newly-killed birds and from the fresh skins 
lying in cotton forms on tables in the laboratory; the birds 
were collected on the bay by Mr. Leverett M. Loomis, 
‘Curator of Birds of the California Academy of Sciences, 
and were determined by him. 

It will always be of interest to the student of these 
parasites to know the exact conditions attending the col- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. var 


lection of any set of specimens in order that he may 
weigh fairly the probable accuracy of the host determina- 
tions and the value of any statements as to relative abund- 
ance of the individuals of a species, or of the constant 
or casual occurrence of any parasite species on the in- 
dividuals of its host species. 

A large number of the specimens upon which the mono- 
graphs of the order are based were collected from the 
dried skins of birds in various museums. Piaget has 
found the museum of Leyden a fertile field for collecting. 
But it is evident that collecting under such circumstances 
makes uncertain any generalization regarding the abund- 
ance of individuals on the host, and the constancy of oc- 
currence of any certain parasite species on any certain 
bird species. There is also much likelihood of ‘“ strag- 
gling ’’ and little opportunity to prove or disprove it. On 
the other hand, in collecting from the newly-killed birds 
one can practically determine the total parasitic fauna of 
any bird specimen; and, where a large series of speci- 
mens of one bird species is obtained, definite conclusions 
as to the constant or casual occurrence of a parasite species 
upon its host can be attained. The collection of imma- 
ture specimens is practically restricted to collectors from 
newly-killed specimens because the tender, unchitinized 
body of the young insect shrivels soon after death; thus 
the immature insects are rarely found on dried skins. 
This may account for the absence of references in the 
European monographs to the immature stages of any of 
the described species. 


Metruops oF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING. 

The methods of collecting are simple. The parasites 
do not leave the body quickly after the death of the host, 
so if there is no opportunity to take them from the host 
in the field immediately after shooting, they may be col- 


78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


lected after the dead birds are brought to the laboratory 
or museum. Most of my collecting has been done in 
connection with the collection of the birds for museum 
purposes. The parasites frequent all parts of the body of 
the host, but after death of the host are especially to be 
sought about the lores and base of the bill. Here they 
seem to congregate, and while sometime after death of 
the host many parasites leave the body others will stop 
their traveling at the base of the bill; and rather than 
leave the body will fasten themselves by claws or man- 
dibles to the short stiff feathers of this region and die 
there. The death of the parasites which remain on the 
body after death of the host takes place in from four or 
five hours to seven days. In most cases all of the parasites 
are dead at the end of two or three days. It is evident, in 
face of the fact that after death of host many parasites 
leave the body, that much care must be taken to prevent 
‘* stragegling,’’ i. e., parasites from one bird getting upon 
some other bird which may be conveniently near. In the 
game-bag each bird should be well wrapped in paper, or, 
as is common with collectors, placed in a paper cone head 
downwards. 

In addition to the examination of newly-killed birds, 
the examination of freshly-made skins may be made, or 
even of old and dry skins. On these skins the dried 
bodies of the dead insects, their external appearance (in 
case of adults) little modified because of their firm chi- 
tinous covering, may be found attached by the mandibles 
to the feathers. 

The collected insects should be kept in alcohol in vials. 
-I put all of the parasites taken from one bird specimen 
in a single vial, giving this vial an accessions number and 
putting into it a label bearing name of locality, date and 
name of bird. Later, with opportunity, the specimens 


NEW MALLOPHAGA., 79 


in any one vial may be assorted into species putting each 
species in a vial by itself and giving this vial the same 
accessions number as the original vial and in addition a sub- 
number or letter. In my catalogue of accessions there are 
entered under each accessions number the sub-numbers 
or letters with specific name of the parasites when deter- 
mined. By this plan, any specimen of parasite can be 
traced at any time to the individual bird from which it 
came, and statistics of abundance on the host, of number 
of individuals of a single species, or of the constant or 
casual occurrence of a parasite species on a host species 
can be compiled. Also, the parasitic faune of different 
specimens of the same bird-species from different local- 
ities can be critically compared. 

The alcohol modifies the specimens but little; their 
hard chitin covering prevents appreciable shrinking, and 
the colors are due chiefly to the excess or scantiness of 
chitinization in different parts of the body, a coloration 
not much affected by alcohol. Specimens intended for 
dissection can be well preserved in soft condition in a five 
per cent. solution of chloral hydrate. 


DEscRIPTIONS oF NEw SPECIES. 


Docophorus calvus n. sp. (Plate iii, fig. 1.) 


A single female, taken on a California Murre, Uria 
troile californica (Bay of Monterey, California). 

Description of female. Body, length 1.7 mm., width 
.8mm.; short, broad, small, with golden brown mark- 
ings, darker on margins, almost without hairs. 

Head, length .53 mm., width .56 mm., thus being slightly 
wider than long; conical, with uncolored frontal part of 
clypeus slightly expanded and feebly emarginate; suture 
distinct; lateral margin of head in front of suture slightly 
concave; temporal margins convex with two hairs, and 


8o CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


one hair in the prominent eye; occipital margin straight; 
trabecule large; signature colored, posterior margin with 
darker-colored acuminate point, anterior margin parallel 
with front margin of clypeus, i. e., emarginate; antennal 
bands distinctly colored and continued in front of suture, 
and bending in at posterior ends; behind these bent-in 
ends a diagonally transverse, uncolored line; occipital 
bands distinct; temporal margins colored. 

Prothorax small, short, much narrower than the head; 
angled behind, with a slight, rounding prominence at 
posterior lateral angles bearing a single hair; colored, 
paler in the center. Metathorax short, angled behind, 
with sides produced and obtusely rounded, bearing one 
long hair; whole segment strongly colored. 

Abdomen broadly elliptical; first segment wholly col- 
ored, segments 2—7 with a strong lateral blotch, irregu- 
larly triangular, pointed inwardly, with clear stigmatal 
spot, with uncolored posterior angles, and with one or two 
hairs arising from extreme posterior lateral point of colored 
blotch; eight segment wholly colored; ninth uncolored, 
rounded, with only very small hairs; central space of 
abdomen uncolored; a rectangular genital blotch with 
backward projecting posterior angles showing through on 
sixth and seventh segments. 


Docophorus fuliginosus n. sp. (Plate iii, fig. 2.) 


A few specimens from a Black-bellied Plover, Chara- 
drius sguatarola (Lawrence, Kansas), and a single male 
from a specimen of the same bird-species shot near Palo 
Alto, California. The new species belongs to the group 
rotundatt (with convex or truncate clypeus) of Piaget’s 
- super-group /atitemporales, which includes the Docophori 
of the shore birds. This group closely resembles the 
group pustulosz of the Terns, and this species from Chara- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. S1 


drius very closely resembles the common melanocephalus 
of the Terns. 

Description of the male. Body, length 1.62 mm., 
width .65 mm.; head and thorax smoky golden brown, 
abdomen’ dark brown with black markings. 

Head, length .60 mm., width .53 mm.; front convex 
with a narrow uncolored border, and a short hair in each 
anterior angle; one short, marginal hair in front of the 
distinct suture, and two behind it; trabecule medium; eye 
inconspicuous, with a short hair; temporal margins with 
two hairs; occipital margin straight, bare; signature 
_ shield-shaped, pale, with acuminate posterior point darker 
colored; quadrangular space in anterior part of signa- 
ture slightly darker colored than rest of signature; angu- 
lated antennal bands, their continuations in front of the 
suture as narrow marginal borders, the diverging occipital 
bands and the marginal temporal borders dark brown; also 
a narrow occipital border not extending to the sides of 
the head and interrupted medially. 

Prothorax, short, with slightly diverging sides and flatly 
convex posterior margin; posterior angles with a single 
hair; color smoky golden brown, with a dark brown 
lateral border, extending around the posterior angles, 
anda little way along the posterior margin. Metathorax 
short, broad, with widely diverging short sides, and 
broadly parabolic posterior margin thickly set with a se- 
ries of pustulated hairs. Sternal markings consisting of 
dark brown intercoxal lines, a pale median prothoracic 
blotch, and a small, pale, triangular metathoracic blotch. 
Legs, fuliginous with narrow dark brown to black mark- 
ings. 

Abdomen, broadly ovate, turbinated; segment 2 with 
specially prominent, acute, projecfing, posterior angles; 
segments 4-8 with one to two hairs in posterior angles; 

Proc. Can. ACAD. Scr., 2p Ser., Vor, VI. (6) March 11, 1896. 


82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


whole abdomen, except segment 9g, strongly colored; 
segments 2—7 with’ broad black lateral bands; segments 
with long, transverse, dark brown blotches barely separated 
-medially by an uncolored line, widest on second segment 
and narrowing on each successive segment; transverse 
blotches confluent medially on segment 1, with a small, 
medial, angulated, uncolored emargination on anterior 
margin; segments 2-5 with a series of pustulations along 
posterior margin of each transverse blotch, and behind each 
series a narrow dark brown transversal line; segment 1 
with but two demi-pustulations near mesal end of each 
transverse blotch; segment 9 with uncolored anterior an- 
gles, and a lateral smoky brown blotch with four or five 
short pustulated hairs; posterior margin truncate with a 
few rather short hairs; genitalia extending through seg- 
ments 3-9. 

Female, length 2. mm., width .g mm.; head, length 
.65 mm., width .65 mm.; transverse blotches of abdomen, 
except of segment 1, not closely approached mesally; 
segments 1-6 with series of pustulated hairs along pos- 
terior margin of transverse blotch, four hairs in segment I, 
six hairs in segments 2-6; blotches on segments 2—5 acute 
mesally, blotches of segment 6 diagonally truncate, and of 
segment 7 flatly rounded; a narrow transversal line be- 
tween succeeding blotches of each side of abdomen; 
segment 8 wholly colored, with a narrow transverse line 
running across segment close to and parallel with ante- 
rior margin of blotch; posterior margin convex with four 
hairs. 


Docophorus graviceps n. sp. (Plate iii, fig. 3.) 
A single male specimen, taken from an American Coot, 
Fulica americana (Bay of Monterey, California); and 


two females from a Pacific Loon, Urénator pacificus (Bay 
of Monterey, California). 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 83 


Description of male. Body, length 2. mm., width .72 
mm.; pale golden brown, with characteristic angulated, 
black, lateral abdominal markings; abdomen Nirmoid, 
head large and just as broad as long. 

Head, length .62 mm., width .61 mm.; broadly conical; 
clypeus with uncolored, truncated, frontai margin, and 
rounded angles; a very fine short pair at middle of each 
rounded anterior angle, and one at the suture; temporal 
margins with one short prickle and three long hairs; eye 
with a short hair; trabecule broad, acute-angled; antennz 
short, thick; signature pale smoky brown, broadly hex- 
agonal; posterior margin slightly rounding; on each side 
of the signature a similarly colored elongated triangular 
blotch apex anteriorly; ground color of head pale golden 
brown with darker mandibles, broad curving antennal 
bands, narrow temporal margin, and occipital bands con- 
vex outwardly; occipital margin straight. 

Prothorax, short, broad, a single short hair in posterior 
angle, and anterior margin deeply emarginated and pro- 
jecting under the head; broad lateral margins and for- 
ward projecting anterior processes dark brown. Meta- 
thorax, short, broad, with rounding lateral margins; with 
a short prickle at rounding anterior angle, a short prickle 
and long hair in middle of side, and one long and two 
short hairs at rounding posterior angle; posterior margin 
slightly convex on abdomen. 

Abdomen, long, ovate, with obtuse posterior angles of 
segments projecting along lateral margin, the angles of 
segments 1-6 bearing a single hair, 7-8 with two hairs; 
first segment with brown triangular blotch in anterior 
angles, segments 2—7 with brown transverse blotches cov- 
ering almost entire segment; along lateral margins on 
each segment a sharp blackish angulated line extending 
forward into preceding segment; inside of this broken 


84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


marginal line the stigmatal series, and still inside a faint 
continuous uncolored line; transverse blotch on segment 
8 curving, and the lateral line narrow and sinuous; seg- 
ment 9 but weakly colored; the genitalia extending for- 
ward into the eighth segment, and with distinct small 
claws at posterior end. 

The female specimens were so distorted in preparation 
as to preclude any careful description. The ninth seg- 
ment is small but distinct, feebly and broadly emarginated, 
and has two lateral triangular pale brown blotches. The 
general abdominal markings similar to male, the charac- 
teristic angulated black lateral lines being present. 


Docophorus acutipectus n. sp. (Plate iii, fig. 4.) 


A single female taken on the Rhinoceros Auklet, Cer- 
atorhina monocerata (Bay of Monterey, Cal.) This spe- 
cies resembles J). celedoxus Nitzsch, taken on A/ca torda, 
Uria trotle and Fratercula arctica, but differs in the 
absence of sternal markings, the almost failing emargina- 
tion of the clypeus, the character of the genital blotch of 
the female, and in the larger size. 

Description of female. Body, length 1.94 mm., width 
.7 mm.; golden brown with darker markings, middle 
space in abdomen whitish. 

Head length .56 mm., width .56 mm.; general markings 
and shape of celedoxus; front of clypeus with very faint 
emargination, one short marginal hair and another just in 
front of suture; trabecule large, obtuse, reaching to 
middle of second segment of antenna; antennz with 
short thick first segment, second segment longest, bear- 
ing a short dorsal hair, third and fourth short, equal, fifth 
longer; temporal margin with two hairs, eye with a short 
hair, occipital border straight; signature pale smoky 
brown, long, with posterior acuminate point, darker col- 
ored; suture distinct; dark brown antennal bands, con- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 85 


tinuing in front of suture, behind it angularly curving; 
occipital bands diverging, and separated from antennal 
bands by an uncolored line. 

Prothorax short with lateral margins obtusely angulated 
and bearing one hair in angle; broad lateral colored bor- 
der, anterior border colored, median uncolored space. 
Metathorax obtusely angled laterally, long and acutely 
angled on abdomen, three hairs in margin behind lateral 
angle, broad lateral borders colored. No sternal mark- 
ings. Legs concolorous with body. 

Abdomen elongate ovate; first segment wholly colored 
except for distinct narrow median uncolored line not 
reaching quite to posterior border of segment; segments 
2-7 with lateral blotches, on segments 2—5 pointed within, 
on segments 6—7 blunt within; each blotch with stigmatal 
spot and several wholly or partly enclosed small circular 
clear spots along posterior margin; segment 8 longer and 
wholly colored, segment 9 short with two lateral flecks; 
genital blotch of under side with frontal transverse bar, 
and extending backward two pointed elongate triangular 
spaces, lateral ends of the transverse bar diagonally trun- 
cate. 


Docophorus quadraticeps n. sp. (Plate iii, fig. 5.) 

A male and a female taken from an American Coot, 
Fulica americana (Monterey, Calitornia). This species 
closely resembles ansenszs, taken from an American 
Eared Grebe, Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Law- 
rence, Kansas). It differs from it by its larger size, the 
more rotund abdomen, in the distinctly long acuminate 
signature, and less markedly in the genital blotch. 

Description of female. Body, length 1.87 mm., width 
.87 mm.; short golden brown with narrow dark margins 
of thorax and anterior half of abdomen, and short trian- 
gular abdominal blotches with few large pustulations. 


86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Head, length .6 mm., width .6 mm.; broadly conical, 
forehead especially broad; front truncate with a hair on 
dorsal surface in rounded anterior angle, projecting for- 
ward behind the hair two very short ones (not marginal, © 
and showing through from underside), and behind them 
a very long hair; at suture a short marginal hair, and be- 
hind the suture two curving hairs on dorsal surface near 
the margin and projecting beyond the margin; trabecule 
large, broad and colored at base with rapidly tapering un- 
colored tip; antenne, weakly colored, first segment thick, 
second segment slender as long as first segment, third, 
fourth and fifth short and about equal; temporal angles 
with three long pustulated hairs, also a marginal hair just 
behind the eye and a long one in the eye; occipital 
margin slightly convex in the middle and slightly concave 
each side of the middle; signature pale, broad, truncate 
anteriorly and with long, acuminate, darker colored tip 
projecting beyond the mandibles; antennal bands pale, 
interrupted by the distinct clypeal sutures, and coalescing 
with the much darker, conspicuous, widely diverging oc- 
cipital bands; temporal margins narrowly edged with 
black. 

Prothorax short with rounding angles, posterior margin 
flatly convex and a single long pustulated hair behind the 
posterior angles; lateral margins with even black borders 
bending inwards, narrowing and paling on posterior mar- 
gin. Metathorax broadly pentagonal, posterior margins 
thickly set with a line of long pustulated hairs; lateral 
margins unevenly bordered with dark brown and black, 
broadest in lateral angles. Legs smoky with darker 
‘markings, and uncolored extremities of tibia, tarsi and 
claws. 

Abdomen ovate, with several long marginal hairs in 
posterior angles of segments; segments 1-7 each with a 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 87 


lateral, brown, triangular blotch, with an outer, marginal, 
narrow, blackish line contiguous to the anterior margin 
of the segments, but leaving an uncolored space about 
one-third the length of the segment between the hind mar- 
gin of blotch and posterior margin of segment; each seg- 
ment with a single transverse series of long hairs pustulated 
along the posterior margin of the triangular markings, but 
not pustulated in the median, uncolored portion of the seg- 
ment; a conspicuous, clear, stigmatal spot in each blotch; 
triangle of first segment extending furthest inwards (nearly 
to median line), and shorter on each succeeding segment; 
eighth segment wholly colored; ninth segment uncolored, 
short and emarginated; a large, broadly crescentic, gen- 
ital blotch with a median, angulated projection in poste- 
rior concave border on ventral face of segments 6-7. 

Male, length 1.5 mm., width .4 mm.; head, length .53 
mm., width .5 mm.; abdomen short, broadly ovate, with 
triangular blotches prolonged inwardly; ninth segment 
flatly rounded behind with a few rather long hairs. 


Docophorus montereyi n. sp. (Plate iii, fig. 6.) 


Abundant on the Ancient, Marbled and Aleutian Mur- 
relets, Syuthliborhampus antiquus, Brachyrhampus mar- 
moratus and Ptychorhampus aleuticus (Bay of Monterey, 
California). Specimens were taken from forty-six indi- 
viduals out of fifty-five birds of these species shot. ; 

Description of male. Body, length 1.56 mm., width 
.53 mm.; head large, pale golden brown, abdomen dark, 
thorax and abdomen with black lateral border. 

Head, length .47 mm., width .43 mm.; uncolored front 
of clypeus very slightly expanded, rounded with a single 
marginal hair on the side in front of the suture; trabecu- 
le large reaching almost to the middle of the second an- 
tennal segment; antenne with first segment thick and 
about as long as second, third and fourth very short, equal, 


88 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


fifth longer than third or fourth; eye with short curving 
hair; temporal margins with two hairs; occipital margin 
straight, even slightly convex noticeable at least medi- 
ally; color pale smoky brown; signature shield shaped 
with produced acuminate posterior angle not reaching the 
mandibles, darker colored; antennal bands dark brown, 
distinct, posterior ends turning diagonally inwards, ante- 
rior ends where interrupted by the suture turning in to- 
ward the base of the point of the signature, and tapering 
to an acuminate point; occipital bands dark brown, nar- 
row, uniform, widely diverging, and separated from the 
antennal bands by a pale diagonal space; region immedi- 
ately contiguous to the eye dark brown. 

Prothorax short, broad, sides diverging, a single long 
hair in posterior angles; hexagonal, the middle third of the 
posterior margin making a very obtuse but distinct angle 
with the lateral thirds; a broad, uniform, dark brown to 
black border on the lateral margins and lateral thirds of the 
anterior and posterior margins. Metathorax with sides rap- 
idty diverging; posterior margin with rounding angle on the 
abdomen, and a series of about fourteen pustulated hairs 
ranged along its entire length from lateral angle of one 
side to lateral angle of the other side; lateral margins 
bordered with dark brown to black; an anterior medial 
region almost uncolored; rest of segment fuscous. Legs 
concolorous with head and prothorax, with darker mark- 
ings. 

Abdomen short, suborbicular, turbinated, hinder seg- 
ments with one to three longish hairs in posterior angles; 
segment 1 wholly colored, fuscous, with the blotch angu- 
lated medially on posterior margin and emarginated nar- 
rowly on anterior margin; remaining segments except 
the last with a long, lateral, transverse, fuscous blotch 
preceded by an equally long, transverse, fuscous line, 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 89 


these blotches and lines black along lateral margin of 
body forming broad, black, lateral, abdominal bands; the 
blotches and lines separated medially by a pale, almost 
uncolored space on segments 2-5; on segments 6-7 and 
on posterior half of segment 5 the blotches and lines 
coalesce on the median line: several pustulated hairs 
ranged along posterior margins of blotches on segments 
2-6; last segment flatly rounded posteriorly with several 
longish hairs, a curving, transverse, medial blotch, and 
regions of the anterior angles uncolored. 

Female, with transverse blotches of segments 2-7 of 
abdomen very short, beginning with anterior segments 
successively acute, diagonally truncate, and truncate on 
inner ends, the usually three pustulated hairs conspicu- 
ous; large medial space of abdomen whitish; last seg- 
ment fuscous, with five longish hairs in two groups, one 
of two and one of three, on each side; measurements, 
length 1.75 mm., width .7 mm.; head, length .53 mm., 
width .51 mm. 


Docophorus occidentalis n. sp. (Plate ii, fig. 7.) 


An abundant species on the Pacific Coast varieties of 
the Fulmar, /w/marus glacialis pacificus and F. 2. rodg- 
ersiz; found on twenty-nine of thirty of these Fulmars 
shot on the Bay of Monterey, California. Two speci- 
mens, probably stragglers, taken on two Surf Scoters, 
Oidemia perspicillata (Bay of Monterey). 

Description of the male. Body, length 1.56 mm., width . 
-7mm.; short, broad, strongly-colored, with black ab- 
dominal bands and triangular, lateral, abdominal blotches. 

Head, length .53 mm., width .53 mm.; conical, with 
truncate or weakly convex front; three very small mar- 
ginal hairs, one of which is slightly in front of suture; 
trabecule reaching slightly beyond base of the second 
antennal segment; antennze colored except at sutures, 


gO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


second segment longest, third, fourth and fifth segments 
about equal; temporal angles with two hairs; eyes with 
a short spine; occipital margin straight or slightly convex; 
signature broadly shield-shaped, constricted near the 
front, anterior margin truncate or slightly emarginated, 
posterior margin with a darker colored obtuse angle; 
angulated antennal bands dark colored and specially dis- 
tinct; occipital bands distinct, widely diverging, and in- 
terrupted by a diagonally transverse uncolored line; 
temples dark brown, narrowly margined with black; oc- 
cipital margin between bases of occipital bands with 
border of same width and color as occipital bands, paler 
in the middle. 

Prothorax short, broad with slightly diverging sides 
and rounded posterior angles, with one hair; with mar- 
ginal lateral bands bending inwards along posterior mar- 
gin. Metathorax pentagonal, angled on abdomen, with 
a series of seven pustulated hairs ranged along latero- 
posterior margins beginning at lateral angles; last hair of 
each series removed from others and near the posterior 
angle; segment mostly brown, with a dark lateral blotch 
in each lateral angle extending indistinctly along latero- 
anterior sides. Legs light brown, with dark brown mark- 
ings. Sternal markings consisting of a short, broad, 
transverse line in front of the mesocoxe, terminating 
inwardly in an expanded circular spot; a distinct, narrow, 
transverse, intercoxal line between meso- and metacoxe, 
‘bending backward and margining narrowly the coxal cav- 
ity, and four small median spots, the hindmost of which 
is the largest. 

Abdomen short, broadly ovate, segments I—7 with 
elongate, narrow, brown triangles, with acute apex in- 
wardly; each one of segments 2-6 with three pustulated 
hairs, one near the lateral margin of the triangle and two 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. OI 


near the apex, all along the posterior margin of the tri- 
angle; segment 1 with one pustulated hair near the mid- 
dle, and segment 7 without hairs; segment 8 with narrow 
curving, transversal, nearly continuous brown band, and 
segment 9 wholly colored but paler; outer margin of each 
triangle broadly black, producing black lateral abdominal 
bands; posterior margin of segment 9g flatly rounded, with 
about ten longish hairs; segments 3—7 with one to three 
longish hairs in posterior angles; genitalia extending for- 
ward to third segment, and posterior pincer-like portion 
very strong. 

Female. Body, length 1.8 mm., width .78 mm.; head, 
length .53 mm., width .53 mm.; pustulated hairs of meta- 
thorax at subequal distances apart; triangular blotches of 
abdomen not projecting so far inwardly, and with but 
two pustulated hairs; segment 8 wholly colored; segment 
9 very small, uncolored, with two small lateral blotches, 
posterior end truncate, and with one short spine at each 
posterior angle; genital blotch on ventral face of seg- 
ments 6—7, transverse anteriorly, with two posteriorly 
projecting pointed processes. 


Docophorus kansensis n. sp. (Plate ii, fig. 8.) 

A single female specimen taken from an American 
Eared Grebe, Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Law- 
rence, Kansas). The new form somewhat resembles 
colymbinus (Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 117, pl. x, 
fig. 5, from Colymbus septentrionalis), especially in the 
shape and markings of the head; but the well-defined and 
characteristic abdominal markings are very different from 
the abdominal markings of colyméznus. 

Description of female. Body, length 1.6 mm., width 
.64 mm.; pale golden brown, with darker, narrow, tho- 
racic borders and short, lateral, triangular, abdominal 
blotches bearing a few, long, pustulated hairs. ‘ 


Q2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Head, length .47 mm., width .44 mm.; broadly conical, 
front broad, slightly convex with a shallow median emar- 
gination; a hair arising from the dorsal surface near the 
obtuse anterior angle projects forward beyond the margin; 
behind this two short hairs (not marginal and showing 
through as in n. sp. a) and behind these a rather long 
hair; two short marginal hairs; trabecule long and 
rather slender, acutely-tipped; antenne long; temporal 
angles with three hairs, also one hair just behind the eye, 
and one in anterior angle of eye; occipital border slightly 
convex; forehead much paler colored than hind head; 
signature short with slightly concave anterior margin and 
obtusely angled hinder margin; antennal and internal 
bands pale, temples and widely separated occipital bands 
darker. 

Prothorax subquadrangular; rounded posterior angles 
with one hair; posterior border straight; distinct, regular, 
colored lateral borders. Metathorax pentagonal; with two 
non-pustulated hairs in lateral angle and five pustulated 
hairs ranged along each latero-posterior margin; uniform 
lateral colored border. Legs pale colored except tarsi 
and claws. 

Abdomen, elongate ovate, without angulated lateral pro- 
jections, with a few pustulated hairs on surface, and one 
or two rather longish hairs in posterior angles; segments 
1-7 with lateral trangular blotch bearing three or four 
pustulated longish hairs ranged along posterior border of 
blotch; an uncolored stigmatal spot in each blotch; the 
lateral margins of segments 1 and 2 (less distinctly in 2) 
bordered with dark brown like the thoracic segments; 
segment 8 with transverse blotch extending entirely across 
the segment; and segment 9g uncolored or faintly colored, 
with slight emargination and only a few very short hairs. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 93 


Docophorus atricolor n. sp. (Plate iii, fig. 9.) 

Not uncommon on the Ancient and Marbled Murrelets, 
Synthliborhampus antiquus and Brachyrhampus marmo- 
ratus (Bay of Monterey, California). This species is 
closely related to colymbinus. 

Description of male. Body, length 1.75 mm., width 
-71 mm.; rather elongate, Nirmoid in shape, darkly col- 
ored all over with wide, black, lateral, abdominal bands. 

Head, length .53 mm., width .6 mm.; slightly broader 
than long, front broad, with shallow rounding emargina- 
tion, uncolored portion of clypeus slightly expanded, an- 
terior angles rounding; one very short fine marginal hair 
at indistinct suture; trabecule small; antennz short and 
slender; temporal margins with two long hairs; eyes flat 
with a spine; occipital margin concave; clypeal signa- 
ture broad anteriorly, with truncate front margin, tapering 
slowly posteriorly to truncate, posterior margin reaching 
the mandibles; antennal bands darkly brown, right-angled, 
with posterior ends extending transversely inwards to 
mandibles; occipital bands distinct, slightly diverging and 
separated from forehead by a transverse, weakly colored, 
linear space behind antennal bands; temporal regions 
brown with margins darker. 

Prothorax, small with anterior margin emarginated and 
projecting under the head; lateral. and anterior margins 
distinctly and evenly bordered with dark brown to black, 
rest of segment brown; a short spine on lateral margin, 
and at rounded posterior angle a single hair. Metatho- 
rax short, broad, posterior margin flatly convex, angles 
rounded; a long hair and short spine in an uncolored 
space in front of middle of lateral margin, and three 
long hairs in posterior angle; segment wholly colored 
with darker, small, lateral, marginal blotch, in which is 
located the clear space containing hair and spine. Legs 
brown with darker markings. 


94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Abdomen elongate, elliptical, segments short of about 
equal length; each segment with two weak median hairs 
on dorsal surface; whole colored dark smoky brown ex- 
cept tip of ninth segment; broad black lateral bands, 
connected on each segment by a narrow transverse black 
bar across middle of segment; on first segment this bar 
broader, covering nearly whole surface of segment, and 
with a narrow uncolored median line; ninth segment trun- 
cate behind with flatly rounded posterior angles; a series 
of short pustulated hairs along posterior margin; genitalia 
in segments 8 and g, side pieces with a distinct toothed 
posterior claw. 

Female, same size; not so dark; ninth segment emar- 
ginated for one-half its length, the points being obtusely 
angled, and with one very short hair each. 

Docophorus insolitus n. sp. (Plate iv, fig. 5.) 

A few specimens, male and female, taken from an 
Aleutian Murrelet, Ptychorhampus aleuticus (Bay of Mon- 
terey, California). This species was not found on other 
of the numerous individuals of the same bird species 
taken at Monterey. 

Description of female. Body, length 1.65 mm., width 
.50 mm.; elongate, narrow, Nirmoid in general appear- 
ance, with long trabeculze and distinct clypeal suture; 
color of head and thorax yellowish brown, abdomen whit- 
ish, with strongly marked dark brown bands of the head, 
borders of thorax, and blackish abdominal lateral bands, 
and brown transverse blotches. 

Head, length .5 mm., width .4 mm.; large in compar- 
ison with total size of body, the head being nearly one- 
third of the total body length, elongate conical; that part 
of the head in front of the mandibles specially long; 
front broad, convex, with the margin finely crenulate; 
three small lateral marginal hairs on forehead; trabecule 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 95 


large, blunt; eye with a short hair; temporal angles 
rounded, with two rather short curving hairs; occipital 
margin straight; bands of the head, viz., broad antennal, 
diverging occipital, distinct ocular reaching the tips of the 
occipital, and narrowly marginal, dark brown and well 
marked; pale brown signature large, with dark brown 
posterior angle not reaching mandibles and rather blunt. 

Prothorax short, broad, with rounded angles and con- 
vex posterior margin; one hair in posterior angles; dis- 
tinct dark brown lateral and anterior borders, also extend- 
ing inwards from the posterior angles along the posterior 
margin, but not meeting; median space almost uncolored. 
Metathorax pentagonal, with rounding lateral angles and 
six hairs on each latero-posterior margin; broad lateral 
dark brown border, broadest in lateral angles. Legs 
concolorous, with pale brown tinge of body, tarsal claws 
darker. 

Abdomen elongate, narrow, posterior angles of seg- 
ment 2 produced, acuminate; lateral margins with two 
longish hairs, a few longish hairs on dorsal aspect; lateral 
bands semitranslucent smoky brown, composed of a 
series of slightly diagonal, narrow, marginal blotches, one 
on each segment, each blotch widest anteriorly, tapering 
posteriorly and not quite reaching the posterior angle of 
the segment; segments 1-7 with lateral transverse blotches, 
those on segment I meeting on the median line; large 
median region of abdomen whitish ; segment 8 wholly 
colored; segment 9 small, uncolored, with very slight an- 
gular emargination; genital blotch a narrow, curving, 
transverse band across segment 6. 7 

Male. Smaller, length 1.34 mm., width .38 mm.; 
head, length .47 mm., width .37,mm.; metathorax almost 
wholly fuscous; the lateral transverse blotches of abdo- 
men longer, those on segments 6-7 almost, if not quite, 


96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


meeting on median line; last segment broadly rounded 
with several hairs; genitalia pincer-like. 
Docophorus icterodes Nitzsch. (Plate iv, fig. 1.) 


Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 290. 

Pediculus dentatus Scopoli, Entomol. Carniol., 1763, p. 383. 

Docophorus icterodes Nitzsch, Burmeister, Handbuch d. Entomologie, 
1832, vol. ii, p. 424; Gurlt. Mag. f. ges. Thierheilk., 1842, vol. 
viii, p. 415; Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 101, 
pl. v, fig. 11; Grube, v. Middendorff’s sibir. Reise., 1851, vol. 
iil, part 1, p. 468; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 115, pl. x, fig. 
8; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 114, pl. x, fig. 1. 

Specimens of this common parasite of ducks taken on 
the Surf Scoter, Ozdemia perspicillata, the Ruddy Duck, 
Erismatura rubida, the Red-breasted Merganser, J/er- 
ganser serrator (Bay of Monterey, California) ; and from 
the Mallard, Anas boscas, the Greenwinged Teal, Anas 
carolinensis, the Redhead, Aythya americana, the Lesser 
Scaup, Aythya afinis, and the Pintail, Dafla acuta (Law- 
rence, Kansas). Piaget, Giebel and Denny list fully a 
dozen species of ducks on which /cterodes has been 
found. 

Giebel has described (Insecta Epizoa) three other spe- 
cies of Docophorus (adustus, p. 113, brevimaculatus, p. 
114, and drunneiceps, p. 114) found on ducks, and Rudow 
one species (nxatatorum, Zeitsch. f. ges. Naturwiss, 1870, 
vol. xxxv, p. 453), all of which Piaget holds to be syno- 
nyms of zclerodes. Piaget doubts also the validity of two 
or three other of Giebel’s species of duck -infesting Do- 
cophorz. ‘The wide geographical and zoological distribu- 
tion of the species render variations inevitable, and its 
abundance on such common birds as ducks renders iney- 
itable the observation of these variations. 

The measurements of the male specimen figured are: 
body, length 1.4 mm., width .52 mm.; head, length .44 
mm., width .4mm. The species is easily recognizable 
by its conspicuous rounding, uncolored clypeus with col- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 97 


ored signature, and on each side of it the triangularly- 
headed anterior projection of the antennal band. . 
Docophorus pertusus Nitzsch. (Plate iv, figs. 2 and 3.) 
Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iu, p. 290. 
Docophorus pertusus Nitzsch, Burmeister, Haudbuch d. Entomologie, 
1832, vol. if, p. 426; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 108, pl. xi, 
figs. 3, 12; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 89. 

Males, females, and young from eight out of eleven 
specimens of American Coot, /u/ica americana (Monte- 
rey, California), and from one out of three specimens of 
same bird species taken at Lawrence, Kansas. A single 
specimen was taken from a Ruddy Duck, Arismatura 
rubida (Monterey, California). The Ruddy Ducks and 
Coots are such constant associates that it is not surprising 
to find this Coot parasite occasionally on this species of 
duck. Also a single male was taken from an American 
Eared Grebe, Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Bay of 
Monterey, California). The characteristic forcipated 
appearance of the clypeus easily distinguishes the spe- 
cies; in some specimens the ‘‘pincers’’ will be found 
closed, so that the deep frontal emargination is quite en- 
closed, while in others the ‘‘ pincers”’ 
specimens do not agree with Giebel’s figures and Piaget’s 
description as to length of signature; in my specimens 


will be open. My 


the acuminate posterior point extends quite to the mandi- 
bles. I figure a female, and an immature specimen. 
The young stage is interesting, as it shows no evidence 
of the pincer-like condition of the clypeus, and the cly- 
peal signature is arrested far in front of the mandibles. 
The measurements of the specimens figured are: Fe- 
male, body, length 2. mm., width .g2 mm.; head, length 
.6mm., width .6 mm. Immature, body, length 1.7 mm., 
width .84 mm.; head, length .52 mm., width .5 mm. 
Nitzsch’s specimens were found on Fulica atra. 
Proc. Cau. AcaD. Scti., 2p SER., Vou. VI. (7) March 12, 1896. 


98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Docophorus lari Denny. (Plate iv, fig. 4.) ; 

Monograph Anoplurorum Britannia, 1842, p. 89, pl. v, fig. 9. 

Pediculus lari Fabricius, Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, p. 218. 

Philopterus lari Fabr., Walckenier, Hist. Nat. Ins. Apt., 1844, vol. iii, 
Dp. da/: 

Docophorus gonothorax Giebel, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1871, vol. 
xxxvil, p. 450; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 111. 

Docophorus congener Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 111. 

Docophorus lari Denny, Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 111, pl. ix, 
fig. 7. 

Many specimens of this common parasite of the gulls on 
Larus argentatus smithsontanus, canus, occidentalis, brachy- 
rhynchus, glaucescens, heermanni, vege, delewarensis, 
glaucus and Lissa tridactyla pollicaris (Bay of Monterey, 
Cal.), and from Larus delewarensis (Lawrence, Kansas). 
In all, | have examined eighty-seven specimens of gulls 
of the various species mentioned, and have collected this 
parasite on seventy-eight of them. Piaget and others 
have found this parasite on Larus canus, marinus, fuscus, 
glaucus, argentatus, ridibundus, atricilla, islandicus, leu- 
copheus, cyanorhynchus, Pagophila eburnea, Fissa tri- 
dactyla, Sulla bassana, and Lestris parasiticus. J have 
found males, females and young of this parasite on Colym- 
bus nigricollis californicus and Urinator lumme; these 
can hardly be stragglers. 

Piaget has named and briefly described three varieties 
of this species, there being apparent a considerable vari- 
ation in size, in shape of the clypeus and character of the 
male genitalia. The careful examination of a large num- 
ber of specimens from different species of gulls is neces- 
sary for an understanding of the condition of the species. 
I hope to have opportunity to make such a study soon. 

The species is easily recognized by the strong mark- 

‘ings, broad truncate clypeus and large acuminate signa- 
ture. The female specimen figured measured as follows: 
body, length 2. mm., width .93 mm.; head, length .62 
mm., width .63 mm. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 99 


Despitethe smaller size I do not understand, from the 
description, how Picaglia’s D. /arznus (Atti d. Soc. Ital. 
d. Sci. Nat., 1885, vol. xxviii) differs specifically from 
lart. 

Docophorus melanocephalus Burmeister. (Plate iv, 
fig. 6.) 
Burmeister, Handbook d. Entomologie, 1832, vol. ii, p. 426. 


Docophorus laricola Nitzsch. (in pars) Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. (ed. 
Giebel) 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 363. 

Docophorus caspicus Nitzsch. Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. (ed. Giebel) 
1866, vol. xxviii, p. 361, fig. 87. 

Docophorus melanocephalus Burm. Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 
110, Pl. xi, fig. 8; Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 109, pl. ix, fig. 5. 


Many specimens taken from the Royal Tern, Sterna 
maxima. 

This is the most abundant parasite of this Tern (Bay 
of Monterey, California). I found it on every one of 
fourteen specimens shot. The European authors record 
its occurrence on Sterna caspia, cantiaca, and on Larus 
ridibunda and cirrocephalus (localities?). Giebel de- 
scribes also as a distinct species /obatzceps (Insecta Epizoa, 
p- 109), a closely related, if not identical, form taken on 
Sterna hirundo and Sterna jisstpes. Piaget believes /oba- 
ticeps to be identical with me/anocephalus. 

The distinguishing characters of melanocephalus are its 
general dark color, its especially dark colored head, 
prominent signature with long acuminate point reaching 
the mandibles, slightly convex clypeal front, and the 
presence of a small spine and a short hair in the eye. 
The measurements of the female specimen figured are: 
Length 2.1 mm., width .g mm.; head, length .65 mm., 
width .65 mm. 


Nirmus prestans n. sp. (Plate v, figs. 1 and 2.) 


Taken on the Royal Tern, Sterna maxima (Bay of 
Monterey, California). But two specimens, both males, 


IOO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


of this new /Vzrmzs were taken, one from each of two 
birds. The new form belongs to the group xzgropictz. 

Body, length 3.25 mm., width .5; with marginal mark- 
ings of black, and abdominal blotches of chestnut brown. 

Head, length .56 mm., width .5 mm.; broadly conical, 
widest at posterior angles, with temporal margins and 
‘margins of forehead in nearly straight diagonal lines; 
clypeus truncate in front (even slightly concave), with 
three lateral short hairs; signature with broad anterior 
margin colored (brown); a rather broad lateral black 
line interrupted posteriorly by the suture, but reappearing 
behind the suture as a black blotch; antennal bands 
black, outer ends curving forward; trabecule distinct, as 
long as first antennal segment; antennz with second seg- 
ment longest, fifth longer than third or fourth which are 
equal, uncolored, except the fifth segment, which is light 
brown with distinct short hairs on tip; eyes with a bristle; 
temporal margins narrowly bordered with black and with 
one long hair; occipital angles rounded, posterior border 
doubly emarginated; occipital signature black and labium 
brown, visible on under side; mandibular rami strongly 
colored. 

Prothorax quadrangular, much narrower than head; 
angles obtuse to rounding; lateral margins strongly and 
broadly colored, the colored band running inward along 
the posterior margin for about one-third the length of the 
margin and slightly expanded at inner end. Metathorax, 
transverse, five sided, lateral margins with a feeble concav- 
ity, posterior angles rounding with five separated, strong, 
pustulated hairs arranged, irregularly spaced, the three 
outermost close together, in a row extending inwards 
along the posterior margin; posterior margin obtusely 
angled on the abdomen; lateral margins with a strong, 
dark brown, linear blotch expanding at the ends; sternal 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. IOI 


markings consisting of broad intercoxal lines, and a tri- 
angular median blotch on metathorax. Legs mostly un- 
colored, with femur semiannulated with dark brown at | 
basal and distal extremities; tibia annulated at distal end; 
tarsus light brown; claws uncolored. 

Abdomen, elongate ovate; posterior angles of segments 
with few hairs; surface glabrous, first segment without 
transparent lateral margin, with circular black spot in 
anterior angle; segments 2-6 with transparent lateral 
margin, narrower posteriorly; in each anterior angle a 
black, linear, obliquely directed blotch produced anteri- 
orly across the suture and into the preceding segment; 
on segment 7 this blotch very faint or obsolete; at the 
posterior angle a small distinct blotch; on the eighth 
segment a small marginal blotch, and on the ninth a 
transversal, curving, brown line; on the dorsal surface 
a small, short, curving, median, transversal brown line 
on the second segment, and a similar slightly larger 
one on the third segment: on segments 3-6 the broad 
transversal blotches of the ventral surface show through, 
as also do the chitinized parts of the genitalia; on the 
ventral surface there are median transversal brown mark- 
ings as follows: on the first segment a small wide tri- 
angle, on the second segment a semiellipse with con- 
vex side forward, on segments 3-6 broad transverse 
blotches largest on segments 4-5; genitalia showing dis- 
tinctly; one or two hairs at posterior angles of segments 
I-7; segment 8 with a strong, long, hair and a shorter one 
on lateral margin; segment 9 with strong hairs arising 
from dorsal and ventral surfaces of the rounded poste- 
rior margin, in all about ten. 


Nirmus hebes n. sp. (Plate v, fig. 3.) 


A single poorly-preserved specimen from a Royal 
Tern, Sterna maxima (Bay of Monterey, California). 


IO2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Description. Body, length 1.72 mm., width .5 mm.; 
strongly marked, abdomen with large, lateral, transverse 
blotches and an uncolored longitudinal median line. 

Head, length .47 mm., width .35 mm.; elongate conical, 
front truncate, bare (?); trabecule small but distinct; 
temporal margins subparallel, with one hair near posterior 
angle; antennal bands distinct, dark brown, bending in- 
wards at the suture, and with posterior extremity expanded; 
temporal margins narrowly edged with dark brown; oc- 
cipital bands indistinct, diverging, more strongly colored 
at base. 

Prothorax with rounded angles, bare (?); posterior 
margin flatly convex, with colored lateral border. Meta- 
thorax with rounded anterior angles, diverging sides and 
obtuse posterior angles; angulated on abdomen; two or 
more hairs in posterior angles; lateral borders colored. 
Legs concolorous with body, with darker narrow margins. 
Sternal markings consisting of two pairs of intercoxal 
lines. 

Abdomen elongate elliptical; posterior angles of posterior 
segments with short hairs; each of segments 2-7 with a 
marginal black blotch, widest anteriorly and projecting 
inward along the anterior margin of segment, but paling 
to brown; this projection stops at a median, longitudinal, 
uncolored line, turns posteriorly to the posterior margin 
of the segment and runs along the segment outwardly for 
a short distance; that part of the lateral portion of the 
segment not colored by this black and dark brown curv- 
ing blotch is golden brown; segment 8 wholly colored 
with narrow, black, lateral margin; segment g uncol- 
ored, with two small, brown blotches; posterior margin 
feebly emarginate. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 103 


Nirmus farallonii n. sp. (Plate v, fig. 4.) 


A single female specimen taken from a Farallone Cor- 
morant Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus (Bay of Mon- 
terey, Cal.) Animmature specimen taken from a Western 
Grebe, Colymbus septentrionalis (Bay of Monterey, Cal.) 
is also probably of this species. It may be a straggler. 
In general marking and outline this new species resembles 
Nirmus dispar Piaget, taken by the namer on a Cardo 
sélcirostris from a skin in the Leyden Museum. JDzspar 
is a much smaller species, and lacks the characteristic 
median abdominal blotches of faralloniz. 

Female. Body, length 2.66 mm., width .84; ground 
color pale clear brown; strongly and extensively marked 
with dark brown. 

Head, length .6 mm., width .53 mm.; conical, narrow 
in front and rounding; five marginal hairs, a long one on 
dorsal surface between the front two and two shorter ones 
on dorsal surface near the fourth marginal; trabecule 
small and nearly obtuse; temporal margins rounding and 
with one long hair and several short prickles; occipital 
margin slightly concave; eyes prominent, with a very 
short prickle; antennz short, second segment longest, 
third and fourth about equal, fitth longer, concolorous 
with pale ground color of head; clypeal signature dis- 
tinct, short pentagonal, with hinder margins and posterior 
angle rounded; whole head, except small parts ot clypeus, 
pale brown; antennal bands broad, distinct, bending in 
at suture; small black ocular flecks, and converging oc- 
cipital bands. 

Prothorax shorter than broad, quadrangular with round; 
ing angles; one long hair and one short thorny hair at 
posterior angle; color brown, with darker lateral bands 
which expand into triangular dark brown blotches in 
posterior angles. Metathorax broader than long, quad- 


104 . CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


rangular with lateral margins diverging slightly, and 
anterior angles distinctly expanding and tubercular in 
front of a constriction; posterior margin straight; pos- 
terior angles with one long and one short hair in point of 
angle, and near them five long hairs set in an elliptical 
clear space; brown, palest in center, lateral bands very 
dark in posterior two-thirds, and bending in along an- 
terior margin. Legs colored. 

Abdomen elongate elliptical, with posterior angles pro- 
jecting, and two or three rather long hairs in each angle; 
a few long hairs on dorsal surface; segment 1 all brown, 
others with strong, quadrangular, lateral, brown blotches, 
black on outer margin, and with uncolored stigmatal spots 
and a median quadrangular light brown blotch; posterior 
angles uncolored; segments 8-9 undivided, but with 
distinct blotches and no median blotches; segment 9 
rounding, hardly if at all emarginated, and with only a 
few short hairs. 


Nirmus orarius n. sp. (Plate v, fig. 5.) 

A single specimen from a Golden Plover, Charadrius 
dominicus (Lawrence, Kansas). This form is a member 
of the group obscuro-suturat:, and resembles somewhat my 
species bwphilus from a Killdeer Plover, 4 gvalitis vocif- 
erus; the body, however, is shorter and not parallel-sided, 
though the form is still a slender, graceful one. 

Female. Body, length 1.84 mm., width .4 mm.; pale 
with narrow distinct marginal markings. 

Head, length .5 mm., width .28 mm.; head elongate 
conical, with expanded uncolored part of clypeus in front 
not angulated as in d@phz/us, but rounding; three clypeal 
‘hairs and one on dorsal surface in front of the trabecula 
projecting over the margin; trabecule small, clear, but 
distinct; temporal margins weakly convex with two long 
hairs; occipital margin faintly concave; eyes flat with a 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 105 


long hair; antennez uncolored, short; clypeal signature 
uncolored; mandibles and labium brown, a narrow lat- 
eral brown margin along forehead interrupted in front of 
antenne and at suture and along temples. 

Prothorax markedly narrower. than head; quadrangu- 
lar, with sides converging slightly toward front; one hair 
in posterior angle; with brown marginal band distinct 
along posterior margin. Metathorax but little longer than 
prothorax, wider, with rapidly diverging lateral margins; 
posterior margin angulated: four long hairs in posterior 
angles, grouped in pairs, one pair being a short distance 
inward on posterior margin; an interrupted, lateral, brown 
band and a long, triangular, brown blotch projecting in- 
wards from middle of lateral margin. Legs uncolored 
with weakly colored tarsi. 

Abdomen elongate, with convex sides, not parallel; 
segments of about equal length; segment 9 short and 
with weak, rounding emargination on posterior margin; 
a few scattered weak hairs on surface, and segments 5-8 
with one or two weak hairs in posterior angles; a narrow, 
lateral band emphatic in anterior part of each segment 
and margined outwardly by a narrow clear space; seg- 
ments 1-6 with large, median, pale brown transverse 
blotch. 


Nirmus giganticola n. sp. (Plate v, fig. 6.) 

This well-marked Wermus of the group nzgropictt was 
taken from the Short-tailed Albatross, Dzomedea albatrus 
(Bay of Monterey, California). It was found on both of 
two birds of this species shot. Ihave not found it on 
any other bird-species. 

Body, length 3.5 mm., width .87 mm.; white with a 
few definitely arranged black and brown spots; of about 
the average size and usual shape of the Wermz nigropictz; 


106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


body with a few hairs on margins, general surface glab- 
rous. 

Description of male. Head, length .75 mm., width .62 
mm.; conical, front produced and narrowly rounded, al- 
most angulated; sides of forehead with five hairs, and one 
short one between the first two which rises on upper sur- 
face of clypeus at some distance from the margin; be- 
tween second and third marginal hairs a short hair rising 
from surface of head so far inward that its tip does not pro- 
ject over the margin; temporal margins rounding, with few 
short hairs; occipital margin slightly and broadly concave; 
trabecule wanting; eyes distinct; antenne with first and 
second joints longest, each as long as third and fourth, 
fifth longer than fourth, uncolored; clypeus uncolored; 
margins of forehead with a short, interrupted, dark brown 
line; an irregularly shaped dark brown orbital blotch; a 
small occipital signature; mandibles chestnut brown. 

Prothorax rectangular, angles obtuse, glabrous, uncol- 
ored, with broad transparent margin. Metathorax trape- 
zoidal, widest at posterior angles; lateral margins slightly 
concave, deepest before the middle; posterior margin 
weakly concave; aslender hair at each posterior angle, 
and in the angular area four long, strong hairs set closely 
together in a circular, uncolored spot; by each lateral 
margin just before the middle a conspicuous black trian- 
gle with apex directed inwards, situated in a marginal 
transparent space; no sternal markings. Legs uncolored 
except distal extremity of tibia and tarsus, which are dark 
brown; with a few scattered hairs. 

Abdomen, third, fourth and fifth segments broadest 
and of about equal width, eighth much narrower than 
seventh, ninth very narrow and small; posterior angle of 
second segment with two hairs; posterior angles of seg- 
ments 3—6 with three hairs, of seventh with at least four 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 107 


hairs, eighth segment with two hairs at each anterior and 
posterior angle; ninth segment. feebly angularly emar- 
ginated with one short stiff hair on each side of the emar- 
gination; lateral margins of abdomen transparent, con- 
taining entering whitish appendages of clear chitin, and 
on segments 2—7 a small distinct black blotch near the 
anterior angle of each segment; seventh segment also 
with a slightly curving, elongate, black fleck in the poste- 
rior angle; eighth segment marked like the seventh ex- 
cept that the posterior blotch is more narrowly linear; 
segment 9 with a narrow marginal blotch on each side. 

Female generally similar to male; abdomen with one 
hair on posterior angle of first segment, two hairs on 
segments 2—4, three hairs on segments 5—7; segment 9 
more acute than in male and two-pointed; segment 8 
with linear blotch extending along whole length of mar- 
gin; inside of lower end of this blotch and of marginal 
blotch of ninth segment a curving, linear, brown blotch; 
opening of vulva with nine stiff hairs on each margin. 

This member of the Wzrm7 nigropicté differs markedly 
by the produced and narrowly rounded clypeus, the long 
metathorax with acuminate posterior margin, and the en- 
tire absence in both sexes of transverse blotches or lines 
on the abdomen from such forms as punctatus, selliger, 
and /:neo/atus, which in general appearance are somewhat 
similar to this new form. 


Nirmus bephilus n. sp. (Plate v, fig. 7.) 

A single female taken from a Killdeer Plover, #g7al- 
ats vocifera (Lawrence, Kansas). Packard’s outline 
figure and incomplete description of Lzfeurus gracilis, 
host? (Amer. Nat.,,1870, vol: iv, p: 05, pl4, fig. 6) must 
refer to a form resembling, in shape and_ markings, at 
least, this species. The new species belongs to the group 
obscuro-suturatt. 


108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Description of female. Body, length 1.95 mm., width 
-34 mm.; very elongate and slender, parallel-sided, pale 
with distinct brown marginal bands on head, thorax and 
abdomen, and with weakly colored and ill-defined trans- 
verse abdominal markings. 

Head, length .48 mm., width .23 mm.; elongate, con- 
ical, with clypeus expanded, and obtusely angled in front 
and at sides; the expanded part of the clypeus is un- 
colored; one lateral hair on expanded clypeal portion, 
two in front of the suture (one rising from dorsal surface 
and one from ventral), one at the suture, and two rising 
from the ventral surface and projecting beyond the lateral 
margin behind the suture, and one long hair rising from 
the internal band and projecting beyond the lateral margin 
of the forehead; trabecule .small but distinct, acute; 
temporal margins subparallel, with one long hair and one 
shorter hair; occipital margin concave; eyes inconspicu- 
ous; antennze with second segment longest, fifth next, 
third next, fourth next, segment 1 short and thick, un- 
colored, except a faint brownish tinge on segment 5; 
clypeal signature triangular with apex toward the man- 
dibles; entire lateral margin of head narrowly dark brown, 
interrupted at clypeal suture and emphasized at beginning 
of antennal band; uncolored occipital bands converging 
toward the mandibles, and uncolored internal bands bend- 
ing outward at suture to meet antennal bands and in front 
of mandibles to enclose oral fossa. 

Prothorax truncated, conical, sides converging in front, 
with well defined brown marginal bands around the en- 
tire segments, and a single hair at posterior angle. Meta- 
thorax but little longer than prothorax, wider, also trun- 
cated conical with lateral brown bands interrupted at 
middle, and three long hairs in posterier angle, and one 
pustulated hair on each latero-posterior margin; a me- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 109 


dian, long, spear-head shaped sternal blotch of pale brown 
showing through. Legs with colored tarsi and strong 
claws. 

Abdomen very long, slender, parallel sided, with few 
scattered long hairs on surface and in posterior angles of 
segments; segments 8-9 tapering posteriorly; segment 
g slightly but angularly emarginated, without terminal 
hairs on points; all segments with distinct narrow lateral 
brown bands, slightly expanding at front of each segment 
and projecting across the sutures; segment I with trun- 
cated, conical, paler, median blotch; other segments with 
indistinct, large, quadrangular, median blotches. 


Nirmus punctatus Nitzsch. (Plate vi, figs 1 and 2.) 

Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 291. 

Philopterus grammicus Gervais, Hist. Nat. Apteres, 1847, vol. iii, p. 
350. 

Nirmus punctatus Nitzsch. Nitzsch. (ed. Giebel) Zeitschr. f. ges. 
Naturwiss., 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 377; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, 
p. 176, pl. iv, figs. 1, 2; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 200, pl. 
xvi, fig. 4. 

A female and two immature specimens taken from a 
Western Herring Gull, Larus occidentalis (Bay of Mon- 
terey, California). This species was found by Nitzsch 
on Larus ridibundus, and by Piaget ona Larus domt- 
nicanus from Chili, a Larus crassirostris from China, and 
a Larus tchthyaétus from the Volgas; a well distributed 
form, surely. Piaget’s figure omits the short hairs at the 
anterior angles of the clypeus present apparently in all 
nigropicti, and his description consistently with the draw- 
ing refers to but three hairs on each side of the clypeus, 
where there are really four. The specimen is much 
larger (length 2.4 mm.) than Piaget’s seem to have been, 
the average length of his female specimens being 1.9 mm. 

Description of young. Length, 1.5 mm., differing from 
adult specially in incompleteness of markings and relative 


IIO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


shortness of body. Head, length 5 mm., width .4I1 mm.; 
more rounding than truncate in front and without colored 
markings, except dark brown labium and pale brown 
mandibles; ratio of breadth to length greater than in 
adult. Thorax with a lateral small black blotch near 
anterior angle of metathorax. Abdomen, length .81 mm., 
width .41 mm.; without median markings, a small black 
blotch at anterior angle of segments 1-7, blotches grow- 
ing smaller in each succeeding segment. 


Nirmus felix Giebel. (Plate vi, figs. 3 and 4.) 
Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 175. 

Two specimens, both males, taken from two specimens 
of Heerman’s Gull, Larus heermani (Bay of Monterey, 
California), may be attributed to this species of Giebel 
established on a single female taken from the same species 
of gull. Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 201) assumes to 
believe Giebel’s specimen a variety of punctatus. ‘* Cette 
spece ne me parait non plus qu’une variété du punctatus 
ou l’occiput n’est pas bordé de noir et les taches de l’ab- 
domen sont plus allongées transversalement.’’ But the 
differences between the males taken by me and the male 
punctatus are much more considerable than this. The 
black bordering of the head and the strong tripartite 
blotches of the abdomen remove it distinctly from any 
immediate similarity with Pwnctatus; in fact, the species 
more nearly resembles /zmeolatus than punctatus (compare 
figures 1, 3, 4, 7 and 8, plate vi). Its most striking re- 
semblance, however, is to prestans, the transparent clyp- 
eus, different abdominal markings and markedly different - 
male genitalia distinguishing it from frestans. 

Description of male. Body, length 3.66 mm., width 
.62 mm.; white, with dark brown or black marginal 
markings, and chestnut brown, median abdominal mark- 
ings. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. a ELLE 


Head, length .53 mm., width .50 mm.; conical, clypeus 
truncate, even slightly concave in front, a short hair at 
each anterior angle and five other short hairs in the lateral 
margin between it and the small but distinct trabecula; 
temporal margin slightly rounding, with two longish hairs, 
and behind the hinder one two very short, stiff, prickle- 
like hairs; posterior margin straight; antenne uncolored, 
second segment longest, third, fourth and fifth segments 
about equal; anterior part of clypeus transparent, and a 
transparent space on each side just inside of trabecule; 
margin of forehead with a twice-interrupted, uneven, 
black line, the middle third of it not contiguous to the 
margin and thickly crescentic; a black border along the 
temporal margins, bending inwards at anterior end; labi- 
um black; mandibles chestnut brown. 

Prothorax quadrangular, bordered laterally with black, 
which runs inward along the posterior margin one-third 
the length of the margin; a single hair at posterior angles. 
Metathorax pentagonal, bordered on the anterior lateral 
margins with dark brown, inside of which the short, 
curving, black, intercoxal lines of the sternum show 
through; posterior lateral angles with five strong pustu- 
lated hairs almost exactly as in fr@stans; posterior mar- 
gin angulated on abdomen; sternal markings consist of 
an obtusely-pointed, nipple-like fleck, projecting inwards 
from lateral margin of metathorax. Legs, femur with 
brown fleck at basal end and tibia with brown blotch at 
distal end, tarsus brown, otherwise white; tibia with three 
short, stiff hairs on inner side and one on outer side; 
femur with two or three short hairs arising in basal blotch. 

Abdomen with segment 4 widest; nearly parallel-sided 
for most of its length; segment 1 with small black blotch 
at anterior angles, segments 2—7 with triangular (seg- 
ments 2-3), or curving, angulated (segments 4-7) blotches 


II2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


in anterior angles, with transparent spots at posterior an- 
gles and margins narrowly transparent; segment 8 with 
irregular black marginal blotch; segment 9 with two short 
chestnut lines parallel with posterior rounding margin; on 
dorsal surface of segments 2—6 a median transverse chest- 
nut line shortest on second and on sixth segments, and 
with anterior border of each mark emarginated; ventral 
surface of segment 5 with broad transverse chestnut blotch 
almost divided in the middle; segments 4 and 6 with such 
blotches completely and widely divided, making two lat- 
eral blotches on each segment; segment 3 with faint in- 
dications of such lateral blotches; genitalia confined to 
segments 7—8, side pieces angulated with points project- 
ing inwards and slightly crossing each other at tips; pos- 
terior angles of abdominal segments with few long hairs; 
segment 8 with hairs rising from middle of margin; seg- 
ment 9 with about twelve hairs along posterior margin 
which is broadly rounded. 


Nirmus signatus Piaget. (Plate vi, fig. 5.) 
Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 186, pl. xv, fig. 8. 
Nirmus signatus Piaget, Konig, Ein Beitrag zur Mallophagenfauna, 
1884, p. 10. 

Three males and three females taken from an American 
Avocet, /tecurvirostra americana (Lawrence, Kansas). 
Piaget found this species common on fecurvirostra avo- 
cetta (Zool. Garden of Rotterdam), and Kénig found it 
abundant on the same bird species taken near Kiel. 

As Piaget figures only the female, and the differences 
between the sexes in shape and markings of abdomen 
and character of last segments is considerable, I figure 
the male. The difference in size between the sexes is 
considerable, as shown by the following measurements of 
my specimens: Male, body, length 1.9 mm., width .5 
mm.; head, length 5 mm., width .36 mm. Female, body, 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. Il3 


length 2.5 mm., width .62 mm.; head, length .56 mm., 
width .4mm. The characteristic markings of the species, 
especially the large and sharply-defined signature, make 
it easily recognized. 
Nirmus pileus Nitzsch. (Plate vi, fig. 6.) 

Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 291. 


Nirmus pileus Nitzsch, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1866, vol. xxviii, 
p- 373; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 162; Piaget, Les Pedicu- 
lines, 1880, p. 182, pl. xv, fig. 6. 


A single specimen, female, taken from an American 
Avocet, Recurvirostra americana (Lawrence, Kansas). 
Nitzsch’s and Piaget’s specimens were taken on Recur- 
virostra avocetta. I figure the female, although Piaget’s 
figure is excellent, for the convenience of American stu- 
dents. The measurements of the specimen are: Body, 
length 2.8 mm., width -78 mm.; head, length .62 mm., 
width .60 mm. These measurements vary a little from 
Piaget’s, my specimen being shorter and wider, and the 
head a fifth greater in length and width. 


Nirmus lineolatus Nitzsch. (Plate vi, figs. 7, 8 and 9.) 
Zeitsch. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1866, vol. xxviii, p- 376 (ed. Giebel). 
Nirmus ornatus Grube, y. Middendorff’s sibir. Reise zool., vol. i, p. 
477, pl.i, fig. 4. 
Nirmus lineolatus Nitzsch, Burmeister, Handb. Entomol., 1838, vol. 
ii, p. 428; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 177; Piaget, Les Pedi- 
culines, 1880, p. 199. 

I have taken this common MWrmus of the gulls from 
Larus argentatus smithsonianus, brach irhynchus, glau- 
cescens, canus, vege, occidentalis, heermannt, cali Or nicUus, 
delewarensis (Bay of Monterey, California). Nitzsch 
found it on Larus canus, argentatus, glaucus, tridactylus, 
and Piaget on argentatus and glaucus. It is readily distin- 
guishable by its characteristic head markings and by the 
ventral abdominal blotches and the genitalia of the male. 
The young, which I have found in many stages of growth, 

Proo, Cat. ACAD. Scr., 2p Suny VOL. Vis (8) March 13, 1896, 


114 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


differ from the adult, especially in the shape of the head 
and the markings of the body. 

Description of very young. Body white, with few 
brown markings. Head short, broadly conical; front 
rounded; temporal angles with a single long hair; front 
with two very short hairs on each side (invisible except 
under high magnification); antenne rather short and 
thick, uncolored; mandibles pale brown; a small black 
ocular fleck; head otherwise uncolored. Thorax shaped 
as in adult, with but four long metathoracic hairs instead 
of six; prothorax unmarked; a small fleck at anterior an- 
gle of metathorax. Abdomen with sides subparallel; no 
medial markings; a small lateral marginal blotch on seg- 
ments I-7; segments 1-4 without hairs at posterior angles. 


Lipeurus densus n. sp. (Plate vii, figs. 1 and 2.) 


A single female specimen taken from a Short-tailed 
Albatross, Diomedea albatrus (Bay of Monterey, Califor- 
nia). The form is a well-marked member of the group 
circumfasciata. As indicated by the clypeus, the simple 
lateral bands of the abdomen, and the concave posterior 
margin of the metathorax, it somewhat resembles hefero- 
grammicus taken by Nitzsch and Piaget on Perdzx cinerea, 

Description of female. Body, length 4.3 mm., width 
.81 mm.; white, strongly marked with dark brown and 
black; sides subparallel. 

Head, length .94 mm., width .75 mm., sides nearly par- 
allel; clypeus obtusely angulated in front; six hairs on each 
side of forehead, the anterior one longest; trabeculz want- 
ing; antennz uncolored, second segment longest, as long 
as fourth and fifth together, first and third about equal in 
_ length, with a very few scattered short hairs; eye prom- 
inent, hemispherical; temporal margin with two minute 
hair prickles, no other hairs; occipital margin concave; 
a strong, dark brown band completely bordering fore- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. I15 


head, and continuing, interrupted at antennary fossa, 
along temporal margins almost to occipital angles. 

Prothorax quadrangular, convex on metathorax; two 
separated hairs at occipital angles; a lateral marginal 
brown blotch bounded outwardly along its posterior half 
by a transparent edge. Metathorax with lateral margins 
concave, deepest before the middle; anterior angles 
obliquely truncate; posterior margin straight or feebly 
concave; three long, strong, hairs in the posterior.angles, 
arising from an elliptical uncolored space; a large brown 
blotch in anterior angles, and a smaller one in posterior 
angles, also a narrow marginal band running full length 
of segment. Sternal markings consisting of a faint bor- 
dering of anterior coxal cavities, an intercoxal line be- 
tween pro- and mesacoxe, an obscure median semicircular 
blotch with convex margin posteriorly, anda rather broad 
lateral marginal band on metathorax. [ore legs short, 
coxe narrowly separated and globular, femora wide, tarsi 
alone colored; middle and hind legs long, cox produced 
widely and separated; femora long and slender; femora 
and tibia with dorsal, elongate, dark brown markings; 
tarsi and claws pale brown; tibia with two long hairs 
and three short ones on outer margin. 

Abdomen with sides of segments 1-7 parallel; sides of 
segments 8-10 tapering posteriorly, tenth segment bi- 
cuspidate; posterior angles of segments 1-4 without hairs, 
angles of segments 5-6 with one hair, of segment 7 with 
three hairs, segment 8 with one hair rising before the 
angle, segment 9 with two hairs, segment 10 with each 
posterior point bearing four hairs, two arising on mar- 
gin and one each from dorsal and ventral surfaces; a 
strong broad, dark brown, marginal band, this band pro- 
jecting in on segment g almost to median line; segment 
10 wholly colored. 


116 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Lipeurus varius n. sp. (Plate vii, figs. 3 and 4.) 

A common parasite of the Pacific Fulmars, Fa/marus 
glacialis vars. glupischa and rodgersiz, being found by me 
on twenty-six out of thirty specimens of these Fulmars 
shot on the Bay of Monterey, California. This white 
and blotched species belongs to the Lipeur? circumfasci- 
atz, and shows some similarity of appearance to ¢rzcolor 
Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 363, pl. xxx, fig. 4), taken 
from an Albatross. Although this parasite was found on 
nearly all the Fulmars shot, on none was it present in 
large numbers (as was its companion Lizpeurus celer), and 
among all the specimens taken by me, perhaps one hun- 
dred in total number, there is not a male. 

Description of temale. Body, length 2.9 mm., width 
.62 mm.; white, with distinct dark brown markings, 
marginal on head and thorax, and as lateral blotches not 
reaching the margins on abdomen. 

Head, length .6 mm., width .4 mm.; sides subparal- 
lel, front parabolic, with five marginal hairs on forehead, 
one of which is separated from the others and close to 
angle of antennary fossa, and a short hair on dorsal sur- 
face projecting beyond the margin between first two mar- 
ginal hairs; trabeculae wanting; temporal margins with 
a single short hair; eyes distinct, with a fine prickle on 
margin just behind them; occipital margin straight; head 
uncolored and pale smoky brown, with dark brown cir- 
cumferential antennal bands and ocular blotches which 
extend backwards, paling, over temporal region; antennz 
uncolored, first two segments about equal, third and fourth 
equal and shorter, and fifth shghtly longer than third or 
fourth. 

Prothorax nearly square, angles rounding, posterior 
ones slightly swollen; whitish, except even dark brown 
lateral border. Metathorax elongate, slightly widening 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. I17 


posteriorly, anterior angles swollen, posterior margin 
straight, with four long hairs, not pustulated, in posterior 
angles; lateral margins unevenly bordered with black and 
dark brown, widest anteriorly; sternal blotch pale brown, 
anterior part elliptical, with a backward-projecting, long, 
slender, tapering process. Legs uncolored except for 
pale brown tarsi and claws. 

Abdomen slightly widening to segment 6, and then 
more rapidly narrowing; white, with two lateral brown 
quadrangular blotches, fading inwardly, and each, except 
on segments 1 and 7-9, with uncolored stigmatal spot; 
these distinct and characteristic lateral blotches do not 
touch the lateral margin, the white marginal border vary- 
ing from very narrow to one-half the width of the blotches, 
as in the specimen figured; ninth segment angularly 
emarginated with two hairs on each point. 

I figure an immature specimen which is about one-half 
the size of an adult; it lacks entirely the abdominal mark- 
ings, showing small portions, but intensely colored, of the 
thoracic and head markings. ‘The presence of but one of 
the long metathoracic hairs is interesting, and the usual 
large head, characteristic of the immature stages, is 
noticeable. 


Lipeuru celer n. sp. (Plate vii, figs. 5 and 6). 


This large dark form was found in great numbers on all 
specimens except one of thirty Pacific Fulmars, Aa/marus 
glacialis vars. glupischa and rodgersi (Bay of Monterey, 
California), examined by me. It belongs to Taschen- 
berg’s group, clypeat? sutura indistincta, and its most 
obvious resemblances are to grandis taken by Piaget on 
Procellaria pelagica in the Zoological Garden of Rotter- 
dam. It is distinguished from gvandis by the different 
form of the head, by lacking the occipital signature, by 
the presence of occipital bands, by the markedly different 


118 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


abdominal markings, by the different character of the 
last segment of the male, and by other less obvious char- 
acters. Its dark color and large size make it a conspicu- 
ous object on the birds. 

Description of female. Length 3.37 mm., width .7 
mm.; body everywhere brown, the accentuated markings 
black, sides of head, thorax and abdomen subparallel. 

Head, length 7. mm., width .5 mm.; sides nearly par- 
allel; clypeus narrowly rounded in front with six lateral 
short hairs of which four are located along the margin at 
nearly equal distances apart, one arising from the dorsal 
surface near the anterior marginal hair, and one near the 
antenne; trabeculae wanting; temporal margins weakly 
convex with one long hair; antennz with segments 1-2 
about equal in length, segment 3 but little shorter, seg- 
ments 4-5 shorter and feebly colored; whole head chest- 
nut brown; clypeal signature wide anteriorly, short, and 
acuminate posteriorly; the pronounced antennal bands 
projecting inward at their basal extremities; the irregular 
orbital blotches, the narrow temporal marginal bands, 
and the distinct occipital bands much expanded at occip- 
ital margin, black or strongly dark brown. 

Prothorax short, quadrangular, slightly wider poster- 
iorly; chestnut brown, paler in the middle; lateral bor- 
ders black. Metathorax widest at posterior angles; brown; 
lateral margins broadly and irregularly bordered with 
black; four long hairs arising from an uncolored spot. 
Sternum almost completely brown, showing a broad long 
median blotch abruptly pointed behind, set off by narrow 
uncolored lines from the broad lateral bands. Legs with 
-coxe, femora and tibia dark brown; femora paler on 
inner side and at distal extremity; trochanters uncolored; 
tarsi pale brown. 

Abdomen with sides nearly parallel; segment 8 nar- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. I1g 


rower and segment 9 very narrow and short; segment 1 
shorter than the nearly equal segments 2-7; all segments 
brown; segments I—7 with a rather broad, black, lateral, 
marginal blotch, emarginated on inner face; these blotches 
touching at the sutures produce a continuous lateral band 
emarginated on each segment; segment 8 not distinctly 
blotched, but with narrow lateral black margin; segment 
9 slightly emarginated, and with a brown blotch on each 
side; segment 1 especially, and segment 2 with an ill- 
defined median blotch of dark brown; the sutures between 
segments 2—7 showing except at lateral ends as uncolored 
lines; below, the lateral bands are narrower and not 
emarginated (or faintly on each segment); segment 1 
with distinct median blotch, and segment 2 with a larger 
indistinct blotch; one or two hairs at posterior angles of 
segments; on segments 7-9 more hairs. 

Male. Body, length 3.44 mm., width .59 mm.; head, 
length .72 mm., width 5.mm. Antenne, first joint as long 
as allothers combined, second next longest, third short with 
a dorsal angular projection at distal extremity, fifth slightly 
longer than fourth; first, fourth and fifth more colored 
than others. Abdominal segments with complete trans- 
verse dark brown bands, black at lateral margins, and 
with paler stigmatal spots; ninth segment very small and 
not emarginated. 

Rudow (Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1870, vol. xxxv, 
pp. 121-137), describes several Lzfeur7 taken on Procel- 
laria, and one, nigricans, is a form as dark as celer, 
but all of these species are small, z7grzcans being but 1.5 
mm. long. 


Lipeurus longipilus n. sp. (Plate vii, fig. 7.) 


A few males and females taken from two specimens 
(out of ten shot) of the American Coot, Aulica americana 


I20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


(Monterey, California). The species was not present on 
any one of five Coots taken at Lawrence, Kansas. A 
well-marked member of the group clypeati sutura dis- 
tincta. 

Description of the male. Body, length 2.4 mm., width 
.4mm.; fuliginous with paler femora, antenne, prothorax 
and posterior half of abdomen, and black marginal bands 
on head, thorax and abdomen. 

Head, length .53 mm., width .35 mm.; elongate, conical, 
with narrowly parabolic front, four marginal hairs in front 
of suture and three behind it; temporal margins with 
one hair, occipital margin straight or feebly concave; no 
trabeculae; eyes inconspicuous; antenne, first segment 
short, second segment large, broadest at base, almost as 
long as third, fourth and fifth together, third deeply 
notched and with an acute claw-like extremity, fourth 
and fifth short, cylindrical and more strongly colored than 
other segments; signature shield-shaped, extending to 
front margin of head, pale-colored anteriorly, with indis- 
tinct transverse striz parallel with anterior margin, dark 
brown behind, a distinct suture extending from posterior 
angle along the median line not quite to the anterior mar- 
gin of signature; this suture also extending posteriorly 
almost to mandibles; antennal bands broad, dark and 
straight; temporal margins bordered with black, paling 
inwardly; an acorn-shaped occipital signature, apex for- 
ward. 

Prothorax almost square, bare, with uniform lateral 
marginal black band, which bends inwardly at the pos- 
terior angle. Metathorax quadrangular, longer than 
broad; anterior angles diagonally truncate; a slight con- 
‘striction behind the anterior angles; posterior margin 
straight, with three very long hairs and one shorter hair 
in each posterior angle; segment dark brown, with uneven 


NEW MALLOPHAGA, I21 


lateral border of black, widest at constriction. Legs with 
dark colored coxe and tibiw, paler femora with darker 
markings. 

Abdomen elongate, first segment much narrower than 
thorax at articulation, segments gradually widening to the 
fifth and narrowing from there to the ninth; segments 5-7 
shorter than others; segments 1-2 with one hair at pos- 
terior angle, segment 3 with two hairs, and remaining 
segments with much longer hairs; distinct marginal black 
‘bands, with clear segmental spots; transversal dark brown 
bands, narrower on segments 5-7; ninth segment wholly 
colored and angularly emarginated, the points each with 
two short hairs. 

Female. Body, length 2.65 mm., width .5 mm.; head, 
length, .55 mm., width .35 mm.; slightly larger than male; 
antenne, second and fifth segments about equal, longest, 
third and fourth about equal; abdomen with segments 
gradually shortening from first backward through the 
seventh, eighth slightly longer, ninth deeply angularly 
emarginate, the two acute points without hairs; from the 
dorsal face of the eighth segment two very long hairs 
arise just inside of the black lateral band; all segments 
wholly colored except posterior half of the eighth; the 
transverse sutures uncolored, and indications of an uncol- 
ored median longitudinal line on segments 3-6; lateral 
marginal bands black, with clear stigmatal spots on inner 
margin. 


Lipeurus picturatus n. sp. (Plate viii, figs. 1 and 2.) 


Four specimens, all female, taken on two specimens of 
American Coot, Fulica americana (Monterey, Califor- 
nia), out of ten shot. No specimens found on four Coots 
killed at Lawrence, Kansas. A finely-marked form, with 
indistinct suture. 


J22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Description of female. Body, length 2.1 mm., width 
.35 mm.; slender, parallel-sided, strongly marked with 
brown and black in regular blotches and bands. 

Head, length .5 mm., width .32 mm.; elongate conical 
with narrowly rounding or parabolic front; a weakly pro- 
jecting very obtuse angle at suture; six marginal hairs, 
of which four are grouped about this angle; trabecule 
small but distinct; temporal margins with one hair; oc- 
cipital margin concave; antennz uncolored; segments 
1-4, beginning with 1, gradually shorter, fifth segment as. 
long as second; signature broad, paler in front and with 
indistinct transverse striz parallel with anterior margin, 
posterior margin concave, and with a broad, uncolored 
median line running from this border nearly to anterior 
margin; the signature is thus almost divided longitudi- 
nally; antennal bands black, extending anteriorly and 
fading into the paler color of the signature; temporal 
margins unevenly bordered with blackish, and bearing 
one hair; an acorn-shaped occipital signature indistinctly 
showing through from under surface. 

Prothorax almost square, with posterior margin slightly 
angulated on the metathorax; clear smoky brown in mid- 
dle, with black lateral borders expanded in anterior an- 
gles. Metathorax longer than broad, sides diverging 
slightly, anterior angles diagonally truncated with a dis- 
tinct lateral angle; posterior margin straight; four hairs 
in posterior angle, three of which are ina clear space. 
Legs pale with smoky brown to black markings. 

Abdomen slender, subparallel-sided, with single hairs 
at posterior angles, longer on posterior segments; seg- 
ments 1-2 longest; others successively shorter; segment 
9g deeply angularly emarginated, the points acute; first 
and ninth segments wholly colored; others, except seg- 
ment 8 which has a curving, transverse band extending 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 123 


entirely across, with narrow marginal black bands, and 
two quadrangular smoky brown blotches separated from 
each other and from lateral band by uncolored spaces. 

In an immature specimen (plate viii, fig. 2) of about 
same size as adults, the markings are less intensely col- 
ored, the occipital signature and precoxal lines of ventral 
surface showing through, and the segmental parts of the 
marginal abdominal bands distinct, so that each segment 
appears to have four blotches, the outer ones darker. 


Lipeurus diversus n. sp. (Plate viii, figs. 3 and 4.) 


Several specimens taken from the Black-vented Shear- 
water, Pufinus opisthomelas (Bay of Monterey, Califor- 
nia). The species is very like, in outline and markings, 
Piaget’s species angusticeps (Les Pediculines, Pp. 200m pl. 
xxv, fig. 4) from a Thalass¢droma leachi (Zool. Garden 
of Rotterdam), but shows such marked difference in size 
and certain details that it must be looked on as a distinct 
species. 

The measurements of the specimens are (following in 
parentheses are the corresponding dimensions of angusti- 
ceps as given by Piaget): Male, body, length 3.4 mm. 
(2.8 mm.), width .37 mm. (.30 mm.); head, length .7 
mm. (.6 mm.), width .37 mm. (.28 mm,.).. Female, 
body, length 4.1 mm. (3.65 mm.), width .5 mm. (.46 
mm.); head, length .72 mm. (.65 mm.), width .43 mm. 
(.37 mm.). The description of the species in general is 
that given for angusticeps differing as follows: Male, the 
posterior border of the signature angularly concave, not 
straight; the temporal margins with two short hairs in- 
stead of one; the antennal colored bands bending inwards 
at the clypeal suture and continuous with the internal 
bands which bound the oral fossa; the metathorax with 
five long hairs on posterior angles instead of two; the 


I24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


legs concolorous with the pale body color, not strongly 
colored; the last two segments of the abdomen not, as in 
angusticeps, with straight tapering sides bearing six short 
hairs and the last segment emarginated, but with convex 
margins with two or three rather long hairs, and the last 
segment very finely if at all emarginated. Female, the 
last segment of the abdomen not ‘‘frofondément entarllé,”’ 
but slightly and narrowly emarginated; also no median 
uncolored line on the first two segments. 


Lipeurus limitatus n. sp. (Plate viii, figs. 5 and 6). 


Three females taken from a Dark-bodied Shearwater, 
Pufinus griseus (Bay of Monterey, California). This 
species belongs to the group clypeati sutura tndistincta, 
and is the first Zzfewrus to be found on Pufinus. 

Description of female. Body, length 2.75 mm., width 
.4I mm.; slender, parallel-sided, pale with light yellowish 
brown well defined markings. 

Head, length .6 mm., width 4. mm.; elongate, conical, 
front rounded, with four short marginal hairs, one on 
dorsal surface between first and second marginal hairs, 
and one very short hair at antennal angle; trabecule 
wanting; temporal margins with one hair; occipital mar- 
gin nearly straight; eyes inconspicuous; antenna with 
second segment longest, first nearly as long, fifth slightly 
longer than either the third or fourth, which are equal, 
concolorous with the head or paler; whole head pale, yel- 
lowish brown, with darker marginal bands of forehead 
connected at front by paler striated clypeal band; a nar- 
row, frontal margin of the clypeus transparent; the rest 
of the clypeus pale brown, hinder margin emarginated; 
a brown ocular blotch, and the temporal margins near the 
eyes feebly browner than head color. 

Prothorax short, hexagonal, with latero-anterior mar- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 125 


gins short and hardly distinct from lateral margins; lateral 
margins narrowly darker colored than rest of segment; 
no hairs. Metathorax almost three times as long as pro- 
thorax; sides subparallel; hind margin feebly convex or 
slightly angulated on abdomen; with four long hairs and 
one short one in posterior angles, the short hair being 
next to the outermost hair; the lateral margins very nar- 
rowly darker edged along their hinder half. Legs con- 
colorous with body, dorsally narrowly darker edged. 
‘Abdomen slender elongate, subparallel-sided, growing 
slightly wider to segment 7, segments 8-10 tapering; seg- 
ments 1-7 subequal in length, segment 8 half as long as 
segment 7, segment 9 shorter than segment 8; segment 
10 obtusely two-pointed; very sparsely haired, segments 
2-6 with one short hair on margin just in front of poste- 
rior angle; a square pale brown blotch on each side of 
segments 1-7, darker-edged outwardly, and separated by 
a distinct median uncolored line; blotches of segment 8 
meeting, and the markings of segment 9 continuous. 


Lipeurus constrictus n. sp. . (Plate vii, figs. 7 and 8.) 


Found on three out otf six specimens of the Surf 
Scoter, Ocdemia perspicillata, and on one out of six speci- 
mens of the White-winged Scoter, Ozdemza degland? 
(Bay of Monterey, California); also found on a speci- 
men of perspicillata taken at Lawrence, Kansas (Kansas 
River, during migration). The new form belongs to the 
group dzsetos?7, and is distinguished from sgualidus, the 
member of the group which the new form most resembles 
by the smaller size, by the narrow basal abdominal seg- 
ments, and by the concave hinder margin of the clypeal 
signature. Many specimens, males, females and young 
were taken. 

Description of the male. Body, length, 2.31 mm., 
width 5 mm.; general habitus of sgua/7dus, but distinctly 


126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


smaller and with waist-like narrow basal abdominal seg- 
ments. 

Head, length .53 mm., width .41 mm.; temporal mar- 
gins with five very short stiff hairs or prickles and one 
longer hair; antennal bands most strongly marked at 
anterior end, ocular blotch dark brown, and temporal 
margin broadly banded with brown paling internally. 
Lateral bands of prothorax darkest at posterior angles. 
Metathorax with large, lateral, marginal, dark brown blotch 
in front of the middle, and margin behind the blotch dark 
brown; hairs seven, as in sgualidus. Legs concolorous with 
body, tarsi and claws darker. First two abdominal seg- 
ments much narrower than succeeding ones, segments 4—5 
the widest; segments 3—6 with two hairs, a long oneanda 
short one, at posterior angles; segment 9 feebly emar- 
ginated, thus obtusely two-pointed; segment 1 short, seg- 
ments 2-3 longest and equal, segments 4-5 next long- 
est and equal, segment 6 very short especially in middle, 
segments 7-8 equal; lateral marginal bands distinct, dark 
brown; within pale yellowish brown quadrangular blotches 
separated by uncolored median line on segments 2-4. 

The female is larger; body, length 3.12 mm., width 
.66 mm.; head, length, .63 mm., width .5 mm.; first ab- 
dominal segments shorter, segments 2-7 about equal, 
segment g very slightly emarginated. 

The young of this species, as probably of all dzsefosz, 
show characteristic transparent, narrow, lateral, abdominal 
margins, and on segments I—7 along the lateral third of 
the hinder margin of each segment a linear transparent 
space; no brown markings. 

Lipeurus punctulatus of Rudow (Zeitsch. f. ges. Natur- 
wiss., V. Xxxvl, p. 137), from Ozdemza fusca is probably 
an immature specimen of this species. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 127 


Lipeurus ferox Giebel. (Plate ix, figs. 1 and 2.) 

Zeitsch. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1867, xxix, p. 195. 

Pediculus diomede. Fabr. Ent. Syst., 1794, iv, p. 421. 

Lipeurus diomede Dufour. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1834, iv, p. 669, 
figs. 1 and 2; Giglioli, Quart. Jour. Mic. Sci., 1864, iv, N.S., 
p. 19, plate i, b, figs. 1, 2. 

Lipeurus pederiformis Dufour. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1834, iv, p. 
676, pl. 26, fig. 4. 

Lipeurus ferox Giebel. Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 235. Piaget, E. Les 
Pediculines, 1880, p. 333. Taschenberg, O., Die Mallophagen, 
1882, p. 145, pl. v, figs. 1, la. 

To this large and striking species may be attributed 
three specimens, one male and two females, taken from 
the Short-tailed Albatros, Dzomedea albatrus. The male 
was taken from one bird, the two females from another; 
these two birds, both immature, were the only speci- 
mens of this bird species taken on the Bay of Monterey. 
The various descriptions of ferox by Giglioli, Giebel, 
and Taschenberg differ somewhat; Giebel had only a 
male before him; Taschenberg had in addition an imma- 
ture female, and while Giglioli had both sexes his de- 
scriptions are incomplete. 

Description of female. Body, length 9. mm., tapering 
from sixth abdominal] segment abruptly to tip of abdomen, 
and gradually toward the head; strongly and distinctly 
marked with dark brown on both sides of the body for 
its whole length; a median uncolored line widest on head 
and on sixth abdominal segment; body nearly glabrous. 

Head, length 2.1 mm., width 1.4 mm.; widest behind 
the eyes; margins of head in front of antenne nearly 
straight and oblique; temporal margin feebly rounding ; 
occipital margin weakly concave; clypeal suture distinct; 
clypeus convex in front, without hairs or bristles: at 
suture a slight rounded emargination, with one long hair, 
and behind it five short hairs, farther back one short hair, 
and in front of insertion of antennz two short hairs; sig- 


128 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


nature large, broadly triangular with rounded angles, front 
margin parallel with margin of clypeus; antenne with 
first segment uncolored, the remaining four brown, seg- 
ment 2 longest, segments 1 and 3 about equal, segment 
5 shorter than segment 4, each segment with a few short 
hairs; angles of antennary fossa not projecting; eyes 
prominent; temporal margin with a few very short bristles; 
head broadly margined, widest posteriorly, with dark 
brown; a dark brown band across the head immediately 
behind the clypeal signature. 

Length of thorax 2.5 mm., width 1.9 mm.; prothorax 
forming a parallelogram a little wider than long, the angles 
weakly rounded; lateral borders dark brown, extending 
inward along the front and hind margins toward the 
middle, but not reaching it, leaving the middle third of 
the segment uncolored. Metathorax expanding posteri- 
orly; lateral margins with some small, uneven, rounded 
projections about the middle; posterior margin slightly 
concave, angles acute; near each angle near the posterior 
margin a single pustulated hair, and a little further in 
seven long pustulated hairs grouped in a small, elliptical, 
uncolored space; the whole metathorax strongly brown 
except narrowly along the posterior margin and behind 
and at the sides of a central longitudinal brown quadrangle 
(the sternal blotch showing through). Legs strong, with 
elongate coxe, very short thick tarsi, with short thick 
claws; everywhere dark brown, except at the basal and 
distal extremities of coxa and femora and the tarsi; a few 
scattered hairs. 

- Abdomen, length 4.5 mm., width 2. mm.; widest at 
sixth segment, tapering sharply to posterior extremity; 
posterior lateral angles of one segment projecting over 
anterior lateral angles of succeeding segment; segment 
t shortest, segment 7 longest; color mostly dark brown, 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 129 


consisting of very dark lateral border and large trans- 
verse lateral blotches, those of segment 6 meeting at 
middle line, others not meeting; an uncolored, median, 
longitudinal line interrupted on segment 6; on ventral 
side transverse blotches continuous across all the seg- 
ments; anterior and posterior margins of each segment 
narrowly uncolored; an ill-defined stigmatal uncolored 
spot on segments 2—7; segment 8 conical, much narrower 
than segment 7, and segment 9 very short and narrow, 
two-pointed, each point bearing two strong hairs; sparsely 
haired; posterior lateral angles of segment 1 with one 
hair, of segments 2-4 with two hairs, of segments 5-6 
with three hairs, of segment 7 with four hairs; segment 
8 with two strong hairs near anterior lateral angle, two 
shorter hairs on side and three separated, strong, pustu- 
lated hairs on each half of posterior margin. 

The male specimen of ferox taken by me differs rather 
markedly in some respects from Taschenberg’s careful 
description of the specimen in his hands. Indeed, it has 
been a question with me whether my specimens could 
fairly be attributed to this species. 


Lipeurus forficulatus Nitzsch. (Plate ix, figs. 3, 4, 5 
and 6.) 
Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. (ed. Giebel), 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 386. 
Lipeurus forficulatus Nitzsch, Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 238; 
Taschenberg, Die Mallophagen, 1882, p. 157, pl. iv, figs. 6, 6a, 6b. 
Taken from four of five specimens killed of the Cal- 
ifornia Brown Pelican, Pelecanus californicus (Bay of 
Monterey, California), and on two White Pelicans, Pe/e- 
canus erythrorhynchus (Lawrence, Kansas), the parasites 
numerous on the birds. Nitzsch’s specimens were taken 
from Pelecanus onocrotalus (locality?). My specimens 
show distinctly the short forked projection on the first 
segment of the antenne of the male, the character noted 
Proc. Cau. ACAD. Sci., 2p SER., Vou, VI. (9) March 13, 1896. 


I30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


by Taschenberg which distinguishes this species from the 
otherwise similar form 6zfasczatus Piaget, found on Pele- 
canus crispus (Zool. Garden of Rotterdam). 

I figure both sexes, although Taschenberg’s figure of 
the male is good. I figure also two stages of the young. 
The measurements of the specimens figured are as fol- 
lows: Male, body, length 2.6 mm., width .62 mm.; head, 
length .52 mm., width .5 mm. Female, body, length 2.7 
mm., width .g mm.; head, length .56 mm., width .56 
mm. Young female, body, length 2.28 mm., width .72 
mm.; head, length .5 mm., width .48 mm. Very young, 
body, length 1. mm., width .44 mm.; head, length .375 
mm., width .44 mm. 


Lipeurus temporalis Nitzsch. (Plate x, fig. 1.) 

Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. 111, p. 292. 

Ricinus mergi serrati De Geer, Mem. pour servir a l’hist. des Insectes, 
1778, vol. vii, p. 78, pl. iv, fig. 13. 

Pediculus mergi Fabricius, Species Insectorum, 1781, vol. ii, p. 480. 

Lipeurus temporalis Nitzsch. Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 
1842, p. 175, pl. xiv, fig. 7; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 239; 
Piaget, Les Pedieulines, 1880, p. 350, pl. xxxi, fig. 1. 

Two females and a male taken from a Red-breasted 
Merganser, J/erganser serrator (Bay of Monterey, Cali- 
fornia). ‘The measurements of the female are: body, 
length 3.21 mm., width .g mm.; head, length .7 mm., 
width .44 mm. 

Male. Body, length 2.56 mm., width .5 mm.; head, 
length .66 mm., width.5 mm. Both Denny’s and Piaget’s 
figures are of the female. I figure the male. 


Lipeurus testaceous Tschb. (Plate xi, figs. 2 and 4.) 
Taschenberg, Die Mallophagen, 1882, p. 135, pl. v, fig. 3. 


With some doubt I refer to this species five individuals 
taken from a Black-vented Shearwater, Pujinus opistho- 
melas (Bay of Monterey, California). Taschenberg’s 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. I31 


specimens, females only, were taken from Procellaria 
capensis (locality ?). 

My adult specimens (three females) differ from Tasch- 
enberg’s description in these details: the eye has a small 
hair not mentioned by Taschenberg; the front angles of 
the antennary fossz are prolonged into small but distinct 
trabecule; there are five long hairs, not four, in the pos- 
terior angles of the metathorax, four hairs rising near 
together in a clear space and the fifth apart and near the 
lateral margin. I find distinctly in undoubted adult spec- 
imens the ten abdominal segments referred to by Tasch- 
enberg, who thought his specimens might be immature. 
The measurements agree well, those of the adult female 
figured by me being: body, length 2.50 mm., width .56 
mm.; head, length .75 mm., width .53 mm. I figure an 
adult female and a very young. 


Lipeurus toxoceros Nitzsch. (Plate x, figs. 3 and 5.) 
Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. (ed. Giebel), 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 386. 


Lipeurus toxoceros Nitzsch. Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 237; 
Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 343; Taschenberg, Die Mallo- 
phagen, 1882, p. 149, pl. iv, fig. 7. 

Lipeurus gyroceros Nitzsch (ed. Giebel), Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss., 
1866, vol. xxviii, p. 386. 


An adult male and two young taken on two specimens 
of Farallone Shag, Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus 
(Bay of Monterey, California), and one adult male from 
a California Brown Pelican, Pe/ecanus californicus (Bay 
of Monterey, California). The pelicans and cormorants 
congregate in great numbers on the same rocks in Mon- 
terey Bay, and it is not surprising to find a straggling 
individual of this cormorant parasite ona pelican. Nitzsch’s 
specimen was collected on a //alieus carbo, and the spec- 
imen described by Nitzsch as gyroceros, but declared by 
Taschenberg to be identical with ¢oxoceros, was found on 
Flalicus braziliensis. 


132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The adult male figured by me measured as follows: 
body, length 3. mm., width .8 mm.; head, length .62 
mm., width .6 mm.; and the young as follows: body, 
length 1.9 mm., width .53 mm.; head, length .5 mm., 
width .5 mm. 


Lipeurus squalidus Nitzsch. (Plate x, figs. 6 and 7.) 

Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 292. 

Pediculus anatis Fabricius, Systema Entomologie, 1775, p. 345. 

Lipeurus squalidus Nitzsch. Gurlt, in Mag. f. d. ges. Thierheilk., 1842, 
vol. viii, p. 425; Denny, Monographia Anoplurorum Britannia, 
1842, p. 176, pl. xiv, fig. 5; Grube, Middendorff’s Reise, 1859, 
vol. ii, p. 486; Nitzsch (ed. Giebel), Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss., 
1866, vol. xxviii, p. 385; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 241, pl. 
xvi, fig. 1; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 344, pl. xxx, fig. 5; 
Taschenberg, Die Mallophagen, 1882, p. 162. 

This common species of the ducks has long been 
known, and is widely distributed geographically and 
zoologically. It has been taken on at least a dozen spe- 
cies of ducks, and what have been called varieties of it on 
still other species. The exact defining of sgwalidus has 
not yet been accomplished. Piaget declares that four 
resembling species (sordzdus, depuratus, frater and gra- 
cilis) of Nitzsch and Giebel are simply sgualzdus ; Tasch- 
enberg agrees with Piaget, and adds that Rudow’s species, 
rubromaculatus, punctulatus, cinereus and nyroceé, are, at 
best, but varieties of sgualidus. 

The evident truth is that the wide distribution of this 
duck parasite has resulted in the noting of the many vari- 
ations normal to any animal species whose peculiar habits 
of life produce the comparative isolation of small groups 


/ 


of individuals. The common occurrence of the parasite 
and its hosts has resulted in its frequent capture, thus 
affording opportunity for the examination of many indi- 
viduals widely separated geographically. It seems to me, 
under the circumstances, advisable to give a broad defini- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 133 


tion of the species, without attempting, as yet, to indicate 
varieties by name. 

I attribute to this species specimens taken from a 
Bufflehead, Charztonetta albeola, Mallard, Anas bosca, and 
a Ruddy Duck, Ar¢smatura rubida, all from Lawrence, 
Kansas. These specimens vary somewhat among each 
other, and all from the descriptions of Giebel and Piaget, 
which descriptions in turn do not agree with each other. 
The markings of the abdomen seem to be extremely vari- 
able, ranging from an indistinct lateral brownish coloration 
to distinct quadrangular, sharply-emarginated lateral 
blotches. More striking is the variation in number of the 
long hairs in the posterior angles of the metathorax. 
Piaget mentions two short ones, Giebel four, while all of 
my specimens show seven, varying in length and arranged 
as shown in figure 7, plate x. The specimen which I 
figure was taken from a Bufflehead, Charztonetta albcola, 
and will serve as a fairly representative illustration of the 
species for purposes of comparison. ‘The measurements 
of this specimen are: body, length 3.3 mm., width .62 
mm.; head, length .63 mm., width .44 mm. 


Oncophorus advena n. sp. (Plate xi, figs. 1 and 2.) 


A male and one female taken from the American Coot, 
Fulica americana (Bay of Monterey, California), and a 
male taken from a Pacific Loon, Urznator pacificus (Bay 
of Monterey, California). Can this last individual be a 
straggler? The female resembles the female of Oncoph- 
orus minutus Piaget, and was by me thought to belong to 
this species until I had found the male, whose appendaged 
antenne make it impossible to refer the American spec- 
imens to this species. The female also on closer exam- 
ination differs from the female mzxufws in its distinctly 
broader abdomen, by possessing four hairs on posterior 


134 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


angles and margin of metathorax instead of two, and by 
the absence of an uncolored median abdominal line. The 
new species by the character of the antennz of the male 
belongs to the group docophorozdes. 

The genus Oncophorus was established by Rudow 
(Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1870, vol. xxxv, p. 175) 
for his Oncophorus schilling? since removed by Taschen- 
berg to his genus Hurymetopfus. Piaget has preserved 
the generic name Oncophorus but applies it to a group of 
widely removed /V7rmus-like small forms. Eight species 
have been described, of which seven are found on wading 
birds. Piaget says of the genus that it serves as a nat- 
ural transition between the genera Docophorus and Vir- 
mus on one side, and Gonzodes and Lifeurus on the ~ 
other. 

Description ‘of the male.) Body, length: 1-15, mm, 
width .¢ mm.; small, pale with dark brown lateral ab- 
dominal bands on all except last three abdominal seg- 
ments. 

Head, length .34 mm., width .32 mm.; front parabolic 
with a few short hairs rising from the dorsal surface on 
each side of the middle of the front projecting over the 
margin; trabeculz short, wide at base appearing equilat- 
erally triangular in shape; antennz with first segment 
much enlarged, third segment with a distinct appendage, 
fourth shorter than fifth; eye at about middle of the head, 
flatly convex with a hair; temporal margins straight, di- 
verging posteriorly with three short spiny hairs; in the 
posterior angles a very long strong hair, reaching to the 
posterior margin of the first abdominal segment; just be- 
hind this hair a spine, and on the occipital margin two 
short, strong, spiny hairs inserted even with the lateral 
margins of the prothorax; occipital margin sinuous; 
color, pale golden; antennal and ocular bands dark, sub- 
translucent and curving. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 135 


Prothorax, subquadrangular with anterior end project- 
ing beneath the head, and anterior margin emarginated, 
posterior margin weakly convex; a long, strong hair in 
each posterior angle; pale golden, anterior angles darker. 
Metathorax not longer than prothorax, wider, with lateral 
angles rounded and with two long hairs inserted very 
closely together; on the posterior margin on each side 
two long hairs inserted very closely together; posterior 
margin convex and obtusely angulated on the abdomen; 
pale golden brown, with darker spots on anterior margin 
near the anterior angles. Legs concolorous with body, 
or slightly paler. 

Abdomen short with subparallel sides, posterior angles 
projecting slightly, and with two or three rather long 
hairs; a double longitudinal line of weak hairs along 
dorsi- meson; lateral bands smoky brown fading out on 
posterior segments; last segment truncate behind, with a 
few very short inconspicuous hairs on posterior margin; 
genitalia distinct, with two backward projecting prongs 
and two longer forward projecting prongs reaching fourth 
segment. 

Female, body, length 1.28 mm., width .5 mm.; head, 
length .4 mm., width .4 mm.; head less ‘‘square’’ in 
appearance, more tapering, temporal margins convex not 
straight; antennez with second segment longest, third 
and fourth equal and fifth slightly longer than fourth; 
lateral bands of abdomen much more strongly marked 
and posterior angles of abdominal segments projecting 
more; last segment of abdomen rounding with slight 
emargination. 


Eurymetopus taurus Nitzsch. (Plate xi, figs. 3, 4, 5 
and 6.) 
Zeitsch. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 385 (ed. Giebel). 


Philopterus brevis Dufour, Ann. d.1. Soc. Ent. France, 1835, vol. iv, 
p. 674, pl. xxxi, fig. 3. 


136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Docophoroides brevis Giglioli, Quart. Jour. Mic. Science, 1846, vol. iv, 
p: 18; pli, B; fies: 3) 4: 

Lipeurus taurus Nitzsch, Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 234; Piaget, 
Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 332, pl. xxxi, fig. 3. 

Eurymeto pus taurus Nitzsch, Taschenberg, Die Mallophagen, 1882, p. 
183, pl. v, figs. 8, 8a. 

Many specimens, males, females and young, taken 
from two specimens of the Short-tailed Albatross, Dzo- 
medea albatrus, shot on the Bay of Monterey, California. 
Also found on two out of thirty specimens of the Pacific 
Fulmar, /ulmarus glacialis vars. rodgersii and glupischa, 
taken in the Bay of Monterey, California. This species 
has been found by Nitzsch, Swinhoe, Dufour and Meyer 
on Diomedea nigripes, exulans and brachyura. ‘The spec- 
imens taken by me differ in some slight details from 
Taschenberg’s careful description, notably in the longer 
and narrower signature and in their much smaller size, 
both males and females being less than three-fourths as 
large as the specimens (Nitzsch’s) measured by Taschen- 
berg; 
imens. ‘The measurements of my figured specimens, as 
compared with Taschenberg’s measurements, are as fol- 
lows (Taschenberg’s figures in parentheses) : Male, body, 
length 3.12 mm. (4.13 mm.), width 1.18 mm. (1.75 mm.) ; 
head, length .g mm. (1.25 mm.), width 1. mm. (1.52 
mm.). Female, body, length 3.40 mm. (4.38 mm.), 
width 1.5 mm. (1.62 mm.); head, length .95 mm. (1.25 
mm.), width 1. mm. (1.56 mm.). Taschenberg’s figures 
are in bad shape; he evidently attributes to the male the 
measurements of the female and vice versa, as he makes 


and about three-fourths the size of Piaget’s spec- 


the male the larger. In the above comparison I have 
transposed his figures. Also he attributes to the male 
(— female) a thorax almost twice as long as that of the 
female (—male)! This is an obvious error. Despite 
the conspicuous difference in size and a few other minor 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 139 


ones, I incline to attribute my specimens to Nitzsch’s 
species rather than to call them new. 

The blotches on the ventral side of the abdomen of the 
male, described by Piaget and said by Taschenberg to be 
wanting on his specimens, are plainly present in mine. 
As both Piaget and Taschenberg figure the male, I figure 
the female, the head of the male, and an immature male and 
immature female. This last shows an interesting stage in 
the formation of the lateral abdominal blotches, there being 
two blotches on the lateral portion of each segment, which 
fuse to form the large blotch of the adult stage. The 
short round abdomen and peculiar marking of the head 
are also striking. The measurements of the young fe- 
male figured are: body, length 2.15 mm., width 1.25 
mm.; head, length .65 mm., width .8 mm. The imma- 
ture but nearly grown male is as large as the adults. 


GIEBELIA gen. nov. 


By this name (given in honor of Prof. C. G. Giebel) I 
would designate a Docophorus-like form of which several 
specimens (males and females) of a single species were 
taken from specimens of the Black-vented Shearwater, 
Pufinus opisthomelas. The distinguishing characters of 
the new genus are its Docophorus-like form, with very 
short, broad, suborbicular abdomen (in the single species 
yet known six-sevenths as broad as long); size of body 
and shape of abdomen same in both sizes; large head; 
produced rectangular anterior angles of temporal mar- 
gins with the large eye in the angle; antennz arising in 
an antennal emargination; conspicuous trabecule, a trans- 
parent, semilunar, transversal, membranous flap or process 
onthe forehead with, in the male, a conspicuous, angulated, 
lateral lobe projecting ove: the lateral margin of the 
forehead about midway between the trabecule and the 


138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


anterior angles of the clypeus, in the female barely pro- 
duced beyond the margin; strong, obtusely toothed man- 
dibles; labium with short but distinct apraglosse with 
five short spines on tip of each; antenne similar in both 
sexes; abdomen turbinated, with dark lateral bands and 
brown transverse bands. 


Giebelia (nov. gen.) mirabilis n. sp. (Plate xi, figs. 7 
and 8.) 

Four males and five females taken from six out of seven 
individuals of the Black-vented Shearwater, Pufinus opis- 
thomelas, shot on the Bay of Monterey, California. The 
only species of Gvebe/ia yet found. 

Description of the male. Body, length 1.28 mm., 
width .56 mm.; short, broad (abdomen six-sevenths as 
broad as long); pale ferrugineous with dark brown to 
black markings; abdomen with strongly colored lateral 
bands and paler transversal bands. 

Head, length, .45 mm., width .45 mm.; front broad, 
truncate with very narrow uncolored margin; one short 
hair in anterior angle; on lateral margin in front of pro- 
jecting transparent flap two short hairs; lateral projecting 
part of crescentic, transversal, transparent flap as long 
as from anterior margin of flap to anterior angle of cly- 
peus; trabeculz projecting as far as end of first segment 
of antennz; antenne rather long, slender, segments 
I-2 about equal, longest, segment 2 shorter, segment 4 
shortest, segment 5 almost as long as segment 2, all 
segments concolorous with head; sutures broadly un- 
colored; hind head broadly quadrangular; temporal mar- 
gins subparallel with angulated anterior angles produced, 
and the large eye with a spine set at the angle; behind 
the eye a very short hair; farther back a short hair, and 
then two very long hairs; occipital margin straight, 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 139 


bare; four dark brown pointed papilla-like processes pro- 
jecting upwards from dorsal surface of head, one at basal 
extremity of each antennal band, and one on each side in 
front of mandible; signature broad extending to man- 
dibles ; antennal bands dark brown, angulated, paler along 
lateral margins of clypeus in front of the flap; mandibles 
large and strongly colored, forming a broad dark brown 
transversal line connecting the antennal bands; occipital 
bands distinct, dark brown, diverging, black at base 
and biramose; suborbicular occipital signature with two 
short divergent posterior projections indistinctly showing 
through from under surface. 

Prothorax short, broad; anterior angles, lateral mar- 
gin and posterior angles rounded; a single hair at pos- 
terior angles; a broad, distinct, dark brown, lateral bor- 
der. Metathorax broad, with angulated lateral margin, 
a pustulated hair and spine in each angle, and five more 
hairs, some pustulated and longer than the others, un- 
evenly spaced along the lateral part of convex posterior 
margin; anterior portion of lateral margin with broad, 
distinct, dark brown border, with strongly colored process 
projecting posteriorly into the segment. Sternal markings 
composed of angulated intercoxal lines between meso- and 
meta-legs, and two small oblong spots darkest at posterior 
end on sternum between middle legs. Legs concolorous 
with body with narrow darker margins, tibiz with three, 
short, strong spurs on distal extremity opposed to tarsal 
claws. 

Abdomen short, broad, turbinated, with one or more 
hairs in each projecting posterior angle; a double row of 
short hairs down the middle of dorsal aspect; well de- 
fined, broad, black, lateral bands extending from segment 
2 to segment 8, with uncolored stigmatal spots on inner 

margin of bands; a rather narrow, somewhat sinuous, 


I40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


brown, transverse bar extending across each segment from 
lateral band to lateral band; last segment with uncolored 
anterior angles and broad median blotch; rounded behind 
with a few short hairs; genitalia extending forward into 
segment 6, and with most distinct posterior portion (in 
last two segments) cordate. 

Female, length 1.43 mm., width .62 mm.; head, length 
.5 mm. width .5 mm.; lateral portion of transparent lobe 
of forehead barely projecting over lateral margin of head; 
lateral bands of abdomen broadest anteriorly, narrow 
With inward projecting linear appendages on posterior 
segments; transverse bands darker in medial portion; 
last segment broad, flatly rounded. 


Colpocephalum unciferum n. sp. (Plate xu, figs. 1, 2 
and 3.) 

Found on one out of five specimens of the California 
Brown Pelican, Pelecanus californicus (Bay of Monterey, 
California); and on one out of two specimens of the 
American White Pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchus(Law- 
rence, Kansas). This well marked species shows a re- 
semblance to Giebel’s (Nitzsch’s) figure of C. ezcarenum 
(Insecta Epizoa, pl. xiv, fig. 1), taken from Pelecanus 
onocrotalus, but Giebel’s description (p. 276) is, if ac- 
curate, of some other species than that to which my speci- 
mens belong. Giebel affirms the head to be longer than 
broad, which is not the case with my specimens, and 
which would be, as Piaget says, characteristic. I cannot 
but make my specimens types of a new form. 

Description of male. Body, length 2 mm., width .62 
mm.; golden brown with dark brown abdominal bands 
and intense black head markings. 

Head, length .44 mm., width .52 mm.; front very flatly 
convex, almost straight, with, on each side of middle line, 


NEW MALLOPHAGA, I41 


a weak hair, a short thick pointed spine, a shorter hair, 
two longer hairs, a shorter hair, and in the expansion in 
front of the ocular emargination four rather stiff longish 
bristles, the second being the longest; palpi just project- 
ing beyond the margin, and antenne projecting by all of 
the last segment which is diagonally truncated; the eye 
is inconspicuous but double, the anterior half being the 
more prominent; in the ocular emargination several hairs, 
and a fringe of short thick-set hairs extending back to the 
middle of the temporal margin; on the temporal margin 
several prominent hairs, of which two are very long; oc- 
cipital margin concave, bare; two large, black, occipital 
triangles extending forward, and paling and tapering rap- 
idly, as occipital bands; a broad occipital black border 
connecting the triangles; large, black, ocular blotches, 
and an uneven, curving, dark brown, inner band, running 
from the ocular blotches to the frontal margin, the ante- 
rior end of these bands expanded and darker. 

Prothorax short, angularly elliptical, with a series of 
seven hairs along each lateral half of the posterior margin, 
beginning with a short spiny hair in the apex of the lat- 
eral angle; whole segment pale golden brown, with a 
paler narrow transversal blotch in front of the middle. 
Metathorax short, broad, trapezoidal, lateral margin with 
short spiny hairs; color pale brown, darker laterally. 
Legs long, femora thickened, tibiz slender, expanding 
distally, especially the tibiz of the forelegs; tarsi one-half 
as long as tibiz; color pale golden brown, with dark 
brown markings on dorsal aspect of femur and tibia. 

Abdomen elongate, widest at fourth segment and grad- 
ually narrowing in both directions; ends of segments pro- 
jecting on the sides and armed with stiff, sharp - pointed 
hairs, especially in posterior angles; segments 6—9 with 
a pair each of very long hairs; ninth segment broad and 


142 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


flatly rounded behind, posterior margin with several long- 
ish hairs; lateral ends of segments dark brown (dark re- 
gion quadrangular) and a paler, transverse band running 
clear across each segment and covering all of its surface, 
paler in its median portion; sutures paler to uncolored. 

Female, length 2.19 mm., width .62 mm.; abdomen 
rather fusiform in shape, segment 2 the widest; segment 
g elongate, tapering, with a series of six short, strong, 
recurved hooks on the front half of each lateral margin; 
posterior margin broadly obtusely angled and _ thickly 
beset with stiff hairs; from the middle of each lateral 
segmental margin arises a pair of long hairs; the lateral 
margins of the abdomen are darker, black in some spec- 
imens, than in the male. 

An immature specimen, 1.56 mm. long, showed as its 
only markings the ocular blotches, the anterior ends of 
the inner bands and a short linear marking on occipital 
margin; all of these markings were distinct and black. 


Colpocephalum uniforme n. sp. (Plate xii, fig. 4.) 


A single female taken from an American Avocet, Aecur- 
virostra americana (Lawrence, Kansas). This species 
closely resembles grandiceps Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 
558, pl. xlvi, fig. 7), taken on Haematopus ostralegus, but 
differs from it in the number and arrangement of the long 
hairs on the head, thorax and last abdominal segment, 
and in the markings. 

Description of female. Body, length 2.34 mm., width 
.75 mm.; elongate, pale golden brown, with very little 
darker markings; the small ocular blotches, occipital 
margin, and narrow lateral margin of metathorax and 
abdomen black. 

Head, length .4 mm., width .6 mm.; ocular emargina- 
tion less deep than usual; front rounded, almost a semi- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 143 


circle, the contour being slightly irregular because of a 
small, medial, angled projection, and a shallow almost im- 
perceptible concavity behind the slight but distinct, ob- 
tuse, anterior angles; four hairs between the medial fron- 
tal angle and the latero- anterior angle of which the last 
hair is the longest, a very short hair in the anterior angle 
and a hair just in front of the projecting palpus tip; four 
hairs, of which one is long, in the lateral angle in front of 
the ocular emargination; the eye large with a slight emar- 
gination, the front half projecting further than the poste- 
rior half; the hairs of the ocular fringe larger than usual, 
the fringe extending but slightly on the margin of the 
broad temporal region; temporal margin with three long 
hairs and several short ones; occipital margin concave, 
bare. Color of head pale golden brown, with small black 
ocular blotches and narrow black border on outer tempo- 
ral and occipital margins; indistinct narrow brown occip- 
ital bands, the black occipital margin expanded at their 
bases. . 

Prothorax with a spine and long hair in produced lat- 
eral angles, and a number of long hairs in obtuse latero- 
posterior angles; the posterior margin seems to be bare; 
golden brown with small latero-anterior dark brown 
blotches and very narrow dark brown border between 
lateral and latero-posterior angles. Metathorax showing 
no marginal constriction at line of union of meso- and 
metathorax; sides bare; produced posterior angles with 
two long hairs and two stout spines; posterior margin 
straight, bare; whitish, with narrow dark brown to black 
lateral border expanded slightly in anterior angles. Legs 
concolorous with body with very narrow dark brown dor- 
sal margins of femora. 

Abdomen elongate with long hairs in posterior angle of 
segments, and short hairs along lateral margins; a nar- 


144 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


row interrupted (by sutures) black marginal band, and 
faint golden brown, broad, transverse bands darker on 
posterior segments; last segment slowly tapering, broad 
and flatly convex behind, with transparent margin and 
fringe of fine sharp-pointed hairs. 

The specimen is probably not adult, and the markings 
consequently less extensive than those of the adults. 


Colpocephalum pingue n. sp. (Plate xii, fig. 5.) 

Two males taken from one of the two specimens of the 
Short-tailed Albatross, Dzomedea albatrus, shot on the 
Bay of Monterey, California. No Colpocephalum has 
hitherto been taken on an Albatross. 

Description of male. Body, length 1.7 mm., width .62 
mm.; short, broad, fuscous, with dark brown abdominal 
transverse bands, paler medially. 

Head, length .28 mm., width .5 mm.; but little more 
than half as long as wide; front flatly rounding, with, on 
each side ot the middle which is marked by a minute 
angular process, a short weak hair, a longer stiff spiny 
hair, then another similar one (adjacent to the projecting 
palpus), and on the lateral angle in front of the ocular 
emargination four hairs, of which two are the longest of 
the forehead hairs; the palpus and antenna projecting ~ 
beyond margin, each by its last segment; the eye large, 
simple, filling the base of the ocular emargination and 
containing a distinct, divided, black fleck; the ocular 
fringe of hairs extending only to the posterior limit of the 
emargination; the temporal margin convex and with eight 
hairs of which three are long; occipital margin weakly 
concave with two hairs on each side of the middle. Color 
of head fuscous with a narrow black occipital margin ex- 
panded at the bases of the faintly discernible occipital 
bands; the ocular blotches large, black, extending along 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 145 


the posterior margin of the emargination as a narrow 
black border, and still more narrowly and unevenly mar- 
gining the temporal region; the inner bands indistinct, 
chestnut brown. 

Prothorax broad (three-fourths as broad as head), short, 
posterior border rounded with a series of seven strong 
hairs beginning in the apex of the lateral angle; color 
pale yellowish brown. Metathorax short, broad, expand- 
ing rapidly posteriorly, anterior angles rounded, posterior 
angles produced, acute, with a short spine and a strong, 
long hair which is the terminal one of a series ranged 
along the straight posterior margin of the segment; sides 
bare. Color of prothorax light brown with a narrow dark 
brown or black uneven marginal blotch and a broad and 
transverse band of fuscous. Legs concolorous with body, 
with dark fuscous markings. 

Abdomen broadly ovate, posterior angles of segments 
slightly projecting with one or two strong hairs and adja- 
cent short ones; a series of strong hairs along posterior 
margin of each segment, and numerous other shorter 
hairs; each segment except last with a lateral marginal 
curving black blotch produced inwardly; also a trans- 
verse fuscous band extending entirely across each seg- 
ment paler medially and darker on segments 7 and 8; 
ninth segment large, broad, rounded behind, posterior 
margin with two pairs of strong hairs on each side of 
the middle, whole segment uniformly fuscous. 


Colpocephalum timidum n. sp. (Plate xii, fig. 6.) 


Two females from a Golden Plover, Charadrius domin- 
tcus Lawrence, Kansas. The new species resembles 
ochraceum Nitzsch (Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. 
ill, p. 299), somewhat. 

Description of female. Body, length 1.94 mm., width 

Proc, Cat AcaD, Sci., 2p SER., Vou. VI. (10) March 14, 1896, 


146 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


.37 mm.; pale brown, with small black markings on head 
and thorax, and dark brown markings on abdomen. 

Head, length .36 mm., width .53 mm.; palpi not pro- 
jecting, antennez slightly projecting; front bare; lateral 
margin in front of ocular depression with four hairs of 
which one is long; eye with slight but distinct emargina- 
tion; ocular fringe distinct; temporal margin with four 
long hairs, of which one, the third, is very long, and a 
few short hairs; occipital margin concave; pale yellowish 
brown, with small dark brown to black ocular blotches, 
and narrow occipital border expanded at bases of the 
very faint occipital bands. 

Prothorax, with spine and hair on lateral angles, and 
close to the angle on latero-posterior border a hair; in 
latero-posterior angles a single hair, and along rounded 
posterior margin two very short hairs and two longer ones; 
without dark markings, although the lateral angles and 
borders appear darker because of sternal markings show- 
ing through; also the median sternal blotch faintly show- 
ing through. Metathorax with angular emargination on 
sides showing line of fusion of meso- and metathorax; 
anterior angles.rounded; sides bare; posterior angles 
with a spine and two strong hairs; anterior angles bor- 
dered with black; lateral margins unevenly bordered 
with brown in which there is on each side a short linear 
black mark cutting off the region of the posterior angles. 
Sternal markings consisting of a median blotch on pro- 
thorax, a paler and more indistinct large median blotch 
on metathorax, and dark intercoxal lines. Legs concolor- 
ous with body; all femora thickened. 

Abdomen, nowhere strongly colored or marked; an 
uncolored longitudinal line running parallel with each 
lateral margin on segments 1-8; outside of this line on 
each segment an ill-defined fuscous blotch showing as its 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 147 


most distinct portion a short transverse line, especially 
noticeable on segments 1-6: the posterior angles of the 
segments, which hardly project, bear each a long hair, a 
very few scattered small hairs on lateral margin; numer- 
ous short non-pustulated hairs scattered over the surface 
of the body; last segment pale with two longish lateral 
marginal hairs, and convex behind with a short fringe of 
fine transparent hairs. 


Colpocephalum funebre n. sp. (Plate xii, fig. 7). 


Two females from two specimens of the Glaucous- 
winged Gull, Zarus glaucescens, Bay of Monterey, Cali- 
fornia. This species resembles fusczPes. 

Description of female. Body, length 3.1 mm., width 
1.5 mm.; large with comparatively small head and thorax; 
dark brown, with black markings, 

Head, length 5 mm., width .78 mm.; palpus barely or 
not at all projecting beyond margin of forehead; antenna 
projecting slightly; front flatly rounded with eleven hair§ 
on each side between middle of front and ocular emar- 
gination, of those on the true front the second and fifth 
longer than the others and of those on the side one 
very long; ocular emargination deep, narrow; eye large, 
simple, hemispherical, the ocular fringe prominent; of 
the hairs on the temporal margin four are long; occi- 
pital margin not deeply concave, bare; color dark brown 
with a narrow black border extending more or less dis- 
tinctly entirely around the head; on the sides of the fore- 
head the border is broken into spots, and along the front 
it is sinuate and is narrowly margined in front bya pale, 
almost uncolored space; on each lateral region of the 
forehead there are three small circular uncolored spots 
from each of which arises a short hair; on under side 
of head, a distinct large occipital signature; narrow oc- 


148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


cipital bands bending outward anteriorly, and a narrow 
black line bounding the oral fossa. 

Prothorax, narrow, short; lateral angles obtuse, pro- 
duced, and with a spine and long hair; in latero-posterior 
angle a long hair, and in addition two posterior marginal 
hairs on each side of the middle; color dark brown with 
narrow black lateral border, and a very narrow transverse 
line across the segment in front of the middle. Meta- 
thorax, sides bare, posterior angles with two spines and a 
long hair; posterior margin with a few hairs; color dark 
brown with darker irregular broad lateral border and 
large trapezoidal median blotch (sternal marking showing 
through) limited to metathorax; a distinct paler-colored 
sutural line between meso- and metathorax, with slight 
angular emargination on the sides; mesothorax with a 
paler-colored narrow median line separating the dark 
quadrangular lateral blotches. Sternal markings consist- 
ing of a median irregularly octagonal blotch on prothorax, 
behind it a Y-shaped line running across mesothorax and 
connecting with a large pentagonal metathoracic blotch 
with apex directed anteriorly; in addition broad lateral 
and coxal borders. Legs long, fore femora greatly thick- 
ened, middle femora not so much so and hind femora 
but little thickened; with scattered prominent hairs; con- 
colorous with body. 

Abdomen, very large, elongate oval, with one long hair 
in’ posterior angles of segments and several short ones 
along sides and in angles; a series of ‘about twenty pus- 
tulated hairs along posterior margin of segments I-7; 
these series extending laterally only to a pale-colored lon- 
gitudinal line running parallel with the lateral margin of 
body and about .16 mm. from it. Color dark brown, 
with narrow black lateral border interrupted by sutures; 
and extending in on each segment along posterior margins 


NEW MALLOPHAGA, 149 


to the pale longitudinal line, and along anterior margin 
not quite to this line; broad transverse bands extending 
across each segment between the pale longitudinal lines; 
last segment with three blotches and rounded, hair-fringed 
posterior border. 


Colpocephalum laticeps n. sp. (Plate xii, fig. 8.) 

A single male specimen from an American Egret, Ardea 
egretta (Lawrence, Kansas). This small and well-marked 
species cannot be referred to any one of the Colpocephali 
described by Nitzsch from various species of Ardea. 

Description of male. Body, length 1.72 mm., width 
-72 mm.; dark golden brown, abdomen with distinct 
dark fuscous transverse bands. 

Head, length .31 mm., width .62 mm.; just twice as 
wide as long; front broadly rounded with hairs on each 
side of the middle, as follows: a very short one, another 
and another, all some distance apart, and in the lateral 
angle in front of the ocular emargination four, of which 
two are long; the eye undivided but with a. faint me- 
dial emargination and with a single black fleck in it; the 
ocular fringe not extending on the temporal margin; this 
margin with several short, fine, stiff hairs and three un- 
evenly long pustulated ones; also a long pustulated hair 
arising from nearly the center of the temporal region; 
occipital margin not deeply concave, with four hairs; 
color pale smoky brown, ocular blotch black, bordered 
irregularly with dark smoky brown which extends back- 
wards as an indication of occipital bands and forward as 
a suggestion of inner bands; temporal margin narrowly 
bordered with blackish brown; occipital margin narrowly 
bordered with black, widest along middle third of head. 

Prothorax comparatively long and narrow (the width is 
always greater than the length among the Colpocephali ), 


I50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


with conspicuously obtusely produced lateral angles bear- 
ing a spine and a long hair; the lateral margin between 
this lateral angle and the rounded posterior angle slightly 
concave and bare; posterior angle with a long hair fol- 
lowed by a short stiff hair, and by three long pustulated 
hairs along each half of the posterior margin; color fus- 
cous with a darker, narrow, transverse line before the mid- 
dle, and two similarly colored, narrow, curving lines run- 
ning subparallel with the lateral margins. Metathorax 
trapezoidal, with posterior angles projecting ‘beyond the 
sides of the abdomen; these angles with some short stiff 
hairs and the first of a series of ten long hairs ranged 
along the posterior margin; lateral margins bare and with 
a slight constriction in front of the middle indicating the 
line of fusion of meso- and metathorax; color fuscous 
with darker, almost black, triangular blotch in posterior 
angles, and a rather broad, pale, almost uncolored trans- 
verse line at line of fusion of meso- and metathorax. 

Abdomen rather broadly elliptical with projecting ends 
of segments; one long and several shorter hairs on each 
posterior angle, and a series of about twelve hairs along 
the posterior margin of each segment. Color pale at su- 
tures, black interrupted (by sutures) lateral bands, and 
a dark brown transverse band extending entirely across 
each segment; ninth segment broadly rounded behind 
with narrow transparent margin thickly set with a fringe 
of short sharp-pointed transparent hairs. 


Ancistrona gigas Piaget. (Plate xiii, figs. 1 and 2.) 
Les Pediculines, Supplement, 1885, p. 117, pl. xii, fig. 8. 
Several specimens, 4 , 9 and ©, of this remarkable form 
from four individuals of the Pacific Fulmar, Aw/marus 
glacialis vars. rodgersit and glupischa (Bay of Monterey, 
California). Piaget described the species from a single 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. I51 


female taken from Procellarza glacialis. His description 
is excellent. The males differ from the females very 
little, the recognizable character being the hairless con- 
dition of the posterior border of the last abdominal seg- 
ment. On each lateral margin of this segment there is a 
small group of short uncolored hairs, rather thick at base. 
I figure the male and an immature specimen. The im- 
mature specimen is without markings, except for a black 
fleck in the posterior angle of head, and a weak indica- 
tion of the prothoracic lines. The head and thorax are 
of pale brownish, the abdomen whitish tinged with buffy. 
The measurements of the specimens figured are as fol- 
lows: Male, body, length 5.5 mm.,-width 2.65 mm.; 
head, length .7 mm., width 1.87 mm. Young, body, 
length 2.6 mm., width 1.2 mm.; head, length .5 mm., 
width 1. mm. 


Trinoton lituratum Nitzsch. (Plate xiii, fig. 3.) 

Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 300. 

Trinotum lituratum Nitzsch, Burmeister, Handbuch d. Entomologie, 
vol. ii, p. 441; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 260, pl. xviii, fig. 
10. 

Trinoton squalidum Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 235, 
pl. xxii, fig. 3; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 259. 

Trinoton lituratum Nitzsch, Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 597, pl. 
xlix, fig. 7. 

A few specimens taken from the Pintail, Dafila acuta, 
and the Buff-breasted Merganser, Merganser serrator 
(Lawrence, Kansas). Nitzsch’s original specimen was 
found on Mergus albellus, and Denny’s specimens were 
taken from Anas clypeata. Piaget found the species on 
Dendrocygna arborea and Anser albifrons (Zool. Garden 
of Rotterdam). The species is easily recognized by its 
short broad outline and its markings. The female figured 
by me measured as follows: body, length 2.1 mm., width 
.63 mm.; head, length .5 mm., width .63 mm. 


152 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Trinoton luridum Nitzsch. (Plate xiii, fig. 4.) 
Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 300. 


(Louse of the Teal) Redi, Experimenta circa gen. Insectorum, 1686, 
pl. xii (or x?); Albin, Nat. Hist. of Spiders and other curious 
insects, 1736, pl. 46 (or 48?). 

Trinotum luridum Nitzsch. Burmeister, Handbuch. d. Entomologie, 
vol. ii, p. 441; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 258, pl. xviii, 
He Oe 

Trinoton luridum Nitzsch. Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1842, 
p. 234, pl. xxii, fig. 2; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 591, pl. 
xeiibe, inked, 8% 

Trinoton gracile Grube. Middendorff’s Reise, vol. i, p. 494, pl. ii 
figs. 6 and 6a. 

Trinoton conspurcatum Nitzsch. Gurlt, in Mag. f. d. ges. Thierheilk., 
vol. vili, p. 480, pl. iv, fig. 15. 

I have taken this common parasite of ducks from the 
Shoveler, Spatula clypeata, the Buff-breasted Merganser, 
Merganser serrator, the Greenwinged Teal, Anas caro- 
linensis, the Pintail, Dajfla acuta, the Mallard, Avxas bos- 
cas, the Widgeon, Anas americana (Lawrence, Kansas), 
and from the Ruddy duck, Hr¢smatura rubida (Monte- 
rey, California). There is, as has already been said by 
Piaget, a considerable variation in the individuals of this 
species, especially in the extent and intensity of the ab- 
dominal markings. It seems hardly worth while in the 
present state of knowledge of the Mallophaga to attempt 
to indicate these varietal differences by name. The size 
varies somewhat markedly among individuals and the 
males are smaller than the females. The following are 
the measurements of two specimens, one a male taken 
from a Pintail, Dafla acuta (Lawrence, Kansas), and 
the other, whose measurements are enclosed in paren- 
theses, a female (the specimen figured by me) taken from 
a Ruddy Duck, Aresmatura rubida (Monterey, Calitor- 
nia): Body, length 4.3 mm. (5. mm.), width 1.19 mm. 
(1.56 mm.); head, length .7 mm. & 8 mm.), width 1. 
mim. (1.26mi. - 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. B53 


An immature specimen taken from a Greenwinged 
Teal, Anas carolinensis (Lawrence, Kansas), is almost 
as large as the average adult, but is uniformly pale, faintly 
tinged with clear brownish, showing no markings except 
a distinct black ocular fleck and the brown mandibles. 
The dimensions of this specimen are: Body, length 4.5 
mm., width 1.43 mm.; head, length .81 mm., width 1.28 
mm. 


Lemobothrium similis n. sp. (Plate xiv, figs. 1 and 2.) 


A single specimen from an Eared Grebe, Colymbus 
nigricollis californicus (Lawrence, Kansas). This species 
is very like Piaget’s emarginatum (Les Pediculines, 1880, 
p. 585, pl. xlviii, fig. 8), taken from Gallinula hema- 
topus (Zool. Garden of Rotterdam), but lacks the occi- 
pital bands of the head, has more of the peculiar, short, 
flattened, stiff points on the front margin of the head, has 
a very differently shaped prothorax (if Piaget’s descrip- 
lion and figure are accurate), lacks the strong markings 
of emargination, and is a slightly larger species. My 
specimen is probably not adult, but is of not earlier stage 
than the last nymphal one. Adult specimens will measure 
a little larger, and will be a little more strongly marked. 
This genus has not before been found on a pygopodous 
bird. 

Female, body, length 4.4 mm., width .87 mm.; uncol- 
ored (weakly pale brownish) with narrow, sharp, brown 
markings on head and thorax. 

Head, length r. mm., width .78 mm.; ocular emargina- 
tion slight, contraction of sides of head even with the 
mandibles strong, sides of forehead slightly converging ; 
front with rounding emargination, angles rounding; on 
each side of the center of the emargination toward the 
angle are a short hair, a longer hair arising from ventral 
surface, two short flattened spines, and projecting over 


154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


the margin between them a hair arising from the dorsal 
surface, a long hair, a very short weak hair, and beyond 
the apex of the angle two flattened spines, the second one 
longer, and a long hair; the front half of the convex 
margin of the antennal fossa bears one very long hair 
and four shorter hairs, and the hinder half three weak, 
equal hairs arising close together and projecting back- 
wards; the temporal margins bear two long hairs and more 
than a dozen short, equal ones; occipital margin concave; 
eyes double, inconspicuous; antennz concealed in fosse 
but showing through, fourth segment subglobular; labial 
palpi, with thick segments of about equal length, third 
and fourth segments with a short hair at anterior 
outward angle; mandibles pale brown with teeth dark 
brown; ocular flecks black; antennal fosse rimmed with 
brown and a curved band, convex behind, across the head 
between middle points of antennary fossz; a narrow, long, 
pale brown triangle projecting back from middle of trans- 
verse curving band just described; no occipital bands; 
in front of mandibles a rounding, pointed, crescent-shaped 
fossa, convex anteriorly. 

Prothorax, subquadrangular, with a narrow anterior 
neck-like portion which fits into the occipital concavity of 
the head, sharply set off by a constriction; the posterior 
margin deeply and broadly emarginate, leaving the pos- 
terior angles. as obtusely pointed, backward projecting 
processes underlying the metathorax; behind the frontal , 
constriction the margin is angulated and a long hair and 
a short one rise from the angle; two black flecks on the 
frontal margin, a black fleck on each side of the constric- 
tion, and a brown lateral marking extending a little way 
along the middle of the margin. ‘Metathorax and meso- 
thorax continuous in outline with the abdomen; meso- 
thorax indicated bya very slight narrowing near the front 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 155 


of the combined segments; three longer hairs and seven 
short ones along the margin of the segment; two brown 
flecks on front margin, and the rounding anterior angles 
narrowly and weakly margined with brown. Legs, un- 
colored, except for pale brown at extremities of segments, 
and very narrow marginal lines; front margins of femora 
of middle and hind legs with four or five subequal prom- 
inent hairs and several very short ones. 

Abdomen, parallel-sided for anterior half and then 
gradually tapering posteriorly; no marginal constrictions 
between segments; but one or two long hairs in each 
posterior angle; last segment with one strong long hair 
and one longer, weaker hair in each posterior angle and 
a series of six short, equal hairs along posterior margin; 
margin narrowly lined with pale, clear brownish, and 
within a parallel, narrow, uncolored line. 


Lemobothrium atrum Nitzsch. (Plate xiv, fig. 3.) 

Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 302. 

Pulex fulice Redi, Experimenta circa generationem Insectorum, 1686, 
pl. iv, fig. 1. 

Lemobothrium nigrum Burmeister, Handbuch d. Entomologie, 1832, 
vol. ii, p. 442. 

Lemobothrium atrum Nitzsch, Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 
1842, p. 240; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 253, pl. xviii, fig. 5; 
Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 586. 

A single specimen from an American Coot, Fudica 
americana (Monterey, California). The previously 
taken specimens have been found on Fudlica atra, also 
probably one occurrence on Podiceps rubricollis. The 
descriptions vary somewhat and are incomplete, and 
Giebel’s figure shows strange markings of head and tho- 
rax, but the large size and dark coloration of the entire 
body sufficiently identify the species. Giebel’s measure- 
ments are far under those of my specimen, which are: 
body, length 8 mm., width 1.9 mm.; head, length 1.4 
mm., width 1.17 mm. 


156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Menopon navigans n. sp. (Plate xiv, figs. 4 and 5.) 

Two males anda young female taken from a Short- 
tailed Albatross, Dzomedea albatrus (Bay of Monterey, 
California). Piaget has found a Menopon (affine, 
Tijdschr. voor Ent., 1890, vol. xxxili, p. 248, pl. x, fig. 
3) on an Albatross (Diomedea exulans, a skin in the 
Leyden Museum), but my new species does not resem- 
ble afine particularly. Afine is a smaller species, with a 
head more than three-fifths as long as broad; the head of 
the new species is twice as wide as long. 

Description of the male. Body, length 1.8 mm., width 
-75 mm.; head and thorax pale with dark brown mark- 
ings; abdomen with large, brown, transverse bands, sub- 
parallel-sided; many long bending hairs. 

Head, length .34 mm., width .66 mm.; semilunar, 
front with, on each side, three hairs (of which the second 
is not strictly marginal), then a very short prickle, then 
five hairs in front of the ocular region, of which three are 
long; palpi and antenne projecting by the length of their 
terminal segments; temporal margin with two very long 
hairs, one half as long, two one-fourth as long, and a few 
short ones; occipital margin concave with four hairs on 
the middle third. Color, pale brown, darker medially, 
and with black ocular blotches, and a linear, black, occip- 
ital border. 

Prothorax broad, short, with lateral angles much pro- 
duced and bearing two long hairs and a spine; posterior 
margin flatly convex with ten hairs; color pale with a 
brown transverse line and brown lateral angles darkest 
outwardly, the margin of the latero-posterior sides being 
black. Metathorax short, as broad as prothorax, pentag- 
onal, posterior margin straight with a series of hairs closely 
set, anterior angles and lateral borders expanding in pos- 
terior angles, black; a broad transverse brown band like 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. DS 7 


those of abdomen, in front of which a narrow whitish 
space broadest medially. Legs concolorous with pale 
ground color of body, with hairs and thickened femora. 
Abdomen oblong, with convex sides and ends, all the, 
segments except 9 being of approximately equal width; 
especially long hairs in posterior angles and shorter hairs 
on surface; each segment except 9 with broad transverse 
brown band covering nearly whole surface of segment 
and darkest along posterior margin; lateral extremities 
of bands dark brown to black, forming narrow interrupted 
lateral bands; segment 9 wholly colored, paler than trans- 
verse bands, large, rounding with numerous long hairs. 


Menopon indistinctum n. sp. Plate xiv, figs. 6 and 7.) 


Two females taken from an American Avocet, /eecur- 
virostra americana (Lawrence, Kansas). This species 
most -clearly resemble ‘crocatum Nitzsch (ed. Geibel, 
Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 392), from 
a Numenius arquata and Hematopus ostralegus (Piaget), 
but there are differences quite as considerable as those 
which have been used by Giebel and Piaget to separate 
the various J7Zenopon species found on the shore birds. 
Crocatum, lutescens et. al. ought, perhaps, to be grouped 
together as a single species with several varieties, as is 
done for Docophorus communis, the common Docophorus 
of the passerine birds. However I add this species from 
our Avocet to the group which must sometime be well 
revised. The noticeable differences between this new 
species and crocatum lie in the number and disposition of 
the hairs of the head and thorax. The species does not 
at all resemble Nitzsch’s species from the European Avo- 
cet, ARecurvtrosira avocetta (micrandum, Zeitschr. f. ges. 
Naturwiss. ed. Giebel, 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 392), which 
has a thorax without hairs, and an abdomen with uncolored 
longitudinal lines. 


158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Description of female. Body, length 1.80 mm., width 
.7 mm. 

Head, length .28 mm., width .5 mm.; semilunar; twice 
as wide as long, front with two short hairs at the middle, 
and on each side in front of the ocular region two short 
hairs and a long one; palpi slightly projecting; ocular 
margin straight or very faintly concave; temporal margin 
with four long pustulated hairs and several short ones; 
occipital margin concave with one long pustulated hair on 
each side; head golden brown with fuscous clouding, 
occipital margin and ocular fleck black; curving line 
bounding inwardly the antennal region black inwardly 
. Shading into dark brown outwardly; a transversal line 
even with the mandibles and expanded at outer ends, dark 
brown. 

Prothorax, seven-eighths as broad as head, lateral angles 
very obtusely rounded, almost truncate, with two spines 
and a long hair; behind the angle on latero-posterior side 
a spine, then two hairs, and on the straight posterior mar- 
gin three hairs on each side of the middle; color smoky 
brown with a_ distinct transverse darker line in front of 
the middle and not reaching the lateral margins; outside 
of each end of this line a short, slightly curving, longitu- 
dinal, dark line;, the latero-posterior sides narrowly edged 
with black. Metathorax just as wide as head, narrow 
anteriorly with rapidly diverging sides, mesothorax dis- 
tinctly separated by marginal constriction and dark trans- 
verse line; posterior angles of mesothorax bare, sides of 
meso- and metathorax bare; posterior angles of meta- 
thorax with aspine and the terminal one of a series of hairs 
ranged thickly along the weakly convex posterior margin; 
metathorax with a broad, transverse, fuscous band across 
posterior half. Sternal markings composed of small me- 
dian blotch on prothorax with lateral linear processes; a 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 159 


small pointed blotch with two diverging very small linear 
processes projecting anteriorly, the whole between strongly 
curving, inwardly produced intercoxal lines, on meso- 
thorax; and a larger median blotch, truncate behind, 
convex before, with two small linear points near the pos- 
terior angles of median blotch, on metathorax; a smaller 
semilunar median blotch on first segment of abdomen is 
also apparaent; the blotches of metathorax and first ab- 
dominal segment are beset with numerous short pustu- 
lated hairs. Legs pale smoky brown, with darker mark- 
ings. 

Abdomen, elongate oval, posterior angles of segments 
I-3 projecting a little; the others barely or not at all; a 
rather long hair and some shorter ones in each angle; 
also a series of hairs in small pustulations along the pos- 
terior margin of each segment; all segments with a broad, 
distinct, light fuscous, transverse band whose extreme outer 
margins are darker; the bands separated by wide. uncol- 
ored, sutural lines; last segment, broad, short, uncolored, 
posterior margin concave with a series of fine short hairs. 


Menopon numerosum n. sp. (Plate xv, fig. 1.) 


An abundant parasite of the Pacific Fulmars, /w/marus 
glacialis vars. glupischa and rodgersi, taken on twenty- 
four out of thirty specimens shot on the Bay of Monterey, 
California. 

Description of male. Body, length 1.44 mm., width 
.62 mm.; pale yellowish to reddish brown, with trans- 
verse abdominal bands, separated by broad, white, su- 
tural bands. 

Head, length .28 mm., width .50 mm.; front very ob- 
tusely but distinctly angled with two short hairs on each 
side of the median angle; three long hairs and three short 
ones before the slight ocular emargination; a sparsely set 


160 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ocular fringe of short stiff hairs, and in the temporal an- 

\ gles four long hairs and several short ones: occipital 
margin broadly and shallowly concave and with four hairs ; 
dark brown ocular blotches, distinct black flecks in the 
-eyes, and a narrow, dark brown, occipital border. 

Prothorax with posterior margin broadly and evenly 
rounded with fourteen long hairs in aseries extending from 
lateral angle to lateral angle; a narrow transverse line in 
front of the middle anda short longitudinal line at each 
end of the transverse line; the lateral angle regions slightly 
darker than rest of segment. Metathorax with diverging 
sides, straight or very flatly convex posterior margin; 
along the sides three short spines, of which the first two 
project upwards and the third outwards beyond the mar- 
gin; in the posterior angles are two long hairs, then a 
short spine, and then a series of twelve long, strong hairs 
ranged along the posterior margin. Legs concolorous 
with body. 

Abdomen elongate ovate, with long hairs in the poste- 
rior angles of segments and a series of long hairs along 
the posterior margin of each segment; ground color 
whitish showing in broad, transverse sutural bands; each 
segment with a pale, reddish brown, transverse band, 
darker and with a subtransparent, curving space at each 
end; posterior margin of last segment smoothly rounded 
with a few rather long weak hairs. 

Female larger, length 2. mm., width .78 mm.; head, 
length .3 mm., width .53 mm.; abdomen more elongate, 
last segment less broadly rounded, and with a narrow, 
transparent, posterior border thickly fringed with fine 
transparent hairs. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. I61 


Menopon infrequens n. sp. (Plate xv, fig. 5.) 


A single female taken from a Glaucous-winged Gull, 
Larus glaucescens (Bay of Monterey, California). 

Description of female. Body, length 2 mm., width 
.8t mm.; brown with chestnut, transverse abdominal 
bands, narrow black lateral bands, and broadly linear, 
diagonal, black, ocular blotches. 

Head, length .31 mm., width .62 mm., thus being just 
twice as wide as long; brown with darker fuscous clouds; 
narrow black occipital margin; black ocular blotches in 
the form of diagonal bars; some indefinite pale to uncol- 
ored spaces, as in the posterior angles, along the front, 
and a more definite circular space containing a long hair 
and a spine on each side of the forehead just outside of 
the origin of the labial palpi; on the front four short hairs 
near the middle, and on the sides in front of the ocular 
region two short hairs and one longer but weak hair; 
temporal angles with three long hairs, one one-half as long 
and some shorter hairs; occipital margin with four pus- 
tulated hairs; on ventral aspect occipital bands showing, 
enclosing an orbicular occipital signature, with a series of 
five pustulated hairs along the lateral margins. 

Prothorax, with fourteen long, pustulated hairs extending 
in series from lateral angle to lateral angle along the poste- 
rior margin, which in its middle third is almost straight; 
ground color of segment largely clouded with fuscous to 
dark brown, especially in lateral angle region, which is very 
narrowly margined with black; the usual transverse line in 
front of middle with curving longitudinal lines at the ends 
especially distinct. Metathorax with lateral emargination 
and dark brown sutural lines separating mesothorax; pos- 
terior margin straight, with a series of not very long 
hairs, and two or three hairs and a spine in the posterior 
angles; a fuscous transverse band across posterior half of 

Proc, Cau. AcaD. Sci,, 2p SeR., VoL, VI. (11) March 14, 1896. 


162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


segment, with its lateral margins black. Sternal mark- 
ings composed of a small trapezoid on prothorax with 
the posterior angles produced, and a broad blotch on 
metathorax; the anterior coxe are produced forward and 
backward into broad lobe-like appendages, rounded in 
front and angulated behind. Legs concolorous with 
ground color of the body, with darker margins. 

Abdomen, elongate ovate, with one long hair and sev- 
eral short ones rising on margin just in front of each 
uncolored posterior angle, and a series of hairs along 
posterior margins of segments; segments 1-8 with a 
broad, transverse, fuscous band darker at lateral extremi- 
ties and black on extremelateral margins; segment 9 uni- 
formly colored, broadly rounded with narrow, uncolored, 
fringed, posterior margin. 

Menopon loomisii n. sp. (Plate xv, fig. 6.) 

Specimens taken from two specimens of the White- 
winged Scoter, Ozdemia deglandi (Bay of Monterey, 
California). Named after Mr. Leverett M. Loomis, Cura- 
tor of Birds, California Academy of Sciences. 

Decription of female. Body, length 1.8 mm., width 
.84 mm.; pale golden brown to pale chestnut brown. 

Head, length .3 mm., width .56 mm.; semilunar with 
evenly rounding front, shallow ocular emarginations, and 
rounded posterior angles; occipital margin concave; palpi 
projecting by the length of the last segment; the antenne 
when outstretched projecting beyond the margin of head 
by the length of the last segment; a pair of very small 
hairs in middle of front, a longer one on side followed by 
a very short one, and then two or three longer ones in 
front of the emargination; the ocular fringe composed 
of few but rather strong hairs longer than usual; tem- 
poral margins with three very long hairs and two more 
on occipital margin of the produced temples; four addi- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 163 


tional hairs on the oc¢ipital margin; a small, black, ocular 
fleck, dark brown ocular blotch, the mandibles black- 
tipped, the other mouth-parts and the basal segments of 
the palpi brown. 

Prothorax with produced lateral angles obtuse, bearing 
two spines and a long hair, which is the terminal one in 
a series of fourteen ranged along the rounded posterior 
margin of the segment; the transverse line, with curving 
vertical lines at its extremities is distinct. Metathorax 
with divergent sides, not quite as wide as head, with flatly 
convex posterior margin bearing a series of long hairs; 
in each lateral angle several small spines and the terminal 
hair of the posterior series. Legs concolorous with body; 
with scattered, rather long hairs. 

Abdomen ovate, with broad transverse bands across all 
segments separated by wide uncolored sutures; in the 
anterior angles of each transverse band a small cuiving 
comma-like chitinous band; the segments with fine hairs 
on lateral margins, and longer weak hairs in the posterior 
angles; dorsal surface with hairs. 

Menopon titan Piaget. (Plate xv, fig. 2.) 
Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 503, pl. xl, fig. 7. 
Tetraopthalmus chilensis Grosse, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1885, vol. xlii, 
p- 530. 

Many specimens of this species, or of a variety, found 
on four of five specimens examined of California Brown 
Pelican, Pelicanus californicus (Bay of Monterey, Cal- 
ifornia), and on the White Pelican, Pelzcanus erythrorhyn- 
chus (Lawrence, Kansas). These large conspicuous par- 
asites are found not alone among the feathers of the host 
but also abundantly clinging to the inner surface of the 
gular pouch, a circumstance which suggests that feathers 
may not constitute the exclusive food of the parasites. 

Piaget has described two species of these giant JZeno- 
pons of the Pelicans, viz.: ¢¢tan found on Pe/ecanus ono- 


164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


crotalus (Zool. Garden of Rotterdam) and consanguineum 
(Les Pediculines, Supplement, 1885, p. 116, pl. xii, fig. 
7) found on P. erythrorhynchus (dried skin in Museum 
of Leyden). Picaglia has described a third species rag- 
azzt (Atti d. Soc. d. Nat. d. Modena, 1885, serie iii, vol. 
ii) found on P. trachyrhynchus (Callao), and has estab- 
lished the subgenus Pragetza for the group. The char- 
acters of the subgenus are as follows: ‘‘abdomen narrow 
and very elongate; male longer than female; length more 
than 5 mm.’’ The remaining members of the genus 
Menopon present in contrast these characters: ‘‘abdomen 
oval-elongate, rounded oval, or almost round; male smaller 
than the female; length varying from 1 to 3 mm.’’ The 
species chiefly used by Franz Grosse in his study of the 
anatomy of the Mallophaga was a member of this JZeno- 
pon titan group, taken from a Pelican, undetermined, 
from Chile. 

It certainly seems advisable to indicate the peculiar 
characters of the group by assigning to it a subgeneric 
name; but I can hardly recognize in Picaglia’s descrip- 
tion of ragazzi characters other than the dimensions 
which make it recognizably distinct from “tan. My 
specimens from Pel. erythrorhynchus show the slight vari- 
ations from ¢ctan indicated by Picaglia in his description 
of ragazzt, but the dimensions are quite as large as those 
of ¢t7tan (Picaglia made ragazz7 one-fourth shorter than 
titan)! My specimens from Pel/. californicus closely cor- 
respond with Piaget’s description of ¢ztan, except that the 
transverse abdominal blotches are not bifurcated at the 
extremities. I believe that the present knowledge of the 
group hardly justifies any separation of the known forms 
into distinct species, but that the presence of these varia- 
tions may be recognized by letting ¢ztam stand as the rep- 
resentative form of the species (consanguineum is evidently 
a distinct species, the equality in size of both sexes re- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 165 


moving any likelihood of confusing it with ¢z#az), and by 
designating ragazz¢ and my specimens as varieties pre- 
senting the following diagnostic characters: 

Var. ragazzia Picaglia, from Pelecaus trachyrhynchus 
(Callao); small, length of male 3.42 mm., of female 
3.15 mm.; mesothoracic suture indistinct; metathorax a 
little wider than the head; general color paler than ¢z¢an. 

Var. zmpar Kellogg, from Pelecanus erythrorhynchus 
(Lawrence, Kansas); with the minor differential char- 
acters of ragazz?, but almost as large as ¢zfan; length 
of male 4.7 mm., of female 3.8 mm. 

Var. /inearzs Kellogg (Plate xv, fig. 2), from Pelecanus 
californicus; about same size as ¢7tan; length of male 5.2 — 
mm., of female 4.2 mm.; transverse abdominal blotches 
not bifurcated at extremities, and the longitudinal un- 
colored lines beyond spiracles very distinct in female, 
forming an interrupted, uncolored, longitudinal line for 
full length of abdomen, setting off lateral abdominal 
bands which are darker than the other abdominal mark- 
ings. 

Menopon tridens Nitzsch. (Plate xv, figs. 3 and 4.) 

?Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii. 

Lemobothrium tridens Nitzsch. Zeitzschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. (ed. 
Giebel), 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 396. 

Menopon scopulacorne Denny. Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 
221, pl. 18, fig. 9. 

Menopon tridens Nitzsch. Burmeister, Handbuch. d. Ent., 1832, vol. 
ii, p. 440; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 296, pl. xvii, fig. 9; 
Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 479, pl. xxxix, fig. 1. 

I have taken several specimens of a JZenopon from 
Coots, Grebes, and Loons and from a single Tern, which 
are referable to this species, or at least to the group of 
forms of which /rzdens is the described representative. 
The descriptions of ¢rzdens by Piaget and by Giebel differ 
positively in various particulars, noticeably in the char- 
racters of the hairs. My specimens agree exactly with , 


166 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


neither of these descriptions, and besides differ among 
themselves in size and shape of head to such a degree 
that I have arranged them in three groups to which I 
give, tentatively, varietal rank. These varieties are as fol- 
lows: 

Var. pacificum Kellogg, from the Pacific Loon, Urznator 
pacificus( Bay of Monterey,California), and from five speci- 
mens out of ten of the American Coot, /ulica americana, 
shot near Monterey, California, and on two specimens out 
of five of the same bird species from Lawrence, Kansas; 
measurements, female, length 1.65 mm., width .62 mm.; 
head, length .28 mm., width .5 mm.; smaller than the 
succeeding variety which it otherwise resembles. 

Var. zusolens Kellogg (plate xv, figs. 3 and 4), from 
an Eared Grebe, Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Bay 
of Monterey, California), and from a Forster’s Tern, 
Sterna forstert (Lawrence, Kansas) ; measurements, 
female, length 2. mm., width .72 mm.; head, length .31 
mm., width .53 mm.; markings distinct and dark; lateral 
bands of abdomen nearly black. 

Var. par Kellogg, from a Western Grebe, &chmo- 
phorus occidentalis (Lawrence, Kansas); measurements, 
female, length 2. mm., width .78 mm., head, length .31 
mm., width .56 mm.; decidedly paler colors. 

As already mentioned none of these varieties agrees 
with Piaget’s or with Giebel’s description of the species. 
The notable differences lie in the dimensions, in the pres- 
ence through all of the varieties of six hairs on the oc- 
cipital margin (Giebel says four; Piaget says two); and 
similarly through all the varieties the clear brown color 
of the lateral abdominal bands instead of an uncolored 
condition as affirmed by Piaget. The specimens of Piaget 
were taken from Gallinula chloropus; and his variety 
major based simply and certainly insufficiently on a dif- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 167 


ference in size amounting to but one-tenth of a millimeter 
in total length in the female and half that in the male, 
was taken on Fulica atra. Nitzsch found the species on 
Fulica atra, Gallinula chloropus, Crex porzana, Podiceps 
auritus, Podiceps cristatus; Denny found his scopulacorne 
on Fallus aguaticus, Podiceps minor and Gallinula chlo- 
ropus. The species is easily recognized by the peculiar 
trilobed process, function unknown, on the under side 
of the hind-head (see fig. 4, pl. xv). 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


PLATE II.— Fig. 1, Alimentary canal and salivary glands of Menopon 
mesoleucum (after Nitzsch). Fig. 2, Alimentary canal of Docophorus fusi- 
collis (after Nitzsch). Fig. 3, Nervous system of Lipeurus baculus(?) (after 
Nitzsch). Fig. 4, Female genitalia of Menopon mesoleucum (after Nitzsch). 
Fig. 5, Male genitalia of Menopon pallidum (after Nitzsch). Fig. 6, Respi- 
’ ratory system of Menopon titan (original). Fig. 7, Head, under side, of 
Lemobothrium sp. (after Grosse). Fig. 8, Labium of Tetraopthalmus chil- 
ensis[—Menopon titan(?)] (after Grosse). Fig. 9, Labium of Nirmus sp. 
(after Grosse). Fig. 10, Antenna of Tetraopthalmus chilensis [=Menopon 
titan] (after Grosse). Fig. 11, Antenna of 2 Lipeurus. Fig. 12, Antenna 
of 6 Lipeurus. Fig. 13, Leg of 4 Tetraopthalmus chilensis [= Menopon 
titan]. 


PLATE III.—Fig. 1, Docophorus calvus Kell.,Q. Fig. 2, D. fuliginosus 
Kell.,é. Fig. 3, D. graviceps Kell.,é. Fig. 4, D. acutipectus Kell., 2. 
Fig. 5, D. quadraticeps Kell.,2?. Fig. 6, D. montereyi Kell., 4. Fig. 7, 
D. occidentalis Kell.,9?. Fig. 8, D. kansensis Kell.,.2. Fig. 9, D. atri- 
color Kell., 2. 


PLATE IV.—Fig. 1, Docophorus icterodes N.,2. Fig. 2, D. pertusus 
N.,9 Fig. 3, D. pertusus N.,juv. Fig. 4, D. lari Denny,9. Fig. 5, D. 
insolitus Kell.,2. Fig. 6, D. melanocephalus Burm., ¢ . 


PLATE V.—Fig. 1, Nirmus prestans Kell.,é. Fig. 2, N. prestans 
Kell., ventral aspect abdomen of é. Fig. 3, N. hebes Kell.,2. Fig. 4, V. 
faralloniti Kell.,2. Fig. 5, N. orarius Kell.,2(?). Fig. 6, NV. giganticola 
Kell... Fig. 7, NV. bephilus Kell., 2. 


PLATE VI.—Fig. 1,.Nirmus punctatus N.,Q. Fig. 2, N. punctatus N., 
juv. Fig. 3, WN. felix Giebel, 3. Fig. 4, N. felix Giebel, ventral aspect 
abdomen of $. Fig.5, N.signatusP.,4.  Fig.6, WN. pileusN.,?. Fig. 7, 
NV. lineolatus N., 3. Fig. 8, N. lineolatus N., ventral aspect abdomen of é. 
Fig. 9, NV. lineolatus N., juv. 


168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


PLATE VII.—Fig. 1, Lipeurus densus Kell.,2. Fig. 2, L. densus Kell., 
ventral aspect head and thorax of 9. Fig. 3, LZ. varius Kell.,?. Fig. 4, 
L. varius Kell., juv. Fig.5, Z.celer Kell.,6. Fig. 6, ZL. celer Kell., 9. 
Fig. 7, L. longipilus Kell., 2. 


‘PLATE VIII.—Fig. 1, Lipeurus picturatus Kell.,@. Fig. 2, L. pictura- 
tus Kell., @juv. Fig. 3, D. diversus Kell.,. Fig. 4, Z. diversus Kell., ¢. 
Fig. 5, L. limitatus Kell.,2. Fig. 6, L. limitatus Kell., outline of metatho- 
rax to show arrangement and character of hairs. Fig. 7, L. constrictus 
Kell., Qjuv. Fig. 8, LZ. constrictus Kell., ¢ . 


PLATE IX.—Fig. 1, Lipeurus ferox Giebel,?. Fig. 2, L. ferox Giebel, 
4. Fig. 3, L. forficulatus Nitzsch,?. Fig. 4, L. forficulatus Nitzsch, 6. 
Fig. 5, L. forficulatus Nitzsch, juv. Fig. 6, L. forficulatus Nitzsch, very 
young, 


PLATE X.—Fig. 1, Lipeurus temporalis Nitzsch, 6. Fig.2, LD. testaceous 
Tschb., juv. Fig. 3, ZL. toxoceros Nitzsch, juv. Fig. 4, L.testaceous Tschb., 
@. Fig. 5, L. toxoceros Nitzsch, 4. Fig.6, L.squalidus Nitzsch,9. Fig. 
7, L. squalidus Nitzsch, posterior margin of metathorax showing arrange- 
ment and character of hairs. 


PLATE X1.—Fig. 1, Oncophorus advena Kell.,2. Fig. 2, O. advena 
Kell., head of 8. Fig. 3, Hurymetopus taurus Nitzsch,Q. Fig. 4, H. tau- 
rus Nitzsch, head of 4. Fig. 5, H#. taurus Nitzsch,? juv. Fig. 6, JZ. 
taurus Nitzsch,é juv. Fig. 7, Giebelia mirabilis Kell.,6. Fig. 8, G. 
mirabilis Kell., outline of head of 2. 


PLATE XII.—Fig. 1, Colpocephalum unciferum Kell.,é. Fig. 2, C. 
unciferum Kell., outline and last segments of abdomen of 2. Fig. 3, C. 
unciferum Kell., juv. Fig. 4, C. uniforme Kell.,2. Fig. 5, C. pingue 
Kell.,é. Fig. 6, C. timidum Kell.,92. Fig.7, C. funebre Kell.,2. Fig. 
8, C. laticeps Kell.,é . 


PLATE XIII.—Fig. 1, Ancistrona gigas Piaget, é. Fig. 2, Ancistrona 
gigas Piaget, juv. Fig. 3, TV'rinoton lituratum Nitzsch,?. Fig. 4, Vrino- 
ton luridum Nitzsch, 9°. 


PLATE XIV.—Fig. 1, Lemobothrium similis Kell.,é. Fig. 2, L. similis 
Kell., ventral aspect of head of 2. Fig. 3, ZL. atrum Nitzsch, 2(?). Fig. 
4, Menopon navigans Kell.,é. Fig. 5, M. navigans Kell., juv. Fig. 6, M. 
indistinctum Kell.,Q. Fig. 7, M. indistinctum Kell., ventral aspect of 
thorax of 2. 


PLATE XV.—Fig. 1, Menopon numerosum Kell.,2. Fig. 2, M. titan 
var. linearis Kell.,4. Fig. 3, WM. tridens var. insolens Kell.,@. Fig. 4, 


M. tridens var. insolens Kell., ventral aspect of head of 2. Fig. 5, M. infre- 
quens Kell.,2. Fig. 6, M. loomisii Kell., 2. 


NORTH AMERICAN APTERYGOGENEA. 


BY HARALD SCHOTT. 
[With Plates xvi-xviii.] 


By the kindness of Dr. H. W. Harkness and through 
the mediation of Dr. Gustav Eisen, I have received for 
determination a collection of Apterygogenea, belonging 
to the California Academy of Sciences, as well as a col- 
lection belonging to Dr. Eisen personally. The exam- 
inations have to me been very interesting as leading to 
the discovering of several forms new to the science and 
giving an opportunity to control and correct several details 
concerning the Californian Collembola the descriptions of 
which were published by me in the year 1891. ‘The types 
of both the above collections are now in the California 
Academy of Sciences of San Francisco. 

The collection contains specimens found in upper and 
Baja California, Arizona and the Pacific Coast of Mexico, 
all having been collected by Dr. Eisen and Frank H. 
Vaslit. In my examinations of the Thysanura, I have 
consulted the following works: I] Sistema dei Tisanuri, 
by B. Grassi and G. Rove. (Estratta dal Naturalista 
Siciliano, An 1889-90), Monograph of the Collembola 
and Thysanura, by Sir Joun Lusgsock, London, 1873, 
Synopsis of the Thysanura of Essex County, Mass., by 
pe sn PACKARD, |r. \(in Bith Annual Report of. the 
Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science for the 
year 1872), and Campodee en Familie af Thysanurernes 
orden ved Fr. MEINERT (Naturhistorisk tidskrift, Kj6- 
benhavn, 1865, p. 400). 

In the collection the following genera and species are 
represented: 

Proc, Cau. ACAD. ScI., 2D Szr., Vou. VI. March 20, 1896. 


170 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


CODEN BO. LASitbubboek! 
Family SMINTHURID Lubbock. 


Gen. I. Smintuurus Latreille. 
Sminthurus longicornis n. sp. 


Bluish black. The terminal joint of the antenne ts annu- 
lated and double the length of the preceding.  Ttbial tenent 
hair wanting. The upper claw ts enclosed by a chitinous 
covering and armed with a large tooth. The lower claw ts 
lanceolate, one-toothed and provided with a thread-like 
appendage. The dental segment of the furcula are want- 
ing tenent hairs. The mucrones are spoon-shaped and © 
serrated only in one margin. Length 1 mm. 

This species is, by the shape of the mucrones, closely 
allied to S. fuscus Linn., but differs plainly by the articu- 
lation of the antenne and in the want of tenent hairs on 
the caudal appendage. 

S. fuscus Linn. has the terminal joint of the antenne 
of the same length as the two preceding joints together, 
and has the two middle joints provided with large sete. 
Our form, on the contrary, has the terminal joint of the 
antenne evidently longer than the three preceding ones 
together, and the sete on the middle joints replaced by 
scattered thin hairs. Bythese characteristics the species 
comes near S. Azsenzz Schott, from which it differs by 
the shape of the mucronal segment and by its color. 

Habitat. San Lazaro, Cape Region, Baja California. 
(Coll. Eisen and Vaslit.) 

I will in this connection observe that the species of the 
above genus which, in my memoir on Californian Collem- 
bola, I have identified with S. zzger Lbk., on a renewed 
examination has proved to be an independent species, to 
which I propose to give the name of SS’. a/bzpfes. The faulty 
determination was owing to my attaching too great weight 


NORTH AMERICAN APTERYGOGENEA. 07x 


‘to the delineation of the animal, and by disregarding the 
difference that appears in the structure of the mucrones. 
These bear a great resemblance to those of S. guadrili- 
neatus Tullb., from which, however, they differ in being 
flattened from the sides, and apparently serrulated. SS. 
niger Lbk. has the mucro distinctly in the form of a 
channel, and serrated in both the margins. 


Gen. IJ. Paprrius Lubbock. 


Of this genus I have in my materials also one individual, 
which has been found in Mexico by Dr. G. Eisen. On 
this single specimen I dare not, however, form a new 
species. 

On a dirty white ground color there is on the back a 
large black spot with regular outlines. 


Family ENTOMOBRYID Schitt. 


When, a few years ago, I was occupied with Collembola 
from California, I found a form, belonging to the family 
Entomobryide, which differed from all the others by the 
falcated mucronal segment. Until further I referred the 
form to anew genus Drepanura. Afterwards I have had 
an opportunity to study collections from Italy, Africa’and 
America. In all of them I have found forms, among 
other characteristics also presenting the above mentioned. 
By the segmentation of the body they are all connected 
with the type of ZLepzdocyrtus Bourl., or Hntomobrya 
Rond. 

I therefore think that the greatest order is attained 
when (1) to the gen. Lefedocyrtus Bourl., all the forms 
are referred which have the mesonotum more or less 
projecting and the body clothed with scales, (2) to the 
gen. Entomobrya Rond., forms with the mesonotum not 
projecting and without scales, and finally (3) to the gen. 


172 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Szra Lbk. forms clothed with scales but with the meso- 
notum not projecting. In consequence of this, the two 
temporary genera Drepanura and Pseudosira, before pro- 
posed by me, are to be excluded from the system. 


Gen. I. Tomocerus Nicolet. 


Tomocerus americanus n. sp. 


The dental spines are 9-11, the two upper and the two 
lower of which are considerably longer than the others. 
The upper claw is provided with three or four teeth. The 
lower claw is lanceolate and provided with one tooth. 
Length 4mm. 

As to the disposition of the dental spines of the caudal 
appendage, the above species is closely allied to 7. flav- 
esecens Tullb. A pointed scale near the inner spine is also 
to be found. The number of the spines seems to vary 
considerably. 

The variation is generally confined to the numbers 9-11. 
Characteristic is the disposition of the two flank spines 
in each end, considerably surpassing the others in length. 
The upper claw of the first pair of extremities often has 
four teeth, that of the other pair three. Also in this I 
have thought to find variation. Thus I have found several 
specimens on which all the pairs of extremities have had 
the upper claw armed with three teeth. 

In my memoir on Californian Collembola I have men- 
tioned a species of Zomocerus Lbk., which, on account 
of the limited materials I then had, I was not able to 
determine. A renewed study of my old preparation has 
shown that the species in question is identical with the 
one now described. 

Habitat. San Francisco. (Coll. G: Eisen.) 


NORTH AMERICAN APTERYGOGENEA. 173 


Gen. IJ. Lerpipocyrtus Bourlet. 
Lepidocyrtus Parckardi n. sp. 

(The specific name is given in honor of Professor A. 
©. Packard; Jr-) 

White with a bluish black delineation. The eyes are 
sixteen, eight on each side of the head. The terminal joint 
of the antenne ts longer than the preceding. The upper 
claw ts strongly developed and provided with three teeth. 
The lower claw ts lanceolate and unarmed. The furcula 
7s long; the dentes are rapidly tapering, twice as long as 
the manubrium; the mucrones are long and thin, at the 


point provided with only one hook. Length 3.5 mm. 


The second joint of the antennae is slightly longer than 
the third, which is about half as long as the terminal 
joint. The terminal segment of the fzscu/a is very narrow, 
a little curved, and provided with only one tooth. The 
body is covered with hairs, now club-shaped, now pointed 
and bristly, or even simple and straight. The first sort 
of hairs are heaped between the several segments of the 
body and on the head, the second on the dentes of the 
furcula, the third everywhere on the animal, especially 
on the antennez and extremities. 

From the specimens at my disposal it cannot be pos- 
itively concluded as to the real color of the animal. 
The ground color seems on alcoholic specimens to be 
pure white, and the delineation bluish black. The 
antenne are now bronze-brown, now deep blue. 

Habitat. Sierra Laguna, Baja California. (Coll. G. 
Eisen. ) 


Lepidocyrtus fulvus n. sp. 


‘ellow. The eyes are sixteen, eight on each side of the 
head. The second and third joints of the antenne are of 
about the same length, the terminal joint a fourth longer 


174 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


than the preceding. The upper claw ts rather curved, in 
the middle provided with a notch, and near the potnt with 
a tooth. The lower claw,on the first pair of extremities ts 
running out into three points, on the other pairs into two. 
The mucronal segment of the furcula is short, large, and 
furnished with one hook. Length 1.5 mm. 

The upper claw, rather curved and nearly cuneate, is 
in the middle of the inner margin provided with a notch, 
and towards the point of the claw with an apparent tooth. 
The /ower claw seems to be somewhat different on the 
several pairs of extremities. On the first it is at the point 
cut off obliquely on both sides of the middle line and runs 
out into three points, on the two posterior pairs the mar- 
gin only directed towards the upper claw is cut off, and 
the claw, therefore, runs out into only two points. The 
tibial tenent hair is swollen. The furcu/a is rather short, 
and has the mucro large and not attached to the dentes 
with any neck, as is the case with all the other forms 
provided with only one hook. The sca/es are all elliptical ; 
under the immersion-lens they seem to be provided with 
short ribs, close lying, and as to the place exactly cor- 
responding to the depressions which are characteristic of 
the other species of the genus Lefzdocyrtus Bourl. The 
scales, strange enough, do not appear before the animal 
has been treated with caustic alkali. 

Alcoholic specimens are wax-colored, with rusty brown 
traverses on the posterior margins of the trunkal segments. 
The insect, when alive, is probably rusty brown all over. 
The antenne are pale violet, the extremztzes yellow and 
the furcula colorless. 

_ Habitat. Magdalena Island, Baja California. (Coll. 
G. Eisen. ) 


NORTH AMERICAN APTERYGOGENEA. 17S 


Gen. IN. CremastTocrePuatus pn. g. 
(Derivatio Kpépad%o. and Kegahy ) 
Cremastocephalus trilobatus n. sp. 

The head ts hanging down. The thorax ts curved. ~The 
mesonotum covering the pronotum, but not projecting over 
the posterior part of the head. The fourth abdominal 
segment occupying the half of the body. The antenne are 
nearly twice as long as the body, 4-jointed, with the basal 
Joint strongly developed. The eyes are sixteen, erght on 
each side of the head. The tibial tenent hatr ts enlarged 
at the end. The upper claw is furnished with two teeth, 
extremely fine. The lower claw is obliquely cut off at the 
end. The dentes of the furcula are nearly of the same 
width all along. The mucro widely rectangular, running 
out tnto three large points, and furnished with a scale, 
hanging down in front. Scales wanting. Length 3mm. 


This genus, on a superficial inspection, seems to join 
characters derived from two genera before set up by me, 
the Campylothorax and Trichorypha. To the former it 
has some resemblance in the curved thorax and in the 
strongly developed basal joints of the antennz; to the 
latter in the shape of the mucronal segment of the furcula. 
From Campylothorax, however, it may easily be distin- 
guished by the following characters: 

(1) The shape of the mesonotum. (2) The number 
and disposition of the eyes. (3) The shape of the mua- 
cronal segment, and (4) The absence of scales. From 
Tricorypha it is to be distinguished by (1) the curved 
thorax; (2) the disposition of the eyes, and (3) the ab- 
sence of scales. 

The head is hanging down and the ¢horax curved, so 
that the form, as I said, on a superficial inspection, looks 
like a species of Campylothorax. The curvation of the 
body, however, is not produced by the angular mesonotum, 


176 : CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


but the head and the thoracic segments have to each other 
a certain bend forward. The fronotum is quite concealed 
by the mesonotum, which, however, does not project over 
the posterior part of the head. The mesonotum is a little 
longer than the metanotum, which also is somewhat longer 
than the first abdominal segment. The second abdominal 
segment is nearly thrice as long as the third; the fourth 
occupies about half the body. The oce//i are sixteen in 
number, eight on each side of the head. Their disposi- 
tion will appear from the drawing. The antenne have 
the basal joints strongly developed and reach almost to 
the point of the mucrones, if the caudal appendage is 
stretched out. They are four-jointed, and have the basal 
and terminal joint of about the same length; the second 
joint is nearly twice as long as the third. The outer joint 
often fails. The ¢zbzal tenent hazr is thick and enlarged 
at the end, but not ball-shaped. The upper claw is 
slightly curved and provided with two teeth, extremely 
small, which can be seen only under high magnifying 
power. The furcula is very characteristic. ‘The manu- 
brium is not quite as long as the dentes, which slightly 
taper towards the points. The mucronal segment being 
of the same width and somewhat bent inwards, runs out 
into three points. Before this segment there is hanging 
down an elliptical scale, which is put into an excavation 
in front at the point of the dentes. When examined by 
the aid of an immersion-lens the scale seems dotted and 
provided with a thick margin. Accordingly it has quite 
another texture than the skin scales which characterize 
several forms belonging to the family Hxtomobryide. 
The animal is thickly clothed with short hairs, above 
which, at the joints of the segments in general, and espe- 
cially between the first two thoracic segments, tufts of 
club-shaped hairs are rising. "These hairs, however, I 


NORTH AMERICAN APTERYGOGENEA. HF 


have observed in only one specimen. In the others they 
are probably broken off. On the body, and especially 
on the antenne and extremities, there also are extremely 
fine long hairs, standing out at right angles. Sku scales 
wanting. 

To judge from my materials, the color of the animal 
seems to be rather variable. I am going to describe two 
types. 

(1) Ground color dirty yellowish white. Along the 
back a dark band runs, broken off at the joints, and in- 
creasing in strength on the great abdominal segment. 
On the thoracic segments the band has a rusty brown 
color, passing on the abdomen into nearly black. The 
antenne are dark yellowish, and have a thin covering of 
dark violet color, increasing towards the ends of the 
joints, where it forms real rings. The two outer joints 
of the antenne often are dark violet. 

(2) Along the sides of the segments rather broad 
black borders are running, which appear most distinctly 
on the second and third thoracic segments and on the two 
first abdominal segments; then they dissolve in extended 
spots of the same color. Further inwards on the back, 
near the middle line of the body, there run two rusty 
brown lines of about the same width which are broken 
off at the joints of the segments and finish on the second 
abdominal segment. These lines also can be observed 
on the great abdominal segment, but there they run a little 
nearer to each other, are thin in the middle and increase 
in breadth towards the ends. They do not reach quite to 
the end of the segment. Two spots of the same color 
are to be seen on the fifth abdominal segment. The ap- 
pendicular parts are yellowish. The bases of the attennze 
are encircled by black rings. Such rings also are met 
with at the points of the three inner joints. 

Proo. Cat AcaD, Sci., 2p SER., Vou. VI. (12) March 238, 1896. 


178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Habitat. San Miguel de Horcasitas, Sonora, and 
Tepic, Mexico. (Coll. Eisen and Vaslit.) 


Gen. IV. Enromosrya Rondani. 
Entomobrya ceca n. sp. 


White. The eyes are wanting. The antenne have the 
third joint pear-shaped, about half as long as the terminal 
joint. The upper claw is provided with three teeth, the 
two inner of which are very strong. The lower claw ts 
running out into two diverging points. The mucro ts 
provided with one hook. Length 1 mm. 


The upper claw is formed in the same manner as in the 
forms which have before constituted the genus Szne/la 
Brook. The /ower claw is unarmed on the inner margin, 
furnished on the sides with longitudinal ridges, and has 
an appendix hanging downwards which consists of an 
extremely thin chitinous lamel, running out into a point. 
The claw, therefore, seems to be two-pointed. On the 
tibza a tenent hair, swollen at the end, can be observed. 

The hazrs of the two specimens which I have at my 
disposal are very scarce. Groups of club-shaped setz 
are, however, to be seen on the posterior part of the head 
and between the forward thoracic segments. 

Habitat. San Francisco, California. (Coll. G. Eisen.) 


Entomobrya binoculata n. sp. 


White. The eyes are two, one on each side of the head. 
The terminal joint of the antenne is nearly twice as long 
as the third. The upper claw its provided with three teeth, 
of which the two interior are very strong, and are placed 
beside each other. The lower claw is lanceolate and un- 
- armed. The mucro is provided with two hooks. Length 
I.5 mm, 

Easily to be distinguished from preceding species by the 
number of the eyes. The antenne have the two middle 


NORTH AMERICAN APTERYGOGENEA. 179 


joints of about the same length and the terminal joint nearly 
twice as long as the preceding. The upper claw has three 
teeth, the two interior of which are very large. At the 
first glance we can distinguish only two teeth, owing to 
the circumstance that the two interior are placed beside 
each other. By the aid of a strong microscope and with 
different focusing of the tube, it can, however, easily 
be observed that the bases of the two teeth are parallel 
and situated on each side of the claw, and that their 
respective points diverge, so that they are angular to each 
other. Ona preparation, the lower tooth, with a precise 
regulation of the tube, seems to be very strongly devel- 
oped, while the upper one seems to be much smaller. 
The difference is owing to the inferior tooth appearing 
in its whole extent from the side, while the upper one 
appears only in part and from above. The /ower claw is 
lanceolate and without any teeth. There is a ¢7bzal tenent 
hair, but with no swelling at the point. As to the form 
of the caudal appendage, there is a complete coincidence 
with the preceding species. 

As the scales are more or less completely fallen off, the. 
color of alcoholic specimens is pure white. 


Habitat. Berkeley, California. (Coll. G. Eisen.) 


Entomobrya curviseta Brook. 


Dirty white, marked with brown spots. The eyes are 
four, two on each side of the head. The terminal joint of 
the antenne is longer than the third. The upper claw has 
three teeth, the two interior of which are very strong and 
placed beside each other. The lower claw ts lanceolate 
and unarmed. The mucro is provided with two hooks. 
Length 2 mm. 


Syn. 1882, Sznxella curviseta Brook, Linn. Soc. Journ. 
Zool., vol. xvi, p. 541. 


180 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


For reasons mentioned in my ‘‘ Beitr. Z. Kenntn. Cal. 
Coll.,’’ p. 20, I think that the above form is to be referred 
to the genus Entomobrya Rond., and I am confirmed in 
my opinion by my having found in the materials now at 
my disposal two species of the above genus, the one of 
which is characterized by three ocelli, the other by one 
on each side of the head. The plumiform sete, charac- 
teristic of the genus Sinella Brook, which are hanging 
down on the sides of the mucronal segment, though less 
developed, are to be seen on all the species belonging to 
the genus Entomobrya Rond. The other characteristics 
of Sinella, the shape of the upper claw and the absence 
of swelling on the tibial tenent hair, seem to me to be in- 
sufficient as foundation for a separate genus. 

Of this very interesting type I have a specimen from 
Sebastopol, California (coll. G. Eisen). Before only 
known from Finland (Reuter) and England (Brook). 


Entomobrya sexoculata n. sp. 


Violet. The eyes are six, three on each side of the head. 
The three outer joints of the antenne are of about the 
same length. The upper claw ts provided with three 
teeth. The lower claw 7s lanceolate and unarmed. The 
mucro ts provided with two hooks. Length 1.5 mm, 


Well characterized by the number and arrangement of 
the eyes. They are three on each side of the head and 
are as appears from the figure. Of the teeth of the /arge 
claw two are placed close to each other, but they do not 
exceed the uncoupled tooth in size. A tebcal tenent hair 
directed upwards is to be seen. The caudal appendage 

is very long and has the dentes one-fourth longer than 
the manubrium. The macro has two developed hooks 
and a small spine directed backwards. 

The body is richly clothed with hairs. The color of 


NORTH AMERICAN APTERYGOGENEA. 181 


this species resembles much that of &. myrmecophila 
Reut. On the white-yellow ground-color blue - violet 
spots are closely spread. The antenne are bluish, the 
extremities and furcula colorless. 

Habitat. Berkeley and Alameda, California; Sonora, 
Mexico. (Coll. G. Eisen.) 


Entomobrya atrocincta n. sp. 


Honey yellow. Onthe head an anchor-like spot and two 
brownish lines going through the eye-patches. The second 
thoracic segment inclosed by a dark margin. The poste- 
rior of the third thoracic and the first abdominal segment 
black-brown. The eyes are sixteen, eight on each side of 
the head. The three outer joints of the antenne are of 
the same length. The upper claw provided with two small 
teeth. The lower claw ts lanceolate and unarmed. The 
mucro is provided with two hooks. Length 1.25 mm. 


The terminal joint of the avtenn@ is generally wholly 
blue-violet. The dark transverse sharply contrasts with 
the waxen ground-color. The animal is very richly 
clothed with alternately club-shaped and pointed hairs. 
The body seems to me to be somewhat thinner than that 
of the European species of the above genus. 

In my materials there are many individuals without any 
distinct delineation. They sometimes are quite yellow, 
sometimes provided with a pale dark delineation on the 
head and on the anterior segments of the body. These 
are, no doubt, young animals. It is possible that Pack- 
ard has before described this species under the name of 
Degeeria perpulchra, of which he says: ‘‘ This exquis- 
itely pretty form may be at once known by its small size, 
the black band around the head or on front and side of 
thorax and the honey yellow abdomen.”’ In that case he 
has had a young specimen before him. 

Habitat. Hanford, California. (Coll. G. Eisen.) 


182 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Entomobrya multifasciata Tullberg. 


White yellow. Dark transverse bands on the posterior 
margins of all the truncal segments; an apparent trans- 
verse with irregular outlines on the fourth abdominal seg- 
ment. The eyes are sixteen, eight on each side of the head. 
The three outer joints of the antenne are of the same length. 
The upper claw ts provided with three teeth. The lower 
claw ts lanceolate and unarmed. The mucro ts provided 
with two hooks. Length 1.5 mm. 


Of this species, already known from California, about 
thirty individuals were found by Dr. G. Eisen, at Berkeley, 
California. 

From this place also is to be found in great number a 
variety that is characterized by the posterior of the third 
abdominal segment being almost totally dark, and by the 
transverse of the fourth increasing considerably in size. 


Entomobrya triangularis n. sp. 


White. Round the head through the eye patches there 
7s a fatntly marked dark ribbon. The pronotum 7s blush, 
the mesonotum included by a broad border of same color. 
The first, third and sixth abdominal segments are dark. 
On the sides of the fourth abdominal segment there are two 
triangular dark spots, the potnts of which meet an the 
median line of the back. The eyes? The three outer joints 
of the antenne are of the same length. The basal joints 
are encircled by dark rings. Towards the points the middle 
joints are also covered with a bluish color; the terminal 
joint ts wholly blue. The upper claw has two teeth. The 
lower claw ts lanceolate and unarmed. The mucro has 
two hooks and a spine, directed backwards. Length 1.75 
mm. 


This species bears a great resemblance to &. sfec- 
tabilis Reut. It has a similar formation of the terminal 


NORTH AMERICAN APTERYGOGENEA. 183 


segment of the caudal appendage, and partly the same 
coloring. 
Having had at my disposal only one individual, which 
I have wished to spare from dissection, I cannot give any 
account of the number and disposition of the eyes. 
Habitat. San Francisco, California. (Coll. G. Eisen). 


Gen. V. TEmMpPLETONIA Lubbock. 
Templetonia quadrioculata n. sp. 


White. The eyes are four, two on each side of the head. 
The terminal Joint of the antenne is not annulated. Length 
I.5 mm. 


The type of this genus, 7. nztzda (Temple), is to be 
recognized by two eyes, one on each side of the head. 
In our species, however, the eyes are four. They are 
nearly of the same size and are placed transversely close 
by each other. The terminal joint of the antenne is not 
annulated, therefore this characteristic must exit out of 
the diagnosis of the genus. 

As to the other characteristics, the shape of the claw- 
Joints, of the extremities and of the terminal segment of 
the caudal appendage, there is a complete coincidence 
between the two species. The color of alcoholic speci- 
mens is pure white, as the scales.are more or less com- 
pletely fallen off. 

Habitat. Berkeley, California. (Coll. G. Eisen.) 


Gen. VI. Isoroma (Bourlet). 


In conformity with the opinion about the systematiza- 
tion of the genus /so¢toma Bourl., which I have introduced 
in my memoir Zur Systematik und Verbreitung palearc- 
tischer Collembola, the variety of 7. vzridis Bourlet, 
which I have already before had an opportunity to note 
from California, ought to change the name agwatzl/s Lbk., 
for rzparia Nic. 


184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Isotoma palustris Miiller var. balteata Reuter. 

Dirty white-yellow, with dark transverses on all the 
truncal segments. The eyes are sixteen, eight on each side 
of the head. The antenne are twice as long as the head, 
and have the three outer joints all of the same length. The 
third abdominal segment is about as long as the fourth. 
The upper claw ts unarmed. The lower claw is provided 
with a little tooth, directed upwards. The mucro is pro- 
vided with four hooks, three of which are placed in a row 
one after another and the fourth on the outside of the seg- 
ment. The body is densely clothed with short and simple 
hairs. Length 1.25 mm. 

Syn. 1893, /sotoma palustris Miller var. dalteata Reut., 
Zur. Syst.u. Verbr. palzarct: Colt, ip:-66: 

Of this well marked variety, which has been found 
before only in Finland, my material contains twenty indi- 
viduals, found by Dr. G. Eisen in the vicinity of Lake 
Chabot, near Oakland, California. 


Isotoma fimetaria (Linn.) Tullberg. 

White. Eyes are wanting. The terminal joint of the 
antenae is about twice as long as the preceding one. The 
third abdominal segment ts shorter than the fourth. The 
claws are unarmed. The mucro is provided with two 
hooks. Length rt mm. 

From other species with short caudal appendage /. 
jemetaria (Linn.) Tullb. differs in the absence of eyes and 
in its pure whzte color. 

I am much inclined to think that Packard, when de- 
scribing /. nzval/is, has had before him the above species. 

The author signifies it as ‘‘a species combining some of 
the characters of Lipura, Achorutes and fsotoma.”’ 
Habitat. San Francisco. (Coll. G. Eisen.) 


NORTH AMERICAN APTERYGOGENEA. 185 


Isotoma lacustris Schott. 

Dark violet. The eyes are sixteen, eight on each side 
of the head. The antenne are not longer than the head, 
and have the three outer joints of nearly the same length. 
The third abdominal segment ts shorter than the fourth. 
The claws are unarmed. The caudal appendage reaches the 
ventral tube. The dentes are all over of the same breadth. 
The mucro ts formed out of thin chitinous lamels, and 
provided with two hooks. Length 2 mm. 


Syn. 1893, /sotoma litoralis Schott, Zur Syst. u. Verbr. 
palearct. Coll., p. 75. 

I have changed the name of the above species because 
Monier, in his valuable paper, *Acaricus et Insectes 
marines des cotes du Boulonnais, has already before made 
use of the specific name /zttoralis for an /sotoma described 
by him. 

I. lacustris Schott has a special interest, because of 
its near relation to /. crassecauda Tullb. Having before 
in my memoir Zur Syst. und Verbr. palezarct. Coll., put 
forth the distinguishing marks of the two species, I will, 
however, give some detail figures illustrating the fact 
stated. 

Habitat. The vicinity of Lake Chabot, near Oakland, 
California. (Coll. G. Eisen.) 


Family LIPURID Lubbock. 


Mr. MacGillivray, in his valuable memoir on North 
American Thysanura, proposes to alter several of the 
names now commonly used for the genera of the family 
Lipuride. Ihave no objection to abandoning the generic 
terms Anura Gery. and Lzpura Burm., both being, as 
the author justly observes, ‘‘preoccupied in Mammal- 


99 


ogy. (Gray gave, in 1838, the name of Anoura toa 


*Extrait de la Revue Biologiquedu Nord dela France. Lille, 1890, p. 32. 


186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


cheiropter, and, in 1840, it was also applied to a form of 
ophiuridea. L7pura was, in 1811, used by Illiger to de- 
note a genus of pachyderms, and, in 1819, the nearly re- 
lated name of Lzfurus was given to a marsupial.) But I 
cannot well understand why the generic term A nuropho- 
rus Nic. should be abandoned. The reasons given by 
Tullberg for retaining it (Sv. Pod., p. 55) seem to me 
quite satisfactory. It is true that the Anurophorus laricis 
of Nicolet was, in 1842, placed by Bourlet in the genus 
Adicranus, and that Gervais, in 1844, placed it in the 
genus Lzpura; but as we know with certainty to which 
form Nicolet applied the name, and that he used it as 
early as 1841, I think we are not only entitled, but also, 
on account of its undoubted precedence, obliged to retain 
it. Nor can I agree with the author when he retains in 
the genus Achorutes Templ. only the forms that want 
anal spines, proposing a new genus Schoturus for those 
of its forms that have such appendages. It seems as if 
this alteration would easily create some confusion. 

From the well defined genus Anurzda Laboulb., the 
author excludes the species granarza, regarding it as the 
type of a new genus only on account of its having xo 
ocelli, But if this were a sufficient reason for such an 
arrangement, the consequence would be the exclusion of 
Sminthurus cecus Tullb. from the genus Smznthurus 
Latr., and of /sotoma jfimetarzca (Linn.) Tullb. from the 
genus /sotoma Bourl. 


Gen. AcuoruTES Templeton. 


Achorutes viaticus Tullberg. 

Bluish black. The extremities are biunguiculate. The 
dentes furcule are thin and twice or thrice as long as the 
mucrones, which are digitiform. The anal spines are 
only a little longer than the papille on which they are 
fixed. Length 1-2 mm. 


NORTH AMERICAN APTERYGOGENEA. 187 


Of this species, already before known from California, 
I have in my materials about thirty individuals from San 
Francisco (coll. G. Eisen). 


Achorutes armatus Tullberg. 

Brownish purple. The extremities are biungurculate. 
The dentes furcule are thick and twice as long as the mu- 
crones, which have the form of a hook. The anal spines 
are extremely long. Length 1 mm. 

Twenty-four specimens from Berkeley and four speci- 
mens met with in the neighborhood of Lake Chabot, Cal- . 
ifornia (coll. G. Eisen). 


Gen. LipurA Burmeister. 


Lipura inermis Tullberg. 

White. The elevations of the postantennal organ are 
I4. The eyelike potnts on the basis of the antenne are 2. 

Of this species, which I have before had occasion to 
note down from California, several specimens have been 
found by Dr. G. Eisen near Lake Chabot. 

I will in this connection observe that Dr. Einar Lénn- 
berg has found specimens of the above form and of Ana- 
rida Tullbergi Schott on the shore of a lake near the 
railway station Clarcona, Orange County, as well as some 
hundred individuals of Anurzda maritima Laboulb. along 
the seashore at Key West, Florida. 


Tey S'A- NeWRAY Lubbock: 
Family CAMPODEADE Lubbock. 
Gen. I. CAmpopEA Westwood. 
Campodea staphylinus Westwood. 
Of this form I have in my materials only one specimen, 


which, unfortunately, is incomplete. 
Habitat. San Francisco, California. (Coll. G. Eisen.) 


188 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Family MACHILID: Grassi. 


It is arather difficult task to try to identify alcoholic 
specimens belonging to this family. According to Grassi 
and Rovelli, the following characteristics constitute the 
species within the only genus of the family: 

1. The length of the antenne and of the median 
cercus. 

2. The thoracic hump, more or less apparent. 

30) lhe eves | 

4. The color of the body. 

5. The shape of the scales. 

As the color is dependent on the scales, which generally 
more or less fall off, when the insects are laid in spirits 
of wine, and, moreover, as individuals preserved are 
rarely found without the antenne and caudal appendages 
broken off, the difficulty of easy identification will be 
understood. 

I also have considered it more proper to leave a few 
Machilides as indeterminable. 


Gen. I. Macuitis Latreille. 
Machilis aurantiacus n. sp. 


The head is small. The eye patches are somewhat more 
broad than long, and are contiguous to one another, with 
three-fourths of the inner margin; on the front margin 
they are pinched out. The labial palpi are four-jointed, 
and have the two middle joints of about the same length. 
The maxillary palpi are seven-jointed, and have a small 
process on each of the two inner joints. The antenne are 
notannulated. The cerci are very stiff and dazzling white 
an color. The color of the animal ts orange-tawny. The 
cuticula ts smooth, with bottle-like figures. Length 7mm. 


The antenne being injured in all the specimens, their 
length cannot be exactly decided. To judge from their 


_- 


NORTH AMERICAN APTERYGOGENEA. 189 


size and tapering, they seem to be longer than the body. 
The basal joint of the antenne is rather large and about 
thrice as long as the following, nearly ball-shaped joint. 
Of the annular small joints then following, the inner are 
somewhat longer than the following, all of which are of 
about the same length. The color of the antennz is 
brownish black. The maxillary palpi are flame yellow, 
and thickly beset with small black sete. The extremities 
are also provided with short large sete, which, by their 
dark brown, almost black color, make a sharp contrast 
with the light ground color of the animal. This is 
citrine, and on each tergit are running 8-10 orange 
colored transverse lines. The joints between the several 
segments are light yellow. The thoracic tergits are lighter 
than the abdominal ones. The median cercus is not ex- 
actly as long as the body. I cannot determine the length 
of the lateral cerci, because they are hurt in all my speci- 
mens. Probably they are much smaller than the median 
one, for they are much thinner than this. 

Habitat. Sierra Nevada and Monterey, California. 
(Coll. Miss Alice Eastwood. ) 


Family LEPISMATID Burmeister. 
Gen. Lepisma Linné. 


Before entering on a detailed description of species, I 
will point out a characteristic not before taken notice of, 
which seems to me to be very useful for the distinction of 
the species. It is met with on ¢he cutzcula, which is easily 
laid bare by dissection or boiling in caustic alkali. The 
cuticula then appears under the microscope either quite 
with a network of chitinous ribs. In 
both cases 1 tly strewn with small, elevated anchor- 
like figures, which are connected with the fastening of 


190 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


With respect to the number and disposition of the back 
hairs, the two following species are to be referred to the 


group: 
LopoTHRICHI Grassi and Rovelli. 
Lepisma rubro-violacea n. sp. 

The head has the form of a hat. The body ts elongate, 
backwards gradually tapering. The labial palpi are 
three-jointed. The maxillary palpi are five-jointed. The 
antenne are indistinctly annulated with reddish brown and 
white. The telson ts subtriangular and furnished with 
two chitinous hooks. The cerci are distinctly annulated 
with brown and white. The head is yellowish white, and 
an front regularly colored reddish violet. The thoracic 
tergits are yellowish white. The abdominal tergits are 
reddish violet. The cuticula ts smooth, with anchor-like 
tgures. The scales are brown. Length 10-12 mm. 


The ead is formed rather like a round crown of a hat, 
and, when deprived of scales, yellowish white. On the 
anterior margin of the upper side there are to be observed 
some reddish violet spots, regularly disposed, and with 
outlines rather indistinct. Under the microscope these 
spots closely appear to correspond to areas thickly strewed 
with small papillary elevations. After being boiled in 
caustic alkali, these elevations look like small rings. 


Along the posterior margin of the head there is a brown-— 


ish black border, discernible by the eye. The dxtenne, 
grayish brown in color, are furnished with light rings, 
extremely fine, which, towards the points of the organs, 
become more and more separated from one another. Not 
having at my disposal any individual with the antenne 
perfectly preserved, I cannot exactly determine their 
length. Approximately, I consider them to be of the size 
of the body. 

The maxillary palpi are five-jointed. The two inner 


NORTH AMERICAN APTERYGOGENEA. I9gt 


joints are thicker than the others; the third is somewhat 
longer than each of the following ones. Their color is 
pale brownish violet. 

The /abial palpi are three-jointed, and have the basal 
joint somewhat longer than the following one. The ter- 
minal joint is thicker than the others and irregularly 
triangular in form. They are uncolored. 

The thoracic tergits are shield-shaped and broader than 
the abdominal tergits. Their ground-color is yellowish 
white, and they are covered with dark brown scales, 
which in alcoholic specimens remain only on the sides of 
the tergits. On the abdomen almost all the scales are 
fallen off, exposing a reddish violet ground-color. In 
several specimens acute-angled areas, surrounded by 
light lines, can be observed on the abdominal tergits. 
When the animal is looked upon from above, the ¢e/son 
seems to be widely triangular with the point slightly pro- 
duced. When cut off, it appears to be such as the draw- 
ing shows. The chitinous hooks, mentioned in the diag- 
nosis, which in entire specimens are difficult to discern, 
appear most distinctly on the segment, when cut off. 
The cerc¢ are distinctly annulated with reddish brown 
and white. At the bases of the organs the rings are 
smaller and increase in extent towards the points. The 
joints towards the points of the antenne become longer 
and swollen. For the same reason that was mentioned 
concerning the antennew, I cannot decide the length of 
the cerci. Probably they are longer than the body. 
The extremitzes are annulated with yellow and brown. 
The cuticular figures are anchor-like and lie scattered on 
a bottom quite plain. The scales are brown, and, there- 
fore, the insect when alive probably bears this color. 
The drawing belonging to this description represents al- 
coholic individuals. I have thought fit to give a colored 


192 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


drawing of such a specimen, since in most cases there 
are only materials conserved to be had for examination. 
On the anterior margin of the head four tufts of fine up- 
right hairs can be observed. On the body the hairs are 
more or less fallen off. In order to form an opinion of 
their disposition you may with success resort to dissection 
or boiling in caustic alkali. Then the ring-shaped eleva- 
tions from which the hairs of the animal arise can be ob- 
served on the bare cuticula. On the lower margin of the 
thoracic tergits two rows of such elevations, directed ob- 
liquely outwards and downwards, can be observed. Each 
row consists of about ten elevations. Besides, there are 
at the lateral margins of the segments ten similar rows 
transversely disposed, each consisting of 3-4 elevations. 
Each row is accompanied by a cuneate reddish brown 
spot. On the lower margins of the abdominal segments 
four rows of elevations obliquely disposed are to be found. 
The inner ones seem to consist of 10-12 elevations, the 
outer ones of 8—10. The terminal abdominal tergit is 
furnished with long, fine hairs on both sides of the me- 
dian cercus. 

The above species is richly represented in the Califor- 
nian collection and seems to be very common. Perhaps 
it is already described. However, as I have not been 
able to identify it with any species before described, I 
have considered it to be new to the science. 

Habitat. Sierra Laguna, San José del Cabo, Baja Cal- 
ifornia; Tucson, Arizona; Guaymas and San Miguel de 
Horcasitas, Sonora, Mexico. (Coll. G. Eisen.) 


Lepisma reticulata n. sp. 

The body ts elongate, gradually tapering backwards. 
The labial palpi are 3-jointed. The maxillary palpi are 
5-jointed. The antenne are indistinctly annulated with 
brown and white. The telson ts short, indistinctly trian- 


NORTH AMERICAN APTERYGOGENEA. 193 


gular. The cerct are distinctly annulated with reddish 
brown and white. The ground-color is yellow. The 
scales are brown, alternately light and dark; the dark 
ones arranged at the posterior margins of the tergits in 
groups, symmetrically hanging down. The cuticula ts 
Surnished with a network of chitinous bars. Within the 
meshes the anchor-like cuticular figures are to be seen. 
The examination of this species has been of particular 
interest to me, because the sca/es have remained quite un- 
hurt. The ead, rounded in front, is on the upper side 
closely covered with dark brown scales. The antenne 
resemble those of the preceding species. The points are 
broken off, owing to which their length cannot be. de- 
cided. The maxillary palpi are 5-jointed, with the ter- 
minal joint thin and leg-formed. The /adzal palpi are 3- 
jointed, with the terminal joint very much swollen. At 
the basal joint a thin triangular chitinous scale is to be 
distinguished. The shield-shaped thoracic tergits are 
about equal in size and decorated with short light yellow 
strie, regularly arranged. ‘The first and third tergits are 
at the posterior margin furnished with two, the second 
with three incisions. On both sides of these the dark 
scales are heaped downwards forming appendages, the 
two lateral of which are rounded, the intermediate (one 
or more) abruptly cut off. In at least eight abdominal 
tergits such incisions also can be traced. Instead of 
giving a detailed description of these and their number in 
each tergit I refer to the drawing. The telson is short 
and very distinctly annulated with reddish brown and 
white. At the bases of the organs the rings are of small 
extent and lie rather closely. Further out the alternating 
colors extend over a great number of small segments 
(4-5), and in the middle of the white rings a very fine 


dark ring canbetraced. The length of cercz cannot be de- 
Proo. Cau. ACAD. Scr., 2D SER., Vou. VI, (13 ) June 24, 1896, 


194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


cided. The extremztzes are alternately colored light and 
dark. The cutecula is covered with a network of rather 
thick chitinous bars, the disposition of which is repre- 
sented in the adjoined drawing. Within the meshes there 
are figures of the same appearance as in the preceding 
species. The groups of fazrs on the particular tergits 
are disposed like the rows of elevations of the preceding 
species and seem to consist of chitinous bars, bifid at the 
end and hairs, of which some are feather-like and others 
naked. The number of hairs in each group seems to be 
nine. 

As to the integument of hairs it must be added that 
groups of fine sete are hanging down from the posterior 
margin of the telson, and that the cerci are richly cov- 
ered with hairs. Unfortunately I have had only two in- 
dividuals of this species at my disposal and one of them 
has been given up to the dissecting needle. 

Habitat. San Francisco, California. (Coll. G. Eisen.) 


NORTH AMERICAN APTERYGOGENEA. 


EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES. 
PrarnL, 


Sminthurus longicornis n. sp. 


1. Antenna. 
2. Claw of the first pair of extremities. 
Sminthurus albipes n. sp. 
3. Mucro. 
4. Claw of the first pair of extremities. 
Sminthurus niger Lbk. 
5. Mucro. 
Tomocerus americanus n. sp. 
6. Dentes furcule. 
7. Claw of the first pair of extremities. 
Lepidocyrtus fulvus n. sp. 
8. Claw of the third pair of extremities. 
9. Claw of the first pair of extremities. 
10. Muecro. 
ll. Lepidocyrtus Packardi u. sp. 
12. Mucro. 


13. Claw. 
Entomobrya ceca n. sp. 

14. Antenne. 
15. Claw of the first pair of extremities. 
16. Mucro. = 

Entomobrya bjoculata n. sp. 
17. Ocellus and antenna. 
18. Mucro. 
19. Claw of the first pair of extremities. 
20. Cremastocephalus trilobatus n. sp. 
21. Claw of the first pair of extremities. 
22. Mucro. 


23. Ocelli. 
24. Ocelli of Campylothorax longicornis Schott. 
PEA Tle 
. 25, 26. Hairs of Cremastocephalus trilobatus n. sp. 


Entomobrya curoiseta Brook. 
27. Ocelli and antenna. 
28. Mucro. 
29. Claw of the first pair of extremities. 
Entomobrya sexoculata n. sp. 
30. Ocelli. 
31. Mucro. 
32. Claw of the first pair of extremities. 


195 


See p- ATE 


196 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Templetonia quadrioculata n. sp. 
Fig. 33. Ocelli and antenna. 
34. Claw of the first pair of extremities. 
35. Hntomobrya atrocincta n. sp. 
36. Entomobrya triangularis n. sp. 
Isotoma palustris Miill. var. balteata Reut. 
37. Mucro. 
Isotoma lacustris Schott. 

38. Mucro. 
39. Claw of the first pair of extremities. 

Isotoma crassicauda Tullb. 
40. Mucro. 
41. Claw of the first pair of extremities. 

Machilis aurantiacus 0. sp. 
42. Head. 
43. Maxillary palpus. 
44. Cuticular figure. 


Prats TL. 


Fig. 45. Lepisma rubro-violacea un. sp. 
46. Cuticular figure. 
47. Head. 
48. 'Telson. 
49. First and second thoracic tergits. 
50. Furst abdominai tergit. 

51. Hair. 

52. Lepisma reticulata n. sp. 

53. Base of antenna. 

54. Labial palpus. 

55. Maxillary palpus. 

56. Cuticula. 

57. Hairs and bifid spine. 


NOTES ON PALASOZOIC CRUSTACEA, No. 5.— 
CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES FROM MISSOURI. 
BY ANTHONY W. VOGDES. 

Among a large number ot trilobites lately 
sent me by Prof. G. C. Broadhead, from the 
Chouteau limestone of Providence and Sedalia, 
Missouri, there are several specimens of smooth 
pygidia, which may be classed as new to sci- 


ience. Although this characteristic is known 
to several genera of fossil crustacea, it is uncommon. 
We recall Calymene Arago and C. Salterd Rouault, from 
the Silurian of France; Proetus crassitmargo Roemer, 
from the Devonian of Germany, and Proetus? levis 
Woodward, from the Carboniferous of England. 

The German species was first described by F. A. 
Roemer, in Palezontographica, Bd. 2, s. 65, tab. x, fig. 9, 
from several fragments. The author remarks regarding 
the pygidium, that ‘‘ The axis of the pygidium exhibits 
three distinct and indications of seven more rings, the 
lateral lobes near the upper edge slightly indicate three 
pleure; the other part is smooth, but shows at the lower 
edge indications of ribs.”’ 

In the reclassification of this species by Novak, in 
Dames and Kayser’s Palzont., Bd. 1, Heft 3, s. 44, it is 
divided into three species, namely: Proetus crassiémargo 
Reemer, P. Frechi Novak, and P. orbitatus Barr. 

Novak says that Proetus crassimargo belongs to the 
ten-jointed Proetidz, typical of the group Proetus orbita- 
tus. ‘The head differs from the latter by being less arched, 
by a narrower glabella, which is more pointed in front, 
slightly compressed between the anterior ends of the 
palpebral lobes, and bordered by less convex dorsal fur- 
rows. Itis also more distinctly marked with side furrows, 
eyes larger, and by a node which is not at the posterior 
edge, but in the middle of the neck ring; also by the 


Proc, Cau, ACAD. ScI., 2p SER., Vou. V1. June 24, 1896. 


198 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


edge being more elevated, the furrow of the cheek, 
which meets the posterior cheek furrow at right angles, 
and the coarser granules which cover the whole surface 
of the glabella and cheeks. The pygidium can readily be 
distinguished from Proetus orbitatus by its distinctly flat 
arch and less length, more breadth, more prominent seg- 
mentation and narrower axis; also by the granules of the 
shell on the rings. These are arranged in duplicate rows 
of nodes, two exterior and two interior rows; those of the 
exterior are rounded in form and generally located at the 
end of the rings or at the border of two neighboring rings. 
Those of the interior rows are triangular, pointed back- 
wards, and are always connecting with the furrows divid- 
ing the rings. Analogous impres sions can be seen on 
well preserved specimens of Proetus orbitatus. 

The Missouri species, although characterized by a 
smooth tail, belongs to a different group of the Proetida, 
with only nine thorax segments. The head is parabolic 
inform. The posterior angles of the movable cheeks 
are not prolonged into spines, but obtusely rounded. 
The eyes are similar in location to those of Phzl/ipsza 
Sampson?, from the same beds. The thorax has 9 pleura, 
with a broad and prominent axis. The pygidium exhibits 
8 axial rings, with indications of two faintly defined seg- 
ments on the laterallobes. The pygidium is slightly longer 
than broad. One young exhibits this characteristic, but 
the more mature specimens are much more elongated, 
giving more characteristic Phillipsial forms to this part. 

The auxiliary impressions cannot be made out on the 
specimens before us. Altogether, the Missouri species 
shows affinities with its German prototype, but differs 
sufficiently to bear the new name of Proe/us ? placidus. 

Geological position and locality—Chouteau limestone, 
Sedalia and Providence, Missouri, from the Cabinet of 
Prof. Broadhead of Columbia, Mo. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SCHIZOPOD FROM LAKE 
MERCED. 


BY SAMUEL J. HOLMES. 
[With Plate xix.] 


Neomysis mercedis sp. n. 


Rostrum rounded. Eyes normal. Outer flagellum of 
first antennz much longer than the inner one; sensory 
organ of the male well developed. Antennal scale narrow, 
elongate, tapering gradually to an acute tip, and furnished 
with thickly set plumose setz on both margins. Mandibles 
with three short plumose sete between the cutting edge 
and molar tubercle; palp large; first joint very small; 
second joint large and wide, tapering from near the 
middle to the distal end; third joint narrower and some- 
what shorter than the second, the sides parallel up to a 
short distance from the tip, which is furnished with a large, 
incurved seta. The distal portion of the exopod of the 
maxillipeds is divided into eight articulations. The 
endopod of the following pair of appendages is longer 
than that of the maxillipeds; the terminal joint is oblong, 
entire, and bears a large, terminal, claw-like seta; distal 
portion of the endopod divided into nine joints. The. 
endopods of the succeeding appendages are larger and 
more slender than those of the former pair, and the 
terminal segment is long, narrow, incurved, and divided 
into 8-10 setiferous articulations, the terminal one of 
which is furnished with a claw. In the male all the pleo- 
pods, except the fourth pair, are simple‘and rudimentary, 
as in the female, but each bears a small, stump-like pro- 
cess on the inner side, near the base, which may repre- 
sent the rudiment of an endopod. In the fourth pleopod 
of the male the endopod reaches about the middle of the 
slender, elongated exopod; the terminal joint of the 
exopod is short, and bears two large, sparingly plumose 
sete at the tip. Telson shorter than the inner ramus of 
the uropods, but about equaling the length of the preced- 


Proc. Cau. AcapD. Sci., 2p SeR., Vou, VI. June 24, 1896. 


200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ing abdominal segment. The margins are furnished with 
several irregularly spaced spines, and the tip is slightly 
emarginate. The inner ramus of the uropods is expanded 
at the base, where the auditory organ is located, whence 
it tapers to an acute tip. The outer ramus is much longer 
than the inner one, the sides sub-parallel to the rounded 
tip; both sides of both rami are furnished with long, 
plumose sete. 

The specimens (in alcohol) were almost colorless, with 
the exception of several large, irregularly branching pig- 
ment spots. Length of largest specimen ¥% in. 

The specimens upon which this species is founded were 
collected at Lake Merced, California, October, 1895, by 
Dr. H. P. Johnson, to whom I am indebted for the oppor- 
tunity of making this description. There were thirteen 
females and but one male in the collection. One female 
had the marsupial pouch filled with young embryos; the 
other females were mostly of smaller size, with the mar- 
supial lamellz undeveloped. This species is closely allied 
to Murdoch’s JZyszs rayzz, from northern Alaska. It 
differs, however, in the form of the rostrum, which is not 
quadrangular but rounded, and does not extend nearly so 
far forward as the middle of the optic peduncles. The 
margin of the telson is entirely devoid of seta, while the 
apex in WV. rayz7 is ‘‘ fringed’ with them. 

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. 


Fig. 1. First antenna ofa male, showing the club-shaped sense organ. 
Fig. 2. Second antenna. 
Fig. 3. Mandible. 
Fig. 4. Maxilliped, or first thoracic appendage. 
Fig. 5. Second thoracic appendage. 
Fig. 6. Last thoracic appendage. 
Fig. 7. Fourth pleopod, male. 
Fig. 8. Fifth pleopod, male. 
9: 


Fig. First pleopod, male. 
Fig. 10. Uropods and telson. 
All the figures were drawn to the same scale. 


NOTES ON FISHES, LITTLE KNOWN OR NEW TO 
SCIENCE. * 


BY DAVID STARR JORDAN. 
(With Plates xx-=xliii.) 


The present paper is made up of descriptions of new 
species of fishes, with notes on little known forms. The 
material examined, unless otherwise stated, is in the 
Museum of the Leland Stanford Jr. University, and most. 
of the species referred to belong to the fauna of the 
Eastern Pacific. 

In this paper the following new genera and species are 
mentioned for the first time: 


Zaprora Jordan. 

Zaprora silenus Jordan. 

Salmo gairdneri crescentis Jordan & Beardslee. 
Salmo gairdneri bairdsleei Jordan & Seale. 
Umbrina sinaloe Scofield. 

Emmydrichthys vulcanus Jordan & Rutter. 
Cottus anne Jordan & Starks. 

Cottus shasta Jordan & Starks. 
Tarandichthys Jordan & Evermann. 
Oligocottus borealis Jordan & Snyder. 

Ulea Jordan & Evermann. 

Eleotris abacurus Jordan & Gilbert. 
Clevelandia rose Jordan & Evermann. 
Brysseteres Jordan & Evermann. 
Arbaciosa Jordan & Evermann. 

Rimicola Jordan & Evermann. 

Starksia Jordan & Evermann. 

Kxerpes Jordan & Evermann. 

Chasmodes jenkinsi Jordan & Evermann. 
Sebastodes eigenmanni Cramer. 

Sebastodes gilberti Cramer. 


The accompanying plates are drawn by Miss Anna 
Louise Brown. 


*Contributions to Biology from the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory. No.5. 
Proc. Cau AcaD, Sct., 2p SeR., Vou. VI. (14) June 19, 1896. 


202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Zaprora silenus Jordan. 


Through the courtesy of Mr. Ashdown H. Green, 
President of the Natural History Society of Victoria, in 
British Columbia, and of Mr. John Fannin, Curator of 
the Provincial Museum of British Columbia, at Victoria, 
I have been allowed to examine the large fish to which I 
have given the name of Zaprora szlenus. This specimen, 
twenty-nine inches in length, was taken in the harbor of 
Nanaimo, on Vancouver Island. It represents a new 
genus, allied to /costeus, [cichthys, Schedophilus, Acrotus 
and Centrolophus, but in its combination of characters it 
is so different from all of these that I have been obliged 
to give it separate family rank. The definition of the 
family Zaproride may for the present be that of the 
single known genus, Zaprora. 


Family ZAPRORIDA. 


Zaprora Jordan, n. g. 

Body robust, moderately compressed, the back not 
elevated, the belly not carinate. Body covered with small 
adherent cycloid scales, which cover the membranes of 
all the fins except the distal third, as also the gill mem- 
branes, lower jaw, cheeks, opercles and nuchal region. 
No lateral line; no spinules. Head short, the nape not 
elevated, the forehead broad and abruptly convex in pro- 
file; eye moderate, placed high; preopercle, -parietal 
region, and region about eye with very large open mucous 
pores. No spines on head; edges of membrane bones of 
head covered with thick scaly skin. Mouth moderate, 
_ terminal, oblique, its cleft mainly anterior; upper jaw 
protractile, but not movable; maxillary rather narrow, 
simple; lower jaw very heavy, its thick tip projecting 
beyond upper jaw. Teeth alike in both jaws, rather 
strong, blunt, even, close-set, forming a uniform cutting 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 203 


edge; no teeth on vomer, palatines or tongue, the tongue 
very thick. Lower pharyngeals narrow, with bluntish 
teeth, those on the edge larger; upper pharyngeals rather 
large, with small, blunt velvety teeth; no distinct tooth- 
like processes in the cesophagus; pseudobranchie present; 
gill-rakers very slender and flexible, rather short; gills 
four, a large slit behind the fourth; gill membranes sep- 
arate, free from the isthmus; opercle adnate to shoulder 
girdle above its angle; coracoids not largely developed. 
Pectoral fin long, rounded, attached a little nearer ventral 
than dorsal outline: ventrals wholly wanting. Dorsal fin 
beginning above gill opening, composed entirely of simple 
inarticulate rays or spines, these moderately flexible, 
attached to the membrane to their tips, and all except the 
first and last of about equal length. Caudal peduncle 
short and stout, not contracted, the large caudal sub- 
truncate or rounded at tip, and without procurrent rays; 
vent nearly median. Anal much shorter than dorsal, 
somewhat higher, and composed of soft rays, subequal 
in length. Skeleton rather limp and flexibie, but much 
less so than in /costeus. 

Type Zaprora stlenus, n. sp. 

This genus bears some resemblance to /cezchthys, but 
ditfers in the stout caudal peduncle, absence of ventrals 
and lateral line, and in the form and structure of the 
head. Among the genera known to me it seems to come 
nearest to /czchthys, and it might be placed among the 
Lcosteide, were it not for the presence of pharyngeal 
teeth. I therefore place it provisionally in a distinct 
family, Zaprorzde, having at present the characters of 
the single known genus. 


1. JZaprora silenus Jordan, n.sp. Plate xx. 
Head 53 in length to base of caudal; depth 4%. D 


204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Vi; 2Ay 243 .P.-20'to' 225 (CC. 223) scalésabont<200—35- 
Greatest thickness of body about 3 its depth; length of 
caudal peduncle 1? in its least depth, which is 1,°, in head. 
Eye 5% in head; snout 5%; interorbital space 3; max- 
illary 234, ending under front of pupil; mandible 2%, its 
depth 4%; teeth about $3 on each side; lips, snout, and 
bones about eye naked; rest of head covered with small 
scales. Lower jaw with a thick lip slightly fringed on 
its edge, and with a mesial frenum; the rounded tip en- 
tering the profile when the mouth is closed. Three large 
pores on each ramus of mandible; behind these three 
others in a line on horizontal limb of preopercle; three on 
vertical limb; two close together in front of eye; one near 
the nostrils, so similar to them that there seems to be 
three nasal openings; seven on suborbitals; four in two 
rows behind eye; one above eye, and before upper edge 
of preopercle; a horizontal row of five along temporal 
region, the last and largest of all in opercular flap above 
gill opening; one at vertex; one between vertex and eye 
and two on each side of nape. Gill-rakers 8-+-20, the 
longest half eye. No trace of lateral line. Scales small, 
resembling those of a salmon, covering the membranes of 
all the fins on the basal two-thirds. Pectoral as long as 
head, its base 2% in head; longest dorsal spine 1%; cau- 
dal 1;'5; longest anal ray 13. Color in spirits uniform 
dusky, without markings on the body, the belly pale, and 
the side of the head irregularly blotched with lemon yel- 
low, apparently bright in life, and brightest about the 
pores of the head. 

Length of type (in the Provincial Museum at Victoria, 
~B.C.), 29 inches. 

From Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. Collector, H. T- 
Stainton. 

The type, in alcohol, has been partly skinned and 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 205 


stuffed, and its form has been somewhat distorted. The 
form it now has is shown in the plate. In life it may 
have been more symmetrical, the back higher and the 
body deeper. 

The type specimen was sent to the Provincial Museum 
at Victoria by Mr. H. T. Stainton of Nanaimo, who gives 
the following account of it in a letter to Mr. Ashdown H. 
Green, under date of Nanaimo, January 25, 1896: 


‘‘In. reply to your favor of the 21st instant, which I 
have delayed answering in order to get the information 
you desire regarding the fish I sent to the museum. Mr. 
G. Marsh, a fish dealer, who gave me the fish, says it 
was caught on the 21st October, 1895, in the Straits of 
Georgia, a short distance north of Entrance Island Light- 
house [about three miles from Nanaimo—a.H.cG.], by a 
fisherman named W. Crocker (who was fishing for cod- 
fish at the time), with a hand-line and hook baited with a 
piece of dogfish, in a depth of 150 feet of water. The 
inside, which was taken out by Mr. Marsh, was the same 
as that of the codfish ( Sebastodes), and contained what 
appeared to be a jelly fish. When Mr. Marsh got the 
fish from the fisherman, it might be said to be still alive, 
and at that time the holes in its head were more distinct 
and the coloring around them of a deeper and richer 
lemon color than when it was packed for shipment to the 
museum.”’ 


Family NEMICHTHYID/E. 


2. Nemichthys avocetta Jordan & Gilbert. Plate xxi. 

Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 409. Port Gamble 
Wash. 

In the same collection of the Provincial Museum at 

Victoria is a fine specimen of WVemzchthys avocetta, the 

second specimen known. This was taken on the beach 


206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


at Beacon Hill, near Victoria, by Mr. Norgate, in 1894, 
and sent to me for examination by Mr. Fannin. This 
agrees with the description of the original type, the slight 
differences separating that from /Vemichthys scolopaceus 
of the Atlantic being constant. A generic character of 
Nemichthys not heretofore noticed is the division of the 
dorsal rays into two sorts, near the middle of the body, 
the anterior series being much longer than the others, 
and all being undivided or spine-like. This character is 
shown in the accompanying plates, taken from the Na- 
naimo specimen. This character does not exist in the re- 
lated genus Avocettina. 


3. Avocettina gillii(Bean). Plate xxi. 


Labichthys gillii Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 45. Prince of 
Wales Island, Alaska. 


For purposes of comparison, I present a figure of Avo- 
cettina gilli, from a specimen (No. 679, L. S. Jr. 
Univ.) taken by the Albatross at Station 2860. The genus 
Avocettina differs from Labichthys and Wemichthys in the 
backward position of the vent, and there is no division in 
the dorsal rays like that seen in Wemzchthys. 


THE TROUT OF LAKE CRESCENT, WASHINGTON. 


Some months since Rear Admiral L. A. Beardslee, 
U.S.N., called my attention to the splendid trout found 
in Lake Crescent, a mountain lake in the Olympic Range, 
above Port Angeles, Washington. These trout, accord- 
ing to his view, were of two species, one or both of them 
new to science. These are locally known as the ‘‘ Blue- 
-back’’ and the ‘‘ Speckled”’ trout. 

Recently, through the kindness of Mr. M. J. Carrigan 
of Port Angeles, and Mr. George E. Mitchell of Fair- 
holme, one specimen of the speckled trout and two of the 
blue- back have been sent to me for examination. I find 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 207 


myself forced to agree with Admiral Beardslee in the 
opinion that each of these forms is distinct from any pre- 
viously recorded or named. The two are allied to each 
other, rather than to any other form, and the nearest af- 
finities of both seem to be with the steelhead trout (.Sa/mo 
gairdnert) rather than any other. But placing the two 
as subspecies of Salmo gairdneri is simply a provisional 
arrangement, and there is just as good warrant for regard- 
ing each as a distinct species. 

From all forms of Salmo gairdneri both the new forms 
differ in the large size of the head as well as in coloration 
and in the form of the snout and opercles. The size of 
scales, the form of the gill-rakers, the form of the oper- 
cle, the form of the pyloric cceca, the outline of the cau- 
dal, and the coloration, are different in the two forms. 


4. Salmo gairdneri crescentis Jordan & Beardslee, n. 
subsp. SPECKLED TRouT oF LAKE CRESCENT. 
Plate xxii. 

Head 34 in length to base of caudal; depth 5; exposed 
portion of eye 6 in head, 1% in snout; scales 32-151-34, 
I5I cross-series,; 83 in front of dorsal; dorsal with ro 
branched rays, anal with 11; branchiostegals 10; gill- 
rakers 64-11, counting rudiments, these very short and 
thick, the longest but ,*; inches in length, 18% in maxilla- 
ry ; mouth large, maxillary extending much beyondeye, 1% 
in head, with about 20 teeth; tongue with the usual teeth; 
teeth on vomer in zigzag series; hyoid region of tongue 
without teeth. Snout 3% in head; preorbital very nar- 
row, not so wide as maxillary adjacent to it; the posterior 
suborbitals longer than eye, 5% in head; opercle and 
subopercle very narrow, scarcely as wide as eye, the free 
part of opercle 6% in head; interorbital width 4% in 
head. Origin of dorsal in middle of length of body, its 
margin straight, anterior 2% times posterior, and slightly 


208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


longer than base, 2% inhead. Last ray of dorsal pointed. 
Origin of anal midway between origin of dorsal and base 
of caudal, margin irregular, anterior rays three times 
length of posterior, and equal to base of fin, 23 in head. 
Adipose fin high and slender, situated immediately behind 
anal. . Pectoral 1% in head. Ventrals under middle of 
dorsal, 22 in head. Caudal broad, slightly emarginate, 
nearly truncate when spread, its corners not rounded, its 
longest rays 1% in head. Least depth of caudal pedun- 
cle 32 in head. Pyloric cceca about 51, the longest about 
1% in head, and very slender. Color in alcohol very dark 
steel blue above, becoming paler below, nearly white an- 
teriorly on belly where only the margins of the scales are 
punctate; no silvery anywhere; lower jaw dusky, a large 
black blotch on cheek between suborbital and premaxil- 
lary. Sides, back, top of head, dorsal and caudal fins 
with few small dark spots; pectorals dusky, slightly 
spotted at base; anal slightly dusky, without spots; ven- 
trals dusky with a few spots in middle; adipose fin with 
a few spots; lower fins all tipped with pale, probably yel- 
lowish red in life. Spots all very small and faint, not 
confined to posterior part of body. 

The specimen before us, No. 1363, L. S. Jr. Uniy.,as 
a male, 18% inches long. It was taken at Fairholme on 
Lake Crescent, Clallam county, Washington, March 12, 
1896, by Mrs. G. E. Mitchell of Fairholme. 

The following account of Lake Crescent is given by 
May Mj. Carrigan: 

‘‘Lake Crescent, from which the blue-backs are taken, 
_is about twenty miles from Port Angeles, and is a most 
beautiful and prolific body of water. It is in the Olympic 
Mountains, is seven hundred feet above the level of the 
sea, and in size is about ten miles long by two miles wide. 
It is very deep, many hundreds of feet in places, and its 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 209 


waters are very cold. Its water supply comes in large 
part from the snow from the mountains which rise from 
its shores in great majesty and almost completely surround 
it. The fishing there is really magnificent, especially fly- 
fishing. Several varieties of trout abound, but the blue- 
back is the handsomest and gamest fish in the lake. 
They afford one great sport. Those that the Admiral 
took measured from twenty-eight to thirty-two inches in 
length, and averaged about ten pounds each in weight. 
He has doubtless furnished you with exact data regard- 
ing his fine catch there.”’ 


5. Salmo gairdneri beardsleei Jordan & Seale, n. subsp. 
BLUE-BACK TRouUT oF LAKE CRESCENT. Plate xxiii. 


Head 3% in length to base of caudal; depth about 4; 
eye 4% in head, 13 in snout; scales 24—130-20, 130 cross 
series, those in front of dorsal numerous, about seventy 
if counted along median line, sixty if the rows along up- 
per side are counted; dorsal with to branched rays; 
anal with 11 branched rays; branchiostegals 11; gill- 
rakers 8-++13, rather long and slender, the longest nearly 
7 inch in length, 7 to 9 in maxillary. Head pointed; 
mouth rather large; maxillary extending to hinder mar- 
gin of eye, 13 in head, with about 20 teeth; snout 32 in 
head; preorbital very narrow, the maxillary almost touch- 
ing the orbit; posterior suborbitals shorter than eye, about 
6 in head; opercle not very broad, equal to eye, its free 
part 4% in head; interorbital width 33 in head, equal to 
snout; several large teeth along margin of tongue; no 
hyoid teeth; teeth on vomer-in zigzag series. Origin of 
dorsal in middle of the length, margin slightly concave, 
the first ray 1% times last, the last ray being pointed, 
slightly greater than base, 2,45 in head. Origin of anal 
midway between origin of dorsal and base of caudal, mar- 
gin straight, the tip of the last ray slightly exserted; anterior 


210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


rays 34% times posterior, and equal to base of fin, 2% in 
head. Adipose fin high and slender, situated above or 
anterior to end of anal. Pectorals 1% in head; ventrals 
under middle of dorsal, 2% in head. Caudal broad, 
nearly truncate, the middle portions abruptly lunate when 
spread open, with pointed angles, each lobe being some- 
what convex on its edge; longest rays 1% inhead. Least 
depth of caudal peduncle 234 in head. Pyloric cceca 50 
to 60, short and thick, the longest about 3 in head. Color 
in spirits very dark blue above, sides abruptly brighter, 
with many scales abruptly silvery; below white, lower 
jaw white, its margin dusky; cheeks below suborbitals 
very dark; sides, top of head, dorsal and caudal fins 
spotted, the spots all very small; pectorals and ventrals 
nearly colorless, without spots, and slightly dusky; adi- 
pose fin with two spots; tips of lower fins faintly tinged 
with yellowish. 

Two specimens, each 16 inches long, Nos. 1861 and 
1962, lL. 5. Jr, Univ., ‘They were taken on Maren 
and.16, 1896, in Lake: Crescent, by Mrs. Georgemk: 
Mitchell of Fairholme, and sent to us by Mr. M. J. Car- 
rigan of Port Angeles. No. 1864, L. S. Jr. Univ. 

A third specimen of much larger size, afterwards sent 
to us, shows the following characters: 

Head (34; .depth ' 7245). 12> Al “12 /branchedr rave: 
branchiostegals 11 or 12; scales 23-123-26, 64 before 
dorsal; snout 28; eye 7%; maxillary 1% in head, its 
depth 8 in its length. 

Body robust, little compressed; head large, maxillary 
moderate, extending beyond eye; opercle moderate, its 
width 5% in head. Last ray of dorsal pointed. Caudal 
subtruncate, lunate mesially, each lobe somewhat convex, 
pointed at tip. Caudal peduncle short and thick. Series 
of vomerine teeth long, in double row. Color above 
dark green, with black spots which are small and sparse 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 211 


on body, extending to below lateral line; many small 
spots on head, dorsal and caudal; spots not more nu- 
merous behind than before; sides and belly bright sil- 
very; no red on lower jaw; a faint pink shade along 
lateral line; pectorals colorless except the upper ray; 
ventrals and anal colorless; flesh pale; gill-rakers re- 
moved. 

This specimen, male, was taken in Lake Crescent. 
Length 26% inches; weight in life 14 pounds. 

This specimen differs from a large gazrdnerz most in 
the large scales. In addition the head is much larger, 
and the body deeper. 

A fourth still larger specimen(No. 1865, L.S. Jr. Univ.), 
an old spent male, 27 inches long, has been still later re- 
ceived. It shows the following characters: 

D. 11; A. 12. Head 32 in length. Gill-rakers 8+ 12, 
of medium size, rather broad but sharp pointed; opercle 
3% in head; eye 7 in head; B. 11. Maxillary long, 
reaching beyond the eye, 1% in head, its width 9% in 
length. A double row of sharp teeth extending to within 
a short distance of end, where they are replaced by a 
single row of slightly larger teeth; teeth on tongue 
rather large; no teeth on hyoid; teeth on vomer in zig- 
zag series. Scales 26-137. 

This specimen, a spent male, has the flabby muscles 
and slimy half concealed scales of the spent male salmon. 
The dark dots are very numerous and small and show 
very distinctly on back and sides, as also on head and 
fins. There is a dull red lateral band on head and body. 
This is about an inch broad, its outlines diffuse: A black 
blotch on cheek; maxillary dusky with a red blotch to- 
ward its tip. Lower jaw and branchiostegals dusky; 
pectoral, ventral and anal dark; back dark green, belly 
dusky. 


212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The following account of the life-coioration of Sa/mo 
beardsleez is given by Mr. George E. Mitchell. 

‘* The Blue-back Trout caught in Lake Crescent are 
on the back a deep dark-blue ultra-marine color of a 
peculiar transparency, dotted with small round black spots 
from the size of a pin’s head to a little larger. The two 
fins on the top of the back are a dark smoky color, also 
dotted as on back end and are transparent. The tail is 
the color and transparency with dots also—same as the 
top fins. The side fins andthe bottom fins are dead white 
and sometimes faintly tinged with a pinkish hue at the 
edges; the belly is white. Looking at the fish sideways 
the sides of the fish show the scales to be iridescent, the 
red flash predominating. The head has very much the 
polish of mother-of-pearl around the lower jaws and jowls, 
red and pale blue colors predominating; under the eyes 
a few black spots; on top of head the blue much darker 
than on top of back—so dark in fact that the black spots 
on it look blacker than the rest. The nearer the shore 
these fish are caught the lighter the blue on back, the 
fish often having an impression of the surroundings dis- 
tinctly marked on them.’’ 

The following notes are added by Admiral Beardslee: 


HABITS. 


The Blueback is a deep water dweller; those taken by 
me in late October were caught at depths varying from 
30 to 50 feet, on large spoons. They fought hard until 
brought near surface, then gave up, and when landed 
were found puffed up with air. Specimens taken in 
spring and put in pools in mountain streams with other 
trout died very soon, while the others lived. The trout 
caught by Mr. Mitchell, in March, was taken near bottom, 
by a large spoon, and it is not on record that at so early 
a date one has previously been caught. 


BLUEBACKS FROM LAKE CRESCENT, WASHINGTON. 


I.. A. BEARDSLEE. 


M. J. CARRIGAN. 


TWO HOURS’ WORK, OCTOBER 28, 1895. 


Das ky vi 
(5 apes tap Saal ey poem 


oe 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 213 


FLESH. 


Light lemon color before cooking; devoid of the oily 
salmon flavor, and very excellent; whitening by cooking. 
OVA. 

October 28—The eggs in the large fish were in zudz- 
vidual size, and in size of cluster much smaller than those 
of a salmon of the same size. 

The following extracts froma letter from Mr. Carrigan, 
dated Port Angeles, April 30th, are of much interest: 

* * * Answering your direct inquiries: The Beards- 
lees and Crescents are readily distinguishable, and can 
always be told apart. 

There are no red spots at the points indicated on the 
Crescent trout—no markings to suggest the Cut-throat 
trout. 

There are no Cut-throat trout in Lake Crescent. 

The Beardslees (Bluebacks) are taken in deep water. 
Those caught by the Admiral and myself were taken in 
from 25 to 35 feet of water. 

The known varieties of trout in the lake are: 

(a) =" Beardslees:.’ 

CDiiar terescents:) 

(c) ‘‘Silvers’’ (the local name for a very beautiful 
trout, that measure, as a rule, from 12 to 18 inches in 
length; but I have seen specimens 22 inches long, and 
there are doubtless much longer ones in the lake). 

(d) ‘* Half-breeds’’ (the local name for a long, slen- 
der, graceful trout, that seems to be a cross between the 
Beardslees and Crescents. The markings of the fish, as 
I recall them after last season’s fishing, are a rather pale 
olive-green back and silver sides; the head and back 
being dotted with rather faint small black spots. The 
shape of the fish is one of its distinctive features. The 
flesh is pale lemon colored). 


214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


(e) ‘* Mountain trout’’ (a variety that evidently comes 
into the lake from the mountain streams that empty into 
it). 

The possibilities of the beautiful mountain lake have 
never been fully tested. The Admiral (Beardslee), when 
he comes up in June, will fish it at all depths, and there 
is no telling what new surprises he may bring forth. The 
lake is about 10 miles long by 2 or 2% miles wide, and 
deep water is found everywhere close toshore. In places. 
a 500 foot lead-line will not sound bottom. No one really 
knows what depths of water exists in the lake beneath the 
500 foot sounding, or what size or variety of trout can be 
taken at depths lower than those so successfully tried by 
Admiral Beardslee. But we will know this season; and 
you will be promptly acquainted with everything new or 
of interest that is brought forth. 

* *  * High up on the side of one of the mountains 
surrounding the lake—probably 2,500 or 3,000 feet above 
the lake—is a pretty little lake containing what I believe 
will also prove a new variety of trout. Specimens of 
the variety are found every spring, after the freshets 
caused in the mountain streams by melting snow, floating 
on the surface of Lake Crescent, dead. They are evi- 
dently carried out of the little lake by the torrent and 
are battered to death in going over the falls in the creek, 
for streams empty into the little lake that have their origin 
up near the crest of the mountain. Mrs. Carrigan found 
one of these trout floating on Lake Crescent about ten 
days ago. It was still alive, but died directly after being 
taken into the boat. Its head and body were all bruised 
and battered, and its tail fin was broken and in shreds. 
It may be that the little lake is the home for what we, for 
want of a better name, call Half-breeds. We will go up 
to the little lake this summer, and secure some good spe- 
cimens of the, troutat contains." 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 215 


In a letter to Admiral Beardslee, dated April 19th, Mr. 
Carrigan gives these further details, especially interesting 
to the angler: 

* * * Ihave some news that will interest you. We 
have a young lady friend visiting us—Miss Sara Beazley 
of Columbia, Missouri. On Friday, the 17th inst., Mrs. 
Carrigan and Miss Beazley drove out to Lake Crescent 
to spend a few days with Mrs. Mitchell. They returned 
in triumph at 4 o’clock this afternoon, with four trout 
weighing 21 pounds. 

Miss Beazley, Mrs. Mitchell and Mrs. Carrigan went 
out fishing at 10:30 yesterday, Saturday morning, April 
18th. They took the copper wire troll that you sent to 
Mrs. Mitchell and Miss Beazley did the fishing, using 
trout belly for bait. When off Eagle Point, at 11:30, 
Miss Beazley caught and successfully landed a magnifi- 
cent speckled trout that measured 27 inches in length, 
was 6 inches through, and weighed 8 pounds. The top 
of the head and back of the fish is a dark blackish green, 
the head and back being thickly covered with quite large 
round black spots which extend down the sides about 
halfway to the median line. From there to the median 
line the black spots are equally thick, but are irregular in 
form, two and sometimes three spots lapping on to each 
other, making angular looking black spots of various 
sizes, some of them quite large. The irregular spots ex- 
tend in a scattering way below the median line. The tail 
is thickly marked with round black spots. 

The upper jaws and gill plates have the appearance of 
clouded reddish mother-of-pearl, somewhat iridescent. 
In some lights the ‘‘ reddish’’ shade has a burnished 
copper effect, and in other lights it presents a pale ma 
genta shade. There are six large round black spots on 
each side of the head, on the upper and back portion of 


216 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


these mother-of-pearl plates (on a line back of the eyes). 
The back fins are blackish green, heavily dotted with 
round black spots. The side and belly fins are of smoky 
gray, opaque, and entirely free of spots. 

Miss Beazley had a great struggle landing the fish. It 
made a fine fight, towing the boat for a long distance. 
She landed him without a gaff-hook. 

About an hour later in the same locality Miss Beazley 
caught a one-pound Bearsdslee. The party then went 
home to luncheon, and at 4:30 started out again, Miss 
Beazley still managing the troll, and Mrs. Mitchell man- 
aging the boat. At 6:30 o’clock, when off Eagle Point, 
Miss Beazley caught and landed (without a gaff, also) a 
superb Beardslee that measured 29% inches in length 
and 8 inches through, and weighed strong 10 pounds. It 
was a beautiful specimen and made a fierce and pro- 
longed fight. It raced along with the boat (the wind 
slight favoring its ‘‘tow’’) for a long distance below the 
point, and made several desperate and out-of-the-water 
leaps and plunges to get away; but it had swallowed the 
hook and was securely caught. As soon as it struck the 
bottom of the boat, on being taken over the side, it be- 
gan a terrific struggle to get back into the water, and 
both Miss Beazley and Mrs. Mitchell had to throw them- 
selves upon him and hold him down with their knees. 
When he was finally killed and the hook removed, it was 
found that in his struggle for freedom he had badly bent 
the shank between the spoon and the hooks; but it held 
fast, to the delight of the three ladies, who made the lake 
ring with their exultant exclamations. I don’t suppose 
there ever were three happier women. 

On their way home, Miss Beazley landed a beautiful 
two-pound Crescent. 

Both of the big trout were caught just as the wind 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 217 


freshened into a strong breeze, and were taken in from 
30 to 35 feet of water. The women followed the plan of 
rowing along slowly; stopping rowing altogether for a 
few seconds, and then starting off again slowly. Both fish 
were taken just as the boat started up, after one of three 
brief stops, during which the troll had gone down to a 
greater depth than when the boat was in motion. 

{ examined the Beardslees with great care just after 
the women reached home this afternoon, and have settled 
these points definitely: The head is densely spotted with 
round black spots down as far as the mother-of-pearl gill 
plates, but no further. There are no black spots on 
these plates. The blue on the back extends down al- 
most to the median line, and the entire back, from head 
to tail, and on either side halfway down to the median 
line, is thickly marked with round black spots which de- 
crease in size as the tail is approached. The tail itself 
is densely dotted with round black spots, as are also the 
back fins. The side and belly fins are not spotted. The 
black spots on the back are not so prominent as on the 
smooth surface of the head, owing to the presence of the 
scales on the back and sides, but they are there in great 
numbers. 

I noticed this difference between the marking of the 
one-pound and the ten-pound Beardslee. On the one- 
pound fish there is a well-defined line of large round 
dark spots extending the whole length of the body, from 
a point just back of the gills to the tail fin, and midway 
between the median line and the bottom of the belly. 
There are 17 of those spots grading down in size. 
These spots are not a pronounced black, but show out 
plainly enough from beneath the whitish silver scales, 
presenting the dark dull appearance of human flesh 


Proc. Cau. ACAD. Sci., 2p SzR., Vou. VI. (15) June 20, 1896. 


218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


bruised by a blow. ‘These spots are entirely absent from 
the ten-pound Beardslee. 

e7*> * Oa Friday, April 17th, just’ betore Mirs7@are 
rigan and Miss Beazley arrived at the lake (it was about 
6 o’clock in the afternoon) Mrs. Mitchell caught, with the 
gear you sent her, a twelve-pound Beardslee, measuring 
30 inches in length and 8% inches through. She is im- 
mensely proud of your gift, which is doing such splendid 
work so early in the season. 

These fine catches made by the ladies prove the possi- 
bilities of the lake in early spring; your own splendid 
success demonstrates what can be done late in the fall, at 
the very tail end of the season. It remains for you to 
show what can be done in the heat of the season. There 
is no knowing what surprises may result from the deep 
fishing that you will do this summer, for I know that you 
will give the lake a thorough test at all depths. 

It would be a good idea to take out, when you go there 
this summer, a proper rig for sounding the lake, which 
has never yet been sounded. 

It is my conviction that you will shatter your own big 
trout record all to pieces this summer, and give the fish- 
ing world a series of fresh surprises. 

* * * The Eagle Point stream has its origin ina 
little lake high up on the mountain side, probably 2,000 
feet above Lake Crescent. There isa high and very 
pretty water-fall in the stream. On the mountain side of 
the little lake are trout, and the fish the ladies picked up 
on Crescent Lake evidently came from this little lake, 
being battered to death in coming over the fall. The 
men who run the launch say that the spring freshets bring 
down large numbers of trout from this little lake, and 
that many of them are killed in the descent. 

Ina letter to me, dated May 5, 1896, Mr. Carrigan 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 219 


gives further notes of interest concerning the third spec- 
imen described above: 

I have just forwarded to you a 14-pound ‘‘ Crescent 
Lake trout’’ (the Blueback), which was caught at Lake 
Crescent, Sunday afternoon, by Mr. Ben. Lewis. This 
trout, when taken from the water, weighed full 14 pounds, 
measured 32 inches in length and 8% inches in width. 
Mr. Lewis at once started for Port Angeles, to present 
the trout to me to be forwarded to you, for I had told him 
that I was anxious to send you a large specimen of the 
Crescent trout, that you might note its special character- 
istics. He rowed over the lake, 8 miles, and walked into 
Angeles, 20 miles more, carrying this trout on his back, 
arriving here at midnight. We were both desirous of 
getting the fish off to you as promptly as possible and in 
the best condition, but it was impossible to get any ice 
here yesterday, and we had to keep the trout as best we 
could until the ice we telegraphed for arrived from Seattle 
to-day. 

It isa magnificent specimen of the ‘‘ Salmo beardsleez,’’ 
and certainly presented a splendid appearance when first 
unrolled from Mr. Lewis’ pack-sack. It was then sweet, 
fresh and plump. I hope it will reach you in good con- 
dition. We packed it carefully in ice before sending it 
forward. 

It is a pity that we cannot get one of these fish to you, 
showing its beautiful life coloring. When freshly taken 
from the water the head and back of the trout is a very 
deep, rich blue, which extends well down to the median 
line, and below the median line all is gleaming, creamy 
white, with a sheen as bright as burnished silver, and 
iridescent. The head, back and tail are strongly marked 
with black spots. 

The beautiful blue coloring of the back fades out after 


220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


death and loss of blood, and changes to a shade of silvery 
green. I don’t know what the fish look like when they 
reach you, but they have lost their royal coloring before 
they leave here. 

Mr. Lewis has just told me of an entirely new variety 
of trout that he catches in the lake, at a depth of from 80 
to 100 feet. Hetakes them on set lines, which he places 
out over night, and says he has never been able to catch’ 
one of this species in any other way. He says it differs 
from any other trout in the lake; that itis a long, slender, 
graceful and very attractive fish, with a grayish green 
back and below the median line, pure white sides and 
belly. He has promised to secure a specimen of this 
variety for me to be sent to you. 


Family LUTIANIDA. 


6. Xenocys jessie Jordan & Bollman. Plate xxiv. 


Xenocys jessie Jordan & Bollman, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1889, 
160. Charles Island, Galapagos. 


The figure of this handsome species is taken from one 
of the original types. 


Family SCLAANIDA. 


7. Umbrina sinaloe Scofield, n. sp. Plate xxv. 

Head 3,°,;. depth 3 355; eye 33, im. head; snoutaye 
interorbital space 41%; tip of snout to end of maxillary 
2%; D. X-I, 28; A. Il, 6; scales 7-51-10; (scales 7 
between front of dorsal and lateral line, 10 between line 
and vent; 51 pores in lateral line to base of caudal) ; 
_pectorals 13 in head; ventral 13; second anal spine 24% ; 
third dorsal spine longest, 1% in head; gill-rakers 6-++9, 
rather slender, about % as long as pupil; distance to anal 
1% in length (1% in wantz); barbel slender; caudal 
slightly lunate, the upper lobe the longer. Color dark 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 221 


above (greenish in life), silvery below; a dark blotch on 
opercle; conspicuous dark olive stripes follow the center 
of the scale rows upward and backward on the sides and 
back; stripes about % as wide as pupil; spinous dorsal 
dusky; ventrals and anal pale, without punctulations; lin- 
ing of gill cavity quite dark; gill membranes pale; peri- 
toneum pale. 

Resembles Umérina xanti very closely; but is distin- 
guished by the dark gill cavity, the small scales, small 
second anal spine, and more anterior position of anal. 
The stripes on the body are slightly darker, not so un- 
dulating, and there are a few more of them, due to the 
smaller and more regular scales. 

Length 8 inches. 

Type No. 1632, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., collected at 
Mazatlan by the Hopkins expedition of 1894. Several 
specimens were obtained in company with Umérina xantz. 
It is equally abundant, having been hitherto confounded 
with the latter species. I may note that specimens of the 
Californian species, Umbrina roncador, are in the collec- 
tion from Guaymas. 


Family SCORPAANIDE. 


8. Emmydrichthys vulcanus Jordan & Rutter, n. gen. 
and sp. Plate xxvi. 
Generic description: 

Body short and stout, length of head about equal to 
depth; body with no scales, thickly covered with irregu- 
lar dermal prominences. Cleft of mouth vertical. A 
band of minute depressible teeth in each jaw, none on 
vomer or palatines. Tongue free, short and broad. 
Opercles unarmed, covered with thick loose skin. Gill 
openings very long. Eyes with an almost vertical range, 
the interorbital space very deep, a large pit behind and 


222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


one below each eye. Dorsal divided by a deep notch, 
the anterior part with nine, the posterior with two spines; 
anal with three. Anterior spines of dorsal each with a 
pair of antero-lateral grooves. 

The new genus HLmmydrichthys is closely related to 
Synanceta Bloch, differing in having the dorsal divided 
and with a smaller number of spines, and in the presence 
of a deep pit or groove below eyes. 

Head.2% in length, depth 244@. D. IX—Il,,7;,A-dIE 
6; P. 18. Gill opening extending forward almost to be- 
low mouth, almost as long as depth of body. Head with 
many pits and irregular protuberances. Eyes situated on 
the outer sides of a pair of protuberances, the interorbital 
space very deep and nearly smooth, a large cavity behind 
each eye and a smaller one below. A small papilla on 
upper side of eyeball. Jaws equal, fringed with cirri. 
Anterior nostril tubular. Dorsal fins connected at base. 
Fin membranes all thick and heavily papillose, greatly 
thickened around anterior dorsal spines. Eyes midway 
between snout and origin of dorsal. Middle dorsal spines 
slightly longest, about equal to distance of first spine from 
pupil; longest pectoral rays, third and fourth from top, 
equal to distance of dorsal from tip of lower jaw; anal not 
so high as soft dorsal; caudal small, rounded, shorter 
than ventrals; ventrals with two-thirds of inner side grown 
to body. Color, in alcohol, nearly entirely jet black, the 
tips of the warty processes on head washed with white, 
and some minute whitish streaks on under edge of eye. 

This specimen, in color and appearance, bears an as- 
tonishing resemblance to a lump of black lava.* This 
‘is undoubtedly a matter of mimicry, and its native haunt 
must be among volcanic rocks. 


* Hence the name from )dfog, a,lump of lava. 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 223 


museum of California College, Oakland, by Rev. J. H. 
Henry of Tahiti. It was said to have been taken at the 
Hawaiian Islands. By the courtesy of Professor Inskeep 
of this institution we have been permitted to examine this 
type. The species is called by the natives No-hg, and 
its poisonous dorsal spines cause it to be greatly dreaded. 


Family COTTIDA. 


g. Cottus anne Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Plate xxvii. 

Head 3% to 334 in body, depth 5. D. VII or VILII- 
1OvOr 17; As 223 -eye 5 im head; maxillary 334; ‘highest 
dorsal spine 3%; highest soft ray 2; pectoral 1; ventral 
13; caudal 1%. 

Body elongate, not much compressed; caudal peduncle 
wide, wider than length of snout. Head small, broadly 
rounded anteriorly as viewed from above; snout blunt as 
viewed from the side; mouth very small, without so much 
lateral cleft as in Cottus belding? or C. philontps, the max- 
illary reaching to front of pupil; teeth in moderately wide 
bands on jaws and vomer; palatines toothless or with a 
few teeth in a narrow band on front; interorbital (bone 
only) equals 4% eye; eye smaller than length of snout; 
preopercle with only one small blunt spine, below which 
its edge is entire. Pectoral barely reaching front of anal; 
spinous dorsal very low, from % to ¥% as high as soft 
dorsal, its base from its first spine to first ray of soft dor- 
sal 114 in head; dorsals barely meeting, not at all con- 
nected. 

Color light gray, somewhat mottled; ventrals and anal 
colorless, other fins crossed with wavy lines; a black spot 
on each end of spinous dorsal. 

We have compared these specimens with specimens of 
Cottus beldingt from Birch Creek, Idaho, and from other 
localities as also with a single type specimen of Coftus 


224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


philontps from Field, B.C. It differs from both of these 
in having the mouth and eyes smaller, and from the Field 
specimen in having a deeper body. 

Here described from four specimens from 2% to 3% 
inches in length, collected at Gypsum, Colorado, from 
the Eagle River, by Jordan, Evermann, Fesler and Davis, 
Nos. 1305, 2308, 1309) and. 1310,/L.S. Jr. Unive 
It has hitherto been confounded with Cottus semiscaber, 
which was taken in abundance at the same place, and 
recorded in their report as ‘‘Cottus batrdit punctulatus.”’ 
The species is named for Miss Anna Louise Brown, 
artist of the Hopkins Laboratory. 

We may here note that Coftus philonzps is very doubtfully 
distinct from Cottus belding?, the only difference we can 
find being in the deeper body of the latter, which is a 
widely distributed species. Of Cottus philonzps only the 
types are yet known, the Alaskan specimens referred to 
it being quite distinct. 


10. Cottus shasta Jordan & Starks, n. sp. 


Head 3 to 3% in body, depth 4%. D. VIII or IX-17 
or 18; A. 13\f0 15; eye nearly 5 in head; maxillary 22: 
third or fourth dorsal spine 33; highest soft ray about 2; 
pectoral about 17,; caudal1y. 

Body not much compressed; caudal peduncle rather 
wide, about equal to snout; mouth rather large, the max- 
illary reaching to posterior margin otf pupil; teeth in a 
moderate band on jaws and vomer, in an exceedingly 
narrow band in front of palatines; interorbital space not 
much over half eye; upper preopercular spine short, not 
much hooked up and not very sharp; a shallow concave 
“space between it and the second, scarcely a notch; the 
second small and sharp, the third but slightly developed. 
Pectoral reaching to below the fourth ray of soft dorsal; 
ventrals not reaching the vent; dorsals scarcely con 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 225 


nected, the soft dorsal high, the highest rays equal to eye 
and snout; vent slightly nearer tail than tip of snout. 
Skin smooth, except a few scattered prickles under pec- 
torals. 

Color very dark brown or blackish; sides mottled; top 
of head uniform blackish; all the fins more or less mot- 
tled, ventrals white or dusky. The following is the fin 
formula of four specimens: 

Dorsal IX-17; VIII-19; [X-17; IX-18. 
Anal 14; rss T55 ia, 

Upper Sacramento Basin; here described from four 
specimens from McCloud River, Baird, Shasta county, 
California, about 4 inches in length. No. 4196, L. S. Jr. 
Univ. Mus. * Collector, E. C. Starks. 

The species is very close to Cottus semztscaber, but it 
has a longer anal. 


11. Tarandichthys filamentosus (Gilbert). Plate xxviii. 


Icelinus filamentosus Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 85. Off 
Santa Barbara Islands. 


The section of /ce/znus distinguished by the presence 
of filamentous dorsal spines, and the presence of bony 
plates behind the pectoral, represents asubgenus or genus 
distinct from /celinus. This may be called Tarandich- 
thys, Jordan & Evermann. The name (7apddos, rein- 
deer) alludes to the antler-like preopercular spine. The 
accompanying plate is from one of the type specimens 
of the type-species, f#/amentosus. 


12. Icelinus quadriseriatus (Lockington). Plate xxix. 
We present for comparison a figure of the type-species 
of J/celinus from a specimen dredged off the coast of 
California. 
13. Oligocottus borealis Jordan & Snyder, n. sp. 
Head 34 in length; depth 4%; dorsal VIII or [X-16 


226 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


or 17; anal 12 to 14; pectoral 14; orbit 4 in head; snout 
4; maxillary 2%; highest dorsal spine 3; dorsal ray 24; 
caudal ray 1%; first anal ray?1%,63; ventrals 13; 
caudal peduncle 3%; pectorals 3 in length. 

Body compressed, elongate; back somewhat elevated, 
deepest below middle of spinous dorsal. Head almost 
as wide as long, tapering from behind to the somewhat 
pointed snout; profile of head rounded above, straight 
below; mouth terminal, nearly horizontal; maxillary ex- 
tending to vertical through posterior part of pupil; lower 
jaw included; jaws, vomer and palatines with villiform 
teeth; snout as long as orbit; eye high in head; inter- 
orbital space narrower than width of orbit; its concavity 
angular; opercle with a triangular flap; angle of pre- 
opercle produced into a forked spine, which is covered 
with skin, except on the sharp points; prongs of pre- 
opercular spine half as long as orbit; nasal spines prom- 
inent; the long premaxillary processes form a sharp ridge 
between the latter; branchiostegal membranes forming a 
fold across the isthmus; gills 3%, the slit behind the 
fourth arch much reduced; pseudobranchiz present; 
gill-rakers represented by a few protubrances on thearch. 

Skin smooth. Filaments on free end of maxillary, on 
inferior edge of preopercle, and from first dorsal to the 
bases of the pectoral fins; also a row of filaments ex- 
tending along the supraorbital crest, over the back of the 
head and along the lateral line for about half the length 
of the body; the filaments are usually paired, z. e., two 
grow from the same place. Anal papilla prominent. 
Large mucous pores are scattered about the top and sides 
‘of head; pores of lateral line 36 to 4o. 

Dorsal fins two, separate; first dorsal 4 in head and 
body, curving from distal end of first spine to posterior 
part of base; spines rather feeble; second dorsal 2 in 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 2217 


head and body, a little higher than first, its middle rays 
longest. Anal fin about 34%. in head and body; in the 
male the first and second rays longest, the third, fourth 
and fifth each a little shorter than the preceding one, the 
last shortest. In the female the first ray is the shortest. 
Caudal fin somewhat rounded. The pectoral rays below 
the sixth are ventrally free from the connecting membrane 
for a portion of their length. Ventral fins reaching to 
vent, in some specimens to anal. ‘ 

Color usually reddish brown, varying to gray, intense 
green or crimson, according to surroundings, the colors 
developed in the presence of similarly colored algx; dor- 
sals, pectorals and caudal barred; anal sometimes barred ; 
front of spinous dorsal with an ocellated black spot. 

The types were collected in the tide pools at Neah Bay, 
Puget Sound, by Mr. E. C. Starks. Very many speci- 
mens are in the Leland Stanford Jr. University collection, 
No. 3396. Others were earlier sent to us by Henry St. 
Clair of Neah Bay. Still others were taken by Dr. Gil- 
bert at Departure Bay, Vancouver Island. 

This species is closely related to Olzgocottus maculosus, 
with which it has been hitherto confounded. It is distin- 
guished from the latter by having fewer filaments on the 
head and body, an ocellated spot on front of first dorsal, 
and by having the rays of the anal fin in the male all con- 
nected by membrane; the first ray of anal is much shorter 
and weaker in dorealzs. 


14. Ulca marmorata (Bean). Plate xxx. 


Hemitrepterus marmoratus Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1890, 43. 
Sitkalidak Island. 


This species differs from Hemztr¢pterus in the shorter 
first dorsal, which does not show the division found in 
the typical species of //emitripterus. It is the type of 
the genus, U/ca, Jordan & Evermann. The specimen 


228 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


figured, not a type, is from near Unalaska. Coll., C. H. 
Gilbert, on the Albatross. 


Family GOBIID. 
15. Eleotris abacurus Jordan & Gilbert, n. sp. 

Head 3; depth 4%. D. VI-g; A. I, 8; scales 51-20; 
eye 8 in head, 2% in interorbital width; pectoral 1% ; 
ventral 1%; highest dorsal ray 2; highest anal ray 2; 
caudal 14. 

Body slender, compressed, the head depressed, be- 
coming very narrow anteriorly, its width 3 its length; a 
notable depression above orbits, the premaxillary pro- 
cesses protruding before it; lower jaw the longer; max- 
- illary reaching vertical behind pupil, 23 in head. Teeth 
in jaws in narrow villiform bands, becoming a single 
series on sides of lower jaw; those of the outer and 
inner series in each jaw are somewhat enlarged, the larg- 
est being a single series in sides of lower jaw. Pre- 
opercular spine as usual in the genus. Scales smooth 
above and below, ctenoid on sides. 

Color in spirits brown, lighter above and below; each 
scale on middle of sides with a dusky streak, these form- 
ing obscure lengthwise lines; back anteriorly with a few 
small black spots; under parts, including sides of head, 
very thickly punctulate with black; no dark stripes from 
orbit. Lips black; a dark streak from snout through 
eye to upper angle of preopercle; two dusky streaks 
from eye downwards and backwards across cheeks; a 
very conspicuous black blotch as large as eye in front of 
upper pectoral rays. Pectorals and ventrals transparent, 
- dusky; vertical fins all barred with light and dark in fine 
pattern. 

Coast of South Carolina; known from a single speci- 
men, 4 inches long, No. 2009, L. S..Jjr--Uniy., Niue 
taken in the harbor of Charleston, by Dr. Gilbert. 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 229 


This species agrees very well with Cope’s account of 
Cultus amblyopsis, but the eye is smaller and there is some 
difference in color, besides the remote habitat. 


16. Evermannia longipinnis (Steindachner). 
Gobiosoma longipinnis Steindachner, Ichth. Beitr., viii, 27, 1879. 
Las Animas Island, Gulf of California. 

At my request, Dr. Steindachner has re-examined the 
types of his Gobzosoma longipinnzs. He finds them com- 
pletely scaleless, as originally described. The species 
cannot then be placed in the genus Clevelandia, as in Dr. 
Eigenmann’s arrangement, but is nearest to Hvermannia. 


17. Clevelandia rose Jordan & Evermann, n. sp. 


Clevelandia longipinnis, Kigenmann & Eigenmann, Proc. Cal. Ac. 
Sci., 1888, 73. San Diego. Not Gobiosoma longipinne Stein- 
dachner. 


The species described from San Diego by Dr. and Mrs. 
Eigenmann, under the erroneous name of Clevelandia 
longipinnis, and made the type of the genus CVevelandia, 
must receive a new name. We suggest that of Cleve- 
landia rose, in honor of Mrs. Rosa Smith Eigenmann, its 
discoverer. 


Family URANOSCOPID. 


18. Kathetostoma averruncus Jordan & Bollman. Plate 
XK: 
Kathetostoma averruncus Jordan & Bollman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
1889, 163, southwest of Panama. 


A figure of this interesting species of Star Gazer is 
here given from the original type. 
Family DACTYLOSCOPID. 


1g. Gillellus semicinctus Gilbert. Plate xxxii. 


Gilletlus semicinctus Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 98. Gulf 
of California. 


I present a figure of this interesting species from one 
of the types. 


230 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


20. Dactylagnus mundus Gill. Plate xxxiii. 

I present a figure of this species from a specimen ob- 
tained by Dr. Gilbert while with the Albatross. The 
genus is a valid one, well separated from Doctyloscopus. 


Family GOBIESOCID/E. 


21. Brysseteres pinniger (Gilbert). Plate xxxiy. 
Gobiesox pinniger Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat., 1890, 94. Puerto Re- 
fugio, Gulf of California. 

This species is the type of a distinct genus, Lrysseteres 
Jordan & Evermann, distinguished from Godzesox by the 
long dorsal fin. The vertebra are 26, as in Godzeson. 
The plate here given is from one of the type specimens. 
The name fpvscoos, sea-urchin; 7ta¢evs, comrade, al- 
ludes to the brotherhood existing between the Cling- 
fishes and the Sea-urchins in the rock pools. 


22. Arbaciosa humeralis (Gilbert). Plate xxxv. | 


Gobiesox humeralis Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 95. 
Puerto Refugio. 


This species, with its allies zebra, cos, rhessodon, etc., 
differs from Godzesox in the serrated teeth. It may be 
made the type of a distinct genus, Avdbaczosa Jordan & 
Evermann. 

The name is given in allusion to the close association 
in the rock pools between the Sea-urchins and the species 
of this genus. This relation is especially close between 
the Sea-urchin, Avébacia stellata and Arbaciosa zebra. 


.23. Arbaciosa rhessodon (Rosa Smith). Plate xxxvi. 


I present a figure of this interesting species from a 
specimen from San Diego. 


24. Arbaciosa eos (Jordan & Gilbert). Plate xxxvii. 


I here present a figure of a specimen from Mazatlan. 


NEW OR LITTLE, KNOWN FISHES. 231 


25. Rimicola muscarum (Meek & Pierson). 


Gobiesox muscarum Meek & Pierson, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1895, with 
plate. Monterey. 


This species is distinguished from Godzesox by the 
narrow body and very small dorsal and analfins. It may 
be regarded as the type of anew genus, /¢zmzcola Jordan 
& Evermann. To the same genus, Godzesonw eigenmannt 
Gilbert may be referred. tzmzcola muscarum has been 


well figured by Meek & Pierson. 


26. Rimicola eigenmanni Gilbert. Plate xxxii. 

I present a figure of the type of this species from Todos 
Santos Bay. 
Family BATRACHOIDID-4. 


27. Thalassophryne dowi Jordan & Gilbert. Plate 
XXXVIil. 
Thalassophryne dowi Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 
388. Panama. 

I present a figure of this interesting species, taken from 
a specimen from Panama, larger than the original type. 

I may notice that Batrachus Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 
is a synonym of Batrachoides Lacépéde, 1800, and can- 
not be used as the name of a distinct genus. None of 
the naked Toad-fishes were known to Schneider. The 
oldest generic term available for them is that of Opsanus 
Rafinesque, Opsanus cerapalus is identical with Batrachus 
tau, which must stand as Ofpsanus tau. 


Family BLENNIUD. 


28. Starksia cremnobates (Gilbert). 


Labrisomus cremnobates Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 100. 
Gulf of California. 


This pretty species seems to be the type of a distinct 
genus, Starksia Jordan & Evermann, distinguished from 
Labrisomus by the large scales, presence of palatine teeth, 
the short, soft dorsal and the absence of the comb of 


232 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


nuchal filaments. It is named for Mr. Edwin Chapin 
Starks, in recognition of his work on the fishes of the 
Pacific Coast. : 


29. Exerpes asper (Jenkins & Evermann). 


Auchenopterus asper Jenkins & Evermann, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 
1888, 154. Guaymas. 


The widely separated and ribbon-like first dorsal fin, 
formed of three close set spines, may distinguish asper 
generically from the other species of Awchenopterus. 
The genus Lxerpes Jordan & Evermann, based on it, is 
further distinguished by the long, sharp snout, and the 
long ventrals. The species has been well figured by 
Jenkins &  Evermann., (Proc. U.S, Nat.;,Mus., 1667; 
plate II.) 


30. Chasmodes jenkinsi Jordan & Evermann, n. sp. 
Plate xxxix. 
Hypsoblennius striatus Evermann & Jenkins, Proc. U. 8. Nat. 
Mus., 1891, 163, Guaymas, not of Steindachner. 


Head 3%. (4.1m total); depth 4 (5)..7 DAIL 7s ee 
Leyor 193, eye.4 to.5 in head. 

Body more robust than in related species, resembling 
Hypsoblennius; head large, gently rounded in profile, 
the snout steep, 4 in head; interorbital space narrow, 
grooved; orbital tentacle (male) much as in //yfsod/en- 
nius gilbert?, about 3 in head, branched, the branches 
usually 4; mouth much larger than in Hyfsoblennius, the 
maxillary 234 to 3 in head, reaching to below posterior 
margin of eye; teeth even, comb-like; gill opening 2 in 
head, extending downwards nearly to lower edge of pec- 
toral, much larger than in Chasmodes saburre. Dorsal 
little notched, the spines slender, 2% in head, the rays a 
little higher; anal lower, the rays 3% to 4 in head; pec- 
torals reaching anal, 1% in head; ventrals 2%. Dorsal 
and anal free from caudal. 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 238 


Color in lite, according to Evermann & Jenkins, yel- 
lowish; five quadrate spots of darker extending from dor- 
sal to a line drawn from middle of eye to lower base of 
caudal, the anterior one above tip of pectoral; median 
line of side with a more or less distinct series of small 
spots; a short dark vertical line behind the eye; a dark 
blotch in front of origin of dorsal fin and another on 
humeral region; under side of head with two ill-defined 
bands of dark; dorsal fin more or less speckled with 
black, the anal with a narrow white border above which 
is a broader band of deep brown. 

Six specimens, the largest about 3 inches long, were 
obtained at Guaymas, Sonora, by Dr. Evermann and Dr. 
Jenkins in 1887. One of these, No. 412, L. S. Jr. Uni- 
versity Mus., examined by us, is the type of the present 
description. 

The large mouth distinguishes this species at once from 
Hypsoblennius striatus, with which it has been identified. 
The species is intermediate between typical Chasmodes 
and Hyfsoblennius, and its discovery may make it neces- 
sary to merge the latter in Chasmodes. 


31. Runula azalea Jordan & Bollman. Plate xxxvii. 


Jordan & Bollman, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 171. Indefatigable 
Island. 


I present a plate taken from one of the types of this 
interesting little Blenny. 


32. Lucioblennius alepidotus Gilbert. Plate xxxvii. 
Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 103. Gulf of California. 
The genus Luczoblennius is very close to Chenopsis of 
the West Indies, and belongs to the Chenopsine. It is 
not possible to separate this group, as a family, from the 
Blenniide until the various intermediate subfamilies, Pho/- 
edichthyine, Pseudoblenniine, Emblemariine and Ophio- 


Proc. Cau, AcaD. Sci., 2p SeR., Vou, VI. (16) June 22, 1896. 


234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


blenniine are better known. The accompanying plate is 
from one of the types. 


Family LYCODAPODIDE. 


33. Lycodapus fierasfer Gilbert. Plate xxxiil. 


Lycodapus fierasfer Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 108. Sta- 
tion 2980, etc. 


The genus Lycodapus cannot be retained among the 
Z oarcide, as its general relations are with /7erasfer rather 
than Lycodes. It seems to represent a distinct family 
(Lycodapodide ) distinguished from /verasfer by the nor- 
mal position of the vent, which is not at the throat. Its 
gill membranes are separate and free from the isthmus. 
The accompanying plate is taken from one of the types. 


Family BROTULID. 


34. Bregmaceros macclellandi (Thompson). 


Bregmaceros macclellandi Thompson, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist., 
1840. India. 

Bregmaceros bathymaster Jordan & Bollman, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 
1889, 178. Off Coast of Colombia, near Panama. 


Two additional specimens of the species called Breg- 
maceros bathymaster have been found since the species 
was first described. They are from the same locality, 
having been mislaid in the removal of the collection. 
These are in better condition than the first and seem to 
agree fully with the accounts of B. macclellandz. 

The genus Bregmaceros has the hypercoracoid perfo- 
rate, as in the Brotulide. It cannot therefore be placed 
among the Gadde, but belongs very near the Lrotulide, 
if it be not a genuine member of that family. 


The remainder of this paper consists of notes by Mr. 
Frank Cramer on some new or little-known species of 
Sebastodes. This matter is supplementary to Mr. Cra- 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 235 


mer’s recent paper on the Cranial Characters of Sedas- 
todes, § roc. Gal. Acad. Sci.,,1895)..pps, 573 to Ori. 


Family SCORPAENID/E. 
35. Sebastodes ciliatus (Tilesius). Plate xl. 

Head: 3%; depth 3 ite 31 » Dr XU; 163 Ae TT, 3; 'P- 
18 to 19. ‘Transverse (oblique) rows of scales 46 to 47 
(+3 o0r4oncaudal). Pores 46to 47. Body compressed, 
deep, its width over the base of the pectorals about 2 in 
the depth. Dorsal outline descending rapidly backward 
in a slight curve from origin of first dorsal to end of sec- 
ond dorsal. Depth of peduncle more than 3 in depth of 
body. Head compressed, profile steep and nearly straight. 
Eye moderate, orbit circular, 3% in head, a little longer 
than snout, its posterior rim at about the middle of length 
of head. Interorbital space strongly convex, its width a 
little less than orbit, 3§ to 4 in head. Nasal spines small; 
cranial ridges and spines all obsolete, except the parietal; 
parietal ridges very slightly developed, with a minute point 
or none, covered with scales. Mouth moderate, quite 
oblique; tip of upper jaw on a level with center of eye; 
maxillary 2% in head, its posterior end reaching about to 
vertical from posterior edge of pupil. Lower jaw a little 
projecting, with a slight symphyseal knob. Very narrow 
bands of teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines. Preorbital 
moderate, its lower edge scarcely at all indented or en- 
tirely continuous, spineless. Suborbital stay scarcely 
visible. Preopercular spines small, the three upper di- 
rected backward and slightly diverging, nearly equidis- 
tant and of equal size, the two lower minute or obsoles- 
cent. Opercular spines small, without visible ridges. 
Gill-rakers slender, 2 in orbit, 23 to 24 on anterior limb 
of first arch. Dorsal fin rather low, the spines delicate, 
the 5th longest, 21% to 2% in head, the 2d about equal to 


236 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


the 11th, the 12th about 1% in the 13th; the membrane 
rather deeply incised anteriorly, and reaching about half 
way up the 13th spine. Soft rays about equal to the 
spines. Caudal fin slightly lunate, its length about 1% in 
head. Second and third anal spines about equal in length, 
the former a little stronger, 1% in the soft rays. Pecto- 
rals reaching very nearly to vent, a little less than head, 
3% in body, their base nearly 3 in their length, the me- 
dian rays longest. Ventrals not reaching vent, about 1% 
in pectorals. Scales on body, opercles and interorbital 
space strongly ctenoid; those on mandibles, maxillaries 
and most of those on cheeks cycloid; preorbital and 
snout with minute scales. Accessory scales few. Color, 
in alcohol, dark reddish brown, mottled with lighter; top 
of head néarly black, a dark stripe on edge of lower jaw, 
another on maxillary; a dark brown band from preorbi- 
tal downward and backward to posterior edge of pre- 
opercle; a broader band from posterior rim of orbit 
downward and backward across preopercle and opercle. 
Fins all dusky, the dorsals somewhat mottled. Perito- 
neum black. The following description of the color is 
added from Jordan & Gilbert’s Synopsis: ‘‘ Blackish 
green, sides rather pale, much mixed with darker; dark 
shades from eye backward; a black streak on maxillary.” 

Coast of Alaska, rare; not noticed south of Kodiak 
when the specimens here described were taken. No 
other specimens are known, except those of Pallas still 
preserved in the museum at Berlin. 

The above description is taken from three specimens 
54 to 534 inches long, in the possession of the Alaska 
Commercial Company, one of them since presented to 
Leland Stanford Jr. University. The following is the 
synonymy of the species: Apznephelus ciliatus Tilesius, 
Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., iv, 474, 1810, Aleutian 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 237 


Islands; Perca vardabilis Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i11, 
241, 1811, Aleutian Islands, type; red specimens of Se- 
bastodes introniger included as the summer coloration; 
Sebastodes variabilis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. 
des Poiss., iv, 347; Giinther, Cat. Fishes, il, 99; Se- 
bastodes ciliatus Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 658, 1883. 


36. Sebastodes hopkinsi Cramer. Plate xli. 
Sebastodes hopkinsi Cramer, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895, 594. Mon- 
terey. 

Head 3: -depth’ 32; D. XIII, 14; A. TIT,4. Transverse 
rows of scales (midway between lateral line and base of 
dorsal fin) about 52; pores about 51. Body compressed, 
not very deep, profile: steep, depth of caudal peduncle a 
little less than orbit. Head compressed, eye large, orbit 
3% in head. Interorbital space evenly convex, 4% in 
head; cranial ridges nearly obsolete; parietal ridges very 
low but broad, brown. Nasal spines small, far apart; 
preocular spines rather strong, triangular, supraocular 
and postocular usually present, very minute, tympanic 
and parietal spines sometimes present. Mouth moderate, 
oblique; maxillary very little more than 3 in head, nearly 
reaching vertical from center of pupil, its posterior end 
very broad, two in orbit. Lower jaw much projecting, 
with a prominent, forward directed symphyseal knob, 
which enters the profile. Narrow bands of teeth on jaws, 
vomer and palatines. Preorbital rather narrow, its lower 
margin lobate, with sometimes a small spine. Preoper- 
cular spines flat, sharp, nearly equidistant, all directed 
backward, the 2d longest, 4th and 5th minute. Opercu- 
lar spines flat, sharp, somewhat diverging, the upper con- 
siderably larger; spines on shoulder weak. Gill-rakers 
29 on anterior limb of first arch, long, slender, very little 
more than two in orbit. 

Dorsal spines slender, low, the 4th longest, 23 in head, 


238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


the 12th % as long as longest; soft rays equal to longest 
spines. Only a slight notch between the dorsals. Cau- 
dal lunate, 13 in head; second anal spine stronger and 
considerably longer than third, longer than soft rays, 
longer than longest dorsal spine, very little more than 
two in head. Pectorals reaching beyond ventrals but not 
to vent, a little less than head, 3% in body; their base 
narrow, equal to orbit, the lower rays not thickened. 
Scales rather small, everywhere strongly ctenoid, acces- 
sory scales not very numerous; preorbital, snout, maxil- 
laries, mandible and branchiostegal rays scaled; all the 
fin rays more or less scaly. Color much as in Sedastodes 
ovalis, but with dark blotches and no dark specks. Dark 
olivaceous, tinged with reddish, especially below; a large, 
irregular dark blotch under soft dorsal, crossing lateral 
line; a smaller one on lateral line below posterior part of 
spinous dorsal; top of head and anterior part of back to 
about 9th dorsal spine nearly uniformly dark to below 
lateral line; two indefinite dark bands from behind orbit 
across preopercle and opercle: lips black. Dorsal fin 
olivaceous, spinous dorsal dark-edged, soft dorsal darker 
at base; caudal and pectorals olivaceous, axils dark, ven- 
trals yellowish, anal pale; no small round black spots 
anywhere. Peritoneum black. Bones of skull thin, cra- 
nial ridges nearly obsolete, parietal bones meeting, inter- 
orbital space somewhat convex, 3% in base of skull, a 
slight depression on each side of a sharp, narrow median 
ridge, and another just within each supraocular ridge; 
ventral process of basisphenoid rudimentary, mesethmoid 
processes compressed, not elevated; base of skull very 
strongly curved. Closely related to Sebastodes ovalis. 
Types 734 inches long. No), 2282) ES.ga Univ, 

This species is thus far known from Monterey Bay, 
California, whence the six specimens before us were 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 239 


taken. It is named for Mr. Timothy Hopkins, founder 
of the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory at Monterey. Since 
this description was written, numerous additional exam- 
ples have been secured. It is evidently not rare about 
Monterey. 


37. Sebastodes eigenmanni Cramer, n. sp. Plate xlii. 

iead’2,'-;ndepthi2*:! ID. bigs A TN, 83 ab: 18 
(3); Lat. 1; pores 41 (+2 on base of caudal); trans- 
verse rows of scales 41. 

Body compressed, its width (behind opercles) about 
2% in its depth. Greatest width of head 22 in its length. 
Profile steep; interorbital space flat, 54 in head; supra- 
ocular and parietal ridges quite well developed, the former 
flat, the latter diverging backward. Preocular, supra- 
ocular, postocular, tympanic and parietal spines present, 
not very large, but sharp; a curved shallow groove at 
each side of the interorbital space inside of the supra- 
ocular ridges. Orbit large, nearly circular, 3% in head, 
its upper rim on a level with the profile. Snout short, 
about equal to interorbital width; preorbital moderate, 
with two small sharp spines directed downward and back- 
ward; maxillary 22 in head, reaching a little beyond ver- 
tical from posterior edge of pupil; mandible projecting 
somewhat, with a moderate symphyseal knob. The upper- 
most preopercular spine small, directed a little upward, 
the second longest, horizontal, the fourth and fifth small, 
but evident; upper opercular spine slender and sharp, 
the lower shorter. Gill-rakers long and slender, about 
2% in the orbit, 23 on horizontal limb of first arch. 
Scales rough, ctenoid, those on opercles, cheeks and in- 
terorbital space and snout somewhat rough; those on 
maxillary, mandible and breast mostly cycloid; very few 
accessory scales. Spines of first dorsal moderate, the 


240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


fourth longest, 24% in head, the fifth, sixth and seventh 
nearly equal, the twelfth 2% in the fourth; the mem- 
brane deeply incised; longest dorsal ray about equal to 
longest spine. Anal spines graduated; the second nearly 
as long as and but little stronger than third, 22 in head, 
1% in the soft rays. Caudal truncate, or a little rounded 
(the rays somewhat injured). Base of pectorals 4 in 
head, the nine lower rays simple, the middle rays long- 
est, reaching a little beyond vent, 3f in length of body. 

Ventrals reaching vent. 

Color in alcohol: Reddish-brown; pale below; dorsals 
and pectorals dusky; membranes of spinous dorsal black- 
edged, and tips of ventrals blackish. Peritoneum white, 
with a few black specks. 

One specimen, 7 inches long, taken at Monterey, Cali- 
fornia, by Dr. Wilbur W. Thoburn; No. 4046, L. S. Jr. 
Univ. Mus. 

It is named for Dr. Carl H. Eigenmann, of the Uni- 
versity of Indiana, in recognition of his work on the 
genus Sebastodes. The species is nearest to Sedbastodes 
ovalzs, but the mouth is larger and the color different. 


38. Sebastodes darwini Cramer, n. sp. 
2Sebastes oculata Jenyns, Voyage H. M.S. Beagle, Zool. Fish. No. 
li, part iv, 37, 1840, Valparaiso. 

Closely allied to Sebastodes rosaceus. Spines similar in 
number, but a trifle higher; upper spines on -preopercle 
longest. Gill-rakers slender, x-++-18, nearly as long as 
pupil. Jaws subequal. Pectoral short, 1% in head, the 
lower rays thickened; second anal spine long, curved. 
A. III, 6. Compared with a specimen of S. rosaceus of 
the same size, the snout is blunterin S. darwznz, the 
cranial ridges are a shade higher; the pectoral is shorter, 
reaching only to vent (while in SS’. rosaceus it reaches to 
second anal spine; second anal spine much longer than 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 241 


third (subequal in .S. rosacews); dorsal spines lower, 3 
in head (2% in rosaceus). Scales similar. Mexillones, 
Peru: 

Here described from MS. notes of Dr. D. S. Jordan, 
taken from the type in Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, 
Mass. 

Jenyns described a specimen from Valparaiso as the 
Sebastodes oculatus of Cuvier and Valenciennes; but 
pointed out distinctions between the two, which with later 
knowledge of related species prove beyond a doubt that 
it is distinct. This specimen probably belongs to Sebas- 
todes darwint. Jenyns also mentions a figure of an- 
other species from Valparaiso, very distinct from the 
others in having the spines of the head less developed. 
More than 50 species of the genus have been described 
from the north temperate waters of the Pacific Coast of 
America, and it is not improbable that the species of this 
genus will be found numerous in the temperate waters of 
the South American Coast. 


39. Sebastodes gilberti Cramer, n. sp. Plate xliii. 
Head ?247,;5. depths 237° 10-34. XII, 13. ASG: 
P. 17; transverse (oblique) rows of scales 40 to 42; lat. 
1. (pores) about 39 to 42. Body somewhat compressed, 
its width over the base of the pectorals nearly two in the 
depth. Head compressed, profile steep, nearly straight. 
Preocular, postocular, tympanic and parietal spines and 
ridges present, all rather delicate, these spines some- 
what appressed, the parietal ridges diverging backward 
in slight curves. Interorbital space 1% in orbit, a little 
concave, with a pair of low ridges and a shallow median 
groove between them. Orbit high up, nearly circular, 
4 in head, its posterior rim at about the middle of length 
of head. Preorbital scarcely lobate on its ventral margin, 


usually with one short triangular spine posteriorly. Sub- 
Proc. Cau. AcAD. Sci., 2p SER., Vou. VI. (17), June 22, 1896. 


242 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


orbital stay not visible externally. Preopercular spines 
all directed backward, the two uppermost closer together, 
the two lowermost weak. Opercular spines rather small, 
sharp, without visible ridges. Mouth nearly horizontal, 
the tip of the upper jaw nearly on a level with the lower 
rim of the orbit. Maxillary 2? in head, its posterior end 
reaching about to vertical from posterior rim of orbit. 
Lower jaw very slightly projecting, with a slight sym- 
physeal knob. Teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines, the 
bands on the latter narrow. Gill-rakers rather slender, 
2 to 3 in orbit, 23 on anterior limb of first arch. 

Fourth dorsal spine highest, 144 in head; membrane 
of first dorsal very deeply incised, reaching only 4% of 
the way up on the anterior side of the 3d, and about % 
of the way up on the 4th spine, nearly to the tip of the 
12th, and about half way up on the 13th spine; soft rays 
lower than.the spines, about 1% in the longest spine. 
Caudal fin truncate, with 11 to 12 full length rays, about 
12 in head. Second anal spine longer and much stronger 
than third, 22 in head, 14 in the soft rays. Pectoral fin 
reaching to or a little beyond vent, 3% in length of body, 
the median rays longest, the 8 lower rays unbranched 
and thickened; base of fin 3 in its length. Ventrals 
reaching not quite to vent, the spine about equal to the 
3d anal spine. 

Scales rather small, those of body, cheeks and inter- 
orbital space all ctenoid, those on breast cycloid; maxil- 
lary with minute scales, lower jaw and top of snout naked. 
Accessory scales few, some of them ctenoid. 

Color: Head blackish above, lips dusky, a dark 
band from front of orbit forward along side of snout; 
a dark stripe on maxillary; a blackish or olivace- 
ous band from preorbital backward and downward 
across preopercle; another broader band from posterior 


NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 243 


rim of orbit across preopercle and lower end of sub- 
opercle; a dark blotch on opercle; a blackish area in 
front of dorsal and under first and second spines, extend- 
ing with interruptions to axils of pectorals and on to the 
base of the fin, and downward and backward in a narrow 
broken band toward vent; another band from below 6th 
and 7th dorsal spines downward and backward nearly to 
origin of anal; a third short one from below gth and roth - 
spines to lateral line; a broad one under soft dorsal ex- 
tending below lateral line, and another across peduncle; 
all these dark areas extend up on the dorsal fin; their 
outlines are not sharply defined, and they as well as the 
lighter areas of the body are mottled with scattered, much 
darker spots; the lighter areas were in the fresh state a 
dull brick red, becoming lighter below. Dorsal mem- 
brane blackish between Ist and 3d, and between 5th and 
11th spines. Soft dorsal spotted with blackish anteriorly ; 
membrane of caudal dusky, the dark much broken into 
spots; anal and ventrals dusky. Pectorals with a broad, 
transverse, dark, spotted band near base, and a trans- 
verse dusky area with darker spots on distal half. Fins 
in life more or less tinged with the reddish color. Peri- 
toneum white. Types, three specimens 7%, 8% and 8% 
inches long (No. 3893, L. S. Jr. Univ.), from Monterey, 
found in San Francisco market. Many others have been 
since obtained from Monterey, where it is common. The 
species is an ally of Sebastodes carnatus and Sebastodes 
chrysomelas. It had been previously confounded with the 
young of Sebastodes carnatus. It seems to reach a smaller 
size than any of the related forms. 

This species is named from Prof. Charles Henry Gil- 
bert, of Leland Stanford Junior University. 


244 


XX. 
XXI. 


XXII. 


XXIII. 


XXIV. 
XXYV. 
XXVI. 
XXVII. 
XXVIT1. 
XXIX. 
XXX. 
XXXI. 
XXXII. 


XXXITI. 


XXXIV. 


XXXV. 


XXXVI. 


XXXVII. 


XXXVIII. 


XXXIX. 
XL. 


XLI. 


XLII. 
XLITII. 


CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


LIST OF PLATES. 


Zaprora silenus: type. Nanaimo, British Columbia. 

Nemichthys avocetta. Victoria, British Columbia. 

Avocettina gillii. Albatross Station, off Oregon. 

Salmo gairdneri crescentis: type. Lake Crescent, Washing- 
ton. 

Salmo gairdneri beardsleei: type. Lake Crescent, Washing- 
ton. 

Xenocys jessiw: type. Charles Island, Galapagos. 

Umbrina sinalow: type. Mazatlan, Mexico. 

Emmydrichthys vulcanus: type. Hawaiian Islands. 

Cottus anne: type. Eagle River, Gypsum, Colorado. 

Tarandichthys filamentosus: type. Off Santa Barbara Islands. 

Icelinus quadriseriatus. Coast of California. 

Ulca marmorata. Unalaska. 

Kathetostoma averruncus: type. Off Panama. 

Gillellus semicinctus: type. Gulf of California. 

Rimicola eigenmanni: type. Todos Santos Bay, Baja Cal- 
ifornia. 

Dactylagnus mundus. Gulf of California. 

Lycodapus fierasfer: type. Albatross Station, 2980, N. W. 
Coast of Mexico. 

Bryssetwres pinniger: type. Puerto Refugio, Gulf of Califor- 
nia. 

Arbaciosa humeralis: type. Puerto Refugio, Gulf of Cali- 
fornia. 

Arbaciosa rhessodon. San Diego, California. 

Arbaciosa eos. Mazatlan, Mexico. 

Runula azalea: type. Indefatigable Island. 

Lucioblennius alepidotus: type. Gulf of California. 

Thalassophryne dowi. Panama. 

Chasmodes jenkinsi: type. Guaymas, Mexico. 

Sebastodes ciliatus. Kodiak Island, Alaska. 

Sebastodes hopkinsi: type. Monterey, California. 

Sebastodes eigenmanni: type. Monterey, California. 

Sebastodes gilberti: type. Monterey, California. 


NOTES ON FRESH WATER FISHES OF THE PACIFIC 
SLOPE OF NORTH AMERICA.* 


BY CLOUDSLEY RUTTER. 


The present paper contains studies of fishes from cer- 
tain regions of the Pacific Slope, and is based on material 
in the museums of Leland Stanford Jr. University and the 
California Academy of Sciences. In its preparation | 
have been under many obligations to my teachers in ich- 
thiology, Professor Charles H. Gilbert and President 
David S. Jordan. The paper is divided into four parts, 
each independent of the others. 


I 


ON THE STICKLEBACKS OF CALIFORNIA, WITH SPECIAL 
REFERENCE TO THEIR INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS. 


The Sticklebacks of the Pacific Slope have been de- 
scribed under ten specific names. Of these ten nominal 
species, four—Gasterosteus obolarius Cuvier & Valen- 
ciennes, Gasterosteus tnsculptus Richardson, Gasterosteus 
serratus Ayers, and Gasterosteus intermedius Girard — 
have been shown by Jordan and Gilbert to be synonyms 
of Gasterosteus cataphractus (Pallas). Three —Gasteros- 
teus plebecus Girard, Gasterosteus tnopinatus Girard, and 
Gasterosteus pugetti Girard—are likewise known to be 
synonyms of Gasterosteus microcephalus Girard. The 
other species has been described under the one name 
only— Gasterosteus williamsoni Girard. 

The chief character used in distinguishing these three 
recognized species is the completeness of the lateral 
armor. This armature consists of a series of vertical 


*Contributions to Biology from the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory. No.6. 


Proc, Cau. ACAD. ScI., 2p SER., VoL. V1. (18 ) June 22, 1896. 


246 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


imbricated plates, which cover the whole side of the 
body anteriorly, becoming smaller posteriorly and form- 
ing a keel on the tail. So far as is known, Gasterosteus 
cataphractus is invariably fully plated from head to caudal 
fin. This species does not enter the streams. ‘The typ- 
ical mécrocephalus has the sides partly plated, and wz//zam- 
sont has been described as entirely without plates. Both 
of these forms are chiefly confined to fresh water. It is 
of the variations in these two nominal species — Gasteros- 
teus microcephalus and Gasterosteus williamsoni—that the 
present paper treats. 

It was first noticed that the number of lateral plates in 
specimens of Gasterosteus microcephalus from San Fran- 
cisquito Creek, which empties into San Francisco Bay at 
Palo Alto, was considerably less than that of specimens 
from San Gregorio Creek, which flows directly into the 
ocean on the opposite side of the peninsula. This led 
me to the inspection of specimens from other localities. 
In all, over twenty-two hundred specimens, representing 
thirty-nine localities, have been examined by me. Spec- 
imens from localities in the vicinity of Stanford Univer- 
sity have been collected by various expeditions of the 
Department of Zoology. Mr. John M. Stowell collected 
in the San Miguel and San Luis Obispo creeks, Dr. 
Charles H. Gilbert and Dr. Wilbur W. Thoburn col- 
lected specimens in southern California. The Carmel 
River Expedition (N. B. Scofield, C. Rutter, A: Seale 
and C. J. Pierson) obtained specimens from the coastwise 
streams in the vicinity of Monterey Bay; specimens from 
Oregon and Washington have been secured by two ex- 
peditions of the U. S. Fish Commission; and Mr. E. C. 
Starks has furnished specimens from the vicinity of Seat- 
tle, Washington. 

The chief variation is in the number of lateral plates. 


PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 247 


When only a few plates are present, I have always found 
them to be those which join the post-pectoral plate below 
and the dorsal plates above. The post-pectoral plate, 
which is never wanting, is a wing of the pubic plate ex- 
tending up the side behind the pectoral fin. The first 
plates to disappear are those in front of the caudal keel, 
the keel being next to go. Several specimens from 
brackish pools near Ballard, Washington, are an excep- 
tion to this, the plates of the caudal keel being the only 
ones absent. 

Below is given a table showing the variation in the 
number of lateral plates in specimens from different local- 
ities, the arrangement being in the order of the average 
number of plates. I here regard the whole series as 
forming one species, Gasterosteus williamsont, with two 
varieties or subspecies, wzl/zamsonz and mzcrocephalus, 
the latter being the prevalent form; the former, or typ- 
ical form (because earliest known), originally described 
from near Saugus in Ventura county, Cal., being more 
local and confined to inland waters. 


248 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


TABLE SHOWING THE VARIATION IN THE NUMBER OF PLATES 
IN GASTEROSTEUS WILLIAMSONI. 


The number at he peas of each column indicates the number of plates. 


v 


+ 
Sfeiris|s(h|s|o)s)*/sisisiais/a/sis)e/sis)a| & 
n 5 = D 
3 eS) eal ie Bie “| = 
cs fVeas 
LOCALITY. & 1a a 
bh : 5 
eed : z 
5 . : : . . 
B ; i i 
oO . ° 
Qa ° . 
Santa Ana R., | 
Colton, Cal....| 44] 43/..] 4) 4 0 
Santa Ana R., 
Riverside, Cal.!111|104) 4] 3]..]... 0 
Rio Salado, 
IM@xICO) 2.5 neck 3a] sles em [easy el eatcel sere erisecil cs 2 
Santa Clara R., 
Ventura Co., Cal.|298| 76]41/99/67| 15]...]..]...]..|.-]..|.. 2 
Rio Pajaro, Santa 
Cruz\©@o,, Cal..| 4-)...)-.|| 1) 1) 2 3 
San Miguel Cr., —_~ 
[Seyi R equ Cee OF VE BUH Nea Be ie Yeeeah YO Oe AS oaa| Ooleeleclisulladloclioallallaciac|ias|alisellca} 
La Laguna, Santa 
Maria R., Santa 
BarbaraCo.,Cal.| 87} 4 | 3] 8] 8] 33) 32) 5 4 
Gassus Cr., San . 
Mateos Cos, (Cals LAS i ier) il cc] 6 etaistltotel| tetatel | esas] hat hevw:l ote Vevael eeer| cool Feel fatsy ete oes Perall eee Pavel ee 
Santa Ynez R., 
Santa Barbara 
Cor Call.2)- ers LED |e mel myn) eh (ads gL DE |e Feral recall tre (ave eth acai evel evel] fermi rel hetell bevel ote ear 
Salinas R., —— 
tose kt (OF WIESE HUY PS ol tee iia Yi eee br eeselh Il ol leolet4iallaatl oiloalleeleaaolloollon|inscllar. |. i 


Adobe Cr., Santa —m~ 


Clara'Co.;, Cal sob). |. elisa laters [ae el barat ereil \skes | aeet reveal retell foded| Pace] tote [ tates rato] -arel| acell bese [seen 
San Luis Cr., San | 

Luis Obispo C Co., —— 

Cali ects: Oy) cae, (or) Neb tee fereie | nt ed fey (tea Facial lsc| ieelacl atocltaol teal es | collie allasltaelle 
Unalaska mietelaaies Din loon sts ra takell ees Bib voll acces corey Precesl Pavel vee} | exec | coves reps |i cee zea ea at] ented | emer seat | eae a 
Williamette R. 

Oregon City,Or. ltl te Epil leas DVRS Ma beat] eal [iee teen sec ncetl ec leael fave | Reel eral 
San Benito R., 

San Benito ee —S—— 

Caley el aie. BOB sere Pas Ball even cas FOO oil stavas|lotey| (evecare) | Panall Mt) oral Ll eral ens Weve fay | eaeel eee) at RD 
The Lakes, Wil-| | | 
liamette R., Al- 

any, OF. . oa. ie 115} ites) Nie. perso cl oS te itn Wal ol bal toalliagrd ian laoileciioslon||rollbbfeal|ecihon 5 
San Francisquito, 

Cr., Palo Alto, —— | 

Cal, : LCR ees oo) feel Beoced (eee nk Ie PON WAR eH odlaslasiiaat ce 
Lakes, Vicinity of 

Seattle, WETS ESE) aaa Balloeltso| tase tlb GM G3) 6) alls 7 
Carmel R., 25 

mi. from mouth.|190)...)..}..)..|...] 8 |63/103] 8] 1]..) 1]..]..|..| 2] 1)..| 1]..}..] 2) 7 
McKenzieR., 

BD bee e Od orpa li 3logo|faniicaltaalipoe\ee st che S |) 11 lets ixalimaliactoe Hac 7 
Deer Cr., | 

Ilo iyaa OrLalleewleodl an lsallocleaalbsaaiinalh fh (24 8 
CarmelR. (mouth)| | 

ieee Por } | 
Cal.. Z eS iar bese Reed ie 4 fee! Eom I il Wee A et See ella feraliolhsslboatiieallesjacllsidl te: 


PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 


249 


TABLE SHOWING THE VARIATION IN THE NUMBER OF PLATES 
IN GASTEROSTEUS WILLIAMSONI—ContTINnNv_ED. 


The number at the head of each column indicates the number of plates. 


Zlolris|e|elolelslelslsinislalelsisis)s/slel af & 
Es : zl lee lealchlael sr Psalice ls Z 3 
2 : : =|: I: ; 3 
5 : 2 Talis |: ; 
Locatiry. g ‘ : alls Is le 
B Fy : alle = 
2 = : elite Ne Ci B 
5 : : alle oS 
5 = : adhe k a 
B : 2 aalte : : z 
= : emits ihe 5 
= : : aallts ale Z 
| | | 
Soquel Cr., Santa | | 
Cruz ee Cal..| 34]... nyt 4 | 2 7 6| 3) 2) 5 isc eas 1; 10 
Pajaro R., Wat- | 
sonville, Cal...| 43}. SSSI AGS |S | ore cll scail col fecal es Pees es nes | PELL) ra fe fescll nes [ar |e 
Skookemchuck | 
Cr., Chehalis, 
Wasbhe. .sstiss =» 39}. 1} 11} 6 1). Des aay Wey 1) 9) 13 
Aptos Creek, 
Santa Cruz Co., 
Cal Sai) He 1). 1| 15 
Walia Walla R., eda | | 
Wallula, Wash.| 46|...|..|. ISS el ae 1). 2| 2} 2) 3} 1] 3} 2) 3) 4) 2) 8) 15 
Brackish Pools, | | 
Ballard, Wash. 57. 12} 2) ee] Ace) 2 Dah Bl Saale taal 120 
San Gregorio Cr., | | 
San Mateo Co., 
Oates a ceancsiexs 47 LS erie Sl ess) Oe 1} 2} 2} 1} 1/28) 20 
Scott Creek, Santa | | 
CpazOo. sy Cal sa UL ee: oi sisi|scdtesa||e.cvsll oes ..{11)Fully 
Liddel Cr., Santa | 
Cruz Co., Cal..| 1 1 eat 
San Vicente Cr., 
Santa Cruz Co., 
Cals taf Gaee 41). eraltaral| 4] aa) 40 ines 
Pescadero Cr., | | | 
San Mateo Co.,; | | 
Caller) aera MANES oll 40 ialoal Gaul hotel koa ao! acl Obl tooled iar ad las 4| * 
Wadell Cr., Santa) | | 
Cruz Co., Cal...| 46 wiles keteulfaterat tates 1|. A cus’ 
Pilarcitos Cr., 
Spanishtown,Cal 100). Ell apelllsrereil iets g UY) Te 1 es Pe LTRS 3 ped Wes ff We la 19a ss 
Klaskanine R., | | 
SR LOBY aoe Oey cre neaie|foen | eset iced teral| ote al lteter all et vtistevesllaves|t are lieu eA lSe 2 |e 
North UmpquaR.| | | 
Roseburg, Or..| 14 Soiled hacilsasileccloslaoud pale ee wif TA [a 88 


This table shows a complete gradation in the number 
of plates from specimens wholly naked to those fully 


plated. 


almost invariably without any plates. 


Proc. Cau. ACAD. Sci., 2p S=R., Vou. VI. 


The specimens from the Santa Ana River are 


About one-fourth 
of those from the Santa Clara River in Ventura county 
are without plates, the others having from one to four. 
Into this stream flow the brooks of Williamson’s Pass, 


which is the type locality of Gasterosteus williamsont. 
June 23, 1896. 


(19) 


250 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The specimens here noted agree with the original de- 
scription of that species, except in the presence of plates 
as above noted. The original description was based on 
eight specimens. Our specimens from the San Miguel 
Creek have an average of four plates, only one having 
none. Adobe Creek furnishes 115 specimens, with from 
four to six plates. None of the 175 specimens from San 
Francisquito Creek have fewer than four plates, and four 
specimens are fully plated. The specimens from Walla 
Walla River range from four plates to a fully plated body, 
the average number of plates being fifteen. Seventy-nine 
per cent. of the specimens from Pilarcitos Creek, empty- 
ing into Half Moon Bay, are fully plated, but some have 
as few as six or seven. From several localities the spec- 
imens are all fully plated, but it is worthy of note that in 
such cases we have only a few specimens. Larger col- 
lections would doubtless show variation. 

Dr. G. A. Boulenger has recorded similar variations in 
the English Stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. The 
variations described by him were all found in one local- 
ity, in practically one haul of the seine. They corre- 
spond to those of our specimens from the Walla Walla 
River (see table). 

From a number measurements, made with as much 
accuracy as the small size of some of the parts measured 
would permit, I find that the dorsal and ventral spines 
become shorter, the prepectoral area becomes slightly 
smaller, and the pubic plate shorter as the number of lat- 
eral plates grows less. There is little variation in the | 
size of the head, the width of the thoracic area or the 
depth of the body. The proportionate size of the eye 
varies inversely with the size of the specimen, as usual 
in fishes. These variations are all such that those found 
in one locality overlap those found in another, thus form- 


PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 251 


ing a perfectly intergrading series from the plateless weak 
spined wzlléamson? to the fully plated, strongly armed 
form of mzcrocephalus. 

Other differences are as follows: 

The tail of mzcrocephalus, especially the more fully 
plated form, is somewhat depressed and rather slender. 
In the Colton and Riverside specimens (true w7//éam- 
sont), the tail is heavy, and it is somewhat compressed, or 
rounded. However this character shows great individual 
variation, and the well plated form of mécrocephains dif- 
fers as much from the poorly plated form as the latter 
does from wz/éamsont. 

In the well plated forms the tail is provided with a keel 
on each side. This keel consists of a fleshy basis covered 
by the lateral plates, which here become keel-shaped. In 
the poorly plated form and in wz//iamsoni the keel is ab- 
sent. 

The sides of the thoracic area are decidedly convex in 
williamsont, becoming almost straight in the fully plated 
form of mzcrocephalus. The post pectoral plate is heavier 
and notched in the more completely plated specimens. 
The pubic plate is more sharply pointed and more firmly 
attached to the interclavicles when the lateral armor is 
more complete. The first dorsal plates, those in front of 
the first dorsal spine, are small or wanting in the naked 
specimens, becoming larger and more firmly attached as 
the lateral armature becomes more completely developed. 

The specimens of wel/éamsoni that I have seen are 
smaller than the average of mcrocephalus. 

There are fully intergrading series in these variations 
also. 

The following is a summary of the points in which 
variations exist and which may be used in distinguishing 
the two varieties. The average representative of the 


252 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


parent form, called m¢crocephalus, as compared with the 
average representative of the derived form, qwilliamsoni, 
has: 

The sides with more plates. 

The pre-pectoral area larger. 

The pubic plate longer and sharper. 

The caudal peduncle or tail more slender. 

The dorsal and ventral spines longer. 

The pelvic girdle more firmly attached to the in- 
terclavicles. 


AmB WwW NH 


7. The post-pectoral plate heavier. 

8. The sides of the thoracic area less convex. 

g.. The first dorsal plates larger and more firmly at- 
tached. 

to. A larger average size of the adult individual. 

The fin rays are: wz//zamsonz, dorsal g to 12, anal 7 or 
8; mzcrocephalus, dorsal 10 to 13, anal 7 to 9. 

These numerous differences, together with the differ- 
ence in distribution, necessitate the separation of mzcro- 
cephalus and wzllzamsonz, but the fact that the differences 
all intergrade in intermediate territory, gives these forms 
only subspecific value. As the name wz//zamsonz is the 
older, it must be used as the specific name, while the 
common or parent form must be recorded as Gasterosteus 
williamsont microcephalus. 

The true w7//zamsonz, with the exception of the eight 
type specimens, is known only from the Santa Ana Basin 
at Colton, Riverside and San Bernardino. The form 
called microcephalus is known from many streams from 
Unalaska on the north to the Santa Clara River on the 
south, where it meets wz//zamsonz, the types of wzllzamsont 
being from a tributary of the Santa Clara. 

The variety mzcrocephalus shows great variations, but 
Ihave been unable to coérdinate them with any locality . 


PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 253 


or stream condition. The most that can be said is that 
the more fully plated specimens have been taken in small 
coastwise streams, while the less fully plated ones usually, 
though not always, have been found farther inland. In 
general, there is no doubt that the forms having the arm- 
ature more fully developed are nearer the primitive type. 
These live near the sea. These facts point to the descent 
of the species from Gasterosteus cataphractus. 

The marine species, Gasterosteus cataphractus, itself 
shows little variation. It differs from the well plated 
form of mzcrocephalus in having a more slender and com- 
pressed body, longer spines, longer pectorals, larger pre- 
pectoral area, more depressed caudal peduncle, and nar- 
rower pubic plate and thoracic area. These, again, are 
all differences of degree, and they point to the recent 
origin of microcephalus and williamsoni, brackish and 
fresh water forms, derived from those strictly marine. 
In like manner, doubtless, the partly naked fresh water 
forms of Eastern America and Europe have sprung from 
the marine species of the same region. 


CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


254 


TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS. 


(Bpeaimnens selected to show greatest variation.) 


Average number 
of plates from 
the locality. 


Depth in length. 


| length + width. 


09 39 HCD oD 

: onnMow 

Eye in length.| wanna 
ree 

Thoracic area, COND 


cH oH oH osH HOD 03 cH oH 


ANNANA Oe 
Sn cn Bh ce a aes ee a 


IN INE NOMONO 


Meer NN 


Pubic plate, 
length + width. 


Pubic plate in 
length. 


OO HO B= B= 1 19 I 
AAAAANANM OD 


| Pre-pectoral, 
| area in length. 


| V. Sp. in length. 


2a D. 
| Sp. in length. 


SCOrDOr-nNAaAD 


6D AD 1D 19 19 19 19 © 19 


ADE Gri OO H 


SHMDAAHAAS 


1D B= 06 Dr HH 


Orrrrrrrs 


IN ah) 


Ssnossacr 
mene 


Head in length to 
base of C. 


Length of speci- 
men in mm, 


SHH 10 1D HONS 
HNO HONIOAN 


od oo ar ed eS aD cD OD OD 


Pilarcitos Creek. 


SHANTOH OM 


MaAMSstHLw 
19 16 19 108.19 1 09 


San Francisquito 
Creek 


‘ = 5 
Lo] Lo} 's 
2 2 2 
3 3 3 
zx A _ _— Lol 
a oO ® Ay Ay sf Ay 
5 8 a Bm #00 bm S00 b Faro emaas 
© 7 aS sadaq syeea ee Se el el 
& A BKOOO BHOOO a onion 10 
—_~ "SS a“ RnHAG HakhAada Hnh A A 
OOOH eon 0 COAG || Oaane mT OMOKHARB OOD 
ics os 3 OO HH SH HOD coo || cp ose 09 09 HH HH oO oH OH 8 
19 OH. wHootn r= 00 onncorr CO =H 1D <H 0 DOW OMNDAMDO 
HHMAN AnrAaANS ono Onn coo MOHAIR SnNAnRANeAN 
eee es ata heed ted rt est ret reese eee se ri re re Saal Sn | 
ANWE G Hreedtow pniet=) 1D 6 B= 615 NAN HO DBaADinSMotao 
AnH Anna ANAM | adn aNnNaAGA ao AN A 
| 
rin ora 69 00D G2 63 0 one || awoon nnmeao PON OMOH 
ANAAA AAAANAN saan || ananan DOA AOD Am AAA 
— ~ — | = 
DOAHO CD Io Int || wero 15 HOOre i Rael tel | 
rooere ee orra rae 19 19 Oo OCrAd 6 SS OE Onan 
Nom O10 DHOMAH or Ororwr wASNS AHIQDOHOAAA 
SnDaon GOnrcnon ono DDMRO aoconr oo fF fA ONS 
minaoin 0 60 6D te HOO Sais Drie oo HIOAHS | HOntatAinoS 
Orocr SHOOT coo nse KS ~rOoHS Cd HOnHAHO 
La ere bn! ret ret er ner oe. re re 
| | 
onmron nononr ode o) | 0D A b= Correo SaAnonwmrow 
NaNANG 19 SS ODN HOO HOON Or GON mre NOH BADNK KNOY 
een Sanit! ne eae Soo es oe os onl ce re 
aco > 19 6 oD oO oro Sa OO Or COCGaHNEe OSS 
2ASSR CSSRER So SANSS HID 69.09 AAWSHAR eA 
29 0 69 0 60 69 32 0 0D 29 0 oD oD oD 69 o3 69 OD od 0D 0.02 09 OD Gey Ge) mech thse net-r) 
ADOOG aoc Ore one | Gao Giro ETE ne = DEeGTOL 
Ow Heo HoOrsas ota | oh eee OES eee ne) = . 
=H 6D 1d 18 oD HHO cm 09 69 B= ae Oe aeilonde ceurefuetny a. 8) eesins 
: ese : crtse Sard aaa ties Reece 
4 me A eae PRA Bec als seen oe 
4 Bes OE ee 2Nehne "Se: : 
@ SV; Sekt eS em : 
® Wo Sais): Sage : Reels Sie 
H | ~SOOm . 2s OD . 5 £ GD wm . 
iS) sR eg mR = =. 2 gi 
re - Bae eS ZA ES Sealab srstoelstoais 
+: 
2 S Bie Sera gee os | rm Agee 
St ro 4 Bnaeo Aaneo aawmnm em oO 
° =. 
oO | 
q - 3 | | “Mveul oY} MOT} 
i z 5 || *BULIxey, ‘BUIIUTL «| WOTVIABA YRTA ‘UOT 


PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 255 


Il. 


THE FISHES OF RIO YAQUI, SONORA, WITH THE DESCRIP- 
TION OF A NEW GENUS OF SILURIDZA. 


This report is based on two small collections of fishes, 
one of two species made by Dr. Gustav Eisen at Hermo- 
sillo, and the other of six species by Mr. William Wight- 
man Price, in the headwaters of Rio Yaqui, in northern 
Sonora and southern Arizona. The only collections 
heretofore reported from Sonora were made in San Ber- 
nardino Creek by the Mexican Boundary Survey. No 
species other than those here reported were obtained at 
that time. 

Dr. Eisen obtained his specimens from a tributary of 
the Rio Sonora, near Hermosillo, the capital of Sonora, 
while in charge of the exploring expedition sent out by 
the California Academy of Sciences in 1892. He gives 
the following notes on the stream in question: 

The Sonora River at Hermosillo is a shallow stream, 
with so little water during the dry season that the stream 
becomes almost dry. Most of the water is taken out for 
irrigation above town, leaving the sandy bed dry below. 
In summer time after heavy rains, however, the water 
rises quickly and Rio Sonora may then become a torrent 
of several days’ duration. East of Hermosillo the water 
increases rapidly, and even during the dry season may be 
several feet deep. The fishes collected were found in 
pools in the sandy bed, fed by a tiny streamlet in places 
simply percolating through the sand. 

Mr. Price obtained specimens of fishes in 1894 while 
collecting birds and mammals in the mountains of south- 
ern Arizona and northern Sonora. His stations were 
(1) the Rio Yaqui, east of Oposura; (2) its tributary, San 
Bernardino Creek, at a point just south of the Arizona 


256 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


line; (3) Morse Canon, and (4) Rucker Canon, small 
creeks in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, which be- 
long to the Yaqui Basin, although their waters disappear 
in the sand long before reaching any direct tributary of 
that stream. Mr. Price says that the region is much ele- 
vated, and, except in the mountains, nearly barren. The 
courses, of the streams of Rucker and Morse canons, and 
others similar in which he did not collect, can be traced 
for several miles into the desert, through which the water 
doubtless flows during freshets, but there is no evidence 
that it has reached the Yaqui in recent years. 

Mr. Price’s collection adds the family Siluridz and the 
genus Campostoma to the list of types found in Pacific 
waters, this being the most northern record of a fresh 
water catfish on the Pacific slope, and the first record of 
Campostoma from the west slope. The species has been 
named Campostoma pricet by Jordan & Thoburn, but the 
species seems to be identical with Campostoma ornatum 
of the Rio Grande basin, an unexpected and curious fact, 
as the two basins are separated by the continental divide. 
The basin is more closely connected with that of the Gila, 
all of the species found in the former, excepting the new 
catfish and the Campostoma being found in the latter. 


Family SILURIDA. 


Villarius Rutter, new genus. 


Allied to Amezurus, differing in the presence of scat- 
tered cilia on the sides. 

Backward process from occipital short, broad, emar- 
ginate, connected by ligament with the first interspinal 
buckler. In adults, the distance between this process 
and the buckler is equal to the length of the former; in 
young specimens the process overlaps the keel on the 
underside of the buckler. Head narrow, width of in- 


PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 257 


termaxillary band of teeth % of head. Caudal deeply 
forked, the upper lobe the longer. Barbels long, those 
of the maxillary extending past the gill opening. S'des 
with scattered hatr-like cirri. These are very noticeable 
under a lens, but not readily distinguished by the naked 
eye. 


This genus differs from all others of the family in hav- 
ing hair-like cirri on the sides. It differs from /ctalurus 
in having the occipital process and the interspinal buckler 
widely separated and connected by ligament; from Am- 
ewrus in having a narrow head and a deeply forked 
caudal. 


1. Villarius pricei Rutter, new species. 

a Oe ibs 62 (Aa? to-29- €. 1 frig ered (ao a RES 

Head 3% to 334 in body; eye § to 7, snout 2%, max- 
illary 5% to 6 in head. Maxillary barbel very long, 
reaching beyond the pectoral spine, in the adult speci- 
men about to its tip when depressed, 3 to 4 times as long 
as the barbel at nostril. Origin of dorsal midway be- 
tween snout and middle of base of adipose fin; pectorals 
inserted halfway between snout and ventrals. Longest 
dorsal ray six to seven times in length of body; spine of 
dorsal longer than its base, equal to base of adipose fin, 
_ Longest pectoral ray about half of head, pectoral spine 
2% to 3 in head, with about twelve distinct hooked serre 


258 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


behind, these fewer and somewhat smaller in a speci- 
men 17 in. long. Base of anal three times in its distance 
from snout, its longest rays equal to those of the ventral. 
Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line present, but rather 
faint. 

This species is closely related to the species described 
by Bean as Amezurus dugesti (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
1879, 304), differing in having very prominent serrations 
on the pectoral spines, the types of dugeszz having the 
pectoral spines without serre. I have examined a speci- 
men of dugesz7, 4 in. long, from Salamanca, Mex., which 
is in the type basin. It has the cirri minute and light in 
color, a row of papillae along the lateral line, and the 
pectoral spines with four or five degenerate serre. The 
process from the occipital is as described above, and Mr. 
Bean informs me that the types have the sides with hair- 
like cirri. It, therefore, belongs in the same genus with 
pricer and may stand as V2llarius dugestt. 

This description is based on seven specimens (No. 4826, 
L. S. Jr. Univ.), 7 to 17% in. long, from San Bernardino 
Creek, near the northern border of Sonora, Mexico. 

The species is named for the collector, Mr. William 
Wightman Price. 


Family CATOSTOMIDE. 


2. Catostomus bernardini Girard. 

Several specimens, in poor condition, 2% to 3% in. 
long, from Rio Yaqui, Sonora. 

Head 3% to 3, depth about 4 to 4% in length; eye 3% 
to 4% in head, 1% in snout. D.11; A. 7. Scales 10 to 
12-64 to 73-10 to 12, 26 to 30 before dorsal. Lips very 
large, about four rows of papilla on upper, lower in- 
cised to base, the lobes rounded. , 


PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 259 


Family CYPRINIDZE. 


3- Campostoma ornatum Girard. ( Campostoma pricet 
Jordan & Thoburn. ) 


Five specimens, 1% to 4 in. long, from Rucker Cajon, 
Chiricahua Mountains, Ariz. 

Head 3% to 4 in length; eye 3% to 4™% in head, 5% 
in an adult male; 31 to 35 scales before dorsal eae 
35, 35]. Origin of dorsal midway between nostrils and 
rudimentary caudal rays. Maxillary extending to below 
anterior nostril; top of head 1% in distance from occi- 
put to dorsal (114 in one specimen). 

These specimens are from the exact type locality of the 
specimen upon which Jordan and Thoburn based their 
description of Campostoma price (Fishes of North Amer- 
ica, Jordan and Evermann, p. 205), and their type speci- 
men is included in the notes here given. The receipt of 
more material and its comparison with specimens from 
Rio Conchas, Chihuahua, Mex., shows the species precez 
not to be valid: The measurements for the Rio Con- 
chas specimens are: Head 3% to 33; eye 4% to 5; scales 
before dorsal 32 to 39; [32, 33, 36, 37, 37, 38, 39]; origin 
of dorsal and maxillary as given above; top of head 1% 
in distance from occiput to dorsal, IZ in one specimen. 

The convolutions of the alimentary canal in these 
specimens are quite different from those of Campostoma 
anomalum. Instead of having the alimentary canal wound 
around the air-bladder a number of times, it is folded 
back and forth antero-posteriorly below and at the side 
and makes only one fold on top, not going entirely around 
it at all. The intestines were found to have the same 
arrangement in a specimen of Campostoma ornatum from 
Rio Conchas, Mexico. In one of our specimens, a female, 
the alimentary canal was entirely below the air-bladder. 
In a specimen of Campostoma anomalum from Ross Lake, 


260 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


near Cincinnati, Ohio, the alimentary canal was wound 
around the air-bladder more than a dozen times, though the 
ovaries were not thus inclosed. 


4. Leuciscus purpureus Girard. 


One specimen 1% inches long from Morse Cajon, and 
three of the same length from the Yaqui River, east of 
Oposura, are identified provisionally but very doubtfully 
with this species. The one from Morse Canon has the 
head 3%, depth 3% in length, eye 3% in head, longer 
than snout. Dorsal 9g, anal 7, lat. 1. 53. Teeth 1, 4-5,1 
The three from the Yaqui have the following descrip- 
tion: 

Head 3% in length, eye 3% in head, a little longer 
than snout. Dorsal 9g, anal 7, lat. 1.70, complete. Teeth 
4-4, hooked, with flat or slightly grooved grinding sur- 
face. Maxillary about to vertical from anterior margin 
of eye, slipping under the preorbital, without barbel. 
Mouth oblique, head pointed, lower jaw included. Dor- 
sal inserted over ventrals; anal deep, pointed. Olive 
above, silvery below, sides and back finely dusted with 
black. Lateral band, caudal spot, and a median dorsal 
line, black. 


5. Agosia chrysogaster Girard. 

Numerous specimens from Rucker Canon, the largest 
about three inches long, and one small specimen from 
Morse Cajon; also three specimens 1% inches long from 
Hermosillo. 

Dorsal 8; anal 7., Head 3% to. 4, depth, 344 iowa 
length; eye 3% to 4 in head, longer than snout in the 
smaller specimens. Mouth low, terminal, scarcely ob- 
lique, the lower jaw included; premaxillaries protractile ; 
maxillary to below nostril in the larger specimens, with 
barbel at extremity. Teeth 4-4, hooked, with deeply 


PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 261 


grooved grinding surface. Scales very small, about 17— 
70 to 80-14, lateral line incomplete posteriorly. Alimen-. 
tary canal 1% times length of body; peritoneum black. 
Dorsal inserted behind ventrals, the latter reaching the 
vent. Anal deep, extending when depressed half way 
from its hinder margin to caudal. 

Color of Hermosillo specimens, in alcohol, a dark me- 
dian dorsal stripe, a dark lateral band, above which the 
sides are brown; under parts silvery; sides in and above 
the lateral band finely dusted with black; a distinct black 
spot at base of caudal; fins all pale. The specimens col- 
lected by Mr. Price have lost their color markings. 


6. Pecilia occidentalis (Baird & Girard). 


Numerous specimens from the Yaqui, east of Oposura,. 
collected by Mr. Price, and from Hermosillo, collected 
by Dr. Eisen. The following description is based on the 
latter, those collected by Mr. Price not differing mate- 
rially. This species, as Mr. Garman has shown, is a true 
Pecilia, not a Heterandria: 

Dorsal 7 or 8; anal 7; ventral 6. Scales 28-7. Head 
3% to 41n length, depth 3% to4. Eye 3% in head, equal 
to or slightly longer than snout, a little less than two times 
in interorbital width. Teeth in a double crescentric row 
in each jaw, with a series of minute teeth behind them, 
not readily appreciable. Origin of dorsal in middle of 
total length in females, more anterior in males; behind 
the anal in males, where it is nearer pectorals than cau- 
dal, above posterior rays of anal in females. Anal pro- 
cess 17 to 2 times head, in some specimens extending to 
caudal, bent to one side at its extremity with minute ser- 
rulations. Adult males have the ventral fins very small 
and placed almost below the pectorals; the females have 
them larger and inserted below the tips of the pectorals.. 


262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Several specimens, which are doubtless immature males, 
resemble the females, except in having the anterior rays 
of the anal somewhat elongate, but not yet developed into 
a true anal process. Anal basis short, four times in lower 
side of caudal peduncle. 

Color, in alcohol, a dark lateral band usually present 
on posterior half of body, with a distinct black line 
through its middle. A black line present on lower side 
of caudal peduncle. Scales edged with dark. Females 
otherwise very light, the fins unmarked. Adult males 
very dark, all fins with dark shadings; young males re- 
sembling the females in color. 

Of the thirty-three specimens collected by Dr. Eisen, 
three are adult males and five or six others seem to be 
immature males. The largest male is 1 inch, the largest 
female 1% inches. The largest collected by Mr. Price 
are, male 14% inches,.and female 2% inches. 

Mr. Price also fished Sabino Cajion, a tributary of the 
Santa Cruz, of the Gila Basin, obtaining Lezczscus inter- 
medius and Pecilia occidentalis; and from the Rio San 
Pedro at Fairbank, Arizona, also in the Gila Basin, he 
obtained Pantosteus clarki and Agosia chrysogaster. 1 
have the following note on 


Leuciscus tntermedius (Girard) : 


Head 3% to 334, depth 4 in length; eye equal to snout, 
I to 1% in interorbital, 33, to 4 in head. Teeth nor- 
mally 2, 5-4, 2, but 1, 5-4, r and o, 5-4, 1 and 0, 4-4, 0 
also found, the tips black in some specimens. Dorsal 8 
or 9, anal 7 or 8; scales 17 to 20—64 to 73—7 to Q, lat- 
eral line much decurved. Anal fin deep, longest ray 
twice length of base. 


PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 26 


oS) 


IM: 


NOTE ON A COLLECTION OF FISHES MADE IN STREAMS 
NEAR CAPE SAN LUCAS BY DR. GUSTAV EISEN. 


A small collection of fishes, consisting of nine species, 
was obtained by Dr. Gustav Eisen in fresh water streams 
about Cape San Lucas, in Baja California. The species 
are all well known, but their occurrence in this region is 
worthy of record. 


a. Siphostoma starksi Jordan & Culver. 


Numerous specimens of this species from San José del 
Cabo. They differ somewhat from the types of Szphos- 
toma starks¢ in having a longer body and shorter tail, 
though there is considerable variation in both lots of 
specimens. 

Head 10% to 10% ; dorsal 37 to 39; pectoral 13. Head 
334 to 4 in distance from snout to vent; head and body 
134 to 1 in tail; snout 2% to 23 in head. Two lateral 
keels on body, the upper ceasing and the lower curving 
upward under posterior part of dorsal, as in the types. 
Dorsal beginning over, or in some specimens, one seg- 
ment behind vent. Color quite dark, a rather regular 
series of light-colored dots along sides; middle rays of 
caudal black, outer with irregular blotches. 


2. Agonostomus nasutus (Giinther). 


One specimen, 4% inches long, from San José del 
Cabo. It agrees in all essential characters with the orig- 
inal description, which was based ona specimen 8% inches 
long from the Rio San Geronimo in Guatemala. The eye, 
however, is 3% in head, 44 in an 8-inch specimen from 
Mazatlan, instead of 5; the caudal is emarginate, the 
middle rays 2 length of outer. The soft dorsal is not so 
high as the spinous dorsal and is as high as the anal, in- 


264 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


stead of being higher than the spinous dorsal and lower 
than the anal. 

Head 34, depth 32 in length; dorsal IV-I, 8; anal II, 
10. Of specimens from Mazatlan, some have the anal II, 
ro, and some III, 9. The lateral line is faintly indicated ; 
scales 6—44—6, 19 before dorsal, extending forward to an- 
terior margin of pupil. Preorbital serrate on lower edge, 
the serre not evident on larger specimens from Mazatlan. 
Pectoral 12 in head, not quite equal to distance from nos- 
tril to margin of opercle. All fins, except the spinous 
dorsal, have scales on the basal part, and it has an elon- 
gate accessory scale on each side. The fourth spine of 
the dorsal is weak. 

3. Mugil albula Linneus. La Liza. 

Two specimens, 9 in. long, from fresh water at San José 

del Cabo. Head 4 in length. Scales 38 and 39. Dor- 


sal and anal scaled on anterior rays only. 


4. Mugil curema Cuvier & Valenciennes. TRUCHA: 
Liza. 

Numerous specimens, 1% to 8 in. long, from La Paz, 
and from Rio San José, San José del Cabo. This and 
the preceding are marine species, although frequently as- 
cending rivers. 

5. Eucinostomus californiensis (Gill). La Majarra. 

One specimen, 4% in. long, from fresh water at San 
José del Cabo. It agrees with specimens from Panama. 

Dorsal VIII, 9, its longest spine about 134 in head; 
eye 24 in head, longer than snout. 

6. Philypnus lateralis Gill. 


One specimen, 3% in. long, from fresh water at San 
José del Cabo. 
Dorsal VI-I, 9; anal I, 11. 


PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 265 


7.  Dormitator maculatus (Bloch.) Parceeta, La 
PAJEQUE. 


Nine specimens, 24% to 4% in. long, from Rio San José, 
San José del Cabo. 

Head 3%, depth 3% in length. Dorsal VII-I, 8; 
analI, 9. According to Dr. Eisen, the spot in front of 
the pectoral is blue in life. 


8. Eleotris pictus (Kner & Steindachner). (/eotris 
equidens Jordan & Gilbert. ) 


Eight specimens, 3 to 14 in. long, from fresh water at 
San José del Cabo. They agree with the original de- 
scription by Jordan & Gilbert, except in minor details. 

Head 3 to 3% in length; maxillary 2% to 23¢ in head; 
scales 61 to 68, 25 or 26 in an oblique series downward 
and backward from the origin of the dorsal. Eye 2 to 
234 in interorbital width, the latter in a specimen 14 in. 
long. No conspicuous knobs at upper anterior and pos- 
terior margins of orbit; if such were conspicuous in the 
types, they were probably due to shrivelling. Preoper- 
cular spine covered by the skin. 

Dr. Gilbertinforms me that A/eotr7s eqguideus, of which 
species he has specimens from Panama, is identical with 
the form earlier known as Fleotris pictus. — 


g. Awaous taiasica (Lichtenstein). La PujyEque, Mu- 
CHURA. 


Six specimens, 2% to 3% in. long, from Rio San José, 
San José del Cabo. 

Dorsal VI-I, 10, the first ray of the second dorsal 
being unsegmented; eye 4% to 5 in head. The anterior 
profile of the head is much curved, as is the case with 


smaller specimens from Mazatlan. 
Proc. Cau. AcaD, Sci., 2p SER., Vou. VI. (17) June 27, 1896, 


266 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


10. Spheroides annulatus (Jenyns). 


Five specimens, 3 to 3% in. long, from La Paz. The 
bar at base of pectoral is indistinct, and there is a pale 
edging at tip of caudal. 


EV? 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CHARACONDON FROM 
TEPIC, MEXICO. 


Characodon eiseni Rutter, new species. 

Head 3% ;-depth 34; eye 3. Dorsal ir to ig5 anet 
13; sgales 30 to 32, 12. Snout shorter than eye, lower 
jaw projecting. About nine teeth in upper jaw and about. 
14 in lower. Teeth strongly bicuspid, the villiform teeth 
not developed. Mouth almost vertical when closed, man- 
dible about half length of eye. Interorbital space flat, 
the anterior part equal to orbit, wider posteriorly. In- 
sertion of dorsal in middle of total length; anal inserted 
under 4th ray of dorsal. Pectoral reaching past inser- 
tion of ventral. Tips of depressed dorsal and anal in 
vertical through middle of caudal peduncle. Caudal 
broad, truncate, length of middle rays equal to length of 
top of caudal peduncle. Head about ¥% of total; great- 
est depth of body above ventrals. Depth of caudal pe- 
duncle % its length. Color, in alcohol: Male with a 
broad indefinite lateral band; female with dark blotches 
on sides which in one of three specimens form distinct 
cross-bands. 

This species is most closely related to Characodon 
varziatus Bean, which is found in the headwaters of the 
same basin. It differs from that species in having fewer 
rays and scales, much fewer teeth, larger eye, much more 
posterior position of dorsal, and in color. 

This description is based on four specimens (No. 4999, 


PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 267 


L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.), the largest 1144 inches long, from 
a branch of the Rio Grande de Santiago at Tepic, 
Mexico. 

The species is named for Dr. Gustav Eisen, who col- 
lected it with the following species in 1894: 


Pecilia occidentalis (Baird & Girard). 


Numerous specimens of this species were taken with 
the above. They do not differ from specimens from 
Hermosillo. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PIPE-FISH 
(SIPHOSTOMA SINALOZ) FROM MAZATLAN. 


BY DAVID STARR JORDAN AND EDWIN CHAPIN STARKS. 


Siphostoma sinaloz Jordan & Starks, n. sp. 


Allied to Szphostoma arctum Jenkins & Evermann. 

Head 8% in length to base of caudal; depth 3% in 
head; dorsal 26, on 1%-+5 rings 14-35. 

Snout 14% in head, a strong median ridge above run- 
ning to between middle of eyes, a ridge on each side 
from angle of mouth to below eye, occipital and nuchal 
plates keeled, a slight keel on anterior part of opercle: 
dorsal keels ceasing in front of the last four or five rays 
of dorsal, the lateral ridge running up and continuing as 
dorsal ridges; belly with a keel on each side. Preanal 
part of belly 134 in postanal part; pectoral shorter than 
eye; caudal 3 in head. 

Color olive brown above, abruptly lighter below lateral 
ridges anteriorly, the edges of the plates dark, forming 
reticulations on lower parts of body, between every four 
rings is a narrow white cross-bar; from each eye is a 
narrow light bar running upward and backward to occi- 
put; caudal dark. 

The two type specimens, one of which was sent to the 
British Museum, were collected by the Hopkins Expe- 
dition at Mazatlan. They were erroneously referred to 
Stphostoma arctum in our paper on the Fishes of Sina- 
loa, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895, 416. 

Type No. 2945, L. S. Jr. Univ. Museum. 


Proc. Cau. ACAD. Sci., 2p SerR., Vou. VI. June 27, 1896, 


NOTE ON DELTISTES, A NEW GENUS OF CATOSTO- 
MOID FISHES. 


BY ALVIN SEALE. 


In studying the skulls of the different species of Chas- 
mistes, a genus of Suckers characteristic of the land- 
locked lakes of the Great Basins of Utah, Nevada, and 
Oregon, I observed a notablé difference in the form of 
the gill-rakers of Chasmistes luxatus Cope, as compared 
with the other species. In this species the gill-rakers are 
broad, shaped like the Greek letter / (delta), and their 
edges are unarmed and entire. In the other species re- 
ferred to Chasmistes, the gill-rakers are, as in Catostomus, 
narrower and marked with a fringe of fine teeth on the 
inner dorsal margin. This character seems to be of gen- 
eric value, and the name Deltrstes is here proposed for 
the group typified by De/tistes luxatus. In both Chas- 
mistes and Dedtistes the lower pharyngeals are weak, with 
numerous small teeth. 

I may further note that Catostomus fecundus Cope, is 
a species of Chasmistes, and that the genus Lépomyzon 
Cope, cannot be separated from Chasmistes. 

The known species of Chasmistes may be thus distin- 
guished: 


a. Scales moderate, 60 to 65 in lateral line. 

6. Mouth small; nose with a prominent hump, formed by the exten- 
sion of a small ‘‘ pre-nasal” bone between the bases of the premax- 
illary spines; scales 8-64-9; dorsal rays 11. Utah Lake. 

Jecundus Cope. 
6b. Mouth large; hump on snout rather less prominent; lips thinner 
and smooth. 
c. Scales 10-62-9; dorsal rays 11. Utah Lake. liorus Jordan. 
cc. Scales 13-65-11; dorsal rays 12; head very wide. Pyramid 
Lake. cujus Cope. 
aa. Scales small, 72 in lateral line; snout short, without prominent hump; 
cranial surface smooth; scales 12-72-11; dorsal 11; mouth rather small. 
Klamath Lake. brevirostris Cope. 
Proc. CAL. ACAD. Scr., 2p SER., Vou. VI. June 27, 1896. 


REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF PLANTS FROM SAN 
JUAN COUNTY, IN SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 


BY ALICE EASTWOOD. 


{ With Plates xliv—xlvi. ] 


FIELD REPORT. 


The plants described in the following report were col- 
lected in the valley and on the plateaus of the San Juan 
River, from near the McElmo Creek junction to where 
Willow Creek joins the San Juan. A few were collected 
along the lower part of McElmo Creek, which really 
forms part of the valley of the San Juan. 

From Mancos in southwestern Colorado to Willow 
Creek in southeastern Utah is about one hundred and 
fifty miles, making a total journey of probably three hun- 
dred miles. Owing to a limited vacation, eight days was 
all the time that could be spared for the exploration, the 
collection is necessarily incomplete. Besides the mules 
that we rode, we had one pack animal to carry all sup- 
plies and my constantly increasing botanical acquisitions. 
Under the circumstances I had to curb my zeal for col- 
lecting, and only of those plants that seemed new or rare 
did I collect liberally. The botanical survey of the coun- 
try could not be so thorough as would have been possible 
with more time and means. 

Mr. T. S. Brandegee, when with Hayden’s Survey, 
explored and collected as far as Recapture Creek, which 
is about seventy miles from Mancos, finding several species 
peculiar to the region and not since rediscovered in any 
other locality. 

It was with the knowledge of the isolation of some spe- 
cies discovered there and the hope of finding more by 
going farther, that I gladly accepted Mr. Alfred Wether- 


Proo. Cau. ACAD, Scr., 2D SER., Vou. VI. August 1, 1896. 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 271 


ill’s invitation to take this trip, full of hardships, through 
an uninhabited and unexplored desert country. 

We left Mancos July 10, 1895, riding the first day to 
the lower end of McElmo Canon. The alkaline clay 
through which this creek runs is being rapidly washed 
away. Whenever the creek is flooded by rains near its 
source, the banks are undermined, great tracts fall in with 
a noise like thunder, and the stream runs liquid mud into 
the San Juan below.* 

The Cliff-dweller’s ruins that are found along the rocky 
walls of the cafion have made this creek famous. The 
tower on the McElmo has been frequently pictured and 
is even modeled in exhibits of American archeology. 

Settlers have taken up ranches along this creek, where 
their possession of the land is constantly threatened by 
the ravenous stream that has lured them to make homes 
in this unfavorable region. The climate is milder in win- 
ter than in the Montezuma Valley at the head of the Mc- 
Elmo,—apples, peaches and other fruits being successfully 
raised; but it is a most undesirable place for a home, 
where the water is alkaline, where the sun beats down in 
summer with an intense glare and heat, and where the 
children of the settlers grow up knowing more of the arts 
and luxuries of the neighboring Utes and Navajos than 
of civilized man. 

Earlier in the season the flora of this cafion is exceed- 
ingly interesting; but at this time, little remained, besides 
the shrubs that are common in alkaline soils. Fraxcnus 


“It is only since the settlement of the country that McElmo Creek has 
become such a greedy stream. The dams at the heads of the irrigating 
ditches, of which there are many, cause the water to work out through the 
soil and soften the foundations of the surface above. Before the cafion 
was settled the creek could hardly be called a good arroyo above where an 
occasional flood would come down a branch stream from Ute Mountain.— 
ALFRED WETHERILL. ; 


272 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


anomala, Quercus Gambellit and Celtis occidentalis grew 
where the soil was less alkaline, where the wash from the 
sandstone cafion walls mixed some sand with the clay; 
but for miles near the lower end of the canon, Sarcobatus 
vermiculatus, Grayia polygaloides, Artemisia tridentata, 
Suaeda Torreyana, and various species of Atriplex almost 
exclusively covered acres with a gray- green vegetation. 
A few cottonwoods and willows were seen occasionally, 
most abundant in the neighborhood of Hill’s Ranch, near 
the Colorado-Utah boundary and off the main road. 
Towards evening of the second day we reached the San 
Juan River. The bluffs on the other side of the river, 
visible for many miles, had inspired us with fresh vigor, 
in the hope of good water and rest under the shade of 
the trees. There was very little vegetation on the dry 
mesas above the McElmo; occasionally a ravine would 
store enough moisture to keep a few plants alive, such as 
Wyethta scabra and Amsonia angustifolia Texana. We 
were near camp when JZentzelza pumila began to open 
out its starry blossoms; Helzotropium convolvulaceum was 
rare; and Cladothrix lanuginosa spread its small mat down 
here and there; Hrzogonum flexum and cernuum, Gilia 
Gunnisont, pumila and leptomerza were abundant occa- 
sionally on clayey flats which received the wash from the 
hills, but they were not always found associated together. 
Generally one species monopolized the ground on one 
wash, another somewhere else in a similar situation. 
Near our camp on the San Juan the cottonwoods 
(Populus Fremonti:t Weslizeniz) were abundant; Ahus 
Canadensis, Forestiera Neo-Mexicana and Salix lasiandra 
Fendleriana formed clumps here and there; while Gz/za 
longifiora, aggregata and multifiora, Castillera linartefo- 
lia, Cordylanthus Wrights and Aplopappus gracilis were 
the most noticeable herbs under the trees. Dzcorza Bran- 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 273 


degei was plentiful in front of the belt of trees, spreading 
out in circular bunches sometimes nearly a yard across, 
not yet in bloom but conspicuous because of the white- 
veined leaves.. The weeds of civilization have not yet 
reached this place—not even Capsella Bursa-pastoris or 
Polygonum avicularé, usually the first vegetable emigrants 
to a newly settled country. 

The next morning, July 12, we started down the San 
Juan River. On the opposite side could be seen the 
fields and flocks of the Navajos, the river forming part of 
the Reservation boundary. Sometimes we rode under 
the trees, but generally through the heavy sand, without 
any protection from the burning sun. Chenopodiaceous 
plants were very abundant, almost monopolizing the soil 
of the argillaceous and sandy alkaline flats. Montezuma 
Creek was passed—not a drop of water, where in the 
spring a torrent of muddy water flows; next came Re- 
capture Creek, the limit of Mr. Brandegee’s exploration. 
It was in the dry bed of this creek that Dicorza panicu- 
data occurred andan unusually tall Petalostemon candidus. 
Datura meteloides opened out its magnificent flowers at 
the base of the rocks from which the alkaline flats ex- 
tended to the river, and Zrigeron Bellidiastrum hugged 
the same shelter. AérzAlices grew dense and tall, but 
were only beginning to bloom and in no condition for col- 
lection or determination. Cycloloma platyphyllum looked 
ghastly, being yellowish-white instead of the deep purple 
with which I have always been familiar. 

As we approached Bluff City, the Mormon town that 
is the extreme outpost of civilization, the bluffs which 
rise on each side of the river—sometimes distant, some- 
times near—arose toa more lofty height. About midway 
on these cliffs the character of the rocks changes and the 
change is marked from a distance by a line of green. 


274 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The water from the mesa above sinks-to the underlying 
strata, and there on a narrow bench, not more than a yard 
wide, constantly oozes out. Here is a most strange veg- 
etation, a boreal oasis in the midst of a sonoran desert. 
It was in this place that Aguzlegia micrantha was first dis- 
covered by Mr. Alfred Wetherill, who now took me to 
the type locality, and here grew Primula farinosa, Solt- 
dago Canadensis, Mimulus cardinalis, Gnothera biennts 
grandiflora, Shepherdia rotundifolia and Efipactis gi- 
gantea. Wow did these waifs reach that isolated bench, 
with nothing in the surrounding country in the slightest 
degree allied? Below, along the San Juan River was the 
riparian vegetation common to rivers of the Upper Sono- 
ran; above, on the mesas, the Mentzeliz, Giliza, Abronize 
and Eriogona were probably growing; not another species 
of Aquilegia or Primula nearer than the La Plata Mount- 
ains, distant more than a hundred miles. Here, these plants 
have been growing and blooming for ages probably, in- 
dicating the character of the vegetation before the river 
wore down the cliffs to the present level, an instructive 
remnant of a past flora. Primula farinosa, Solidago 
Canadensis, Mimulus cardinalis and Cnothera biennis 
grandifiora showed some deviation from typical forms, 
but hardly sufficient to constitute even varietal distinction. 
Aguilegia micrantha in its more numerously divided 
leaves belongs, together with A. ecalcarata, to a section 
quite distinct from other known Aguzlegia. The Shep- 
herdia was seen again and has been collected in other 
parts of the State. The Hfzfact7zs was not so different 
from the common form as to be noticeable. 

Bluff City was reached late in the afternoon. The 
men were off repairing the ditch.. The San Juan had 
suddenly shifted its course so that the entrance of the 
ditch was left some distance from the water. I mention 
this as illustrating the unstable character of the stream. 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 275 


Bluff City, at an altitude of about 5,000 feet, is a little 
Mormon settlement, with a post-office and two stores and 
not even one saloon. The effects of both stores could be 
loaded into one wagon. The people live well, raising fruits 
and vegetables, depending for meat upon the sheep of 
the Navajos and the cattle of the white men. It was this 
town that was the center of a gold mining excitement about 
three years ago, when wonderful stories were told of the 
treasures of the Rio San Juan. 

On the road leaving the town we met the last human 
beings, some half-starved Navajos, just coming in. The 
sandy soil was covered with /Ze/iotropium full of its 
beautiful white blossoms, filling the air with fragrance. 

It was dusk when we reached Butler Spring, where 
another problem in the geographical distribution of 
plants presented itself. This spring is at the bottom 
of a sandstone mesa or wash, and at the head of a 
‘canon down which a stream pours into the San Juan 
when the rainy season is on. It is a constant spring of 
pure water, forming a pool below the marshy bank from 
which the water issues. Here were found Ahamnus Pur- 
shiana, Ampelopsis quinguefolia and Adiantum capillus- 
venerts. The Rhamnus has large alder -like leaves, sim- 
ilar to the form along the more northern States of the 
Pacific Coast. The Adzantum was not found elsewhere, 
but the Amfelopsis was collected also in the gorge of the 
San Juan River. These plants did not show characters 
noticeably different from those of the same species found 
elsewhere and were probably brought there by birds. 
The berries of the Amfelopsis and Rhamnus being at- 
tractive to birds, would be easily carried in their digestive 
organs and the indigestible stones left behind where the 
birds came for water. The spores of the Adzantum could 
readily be carried in the mud adhering to the plumage 


276 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


and feet of the birds, and finding a cool, moist, shady sit- 
uation, would soon grow and flourish. Above the springs 
stretched a far-reaching mesa through which the rocky | 
wash of Butler Creek extended. On the bare sandstone 
above, black, polished, flattened, rounded boulders had 
worked depressions for themselves in the sandstone from 
which no flood could dislodge them. These stones were 
entirely different from any rocks in the immediate neigh- 
borhood or any seen elsewhere on the trip. They 
looked more like relics of a glacier than anything else. 

That night we rode through Butler Cafion in the dusk, 
and camped after dark on the banks of the San Juan, 
just above where the gorge begins. A dense thicket of 
Cleome integrifolia, more than six feet high, had to be 
pulled up so as to form a camping place. The odor of 
the Cleome and Datura meteloides, which also grew rank 
in the same spot, made the atmosphere almost unendura- 
ble. On the return we camped at Butler Spring, and 
some interesting plants were found in the canon below 
and on the wash above. Quercus Gambellit and 2. un- 
dulata both grew in the cajfion, the latter easily distin- 
guishable by its blue-green foliage. Mosa Fendlert was 
abundant. These shrubs were apparently confined to 
that canon. On the boulder-covered wash above, 7alz 
num brachypodium thrust down its fleshy roots between 
the stones; /foustonia saxicola was rare. On the mesa 
flelianthus petiolaris canescens was common as well as 
the new Erzogonum ramosissimum described later. The 
abundance of //z/aria Famesz? on these mesas gave our 
poor animals assurance of a good night’s pasturage. 

July 13, we rode in the early morning to the mesa 
above the river, and from there on to Willow Creek, it 
was a continuous ride all day, over hills, crossing the 
sandy wastes of Epsom Creek, riding between the foot 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. up 


of lofty bluffs and the head of numerous cafions that 
finally branched into the San Juan. The views were 
grand on all sides. Far away on the other side of the 
San Juan were huge sculptured masses of rock looking 
like a fortified city of the Feudal Ages, with battlements 
and towers; near at hand, the cafions descended abruptly 
from the very head to a depth of hundreds of feet, con- 
stantly growing deeper towards the grand gorge of the 
San Juan, which stretched unbroken on the south side 
as if forming a bulwark against further erosion. These 
canons formed a labyrinth, the division of land between 
appearing like the skeleton of.a former mesa. 

Evidences of upheaval were to be traced in the config- 
uration of the strata on hills to the east. Examples of 
oblique, undulating and horizontal strata were all to be 
seen on this range of hills. It was impossible for me to 
discover the nature of the rocks, but the different colored 
strata indicated a variety of formations. 

The flora of Epsom Creek and its adjacent sandy 
washes was peculiar and puzzling. Ovxytenia acerosa, 
like a tall luxuriant golden rod with canescent filiform 
dissected leaves, grew most luxuriantly near the bitter 
waters of the alkaline springs of Epsom Creek. It was 
also seen along the McEImo and the San Juan near alka- 
line water. The delightful odor like that of lilacs was 
perceptible in the air for some distance around the plants 
and added greatly to the attractiveness of this beautiful 
alkali-loving plant. A few bushes of Forestiera Neo-Mex- 
cana also grew around these springs. It was, however, in 
the sandy washes beyond, that the peculiar Psoralea juncea 
and Grindelia stylosa were met with, in company with 
Ephedra Torreyana, Poliomintha tncana, and the tall, 
widely spreading Frasera Utahensis. All these are per- 
ennials, except the Fyrasera, a biennial, and formed 


2478 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


clumps around which the sand drifts; so that the surface 
of the sandy wash is almost as humpy as the hog-wallow 
lands of the San Joaquin Valley in California. 

The bluff, at the foot of which we rode for many miles 
before reaching Willow Creek, consists really of a series 
of bluffs, each receding behind its predecessor and form- 
ing a serrated chain extending for miles. We gen- 
erally rode over the talus from these cliffs, and it con- 
sisted not only of the small rocks usually to be expected 
but also of enormous boulders. The rains are very 
fierce sometimes in these regions. On the Grand River, 
near Moab, I have seen large waterfalls form in a few 
moments from the flood of water on the mesas above and 
dash over the cliffs, tearing away the rocks and soil with 
tremendous force. The serrated form of these cliffs is 
probably due to the greater washing away where the con- 
figuration of the mesa above forms channels along which 
the drainage collects, to be poured down the cliffs in cat- 
aracts here and there instead of one continuous sheet of 
water. An occasional tree of uncperus occidentalis 
monosperma was sometimes seen. Fraxinus anomala 
grew as a shrub or small tree near the edge of cafions 
once in a while, but no other trees were to be seen. An 
intricately branched shrubby variety of Polygala acantho- 
clada was quite common, and Arzogonum SFonesiz was 
abundant and widely distributed. When this country is 
named at all it is called Barton’s Range, which will have 
to be noted as the habitat of many plants where the lo- 
cality could not be more definitely given. 

Late in the afternoon we reached the head of Willow 
Creek, a paradise in this awful desert. For some dis- 
tance from the big spring the water flows in a continuous 
stream, finally settling in deep pools in the rocky basin 
of the wash. Several species of grass grew tall in this 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 279 


oasis, and here a greater variety of plants was found than 
in any other locality. <Aguzlegia micrantha was seen 
under the shadow of moist rocks, Wyethza scabra, Cnicus 
Pothrockiiand Frasera Utahensis, flourished on the grassy 
slopes, while near the water grew Salzw longifolia and 
cordata, which give the creek its name. At the large 
spring where Willow Creek heads, a grove of shrubs 
and trees forms a mass of green that can be seen for 
miles, consisting of willow, cottonwood, oak and Rhamnus. 

The next morning, July 14, we rode down the steep 
slopes of the cafion to the junction with the San Juan 
River, where the two gorges meet. The most unex- 
pected plant found in this cation was Aster spinosus, a 
single clump only, which grew to a height of about six 
feet, and probably was more than a yard in diameter. The 
willows and ash were occasionally seen, but no oaks or 
conifers. In the deep gorge of the San Juan the veg- 
etation was sparse along the river bank, the Amfelopsis, 
before alluded to, being the most interesting plant. 

Wednesday morning we started on the return trip, 
passing over the same trail and arriving at Mancos Sat- 
urday morning, having collected about 475 specimens, 
representing 162 species and varieties, of which Ig are 
new and almost all are rare. It was a hard trip, about 
300 miles altogether, through a desert country where 
springs are few and far between and good feed for the 
animals very scarce. The altitude is about 6,000 or 7,000 
feet, and the whole region is to be considered as an out- 
lying portion of the great Colorado plateau. 

The collection is in the herbarium of the California 
Academy of Sciences, including all the types. Dupli- 
cates, when of sufficient number, have been distributed 
to the Gray Herbarium, National Herbarium, Herbarium 
of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Herbarium of the 


280 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Canadian Geological Survey, to William M. Canby, of 
Wilmington, Del., and to T. S. Brandegee, of San 
Diego, Cal. 

BOTANICAL REPORT. 


1. Clematis ligusticifolia (Nutt. ! mss.) Torr. & Gray, 
FI.3 59. 

Range of type: ‘‘ Plains of the Rocky Mountains, in 
open and in bushy places near streams.’’ 
_ Near the head of Willow Creek, along the pools of the 
interrupted creek. The specimen is a female plant, with 
akenes partly grown; the leaflets of the upper branches 
are almost entire, lanceolate-acuminate, varying in width 
near the base from 1 cm. to4mm. It shows the effect 
of its desert environment in its sparse, little dissected 
foliage and narrow leaflets; young parts silky-canescent, 
older parts nearly glabrous. 


2. Aquilegia micrantha Eastwood, Proc. Cal. Acad. 
ci.) 20d Ser... 1v,/550, tao. 

Type locality: ‘‘ Moist bench under the cliffs near Bluff 
City.” 

The specimens were collected at the type locality and 
also near the head of Willow Creek, with the same pe- 
culiar environment. There is considerable variation in 
the size and color of the flowers, length and uniformity 
of the spurs and the character of the foliage. The 
variations are due to the amount of moisture, which is 
not uniformly distributed under the cliffs, but oozes out 
more in one place and less in another, perhaps not a yard 
away. One plant collected in a dry place has the leaves 
with ultimate divisions, from 2-5 mm. wide, clustered at 
the base of the stem; whole plant very viscid. The 
sepals vary from cream-white to rose color; spurs are 
sometimes all uniform in one flower and diverse in another 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. . 281 


on the same plant, often more than 2 cm. in length; the 
stamens are generally more exserted than in the figure ; 
the bracts are either trifoliate with entire oblanceolate 
divisions, or with lobed divisions, or sometimes even 
simple. - Under favorable conditions, the plants have 
stems growing to a height of from 4-7 dm., leafy up to 
the inflorescence; flowering branches bare, except for 
the scattered bracts, which range from the decompound 
ones below through palmately cleft, to small and simple 
near the top; the lower leaves have long petioles, 9 or ro 
cm., about half as long as the entire leaf, ultimate lobes 
IO mm. wide. 

Type specimen in the Herbarium of the California 
Academy of Sciences. 


3. Berberis Fremontii Torr., Mex. Bound. Sur., 30. 

This species was first discovered by Fremont, in 1844, 
on the tributaries of the Rio Virgen, in southern Utah. 
The description was drawn from specimens collected in 
western Texas and New Mexico, also cafion of the 
Guadaloupe River, Sonora. It is described as having blue 
berries. In King’s Report, p. 416, Watson describes the 
fruit of specimens collected by Dr. Palmer at St. Thomas, 
southern Utah, as dry and bladdery, not blue. 

The specimen collected near the head of Willow Creek 
is in fruit, the bladdery pods are rose color near the 
pedicel, yellowish above, dehiscing into two spreading 
valves. Specimens collected on the Grand River, near 
Moab, Utah, in 1892, have similar fruit. 

The species was first put under B. ¢trifoliata Moric., 
but the character of the fruit and the difference in the 
leaves distinguishes it easily. 


4. Argemone intermedia Sweet, Hort. Brit., ed. 2, 585 


(1820)t: ; 
This was first described by James as A. alba, and was 
Proc. Cau. Acap. Scr., 2p Ser., Von VI. (21) August 3, 1896. 


282 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


collected on Long’s Exped. ii, 149 (1823); but as the 
name A. a/ba is preoccupied, it takes the next, according 
to D.-Prain, Journ: of Bot:, xxxiii, 363: 

This was collected only in fruit in two localities, shallow 
washes, tributary to Epsom Creek, on Barton’s Range. It 
is near Argemone corymbosa Greene, in habit, but that 
species is only a variety of A. zntermedia. Erythea, iv, 
96. 

My specimens are glabrous, moderately spiny on the 
stems and leaves; pods cylindrical, 2% cm. long, 5-10 
mm. wide, distinctly the pods of A. intermedia, without 
hispidity, but with long curved spines. 


5. Thelypodium. 

Collected in flower near the head of Willow Creek, 
noted also in Butler Wash, without fruit. This is near 
T. integrifolium Endl. and 7. Wrightit Gray, probably 
a form connecting these two species, or perhaps new. 

The flowers are in a close raceme, pedicels not elong- 
ating, 1 mm. long; the sepals have crimped, membranous 
margins. It is biennial, nearly six feet in height, with 
stout stems branching about half way up into few slender 
branches. The radical leaves had disappeared, lower 
cauline, sessile, slightly dentate towards the summit. 


6. Stanleya pinnatifida Nutt., Gen. ii, 71. 

Range of type: ‘‘ Commencing near the confluence of 
Paint Creek and the Missouri, growing on the talus of 
broken calcareous cliffs, from hence it occurs locally for 
200 or 300 miles further up the river.’’ 

Plants collected in Willow Creek Cafion were almost 
arborescent, with woody stems half an inch in diameter, 
branching a foot from the ground and growing to a height 
of more than three feet. The foliage exhibited the 
marked variability so characteristic of this species; some 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 283 


of the leaves on the same plant pinnatifid, others entire. 
This was seen also on rocky hills along Barton’s Range, 
but more like the form common throughout the region. 


7. Lepidium alyssoides Gray., Pl. Fendl., ro. 

Type locality: ‘‘ Mountain valleys, from Santa Fé 
eastward to Rabbit’s Ear Creek.’’ 

Fruiting specimens collected near the head of Willow 
Creek. Leaves are mostly entire, linear-spatulate, a few 
near the base are from 2—7 lobed; flowers inconspicuous. 


8. Lesquerella Fendleri Wats., Proc. Am. Acad., xxiii, 
250: 

Vestcaria Fendlert Gray., Pl. Fendl., 9. 

Type locality: ‘‘On the smaller hills around Santa 
ites 

This was abundant on bare hills and along washes 
throughout Barton’s Range; collected in both flower and 
fruit. 


9. Cleome integrifolia Torr. & Gray., Fl. i, 122. 
Type locality: ‘* Plains of the Platte to Oregon.”’ 
Common along the flats of the San Juan River, forming 
thickets 5 or 6 ft. high. 


10. Polygala acanthoclada Gray, var. intricata n. 
var. 

Shrub 9 dm. high, sometimes lower, branching near 
the top with erect-spreading branches at the ends of 
which are downward-spreading thorny branchlets that are 
again branched, so that the thorny branchlets are intric- 
ally mixed; lower leaves 2 cm. long, linear-spatulate, 
slightly pubescent; flower and 3-bracted pedicels glabrous ; 
boss on the keel cordate, green; wings white, tipped with 
rose-color; sepals white; pods oval, emarginate, red on 
the margin, slightly inflated, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. wide. 
The stems are as densely canescent as in the type, but 


\ 


284 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


the canescence does not extend to the leaves and flowers. 
The species was originally collected on the side of a bluff 
near the San Juan River in Utah, not far from the Col- 
orado boundary (Proc. Am. Acad., xi, 73). The variety 
comes from the same region and specimens were col- 
lected at the head of the cafions branching into the San 
Juan and in Willow Creek Cajion. 

Type in the Herbarium of the California Academy of 
Sciences. 


11. Arenaria Fendleri Gray, Pl. Fendl., 13. 

Type locality: ‘‘ Prairies, five miles west of Las 
Vegas.’’ 

Collected near Butler Spring and the head of Willow 
Creek. No flowers; seed pods dry and empty. 


12. Talinum brachypodium Watson, Proc. Am. Acad., 
XX, 355. 

Type locality: ‘*‘ Near the Indian Village, Laguna or 
‘Komach,’ in northwestern New Mexico;’’ discovered by 
Mr. and Mrs. J. G. Lemmon, July, 1884. 

Abundant on the stony mesa above Butler Spring, 
growing with long fleshy roots amid the flattened stones. 
~ In bloom probably near midday, seen late in the evening 
and early in the morning with folded flowers. I believe 
this is the second collection of this little known plant. 
13. Malvastrum leptophyllum Gray., Pl. Wright., 1, 

ry. 

Type locality: ‘*‘ Between western Texas and El Paso, 
IN ANiex. 7” 

This well-marked species is common throughout the 
region. Collected near the head of Willow Creek. 


14. Malvastrum coccineum Gray, Pl. Fendl., 24. 
Type locality: ‘‘ Plains, etc., Santa Fé, and east to 
Rock Creek and Poni Creek of the Canadian.”’ 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 285 


Specimens collected at Butler Spring approach var. 
dissectum. The plant is greener than the common form, 
with stellate pubescence more scattered, almost wanting 
on the lower part of the stem; racemes loosely flowered; 
leaves 3-divided, with entire or 2-3 lobed divisions. It 
is much less luxuriant than the form common on the 
plains around Denver, and shows the effect of its drier 
environment. 


15. Sida hederacea (Hook), Fl. Bor. Amer., 1, 107, 
under JZalva Doug]. ms.; Torr. in Gray, Pl. Fendl., 
23, 
Type locality: ‘‘In the interior districts of Columbia.”’ 
Seen only on the sandy flats of the San Juan River, 
near Bluff City. This seems to be the most eastern sta- 
tion reported for this species. 


16. Linum aristatum Engelm., Wislizenus Rep., 17. 

Type locality: ‘‘In sandy soil near Carizal, south of 
E] Paso.”’ 

Var, subteres, n. var., Trelease in ed. Near the head 
ot Willow Creek, in the sand that had collected in the 
rocky basin of the wash. Dr. Trelease regards this as a 
new variety, perhaps a new species. 


17. *Rhamnus Purshiana DC., Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer., 
Dales teas. vit wane aue@ i tHer., in Pursh. Bl. x, 
166. 

Type locality: ‘‘On the banks of the River Kooskoos- 
ky.” 

This species seemed like a waif from the north. Only 
one bush was seen growing in the wet bank from which 
the spring issued. Leaves obovate or elliptical, largest, 
with blade g cm. long, 4% cm. wide; one berry four- 


*This may be Rhamnus betulefolia Greene, Pitt., ili, part 13, p. 16. It 
is from the same general region and seems to fit either description. 


286 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


seeded, the rest three-seeded. It was startling to find 
this plant with Ampelopsis quinguefolia and Adiantum 
capillus-veneris in the midst of sonoran vegetation, where 
a living spring made an oasis in the desert. It also 
grows around Willow Creek Spring. 


18. Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx., Fl. 1, 160. 

Type localities: ‘* Virginia, Canada.’’ 

Collected in flower at Butler Spring and with immature 
fruit in the cafion of the San Juan River, near Willow 
Creek junction. Its presence along the banks of the San 
Juan is more easily understood, but at the head of Butler 
Wash, where all communication with riparian vegetation 
seems cut off, it is very puzzling. 


19. Rhus Canadensis Marsh.,var. simplicifolia Greene, 
Lore. Bulls, xvii 23). 

Type locality: ‘‘In the deep cahons of northern 
Arizona, which lead down to the grand cafion of the 
Colorado.”’ 

This grew with the typical form on the sandy flats 
of the San Juan River, near Bluff City. The Utes 
use the red berries to make an acid drink, and the com-_ 
mon name through that region is ‘‘ Ute lemonade.’’ 


20. Psoralea micrantha Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep., iv, 77 
(1856). 
Type locality: ‘‘Last Camp on the Canadian,’’ Indian 
Territory. 
Common along the sand flats of the San Juan River, 
near Bluff City. 


21. Psoralea juncea n. sp. Plate xliv. 

Perennial, in clumps, 6 to 9 dm. high and about 9 dm. 
in diameter, with numerous slender virgate branches, 
glabrous except for scattered, small, white, appressed hairs, 
most numerous at the nodes; stems indistinctly ribbed, 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 287 


covered with yellow glands, which are variable in size; 
leaves subulate, 3-4 mm. long, ciliate and with numerous 
glands; leafless stems terminated by slender interrupted 
racemes of small flowers, solitary or in pairs; bracts minute, 
ovate-acuminate, deciduous; calyx canescent with silky 
hairs, attenuate to a short, densely hairy pedicel; upper lip 
obcordate, lower, cleft into three blunt teeth, hairy within; 
corolla dark blue, with broad banner emarginate and rev- 
olute; wings narrow, barely surpassing the banner, keel 
short and obtuse; pod 4 mm. in diameter, chartaceous, 
canescent with silky hairs which almost conceal the mi- 
nute glands; seed loosely covered, 4 mm. long, light 
brown, flattened. 

This singular and interesting Psoralea was found in 
one of the broad sandy washes of Epsom Creek. The 
sand formed knolls around the clumps which were scat- 
tered here and there over the desert waste. (Poliomin- 
tha incana and Ephedra Torreyana grew in the same lo- 
cality and formed similar clumps.) With its numerous 
leafless virgate stems it suggested an Ephedra or a Jun- 
cus. It is related most nearly to P. Purshzi Vail, from the 
character of the fruit and has undoubtedly degenerated 
from some leafy species because of its desert environ- 
ment. It evidently secures a store of water in the sand 
by forming knolls and probably hasa large root. (This 
was impossible to determine because of the loss of my 
pick.) There is an African species, a shrub, which 
has the lower leaves pinnate, but the upper reduced to 
scales. 

I planted a seed which germinated but died when two 
pairs of leaves had formed. This seedling is shown nat- 
ural size in the figure where the plant is delineated. 

Type in the Herbarium of the California Academy of 
Sciences. 


288 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


22. Petalostemon candidus Michx., FI. ii, 49, t. 37. 

Type localities: ‘‘In Tennessee and in the region of 
Illinois.’’ 

This grew in erect bunches about 12 dm. high, with 
well developed spikes 10-12 cm. in length on long pe- 
duncles. It was seen only on the sands of Recapture 
Creek under the trees, and, on account of its erect habit 
and greater size, was noticeably different from the form 
common on the plains around Denver or along the Platte 
River. 

23. Astragalus subcinereus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., 
xili, 366. 

Type locality: ‘*‘ Mokiak Pass in the northwestern part 
of Arizona near the Utah boundary.”’ 

On mesas above the San Juan River, in fruit, the in- 
flated red-mottled pods numerous. 


24. Astragalus sabulonum Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., xiii, 
368. 
Type locality: ‘* Southeastern border of Nevada near 
the confluence of Muddy River with the Rio Virgen.’’ 
Abundant under the trees on the sandy flats of the 
San Juan River, not far from the junction with McElmo 
Creek. 


25. Astragalus Preussii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., vi, 
222i. 
Type locality: ‘‘Banks of the Rio Virgen near the 
eastern borders of California.’’ 
In fruit near the head of Willow Creek. 
It was too late for Astragalus, which is really abun- 
dantly represented in the region. 


26. Cowania Mexicana Don, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiv, 


575 (1825). 
Type locality: <n. Mexico.** 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 289 


This shrub is not common on the mesas above the San 
Juan River and not found at all in the lowlands. It was 
collected near the head of Willow Creek, with both 
flowers and fruit on the same plant. 


27. Rosa Fendleri Crepin, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belov, xy, 
QI: (1876). 

Type locality: ‘‘ New Mexico,’’ Fendler’s No. 210, 
Coll. 1847. 

This is evidently closely allied to A. Califormica. The 
plants collected are slightly glandular and villous on the 
sepals, petioles and stipules; the stems and pedicels are 
smooth and glaucous; fruit globose without a neck. This 
was collected in fruit in Butler Wash nor far from the 
spring. It was abundant and luxuriant there, but not 
seen elsewhere. 


28. (nothera brevipes Gray, ex. hotr.. Pac. on ike 
Rep., iv, 87. 
Type locality: ‘*‘ Gravelly hills on and near the Colo- 
rado.’’ 
This was found in similar situations in several places 
throughout Barton’s Range. 


29. (Enothera biennis var. grandiflora Lindl., Bot. 
Reg., t. 1604. 

Type locality: ‘‘ North America.”’ 

A specimen collected on the moist bench of the cliffs 
near Bluff City has the tube of the calyx remark- 
ably long, one measuring 9 cm.; the buds with free 
calyx tips are 5 cm. long, 8 mm. wide, flowers not open. 
The plant was tall, hoary and not densely leaved. 

The same species collected at Butler Spring has shorter 
buds and calyx tube and a shorter, more leafy stem. It 
was seen also at the head of Willow Creek. The varia- 
tions are undoubtedly due to environment or isolation. 


290 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


30. Gaura coccinea Nutt., Gen. i, 240. 

Type locality: ‘* Declivities of bare, gravelly hills from 
the Maha village to the Mandans.’’ 

This species common on the plains around Denver was 
collected along the sandy flats of the San Juan River 
under the cottonwood trees. It is about 5 dm. in height, 
branched from the base with stems simple up to the in- 
florescence; flowering stems elongating much beyond any 
specimens heretofore seen, 15-18 cm. long; the whole 
plant is almost glabrous. 


31. Mentzelia pterosperma n. sp. 

Annual, low, 10 to 20 cm. high, branching divaricately ; 
stem white, shreddy, covered with fine and coarse, barbed 
hairs; lower leaves petioled, spatulate, often orbicular, 
sinuate-dentate or rarely entire, 15 or 20 mm. long with- 
out petiole, which is sometimes 10 mm. long; upper leaves 
sessile, broad at base, 3 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, but not 
uniform in shape or size; flowers on bracted peduncles 
at the ends of the branches; divisions of calyx triangu- 
lar-acuminate, half as long as the petals, almost glabrous 
on the inner surface; petals lanceolate, 15 mm. long, 4 
mm. wide, obtuse; outer stamens petaloid, anthers mi- 
nutely scabrous; pods urnshaped, becoming chartaceous, 
splitting irregularly, 15 mm. long, 10 mm. wide at the 
top; seed 4 mm. in diameter, with a broad circular wing 
equalling or surpassing in width the ovate body of the 
seed, which is closely covered with minute white dots. 

The whole plant is hoary with stiff barbed pubescence; 
the seeds in their shape and snowy whiteness remind me 
of the hats worn by the Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul. 

Description drawn from specimens collected at Grand 
Junction, Colorado; Moab, Utah, in 1892, and on Willow 
Creek, July 14, 1895. Type in the Herbarium of the 
California Academy of Sciences. 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 291 


a2; Mentzelia. pumila Forr, &.Gray,,.F1...N.-Am., i, 
535: 

Type locality: ‘‘ Bare hills on the banks of Ham’s 
Fork of the Colorado of the West, Oregon.”’ 

This was common throughout the region. Flowers 
opened about 5 Pp. M. Specimens collected near McElmo 
Creek and the San Juan River have cream-white flowers 
3 cm. in diameter, leaves pinnately-lobed with obtuse 
divisions. A plant collected near the head of Willow 
Creek has pagoda-shaped leaves and pale yellow flowers 
I5—20 mm. in diameter, with sepals surpassing the petals; 
seeds similar to those of the other specimens. 


NoTrEe.—Cactacee were not common nor were more 
than four kinds observed. Some species of Opuntia 
and Fchinocactus were seen, but owing to poor condition, 
being without either flowers or fruit, and because of poor 
facilities for preserving, they were not collected. 


33. Houstonia saxicola n. sp. 

Stems several from a tap-root, woody, growing in 
clumps about 4 cm. high; whole plant minutely scabrous; 
leaves dense, linear-lanceolate, with revolute margins, 
apiculate, 10-12 mm. long, 1 mm. wide; younger leaves 
broader and shorter; stipules truncate or acute, membra- 
nous, uniting the petioles; flowers axillary, lobes of the 
calyx acuminate, about 1 mm. long; corolla salver form, 
lilac, tube slender, 10 mm. long, divisions veiny, 4 mm. 
long, 2 mm. wide; stamens inserted in the throat; style 
nearly 3 mm. beyond ‘the throat; stigma with two diverg- 
ing globose lobes; pod didymous, spreading open almost 
to the base, the two cells of each part prominent, nodding 
on curved peduncles; seeds dark brown, patelliform, 
minutely scrobiculate. 

This was collected growing amid the stones on the 


292 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


mesa above Butler Spring. It was in fruit; only one 
flowering specimen was seen. 

It seems to be the same as Hloustonia rubra Cav. of 
the Synoptical Flora, page 25. It does not agree, how- 
ever, with the plant described and figured by Cavanilles 
hess; 40, ts 474, eT 

Type locality: ‘‘ Near the Mexican town, Ixmiquik- 
pany 

According to Cavanilles, HW. rubra has a globose stigma 
not exserted beyond the throat of the corolla, sessile pods, 
subglobose seeds and red flowers. 

I have examined Pringle’s 274, hills and plains near 
Chihuahua; Rusby’s 269, Mt. Defiance (near Bluewater), 
Lemmon’s 2725, Igo’s Ranch, near Huachuca Mountains, 
_Arizona, and specimens collected by Benson, in Arizona. 
All show the two-lobed stigma, which is conspicuously 
exserted, except in Lemmon’s specimen, where the 
stamens are exserted and the stigma included. These 
are all labeled H. rubra, but Iam compelled to believe 
them not that species, as they all agree in the main with 
my specimens, and have the same environment, viz.: 
‘¢ Stony or gravelly hills.’’ 


34. Galium acutissimum Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., vii, 
350 (male plant). 

Type locality: ‘‘ Between the Rio del Norte and New 
Mexico.” 

Collected by Dr. Newberry. Identified with G. ste//a- 
tum Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 11, 97. 

Type locality: ‘‘ Cerros Island’’ (Cedros Island). 

Kellogg describes G. ste//atum as having hoary, stellate 
pubescence, which suggests the name for his species. 
My specimens are not in the slightest degree stellate 
pubescent, rather scabro-puberlent, as Gray describes G. 
acutissimum to be. These two, it seems to me, are dis- 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 293 


tinct species. Besides the difference in pubescence the 
habit of growth is dissimilar. Specimens collected by E. 
L. Greene in the type locality have stems that appear to 
be climbing and diffusely branched. Another specimen 
from the same island (probably a part of the type), col- 
lected by Dr. Veatch and identified by Dr. Kellogg, shows 
the same habit. 

My specimens have many rigid, simple stems, about 
15 cm. high, springing from the base. They are in fruit. 
Dr. Newberry’s specimens were in flower. Collected near 
the head of Willow Creek, July 13. Not abundant and 
seen nowhere else. Growing in the sandy soil covering 
the rocks of the Willow Creek Wash. 


35- Gutierrezia Californica Torr. & Gray, Fl. of N.Am., 
ii, .192.. 

Type locality: ‘‘ California,’’ Douglas. 

This seems far out of range for this species, but it 
agrees quite well with the original description and is re- 
ported in Syn. FI., p. 115, from mesas of Arizona, col- 
lected by Palmer, Lemmon and Pringle. The scales of 
the pappus are acute, obtuse and often erose, not uni- 
form on the same akene; those of the ray akenes less 
than half as long as those of the disk. On mesas above 
the San Juan River, beginning to bloom, July 13. 


36. Grindelia stylosa n. sp. 

Perennial, 6-9 dm. high, bushy, with many slender 
stems branching diffusely from a woody base; epidermis 
smooth, white, shreddy below, above becoming greener 
and more glutinous; leaves rigid, entire, 3-nerved, linear- 
lanceolate, acuminate and aristate, 3 cm. long, 3 mm. 
wide, diminishing upwards to the bracts of the involucre, 
vertical by a twist at the base which forms a cup-shaped 
cavity to hold the bud; heads corymbose, 15 mm. long, 


294 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


10 wide, expanding with age; involucre turbinate, very 
glutinous, bracts squarrose in five ranks, acuminate, gen- 
erally keeled with a dark purple midvein; ray flowers 
none; disk flowers with corolla slightly contracted at the 
throat, tapering at the base, 5-toothed, more than twice 
as long as the pappus; anthers surpassing the corolla, with 
prominent free tips; styles cylindrical, hairy, exserted be- 
yond the stamens and apparently growing after the 
anthers become empty; pappus scales 3 mm. long, % 
mm. broad, corneus, linear-acuminate with fimbriate 
edges, stellately spreading in age; akenes 4-angled, 
8-ribbed, truncate, somewhat hairy above, less so below. 

This Grzndelia is an extremely localized species. It 
differs from typical Grzndeli@ in having entire leaves, 
turbinate involucre and more numerous persistent pappus 
bristles. The long, conspicuous styles give to the flower 
its chief beauty, hence the name. It grew in the same 
sandy waste as the equally local Psoralea juncea, and was 
just coming into bloom July 13th. There were many 
plants, but all specimens were from the only plant seen 
in bloom. 

Type in the Herbarium of the California Academy of 
Sciences. 


37. Grindelia squarrosa Dunal, var. nuda Gray. 

The variety first collected by Fendler (390), Santa Fé 
Creek, described as G. nuda by Wood in Bot. Gaz., 111, 
50, from specimens collected by Dr. T. E. Wilcox in the 
Indian Territory. 

Collected in the Cafion of the San Juan River near 
the Willow Creek Junction. 


38. Chrysopsis villosa Nutt., var. scabra n. var. 

This is one of the numerous forms of this very variable 
species which I do not find described. Many stems from 
a perennial root, 5 dm. high, with few heads at the ends 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 295 


of the branchlets; entire plant hispid and scabrous; leaves 
few, oblanceolate, diminishing upwards, lowest 3-4 cm. 
long, 5 mm. wide; involucral bracts hispid and scabrous, 
ciliate on the rose-colored margins and tips. Collected 
near the head of Willow Creek. 


39. Aplopappus gracilis Gray, Pl. Fendl., 76. 
Type locality: ‘‘ Along Santa Fé Creek.’’ No. 393. 
Collected on the sandy flats of the San Juan River, 
near the junction with McElmo Creek; rather rare. 


40. Solidago Canadensis L., Sp. Plant., 878. 

Type locality: ‘‘ Virginia and Canada.”’ 

A specimen from Butler Spring agrees very well with 
the typical form. One from the cliffs near Bluff City is 
more Closely allied to var. scabra. The leaves are few, 
lance - oblong, entire, obscurely triple-nerved, distinctly 
scabrous, slightly hispid on the margins; heads 3 mm. in 
diameter, outer bracts of the involucre obtuse, inner, 
acute. The plant grows to a height of three or four feet; 
the clusters of the panicle are spreading and open. 


41. Townsendia incana Nutt., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 
IN. Syivil. (1842) , 306. 
Type locality: ‘‘On the Black Hills (or eastern chain 
of the Rocky Mountains) near the banks of the Platte.’’ 
The flowers of the plants growing on the stony mesa 
above Butler Spring were larger than in the typical 
form, with pappus of the ray flower one-third smaller 
than that of the disk flowers. 


42. Aster spinosus Benth., Pl. Hartweg., 20. 

Type locality: ‘* North of the City of Mexico on the 
way to Zacatecas.”’ 

Collected in Willow Creek Cafion where water seemed 
to be constant, growing in a large clump, 3 or 4 feet in 


296 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


height. This is the most northern station reported for 
this species. I saw only the one plant. 


43. Aster multiflorus ([Dryand. in] Ait. Hort. Kew., 
ed... 1,11, 116. - North ‘America: and Wexacay. 
(Copied from Index Kewensis. ) 

This widely distributed species was found near the 
head of Willow Creek. It had few flowers and looked 
starved. 


44. Aster levis L., Sp. Plant., 876. 

Habitat: ‘*‘ North America.’’ 

Collected near the head of Willow Creek, foliage 
sparse, leaves below the inflorescence 3 cm. long, less 
than 3 mm. wide; heads scattered at the ends of the 
branchlets. 


45. Aster canescens Pursh., var. aristatus n. var. 

This seems to combine characteristics of several of 
the described varieties. Glandular, scabro -hispidulous, 
densely so above; bracts of the turbinate involucre ap- 
pressed and aristate, lowest, slightly squarrose; heads 
few at the ends of the branchlets; leaves diminishing up- 
wards, upper ones appressed to the stem, bristly - ciliate ; 
lower, coarsely dentate with bristle-tipped teeth, slightly 
decurrent by the auriculate base. This was coming into 
bloom July 14. Only one specimen was seen in flower. 


46. Erigeron Bellidiastrum Nutt.,Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 
NES. Sivdls C UOT}, 3O ye 
Type locality: ‘‘Onthe borders of the Platte within 
the Rocky Mountains.’’ 
This grew in abundance along the base of cliffs near 
the San Juan River, below Recapture Creek. 


47. Erigeron Canadensis L., Sp. Pl., 863. 
Habitat: ‘‘ Canada and Virginia.”’ 
Collected near the head of Willow Creek. 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 297 


48. Erigeron sparsifolius n. sp. 

About 6 dm. high, 3 or 4 erect stems from a woody tap- 
root, probably perennial, the new growth springing from the 
buds below, on the stems of the previous year; canescent 
when young, later becoming greener as the short white 
appressed hairs become more scattered ; radical leaves dry- 
ing early, lowest stem leaves 5 cm. long, oblanceolate, 
tapering to the margined petiole, which broadens to a per- 
sistent spoon-shaped base; leaves diminishing upwards, 
narrowly linear above, inclined to twist; heads few, 
cymose, 5 mm. high; bracts of the involucre in 3 series, 
loosely appressed, lanceolate, acuminate, outer short 
bracts white-hairy; inner glandular, ribbed; rays about 
16, light blue, 5 mm. long, I mm. wide, acute or slightly 
toothed at the apex; disk flowers numerous; tubular 
corolla slightly hairy, yellow, becoming ochroleucous, 
5-toothed, with thick margins; pappus of ray and disk 
compound, scabrous, inner fragile, equaling the corolla; 
akenes 4-angled, slightly hairy; receptacle convex. 

This Erigeron was collected at the head of Willow 
Creek, July 14, 1895. It is nearest to Erégeron Parishit 
and &. Utahensis, but has much smaller heads than either 
and a different habit of growth. 

Type in the Herbarium of the California Academy of 
Sciences. 


49. Another form was collected with more numerous 
and more slender stems, fewer and smaller heads, and 
outer pappus less evident. The difference is probably 
due to a less favorable situation. This form was seen 
between McElmo Creek and the San Juan River, ona dry 
hillside, and was collected in a dry wash near the head of 
Willow Creek. 


Proc. Cau, ACAD. Scr., 2D SeR., Vou. V1. (G22) August 3, 1896. 


298 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


50. Oxytenia acerosa Nutt., Journ. Acad. Phila., N.S., 
5a ey ee 

Habitat: ‘‘ Rocky Mountains, near Upper California.”’ 

This beautiful plant was always found near alkaline 
springs. It grows to the height of five or six feet, filling 
the air with the fragrance of its lilac-scented flowers. 
The large yellow panicles are conspicuous, and can be 
recognized from afar. The lower leaves are not rigid, 
as in the type description, and not at all revolute. They 
have 5-7 lax alternate segments of varying lengths, some 
about 12 cm. long. The upper leaves are more rigid. 
Collected at an alkaline spring near the junction of Mon- 
tezuma Cajion with the San Juan River; seen also along 
McElmo Creek and on Epsom Creek near one of the 
springs of bitter water. 


51. Dicoria paniculata n. sp. Plate xlv. 

Annual, 3-4% dm. high, branched from the base, 
sometimes simple, branches opposite, below becoming 
alternate, spreading outwards and upwards; whole plant 
hispid-canescent, with jointed, appressed hairs; leaves 
lanceolate, obtuse, entire, or sparingly dentate, from 8 cm. 
long to less than 2 cm., with petioles about 1 cm. long, 
lowest leaves 3-nerved, upper I-nerved, with conspicuous 
white veins; heads numerous, 4 mm. long (excluding the 
ripe akene which extends 2 mm. beyond the involucre, 
half covered by the large, broad bract), racemose-panicu- 
late at the ends of the branches and stem, deflexed on 
slender pedicels; involucre campanulate, of 5 nearly equal, 
oblong bracts, separate almost to the base; large bracts 
covering the akenes, truncate or obcordate, orbicular, 
glandular, less hairy than the others, membranous at the 
edge, ciliate; fertile flowers two, frequently but one ma- 
turing; staminate flowers 9-10; anthers five, sometimes 
fewer, extending beyond the corolla after anthesis; corolla 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 299 


membranous, slightly hispid, 5-toothed; young akenes 
obovate, hairy, with an inconspicuous toothed margin; 
mature akenes oblong, keeled on the back, concave on 
the face, but rigid; 6 mm. long, dark brown, irregu- 
larly dentate with horny teeth lighter on the edge but 
not scarious or membranous; pappus a tuft of short hairs; 
stigmas elongating with the growing akene. 

This is close to Dicorza Brandegez, and occupies the 
same sandy flats along the San Juan River near the junc- 
tion with McElmo Creek. YD. Brandegez is very abund- 
ant and blooms later than this species. The flowers of 
this species are more numerous than those of J). Bran- 
degez, and there are two fertile flowers to each head in- 
stead of one. Inthe akene the teeth of D. Brandegei 
are said to be connected by an indistinct scarious margin; 
in this the teeth are not connected except at the base and 
are more horny there than at the edge. 

Type in the Herbarium of the California Academy of 
Sciences. 


52. Dicoria Brandegei Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., xi, 76. 

Type locality: ‘‘Along the San Juan, between Mc- 
Elmo and Recapture Creeks.”’ 

Among the hundreds of plants of this species which I 
saw, there were only two barely coming into bloom. It 
is conspicuous because of its abundance, its widely 
spreading habit and its white-veined leaves. Some of the 
plants cover an area nearly a yard in diameter.* 

This was collected at the type locality. 


*T have scraps of what appears to be a fourth species of Dicoria col- 
lected by Mr. Alfred Wetherill in the same region, which I name after the 
discoverer. 

D. WETHERILLII n. sp. 

Bracts conspicuous, broad, hood-shaped, loosely inclosing the akene, 


300 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


53. Ambrosia. 

This is either a new species or a variety of A. artemz- 
stefolia. It is too young for satisfactory determination. 
The plant collected is annual, 9 dm. high, branching; the 
sterile heads have pedicels 2 cm. or less in length; the 
5-lobed involucres are open-campanulate, 5 mm. in diam., 
and surpass the staminate flowers; the pistillate flower 
has a beak a little over 1 mm. in length. 

Collected in Willow Creek Canon where it seemed 
rare; seen in no other place. 


54. Franseria Hookeriana Nutt., Trans. Am. Phila. 
Soc., N. S., vil, 345 (1841). First described as Am- 
brosia acanthocarpa Hook., Flor. Bor. Am., i, 309. 

Type locality: ‘‘ Near the sources of the Colorado of 
then Wiest. 

Two forms of this variable species were collected in 
the same locality differing considerably from each other. 
Not having access to the types of this polymorphous spe- 
cies I cannot tell which form is nearest, so it seems best 
to describe: both. 


55. Annual, erect and simple up to the inflorescence; 
scabro-hispidulous; lower leaves  bipinnatifid with 
broadly-ovate circumscription, divisions lobed; upper 


10-15 mm. long, 10 mm. broad, membranous, intricately veined, present- 
ing an irregularly pitted surface, glandular-hairy; akene oblong, beaked at. 
the truncate apex by the base of the style, mottled with brown, with scat- 
tered hairs and yellow glands; pectinate margin inclined to be scarious; 
male flowers in staminate heads twice as long as the bracts of the invol- 
ucre; upper leaves spatulate. It is allied to Dicoria canescens, but has 
much larger bracts covering the akenes, the toothed edge to the akene is 
narrower and less scarious and the upper leaves not orbicular. 

While I believe it a bad plan to describe plants from such poor material, 
yet as the essential features were all represented in the scraps it seemed 
better to call attention to this new member of a genus represented by so 
few species. 

Type in the Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences. 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 301 


leaves oblong, pinnately - parted; staminate flowers in 
heads 4 mm. in diameter, 15-20 flowered, glandular spot 
on the involucre inconspicuous, spike not dense. 


56. Annual, branched from the base with several 
stems, which are simple up to the inflorescence, canescent 
with appressed hairs; leaves smaller than the last, on 
shorter petioles, similar in general outline and in the divi- 
sions; staminate heads 3 mm. in diameter, ina dense spike 
12-15 flowered; glandular ridge on the involucre prom- 
inent. The fruit in both is so immature that differences 
cannot be noted. 

Collected in Willow Creek Canon. 


57. Wyethia scabra Hook., Lond: Journ. of Bot 1, 
245. 

Type locality: ‘‘ Clayey argillaceous declivities of the 
high hills of the upper Colorado River.” 

Collected on a branch of McElmo Creek near the 
bottom of the gulch; also, near the head of Willow Creek, 
on the side of a low hill. Both sides of the leaf are alike, 
and the tendency to assume the upright meridional position 
is marked. This is true also of other species of Wyethza. 


58. Helianthus petiolaris Nutt., var. canescens Gray, 
Pi Wright., 1, 103. 

Type locality of the variety: ‘‘ Valley of the Rio 
Grande, sixty or seventy miles below El Paso.” 

This plant, judging from my specimens, connects 1. 
petiolaris Nutt. with HY. annuus L. 

In the field it suggests a small form of /7. annuus with 
canescent foliage. The shape of the leaves and manner of 
growth and branching ally it with that species, while the 
bracts of the involucre, the pappus scales and the size and 
shape of the head, show its relation to H. fetzolaris. 
The plants grow to a height of from 4-5 dm. There is 


302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


some variation in the amount of pubescence, one speci- 
men is much more canescent than the other and the leaves 
have longer petioles. In the lower leaves the petioles are 
from 2—3 cm. long, sometimes surpassing the blade, some- 
times not equaling it. 

It was abundant on the mesa above Butler Spring. 


59. Encelia frutescens Gray, . Proc. Am.), Acad... 
657. 

Described as Szmsza frutescens in Bot. Mex. Bound., 
89. 

Type localities: ‘‘Agua Caliente, on the Gila,’’ ‘* Sierra 
Prieta, near Fort Yuma.”’ 

Collected near Butler Spring; very scabrous, rayless, 
and without pappus awns. 


60. Thelesperma gracile Gray, Hook. Kew Journ., 
125 2). 
Described as Bzdens gracilis Torr., in Ann. Lyc., New 
MWionky it,.72a5. 
Type locality: ‘‘ On the Canadian.”’ 
Collected at Butler Spring; seen also in other places. 
61. Hymenopappus filifolius Hook., Fl. Bor. Am., 
cle Bole 
Type localities: ‘‘On the undulating arid grounds of 
the Columbia, near the Walla Walla, and on the banks of 
the Spokane near the Flathead Rivers.”’ | 
Collected near the head of Willow Creek. 


62. Actinella leptoclada Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep., iv, 
107. 
Type locality: ‘‘ Santa Antonita, New Mexico.”’ 
Collected at Butler Spring and near the head of Willow 
Creek. 


63. Hymenatherum pentachetum DC., Prod. v, 642. 
Type locality: ‘‘ In Mexico, around Monterey.”’ 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 303 


Redescribed by Gray in Pl. Wright., 1, 117, from speci- 
mens collected by Fendler on hills of the San Pedro 
River. 

Collected in the canon of the San Juan River near the 
junction with Willow Creek; also, on hills above the 
canons branching into the San Juan. 


64. Senecio multilobatus Torr. & Gray, ex. A... Gray. 
in, Pl. Fendl., -109. 
_ Type locality: ‘‘Abundant on the Uintah River, in 
the interior of California.’’ Fremont (second exped.). 
This is common in southeastern Utah, and was col- 
lected in fruit near the head of Willow Creek. The 
divisions of the leaves are almost entire. 


65. Cnicus Rothrockii Gray, var. diffusus n. var. 

Stems forming a clump from a root apparently peren- 
nial, 6 to 9 dm. high, slender, leafy, glabrous except for 
some slight deciduous tomentum; radical leaves pinnately- 
parted on long petioles, divisions not crowded, irregularly 
lobed with spreading lobes, spinous-ciliate with longest 
and stoutest spines at the ends of the largest divisions, 
3 to 4 dm. long, petiole equalling the blade, spinous-ciliate 
to near the base; cauline leaves similar but smaller, de- 
current from the base of one leaf almost to the next; 
heads either solitary at the ends of the branches or two 
or three cymosely clustered; involucres 2 to 2% cm. long, 
I cm. wide at the base, gradually contracted upwards in 
the young heads; as the flowers grow older, spreading 
outwards; bracts slightly tomentose in 7 ranks, outer 
armed with slender spines from 1 to 1% cm. long, inner 
filiform, acuminate; spines spreading or even reflexed in 
age; heads of 30 to 4o purplish flowers, exserted much 
beyond the involucre; slender divisions of the corolla 
half its length, abruptly acuminate at the apex; node of 


304 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


the stigma 2 mm. from the tip; pappus almost equalling 
the corolla; seed mottled with brown, polished, flattened. 

This beautiful Cnicus differs from Lemmon’s 2794, col- 
lected in the Huachuca Mts., Arizona, whichis named C. 
Pothrocki. Its bushy habit, leaves more decurrent with 
fewer and broader divisions, and heads longer and more 
slender at the ends of leafy branchlets, give it such a dif- 
ferent appearance that I hesitated about making it a 
variety. It grew in the dry sandy washes at the heads of 
the deep cafons that formed the numerous laterals of the 
San Juan Cafon. The head of Willow Creek is the 
type locality, and there it was most luxuriant owing to the 
greater amount of water that is generally present, coming 
from the finest spring in that arid region. 


66. Stephanomeria pentacheta Eaton, Bot. King’s 
Exped., 199, t. xx, figs. 8-10. 
Type localities: ‘* Truckee and Humboldt Valleys.’’ 
Collected along the San Juan River below McElmo 
Creek. 


67. Lygodesmia exigua Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., ix, 
217. 
Described as Prenanthes ? extgua. Pl. Wright., ii, 105. 
Type locality: ‘‘ Stony hills above El Paso.”’ 
Collected in fruit on stony hills of Barton’s Range. 


68. Primula farinosa’L., Spec. Pl., i, 143. 

Type localities: ‘‘In the frigid Alps and swampy 
meadows of Europe.”’ 

This does not agree with the description of P. zncana 
Jones, Proc.‘ Cal.. Acad. “Sct. v;7o6; mor does it nerve 
exactly with other forms of the same species. The 
leaves are oblanceolate, longest 10 cm., irregularly or 
doubly dentate, slightly farinose beneath; the rays of the 
umbel are of different lengths, from 5-20 mm.; scapes. 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 305 


are from 8-17 cm. The plants were all in fruit. One 
was found with a belated crimson flower. This was part 
of the interesting vegetation high up on the moist bench 
of the cliffs near Bluff City; a stranded relic of boreal 
vegetation in a region of sonoran plants, and cut off by 
an altitude of several hundred feet from the riparian flora 
below. 


69. Fraxinus anomala Torr., ex S. Watson in Bot. 
Kine s Rep, 284; 
Type locality: ‘‘ Labyrinth Cafion, Colorado River.”’ 
This was common throughout the region, growing on 
the edge of cafions and in the depths below. Collected 
in fine fruitin McElmo Cafion. The wood of this ash 
is much darker in color than is usual in this genus. 


70. Forestiera Neo-Mexicana Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., 
xl; 62. 

Described first as /. acuminata var. parvifolia Gray, 
Proc: Am.) Acad., iv, 364. 

Type localities: ‘‘ New Mexico, near Santa Fé, Fendler, 
No. 547; below El Paso, Wright, No. 1699; Semelenque 
Springs, Dr. Bigelow (in Mexican Bound. Coll.).’’ 

Collected in fruit on the San Juan River and along the 
bitter springs of Epsom Creek. It is abundant wherever 
it grows. 


71. Apocynum cannabinum L., Sp. Pl., i, 213 (1752). 

Habitat: ‘* Canada and Virginia.”’ 

Collected on the banks of the San Juan River near 
the Willow Creek Junction. The cymes are few flowered, 
loosely and very slenderly branched, minute bracts are 
numerous. 


72. Amsonia angustifolia Michx., var. Texana Gray, 
syn. Pl. 8x. 
Type locality: ‘‘ Texas, in rocky prairies and at the 
base of limestone cliffs.”’ 


306 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The seeds of this species are cylindrical, obliquely 
truncate at each end, corky; embryo fills the cavity of the 
seed. 


73. Amsonia brevifolia Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., xii, 64. 

Type localities: ‘* Southern Utah and Western Arizona 
to the borders of California.”’ 

These specimens collected in Willow Creek Cafon 
have narrower leaves than typical A. dbrevifolia with 
which it has been compared by Mr. M. L. Fernald at 
the Gray Herbarium. The moniliform follicles show no 
tendency to break into one-sided joints when ripe. In- 
stead, they flatten out after the seeds are discharged, be- 
coming conspicuous with their translucent texture and 
varnished surface. The seeds are fusiform, obliquely 
truncate at each end, light chocolate brown, faintly ribbed, 
with a depression on one side. The seed coat is corky, 
with embryo not filling the cavity. It was seen only in 
fruit, but is quite common tn Willow Creek Cafon and 
was met with nowhere else on the route. 

As the seeds seem so characteristic, I have described 
them minutely. Descriptions of the seeds are not given, 
probably because the species have been collected only in 
flower. 


74.  Asclepias involucrata Engelm., var. tomentosa 
Eastwood, Zoe, iv, 120. 

Type localities of the variety: ‘‘ Courthouse Wash and 
the San Juan River near McEl]mo Creek.”’’ 

This was collected in fruit on the mesa above the San 
Juan River beyond Butler Wash. It differs from the type 
of the variety in narrower, longer, more acuminate leaves. 
The follicles are canescent, 5% cm. long, 1% cm. wide; 
seeds are large, 11 mm. wide, 13 mm. long, ovate, light 
brown, with a convoluted margin 2 mm. wide of a lighter 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 307 


shade; body of the seed under the lens marked with 
fine membranous, crenate or broken ridges, radiating 
from the axis. I can find no description of the seed of 
A. tnvolucrata, nor have I any fruiting specimens for 
comparison. ‘This is widely distributed, as I collected 
the same variety near the head of Willow Creek and on 
Barton’s Range. 

75. Asclepias stenophylla Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., xii, 

72 (1876). 

Described first as Polyotus angustifolius, by Nuttall in 
rans. Am. Phils ooc., IN. S.,, v, 201. 

Type locality: <‘‘ In dry prairies, from Fort Smith to 
ed River.’’ 

Collected in flower and fruit in Willow Creek Cajon. 
The plants grew to a height of 3 or 4 feet. In the fruit- 
ing specimen collected the pedicel is curved downwards 
and the follicle is erect. 


76. Frasera Utahensis Jones, Zoe, ii, 13. 

Type locality: ‘* Buckskin Mountains (Kaiba Plateau), 
on the southern edge of Utah.”’ 

Specimens. were collected near the head of Willow 
Creek, growing to a height of four or five feet, with thick 
hollow stems; flowering branches widely spreading above. 
This was noted also on the sands of a branch of Epsom 
Creek where Psoralea juncea, etc., were found. 


77. Gilia longiflora Don, Gen. Syst., iv, 245. 

First described as Cantua longifiora Torr., Ann. Lyc., 
PN a tit (O20), 4227: 

Type locality: ‘‘On the Canadian River.”’ 

This is described as glabrous in the Synoptical Flora, 
in the original description as ‘‘ glaberrima.’’ Thurber’s 
specimen, No. 136, is slightly tomentose; Lemmon’s plant 
from the Santa Catalina Mountains is similar; a specimen 


308 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


collected by myself at Hatch’s Wash, southeastern Utah, 
is glabrous; also one collected by E. L. Greene at Silver 
City, New Mexico. All are more or less glandular on 
the calyx; corollas pale blue or lavender. 

The variety that is found common on the plains around 
Denver, Colorado, named Wavarettia longiflora var. Den- 
verensis O. Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Plant., 11, 432, is slightly 
glandular throughout, and differs from the long-flowered 
type in the diffuse branching habit as well as much smaller 
flowers. Hall & Harbour’s 558 is the same variety. 

Specimens collected under the cottonwoods of the San 
Juan River, below McEIlmo Creek, are sparingly tomen- 
tose; flowers large, with the tube of the corolla 4 cm. 
long, limb of largest 2 cm. in diameter, corolla divisions 
obtuse or abruptly pointed at apex. 


78. Gilia multiflora Nutt., Journ. Phil. Acad. Sci., i, 
154. 

Type locality: ‘‘Sandy hills along the borders of the 
Rio del Norte, New Mexico.”’ 

Collected on the San Juan River below McElmo Creek. 
Only one plant seen, with stamens barely exserted, tube 
of corolla 1 cm. long, divisions of the limb 4mm. The 
flowers are smaller than in specimens collected by E. L. 
Greene on the Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico. 


79. Gilia Gunnisoni Torr. & Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep., 
neg efoyne Aare. 
Type locality: ‘‘Sand banks of Green River, Utah.”’ 
This is widely distributed throughout the region and 
was collected near McElmo Creek and at Butler Spring. 
The plants trom Butler Spring are more woolly pubes- 
cent than the others, being younger. 


80. Gilia congesta Benth., var. nuda n. var. 
This differs from typical G. congesta in the entire ab- 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 309 


sence of woolly pubescence, divisions of leaves fewer, 
aristate; upper part of stem, calyx and bracts glandular- 
pubescent, tube of the corolla: shghtly surpassing the 
aristate divisions of the calyx. 


81. Gilia pumila Nutt., Journ. Phil. Acad. Sci., N.S., 
G. 550. 
Type locality: ‘‘ Near the first range of the Rocky 
Mountains of the Platte.’’ 
Collected on McElmo Creek. Common. 


S22.) Gilta--ageregata  Spreig.,'/ Syst.  Veo:, 1, 626 
(1825). 

Described first as Cantua aggregata Pursh., Fl., i, 147 
(1814): 

Type locality: ‘‘ On the banks of the Mississippi.”’ 

A peculiar specimen of this species was collected near 
the head of Willow Creek, showing in its less dissected 
foliage the effects of a desert environment. The leaves 
have 3-10 divisions, I-2 mm. wide, those on the middle 
ot the stem being lanceolate phyllodia 3 mm. wide, 2 cm. 
long; the flowers are few, in a virgate panicle. 


83. Gilia leptomeria Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., viii, 278. 
Type locality: ‘‘ Mountain valleys of Nevada and 
Wal 
Collected along McElmo Creek and the San Juan 
River. From some of the specimens I am inclined to 
believe Gzlia Triodon Eastwood, Zoe, iv, 121, to be a 
variety of this species. 


84. Gilia inconspicua Dougl. in Hook. Bot. Mag., t. 
288. 
Type locality: ‘‘ Sandy barrens on southern branches 
_ of the river Columbia.”’ 
Collected on Barton’s Range, on a mesa near Epsom 
Creek. ; 


310 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


85. Gilia subnuda (Torr. in Herb.) Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad .,/vill;.276. 
Type range: ‘‘ Nevada and Arizona or New Mexico.’’ 
This is the form with orange flowers tinged with crim- 
son. It is glandular throughout; the only radical leaf on 
the single plant seen is obovate, crenate and dentate. 
Collected near the head of Willow Creek. 


86. Gilia Haydeni Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., xii, 79. 

Type locality: ‘*‘ High plains of the San Juan, south- 
western Colorado or adjacent Utah.”’ 

This specimen, collected near the type locality, does 
not agree so closely with the description as plants pre- 
viously collected near Mancos, Colorado. 

It is glandular throughout, especially above. The corolla 
is faded pink (due perhaps to age or poor nutrition) in- 
stead of bright crimson. The plant looks starved and 
evidently has put forth a second crop of flowers, as other 
species of the genus do when a rain succeeds a drought. 


87. Phacelia crenulata Torr., ex Watson, Bot. King’s 
(ixpeds,e25/n 
Type locality: ‘‘ Trinity Mountains, Nevada.’’ 
One plant was collected in fruit near the head of Wil- 
low Creek. 
88. Coldenia hispidissima Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., v, 
hd hee 
First described as Eddya hispidissima Torr., Pac. R. 
iho Rep; , 11,170, t.7ix. (loss). 
Type locality: ‘‘ On the Rio Grande about El Paso.’’ 
Collected on bluffs above the San Juan River, beyond 
Butler Wash, growing on a rocky hillside. 


89. Heliotropium convolvulaceum Gray, Mem. Am. 
Acad., vi (1857), 403. 
First described as Euploca convolvulacea Nutt., Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soc., Ser. 2,'V; 190 (G1337)¢ 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 311 


Type locality: ‘‘On the sandy banks of the Arkan- 
sas.”’ 7 

Collected near Bluff City, noticed in other places along 
the route. In bloom during the day, filling the air with 
fragrance. The fruit in my specimens is woolly rather 
than hairy or pubescent; corolla with limb nearly 15 mm. 
in diameter. 


go. Krynitzkia Jamesii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., xx, 
27S. 

First described as Myosot¢s suffruticosa Torr., Ann. 
ever IN Yc), iy 2251 (1828): 

Type locality: ‘‘ Barren deserts near the Platte.’’ 

Collected on a rocky hill on Barton’s Range, between 
‘~Epsom and Willow Creeks. This plant is more than 3 
dm. in height, smoother than the typical form, with prom- 
inent postules on the leaves; spikes of flowers loosely 
branched. 


gi. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. 
Described as C. Americana ? in Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer., 
ii, 77, identified with C. arvenszs Beyrich, in Herb. Nostr. 
Type range: ‘‘Northwestern America,’’ Douglas. 
This was found growing on Xanthium strumarium L., 
along the San Juan River; not seen elsewhere. 


g2. Physalis Fendleri Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., x, 66. 
Type locality: ‘* Rocks and plains of New Mexico.’’ 
Collected and seen only in a shallow gulch on the 

stony mesa above Butler Spring. 


‘93. Lycium pallidum Miers, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 
Ser. 2.miv (1654.)i, 23m. 
Collected along McElmo Creek in fruit. Red berries 
nearly I cm. in diameter. 


312 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


94. Lycium Andersoni Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., vii, 388. 
Type locality: ‘‘ Southeastern part of the State of 
Nevada.’’ 
Collected in abundant fruit on Barton’s Range, where 
it was common. Berries light red, about 6 mm. in diam- 
eter: 


(Datura meteloides. DC., Prod., xiii, 544. 

Type locality: ‘ In warm regions of New Spain.”’ 

Abundant in some localities along the San Juan River. 
Not collected.) 


95. Pentstemon Bridgesii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., 
Vil, 379. 
Type locality: ‘*Yosemite Valley.’’ 
Collected near the head of Willow Creek, apparently 


rare. 


96. Mimulus cardinalis Dougl., Lindl. Hort. Trans., 
We [On O42). 

This plant seemed strangely out of place. It was an 
inhabitant of the bench on the cliffs near Bluff City. It 
is smaller than the Californian plant, much more villous 
and has dentate leaves. 


g7. Castilleia linariefolia Benth. in DC. Prod., x, 532. 
Type range: ‘‘ Rocky Mountains.”’ 
Collected along the San Juan River below McElmo 
Creek, with stout stems about four feet high. 


98. Cordylanthus Wrightii Gray, Mex. Bound. Surv., 
120. 

Type locality: ‘‘ Prairies, from 6 to 30 miles east of El. 
Paso, Western Texas.”’ 

Collected on the sandy flats of the San Juan where it 
was abundant under the trees, also at the head of Willow 
Creek. It is somewhat glandular as well as puberulent- 
scabrous. 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. or 


99. Poliomintha incana Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., viii, 
296. 

First described as Hedeoma incana Torr., Mex. Bound. 
Surv. 230. 

Type locality: ‘‘ Sandy places near El] Paso, Texas.’’ 

Collected on a sandy wash, a branch of Epsom Creek, 
growing on sandy knolls. The sands appear to have 
drifted around the woody stems, thus forming the knolls. 


100. Hedeoma Drummondii Benth., Lab. Gen. et Spec., 
368. 
Collected in fruit near the head of Willow Creek. 


1o1. Oxyaphus angustifolius Sweet. var. viscidus n. 
var. 

This plant, collected at Butler Spring, resembles the 
typical plant as described in Mex. Bound. Surv., 175, and 
Bot. King’s Rep., 284, except in the glandular villosity 
of the peduncles, pedicels and involucres. The seeds 
are tuberculate between the ribs. | 


102. Allionia incarnata L., Syst. ed. x, 890. 

Locality not given. 

Collected on hills beyond Epsom Creek and in Willow 
Creek Cafion. Not common. 


103. Abronia Cycloptera Gray, Am. Journ. Sci., Ser. 
2iiKVS 2TO: 
Type locality: ‘*‘ On the Rio Grande, New Mexico.”’ 
This species was well distributed throughout the region. 
Collected at Butler Spring. 


104. Abronia turbinata. var marginata n. var. 

This variety has leaves elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, 
obtuse to acuminate, margins scabrous, lighter in color, 
inclined to be involute; involucral bracts membranous, 


elliptical, acute, 8 mm. long, 5 mm. wide, peduncles 
Proc, Cau. ACAD. Sci., 2D SerR., Vou. VI. ( 23 ) August 4, 1896. 


314 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


and pedicels slender, deflexed, spreading, surpassing the 
leaves; flowers white or tinged with rose color, fragrant. 

A. turbinata, so well marked by the peculiar fruit, 
seems to bea variable species. I have specimens from 
Grand Junction, Colorado, that are distinguished by large 
conspicuous involucral bracts. 

Collected on the mesa above the San Juan River, be- 
yond Butler Wash. It was very abundant but only one 
specimen was collected. 


105. Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook., Kew. Journ., v 
(1853); 262. 
Type locality: ‘‘On loamy, sandy, firm banks, within 
the high drift-sand hills of the Lower Platte.’’ 
Collected on McElme Creek, within the cafion, where 
it was abundant. 


106. Cladothrix lanuginosa Nutt., ex Moq. DC., Prod., 
KIt02,- 360. 
Type localities: ‘‘ Salt River and Red River.’’ 
Collected near the junction of the San Juan River with 
McElmo Creek; also on Barton’s Range, beyond 
Epsom Creek. 


107. Cycloloma platyphyllum Mogq., Enum. Chenopod., 
18 (1840). 

First described by Michaux in Fl. Bor. Amer., i, 174, 
as Salsola platiphylla (1803). 

Habitat: ‘‘In the region of Illinois.’’ 

Collected on the sandy flats of the San Juan River, 
near Recapture Creek. Entire plant light green instead 
of purple, as on the plains around Denver. 

108. Chenopodium Fremonti Watson? Bot. King’s Ex- 
ped, 287. 

Collected on McElmo Creek in specimens too young 

for certainty as to the species. 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 315 


109. Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt.! in Herb. ex 
Miog.2, O@s Prod, , xin, ayn. 
Type locality: ‘‘ In Nova-California.”? (Nutt.!) 
Collected near the head of Willow Creek; common 
throughout the region. Either simple or much branched. 


110. Atriplex. 

This plant, collected on McElmo Creek, is too young 
for determination. It is perennial and dicecious, but in 
leaves and habit of growth it does not agree with any de- 
scribed in that group. 


111. Atriplex Powellii Watson, Proc. Am. Acad., ix 
(1874), 114. 
Type described from plants raised from Arizona seeds. 
This was immature and therefore is doubtful. 
Collected near Recapture Creek. 


112. Atriplex truncata Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., viii, 
398 (1873). 
First described by Torrey as Odcone truncata in Bot. 
King’s Exped., 291. 
Type locality: ‘‘ Near Carson City, Nevada.”’ 
Collected in immature specimens along the San Juan 
flats near Recapture Creek. 


113. Atriplex canescens James, Cat., 178. 

First described by Pursh as Calligonum canescens, in 
Fl. of N. Am., 370 (1816). 

Type locality: ‘‘ In the plains of the Missouri, near the 
Big Bend.”’ 

Common throughout the region on alkaline flats, com- 
monly known as ‘‘salty sage.”’ Abundant on McElmo 
Creek. 


114. Atriplex confertifolia Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 
ix, 119 (1674). 


316 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Described first as Odzone confertifolia, by Torrey, 
Frem., 2d Rep., 318 (1845). 

Type locality: ‘*On the borders of the Great Salt 
Bake... 

Widely distributed in alkaline soil and collected on 
McElmo Creek. 


115. Atriplex cornuta Jones, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d 
Ser4 vy 718. 

Type locality: ‘‘ Green River, Utah, in clay.’’ 

This was collected on the alkaline flats of the San Juan 
River, between Montezuma Creek and McElmo Creek; 
also on McEImo Creek. 

This is very close to A. argentea Nutt., but the leaves 
are much thinner, the horns or processes on the fruiting 
bracts more numerous, longer and more lobed. 


116. Atriplex Caput-Meduse n. sp. Plate xlvi. 

Annual, with several erect stems from the base, about 
4 or 5 dm. high, intricately branched with slender, gen- 
erally upward-spreading branches; loosely scurfy through- 
out, leaves rather thin, vertical, on petioles half as long 
as the blades; lower leaves deltoid with obtuse apex and 
rounded basal angles; upper becoming smaller, deltoid 
or sub-hastate; flowers androgynous; staminate flowers 
apparently few with cucullate divisions; fruiting bracts 
orbicular, becoming hard and entirely closed, usually 
pendent on tapering pedicels 4 or 5 mm. long, thickly 
beset with flat, horny, acuminate and often twisted pro- 
cesses; seed almost filling the cavity. Some undeveloped 
fruiting bracts are cuneate, toothed or lobed, with or with- 
out small appendages on the sides. 

This is nearest to Atriplex argentea Nutt., from which 
it differs in habit of growth; leaves of thinner texture, 
all petioled ; staminate flowers mixed with pistillate instead 


me. 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 27 


of in terminal clusters. The fruiting bracts are not com- 
pressed and the horny appendages are so numerous that 
it is impossible to distinguish the margins from the sides 
of the bracts. The name was suggested by a fanciful 
resemblance of the fruit to the Gorgon’s head. 


117. Another form growing in the same region is 
smaller with fewer branches, leaves thicker, more ap- 
pressed-scurfy; the fruiting bracts have shorter processes 
disposed to be somewhat spine-tipped; the pedicels are 
stouter and less attenuated. It appears to be a starved, 
less protected plant than the type, and from its open sit- 
uation I judge this to be the explanation of the difference 
rather than to consider it even a variety. 

The type was collected near Recapture Creek, along 
the banks of the San Juan River, growing in masses 
mixed with other species of Atrzplex, etc. The smaller 
form grew in the open where the ground was drier and 
less fertile. 


118. Grayia Brandegei Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., xi, Ior. 

Type locality: ‘‘ Hillsides, among fragments of creta- 
ceous sandstone on the San Juan River, near the bound- 
ary between Colorado and Utah.”’ 

Collected abundantly in a similar locality on a hill op- 
posite Hill’s Ranch, on McElmo Creek not far from the 
boundary, probably the type locality. 

It was abundant there, but seen in no other place; 
though I was on the lookout for it constantly. T'wo forms 
grow together apparently under the same conditions. 

(a) This grows to a height of 4-5 dm.; leaves, in- 
cluding the petiole, 3-4 cm.; fruiting bracts 4-6 mm. 
wide. 

(6) This is less than 2 dm. in height; leaves not ex- 
ceeding 2 cm. in length, inclined to be revolute espec- 


318 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ially at the upper part of the stem; fruiting bracts 4 mm. 
wide, more furfuraceous-canescent than (a). 

June 3, 1892, I collected this species in flower in the 
same locality. It is moncecious; staminate flowers with five 
rhomboid divisions curled inwards, yellow, fading to white 
at the margin; 1% mm. long, 1 mm. wide; the pistillate 
flowers are lepidote, cylindrical, with long styles. 


(Grayia polygaloides Hook & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy., 
387. 

First described as Chenopodium ? spinosum Hook., FI. 
Bor. Am., ii, p. 127. 

Type locality: ‘‘ Interior of California.’’ 

Widely distributed but not collected.) 
(Eurotia lanata Mog. Enum. Chenopod., 81. 

First described as Drotzs Janata Pursh, Fl. N. Am., 
602 (1816). 

Type locality: ‘‘ On the banks of the Missouri in open 
prairies.”’ 

This is widely distributed, but not abundant in any par- 
ticular locality. Not collected.) 


119. Sarcobatus vermiculatus Torr., Emory’s Rep., 149 
(1848). 

First described as Batis ? vermiculata Hook., FI. Bor. 
Am; i, 128. 

Type locality: ‘*‘Common on the barren grounds of 
the Columbia, and particularly near salt marshes.’’ 

Collected on the alkaline flats of McElmo Creek, where 
it is abundant, growing to a height of six or seven feet. 
In some places it is the most noticeable plant, in soil that 
supports little else. 


120. Sueda Torreyana Watson, Proc. Am. Acad., ix, 


88 (1874). 
Type range: ‘‘In alkaline soils, from the north fork 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 319 


of the Platte to northern Nevada, and south to north- 
ern Mexico and southern Calitornia.’’ 

Collected on McElmo Creek, widely distributed through 
the region. 

The seeds are found stored in the Cliff Dwellers’ 
ruins, and were probably used as food. The Utes and 
Navajos of the adjacent reservations are said to collect 
them at the present time for food. 


121. Eriogonum alatum Torr., Sitgreaves’ Rep., 168, t. 
Vili. 
Type locality: ‘‘ On the Zuni River.’’ 
Collected in fruit near the head of Willow Creek. 


122. Eriogonum cernuum Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. Sci., 
Nes 22. 
Habitat: ‘‘On the plains of the Oregon and in the 
Rocky Mountains.”’ 
Collected on McElmo Creek; also noted along the San 
Juan. It is a widely spread species, usually abundant. 


123. Eriogonum cernuum var. umbraticum n. var. 

This differs from the typical form in several character- 
istics. Stems leafy almost to the inflorescence, pedicels 
longer and more slender, spreading downwards rather 
than deflexed, %-2 cm. long, outer divisions of the peri- 
gonium obcordate and less spreading. 

This was collected along the San Juan River, between 
McElmo and Montezuma Creeks. It grew in the shade 
of the cottonwoods, hence the varietal name. I collected 
it in 1892 along McElmo Creek. It seemed rare. 


124. Eriogonum Wetherillii n. sp. 


Leaves orbicular, obtuse or obliquely truncate at base, 
tomentose below, sparingly so above, 10 mm. in diameter, 
on tomentose petioles somewhat longer than the blade; 


320 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


bracts at the nodes ternate, triangular, obtuse, % mm. or 
less in length, turbinate; obtuse teeth four; 4—6 flowered; 
glabrous. without, conspicuously white-villous within; 
perigonium % mm. long, yellow, with reddish ribs, be- 
coming rose colored in age, open-campanulate, glabrous, 
exserted ona slender stipe; outer segments obovate; inner 
oblong, narrower and longer; seed flattened, lens-shaped, 
brown, with a varnished surface. 

This belongs to § Pedunculatz, near EL. Thomasiz, 
from which it differs in the shape of the segments of the 
perigonium, the glabrous flowers and more flattened seed. 
In habit the two species are so similar as to be confused. 

This Eriogonum forms a tumble-weed 10-20 cm. in 
diameter, because of the numerous intricately-branched 
stems which spread out near the base. The lower and 
chief internodes are about 2 cm. long, while at the ends 
of the branches they about equal the capillary pedicels 
(about 5 mm. long). The pedicels are conspicuously 
perpendicular to the stem, the branches less so. The 
entire plant becomes reddish with age. It grows at the 
base of sandstone cliffs along the San Juan River. I 
collected it also in a similar situation, near Moab, on the 
Grand River, in Utah, then identifying and distributing it 
as . Thomasit (Zoe, iv, 126). 


125. Eriogonum inflatum Torr., Fremont’s Rep., ii, 
207i 

Type locality: ‘‘On barren hills in the lower part of 
north California.”’ 

This is perennial and generally grows on the sides of 
hills and gulches, sometimes to a height of three or four 
feet. I have never seen it on the alkaline flats where Z. 
trichopodum Benth., an annual of similar habit, is so 
often abundant in this region. 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 321 


126. Eriogonum divaricatum Hook., Journ. of Bot. & 
Kew Gard. Miscell., v, 265. 
Type locality: ‘‘ On saline clayey soils, within the high 
calcareous hills of the upper Colorado.’’ 
Abundant in the same kind of soil as the type, along 
the San Juan River, in a limited space, where probably 
the soil suited its needs. 


127. Eriogonum flexum Jones, Zoe, ii, 16. 

Type locality: ‘‘ On the Moencoppa, in northern Ari- 
zona. It grows on dry mud flats.”’ 

This is the plant that 1 reported (Zoe, iv, 10) as Z. 
glandulosum, from Grand Junction, Colorado, and Mon- 
tezuma Cazrion, Utah, not far from where the present col- 
lection was made. The environment was similar to that 
of the type. 


128. Eriogonum Jonesii Watson, Proc. Am. Acad., xxi, 
454: 

Type locality: ‘‘ Cosnino, Arizona, a station on the 
Atlantic & Pacific Railroad, near the San Francisco Moun- 
tains.”’ 

This species is variable in size, shape and amount of 
tomentum, color of flowers, and expanse of cyme. It 
is very close to some forms of &. corymbosum. It was 
distributed quite extensively from Butler Spring to 
Willow Creek. I have the three following forms: 


129. This wascollected on Barton’s Range, with broadly 
elliptical leaves, blade about 3 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, on 
petioles 1-2 cm. in length, margin revolute, crinkled, 
tomentose on the lower side, greener above; flowers 
white; involucres sessile or shortly pedicelled; corymb 
3-forked, except on the dichotomous ultimate branchlets. 
This grows in bunches from a woody base to a height of 
about 3 dm. 


322 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


130. This was collected in Butler Wash, with leaves 
densely tomentose on both surfaces, ovate-orbicular, un- 
dulate, revolute; corymb with four main branches, each 
dichotomously branched; immature flowers rose color. 
This was collected by Mr. Wetherill. The specimens 
were not more than r dm. in height with several stems 
branching from the base, either erect or prostrate. 


131. This came from the head of Willow Creek. It 
has orbicular leaves, revolute and crinkled on the margins, 
tomentose below, smoother above; branches of the cyme 
more slender than in the other two, 3-forked except on 
ultimate branchlets; immature flowers yellow; upper part 
of stem yellowish under the sparse wool. 


132. Eriogonum Mearnsii Parry, Trans. N. Y. Acad., 
Vill, 72. 

Type locality: ‘* Fort Verde, Arizona.’’ 

This was collected on a rocky hill on Barton’s Range, 
between Epsom and Willow Creeks; abundant in a lim- 
ited space. I believe this is the second collection of 
this rare species, extending the range northward. 


133. Eriogonum microthecum var. rigidum Eastwood, 
ZO? IVS IT. * 
Type locality: ‘‘ The mesas above Durango, Colo.’’ 
This was collected on a dry hillside near Butler Spring. 


134. Eriogonum ramosissimum n. sp. 

Stems suffrutescent, several from a woody root, about 
6 dm. high, diffusely branching; leaves linear-lanceolate 
2-4 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, tomentose on both surfaces, 
less densely so above; margin slightly revolute and un- 
dulate; petioles short, spreading, decurrent, about 2 mm. ; 
inflorescence widely spreading, dividing and subdividing, 
with long flowerless internodes 8-—1o cm. long diminish- 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 323 


ing upwards; upper branches cymosely panicled; invo- 
lucres few, sessile and secund near the ends of the branch- 
lets (the axillary involucre is shortly pedicelled) ; perigo- 
nium contracted at the throat, forming below, a strongly- 
ribbed turbinate tube slightly corrugated transversely ; 
divisions orbicular, white, ribbed with rose-color, margin 
crimped; involucres 3-5 flowered, 2 mm. long, ribs al- 
most concealed by the tomentum. 

This belongs to § Corymbost and differs from other 
members of the group in its well-marked inflorescence. 
The urn-shaped perigonium allies it most closely to Z. 
brevicaule, but in its vegetative characters it most closely 
approaches £&. corymbosum. 

It was collected on the mesa above Butler Spring 
where it grew in bunches and presented a beautiful ap- 
pearance, each ‘plant covering the ground for nearly a 
yard in diameter with its snowy white intricately-tangled 
stems. 


135. Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry, Am. Nat., ix, 350. 

Type locality: ‘‘On bare clay soil in the upper valley 
of the Virgen.’’ 

This shrub was abundant on the moist benches of the 
cliffs near Bluff City, and at the head of washes where 
water remained after a rain. It was collected near Bluff 
City and near the head of Willow Creek. 


136. Comandra umbellata Nutt., Gen. i, 157. 
Type locality not given. 
Collected in fruit on Recapture Creek. 


137. Euphorbia flagelliformis Engelmann, Hayd. Bull. 
Geol. and Geog. Surv., ii, 243. 
Type localities: ‘‘ On the Rio Grande, near E] Paso.’’* 


* Collected without fruit by Chas. Wright and named Z. petaloidea var. 
flagelliformis Engelmann, Bot. Mex. Bound., 185. 


324 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


‘¢On the sandy flats of the San Juan.”’ 
My specimens came from the latter locality. It was 
abundant but with fruit immature. 


138.. Euphorbia Fendleri Torr. & Gray, Pac. R. R. 
Rep. 1753 
Type locality: ‘‘ Big Springs of the Colorado.’’ (No. 
800 of Fendler’s New Mexican collection. ) 


Collected on the sand-covered rocks, near the head of 
Willow Creek. 


139. Celtis occidentalis L. Sp. Pl., 1044. 
Habitat: ‘‘In Virginia.’’ 
Collected near the head of Willow Creek. 


140. Quercus undulata Torr., Ann. N. Y. Lyc. ii, 248, 
t. Iv. 
Type localities: ‘*Sources of the Canadian and the 
~ Rocky Mountains.’’ 
This was abundant in Butler Wash; low and spreading 
or taller and growing in thickets. Collected with young 
fruit from the taller bushes, the low ones being barren. 


141. Quercus Gambellii Nutt., Journ. Phil. Acad. Sci., 
Wac5 ed 7: 
Type locality: ‘‘On the banks of the Rio del Norte.’”’ 
Two forms were collected. 


142. This form, collected at Butler Wash, has large 
obovate leaves with blunt divisions; cups of the immature 
acorns I5 mm. in diameter, acorns exserted 7 mm. 


143. This form from McElmo Caijion is similar to 2. 
venustula Greene, N. Am. Oaks, pt. 2, 69. The acorns, 
as he notes, mature earlier, but in this instance the differ- 
ence is due to locality, as I noticed other plants along 
McElmo Creek more mature than the same species in 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAIL. 325 


Butler Wash. The cups are 12 mm. in diameter, acorns 
exserted 15 mm. 

These two forms are certainly quite different in appear- 
ance and fruit, but variation among oaks is so great that 
almost anything may be expected. 2. Gambellii from 
Mancos, Colo., has the acorns spicate as in LY. venustula, 
but the foliage is that of typical Q. Gambellii. 


144. Salix longifolia Muhl., Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue 
Schr. 1v,1238.\(1809): 

Type locality: (‘‘ad susquehanna’’) 7. e., near the 
Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania. 

Two forms of this variable species were collected. 
Those from Willow Creek Cajion have leaves nearly 18 
cm. long, 8 mm. wide, almost glabrous; those from 
the head of Willow Creek have leaves not more than 7 
cm. long, 4 mm. wide, silky-canescent. 


145. Salix lasiandra Benth. var. Fendleriana Bebb. 
This was common along the San Juan River. Only 
barren shoots collected. 
146. Salix cordata Muhl., in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue 
Sehr. ivi( 1863),./236., 
Collected near the head of Willow Creek with young 
shoots showing the stipules. 


147. Populus Fremontii var. Wislizenii Wats., Am. 
Journ. Sct., Ser. 3, xv.1136.( 1878). 
Range of variety: ‘‘ From southern California to the 
Rio Grande.”’ 
This was the only cottonwood noticed along the San 
Juan River below McElmo Creek. It is within the range 
of the type and farther north than reported before. 


148. Juniperus occidentals Hook. var. monosperma 
Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad., iii, 590. 
Type locality: ‘‘ Cafion City, Colo.”’ 


326 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Trees were occasionally seen near the head of the 
cafions that formed branches of the San Juan. They 
were low and scraggy and generally solitary. 


149. Epipactis gigantea Dougl., ex Hook., Fl. Bor. 
ya ioe) LOR . 

Range: ‘‘ Subalpine regions of the Blue and Rocky 
Mountains.’’ ‘*‘ Columbia River, Ft. Vancouver.”’ 

Mr. Brandegee collected this in the San Juan Valley. 
Hayd. Bull. Geol. & Geog. Surv., ii, 3, 244. 

Collected on the moist bench of the cliffs near Bluff 
City, below Recapture Creek. 


150. Juncus xiphioides Meyer., Syn. Junc., 50. 
Collected near the head of Willow Creek, in the moist 
earth around the pools. 


151. Andropogon scoparius Michx., Fl., i, 57. 

Habitat: ‘*‘ In aridis sylvarum Caroline.”’ 

Collected in Willow Creek Cafion; not abundant and 
seen nowhere else. 


152. Aristida purpurea Nutt., Am. Phil. Soc., N. 
Seb. Vis 045. 
Habitat: ‘‘On the grassy plains of the Red River, in 
arid situations.”’ 
The form collected in the cafion of the San Juan, near 
the Willow Creek junction, is noticeable because of its 
white awns, about 4 cm. long. 


153- Blepharidachne Kingii Hack., Monogr. Androp., 
201. : 

First described as EHvremochle Kingiz Wats., Bot. 
iing’s’ Kxped.,.382,,¢. x), fig. 10. 

Type localities: ‘*‘ Dry barren foothills of the Trinity 
Mountains, Nevada; also foothills east of Carson Sink.’’ 

Collected in Willow Creek Cafion, near the San Juan, 
on the rocky canon side. 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 327 


154. Bouteloua oligostachya Torr., Gray’s Man., ed. 2, 
5ST: 

First described as Atheropogon oligostachyum Nutt., 
Gen., i, 78. 

Type locality: ‘‘ On the plains of the Missouri; com- 
mon.”’ 

Collected along the San Juan River; occasionally met 
with elsewhere, but rare. 


155. Elymus Canadensis L., Sp. Plant., 83. 

ieapitat> —“ Im-Canada.” 

Collected near the head of Willow Creek; not«com- 
mon. 


156. Hilaria Jamesii Benth., Journ. Linn. Soc., xix 
(7831,),.62. 
First described as Pleuraphis Famesiz Torr., Ann. Lyc. 
NEY. t (i824), 145, t. x.  CReference tot obtainable): 
This was the most abundant and most nutritious grass 
of the region, growing on the mesas above the San Juan 
River. It was the feed upon which our animals chiefly 
depended. 


157. Oryzopsis cuspidata Benth., ex Vasey, Gr. of U.S., 
DR: 
Described as Erzocoma cuspidata Nutt., Gen. i, 40. 
Range of type: ‘‘ On the grassy plains of the Missouri 
from the Arikaree Village to the Northern Andes?”’ 
Collected near the San Juan River in Willow Creek 
Cafion; also noticed on Barton’s Range, but not com- 
mon. 


158. Panicum bulbosum H. B. & K., Nov. Gen. & 
Spr. 4.99. — Mexico. 
Reference from Index Kewensis (original publication 
not accessible). 


328 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Collected near the head of Willow Creek. This is an 
extension of its range, although to be expected; since this 
florais similar in so many respects to that of New Mex- 
ico and Arizona, where this species is found, according 
to’ Vasey. (Gt: of the U.'S., 11.) 


159. Sporobolus airoides Torr.,in Marcy’s Rep., 300. 
Collected near the head of Willow Creek. It is said 
to be poor fodder for horses. 


160. Equisetum levigatum A. Br. in Sillim. Journ., 
87 (1844). 
(Reference not accessible). 
Collected near the head of Willow Creek. 


161. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. 

This cosmopolitan species, found in Europe, Asia, 
Africa, North and South America, was seen in only one 
locality, the marshy ground above the pool at Butler 
Spring. 


162. Chara : 
Collected in the pools near the head of Willow Creek. 


PLANTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 329 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


Puate XLIV. 
Psoralea juncea. 


A. An upper branch, natural size, showing flowers and fruit. 

B. A node of the stem, magnified to show the glands, scales, etc. 
C. Flower magnified, 10 diameters. 

D. Wing magnified, 10 diameters. 

E. .One of the parts of the keel, magnified 10 diameters. 

F. Stamens, magnified 10 diameters. 

G. Pistil, magnified 10 diameters. 

H. Seedling plant, natural size. 

I. First leaf magnified. J. Second leaf magnified. 


Puate XLV. 
Dicoria paniculata. 


A. Entire plant, natural size. Outline made from two specimens, one 
simple stemmed and the other diffusely branched; the upper part 
belonging to the simple stemmed plant, which is paniculate above, 
the lower branches added from the plant that branched from near 
the base. 

B. Head of flowers magnified. 

C. Akene nearly ripe magnified. 

D. Corolla magnified. 

E. Female flower. 

F. Stamens magnitied. 


Pratt XLVI. 
Atriplex Caput, Meduse. 


A. Portion of a branch, natural size. 

B. Fruiting bract dissected, showing the position of the seed. 
C. Fruiting bract, as seen from the outside; usual shape. 

D. Another kind of fruiting bract, found on the same plant. 


Proc. Cau. Acap. Sci., 2D SER., Vou. VI. ( 24 ) August 4, 1896. 


ON SOME NEW CRETACEOUS (AND EOCENE? ) MOL- 
LUSCA OF CALIFORNIA. 


BY J. G. COOPER, M.D. 
[With Plates xlvii and xlviii.] 


1. Sistrum (Ricinula?) cretaceum n. sp. Plate xlvii, 
figs. I and 2, twice natural size. 


Outline obtuse-rhomboid; higher than wide; first whorl 
nearly flat, smooth, next two turbinate with about 20 nod- 
ular strong ribs, crossed by 5 or 6 revolving ribs, the two 
central strongest, and increasing to about 16 on the fourth 
or body whorl; lip slightly expanded, with two spinous 
projections on outer edge formed by the central ribs; 
inner edge of labrum with three prominent teeth at irreg- 
ular intervals, and columella with two close together, also 
one on body-whorl near posterior angle of mouth; some 
rudimentary teeth also near canal. A young specimen 
has only four teeth, two on each side of mouth, distrib- 
uted so as to form the angles of a square; as older ones 
may develop more, the total dentation is still uncertain. 
Canal very short, open; spire shorter than mouth. Length 
0.75 inch, breadth 0.62; mouth 0.50 long, 0.25 wide. 

This seems to be the first-species of S7zstrwm found in 
North America, and is perhaps of the subgenus /tzcznula, 
though this depends on the question as to its being ma- 
ture. All other species known live on the tropical Pacific 
islands and in East Indian seas, a few also in the West — 
Indies and Brazil. Four specimens were received through 
the State Mining Bureau from Morley, Shasta County, 
with other known cretaceous species. The name Szstrum 
is two years older than /’7cznu/a, though used as a sub- 
genus of the latter by Tryon and others. There is much 
resemblance in this shell to young shells of Per7ssolax 


brevirostris Gabb, but that has no teeth. 
Proc. CAu. ACAD. Sci., 2p SER., Vou. VI. August 18, 1896. 


NEW FOSSIL MOLLUSCA OF CALIFORNIA. 331 


2. Littorina subobesa n.sp. Plate xlvii, figs. 3 and 4, 
twice natural size. 

Outline ovate, less round than that of Z. rwdis, approach- 
ing that of ZL. obesa of the Pacific islands, without the 
subangled base; whorls 4 to 5, rounded, polished, with 
microscopic revolving impressed lines closely arranged; 
mouth over half of length, semioval, the columellar mar- 
gin being nearly straight; imperforate. Length 0.60 to 
0.70, width 0.40 to 0.45 inch. Morley, Shasta County, 
colored brown; Marysville Buttes, yellowish; False Bay, 
San Diego, blackish. These colors, however, may not 
have been those of the living shells. The first locality is 
certainly cretaceous A, the others cretaceous B, or 
Eocene, containing many species of that age. The shells 
figured are from the first two localities. 

Collected for the Mining Bureau by its assistants, and 
duplicates presented to the California Academy of Sci- 
ences. Those from the second place named have a very 
fresh appearance but were found in a very hard lime- 
stone. I formerly supposed them to be a form of Z. com- 
pacta Gabb, but they seem too different and too uniform 
in their differences to be so called. I referred to them 
by that name in my catalogue of San Diego Fossils, — 
Bulletin of Mining Bureau, No. 4, 1894, p. 61. 


3. Calliostoma lignitica n. sp. Plate xlvii, fig. 5, twice 
natural size. 

Outline pyramidal; higher than wide; whorls six, first 
three turbinate, smooth (worn?), fourth with 20 vertical 
ribs crossed by three strong revolving ribs regularly can- 
cellating the surface and continuing with wider intervals 
to the body-whorl; upper surface of whorls nearly flat, 
with a peripheral right angle from which the side of whorl 
drops vertically; sutures nearly hid by a prominent rib; 
body-whorl absent from only specimen, but must have 


332 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


closely resembled the preceding one; height of spire 
0.50 inch, breadth 0.50. On the proportionate scale the 
base of shell must have been about 0.75 inch wide. It 
much resembled the living C. gemmulatum Carp.,in form, 
but differed in sculpture; also differs from the other two 
species before described from the cretaceous beds of Cal- 
ifornia. Found by W. L. Watts in the head-wall of the 
San Joaquin coal mine, together with several other spe- 
cies’ of CretaAvand /B.7 


4. Sigaretus costatus n. sp. Plate xlvii, fig. 6, twice 
natural size. 


Outline oval; whorls about three, the outer enclosing 
the others, haliotiform; surface covered by about 18 con- 
centric ribs, strong, rounded, and with very narrow inter- 
vals between; they appear granulated by intersection 
of coarse lines of growth. Length 0.45 inch, breadth 
0.35, height 0.12. 

One specimen from head-wall of San Joaquin Mine. 
It is filled with asphaltum, coloring it dark brown, and 
appears similar in form to the Stomatza intermedia of 
San Diego Cret. A ‘(Bulletin iv, 1894, p: 46, pl: “soem: 
43), but has no other resemblance, and comes nearer 
‘*“ S7num planicostum’’ Gabb, of the Los Angeles Pliocene, 
which, however, is identical with the living Szgaretus 
debilis Gould, of Catalina Island to Gulf of California. 


5. Opis triangulata J.G.Cooper(Stanton). Plate xlvii, 
figs. 7, 8,9, the two last twice the natural size. 


Corbula triangulata Cooper. State Min. Bur. Bull. iv, 49, pl. 2, 
fig. 42. 

Opis triangulata Cooper. Stanton, Bull. 133, U. 8. Geol. Sur., 
1896, p. 59. 


*The Potamides carbonicola, described in Builetin 4, 1894, p. 44, 
from the California Coal Mine, near Huron, Fresno County, has lately been 
received from Cret, B. beds near San Diego, many feet higher than the 
lignite, but with other fossils of similar age. 


NEW FOSSIL MOLLUSCA OF CALIFORNIA. 333 


In ‘describing this species the large specimen men- 
tioned by Stanton was not seen by me nor recognized as 
the adult of the small one figured, but a small single valve 
like the figure was found, which had one tooth like that 
of a Corbula, from which the genus was published, with 
very much doubt. The description therefore needs 
amendment to include the large specimen which is fully 
twice the size of type. Its length is 0.75 inch at base, 
breadth 0.55, anterior height 0.60. Beak forming an ob- 
tuse point; transverse ribs over 35. It does not closely 
resemble the figures of species of Opis given in textbooks, 
and to show its resemblance to Corbu/a two better figures 
of the type specimen are here given, with one of the adult 
valve. In shape this closely resembles Stanton’s O. cal- 
efornica in his pl. vii, fig. 3. 


Triplicosta n. subg. 


With the generic characters of Pholadomya (as far as 
known) and similar in sculpture; the shell is not pearly 
and thin, but dull and chalky; form like that of 
Agassiz’s section Multicoste; the ribs even more numer- 
ous, covering the whole surface, and of two forms; the 
posterior, simple, broad and rounded, cover about half 
the surface, the anterior, formed by division of the broad 
ones each into 3 or 4, occupy the rest, all diverging from 
the beaks, with a slight curve backwards, to end at the 
base. It thus approaches in richness of sculpture the only 
living species, that of the West Indies, which has three 
forms of ribs. While some of Agassiz’s sections of the 
genus are stated to be thicker-shelled than others, and 
pearliness seems not to be universal, it is possible that 
chalkiness may be caused by fossilization, as it is not 
often mentioned in descriptions, especially of the West 
Coast fossils. Though in most points best agreeing with 


334 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Pholadomya it may be proved by better specimens to be 
allied to Cardzta or Petricola, both having species of sim- 
ilar outline and sculpture, but of course very different 
otherwise. No sign of their strongly toothed hinge is 
visible in the specimens yet seen. 


6. Pholadomya (Triplicosta) progressiva n. sp. Plate 
xlvili, figs. 11 and 12, natural size. 

Outline oblong quadrilateral; length varying from nearly 
twice the height to a little less than height; cardinal area 
posteriorly well-defined ovate, large; valves gaping mod- 
erately behind; umbos moderate, at about 4th of length 
from anterior end anda quarter of an inch apart; ribs 
nodular from irregular lines of growth, the posterior 
broad ones covering from half to two-thirds of surface, 
and about 10 in number, then each gradually dividing into 
3 or 4 narrow sharp ones; the posterior 15 to 18, covering 
the rest of surface, with intervals equal in width to ribs. 
The shell seems to have been about one-eighth of an inch 
thick, and the inside had corresponding rib-like markings. 
Length of largest 2.75 inch, height 2.50, breadth 2.00.. 

Found by W. L. Watts, along Santa Paula and Sespi 
Creeks, branches of the Santa Clara River, Ventura 
Co., and by another collector near San Luis Rey, 
San Diego Co., associated with Cardzta planicosta and 
other Cret. B (or Eocene) fossils. Four specimens are 
from the former and three from latter locality. They 
vary considerably in outline from both counties, from 
pressure. 

All the 200 or more species of Pholadomya described 
seem very variable, and many of them should probably 
be called varieties, as a study ot about half the figures 
published indicates. None of them, however, has the 
triplicate ribs of this species. 

In reviewing the West Coast species some corrections. 


NEW FOSSIL MOLLUSCA OF CALIFORNIA. 335 


are found necessary, which I will insert here. The first 
described was P. subelongata Meek, from Vancouver 
Island cretaceous, in the Transactions of the Albany In- 
stitute, vol. iv, p. 42, 1857, and repeated, with a figure, in 
Bulletin of Hayden’s Geog. & Geol. Survey of the Ter- 
ritories, vol. ii, 1896, p. 362, pl. 2. Meek gives the num- 
ber of ribs as 16 to 25, a wider range of variation than I 
find admitted in any other species, but whether caused by 
variation or imperfection of specimens is uncertain. At 
any rate, the figure shows that it is identical with that 
described by Gabb as P. brewer in the Pal. of Cal., i, 
p- 152, pl. 22, fig. 123. Gabb was misled by too hasty 
reference to Meek’s first description, for he states that 
‘the marked difference in the number of ribs will at 
once distinguish them, P. sube/ongata having but 16 
ribs.’” Gabb’s second species, P. nasuta, may account 
for Meek’s 16-ribbed form, as Gabb gives its range from 
12 toerG. 

Whiteaves considers both as identical with Orbigny’s 
P. royana of France, and states that Orbigny figures the 
extremes of variation in ribs as from 10% to 29, which 
may arise from imperfection in the specimens. 

Five specimens from Pt. Loma, San Diego, called P. 
brewert by me in Bull. iv, State Mining Bureau, 1894, are 
like it in form, but one has the high beaks of nasuta, and 
all have fewer ribs than typical swbe/ongata, but have lost 
all shell, and being internal casts, cannot form certain 
proof as to the number of ribs once on the outside. The 
same is probably true of Gabb’s P. oregonensis. The 
nearest resemblance to P. progressiva is in P. occidentalis 
Morton, from the Cretaceous of N. J. southward, which 
has 25 to 30 ribs, but none of them triplicately divaricate. 
But one Eocene species is recorded in the East, P. mary- 
landica Con., of which no figure is accessible here. 


336 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


7. Cardita alticosta Gabb. Plate xlviii, fig. ro, natural 
Size. 

? Cardita alticosta Gabb, Pal. of Cal. ii, 268, pl. xxxvi, fig. 16. 

The type of this species was from near Arivechi, State 
of Sonora, Mex. Mr. Watts has found apparently the 
same species, not rare, in the Cret. B or Eocene beds, 
along the Sespi branch of the Santa Clara River, Ven- 
tura County and I have had one figured for comparison. 
It is found associated with C. planicosta (C. horni Gabb), 
and others of that group of fossils. None of them are 
perfect enough to show the hinge, but in form and sculp- 
ture they seem the same. Three or four others of the 
Arivechi species have also been found in southern Cali- 
fornia since they were described. 


NEW FOSSIL MOLLUSCA OF CALIFORNIA. 337 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


Piatt XLVII. 


Figs. land 2. Sistrum cretaceum n. sp. 
Figs. 3and 4. Littorina subobesa n. sp. 
Fig. 5. Calliostoma lignitica n. sp. 

Fig. 6. Sigaretus costatus n. sp. 


Figs. 7, 8 and 9. Opis triangulata Cooper. 


Puate XLVIII. 


Fig. 10. Cardita alticosta Gabb. 
Figs. 11 and 12. Pholadomya (Triplicosta) progressiva n. subgen. 
and n, sp. 


Note.—The figs. of pl. xlvii, with the exception of No. 7, twice the 


natural size; those of pl. xlviii, natural size. 


A LIST OF SOME REPTILES FROM SOUTHEASTERN 
ARIZONA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW 
SPECIES OF CNEMIDOPHORUS. 


BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH, 


Curator of the Department of Herpetology. 


{With Plates xlix and 1.] 


The collection recorded in the present paper was made 
by Mr. W. W. Price during the summer of 1893 and the 
spring and summer of 1894. Although the collector de- 
voted most of his time and attention to birds and mam- 
mals, more than seven hundred specimens of reptiles were 
secured at localities in Cochise, Pima and Graham Coun- 
ties. These are now the property of Leland Stanford Jr. 
University, and the numbers used in the following pages, 
unless otherwise stated, refer to the registers of that insti- 
tution. 

An account of the locations and physical characteristics 
of the stations at which Mr. Price collected may be found 
in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural His- 
tory, Vol. VII, 1895, pp. 194-199. 


Terrapene ornata (Agassiz). 


The only box-tortoise in the collection (No. 1234),was 
found at Fort Lowell, June 10, 1893. It appears to be 
typical of this species in every respect. The postorbital 
arch is very slender, and the quadrato-jugal entirely ab- 
sent. In color, it is a dull yellow with a few irregular 
spots and streaks of reddish brown. 

Mr. Price informs me that it is called the Land Turtle 
in Arizona, and that it is not rare. I believe that this 
specimen furnishes the first record of its occurrence so 


far west. 
Proc. Cau, ACAD. Sci., 2p S=R., Vou. VI. August 18, 1896. 


REPTILES FROM SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA. 339 


Crotaphytus baileyi Stejneger. 

Three specimens have all the characters of this lizard 
as distinguished from Crotaphytus collaris (Say). While 
the differences between the two forms are not, perhaps, 
very great, they nevertheless are quite constant and seem 
to be well worthy of recognition. 

One of these specimens is without data. The others 
were collected at Bisbee, Cochise County, and at an alti- 
tude of 7500 feet in Morse’s Cafion, near Fairbank, March 
9, 1894. 

Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird & Girard. 
_ The Leopard Lizard is represented in the collection by 

a single specimen labeled merely Arizona. It is quite 
typical of this species, having none of the characters, 
either of structure or coloration, of Dr. Stejneger’s C. 
stlus from the San Joaquin Valley of California. 


Callisaurus ventralis (Hallowell). 

Eight specimens of this curious lizard were collected 
near Fort Lowell, April 11, April 26, and May 5, 1894. 
They all have large labials and bear no resemblance to 
Callisaurus draconordes of the San Lucas Fauna of Lower 
California. 


Holbrookia texana (Troschel). 

A half-grown Holbrookia (No. 2454) secured ona rocky 
hillside near Fort Lowell, April 26, 1894, is the only ex- 
ample of this species. | 


Holbrookia maculata approximans (Baird). 


This Holbrookia is evidently quite common in south- 
eastern Arizona. Mr. Price secured thirty-eight spec- 
imens at Fort Lowell, at Fairbank, and in Rucker Canon 
in the Chiricahua Mountains. Two specimens were taken 
‘* from the gizzard of a sparrow-hawk’’ shot in Rucker 


340 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Canon, March 31, 1894. The name approximans is used 
because a majority of these specimens—although consid- 
erable variation is shown—have broader snouts and wider 
supralabial plates than are seen in true maculata. Ihave 
not been able to see any difference between /7. m. approx- 
zmans and ff. m. flavilenta. 


Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard. 


This species is represented by seven specimens, all of 
which were collected at Fort Lowell. They are well 
within the known variations of this lizard. 


Uta ornata Baird & Girard. 


The name Uta ornata is used because the largest dor- 
sal scales are larger and form more irregular series in 
these specimens than in Uta symmetrica from Fort Yuma, 
California. Usually the hind limb is not longer than the 
distance from the posterior gular fold to the vent, but it 
sometimes exceeds this distance. Most of the males have 
throat- patches of blue, but some have patches of bright 
olive- yellow. Others have a central throat-spot of blue 
changing to green and then to yellow anteriorly and lat- 
erally. 

One hundred and thirty specimens were secured in 
Rucker Canon, in the Chiricahua Mountains, and near 
Fort Lowell. 


Sceloporus clarkii Baird & Girard. 


This lizard must be very common at Fort Lowell, for 
Mr. Price secured more than thirty specimens there and 
in Rucker Cafion in the Chiricahua Mountains. There 
is no difficulty in distinguishing this form from |S’. magzster, 
which also was found at Fort Lowell, the characters pointed 
out by Dr. Stejneger being quite sufficient, and the whole 
coloration so different that each may be recognized at a 
glance. S. clarkid never shows the broad dark brown 


REPTILES FROM SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA. 341 


longitudinal dorsal band so often seen in S. magzster, 
and the latter is never so generally bluish above as S. 
clar kit. 

The number of femoral pores varies from ten to four- 
teen in S. clarkiz, from three to four in a large series of 
S. boulengerz. The coloration of the latter species is 
also very different, there being a distinct light line along 
each side of the back. 


Sceloporus magister Hallowell. 


Numerous specimens of this large lizard were obtained 
at Fort Lowell in May and June, 1893, and in May, 1894. 
It was not seen elsewhere. 


Sceloporus consobrinus Baird & Girard. 


Twenty-one small Sce/ofort trom Fort Lowell, Fair- 
bank, and Upper Rucker Canon in the Chiricahua Moun- 
tains seem to belong to this species. I have not been 
able to compare them with specimens from near the type 
locality. All have two very distinct light lines along each 
side of the body. The dark dorsal area usually shows 
small blotches of dark brown, but may be unicolor. 
Males have a blue patch on each side of the throat. 
Femoral pores vary from twelve to sixteen on each side. 


Sceloporus scalaris Wiegmann. 


Mr. Price’s notes indicate that this is a rock - dwelling 
species, and that it occurs at great altitudes. The spec- 
imens collected furnish, I believe, the most northern 
record of its range. They are quite typical, and were 
collected near the summit of the Huachuca Mountains, 
May 22, 1894, in Morse’s Cajion, April 7, 1894, and ‘‘at 
an altitude of 9500 feet’’ in the Huachuca Mountains, 
July 22, 1893. 

Prof. Baird recorded this lizard from Los Nogales 
(Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 6). 


342 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Sceloporus jarrovii Cope. 

Yarrow’s Scaly Lizard was found to be common in 
certain parts of the Huachuca and Chiricahua Mountains 
where it was taken on the ground, on rocks and on logs. 
It was collected, also, at an altitude of 7500 feet, in 
Morse’s Cafion near Fairbank, and several were secured 
in the vicinity of Fort Lowell. 


Phrynosoma hernandesi (Girard). 

This species is represented in the present collection by 
two males and four females. Two of these secured in 
the Huachuca Mountains, August 25, 1893, do not differ 
appreciably from the other four caught at Fairbank, 
March 9g and May 13, 1894. 


Phrynosoma solare Gray. 
Five typical examples of this horned toad were taken 


on the desert near Fort Lowell, May 28 to June 24, 1893, 
and April 14, 1894. 


’ 


Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan). 

There appears to be no difference between Texan 
specimens of this species and an individual which Mr. 
Price obtained at Fairbank, April 16, 1894. 

Phrynosoma modestum Girard. 


A single specimen of this horned toad was captured 
near Dos Cabazos, May 10, 1894. 


Gerrhonotus kingii ‘‘ Bell’’ (Gray). 


I refer to this name three handsomely marked lizards 
collected in the Huachuca Mountains in July and August, 
1893. Each has ten dark dorsal cross-bands. 


Cnemidophorus gularis Baird & Girard. 


Seventy-nine specimens have enlarged postbrachial 
plates, scales of collar largest at edge, and postnasal in 


REPTILES FROM SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA. 343 


contact with first supralabial plate. Thirty-one of these 
have only two large anals, while forty-eight have three 
arranged in the usual triangular form—one in front of 
two. 

In C. gularis the whitish longitudinal lines which orig- 
inate at the parietal plates are much closer together than 
in C’. sexlineatus, the distance between them being rather 
less than that between any other two of the longitudinal 
lines in C. gularzs, while it is nearly twice this distance 
in C. sexlineatus. ‘The light vertebral band or pair of 
lines seen in C. sexlineatus is normally absent from C. 
gularis, but one young specimen shows a faint, narrow 
median line. 

Young specimens have six longitudinal lines on a dark 
brown ground without light spots. The two of these 
lines nearest to the middle of the back are usually slightly 
narrower and less distinct than the others. In older spec- 
imens the ground-color becomes a little lighter in places, 
presenting a faintly mottled appearance. In still larger 
specimens small whitish spots appear between the lines 
(first on the posterior part of the back), and in the largest 
individuals these become more numerous and sometimes 
join the longitudinal lines. The latter, however, never 
lose their distinctness, although they become somewhat 
broader with age. Different individuals of the same size 
show much variation in the extent to which these mark- 
ings have been developed, but their presence is clearly 
due to increased age, and not to either sex or season. 

These lizards were collected near Fort Lowell and in 
Rucker Canon. 


Cnemidophorus scalaris (Cope). 


Two specimens agree very well with the description 
and figures given by Prof. Cope (Trans. Am. Philos. 
Soc., xvii, pt.1). They are much larger than C. gwlarzs, 


344 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


and are possibly, though improbably, very old males of 
that species. It seems best for the present to consider 
them distinct, and, since the two forms were found to- 
gether, one cannot be regarded as a subspecies of the 
other. One specimen (2936) is labeled ‘‘Arizona,’’ the 
other (2141) was shot near Fort Lowell. 


Cnemidophorus tigris melanostethus (Cope). 


I have been unable to detect any difference between 
Cnemidophor? from southeastern Arizona and specimens 
of C. tzgrzs from Idaho and California, except that adults 
from the former locality have throats suffused with intense 
black, while in C. ¢#¢grzs this region is usually grayish 
slate. The types of C. melanostethus are more nearly 
like C. ¢7grzs than like the specimens from southeastern 
Arizona, but their paleness may be seasonal rather than 
geographical. When more specimens have been col- 
lected it may become necessary to regard melanostethus 
as a synonym of ¢7grzs, and perhaps to supply a new 
name for the form found in southeastern Arizona. 

A large number of specimens was obtained near Fort 
Lowell, in Rucker Cafion, and in the Huachuca Moun- 
tains. 


Cnemidophorus arizone, new species. Plate xlix. 


Diagnosis.— Nasal in contact with second supralabial; 
postnasal and first supralabial not in contact; three large 
preanals, the largest behind; dorsal granules equal ;- nos- 
tril anterior to nasal suture; eight longitudinal rows of 
ventral plates; femoral pores fourteen; frontoparietals 
distinct; supraoculars four; caudal scales oblique; limbs 
unicolor; seven light longitudinal lines, the median dor- 
sal line as narrow and distinct as the lateral ones. 

Type.—Leland Stanford Junior University Museum, 


REPTILES FROM SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA. 345 


No. 2631, Fairbank, Cochise County, Arizona, W. W. 
Price, May 13, 1894. 

Description of the Type.—Nostril anterior to nasal su- 
ture; three parietals; four supraoculars; seven supercil- 
iaries; two frontoparietals; scales on middle of eyelid 
enlarged; nasal in contact with second upper labial, the 
postnasal and first upper labial being separated; posterior 
gular scales small, abruptly smaller than the anterior, the 
line of demarkation between them being emphasized by 
the two rows nearest the latter being slightly smaller 
than the rest of the posterior ones; plates of collar rather 
large, in several rows, the marginal largest; dorsal gran- 
ules smooth, rather large; ventral plates in eight longitu- 
dinal and thirty-one transverse rows; three large pre- 
anals, the posterior two widest; four rows of brachials, 
the posterior much the smallest; antebrachials continuous 
with brachials, in two rows, the outer a little the larger ; 
granules along posterior edge of lower surface of forearm 
very slightly enlarged; lateral caudal scales oblique, rather 
strongly keeled, pointed posteriorly. 

The color above is pale brown with three longitudinal 
bluish white lines on each side, and one equally distinct, 
narrow and well-defined line along the middle of the 
back. The limbs are a little paler than the ground-color 
of the back, and are without traces of markings except a 
faint light line along the back of the thigh. Under parts 
whitish, tinged with blue. Tail unicolor, grayish. 

The measurements are almost exactly those of the type 
specimen of C. /abzalis. Total length 181 mm.; snout 
to collar 18 mm.; width of head 8 mm.; snout to inter- 
parietal 10 mm.; snout to forelimb 19.5 mm.; collar to 
vent 37 mm.; forelimb 19.5 mm; hindlimb 39.3 mm.; 
vent to end of tail 126 mm. 


This lizard need be compared only with Cnemddophorus 
Proc. Cau, AcaD. Scr., 2p SER., Vou VI. ( 25 ) August 25, 1896. 


346 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


labialis Stejneger, from Cerros Island, Lower California. 
_ To facilitate comparison I have used the wording of the 
original description of that species so far as the differ- 
ences in my specimen will permit. The distinguishing 
characters of the two forms may be tabulated as follows: 


C. labialis. C.. arizone. 
Two large preanals. Three large preanals. 
Frontal very narrow behind. Frontal not unusually narrow be- 
hind. 
Gular and collar scales smaller. Gular and collar scales larger. 
Postantebrachials not enlarged. | + Postantebrachials slightly enlarged. 
Limbs longitudinally striped. Limbs unicolor. 
Tail with distinct color bands. Tail without distinct color bands. 
A wider indefinite median dorsal A narrow well-defined median dorsal 
band. line. 


I am greatly indebted to Dr. Leonhard Stejneger of the 
U.S. National Museum for the privilege of examining 
one of the original specimens of C. /adbzalzs. 


Eumeces obsoletus Baird & Girard. 


One specimen of this skink was found at Fort Grant, 
Graham County, by Mr. H. Boutelle. 


Tantilla coronata Baird & Girard. 


I refer to this species a snake (No. 1706) which Mr. 
Price secured in the Huachuca Mountains, August 20, 
1893. It has 148 gastrosteges and 46 urosteges (tip of 
tail missing), but agrees perfectly in color with the de- 
scriptions of 7. coronata. Unless I am mistaken, this is 
the first Arizonan specimen of this snake, and furnishes 
the most western record of its range. 


Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird & Girard. 


This snake is represented in the collection by a single 
specimen labeled merely Arizona. It has two preocular 
plates on each side of the head. Some of the posterior 
urosteges are divided. 


REPTILES FROM SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA. 347 


Lampropeltis splendida (Baird & Girard). 

Two specimens of this handsome snake were taken, 
one of which was ‘‘shot in a tree in river-bottom near 
Fort Lowell, May 28, 1893.”’ 


Lampropeltis pyrrhomelas (Cope). 


Mr. Price found this species only in the Huachuca 
Mountains in July and August, 1893. 


Salvadora grahamie Baird & Girard. 

Three typical specimens were taken in Upper Rucker 
Canon, April 1, 1894, at Fairbank, August 20, 1893, and 
in Rucker Cajion, April 29, 1894. 


Diadophis regalis Baird & Girard. 

This Déadophis was noted only at Fort Lowell, where 
a single specimen was secured May 8, 1894. It is 740 
mm. in total length, and has 66 urosteges. 


Bascanion flagellum frenatum Stejneger. 


The only specimen of this form is labeled merely Ari- 
zona. 


Bascanion piceum Cope. 

One specimen, with coloration typical of B. pzceum but 
with only seventeen rows of scales, was ‘‘shot in the 
brush near the river at Fort Lowell, May 28, 1893.’’ 
This is the third Arizonan example of this doubtful spe- 
cies, the other two being the type from Camp Grant and 
one which Dr. Stejneger has recorded * from Tucson. 


Bascanion semilineatum Cope. 


A single snake of this species was caught in the Hua- 
chuca Mountains, June 30, 1894. 


*N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 209. 


348 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Pituophis sayi (Schl.). 

Gopher Snakes were found only at Fort Lowell. They 
were evidently quite common, for Mr. Price preserved 
more specimens of this than of any other snake. All 
were secured in May and June, 1893. 


Crotalus molossus Baird & Girard. 


A single typical specimen is represented in the collec- 
tion by a head, neck and tail. It was taken at Fort 
Lowell in June, 1893. 


Crotalus atrox Baird & Girard. 


The head and posterior portion of an adult C. atrox 
(1712), collected at Fort Lowell, May 25, 1893, are 
pinkish buff. Number 1708 is a young specimen, also 
from Fort Lowell, and, like most Arizonan examples of 
this rattlesnake, is much paler than those from the San 
Lucas Fauna of Lower California. 


Crotalus lepidus Kenn. 


There seems to be a general clearing of the ground- 
color with age in this species. Two adult specimens (No. 
3139 and Cal. Acad. Sci. No. 179) have very few scales 
between the large dorsal blotches tipped with dark brown. 
A younger individual (No. 1814) shows a greater number 
of these dark-tipped scales. The smallest of the four 
(No. 4099) is well supplied with small blackish blotches, 
which sometimes form cross- bands between those which 
persist in the adult. 

One of the most noticeable features of this rattlesnake 
is the bright tawny coloration of the tail. The belly of 
the smallest specimen (320 mm.) is mottled with dark 
seal brown. ‘The sides are tinted with salmon buff. 

In two specimens the nasal plates are distinct both above 
and below the nostrils. In a third they are distinct below 


REPTILES FROM SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA. 349 


but united above. In the fourth example they are united 
above on one side of the head but distinct on the other. 

These specimens are from near Fort Lowell and the 
Huachuca Mountains. 


Crotalus pricei Van D. Plate L. 
Proc. Cal. Acad, Sci. (2), v, 1895, p. 856. 

This species seems to be most closely related to Crota- 
lus intermedius Fisch. and C. omizltemanus Giinth., but 
may be readily recognized by its very distinct coloration. 
From C. omzltemanus it differs also in its smaller number 
of gastrosteges; and from C. c¢ntermedzus, in its fewer 
urosteges. 

Of five specimens in the collection three are from the 
Huachuca Mountains; the others are without exact local- 
ities, but Mr. Price informs me that they also were col- 
lected in the Huachucas. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW LIZARD (EUMECES 
GILBERTI) FROM THE SIERRA NEVADA OF 
CALIFORNIA. 


BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH, 


Curator of the Department of Herpetology. 


In an interesting collection of reptiles made by Dr. 
Charles H. Gilbert and Mr. James M. Hyde in and near 
the Yosemite Valley is a very distinct new skink of the 
genus Eumeces. This species is most closely related to 
£.. skiltonianus, from which it seems scarcely to differ in 
scale characters, but exhibits a very different coloration. 
In &. skzltonzanus the light lines are persistent, the upper 
pair are separated by two and two half longitudinal rows 
of scales, and the head is never red. The lizard which 
I propose to name in honor of Dr. Charles H. Gilbert 
grows toa much larger size than is ever attained by Skil- 
ton’s Skink. . 


Eumeces gilberti, new species. 

Diagnosis.—Twenty-four or twenty-six rows of scales 
around the middle of the body; postnasal present, in 
contact with first supralabial; two azygos sublabials 
(postmentals); subcaudals greatly enlarged ; interpa- 
rietal larger than either frontoparietal: young with four 
longitudinal light lines, the upper pair separated by not 
more than two rows of scales; adult brownish olive- 
buff,-without light lines, with bright red head. 

Type.—Leland Stanford Junior University Museum 
No. 4139, Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, Califor- 
nia, Charles H. Gilbert and James M. Hyde, June 10-15, 
1896. 

Description.—Body long and rounded, with long tail 


and short legs; nasal acute, small, in contact with inter- 
Proc. Cau. ACAD. Sci., 2D SER., Vou. VI. August 28, 1896. 


NEW LIZARD OF CALIFORNIA. at 


nasal, postnasal, first labial, and rostral plates; postnasal 
touching nasal, internasal, anterior loreal, and first and 
second labials; anterior loreal forming sutures with post- 
nasal, internasal, frontonasal, prefrontal, posterior loreal, 
and second and third labials; posterior loreal the larger ; 
two preoculars; four large supraoculars: interparietal 
larger than either frontoparietal, narrower than is usual 
in £. skiltonianus; parietals very large, sometimes. in 
contact behind, followed by one or two pairs of occi- 
pitals; temporals very large; upper labials eight, the 
last largest; symphysial very broad, followed by two 
broad azygos sublabials; several paired sublabials in 
contact with the infralabials; scales everywhere smooth, 
strongly imbricate except on head; median subcaudals 
very wide; upper caudals about the size otf the dorsals, 
larger than the laterals, ventrals and gulars; twenty-four 
or twenty-six rows of scales around the middle of body; 
ear-opening about the size of an abdominal scale, feebly 
denticulate. 

Adult brownish olive-buff above, slightly bronzed or 
faintly washed with red, without traces of longitudinal 
lines; dorsal scales edged with darker brown, often show- 
ing central spots of verdigris green; tail greenish or 
grayish yellow; limbs like back, without darker mark- 
ings; head and more or less of neck bright poppy red 
slightly tinged with carmine, brightest near ear-opening, 
sometimes tinged with olive on top of head; lower sur- 
faces, except of head, dull yellowish white. 

Young with head and back dark seal brown, lighter on 
the centers of the scales, with four longitudinal light lines; 
lower line on each side indistinct except between ear and 
fore limb; upper pair of light lines broader than in Z. 
skiltontanus, separated by only two rows of scales; limbs 
olive, darkest on the margins of the scales; tail bluish 


352 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


gray with bronze and greenish tints near base; lower 


surfaces creamy white, grayish on belly. 


WenicthtOlamusiys. 6 o.ei cence wert 52 
Memo bhyot (talies: crcl tysckels Grete ce ots eels 66 
SMOUEMOVCAT suck eicetersiore d Saclete vecoiy ones 10 
Snout to occipital plates............ 9 
Bloredimps fie ee cece ices chavserob ies 12 
Ebr lamas sere roicttvce catiis oes ele tetonais 18 
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe.... 7 


64 
119 
12 
ll 
17 
24 
10 


81 
142 
15 
13 
20 
29 
11 


81* 
136 
15 
13 
21 
30 
11 


82 
106+ 
16 
14 


84 


15 
14 
20 
30 
11 


96 
158t 
19 
16 
25 
34 
13 


fTabitat.—Western slope of the Sierra Nevada in the 
Exact lo- 
calities: Yosemite Valley, June 1o-15; Inspiration Point, 
Yosemite Valley, June 10; four miles from Wawona, on 
Yosemite road at an altitude of about 4,500 feet, June 


vicinity of the Yosemite Valley, California. 


8, 1896. : 


Hlabits.—Very active; often in grass and fallen leaves, 


retreating to holes under stones and boulders. 


* Type. 
+ Tip reproduced. 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. No. III.* —SOUTH 
FARALLON ISLAND IN JULY. 


BY LEVERETT M. LOOMIS, 
Curator of the Department of Ornithology. 
[With Plates li and lii.] 

During the afternoon of July 7, 1896, I left San Fran- 
cisco for South Farallon Island in the gasoline schooner 
that made weekly visits to the island for the eggs gathered 
by the lighthouse keepers and their helpers. The out- 
ward trip was lengthened into the second day, for the 
schooner had business that required her to pass the night 
at Bolinas, some twelve miles up the coast. Happily the 
bank of fog that usually rests over the ocean at this season 
of the year was half a dozen or more miles out from the 
heads, leaving an open way along the mountainous shore, 
which stood ott in bold relief against the eastern sky 
with Tamalpais in the background. 

Between Point Bonita and Bolinas not many birds were 
seen, but within the Golden Gate Western and Heer- 
mann’s Gulls were numerous. There were also a few 
California Murres. 

In the morning, after waiting several hours for high 
water on the Bolinas bar, the schooner was headed toward 
the Farallones, and soon entered the bank of fog, which 
shut out sky, land, and sea, limiting our vision to a 
small circumference of water. About ten miles offshore 
‘“Gonies’ began to be plentiful. Often several were 
near the schooner at one time. So far as ascertained, 
all were Black-footed Albatrosses—none the young of the 
Short-tailed Albatross or the dark phase of the Giant 


* «No. I,’ Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d ser., vol. v, June 19, 1895, pp. 177- 
224. 

‘No. II,’ ibid., vol. vi, Feb. 21, 1896, pp. 1-30. : 

Proc. Cau. ACAD. SclI., 2p S=R., Vou. VI. : August 29, 1896. 


354 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Fulmar, which species Dr. Cooper has reported from 
Monterey Bay during the palmy days of the whale fish- 
eries (Am. Nat., iv, p. 758). A few Dark-bodied Shear- 
waters and Ashy Petrels were also noted. As the island 
was neared the Albatrosses became less numerous, finally 
giving place to wedge-shaped flocks of Murres returning 
to their rookeries—their course apparently so well deter- 
mined that the fog was no obstacle. 

Guided by the compass, we had almost reached the 
island before we caught the first glimpse of it through a 
rift in the fog. Half an hour later the schooner was 
anchored in Fisherman’s Bay. The cries of the Murres 
on the mist-hidden cliffs, the scent of guano that pervaded 
the air, and the busy activity of the eggers about the little 
wharf, gave a momentary impression that our port was a 
center of population and trade, and not a mere bird-rock 
in the Pacific Ocean. 

The field-notes that follow were taken during the brief 
interval between the 8th and 16th of July, my stay on the 
island terminating with the last trip of the schooner for 
the season. 

I. INDIGENOUS BIRDS. 


Lunda cirrhata. Turrep Purrin.—‘ Sea Parrots ’ were 
far more abundant than I had supposed they would be 
from the accounts I had read of the bird life of the island. 
They rivaled the Western Gulls, and were outnumbered, 
in the daytime, at least, only by the California Murres. 
Perhaps they have increased in abundance, for they have 
no enemies among their kind, and the eggs are not 
marketable. The season for eggs was apparently about 
over, nearly all those examined during my stay being 
hard-set. 

‘Sea Parrots’ are very courageous when brooding. 
Instead of seeking safety in flight when intruded upon, a 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 255 


bird will simply leave its egg and retreat as far as the 
recess in the rock will allow. When pulled out of their 
retreats with a wire, they are eager to fight, seizing what- 
ever is placed within reach of their formidable bills, and 
holding on to it tenaciously. The lighthouse people and 
the eggers had much to say of the vicious spirit the ‘ Sea 
Parrots’ sometimes display toward one another. Two 
that were fighting, I was told, rolled down a declivity for 
more than one hundred feet without relinquishing their 
bull-dog grip. An encounter is said to end always in the 
death of one of the combatants. So far asI observed, 
the ‘Sea Parrots’ were peaceable among themselves and 
toward other birds. That their conflicts are so sanguin- 
ary perhaps tends to make them infrequent. When sitting 
about on the rocks they are also quite fearless. A group 
of five was photographed within less than ten feet of the 
camera—the birds remaining quiet but watchful specta- 
tors while the tripod was being adjusted on the uneven 
rocks. 


Ptychoramphus aleuticus. Cassin’s AUKLET.—In 
searching for Petrels among the piles of stone, Cassin’s 
Auklets were brought to light. They offered no great 
resistance when taken into the hand, and when tossed 
into the air usually fell helplessly to the ground, apparently 
too dazed to fly. Both eggs and young birds were found— 
the former chiefly in an advanced stage of incubation. 
Some of the young, partially fledged, were nearly as large 
as adults. In one instance an Auklet was discovered 
sharing its apartment with two rabbits. 

The afternoon of the 13th was warm and cloudless, 
and just after sundown several large flocks of these 
Auklets were seen flying about high in air over the island, 
recalling to mind Chimney Swifts on a summer’s day in 
the East. At two o’clock the following morning I was 


356 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


awakened and informed that the bird population was in 
uproar. It was pitch dark, but the whole island seemed 
to be alive with birds. Their voices, suggestive of those 
of Whip-poor-wills, filled the air. I was told this noc- 
turnal concert was given by Cassin’s Auklets. From 
this incident some real conception was formed of the 
abundance of this species upon the island. 


Cepphus columba. PicEonN GuILLEMoT.—The sibilant 
notes of ‘Sea Pigeons’ greeted the ear all through the 
day on the eastern part of the island, where they were 
very common sitting about on the rocks. West End was 
apparently not congenial to them, for none were noticed 
there. Unlike the Tufted Puffins, they were very timid 
when brooding, taking flight whenever the crevices con- 
taining the eggs were approached closely. A set of fresh 
eggs was found the first day near the wharf in Fisher- 
man’s Bay. The laying season, however, appeared to 
be practically over before my visit. 


Uria troile californica. CaLirorniA Murre.—The 
more inaccessible cliffs and the outlying islets fairly 
swarmed with Murres. When the eggers approach the 
Murres retreat to the sea. At first one and then an- 
other will go, finally the panic becomes general. Al- 
though each bird starts independently, before the water 
is reached a great flock is formed. The eggers have to 
work rapidly or else the Gulls will get ahead of them 
and share largely in the booty. Many Murres lay on the 
ledges in the sides of the caves opening into the sea. 
When a cave is entered most of the birds immediately 
seek to escape. Those at sufficient elevation launch into 
the air, heading directly for the exit, and the intruder has 
to be on his guard lest some of the stream of frightened 
birds strike his face. A fewer number crowd together 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 357 


on the floor at the back part of the cave, and when 
pressed may be readily caught as they flounder towards 
the entrance. Some of these finally succeed in getting 
awing, others become swamped at the mouth of the cave 
by the inrushing waves and are forced to dive to avoid 
being carried upon the rocks. 

The eggers go over the rookeries systematically, the 
outlying rocks and different portions of the main island 
being visited on successive days, fresh eggs being thus. 
assured. Only one small isolated rock is reserved as 
a breeding place, and upon this the Murres were so. 
crowded that a bird coming in from fishing could not 
alight without disturbing the footing of others. There 
were many situations on the main island where scarcely 
any were seen. In some of these places, I learn from 
Mr. W. Otto Emerson, a large population flourished 
within the last decade. 

From Mr. W. A. Beeman, principal keeper of the 
Farallon light-station, I ascertained that seven thousand 
six hundred and forty-five dozen eggs were shipped to. 
San Francisco the present year.* At the last the price 
dropped to twelve and a half cents a dozen. In 1884, 
Mr. Emerson informs me, as many as three hundred 
thousand eggs were gathered. The market became 
glutted, one cargo being dumped into San Francisco Bay 
and another abandoned on the island. In those days the 


“The number for each week of the season, ending July 16, is as fol- 
lows :— 


PG awisele nerd ane t ghte lat ed ot eS 120 dozen. 
erat IEP it pet bare od be Saree eee Ue dissin Sica SEIS LG 1445 =* 
2S) C53 URS SSP Se ane Sa Seager 0 a el ee 20S0mra 
VOOR) AG Nae eRe Ge a ee eee Shae Ape ce.t CeO 1400‘ 
TE eg | 2 ak ON ee ain hela Le Rae Sin eae 2000 oe 
SO SLOG BI ie GPR a OW Sail CR ea is GOOT os 


358 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


eggs in transportation were piled in the holds of the egg- 
boats, now they are put into small wooden boxes. Ac- 
cording to the late Dr. W. O. Ayres, a founder of the 
Academy (‘ Water Birds of North America,’ vol. ii, p. 
485), more than five hundred thousand eggs were sold in 
less than two months in 1854—all collected in one limited — 
portion of South Farallon Island, and ‘‘in the opinion 
of the eggers, not more than one egg in six of those de- 
posited on that island was gathered.’’ Dr. Heermann, 
writing early in the fifties of the Murres on the Faral- 
lones, says, ‘‘ The traffic in their eggs from this place to 
San Francisco and inland reaches the value annually of 
between one and two hundred thousand dollars ’’—P. R. 
Re Rep. vol) x, ptliv; (Noto3ipra7s: . 

In past years, it appears, the birds of the North Faral- 
lones have not been systematically harassed. This year, 
however, rivals to the South Farallon light-keepers were 
located there, a schooner taking the eggs off weekly if a 
landing could be effected. The crop was said to be larger 
than that of South Farallon. 

It is apparent that unless this devastation is put an end 
to the Farallon Murre rookeries will ere long belong to 
the past. A state law prohibiting the sale of eggs of wild 
birds and prompt action on the part of the lighthouse 
board will preserve this wonderful marine aviary—second 
to none of the natural features of California. 

The departure of Murres from South Farallon Island is 
said to begin about the 1st of July. The early south- 
bound migrants observed at Monterey (‘ No. 1’, p. 180 et 
seq.) not improbably came in part from the Farallones. 


Larus occidentalis. WrsTERN GuLL.—A more vag- 
abond set of Gulls than the Western Gulls inhabiting 
South Farallon Island during the egg season could scarcely 
be found. They are arrant thieves, robbing the Murres 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 359 


whenever they have the opportunity. When the eggers 
appear on the scene the Gulls congregate and soon a 
large flock is formed, circling about overhead with loud 
cries, eagerly awaiting the flight of the Murres to join in 
the pillage. 

When exceptionally hungry the Gulls are said to sud- 
_denly descend in a compact flock among the Murres, 
frightening them from the eggs. One Gull was seen try- 
ing to steal an egg from under a Murre. The Murre 
gave a reproachful squawk and with a thrust of the bill 
drove the Gull away. This was the only show of spirit 
I witnessed among these inoffensive birds—helpless upon 
land, but rare divers and swimmers at sea. 

A few well-incubated eggs of the Western Gull and a 
few downy young were found at the West End. When- 
ever the eggers came across either they promptly destroyed 
them, the traffic in Murres’ eggs tending not only to the 
extinction of the Murres, but of the Western Gulls as 
rivals in the business. That the work of destruction has 
been effectual is manifested by the fact that only Gulls in 
the complete attire of adults were seen, those in immature 
plumage being wholly wanting. At the opening of the 
season, the Gulls in turn supply the demand of the mar- 
kets, but the harvest of their eggs is not now great. No 
other Gull was observed near the island. Heermann’s 
Gull, however, was numerous about San Francisco Bay. 


Oceanodroma leucorhoa. Leracnu’s PETREL.*—As the 
collection of the Academy did not contain a single Ashy 
Petrel, one of the chief objects of the trip to the type lo- 


*The Farallon specimens as well as four others at hand from St. Lazaria 
Island, Sitka Bay, Alaska, have some white at the base of the outer rec- 
trices. Whether this character is peculiar to the birds of the North Pacific 
Iam unable to determine until comparison is made with Atlantic Ocean 
examples. 


360 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


cality of the species was to obtain a series of specimens. 
To facilitate the work of collecting, the services of all 
the children on the island were enlisted ‘‘to smell for 
Petrels.’’ The first one discovered had white upper tail- 
coverts. This was indeed a surprise. South Farallon 
having been visited so many times by ornithologists, it. 
was not supposed there still remained a species to be 
added to the list of its breeding birds.* The specimen 
was found in a pile of large stones extending for several 
rods around the base of the light-tower hill, east of the 
keepers’ dwellings. In the course of an hour three other 
individuals were secured—all from one end of the pile. 
The other end appeared to be tenanted exclusively by 
Ashy Petrels. On succeéding days two more were dis- 
covered in the same situation. One of these, as its hab- 
itation was being uncovered, escaped through an unob- 
served outlet, rising readily on wing and disappearing in 
the direction of the ocean. This was the only individual 
of either species that sought security in flight. A seventh 
example was picked up dead at the foot of the lighthouse 
tower. Search in other parts of the island revealed only 
Ashy Petrels. However, one of the eggers told me that 
the majority of the parents of the thirty eggs he collected 
in June had white at the base of the tail. Many of them, 
he said, were under drift-wood. The lighthouse people 
were also aware that some of the Petrels had this white 
patch, but they attributed the peculiarity to age or sex. 
With the exception of one, whose charge was a chick 


“Besides the ten water birds enumerated in this paper, two land species 
are known to occur as breeders on South Farallon—the Rock Wren and the 
Raven. The former is abundant, but the latter is hardly more than a 
straggler. 

At the time Dr. Heermann wrote, the Rhinoceros Auklet bred upon the 
‘Farrallones’ (P. R. R. Rep., vol. x, pt. iv, No. 2, p. 75). Thorough inves- 
tigation may disclose that it has not been entirely driven away. 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 361 


recently from the shell, each of the specimens I obtained 
was brooding upon an egg. But one of the eggs was 
sufficiently fresh to be easily blown. Judging from the 
specimens examined, they are of greater size than those 
of the Ashy Petrel. As is likewise the case in this latter 
species, the markings are not always present on the larger 
end, the egg sometimes being immaculate white. Two 
of the birds dissected were males, showing that the du- 
ties of incubation are shared by both sexes. 

The Petrel witha ‘ white rump’ seen by Dr. Cooper 
near San Nicholas Island in July, 1863, and recorded in 
the first series of the—-Proceedings’ (vol. iv, p. 11) as 
perhaps being Oceanztes oceanicus may have belonged to 
the present species. 


Oceanodroma homochroa. Asny PETREL.—AIthough 
these Petrels were breeding abundantly in all parts of the 
island, every portion of it might have been passed over in 
daylight without a single individual being discovered, for 
apparently only brooding birds occurred, concealed in 
loose piles of stone, in stone walls, and under drift-wood. 
After nightfall the Petrels became active. They were 
especially conspicuous during the early morning hours of 
the 14th when the Auklets held their concert. As I stood 
in the dooryard of a keeper’s house, every few moments 
one or more would pass silently by, disappearing in the 
darkness. Their flight recalled that of a Goatsucker. 

The strong musky odor of the Petrels renders their 
discovery in the rock piles easy. It is only necessary to 
insert the nose into likely crevices to find them. With 
little practice one may become very expert in this kind of 
hunting, readily determining whether it is an Auklet or a 
Petrel that has its residence in any particular cranny. 
Sometimes the Petrels are within reach, but usually the 


rocks have to be removed to get at them. When uncov- 
Proc, Cau. Acad. Sci., 2D SeR., Vou. VI. ( 26 ) August 29, 1896. 


362 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ered they generally shrink away as far as they can, but 
occasionally one will remain on its egg. When tossed 
into the air they fly without difficulty. Eggs with well- 
developed embryos were the rule, but there were also 
fresh eggs and downy young in various stages of growth. 
In seventeen specimens preserved, the organs of repro- 
duction, except in one female, displayed marked. degen- 
eration, showing that the breeding season was about over. 
Apparently nearly as many males as females were brood- 
ing. With a single exception, all the examples taken, 
including a partial albino, were very fat. It seemed 
strange to find these birds of the ocean rearing their 
young near the dwellings and within several rods of the 
siren. None of the feathered inhabitants of the island 
appeared to be alarmed at the blasts of this signal, re- 
peated every forty-five seconds when the fog settled 
down. 

As there are no rats or snakes on the island the Petrels 
seemingly have no constant enemies to contend against 
during their sojourn except the eggers and the light- 
keepers’ children who collect the eggs of the Petrels and 
sell them to collectors. One collector, I was told, gave 
a standing order for all they could furnish to him. As 
the preceding species is not distinguished from the pres- . 
ent one, its eggs are sent out as those of the Ashy Petrel. 


Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus, 

Phalacrocorax penicillatus, 

Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens.—Not any one of 
the three Cormorants—Farallon, Brandt’s, Baird’s—was 
as numerous as I anticipated. Perhaps their numbers 
have been considerably reduced in late years. When 
the rookeries of the Murres are invaded by the eggers, 
the Cormorants nesting near by take flight, leaving their 
eggs exposed to the Gulls, from whose depredations they 


( 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 363 


are said to suffer greatly. On the 15th [landed on Sugar- 
Loaf (a Murre islet) to examine a rookery of Brandt’s 
Cormorants. The birds deserted their nests as soon as I 
came near them. Not more than two eggs were in a nest; 
in some cases only one. All appeared to have been 
recently deposited. July 2, 1894, at Monterey, chiefly 
young birds were found. Seé “No. I,”'p. 220. 


II. NON-INDIGENOUS BIRDS. 


Rep PHALAROPE (Crymophilus fulicarits ).—A mum- 
my in spring plumage was picked up near the surf on the 
eastern part of the island, a short distance from the keep- 
ers’ houses. 


WANDERING TATLER ( /feteractitis tncanus ).—One was 
seen on the rocks at the surf on the 13th. 


HupsoniaAn CurLEw ( Vumenius hudsonicus ).—An in- 
dividual was observed the last morning of my stay near 
the spot where the Red Phalarope was found. Both of 
these species are additions to the Bryant-Emerson list. 


Biack TURNSTONE(Arenaria melanocephala).—Strag- 
glers were noted from the outset along the rocky shore. 

If the Farallon Rail (Porzana coturniculus) was ob- 
tained on South Farallon, its occurrence is purely fortu- 
itous, like that of the Black-throated Blue Warbler and 
other estrays. There is not a square foot of the island 
that would afford suitable habitation for a swamp-loving 
species. If a Gatke was stationed on South Farallon the 
list of wanderers would probably rival that of Heligoland. 


III. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


In the following catalogue are given the titles of the 
special articles upon the Farallones I have incidentally 
met with in my reading. 


364 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


In this connection should be mentioned the observations 
of Dr. Heermann, published with other notes on Califor- 
nia birds in vol. x, pt. iv, No. 2 of the Pacific Railroad 
Reports, and of Dr. Cooper in the ‘ Water Birds of North 
America.’ The former writer includes several transient 
species in the avifauna of the islands overlooked by recent 
observers. 


1856. [Hurcuines, J. M.] The Farallone Islands. 
flutchings’ California Magazine, vol. i, Aug., 1856, pp. 
49-57, illust. ro. 


A description of a trip to South Farallon Island, in which the birds 
come in for a due share of consideration. 


1862. GruBER, F. Die Farallones-Inseln und deren 
Naturprodukte. Calsfornia Chrontk, 13. Juli 1862, 20. 
Jule 1862, 27." Juli 1362 

‘*Knthalten ornithologische Notizen.” Not seen. Title from Coues in 
‘ Bibliographical Appendix’ of ‘ Birds of the Colorado Valley.’ 

1874. NorpuorF, CHARLES. The Farallon Islands. 
Hlarper’s New Monthly Magazine, vol. xlviii, April, 1874, 
pp. 617-625, illust. 8. 


Popular account of South Farallon, including its feathered inhabitants. 


1875. [ScamMmMon, CHARLES M.] Beacons at the 
Golden Gate. Zhe Overland Monthly, vol. 15, July, 
1875, PP. 54-57- 


Relates entirely to the Farallones. About half of the article is devoted 


to the birds and the egg-gathering. 


1885. TTownsenD, Cuas. H. The Occurrence of the 
Catbird. (MWimus [= Galeoscoptes| carolinensis on the 
Farallone Islands, Pacific Ocean. Zhe Auk, vol. ii, April, 
LOO5; Pp. 215, 210: 


A single specimen obtained Sept. 4, 1884, on South Farallon. 


1888. BRYANT, WaLtTeR E. Birds and Eggs from 
the Farallon Islands. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sct:, 2d ser. 


bie 


CALIFORNIA WATER BIRDS. 365 


vol. i, Jan. 19, 1888, pp. 25-50, pl. r=‘ Map of Farallon 
Island.’ 


An annotated list of eighty-one species based upon the observations of 
W. Otto Emerson, conducted on South Farallon between June 14 and July 
2, 1885, and May 2 and June 2, 1887, supplemented by information supplied 
by Mrs. W. H. Rugg, wife of the chief light-keeper. 

It is hoped that Mr. Emerson will revisit the scene of his former in- 
vestigations and report the changes that have transpired. 


1892. BLANKINSHIP avd KEELER. On the Natural 
History of the Farallon Islands. Geology and Botany 
by J. W. Blankinship. Zoology by Charles A. Keeler. 
oe. voli, july, £892, pp. «t44—105 /-(° Birds, cpp! 
154-165), pll. xviii—xxi. 

This paper isan account of a two-days’ reconnaissance of South Faral- 
lon during the first week of July, 1892. Porzana carolina is given as an 
addition to the local ornis. 

1892. GREENE, CHARLES S. Los Farallones de los 
Frayles. Zhe Overland Monthly, vol. xx, 2d ser., Sept., 
1892, pp. 226-246, illust. 14. 

The story of a brief visit in June, 1892, is the centrai feature of this 
article, treating, in a popular vein, of the topography, geology, history, 
and biology of South Farallon. 

1893. Taytor, H. R. A Trip to the Farallones. 
The Nidtologist, vol. 1, Oct., 1893, pp. 17-20, illust. 5. 


Briefly narrates the experiences of an ornithological excursion to South 
Farallon. 


1894. Bartow, C. Nesting of the Ashy Petrel. Zhe 
Nidiologist, vol. i, Aug., 1894, pp. 171-173, illust. 3. 

An interesting chapter in the life history of this species. 

1894. Bartow, C. Some: Notes on the Western 
Gull. The Nidiologist, vol. ii, Sept., 1894, p. 7, illust. 1. 

Pertains to its piratical proclivities and its nesting habits. 

1895. Taytor, H. R. The Farallons in 1856. The 
Nidiologist, vol. ii, Jan., 1895, pp. 59, 60-62, 63, illust. 3. 

Chiefly quotations from the article of J. M. Hutchings (I. c.). 


366 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


1895. Bartow, C. Stray Notes from the Farallons. 
The Nidiologst, vol. ii, Aug., 1895, pp. 166, 167, illust. 1. 


Comments upon the nesting of a pair of Rayens and upon the occur- 
rence of Black Turnstones and of ‘a single example of the Arkansas 
Kingbird and of the Black-throated Gray Warbler—the last not recorded 
in the Bryant-Emerson list. 


Notrt.—To Capt. A. F. Rodgers of the U. S. Coast 
and Geodetic Survey (Western Division) I am indebted 
for the measurements relating to South Farallon Island, 
and also for the privilege of copying the maps that are 
the basis of those illustrating the present paper. 


COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 
(SUPPLEMENT II.) 


BY GEORGE H. HORN. 


The following list contains those which have not been 
enumerated in my preceding contributions. 

The species here recorded were sent me a year ago, 
and under ordinary conditions should have been published 
long since, but the species belonging to the Gidemeridz 
have caused considerable trouble, and the investigation 
of these has revealed many things needing correction in 
the position of several species. This has compelled me to 
make a review of the entire family in which will be found 
the new species of the present series. 

The new species other than the above are but few in 
number, and to that series I have, by the kind permission 
of the Academy, added such other descriptions and studies 
as have occurred to me during the progress of this paper. 


Carabide. 


Schizogenius depressus Lec. Arizona. San José del 
Cabo, San Estaban, Baja California. 


Thalpius rufulus Lec. Southern California. San José 
del Cabo. 


Lebia callizona Bates. Mexico, Guatemala. San José 
del Cabo. 
Dytiscide. 


Copelatus fragilis Sharp. Mexico, Guatemala. San 
José del Cabo. 


Notre.—The collections in Baja California were made by Gustav Eisen 
and Frank H. Vaslit. For localities mentioned refer to map of Baja Cali- 
fornia, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d Ser., Vol. V. 

Proc. Cau. AcaD. Sci., 2p SER., Vou. VI. September 24, 1896. 


368 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Desmopachria granum Lec. The reference of this 
specimen to this name is slightly in doubt, owing to im- 
maturity. Georgia, Florida. San José del Cabo. 


Czlambus fraternus Lec. California. San José del 
Cabo. 


Hydaticus bimarginatus Say. Florida, Texas. San 
José del Cabo. 


Thermonectes margineguttatus Aubé. Mexico, West 
Indies. San José del Cabo. 


Hydrophilide. 


Berosus mocerens Sharp. Mexico, Guatemala. San 
José del Cabo. 


Helochares maculicollis Muls. Florida to Texas. San 
José del Cabo. 
Staphylinide. 


Tachyporas jocosus Say. Atlantic region to Texas. 
San José del Cabo. 


Homalota sp. San José del Cabo. 


Trogophleus sp. Probably three species, which should 
be compared with Mexican forms. San José del Cabo. 


Phalacride. 


Litolibrus pictus n. sp. San José del Cabo. 


Eustilbus (Stilbus) pusillus Lec. Middle States to 
Texas. San José del Cabo. 
. The specimens from this region have the punctures of 
the striz two to five well marked, but as there is a notable 
variation in the specimens from the Atlantic region, I 
cannot think that the present forms represent a distinct 
species. 


COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 369 


Corylophide. 
Sacium hemipterum n. sp. San José del Cabo. 
Endomychide. 


Epipocus unicolor Horn. Arizona. San José del Cabo. 


Cucujide. 


Lemophleus sp. Partly immature. San José del 
Cabo. 


Silvanus rectus Lec. Texas, Arizona. Sierra San 
Lazaro, San José del Cabo. 
Monotomide. 
Monotoma picipes Hbst. Atlantic region, Texas, British 
Columbia, California. San José del Cabo. 
Throscide. 


Throscus chevrolati Bonv. Pennsylvania to Utah and 
Texas. San José del Cabo. 


Histeride. 


Epierus regularis Beauv. Florida, Texas, Arizona, 
California. San José del Cabo. 


Saprinus alienus Lec. San Diego, California. Co- 
mondu, Baja California. 


Buprestide. 


Pecilonota cyanipes Say. Canada, Colorado, New 
Mexico. San José del Cabo. 


Lampyride. 


Mastinocerus sp. Allied to ¢exanus, and may not differ, 
but the condition of the specimen will not warrant an 
assertion. San José del Cabo. 


370 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Ptinide. 


Petalium brunneum n. sp. San José del Cabo. 


Hemiptychus pusillus Lec. Arizona, California. San. 
José del Cabo. 


Lyctus californicus Casey. California, Arizona. Sierra 
San Lazaro, Baja California. 
Scarabeide. 


Atenius inops Horn. Texas, Arizona. San José del 
Cabo. 


Atenius cognatus Lec. Florida, Texas, Arizona. 
San José del Cabo. 


Rhyssemus riparius Horn. Arizona. San José del 
Cabo. 


Chrysomelide. 


(Edionychis gibbitarsis Say. Middle States to Texas. 
San José del Cabo. 


Coptocycla clavata Fab. Atlantic region, Texas. San 
José del Cabo. 
Bruchide. 


Caryoborus veseyi Horn. Peninsula of Baja Califor- 
nia (John Xantus de Vesey). San José del Cabo. 
Tenebrionide. 
Asida flaccida n. sp. San José del Cabo. 


Ammodonus fossor Lec. Atlantic region, Arizona. San 
José del Cabo. 


Mycotrogus angustus Horn. Arizona. San José del 
Cabo. 


COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. ae 


Meloide. 


Cantharis melena Lec. Boundary of Arizona and 
Sonora, Mexico, Santa Margarita Island. San José de 
Gracias, Baja California. 


Negalius marmoratus Casey. Western Texas. San 
José del Cabo. 
Mordellide. 


Mordellistema ambusta Lec. Pennsylvania, Nevada, 
Texas. San José del Cabo, San Lazaro. 


(demeride. 


Some changes have been made in the generic position 
of many of the species in this family and the reader is 
referred to the synopsis of the family which follows this 
contribution. 


Alloxacis nitidula n. sp. San José del Cabo. 


Oxacis granulata Lec. Cabo San Lucas. Was acci- 
dentally omitted in the previous contributions. 


Oxacis fragilis n. sp. Utah, Arizona. San José del 
Cabo. 


Oxacis dubiosa n. sp. San José del Cabo, San La- 
zaro. 
Cossonide. 


Cossonus sp. San José del Cabo. 


Brenthide. 


Vasseletia vasseleti Boh. In noticing this species in 
the ‘‘ Biologia’? Dr. Sharp seems in doubt as to the cor- 
rectness of the locality given by Boheman. The species 
is peculiar in appearance and unlike those usual in the 
Mexican fauna. 


372 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


‘Two specimens are now before me, a male from Sierra 
el Chinche, Baja California, and a female from Culiacan, 
Sinaloa, Mex. 


Brenthus anchorago Fab. ‘This name must be used in 
place of B. ducanus Horn. 


Scolytide. 


Coccotrypes (Dryocetus) dactyliperda Fab. Atlantic 
region. San José del Cabo. 


New SPECIES AND OTHER STUDIES. 


In the following pages three only of the new species 
belong strictly to the present essay, by far the larger 
number having been placed where they properly belong 
in the ‘‘ Revision of the Gtdemeride ”’ which follows. 


Chlenius nimrod n. sp. 

Bright green as in sevzceus, shining on head and thorax, 
elytra opaque, the entire margin beyond the eight striae 
and the apex more widely yellowish testaceous, epipleure 
pale. Antenne pale. Head smooth, with a few coarse 
punctures above the eyes. Thorax slightly longer than 
wide 6 ,as wide as long ? , apex slightly narrower than base, 
sides moderately arcuate anteriorly, feebly sinuate posteri- 
orly, propleure narrow, hind angles rectangular, not sharp, 
base truncate; disc moderately convex, basal impressions 
deep, median line fine, surface smooth, with a few scat- 
tered, large punctures. Elytra oblong-oval as in “er- 
baceus, but somewhat narrower, striz fine, impunctate, 
deeper near the base, intervals slightly convex, alutace- 
ous, a row of fine punctures each side near the striez. 
Body beneath piceous, shining. Prothoracic pleure with 
scattered coarse punctures. Metepisterna obsoletely 
sparsely punctate. Abdomen smooth, with few scattered 


COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. Wie 


fine punctures. Legs pale. Length .48 §-.54 inch.; 
12-13.5 mm. 

This species belongs to the series in which the male 
has a spinulose area on the anterior side of the middle 
tibiz at apex, and by the narrow propleure is allied in 
our fauna to herbaceus and ruficauda. It is notable 
among our species in having the moderately wide pale 
margin to the elytra. 

I have not been able to assign a satisfactory position 
to the species by the method suggested by Chaudoir 
(Annali Mus. Civ. Genova, 1876), the subdivisions based 
on the punctuation of the abdomen are purely artificial, 
and their limits inappreciable. 

Two specimens from Custer, South Dakota, sent me 
by WwW. PD: Hunter of the: University = of Nebraska; J 
have named the species in allusion to him. 


Sacium hemipterum n. sp. 


Broadly oval, scarcely a fourth longer than broad; color 
above yellowish testaceous, with nearly the basal half of 
the elytra piceous, surface shining, sparsely pubescent. 
Head piceous. Thorax very sparsely punctate, more than 
twice as wide at base as long, hind angles acute. Elytra 
more coarsely punctate than the thorax, punctures sparse, 
pubescence fine and yellow, color of basal half piceous 
black, the apical portion yellowish testaceous and trans- 
lucent, the division between the colors sinuous. Body 
beneath, abdomen, and hind.legs piceous, prothorax 
beneath and four front legs yellow. Length .o4 inch. ; 
I mm. 

This species is more broadly oval than any known to 
me in our fauna, and is notably different in the coloration 
of the elytra. 

One specimen. San José del Cabo. 


374 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Litolibrus pictus n. sp. 

Broadly oval. Beneath piceo-testaceous. Head and 
thorax castaneous, elytra piceous with testaceous, trans- 
lucent space at apex, andan intra-humeral red spot. Elytra 
with sutural stria extending three-fourths to base, the 
usual series of punctures extremely indistinct near the 
suture and entirely obliterated at the sides. Abdomen 
sparsely punctate and pubescent. Length .08 inch.; 2 
mm 


San José del Cabo. 


~ 


Phyllobenus merkeli n. sp. 


Slender, parallel, piceous black, moderately shining, 
with sparsely placed erect hairs, and a silken white pu- 
bescence forming an indistinct design on the elytra, each 
elytron with a yellow spot on the margin behind the 
middle. Head coarsely, densely punctate. Thorax 
slightly wider than long, obtusely subangulate behind the 
middle, disc flattened at middle, surface densely and 
coarsely punctate. Elytra slightly wider posteriorly, 
disc flattened with a short smooth subcostiform elevation 
about the middle of the disc on each side, surface coarsely, 
deeply, and closely punctate. Body beneath very sparsely 
punctate and hairy. Length .20-.22inch.; 5-5.5 mm. 

At first sight this species bears a vague resemblance in 


its ornamentation to Lpzphleus setulosus (Biol. Cent. Am., » 


ii,-pt. 2, pl. $, fig. 24). Itas very unlike our otherispe= 
cies of this genus in many respects. It is different in 
color, the punctures of the elytra are confused, and there 
is the short costa, and finally, it differs in the vestiture 
and markings. Southern Arizona. Merkel. 

At this time I desire to correct an error of inexplicable 
origin, which seems to have escaped correction in Lacor- 
daire (Genera iv, p. 466), in which the palpi are said to 


COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 375 


have securiform terminal joints. Spinola has described 
tiem~very correctly (Clerites, pt.- 25, ps 3), thus,“ last 
joint of each of the same form and nearly the same size, 
slender, conical, and truncate.’’ Lacordaire also states 
that the antennz have eleven joints, but this has been 
properly corrected to ten by LeConte. 


Petalium brunneum n. sp. 

Elongate, brownish, opaque, sparsely clothed with 
short fulvous pubescence. Head coarsely and closely 
punctate. Thorax broader than long, narrowed in front, 
a slight sinuation each side in front of middle, disc con- 
vex, with an oblique impression each side in front, surface 
rather coarsely and closely punctate. Elytra with the 
two outer striae entire, the sutural extending one-half 
from apex, the other striz represented by rows of punc- 
tures which are coarse and subquadrate near the base, 
and become gradually finer and indistinct toward the 
apex, the intervals punctulate. Metapectus rather coarsely 
punctate. ‘Abdomen finely and closely punctate. Length 
POO Meh. 5.) 7.5 sam. 

P. bistriatum Say., the only other species known, is 
larger, piceous, with extremely feeble elytral sculpture, 
and with the lateral and sutural stria by no means as well 
impressed. San José del Cabo. 


Cerotoma Chev. 


Cerotoma furcata Oliv. Ent., vi, p. 643, pl. iii, fig. 50. 
In a review of the species described by Olivier I stated 
that this could not be a synonym of ¢rzfurcata, as given 
in the ‘‘ Catalogus.’’ Later, in my synopsis of Galeru- 
eini (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.; xx, p: 129), I accepted this 
view. Recently specimens have been collected by Mr. 
E. A. Schwarz near Brownsville, Texas, agreeing per- 


376 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


fectly with the description and figure of Olivier. It 
should, therefore, be restored to our list. 

Ina revision of Galerucini published by me (Trans. 
Am. Ent. Soc., xx) several years. ago, several errors 
occurred, which I now desire to correct. 


Phyllecthrus Lec. 


Antenne dissimilar in the sexes, thickened toward the tip 4, filiform 9, 
but 11-jointed in both sexes. 
Antenne more or less yellow 6; totally black @. 
Thorax decidedly broader than long; elytra sparsely punctulate. 


parallelus. 
Thorax nearly square; elytra vaguely subsulcate and rather coarsely 
punctured. subsulcatus. 
Antenne black 6; female unknown. Schwarz. 
Antenne similar in the sexes, filiform and black; 10-jointed 6, 11-jointed 
OF 
Small species (.10-.15 inch.), legs more yellow. gentilis. 
Large species (.18—.25 inch.), legs more black. dorsalis. 


The change in the table is in the removal of dorsalzs 
from the series in which the antenne are dissimilarly 
formed in the sexes, but with an equal number of joints, 
to the series in which the antenne are similar in form, 
but with unlike number of joints. 


PHYLLECTHRUS PARALLELUS Horn and P. suBSULCATUS 
Horn, need no other comment than already published. 


PHYLLECTHRUS DORSALIs Oliv. (airzventris Say.). To 
Mr. E. A. Schwarz I am indebted for having my atten- 
tion called to the true male of this species and to my error 
in a description of its supposed male, which will be ex- 
plained further on. 


Male.—Antenne slender, fully as long as the entire body, ten-jointed, 


second joint very small, apparently connate with the base of third joint; , 


joints 3-9 about equal in length, tenth longer and obliquely narrowed at 
apex. Middle tibiz emarginate on the inner side near apex. 


COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. Bui, 


PHYLLECTHRUS GENTILIS Lec. Nothing remains to be 
added to this species. My remarks concerning afr7ven- 
tris Say., under this heading, should be obliterated. 


Phyllecthrus schwarzi n. sp. 

Form of dorsalis, which it closely resembles. Black, 
shining. Head and thorax yellow, the latter broader 
than long, piceous at the sides. Elytra black, with a 
narrow yellow border at posterior half of the suture, 
surface sparsely obsoletely punctate. Legs black, knees 
yellow. Length .20 inch.; 5 mm. 

Male. Antenne but little longer than half the body, 
eleven-jointed, black, slightly compressed, and broader 
toward the tip; joints 2-3 small, equal, together shorter 
than the fourth. Middle tibiz deeply notched on the 
inner side near the apex. First joint of anterior tarsus 
shorter than second. Second ventral segment with an 
obtusely conical process at middle near the posterior edge ; 
third ventral transverely excavated along the posterior 
edge each side of middle. 

This is the male described by me as that of dorsalis. 
The discovery of the true male of that species enables 
me to correct my mistake, and as a slight evidence of my 
appreciation of his watchfulness the species is dedicated 
to E. A, Schwarz. 

The emargination of the middle tibia in this species 
and dorsalis is similar to that seen in the front tibiz of 
Carabidz. The same character is well marked also in 
subsulcatus and parallelus, but faint in gentzlis. 

One specimen. Texas. 


Phyllobrotica Redt. 


The table given by me (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1893, 
p- 98), should be thus modified :— 


Proc. Cau. AcapD. Sci., 2p SER., Vou, VI. (27) September 25, 1896. 


378 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Legs pale or bicolored. 2. 
Legs entirely black; head and thorax black, elytra dull blue. —_nigripes. 


2.—Thorax entirely yellow. 3. 
Thorax black; elytra dull blue or green. luperina. 
3.—Elytra bicolored, maculate, vittate or margined. 4, 
Elytra uniform blue or green. viripidennis. 
4.—Head black, front pale. 
Elytia black with a vitta, suture, and side margin pale yellow. 
vittata. 
Elytra yellow with a small oval piceous spot at base, a larger spot 
posteriorly. decorata. 
Head entirely yellow. 
lytra marked as in decorata. sororia. 
Elytra piceous, suture and sides yellow. 4. 
5.—Elytra with elevated costa and punctate. costipennis. 
Elytra not costate. 
Thorax with a moderately deep fovea each side. discoidea. 
Thorax transversely impressed. limbata. 


The place occupied by sovorza is that formerly held by 
decorata. It seems that the former table must have been 
prepared with a specimen of sorvorza before me, which in 
some manner disappeared and remained unthought of un- 
tila specimen was recently given me by Mr. Schwarz. 


Phyllobrotica sororia n. sp. 


Elongate, parallel, similar to decorata. Head entirely 
yellow, smooth. Antenne black, the under side of first 
three joints pale. Thorax broader than long, entirely 
yellow, smooth. Elytra sparsely punctate near base, 
smooth near apex, yellow, a smaller oval piceous spot at 
base, a much larger one posteriorly. Body beneath yel- 
low; femora and base of tibiz yellow, tibiz and tarsi 
black, Length 23-inch: 17mm: 

One female. Burnett Co., Texas. 

Closely resembles decorata, but easily known by the 
entirely yellow head. In decorata the legs are entirely 
pale as well as the three basal joints of the antenne, 
while the outer points are never black. 


COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 379 


Asida flaccida n. sp. 


Slender, elongate, dark, castaneous, feebly 
shining, surface with sparse, short, fulvous 
hairs, elytra with short, scattered, erect black 
sete. Head very coarsely and roughly punc- 
tured, neck more finely and densely. Thorax 
slightly wider than long, apex deeply emar- 
ginate, sides rather strongly arcuate, very 
slightly sinuate posteriorly, base feebly bi- 
sinuate, hind angles rectangular, disc flat at 
middle, the sides widely reflexed, surface a 
coarsely punctate at the sides. Elytra scarcely wider 
than the thorax and about three times as long, disc rather 
flat, rapidly declivous posteriorly, the side margin acute, 
not widely reflexed, terminating at the declivity in a lobe- 
like process, surface sparsely and indistinctly punctate, a 
fulvous hair or short spine arising from each puncture; 
deflexed sides of elytra sparsely spiculose. Body be- 
neath sparsely punctate and with very short erect spin- 
ules. Prosternum concave between the coxe. Legs 
slender, clothed with short hairs, the outer apical angle of 
front tibiz slightly prolonged. Length .54 inch.; 13.5 
mm. 

It is barely possible that this species may be the male 
of embaphionides (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1894, p. 419, pl. 
vii, fig. 8), which it resembles in many of the minor de- 
tails. It is, however, more slender, the sides of the elytra 
more reflexed, and the margin developed into a lobelike 
process at the declivity. 

One specimen. San José del Cabo. 


Negalius marmoratus Casey. 


The unexpected occurrence of this insect in the pen- 
insula enables me to speak definitely concerning it. 


380 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


I have already expressed the opinion that there are no 
real differences between Negalius and Calospasta (Proc. 
Cal. Acad. Sci., 1894, p. 438). The mandibles are, how- 
ever, much stouter, the free edge grooved, the apices four- 
toothed on the left side and five on the right. The man- 
dibles of Calospasta have but one groove, as in the case 
in Tegrodera. In Eupompha the mandibles more nearly 
approach those of Negalius, being quite strongly toothed. 

iV. marmoratus resembles at first sight an old and 
weathered specimen of /ficauta pardalis. 


Cephaloon Newm. 


The occurrence of two new species makes it neces- 
sary to amplify the table published by LeConte (Proc. 
Bost. Soc. .Nat. ist:, xvi, 270) = 


Appendage of claws broad. 
Appendage rounded at tip. 
Antenne very evidently thicker externally, scarcely longer than the 
head and thorax. lepturides. 
Antenne slender, scarcely thicker externally, evidently longer than 
head and thorax. 


Color entirely piceous. piceum. 
Color in great part yellow; antenna ‘with three basal joints yellow, 
the outer gradually paler. tenuicorne. 


Appendage of claw subacute at tip. 
Antenne slender, scarcely thicker externally, three basal joints yel- 
low, outer three paler. bicolor. 
Appendage of claws very slender, curved at tip and acute. ungulare. 


Cephaloon piceum n. sp. 


Form slender, entirely piceous, clothed with very fine, 
short, grayish pubescence, entire surface densely, finely 
punctate, less dense on the elytra. Antenne slender, 
distinctly longer than the head and thorax, piceous, the 
three outer joints decidedly paler. Last joint of maxillary 
palpus distinctly cultriform. Body beneath, and legs en- 
tirely piceous. Length .48 inch.; 12 mm. 


Wy 
ane 


COLEOPTERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. 381 


In the male the last ventral segment is acutely emar- 
ginate. 

Two specimens have been seen. One is entirely 
piceous, including the antenne. A second has the three 
basal joints of the antennez paler, the abdomen in great 
part, and the femora entirely yellow. 

Cariboo District of British Columbia. From Mr. Chas.’ 
Fuchs. 


Cephaloon bicolor n. sp. 


Form slender, elytra, metasternum, and spots at sides 
of abdomen piceous, surface densely, finely punctured, 
clothed with very short and fine pubescence. Antenne 
slender, longer than the head and thorax, piceous, the 
three basal and three outer paler. Last joint of maxil- 
lary palpus triangular, apical side arcuate. Length 
-42—.48 inch.; I10.5-12 mm. 

The male has the last segment triangularly notched. 

Two specimens have been seen. The male is entirely 
yellow beneath, the female has the metasternum and oval 
spots at the sides of segments 2—3—4 spiceous. 

Sonoma and Placer Counties. From Mr. Chas. Fuchs. 


THE @DEMERIDZ OF BOREAL AMERICA. 
BY GEORGE H. HORN. . 


It is now over forty years since Dr. LeConte published 
(Proc. Acad.. Phil., vii).a short review.of the, species 
then known to him. Inthe meantime the number has 
been greatly increased, and a great number are at present 
in my cabinet without name. 

In a recent volume of the ‘‘ Biologia’’ (vol. iv, pt. 2), 
Mr. G. C. Champion reviewed the species of Central 
America, and incidentally indicates the erroneous generic 
status of some of our species. 

Among the species placed in my hands for study by the 
California Academy of Sciences, collected in Baja Cali- 
fornia, were many specimens, nearly all of which seem to 
have been aggregated under the name /ucana. A close 
study of allthe material in their possession showed plainly 
that three species have been included under this name in 
most collections. 

Further study showed that among our geil known east- 
ern forms two species of distinct genera had been passing 
as thoracica. 

The family as a whole does not seem to have been 
studied with the care it deserves, and the limits of the 
genera cannot be considered at all defined, as there yet 
remain many species, especially abundant in the tropics, 
which have never been studied. 

The work of Mr. Champion is a decided advance on 
what had been previously published, and references are 
given to some generic synonyms to which the student is 
referred. 

This paper had its origin in the study of the species of 
Baja California, which, as I have stated, were badly 

Proc. Cat. ACAD. ScI., 2p S=R., Vou. VI. September 25, 1896. 


CDEMERIDZA OF BOREAL AMERICA. 383 


mixed; this, together with the necessity for the correction 
of errors noticed by Mr. Champion and myself, and the 
presence of a fair number of new species needing de- 
scription, has suggested the propriety of presenting a 
new study of all our species, that they might properly be 
compared with each other. 

The study of Oxacis was particularly interesting. As 
constituted by LeConte, it was to contain species with 
simple mandibles, simple claws, two tibial spurs, and 
eleven-jointed antenne. LeConte, however, included 
one species in which the right mandible was not simple, 
but with a tooth on the upper side. 

On the other hand those species with a toothed claw 
were separated as Probosca, which Mr. Champion has 
shown to be incorrect, and my observations have con- 
firmed. Mr. Champion also finds that species must be 
admitted in Oxacis with both toothed and simple claws. 
Our species do not exhibit intergrades but the Mexican 
forms do. At this point it might be observed that the 
only valid difference between Copidita and Asclera is 
that the first has simple claws and the latter toothed. I 
cannot, however, consent to admit that dorsa/7s and its 
allies can be included in Oxacis. The so called toothed 
right mandible of that species is really a bifid mandible 
in which the upper tooth is a little shorter to permit 
proper articulation with the absolutely simple left mandi- 
ble. This structure seems to me exactly intermediate 
between those species with both mandibles bifid and both 
simple, and to include such a structure with both simple 
and toothed claws in one genus is not only unnatural and 
confusing, but also suggests the thought that all three 
genera should be united. The better course has seemed 
to be to separate these heterogeneous forms as a distinct 
genus. 


384 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The genus Probosca accordingly disappears from our 
lists. On the other hand I have found it necessary to 
add two other European genera: Sparedrus and Chry- 
santhia, the former to include Calopus aspersus and prob- 
ably many if not all those described from Mexico by Mr. 
Champion, the latter a new species which so closely 
resembles ¢horacica as to be not easily separated from it. 

The genus Microtonus has also given rise to the sug- 
gestion of Mr. Champion that it should probably be re- 
ferred to the Melandryide. While I agree with him that 
the genus seems here out of place, a discussion of the 
question would involve the validity of several entire 
families. The Melandryide, Pythide (including Myc- 
terus, etc.) and Ctdemeride are by no means well de- 
fined, as I some years ago intimated in a brief study of 
the first of these families. 

For the present it will be better, as Mr. Champion sug- 
gests, to allow Microtonus to remain in the position in 
which it was placed by LeConte, until such time as the 
species referred to it by Champion, as well as some Sym- 
phora (to which it seems allied), can be more closely 
studied. 

The genera at present known in our fauna may be 
separated as follows :— 


Eyes deeply emarginate. 


Penultimate tarsal joint alone dilated. Calopus. 
Penultimate and the preceding dilated. Sparedrus. 
Eyes feebly emarginate or entire. 
Penultimate joint of tarsi narrowly dilated. Microtonus. 
Penultimate joint of tarsi broadly dilated. 23 
2.—Anterior tibize with a single spur; antenne 12-jointed 6, 
11-jointed @, 3: 
Anterior tibiz# with two spurs. 4, 
3.—Eyes scarcely emarginate. Nacerdes. 
Eyes moderately deeply emarginate. Xanthochroa. 


4.—Tarsi with several joints spongy-pubescent beneath; body stout. 
Ditylus. 


CEDEMERIDZ OF BOREAL AMERICA. 385 


Tarsi with the penultimate alone spongy-pubescent. 5. 


5.—Both mandibles bifid at tip. 6. 
Right mandible bifid, left entire. Alloxacis. 
Both mandibles simple. 9. 

6.—Head slightly prolonged, the antenna at base separated from 

the eyes. 8. 

* Head short, antenne very near the eyes. he 

7.—Claws simple. Copidita. 
Claws toothed. Asclera. 

8.—Eyes entire; antennez slender. Chrysanthia. 
Eyes slightly emarginate, antennz slightly flattened. Sisenes. 
9.—Head short. Oxacis. 
Head prolonged in a beak. Rhinoplatia. 


Calopus Fab. 


Form slender. Eyes deeply emarginate, embracing 
the base of the antennz. Mandibles bifid at apex. 
Antenne subserrate, inserted upon slight protuberances, 
eleven-jointed. Tibiz with two terminal spurs, tarsi 
with two joints spongy-pubescent beneath, the penulti- 
mate alone bilobed, the antepenultimate triangular and 
but feebly emarginate. Claws simple. 

This genus is represented by one species in our fauna, 
which resembles in its habitus some of our more slender 
Elaphidion. 


Calopus angustus Lec. Ann. Lyc. N. Y., v, p. 158. 


Form slender, brownish, finely, sparsely pubescent. 
Head moderately coarsely punctate, more densely be- 
tween the eyes than posteriorly. Thorax as wide as 
long, sides moderately arcuate in front, then parallel to 
base, disc moderately coarsely and closely punctate, sur- 
face uneven. Elytra more than half wider at base than 
the thorax, nearly parallel, vaguely subcostulate, surface 
coarsely and moderately closely punctate. Body beneath 
much more finely punctate than above, rather sparsely on 
the metasternum, more densely on the abdomen. Length 
-50-.72 inch.; 12.5-18 mm. 


386 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


In the male the fifth ventral segment is broadly and 
deeply emarginate and the eyes closer on the vertex. In 
the female the fifth ventral is obtuse at apex. 

Occurs in Texas, New Mexico, Canada (Quebec), 
Nevada, California, Oregon, and Washington. 


Sparedrus Schmidt. 


Form slender. Eyes deeply emarginate. Mandibles 
simple at apex. Antenne slender, scarcely at all sub- 
serrate, eleven-jointed, three-fourths the length of the 
body. Tibiz with two terminal spurs. Tarsi with two 
joints spongy-pubescent beneath, the two penultimate 
joints bilobed. Claws simple. 

In this genus I place one species described by Dr. 
LeConte as Calopus, from which it is removed by reason 
of the form of the mandibles and tarsi. From any litera- 
ture at my disposal I am unable to find any characters by 
means of which the species may be separated from Spare- 
drus, and it seems preferable to place it as such rather 
than suggest a new name to which I can assign no differ- 
ential characters. 

Some Mexican species described by Mr. Champion 
(Biologia iv, pt. 2) as Calopus seem far more closely re- 
lated to the species here discussed than to the true type 
of Calopus, and should my suggestion of Sparedrus prove 
incorrect for our species it is probable that all of these 
should be associated under a new generic name. 


Sparedrus aspersus Lec. New Species, 1866, p. 163. 


Form elongate, parallel, brownish testaceous, with 
short, sparse, cinereous pubescence. Head coarsely and 
densely punctate, smoother between the eyes. ‘Thorax 
longer than wide, sides feebly arcuate, disc moderately 
convex, slightly depressed posteriorly. Surface coarsely 
and closely punctate. Elytra more coarsely punctate 


CG@DEMERIDAZ OF BOREAL AMERICA. 387 


than the thorax, but less closely and with denuded slight- 
ly elevated spots more numerous near the apex. Body 
beneath moderately closely punctate, sparsely pubes- 
cent. Length .30—.48 inch.; 7.5-12 mm. 

The male has the fifth ventral broadly but not deeply 
emarginate. 

Specimens have been collected in Texas and at Cabo 
San Lucas, Baja California. It will probably be found 
in Arizona also. 


Microtonus Lec. 


Form slender. Head short, frontal suture distinctly 
impressed. Eyes rather coarsely granulate, slightly emar- 
ginate by a canthus under which the antenne are in- 
serted. Antenne slender, eleven-jointed. Maxillary 
palpi with the terminal joint cultriform but not long. 
Anterior tibiz with two small spurs. Middle coxe dis- 
tinctly separated. Tarsi slender, the penultimate joint 
scarcely dilated but distinctly lobed beneath. Claws 
simple. 

I have already adverted to the doubt as to the position 
this genus should occupy in our system. Mr. Champion 
has suggested Melandryide with very probable correct- 
ness. There will be observed an important character 
which seems to have escaped notice. The antenne in 
all didemeridz known to me are inserted with a naked 
base. In Microtonus they are inserted under a canthus 
as is quite commonly seen in Melandryide. 

One species only is known in our fauna although six 
others have been described, mostly from Guatemala. 


Microtonus sericans Lec. New Species, 1862, p. 259. 
Slender, brownish, feebly shining, sparsely clothed 


with short yellowish hairs with silken lustre. Head 
coarsely and moderately closely punctate. Thorax trans- 


388 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


versely quadrate, slightly narrower in front, sides feebly 
arcuate anteriorly and behind, the middle very slightly 
sinuate, the hind angles acute; disc moderately convex, 
a vague depression each side, surface closely punctate. 
Elytra but little wider at base than the thorax, a vague 
depression on each behind the base, surface closely and 
coarsely punctate, without traces of costa. Body be- 
neath more shining than above, metasternum densely and 
coarsely punctate, the abdomen more finely and not 
densely punctate. Length .15-.20 inch.; 3.75-5 mm. 

No sexual differences have been observed. 

Occurs in the entire eastern Atlantic region. 


Ditylus Fischer. 


Body stout. Antenne eleven-jointed, two-thirds the 
length of the body, the second joint longer than half the: 
third. Head not large, eyes finely granulated and very 
feebly emarginate, the antennz inserted ata slight dis- 
tance from them. Last joint of maxillary palpi triangu- 
lar, the free edge arcuate. Anterior tibiz with two ter- 
minal spurs. Tarsi with at least two joints spongy-pubes- 
cent beneath. Claws simple. 

The facies of Ditylus is more robust than any of the 
other genera of the family. The sexual differences are 
not well marked in our species and seem to be found in 
the last ventral segment alone, which is shorter than the 
preceding segment and very obtuse in the male, while in 
the female the last segment is longer than the preceding 
and oval at tip. 

Some of the Mexican species have the head very large 
in the males, but from Lacordaire’s statement the female 
of the European species has the larger head. 

Three species are, however, in our fauna. 


CEDEMERIDA OF BOREAL AMERICA. 389 


Thorax distinctly longer than wide, not densely punctured, almost devoid 
of pubescence. gracilis. 
Thorax fully as wide as long. 
Thorax not densely punctured, scarcely pubescent, very distinctly 


narrower posteriorly. ceruleus. 
Thorax very densely punctured, pubescent, scarcely narrower pos- 
teriorly. quadricollis. 


Ditylus gracilis Lec. Proc. Phil. Acad., vii, p. 18. 


Form rather more slender than the other species, black, 
head and thorax submetallic violaceous. Head moder- 
ately coarsely punctate, the punctures distinctly sepa- 
rated. Thorax distinctly longer than wide, sides moder- 
ately arcuate in front, gradually narrower ‘posteriorly, 
disc feebly depressed at middle posteriorly, pubescence 
short and inconspicuous, surface submetallic, shining, 
the punctuation not coarse and well separated. Elytra 
densely punctulate, opaque, with fine and short pubes- 
cence, disc finely quadri-costulate. Body beneath slight- 
ly violaceous, very densely punctulate except on the met- 
apectus. Length .60—.80 inch.; 15-20 mm. 

This species is easily known by its usually slenderer 
form, narrower and not densely punctate thorax. 

Occurs in Oregon and Washington. 


Ditylus ceruleus Rand, ( U/7s) Bost. Journ. ii, p. 20. 


Form robust, black, with faint violaceous tinge more 
evident on the head and thorax. Head moderately 
coarsely, not closely punctate. Thorax broader than 
long, widest one-third from apex, thence obliquely nar- 
rowed to base, which is narrower than the apex, disc 
somewhat irregular, a shallow triangular expansion in 
front, surface moderately coarsely, not densely punctate, 
slightly shining, with a V-shaped region less punctate. 
Elytra densely punctate and opaque, with extremely short 
pubescence, disc quadri-costulate. Body beneath slight- 


390 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ly bluish, densely punctate and opaque. Length .48-.66 
inch.; 12—-16.5 mm. 

This species has a much broader thorax than gracz/is, 
and a little more closely punctate. 

Occurs in the Lake Superior region and eastward to 
Maine. 


Ditylus quadricollis Lec. Ann. Lyc. N. Y., v, p. 157. 
Ditylus vestitus Lec., Pacif. R. R. Rep., p. 52. 

Form robust, black, rarely with a slight violaceous 
tinge. Head coarsely and closely punctate. Thorax 
subquadrate, base not narrower than apex, sides in front 
feebly arcuate, disc slightly irregular, surface densely 
punctate and opaque, the pubescence more distinct than 
in either of the preceding species. Elytra densely punc- 
tate and opaque, finely quadri-costulate. Abdomen dense- 
ly, finely punctulate. Length .48-.75 inch.; 12-19 mm. 

In this species the pubescence is normally black, but 
specimens occur with fulvous pubescence (vestitus ) over 
the entire surface. One specimen in my cabinet has ful- 
vous pubescence at the sides of the elytra only. 

Occurs in northern California, Oregon, Washington, 
Vancouver, and western Nevada. 

The other species formerly included in Ditylus have 
been removed to Copidita. 


Nacerdes Schmidt. 


Form slender. Antenne twelve-jointed in male, eleven 
in female. Mandibles bifid at tip. Last joint of maxil- 
lary palpi elongate-triangular. Anterior tibia with one 
terminal spur. Tarsi with penultimate joint alone spongy- 
pubescent beneath. Claws simple. 

Nacerdes and Xanthochroa are very closely related, 
and are separated by the deeper emargination of the eyes 
in the latter. The character is not a strong one, and may 


C@DEMERIDZ OF BOREAL AMERICA. 391 


likely disappear with the examination of other species. 
One species is, however, introduced from Europe, and 
now found almost everywhere in our fauna, threatening 
to be cosmopolitan in its distribution. 


Nacerdes melanura Linn. Faun. Suecc., p. 205. 
Nacerdes apicalis Say @demera, ed. Lec., ii, p. 660. 

Form slender, parallel, above yellow, elytra tipped with 
black, beneath and legs (in great part) piceous. Length 
.28—.48 inch.; 7-12 mm. 

In the male the antenna is twelve-jointed and the fifth 
ventral deeply triangularly emarginate. 

This insect is so well known and widely distributed 
that any further description seems unnecessary. With a 
probable origin in Europe this insect is being gradually 
spread by commerce over the world. I have seen it from 
nearly every portion of our continent except the extreme 
north. It prefers the coast regions and is rather rare 
inland. 

Xanthochroa Schmidt. 


Form slender. Penultimate joint of tarsi bilobed and 
alone spongy-pubescent beneath. Anterior tibiz with a 
single spur in both sexes. Tarsal claws not toothed. 
Mandibles bifid at tip. Last joint of maxillary palpi 
elongate-triangular. Antenne eleven-jointed 2? , twelve- 
jointed ¢ , the twelfth joint much shorter than the eleventh. 

It is very doubtful whether the reference of our species 
to this genus is correct. Lacordaire states that the head 
is prolonged in a long muzzle and that all the tarsal joints, 
except the terminal, are tomentose; neither character 
is present in our species. The difference between the 
species here called Xanthochroa and Nacerdes consists 
in the more strongly emarginate eyes of the former, 
a character seemingly of feeble value and likely to be- 


392 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


come invalid by the discovery of other species. The 
generic name will, however, be retained until some one 
with greater opportunities and more material shall have 
studied the family more carefully than it is possible for 
me to do at the present time. 

The species known to me are as follows :— 


Elytra piceous with the suture and entire limb testaceous. 
Head testaceous with indefinite piceous spaces; thorax pale with median 


piceous stripe and lateral spots; femora piceous. trinotata. 
Head entirely yellow; thorax yellow with lateral spots only; femora yel- 
lowish. lateralis. 


Elytra pale testaceous with, at times, a slight humeral cloud. 
Head and thorax yellowish, the latter with a slight lateral spot often 
absent. testacea. 
Elytra uniform in color. 
Elytra distinctly blue; thorax reddish yellow. 
Head yellow; legs parti-colored. californica. 
Head black; legs totally black. marin. 
Elytra piceous black, rarely slightly purplish; thorax reddish yellow 
with central spot. 
Head black; legs black. centralis. 


Xanthochroa trinotata Lec. New Species, 1866, p. Ogee 


Form slender and elongate, brownish, sparsely, finely 
pubescent, elytra with suture and entire border pale. 
Head punctate, sparsely on the front, color pale yellow 
with a piceous spot on front and one between the eyes, 
sometimes nearly entirely piceous. Thorax longer than 
wide, sides moderately arcuate in front, surface shining, 
closely punctate, disc somewhat irregular. Elytra densely 
punctate, distinctly costulate, the outer one quite ‘well 
marked. Body beneath fuscous, abdomen finely punc- 
tulate. Length .40-.48 inch.; 10-12 mm. 

The thorax has usually lateral stripes and a median 
piceous stripe, the latter at times more or less expanded 
to cover nearly the entire surface. 

The only specimens known to me are from Louisiana. 


G@DEMERIDA OF BOREAL AMERICA. 393 


Xanthochroa lateralis Mels. (JVacerdes) Proc. Phil. 
Acad: 1846; "p.i 54. 
Xanthochroa signaticollis Had. Journ. Phil. Acad., 2d Ser. i, p. 96. 

Form slender, elongate, black, suture and margin of 
elytra yellow, head and thorax in great part yellow. An- 
tenne black. Head yellowish, often piceous behind the 
eyes, surface shining, sparsely punctate. Thorax scarcely 
longer than wide, sides in front arcuate, posteriorly sinuate, 
and somewhat dilated at base, color yellow, with a piceous 
black space each side, surface sparsely and indistinctly 
punctate, shining. Elytra densely punctate and opaque, 
disc subcostulate, the third costa from suture very feeble. 
Body beneath piceous, finely punctulate, last segment of 
female yellow. Legs yellow, the tibiz in part and the 
tarsi piceous. Length .28-.40 inch.; 7-10 mm. 

The fifth ventral of the male is elongate, slightly 
broader at apex, elevated along the middle, deeply trian- 
gularly emarginate. In the female the last ventral has 
a small triangular emargination at apex, the surface 
slightly concave, color yellow. 

Occurs in the southern Atlantic region. 


Xanthochroa testacea n. sp. 


Form slender, elongate, parallel, color above entirely 
yellowish testaceous, a slight piceous area each side of 
the thorax, another at the humeri extending in a variable 
degree to the apex; metapectus and abdomen piceous. 
Head sparsely, indistinctly punctate, shining. Thorax 
as wide as long, sides arcuate in front, sinuately narrow- 
ing posteriorly, surface shining, very sparsely punctate. 
Elytra densely punctate, vaguely quadri-costulate, finely 
pubescent. Body beneath piceous, the abdomen very 
sparsely punctate. Legs pale. Length .36-.42 inch.; 


g-I10.5 mm. 
Proc, Cau. AcaD. Scr., 2p SER., VoL. V1. ( 28 ) September 26, 1896. 


394 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


In the male the last ventral segment is deeply and 
acutely triangularly emarginate and of yellow color. In 
the female the segment is sharper than at apex and very 
convex, the edge turned upward and entirely piceous. 

The specimens examined show very little variation. 

Numerous specimens from Washington and Vancouver. 


Xanthochroa californica Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 
1874, P- 39. 

Form slender, elongate, head, thorax and legs (in great 
part) reddish yellow, elytra decidedly blue, beneath 
piceous. Antenne piceous, the first two joints paler 
beneath. Head sparsely punctate. Thorax as wide as 
long, sides arcuate in front, sinuate posteriorly, slightly 
expanded at base, surface shining, very sparsely punc- 
tate. Elytra densely punctate, subopaque, decidedly 
blue in color, sparsely pubescent, disc feebly subcostu- 
late. Body beneath piceous with faint bluish tinge. 
Legs in great part pale, tibiz and tarsi piceous. Length 
.24-.38 inch.; 6-9.5 mm. 

The male characters are very like those of /ateralis. 
In the female the fifth ventral is elongate-oval, subacute 
at apex and entire. 

Occurs in El Dorado County, California. 


Xanthochroa marina n. sp. 


Slender, piceous, elytra blue, thorax reddish yellow. 
Antenne wholly black. Head black, clypeus yellow, 
front sparsely punctate, neck more densely. ‘Thorax as 
wide as long, sides strongly arcuate in front, sinuously 
narrowed posteriorly, disc convex, shining, with very few 
punctures. Elytra densely punctate,.the coste very 
feeble, the pubescence short, grayish, and sparse. Body 
beneath more shining than above, very sparsely punc- 
tate. Legs totally black. Length .32 inch.; 8 mm. 


CDEMERID4 OF BOREAL AMERICA. 395 


The male has the last ventral segment deeply triangu- 
larly incised and the sexual apparatus has the spoon- 
shaped claspers usual in the genus. 

One specimen. Marin County, California. 


Xanthochroa centralis n. sp. 

Form slender and elongate, piceous; thorax reddish 
yellow, with a small piceous spot at middle. Antenne 
black. Head piceous, front yellow, very sparsely punc- 
tate. Thorax as wide as long, sides arcuate in front, 
then oblique, at base slightly expanded, disc smooth, very 
sparsely punctate, a slight concavity which is piceous. 
Elytra densely punctate, subopaque, distinctly subcostu- 
late, sparsely pubescent. Body beneath piceous, shining, 
sparsely punctate. Legs entirely piceous. Length .28—.36 
inch.; 7-9 mm. 

In the male the fifth ventral is in great part pale, 
deeply and densely triangularly emarginate. In the 
female the segment is also in great part yellow, obliquely 
prolonged and acute at tip, elevated along the middle and 
deeply concave each side. 

In a large number of specimens seen very little varia- 
tion has been noticed. Rarely the central piceous spot 
of the thorax is’ absent, and almost as rarely specimens 
occur with a small additional black spot each side. 

Sylvania, California. (Ricksecker.) 


Alloxacis n. g. 


Form slender. Head oval, not prolonged. Eyes very 
feebly or not at allemarginate. Antenne slender, eleven- 
jointed in both sexes, in contact with the eyes at base 
(except in dorsalis). Last joint of maxillary palpi trian- 
cular, widest at middle. Mandibles dissimilar, that of the 
left side simple and acute at tip, that of the right side 
bifid, with the upper tooth shorter. Tibiz with two 


396 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


terminal spurs. Penultimate joint of tarsi alone spongy- 
pubescent beneath, the claws toothed. 

The only difference between this genus and Oxacis is 
in the form of the mandibles. The character is constant, 
without variation and with no evidence of intermediate 
forms. One of the Mexican forms recently described 
by Mr. Champion in Oxacis seem to have similarly formed 
mandibles (holosericea ), and should be placed here. 

The species known to me are as follows :— 


Claws quadrangularly dilated at base; elytra pale testaceous with fuscous 


vitte. dorsalis. 
Claws sharply toothed. 

Pale testaceous; elytra vittate. pleuralis. 

Brownish testaceous; elytra not vittate. floridana. 

Entirely piceous. nitidula. 


Alloxacis dorsalis Mels. (/Vacerdes.) Proc. Phil. Acad., 
1846, p. 55. 
Pale testaceous, thorax with a central, and elytra with 
two variable fuscous vitte; surface finely pubescent. 
Head sometimes with a fuscous cloud, finely and densely 


punctured. Thorax as wide as long, sides feebly arcuate 


at front angles, then oblique to base, disc with three taint 
impressions, surface very finely and very densely punc- 
tulate. Elytra less finely and less densely punctured than 
the thorax, and with feeble costa. Body beneath very 
finely and densely punctulate, finely pubescent. Legs 
pale. Length .34-.48 inch.; 8.5-12 mm. 

The elytral vittee are variable in their extent and sharp- 
ness of definition, but no specimens have occurred where 
they are entirely obliterated. The antenne are slightly 
distant at base from the eyes. 

Occurs on the sea coast of the eastern Atlantic region. 


Alloxacis pleuralis Lec. ( Probosca) New Species, 1866, 
p: 166. 


CEDEMERIDZ OF BOREAL AMERICA. 397 


Pale yellowish testaceous; thorax fuscous at sides; 
elytra with a submarginal fuscous vitta and often a shorter 
scutellar one. Head closely and finely punctate. Thorax 
slightly longer than wide, sides feebly arcuate in front, 
oblique posteriorly, disc regular, surface densely, finely 
punctate, smoother on the median line. Elytra finely and 
closely punctate, without trace of coste. Body beneath 
pale, abdomen very finely punctate, the last two segments 
coarsely. Legs pale. Length .30-.40inch.; 7.5-10 mm. 

The last joint of the maxillary palpus is cultriform and 
the tarsal claws acutely toothed. Specimens occur with 
a fuscous abdomen. These have the submarginal vitta 
broader, and in addition a short scutellar vitta. The 
knees and tips of tibiz may be fuscous also in these latter 
forms. 

Occurs in Florida and Texas. 


Alloxacis floridana n. sp. 

Pale brownish testaceous, finely pubescent. Head 
finely not coarsely punctate. Last joint of maxillary 
palpus cultriform. Thorax not longer than wide, sides 
anteriorly arcuate, thence oblique to base, disc regularly 
convex, finely and densely punctured. Elytra more 
coarsely and less densely punctured than the thorax, with 
faint traces of costee Body beneath finely but not very 
densely punctate. Claws acutely toothed. Length .28 
meh.; 7.mim. 

Resembles Al/ewralzs in many ways, but has a broader 
thorax, and is entirely uniform in color. 

One specimen. Biscayne Bay, Florida. (Schwarz.) 


Alloxacis nitidula n. sp. 

Slender, piceous, very finely cinereo-pubescent, an- 
tenne and legs pale. Head paler in front, finely, closely 
punctate. Thorax longer than wide, sides feebly arcuate 


398 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


in front, slightly oblique posteriorly, disc regularly con- 
vex, closely punctulate. Elytra finely, closely punctulate, 
without trace of costa. Body beneath entirely piceous, 
rather more coarsely punctate than above. Legs pale, 
femora often fuscous. Claws acutely toothed near the 
base. Length .26 inch.; 6.5 mm. 

This insect so closely resembles some of the dark forms 
of /ucana and dubzosa that it requires an examination of 
the mandibles to separate them. It equally resembles 
also some of the dark forms of tenzata. 

The last joint of the maxillary palpus is rather triangu- 
lar, being wider at middle. 

Cabo San Lucas, Sierra San Lazaro, and San José del 
Cabo. Baja California. 


Copidita Lec. 


Form slender. Penultimate joint of tarsi bilobed and 
alone spongy-pubescent beneath. Anterior tibia with 
two terminal spurs. Tarsal claws simple. Mandibles 
bifid at tip. Last joint of maxillary palpi cultriform or 
triangular. Antenne slender, eleven-jointed, the terminal 
joint in the male sinuate above. _ 

Copidita was originally formed to contain but one 
species. According to the methods at present adopted 
for the separation of genera the distinction between this 
and Asclera is based almost entirely on the form of the 
tarsal claws, simple in Copidita, toothed in Asclera. In 
Oxacis, Mr. Champion (Biologia, iv, pt. 2) includes 
species with both forms of claws from the fact that there 
are intermediate forms. It is possible that the same ten- 
dency to intermediate forms may occur here, in which 
case Asclera and Copidita must be united. In the orig- 
inal description Dr. LeConte stated that Copidita had 
several of the tarsal joints spongy-pubescent beneath. 


CEDEMERIDZ OF BOREAL AMERICA. 399 


This is, however, an error of observation, which, had it 

been true, would ally Copidita more closely with Ditylus. 
Copidita as above constituted will contain the follow- 

ing species : — 

Last joint of maxillary palpus cultriform; widest near base. 


Last joint of maxillary palpus triangular; widest near apex. 3. 
2.—Antenne fusco-testaceous. 


t 


Elytra pale or fusco-testaceous. quadrimaculata. 
Antenne black. 
Elytra wnicolored; legs black. 


Thorax red with basal black spots. notoxoides. 
Thorax reddish, immaculate. thoracica. 
Elytra with suture and margin pale. 
Thorax piceous at sides; head more or less pale. suturalis. 
Thorax reddish yellow, paler at apex and base; head black. 
mimetica. 
3.—Thorax decidedly broader than long; elytra nearly black 
without metallic lustre. obscura. 
Thorax not wider than long; elytra blue. 
Thorax reddish. bicolor. 
Thorax black. cyanipennis. 
Entire body and legs fusco-testaceous. Suliginosa. 


In the above list all the species excepting the last three 
have the antenne inserted close to the eyes. 


Copidita quadrimaculata Motsch. (Prodosca) Etudes, 
1852, p. 78; (lVacerdes) Bull. Mosc. 1853, p. 267; 
Lec. New Species, p. 166. 


Elongate, brownish, testaceous. Antenne pale. Head 
yellowish, the occiput more or less piceous, surface punc- 
tate. Thorax longer than wide, sides arcuate in front, 
sinuate posteriorly, base slightly explanate ; surface 
densely punctate with a fine smooth median line, color 
reddish yellow with three piceous spots in a transverse 
row, another near the base. Elytra finely and densely 
punctate, finely pubescent, indistinctly subcostulate. Body 
beneath in great part piceous. Legs pale, the knees 
piceous. Length .52-.06 inch.; 13-16.5 mm. 


400 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


In the male the fifth ventral is deeply sinuate each side, 
the middle produced in an obtuse lobe. The penis has 
two hooks on tip and on each side are two elongate 
spoonlike pieces. The last dorsal is elongate-oval, sub- 
acute, and deeply concave. In the female the last ventral 
is more elongate, the sides oblique near the apex. 

Very little variation has been observed. Sometimes 
the central thoracic spot is elongate, and the lateral spots 
may be absent. 

Occurs abundantly on the sea coast near San Fran- 
cisco and southward. 


Copidita notoxoides Fab. (/Vecydalis) Syst. El., 2, p. 
369. 

Form slender, in great part black, thorax and tibiz 
reddish yellow. Antenne black. Head black, densely 
punctured. Thorax slightly longer than wide, sides ar- 
cuate in front, sinuate posteriorly, coarsely and closely 
punctate, alutaceous, color reddish yellow, with a black 
spot each side at base. Elytra black, finely pubescent, 
densely punctate, subopaque, surface obsoletely costulate. 
Length .24—.36 inch.; 6-9 mm. 

The only variation I have observed in this species is in 
the occurrence of two black spots at apex of thorax. No 
sexual characters have been observed. 

This species was included in Oxacis by LeConte, but 
the bifid mandibles prevent such position. Mr. Cham- 
pion has properly suggested its removal. 

Occurs in Georgia, South Carolina and Florida. 


Copidita thoracica Fab. (Vecydalis ) Syst. El., ii, p. 370. 
Copidita fraxini Say. @demera, Journ. Phil. Acad., iii, p. 272. 


Form slender, piceous black, thorax reddish yellow, 
elytra varying to purple and blue. Antenne entirely 


CGEDEMERIDZ OF BOREAL AMERICA. 401 


black. Head black, closely punctate. Thorax longer 
than wide, sides arcuate in front, sinuate posteriorly, disc 
slightly depressed each side, surface moderately coarsely 
not densely punctate and alutaceous. Elytra moderately 
coarsely and closely punctate, finely pubescent, faintly 
subcostulate. Body beneath finely punctulate. Legs 
black. Length .20-.28 inch.; 5-7 mm. 

In some specimens an indistinct piceous spot occurs 
in the thorax, others again have pale tibiz. 

Occurs from the middle States to Florida and Texas. 


Copidita suturalis n. sp. 


Form slightly robust. Antenne piceous. Head yellow, 
coarsely punctate. Thorax scarcely longer than wide, 
sides arcuate in front, sinuately narrowing posteriorly, 
disc coarsely and closely punctate, color variable, nor- 
mally yellow at middle, broadly piceous each side. Elytra 
moderately densely and coarsely punctate, distinctly sub- 
costulate, color piceous, with the suture and side margin 
pale to a variable degree. Body beneath either entirely 
piceous or with the middle pale and sides piceous. Legs 
pale, tarsi and knees darker. Length .26—.40 inch.; 
6.5-I10 mm. 

This insect resembles closely specimens which have 
been received from Europe, as Dryops vitiata Fab., but in 
the present species the surface is more coarsely punctate 
and the mandibles are bifid. Some specimens so closely 
resemble Owaczs vittata that it is necessary to examine the 
mandibles to separate them. No sexual differences have 
been observed. 

Occurs abundantly in Georgia and Florida, and speci- 
mens have been taken in southern New Jersey by Mr. 
Wenzel. 


402 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Copidita mimetica n. sp 


Form slender, piceous black. Thorax reddish yellow, 
paler at apex and base. Elytra with the suture and en- 
tire margin pale. Antenne black. Head black, mod- 
erately coarsely punctate., Thorax longer than wide, 
sides arcuate in front, sinuately narrowing posteriorly, 
disc somewhat irregular, surface somewhat coarsely and 
closely punctate and alutaceous, color reddish yellow, 
decidedly paler at apex and base. Elytra piceous black, 
opaque, moderately coarsely, densely punctate, finely sub- 
costulate, slightly pubescent. Body beneath and legs 
piceous, finely punctate. Length .36 inch.; 9 mm. 

The majority of specimens examined have piceous legs, 
but many occur with pale legs, the knees and tarsi above 
darker. . 

This species bears so close a resemblance to, Oxaczs 
cana that the specimens have been associated with that 
species in every collection examined. 

Specimens are known to me from Kansas and Texas. 


Copidita obscura Lec. (Asclera) Proc. Phil. Acad., 
LO54,. Dsi21- 

Form slightly more robust, piceous, opaque; thorax 
reddish. Antenne black, not close to the eye at base. 
Head moderately closely punctate, sparsely pubescent. 
Thorax wider than long, sides arcuate in front, slightly 
narrowed posteriorly, disc somewhat irregular, closely 
punctate, sparsely pubescent. Elytra piceous, opaque, 
densely punctate, sparsely pubescent, finely subcostulate. 
Body beneath piceous, with a slight violaceous surface, 
punctulate. Legs piceous. Length .36-.44 inch.; 9-11 
mm. . 

In the male the last ventral is yellow, the apex obtuse 
or feebly emarginate. In the female the segment is longer, 


CEDEMERIDA OF BOREAL AMERICA. 403 


bordered with yellow, and either entire or with a feeble 
notch. : 

Slightly more robust in form than any other of the 
genus. It was described as Ditylus, but as the 
penultimate joint of the tarsus is spongy beneath, it has 
been removed to the present genus. 

Occurs in Colorado and New Mexico. 


Copidita fuliginosa Lec. (Oxaczs) New Species, p. 166. 

Form slender, piceo-testaceous or brown, moderately 
shining, finely cinereo-pubescent. Head and thorax finely 
punctate. Thorax longer than wide, sides arcuate in 
front, narrower posteriorly, apical and basal margins 
paler. Elytra not densely punctulate. Length .34 inch. ; 
8.5 mm. 

In the male the antenne are longer than half the body; 
sixth ventral prominent, deeply emarginate. The female 
has shorter antenne; the fifth ventral rounded at apex, 
sixth not visible. 

The above description is a transcript of the original, 
specimens not being at present before me. 

From the label in the LeConte collection, it is evident 
that it was intended to describe it as a Copidita. 

Cabo San Lucas, Sierra San Lazaro and San José del 
Cabo. Baja California. 


Copidita bicolor Horn (Y7tylus) Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 
1870, p. 88. 

Nearly as robust as obscura, color above and beneath 
bluish, thorax red. Antennz black, not close to the eye 
at base. Head blue, rather coarsely not densely punc- 
tate. Thorax not wider than long, sides arcuate in front, 
obliquely narrowed behind, surface shining, with coarse, 
irregularly placed punctures, color red, the basal margin 
black. Elytra blue, feebly shining, densely punctate, 


404 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


sparsely pubescent, feebly subcostulate. Body beneath 
blue, shining, sparsely punctate and pubescent. Legs 
black. Length .32-.40 inch.; 8-10 mm. 

Similar to odscura, but differently colored and with 
narrower thorax. No sexual differences have been ob- 
served in the two specimens examined. 

Occurs in Oregon and northern California. 


Copidita cyanipennis Horn (Dzty/us) Trans. Am. Ent. 
DOC... 1070, pi. "50- 

Color bluish black, shining, elytra Paris blue. Head 
metallic blue, shining, coarsely not densely punctured. 
Thorax black, faintly bluish, rather coarsely and densely 
punctured, not longer than broad, sides feebly arcuate in 
front, gradually narrower to base, disc with an indistinct 
impression on the median line in front, and a vague V- 
shaped impression with the apex posteriorly. Elytra 
bright blue, with slight violet tinge, densely punctured 
and scabrous. Body beneath metallic blue, shining, 
‘sparsely punctured and with few pale hairs. Legs bluish 
black: “Length -3oaneh.5 745 <mm- 

Coast Range below San Francisco, California. 


Asclera Schmidt. 


Form slender. Head oval, not elongate. Antenne 
slender eleven-jointed in both sexes. Mandibles bifid at 
tip. Last joint of maxillary palpi triangular, similar in 
the sexes. Tibiz with two terminal spurs. Penultimate 
joint of tarsi alone spongy-pubescent. Claws toothed at 
base. 

Asclera differs from Copidita in the fact that the claws 
are toothed. In Oxacis we are compelled to admit species 
with both toothed and simple claws, so that the difference 
between those genera does not seem very great. It will, 
however, be observed in all our species of Asclera that 


“‘EDEMERIDZ OF BOREAL AMERICA. 405 


the elytral costz are better marked than in any other of 
our genera while in Copidita they are extremely feeble. 
The following species are known to me:— 


Elytra black, sometimes faintly blue. 2. 
Elytra in great part yellow. discolor. 
2.—Body above totally black. nigra. 
Body not totally black. 3. 
3.—-Head in great part yellow. erythrocephala. 
Head totally black. 4. 


4.—Thorax reddish yellow with central blaek spot; the disc concave. 
puncticollis. 


Thorax entirely reddish yellow. 5. 
5.—Thorax opaque, alutaceous; elytral cost rather strongly marked. 

ruficollis. 

Thorax shining, punctate; elytral cost rather feeble. excavata. 


Asclera discolor Lec. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1874. 
D. 270. 

Form slender, beneath piceous, above yellow (except 
head) the elytra tipped with piceous which gradually 
shades into the yellow. Antenne black. Head black, 
clypeus and labrum yellow, the surface moderately closely 
punctate. Thorax scarcely longer than wide, sides 
strongly arcuate in front, almost subangulate, narrowed 
posteriorly, disc transversely concave, rather coarsely 
and closely punctate, color reddish yellow, often with a 
central piceous spot. Elytra coarsely and closely punc- 
tate, finely pubescent, the coste very feeble. Abdomen 
moderately closely punctate. Legs piceous, the femora 
at apex and tibiz in upper half yellow. Length .22-26 
inch.; 5.5-6.5 mm. 

The last ventral (apparently in both sexes) is oblique 
each side, the middle slightly produced. The last dorsal 
of the male is produced and compressed at apex. 

Occurs in northern California, Washington, and Ne- 
vada. 


406 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Asclera erythrocephala Germ. ( @demera) Ins. Nov., p. 
167. . 

Form slender, totally black, the front and occiput al- 
ways and the middle of thorax sometimes yellow. Head 
shining, sparsely, indistinctly punctate. Thorax slightly 
wider than long, sides arcuate in front, oblique poste- 
riorly, disc not foveate but slightly transversely impressed 
in front, flattened posteriorly, surface shining, not closely 
punctate. Elytra densely punctate, the coste moderately 
distinct. Body beneath more shining, abdomen finely 
and’ sparsely punctate. Length .26-.32 inch.; 4.5-8 
mm. 

In the male the last ventral is shorter and with a small 
acute emargination at middle, in the female the segment 
is acute. 

Occurs in Georgia. 


Asclera nigra Lec. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1869, p. 379. 

Form slender, totally black, opaque. Head closely 
punctate and alutaceous. ‘Thorax as in dzscolor, the disc 
with a moderately deep fovea each side and one less dis- 
tinct at middle of base, surface densely punctate and 
alutaceous. Elytra densely punctate, the coste well 
marked. Abdomen very finely punctured. Length .32 
inch.; 8 mm. 

In the male the last ventral is short and broadly emar- 
ginate, that of the female being oblique each side, slightly 
produced at middle. 

Occurs in Oregon, Washington, and San Bernardino 
Co., California. 

Asclera puncticollis Say., ( @demera) Jour. Phil. Acad., 
itl, pr, 2733, Cdrulec. dl, p. NOT. 

Form slender, color black, thorax reddish yellow with 
a central piceous spot. Head moderately closely not 


‘C@DEMERIDA OF BOREAL AMERICA. 407 


coarsely punctate, slightly alutaceous. Thorax broader 
than long, sides arcuate in front, oblique behind, disc 
rather depressed, moderately closely punctate and alu- 
taceous. Elytra often slightly purplish, densely punc- 
tured and opaque, the coste well marked. Beneath 
shining, less closely punctate. Length .26—.32 inch.; 
6.5-8 mm. 

In the male the last ventral segment is shorter, truncate, 
the middle slightly produced. In the female the last 
ventral is longer, each side oblique, the center produced 
in a point. 

Occurs in Colorado and Texas. 


Asclera ruficollis Say. (@demera) Journ. Phil. Acad., 
ip 27k, eds luec., 41>) pea 00. : 

Form slender, black, with thorax red. Head moder- 
ately densely punctured and alutaceous. Thorax broader 
than long, the sides arcuate in front and oblique behind, 
disc with three foveate depressions; the posterior less 
deep, surface opaque, alutaceous, without punctures ex- 
cept a row of coarse punctures near the base. Elytra 
densely punctured and opaque, and with three dorsal 
coste very well marked. Body beneath more shining 
than above and rather densely punctured. Length .20—.26 
inch.; 5—-6.5 mm. 

In the male the last ventral is shorter and broadly trun- 
cate, in the female longer and slightly produced at middle. 
_ Occurs from Pennsylvania to Texas. 


Asclera. excayata Lec. Ann. Lyc, N. Y., vy, p. 158. 


Form slender, black, elytra with faint. bluish tinge, 
thorax red. Head moderately closely punctate. Thorax 
slightly longer than wide, sides strongly arcuate in front, 
oblique posteriorly, disc vaguely trifoveate, the surface 
shining and sparsely punctate. Elytra densely punctured, 


408 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


the coste well marked. Body beneath more shining, 
slightly blue or green. Abdomen finely punctured. 
Length .26-.32 inch.; 6.5-8 mm. 

In the male the last ventral is shorter and less produced 
at middle, the last dorsal is more acute. In the female 
the last ventral is quite acutely produced at middle. 

This species resembles rufcollis, but the sculpture of 
thorax will readily separate the two specice: 

California and Nevada. 


Chrysanthia Schmidt. 


Form slender. Head moderately elongate. Eyes en- 
tire, rather finely granulate. Antenne slender, eleven- 
jointed in both sexes, inserted at a distance from the eyes. 
Terminal joint of maxillary palpus triangular, widest be- 
yond the middle. Mandibles bifid at tip. Tibia with 
two terminal spurs. Penultimate joint of tarsi alone 
spongy-pubescent beneath. Claws simple. 

In this genus I place one species, which, from its 
appearance, has been associated in all collections with 
Oxacrs ( bicolor ). 


Chrysanthia repanda n. sp. 

Form slender, piceous black, thorax and front of head 
reddish yellow, elytra often bluish. Head black, in front 
of antenne yellow, moderately coarsely, not closely punc- 
tate. Antenne black, the second joint two-thirds as long 
as the third. Thorax cylindrical, slightly arcuately 
broader in anterior half, sparsely punctate, disc some- 
what uneven. Elytra parallel, closely punctate, finely 
tricostulate, sparsely clothed with short gray pubescence. 
Body beneath and legs black. Abdomen sparsely punc- 
tate. Length .18—-.30 inch.; 4.5-—7.5 mm. 

This insect so closely resembles Cofzdzta bicolor that, 


CDEMERIDA OF BOREAL AMERICA. 409 


without an examination of its head and mandibles, it might 
be mistaken for that species. The only variation observed 
is in the color of the elytra, which may be black or blue, 
with an intermediate bronze. 

While there is a possibility of doubt as to the correct- 
ness of its reference to Chrysanthia, I can find nothing 
in the descriptions of the latter to warrant any other 
course. 

Specimens are known to me from the District of Co- 
lumbia, Florida, Texas, and Arizona (Yuma). 


Sisenes Champion. 


Form slender, somewhat recalling Lycide. Head 
moderately elongate. Eyes oblique, scarcely emarginate. 
Antenne slender, eleven-jointed, inserted at a distance 
from the eyes. Mandibles bifid at tip. Terminal joint 
of maxillary palpus elongate-oval. Tibiz with two ter- 
minal spurs. Claws simple. 

One species is known to me in our fauna, and I have 
no doubt of the correctness of its association with Sisenes, 
but it possesses certain peculiarities which seem not to 
belong to the other species. The head is certainly more 
prolonged than the figures of Mr. Champion’s species 
indicate, and his description merely says ‘‘ a little pro- 
longed.’’ The antennz are distant at base from the eyes, 
more so than in any species I have seen, excepting Rhi- 
noplatia. 

This insect seems to illustrate fully the difficulties en- 
countered, even ina limited fauna like our own, in en- 
deavoring to arrive at some proper understanding of the 
limits of the genera. In other words, this species seems 
to bear the same relationship to the others that the species 
I have called Chrysanthia repanda bears to Cofidita 


theracica. 
Proc. Cau. AcaD. Sct., 2p SER., VoL. VI. (29) September 27, 1896. 


410 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Sisenes championi Horn, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1894, p. 


435° 

Form moderately slender, somewhat lyciform; head, 
body beneath, and legs bluish, submetallic, elytra reddish 
orange. Head not densely punctate, antenne black, 
eyes distant from prothorax. ‘Thorax longer than wide, 
cylindrical, slightly arcuately broader, one-third from 
apex, disc somewhat irregular, color deep blue, with an 
irregular orange stripe each side, with similar pubescence, 
surface moderately closely punctate. Elytra nearly twice 
as wide at base as the thorax, gradually broader posteri- 
orly, disc finely tricostulate, color reddish orange, with 
fine short pubescence of similar color. Surface beneath 
sparsely punctate. Length .36—.40 inch.; 9-10 mm. 

In the male the fifth ventral segment is broadly not 
deeply emarginate, the sixth segment prominent, deeply 
divided, the lateral parts slightly arcuate and concave. 
The female has the fifth ventral obtuse with a median 
impression. 

Occurs in southern Arizona (Morrison). 


Oxacis Lec. 


Form slender. Head oval, not prolonged. Eyes 
emarginate. Antenne slender, eleven-jointed in both 
sexes, inserted close to the eyes. Terminal joint of max- 
illary palpus either cultriform or triangular. Mandibles 
acute at tip. Tibiz with two terminal spurs. Penulti- 
mate joint of tarsus alone spongy-pubescent beneath. 
Claws either simple or toothed. 

This genus, as conceived by its author, contained only 
those species with simple claws, those with toothed claws 
were considered Probosca. Mr. Champion (Biologia, iv, 
2, p. 150) is unwilling to admit that species with toothed 
claws should be separated, as, from his observations, in- 


CEDEMERIDAZA OF BOREAL AMERICA. 411 


termediate forms occur. In our own species I have ob- 
served that the claws vary in the different tarsi in the form 
of the tooth, and even in the same tarsus the claws are 
not identical. It is, however, quite sure that the use of 
Probosca for those with toothed claws is entirely inappli- 
cable, as that genus has not only a prolonged head, but 
also simple claws. 

On the other hand it seems unwise to retain in the same 
genus, species in which both mandibles are acute at tip, 
and those in which the right mandible is practically bifid. 
Four species possessing the latter character are now 
known to me, and will be separated. 

In Oxacis Mr. Champion (loc. cit., p. 151) admits a 
species in which ‘‘the joints preceding the penultimate 
one ’’ of the tarsiare ‘‘ tomentose beneath.’’ If this must 
be admitted, the classification of the genera of the family 
becomes one of some difficulty. 

Three of the species formerly included in this genus 
have been removed to Copidita, as the mandibles are bifid. 

The species at present known may be separated in the 
following manner :— 

Claws simple. 
Claws acutely toothed. 1 
2.—Last joint of maxillary paipi subcultriform, widest near the 


to bo 


base, apical side longer than the inner. 3. 
Last joint of maxillary palpi triangular, widest at or beyond 
the middle. 4) 
3.—Thorax very distinctly punctate. 4. 
Thorax shining, scarcely at all punctate, devoid of pubescence. 
levicollis. 
4.—Terminal joint of maxillary palpus subacute. 5. 
Terminal joint rounded at tip; color entirely yellowish testa- 
ceous. Fragilis. 
5.—Thorax with disc somewhat concave; color pale piceous or 
brownish, granulata. 
Thorax convex. 6. 
6.—Elytra subcostulate, indicated by lines of denser pubescence. 7. 
Elytra not subcostulate. 8. 


412 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


7.—Elytra pale; legs pale. 
Terminal joint of maxillary palpus one-half longer than the 


preceding; antenne piceous. pallida. 
Terminal joint not longer than preceding; antenne pale. sororia. 
Elytra nearly black, thorax red, legs black. floridana. 
Elytra and thorax piceous, pubescence gray and coarse. grisea. 
8.—Antenne black. cana. 
Antennz pale to piceous, never black. teniata. 
9.—Elytra piceous. 10. 
Elytra testaceous. We 
10.—Head and thorax entirely yellow, not strongly punctate. bicolor. 
Head and thorax partly piceous, coarsely and rather closely | 
punctate. dubiosa. 
11.—Pubescence dense, entirely concealing the sculpture, claws 
slender. sericea. 
Pubescence not dense, sculpture visible; claws stouter at base. 
subfusca. 
12.—Elytra closely punctulate over the entire surface. lucana. 
Elytra rather sparsely punctate, very feebly so at apex; form 
slender. debilis. 


Oxacis levicollis n. sp. 


Slender, piceous, head and thorax pale, elytra nearly 
black with suture narrowly paler. Head pale, with piceous 
spot between the eyes, surface sparsely punctate. An- 
tenne brownish. ‘Thorax longer than wide, sides feebly 
arcuate in front and but little narrowed posteriorly, disc 
somewhat irregular, surface quite smooth, with very few 
punctures, not pubescent, color yellowish with a piceous 
spot each side in front. Elytra nearly black with the 
suture narrowly pale, surface moderately closely punc- 
tate and vaguely subcostulate. Body beneath piceous, 
finely punctate. Femora pale, tibiz and tarsi piceous. 
Length .22—.34 inch.; 5.5—-8.5 mm. 

The last joint of the maxillary palpus in this species 
is feebly subcultriform, in fact approaching the triangular 
form. It may, however, be known by the quite smooth, 
thorax, scarcely punctate. 

A specimen in my cabinet is entirely piceo-testaceous, 


CEDEMERIDZ OF BOREAL AMERICA. 413 


in fact brownish, with a very smooth thorax and with 
elytra not densely punctured. It probably indicates a 
distinct species, but, as it is unique and evidently imma- 
mature, it is passed with simple mention. 

Two specimens, Arizona. 


Oxacis fragilis n. sp. 


Form slender, yellowish, testaceous, surface with rather 
coarse not dense pubescence. Head sparsely punctate, 
rather shining. Thorax as wide anteriorly as long, sides 
in front rather strongly arcuate, posteriorly narrowed, 
with slight sinuation, disc not densely punctate, moder- 
ately shining, the surface somewhat irregular. Elytra 
slightly more coarsely punctate than the thorax, moder- 
ately closely, without traces of costa. Body beneath 
finely punctulate and shining. Length .25-34 inch.; 
6.25-8.5 mm. 

The last joint of maxillary palpus is distinctly cultri- 
_ form, rounded at tip. The spurs of all the tibie long 
and slender. ‘This species resembles some of the entirely 
pale varieties of /wcana, but the simple claws distinguish 
it from that. 

The specimens are from Utah, Arizona, San Diego, 
California, and San José del Cabo. 


Oxacis granulata Lec. New Species, p. 166. 


Slender, pale piceous or brownish. Head closely 
punctate. ‘Thorax slightly longer than wide, disc some- 
what concave, closely punctate, more finely at the sides. 
Elytra granulately punctate, without coste. Length 
.25-.30 inch.; 6.25-7.5 mm. 

The last joint of maxillary palpus is of elongate cultri- 
form shape, acute at tip. The claws are feebly dilated 
at base. 


414 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Two specimens in LeConte’s cabinet, from Cabo San 
Lucas, Baja California. 


Oxacis pallida Lec. (Asclera) Proc. Phil. Acad., 1854, 
p-.224: 

Paler piceous, sparsely pubescent. Antennz piceous. 
Maxillary palpi with terminal joint cultriform, obtuse at 
tip, and distinctly longer than the preceding joint. Head 
pale with frontal piceous area, surface moderately coarsely 
punctate and alutaceous. Thorax distinctly longer than 
wide, sides arcuate in front, obliquely narrowed poste- 
riorly, disc regularly convex, moderately closely punctate 
and alutaceous, color reddish yellow, with a median short 
piceous vitta and a small spot each side. Elytra piceous, 
the suture, side-margin, (more widely) and the coste 
paler, these latter well marked, surface moderately closely 
punctate,with short not dense pubescence. Body beneath 
piceous, finely, densely punctate, and finely pubescent. 
Legs pale, outer half of femora piceous. Length .34 
inch.; 8.5 mm. 

A well marked species easily known by the distinct- 
ness of. the elytral costa in which it agrees with the next 
two species, but from which it may be known by the 
palpus and other characters. 

Occurs in Texas. 


Oxacis sororia n. sp. 


Entirely pale testaceous, subopaque, with rather coarse - 
pubescence. Antenne pale. Last joint of maxillary 
palpus cultriform, obtuse at tip, and not longer than the 
preceding joint. Head coarsely and closely punctate. 
Thorax nearly as wide as long, sides arcuate in front, 
then obliquely narrowing to base, disc convex, densely 
punctate, sometimes with a smoother median line. Elytra 
rather coarsely and closely punctate, the discal coste 


 C2DEMERIDA OF BOREAL AMERICA. 415 


well marked. Body beneath slightly darker than above, 
densely punctate. Legs pale. Length .25-.40 inch.; 
6.25-I0 mm. 

In the small group of species with well-marked elytral 
coste, this one has much coarser and denser pubescence. 
The antenne and legs are always pale, and the terminal 
joint of maxillary palpus not longer than the preceding 
joint. 

It is probable that this species is confounded with 
pallida in collections. 

Occurs in Utah, Texas and Arizona. 


Oxacis floridana n. sp. 


Entirely piceous black, with sparse cinereous pubes- 
cence, thorax reddish yellow. Head moderately densely 
punctate. Thorax about as wide as long, sides arcuate in 
front, obliquely narrowed to base, disc somewhat irregu- 
lar, densely punctate. Elytra piceous black, with faint 
purplish tinge, surface rather densely punctate, very dis- 
tinctly bicostulate on the disc. Body beneath finely and 
densely punctulate.- Legs black. Length .4o inch.; 1o 
mm. | 
The last joint of the maxillary palpi is one-half longer 
than the preceding, cultriform and acute at tip. 

One specimen, Florida. 


Oxacis grisea n. sp. 

Form less slender, piceous, faintly paler along the su- 
ture and side margin of elytra, surface with rather coarse 
grayish white pubescence. Antenne brownish. Termi- 
nal joint of maxillary palpus elongate-cultriform and acute 
at tip. Head rather coarsely and closely punctate. Tho- 
rax longer than wide, the sides in front feebly arcuate, 
posteriorly narrower, disc regularly convex, the punctua- 
tion moderate in size and not dense. Elytra moderately 


416 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


densely punctate, the costae not very strongly marked. 
Body beneath piceous, abdomen rather densely and finely 
punctate. Legs piceous, femora paler at base. Length 
ooh Ch. = O.25, mi. 

This species may be known by the coarse and rather 
dense grayish white pubescence. 

Two specimens, Texas. 


Oxacis cana Lec. (Asclera) Proc. Phil. Acad. 1854, p. 225. 


Piceous, thorax reddish yellow, elytra with the suture 
and an outer vitta testaceous. Head piceous, sometimes 
more or less testaceous, closely punctate. Thorax slightly 
longer than wide, sides arcuate in front, slightly sinuately 
narrowed posteriorly, disc regularly convex, moderately 
closely punctate. Elytra piceous, moderately closely 
punctate, feebly pubescent, suture pale and a pale vitta 
extending from humerus nearly to apex. Body beneath 
piceous, finely punctate, and more distinctly pubescent 
than above. Length .22—.38 inch.; 5.5-9.5 mm. 

This species varies slightly in color. The thorax is 
more often immaculate, but specimens occur with an 
elongate median piceous stripe and a small spot each 
side. 

At first glance this species and Copzdzta mimetica have 
a close resemblance, but apart from the form of the man- 
dibles the outer pale elytral vitta is here not marginal as 
in that species. 

Occurs in Texas and Arizona. 


Oxacis teniata Lec. (Asclera) Proc. Phil. Acad. 1854, 
p- 21. 

Color variable. Antenne pale or somewhat piceous. 
Head coarsely punctate. Thorax a little longer than 
wide, sides arcuate in front, obliquely narrowed poste- 
riorly, disc slightly depressed each side, coarsely not 


CG@DEMERIDAZ OF BOREAL AMERICA. 417 


densely punctured. Elytra rather more finely and dense- 
ly punctured than the thorax, without trace of coste. 
Beneath finely and densely punctured. Length .18—.28 
inch.; 4.5—7 mm. 

Typical form. MWead and thorax yellowish, the latter 
with a piceous spot each side. Elytra piceous with the 
suture narrowly pale. Body beneath pale, abdomen pi- 
ceous, legs pale. 

The piceous spaces at the sides of thorax extend so 
that the entire surface may be piceous. 

Specimens with the thorax entirely piceous have often 
the elytra somewhat blue but with the pale suture. These 
have the legs piceous to a variable degree. 

Other specimens have the characters of the preceding, 
but the suture is not pale and the legs are entirely so. 

In the two last mentioned forms the entire surface be- 
neath is piceous. 

Occurs in Georgia, Florida, and Texas. 


Oxacis bicolor Lec. ( Asclera), Ann. Lyc. N.Y., v, p. 158. 


Form very slender, piceous, head, thorax and legs yel- 
low. Antenne piceous, slightly paler at base. Head 
shining, sparsely punctulate. Thorax longer than wide, 
sides feebly arcuate in front, oblique posteriorly, very 
slightly narrowed to base, disc feebly convex, shining, 
rather coarsely not closely punctate. Elytra more finely 
punctate than the thorax, moderately closely punctate, 
‘pubescence short and dark, without traces of coste. 
Metasternum and abdomen piceous, very finely, sparsely 
punctate. Femora yellow, tibiz and tarsi piceous. 
Length .20-.32 inch.; 5-8 mm. 

Excepting in size there has been no variation observed. 

Occurs from British Columbia southward through 
Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, and. Arizona. 


418 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Oxacis dubiosa n. sp. 


Form slender, piceous, thorax paler at apex and base; 
suture narrowly pale. Antenne piceous to parti-colored, 
usually darkest at base. Head somewhat variable in 
color, from piceous to partly yellow, moderately coarsely 
punctate. Thorax longer than wide, sides feebly arcu- 
ate in front, slightly narrowed to base, disc regularly 
convex, moderately coarsely and densely punctate, color 
variable. Elytra moderately densely punctate, without 
coste, with fine grayish pubescence. Body beneath 
piceous, finely punctulate. Femora at basal half yellow, 
tibiae and tarsi piceous. Length .20-.24 inch; 5-6 mm. 

The thorax is more or less piceous, the apex and base 
always paler. Specimens occur with the thorax reddish 
yellow, with a broad well defined piceous transverse band 
at the anterior third, the apical edge being reddish. 

San José and San Lazaro, Baja California. 


Oxacis sericea Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1870, p. 89. 


Piceo-testaceous, densely clothed with grayish white 
pubescence entirely concealing the surface. Antenne 
pale. Head moderately densely punctate. Thorax as 
wide as long, sides rather strongly arcuate in front, nar- 
rower posteriorly, disc slightly irregular, closely, finely 
punctate, color testaceous with an indistinct piceous vitta 
at middle and a small spot each side. Elytra piceo-tes- 
taceous usually, with a paler suture and side margin, 
surface closely and finely punctate, without trace of . 
coste. Body beneath darker than above, finely punctu- 
late and densely pubescent. Legs pale. Length .20-.36 
inch.; 5-9 mm. 

This species resembles superficially sovorza, but differs 
in the entire absence of elytral coste and a ‘different 
form of maxillary palpus. 

Occurs in Nevada and southward to Owens Valley. 


CG@DEMERIDZ OF BOREAL AMERICA. 419 


Oxacis subfusca n. sp. 


Slender, brownish, testaceous, clothed with very short, 
not densely placed pubescence. Antenne pale. Head 
coarsely and moderately closely punctate. Thorax longer 
than wide, sides moderately strongly arcuate in front, the 
posterior half parallel to base, surface regular, densely, 
not coarsely punctate, sometimes with a smooth median 
line, color brownish testaceous, the sides often darker. 
Elytra densely not coarsely punctate without trace of 
costz, color pale brown with a faint trace of a darker 
vitta. Body beneath darker than above, with longer 
pubescence. Legs pale. Length .30-.32 inch.; 7.5-8 
mm. 

This species resembles /ragz/7s of the group with cultri- 
form palpi, but is somewhat darker in color and more 
opaque. 

Occurs in southern Arizona. 

Oxacis lucana Lec. (Probosca), New Species, 1866, p. 
164. 

- Variable in color from piceous to testaceous, with inter- 
mediate forms with vittate elytra. Antennz always pale. 
Head moderately coarsely not densely punctate. Thorax 
longer than wide, sides feebly arcuate in front, posteriorly 
gradually convergent, disc slightly irregular, surface 
densely punctate. Elytra moderately densely punctate, 
without trace of costae. Body beneath variable in color. 
Leg always pale. Length .25-.32 inch.; 6.5-8 mm. 

The pubescence of the surface is always short, gray, 
and sparse. The terminal joint of the maxillary palpus 
cultriform. The claws acutely toothed. The color is 
very variable. The thorax has more or less distinctly a 
median piceous vitta and each side a spot. The elytra 
may be entirely piceous or testaceous, but specimens 
occur with distinct traces of vittae. 


420 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


This species was described as a Probosca, but for what 
reason is not evident. Mr. Champion in the Biologia has 
properly indicated its position in Oxacis. 

Occurs not rarely at Cabo San Lucas, Baja California, 
and I have one from Yuma. 


Oxacis debilis n. sp. 


Form slender, elongate, pale yellowish testaceous, very 
sparsely pubescent. Head sparsely, obsoletely punctate. 
Thorax not longer than wide, sides arcuate in front, 
oblique posteriorly, disc somewhat irregular, obsoletely 
coarsely, not densely punctate, the surface alutaceous. 
Elytra rather shining, obsoletely costulate punctate, but 
nearly smooth at apical third. Body beneath pale, sparsely 
punctate and pubescent. Legs pale. Length .22-.26 
inch.; 5.5-6.5 mm. 

This species resembles some of the paler forms of 
Jucana, but it is more slender, with smoother elytra. The 
maxillary palpi have a cultriform terminal joint. The 
claws are toothed at base, but less acutely than in /ucana. 

Two specimens, Yuma, California. 


Rhinoplatia Horn. 


Form slender. Head produced in a moderately long 
beak. Eyes oval, oblique, distant from the thorax, finely 
granulate. Antenne slender, eleven-jointed, inserted at 
base at some distance from the eyes. Mandibles acute 
dt tip. Maxillary palpi slender, the last joint triangular, 
apical side arcuate. Anterior tibiz with two slender 
spurs, the penultimate joint of tarsi alone spongy be- 
neath. Claws not toothed, simply thickened at base. 

In this genus the beak is fully as long as wide, the sides 
parallel. It seems to represent in our fauna Chitona or 


CGDEMERIDZ OF BOREAL AMERICA. 421 


Stenostoma, the latter having also simple mandibles, but 
distinguished by other characters. 
' One species only is known. 


Rhinoplatia ruficollis Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1867, 
p-. 137. 

Form less slender than usual in Oxacis or Asclera, 
piceous with griseous pubescence, thorax reddish yellow, 
Head sparsely punctate at sides, smooth at middle. 
Thorax distinctly longer than wide, sides feebly arcuate 
in front, sinuately narrowing posteriorly, disc regularly 
convex, surface very sparsely punctate and shining. 
Elytra densely punctate and with very vague coste. 
Body beneath and legs piceous, abdomen finely and 
closely punctate, the pubescence longer than on the 
upper surface. Length .24—.36 inch.; 6-9 mm. 

No sexual differences have been observed. 

Occurs in Owens Valley, on the east of the Sierras, 
and in Kern County to the westward, in California. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF 
CALIFORNIAN PLANTS. 


BY ALICE EASTWOOD, 


Curator of the Herbarium. 


{With Plates liii-lix.] 


Sedum Blochmane n. sp. Plate liii. 


Stems ascending, 10-15 cm. long, I-several from an 
oblong or fusiform corm about 15 mm. long (sometimes 
more than one, forming a roundish bunch, as shown in 
the figure): radical leaves wanting, cauline ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute to acuminate, clasping; lower leaves 10-15 
mm. long, diminishing upwards to the fleshy, triangular 
bracts: branches of the cyme slightly scorpioid; flowers 
either secund or alternately opposite on a tortuous axis; 
pedicels short and fleshy, distant from each other 5-10 
mm.: divisions of the calyx fleshy, triangular, 5 mm. 
long, 4 mm. wide, blotched with purplish red; petals 
white (becoming rose-color) with purplish midvein, oval, 
obtuse, 5-8 mm. long; anthers dark purple, reniform, on 
subulate filaments about 4 mm. long; scales of the recep- 
tacle 34 mm. broad, obcordate; carpels stellately spread- 
ing as they ripen, 5-6 mm. long, including the styles. 

The stem and leaves are blotched with red; the inflor- 
escence is from 3-12 cm. distant from the base. 

This interesting Sedum grew in clayey soil that was as 
hard almost as rock, along the road to Pt. Sal, near Cas- 
mailia Beach, and was collected by Mrs. Ida M. Bloch- 
man and the writer, May 13, 1896. 

It is with pleasure that I name this plant in honor of my 
fellow-botanist and the promoter of the trip. 

The type is in the Herbarium of the California Acad- 
emy of Sciences. Duplicates have been sent to the Gray 


Herbarium and the National Herbarium. ; 
Proc. Cau. ACAD. Scr., 2p SzR., Vou. VI. October 9, 1896. 


NEW SPECIES OF CALIFORNIAN PLANTS. 423 


Anemone Californica n. sp. Plate liv. 


Slender, from 10-14 cm. high, villous-canescent, with 
soft, silky hairs; stem almost glabrous; the lowest leaves - 
with petioles sheathing and scarious at base for about 3% 
cm. (the scarious part is 5 mm. wide, parallel-veined and 
densely white-villous on the margin), petioles r cm. long 
above the dilated base; the other radical leaves are on 
slender petioles 2-4 cm. long; blade orbicular-ovate in 
outline, biternately compound, with palmately cleft, un- 
equal, linear divisions which unite into leaflets cuneate 
at base; involucral leaves -3, pedately compound, on 
petioles 2-4 mm. broad, 8 mm. long, ultimate divisions 
linear, acute, 4-9 mm. long, 1 mm. broad: flowers pur- 
plish blue, 3-4 cm. in diameter; sepals 6-8, villous on 
the back, especially on the median line, obovate, 18 mm. 
long, 8 mm. wide; stamens numerous, on slender fila- 
ments; carpels 40-50 on a conical receptacle; akenes 
somewhat white-villous, falcately club-shaped; style 
naked, 2 mm. long (immature), curved at the apex and 
slightly glandular. 

This Anemone belongs to the Section Euanemone, but 
in habit resembles A. occidentalis, Watson, of the preced- 
"ing section, though not so tall. The naked styles, how- 
ever, remove it from that section. There is often a sec- 
ond flower, also with involucre, as shown in the figure. 

Mr. J. R. Scupham, a member of the California Acad- 
emy of Sciences, is the discoverer of this rare Anemone. 
He collected it on a mountain near Lot’s Lake, in the 
neighborhood of Golden Summit Mountain, at the ex- 
treme western portion -of Plumas County on the Butte 
County line, north of the North Fork of Feather River. 

The type material is in the Herbarium of the California 
Academy of Sciences. 


424 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Hosackia rosea n. sp. Plate lv. 


Stems low, numerous, from spreading rootstocks, 
flowering from the lowest axils; leaflets 7-11, glabrous 
above, glaucous and sparingly white-villous beneath, 5-6 
mm. long, petiolulate, obovate, mucronate (the odd leaflet 
is truncate); rhachis and short petiole 1-2% cm. long, | 
villous-pubescent, becoming glabrous; stipules thin but 
not scarious, lanceolate-acuminate, 2-3 mm. long; ped- 
uncles 3-4 cm. long; bracts of 1-5 leaflets, 1-2 cm. from 
the umbel; flowers rose-color, 5-8 on short pedicels, 
subtended by an involucre of 5—6 short teeth; calyx cam- 
panulate, 4 mm. long, tinged and obscurely veined with 
dark rose-color, especially on the 5 unequal, villous-ciliate, 
triangular teeth; standard orbicular, emarginate, 6 mm. 
wide; wings broad, much surpassing the keel which is 
marked by parallel lines and blotches of a deeper crim- 
son; anthers orbicular, the line between the cells brown 
or dark red; immature pod linear, straight, compressed, 
usually to-seeded. 

This pretty little Hosackia formed mats at the edge of 
the brush, near Fort Bragg, along the road to Glen Blair ; 
also on the road to Ukiah, near Mendocino City. It was 
collected by the writer in the former locality, June 22, 
1894. ; 

It belongs to the Section Euhosackia. The pubescence 
and position of the bracts ally it to the species in the latter 
part of the section. 

The type is in the Herbarium of the California Acad- 
emy of Sciences. 


Lupinus rostratus n. sp. Plate lvi. 

Annual, slender, with several erect or slightly spread- 
ing stems from the root, somewhat branched above, 
15-20 cm. high, loosely pilose-canescent; leaves scattered, 


NEW SPECIES OF CALIFORNIAN PLANTS. 425 


on slender petioles about 4 cm, long; leaflets 4-7, nar- 
rowly oblanceolate, 15 mm. long, 2 mm. wide; stipules 
linear-acuminate, 9 mm. long, half attached to the petiole; 
peduncles slender, 3-4 cm. long, surpassing the leaves; 
verticels 3-5, not clearly defined, with varying internodes 
(lowest 2-3 cm. long); bracts nearly equalling the calyx, 
early deciduous, herbaceous; calyx 1-lipped, somewhat 
hood-shaped, 3-crenate at apex, with a shorter crenature 
on each side; banner white, edged and spotted with blue, 
unchanged after pollination, ovate-spatulate, 1 cm. long, 
surpassed by the conspicuous rostrate keel which is 
slightly pilose on the outside; wings equalling and adher- 
ing to the keel so as to seem a part of it; both are white 
below, tipped with blue, which becomes purplish after 
pollination; pods 4-5 seeded, slightly erect-falcate, with 
silky hairs appressed and shining; seeds white, quadrate, 
with rounded corners. 

This elegant little Lupine belongs to the same section 
as micranthus, polycarpus and trifidus. It differs from 
all in the peculiar 1-lipped calyx and the long-beaked 
keel. It somewhat resembles Z. polycarpus, in the in- 
florescence, but the flower is quite distinct from that 
and all other members of the group. The pubescence 
is similar to that of Z. mzcranthus. 

It is named from the conspicuous rostrate keel which 
persists with the similar wings, adding spots of purplish 
blue to the silky-canescent pod. 

Mr. L. Jared discovered this interesting Lupine near 
Estrella, in San Luis Obispo County, and he also detected 
its specific characters. He first noticed it in 1895; this 
year (1896) he has found it in several places, eight or 
nine miles apart. He writes that the beaked appearance 
of the keel and wings is so marked that he can always 
readily distinguish the species even when riding by. 

Proc, Cau. AcaD. Scr., 2p Ser., Vou. VI. ( 30 ) October 9, 1896. 


426 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The type is in the Herbarium of the California Acad- 
emy of Sciences. Duplicates have been sent to the Gray 
Herbarium and the National Herbarium. 


Heuchera cespitosa n. sp. Plate lvii. 


Ceespitose, from stout rootstocks covered with dead 
leaves; glandular throughout; leaves round-reniform, 2 
cm. wide, crenately lobed, ciliate on the margin and 
aristate at the apex of each crenature; petioles 1-2 cm. 
long, glandular and villous, with long spreading white 
hairs; the epidermis on the lower surface is loose and 
puffed out between the veins; scapes 1-2 dm. high, 
slender, cymose-paniculate, bracts laciniately bristly and 
glandular-ciliate, 5 mm. long; lowest branches of the 
panicle 2 cm. long; calyx 7 cm. long, campanulate, 
attenuate to a slender pedicel, slightly contracted above 
the ovary, purplish at the lower part of the tube, paler 
above, 5-cleft, with round, obtuse, greenish, or purplish 
divisions, densely hairy above, glandular below;, petals 
exserted, 4 mm. long, with blade equalling the claw, 
oblong, acute, with a gland at the point of insertion; 
stamens inserted below the petals on stout filaments, 
anthers orbicular, orange; stamens and styles hardly ex- 
tending beyond the calyx-lobes. 

This Heuchera, notable for its long calyx, is found on 
the trail to the Antimony Mine in San Egmidio Cajon, 
Kern County. It forms mats covering several square 
yards. Inthe fall the leaves turn crimson and it becomes 
quite conspicuous. 

The specimens from which the description is drawn 
were collected by Mrs. Jasper, the owner of the mine, 
in May, 1895. 

The type is in the Herbarium of the California Acad- 
emy of Sciences. Duplicates have been distributed to 
the Gray Herbarium and the National Herbarium. 


NEW SPECIES OF CALIFORNIAN PLANTS. 427 


Brodiza Purdyi n. sp. Plate lviii. 

Scapes r-several, 10-r5 cm. above ground, from a 
corm heavily fibrous-coated, generally with 1 or 2 large 
offsets; leaves thick, 3 mm. wide, deeply grooved on 
the inner side, equalling the scapes; bracts of the umbel 
conspicuous, scarious, triangular-acuminate, with a red 
midvein; pedicels spreading gracefully; perianth with 
throat constricted above the ovary, tube 7 mm. long, seg- 
ments linear-oblong, spreading widely and recurved, blue, 
with a darker midvein, outer a little shorter and narrower 
than the inner which are about 2 cm. long and 4 mm. 
wide; staminodia erect, white, strongly involute, 13 mm. 
long, 3 mm. wide; apex dentate or emarginate; stamens 
two-thirds as long as staminodia, deeply emarginate, 
connivent with the staminodia on the constricted throat 
of the perianth; ovary obconic, attenuate to a short 
stipe. 

This comes under Hookera, according to Professor 
Greene (Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 126). It differs from 
other members of the group in the constricted throat of 
the perianth and the segments so much longer than the 
tube. It is the most beautiful and graceful of the group. 
The white petaloid staminodia have the appearance of a 
corolla within the perianth. The anthers are extrorse and 
closely surround the pistil. 

This species was communicated by Mr. Carl Purdy, 
who collected it in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada 
Mountains, from Colfax to the hills back of Chico. 

It seems appropriate to name this in honor of Mr. 
Purdy, who is so well known in connection with Califor- 
nian Jiliaceez. 

The type is in the Herbarium of the California Acad- 
emy of Sciences. 


428 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Cynoglossum viride n. sp. Plate lix. 


Stems several, from woody, horizontal rootstock, 
1%-2 dm. high, covered at base with brownish, ovate- 
lanceolate scales; silky-canescent throughout, with down- 
ward-appressed hairs that become spreading with age; 
lowest leaves 8-14 cm. long, linear or oblanceolate, on 
long, margined petioles; middle leaves sessile by a broad 
base, oblong, obtuse or bluntly pointed, 14 cm. long, 
2 cm. wide; uppermost leaves ovate-acuminate, much 
shorter than those on the middle of the stem; flowers in 
a capitate cyme, at first almost sessile and surrounded by 
the leaves, the cyme becoming looser and the peduncle 
elongating with age (6-9 cm. long); pedicels 5 mm. or 
less in length, pale-fulvous, with shining, appressed hairs; 
divisions of the calyx linear-oblong, obtuse, 5-8 mm. 
long; 1% mm. wide, densely covered, especially on the 
midvein, with white or yellowish curly hairs; corolla 
tubular, dull yellowish green, 1 cm. long, with rounded 
lobes 2 mm. wide; crests in the throat obcordate; stamens 
with short filaments and anthers exserted from  be- 
tween the corolla lobes, but scarcely equalling them; 
style stout, surpassing the calyx, narrowing some- 
what towards the clavate stigma, elongating after an- 
thesis; nutlets only one or two maturing, large, slightly 
flattened, the scar shaped like the inner side of a clam- 
shell. 

This is nearest to C. occ¢dentale, Gray, which it resem- 
bles in habit of growth and general appearance. Both 
species are densely leaved along the middle of the stem, 
scaly at the base, and have leaves quite similar in outline. 
C’. occidentale is hispid, with coarser hairs; but that char- 
acteristic seems to be variable. The chief differences 
are in the flowers as shown in the figure. The flower of 
C’. occidentale in the figure was taken from a specimen 


NEW SPECIES OF CALIFORNIAN PLANTS. 429 


collected by Mrs. R. M. Austin, in the Cascade Mountains, 
Oregon. Mr. Willis L. Jepson kindly compared flowers 
from the same plants with the types at the Gray Herbarium 
and reported them as identical. 

The description of the fruit was made from specimens 
collected by Mr. Brandegee, at the Calaveras Grove of 
Big Trees. The plant figured was collected by the writer 
at Sequoia Mills, Fresno County, May 20, 1894. The 
description was made from specimens from that place, 
also from some collected by Mr. Brandegee at Frazer’s 
Mills. It seems to be the southern analogue of C. occi- 
dentale, Gray, and grows in the timber belt of the south- 
ern Sierras, at an altitude of from 5000 to 6000 feet. 

These, type specimens are all in the Herbarium of the 
California Academy of Sciences. Duplicates have been 
sent to the Gray Herbarium and to the National Herba- 
rium. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES.* 


Pirate LITII. 
Sedum Blochmane. 


A. Entire plant, showing the manner of growth and flowering. 
B, C, Dand E. Petal, calyx, stamen and petals magnified. 
Puate LIV. 
Anemone Californica. 

A. This is a composite of two plants, one having lower leaves without 
a stem and the other possessing a stem but no lower leaves. The 
fragmentary material made this necessary. It was not reduced 
and is a little larger than the plant figured. 

B. One of the involucral leaves spread out to show the divisions. 

C. An open flower, about natural size. D. Pistil magnified ten diameters. 


PLATE LY. 
Hosackia rosea. 


A. Part of a plant showing the manner of growth and flowering. 
B. The standard magnified to show the shape of the blade and claw. 


“These drawings were designed for the new series of the Proceedings, 
the pages of which are to be a little larger; so, with the exception of Plate 
liv, they are all reduced more than was originally intended. 


430 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY: OF SCIENCES. 


Wings and keel, indicating their connection and relative size. 
Flower magnified, indicating the form and relation of the parts. 
Keel maguified, with the wings removed. 

Monadelphous stamens, and stigma. 


i oO 


Puate LVI. 
Lupinus rostratus. 

A. Entire plant, slightly reduced in size. 

B. Legume magnified a little less than twice, showing the position of 
the calyx and the withering-persisting petals. 

C. Wings and keel separated to show the shape of the keel and the 
relative size of the two. 

D, E and F. Young flower, banner, and calyx magnified a little less 
than five diameters. 


Piate LVII. 
Heuchera cespitosa. 
A. Entire plant, separated from the thick mat of stems and leaves. 
B. Flower dissected to show the position and relative size of the parts,. 
and especially the insertion of the petals and stamens. 
C. Flower, magnified five diameters and slightly reduced. 
D. Pistil spread open to show the placentz. 


Piate LVIII. 
Brodica Purdyi. 


A. Entire plant. The upper part of the leaves wanting. 
B. Flower dissected to show the position and relative size of the parts. 


PruatEt LIX. 


Cynoglossum viride and flowers of C’. occidentale. 
A. C. viride. Band C. Calyx and corolla of C. viride enlarged. 
Dand E. Calyx and corolla of C. occidentale enlarged to the same ex- 
tent as B and C. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA, II,—FROM LAND BIRDS; TO- 
GETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE MAL- 
LOPHAGOUS MOUTH-PARTS. 


(With Plates 1x—lxxiii.) 


BY VERNON L. KELLOGG. 


CONTENTS. 


The Mouth-parts of the Mailophaga. 
Introduction. 
The Mouth-parts of Ancistrona gigas. 
The Mouth-parts of Lemobothrium sp. 
The Mouth-parts of Eurymetopus taurus. 
The Mouth-parts of Goniodes cervinicornis. 
Resumé. 

The Mouth-parts of Some Allied Insects. 
The Mouth-parts of the Termitidw and the Perlide. 
The Mouth-parts of the Psocide. 
Comparison and Conclusions. 

Descriptions of New Species, and Identifications of Old Species. 
Docophorus. 
Nirmus. 
Lipeurus. 
Goniodes. 
Goniocotes. 
Physostomum. 
Colpocephalum. 
Menopon. 
Nitzschia. 

List of Hosts, with Parasites. 
Notes on Distribution. 
List. 


hate oe MourHlte AR RS on? THE NMALLOPRAGA. 


The mouth-parts of the Mallophaga are of the biting 
Orthoptero-Neuropterous type; that is, they are of that 
generalized kind of insectéan mouth-parts in which there 
are free, strong, laterally working mandibles, free jaw- 


like maxilla composed of distinct basal sclerites, articu- 
Proc, Cau. ACAD. Sci., 2D SER., VOL. VI. November 7, 1896. 


432 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


lated terminal lobes and segmented palpi, and a labium 
composed of the fused second maxillz with similar basal 
and terminal sclerites and segmented palpi. But the 
Mallophagous mouth-parts represent a modified, a special- 
ized condition of this simple type, in which the reduction 
of the maxilla with the complete loss of their palpi and 
(in one suborder) the loss of the labial palpi, so con- 
fuse, at first glance, the homologies of the various struc- 
tures, as to make the proper understanding of the mouth- 
parts a matter requiring some special attention. 

Nitzsch, the first student of the Mallophaga, misun- 
derstood the structure of the mouth-parts, holding the 
labial palpi to be maxillary palpi (see figs. 1, 2:and 3, 
plate lx), and his error was not corrected until Grosse*, 
in his careful dissections of Zetraophthalmus chilensis 
[=Menofon titan], made the matter plain. 

+ Rudow gives a most confused account of the mouth 
parts, having evidently made very superficial observa- 
tion, although he declares himself to have made a most 
careful and exhaustive study of them. He concluded, 
from observation of the hypopharynx, that the Mallo- 
phaga should be classed with the sucking insects, and 
particularly with the Hemiptera. {Melnikoff thought 
the peculiar chitin structure in the pharynx (referred 
to later as the cesophageal sclerite) to be homologous 
with the sucking structures of the Pediculide, and 
therefore held the Mallophaga to be true sucking in- 


* Grosse, Franz. Beitraige zur Kenntniss der Mallophagen, Zeitsch. f. 
wiss. Zool., vol. xlii, 530, p. pl. xviii, 1885. 

tRudow, Fred. Beobachtungen iiber Lebenweise u. Bau der Mallo- 
phagen o. Pelzfresser. Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss., vol. xxxv, 1870, pp. 
288-298. 

{| Melnikoff, N. Beitrige zur Embryonalentwicklung der Insekten. 
Archiv. f. Naturgesch., 1869. p. 136. 


es 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 433 


sects. *Denny, tGiebel, {Piaget and § Taschenberg 
add nothing in their monographs to our knowledge of 
the mouth-parts. Giebel repeats Nitzsch’s explanation 


of them; Piaget reters the palpi of the Liotheide to the 


maxille, and also says the labium of the Philopteridz 
has 2-segmented palpi, referring doubtless to the para- 
glosse; Taschenberg in his passing reference to the 
mouth-parts repeats Piaget’s statements. ||Grosse was 
the first to understand and to explain what seems really to 
be the true structure and homologies of the mouth-parts. 
He first indicated the labial character of the conspicuous 
palpi which are present in all of the Amblycera, called 
the labial palpar-like processes paraglosse (see figs. 4 
and 5, plate Ix, fg), and gave some account of that 
sclerite in the cesophagus, which to my mind is so sug- 
gestive in its bearing on the phylogeny of the group. An 
abstract of Grosse’s paper, by Prof. Geo. Macloskie, 
was published in the ‘‘ American Naturalist,”’ 
nee 

The following detailed accounts, with accompanying 
figures, of the mouth-parts of Azczstrona gigas P., Lemo- 
bothirium sp., Eurymetopus taurus N., and Gonzodes 


Vol) xxenpy 


cervinicornis G., are based on dissections made in my 


laboratory by Mr. R. E. Snodgrass, and are mostly in the 
words of his notes. The drawings also were made by 
Mr. Snodgrass. 


*Denny, Henry. Monographia Anoplurorum Brittanniaw, 1842, London. 
t Giebel, Christoph. Insecta Epizoa, 1874, Leipzig. 

t Piaget, E. Les Pédiculines, 1880; Supplement, 1885, Leyden. 

§ Taschenberg, O. Die Mallophagen, 1882, Halle. 

\|Grosse, Franz. l. ce. 


434 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


THE MouTuH-PArts oF ANCISTRONA GIGAS. 


(Plate Ix, figs. 6-12.) 


In this form the full number of mouth-parts is present, 
and all are complete except the maxille, these lacking 
palpi and distinct sclerites. The labium is well developed 
and much longer than wide. It extends along nearly the 
whole length of the ventral surface of the head, the an- 
terior border being situated far forward, leaving only the 
tips of the mandibles visible. When the palpi are par- 
allel to the plane of the head their extremities project a 
little beyond the anterior lateral margin. 

The /abzum (plate Ix, fig. 7) consists of three distinct 
parts, the ligula, mentum and submentum together with 
prominent palpi. The mentum is the largest sclerite 
and bears the four-jointed palpi. It is somewhat wider 
than long, and is incompletely divided into three lobes, 
one placed medially and the others on each side of 
this. The median portion has the anterior border 
straight or a little concave, and articulates with the 
ligula. Each lateral lobe is narrow and projects an- 
teriorly beyond the median portion which is much 
wider. Each bears distally a palpus. The latter is 
composed of four short joints of about equal length, 
but the second is rather thicker than the others. The 
lateral outlines of the mentum are roundly convex. The 
median lobe forms, in part, a concavity on the surface of 
the labium, but its posterior part forms a wide elevation, 
continues externally with the elevated lateral lobes, and 
is sharply marked off from the posterior part of the sunken 
portion. This elevated posterior border bears a pair of 
large, strongly chitinized, backward-projecting structures, 
each being a sort of fork, with two prongs articulated 
at their bases (plate lx, fig. 7, fv.). One of the prongs in 
each fork lies dorsal of and a little within the other. This. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 435 


dorsal prong is attached by its base to the mentum near 
the hind margin of the latter. From the posterior border 
of the mentum a deeply emarginated fold extends back- 
ward between the two forks, and is attached to the inner 
edge of the dorsal prong of each. In the young the emar- 
gination is much less, the fold being merely roundly con- 
cave posteriorly. In this stage it is attached for its full 
length along the median line to the submentum. In each 
fork the dorsal prong is rather flattened dorsoventrally ; 
its outer edge is rounded inward proximally and outward 
distally, while the inner edge presents the same outlines, 
only in different order, so that the whole is doubly bent, 
first inwardly and then outwardly. The curvatures, how- 
ever, are only slight, and the distal one is more marked 
than the other. The prong is much wider at its base 
than elsewhere, and tapers off very much distally. It 
ends by a triangular expansion, having one side of the 
triangle facing posteriorly and inwardly. At the base is 
an oval fossa, and in this the outer prong is articulated so 
as to allow of considerable movement. At the anterior 
outer corner of each fossa a large strong hair arises and 
extends outward and backward, being two-thirds or three- 
fourths the length of the fork. The ventral prong is 
more cylindrical than the other and tapers but little. It 
is almost straight, or slightly curved inwardly near the 
middle. Its base, however, curves dorsally, to be articu- 
lated with the other piece, as just described. It ends by 
a bluntly rounded termination which is very slightly ex 
panded. Its dorsal surface is covered by numerous fine, 
closely arranged, rounded ridges. Proximally these lie 
almost longitudinal, but they gradually become more 
transverse, so that the terminal ones form an angle of 
about thirty degrees with a transverse line through their 
innerends. The ridges meet each other along the median 


436 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


line of the prong at an_ increasing angle from in front 
backwards. The forks are less chitinized in young speci- 
mens, but very pale colored ones have them comparatively 
strongly chitinous, so that they appear very dark, while 
the rest of the outer parts are white. 

The ligula is a short sclerite, divided into glosse and 
paraglosse. The gloss are two rounded lobes, with a 
shallow concavity between them. ‘They bear a few short 
hairs. External to the glosse are the paraglosse which 
are also two small simple lobes. They are separated 
from the glosse a little more deeply than the latter are 
from each other, and like them are covered by a few small 
hairs. 

The submentum is a simple sclerite back of the mentum, 
and mostly concealed by the forks and connecting fold 
from the latter. 

The mawxille (plate lx, fig. 8) are very weak, unchit- 
inized structures, lying entirely within the mouth cavity, 
and concealed by the other mouth-parts on account of 
their very reduced size. Each consists of a basal un- 
divided portion, somewhat roughly triangular in outline, 
and of two distal, soft fleshy lobes. The outer lobe is 
the larger of the two, and its inner edge les ventral to 
the outer edge of the smaller lobe. Both lobes are longer 
than wide. ‘There are no hooks or points of any nature, 
and no hard chitinous parts. The lobes appear to be 
galea and lacinia, but in the adult form there is nothing 
to show that these are what they are, and that they are - 
not simply the result of a secondary division of a simple 
fleshy lobe, which is the common form of maxilla in the 
group. The basal portion shows no indication of being 
composed of two sclerites. The rudimentary condition 
and soft weak structure of the maxillz apparently must 
render them of little or no function. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 437 


The mandzbles (plate |x, figs. 6,9 and 10) are large 
and strongly chitinized structures, and evidently perform 
an important part in the feeding habits of the insect. 
They are somewhat roughly triangular in profile, having 
each two points anteriorly and internally, opposing those 
of the mandible of the opposite side. ‘They lie in a plane 
parallel to the head. The left one has its anterior surface 
smooth anda little convex. From the inner edge, a little 
back of the anterior angle, there projects inwardly and 
forward a short rounded process. Anterior to this and 
ventral to it the sharply terminated anterior angle of the 
mandible forms the second point or tooth. This one is 
very sharp compared with the other. The ventral surface 
is concave ventral to the posterior tooth and behind the 
anterior one., The latter is continuous down the ventral 
surface as a high wide ridge along the outer side. The 
posterior part of this surface is also elevated, and at the 
inner posterior angle is continued inward as a long and 
somewhat slender projection into the mouth cavity; this 
tapers distally, but terminates bluntly. At its base are 
two teeth projecting forward into the concavity on the ven- 
tral surface of the mandible just described. 

The mandible is articulated to the head by a condyle 
and a facet. The condyle is on the posterior ventral 
edge, near, but some distance internal, to the outer pos- 
terior angle of the mandible. It is a rounded knot pro- 
jecting backward. The facet is situated on the dorsal 
surface near the same angle of the mandible as the con- 
dyle. It, however, is not situated on the posterior edge, 
but somewhat further forward on the dorsal surface; but 
it lies in the same anteroposterior dorsoventral plane as 
the condyle. It faces posteriorly and outward, being sit- 
uated on an elevation, and the cavity is rather shallow. 
The right mandible is a little smaller than the left but is 


438 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


otherwise very similar to it. There are the same two 
teeth, but the posterior one is a little thicker than on the 
left side. ‘The concavity on the ventral side is not so ex- 
tensive, and the projection from the inner posterior angle 
is shorter and thicker. The articulatory condyle is sim- 
ilar in position, but is perhaps a little larger. The facet, 
however, is relatively more external. In each mandible 
there is a considerable extent beyond a line drawn from 
the condyle to the facet, but this is much shorter than that 
in the opposite direction; i.e., inwardly. Each mandible 
is supported by two large chitinous processes (plate lx, 
fig. 9, d. ch. r. and v. ch. r.), arising from a common 
thick base which is attached to both the ventral and the 
dorsal wall of the head. One of these processes lies ven- 
tral to the other, and, in the case of the right mandible, 
a little internal to it. The ventral projection bears termi- 
nally a socket and the dorsal one a condyle; these artic- 
ulate respectively with the condyle and facet of the man- 
dible. The mandible is thus supported on an axis above 
which is all its weight; and further, the greater part of the 
latter falls on the inner side of the axis when the mandi- 
bles are in the resting position. To the posterior edge 
of the mandible, near the inner angle but still some dis- 
tance from it, is attached, movably, a slender chitinous 
rod. This rod passes posteriorly outward and dorsally, 
and is attached to the dorsal wall of the head by bundles 
of muscle-fibers. To the outermost projecting angle of 
the mandible are attached directly other but much smaller 
muscles. These have their insertion also on the wall of 
the head, back of the mandible. These various inequal- 
ities noticed on the two sides of the mandibular axes make 
the strength of the closure of the mandibles much greater 
than that of the opening. 

There are several internal mouth structures rather cu- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 439 


rious in form, and whose functions are not definitely ap- 
parent, although they probably serve in some way for 
rasping or comminuting the food, or perhaps for holding 
ie: 

In the ventral wall of the pharynx is imbedded a chit- 
inous rod or shaft, bearing two prongs at each end (plate 
Ix, fig. 11, and fig. 6, Ay.). The shaft is rather long and 
slender, with a swelling posterior to the middle. The 
posterior prongs are curved outward and backward, and 
also a little upward around the csophagus. Their bases 
are very wide but they soon become narrower. ‘Termin- 
ally each is somewhat expanded and ends bluntly. The 
anterior half of the wide basal portions is much thinner 
than the rest, and the shaft appears between the two as 
a wide elevated ridge, continuous with the posterior 
thickened borders. A large oval foramen, having its long 
axis extending from within outwardly and posteriorly, is 
situated between the thin part, the thickened shaft, and 
the posterior elevated margin. The anterior fork projects 
into the mouth, dorsal to the anterior end of the labium, 
in the position of a hypopharynx. The prongs of this 
bifurcation are much smaller than those of the other and 
project outward and forward. The entire length of the 
structure in a specimen measured is .52 mm. The part 
projecting is about a fifth of the whole. All but this latter 
part is imbedded in the ventral wall of the pharynx and 
is not visible from above. It is evident that it must be de- 
veloped from an invaginated portion of the cuticle which 
became strongly chitinized and constricted off from that 
lining the mouth. The two anterior prongs have on their 
anterior edges each a padlike, soft, unchitinized structure. 
Each pad is distally surmounted on the dorsal surface by 
a large cluster of rather long, thick, curved processes, 
radiating from a common center and curving upwards. 


440 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


All have their concave borders facing one another and 
the center from which they spring. Along the convex 
surface of each is a fringe of cilia inclined distally. The 
rest of the pad is covered by short, thick projections, 
lying with their long axes parallel to the surface and 
curving over to the dorsal side, where they become scale- 
like in form. Between this hypopharynx and the labium 
is a fold of membrane from which project the anterior 
ends of two other structures. There are two chitinous 
rods (plate Ix, figs. 6, f£, and 12) whose anterior forked 
ends project through this fold and lie beneath and a little 
external to the hypopharynx. They may be exposed by 
removing the labium. Each lies ventral to all the other 
organs in the head. Posteriorly they diverge from each 
other and pass backward, ventral to the lower edge of 
the tentorium, and are attached to the ventral wall of 
the head by muscles. They are very slender and del- 
icate on account of their thinness and being not very 
strongly chitinized. Anteriorly each is rather expanded 
and flattened dorsoventrally, but posteriorly becomes 
narrower and more cylindrical. The outer prong of 
the anterior bifurcation is wide and thin, the other is 
longer, narrower, a little curved outwardly, and rather 
more chitinous than any other part of the whole rod. 
The bifid part projects out of the fold as described, but 
very little if any of the shaft. The cuticle covering the 
fold is continuous with that over the pads on the fork of 
the hypopharynx, and is covered by small sharp-pointed 
papilla, having enlarged bases, and projecting forward. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 441 


Tue Moutu-Parts oF LAMOBOTHRIUM SP. 


(Plate 1xi, figs. 1-5.) 


The /abium of Lemobothrium sp. (plate xi, figs. 1 and 
4) consists of submentum, mentum, palpi, and ligula. 
The labium as a whole occupies two-thirds of the length 
of the ventral surface of the head. Its anterior border 
lies in front of the bases of the antennz, and extends also 
considerably farther forward than the bases of the man- 
dibles; hence the latter are almost concealed by the la- 
bium. 

The submentum (plate 1xi, fig. 4, sm.) is a transversely 
narrowed sclerite very convexly rounded posteriorly, and 
slightly concavely rounded laterally where it joins the 
temporal sclerites. The anterior border is more decided- 
ly concave and articulates with the convex posterior bor- 
der of the mentum. The submentum is a little wider than 
half its length, and on the whole is somewhat narrowly 
shield-shaped. In front of the submentum is the men- 
tum (plate Ix, fig. 4, m). This sclerite is wider than 
long and is somewhat oval in outline, with the long 
axis transverse: the latter is a little in front of the 
middle point. The lateral and posterior borders are 
very convex, and the sclerite may also be regarded as 
being an isosceles triangle with the angles very much 
rounded, and the apex pointing backward. Laterally there 
are two short thick, anterior prolongations, Af, one on 
each side. These bear the short four-jointed labial palpi. 
Each segment of the palpus is rather short and cylindrical 
and bears a few hairs. The terminal one is shorter than 
the others and forms a rounded termination to the palpus. 
The ventral surface of the mentum is produced downward 
into a large saccular or pouchlike distention which is 


almost as wide and long through its greatest diameters as 
Proc. Cau. AcaD. Scr., 2p SEeR., Vou. V1. (31 ) November 9, 1896. 


442 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


the mentum itself. Where the pouch joins the mentum, 
however, it is narrower than it is a short distance below; 
it therefore expands a little ventral to its dorsal border. 
In a mounted specimen the pouch may be pressed down 
flat against the rest of the labium, and then its anterior 
border appears to be a fold of membrane extending over 
the ventral surface of the ligula from the anterior edge of 
the mentum. Within this pouch are two large glands (plate 
Ixi, fig. 5) lying side by side, one on each side of the me- 
dian line. They are narrower anteriorly where they open 
into the mouth cavity near the anterior edge of the labium. 
Posteriorly they become enlarged and turn outward. 

The ligula is composed of glosse and paraglosse. 
The glosse are flattened lobes, one on each side of the 
middle line, and separated from each other for about two-’ 
thirds their length. Each is about as wide as long, and 
the anterior border slopes slightly outward from within. 
The outer borders are straight. The paraglosse lie just 
exterior to the glosse. Each is conical with the end 
truncated, and is a little longer than the glosse. 

The mawz/le (plate 1xi, figs. 1, mv, and 3) are simple lobes 
expanded distally but narrow at the base. Each projects 
inwardly and forward, and lies just back of the mandibles 
of the same side. The ends are exposed in front of the 
labium. -The length is much greater than the greatest 
width, and the borders are all convex except the posterior 
two-thirds of the outer, which isa little concave. The 
anterior and inner edges form a continuous curve, and 
along these borders the maxilla is strengthened by a chit- 
inous thickening. Along the anterior margin and the 
anterior part of the inner, is a series of chitinous teeth 
which are not very sharp and have their points mostly di- 
rected inwardly. Each is a continuation of a plication, 
or thickening, on the maxilla outside the chitinous mar- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 443 


ginal thickening and perpendicular to it, the latter lying 
close to the edge, just back of the teeth. Near the base 
of the maxilla on the inner side is attached a large muscle, 
as large as the maxilla itself. This large muscle and the 
* strong teeth seem to indicate that the maxilla is not func- 
tionless, but that it plays some part in the mastication of 
the food. . 

The mandzbles (plate 1xi, fig. 2) are the same in gen- 
eral shape and position as those of Anczstrona gigas. 
Those of the two forms present corresponding processes, 
and in each they lie in a plane parallel with the head. 
They are in both triangular in general outline viewed 
dorsoventrally. 

The right mandible of Lemobothrium has at its ante- 
rior inner corner a large, strongly chitinized tooth, which 
is a continuation inward and forward from the ventral 
surface of a strong anterior thickening of the mandible. 
Posterior to this is a second tooth, just as in Ancrstrona, 
continuous with the dorsal surface. This, however, in- 
stead of being regularly rounded is in Lemobothrium 
very wide, especially at the base, and is of the form of a 
truncated cone. The inner, or free end, is roughened 
by several short blunt cusps. This tooth, however, very 
evidently is the same thing as the posterior tooth of Avn- 
cistrona; the positions on the mandibles are identical. 

From the inner posterior angle is a thick blunted pro- 
cess extending inward. It is rather short and terminally 
rounded. This process is present also in Anczstrona gigas. 
The outer posterior angle is truncated, and at its. inner 
corner, projecting from the ventral surface, is an articu- 
lating condyle. This is some distance from the outer 
corner, and to the latter is attached the extensor muscle. 
The condyle projects backward and a little outward, and 
fits into a socket of the head. Dorsal to this on the head 


444 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


is a condyle which articulates with a facet on the dorsal 
side of the mandible. This facet is more external than 
the condyle of the mandible, and is also farther forward. 
In all these points the mandible is extremely similar to the 
corresponding one of Anczstrona. ‘The retractor muscle 
is attached directly near the inner posterior angle. 

The left mandible is in general similar to the right, and 
agrees with the corresponding mandible of Azczstrona in 
the same way as the right one does, although the two are 
rather less alike than those of Axczstrona gigas. 

The posterior tooth of the left mandible is continuous 
from the dorsal surface, but is very small compared with 
the anterior one, and is sharp-pointed compared with the 
corresponding tooth on the right side. The anterior tooth 
is much the same as that on the right side, or is perhaps 
a little smaller. Back of it is a depression on the inner 
part of the ventral surface; this is bounded behind by an 
elevation which is continuous inwardly as a slender pro- 
jection from the ventral surface, just as in the case of 
Ancistrona gigas. This process is thick at its base but 
tapers distally to the rounded termination. Its anterior 
border is convex, but on the distal half of the posterior 
margin is a rather deep, rounded concavity. To the outer 
angle of the base is attached the extensor muscle. This 
is rather large on each side of the head. Internal to the 
attachment of the extensor muscle is the articulating con- 
dyle, and dorsal to the latter the rather large facet. 
These articulate as on the other side, with a facet and 
condyle; respectively, of the ventral (aspect) of ame 
head. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 445 


Tue Moutu-PAarts oF EURYMETOPUS TAURUS. 


(Plate Lxii, figs. 1-8.) 


There are many striking differences between the mouth- 
parts of this form and those of either Awczstrona or 
Lemobothrium. The dissimilarity is most noticeable in 
the labiums. Axc7strona and Lemobothrium both belong 
to the suborder Amblycera, while Auwrymetopus and the 
next form to be described, Gonzodes, belong to the sub- 
order Ischnocera, and the differences presented by these 
four genera are typical for the two groups. 

In ELurymetopus taurus the /abéum (plate Ix, figs. 1 
and 6) is reduced in size, and very much crowded back 
on the posterior aspect of the head. Instead of covering 
over the mandibles ventrally, it leaves them entirely ex- 
posed, its anterior border reaching only about as far for- 
ward as their posterior articulations. 

On the posterior half of the median ventral surface of 
the head is a large unchitinized space. This is bounded 
laterally by the temples, posteriorly by a narrow, gular 
sclerite, presenting an obtusely angulated, convex, an- 
terior border, and anteriorly in appearance by the man- 
dibles, although it is really not bounded at all in front. 
The area is somewhat heart-shaped, having the apex 
forward, for the boundaries formed by the temples are 
convergent forward. 

The membranous labium stretches across the posterior 
half of this space, while the part in front of the labium 
forms the mouth-opening. The labium is composed of 
the full number of sclerites, and of these the submentum 
is the largest. It is much wider than long; is unchitinized 
and membranous, and is attached all around, except in 
front, to the edges of the space just described. Its 
lateral edges are convex and rounded, while the posterior 
border is angularly emarginated to receive the convex 


446 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


margin of the gula. Its posterior angles are much 
rounded. Anteriorly it presents a concave border of 
which the lateral portions are free, but the median part 
bears the mentum. The submentum, on account of its 
anterior and posterior concavities, is much constricted in 
the middle. 

The mentum is a comparatively narrow, tranversely 
elongated, unchitinized sclerite, attached posteriorly to 
the submentum, but having its lateral borders free. The 
anterior outer angles are rounded. The median portion 
of the anterior border bears the glosse and paraglosse. 
These are not separated by any suture from the men- 
tum, and hence there is no distinct ligular sclerite. The 
gloss are two small oval lobes situated on each side of 
the median line and close to each other, being only 
slightly separated. Each bears four or five large, strong 
hairs situated on small basal segments. External to each 
glossa is a rather deep fossa in the mentum. In these 
fosse are situated the paraglosse. . These are cylin- 
drical structures having the outer ends somewhat en- 
larged, and bearing six or seven large, strong, two-jointed 
hairs like those on the glosse. The paraglosse are rather 
strongly chitinized compared with the rest of the labium; 
they appear dark while the other parts are white. Each 
is directed outward, forward, and downward. With the 
exception of the hairs on the glosse and paraglossz 
there are almost none on the labium. ‘Two small ones 
situated on basal joints occur on the mentum, one just 
back of each glossa. The oddly shaped, cylindrical 
paraglosse, having the stiff, thick, two-jointed hairs on 
the flattened outer ends, are very characteristic of the 
suborder Ischnocera. In undetached labiums there often 
appears to be a narrow sclerite between the sclerites 
which have been called mentum and submentum, but in 
the mounted specimen this does not appear. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 447 


The maxz//e (plate Ixii, fig. 4) are simple, fleshy, un- 
chitinized lobes attached to the lateral parts of the mouth- 
cavity, back of the mandibles. They show no indica- 
tion of division into different sclerites. Near their bases 
they are somewhat thickened; the distal ends are weak 
and almost membranous, in mounted specimens they gen- 
erally appear twisted and distorted. On account of the 
position of the labium the maxille are mostly exposed, 
only the bases being concealed. Each projects forward 
and inward. 

The mandibles (plate lxii, figs 1 and 5) present a very 
strange appearance, both on account of their shape and 
their position. They are large, heavy, and strongly chit- 
inized, and very remarkably different from those of 
Ancistrona and Lemobothrium in the way they are at- 
tached to the head. In these two genera the mandibles 
lie in a plane parallel to the head, and move in this 
plane. In order that this may be so, their articulating 
surfaces are in the same or nearly the same dorso- 
ventral line. In Furymetopus taurus there are two artic- 
ulating surfaces as before, but the mandibles move ina 
plane which forms a large angle with the horizontal plane 
of the head. To accommodate this action the articu- 
lating surfaces lie one in front of the other. The plane 
of the mandible is, however, not at right angles to that of 
the head, and consequently the anterior articulation is a 
little dorsal to the posterior one. In the next form to be 
described, Gontodes cervinicornis, the mandibles are al- 
most or quite at right angles to the head, thus present- 
ing an advance in this respect beyond FEurymetopus. In 
either of these two genera the mandibles may be regarded 
as being the same, typically, as in the Amblycera; but 
that each has been revolved on an axis passing from the 
tip of the inner basal process to the articulating condyle, 


448 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


until the anterior margin becomes the ventral margin. All 
the apparent differences may be reconciled by this view. 
In accordance with it the articulating surfaces lie as they 
should. Further, the mandibles being as in the other 
genera, two-toothed, the posterior rounded tooth of An- 
cistrona, arising from the inner dorsal margin, lies in this 
form on the anterior inner aspect, in front of, and dorsal 
to the larger tooth. - 

The left mandible has also the long slender process at 
the inner part of the base, as in Anczstrona and Lemo- 
bothrium; but, as would be expected, this arises from the 
dorsal aspect of the base. Since, however, in Auryme- 
topus it is very long and slender, it is bent backwards so 
as to lie parallel with the head. In Gonzodes cervinicornis, 
however, it is shorter and projects inwardly. 

The mandibles of Hurymetopus taurus are entirely ex- 
posed on the ventral surface of the head, not even their 
bases being covered by the labium. They are thick and 
have a clumsy appearance. The anterior articulating 
surface is a large facet situated at the anterior outer angle 
of the mandibles, on the dorsal surface. A rounded pro- 
cess projects over it from below. The posterior outer 
part of the mandible, bearing the condyle by which it is 
articulated posteriorly, is greatly prolonged backward, 
forming a long process bearing the condyle at the ex- 
tremity. The latter fits into a chitinous socket on the 
ventral surface of the head. Some distance in front of 
this is a condyle which fits into the facet of the mandible. 
The process above referred to, arising from the inner 
dorsal aspect of the left mandible, curves inwardly and 
posteriorly. It is very wide at its base but rapidly dimin- 
ishes distally, and ends by a slightly enlarged extremity, 
free in the mouth cavity. The ventral tooth of each man- 
dible is large and thick, and bluntly pointed. The dorsal 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 449 


tooth is shorter than the other, not so thick, and has a 
rounded termination. Its anterior border is just visible 
from the ventral side ot the head, in front of that of the 
ventral tooth. 

In Lurymetopus and in a large number of other genera 
of the Mallophaga there occurs a very curious pharyngeal 
sclerite with accessory structures, within the cavity of 
the head. It is not intended here to explain the origin 
or function of these, but merely to describe them. 

The sclerite referred to is a thick, strongly chitinous 
structure situated in the ventral wall of the pharynx, and 
is probably a greatly modified portion of its chitinous 
cuticle. In a mounted specimen it is plainly visible through 
the head from either the upper or the lower side. Lying 
ventral to the sclerite are two structures which appear to 
be glands, and are connected with it by aduct. All three 
of these structures are visible through the head of cleared 
and mounted specimens, and lie just back of the anterior 
edge of the labium. 

This wsophageal sclerite (plate Ixii, figs. 1, 2, 3 and 7) 
is in general form cup-shaped, having the hollow part 
turned upward and forming a depression in the floor of the 
pharynx, since its interior is simply a part of the pharyn- 
geal cavity. The ventral surface is very convex, being 
almost hemispherical. The anterior end is truncated, but 
from each of the two anterior angles thus formed there 
projects forward, outward, and dorsally, a large dorso- 
ventro-laterally flattened process, which lies in the lateral 
wall of the pharynx, the two partly surrounding the cavity 
of the latter. Each of these processes is expanded distal- 
ly, and sends a long, rounded, and bluntly terminated 
projection backwards. These latter processes lie parallel 
with and a little external to the lateral margins of the 
body of the sclerite, their outer edges being visible from 


450 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 


the ventral side. Posteriorly there is a thick, rounded, 
median process which projects backward from near the 
dorsal edge of the sclerite, but still some distance below 
it, so that it is free from and not imbedded within the 
wall of the pharynx. 

The sclerite, viewed ventrally, is somewhat shield- 
shaped in profile. The body is almost semicircular, with 
a small segment taken off in front by the anterior trunca- 
tion referred to. Posteriorly there projects the median 
rounded process, and anteriorly on each side the anterior 
lateral processes. The latter give to the anterior profile 
an emarginated appearance. In the middle there is a 
longitudinal light colored area, due to the cavity on the 
dorsal side, the floor of which, being thinner than the 
other parts, transmits more light in mounted specimens. 
This area is expanded near the front, contracted from 
side to side posteriorly, and rounded before and behind. 
Along the median line there is a narrow linear area still 
lighter in color, due to a groove in the bottom of the dor- 
sal hollow. 

The dorsal surface of the sclerite is, as already de- 
scribed, excavated, and is doubly so, there being one 
cavity situated within another. The upper of these isa 
shallow depression, having its edges rather oval in out- 
line. In front it extends very near the anterior borders 
of the sclerite, but on the sides the edges of the cavity 
and those of the sclerite are considerably separated; and 
that portion of the dorsal surface between these two is 
rounded outwardly and ventrally. This space is nar- 
rowed again posteriorly, but not so much as in front. 
The inner cavity is situated in the floor of the other. It 
is much deeper, and its walls are steep, meeting the in- 
terrupted walls of the other at a considerable angle. It 
is this deeper cavity that forms the light colored area 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 451 


noticeable on the sclerite when viewed from the ventral 
side by means of transmitted light. It is much longer 
than broad, and its widest diameter is in front of the 
middle. Anterior to this the dorsal edges form a rounded 
outline, but back of it they are a little concave and ap- 
proach each other posteriorly. The posterior end is 
narrow and rounded. The walls of the cavity are con- 
cave, steeper in front and behind than elsewhere. The 
bottom slopes a little downward posteriorly, so that the 
cavity is deepest behind. Running longitudinally along 
the bottom is a narrow groove; this begins in front at 
the bottom of the anterior wall, and extends backwards 
from an aperture which is the opening of a duct into the 
sclerite. 

To the sides of the shallower cavity are attached two 
large, laterally compressed, chitinous, pyramidal struc- 
tures, one on each side, whose ventral surfaces are not 
quite so divergent as the walls of the cavity to which 
they are attached, or perhaps better, from which they 
arise. . The bases of these are very wide, but dorsally 
they become rapidly narrowed and pass upwards around 
the cesophagus, or pharynx, as twochitinous bands. Their 
dorsal ends are attached by large muscles to the dorsal 
wall of the head. 

The sclerite is about as wide as long, or sometimes a 
little longer. The dimensions of one specimen measured 
are as follows: Length of the body, .o97 mm.; width, 
.108 mm.; length of posterior projections, .o2 mm.; dis- 
tance which anterior processes extend in front of anterior 
border of the main part or body, .0227 mm. 

The gland-like structures (plate Ixii, figs. 1, 7 and 8) 
before referred to, lie ventral to the sclerite, and the inner 
halves overlap its outer portions (fig. 7). Their outer edges 
also lie a little dorsal to their inner edges, so that they ex- 


452 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


tend slightly around the outer margins of the sclerite. 
Each is an oval structure, having the long diameter ex- 
tending from within outwards and backwards. The ven- 
tral surface is convex, and the dorsal surface concave, 
while the whole is very much flattened dorsoventrally. 
Each is invested in a thin chitinous envelope, and is seated © 
upon the ventral anterior surface of a chitinous pedicle 
which is expanded where it receives the gland. The ex- 
panded portion of the pedicle is thin and convex ven- 
trally, so as to fit the dorsal concavity of the gland; and 
the middle of its shallow dorsal concavity lies below and 
external to the outer edge of the sclerite. Back of the 
glands the pedicle extends backward and outward, but 
not so much in the latter direction as the long axis of 
the gland, so that the two form an obtuse angle inwardly. 
The part of the pedicle not having the gland attached is 
about as long as the other part, and it is somewhat more 
chitinous. It tapers backward, but ends in a foot- 
shaped expansion, with the toe turned outward. To this 
is attached a large, wide muscle which extends back- 
ward to its origin in the posterior part of the head cavity. 
At the posterior end of the gland, on the ventral surface, 
a duct arises which passes forward, attached closely to 
the gland, to its anterior end; here it leaves the gland and’ 
continues forward, but soon turns inwardly and dorsally, 
and then posteriorly, meeting and fusing with the duct 
from the gland of the other side. This common duct 
then runs backward to the sclerite, which it enters as al- 
ready described. ‘The relative positions of the glands 
and sclerite vary somewhat, since they are evidently 
movable structures, judging from the attached muscles, 
and ‘hence, also, the duct varies in position; but all such 
changes are slight. The free portion of the duct con- 
sists of an inner chitinous tube continuous with that 


2 
NEW MALLOPIIAGA. 453 


soldered to the glands, but in addition to this there is an 
outer portion composed of a series of closely set, chit- 
inous rings, surrounding the tube. Each gland is about 
as wide as the sclerite, but is considerably longer. 


Tue Moutu-PAarts oF GONIODES CERVINICORNIS. 
(Plate 1xi, figs. 6-9.) 

In Goniodes cervinicornts as in Hurymetopus taurus the 
mouth-parts are crowded far back on the ventral surface 
of the head, so that the bases of the mandibles lie pos- 
terior to the bases of the antenne, instead of in front of 
them, as in most of the Amblycera. 

The J/abium (plate lxi, fig. 7) has its anterior 
border between the bases of the antenne, and hence it is 
very much shortened from before, back. The part which 
seems to have suffered most in the crowding is the men- 
‘tum. It is narrow and not distinctly separated from the 
ligula, and is farther aborted by having lost its palpi. 
This condition is true not only inthe genera Aurymetopus 
and Gonzodes, but holds for the Ischnocera generally. 

The main sclerite of the labium isthe submentum. This 
is a large unchitinized sclerite, having a straight posterior 
border and a very concave anterior border. The sides 
present an obtusely angulated, convex margin. ‘The an- 
terior border is so deeply and roundly concave that it 
forms almost a semicircle. Its most posterior part is as 
far back as the middle of the lateral edge of the sclerite; 
hence there is a narrow portion projecting forward on each 
side. These reach as far anteriorly as a line joining the 
middle of the bases of the antenne. The rest of the 
labium is situated in the concavity of the anterior part of 
the submentum. It consists of the fused mentum and 
ligula (plate Ixi, fig. 7), and is divided into three lobes, two 
lateral and one median. The median lobe is almost 


454 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


square, and has its anterior border slightly emarginated 
and the anterior outer angles projecting a little. This 
lobe is thus composed of the glossz, which are separated 
only by the anterior emargination. The lateral lobes are 
rounded and bear the cylindrical paraglosse. These are 
almost identical with the paraglosse of Aurymetopus, 
being also more strongly chitinized than the rest of the 
labium, and bearing on their slightly expanded ends a few 
strong hairs with basal segments. They project ventrally 
and a little inward and forward, the distal ends being 
nearly always seen first on focussing down on a specimen 
toward the ventral surface. 

Back of the submentum is a narrow gular sclerite con- 
tinuous across the median line from the lateral portions 
of the head. 

The maxz//e (plate 1x1, fig. 6) are soft unchitinized struc- 
tures lying within the mouth cavity. Each is divided into 
three lobes: one basal, another terminal, and the other 
between these two. By the basal lobe the maxilla is 
attached to the wall of the head, and it projects inward 
into the mouth cavity. It is irregularly round in outline 
and is entirely unchitinized. The middle lobe is of about 
the same size as the first, and is joined to the latter by a 
constricted neck. This lobe projects forward and inward 
within the cavity of the mouth. The third lobe is the 
largest and is oval in profile, with the iong axis at right 
angles to that of the middle lobe, to which it is attached 
by a narrow neck at its inner and posterior aspect. This 
lobe, as well as the middle one, is entirely unchitinized. 
It projects out of the mouth cavity, and lies close behind 
the mandible of the same side. 

The mandzbles (plate 1xi, figs. 8 and 9) are large and 
strong; their bases lie some distance back of those of 
the antenne; they hang downward from the head ina 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 455 


plane almost perpendicular to it, but inclined very slightly 
forward; their tips meet in the middle line, so that they 
form an arch over or ventral to the mouth-opening. The 
anterior lateral projections of the submentum extend for- 
ward beyond the bases of the mandibles, and the glosse 
and paraglosse lie just back of their posterior margins. 
Hence the mentum, ligula and mandibles are all enclosed 
in the anterior semicircular border of the submentum. 
The right mandible is triangular in dorsoventral 
section. The ventral part is thickened and prolonged 
inwardly at the inner ventral angle, forming two large 
thick, bluntly pointed teeth. These are separated from 
each other only by a slight emargination, and they lie one 
anterior to the other. The anterior of these probably cor- 
responds with the dorsal tooth of the mandible of A nc7stro- 
na gigas; if so, it has changed its position so that its tip is 
as far forward as that of the posterior tooth, and these 
two have become fused into a single process. The ante- 
rior tooth, however, does not reach quite as far inwardly 
as the posterior one, and is also a little dorsal to it. Both 
of these positions correspond with those of the dorsal 
tooth of Anczstrona gigas and Lemobothrium. <A large 
thick process projects inwardly from the inner dorsal 
angle. This very evidently corresponds with the ex- 
tremely similar process from the posterior inner angle of 
the right mandible of Axc7strona, and with the less similar 
but certainly homologous process of Lemobothrium. 
This projection is the inner end of a posterior thickening 
of the mandible which bears near the outer angle of the 
base, on the posterior aspect, the articulating condyle. 
This projects dorsally, and fits into a socket on the ventral 
side of the head. On the anterior side of the mandible, 
somewhat more ventral than the condyle, is the articula- 
ting facet into which fits a condyle from the ventral surface 


456 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


of the head. The facet presents the peculiarity of having 
no inner wall, and is separated only by a constriction 
from a large cavity in the anterior thickened part of the 
mandible. This cavity is elongated in a line extending 
from the facet to the two teeth of the mandible. The 
posterior wall of the cavity is very thin. 

Attached to the dorsal border of the inner angle of the 
mandible is a large thin chitinous plate (plate 1x1, fig. 9, 
ch. pls.). This plate is thickened proximally and appears 
here darker than the rest. This part is also narrow, but 
distally the plate expands and becomes very thin and 
transparent. The distal border is not definite, being very 
thin and generally irregularly broken away. Attached 
to this plate are the retractor muscles of the mandible. 
The plate and muscles extend dorsally and very slightly 
backward from the mandible, since they lie in the same 
plane as the latter. From the outer posterior angle of 
the mandible there extends dorsally and outwarda slender, 
very thin, chitinous structure, which bears the extensor 
muscles of the mandible. These two sets of muscles are 
attached to the dorsal wall of the head. ‘The left mandi- 
ble is very similar to the right. The two teeth are more 
separated and are sharper. The process projecting 
inwardly from the base is slenderer and longer than on 
the right mandible. It arises a little ventral to the dorsal 
inner angle, and is slightly rounded ventrally, while the tip 
is again turned a little in the same direction. The 
muscles are attached in the same way as in the case of 
the right mandible. To the dorsal inner border. of 
each mandible there is attached, also, internal to the 
attachment of the plate, a fringe of large muscle fibers; 
these appear to be a second set of retractor muscles. 

In Goniodes cervinicornis there is a pharyngeal sclerite 
and pair of glands which are in every way similar to those 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 457 


of Hurymetopus taurus. Besides these, however, there 
are two forked rods projecting into the mouth cavity, as 
in the case of Ancistrona gigas. These rods are ex- 
tremely slender and difficult to dissect, but they lie just 
dorsal to the labium, and pass forward beneath the 
cesophagus, and ventral to the glands connected with the 
pharyngeal sclerite. Only the bifid tips project into the 
mouth. Near the anterior end muscle fibres are inserted 
which pass forward and downward to their origin on the 
dorsal side of the labium. These evidently serve to 
draw the rods forward. Those of Anczstrona gigas, 
which is enormous amongst Mallophaga, are almost invis- 
ible to the naked eye, being weakly chitinized, and only 
.5 mm. long by .o5 broad at the widest place. Only one 
specimen of the species of Lemobothrium described was 
had for dissection, and the rods may have been present 
but overlooked. Also it cannot be stated that they do 
not occur in Hurymetopus taurus. It is to be noticed 
that the genera Auxczstrona and Gonzodes belong to the 
two different subgroups of the Mallophaga. 


RESUME. 


From these detailed accounts of the mouth-parts of four 
genera of Mallophaga, equally divided between the two 
principal groups of the order, we may confidently make 
a summary statement of the condition of the mouth struct- 
ures of the Mallophaga. 

The mouth-parts are confined to the ventral aspect of 
the much flattened head, the frontal margin of the head 
being formed by the greatly developed clypeus. The 
labrum is the foremost of these ventrally located mouth 
structures, and is well developed, serving for prehension, 


and in some cases as a disk or platelike sucker for attach- 
Proc. Cau. ACAD. Sci., 2p SER., Vou. VI. ((32)) November 9, 1896, 


458 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ment. It appears as a simple flap lying in front of, and, 
when at rest, partly over the mandibles. 

The mandibles are large and strong, usually roughly 
triangular in profile, with at least one projecting sharp- 
pointed tooth, and one or two blunter teeth. Each man-, 
dible presents a characteristic facet and a condyle which 
articulate with two strong chitinous rami attached one to 
the ventral wall of the head and one to the dorsal wall. 
One ramus articulates by a condyle with the facet of the 
mandible, and the other by a facet with the condyle of 
the mandible. The mandibular muscles are exceptionally 
large. In the two genera of the suborder Amblycera, the 
mandibles lie ina plane parallel to the horizontal plane of 
the head, while in the two genera of the suborder, Isch- 
nocera, the mandibles project in a plane nearly or quite 
at right angles with the horizontal plane of the head. 
This remarkable difference is probably characteristic of 
the two main groups of the order. The mandibles, though 
varying somewhat in shape in the two groups, are essen- 
tially similar in general character and in manner of artic- 
ulation; the articulations in the Amblycera lie in a dorso- 
ventral line, while in the Ischnocera they lie in a cephalo- 
caudal line; if, however, the Amblycerous mandibles be 
assumed to be rotated through 90°, so that the anterior 
aspect becomes directed ventrally, all of the apparent dif- 
ferences in position of features and manner of articula- 
tion between the mandibles of the two suborders become 
reconciled. 

The maxzlle are greatly reduced, the basal and termi- 
nal sclerites so fused as to make it almost impossible to 
differentiate them, and the structure so feebly chitinized 
as to appear usually as a soft, small membranous lobe, 
lying almost wholly concealed within the mouth cavity. 
The inner border is sometimes chitinized, especially dis 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 459 


tally, and bears few to many small teeth. Sometimes the 
distal part of the maxilla is two-parted and these two parts 
may represent the galea and lacinia of the typical maxilla 
of the orthopterous type. The maxillary palpi are com- 
pletely lost, there being no indication of them on any of 
the maxillz examined. 

The /abzum (see, in addition to figures previously re- 
ferred to, plate Ixiti, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6) shows some 
considerable variation in the two suborders. In the Am- 
blycera it is a larger and more complete structure than 
in the Ischnocera. A distinct submentum, mentum, and 
ligula are always present, the ligula consisting of the two 
terminal lobes, glossa, and paraglossa of each constituent 
half of the labium, united at their bases. With the Am- 
blycera conspicuous 4-segmented palpi rising from a basal 
segment-like palpifer are always present; while with the 
Ischnocera palpi are wanting. The ventral or other sur- 
face of the labium is in some forms (see A ncistrona gigas ) 
provided with strong backward-projecting, pointed, some- 
times bipartite processes, as with Anczstrona gigas, Men- 
opon tridens, Menopon robustum, and others. These pro- 
cesses must subserve some holding on or clasping func- 
tion. 

A hypopharynx of elaborate structure was observed in 
Ancistrona gigas, but not in the other species dissected. 
Grosse refers to a delicate membranous fold of the ven- 
tral wall of the mouth, which in some forms projects be- 
yond the ligula as the hypopharynx. 

The ‘‘ forks’’ observed in Aunczstrona and in Goniodes— 
genera representing both suborders of Mallophaga—be- 
cause of their similarity to the familiar ‘‘ forks ’’ of the 
Psocide are of exceptional interest, and have not here- 
tofore been referred to in the literature of the Mallopha- 
gous mouth-parts. Most plainly discernible in Anczstrona, 


460 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


they are very small, fine, chitinous rods lying inside of 
the mouth above the labium, whose posterior ends are at- 
tached to the ventral wall of the head by muscles and 
whose anterior ends are shortly forked or bifurcated, and 
project through the lining of the ventral wall of the mouth, 
thus lying free and uncovered in the mouth cavity. 
Although not observed in the other two genera of Mallo- 
phaga dissected, it is not at all certain that they are not 
present, their extreme minuteness and delicacy making 
their discovery a matter of difficulty. 

The cesophageal sclerite and glands are also structures 
of extreme interest from their probable identity with 
similar structures in the Psocidze. ‘They do not appear to 
be present in all the Mallophagous genera; but I have ob- 
served them in a majority of the genera, viz., Docophorus, 
Nirmus, Lipeurus, Eurymetopus, Goniodes, Gontocotes, 
Giebelia, Oncophorus, Trichodectes, Colpocephalum, and 
Menopon; also in Piaget’s figures of Akzdoproctus the 
sclerite is indicated. I have found the sclerite and glands 
absentin Axc7strona, Nitzschia, Trinoton, Lemobothrium, 
and Physostomum. It will be noted that the sclerite and 
glands are present in all Ischnocera examined, and in two of 
the Amblycerous genera; while ina number of other Am- 
blycerous genera the structures are wanting. In Lemo- 
bothrium, where the sclerite is wanting, there is a pair 
of glands in the labium, evidently quite distinct from the 
cesophageal glands so far referred to. This cesophageal 
sclerite is a thickening of the chitinous intima of the 
pharynx, and appears asa bonnet-shaped sclerite lying 
on the ventral wall of the pharynx, with hollow part up- 
ward, with median groove closed behind, projecting pro- 
cesses at the anterior angles, and a pair of long slender 
‘‘ bonnet string ’’ pieces, which project dorsally and pass 
on either side of the pharynx, or csophagus, upward and 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 461 


around it, and attach by their ends to the dorsal wall of 
the head. Opening into the median groove from its ven- 
tral side is a small duct, which, followed to its source, is 
seen to come from the union of a pair of ducts, each one 
of which comes from an oval gland lying ventral to the 
sclerite, and fitting into a concavity on the anterior end of 
a weakly chitinized, pedicle-like structure, which projects 
backward and is attached by a foot-shaped expansion to 
a large, strong muscle. This sclerite, which I call the 
‘‘cesophageal sclerite,’’ shows distinctly through the dorsal 
and ventral walls of the head, so that it is usually a con- 
spicuous feature in the markings of the head, appearing 
as a V- or U-shaped mark with thickened sides (see this 
mark in the various figures illustrating the systematic part 
of this paper). It is this sclerite which has been called 
in the monographs of the European writers the labium, 
and in my ‘*‘ New Mallophaga, I,’’ I have constantly re- 
ferred to it by the same name. It is this sclerite, too, 
undoubtedly, which is the subject of Melnikoff’s refer- 
ences, in his embryological memoir, to a sucking appar- 
atus. Grosse refers to this sclerite as the Schlundskelett, 
and describes it, briefly, in TZetraopthalmus chilensis 
(= Menopon titan) and Goniodes dissimilis. He found 
also a chitin thickening of the dorsal wall of the pharynx, 
immediately above the ventral sclerite. 

The mouth-parts of the Mallophaga are distinctly fitted 
for biting; there are no mouth structures which iend any 
probability to the old theory that the Mallophaga took food 
by sucking. The peculiar pharyngeal structures, while 
not yet understood in point of function, are not at all of 
a character to suggest anything like a sucking function. 
Grosse comes to no definite conclusion regarding the 
function of these cesophageal sclerites, but he says: ‘‘Ich 
schliesse aus seinem Bau, dass derselbe nicht zum Saugen, 


462 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


sondern zur Ergreifung und zur Fiihrung der aufgenom- 
menen Federtheilchen dient.’’ All of my observation, as 
far as it goes, tends to substantiate the belief, based on 
the structure of the mouth-parts, that the Mallophaga 
take all their food by biting. I have seen them biting off 
and eating the bits of feathers, and the crop content, 
which shows plainly through the skin of many specimens, 
is always composed of tiny bits of feathers. 


CoMPARISON iwirnt tee, Mout Parkas tem 
ATHIED JENSHeT Ss? 


It should be of interest now to compare the mouth- 
parts of Mallophaga with the mouth-parts of those insects 
which have been placed in recent classifications nearest to 
the Mallophaga. Since the breaking down of Erichson’s 
catch-all order, Pseudo-Neuroptera, the association of the 
Mallophaga, Termitide, Perlide, Embidz, and Psocide, 
into the order Platyptera has been, until very recently, the 
usually accepted interpretation of the place of the Mallo- 
phaga among insects. The most recent classifications 
assign to the Perlids, Termites and Mallophaga ordinal 
rank. Undoubtedly the Mallophaga are to find their . 
affinities among the members of the group Platyptera, 
and it is, therefore, with the mouth-parts of these insects 
that I shall attempt to compare the Mallophagous mouth- 
parts. 


THe MouTru-PArts oF THE TERMITID AND THE PER- 
LIDA. 
(Plate lxiv, figs. 1-4.) 

The Termitide (White Ants) present a racial or gen- 
eralized condition of the simple Orthoptero-Neuropterous 
type of biting mouth-parts; free, strong, toothed man- 
dibles, working meso-laterally; maxille (plate Exiv, fies 223) 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 463 


well developed, with distinct cardo, stipes, palpifer, 4- 
segmented palpus, and both terminal lobes, the lacinia 
sharply two-pointed, and the outer hoodlike galea fleshy ; 
labium (plate lxiv, fig. 1) with elongate elliptical sub- 
mentum, mentum, 3-segmented palpi, and ligula showing 
in each half both glossa and paraglossa. The Termite 
species whose mouth-parts I figure to illustrate the gen- 
eral character of the Termite mouth structures is 7Zermop- 
sts angusticollis, a large form common in California. 

The Perlide, as the Termitide, present the generalized 
biting type. In the adult Perlids, to be sure, the mouth- 
parts seem to be hardly functional, being reduced to a 
semimembranous condition, with some correlated changes 
inform. In the nymphs, however, the usual Orthopter- 
ous form is shown. I have figured the mouth structures 
of a nymph of Perla (plate Ixiv, figs. 3 and 4). The 
mandibles of the adult are very small and but slightly 
chitinized. 


THe MouTuH-PAarTs oF THE PSOCIDA. 
(Plate Ixiv, figs. 5-11.) 


The mouth-parts of the Psocidz present a modified or 
specialized type of biting mouth-parts. They have been 
the subject of some study and some dispute, and perhaps 
are not yet fully understood. An especially confusing 
feature is the presence of the ‘‘forks,’’ and characteris- 
tic and little understood organs are the paired ‘‘ lingual 
glands’’ lying ‘‘ within the tongue.’’ The best paper on 
the Psocid mouth-parts is one by Edward Burgess,* in 
which special attention is given the forks and the lingual 
glands. . 


*Burgess, Edward. The Anatomy of the Head, and the Structure of the 
Maxille in the Psocide. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1878, vol. xix, p. 
291, pl. viii. 


464. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


In the two subfamilies of the Psocide, the winged 
Psocine and the degraded, wingless Atropine, the atti- 
tude of the head varies from a hanging or vertical posi- 
tion in the Psocinz to the nearly horizontal position of 
Atropos. With the change from vertical to horizontal 
position there goes a marked flattening of the head, so 
that the head of Atrofos (plate Ixiv, figs. 5 and 7) in its 
horizontally projected attitude, its flattened condition, and 
the limiting of the mouth-parts to the ventral aspect of the 
head, shows both in its relation to the body of the insect 
and in its own shape and condition, a great similarity to 
the horizontal, flattened head of the Mallophaga. The 
clypeus of Atrofos is large, projecting far forward, and, 
as in the Mallophaga, forms the frontal margin of the 
head, the labrum lying on the ventral aspect of the head 
(plate lxiv, fig. 5). All the mouth-parts lie on the ven- 
tral aspect of the head (plate lxiv, fig. 5) The mandi- 
bles (plate Ixiv, figs. 5, 6, and 8) are strong, toothed, 
and present distinct protruding condyles wholly similar 
in position and general character to those of the Mallo- 
phaga (see plates Ix—Ixili). The maxille (plate Ixiv, fig. 
5) I do not understand, but there are no conspicuous ter- 
minal free lobes; there is a large basal part, and artic- 
ulating with it the conspicuous 4-segmented palpi. The 
fork is long and slender, projecting farther forward than 
the front margins of the closed mandibles. The labium 
(plate lxiv, fig. 5) shows a large elongate submentum, a 
hexagonal mentum, and a ligula composed of two large, 
free outer lobes, and a median bilobed part composed of 
the inner lobes of the two sides partly coalesced. Ac- 
cording to Burgess what I have called outer lobes are the 
reduced 1-segmented palpi. In addition the esophageal 
sclerite (described hereafter for Psocws under the name 
‘* esophageal bone’’) shows through the basal part of the 
labium. . 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 465 


Burgess has studied the mouth-parts of Psocus in detail, 
and for the sake of his accounts of the forks, and of the 
cesophageal sclerite and lingual glands, those structures 
so characteristic of the Psocide, and probably—certainly, 
in the case of cesophageal sclerite and lingual glands— 
quite as characteristic of the Mallophaga, I quote from 
his paper referred to, as follows :— 

‘*The maxilla in Psocus is hinged to the head by a 
small obscure piece which is immovably soldered to a 
larger joint. The first piece represents, probably, the 
cardo of a typical maxilla (plate Ixiv, fig. 10, c) and the 
second the stipes(f). The stipes bears outwardly the 
4-jointed maxillary palpus, while inwardly is hinged a 
thick, fleshy lobe, broad at the base, but soon contracting 
and curving inward. The tip is flat and has a broad, 
oval outline on the inside, and is strengthened by several 
imbedded chitinous rods and other pieces. This lobe, 
by its position and shape, is doubtless homologous with 
the ordinary outer maxillary lobe, or galea, of the other 
Orthoptera. Behind the lobe, that is between it and the 
tongue, lies the ‘horny process’ of Westwood’s descrip- 
tion, or ‘fork,’ as I shall call it. This is a slender, more 
or less curved chitinous rod with a forked bifid tip, and 
two or three times as long as the outer lobe (plate lxiv, 
figs. g and 10, f). The distal portion of the fork, about 
one-third or less of its length, projects through the lining 
membrane of the mouth. At this point the fork is stout- 
est, and from it, it tapers to either end, the outer portion 
being stouter than the inner. The membrane where it is 
united with the fork is delicate and elastic, thus permit- 
ting the fork to be projected forward or drawn back at 
will. Within the head the fork is held in position by 
muscles inserted on its base, which unite it with the lobe 
and stipes of the maxilla, and by a ligament which runs 


466 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


backward to the top of the head. Of these muscles one 
is inserted on the base of the lobe; two others are in- 
serted apparently within the stipes; by their contraction 
the fork is thrown forward out of the mouth, or moved 
about. The backward-running cord, which is double, is 
apparently neither muscular nor the tendon of a muscle, 
but simply an elastic ligament to draw the fork back, and 
probably the membrane pierced by the fork aids in the 
same movement. The fork is still further held in place 
by the flexor muscles of the stipes and lobe which pass 
behind it and serve to bind it down against the lobe. 

‘‘In the maxilla we have recognized cardo, stipes, and 
outer lobe, and one naturally asks if the fork is the homo- 
logue of the inner lobe of the typical maxilla, or an inde- 
pendent organ. At present I must incline to the latter 
view, although some may regard the absence of anything 
else to represent the inner lobe as sufficient evidence of 
their homology. But there is no articulation of any kind 
between the fork and the outer lobe, and the peculiarity 
of the muscular connections seem rather to favor the idea 
that the fork may represent an independent organ. 

‘The maxilla and mandibles occupy the lower half of 
the large oral cavity which opens above into a thick-walled 
cesophagus. Below the opening of the cesophagus lies a 
bone which may be, fancifully likened to a lady’s bonnet 
upside down (plate Ixiv, fig. 11 and @. 0b. fig. 9); the 
high front lies along the oral cavity at about half way up; 
two narrow extensions, representing the bonnet strings, 
run forward and upward, embracing the csophagus. 
The great bundles of short muscles filling the large 
vaulted clypeus (plate Ixiv, fig. 9) are attached to the 
ends of these strings, and by their contraction close the 
cesophagus. Just below the ‘front’ a fine duct opens 
which is the common duct of a pair of lingual glands, 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 467 


presently to be described. Just below this bone there is 
a double elevated ridge covered with short hairs (plate 
iW figs 11): 

‘*'The lower lip (plate Ixiv, fig. 10) is composed of an 
oblong mentum (mw) bearing a larger labium (/6) nar- 
rowed at the base, then expanding so as to have a bisin- 
uate, almost S-shaped lateral outline; the lower edge 
bears two short, broad lobes, and two stumpy, one- 
jointed * palpi (/7.~.). The labium in profile (plate Ixiv, 
fig. 9) is very thick, and the lower edge is divided into 
two narrow lamin, while still a third lamina, well sepa- 
rated from the first two, forms the tongue (plate Ixiv, 
fig. 9,7). Within the tongue lie a pair of peculiar organs 
which may be called the lingual glands (plate lxiv, figs. 
g and 10, /.g.); these can be seen through the semitrans- 
parent mentum and labium, as in plate Ixiv, fig. 10, offer- 
ing an irregular, obovate outline. A short duct from the 
lower end of each gland leads into a common duct (/.d. ) 
which opens in the cesophageal bone as already de- 
scribed. 

‘*The ducts curve over the lower end of the glands and 
run up their posterior surface, to which they are soldered 
nearly to the top. The line of the ducts, together with 
the lateral outlines, give the glands a three-cornered shape, 
somewhat like that of a butternut. A little triangular cap 
fits on the summit of each gland, and on it is inserted a 
suspensory muscle, the upper end of which is attached to. 
the cranium (plate Ixiv, figs. 9 and 10, g.m.). The spec- 
imens at my command have not been fresh enough to 
study the histology of these organs, but they seem to be 
composed of an outer sack, with a thin tough wall which 


‘** With Westwood I regard these pieces as true palpi, and not as a sec- 
ond pair of labial lobes.” 


468 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


is light yellow and has a slightly roughened or granular 
surface. The interior is filled with cells, and perhaps 
may be glandular. The excretory ducts are thick-walled 
and strengthened by circular threads, as is often the case 
with the salivary ducts of *insects.”’ 

Scudder in his note ‘‘on the structure of the head of 
Atropos,’’ in ‘‘ Psyche,’’ 1877, vol. ii, p. 49, gives a differ- 
ent account of the fork, saying that ‘‘instead of forming 
a single, simple, rodlike process, this inner lobe [fork] 
is three or four times as long as has been presumed, and 
is two-jointed, the apical point lying, when the organ is 
at rest, beside the basal joint, which is attached to the 
maxilla at the extreme base of the latter; the basal joint 
is directed backward and lies almost directly beneath the 
basal portion of the apical joint.’’ Mr. Scudder believes 
that the fork is without any doubt homologous with the 
customary inner lobe, or lacinia of the maxilla. As will 
be noted in the foregoing quotation from Burgess, this 
author believes Scudder’s account of the fork as a two- 
segmented organ to be erroneous, and he inclines to the 
belief that the fork is 4n independent organ, and not a 
part of the maxilla. 


COMPARISON AND CONCLUSIONS. 


But little special attention need be given to the com- 
parison of the mouth-parts of the Mallophaga with those 
of the-Termitide and Perlidea. The last named families 
(or orders) show the simple Orthoptero-Neuropterous 


‘««* The salivary ducts in most insects open by distinct apertures into the 
cesophagus; still, they unite into a common duct in many Diptera and 
some Orthoptera (see Siebold, Anat. Invert.). Siebold excepts only Mantis 
among the Orthoptera, but Blatta, Termes and the Acrydians, at least, 
must be added. The occurrence of salivary glands confined within the 
head is also unusual, but not without precedent.” 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 469 


type of mouth-parts, and offer besides this no special 
resemblances to the Mallophagous condition. There is 
no indication in the mouth-parts of the Termitide, 
wingless and specialized though the Termites are, of 
modifications in the direction of the Mallophagous mouth- 
parts. In fact, considering the food habits of the Termites 
and the specialization (by degradation) of their bodies, 
the mouth-parts show a surprising faithfulness to the 
simple usual Orthopterous type. 

It is in the comparison of the Mallophagous mouth- 
parts with those of the Psocidz that such interesting re- 
semblances and parallel or homologous structures appear 
as to give basis for a belief in the near relationship of the 
two groups. 

The comparison of the mouth-parts of the Mallophaga 
and the Psocide is not made here for the first time. In 
1887 Dr. A. 5. Packard read a paper before the Amer- 
ican Philosophical Society entitled: ‘* On the Systematic 
Position of the Mallophaga,’’ in which he makes such a 
comparison. Dr. Packard based his paper on the studies 
of Melnikow and Grosse on the Mallophaga, and of 
Burgess on the Psocide, and on his (Packard’s) own 
studies. In this paper attention is called to the general 
similarities shown in the two groups in the position of the 
mouth structures, due to the great development of the 
clypeus, in the shape of the mandibles, in the reduction 
of the maxille, etc. 

In the light, however, of the preceding detailed ac- 
counts of the mouth-parts of Anczstrona, Lemobothrium, 
feurymetopus and Goniodes (Mallophaga), with their de- 
tailed descriptions of the cesophageal sclerites and glands, 
and the ‘‘forks’”’ of Axczstrona and Goniodes, the com- 
parison of the Mallophagous and Psocid mouth struc- 
tures may profitably be carried farther than has yet been 
done. 


470 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


The flattening of the head, with the great development 
of the clypeus, and the restriction of the mouth-parts to 
the ventral aspect of the head, so characteristic of the 
Mallophaga, is quite as characteristic of Atropos, the 
wingless, degraded Psocid. Among the winged Psocide 
the head hangs vertically, and although there is a similar 
great development of clypeus, there is less flattening of 
the head and less general resemblance. The peculiar 
condition of the labrum in the Mallophaga, lying as it 
does on the ventral aspect of the produced clypeus, finds 
an identical repetition in A¢ropos; a point which Packard 
seems to have overlooked when he says that the Mal- 
lophaga differ from the Psocids in having the labrum 
covered by the clypeus. In the winged Psocidez the 
head is not horizontal as with the Mallophaga and Atrofos, 
and the labrum is attached to the ventral margin of the 
clypeus. 

The mandibles of Adrofos present a really striking 
similarity with those of the Amblycerous Mallophaga. 
The details of teeth, condyles, facets, and musculation are 
extraordinarily alike. 

The maxille of the Psocide are greatly reduced, re- 
taining, however, a well developed palpus. In the Mal- 
lophaga the reduction of the maxille is carried still farther, 
the palpi having become completely atrophied. 

The labium of the Psocide (of A/ropos in particular) 
and of the Mallophaga is modified along essentially simi- 
lar lines. One important distinction, however, is the 
presence of well developed labial palpi in one suborder 
of the Mallophaga. 

Not brought out in any previous discussion of the Mal- 
lophagous mouth-parts, and, perhaps, more striking than 
the points of resemblance so far noted, is the practical 
identity of the cesophageal sclerite and accompanying 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 471 


glands of the Mallophaga, with the characteristic ‘‘cesoph- 
and glands of the Psocide. The comparison 
of these structures in the two groups reveals an agree- 


b dit 


ageal bone 


ment in position and character so nearly identical as to 
preclude any supposition of independent origin. Also, 
there is to be noted the presence, in certain genera of the 
Mallophaga, of a pair of ‘‘ forks,’’ very much reduced 
in size, and not yet well understood. These forks seem 
very like the familiar and characteristic Psocid forks, so 
far apparently found among no other insects. 

It is not intended to discuss here, at all, the probable 
relationship of the Psocide and Mallophaga, simply to 
point out the peculiar and interesting similarity of mouth 
structures, as so far brought out in the study of the 
groups. It is of interest to note in this connection the 
rather similar food habits of the two groups, the Psocide 
feeding on dry, dead organic matter, such as wood and 
paper, dried insects, and dried bird and mammal skins; 
and the Mallophaga feeding on the dry, dead dermal 
scales, hairs, and feathers of mammals and birds. Ihave 
found Atrofos not infrequently in the nests of birds. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 


DOCOPHORUS. 


Docophorus taurocephalus n. sp. (Plate lxv, fig. 1.) 


Two males anda female from an American Rough- 
legged Hawk, Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Law- 
rence, Kansas). A member of the group dilatatoclypeati, 
found on eagles and hawks and characterized by the 
more or less prominent, uncolored frontal expansion of 
the clypeus. The new form resembles Nitzsch’s gono- 
rhynchus (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 70), from Astur 


472 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


nisus, in the emargination of the clypeus, and it shows, 
also, what Piaget affirms to be merely an individual 
character, the effacement of a distinctly limited signature, 
as spoken of by Nitsch. The new form is markedly 
larger than gonorhynchus, and the male has no transverse 
linear blotch on the last segment. 

Description of male. Body, length 2.06 mm., width 
I mm.; strongly colored. 

Head, length .78 mm., width .78 mm.; thus being very 
large in proportion to the size of the body; front with 
shallow emargination, the projecting lateral parts angu- 
lated; clypeus expanded laterally behind these frontal 
angles, and the uncolored expanded portion bearing two 
conspicuous, longish hairs; a short marginal hair just in 
front of the suture, and two longish hairs rising on dorsal 
surface and projecting beyond margin between suture 
and trabecule; trabecule broad, not reaching beyond 
end of segment I of antenna; eye projecting, pendulous, 
with angulated cornea, and bearing a hair; temporal 
margins flatly rounded and bearing four long hairs, and 
on occipital side of posterior angle a short hair; occipital 
margin nearly straight, bare; general color of head light 
translucent brown; signature indistinctly limited, its 
lateral margins obscured by the strong inner bands; an- 
tennal and occipital bands strongly marked and continu- 
ous; ocular bands distinctly indicated; suture distinct, 
interrupting the antennal bands; antennal and inner bands 
paling anteriorly; temporal regions brown, with narrow 
darker outer margin. 

Prothorax short, broad, with uneven rounding sides, 
and a single hair in each posterior angle, the angle being 
slightly tumid; broad, apparently divided, lateral bands 
pale outwardly, and bending in along the posterior margin 
of the segment. Metathorax short, with sinuous, very 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 473 


obtusely angled posterior margin, bearing on the mesal 
third eight weak, non-pustulated hairs, and in the lateral 
angles two longer and stronger hairs; large, transverse, 
lateral blotches separated by a narrow, uncolored, mesal, 
linear space widening anteriorly; legs pale brown, with 
dark brown markings on dorsal margins of femora and 
tibiz. 

Abdomen broadly elliptical, short, segments projecting 
little or not at all at sides, and with two to three long 
hairs in posterior angles; a single, transverse series of 
hairs on dorsal surface of each segment; lateral trans- 
verse blotches large, and with pointed inner ends; lateral 
bands darker, not distinctly limited; posterior margin of 
last segment flatly rounded, with numerous longish hairs 
which are confined to the lateral portions of the margin. 

Female. Body, length 2.53 mm., width 1.04 mm.; 
head, length .87 mm., width .87 mm.; the lateral abdom- 
inal blotches much4shorter, the hind body tapering poste- 
riorly, and the ninth segment narrow, uncolored, tapering 
behind, and narrowly angularly emarginated so as to 
produce two short acute points. 


Docophorus alienus n. sp. (Plate lIxv, fig. 2.) 


Found ona Yellow-shafted Flicker, Co/aptes auratus 
(Lawrence, Kansas). This species does not resemble 
any of Nitzsch’s or Piaget’s Docophori taken from wood- 
peckers, but belongs to Piaget’s group /atifrontes, found 
on the cuckoos. The group is characterized, according 
to Piaget, by the width and emargination of the clypeus, 
and by the large size of the posterior legs. The clypeal 
characters are presented by this new form, but the pos- 
terior legs are not especially enlarged. 

Description of the male. Body, length 1.62 mm., 


width 7 mm.; the only specimen is a recently moulted 
Proc, Cau. ACAD. ScI., 2D SreR., VoL. V1. (33)) November 11, 1896. 


474 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


one, so that the chitinization is incomplete, and the color is 
nearly lacking. If it were not for the well marked clypeal 
characters, which indicate its affinities unmistakably, I 
should not describe the specimen. 

Head, length 56 mm., width 53 mm.; front broad, an- 
gularly emarginated; two submarginal hairs between the 
suture and the anterior angles of the clypeus, of which 
the hinder is much the longer; a short hair at the suture, 
and three short ones in front of the trabecule; the tra- 
beculz very long, reaching to end of segment 2 of an- 
tenn; eye prominent, with a hair and black fleck; four 
longish hairs on temporal margin; occipital and antennal 
bands pale, but evidently to be well chitinized; signature 
broad, emarginate on anterior margin. 

Prothorax short, with rounding angles, and with single 
hair in posterior angles; indications of strong, even, lat- 
eral bands. Metathorax obtusely angled on abdomen, 
with a series of pustulated hairs along posterior margin; 
indications of large lateral blotches. Legs concolorous 
with body. 

Abdomen broadly elliptical, with long hairs in posterior 
angles of segments, and one transverse row of hairs across 
each segment; lateral transverse blotches are indicated, 
and narrow dark lateral bands are present; transverse 
blotches extending across segment 8; genitalia short, 
broad, confined to segments 8-9. 


Docophorus incisus n. sp. (Plate Ixv, fig. 3.) 

Found ona Bluebird, Svalza seals (Lawrence, Kansas), 
and on a Cedar Waxwing, Ampelis cedrorum (Lawrence, 
Kansas). 

General characters of communis, but with front of cly- 
peus narrower and deeply emarginated; signature with 
anterior margin emarginated and unevenly chitinized; 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 475 


temporal angles more convexly rounded; metathorax ob- 
tusely angled on abdomen, and with transverse blotch, 
with posterior margin not parallel with the posterior mar- 
gin of the segment; thorax relatively broader than in 
communis. Measurements of male: Body, length 1.72 
mm., width .75 mm.; head, length .59 mm., width .56 
mm. Female: Body, length 2.12 mm., width .go mm. ; 
head, length .63 mm., width .63 mm. 


Docophorus domesticus n. sp. (Plate lxv, fig. 4.) 


Males, females, and young taken from the Purple Mar 
tin, Progne subis (Lawrence, Kansas). Most nearly like 
Nitzsch’s exczsus (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 88, pl. xi, 
figs. 1, 2, 3) found on //zrundo urbica and Cypselus 
apus, but markedly larger. Piaget calls exczsus one of 
the smallest Docophorz known, and gives the average 
length of the males as 1. to 1.1 mm., and of the females 
as 1.2. My specimens average in length, males, 1.47 
mm., females, 2 mm. 

Description of the male. Body, length 1.47 mm., 
width .59mm.; thorax and head pale golden brown, with 
light brown markings; abdomen darker, with large dark 
brown lateral blotches. 

Head, length .5 mm., width .48 mm.; front of clypeus 
emarginated rather squarely, the bounding mesal angles 
of the clypeus nearly rectangular; a longish prominent 
hair rising from the dorsal surface near the margin in 
each rounded latero-anterior angle of the clypeus, a short 
marginal hair behind it, another at the suture, two others 
close together and rising from the dorsal surface near the 
margin behind the suture, and a single short, marginal 
hair just in front of the trabecule; the trabecule large, 
acutely pointed, reaching middle of segment 2 of an- 
tenne; antenne, if projected backwards, -reach the 


476 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


posterior margin of the head; eye prominent, with a 
longish hair; temporal margin with one hair behind, but 
close to the eye, and two other hairs and two prickles; 
occipital margin sinuous, bare; signature indistinct, with 
anterior margin emarginate; no distinct posterior point; 
occipital bands brown, forking; antennal bands pale 
smoky brown, interrupted. + 

Prothorax with rounding sides and angles, rather long, 
and with a single hair near eachend of posterior margin ; 
a broad, even, translucent, lateral band. Metathorax 
rather long, angulated on abdomen, with a series of pus- 
tulated hairs along posterior margin and a broad, lateral, 
brown band along the antero-lateral sides. Legs robust, 
pale brown, with dark brown marginal markings and few 
scattered hairs. 

Abdomen broadly elliptical, segments projecting slightly 
laterally, with one to two or three long hairs in the pos- 
terior angles; dorsal surface with numerous weak hairs 
arranged in transverse lines, a single series on each seg- 
ment; segments 1-7 with large, dark brown, transverse, 
lateral blotches, each blotch with an uncolored stigmatal 
spot, and a few demi-pustulations with hairs along the 
posterior margin; segment 8 with a curving transverse 
blotch entirely across segment, and segment g wholly 
colored; a broad uncolored suture between segments 8 
and g; the chitinized parts of the genitalia distinct, short, 
broad; posterior margin of ninth segment rounded (para- 
bolic) with a few longish hairs. 

Female. Body, length 2 mm., width .84 mm.; head, 
length .56 mm., width .56 mm.; last segment of abdomen 
with slight angular emargination; genital blotch large, 
conspicuous. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 474 


Docophorus distinctus n. sp. (Plate Ixv, fig. 5.) 

Many specimens, males, females, and young, trom the 
American Raven, Corvus corax sinuatus (Colorado). 
This form belongs to the corv7nicole infesting the Cor- 
vini and is of the type atropict? characterized by the 
whitish ground color of the body, and sharp black mark- 
ings. The new species differs from Nitzsch’s atratus 
(Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 81, pl. ix, fig. 10) from Cor- 
vus frugilegus by the long hairs of the clypeus; from 
Nizsch’s ocellatus (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 81, pl. ix, 
figs. 7 and 8), from C. cornzx and C. corone, by lacking 
the strongly marked bands on the temples, and by the 
short signatures; and differs from Piaget’s a/dzdus (Les 
Pediculines, p. 48, pl. iii, fig. 6) from C. scapzlatus by 
the pustulated hairs of temples and metathorax. 

Description of the male. Body, length 2 mm., width 
1.06 mm.; ground color whitish with distinct, sharply 
defined, black markings. 

Head, length .63 mm., width .72 mm.; very broad in 
front and truncate; five long marginal hairs on each side 
of forehead, one at base of antennz, one in eye, one 
just behind the eye, and three on the temporal margins; 
occipital margin straight, bare; antenna with segment 1 
large and swollen, segment 2 slender and longest, seg- 
ments 3-5 short, subequal and colored dark brown, seg- 
ments I-2 uncolored; signature very short, or at least 
with only a short, oblong, anterior part colored; antennal 
bands broad, irreyular, interrupted at the suture, and 
with subparallel inner bands; occipital bands very dis- 
tinct, diverging and meeting the expanded basal extrem- 
ities of the antennal bands; ocular bands narrow, distinct, 
and extending around behind the eye: a shield-shaped 
occipital signature showing through. 

Prothorax narrow, with strong, black, lateral borders, 


478 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


and a fainter narrow diagonal line running inward and 
backward from each side; the pericoxal and intercoxal 
lines of prosternum showing through; one hair in each 
posterior angle. Metathorax angulated on abdomen, with 
a series of pustulated hairs along posterior margin; ante- 
ro-lateral sides with strong black border; postero-lateral 
sides with paler, brown, linear, tapering blotch. Legs 
concolorous with body, with black marginal and annular 
markings. 

Abdomen very broadly elliptical, suborbicular; not 
turbinated; with long weak hairs in posterior angles; last 
segment flatly rounded behind; the transverse lateral 
blotches smoky brown, with darker lateral borders, large 
uncolored stigmatal spots, and about six demi-pulstulations 
along the posterior margin of each blotch; some of the 
outermost of these pustulations are complete; many weak 
hairs on dorsal surface; genitalia showing distinctly in 
segments 6-9, broad and shortly three-pronged posteri- 
orly; segment 8 with transverse blotch entirely across 
segment; segment 9 uncolored. 

Female. Body, length 2.5 mm., width 1.34 mm.; 
head, length .72 mm., width .81.; abdomenmore elongate, 
the lateral transverse blotches a little shorter, the poste- 
rior margin of the last segment with shallow emargination ; 
last segment with two short, longitudinal, lateral blotches; 
a broad semielliptical genital blotch with backward-pro- 
jecting mesal point showing through from below. 


Docophorus transpositus n. sp. (Plate lxv, fig. 6.) 

A single female from a Cow Bunting, J/olothrus ater 
(Lawrence, Kansas). This new Docophorus is a member 
of Piaget’s group forficulatz, whose members have been 
found hitherto onlyon the Psittacine. The distinguishing 
character of the group is the forcipated clypeal front. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 479 


This forcipated clypeus is found also in D. pertusus N. 
(on Fulica) of the group emargzinatz. 

Description of female. Body, length 2 mm., width .g 
mm.; forehead light golden brown, hindhead dark brown, 
thorax and abdomen strongly blotched with dark brown, 
abdomen with interrupted narrow, black, lateral bands. 

Head, length .56 mm., width .59 mm.; front with a 
subcircular emargination enclosed in front by mesad- 
projecting, acute, forceps-like points; no marginal hairs 
on forehead excepting three or four short ones just in 
front of trabeculae; the trabecule are rather long, reach- 
ing beyond end of segment 1 of antenna; eye with a 
hair; temporal margins with two longish hairs and a short 
one between them; occipital margin sinuous, bare; sig- 
nature broad and very pale, and indistinct anteriorly, 
with a short, obtuse, posterior point which is darker 
colored; antennal bands broad, short, paling into general 
color of forehead; ocular bands fairly distinct, as also 
the occipital bands; temporal regions dark brown with 
narrow blackish border outwardly; a narrow black occi- 
pital border. 

Prothorax with rounding sides and angles, with a single 
weak hair in each posterior angle; broad, dark brown 
lateral borders paling outwardly and darkest in posterior 
angles; two indistinct narrow dark lines running diago- 
nally inward from each lateral border. Metathorax with 
rounding lateral angles, obtusely angled on abdomen and 
with a series of pustulated hairs along posterior margin; 
two linear transversal blackish blotches projecting inward 
from each side, the anterior blotch much the larger and 
more distinct. Legs dark brown with blackish marginal 
markings and semiannulations at extremities of femora. 

Abdomen obovate, sides somewhat turbinate but with 
the projecting angles rounded; segments 3-6 with two 


480 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


or three short hairs in posterior angles, segment 7 with 
one hair in angle; segment 8 much narrower than segment 
7 and somewhat retracted into it; segment 9 hardly visi- 
ble, being almost wholly concealed within segment 8; 
segment I with complete transverse blotch deeply me- 
dianly emarginated on its anterior margin; segments 2-7 
with lateral, dark brown, transverse blotches separated by 
the paler median third of the body surface and blunt 
within; each blotch with a distinct uncolored stigmatal 
spot, but without pustulated hairs; blotch of segment 8 
extending entirely across segment; four longitudinal rows 
of weak nonpustulated hairs, two rows in median paler 
space, and one row in each lateral series of transverse 
blotches; distinct, black, lateral bands ye posteri- 
orly and segmentally interrupted. 


Docophorus evagans n. sp. (Plate lxvi, fig. 2.) 


Taken from the Downy Woodpecker, Dryobates pubes- 
cens (Lawrence, Kansas). This Docophorus is a mem- 
ber of Piaget’s woodpecker infesting group angustzfrontes, 
characterized by the anterior narrowing of the head with 
small trabecule, and the elongate Nirmoid form of the 
body. It departs from the more typical forms of the 
group, however, in the relatively wide clypeal front. 

Description of male. Body, length 2 mm., width .62 
mm.; body color pale yellowish brown, with narrow dark 
brown marginal markings. 

Head, length .53 mm., width .47 mm.; triangular but 
relatively longer, and with wider frontal apex than in 
other Docophori of this group; two very short hairs in 
anterior clypeal angles, one at suture and two in front of 
trabecule; the trabecule are acute and reach to the end 
of segment r of antenne; antenne slender; eye not 
prominent, with a hair and small black fleck; temporal 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 481 


margins with two longish hairs; occipital margin weakly 
concave, almost straight and bare; narrow antennal bands, 
and temporal borders shining dark brown. 

Prothorax short, with narrow marginal band and no 
hairs. Metathorax acutely angled on abdomen, the angle 
produced; beginning in lateral angle five long hairs along 
each latero-posterior margin, the mesal third of the pos- 
terior margin being free from hairs; a narrow, indistinct, 
lateral border. Legs concolorous with body, with nar- 
row, dark brown, marginal markings. Sternum with 
narrow distinct intercoxal lines. 

Abdomen elongate, subparallel-sided; a single longish 
hair in posterior angles of segments 3-4, and two hairs 
in angles of segments 5-8; two hairs also in middle of 
lateral margin of segment 8; segment 9 uncolored, nar- 
rowed and slightly emarginated behind; narrow, trans- 
lucent, brown lateral bands, and faint indications of 
median transversal blotches which are probably the light 
brown transversal blotches of the under side showing 
through. 


Docophorus jungens n. sp. (Plate Ixvi, fig. 4.) 

Found on two specimens of the Flicker, Co/aptes aura- 
tus (Lawrence, Kansas). The new form belongs to Pia- 
get’s group angustifrontes, found on the woodpeckers, and 
presents the characteristic narrow clypeal front, the small 
trabeculae, and elongate Nirmoid body. The members of 
the group undoubtedly stand in the position of gradatory 
forms between Docophorus and irmus. 

Description of the male. Body, length 1.75 mm., width 
.65 mm.; very pale brownish, with darker marginal mark- 
ings. 

Head, length .56 mm., width .50 mm.; triangular, with 
narrow, anteriorly tapering clypeus which is concave in 


482 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


front; two short hairs just beyond the anterior angles, 
one short hair at the suture, and two siightly longer ones 
in front of the rather small trabeculae; eye distinct, with 
a long hair; temporal margins flatly convex, with two 
long hairs; occipital margin weakly concave and sinuous, 
bare; ground color of head pale yellowish brown with 
narrow dark brown antennal bands, pale colored signa- 
ture and narrow brown temporal margins fading out pos- 
teriorly; cesophageal sclerite showing through, and oc- 
cipital bands indicated, especially at their posterior ends. 

Prothorax small, with slightly rounded rectangular pos- 
terior angles and straight posterior margin, with one hair 
in posterior angles; pale lateral borders which bend in- 
ward at posterior angles. Metathorax short, broad, an- 
gulated on abdomen, with indistinct lateral blotch and six 
hairs along each latero-posterior margin arranged in two. 
groups of three each. Legs concolorous with the pale 
body, with darker marginal blotches on femora and tibie. 

Abdomen narrow, with few longish hairs in posterior 
angles of segments and a transverse series of a few long- 
ish hairs across each segment interrupted in the middle; 
lateral bands translucent pale brown, the segmental por- 
tions passing the sutures and projecting somewhat inward ; 
indications of median transverse bands; last segment con- 
spicuous, projecting, flatly rounded behind, and with a few 
longish hairs; genitalia showing through body wall. 

Female. Body, length 1.93 mm., width .68 mm.; head, 
length .56 mm., width .58 mm.; abdomen more elongate 
and subparallel-sided; eighth segment with transverse 
blotch entirely across segment; ninth segment slightly 
angularly emarginate behind. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 483 


Docophorus californiensis n. sp. (Plate lxvi, fig. 6.) 


Numerous specimens, male, female, and young from 
several specimens of the California Woodpecker, J/e/a- 
ner pes formicivorous baird? (Palo Alto, California). An- 
other member of the engustifrontes, of same size and out- 
line as the last, but with strong and characteristic mark- 
ings. It is very like D. superczliosus N. (Giebel, Insecta 
Epizoa, p. 94, pl. x, fig. 3), the type of the group taken 
by Nitzsch, Denny, and Piaget from Picus major and P. 
viridis. It appears to differ.from swpPerczlzosus in the pos- 
session of hairs in the posterior angles of the prothorax, 
in the absence of numerous hairs on dorsal surface of ab- 
domen, and in the sharper and more pronounced mark- 
ings. ; 

Description of the male. Body, length 1.75 mm., 
width .62 mm.; pale smoky brown, with dark brown to 
black bands and blotches. 

Head, length .53 mm., width .47 mm.; triangular, 
forehead tapering, and clypeal front narrow and slightly 
concave, with two hairs in the anterior angles, one shorter 
one between angle and suture, a longer one just in front 
of suture, and two rather long ones in front of trabecule ; 
eye prominent, with long hair; trabecule acute, reaching 
slightly beyond end of segment 1 of antenna; temporal 
margins with two long hairs and a prickle; occipital mar- 
gin sinuous, bare; clypeus paler than rest of forehead 
and hind head; signature pale but distinct; suture dis- 
tinct; antennal bands, ocular blotch, and anterior tempo- 
ral border blackish brown; temporal regions and rest of 
head, excepting clypeus and that part of hind head between 
the occipital bands, dark brown; cesophageal sclerite dis- 
tinct. 

- Prothorax short, projecting considerably beneath head; 
posterior angles rectangular, with one hair; posterior mar- 


484 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


gin evenly flatly convex; lateral border curving inwards 
along posterior margin blackish brown.  Metathorax 
short; lateral angles obtusely rounding; posterior mar- 
gin with obtuse produced angle and four or five hairs on 
each side; uneven lateral border and transverse blotch 
not contiguous to posterior margin, dark brown. Sternal 
markings consisting of intercoxal lines. Legs concolor- 
ous with pale smoky brown of body, with black marginal 
markings. 

Abdomen elongate, about one-third wider than head, 
with few long hairs in very slightly projecting posterior 
angles of segments; a few hairs arranged in five uneven, 
longitudinal rows on dorsal surface; broad, pronounced, 
blackish, lateral bands, with distinct uncolored stigmatal 
spots and broad transverse blotches extending from band 
to band on segments 1-8; the blotches on segments I—2 
deeply emarginated medially on anterior margin, and 
the blotch on segment 7 faint in median part; segment 9 
projecting, rounding, with several long hairs on posterior 
margin and a median blotch; genitalia showing in seg- 
ments 7-9. 

Female. Body, length 1.9 mm., width .72 mm.; head, 
length .6 mm., width .53 mm.; last segment of abdomen 
slightly angularly notched. 


Docophorus cursor Nitzsch. (Plate Ixvi, fig. 1.) 
Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. (ed. Giebel), 1861, vol. xvii, p. 527. 
Philopterus cursor N., Walckener, Hist. Nat. Ins. Apt.; 1844, vol. iii, 
p. 341. 
Docophorus cursor N., Burmeister, Handb. d. Ent., 1835, vol. ii, p. 426; 
Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit.; 1842, p. 101, pl. ii, fig. 1; 
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 75, pl. xi, figs. 5, 6; Piaget, Les 
Pediculines, 1880, p. 24, pl. i, fig. 5. 
Many specimens from a Great Horned Owl, Budo vir- 
ginianus (Lawrence, Kansas). Nitzsch’s type specimens 


were collected from S7¢rzx dubo, and he later took speci- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 485 


mens from Strix otus and Strix brachyotus. Denny 
collected the species from Otws (Strix) vulgaris and Otus 
(Strix) brachyotus, and Piaget from S¢rex brachyotus 
and from Falco tinnunculus. Picaglia (Pediculini dell’ 
istituto anatomo-zoologico d. r. Univ. di Modena, Atti d. 
Soc. d. Nat. di Modena, 1885, ser. iii, vol. iv, p. 13) 
records Bubo maximus, Otus vulgaris, O. brachyotus, and 
Tinnunculus alaudarius as hosts of cursor. There is some 
discrepancy between Giebel’s and Piaget’s description of 
the species, especially touching the lateral emargination 
of the forehead, a character which, according to Piaget, is 
noticeable, and which indicates the affinities of cwrsor and 
the hawk-infesting Docophori. My specimens vary 
noticeably from the descriptions of the Old World forms, 
especially in the distinctly pendulous eye and the character 
of the genital blotches. They are also larger than the 
European specimens. Probably they should be given a 
varietal name. The species may be recognized by com- 
parison with the figure. In the male the lateral abdom- 
inal blotches cover much more of the abdominal surface 
of course, and the’specimens are smaller. My specimens 
measure—Male: Body, length 1.9 mm., width .75 mm. ; 
head, length .62 mm., width .62 mm. Female: Body, 
length 2.22 mm., width .g mm.; head, length .66 mm., 
width .66 mm. 


Docophorus ceblebrachys Nitzsch (Plate Ixvi, fig. 3). 
Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. (ed. Giebel), 1861, vol. Xvli, p. 528. 
Docophorus ceblebrachys N., Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1842, 
p- 92, pl. i, fig. 3; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 77, pl. xi, fig. 
15; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 29, pl. i, fig. 8. 
Numerous specimens from two Snowy Owls, NVyctea 
nyctea (Lawrence, Kansas). Taken by Nitzsch, Denny 
and Piaget on individuals of the same bird species. A 
distinctly marked and isolated form peculiar, probably, to 


486 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


the Snowy Owl. It can be readily recognized by the 
broad short head, with short broadly truncate forehead, 
and correspondingly short and broad signature. The 
genital blotches of the ventral surface of the abdomen of 
both male and female are also characteristic. There is 
considerable difference in size of the male and female. 
The male which I figure measures: Body, length 1.78 
mm., width .75 mm.; head, length .53 mm., width .6 
mm. Female: Body, length 2.31 mm., width 1.03 mm.; 
head, length .62 mm., width .75 mm. 


Docophorus rostratus Nitzsch. (Plate Ixvi, fig. 5). 
Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. (ed. Giebel), 1861, vol. xvii, p. 529. 
Docophorus rostratus N., Giebel, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss, 1861, vol. 
xvili, p. 296; Burmeister, Handb. d. Ent., 1835, vol. ii, p. 427; 
Denny, «Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 87, pl. ii, fig. 4; 
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 76, pl. x, fig. 4; Piaget, Les 
Pediculines, p. 27, pl. i, fig. 7. 

Two specimens of this unmistakable Docophorus, taken 
by Nitzsch, Denny and Piaget from Str7x flammea, the 
European Barn Owl; taken by me from the American 
Barn Owl, Str7x pratincola (Soquel, California). The 
American Barn Owl has always, until recently, been held 
‘to be simply a variety (Sivzx f. pratincola) of the Eu- 
ropean BarnOwl. The specimen figured by me measures: 
Body, length 1.97 mm., width ’.5 mm.; head, length .75 
mm., width.53 mm. ‘The species is readily recognizable 
by its slender abdomen and its very long head, with narrow 
extended forehead. The head and thorax are longer than 
the abdomen. 


Docophorus communis Nitzsch. (Plate Ixvi, fig. 7.) 
Germar’s Mag. f. Ent., 1818, vol. iii, p. 290. 
The following synonymy is that given by Picaglia in 
his Pediculini dell ’Istituto anatomo-zoologico della R. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 487 


Universita di Modena, Atti della Societa dei Naturalisti 
di Modena, Serie 3, vol. iv, 1895. 


‘* Sinonimia—De-Geer. Mem. Ins. vol. vii, tv. 4, f. 9. 1776 (Ric/- 
nus emberize)—Schrank. Beit. zur Naturg. p. 117, tv. 5, f. 8. 
1776 (Pediculus curvirostre)—l. c. p. 117, f.6(P. Pyrrule)—l. ¢. 
p. 118, f. 7 (P. Chloridis)—1. c. p. 116, f. 9(P. citrinelle)—l. c. p. 
115, f. 10 (P. Rubecule)—Linneo. Syst. Nat. Ed. xiii, v. ij, p. 
2922. 1789 (P. curvirostre, Pyrrulle, Chloridis, Citrinelle, Rube- 
cule)—Panzer. Fau. Ins. Germ. p. 51, f. 27. 1793 (P. Curviros- 
tre)—Geoffroy. Hist. abr. Ins. v. 11, p. 599. 1800 (Pediculus 
Emberize)—ULatreille. Hist. Gen. v. vili,p. lll. 1804 (Ricinus 
Emberizw)—Fabricus. Sys. Ant. p. 349. 1805 (P. Hmberizw)— 
Olfers. De Veg. et. Anim. Corp. Anim. Rep. 1815 (Nirmus globi- 
Jer)—Nitzsch. Germ. Mag. v. iii, p. 290. 1818—Burmeister. Hand. 
Ent. y. 1, p. 425. 1835—1. c¢. ( fusicollis)\—Denny. Anop. p. 70, 
tv. 5, f. 10. 1842—l.c. p. 82, tv. 1, f. 8 (pallescens)—1. c. p. 98, 
tv. 1, f. 8 (fuscicollis)—l. c. p. 104, tv. 5, f. 12 (Passerinus)—l. ¢. p. 
106, tv. 3, f. 1 (Merule)—1. c. p. 107, tv. 3, f. 3 (Modularis)—l. ec. 
p. 108, tv. 2, f. 2 (Rubecule)—Walckenxer. Hist. Nat. Ins. Apt. 
vy. 1, p. 382. 1844 (Philopterus)—l. c. p. 336 (Philopterus pal- 
lescens)—l. c. (Philopterus fuscicollis)—l. c. p. 340 (Philopterus 
passerinus, merule, modularis, rubeculw)—Giebel. Zeits. f. ges. 
Nat. Bd. xvii, p. 298-303. 1861—1l. c. (fuscicollis) p. 298 —1. 
ce. Bd. xviii, p. 298-303. 1861—1l. c. p. 298. 1861 ( fuscicollis)— 
Giglioli, Jour. of Micros. N. 10, tv. B, f. 9. 1864 (Mandarinus)— 
Giebel. Zeits. f. ges. Nat. Bd. xxvil, p. 116. 1866 (ornatus)— 
1. c. Bd. xxvii, p. 358. 1866—1. c. p. 359 (fuscicollis)—l. c. p. 
359 (ornatus)—Epiz. p. 85, ty. xi, f. 13. 1884—1l. c. p. 86, tv. 
11, f. 10, tv. 20, f. 4 ( fuscicollis)—l. c. p. 89 (ornatus)—l. c. p. 120 
(Rubecule, Modularis, Merule)—l. ¢. p. 119 (turdi)—l. ec. p. 91 
(lineatus)— Piaget. Ped. p. 54, tv. 4, f. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 (sp. et var.).” 


The specific name communzts given by Nitzsch to a 
Docophorus species or group of closely allied species 
found commonly on passerine birds, has been retained 
by Giebel and Piaget as the best, or, at least, most con- 
venient expression of the condition exhibited by the Doco- 
phort of the type figured by Nitzsch from specimens 
from /yringilla linarza, and by Piaget from specimens 
from Motacilla alba and others. Specimens of this 
type are the most commonly met with Docophorus on 


488 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


passerine birds, and have been recorded from many 
species. Picaglia (1. c., p. 16) lists 43 species of Euro- 
pean Passeres from which communzs has been collected. 
But the variations exhibited by the specimens from the 
various bird species are many and sometimes striking. 
Giebel refers to variations exhibited by specimens from 
certain birds as being sufficient to warrant the founding 
of new species, but he merely refers to the general char- 
acter of the variation shown by specimens from 7urdus 
pilaris, Parus major, Fringilla chloris, and Motacilla 
alba. He lists 29 passerine birds representing 15 genera 
on which communis had been found at time of his writing. 
Piaget holds to the single species communis, referring to 
the variations apparent in any series of specimens, and 
describes and gives varietal names to I1 varieties. He 
selects the form found on AZotacilla alba as typical of the 
species (believing it to be the same as found by Nitzsh 
on Fringilla linaria) and lists nearly 20 passerine bird 
species on which he has found communzs and its varieties. 

I have collected specimens of this communis species or 
group of species from the following American passerine 
birds: the Horned Lark, Ofocorzs alpestris; Red-winged 
Blackbird, Agelazus pheniceus; Western Meadowlark, 
Sturnella magna neglecta; Lapland Longspur, Calcarius 
lapponicus ; Slate-colored Junco, Funcohyemalis ; Cardinal 
Grosbeak, Cardinalis cardinalis; Bohemian Waxwing, 
Ampelis garrulus; White-rumped Shrike, Lanzus ludo- 
vicianus excubittorides; Brown Thrasher, //arporhynchus 
rufous; and the Robin, MZerula migratorta—all from 
Lawrence, Kansas; and also from Bullock’s Oriole, 
Icterus bullock?; the California Purple Finch, Carfo- 
dacus purpureus californicus; the House Finch, Carfo- 
dacus mexicanus frontalis; the Pine Siskin, SAznus Pinus; 
the Arkansas Goldfinch, Sfznus psaltria; and the Sand- 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 489 


wich Sparrow, Amodramus sandwichensts, from Palo 
Alto; California. 

‘Variations among the specimens are apparent, but un- 
til | can examine a much larger series no attempt’ can be 
made to tabulate these variations. The species may be 
recognized by comparison with the figure in plate Ixvi. 
This specimen, a female, was taken from a White-rumped 
Shrike, Zandus ludovictanus excubttorides (Lawrence, 
Kansas), and measures: Body, length 2. mm.; width 
.87 mm.; head, length 6mm.; width .6 mm. 


Docophorus excisus Nitzsch. 
Germar’s Mag. f. Ent., 1818, vol. 111, p. 291. 

Pediculus hirundinis Linneus, Fau. Suec., 1746, p. 1963; Schrank, 
Fauna Boica, 1781; Fabricius, Sp. Ins., 1783, vol. ii, p. 483; 
Linnezus, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, 1779, vol. i, p. 2921. 

Ricinus hirundinis Latreille, Hist. Gen., 1804, vol. viii, p. 111. 

Philopterus excisus Nitzsch, Germ. Mag. f. Ent., 1818, vol. ii, p. 291; 
Burmeister, Handb. d. Ent., 1835, vol. ii, p. 425; Walckenaer, 
Hist. Nat. Ins. Apt., 1844, vol. ili, p. 333. 

Docophorus excisus Nitzsch, Giebel, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1861, 
vol. xviii, p. 298, 1. c. 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 359; Giebel, Insecta 
Epizoa, 1874, p. 88, pl. ix, figs. 1, 2, 3; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 
1880, p. 64, pl. iv, fig. 6. 

Specimens which may be referred to this long known 
parasite of the swallows taken from the Cliff Swallow, 
Petrochelidon lunifrons, and from the Tree Swallow, 
Tachycineta bicolor (Palo Alto, California, and Lawrence, 
Kansas). The American specimens are, however, mark- 
edly larger than the European ones and should be desig- 
nated by a varietal name. Piaget’s measurements are, 
for males, length 1 m., for females 1.1 mm.; the males 
among my specimens are about 1.3 mm. long and the fe- 
males 1.5 mm. long. The species of this group (with 
square emargination of clypeal front) which I have de- 
scribed from the Purple Martin (see page 475, plate Ixv, 


fig. 4) shows all of the general habitus of exc7sws, but is 
Proc. Cau. AcaD. Sci., 2p SER., Vou. VI. (34) November 10, 1896. 


490 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


so conspicuously larger and presents such constant minor 
differences that I have made it the type of a new species. 
The figure of it, however, will serve very well as a means 
of recognizing the American variety of exczsus. 

Var. major Kellogg. Male. Body, length 1.3 mm., 
width .56 mm.; head, length .44 mm., width .4o mm. 
Female. Body, length 1.49 mm., width .62 mm.; head, 
length .45 mm., width .42 mm.; the pustulations in lat- 
eral abdominal blotches more complete and distinct than 
in the type form of the species. Males, females, and 
young found on the Cliff Swallow, Petrochelidon lunt- 
frons, and on the Tree Swallow, Zachycineta bicolor 
(Palo Alto, California, and Lawrence, Kansas). 


NIRMUS. 


Nirmus longus n. sp. (Plate Ixvii, fig. 1.) 

Taken from the Tree Swallow, Zachycineta bicolor 
(Lawrence, Kansas), and from the Cliff Swallow, Pedvo- 
chelidon lunifrons (Palo Alto, California). A member of 
the group ¢xterruptofasciati and allied to Nitzsch’s JV. 
gracilis (Insecta Epizoa, p. -143;opl, vi, tigss ie eee 
which is only half as large and has but four (Giebel) or 
two (Piaget) hairs on posterior margin of metathorax, 
and to Denny’s e/ongatus (Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 
p. 140, pl. vii, fig. 4), which has the posterior margin of 
the metathorax ‘‘ strongly ciliate,’’ the hairs in Denny’s 
figure being ranged thickly along the entire length of the 
margin. Both of these two allied species were taken 
from //7rundo urbica. 

Description of female. Body, length 2.03 mm., width 
.38 mm.; very elongate, pale yellowish brown, with 
chestnut brown lateral bands and marginal head mark- 
ings. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 491 


Head, length .37 mm., width .28 mm.; elongate-con- 
ical, with narrow truncate front; two very small marginal 
hairs near the front, and one slightly longer a little dis- 
tance in front of the trabecule which are small but dis- 
tinct; eye flat, with a prickle in its posterior margin; 
temporal margins flat with a long hair and a prickle; pale 
golden brown with dark brown narrow antennal bands 
and temporal borders; oral fossa elongate, expanded be- 
hind, nearly uncolored. 

Prothorax short, small, oblong, with single short hair 
in posterior angle, and even lateral borders which bend 
inward along posterior margin. Metathorax trapezoidal, 
with lateral margins converging anteriorly; posterior mar- 
gin straight or weakly convex on abdomen, more curved 
at each end which projects laterally beyond the abdomen; 
posterior margin with six longish but weak hairs on each 
lateral third; indistinct lateral borders with anterior ends 
more distinct and a diagonal line projecting inward and 
forward from the posterior angles. No pronounced ster- 
nal markings. Legs pale, concolorous with body, with 
narrow darker marginal markings. 

Abdomen very long and apparently slender, although 
really one-third wider than head; abdominal segments 
very gradually growing wider until segment 6 is reached, 
segment 7 slightly narrower, segments 8-9 narrower, ab- 
ruptly tapering; a single short hair in posterior angles of 
segments; dorsal surface naked; segments 1-7 with dis- 
tinct chestnut brown lateral bands; segment 8 of general 
body color; segment 9 uncolored, emarginated behind, 
with rounded points. 

Male. Two males, which with much hesitancy I as- 
sign to this species, taken from a Cliff Swallow, Petroch- 
elidon lunifrons (Palo Alto, California), are much smaller 
than the females. This condition is similar to that pre- 


492 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


sented by gvaczlzs, the males of which are .7 mm. long, 
while the females are .95 mm. long. The arrangement 
and number of metathoracic hairs are the same as in the 
females, and the head characters agree. Measurements 
of the male: Body, length 1.47 mm., width .43 mm.; 
head, length .34 mm., width .31 mm. 


Nirmus simplex n. sp. (Plate lxvii, fig. 2.) 

Found on a Robin, d/erula migratoria (Lawrence, 
Kansas). It belongs to Piaget’s group znterruptofasciatz, 
with antennal bands interrupted, with temples tending to 
become angular, and with the body blotches indistinctly 
colored. 

Description: of female. Body, Jensth) 1277 mae 
width .62 mm.; very pale yellowish brown, with darker 
but inconspicuous markings. 

Head, length .53 mm., width .50 mm.; bluntly trian- 
gular, the rather narrow clypeal front truncate or very 
weakly concave; a single short hair in anterior angles 
and two other shorter ones on lateral margins; trabecule 
small, acute; eye flat, with a prickle in posterior edge; 
temporal margins flatly convex, with a single long hair 
and two prickles just in front of it; occipital margin 
straight, bare; signature indistinctly colored, broad, 
emarginate in front and truncate behind; antennal bands 
distinct, narrow and finely crenate on inner margin; oc- 
cipital bands indistinct, narrow, extending to posterior 
rami of mandibles; temporal margins for a little distance 
behind eye narrowly bordered; antenne uncolored, fifth 
segment longer than third or fourth. 

Prothorax short, broad, with lateral margins converg- 
ing anteriorly; a single strong hair in posterior angles; 
posterior margin flatly convex; rather broad lateral bor- 
ders, which extend inward along the posterior margin. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 493 
Metathorax broad, short, obtusely angled on the abdomen, 
with a series of non-pustulated hairs along posterior 
margin; a lateral marginal blotch with a part extending 
inward. Legs concolorous with body, with only faintly 
indicated marginal markings. 

Abdomen bluntly elliptical, one-fifth wider than the 
head; with one to two or three weak hairs in posterior 
angles of segments, and a single transverse series of 
short weak hairs along the posterior margin of each seg- 
ment; translucent, smoky brown lateral bands, and pale 
brown, broad, transverse blotches entirely across all seg- 
ments; distinct uncolored stigmatal spots; segment 9 
uncolored, with two small pale brown lateral blotches, 
slightly emarginated behind, and with a few longish 
hairs. 


Nirmus eustigmus n. sp. (Plate Ixvii, fig. 3.) 

A single female of this well marked form from an Anna’s 
Hummingbird, Zrochtlus anna (Palo Alto, California). 
The species belong to Piaget’s group enterruptofasciate. 
It is a much broader and much more robust form than WV. 
vulgatus, the Virmus of this group common among pas- 
serine birds, and the lateral bands of the abdomen are 
broad and pronounced. 

Description of the female. Body, length 1.84 mm., 
width .62 mm.; pale yellowish white, with narrow black- 
ish brown head borders, and broad, blackish lateral ab- 
dominal bands; indications of pale brown abdominal 
blotches. 

Head, length .42 mm., width -45 mm.; broadly trian- 
gular, narrowly truncate in front; a few short weak hairs 
along margins of forehead, the longest being a pair con- 
siderably in front of the trabecule; trabecule small and 
uncolored but distinct; antennz short, segment 2 most 


494 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


colored, segment 3 next; eye witha prickle; temporal 
margins with a single long hair and some fine prickles; 
occipital margin straight, bare; antennal bands blackish 
brown, not quite meeting in front, leaving a small uncol- 
ored space on frontal margin, and bending angularly in 
at posterior ends; narrow blackish brown ocular and 
temporal margins, paling gradually inward from margin 
ot head. 

Prothorax short, rectangular, with a single hair in pos- 
terior angles; blackish brown lateral borders. Meta- 
thorax trapezoidal, posterior margin very flatly convex on 
abdomen, with an angular indication at middle; six pus- 
tulated hairs on each outer third of the posterior margin; 
broad, ill-defined lateral border, with transversal lateral 
blotch extending from each side. Legs pale, with black- 
ish brown dorsal marginal markings. “Sternum with in- 
tercoxal lines but no median blotches. 

Abdomen, elliptical; broad for this group of /Vzrmz, 
with posterior angles of segments, uncolored, blunt, pro- 
jecting slightly; two or three hairs in posterior angles 
and a series of four longish hairs on the posterior margin 
of each of segments 2-7; segment I without hairs and 
segment 8 with more than four hairs; whitish, with dis-- 
tinct broad, blackish lateral bands, and pale brownish 
median blotches; segment 8 without lateral bands, but 
with narrow transversal median blotch reaching almost 
entirely across segment; segment g uncolored, slightly 
angularly emarginated behind. 


Nirmus illustris n. sp. (Plate Ixvii, fig. 4.) 

Found ona Red-winged Blackbird, A ge/atus pheniceus 
(Lawrence, Kansas). This small but striking /Vzrmus 
does not show special resemblance to any previously 
described species. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 495 


Description of male. Body, length 1.56 mm., width 
.52 mm.; whitish, with brown median blotches and black 
marginal bands. 

Head, length .37 mm., width 37 mm.; truncate or very 
slightly convex in front, with two or three very short in- 
distinct marginal hairs; trabeculz small and weak, reach- 
ing half way to.segment 1 of antennz; eye indistinct, 
with a fine prickle; temporal margins with two prickles 
and a weak hair; occipital margin straight, bare; an- 
tenne with segment 1 uncolored; other segments dark 
brown, with wide uncolored sutures; antennal bands 
narrow, black, angulated almost at right angles and with 
the black color interrupted just in front of the angulation; 
bases of antennal bands meeting the inner ends of dis- 
tinct, narrow, ocular bands whose outer ends meet anterior 
ends of narrow black temporal borders, with inner mar- 
gins slightly crenate; short black internal bands parallel 
with anterior marginal parts of antennal bands; a shield- 
shaped occipital signature and oblong blotches at its sides 
showing through from under side. 

Prothorax with flatly rounded sides and rounded pos- 
terior angles, each angle bearing one small hair; anterior 
angles containing a large dark brown blotch, and inter- 
coxal lines of sternum showing through as black diagonal 
lines in posterior angles. Metathorax with rounding 
margins, rounded on abdomen, with five weak hairs in 
each lateral fourth of the posterior margin; small black 
linear blotches in anterior angles, and large irregular 
black lateral blotches not contiguous to the lateral mar- 
gins, the sternal markings showing through dark chestnut 
brown. Sternal markings consisting of intercoxal lines 
and a median blotch on metasternum. Legs, femora and 
tibiz with dorsal marginal black markings and a blackish 
brown annulation near distal extremity; tarsi paler brown. 


496 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Abdomen elongate, subparallel-sided, with posterior 
angles of segments projecting slightly, pointing backward 
and each bearing two weak hairs; dorsal surface of seg- 
ments naked; last segment projecting, parabolic behind, 
with two pairs of long weak hairs and one pair of shorter 
ones; lateral bands narrow, distinct, black, interrupted, 
the anterior end of each segmental portion projecting 
beyond the suture and slightly inward; large median 
chestnut brown blotches on segments 1-7, each of these 
blotches (except that on segment 1) nearly crossed by a 
transverse linear uncolored space; on segments 6-7 the 
uncolored space is divided into two portions; in addition 
there are on segments 3-7 a pair of transversal dark 
brown lines, one on each side of the median line and 
lying superposed on median blotch, but extending a little 
farther laterally than the lateral margin of the blotch; 
some of these markings are on the ventral surface, but 
show through distinctly; segment 8 has a median blotch 
and two lateral markings composed of a brown line de- 
fining an elongate curving triangle, uncolored within; 
segment 9 has a median blotch and from its posterior 
margin two anteriorly projecting lines; distinct, slender, 
curving side pieces of genitalia limited to segment 8. 


Nirmus vulgatus n. sp. (Plate Ixvii, fig. 5.) 

This small Wermus of Piaget’s group znterruptofasciatt 
is rather common on Passerine birds. I have taken it 
from the California Purple Finch, Carfodacus purpureus 
californicus; the House Finch, Carpodacus mexicanus 
frontalis; the Golden-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia 
coronata; Gambel’s Sparrow, Zonotrichia gambeli; the 
Spurred Towhee, P7f7lo maculatus megalonyx ; the Cali- 
fornia Towhee, Ppilo fuscus crissalis ; all from Palo Alto, 
California; and from the Slate-colored Junco, unco 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 497 


hyemalis, and the Robin, Meraula migratoria, from Law- 
rence, Kansas. 

It is allied to Nitzsch’s denstlimbus (Fringilla cardu- 
elis ) (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 138), Piaget’s deficzens 
(Les Pediculines, Supplement, p. 23, pl. iu, fig. 3) from 
Cyanapolius cook, and other similar forms. 

Description of female. Body, length 1.62 mm., width 
-41mm.; pale, with distinct narrow blackish brown lateral 
bands and marginal head markings, and pale chestnut 
median abdominal blotches. 

Head, length .37 mm., width .29 mm.; conical, with 
narrow parabolic front, without hairs; trabeculae very 
small and uncolored but distinct; eye flat, with a fine 
prickle, and another just atits posterior margin; temporal © 
margins with one longish hair and two prickles; occipital 
margin straight, bare; no signature; a longitudinal oral 
fossa expanded laterally behind; whole head narrowly 
bordered along lateral margins with blackish brown, the 
border turning angularly inward at antennal fosse; a pale 
shield-shaped occipital signature showing through from 
below. 

Prothorax narrow, quadrangular, with a single hair in 
posterior angles; narrow lateral blackish brown border, 
most strongly colored in anterior and posterior angles. 
Metathorax almost as wide as head, with flatly rounding 
posterior margin, with six hairs along each lateral third 
of this margin, a small transversal linear blackish blotch 
in anterior angle, and a larger lateral irregular curving 
blackish blotch in middle of lateral regions of segment. 
Legs with pale brown ground color, mostly tinged with 
translucent smoky brown and with darker marginal and 
annular markings. 

Abdomen elongate, slender, subparallel-sided, not 
tapering posteriorly until segment 8 is reached; with short 


498 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


weak single hairs in posterior angles of segments and 
naked dorsal surface; pale ground color, with narrow, 
distinct, dark brown lateral bands and paler broad, rect- 
angular transverse blotches, darker on posterior seg- 
ments; a rather broad uncolored median longitudinal 
line; segment 1 with transverse blotch entirely across 
segment; segment g uncolored,-narrowly notched, and 
with few long but weak hairs. 

Male. Body, length 1.47 mm., width .4’mm.; head, 
length .33 mm., width .28 mm.; last abdominal segment 
protruding, narrowly rounded, with a pair of hairs (one 
longish, one short) on each side of the middle of the 
posterior margin; genitalia composed of narrow bars, 
and showing through in segments 8 and 9. 


Nirmus discocephalus Nitzsch. (Plate lxvii, fig. 6.) 
Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. ii, p. 291. 

Nirmus discocephalus Nitzsch, Burmeister, Handbuch d. Ent., 1835, 
vol. ii, p. 480; Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 113, 
pl. ix, fig. 10; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 127, pl. vii, fig. 
10; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 129, Supplement, 1885, 
p. 18, pl. ii, fig. 7. 

My specimens, taken froma Bald Eagle, Hali@etus leu- 
cocephalus (Lawrence, Kansas), may be referred to this 
characteristic /V¢rmus species of the eagles, found by 
Nitzsch, Denny and Piaget on the European Gray Sea 
Eagle, Halieetus albicilla; but the variations in number 
of metathoracic hairs and in other particulars make it 
desirable to distinguish the forms from the American 
bird by a varietal name. The descriptions and figures of 
Nitzsh, Denny and Piaget differ from one another with 
regard to the shape of the head, number of metathoracic 
hairs, etc., to a surprising degree, in view of the fact 
that all the specimens examined were from the same bird 
species. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 499 


Var. amblys Kellogg. Males, females, and young from 
the Bald Eagle, AHalieetus leucocephalus (Lawrence, 
Kansas). Male, body, length 1.56 mm., width .60 mm. ; 
head, length .47 mm., width .46 mm. Female, body, 
length 2 mm., width .75 mm.; head, length .52 mm., 
width .53 mm. Characters of the species as described 
by Piaget (Supplement, 1885, p. 18, pl. ii, fig. 7), but 
with head not longer than wide, eyes with a hair, pro- 
thorax with a long hair in each posterior angle, metatho- 
rax with a spine in each lateral angle and six long hairs. 
on each lateral fourth of the posterior margin. 


Nirmus fuscus Nitzsch. (Plate Ixvii, fig. 7.) 
Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. (ed. Giebel) 1861, vol. xvii, pp. 523-525. 
Nirmus fuscus N., Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 118, 
pl. ix, fig. 8; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 123, pl. viii, fig. 2; 

Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 130, pl. x, fig. 9. 

Specimens of a large variety of this /V’rmus of the 
Eagles and Hawks from Swainson’s Hawk, Buteo swain- 
sont; from the Marsh Hawk, C7rcus hudsonitus; and from 
the American Roughlegged Hawk, Archzbuteo lagopus 
sancti-johannis—all from Lawrence, Kansas. The Amer- 
ican form of fuscus (if it be not a new species, indeed) 
differs markedly from the European type or any of its 
rather many varieties by being much larger, my speci- 
mens being fully one-third larger than the /wscws speci- 
mens taken from Luteo vulgaris by Nitzsch and Piaget. 
If the various species of Giebel, fuscus, stenorhynchus and 
leucopleurus (Insecta Epizoa, pp. 124, 129), be only 
varieties of fwscus as Piaget believes (Les Pediculines, 
p- 131), then fuwscus has been taken from Buteo vulgaris, 
Milous etolius, Falco brachydactylus, Parus cerulens!, 
Aguila nevia, Circus rufus, Milvus ictinus, Ardea 
gularis! (Piaget), Archibuteo lagopus, Circus cyaneus, 
Circus e@ruginosus and Milvus regalis. If in addition 


500 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


rufus N. with its numerous varieties belongs to the same 
species, nine or ten more hawk hosts should be enu- 
merated. Without doubt this V7rmus type (elongate, 
with circumfasciate head, broad transverse median ab- 
dominal blotches, and distinct lateral bands with the seg- 
mental parts passing the sutures) is not yet at all under- 
stood. My specimens show the sharp, narrow emargina- 
tion of the anterior margins of the first and second me- 
dian abdominal blotches, which has been given as charac- 
teristic of rufus N. In size, however, the American 
specimens are distinct from any of the Old World mem- 
bers of the fwscous group. The female specimen I figure 
is from a Marsh Hawk, Czrcus hudsonius, and measures: 
Body, length 2.4 mm., width .62 mm.; head, length .6 


mm., width .5 mm. 


Lire URS. 


Lipeurus introductus n. sp. (Plate Ixviil, figs. 1 and 5.) 


Six females, two males, and an immature specimen 
from a Silver Pheasant, Phascanus nycthemerus, received 
by the Department of Zoology of this University from 
Mr. A. C. Robison of San Francisco. This Old World 
pheasant was introduced into America some years ago 
and it is now breeding wild in parts of the country. This 
Lipeurus species is of the type of varzabilis N. (Giebel, 
Insecta Epizoa, p. 219, pl. xvi, fig. 3; Piaget, Les Pedi- 
culines, p. 364, pl..xxix, figs 4; Denny{p. 164.) ole 
fig. 6), showing the characteristic median abdominal 
blotches with concave sides and the striking sexual dif- 
ferences; but despite the fact that Piaget finds varzabzlis 
an extremely variable form and common to several pheas- 
ant hosts, I cannot fairly refer my specimens to this spe- 
cies, because of the much greater size, my specimens 
being one-third longer than the type forms of varzabzlis, 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 501 


and because of numerous minor differences, such as the 
definite and characteristic number and arrangement of 
the long hairs of the metathorax, the presence of a hair 
on the temporal margins of the head, and the character 
of the genital blotch of the female. 

Description of the female. Body, length 2.8 mm., 
width .66 mm.; colored and marked like varzabzlis; 
whitish, with distinct black lateral borders and chestnut 
median abdominal blotches concave on the sides. 

Head, length .66 mm., width .5 mm.; in general like 
vartabil’s, but without ocular bands, or rather with large, 
subcircular ocular blotches in place of ocular bands 
(Giebel found merely ‘‘ein schwarzer Punkt’’ in varza- 
bcl’s); temporal margins not bare as in variabilis, but 
with a prickle behind the prominent eye, and a distinct 
hair and a prickle at the posterior angie. 

Metathorax with a single long hair in the apex of the 
posterior angle, and just inside of this a white space with 
four long hairs (two in varéabil’s ). 

Abdomen not wholly bare except in angles, as Piaget’s 
description of varéabil’s says, but with two longitudinal 
submedian rows of weak hairs, each in a small but dis- 
tinct clear spot; the characteristic small triangular gen- 
ital blotch of the female of vardabz/is is wanting, being 
replaced by a short, broad, oblong blotch which is united 
to the ventral segmental blotch preceding it, this seg- 
mental blotch being united also with the one preceding it. 

Male. Body, length 2.5 mm., width .5 mm.; head, 
length .56 mm., width .4 mm.; with the strangely shaped 
head of varzabilis, wider in front of the antenne than 
across the temples; distinct black antennal bands, ocular 
blotches, and borders of posterior angles of temples run- 
ning along posterior margin and terminating in a subcir- 
cular head; trabecule (wanting in female) peculiarly 


502 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


slender, finger-like; the great antennz with large first seg- 
ment with slender blunt horn-like appendage nearer the 
base than tip; third segment also appendaged. Metathorax 
with an additional long pustulated hair on posterior mar- 
gin on each side, just inside of white space bearing four 
Igng hairs. Brown median abdominal blotches broader 
than in female, separated from the black lateral bands by 
a narrow whitish space; the strongly chitinized genitalia 
extending through segments 5-8; broadest in segment 5, 
tapering in segments 6-7, and uniform, narrow, two- 
pointed in segment 8. 


Lipeurus snodgrassi n. sp. (Plate Ixviii, fig. 2.) 


A single female specimen of this strongly characterized 
Lipeurus from the Red-backed Rufous Hummingbird, 
Trochilus rufous (Palo Alto, California). This species 
resembles no other Zzfewrus at all closely, though in the 
shape of the head and its peculiar length of forehead, in 
the short metathorax and heavy abdomen, there is sug- 
gested an affinity with L7peurus macrocephalus Kellogg, 
taken from the Western Nighthawk, Chordetles virginianus 
henry? (Palo Alto, California). See plate Ixviii, fig. 3. 

Description of female. Body, length 2.2 mm., width 
-56 mm.; whitish with sharp, black, rather broad lateral 
margins on head, thorax, and abdomen; abdomen with 
oblong, transverse, median, smoky brown blotches. 

Head, length .55 mm., width .37 mm.; very long but 
not slender, and tapering but little; the forehead excep- 
tionally long compared with hind head, the distance from 
antenne to frontal margin being greater than from an- 
tenne to occipital margin; front rounded, with lateral 
margins nearly parallel; suture obsolete; four short hairs 
on each side on the front or anterior part of lateral mar- 
gin, and two short hairs in front of the short but distinct 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 503 


uncolored trabecule; antenne rather long, slender; seg- 
ment 2 longest and very slender, especially at base, seg- 
ment 3 slightly longer than segment 4, and segment 5 
slightly longer than segment 3, segments 3-5 colored, 
with uncolored distal extremities; eyes small, but slightly 
produced, and with a hair; temporal margins very slightly 
convex, with two long hairs; occipital margin straight, 
bare; lateral margins of forehead and hind head bordered 
with black, widest on temples, and with uneven inner 
margin on forehead; the lateral borders of forehead pass 
the anterior lateral angles but do not run clear across the 
front, although a clear, slightly colored, even chitin band 
borders the entire clypeal front; mandibles and cesopha- 
geal sclerite distinct, dark brown, and an occipital signa- 
ture acutely pointed anteriorly showing through from 
under side. 

Prothorox short, quadrangular (that part not covered 
by the head), with rounding posterior angles and straight 
posterior margin; without hairs; whitish, with broad black 
lateral borders. Metathorax short, but little longer than 
prothorax, broader than long, with diverging sides which 
are slightly concave anteriorly, and straight, bare, pos- 
terior margin; the posterior angles with five long hairs in 
two groups of two and three, rising from white spaces, 
the group of two hairs really situated on the outer part 
of posterior margin; segment white, with broad lateral 
borders which are widest in posterior angles and extend 
inward, tapering along the posterior margin,ynot reaching 
the middle of the segment; metasternum with a brown 
median blotch; legs whitish, with distinct blackish bor- 
der on femora and tibiz, and annulations on femora; 
coxe:almost wholly colored, and tarsi brown. 

Abdomen elongate, subparallel-sided, with a few long- 
ish hairs on dorsal surface; whitish, with sharply marked 


504 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


lateral bands with short sharp irregular inward projecting 
processes; segment 3-6 with oblong, median, brown 
blotches, darker on segments 5-6 and not reaching the 
lateral bands; segment 8 with a narrow angulated or 
curving transversal black line connecting the lateral bands; 
segment 9 uncolored or whitish, angularly but not deeply 
emarginated. 


Lipeurus macrocephalus n. sp. (Plate Ixviii, fig. 3). 


Many specimens taken from a Western Night Hawk, 
Chordeiles virginianus henry? (Palo Alto, Calif.). This 
species shows an affinity with Lifeurus hypoleucus N. 
(taken by Nitzsch in 1814 from Caprémulgus europaeus, 
and first called by him MWermus concolor, and then JV. 
hypoleucus, under which name Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 
146, pl. viii, fig. 5, and Denny, Monograph. Anoplur, 
Brits. p.si4l, (pl: vit: iie<)-O,«neter to-1t-\and finally cor- 
rectly removed by Piaget, Supplement, p. 66, pl. vii, fig. 
3, to Lzpeurus) by the general outline, the hairs of the 
head, and the character of the thoracic segments.) ie 
new species differ from hyfoleucus distinctly, especially 
in the shape of the head and the character of the signa- 
ture. Oddly enough Piaget was unable to find a male 
among his specimens, and among the twenty-seven speci- 
mens of the new species taken from the single individual 
of Chordezles examined there is no male. 

Description of female. Body, length 3 mm., width 
.66 mm.; fuscous, with dark rusty brown lateral bands 
on abomen and thorax, and distinct occipital and antennal 
bands of head. 

Head, length .65 mm., width .5 mm.; forehead as long 
as hind head, tapering but little and flatly convex, almost 
truncate in front; suture distinct, both at margins and 
behind signature; four short hairs in front of suture, the 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 505 


one next to the most anterior being the longest; behind 
the suture two longer hairs; and rising from the base of 
the trabecule along hair from the prominent eye, and 
two very long hairs and two prickles on the temporal 
margin; occipital margin flatly concave, nearly straight, 
bare; antenne slender, all segments weakly colored, 
with uncolored tips; trabeculez small but distinct, uncol- 
ored; brownish white, with signature and temples brown, 
and distinct occipital and interrupted antennal bands 
blackish brown; the signature is broad and short, obtusely 
angled behind, and shows a number of small whitish 
subcircular spots; internal bands (7. e. margins of the 
ventral furrow running anteriorly from the mouth) show- 
ing through faintly. 

Prothorax quadrangular, a little broader than long, 
with slightly diverging sides, and straight, bare, posterior 
margin; no hair in posterior angles; ground color that 
of the head, with narrow uncolored median longitudinal 
line forking at anterior end; broad dark rusty brown 
lateral borders. Metathorax but little longer than pro- 
thorax, with diverging sides; lateral margins with a slight 
but distinct rounding concavity near anterior end; pos- 
terior margin straight; posterior angles with three long- 
ish hairs, and a group of two on posterior margin near 
the angle; these two and two of the three in angle pus- 
tulated; ground color of segment same as or slightly 
darker than prothorax, with uncolored median longitud- 
inal line, and lateral irregular dark brown lateral borders, 
narrower than those of prothorax. Legs long, coxe 
elongate, brown, with whitish distal ends; femora and 
tibiz concolorous with pale ground color of thorax, with 
rusty brown marginal markings. Sternal markings com- 
posed of rather short, broad intercoxal lines between 


pro- and meso-legs, connecting with a short, narrow 
Proc, Cau. ACAD. Scr., 2p Ser., Vou. VI. ( 35 ) November 10, 1896, 


506 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


transverse median blotch; on metasternum oblong inter- 
coxal blotches, and a large median blotch longer than 
wide and pointed posteriorly. 

Abdomen elongate, subparallel-sided; segments I, 7 
and 8 short; segment 9 very short; posterior angles of 
segments with a series of five longish fine hairs arising 
from very small but distinct pustulations near the posterior 
margin of each segment; beyond this series at each end 
and near the posterior margin a longer, stronger hair on 
larger pustulation; all segments except segment 9 with 
a broad chestnut brown transverse blotch covering all of 
the segment; stigmatal spots clear; narrow dark rusty 
brown lateral bands; sutures uncolored; segment 9 un- 
colored, with two faint brownish lateral blotches, weakly 
angularly concave behind, without hairs, except two very 
short prickles, one on each half of posterior margin, 


Lipeurus baculus Nitzsch. (Plate Ixvili, figs. 4 and 6.) 
Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. ill, p. 293. 

Pulex columbe majoris Redi, Opusculorum pars I, sive experimenta 
circa generationem Insectorum, 1686, pl. ii; Albin, Nat. Hist. 
Spiders and Other Curious Insects, 1736, pl. xliii.; Schrank, 
Enumeratio Insectorum Austriw, 1781; Geoffrey, Hist. abrégée 
des Insectes, 1762, vol. ii, p. 599. 

Pediculus columbe Linne, Systema Natura, 1767; Fabricius, Systema 
Entomologix, 1775. 

Nirmus filiformis Olfers, De Veg. et Anim. Corp., 1817, p. 90; Lyon- 
net, Rech. s. l’anat. et les met. d. diff. esp. d. insectes, 1832, p. 
iar, valle sant, shee IO), 

Lipeurus baculus Nitzsch, Burmeister, Handbuch d. Entomologie, 
1832, vol. ii, p. 434; Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1542, 
p. 172, pl. xiv, fig. 3; Gurlt, in Mag. f. d. ges. Thierheilk, vol. 
viii, p. 424, pl. viii, fig.; Nitzsch (ed. Giebel) Zeitschr. f. ges. 
Naturwiss, 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 379; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, 
p. 216; Piaget, Les:Pediculines, 1880, p. 303, pl. xxv, fig. 2. 
Taschenberg, Die Mallophagen, 1882, p. 123; Giraud, Bull. de 
la Soc. Ent., 1859. p. 140; Osborn, the Pediculi and Mallophaga 
affecting man and the lower animals, Bull. No. 7, Div. of Ent., 
U. S. Dept. of Agric., 1891, p. 38, with fig. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 507 


Lipeurus bacillus Nitzsch (ed. Giebel) Zeit. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1861, 
vol. xviii, p. 305; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 215, pl. xvi, 
leds ksh ls Jolla so Likereae 

Lipeurus antennatus Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 218. 

Lipeurus angustus Rudow, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1870, vol. 
xxxvi, p. 137. 

Specimens of this long known parasite of doves and 
pigeons taken from a domestic pigeon, Columba livia. 1 
follow Piaget and Taschenberg in their refusal to recog- 
nize as species the numerous variants observed. The 
definition of this species presents a case similar to that 
presented by ZLipeurus squalidus (see discussion of 
sgualidus ). 

I figure the female and head of male, not alone for the 
convenience of American students, but because the pre- 
viously published figures of this species are faulty. Piaget 
figures the male. Osborn’s figure, undoubtedly well 
drawn, is spoiled in the printing. Piaget is in error in 
attempting to correct Giebel’s statement that there are 
four small clavate appendages on the frontal part of the 
clypeus. Piaget declares there are but two such append- 
ages; in my specimens there are distinctly four. The 
female specimen figured by me measures: body, length 
2.5 mm., width .37 mm.; head, length .42 mm., width 
.28 mm. 


Lipeurus dissimilis Piaget. (Plate lxviii, fig. 7.) 
Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 359, pl. xxix, fig. 1. 

Two specimens, one immature, from a Bob-white 
Colinus virginianus (Lawrence, Kansas). Piaget de- 
scribed the species from specimens taken from the same 
bird species in the Zoological Garden of Rotterdam. 
My specimens differ from Piaget’s description in some 
particulars. Piaget says, ‘‘l’cil nu;’’ my specimens 
have a distinct longish hair in the eye; the lateral bands 


508 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


of the abdomen distinctly pass the suture in my mature 
specimen; Piaget says that the bands do not pass the 
sutures. 

The species may be recognized by its general similarity in 
form and appearance to L7feurus docophorordes Piaget, of 
the California Quail (see pl. Ixviii, fig.8). Dzss¢mz7zs differs 
from docophorozdes in having the head more rounded in 
front, the abdomen longer and broader, and in the ab- 
sence of pustulations at the bases of the hairs. My 
specimen (mature) measures: Body, length 2.4 mm., 
width 1.03 mm.; head, length .6 mm., width .53 mm. 


Lipeurus docophoroides Piaget. (Plate Ixviii, fig. 8.) 
Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 357, pl. xxviii, fig. 9. 

Two female specimens of this striking Lzpeurus, taken 
froma California Partridge, Cal/ipepla californica (Moun- 
tain View, California). Piaget found his specimens on 
individuals of the same bird species in the Zoological 
Garden of Rotterdam. The species is a transition form 
between Docophorus and Lipeurus. Piaget says of it: 
‘* La forme du thorax, des pattes en général et de l’abdo- 
men, la présence des trabécules indiquent une transition 
au genre Docophorus; \antenne, la fossette, l’implanta- 
tion du coxis au bord du thorax, l’étranglement du méta- 
thorax, la forme du dernier segment ¢ attachent cette 
espece aux Lzpeurz.”’ 

The species may be recognized by its pointed conical 
head, with black and dark brown bands and markings, 
by its Docophoroid body, with distinct black lateral bands 
on thorax and abdomen, and by its whitish ground color 
and dark chestnut brown transverse lateral blotches, with 
pustulated hairs and large uncolored stigmatal areas. The 
specimen figured by me measures: Body, length 1.93 
mm., width .78 mm.; head, length .56 mm., width .51 
mm. 


a ; 
ae 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 509 


GONIODES. 


Goniodes cervinicornis Giebel. (Plate Ixix, fig. 1.) 
Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 199. 


Goniodes cervinicornis G., Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 272, pl. 
xxii, fig. 6. 

Numerous specimens froma Silver Pheasant, Phastanus 
nycthemerus, sent to the Department of Zoology of this 
University by Mr. A. C. Robison of San Francisco, 
Calif. This large and striking Gonzodes of the pheasants 
(Giebel’s specimens were found by Kollar on Phastanus 
nycthemerus, and Piaget has found it abundantly ‘on 
Tragopan satyrus) is characterized by the peculiar bi- 
partite appendage on the first segment of the antenna of 
the male. It may be readily recognized by comparison 
with the figure of the female which I give. My speci- 
mens measure; Male: Body, length 3.34 mm., width 2 
mm.; head, length .g mm., width 1.32 mm. Female: 
Body, length 3.75 mm., width 2. mm.; head, length 
1.03 mm., width 1.34 mm. These measurements are 
markedly greater than those given by Piaget; his male 
specimens averaging 2.75 mm. long, and the females 3.1 
mm. long. 


Goniodes mammillatus Rudow. (Plate Ixix, fig. 2.) 
Zeitsch. f. d. ges. Naturwiss., 1870, vol. xxxv, p. 483. 


Goniodes mammillatus Rudow, Taschenberg, Die Mallophagen, 1882, 
jOpi4s}, jolie me aivessi MN Alloy 


Two females from a California Partridge, Callipepla 
californica (Mountain View, California). This striking 
species was first described by Rudow from a specimen 
taken from Pelecanus rujficollis! (a dried skin in some 
museum). T’aschenberg, who collected a number of 
specimens from Cadlipepla californica (skins?), says: 
«* Wenn die Art wirklick wie Rudow angiebt, aut Pe/e- 
canus ruficollis angetroffen ist, so ist es in Folge zufalliger 


510 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Uebertragung geschehen.’’ The species may be recog- 
nized by the broad abdomen and the striking angulated 
lateral bands of the abdomen, each segmental portion 
projecting diagonally forward and inward and ending in 
an indistinctly limited paling brown blotch. Taschenberg 
says that the head of the male is a little longer than broad, 
with deep emarginations at the bases of the antennez, and 
with strongly angulated temporal margins between which 
the head is a little narrower than it is just in front of the 
antenne. ‘The female figured by me measures as follows: 
Body, length 2.25 mm., width 1.16 mm.; head, length 
.62 mm., width .72 mm. 


GONIOCOTES. 


Goniocotes creber n. sp. (Plate lxix, fig. 3.) 

An extraordinary number of specimens on a Silver 
Pheasant, Phaszanus nycthemerus, presented to the De- 
partment of Zoology of this University, by Mr. A. C. 
Robison of San Francisco. In addition to the great 
number of individuals of this Gonzocotes on the bird, 
there were present in more than ordinary numbers the 
giant Gonzodes cervinicornis, Lipeurus tntroductus n. sp. 
and Menopon monostechum n. sp. The short feathers 
of the neck, especially of the throat, were literally cov- 
ered with the eggs of some one of these species. This 
Gontocotes resembles in general characters Giebel’s 
species chrysocephalus (Insecta Epizoa, p. 189), a com- 
mon Gonzocotes of Pheasants, found so far on Phaszanus 
colchicus, nycthemerus, sommeringt, pictus, and Huplo- 
camus tgnitus, but is a markedly larger species. 

Description of the female. Body, length 1.6 mm., 
width .87 mm.; pale yellowish brown, with darker head 
and with dark brown head markings, and lighter lateral 
bands which are peculiarly curved so as to enclose a less 
chitinized space. 


ae ————— 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. Syl! 


Head, length .44 mm., width .6 mm.; front broad, 
convex, with ten short prickles; antenne in a shallow 
emargination with second segment longest and the fifth 
longer than third or fourth, which are about equal; eye 
prominent, with a prickle; the slightly protruding, 
rounded temporal margins with a prickle and two strong 
hairs; posterior margin concave in middle, with obtuse 
angles at each end of the concavity; head brownish, with 
darker narrow marginal frontal bands ending posteriorly 
on each side in an expanded darker spot inside of an- 
tennal emargination; mandibles and cesophageal sclerite 
dark brown; an irregular brown ocular blotch and a sin- 
uous dark brown occipital border along the concave curve 
of the occipital margin. 

. Prothorax very narrow, short, trapezodial, with lateral 
margins converging anteriorly, and posterior margins 
flatly convex; the latero-posterior angles are slightly 
produced ane acute, and each bears a strong hair; indis- 
tinct brownish lateral borders. Metathorax with blunt 
lateral angles, each, with two strong hairs; posterior 
margin obtusely angled on abdomen, and bare except for 
two hairs near the lateral angles. Legs concolorous with 
body, with dorsal marginal markings and some scattered 
spines. 

Abdomen broadly elliptical; posterior angles of seg- 
ments projecting and bearing, except on segment 1, one 
to three rather short, strong, finely pointed hairs; segment 
1 longest at sides but short in middle because of the 
backward projecting angulated thorax; middle region of 
abdomen pale to uncolored, faint lateral transverse 
blotches and conspicuous lateral bands, which on all 
segments except segment I are curved so as to enclose 
a small uncolored space; the curved band projects in- 
ward and forward, passing the suture; the hast segment 


512 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


flatly rounded behind, with a slight angular emargination, 
the margin bordered by a narrow uncolored space. 

Male. Body, length 1.15 mm.; width .7 mm.; head, 
length .34 mm., width .47 mm.; abdomen as wide as 
long, suborbicular; median uncolored region of abdomen 
relatively larger than in female; lateral transverse blotches 
no more distinct than in female, but lateral bands more 
strongly chitinized; posterior margin of abdomen broad, 
straight, with projecting rounded ninth segment in the 
middle; posterior border of ninth segment colored, the 
margin with a few short strong hairs; genitalia extending 
far forward. 


Goniocotes compar Nitzsch. (Plate lxix, fig. 4.) 

Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 294. 

Pediculus bidentatus (?) Scopoli, Ent. Carn., 1763, p. 385. 

Philopterus compar Nitzsch, Walckenzr, Hist. Nat. Ins. Apt., 1844, 
vol. iii, p. 358. . 

Goniocotes compar Nitzsch, Burmeister, Handbuch d. Ent., 1835, p. 
431; Gurit, Mag. f. d. ges. Thier., 1842, vol. viii, p. 117, pl. iv, 
fig. 2; Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 151, pl. xiii, 


5t <> 


fig. 2; Giebel, Zeitsch. f. ges. Nat., 1861, vol. xviii, p. 305; l.c., 


1866, vol. xxviii, p. 389; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 183, pl. 
xii, fig. 8; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 284, pl. xix, fig. 10; 
Taschenberg, Die Mallophagen, 1852, p.69; Osborn, The Pediculi 
and Mallophaga Affecting Man and the Lower Animals, 1891, 
Bull. 7, Div. of Ent., U.S. Dept. Agri., p. 33, fig. 19. 


Specimens taken from a Domestic Pigeon, Columba 
livia (Lawrence, Kansas). This well known Gonzocotes 
of the Domestic Pigeon has been found by Piaget on 
Columba palumbus and C. phasianella, and by Denny on 
Columbus wanas, C. palumba and (a variety, Denny thinks) 
on C. ¢urtur,as well as on the various races of the do- 
mestic pigeon. It is a small form, only about 1 mm. 
long, whitish, with a pale brownish border along the 
lateral margins of the abdomen and thorax; the temples 
are angled and bear two very long backward-projecting 


< 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 513 


hairs. The posterior margin of the metathorax is angu- 
lated and the angle projects so far backward that it 
nearly cuts the first abdominal segment in two.  Pro- 
fessor Osborn’s figure is faulty in representing the meta- 
thorax with straight posterior margin. The male figured 
by me measures: Body, length 1.06 mm., width -AS) mines 
head, length .34 mm., width .37 mm. 


PHYSOSTOMUM. 


Physostomum microcephalum n. sp. (Plate Ixx, fig. 1.) 


A single female from the House Finch, Carpodacus 
mexicanus frontalis (Palo Alto, California). Not com- 
mon on its host, as I have a record of twelve other indi- 
viduals of Carpodacus from which Mallophaga were 
taken, but on none of them was this Physostomum again 
found. The new species approaches the general type of 
P. agonum N. (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 255), from 


Sylora rubecula and S. swecta more nearly than it ap- 


proaches any other of the Old World species. 

Description of female. Body, length 3.6 mm., width 
1.25 mm.; head small; abdomen large and exceptionally 
broad; head markings pale, ill-defined; distinct brown 
lateral bands; paler colored large median transverse ab- 
dominal blotches. 

Head, length .66 mm., width .72 mm., thus being wider 
then long, which is exceptional in Physostomum, and being 
especially small in proportion to the size of the whole 
body; front flatly rounded, and sides of forehead weakly 
concave; prickles on front, one hair on margin at extrem- 
ity of transverse clypeal suture, and a few very short hairs 
and two longer ones along margin before the eye; eye 
distinct, with a black fleck; palpi passing the margins of 
head; the blunt lateral flaps slightly passing the margin; 
temples not produced very far backward, with a little 


514 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


narrowed tip at the apex of the posterior angle; temporal 
margins with three longish hairs and a few short ones; 
markings weakly colored, a pale chestnut brown. 

Prothorax, with distinct lateral angles, in apex of which 
a spine and a long hair; another long hair near rounded 
posterior angle, and two spines on margin in front of 
lateral angle; segment whitish, with faint brownish tinges 
on lateral borders and elsewhere. Metathorax with weak 
concavity on lateral margins in front of the middle; two 
hairs in the posterior angles, and some scattered short 
spines on margin and dorsal surface of anterior half 
(mesothorax) of segment; color of prothorax, with brown 
lateral borders narrowing anteriorly. Legs concolorous 
with thorax, with narrow darker marginal color, 

Abdomen large, expanding in the middle half, and 
broad and bluntly rounded behind; not very long single 
hairs in the posterior angles, and on the dorsal surface 
just inside of the colored lateral bands a double longi- 
tudinal row of weak hairs; whitish, with distinct brown 
lateral bands and large oblong median abdominal blotches, 
darkest on segments 5 and 6. 


Physostomum sucinaceum n. sp. (Plate Ixx, fig. 2.) 


Three females from a Western Flycatcher, Empidonax 
dificilis (Palo Alto, California). A small Physostomum, 
the smallest I have taken. 

Description of female. Body, length 2.84 mm., width 
.S1 mm.; ground color pale amber instead of whitish, as 
is usual with Physostomum; brownish lateral bands, and 
head markings not strongly colored. 

Head, length .53 mm., width .5 mm.; front rounded, 
with usual few hairs; palpi short, barely passing the mar- 
gins of head; temples produced backwards and acutely 
angled with three longish hairs and some short ones; 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 515: 


clypeus clear, almost uncolored; head markings dark 
brown, but not very sharp; eye with black fleck. ‘ 
Prothorax with almost no lateral angles, the angles being 
very obtuse and flattened; two spines and a long hair in 
the angles and another long hair near the posterior angle; 
posterior margin of segment concave; a brownish sub- 
marginal lateral border. Metathorax with a few small 
spines along lateral margins, and a longish hair near pos- 
terior angles. Legs whitish, paler than body color. 
Abdomen with sides only flatly convex, subparallel; 
single hairs on posterior angles of segments and a longi- 
tudinal row of small hairs, one on each segment, on each 
side inside of the lateral band; lateral bands pale amber 
brown, not much darker than ground color of body; 
faint median transverse blotches, apparently nearly square. 


Physostomum angulatum n. sp. (Plate Ixx, fig. 5.) 

Two females taken from a Kingbird, 7yrannus tyran- 
nus (Lawrence, Kansas), and one female from a Fox 
Sparrow, Passerella cliaca (Lawrence, Kansas). 

Description of female. Body, length 5. mm., width 
1.3 mm.; pale golden, with narrow dark brown lateral 
bands on abdomen and thorax, and few dark brown head 
markings; the largest Physostomum yet found. 

Head, length 1 mm., width .g4 mm.; front flatly con- 
vex, without marginal hairs, sides with two short hairs on 
dorsal surface near and projecting over the margin even 
with base of antenna, and at same place two similar sub- 
marginal ventral hairs, and two shorter hairs on margin 
in the very slight ocular emargination; occipital angles 
acute and much produced posteriorly (extending nearly 
to middle of prothorax), bearing three long hairs; occi- 
pital margin is thus very concave and is without hairs; 
palpi projecting beyond margin by half of last segment; 


516 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


labral lobes inconspicuous, not projecting beyond margin 
of head; a distinct, curved, dark brown blotch bounding 
inner margin of antennal fossa; in front of it two paler 
blotches, the anterior being the larger, and a narrow dark 
brown occipital border; the rest of head concolorous 
with the body or paler. 

Prothorax hexagonal, the angles rounded, the lateral 
angles with a longish weak hair and a spine; a distinct, 
brown, submarginal border laterally, which turns inward 
at its anterior end and is looped. Metathorax longer 
than prothorax, with gently sinuous sides, without distinct 
marginal hairs (a short projecting hair or spine near the 
posterior angle is not strictly marginal) ; posterior margin 
straight; anterior angles with irregular brown blotch, a 
linear, diagonal blotch on each side near middle, and sub- 
marginal lateral bands continuous with those of the ab- 
domen. Legs long, slender, concolorous with the body. 

Abdomen elongate-elliptical, truncate anteriorly, with 
sharply marked dark brown to black submarginal lateral 
bands composed of segmental parts separated by diagonal 
sutures and slightly laterally displaced; posterior angles 
of segments with one or two weak hairs; vulva convex. 


Physostomum australe n. sp. (Plate Ixx, fig. 4.) 


One female from a Western Nonpareil, Passerzna ver- 
stcolor (Cameron County, Texas), resembling angula- 
tum in marking but smaller and head comparatively 
shorter and narrower anteriorly, hence more tapering ; 
with abdomen with median blotches which are wanting 
in angulatum. 

Description of female. Body, length 4 mm., width 
1.06 mm.; almost uncolored, with yellowish tinge strong- 
est on head and thorax; with sharp black lateral mark 
ings and pale brown median abdominal blotches. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. SLA 


Head, length .68 mm., width .7 mm.; front narrow, 
flatly convex, without hairs; sides with a distinct round- 
ing emargination even with the mouth parts; ocular 
emargination filled by the conspicuous eye; occipital 
angles not so acute as in angulatum, but projecting 
backwards nearly to lateral angles of prothorax, and with 
three longish hairs. Markings similar in position to those 
of angulatum but more pronounced; antennal fossa en- 
tirely rimmed and connected with occipital border by a 
short occipital band; in front of the antennal fossa three 
blotches (instead of two as in angulatum), the most 
anterior being a short band projecting inward from the 
lateral margin. 

Prothorax with the constriction in front of lateral angles 
especially marked and the angles with one or two spines 
but no hair; general color of the segment golden brown, 
with black submarginal lateral bands. Metathorax with 
a rounded swelling on anterior third of sides, without 
marginal hairs and with markings resembling those of 
angulatum, viz., irregular black blotches in anterior 
angles, submarginal lateral bands continuous with those 
of abdomen, and two short linear blotches lying inside of 
the lateral bands which are in this species entirely dis- 
connected from the bands and are but slightly diagonal. 
Legs pale with distinct narrow black margins on femora 
and indistinct narrower tibial margins. 

Abdomen; segments with one long hair on lateral mar- 
gin near posterior angle; posterior margin of last seg- 
ment with hairs composing the delicate fringe unusually 
long; uncolored to pale golden, with uniform submar - 
ginal lateral black bands (more nearly continuous than in 
angulatum, the diagonal sutures and lateral diplacement 
of the various segmental portions being less marked); 


518 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


on segments I—7 a pale brown median blotch, the blotches 
on segments 4—5 being larger; vulva convex. 


Physostomum diffusum n. sp. (Plate Ixx, fig. 3.) 

One female taken on the Sandwich Sparrow, Passer- 
culus sandvicensis, and several males and females taken 
on the Golden Crown Sparrow, Zonotrichia coronata 
(near Stantord University, Calif.) ; also two females and 
a young specimen (variety pallidum Kellogg) from a 
_Junco sp. (Lawrence, Kansas). This species differs 
from the preceding two species described in having the 
lateral abdominal bands distinctly marginal (as is the case 
with the species of Piaget, Nitzsch, and Denny), and in 
‘this it resembles the European species. It has the very 
long, backward-projecting, occipital angles, as in angu- 
latum and australe, which is a character shown by but 
few of the European forms. 

Description of female. Body, length 4 mm., width 
1.09 mm.; white, with dark brown to black marginal 
lateral bands on abdomen and thorax, and few black 
head-markings; the labral lobes large and projecting. 

Head, length .8 mm., width .7 mm.; front rather broad, 
flatly convex, without marginal hairs, sides nearly straight 
but slightly constricted even with the projecting labral 
lobes; a single projecting submarginal hair near middle 
of head, with a very short hair barely reaching margin 
close to it; in the small ocular emargination several short 
hairs; occipital angles acute, with two long hairs; the 
palpi barely project beyond the lateral margin of the head 
but the labral lobes are large and project conspicuously 
beyond the margin.; markings consisting of a small black 
ocular fleck, a dark brown blotch on inner margin of 
-antennal fossa, and in front of it two smaller blotches, 
.the anterior the least distinct; a narrow, interrupted, 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 519 


smoky, occipital margin, indications of occipital bands, 
and a narrow, indistinct smoky margining of the tem- 
ples. 

Prothorax hexagonal, with anterior and posterior mar- 
gins weakly concave; in the obtuse lateral angles a hair 
and two spines; segment white with a narrow submarginal 
black band, the margin outside of it being more or less 
suffused with smoky brown. Metathorax with a slight 
lateral swelling on the lateral margin near the anterior 
end, bearing a few short pale brown spines; in the poste- 
rior angles a single, longish, weak hair; segment white, 
with a narrow, submarginal, lateral band, outside of which 
on posterior half of segment the margin is smoky brown. 
Sternal markings consisting of an intercoxal line, long 
and curving forward, on metasternum, and two faint 
median lines on prosternum. Legs, white. 

Abdomen. Posterior angles with a single longish hair 
and a shorter weaker one on lateral margin of each seg- 
ment of segments 5-8; last segment flatly rounded with 
two pairs of hairs, and the posterior fringe distinct; 
dorsal surface without hairs, or with very few; segments 
white, with broad, black, marginal, lateral bands fading 
out on eighth segment; indications of narrow, transverse, 
linear, median blotches at the sutures; under side of 
abdomen with pale brown, median blotches on segments 
5-6. 

Var. pallidum Kellogg. Two females and a young 
specimen taken from a ‘funco sp. (Lawrence, Kansas) 
may be referred to this species but they show varietal 
differences. The body color is pale golden, the mark- 
ings are brown, not black, and the middle region of the 
whole abdomen is pale brownish; of the head markings 
only the ocular fleck and the bounding blotch on inner 
rim of the antennal fossa are distinct. 


520 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


CoLPOoOcEPHALUM. 


Colpocephalum chrysopheum n.sp. (Plate Ixxi, fig. 1.) 


Found on three out of seven specimens of Samuels’ 
Long Sparrow, JZelospiza fasciata samuelis (Palo Alto, 
California). . 

Description of female. Body, length 1.35 mm., width 
.7mm.; golden brown with blackish brown bands and 
margins, and rusty brown transverse blotches. 

Head, length .28 mm., width .5 mm.; broadly para- 
bolic in front; one short hair on each side of the middle, 
then a longer one, then a short one, then a very long one, 
then two longish ones; the palpi project by at least the 
last two segments; the ocular emargination is distinct but 
not acute inwardly; the eye is large, emarginate, and 
with a distinct black fleck; ocular fringe distinct; temples 
projecting, rounded, rather narrow, with several long hairs 
of different lengths, of which two are very long and 
equal: on the occipital margin of the temples another 
very long hair and two or three shorter ones; middle part 
of occipital margin with a few long hairs; head tinged 
with fuscus with black, curving, broadly linear, ocular 
blotch and narrow curving transversal black line sub- 
parallel with frontal margin of clypeus; occipital and 
inner bands forming a brownish H in middle of head, the 
lines being broad and slightly curving; in the anterior 
part of the H a brown blotch, and a tapering brown , 
triangle projecting backward from the cross bar of the 
11; four small pale to uncolored circular spots, one at 
each end of the cross bar of the H, and the two others 
outside of but contiguous to the anterior legs of the H. 

Prothorax broad, short, with a strong hair in the lateral 
angles and two spines, and ten longish hairs ranged along 
the posterior margin; the transverse chitinized bar is 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 521 


especially narrow and distinct, and the curving longitudi- 
nal lines beyond the ends are sharply defined and black. 
Metathorax with posterior margin straight and with about 
ten longish weak hairs ranged along it; darkest along 
the short anterior margin and in the latero-posterior angles. 
Legs pale, with sharply defined marginal markings, espe- 
cially on the coxe and on the long slender tibiz of middle 
and hind legs. Sternal markings consisting of a small 
median triangle with linear wings on prothorax, and of 
black, distinct, angulated, intercoxal lines between meso- 
and meta-coxe. 

Abdomen ovate, broad at both ends; long hairs in 
posterior angles of segments, and short hairs, not numer- 
ous, on dorsal surface; all segments with a broad, brown, 
transverse blotch extending entirely across segment, cov- 
ering almost the whole surface; the sutures, however, 
are broad and uncolored; lateral bands narrow, black, 
fading inwardly into the transverse blotches; last segment 
broad, flatly convex behind, with a fringe of short hairs. 

Male. Body, length 1.09 mm., width .5 mm.; head, 
length .25 mm., width .4 mm.; conspicuously smaller 
than the female; genitalia extending through segments 
5-9, in shape a heavy two-pronged fork. 


Colpocephalum osborni n. sp. (Plate Ixxi, figs. 2 and 3). 
; Many specimens, males, females and young, from a 

White-tailed Kite, H/anus glaucus (Palo Alto, California), 
resembling C’. dzss¢mzle Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 520, 
pl. xlii, fig. 4), taken from J/7/vus egyptius (Museum of 
Leyden), and C. ¢ricinctum Nitzsch (Giebel, Insecta 
Epizoa, p. 263), taken from M/zlvus ater. Named for 
Prof. Herbert Osborn of Iowa, who has contributed to 
the knowledge of American Mallophaga. 

Description of male. Body, length 1.31 mm., width 


Proc. Cau. ACAD. Sct., 2p SER., VOL. VI. ( 36 ) November 12, 1896, 


> 


522 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


.5 mm.; golden brown, with distinct, broad, black, oc- 
cipital bands with expanded extremities, and dark brown, 
transverse, abdominal blotches with black lateral ends. 

Head, length .31 mm., width .5 mm.; rather large 
compared with whole body, just as wide as widest part of 
abdomen; front broad, flatly rounded, with seven hairs 
on each side of the median line, four of which are grouped 
together in front of the ocular emargination; last segment 
of antenna broad, with slightly concave terminal margin 
projecting beyond margin of head; ocular emargination 
pronounced, the deepest point being acutely angled; an 
ocular fringe; swelling rounded temporal margins, with 
several hairs of different lengths, three being about equal 
and longest; occipital margin concave, with tour hairs; 
golden brown, with large black subcircular ocular blotches 
and triangular occipital blotches connected by the broad, 
paler (reddish brown) occipital bands; the occipital 
blotches connected by an even, strongly colored, broad, 
occipital border; clypeus with two blackish brown 
blotches connected with the ocular blotches and man- 
dibles by colored areas but little darker than the ground 
color of head. 

Prothorax short, extending laterally even with the outer 
margin of the occipital blotches of the head, with a hair 
and spine in each lateral angle, and eight hairs along the 
flatly convex posterior margin; concolorous with ground 
color of head. Metathorax short, with flatly convex pos- 
terior margin, bearing a series of short, weak hairs; a 
transverse chestnut-brown blotch across posterior half of 
segment, expanding and darker at lateral ends. Legs 
with distinct dark brown markings. 

Abdomen bluntly elliptical, third segment widest, with 
segments projecting but little laterally; many short hairs 
along sides and on dorsal surface; segments 1-8 with 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 523 


broad, transverse, dark chestnut-brown blotch entirely 
across segment, darkest laterally, with sharp black angu- 
lated lateral bands, especially noticeable on segments 3- 
8; last segment without noticeable blotch, bluntly rounded 
behind, without numerous hairs. 

Female. Body, length 1.47 mm., width .63 mm.; head, 
length .3 mm., width .5 mm.; with abdomen obovate, 
tapering posteriorly; abdominal blotches darker laterally 
but paler in the middle; lateral bands not angulated and 
wider; last abdominal segment elongate, tapering, with 
narrow flatly convex posterior margin; segment 8 with a 
group of seven strong curving hooklike hairs, the poste- 
rior ones longest, situated on posterior part of lateral 
margin of segments; posterior margin of this segment 
with a series of closely set hairs. 


Colpocephalum fumidum n. sp. (Plate Ixxi, fig. 5.) 


A single specimen from a Least Bushtit, Psa/trzparus 
minimus (Palo Alto, California). A strikingly dark Co/- 
pocephalum showing resemblance to some of the Co/po- 
cephali of the water birds, such as wn7serzatim Piaget (Les 
Peédiculines, -p. 562, pl. xlvit, fig.’ 2),-from an Avocet, 
feecurvirostra avocetta, rather than to any of the few 
Colpocephali hitherto described from passerine birds. 

Description of female. Body, length 2.75 mm., width 
I.I mm.; very dark, smoky, with black occipital margin, 
ocular blotches, and blackish lateral abdominal bands. 

Head, length .5 mm., width .75 mm.; forehead large, 
flatly rounded in front, with numerous short hairs; two 
longer hairs in angle in front of ocular emargination; the 
ocular emargination pronounced, angulated, with the an- 
terior margin of the produced temples almost at right an- 
gles to the long axis of the head; the eye prominent, 
almost if not quite divided, the anterior and larger part 


524 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


lying in the angle of the emargination, the smaller and 
posterior part lying apparently on the dorsal surface of 
the temple; ocular fringe distinct, composed of longish 
hairs: temporal margins with slightly rounded anterior 
and posterior angles, and slightly convex lateral margin 
which bears five longish hairs; occipital margin weakly 
sinuous and concave, with four hairs; fuliginous with 
black uneven occipital border; small black ocular blotches, 
and four small circular uncolored spots on forehead, from 
each of which arise one or more hairs. 

Prothorax with bluntly rounded lateral angles, slightly 
concave latero-posterior margins, and convex posterior 
margin, the segment produced backward so as to very 
materially narrow the median part of the mesothorax, 
with a spine and a long hair in the lateral angles and two 
separated hairs on the concave lateral margins, the ante- 
rior hair being short and weak. Mesothorax separated 
from metathorax by an uncolored suture, but with ex- 
tremely slight lateral emargination; no hairs. Metatho- 
rax larger than mesothorax, with straight posterior mar- 
gin, a spine, a weak hair and a strong hair in posterior 
angles, and posterior margin not with a marginal series 
of hairs; all the thoracic segments very dark, the ground 
color same as that of head and darker than that of abdo- 
men; the lateral borders darkest. Legs concolorous with 
body, robust. 

Abdomen long-ovate, segments of equal lengths, a few 
long hairs in posterior angles, and dorsal surface with 
posterior margins of segments with single series of hairs 
set in faint pustulations; ventral surface with series of 
short fine hairs in small but distinct pustulations; last 
segment narrowly, flatly convex, with a fringe of fine un- 
colored hairs; whole abdomen smoky but lighter than 
head and thorax; black lateral bands paling inwardly. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 525 


Colpocephalum flavescens Nitzsch. (Plate lxxi, fig. 4.) 
Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 298. 
Colpocephalum flavescens N., Nitzsch (ed. Giebel) Zeitschr. f. ges. 
Naturwiss, 1861, vol. xvii, p. 522; Burmeister, Handb. d. Ent., 
1835, vol. ii, p. 438; Denny, Monograph., Anoplur. Brit., 1842, De 
206, pl. xvili, tig. 2; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 262, pl. xiii, 
fig. 10; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 515, pi. xlii, fig. 10. 
Specimens which should probably he referred to this 
species from two Bald Eagles, Halieetus leucocephalus, 
and an American Rough-legged Hawk, Archibuteo lagopus 
sancti-johannis (Lawrence, Kansas). The male figured 
by me measures: Body, length, 1.5 mm., width, .6 mm.; 
head, length .31 mm., width .53 mm. The species may 
be recognized by the strong distinct blotches and occipital 
bands and border of the head, and the transversal ab- 
dominal blotches. 


Colpocephalum subequale Nitzsch. (Plate Ixxii, 11S .2 d=) 


Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. ili, p. 299. 

Colpocephalum subequale N., Burmeister, Handb. d. Ent., 1835, vol. 
ii, p. 438; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 265, pl. xiii, figs. 13 and 
14, Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 527. 

Two females from an American Crow, Corvus amert- 
canus (Palo Alto, California). I did not find this species 
represented on several other crows shot at Palo Alto and 
at Lawrence, Kansas, although all of the individuals were 
infested by other parasites, such as Docophorus atratus 
or Menopon mesoleucum. My specimens do not have the 
dorsal surface of the thoracic segments with scattered 
long hairs, nor the surface of the abdomen thickly beset 
with hairs, as Giebel’s description (Insecta Epizoa, p. 
265) records; but neither are these hairs shown in 
Nitzsch’s figure. Nitzsch’s specimens were found on 
Corvus corax and C. frugilegus. My specimens do not 
have the first two segments of the abdomen especially 
lengthened as in Rudow’s semécinctum (Zeitschr. f. 


526 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ges. Naturwiss., 1869, vol. xxxiv, p. 394), from Corvus 
scapulatus. 'The species may be recognized by the broad 
black occipital border and occipital bands, ocular and 
frontal blotches of the head, and by the transverse ab- 
dominal blotches of the abdomen, much narrowed in the 
middle in the male, and divided in the female into a 
median and two lateral parts. The female figured by me 
measures: Body, length 1.53 mm., width .63 mm.; head, 
length .31 mm., width .5 mm. 


Menopon decoratum n. sp. (Plate Ixxii, fig. 2.) 

One male, one female, and a young specimen froma 
White-tailed Kite, A/anus leucurus (Palo Alto, California). 
A finely marked species not resembling especially any 
other JZenopon hitherto taken from birds of prey. No 
Menopon has heretofore been taken from a Kite. 

Description of male. Body, length 1.53 mm., width 
72 mm.; pale yellowish brown, with dark rusty brown to 
black markings; distinct transverse bars on abdominal 
segments, the one on segment 2 especially strongly de- 
fined. 

Head, length .31 mm., width .66 mm.; robust, more 
than twice as wide as long; front broad, flatly rounded, 
with a few short weak hairs, and on the weak swelling in 
front of the shallow ocular emargination two strong hairs, 
of which one rises from the dorsal surface; temples ex- 
panded, with two longish hairs and three very long ones; 
occipital margin concave, straight in the middle, with four 
long hairs; large black ocular fleck; an irregular black- 
ish brown ocular blotch (on base of antennal band), the 
two connected bya paler curving transverse band, and also 
connected with the occipital margin by pale, broad, ill- 
defined occipital bands, the bases of the bands being 
blackish brown; on the forehead in front of mandibles a 
pale, short, curving band on each side. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 527 


Prothorax irregularly hexagonal, with obtuse lateral 
angles, and posterior margin flatly convex, with a very 
obtuse median angle; lateral angles with one very long 
hair and one shorter one, anda series of eight strong 
hairs along posterior margin, the terminal hair at each 
end of the series being exactly in the latero-posterior 
angle; chitinized tranverse bar in anterior part of seg- 
ment is weakly colored, and the longitudinal bars at its 
end are: indistinct. , Metathorax as short as or slightly 
shorter than prothorax, wider, with posterior margin 
straight; two long hairs in posterior angles, and a series 
of shorter weak ones along posterior margin; anterior 
angles with strongly colored blotch; an ill-defined, short 
longitudinal blotch projecting back from converging lateral 
margins. Legs palely colored. 

Abdomen broadly ovate, wide and flat behind; posterior 
angles of segments with two usually long hairs and several 
short ones; single series of hairs not numerous on dorsal 
surface; lateral bands blackish brown, broad, interrupted, 
the segmental portions projecting inward; dark chestnut 
brown transverse blotches across the segments, with the 
pale or uncolored sutural bands broad; the colored trans- 
verse band of segment 2 is specially strongly marked, 
and is rather sinuous; last segment with broad, uncol- 
ored, posterior border, and with posterior margin straight, 
with a slight median emargination, and a sparse fringe of 
hairs of different lengths. 

Female. Body, length 2. mm., width .94 mm.; head, 
length .¢ mm., width .7 mm.; perhaps a little darker; 
the transverse blotches of abdomen better defined; last 
abdominal segment narrower than in male, and the pos- 
terior margin broadly parabolic, with few long, and nu- 
merous short hairs. 


528 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Menopon robustum n. sp. (Plate Ixxii, fig. 3.) 

A single specimen found on a Least Bush Tit, Psa/tr7- 
parus minimus (Palo Alto, Calif.). No other specimens 
of this strange species were found on five other individ- 
uals of the same bird species examined. I refer the 
species to the genus J/enofon, for it is evidently more 
closely allied to this genus than to any other one so far 
established. But it presents a mingling of characters of 
Menopon, Ancistrona and Hureum; a short broad head 
with strongly chitinized backward-projecting processes 
on the ventral surface like Awnczstrona; a thorax like 
Fureum, and the habitus and general body characters of 
Menopon. If it is to be referred to AZenofon it ranks 
with ¢ztan and ¢rzdens as anomalous members of the 
genus, which should be distinguished by subgeneric 
names, or which should be the provocation for breaking 
up the already unwieldy genus into several genera. In 
general shape it resembles JZ. swbrotundum, Piaget (Les 
Pediculines, p. 453, pl. xxxv, fig. 2), from Gvracula sul- 
cirostrts. 

Description of the female. Body, length 1.43 mm., 
width .85 mm.; being thus very broad and short; smoky 
translucent brown, with broad, transverse, abdominal 
bands, darker on the lateral margins; head with no well 
defined bands or blotches except the small ocular flecks; 
labial projections of under side showing through; head 
with very long hairs. 

Head, length .25 mm., width .6 mm.; very broad and 
short, crescentic, with narrow rounded ends; front with 
one very short hair on each side of middle, then two 
short ones and then three long hairs, the hindmost two 
being in the lateral angle just in front of the ocular 
emargination; palpi short, not reaching the margin; the 
emargination small but distinct, with the eye large, nearly 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 529 


divided, and with a distinct fleck; the narrow produced 
temples with five long hairs of which the hindmost three 
are very long; occipital margin with six hairs, the two 
outer ones arising submarginally, no distinct head bands 
or blotches; the occipital margin narrowly bordered with 
black;on vthe- under “side~ of the head) theres are two 
strongly chitinized, backward-projecting, pointed pro- 
cesses arising from the labium (resembling those, but not 
bipartite, of Azczstrona); these processes show through 
above and give an appearance of faint occipital bands. 
Prothorax very large, as long as the head, and three- 
fourths as broad, with strong, produced, obtuse, lateral 
angles; posterior margin obtusely angled on the meta- 
thorax; a strong spine and a long hair in each lateral 
angle, and a not well filled series of weak hairs along 
posterior margin; the transverse chitin bar distinct, black- 
ish brown, and the curving longitudinal chitin bars at its 
ends distinct, blackish; no well defined blotches. Meta- 
thorax with a few small spines along lateral margins and 
two longish hairs in posterior angles; posterior margin 
with marginal series of short hairs (like those of ab- 
domen); regions of latero-posterior angles dark brown, 
the color extending forward narrowly along the lateral 
margins. Sternal markings composed of a small median 
blotch on prothorax, with posterior produced point and 
lateral linear processes; curving intercoxal lines on meso- 
thorax and short straight ones on metathorax, with a 
broad pale colored median blotch. Legs concolorous 
with head and thorax, with coxe distinctly margined with 
blackish brown; anterior coxz with blunt processes 
about as long as but narrower than the coxe themselves. 
Abdomen more golden or yellowish brown than head 
and thorax; very broadly elliptical; but slightly tur- 
binated; with two or three rather short hairs in posterior 


530 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


angles; a single transverse series of short hairs along 


posterior margin of each segment; broad, transverse 
bands entirely covering each segment; darker at lateral 


margin, especially on anterior segments; last segment 


flatly rounded, with fringe of short hairs. 


Menopon monostechum n. sp. (Plate Ixxii, fig. 4.) 


Specimens from a Silver Pheasant, Phasianus nycthe- 


merus, received by the zoological department of this 
University from Mr. A. C. Robison of San Francisco, 
California. 

The species is like swbeguale, Piaget (Les Pediculines, 


p- 463, pl. xxxvii, fig.5), from Huplocamus fenitus in shape 
of thorax and body, but has only single series of hairs 


on the abdominal segments (swbeguale has two series on 
each segment); in the matter of the hairs of the body 
the new species is like wn7/serzat/m, Piaget (Les Pedicu- 
lines, p. 464, pl. xxxviii, fig. 4) from Phastanus prelatus, 
but differs from this species in not having the posterior 
margin or prothorax projecting backward and angulated; 
in both swbeqguale and uniseriatim the females are smaller 
than the males (according to Piaget), which unusual con- 
dition does not obtain in the new species. 

Description of the male. Body, length 2.06 mm., 
width .g mm.; whitish, with faint brownish tinge; with 
inconspicuous but distinct markings of blackish brown 
and chestnut; with numerous long hairs. 

Head, length .41 mm., width .7 mm.; front rounded, 
with indication of median angulation; with about ten 
marginal hairs of different lengths in front of the ocular 
emarginations, which are shallow but distinct; palpi pro- 
jecting; the projecting temporal margins with several 
long hairs, of which two are very long; occipital margin 
concave, with eight long hairs; a black ocular fleck and 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. Lene 


brown ocular blotch; occipital margin narrowly edged 
with brown; mandibles and adjacent lateral regions dark 
chestnut brown. 

Prothorax with lateral angles narrowly rounded, and 
with a longish spine; posterior margin curving at sides, 
but nearly straight on metathorax, and with a marginal 
series of strong, long hairs; transverse chitin bar pale to 
uncolored, but distinct, as also the longitudinal bar at its. 
ends. Metathorax of about same length as prothorax, 
and but very little if at all wider; with five strong, short 
spines along each lateral margin, and a series of hairs 
along the straight posterior margin; lateral margins nar- 
rowly bordered with blackish brown, and linear brown 
blotches projecting backward from anterior angles, and 
tapering and fading out posteriorly. Legs pale, con- 
colorous with body. 

Abdomen elliptical, with segments projecting but little 
laterally; posterior angles with several hairs of different 
lengths, the hairs longer on posterior segments until on 
segments 8-9 some of them are very long; lateral bands. 
with short processes projecting inward, one in middle of 
lateral margin of each segment and one along each suture; 
no transverse blotches, or only faint indications of brown- 
ish color; last segment broad, ‘rounded behind, with 
numerous long hairs. ; 

Female. Body, length 2.3 mm., width .g mm.; head, 
length .¢ mm., width .72 mm.; last segment of abdomen 
more flatly rounded, with a tuft of hair at each posterior 
angle and a fringe of hairs of equal size along the pos- 
terior margin, giving the tip of abdomen a truncate ap- 
pearance. 


532 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Menopon melanorum n. sp. (Plate Ixxiii, fig. 1.) 


Taken on a Towhee, Pifilo erythrophthalmus (Law- 
rence, Kansas). 

Description of female. Body, length 1.37 mm., width 
.56 mm.; pale golden brown, with black occipital margin 
of head, blackish brown ocular blotches and mandibles, 
and brown transverse abdominal blotches distinct only 
laterally. 

Head, length .31 mm., width .47 mm., rather long in 
comparison with its width for JA/Zenopon; front rounded, 
with usual few short hairs in front of barely projecting 
palpi, and two longish ones in front of ocular emargina- 
tions; the emargination distinct, shallow, and with ocular 
fringe; temples broad, rounded, with a few hairs of dif- 
ferent lengths, including at least one very long hair; 
occipital margin concave, straight in middle, with two 
longish and two short hairs; occipital margin narrowly 
but conspicuously bordered with black; indications of 
widely separated, translucent, occipital bands, convex 
outwardly; ocular blotches small, narrow, linear, curv- 
ing, blackish in middle, paling at each end; a small black 
ocular fleck; a brown spot on margin outside of each 
mandible, and connected with mandibles by indistinct 
brownish bands. 

Prothorax «vith slightly produced blunt lateral angles 
bearing three spines; nearly straight posterior margin 
with four longish hairs; the chitin bars indistinct, no 
blotches. Metathorax with slight lateral emargination, 
and indications of suture between meso- and metathorax ; 
metathorax with a spine and very long hair in posterior 
angles, and eight weak hairs along the posterior margin, 
four on each side of the bare middle part; anterior 
angles of mesothorax dark brown; otherwise both seg- 
ments unicolorous, concolorous with pale ground color 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 533 


of body. Legs concolorous with thorax, with darker in- 
distinct marginal and terminal margins. 

Abdomen short, broad, ovate, not turbinated; a single 
very long hair and a spine in posterior angles of seg- 
ments; broad, pale brown, transverse bands across all 
segments but the last, these bands, however, hardly ap- 
parent on the middle region of the body, but distinct 
laterally, the lines of demarcation between pale and 
darker parts of band rather sharply defined; last seg- 
ment broad, flatly rounded, uncolored, with a fine fringe 
of short, uncolored hairs. 


Menopon incertum n. sp. (Plate Ixxiii, fig. 2.) 


Specimens from an American Gold Finch, SAzcuzus 
tréstis, and from a Russet-backed Thrush, 7urdus ustu- 
latus (Palo Alto, California). This is one of these species 
which might be referred almost indifferently to JZenopon 
or to Colpocephalum. Because Giebel has referred to a 
somewhat similar form, ¢horacicum (Insecta Epizoa p. 
287) from Turdus viscivorous, to Menopon, | assign this 
species to the same genus. ‘The new species differs from 
thoracicum in the hairs of the prothorax, in the straight, 
not angulated, posterior margin of the mesothorax, in 
lacking a complete series of hairs along the posterior 
margin of the metathorax, in the presence of the char- 
acteristic spines of the posterior angles of the abdominal 
segments, and in other particulars. The ocular emargi- 
nations of the head are distinct, ‘‘ fast colpocephalisch,”’ 
as Giebel says of thoracicum. 

Description of the male. Body, length 1.16 mm., 
width .48 mm.; pale brown, with distinct, broad, dark 
brown, transverse, abdominal bands, and blackish lateral 
bands; head two-thirds as long as wide. 

Head, length .28 mm., width .44 mm.; rather elongate 
for Menopon, with distinct ocular emarginations; rounded 


534 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


in front, with a few short hairs; two longer hairs (one 
longer than the other) in front of emargination; ocular 
fringe distinct; temporal margin with four long hairs, of 
which two are very long, and a few shorter hairs; occi- 
pital margin concave, straight in the middle; palpi project- 
ing slightly; occipital margin narrowly bordered with 
black; temples clouded; a curving, blackish brown, ocu- 
lar blotch, and in front of its anterior end a small, blackish 
brown, submarginal blotch. 

Prothorax short, broad, the lateral angle being but little 
produced, with two short strong spines and no hair, and 
the posterior angles very obtuse, hardly apparent; the 
posterior margins flatly convex, with six short strong 
hairs; segment without distinct colored blotches or bor- 
der; the transverse chitin bar slender, inconspicuous. 
Metathorax with fine but distinct suture, separating meso- 
thorax; just behind the suture a transverse series of a 
few very small spines; posterior angles of metathorax 
with three spines and a hair, two of the spines projecting 
laterally, the other spine and hair projecting posteriorly; 
posterior margin straight, with a marginal series of hairs; 
the posterior angles of the segment are obtuse and pro- 
ject laterally conspicuously beyond the abdomen. 
Legs concolorous with body, with ill-defined marginal 
markings. 

Abdomen short, elliptical, lateral margins projecting 
but little; posterior angles with two short, strong, distinct 
spines, and usually with a long hair; a broad transverse 
brown band entirely across each segment, paler in middle, 
darker at lateral extremities so as to form broad, dark, 
lateral bands; the sutures broad, uncolored; last segment 
with uncolored posterior border, flatly convex or almost 
straight, with a few short hairs, and at each side a long, 
strong, prominent hair. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 535 


Female. Body, length 1.34 mm., width .5 mm.; head, 
length .31 mm., width .44 mm.; thus being little larger 
than the male; the posterior margin of last abdominal 
segment is uncolored, more convex than in the male, and 
bears a fringe of short, fine, transparent hairs. 


Menopon longicephalum n. sp. (Plate Ixxiii, fig. 4.) 

One male and one female taken from a domestic 
Pigeon, Columba livia (Lawrence, Kansas). Not at all 
like the uncommon but long known J/enofon of the 
Pigeon, evganteum, Denny (Anoplur. Brit., p. 225, pl. 
es 2).or Jatum, Piaget (les, Pedieulines,"p 457: 
pl. xxxvii, fig. 1), but an elongate slender form with 
head nearly two thirds as long as wide, much like drev- 
ipes, Piaget (Supplement, 1885, p. 110, pl. xii, fig. 1), 
from Crossoptilon mantschuricum, or trisertatim, Piaget 
(Les Pediculines, p. 460, pl. xxxvii, fig. 3), from Gal- 
lus bankiva. 

Description of male. Body, length 1.5 mm., width 
.66 mm.; elongate, with narrow tapering head and nar- 
row tapering posterior region of abdomen; whitish, with 
translucent lateral bands and with inconspicuous head 
markings. 

Head, length .31 mm., width .47 mm.; thus being elon- 
gate and narrow for J7Zenofon; front parabolic, with one 
short hair on each side in front of slightly projecting 
palpi, and one long hair and two short in front of the 
shallow ocular signature; emargination with ocular 
fringe running slightly on temporal margin; temples pro- 
truding but little laterally, and with one long hair and 
three short ones; occipital margin weakly concave, with 
a few hairs of different lengths; small, black, ocular fleck 
and pale, clear, brownish coloration at side of and behind 
mandibles. 


536 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Prothorax short, broad, with produced lateral angles 
with a spine in each angle, and a series of fourteen 
strong, sharply pointed hairs along the convex posterior 
margin; no blotches. Metathorax short, broad; lateral 
margin with two or three spines, angles with a hair and 
nearly straight posterior margin with a series of hairs 
weaker than those of the prothorax. Legs pale, con- 
colorous with body, with short stiff hairs on femora and 
tibiae. 

Abdomen elliptical, narrow at both ends, with numerous 
strong hairs in posterior angles of segments and on lateral 
margins; numerous hairs on dorsal surface; whole ab- 
domen whitish, with narrow, clear, lateral bands, with 
lateral processes projecting inward from anterior angles 
of each segment; last segment uncolored, parabolic, with 
four hairs on posterior margin, two near each end and 
none in the middle. 

Female. Body, length 1.6 mm., width .69 mm.; head, 
length .31 mm., width .47 mm.; abdomen elongate-ovate, 
tapering at posterior end, the last segment uncolored, 
narrowly rounded behind, with a fringe of fine uncol- 
ored hairs along posterior margin. 


Menopon dissimile n. sp.. (Plate Ixxiii, fig. 5.) 

One male, one female, and one immature specimen, 
from the Purple Martin, Progne subzs( Lawrence, Kansas), 
resembling somewhat J/. rusticum, Giebel (Insecta 
Epizoa, p. 288), from H7rundo rustica and H. rzparza, 
but more than a third larger, without the well marked 
antenne and ocular bands of rastecum, and with spines 
and hairs on the prothorax, which is bare in rustzcum. 
This species and rusticum presenta MZenopon type which 
in the shape and character of the head and thorax and 
in the sternal markings approaches /V7/zschza. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 537 


Description of the male. Body, length 1.8 mm., 
width .62 mm.; pale, clear, yellowish brown, with small 
black ocular flecks, slightly darker thorax, indistinctly 
indicated lateral bands, parallel inner logitudinal bands, 
and numerous short, stiff, spiny hairs on dorsal surface of 
abdomen. 

Head, length .35 mm., width .55 mm.; not so much 
wider than long as usual in JZenofon; forehead or region 
in front of ocular emargination long; front flatly rounded, 
with a few short hairs and two longish ones, one longer 
than the other on a slight swelling in front of the ocular 
emargination; the ocular fringe distinct, composed of 
curving, stiff hairs; temples with anterior angles some- 
what produced, and four long and two or three short 
hairs on the margin; small black ocular flecks; weakly 
colored, translucent, narrow, curving, ocular blotches, 
and a weakly colored region outside of each mandible; 
occipital margin medially, narrowly, weakly colored, 
translucent, with two short median hairs and a shorter 
one at each side of these two. 

Prothorax hexagonal, almost as long as broad, the 
lateral anterior sides short, the lateral angles obtuse, but 
little produced, with two spines and a short, stiff hair; 
posterior margin slightly angulated in the middle, and with 
six longish hairs, the terminal one being in the posterior 
angles of the segment; whole segment slightly darker than 
the head, with short, transverse, uncolored, chitin bar. 
Metathorax with lateral emargination and faint sutural line 
between meso- and metasegments: lateral margins bare; 
posterior angles with two spines and the terminal one of a 
series of submarginal hairs which are ranged along the 
straight or very weakly convex posterior margin; an- 
terior angles and lateral margin slightly darker, but 


otherwise the whole segment concolorous with prothorax. 
Proc. Cau. AcapD. Sci., 2D SrrR., Vou. VI. (37) November 13, 1896, 


538 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Legs with weakly colored, translucent, dorsal margins 
on femora and tibiz; anterior coxe with bluntly conical 
processes. Sternal markings ill-defined but apparently 
composed of longitudinal and transversal narrow bands 
without median blotches. 

Abdomen elongate-elliptical, slightly turbinated, with 
a strong hair in each posterior angle and a few short hairs 
along the lateral margins of the segments; dorsal surface 
with a regular row of short, sharp, spiny hairs on the 
posterior margin of each segment; on segment I no 
other dorsal hairs; on segment 2 an additional single 
irregular row across the segment, and on segments 3-8 
two additional irregular rows; last segment without rows 
of short spiny hairs, rounded behind, with four long hairs 
in lateral groups of two each, and posterior margin with 
four short, fine hairs; segment 8 has two long conspicuous 
hairs rising one in the middle of each lateral half of the 
posterior margin; genitalia of the usual J/enopon type, 
an unpaired, long, strong, longitudinal bar with two 
strong, diverging prongs at posterior angle; ventral sur- 
face of abdomen possesses, in addition to transverse 
rows, groups of short spiny hairs near each lateral mar- 
gin; on the posterior margin of segment 2 there are a 
few, four to six, very strong spines in two lateral groups; 
color of abdomen same as that of head and legs, with 
narrow, translucent, lateral bands, having two short, 
rounded, inward-projecting processes in each segment; 
in addition there is a second inner, narrow, regular, 
lateral band parallel with the outer margin. 

Female. Body, length 2.16 mm., width .81 mm.; 
head, length .34 mm., width .56 mm.; darker, without 
second inner lateral band, and with the inward-projecting 
process of the outer or true lateral band shorter, but the 
band distinctly darker colored than rest of body, although 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 539 


subtranslucent; metathorax also with distinct dark sub- 
translucent lateral bands; dorsal surface of abdomen 
without short spiny hairs, and with a few longer weak 
hairs arranged in complete transverse rows on segments 
1-3, but decreasing in number on posterior segments; 
last segment with posterior margin rounded about as in 
male, but with fringe of closely set, short, weak, finely 
pointed hairs; ventral surface of abdomen with the lateral 
groups of short spiny hairs as in male. 


Menopon mesoleucum Nitzch. (Plate Ixxiii, fig. 3.) 
Germar’s Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 300. 
Ricinus cornicis De Geer, Mem. Ins., 1778, vol. vii, pl. 4, fig. 11. 
Menopon mesoleucum N., Burmeister, Handb. f. Ent., 1835, vol. ii, p. 
439; Giebel, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss, 1866, vol. xxvii, p. 119; 
ibid, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 281, pl. xiv, figs. 11, 12; Piaget, 
Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 426, pl. xxxiv, p. 7. 

A large variety of this species from the American 
Crow, Corvus americanus (specimens from Lawrence, 
Kansas, and Palo Alto, California). Nitzsch’s type- 
specimens were taken from Corvus cornix and C’. corone. 
The American specimens are uniformly larger than the 
type-form (length of meso/ewcum, male 1.4 mm., female 
1.8 mm.; length of var. americanum, male 1.7 mm., 
female 2.12 mm.), and vary from the descriptions of 
Giebel and Piaget in various particulars. 

Var. americanum Kellogg. Males, females and young 
from the American Crow, Corvus americanus (Lawrence, 
Kansas, and Palo Alto, California). Male. Body, length 
1.7 mm., width .7 mm.; head, length .34 mm., width 
.6mm. Female. Body, length 2.12 mm., width .75 
mm.; head, length .37 mm., width .69 mm. 

The species may be readily recognized by the marked 
difference in the sexes, the female having the metathorax 
produced backward and angulated on the abdomen 


540 CALIFORNIA ACADIEMY OF SCIENCES. 


(straight in the male), and with the transverse abdominal 
blotches of the first three or four segments broken in the 
middle and the lateral parts projecting diagonally inward 
and backward; in the male the blotches run evenly across 
the segments. I figure the male. 


Nitzschia dubius n. sp. (Plate Ixxiii, fig. 6.) 

A few specimens from the Chimney Swift, Chetura 
pelasgica (Lawrence, Kansas). Much like Vetzschza 
pulicarts, Nitzsch, from the European Swift, Cyfse/us 
apus, but differs in lacking the pustulated hairs of temples 
and abdomen, and in the shape of the metathorax. The 
specimens are in poor condition and permit of only an 
unsatisfactory description. 

Body, length 2.22 mm., width .88 mm.; elongate, with 
narrow neck-like prothorax; expanded posterior portion 
of abdomen with numerous very long hairs; head, thorax 
and legs pale, abdomen much darker. 

Head, length .41 mm., width .72 mm.; shape of head 
of pulicar’s, that is, triangular, with rounded front, a 
shallow concavity of the margin where the palpi project, 
a shallow ocular emargination, with conspicuous ocular 
fringe and expanded temples, the margins angulated in 
front and behind; the margin of forehead with six hairs 
on each side, the third and sixth being long; the temporal 
margins with four long hairs weakly pustulated, anda 
few very short hairs or spines; occipital margin concave, 
straight in middle, with four longish hairs; ground color 
pale tawny, with very small, black, ocular flecks, weakly 
colored, small, brownish, ocular blotches, strongly colored 
mandibles, and a weakly colored region outside of each 
mandible. 

Prothorax subquadrangular, with shortly produced rec- 
tangular angles in lateral margins before the middle, each 


te i et 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 541 


angle with two spines anda hair; posterior angles rounded 
and the nearly straight, slightly sinuous, posterior margin 
with six weak hairs; a weakly indicated, uncolored, trans- 
verse, chitin bar about even with lateral angles; no distinct 
blotches. Meso- and metathorax fused, although the line of 
fusion is marked by a lateral emargination and by an indi- 
cated transverse suture ; posterior angles of metathorax with 
two spines and a hair; the straight posterior margin with 
a submarginal series of short and longer hairs interrupted 
at the middle; on the dorsal surface of the metasegment 
six short spines arranged in two diagonal series of three 
each. Legs long, slender, concolorous with thorax, 
with fringes of short hairs along dorsal margins of 
femora and tibiz. Sternal markings weakly indicated 
but of the type described as characteristic of Witzschia, 
consisting essentially of an open quadrilateral without 
median blotches. 

Abdomen widening posteriorly to segment 6; segment 
7 a little narrower than segment 6, and segments 8 and 9 
narrowing more rapidly; all segments with two to three 
spines in posterior angles and long hairs, increasing in 
length and number on posterior segments, those on seg- 
ments 6-9 being especially long, numerous, and hence 
conspicuous; segment 9 short, flatly convex behind, with 
two very long hairs at each end of posterior margin and 
a sparse fringe of five uncolored hairs along the margin; 
narrow, translucent, brownish, lateral bands, and the 
whole abdomen dark, because crossed by broad transverse 
bands, almost completely covering the surface: posterior 
margin of each segment with a series of weak hairs. 


542 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Drs TR UT len. 


Concerning the distribution of the Mallophaga, I have 
little to add to the remarks made in my previous paper. 
Among the land birds of America there are very few 
which are identical with the Old World species. On 
those are found parasites identical, or nearly so, with the 
Old World Mallophaga of the same hosts. On the do- 
mestic pigeon, Columba livia, I find Lipeurus baculus and 
Goniocotes compar, both common on the European indi- 
viduals of the same host species. In addition, I find a 
Menopon on the pigeon not met with by the European 
authors. On the Snow Owl, WVyctea nyctea, I find Doco- 
phoros ceblebrachys, described by Nitzsch from the same 
host. And there are a few other similar examples. 

As among the water birds, where I have found pre- 
viously described Mallophaga on American birds not 
identical with Old World species, these parasites have 
been found, almost always, on American birds very closely 
related to the European hosts. For example, the char- 
acteristic Docophorus rostratus Nitzsch, of the European 
Barn Owl, Str¢x flammea, I have found on the American 
Barn Owl, Strix pratincola. It is of interest to note that 
the American owl has been until recently ranked as a 
variety simply of the European species. The striking 
Menopon mesoleucum of the various Old World crows 
(Corvus corone, frugilegus, et al. ), is found on the Amer- 
ican Crow, Corvus americanus, though showing such con- 
stant differences as to compel me to give it a varietal 
name. ‘There are several other examples of this condi- 
tion presented in this paper. 

Apparent exceptions to the general statement that Amer- 
ican Mallophaga identical with Old World species are 
found on American hosts identical with or very nearly 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. Be 
related to Old World hosts, are presented by Docophorus 
communis and Virmus fuscus. ‘These two parasite species 
are found, common, in one case, to many passerine birds, 
and in the other, to several raptorial birds, which differ 
generically from the Old World hosts. It will be noted, 
however, that both of these species have a wide range of 
hosts in both Europe and America. The fact is that we 
have to do here, in each case, with a group of closely 
allied, insensibly gradating forms, rather than with a single 
well marked Mallophagous species. That this condition 
has been recognized by the European authors is shown 
in the cases of both Docophorus communis and irmus 
fuscus, by the attempts which have been made by Giebel 
and Piaget to break up these species into several distinct 
species (Giebel), or into subspecies (Piaget). 

Finally with regard to the constant or occasional ap- 
pearance of the parasites on the hosts, I can add also but 
little. In the preparation of this paper I have had no 
such long series of specimens of one bird species as it 
was my privilege to have of certain species of maritime — 
birds. As an illustration of the varying degrees of pre- 
valence of different parasite species infesting a single 
bird species, the parasites of Carpodacus mexicanus 
frontalis, the House Finch, may be referred to. Of nine 
specimens of this bird species examined, six were infested 
by Docophorus communis, four by Wrmus vulgatus, and 
one by Physostomum microcephalum. Of three specimens 
examined of the closely related Carpodacus purpureus 
californicus, the California Purple Finch, Docophorus 
communis was found on each, but no Wermus nor Phy- 
sostomum on any. Physostomum as a parasite, however, 
is not always uncommon on its host, as the case of Phy- 
sostomum diffusum, found on five out out of seven speci 
mens of MWelospiza fasciata samuelis, attests. 


544 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Comparing the land birds with the water birds as hosts 
for Mallophaga, I find that many more individuals among 
land birds than among water birds are free from parasites, 
and that among the infested birds the number of indi- 
viduals of Mallophaga on a single bird individual is much 
greater among the water bird species than among the 
land bird species. It is noticeable that the larger land 
birds such as hawks and grouse show many more para- 
sites than the smaller birds; and to some extent the 
greater abundance of parasites on water birds may be 


due to their distinctly larger average size as compared 
with land birds. 


LIST OF HOSTS AND PARASITES. 


Colinus virginanus. 
Lipeurus dissimilis. 
Callipepla californica. 
Lipeurus docophoroides. 
Goniodes mamumillatus. 
Phasianus nycthemerus. 
Lipeurus introductus. 
Goniodes cervinicornis. 
Goniocotes creber. 
Menopon monostechum. 
Columba livia. 
Lipeurus baculus. 
Goniocotes compar. 
Menopon longicephalum. 
Elanus leucurus. 
Colpocephalum osborni. 
Menopon decoratum. 
Circus hudsonius. 
Nirmus fuscus. 
Buteo swainsoni. 
Nirmus fuscus. 
Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis. 
Docophorus taurocephalus. 
Nirmus fuscus. 
Colpocephalum flavescens. 


Halizetus leucocephalus. 

Nirmus discocephalus var. am- 

blys. 

Colpocephalum flavescens. 
Bubo virginianus. 

Docophorus cursor. 
Nyctea nyctea. 

Docophorus ceblebrachys. 
Strix pratincola. 

Docophorus rostratus. 
Dryobates pubescens. 

Docophorus evagans. 
Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi. 

Docophorus californiensis. 
Colaptes auratus. 

Docophorus alienus. 

jungens. 

Chordeiles virginianus henryi. 

Lipeurus macrocephalus. 
Chetura pelagica. 

Nitzschia dubius. | 
Trochilus anna. 

Nirmus eustigmus. 
Trochilus rufus. 

Nirmus snodgrassi. 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 


Tyrannus tyrannus. 
Physostomum angulatum. 
Empidonax difficilis. 
Physostomum sucinaceum. 
Otocoris alpestris. 
Docophorus communis. 
Corvus corax sinuatus. 
Docophorus distinctus. 
Corvus americanus. 
Docophorus atratus. 


545 


Zonotrichia gambeli. 
Nirmus vulgatus. 

Junco hyemalis. 
Docophorus communis. 
Nirmus vulgatus. 
Physostomum diffusum yar. 

pallidum. 

Melospiza fasciata samuelis. 
Physostomum diffusum. 
Colpocephalum chrysopheum. 


Menopon mesoleucum var. amer- Passerelia iliaca. 


icanum. 

Colpocephalum subzquale. 
Molothrus ater. 

Docophorus transpositus. 
Agelaius pheniceus. 

Docophorus communis. 

Nirmus illustris. 
Sturnella magna neglecta. 

Docophorus communis. 
Icterus bullocki. 

Docophorus communis. 
Carpodacus purpureus californicus. 

Docophorus communis. 

Nirmus vulgatus. 
Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. 

Docophorus communis. 

Nirmus vulgatus. 


Physostomum microcephalum. 


Spinus tristis. 

Menopon incertum. 
Spinus psaltria. 

Docophorus communis. 
Spinus pinus. 

Docophorus communis. 
Calcarius lapponicus. 

Docophorus communis. 
Ammodramus sandwichensis. 

Docophorus communis. 

Physostomum diffusum. 
Zonotrichia coronata. 

Nirmus vulgatus. 

Physostomui diffusum.. 


Physostomum angulatum. 
Pipilo erythrophthalmus. 
Menopon melanorum. 
Pipilo fuscus crissalis. 
Nirmus vulgatus. 
Pipilo maculatus megalonyx. 
Nirmus vulgatus. 
Cardinalis cardinalis. 
Docophorus communis. 
Passerina versicolor. 
Physostomum australe. 
Progne subis. 
Docophorus domesticus. 
Menopon dissimile. 
Petrochilidon lunitrons. 
Docophorus excisus var. major. 
Nirmus longus. 
Tachycineta bicolor. 
Docophorus excisus var. major. 
Nirmus longus. 
Ampelis garrulus. ; 
Docophorus communis. 
Ampelis cedrorum. 
Docophorus incisus. 
Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides. 
Docophorus communis. 
Harporhynchus rufus. 
Docophorus communis. 
Psaltriparus minimus. 
Colpocephalum fumidum. 
Menopon robustum. 


540 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Turdus ustulatus. Sialia sialis. 
Menopon incertum. Docophorus incisus. 
Merula migratoria. 
Docophorus communis. 
Nirmus vulgatus. ' 
simplex. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


PLATE LX.—Fig. 1, Head of Colpocephalum flavescens, under side; a 
labrum, } labial palpi, c maxillary palpi, d antenne (after Nitzsch). 
Fig. 2, Maxilla of 7'rinotum conspurcatum (after Nitzsch). Fig. 3, Labium 
of Trinotum conspurcatum (after Nitzsch). Fig. 4, Labium of Vetropthal- 
mus chilensis [Menopon titan]; m mentum, p/ labial palpus, g glossa, pg 
paraglossa, hy hypopharynx (after Grosse). Fig. 5, Labium of a Nirmus; 
g glossa, pg paraglossa (after Grosse). Fig. 6, Head, ventral aspect, with 
median part of labium cut away, of Ancistrona gigas; lb labrum, md man- 
dible, Jp labial palpus, hy hypopharynx, fk labial fork, af antennary 
fossa. Fig.7, Labium, ventral aspect, of Ancistrona gigas; sm submentum, 
m mentum, pr labial prong, p palpifer, /p labial palpus, lig ligula, g 
glossa, pg paraglossa. Fig. 8, Maxilla of Ancistrona gigas. Fig. 9, Right 
mandible, ventral aspect, of Ancistrona gigas; ten tendon, mus muscle, 
vchr ventral chitinous rod, dchr dorsal chitinous rod. Fig. 10, Mandi- 
bles, ventral aspect, of Ancistrona gigas; c condyles, r right mandible, 
Lleft mandible. Fig. 11, Hypopharynx of Ancistrona gigas. Fig. 12, Left 
labial fork, ventral aspect, of Ancistrona gigas; mus muscle. 


PLATE LXI.—Fig. 1, Head, ventral aspect, of Lamobothrium sp.; sm 
submentum, m mentum, ant antenna, clyp clypeus, /b labrum, md 
mandible, ma maxilla, g glossa, pg paraglossa, lp labial palpus. Fig. 2, 
Mandibles, ventral aspect, of Lemobothrium sp.; ¢ condyles, r right man- 
dible, 7 left mandible. Fig. 3, Right maxilla, ventral aspect, of Lamo- 
bothrium sp. Fig. 4, Labium, ventral aspect, of Lamobothrium sp.; sm 
submentum, m mentum, g glossa, pg paraglossa, pf palpifer, Jp labial 
palpus. Fig. 5, Labial glands of Lemobothrium sp. Fig. 6, Left maxilla, 
ventral aspect, of Goniodes cervinicornis. Fig. 7, Labium, ventral aspect, 
of Goniodes cervinicornis; g glossa, pg paraglossa. Fig. 8, Mandibles, 
posterior aspect, of Goniodes cervinicornis. Fig. 9, Right mandible, poste- 
rior aspect, of Goniodes cervinicornis; ¢ condyle, ch pls chitinous plates. 


PLATE LXII.—Fig. 1, Head, ventral aspect, with labium represented 
as transparent, of Hurymetopus taurus; ant antenna, tr trabecula, md 
mandible, clyp clypeus, g glossa, pg paraglossa, ws cesophageal sclerite, 
lg ‘‘lingual gland.” Fig. 2, (Esophageal sclerite, dorsal aspect, of Hury- 
metopus taurus; d duct, do opening of duct, mg middle groove, ant h 
anterior horn, bs ‘‘bonnet string.” Fig. 3, Gisophageal sclerite, lateral 


NEW MALLOPHAGA. 547 


aspect, of Zurymetopus taurus; ant h anterior horn, bs ‘‘ bonnet string.”’ 
Fig. 4, Right maxilla, ventral aspect, of Hurymetopus taurus. Fig. 5, Man- 
dibles, ventral aspect of Kurymetopus taurus; c condyles, r right mandible, 
lleft mandible. Fig. 6, Labium, ventral aspect, of Hurymetopus taurus; 
sm submentum, m mentum, g glossa, pg paraglossa. Fig. 7, ‘‘ Lingual 
gland,” ventral aspect, of Hurymetopus taurus; d duct, @s cesophageal 
sclerite, ch ped chitinous pedicle. Fig. 8, Left ‘‘lingual gland,” ventral 
aspect, of Hurymetopus taurus; d duct, ch ped chitinous pedicle, mus 
muscle, /g the gland. 


PLATE LXIII.—Fig. 1, Labium of Colpocephalum sp.; sm sub- 
mentum, m mentum, pf palpifer, Ip labial palpus, g glossa, pg para- 
glossa. Fig. 2, Labium of 7’rinoton luridum; sm submentum, m mentum, 
pf palpifer, Jp labial palpus, g glossa, pg paraglossa. Fig. 3, Labium of 
Nirmus sp.; sm submentum, m mentum, g glossa, py paraglossa. Fig. 
4, Mandibles, ventral aspect, of Menopon titan; c condyles, r right mandible, 
1 lef{ mandible. Fig. 5, Labium of Physostomum angulatum; sm sub- 
mentum, m mentum, pf palpifer, |p labial palpus, g glossa, pg paraglossa. 
Fig. 6, Labium of Nitzschia dubius; sm submentum, m mentum, pf palpifer, 
1p labial palpus, g glossa, pg paraglossa. 


PLATE LXIV.—Fig. 1, Labium of Termopsis angusticollis; sm sub- 
mentum, m mentum, Jp labial palpus, g glossa, pg paraglossa. Rion. 
Maxilla of Termopsis angusticollis; cd cardo, st stipes, pf palpifer, lac 
lacinia, gal galea, maz p maxillary palpus. Fig 3, Labium of nymph of 
Perla; sm submentum, m mentum, Jp labial palpus, g glossa, pg para- 
glossa. Fig. 4, Maxilla of nymph of Perla; cd cardo, st stipes, lac 
lacinia, gal galea, mx p maxillary palpus. Fig. 5, Head, ventral aspect, 
of Atropos sp.; sm submentum, m mentum, ma maxilla, mx p maxillary 
palpus, md mandible, clyp clypeus, 1b labrum, g glossa, pg paraglossa, 
fk fork. Fig. 6, Mandibles of Atropos sp.; ¢ condyles, r right mandible, 
lleft mandible. Fig. 7, Head, dorsal aspect, of Atropos sp.; clyp clypeus, 
ant antenna, ws cesophageal sclerite. Fig. 8, Mandible and mandibular 
muscles of Psocus sp.; fm flexor muscle, em extensor muscle, m molar 
face of mandible (after Burgess). Fig. 9, Longitudinal section through 
middle of head of Psocus sp.; ‘‘cl clypeus, J labrum, mand mandible, 
the dotted line ending on the ribbed molar surface which tapers beneath 
into the sharp cutting edge; ma maxilla, ¢ tongue, f fork, 1b labium and 
Lp its palpus, m mentum, /g lingual gland and g m its suspensory muscle, 
@ cesophagus opening below into the oral cavity at the base of which is 
the esophageal bone, « b; fm flexor muscle of the mandible and /m the 
muscle of the labrum, cm muscles of the clypeus, g/ supra-cesophageal 
ganglion” (after Burgess). Fig. 10, Labium, posterior aspect, of Psocus 
sp.; ‘‘m mentum, /b labium, /p one-jointed labial palpus, behind which 
one sees the tip of the fork, /; ¢ cardo, p stipes having the four-jointed 


548 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


maxillary palpus, maz lobe; through the mentum can be seen the lingual 
glands, lg, with their duct, /d” (after Burgess). Fig. 11, Gisophageal 
sclerite (‘‘subcsophageal bone”), frontal aspect, of Psocus sp.; 1d duct 
of the lingual gland (after Burgess). 


PLATE LXV.—Fig. 1, Docophorus taurocephalus Kellogg, . Fig. 2, 


taror} 


D. alienus Kellogg, 6. Fig. 3, D. incisus Kellogg, 6. Fig. 4, D. domes- 


oo? 
titus Kellogg, ¢. Fig. 5, D. distinctus Kellogg, 6. Fig. 6, D. transpo- 


oo) 
situs Kellogg, Q. 


PLATE LXVI.—Fig. 1, Docophorus cursor N., 2. Fig. 2, D. evagans 
Kelloggs, 2. Fig. 3, D. ceblebrachysN., 8. Fig. 4, D. jungens Kellogg 


0D) 

2s. Wig io, 2. rostratus: N.;.2. "Nig ab. oD. californiensis Kellogg, 6. 
Fig. 7, D. communis N., &. 

PLATE LXVII.—Fig. 1, Nirmus longus Kellogg, 2. Fig. 2, N. simplex 


Kellogg, 2. Fig. 3, NV. eustigmus Kellogg, 2. Fig. 4, N. illustris Kelloge 


om 


6. Fig. 5, M. vulgatus Kellogg, 9. Fig. 6, N. discocephalus var. amblys 
Kellogg, 9. Fig. 7, NV. fuscus N., 2. 


PLATE LXVIII.—Fig. 1, Lipeurus introductus Kellogg, 2. Fig. 2, 
snodgrassi Kellogg, 9. Fig. 3, L. macrocephalus Kellogg, 9. Fig. 


baculus N., head of 6. Fig. 5, L. introductus Kellogg, head of ¢. Fi 
6, L. baculus N., 9. Fig. 7, L. dissimilis P., head of 2. Fig. 8, ZL 
docophoroides.P., 2. 


1D. 
4, L. 
g. 


PLATE LXIX.—Fig. 1, Goniodes cervinicornis G., 2. Fig. 2, Goniodes 
mammillatus Rudow, @. Fig. 3, Goniocotes creber Kelloge, 2. Fig. 4, 
Goniocotes compar N., 4. 


PLATE LXX.—Fig. 1, Physostomum microcephalum Kellogg, 9. Fig. 


2, P. sucinaceum Kellogg, 2. Fig. 3, P. diffusum Kellogg, 2. Fig. 4, P. 
australe Kellogg, 2. Fig. 5, P. angulatum Kellogg, ¢. 


fotos) 

PLATE LXXI.—Fig. 1, Colpocephalum chrysopheum Kellogg, 9. Fig. 
2, C. osborni Kellogg, 4. Fig. 3, C. osborni Kellogg, abdomen of 2. Fig. 
4, C. flavescens N., 3. Fig. 5, C. fumidum Kellogg, °. 

PLATE LXXII.—Fig. 1, Colpocephalum subequale N., 2. Fig. 2, 


Menopon decoratum Kellogg, 4. Fig. 3, M. robustum Kellogg, 9. Fig. 
4, M. monostechum Kellogg, ¢. 


PLATE LXXIII.—Fig. 1, Menopon melanorum Kellogg, 2. Fig. 2, M. 
incertum Kellogg, 9. Fig. 3, M. mesoleucum N., 6. Fig. 4, M. longice- 
phalum Kellogg, ¢. Fig. 5, M. dissimile Kellogg, 2. Fig. 6, Nitzschia 
dubius Kellogg, 6 or 9? 


LIST OF FISHES COLLECTED AT PORT LUDLOW, 
WASHINGTON.* 


BY EDWIN CHAPIN STARKS. 


(With Plates Ixxiv and Ixxv.) 


This paper records the ichthyological results of the 
last annual dredging expedition made by the Young 
Naturalists’ Association of Seattle, Washington, and the 
second in which the author, as an honorary member, has 
taken part. A camp was established this year near Port 
Ludlow, on Puget Sound, and all the dredging and other 
collecting was done in that vicinity. 

The report of last yeart recorded 141 species known 
from that region. Five new species and four others 
hitherto unrecorded are listed in the present paper. 

The author wishes to express his indebtedness to Dr. 
Charles H. Gilbert, whose interest and aid made his work 
possible. 

The following species are described here as new to 
science. The number after each is the number of the 
type on the register of the Leland Stanford Jr. Univer- 
sity Museum. The new genus is indicated by full face 
type. 

Neoliparis fissuratus. No. 5044. 
Artedius asperulus. No. 5046. 
Axyrias harringtoni. No. 5047. 


Icelinus strabo. No. 5045. 
Pallasina aix. No. 5040. 


Family SQUALID. 
I. Squalus sucklii (Girard). 


*Contributions to Biology from the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory of the 
Leland Stanford Jr. University, No. 8. 

t**The Fishes of Puget Sound,” Jordan & Starks, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 
2d Ser., Vol. v, 1895. 

Proc. Cau. AcaD. Sci., 2p SzR., Vou. VI. December 1, 1896 


§50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Family RAJIDA. 
2. Raja binoculata (Girard). 


Family AMMODYTIDA. 
3. Ammodytes personatus (Girard). 


Hundreds of this species were found on the beach one 


morning at low tide. 


Family SPHYRAENIDE. 


4. Sphyrena argentea (Girard). 

Rather rare this far north, but not infrequently taken 
by the fishermen. Specimens are in the collections of 
the Young Naturalists that were taken in the vicinity of 
Seattle. 


Family AULORHYNCHIDE. 
5. Aulorhynchus flavidus Gill. 


Very common. Several specimens taken with the 
seine from among the ‘eel grass.”’ 


Family GASTEROSTEID. 


6. Gasterosteus cataphractus Pallas. 
A few specimens seined on sandy beaches. 


Family SYNGNATHID. 


7. Siphostoma griseolineatum (Ayres). 
Rather common. A dozen or so specimens taken in 
the seine. 


Family STROMATEIDE. 


8. Rhombus simillimus (Ayres). 


One specimen seen. 


FISHES FROM PORT LUDLOW, WASHINGTON. 551 


Family EMBIOTOCIDE. 
g. Cymatogaster aggregatus Gibbons. 


Family SCORPAANID. 


Io. Sebastodes caurinus (Richardson). 


Family HEXAGRAMMID. 
11. Hexagrammus asper Steller. 


12. Ophiodon elongatus Girard. 


Family COTTIDA.. 


13. Chitonotus pugettensis (Steindachner). 


One specimen dredged. 


14. Icelinus strabo Starks n. sp. 

Head 23{'in body; depth 4; D. IX-15; anal 13; eye 
4 in head; maxillary 22; snout 4. 

Body robust at shoulders, tapering into a rather slender 
caudal peduncle; upper profile of head evenly curved 
from snout to dorsal, the snout rather steep; mouth hori- 
zontal and placed at the extreme lower aspect of head; 
upper jaw projecting slightly beyond the lower; narrow 
bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; 
maxillary reaching about to posterior margin of eye. 

Nasal spines prominent; upper spine of preopercle 
longer than eye, extending upward and backward, and 
bearing on its inner edge one or two antler-like processes ; 
below it on edge of preopercle are two small spines, the 
upper rather blunt and not conspicuous, the lower longer 
and sharp, pointing downward and somewhat forward; on 
each side of occiput is a small blunt tubercle, a short 
dermal flap behind each eye, and one sometimes present 
behind each occipital tubercle. 


552 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Head naked; a band of scales along back, following 
dorsal outline, composed of two rows of scales for most 
of its length, but the posterior five or six scales are ina 
single row; the outer and anterior edge of each scale is 
embedded, the inner and posterior edge is strongly ctenoid, 
so the opposing edges of the rows are ctenoid edges; 
a single row of 37 scales along lateral line, the anterior 
ones rougher than the others. 

Dorsal spines slender, the fins not connected; front of 
anal slightly nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; 
pectorals rather wide, reaching a little past front of soft 
dorsal. 

Color olive-gray, with faint irregular darker cross-bars 
on back, the first under middle of spinous dorsal, the 
second under first fourth of soft dorsal, the third under 
last fourth of soft dorsal, indications of one on caudal 
peduncle, and a dark streak at base of caudal fin; sides 
and back mottled, under parts white; ventrals and anal 
white, other fins crossed with dark wavy lines, 

This species is closely related to /ce/znus borealis, dif- 
fering from it in having a smaller eye, a stouter caudal 
peduncle, a slightly wider interorbital space, shorter bar- 
bels behind eye, the barbels at occiput not so constant in 
their presence, and in having the end of maxillary in a 
different relation to the eye. 

The eye of /celinus borealis is contained only three 
times in the length of the head in specimens of the same 
size as /celinus microps, and the maxillary scarcely reaches 
past pupil. This comparison is based on specimens of 
1. borealis taken by the ‘‘ Albatross’ in the Straits of 
Fuca and in Bristol Bay, Alaska. 

About twenty-five specimens taken near Port Ludlow 
with the dredge, the largest an inch and a half in length. 

The types are in the collection of Leland Stanford 
Jr. University, bearing the number 5045. 


FISHES FROM PORT LUDLOW, WASHINGTON. 553 


15. Triglops beani Gilbert. 


One specimen dredged. 


16. Artedius asperulus Starks n. sp. 

Head 23{ in body; depth 4; DPix—167,A.\525 eye 4 
in head; maxillary 2%; snout 4. 

Profile of head broadly rounded from tip of snout to 
occiput, the snout very steep; lower outline of head 
nearly horizontal, mouth at lower aspect of head little if 
any oblique; maxillary reaching to below middle of eye; 
villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; nasal spines 
prominent, preopercular process short, bifurcate, the en- 
tire spine covered with skin; three small spines developed 
on edge of preopercle below it; top of head naked, with 
many mucous pores; interorbital space narrow, concave, 
its width about half eye. A wide band of strongly 
ctenoid scales along back, starting opposite front of 
spinous dorsal, and below it a distance equal to pupil, 
gradually running upward and nearly touching the base 
of soft dorsal, joining its fellow of the opposite side 
behind dorsal, and continuing on caudal peduncle to 
midway between last ray of dorsal and base of caudal; 
at its widest part, under front of soft dorsal, it is 9 scales 
wide in an oblique series; 33 oblique series in its length ; 
lateral line armed with 35. ctenoid scales in a single 
series; all the scales are imbedded on their lower ante- 
rior edges and ctenoid on their upper posterior edges; 
naked area between lateral line and band of scales, at its 
widest part narrower than band of scales. Spinuous 
dorsal rounded in outline, not joined to soft dorsal; pec- 
toral reaching to base of seventh or eighth ray of soft 
dorsal; ventrals reaching vent. 

Color olive-brown, with four or five dark, irregular 


cross-bars on back, which break up and form reticula- 
Proc. Cau. ACAD. Scr., 2p SmR., VoL. VI. (38 ) December 2, 1896. 


554 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


tions around white spots on sides; the lower of these 
spots form semicircles only where they run into the white 
of the belly. The first cross-bar is under front of spinous 
dorsal, the second is under front of soft dorsal, the third 
under posterior third of soft dorsal, the fourth indicated 
by a blotch on caudal peduncle: a dark streak at base of 
caudal fin; under parts white; ventrals and anal white, 
other fins crossed with undulating lines; lips dusky. 

This species differs from Artedzus lateralis, with which 
it seems to be most closely related, in having a wider and 
longer band of scales, and in other less important char- 
acters. 

The types are three specimens about an inch anda 
half in length, which were dredged in the vicinity of 
Port Ludlow. They are in the museum of the Leland 
Stanford Jr. University, No. 5046. 


Axyrias n. gen. 

Top of head with patches of ctenoid scales and cirri. 
A band of very small scales below dorsals, and a single 
row of larger ones following the lateral line. Villiform 
‘teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Preopercular spine 
short, very narrowly forked. Dorsals not connected. 
Gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus. No slit 
behind last gill. Ventrals 1, 3. 

This genus seems to be related to Artedius, Chitonotus 
and Astrolytus. It differs from Artedius in the rough 
head and smaller scales, and from Ast¢rolytes and Chito- 
notus in the single fork to the preopercular spine, and in 
the smaller scales. 

(dévptas, one unshorn: fvp/as, a shaveling.) 


17. Axyrias harringtoni Starks n. sp. Plate Ixxiv. 
Head 2% in length of body; depth 44; dorsal IX-16; 
anal 12; eye 4 in head; maxillary 2%. 


a 


oo 
a. 
Rs 


FISHES FROM PORT LUDLOW, WASHINGTON. 555 


Upper profile of head steep from tip of snout to above 
eyes, thence nearly horizontal; mouth at lower aspect of 
head, the jaws subequal; maxillary reaching to the verti- 
cal from pupil; villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and pala- 
tines: eye set high in head, its diameter a little less than 
length of snout; interorbital space nearly concave, its 
width about half eye; upper preopercular spine short, its 
length about a third of eye, very narrowly bifurcate at tip, 
the forks very small; below it on edge of preopercle is 
a second spine, small and blunt, and a third scarcely 
developed; nasal spines prominent. Top of head and 
upper part of opercles with patches of ctenoid scales, a 
patch on posterior part of interorbital space and behind 
eyes, sending a narrow band backwards along each side 
of head above opercles, and a few in front of dorsal, 
leaving a seminaked area in front of occiput, which has 
a few scales scattered over it. Many cirri on top of 
head scattered among the scales, one above posterior edge 
of each eye, one over anterior edge of eye, two or three 
around edge of preopercle, one on end of maxillary, and 
one at each anterior lateral scale back to about middle of 
lateral line. A band of rough scales along back, about 
7 scales wide anteriorly, and composed of about 47 
oblique series; the scales obliquely imbedded, the upper 
posterior edges strongly ctenoid, the lower anterior edges 
imbedded. A naked area of nearly the same width as 
band between it and spinous dorsal, the band running 
upwards posteriorly and touching second dorsal at about 
its middle, running back and joining its fellow of the 
opposite side behind the second dorsal, and ending mid- 
way between base of last ray and base of caudal; a 
single row of 36 scales similar to the others following 
lateral line. Dorsal spines subequal from the first to the 
sixth or seventh, the fin not connected with soft dorsal, 


_ 


556 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


which is about the same heighth as the spinous; pectoral 
rather large, reaching to the base of fourth or fifth dorsal 
ray; ventrals scarcely reaching vent; insertion of anal 
midway between middle of eye and base of caudal, its 
longest ray about equal to those of dorsal. 

Ground color olive, with about five dark cross-bars on 
back; the first bar under middle of spinuous dorsal, the 
second under front of soft dorsal, the third under its 
middle, and the fourth under its end, and the fifth is 
represented by a blotch on top of caudal peduncle; a 
dark streak at base of caudal fin; sides with many clear- 
cut, round, white spots, growing larger downwards; the 
lower row are only half spots where the white of the 
spot runs into the white on lower part of body; belly 
white; lips and under parts of head with dark olive-brown 
wavy bars of about the same width as the interspaces; 
fins with wavy dark streaks, except anal and ventrals 
which are white. Coloration very similar to Artedius 
lateralis. 

The single type specimen was taken with the dredge 
in the vicinity of Port Ludlow. It is about two and a 
half inches in length. Numbered 5047 on the register 
of the museum in Leland Stanford Jr. University. I 
take pleasure in naming this species for President Mark 
Walrod Harrington of the University of Washington. 


18. Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus (Tilesius). 


IQ. Acanthocottus polyacanthocottus (Pallas). 


Abundant; specimens were taken with the seine and 
set line. These specimens have a smaller eye and shorter 
preopercular spine than specimens from Alaska; but both 
of these characters are so variable that it does not seem 
possible to separate them. 


FISHES FROM PORT LUDLOW, WASHINGTON. 557 


The following is the fin formula of our specimens: 


1 specimen. 1 specimen. 6 specimens. 4 specimens. 
IOVS Listas 7apelelale = celeron viii—13 vili—14 ix—13 ix—13 
(APIS Ae & taaaetee aa 6 Sanne 11 11 11 12 

2 specimens. 3 specimens. 1 specimen. 1 specimen. 
Dorsal sents esiaessle siete ix—l4 i ix—l4 x—13 x—13 
rts nebocmoascdoOAroe 11 12 11 12 


20. Enophrys bison (Girard). 
21. Leptocottus armatus Girard. 


22. Oligocottus embryum Jordan & Starks. 


A few specimens were taken in the rock pools. The 
color was found very variable, as in related species, run- 
ning from a grass green without distinct markings to those 
that are mottled and barred, as described in original de- 
scription. 


23. Oligocottus borealis Jordan & Snyder. 
Very abundant in tide pools. 


24. Nautichthys oculofasciatus (Girard). 
A few specimens taken in the dredge. 


25. Blepsias cirrhosus (Pallas). 


Very abundant in the ‘‘ eel grass,’ 
were secured. 


? 


where specimens 


26. Ascelichthys rhodorus Jordan & Gilbert). 


A large specimen found under a rock on the shores of 


558 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Mats Mats Bay, and a small one dredged from moderately 
deep water. 


Family PSYCHROLUTIDA. 


27. Psychrolutes paradoxus Giinther. 
(Psychrolutes zebra Bean.) 

First recorded last year from this locality, where a 
single small specimen was dredged. This year it was 
found to be extremely abundant, and was taken with the 
seine and dredge. , 

According to Dr. Boulenger, the original type of P. 
paradoxus agrees perfectly with our figure of P. zebra, 
and the two are not distinct. 


Family RHAMPHOCOTTIDA. 
28. Rhamphocottus richardsoni Giinther. 


A few small specimens taken with the dredge. 


Family AGONIDA. 


29. Aspidophoroides inermis Giinther. 
One specimen dredged. 


30. Pallasina aix* Starks n. sp. Plate Ixxv. 

Head from tip of snout 4 in body; depth 3% in head; 
dorsal VII—-7; anal 11; pectoral 11; eye 5% in head. 

Mouth rather oblique, the lower jaw much projecting; 
upper edge of maxillary slipping under preorbital for its 
whole length, its posterior end midway between tip of 
snout and middle of eye; villiform teeth on jaws and 
vomer, none apparently on palatines; lower jaw with a 
fleshy tip, scarcely produced into a barbel, scarcely as 
long as diameter of pupil; supraorbital rim prominent, 


“até, a goat, from the pointed beard, or at=, a darter from the slender 
form. 


FISHES FROM PORT LUDLOW, WASHINGTON. 559 


making the interorbital space deeply concave; width of 
the latter about two-thirds eye; two ridges from the in- 
ner edges of supraorbital rim run backward, and are 
continuous with dorsal ridges of body; edge of pre- 
opercle with three spines, the middle one the largest. 
Two large median plates in front of ventrals on breast, a 
row of plates along each lateral ridge of breast, a large 
plate on each side of the union between first and second 
median plates, and behind them a row of small plates 
irregular in size and position, sometimes continuous and 
interposed between median and lateral plates, and some- 
times allowing the edges of median and lateral plates to 
touch; 11 or 12 plates in front of dorsal; spinous dorsal 
on 9 or Io plates, counting to end of membrane; lateral 
line 43. Space between dorsal ridges strongly concave, 
the ridges coming together on caudal peduncle but not 
uniting, continuing parallel for a short distance and then 
becoming obsolete; upper lateral ridge ending anteriorly 
on about the twelfth plate from head. Last rays of dorsal 
and anal connected to the body by a membrane; space 
between dorsals about equal to the width of a plate; front 
of anal midway between posterior end of maxillary and 
base of caudal; pectoral reaching just past front of 
spinous dorsal; vent distant an eye’s diameter from base 
of ventrals; length of caudal equal to head behind an- 
terior ridge of pupil. 

Color blackish, with fine punctulations; belly white; a 
light streak running backward from eye to upper edge of 
gill-opening; below this an area scarcely so wide as eye, 
darker than the rest of body, its lower edge sharply 
defined against the white under parts of head; chin black; 
dorsals and caudal dusky; pectorals light, the rays with 
many black spots which do not involve the membrane; 
ventrals and anal white. 


560 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


This species differs from Pad//asina barbatus in having 
a much shorter barbel on chin, in having two median 
plates in front of ventrals in place of three, and in having 
the plates between the median and lateral plates much 
smaller and less regular in arrangement. In P. barbatus 
these plates are about as large as the median plates and 
always interposed between them and lateral plates, the 
arrangement being constant. The abdominal ridges are 
generally closer together in P. ax than in the northern 
species. 

This species was taken with the seine in great abund- 
ance in Puget Sound, near Port Ludlow; the largest is 
nearly five inches in length, the others about three. 

This type has been given the number 5040 on the reg- 
ister of the collection in the Leland Stanford Jr. Univer- 
sity Museum. 


31. Podothecus acipenserinus (Pallas). 


Two small specimens obtained in the seine. 


32. Averruncus emmelane Jordan & Starks. 
A fine large specimen taken with the seine. 


33. Xystes axinophrys Jordan & Starks. 

Two specimens seined, about the same size as the 
single type specimen, 1% inches in length. , 
34. Odontopyxis trispinosus Lockington. 


Rather common. A few specimens secured with the 
dredge. 
: Family LIPARIDID/A. 


35. Neoliparis fissuratus Starks n. sp. 

Head 3% in body; depth 4%; dorsal VI-28; anal 26; 
pectoral 36; caudal 14; eye 7 in head; maxillary 27; 
ventral disk 2%. 


FISHES FROM PORT LUDLOW, WASHINGTON. 561 


Body moderately elongate, not produced at nape; 
mouth rather large, the maxillary extending to below 
middle of eye; jaws subequal; teeth tricuspid, arranged in 
about 10 oblique series in each jaw; nostrils ending in short 
wide tubes; gill-openings wider than in any other known 
Neoliparts, commencing a distance above pectoral about 
equal to the diameter of eye, ending about opposite the 
fourteenth ray; ventral disk a little longer than wide, its 
distance from chin equal to one anda half its longest 
diameter, its posterior edge about the same distance from 
front of anal; vent nearer anal than ventral disk, its dis- 
tance from anal equal to half ventral disk. Origin of 
spinous dorsal at the vertical from midway between vent 
and ventral disk; dorsal scarcely joined to caudal, anal 
very slightly; front of anal nearer chin than base of 
caudal by a distance equal to ventral disk; pectoral rather 
short and wide, reaching to opposite front of anal, the 
lower lobe very narrow and long, much longer than upper 
lobe, but not reaching so far posteriorly on account of 
the oblique position of the fin; tip of lower lobe reach- 
ing to vent; length of caudal 1? in head. 

Color dusky, darker above, sides with five punctula- 
tions, belly and under parts of head except chin white ; 
lips dusky; dorsals and anal darker than body; pectoral 
dusky at base, the lower lobe dark; caudal crossed with 
wavy dark lines. 

This species differs from the other species in this genus 
in having a wider gill-opening, and in minor characters. 

The single type specimen was taken with the dredge, 
in the vicinity of Port Ludlow; it is 24% inches in length. 
It bears the number 5044 on the register of the Leland 
Stanford Jr. University collection. 


36. Liparis dennyi Jordan & Starks. 
One specimen dredged. 


562 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


37. Liparis fucensis Gilbert. 
Three specimens dredged. 


38. Liparis pulchellus Ayres. 


Three small specimens taken with the dredge. 


Family GOBIESOCID/. 


39. Caularchus mezandricus (Girard). 


Family XIPHIDIONTID/E. 
40. Pholis ornatus (Girard ). 
41. Apodichthys flavidus Girard. 


Obtained in great abundance with the seine from among 
the ucus. No specimens seen in the rock pools. 


42. Anoplarchus atropurpureus (Kittlitz). 
43. Xiphistes chirus Jordan & Gilbert. 

44. Xiphidion rupestre (Jordan & Gilbert). 
45. Xiphidion mucosum Girard: 


Family STICHAID A. 


46. Lumpenus anguillaris (Pallas). 


A few large ones taken. The young of this species 
was one of the most abundant taken with the seine. 


Family GADIDA. 
47. Microgadus proximus (Girard). 
Family PLEURONECTID/. 
48. Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres). 
49. Platichthys stellatus. 


ee 


NOTE ON EMMYDRICHTHYS VULCANUS. 


BY DAVID STARR JORDAN. 


Professor J. T. Wallace, of California College, Oak- 
land, has just furnished some additional information con- 
cerning Hmmydrichthys vulcanus, a species of fish 
described in the early part of this volume (page 221), 
and figured on plate xxvi. 

Professor Wallace writes: 

‘¢T received a letter from Rev. J. W. Henry, who pre- 
sented us the Emmydrichthys vulcanus, a few weeks ago, 
in which he gave me some further description of this 
rare fish. He says it is a rare fish, even in Tahiti. It 
nearly always burrows in the sand, raising a little mound 
over itself, and is thus the more dangerous to the native 
fishermen, who usually go barefoot and are quite liable 
to step on these dangerous hidden fish. He thinks it is 
a rare case for any one to recover trom the terrible wound 
of these poisonous spines—generally dying from lock- 
jaw. He corrects the name as we all read it on the jar, 
saying the natives call it the ‘‘ No-hu.”’ In the published 
account in No. VI, p. 223, you have probably noticed the 
mistake, Hawaiian instead of the Society Islands.” 

The type of Ammydrichthys vulcanus has been trans- 
ferred to the museum of Stanford University. 


Proc. Cau. AcaD. Scr., 2p SER., Vou. VI. January 14, 1897. 


[5623 J 


PROCEEDINGS: 


January 20, 1896.—Sratep MEETING. 


The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Rabbi Jacob Voorsanger and Rufus L. Green were proposed for mem- 
bership. 


Leverett M. Loomis, Curator of the Department of Ornithology, de- 
livered a lecture on ‘‘ Alexander Wilson, the Poet Naturalist, the Father 
of American Ornithology.” 


February 3, 1896.—Sratep MEETING. 


The PRESIDENT in the chair. 
A.C. Lawson and M. W. Haskell were proposed for membership. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from Joseph Mailliard, F. Kano, 
and J. D. Galloway. 

Additions to the Herbarium were reported from T.S. Brandegee, O. T. 
Baron, and Carl Purdy; also 1,100 plants from Utah, by purchase from 
Marcus E. Jones. 


Additions to the library: 


HTOMCOLTESPONGSNUB « (so... aps seareese acs teaieic scree) aiarsretaveht ete eerste each tenn oteretas 199 
IB VaR CHAS Oley Lt cvaise qecwatea sine dace nee o apecetad sane tia elses Neate Hana Erne 523 
rye CLOM ATO Ie. e Setters tains ates tata ws, ais det stain a ote 5: creratectemane eis petoneons 13 


By exchange 


Professor Joseph Le Conte read a ‘‘Memoir of James Dwight Dana, 
the Great Geologist.” 


February 17, 1896.—Statep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Rabbi Jacob Voorsanger and Rufus L. Green were elected resident 
members. 


Julius Callandreau, C. L. Cory, W. G. Curtis, W. R. Eckart, J. N. Le 
Conte, and F. W. Scaife were proposed for membership. 


Mr. E. J. Molera delivered a lecture ‘‘On the Sources of Information 
of the History of the Aztecs, and the Latest Discovered Aztec Codex,” 
illustrated with stereopticon views. 


564 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


March 2, 1896.—-STaTED MEETING. 


VickE-PRESIDENT RivTTeR in the chair. 
E. L. Grossman was proposed for membership. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from George A. Stabler, Will- 
iam Brewster, J. 8S. Cooper, G. W. Stewart, and J. B. Warren. 


Additions to the Herbarium were reported from the U. §. Dept. of 
Agriculture collections in Alaska, from Baron F. yon Mueller, Alvah 
Eaton, and F. W. Koch; also 425 specimens collected by C. G. Pringle in 
Mexico in 1894, purchased by the Curator and the Botanical Club. 


Additions to the Library: 


BOM PCOTTESPONGEN LSS Sa citolae cies wicieeae ee eieusciece charctaetene ee tere teratenetere totals 135 
Ey MOU ECHEBO Uo ey ata 5! aio sole oy is Oo MRA «eva. cleio re a ecarel elie ete tetetare ister emer aiat eteta 46 
By donation ..... SE aA Ober ohne Mea Goh. daccimoube ac. ate.co dec 14 


Notice was given that the following communication had been presented 
to the Council and received the sanction of that body:— 


‘‘ To the President of the Council of the California Academy of Sciences : 

‘‘ Srr—The undersigned have united to form a section of this Academy 
to be called ‘Section of Exact and Applied Sciences,’ for the purpose of 
creating an interest in those branches of Science amongst the members of 
our Institution. 

««The undersigned respectfully ask the approval of the Council of the 
Academy to form said section, and that due notification thereof shall be 
made to the Academy, in conformity with the prescriptions of its By-Laws. 

[Signed] ‘* GEORGE DAVIDSON, 
“BH. J. Moura, 
“H.C. Breur, 
‘“¢ HERMANN KOWER, 
F ** JosepH LE Conte, 
‘¢ MARSDEN Manson, 
‘“ THOMAS PRICE, 
**Lovuis A. GARNETT, 
** EDWARD S. HOLDEN.” 


It was announced from the chair that all the requirements of the Reso- 
lution referring to Sections having been fulfilled, the ‘Section of Exact 
and Applied Sciences ” was recognized as being duly formed. 


Dr. M. J. Rosenau delivered a lecture on ‘‘ Bacteria and the Dairy.” 


Dr. Thomas D. Wood delivered a lecture on ‘‘ Tuberculosis and the 
Milk Supply.” 


PROCEEDINGS. 565 


March 16, 1896.—StatTEeD MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


The following resolutions were presented and unanimously adopted: 

Be it resolved by the California Academy of Sciences:— 

First—That the California Academy of Sciences is in full accord with 
the Sierra Club of California in its opposition to all movements looking 
toward the reduction in area of the United States forest reservations in 
California and neighboring States. 

Second—That a copy of this resolution be sent to Honorable Hoke 
Smith, Secretary of the Interior. 


The President announced, at the request of Dr. Joseph Le Conte, that 
steps had been taken to establish a Huxley Memorial, and that donations 
would be received by Dr. Le Conte or the Assistant Secretary of the Acad- 
emy. 

The President made a statement of the financial condition of the Acad- 
emy. 

Vice-President Ritter, on behalf of the Council, presented the following, 
which was unanimously adopted :— 


WHEREAS, So largely are the prosperity and happiness of the people of 
our country dependent upon the products of the soil, and so largely do the 
extent and profitableness of t hese products depend upon the degree of sci- 
entific knowledge with which agriculture is pursued, that any measure 
which will increase the amount and efficiency of such knowledge ought to 
receive the heartiest support of the whole people; and 

WHEREAS, It appears that such a measure is that now before the Con- 
gress of the United States proposing to create the office of ‘‘ Director-in- 
Chief of Scientific Divisions” in the National Depart ment of Agriculture, 
the position to be filled by a person whose selection and tenure of office 
shall be determined solely by his scientific and business qualifications; 
therefore be it 

Resolved, That the California Academy of Sciences heartily approves 
the proposition. 


Professor Fernando Sanford delivered a lecture entitled ‘‘ Cathode Ra- 
diation,” with illustrations. 


April 6, 1896.—Statep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


M. W. Haskell, A. C. Lawson, F. W. Scaife, W. G. Curtis, W. R. Eck- 
art, C. L. Cory, J. N. Le Conte, Julius Callandreau, and E. L. Grossman 
were elected resident members. 


566 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Harold W. Fairbanks, W. L. Jepson, and Beverly Letcher were pro- 
posed for membership. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from L. Belding and S. Groze- 
lier. 


Additions to the Herbarium were reported from M. A. Howe, Carl Pur- 
dy; Agricultural Experiment Station, Pullman, Washington; Mrs. Elwood 
Cooper, L. Jared, C. F. Sonne, and Mrs. L. Trask; also 160 Hawaiian 
plants purchased by the Curator. 


Additions to the Library: 


HromicorrespoOnd Ents puck sesmrsiate pie siemteleleereeietete wlcise teense ere ie ae 152 
BY PUCCHUSE LPR Ase e cote bile S's, casts Polos Rte Steunrciole or oe Ln oe totes ear 65 
By UNSDIOME OEE ee tavciete is 4 Sie tapate toate oath Ge atoreroend peje ctu «kee ener ee 9 


Dr. Frank Angell delivered a lecture entitled ‘‘ Realities, Illusions, and 
Hailucinations.” 


_April 20, 1896.—StaTep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Mr. Charies A. Keeler delivered a lecture on ‘‘ Natural Selection and 
Heredity.” : 


May 4, 1896.—Statep MEETING. 
VicE-PRESIDENT RITTER in the chair. 


Professor Bernard Moses read a paper on ‘‘The Economic Aspect of 
Spanish Rule in America.” 


May 18, 1896.—Sratep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 


Luke Robinson, Walter S. Thorne, William M. Pierson, Mrs. E. M. 
Davis, Frank T. Green, and OC. E. Grunsky were proposed for member- 
ship. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from Mrs. Albert Buhner. 


Additions to the Herbarium were reported from J. W. Congdon, Mrs. 
Grace Hall; Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass.; Mr. Leckenby, F. W. 
Hubby, C. F. Sonne, Galen Clark, and George M. Rolph; also, in ex- 
change, 100 planis from Canadian Geological Survey, collected chiefly 
near Behring Sea, and 23 plants from Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, of 
Australia. 


PROCEEDINGS. 567 


Additions to the Library: 


HOM COLrespOndenmtseeas sisson ceteris ei Ses PS SSeS CRORE PCIE nS 186 
ES Vg DUE CHAS CFs spre ee ckavcstet oiencCrarcie) sree tiaras shee ner ceraiiel elalaue' o/sfere eared © 38 
Biv, COME TLOM PA area leiete etch oles ol aba slnte To Mepesare: euratol stam el fb cetdenaues eel otofeiees ofan aha ate 1 


Professor John C. Merriam delivered a lecture on ‘‘ Human Remains of 
the Later Geological Periods.” 


June 15, 1896.—Statep MEETING. 


VicE-PRESIDENT BEHR in the chair. 


P. W. Nathan, George W. Dickie, Irving Stringham, and John Rich- 
ards were proposed for membership. 


July 6, 1896.—Srarep MEETING. , 


VicEr-PRESIDENT RiTreR in the chair. 


H. W. Fairbanks, Beverly Letcher, C. E. Grunsky, and W. L. Jepson 
were elected resident members. 

Donations to the Museum were reported from J. H. Henderson, George 
A. Treadwell, Gustav Eisen, D. Van Denburgh, C. A. Purpus, M. Braver- 
man, Maurice Chaper, and F. Billa. 

Donations to the Department of Ornithology: 

Specimen of Great Northern Diver ( Urinator imber ), from San Francisco 
Bay. 

Additions to the Herbarium were reported from E. O. Wooten, of the 
Agricultural College, Las Cruces, New Mexico, Dr. Lorini, and C. H. 
Thompson; also, in exchange, 298 specimens collected in Missouri, from 
J. W. Biankinship, of Harvard Botanical Garden. 

Additions to the Library: 


ETOMECOREES POMC SINGS. jeee Wearcrehs teary sere ee alate tacatalasci vas cielo teieies tcyaele a oitcseeyeiahe 346 
LES OIC Te) pear amr 5 4 Obi ee ohare Gomer Snr tGen sti amin chgcren ees 85 
Sy. ONNACLOM ts Bars co syetiarat 2 Aci pros eT se ie eee atede e Maley ola aecineistolel serbian ch seteders ee 7 


The following message of congratulation, sent on the occasion of the 
celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the professorship of Lord Kelvin, 
of the University of Glasgow, Scotland, was read by the Secretary; also 
the reply to the message by Lord Provost of the city: 


“The California Academy of Sciences sends greetings to your noble 
city; congratulations to your great University; and tribute of respect to 
Scotland’s most distinguished citizen, Lord Kelvin. 

**Davip STARR JORDAN, President, 
‘‘ James O’B. Gunn, Corresponding Secretary. 
‘“*To Lord Provost of Glasgow, Scotland.” 


568 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


‘On behalf of the University and City of Glasgow I gratefully thank 
you for your congratulations to our noblest citizen, which I have gladly 
conveyed. **Lorp Provost.” 

It was moved by the Secretary and seconded by Mr. Molera, that the 
thanks of the Academy be tendered to the Postal Telegraph and Commer- 


cial Cable Co., and to Mr. L. M. Storror, Superintendent, for gratuitously 


transmitting the message of congratulation from the Academy to Lord 
Kelvin. 

Unanimously carried. 

Messrs. Chas. A. Keeler and William E. Ritter, appointed to draw up 
resolutions upon the death of Mr. Vaslit, presented the following :— 

WHEREAS, The Members of the California Academy of Sciences, having 
learned with deep regret of the death of one of its life members, Frank H. 
Vaslit, who has served for the past seven years in the capacity of Assistant 
Secretary and Librarian, 

Resolved, That in the death of Mr. Vaslit the Academy recognizes that 
it has lost not only an unusually faithful and efficient servant, but also a 
member of sterling personal worth. 

Resolved, That we express to his relatives our appreciation of his ser- 
vices and tender them our sincere sympathy. 

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be spread upon the minutes 
of the Academy. 

Second Vice-President Behr was called to the chair, while Vice-Presi- 
dent Ritter spoke on the Geographical Distribution of Batrachians, fol- 
lowed by Miss Alice Eastwood on plants. 


August 3, 1896.—SraTepD MEETING. 


VicE-PRESIDENT RitTeR in the chair. 

P. W. Nathan, John Richards, W. M. Pierson, Luke Robinson, Walter 
S. Thorne, G. W. Dickie, and Irving Stringham were elected resident 
members. , 

E. W. Hilgard, Charles P. Grimwood, and R. W. Hills were proposed 
for membership. 

Donations to the Museum were reported from D. E. Hayes. 

Additions to the Department of Herpetology were reported from M. 
Main, L. M. Loomis, F. Billa, and Sterling Bunnell. 

Additions to the Department of Ornithology: 

17 specimens of the Ashy Petrel; 4 specimens of Leaches Petrel; and a 
small collection of eggs ;—collected by the Curator on South Farallon 
Island. Neither of the Petrels was previously represented in the 
Academy’s collections. 


PROCEEDINGS. 569 


Additions to the Library: 


ER ONH  GOLPGR ONG EMER) Wr) cries Reels sonics er ahs Shu eek eh atu alld os 190 
Eye Pare hnsenn MME ctr Oo. stot ne beaeetta elect ern Mee aia tf tire 60 


ES rat CHa bACEN Tornoe REA PEED. cde tale, eas Sac beae eis dons Bee Be bias SoM PRIN 6 


The subject of the previous meeting, ‘‘Geographical Distribution of Life 
in California,” was concluded; John Van Denburgh speaking on reptiles, 
and Charles A. Keeler on birds. 


September 7, 1896.—Statep MEETING. 
VICE-PRESIDENT RITTER in the chair. 


R. M. Hills, E. W. Hilgard, and Charles P. Grimwood were elected res- 
ident members. 


John L. Howard was proposed for membership. 


Donations to the Department of Ornithology were reported from H. R. 
Taylor. 

Additions to the Herbarium for July and August consisted of 828 speci- 
mens by exchange and donation. 


Additions to the Library: 


HramsAcorresnondenes cai rus apc siatesccn scarica Gains ale ae ER eee 180 
yy PUL C MAHON dra Danae ER va. seca k? Shas « hel ates be NG Smale ena 53 
PES LOREEN OAS Scr oA Yad Beart Socials sana Sel ae ae Ae asd cele RG oe ie 12 


Dr. William Pepper, President of the Museum of the University of 
Pennsylvania, delivered an address entitled ‘‘The Function of the Mu- 
seum in Modern Communities.” 


September 14, 1896.—SprcraL MEETING. 
VICE-PRESIDENT RITTER in the chair. 


Dr. Bashford Dean, of Columbia College, N. Y., lectured on ‘Oyster 
Culture in Europe,” illustrated with lantern slides. 


September 21, 1896.—SratEpD MEETING. 
VICE-PRESIDENT RITTER in the chair. 
E. W. Maslin and W. J. V. Osterhout were proposed for membership. 


Andrew C. Lawson, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy at the Uni- 
versity of California, delivered an illustrated lecture on ‘‘The Evolution 
of Land Forms.” 

Proc. Cau. ACAD, Sor., 2p SER., Vou. VI. (39 ) March 1, 1897, 


570 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


October 5, 1896.—Statrep MEETING. 
Bryan J. Clinch was proposed for membership. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from J. Z. Davis and the Call 
Publishing Co. 


Additions to the Department of Herpetology were reported from Gustav 
Eisen. 


Additions to the Library: 


rom) correspondents «0.0 i505 oS. sider ates Sec oie is Sale ae 168 
ERY SVU CHAD. cst Str zarayors, ba ntrpoie en Sie Re ert Ee an Ce eer 30 
BY; -<AOMAMON 6 22.0 aw dossete See bate CE ORI SE ET en ane 15 


The paper of the evening was presented by Marsden Manson, of the 
Bureau of Highways, Sacramento, California; subject: ‘‘ The Columbia 
Lava Plain and Its Local Climatic Influence,” illustrated with lantern 
slides. 


October 19, 1896.—StatEep MEETING. 


The PresIpEntT in the chair. 

John L. Howard was elected a resident member. 

Dr. Cameron Knight was proposed for membership. 

Donations to the Museum were reported from Alexander Craw and 
George A. Treadwell. 

President Jordan presented the Academy with five specimens of the 
Fur Seal, consisting of adult male and female, two black pups, and a young 
male; also a brown Sea Lion pup—from Pribylov Islands. 

Leverett M. Loomis, Curator of the Department of Ornithology, lectured 
on ‘‘The Farallones and Their Inhabitants,” illustrated with lantern 
slides. 


October 26, 1896.—SpPrcIAL MEETING. 


VicE-PRESIDENT BeuHR in the chair. 


Professor G. Wharton James gave an illustrated lecture, entitled ‘‘ The 
Grand Cafion of the Colorado River in Arizona.” 


November 2, 1896.—Statep Mrerine. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 
W. J. V. Osterhout and E. W. Maslin were elected resident members. 
Donations to the Museum were reported from J. W. Potts, J. Brennan, 


PROCEEDINGS 571 


N. A. Freeman for ‘‘ Buckskin Jack,” chief of a tribe of Indians, and Mrs. 
R. F. Dodd. 

Donations to the Herbarium were reported from T. D. A. Cockerell, of 
the College of Agriculture, New Mexico; J. Burtt Davy, and C. F. Sonne; 
also 754 plants presented by the Curator, and 180 Arizona specimens from 
J. W. Tuomey, of the College of Agriculture, Arizona, in exchange. 


Additions to the Library: 


ME GIGGrVOR DIMA AT sts Wek i.e c ERs sas stg ae buat ak Ce kale tah a as 175 
uA CLs ILg OF SCN SRE Ae ec NDR ae cae sR Dee Pry hx Vette, SPH GSR DN Ge) oh Nr 36 
ES CRO HIRUAOR) A 8 Sce td SEG oe SON pas bana, sR eae, Loe yeaa An at 13 


Dr. H. W. Harkness offered the following resolutions on the death of 
J. Z. Davis: 

WHEREAS, By the death of Mr. J. Z. Davis, Director of our Museum, 
this Academy has lost not only a disinterested friend and associate, but a 
generous patron, who was ever ready with purse and counsel to assist the 
workers in the various departments, and to add to and embellish our Mu- 
seum; 

Therefore be it resolved, That we, as members of this Association, do 
deeply deplore the death of one so generous, and so active in advancing 
the interests of our Society. 

Be it further resolved, That we, as members of this Academy, do attend 
his funeral, and that these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of our 
proceedings. 

Professor George Davidson presented the paper of the evening: ‘‘The 
Submerged Valleys on the Pacific Coast,” illustrated with lantern slides. 


November 16, 1896.—StatTep MEETING. 


VICE-PRESIDENT RITTER in the chair. 


The name of Bryan J. Clinch was balloted for, but a quorum not being 
present there was no election. 


Professor G. Wharton James delivered an illustrated lecture on ‘‘ The 
Mokis and the Snake Dance at Oraibi.” 


December 7, 1896.—Statep MEETING. 


VICE-PRESIDENT RITTER in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum were reported from George A. Treadwell, 
Leverett M. Loomis, F. H. Wales, C. E. Hayes, and J. G. Cooper. 


An addition to the Department of Ornithology of 139 water birds from 


572 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Monterey Bay and the adjacent ocean was made during the recent trip of 
the Curator, Mr. L. M. Loomis, to that vicinity. 


Additions to the Library: 


RPOMMCOLLESPONGENTS a2 )5 ects we tclete ate seelstene) fun cheese nr oicu a Male elapse nee Re ae 166 
Hee M) OURO ACIR GY Wea cs etae AR eeAiire bis RISER Manet Sitocad CNR OD. choi Hace FOC S 69 
IB yu OMALLO My ercassaetete ree aie fete) clei vefekathe bare ete Rainteebetere hide ofelisia fester ates aisaets 9 


The following papers were read by title: 


California Water Birds. No. II.—Vicinity of Monterey in Midwinter. By 
Leverett M. Loomis. 

New Mallophaga, I, with Special Reference to a Collection made from 
Maritime Birds of the Bay of Monterey, California. By Vernon L. Kel- 
logg. 

North American Apterygogenea. By Harald Schitt. 

Notes on Palewozoic Crustacea. No. 5.—Carboniferous Trilobites from 
Missouri. By A. W. Vogdes. 

Description of a New Schizopod from Lake Merced. By Samuel J. 
Holmes. 

Notes on Fishes Little Known or New to Science. By David Starr Jor- 
dan. 

Notes on Fresh Water Fishes of the Pacific Slope of North America. By 
Cloudsley Rutter. 

Report on a Collection of Plants from San Juan County, in Southeast- 
ern Utah. By Alice Eastwood. 

On Some New Crustaceous (and Eocene?) Mollusca of California. By 
J. G. Cooper. 

A List of Some Reptiles from Southeastern Arizona, with a Description 
of a New Species of Cnemidophorus. By J. Van Denburgh. 

Description of a New Lizard (Humeces gilberti) from the Sierra Nevada 
of California. By John Van Denburgh. 

California Water Birds. No. III.—South Farallon Island in July. By 
Leverett M. Loomis. 

Coleoptera of Baja California. By George H. Horn. 

The Gidemerids of Boreal America. By George H. Horn. 

Description of Some New Species of Californian Plants. By Alice 
Eastwood. . 

New Mallophaga, II, from Land Birds, together with an Account of the 
Mallophagous Mouth-parts. By Vernon L. Kellogg. 

A List of Fishes Collected at Port Ludlow, Washington. By Edwin 
Chapin Starks. 


F. M. McFarland, Assistant Professor of Histology at Stanford Univer- 
sity, delivered a lecture on ‘‘ Experiments in the Hybridization of Echi- 
noderm Larve,” illustrated with diagrams. 


PROCEEDINGS. 573 


December 21, 1896.—StTatEep MEETING. 
VicE-PRESIDENT BEHR in the chair. 


On motion of Mr. Chapman, seconded by Mr. Keeler, the following 
resolution was adopted: 


** Tn view of the fact that certain birds in California are threatened with 
extinction, owing to persistent persecution upon their nesting grounds, 
it is urgent that immediate action be taken to secure protection for them, 
and I would therefore move that a committee of three be appointed to 
report at the next meeting of the Academy the state of the existing Cali- 
fornia law bearing upon birds, and the amendments necessary to afford 
protection to song birds, and to birds during the nesting season.” 

The chairman named the following members as a committee to act under 
the resolution: 


William 8. Chapman, William M. Pierson and Charles A. Keeler. 


The nominating committee made their report, naming the following 
ticket: 
For President, David Starr Jordan. 
First Vice-President, William E. Ritter. 
Second Vice-President, H. H. Behr. 
Cerresponding Secretary, J. O’B. Gunn. 
Recording Secretary, G. P. Rixford. 
Treasurer, L. H. Foote. 
Librarian, George C. Edwards. 
Director of Museum, Charles A. Keeler. 
Trustees—William M. Pierson, Irving M. Scott, Charles F. Crocker, 
Lewis Gerstle, E. J. Molera, George C. Perkins and G. W. Stewart. 


The paper of the evening was presented by Harold W. Fairbanks, 
Ph. D., ‘*An Outline of the Geological History of California,” illustrated 
with lantern slides. 


January 4, 1897—Statep MEETING. 
The PRESIDENT in the chair. 
The committee appointed on Bird Protection reported as follows: 


To the President and Members of the Academy of Sciences :—Your com- 
mittee, heretofore appointed for the purpose of taking into consideration 
and reporting to this body the form of such legislation as is needed for 
the protection of wild birds in this State, beg leave to report as follows: 

They have examined the laws of the various States of the Union and 
find that in New York and Massachusetts particularly the legislation has 
been substantially what the committee deems desirable to have upon the 
Statute books of this State. They recommend therefore that the Legisla- 


574 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


ture be asked by this Academy to pass an amendment to the present 
‘Game Laws’ of the State. Provision substantially in the following 
form: 

Section 1. ‘‘ Wild birds shall not be killed or caught at any time, or 
possessed after the same are dead. This provision does not affect any 
birds the killing of which is prohibited between certain dates, under acts 
of the Legislature now in force, nor. does it protect the ‘ English sparrow,’ 
and it does not apply to any person holding a certificate under the provis- 
ions of Section 3 of this Act. Whoever shall violate or attempt to violate 
the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of misdemeanor, and 
in addition thereto, shall be liable to a penalty of $25 for each bird killed, 
trapped or destroyed contrary to the provisions of this section.” 

Src, 2. ‘*The eggs of wild birds shall not be offered for sale, or their 
nests robbed or willfully or needlessly destroyed, unless when necessary to 
protect buildings or prevent their defacement. This section does not 
apply to the ‘English sparrow.’ Whoeyer shall violate or attempt to vio- 
late the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misde- 
meanor, and in addition thereto, shall be liable to a penalty of $25 for 
each nest robbed or destroyed, contrary to the provisions of this section.” 

Sec. 3. ‘‘ Certificates may be granted by any university, college or in- 
corporated society of natural history in this State through such persons 
or officers as such society may designate to any properly accredited person, 
permitting the holder thereof to collect birds, their nests or eggs, for 
strictly scientific purposes only. In order to obtain such certificate, the 
applicant for the same must present to the person or persons having the 
power to grant such certificates, written testimonials from two well-known 
scientific men, certifying to the good character and fitness of said applicant 
to be entrusted with such privilege. Such certificates to be in force for 
one year and no longer.” 

Sec. 4. ‘This Act shall take effect and be in force from and after its 
passage.” 

Doubtless, the form of legislation suggested by your committee will be 
subject to modification, and your committee therefore recommends that a 
new committee be appointed with power to formulate such appropriate leg- 
islation as may be necessary, substantially covering the ground above 
suggested, and with power to present the same to the Legislature and urge 
its adoption. 

Respectfully submitted, 
Wn. S. CHAPMAN, 
W. M. Pixrrson, 
Committee. 


It was moved and seconded that the report be accepted and adopted, 


and that the committee be continued and take charge of the matter of 
procuring the necessary legislation. 


PROCEEDINGS. 575 


As the result of the annual election, the following were declared officers 
for the ensuing year: 

Davip StTaRR JORDAN, President. 

WiLLiAM E. Ritter, First Vice-President. 

H. H. Beur, Second Vice-President. 

J. O'B. Gunn, Corresponding Secretary. 

G. P. Rixrorp, Recording Secretary. 

L. H. Foorst, TVreasurer. 

GerorGE C. Epwarps, Librarian. 

CHARLES. A. KEELER, Director of Museum. 


Trustees : 
Witit1am M. PIERSON, Irvine M. Scort, CHARLES F. CRocKER, 
LEwis GERSTLE, E. J. Mouera, GEORGE C. PERKINS, 


G. W. STEWART. 


The annual report of the President was read, and on motion a commit- 
tee of three was appointed to take into consideration that part of the 
report bearing upon the burden of taxation imposed upon the Academy, 
with the view of procuring the necessary legislation to exempt it and other 
similar institutions from such burden. 


Reports of Curators and Officers and Board of Trustees were read and 
ordered placed on file. 


A Resolution regarding the funds for the payments of taxes was read 
and accepted. 


REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN FOR 1896. 


The additions to the library for the year 1896 have been as follows: 
From correspondents 1897 


* (6 delice: sisiiee oi 16,6 a6 we ses 6 alesis eae) 0 eve 


VAP WEG DOr Nan paler eee oA hore es a taptedead atts ob Aaa 1010 
Be OT stGR nee Me Nee cco rekminin. ey eee Te 99 
Py eOXCHAN EG. uke Bin Me ck Sap ke at Re. 1 

Po tals: ste s Re Yon ca, t Soe weheies CAS ee 3007 


Valuable donations of books and pamplets have been received from the 
following: Nathan Banks, James M. Macoun, Alpheus Spring Packard, F. 
W. Putnam, Henri di Saussure, Frank W. Very, A. W. Vogdes, Elstanislao 
8. Zeballos, C. F. Baker, Alberto Sanchez, E. D. Cope, S. Garman, Geo. 
C. Perkins, Henry B. Ward, F. W. Clark, Robert L. Jack, A. Bastian, H. 
C. Russell, Spanish Consulate (San Francisco), H. W. Turner, F. F.. 
Allen, William Trelease, F. Franceschi, Isabel A. Mulford, Charles Henry 
Thompson, Clarence B. Moore, C. C. Willoughby, G. A. Dorsey, William 
Butenmiiller, J. Douglas Ogilby, Edm. de Selys Longchamps, Baron F. 
von Muller, Charles A. White, Axel Rydberg, Mark Baldwin, W. McM. 


576 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Woodworth, R. A. Philippi, Botanical Society of America, Le Dr. Saint 
Lager, and Outram Bangs. 


The balance of the Pierce fund, amounting to $1200, has been expended 
on publications ordered last year. With this fund the set of the London 
Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science has been completed, and the 
following publications have been added to the library: 


Giornale di Scienze Naturali en Economische. Palermo. 1866-1890. 

Journal de Zoologie. Paris. 1872-1877. 

Museum d’Histoire Naturelle. Paris. Annales, vols. i-xx. Archives, 
vols. i-x; Nouvelle Archives, vols. i-x; series 2, vols. i-x; series 3, 
vols. i-vii; Memoires, vols. i-xx; Nouvelles Memoires, vols. i-iv. 

Société Geologique de France. Paris. Memoires, tomes i—v; series 2, 
tomes i-x; series 3, tomes i-v. Memoires Paléontologie, tomes i-y. 
Bulletin, tomes i-xiv; series 2, tomes i-xxix; series 3, tomes i-xxiii. 
Table des volumes 1830-1863. 

Bornet, Ed & G. Thuret, Notes Algologiques. Paris. 1880. 

Gray, George Robert. Hand List of Birds of the British Museum. Lon- 
don. 1869-1871. 

Presl, Carolus Bor. Reliquiz Henkeanzw. Prage. 1825. 

Wiegmann, Dr. A. F. A. Herpetologia Mexicana. Berolini. 1834. 


ERRATA. 


Page 38, line 15, for Bothoriometopus read Bothriometopus. 

Page 45, sixth line from bottom, for pelasgia read pelagica. 

Page 49, tenth line from bottom, for toxoceras read toxoceros. 

Page 56, second column, thirteenth line from bottom, for toxoceras read 
toxoceros. 

‘Page 75, under figure, for Lemobothorium read Lemobothrium. 

Page 117, for LirpEvRu read LiprurRvs. 

Page 195, in explanation of plates, for bioculata read binoculata. 

Page 266, line 6, for CHARACONDON read CHARACODON. 

Page 313, for OxyapHus read OxYBAPHUS. 

Page 325, for occIDENTALS read OCCIDENTALIS. 

Page 350, last line, for nasal acute read nasal scute. 

Page 368, for CmLAMBUS read C@LAMBUS. 


INDEX. ’ 


New genera in full face, new species and varieties in SMALL CAPITALS, synonyms in 


italics. 

Abronia Cycloptera.................... 313 AD DRCLOSAE OBE cet stetee cisreicitoteinemeetonesee 230 
PTACTANS ce cmmdaeciee Cates cece clas 314 | NUMeIAlISs sccscieneleoce eck weiner 230 
turbinata var. MARGINATA......... 313 | PHESSOGONT cceionciecee SO OnE CROC Oe 230 

Acanthocottus polyacanthocottus...... 556) || «Ardea herodiags ccs cc se secesues sade 29 

NET OVUEES ceisisininsaisicieleveteicvsle alowieiicinias arcietele 186 Ar@naria, Mendleriy;.deeee. cecon eeiotae 284 
ATIN AUG ocala icicleiniei stare spore atehae aiaratnrols 187 | melanocephala; « .\. 2.10 sic se as eeleniee 363 
WAMtH CUR: jy oieccate's elcin SARE R EE APSe 186 | Argemone alba......... sate Haale wells 281 

Actinella leptoclada,........4....000ie0e0 302 | INFELMNOGLAL jc. ac.cice sso os coun cates 281 

Adiantum capillus-veneris......... 275, 328 ATIistida PULTPUPEAs=0. vicineclewecw clot -ite 326 

AGT ORAMIUS wore ciciesnialekclnncse) laeiela he aaietecoe 186 Arizona, Reptiles from...............- 338 

/Echmophorus occidentalis............ 14 Artedius ASPERULUS.......e.-s0..0- 549, 553 

PA PONIG ieijeeinile cle sleiale al ctatclaie ole (acisterctonvers 558 | Artemesia tridentata........... = talon att, 272 

Agonostomus nasutus ................ 263 | Ascelichthys rhodorus...... ........ 557 

Agosia chrysogaster............., eeeee 260) Asclepias involucrata var. tomentosa.. 306 

AIG OpProchus!<. ja case. oe oc velela 34, 61, 65, 460 | Stenophy lla. oc < oc wc daclelsma vocitawice 307 

Albatross, Short-tailed........ce0..2.0- 25 Asclerayse ss <s5sis 385, 402, 404, 414, 416, 417 

Ailtionin INGATMAtA. «.-)2c<slewee «clon ase 313 | Giscoloni/ssatsunideeeecn saa ee eee ~405 

ASM Ox OUR soon sjclciaceinis casa slarem io siaiee 385, 395 erythrocephala ..... 0. ....-.:css 405, 406 
dorsalis..... Soancsos aalalovnralaiaratelaletaiais 396 OXCAVALANCaccimieicis siscic ese ce tegen 405, 407 
TCC RETE AINA i iotetarate) stersiateseysial aistetas 396, 397 TUES TAN arclclaiafele siete eiitersi efoms Muetetetets 405, 406 
NOPID UA o cre/aiateas’s ae ersicteie’e 371, 396, 397 puncticollis.:.: .. 2: sssse soeene 405, 406 

) GLGLITAE Siete eyelajare erate oe elcarchrseeteh nee 396 | Muaticolligennncdtca neve cae kee ,-405, 407 

Amblycera......... Soci de Deacisoaner 61, 68 | Asida FLACCIDA,...0....... Resende DIOS ou, 
Key to Genera of Suborder of...... 62 | Aspidophoroides inermis.............. 558 

Ambrosia. . ...6.. a0 falutsiaetetseittarsteracottera alate 300 | Aster canescens var. ARISTATUS..... .. 296 
PACATUMT OCOD Os; cc aha <hata «(crcl oxelstn'cia(e aisle’ 300 LEW a EC CSHO GER E EE Come aOs USO anne Asun 296 

AMMEWUTUSKAUGESU « F5. a: caiceisis cicele sw siscesioe 258 multifiorus).”.. 5. <assise nein einlattnioeete 296 

Lorin aati oad Grsoosce coaucde Sconces . 550 SPAN OBUSeccystcvert-tscia seiclore craters 279, 295 

AMMOGONUB\sfOSSOM A ieieeisicleiwnieieiSehiea sie 370 AstrapalusiPLVreussil << ..<¢s cic cae saieracate 288 

Ammodytes personatus................ 550 SADMLO UM se sretseine aisle -lrati cia ie eetelele 288 

Ampelopsis quinquefolia......... .275, 286 SUDCINGLOUA te ccic.cjcloswisieieicente Atos at 288 

Amsonia angustifolia.....-.........+. age ATHNINS | COPNALUBS: ieisene eee vemeeer 370 

Vary LOXAN Ar cicialaia/sicisisveisiele's 305 INOPS< . ge. Spine sainicioialeisimistttitalsieetebtets 370 
IDECWALOLILD fiers; sia, reves atelarsie clalstactaciettee 306 Atheropogon oligostachyum ...... ....... 327 

Ancistrona. .38, 63, 72, 443, 445, 447, 460, 528 APIPle xsi creletale,aeeiorieos steele a acer 273, 315 

ICUS cstalaialctclees« MBosdscoca. 150, 433, 459 CADESCEHS aie sacieslcase sieics velco tices 315 
mouth-parts of......... arolevaletohe 434 CAPUT—MEDUSZ.......02. EOE O Cet cise 316 

Andropogon scoparius................ . 326 | CONLEPUEONIA: «a5 o/ain\ve'enre seis dale aawtes 315 

Anemone CALIFORNICA.......... afta 423 COLTIEGH saiaieis/e (ole aiaiaielare\aireretevarre Pree kO 

Anoplarchus atropurpureus........... 562 porrellii..... ase ajnictaleiei/atstayalereialavetaete ole 315 

PATINETLG As clz.cis! sie) sie a soinsersis'ose elaretelelale siarersate 186 ULULILC HUA ofayasewiaiaietereletotalorere avandia atereis 315 
PURDUE ING a atraelnysraielelcie?sia clade ltd cteicteaie . 187 AGTODOS ic ieeir c'elsytercieleicislelsielejeeieiare 464, 468, 470 

Anurophorus laricis .... ..eee0....-0+--+ 186 | Auchenoplerus ASper.....0e++-++eseeees ee. 232 

Aplopappus gracilis............... 272, 295 Auklets Cassin, oiccs ss ccecsccwereatee 17, 355 

Apocynum cannabinum............... 305 SHINO GEPOB I i ereheratelntciciela'ele BOGE Cit 16, 360 

Apodichthys flavidus ...........-...005 562 | Aulorhynchids......-...............0 550 

Apterygogenea, North American....... 169 Aulorhynchus flavidus........ Sabcndand 550 

Aquilegia micrantha,.......... 274, 279, 280 Averruncus emmelane..........-.e000s 560 

PANDA CIOS sc ic'a'c. naicloieie vislereie'sieje'kials: ciavercieiaare 201 | Avocettina gillii........ nitslaleeietttaleia ctasteee COO 


578 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


AWS OUSRARESICE | s:c cflsiarrainicseeisiciae cl siniers 265 
Axyrias HARRINGTONI............ 549, 554 
PAVED YA (COLATIB :clcrere cincls oles tess er coe 29 
Baja California, Coleoptera of ......... 367 
Bascanion flagellum frenatum......... 347 
ICAU mecca ala ate avalos slelobtern (ore 347 
BOWMAN EREUM yscceerasvae= deck acee 347 
BOSD CT INICULILG a0 5's sada nase eae oouedne 318 
Batrachordi dips: soec se sm <decidasrbeidcee 231 
etna Ores! esa uence eee Soe 223 
ROP RACRUS <a sof ofa) de waluarviels tealvacaetek ncteiele 231 
GAM aiaietictersiatoyare a sice a tatekcten ree AO! 
Berberis) Prem Ontidlc.cccines «lero sisidelcene 281 
UP FOL OE Basco wickassinsave nai pevwatate ange Beet 
ROTOSUS MLOOTONA su anndictie.siectdiailene cece 368 
BUGATB OT GELS A ole mo Sasieine le ioetciacemjalors - 302 
SISTEMA TS 6, Silos, wi atcasa iniaial a earstelsio setsvele wal 231 
Blepharidachne Kingii........... «nla oeG 
Bleprias clrrhosus!.<sispen sede aclasr ace 557 
BOOpia 35d ic\ Sacks se Scizoniase dale nals 62, 69 
Bothriometopus:.......c.00.-00. 38, 62, 66 
Boutelona oligostachya............... - |327 
Brachyramphus marmoratus.... ...... 19 
Bregmaceros bathymaster............+. . 234 
MACCIOUMATNIAI <a Sq ini cbse s ereldictod are 234 
Bren CHAD pe). veld < <laies e's cool) Sale eee 371 
Brenthus anchorago...........-.008 wos 372 
lucanus..... sdciscelesfou sterete a 2 sneer es 372 
BrOd1g so) PURI WA sic cters calles See ctemieacule 427 
IBPObUIIDS: acca lcinee tec clea meen ct een toe 
BrUCHidR 53s. Gass eee eee 370 
Brysset@res........ .sees Obbenddaumcocc 201 
PINMIGOL sels cleo saral« fakin ye hia 230 
ESL OHA Gyre Asiesats « jcieiorsyaisiemisiesiake necro 29 
IBIEDPOSUIM RD rrousciniclsie.c os Uae RRA 359 
California, New Cretaceous and Eocene 
MLOUUS CAL OLS ia ioram e's corte tad Bea as 330 
Plants, new species of............. 422 
Sticklebacks jos. .ccccneennusiceaeee LO 
WYabersbird Sie: atiassye ore malestainerete 1, 353 
Calligonum canescens..........0.2.+ e008 315 
Calliostoma LIGNITICA........cc0..e008 331 
Callisaurus ventralis.:...........c0cee 339 
PAI DUS eae lsjedcssttsioceas coierecsicicigce eee 384, 385 
AN CUSUUSN: .i5.5 sree mae tels aterecinete 385 
CAMPOMSad ew 5 ./ca daw sie ss sae Noaweee 187 
Campodes:.te.is-me cies se Deccteitaaete 187 
Btaphylins) sseeec ons vce, cictwoivererdas 187 
Campostoma anomalum............... 259 
OVERLY, 2 nie ais cantante: 256, 259 
FUL g SIRE TOCOUEIHEE COMET BIC Oe 256, 259 
Cantharis melona.. ..Gseres sieacnccee. 371 
CaNteay AG GT CGAL... cine card «clo wicielelaje sielele 309 
VOR GUO rraloreieaie oidipivic aelsisisiete atari sere 307 
Cara DLL tss.c cvs win o/olnicls ce 'eisela nein tatters 367 


Cardita alticosta........cccceesseee es. 336 
Caryoborus Veseyi.......2.seceees wieleiin ONO 
Castilleia linariefolia............. 272, 312 
Catos torn die yo) pi sciersnsinaie ee raments 258 
Catostomoid Fishes, new genus of..... 269 
Catostomus bernardini................ 258 
UPCCUN MUS: «\c.</e\nye:celnislsiajeaja va semareeeien 269 
Caularchus mandricus..........0-.-... 562 | 
Celtisioccidontalig: cicc.csseecaend 272, 324 
Cephaloon............ aieiciersin ered atalniectelats 389 
BICOL OResce css sig ses essen as sneten 380, 381 
TEPEURUG OS 5, «)Piatoletauiale xcdocleta Soot 380 
PLGEUM cias0(s) «(a\mwieha 3151s )0) otelaeotwisivieie teatels 280 
EOTULICOUNC...,. cs acim iaeme civ ieee 380 
BI VOULALE a aor lalchoje aisiclsinieetcrae otereteiia 380 
Gepphus‘columba:- 5... 5<c.s<c eee cee 19, 356 
PVG: Rotate micr-eice svoimeiawiotle aera wwe 
Cerorhinca, monocerata.......cecesecsee 16 
CerOtomian Fact oaianssiciticciesstan does 375, 
Fada ATS Metaies © &.n/are wale cteetemetornctatneere 375 
Cheotura Pelasiea.. <a. \.i0e omrericline deers 45 
Hara sis ved idiccsne syed oo clanylentoes, etree 328 
CharacodontMIsuNt.ns-/<\c veveeeak cee tae 266 
Charitonetta albeola,.... ....ssessesecs p42) 
OHASMISLOS seta stele aiclnve cteictelaciatltae eoee 269 
IPEVIFOSULISE. woes sc/etnicice seinen toeiente 269 
CUFUB ite ceitisie aca sis ocie ya Neen eee 269 
LECUN GUSH eas wen,cs chem eee ete 269 
LOTUS Sem cao ears CL atais/s s nistemerte erties 269 
TUE EUS. ore wi oerttera[sol ni tneeraiela ie eee 269 
Chasmodes JENKINSI......... -...«- 201, 232 
Chenopodium Fremonti..............- 314 
Teptopbhipllum che. ecuceteateleeeee ne 315 
SPUNOSUIN wie \a. 4: die snl « a\efaNatotetdl nal eeata rete ee 318 
Chitonotus pugettensis................ 551 
Oh ]lwnius NIMROD s. «isis c's sive vein nee welae 372 
Chrysomelidier. i.e dimisticincenpelsmoet tere 370 
Chrysopsis villosa var. SCABRA........ 204 
Cladothrix languinosa............. 272, 314 
Clematis ligusticifolia................. 280 
Cleome integrifolia............-.2. 276, 283 
OlevelandiaiROsat, Vs sccm cca ctineee 201, 229 
VONGUPUNTTSK). sein sa\sroreia tiaieleters oie ete erent 229 
Cnemidophorus ARIZON®. ........ 344, 346 
PUILATIS Foote melnslae ores citieecenchtaae 342 
Vabialise ies conus. elev conten 345, 346 
NCW SPeClEs OL. is s'1<). sav ehics ene 338 
BGA aria cir tase te iwle cele\s,ay.6'erosale ste mntanre 343 
HEX NeEatUS 2 ios ewes hee ble Meweniseine 843 
tigris melanostethus....:......... 344 
Cnicus BRothrockil ja. 2. vceeen.e.coseeas 279 
VAL, -DIFFUSUS es e'cle (ones sere 303 
Coccotrypes dactyliperda.............. 372 
Celambus fraternus..j.ccc.0. occ cent 368 


Coldenia hispidissima................. 310 


Coleoptera of Baja California.......... 
Collembola ........ Saja AO ORRBOCE ato 
GBLOCOLAG eis crises aia ts ce Dita elle eid cienalet ate 


CHRYSOPHEUM,.......c.000s Seoohos 
GHBINTITO 7: .e casei etetorirdinweraielo wiele eich 
eucarenum 
AB VESCOTNS «(ones an tote elelerefotsise-of he slave 
FENCED) WM gray aler ciel ore) 9) vet Meiereaisiela het afe 
FUNEBRE ..... tatarels al poteiclarene eae iete sare 
PUR CUDESitcrciercisvexce: stohaiaieslotoreieiers ouelstels 
LATICEPS 
OBBORINE ssc on ays sheyateialol) sto ele rots a) sioner 
ochraceum 


ee ee 


i i ry 
ee 


Pe 


subequale........: eeu bor: Boot Got 
PEND UM a -\eisie aciete iloboeempae cic cgi 
[nat nivel ns Jee AR ee UENG oc Heanu OacGgc 
TEACH ETI x etnies & vi eje/o sine<10 oma oats 
UNCIRER UM vjajca vinis ails oes emmicamiss eee 
TINEALO MUS rane lato) he aiale asia, seherstave erareterers 
Colby mus) awrlbusiis 2. ctiem ciel esta bic ewe 
lavallarrsl hie re Ore orc se clonpena 
nigricollis californicus ............ 
Comandra uambellatay, ss i.e esse ae < 
Goot, Ameri CaN. 2 oe iilecele \eicicle vente celeste 
Copelatus! fragiliss, cas veeaceseecee ee 
GO Pri as sors eciskyalelstre'e wie ayeys aicleie cle 385, 
bicolor 
CUANEDENMNAS s crarotniekelala) o/h ic ersla’shetatea 6 399, 
WA TUEUMD en laces cian SOeC Da scos eiteiia/ctate 
PLT PIMOS percarejeinstsr cele chsbaleichctslene OOS 


POSE TATA aie cher otasin)niste evepeyelnteicieleie haters 399, 
quadrimaculata........... 
SUTURALIS 
PH OLBGIC A sis ip\crasles eink Selealalsinctar siete 399, 
Coptocyclaclavatas ~. en cleiasevic crilesees 
Corbula triangulata.......cesee ec eeeeees 
Cordylanthus Wrightii............ 271, 
Cormorant, Brand t7s2:)0)\cctc/satieetoiotee 
TH eae TOTO) ere rani arsine aleve 3 lalevar stagnate kere ere 
POLY LO PWV hae a ais atin a isictie\eleinye loresnhas aye crate 
GaRsoniday. css onadcateuweiiais viv ctel sin oleteia ele 
COSSONUSTS Palast stain elslelalel aiele,clactaveievm eel 
Cottids 
GOEETIBYAWINGR, seraies cette aiolmicl icicles 201, 
Los lob eres Re aOR cencoer Occ Jobo cuLOre, 
philonips.......... gene Game rt ot 
RED ARI Ayn crane cy eleisteralats a Bislafetsiate ate 201, 
@owania Mexicana........0s06 .-22cece 
Cremastocephalus................. 
URED, UNAS Rive sits isial cient ols cin Hyer cle heer 


INDEX. 


Crescent Lake, Trout of............ 206, 
Blue-back trout of.......... 209, 
Speckled trout of 


GWA HERO. avec oceans s cadactedeewcls 


NOPIMMS Se cae vols tas = cislearcrom Mielec 
TH OLOSSUSG ca cametd aaa aeieles a oleate 
TEES ecank, sppcopecegr pod JoCon one 
Crotaphytus baileyi...... Satatiace late 
wislizenii 


ee eee ry 


| Crustacea, Paleozoic, Notes on......... 


Crymophilus fulicarius............-... 
Crysanthia..... MAINE Joe Gpaiecicnotelie, 

REDBAND IA seh ciclaverciascietalecaelniccel oteteteevetars 
Gucujidey.c oct aces< OSA SS ORSEoCeL sade 
Curlew, Hudsonian.............. .-.-. 
Cuscuta Americand .........00...0 Sees 

ALPVETISIS ersyaralereiate sioeeiaestaiel aekctorete ereratste de 
Cycloma platyphyllum............. 273, 
Cymatogaster aggregatus..... Sipostcuc . 
Cynoglossum occidentale ............. 

VLE Nei isis ptoveletataocio exctercteyi vie ats Stee 
Gy prinidiee.: oc.55, ssa Sr atin toe eaters oe 
Dactylagnus MUNGUB...........050..06 


Dactyloscopidien. cece an soe creleleeielser te 


Datura meteloides............. 273, 276, 
Degeerta perpulchra......-ccccccecserecs 
Deltistes..........0...0005 wena eleyeleete 
ATURE US ore ratacisictatal-Yolatascteisretotstetatslntel state 
Desmopachria granum...... 
Diadophis regalis............... Sy telsletote 
Dicoria Brandegei.... 0... 6...cccce 272; 
PANTODEIAT AS cyalcniahermiaieiatcicrabee enrol 273, 
Diomedea albatrus............. 
brachyura 
ORWIGUB, Sacpei gers st erate cotslaleiele diatelcian vis 
MEIMOPNTY Bs roe sid nets a ecte eels 
DIRE ee es MOOI RG ULOM OAOrk MOU A anoL 


ry 


PUSS E o an Ce OCI ASD Cn GU OOOO 
atratus 
ATRIGOLOR. <4 senses neta siolalnetee aero 
GHEDTILACULALUS iirc ace ot) ase alealaiatslics ple 
GREDES ek oiohtylctaisis ie tte aise oat ial crete 
DFUNNEICEPS: ....2. 000s ptesaoodadaas 
OALINOBRNIENSIA +.:5 dscv sds. d 0. emaielale 
CALVUS 


579 


219 
219 
207 
348 
348 
348 
349 
339 
339 
197 
363 
408 


299 


580 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Docophorus Caspicus....ccccesccccecces =k) Entomobrya multifasciata............. 182 
CBIEHTaCN ys. :Sacceacsea de ccilecs 485, 542 | REXROCULATAY <s sicin'e vhsreeiciaatee secant 180 
CELEGOXRUB tokens te ces scewesetie cee 84 ) SERTANGULARIST. Ss \ccce cle decscsastee 182 
COMMUNIB. 2256/0500. Faso 474, 486, 543 | S--Epierus regularis.................- 369 
CONGENETs. ...00- Sdocontosaacac aston 98  '' Epinephelus ciliatus...... ashe ccazeharslate 237 
CUTS OTs ataalelal eel olatata ol eierohelalsib eteteie eielarers 484 | © Epipactis gigantea............. 274, 326 
DIBMEN OPUS tiaiateiciets < [eiereis ststeioinaisierstaters 477 ’ Epipocus unicolor...... aati Tee 369 
DOMESTICUS oi ic alecicstecicte’s «eels etececle . 475 Equisetum levigatum......... aesiee sae 328 
HIVAGANS (sc ceiccss ccevselsces Serciajsiaic) £8D,14/= PU MeMOCRLG) UA GTT sa). - <tc laicivievato sia Noe ete 326 
SXCINUS! cee strekice cet eee Goh seenes 489 Erigeron Bellidiastrum ........... 273, 296 

WALI ATOL se icieieteisisieteciereelaeictajerel= 490 Canadensis........... tater (ave eat bets ee 
EUEIGINOBSUS vccc'e.c0 suleiceicinis cee ce 74, 80 | BPARSEROLITUN(. scicis'estcls'e se acnete sic sin 297 
SONOTHYRCHUA ssc isissme wee o'er mete 471 | Eriocoma CUSPIAALE © Joc cscs vecnceeeeee 327 
GOROMOT AG. 2c cclovesiiee «toen saa tet 98 | Eriogonum alatum....... Beano ot 319 
GRAVICEPA soo he hci otececoemen Feet jel COMMUNE Re eicc eaves ob ce here oe 272, 319 
ICHELOMER ES se Sacco ceeenineeion 50, 96 | Var. UMBRATICUM. cic cucccuce cle 319 
INOISUB ius sete ss cess cls castes Meieee 474 | Givaricatum ss. Jcic.-.cessecteaes saeco 
INHOUUMEUS'. cictelcceslolslel Suaiesweediee 94 | POM tere ates. icre el nese Comers 272, 321 
JUNGENSE coc ne ee ee de we 481 Plandulostim....\..<¢'scccccees sveccieemoodt 
KANSENSIS....... el Bad le 85, 91 AnAahWwMN oes aicleins Daonieeioctoter terere 320 
laritesccorcciesscsest ces ena sOU Oss o8 Soph) aa Daaenbasocnasp occ ac 278, 321 
UATICOLAR Roos Sowcleiaoe a cee ae eee 99 MGarnisiicisc.- 10). cisicisieisenieust ete tens 322 
larinus 222) >. e idea tice reese ee 99 microthecum var. rigidum ........ 322 
WODAILCODS Fate sc nen ion oie eee eae 99 RAMOBSISSIMUM,, scr tec.snewcewinie .276, 329 
melanocephalus................ 51, 99 | WETHERILLE: oi ocsle ce he celee PORE .- 319 
MON TERE YE) 2/1. sic ciciste aietcistoebuc aera 87 Erismaturamubidas...<ssiee ca ease ceed 29 
MALALOTUINE TD: ss ac saclatece cele ec eee 96 | Eucinostomus californien sis..... eoseue 264 
OGOIDENTATIS 15s ae cce tee ecn eae 54, 89 | Humeces GILBERTI............00.0+--++ 350 
OCOMALUSR we. savers eee eee ee ene 477 | obsoletus....... 8 Guin s\eineee'eiaje ain eee. 346 
A CC ee 60, 51, 97 | Euphorbia flagelliformis.............. 323 
QUADRATICEPS 4 522 4s tee ceee 54, 865 | Menglerisns ans ck sees acts victowslolaieletete 324 
MOSUVALUS sc 0/010 oa) ain lore/eral'sincistorereerte 486, 542 | Euploca convolvulacea...... cinis aol Sem OITE 310 
HILPELCIUIOBUS=n) nei deeiccieenoe Laie uas) | Henn. «yn melt sees 59, 63, 71, 528 
TAUROGEPHALUSs< 26.00 s* doce cc beeee 471 Eurotea lanata..... wlefcievelo) cis\e'silwis alata Sees Gihs) 
TPRANSPOSIEUS, stevels faisiatedelceie atari 478 Eurymetopus.......... 38, 61, 65, 68, 1384, 460 

Dormitator maculatus,..........csceces 265 TAUTUBS Ss oc/ccscac San wismers 135, 433, 447 

Duck, Ring-necked. ....cscccccecsces Oe) MOuth-paxrtsiOl cece cee -- 445 
RUC GY s so cn or akiomtcloacineceneee eae 29 Eustilbus pusillus; ©... o.acssecseoueete 368 

MD VUISCIGD piniciowicti ls avoe's cinw'c eigen ees OBT, Evermannia longipinnis............... 229 

Eddya hispidissima............008 we aeatates 310 PIXEL POSriwiaiisins selene ne cee Eee b olste steteiomtete 201 

Hleotris ABACURUS......0.c00 cece 201, 228 ASPOL. een cece eee Se ve cclnecleceeeimaae 
eequidens..... alate aie iniete Ssetala state elise eon, Farallon Island, Birds of.............. 353 
PIGUUSS ohclate creicisloiore « sats d's oaveieton oe oe 265 Fishes, Catostomoid, new genus of..... 269 

Elymus Canadensis....... Brat tialatal sitet niece - 327 fresh water, of Pacific Slope of N.A. 245 

HMDIOLOCIGD <i s o- ecniewcatrk Sw aee mele 551 Little Known or New to Science:... 201 

Emmydrichthys vucoanus ....201, 221 Pipe, new species Of.......cc.sseee 268 
INOte ODS ices dele scas nee aisveateineeee. - 5623 from near Cape San Lucas.... .... 263 

Encelia frutescens.......... sistaievasiaierae 302 collected at Port Ludlow, Washing- 

indamiychice's Jn ye aticeienae ates AARAGS . 369 tonnes A aig idiancel sieia tlie 549 

HENOPHTYBDISON.Kisceiee sie elcciels viceae eae 557 of Rio Yaqui ....... exe ie'elals\ acetates 255 

Entomobryide .... ...... sho eiate aiaineleres 171 Of (Bomorai.tae.. fave sat otase ee eee 255 

EntOmobrya ATROCINTA......cceeceeees 181 Forestiera acuminata var. parvifolia.... 305 
BINOCULATA,...ecceee inci dlalatetetavaatOeie 178 Neo-Mexicana ...........<. 272, 277, 305 
OMBOAN aS 5c Wascielals's's.c wisiere brete ataniohe wlevdicloe 178 Franseria Hookeriana................-. 300 
CULVABOER sie diars celclelerieisicinieecniae oak 179 Frasera Utahensis............. 277, 279, 307 


INDEX. 581 

Fraxinus anomala............. 271, 278, 305 | Grebe; Hol boell sy sci \qisscciiaer side see 14 
Pringttla carduelts... 5.0... csicesncscescee 497 | PLOT aereieisiae ric siete e ecielqentelsicine 14 
Fulica americana.............30, 50,51, 54 IPied=piled secs cea ccc ac eiienowe ce 15 
SEMA tanisiaet elelere wists SSsonedase gens 50, 51 MVGEUEM Ep gancoscesonc oot OnoGroGL 14 
Fulmar, Pacific..... SSA AGsope ner se oo. 26 Grindelia squarrosa var. nuda......... 294 
ROU OT AS nenelerm eee sisimcre ee iicierets 27 HEY HOSACe le cae mioricatrieac hore nese 277, 293 
Fulmarus glacialis glupischa....... 26, 54 Gull, American Herring................ 23 
rodgersii........ 27, 54 BOUAPRELS Aesieelciellelsiteniciailaieine sine 24 

(Cbs aaa es nadhGoppmacdebe “sopesccars 562 (oP bate) jel Be escsbrasoad ocoddoS- ODAC 23 
Ge LAWN ACULISSITUINN 0.010 clsisine ale icisialaie 292 (ENE CUTE Seem EH BORGO AnOODeacOuG hd 22 
BUCL ATM. cle «ccleiain = sic sminitenicisciatare 292 Glaucous-winged...........0...s0: 22 
GASTOLOSTOIG Oc an. <inyai-jo <td ossicice c/a e'siclo bin. 550 FECORMANNIAS|cccctoitiais siclviscemanicers clare 24 
Gasterosteus aculeatus................ 250 IW OW stoiclale ajntaie ctetvtoy= si-Votstere Secrcoos oe 24 
cataphractus ......... 245, 246, 253, 550 Rimge-Dilled) incase vices cle cleo eememicsice 24 

AIO DUALS a c.s\es/=| stare llatusiaje;slafeleisiainic’ss 245 Short-billed ...... pcntdalelate Walssesstare 24 
RICSEPE PUES) dierelalalutsieasivivielsielereieielsisiaetes eis 245 Wer ee CA aaet beeduc artisensiaicisabete 23 
MTILEV INE GAUS ie, olorarsiajeroig slcjcfeisceisoas etal 245 Wienternyic cr cccicetcete scicisteinniasts 23, 358 
microcephalus........ 245, 246, 247, 251 Gutierrezia Californica..............-. 293 
OQDOURTAUS scan on deta Lefrwniaionialtipaletete 245 Gyropide..... Pec ehiechemudiooncuasco 68 
ILEDEUUS) wasersicicininrsicleinicla caeretenicicleractents 245 GRY LG PUSS aie e aferaiei«\sietoss\ciaiel sister 59, 60, 62, 68 

72 UC SS OB SZODISA AAO DOOD oc Obras 245 alt= breeds c oe asacsiccns celta nclsa meme aeie 213 
LOGO SEO Bont BO CObeDD COC bot anes 245 Hedeoma Drummondii ................ 313 
williamsonni 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 251 CA ae eb eeiosar cocrCoeococaate 313 
Gauray COCCINED sl :cicc.cns cetsa ected eile ee 290 | Helianthus petiolaris var. canescens 276, 301 
Gerrhonotus kingii ....... ae picisssiaieies 342 Heliotropium convolvulaceum..... 272, 310 
Giebelia......... hee ae 61, 64, 137, 460 | Helochares maculicollis.............-. 368 
DULLELASESIGESS feteie\ ors /aleistalel stoinisloleini=ia(eleia sates 138 Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus......... 556 
Gilinjageregata. 02s. s0cmesccecss 272, 309 | Hemiptychus pusillus................. 370 
congesta Var. NUDA.......-00: ...-. 308 | Hemitrepterus marmoratus........-...+++ 227 
GunnIsenins vena sd ence cn ce ainiele 272, 308 | “Heron, Great Blue... 20... cjcceasieeeennes 29 
Haydeni.......... rah it tele SALAS 3 310 | Heteractitis incanus...............2.-- 363 
TACONSPICUB, .s;c cee da cece Scocode e. 309 Heuchera CHSPITOSA.......-00+-- Spo ie Par 
Aeptomerta ss jess ateicie'slale eisieieisie\s 272, 309 EGS xa oral Os0 i ajsieieibetaisic slalaiclapietsisicism sta = 551 
MONTH OAc slcleie a (eheicicte afalcl ants -22.272, 307 Hexagrammus asper...........-ccceee . 551 
MAUIGIA OLA sas sect-ceccesaiesue we0e272, 308 HilariayAMesi cc cisielccnciclereemies 276, 327 
DIA Boo sok «cles eclcsemianreceets Tas, B09) h | ELAS LONI Geo) 50ie/0le cc jarchoielaie’etniais] e emieiaw ejelay~ 369 
SUDRUGG, Jancrceiesstemocclehae cnt anon lh) Holbrookia maculata approximans.... 339 
Gillellus semicinctus ....... GRAS AROOE 229 texana,.... cee. eioiets ocieeiaiioe secant 339 
GobIesOCIE cancels acne vices sacee2d0, 662 |» Homalota Spe... o. 5. sececccielensawcces 368 
Gobiesox humeralis.......+....+ wimreiatela,ate . 230 | Hosackia ROSEA .....2¢..ccceccccercvcs 424 
IMSCOTUUNY «aia seine snreiatelsie ls nisletereiere ¢. 281 |\eHoustonia rubra... o.s..+.s7 oes Re ckhet ete 
DPUDUIG ET a's ois neeoleie asa caste eee ie tua 1) BAXTOOGA) ses ies Piatotsieiatatel vjcreraleiere 276, 291 
MOTTE rrelnjeiainiog ce wigicie's\siv'steisais/are Sieleaetatace 228 Hydaticus bimarginatus............. -. 368 
Gobiosoma longipinnis.........sesee.ee 229 Hydrophilidwrs <7 sw seciconacelse'<peiss oer 368 
Goniocotes,......<... «....04, 59, 62, 66, 460 Hymenatherum pentachextum..... aera 
COMPARE sos oisi0n sci wae vslsiejema 00's 512, 542 Hymenopappus filifolius .............. 302 
ORIG oieiniate aleinvis)0/clui=jcie'elniclatslainilsiaisis 510 Hypsoblennius......... BS efelmrchetataletaetalots's 233 
GONIMGOE Waancsaes ces 34, 59, 62, 65, 445, 460 striatus.....+. sale ofeleielorejelactelotateie al eretis 232 
cervinicornis.......... 433, 447, 509, 510 (iieelinns\borealis:ss.0-2+ sos esece cnet 552 
mouth-parts of ......, Aelietaleiesn ton AIAMENTOBUB,)... cai. cewiclon dees vcewes 225 
dissimilis...... Denciiseterrs Fuopodo, as 461 Quadriseriatus..... 0.00.0 seseccnce . 225 
MAM MIUVIACUS 2 jsi/civais desis oseelaes 509 HIER ABO das) sini iss lela datalevels wterctoms 549, 551 
Grayia Brandegel «cs, ccc ciaiejecine suse we 317 Ischnocera....... sraiataters tetera cat iste gete 61, 63 
POLVPALOIAES ....:...00.cccccccseenta, SIS Key to Genera of Suborder of...... 61 
Grebe, American Eared....... wleleicicleleis’e 15 SOLOS: seee cinisinin's Selaicinre Hogncéoncoccr oe 183 


582 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Isotoma fimetaria......ccesnccccces 184, 186 
[BtUStLIB: cccicieibicescieceaesacicehes bLOO 
ULOVILUES So sfele\bvelarererstere’siateleieis= |e eters 185 
palustris var. balteata............. 184 

Juncus xiphioides............ slitetsNisisiete 326 

Juniperus occidentalis var. mono- 

SPOIMA .....esececcesene .oe e278, 325 

Kathetostoma averruncus..... 54 ogo oo8 229 

Kittiwake, Pacific ........ ccs steers 21 

Krynitzkia Jamesii....... ............ 311 

Labichthys gilltt.... 2.2.00 escccesceee 206 

Labrisomus cremnobates. .scceeseeeeecees 231 

Lemobothrium.... 59, 62, 70, 433, 443, 

Pha aiuieial cial tein] ore) sefeiateleyaisrenels 445, 447, 460 
LETIIOA ores sisiomisinieivivieiaie slo Aeanaganodc 155 
emarginatum........seeeces es ore 153 
mouth parts Of ......cceecccenscse 441 
NUQTUM .. os ccccercvccccevecsrec:cece 155 
BIMILIS 6.010 acces sccniccccceesasss 75, 153 
CTA RENE 5. oicis'c sip einlers.cteidaisi-tsia1n, prefelsheetan 165 

Lemophleeus sp......... Msiniatsiotsialsre nts <i tOHO. 

BL aL Zcle eis cite eis ote wide ta ciaveiel steteleretete/eieleialeie 264 

FAIA ANT cnc = [atolwls (eles sielclnisisfaievelejeteisieleteleis 264 

Lampropeltis pyrrhomelas...........- 347 
Splendida .. joes os cmecemiae es coos OAT 

DAMPyid®. . 2. -.ciciec veins cow wcesscuens 369 

oat PajeQUe ce eis eicicicivls'oislatsin'e loci se Aaanos 265 

LE UGEC WO ticles fee bia micin rele ets ivie'sp ete eee 265 

Larus argentatus smithsonianus,.... -. 23 
brachyrhynchus............+se0 siciel 4: 
CRMUROVIICUS jat-ivicioieoralaiclofeteye elle lee overs 23 
CANMUSI Rees iicailesmiceldatslbielets chee 24 
delawarensis .............. Bieter ato aia a: 
GOMINICANS 52). .cc cee cece ceneaccns OL 
glauceScenS...........0. Bialeowelsieintat eve 22 
glaucus....+. we ie\e\a| Simiwieselelejoieiareys eccee 22 
ME SRMANMT sfa.s c,nie cievis) oslo. olsialeine ol elele 24 
ichthyxtus...... ..ccs0- Acnog2 Sones) Gil 
occidentalis........+++0..202+20, 51, 358 
philadelphia .......... sccesssssees 24 
11d DUT CUB Maree yes 6s eyeletslaleiacslorwin alsin’ 51 
VCO )ais Site w:siahate sie eye hese\s lelerela mie isione 23 

Lebia callizona... ........cece piieateetele 367 

Lepidium alyssoides........+...see.eee 283 

Lepidocyrtus........eeseccnccevccse 171, 173 
FULYVUSB......- Riclotevarstoretahatolevel eieterstaicters 173 
([PACKARDI -cicjei0<04- Agsadc Seietotetaletevaye 1738 

Lepidopsetta bilineata.............e0- 562 

Lepisma........ piofelelaletslniabeiaietelafets(sti<ista\sle.= 189 
RETICULATA..... Krereie siete ateldvaNereiatavoiels 192 
RUBRO-VIOLACEA ...6 .cseessceece pero 

Meee AtTe Se oc esc reveiw wiasaieie crs lalandleveleiere 189 

Leptocottus armatus............2+-05> 557 

Lesquerella Fendleri...............0+ 283 

Leuciscus intermedius...... ateretete fotsie le 262 


Leuciscus purpureus................4. 
Linum aristatum 5. 6. 51cl. .c seve weet 
VALE SUB DORIS s o-nrat siete eiere crever ete 
MOCO 2 aera atelesie'et didi eicstsintatatelnlaleyatavere 59, 
Piotheumse-cevceeeeee cee Be ecaty. 59, 
ibsgay yeh (eC eA NOOO Soda dnao atch 
TAparvis Gennyis jw ~tolecieice ele evict asics 
PUCENSIS) . oes cise trie (elats aie afelatetatevetare 
pulchellus...... (alate Ya laiuloteie’elelele reeset’ 
PAPSUTUS 55.)< cccmweisdes se 605) DOs G2 vO 
ANEUSTICEPR. 6.05 cient seer eens Ascii 
AN GUBCUS\ «ice cieteie= hlesje'se naleelalereterats 
antennatus ......- Breteisiks imvaletereree niiets 
DOCTUAUS) farerotcietets(aleten vidielovardeieelisintetet= 
baculus...... Saad coac 32, 74, 506, 
CHEER yiters otosticiatend at ete aly bidiwaters 54, 116, 
CINGTOUBE oh ics aces sce aisie we clenemis eee 
CONS DBICHUGE. 21. «-/ste sleta’slebielatisiasierer= 
DDENSUA wells tiaioa(o/ciaianaeeeae tere cleo 
GLE PUTAS s vince os sere aime late lo o¥e\ cial lareiatays 
CROMER a icaic's sin abdien tanelee(emmerts 
dissimilis ...... POO maemo oc 
DIVERS UN cele cle rrae shietenieretle aonos 
Gocophoroides, hoses ince viet ele atone 
LOE) hr eC OR EE OAMoUC 905 §2, 74, 127, 
FOVACILATUS ic. 10% create nlovetelvie ais stators 52, 
Ter ey Pa] po Ocho wed TO weiene 
gracilis’... 0.0.66. avele) sratereletereiainia 107, 
GTANGIS. px wwieamleste farsi ola" a sioteleieisie state 
GU PO CEOS) @ laternt-tafoleiwxtelelelieeteisinte Boor 
heterogrammicus........+.e+..05 = 
Hy poleucus......ccesccsscscccesecs 
INTRODUCTUS..... a Vit afole tore tarefalelats 500, 
FOFUDUB ss sce ce neta ss se nvne)asiailal OO} 
TUT MELDA TUS oso elaisicee alaiele(o'ets a el Semen 
Lom gipilus, oven. cote crecin nies 0+ sislel= 
MACROCEPHALUS...see.e00 -s0ee O02, 
TLYTOCR. .ccvcesscccccsccccevvecssecs 
pederiformis,.......se+seeee ecwcens 
PLOMUR ATU rae eimssaieles stelclaraw einer 
punctulatus...... thiol al eie Aehete eters 126, 
rubromaculatus ......... Sa dears Ravers 
SNODGRASSI.......- aie ajo, ste eaie atone 
squalidus ........ SCIOTO 125, 132, 
EQUTUS. \.ccwnioro sis.b a Sieja cteteis oerateiete ie 
temporalis.........+.04- AC Sch 
testaceous......... siete (oe U/win sini Sete 
GOKOCONOS' i oia\njetalare enlen'e/steielele)vicleres 49, 
tricOlor..:;..< 230% piatalote, ss «lib ein /onecele 
variabilis....... Ho Ono igemsa 
VARLUSG( «5.0.0 cis cic ctowta’e a laie's\ stele se eenlOD; 
TipomyZ0n.. .. cc ccccccccccncccccccececes 
DL PULA. toe Raine oe nahin elec me Seb winches 186, 
inermis...... BNAsleaie await alcaieiays sheets 


Lipuride ........00 cece eeee ce neeeeeeeee 


INDEX. 583 
GitOLIDLUS: PIOTUS: cco 0% cis com csie cis 368, 374 Menopon INFREQUENS.,.........seeeee% 161 
Littorina SUBOBESA ecee.cec cece ences ees 331 UML UUNERK sector aiuto} cj cues’ daletelsoislere t ciete aiwie's 535 
LUV Saaneoe boob oe tee isloicia ayaTarmslclate ete 264 LONGICEPHALUM...........cce00-. 585 
Lizard, new species from California 350 TOOMIERT Is s/c c\cresisi vices Sneedoanonsos. 162 
IDG RAR AU ADECCO UOC Ta todo CUmptoC oreo MELANORU Mog jo(cre'a'o\n, otaislalera's'sisinlelsiels wie 532 
PACH FG. oiocc ess laleiecets tefete’s etait state rete ciate 15 mesoleucuM........:.00..c000 525, 539, 542 
Red-throated .... ccs ss. voces sees 15 var, americanum..........see« 539 
Lucioblennius alepidotus ............. 233 MONOSTRCHU Ms. ..0c clei win't else's 510, 530 
Lopothrichi...... aiatalorstsvatohs tee svarcior sree stots 190 DEAVIGANS sicfelote'e tain shishsisfetchstetclatslenre ate 156 
Lumpenus anguillaris................. 562 NUMEROSUM........... ndionsobadpns 159 
Lunda cirrhata,..... a SOP SU OG Borsa 354 PATI (052) spo erets' Matctalelereieie wees 47, 48 
PUPINUS ROSTRATUB: 6 oeicicsieseacerees-ee 424 Poerale. .idaiésicasaeshataheeereee 38, 45 
MSWtI BRIGG, aaice s+) scd ods ees deh ete ndaraialers 220 DAB ARCA Asa ateisietd de aidine teats ee eyereielerete 164 
Lycium Andersoni...............- -. 312 ROBUSDTUM; iiceties cence ote -459, 528 
Oana s oka cane cleis'e cle eteciaercle 311 PUBLIC WING. ocacahs nclancce sis'bis oe bige Sere a 536 
Lycodapodide ....... deid.ald Ricieie el coleleietere& 234 SCOPULACOT ME, .') r0's'eteleniuies cuidacnie 165, 167 
Lycodapus fierasfer...........seese-ees 234 Subwequales:c.i3tcs50 neste soceecse: 530 
Gyctus californicus. ...1...6seccs.ess0e 370 subrotund um; ) ns. 2na5iecs cents’ 528 
Lygodesmia exigua..... St ehbseeck nee ea04 THOTACICH RNS P3),075 68 2 5.4, eiiclelsemesiogs 533 
Ma CHU ie So) o's cise vsseveacraaelts os os 188 titan ....35, 38. 45, 163, 165, 432, 461 528 
Machilign . << s.skacmescsat as 188 WALD LAUPATK wa ce aisidia sielsiceeie cca 165 
AURANTIACUS......006 Ocenia 188 TANNGATIG fas oclareveeterevene ciate 47, 165 
Mallophaga, Classification of......... pepo ALUGONSE forctencneier estate Aa cles ales 165, 459, 528 
MCOULSCHONS Rec cmeuya sich cc aclo nee eee, 76 V@E. sINSOLONG)owreccecieenissereisisie 166 
Collecting and Preserving........ 17 PACIACWMA ss ssc catilateivelerets’ 166 
Description of New Species....... 471 PAE is saaces eyehiekjecoivie Saleem 166 
Distribution.... .............. 48, 542 uniseriatim...........s.00 masa eth 530 
Historical and Pibitagmphtests 32 Mentzelia PTEROSPERMA.........20++0: 290 
Hosts and Parasites . ......... 55, 544 pumila...... wiaibivie vibrete wile bie hectersve 272, 291 
Key $0) Suborder ..2.i).cc.ciwisccswcce 61 | Merganser, Red-breasted ..... Hascaaicd a a2 
Life-history and Habits............ 45 SErratOLr......<..s00e Soto. Sy odds a 29) 

MO UEN=DATTE erase cs sa aace sleet ats 431 | Mexico, new species of Characodon 
New....... Ee vaat ris iatre Se eeltastseles 31, 431 FLOM: coeeigdoe we siecere ataletalelotevs wise eanetetts 266 
PATABEGIAM oct sation Seka re. 46 Microgadus proximus............. oestes| DO2 
Position among insects........ ee Oe MEI CROTOMUS Ks stecisietotei ojefe c.c'e share aes 384, 387 
BEPUCENTE 5). 5,<is1s1s crepe a sleelate oanicetats 40 BODICANS oasis lelatersfereieteie)h/<eoie ler al 387 
DSYMOPSI.s oc wo cwere ovialele! Faicisielainisie se5oe (8) Mimulus cardinalis................ 274, 312 
MenmMiINolOpy;esctecsicae nis pisfatinteeeeareta 73 Mollusca, New Cretaceous and Eocene. 330 
Malvastrum coccineum...............- 284 Monotoma picipes....... Biasictetelafsret etic sec) 
leptophyllum...... Sosso2 25564-4008 284 VEOH OLCOTT Oy. he is Winvelcisieielole/slaravehal-lole)sT=ta\te 369 
MBB LINOCELUSISD. <-/%icum sh mares sees 369 Mordellid&......... sh oistclatel otal latereatetaenette 371 
Mazatlan, New Species of Pipe-Fish Mordellistema ambusta...... wiatelajleje eevere 371 
ECINR sere cehslaioinssy susvctet ele val stele stopeterra eats 268 Mouth-parts of Mallophaga..... elders) Sod 
Megalestris skua.......... On ass go sal Ancistrona gigas, .........ccereees - 434 
MVPS TOTE SoS eo mapaeiisemisusicisiseiorsinieyeieiein act tere 371 Eurymetropus taurus........ coceee 445 
WEGTIO DOI se cc lcialsen's'e's anise 59, 60, 63, 72, 460 Goniodes cervinicornis............ 453 
UETETD Oce atoeaers airislotets cis ie is el aise pievehe 156 Lemobothrium 8p..........ece..0 441 
IBTENVAINEH selena iaiehaeasisiemniniestemsbee kia 535 POP eee Vor orcictctare ol sicicisoiciesaiatalelaleiete’e - 462 
consanguineum .............06. ee. 164 PSOCIGIBY pores raterdfetaiaielels eieisielacioe Sannes 463 
CTOCAtUM.........-.000 Sigteohacs-t 157 Hbeniichin lye Perr eric bor pric ousoceo 462 
DEO OA DUM, aeiniasaclereieieain ses Sees 526 Muchura............0~ ieheWelalertiaje misteierotn stele 265 
PTSSENELISEs 6) niiskejojeje)assjejoielaia.s/atcisieveetsten 536 Mugil albula.......... elcsfemeiieietesieierely 264 
PI SANTSUM Ga ce pielaiasseieleisiciereisicielers te .. 535 CURBING <.cccusebeeerdeeeutec tee 264 
Menopon INCERTUM ,.....eccesececcees 533 Mumzre, | Californias ss. ki,esecscccs 20, 356 
INDISTINCTUM,.... e000 Ae ye ay Murrelet, Ancient..........eeeeeeeeees 17 


584 


Murrelet, Marbled....... ssessscceverce 19 
Mycotrogus angustus...... Setetate Imistaiaite 370 
Myosotis suffruticosd.......sceecevevcece 311 
INRGEDGESI). arcsec ails cis 384, 390, 393, 396, 399 
apicalis...... AaAGOnAG (GOs Das sor ae 391 
SXVOU ATUL © cfaia'a soe. e ohp' vin eiele sini sictarshetera 391 
Nautichthys oculofasciatus............ 557 
Navarettia longiflora var. Denverensis. 308 
VCC UOUALUE D tctatataleralotaletete'sle™ plnlo!slelete eee isin ae 400 
Negalius marmoratus..... ........ 371, 379 
INO mI CHE yi \s cis. croiscelersioin sp ciclsts vines etele 205 
PYRO eS GOD SOURED AADO COCO Aa aso 205 
Neoliparis FISSURATUS............. 549, 560 
Neomysis8 MERCEDIS .........00s00-0+ 199 
IPS eH TEhS eeenon Oo COADADNO 59, 60, 61, 64, 68, 460 
ES (HE EAN UT Sis win ns oete hare) ain atelutaveiotele toh 104, 107 
COMGCOLOT Nes /wintataralslolociaisial sicinot startet’ 504 

CO CLSTIS Sp ieiare hisivioysi=lofeiajersielalemvelasratst te 497 
densilimbus...... ..... afetsinis etaiersvel 497 
MISCOCE PM ALUS) cine cicieeeinieiciels ais cia se 498 
WAR INDI VA cicleis <eiainisieisi-iairisiels are 499 

COE aerate ates felsleys leis pietete ie ieroteinicletniere 103 
MUSTLIGMUBsiinisjoiis\oie eseiejatein screls nieiaictose 493 
HATA TIGO Niles, wisipislolsisisiars icles) <eleleleis eine 103 
OMS ecistnejeradue vis Meiesieielsle ois nears 110 
FLLMAOTINES Ne for resala Wainy scatieiholeisieet teste .. 506 
ELIS UIS semi eiaphetsts ete teists\ele steele oie 499, 543 
GEGANIET CO OTA iaysiatalalniclselaisiele/sroicleia 104, 105 
AE AS AAR paRdD dh ADAAP ACHES 101 
hypoleucus......... ralsiarele}afelelsya/a¥es viefots 504 
ILLUSTRIS....... Bijeleais se eisimioitstelemiate's 494 
leucopleurus..........- patel piolecictee 499 
WimGolatug sc wie/jcsisiecicisicine qassoun 50, 113 
TONG UG sis ntala’e\e!aie averale aleielelelolotacletesetetets 490 
ORAB UU Sire teisraletaieielse ca ieielele teisiareraietate -. 104 
OLNAtUSsa ss crises slaevotniat st hatte tntatatete 113 
PUTO USTs Sich cetepniccepareve = sietaiotataletaiats 50, 52, 113 
PRHESTANS..... afaierielels ..-.04, 76, 99, 110 
POUATAC TAT UIS Secsetaie nie tiatetete siecle OL LOST LIO 
PTUEUS eects ces ale ea tielstccte pboodnacan ss 500 

SIS TMALUS 2 <\0 e100 10.0 (nn 0.0 Bones 36 50, 52, 112 
SEVER TRBE. natais/s(niaialelatats wie laietala cis pe toreisizie 492 
stenorhynchus...........00.0 Scone 499 
VULGATUS...ccccee eeee. +. 493, 496, 543 
INTEZSCHIB:: cscig ccie'wloln's'e pia aralo ala stale ..63, 71, 460 
DBLUS: = atael pinibiols(siale cists aha eieiets samteteia O40, 
pulicare....... nie biclaletejsiain’ssle\c/ale|ave 45, 540 
No-hu....... ntoteratalts\e laisista'p tists feiciciavalsleleieinrs 562% 
Numenius hudsonicus..............00. 363 
Obione confertifolia.....scecccncccece ee. 316 
CrUNCata....ccccceeee piatelnia lala ints fol ecos 315 
Oceanites Oceanicus......c..ccscescece 361 
Oceanodroma furcata.......... aistsielelae esa 
HOMOCHTOB.in's'« 0 aisle 0 sie sistonee aitlsl staiee 361 


FOUCOTNOA sols voasssicsiceiincivenies RERTODO 


CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Odontopyxis trispinosus............... 560 
CHGOMENG?. Vee ctor d aap cuetecis wees 406, 407 
(Uidemeri Ge... SF Uermctaas oc p-sioleeiis se ete ines 371 
(&dionychis gibbitarsis................ 370 
Cinothera brevipes..........00.-sse0500 289 
biennis var. grandiflora........ 274, 289 
Oidemia deglandia...........+ os» Aaa vo) 
perspicillata ........... S6nsbo 30340. 29 
Oligocottus BOREALIS.......... 201, 225, 557 
embryum ...... padssagcabnsne pean. 7 
Oncophorus' i...) seas cnet 62, 68, 134, 460 
AD VIENA Ss .2 cic ate) volte Sreleiaisisistete s cfeitiaraen ate 
ANVATRALG UES oi cote) uetessto tele ints saleteeletereraletete -- 133 
SCH Lin Pisce alscresie cs pierce eeneateete 134 
Ophiodon elongatus............ce0-e0. 551 
Opis triangulata...........- Bo dcdssa 332 
Opsanus...... alslolevavn ealeinta eiwiatatelel ofeletelstetats 231 
ceraphalus ......+ Gapsanduacoonee: . 231 
URL siaoinare sav aicrotcralclcis iets eiatate terete Or et) | 
OrnithoObius eee. nc:cassienso cee oae 34, 62, €6 
Oryzopsis cuspidata......... Apoodcsaor 327 
OXACIB wise sie Sele .cie's alee pinisielsinte ..385, 103, 410 
BICOLOR.< tines SCAGEONIOOAS.500- 412, 417 
(Ea WARRIOR COMOROS OOo anodes cilh 
DE BLES vetwerefate stele late siteya ayeteleeetee 412, 420 
DUBIOSA...... eiainiaenetlers area 371, 412, 418 
RORIDANA hs\seireiirs stella le selves stl seo 
PTA UTS is aratateys iain casey eialeteratels 371, 411, 413 
RTANULALA csc tee arte «e-.d71, 411, 413 
GRISEA, J sce-esccceeeess die ee's eis ole wAaiGr 
Da VLG OTLB). /stala’nista/alalais)stalels +.e.411, 412 
VCANA: s.ci0,«/5/e:ciacsar Sn anadce nests 412, 419 
pallida. ...... S\s/e,wlolne'ee wieic cle ne SL AseEL 
SOQICEA:) eiisienecicaisiersisie Soon Og90¢6 412, 418 
SORORIA,. ...ccecccseccsccescces 412, 414 
SUEBEURO As ccs siecsss awn pisiseribeaie 412, 419 
teniata ...... slolatornleue\ein(eleiaietsietee -412, 416 
Oxybaphus angustifolius var, viscipus 313 
Oxytenia acerosa.........0... woee Q0T, 298 
Pallasina ATK so .ie accwsischicess - ...549, 558 
barbatus...... Soe sanastcs ehetolsiateeiere 560 
Panicum bullosum......... BOOAL OG Ae .. 327 
Pantosteus Clarkd...... ccc cscescce sista ain OR 
(Papirius.,.<..i0  s. eis anata cleilcen Bosco Lil 
[PALE OLB anise) iets sewn jalcis eee fail mete cision - 265 
Pediculus anatis ic. os cccles cece Gace sivisielsotaeoes 
OTMentats. ceca neeinccies a cetaceans eee . 512 
columb@......... wialofaie b wtoldiolcra plate enahe . 506 
Gentatss sso ss\cneustets see sie cigwelatn oO 
QOMEDG cic vn nace es culelpeoaeestemlen 
hirundinis .........0+ Bodennconoo css let) 
LOT cassie ateresetess win ciclaaia'e seje'ele'e sieiajaieretate 98 
RET IE 10 0m (0 so utw'n slob. 0leicie\ orale ice atalete 130 
Pelican, California Brown..... welenataste oe 


Pentstemon Bridgesii............00..0 312 


INDEX. 585 
PETCUNATLADURS seb las eee eee 237 Physostomum agonum................. 513 
OT LA saath acls ae eee Er eee Nhe 463 ANGUBADU Mis.04 ster cass ciaee 515,516, 518 
Perlidz, Mouth-parts of............... 462 AUIS RUA PR sintc oe invetarai chelate cect ot 516, 518 
Metalinm Disiriatuniersse chs cece 375 SD) ERS SUING, tatesas Repeat aiasa chee crete 518, 543 
BE UININ IC Miva acayatsiies ei eiehece sisters cre 370, 375 Wars Dalligtimin. ©. asec ty: 518, 519 
Petalostemon candidus ........... 273, 288 MICROCEPHALUM.,............-.512, 543 
Besrel  AShiy/s. won cn eke ones ears cso OG SUGINACEUM Joost ceenlee ie sade 514 
TLGACTIS hte ay tet ceca ee ee 359 Pigeon Guillemoteecsa4 cence 19, 356 
Ehaceliaterenulatar. ces asspmer eck 310 Pipe-fish, new species of .............. 268 
Bia Isieri deans ene eee east BAS IPI HL StS By tne pares era eee ee ted 348 
Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus 28, 362 Plants, California, new species of ..... 422 
DEHICULRUNS ee ns Coe 28, 362 from S. E. Utah..... Malas a eeiee ere 270 
pelagicus resplendens......... ... 362 Platichthys stellatus .............-.... 562 
BM ALErO DO nsROd sass tase test 363 Pleuraphis Jamesti..........0..0s00c05 327 
Phascolomys fossor.................... 69 Pleuronectidey.. sys ee se 562 
Eiilopteridcauns sfc ae ee 63 Podilymbus podiceps.....:2:......2... 15 
A RULOMLET eS oils oa 59, 60 Podothecus acipenserinuS.............. 560 
DEEDS Rha eee ee eee eee 135 Peecilia occidentalis............ 261, 262, 267 
COWL atatale) Tale ere leistal tare morte oe 512 Poecilonota cyanipes............ sss. 369 
CUT SOR sieia'inl ete ole leiainw'a i ctahavarece etersieiey ic ator 484 Poliominthaincana.s 5... ash aes e. 313 
CROUUS 5 Narr da ote) POE Ee ey 489 Polygala acanthoclada var. INTRICATA 
GROMMACUSS c.count Ee ea LOD NS nla i Mizrthcis, tetas GON opercetey totic arte 278, 283 
EOP seere son SOUS SO Gate asGiee Some 98 Polyotus angustifolius............20.200- 307 
Phi'ypnus lateralis ............. 264 | Populus Fremontii var. Wislizenii.272, 325 
Pholadomya breweri.......... ........ 335 Port Ludlow, Fish from............... 549 
MarylAndicaye = ao. cae ater ye 28D Porzana coturniculus.................. 363 
MIEN DURE ya Syed Vee Feria re, ke eae OE, 335 Potamides carbonicola................. 332 
OceTdentalis es a eeee esas ee 335 EEN OTUNES) CLUGU Gr oe ee ese cee ee 304 
EHO GRESSLV ACS aerate afcrsinaaiecvo cae 334 Primula tarinosiion.t on eacee tenner 274, 304 
BULCION Pata. Ste ee Pe ee he 335 ERRODOSCH) yo thela anes Rae 396, 399, 419 
EPHOUBTORNATURG. cc) tte plea hore 562 | Psocide, Mouth-parts of..............-. 463 
Phrynosoma cornutum................ 242 BOGUS ce n-torwior arettcioretcyemoeinie crater 464, 465 
Hermandesiss nese ee eee 342 Psoralea) JUNCEAL. ces cece stil aoe 277, 286 
TMOG exten: weds bn cose Ao 342 MTCTAN THA aseisetaseyn Ae e ae 286 
SOLALG Mo PMR eit ene eR” ee 342 EsyChrolitid cee aecin eins aeatee ene 558 
Phyllecthrus..... J SiCcagtob oboe oes Tater 376 Psychrolutes paradoxus ...... ....... 558 
GirNENG ISS ee a tele ueneeeonie ene BEDU ON c slarasslehelsfae Gara see wake aie oa lire 558 
Glomaalin trac cate een tee ees Bi) | E Leinbiis bose eae eo sot acweerpounocor Shoko. 370 
Benign sercety sh caycc ars ae 376, 377 Ptychoramphus aleuticus........... 17, 355 
Paralilelupiey.« anton ee Eee 376 Pit utted enna. tasce nee saci 354 
SO PIW AT Ailersiniieh cayarciee eran ericle mete 376, 377 PuPinusy FPISCUS tion cs neicascmne ce eses 27 
SUDSUICRTME ees coe tee nee eae 376 opisthonrelas\a, i=. seeecreneres 27 
Phyllobeenus MERKELI.....,........... 374 LEMMINGStTi se yee) ieee eae ci ts 
ED yO DR Ota Cae. ant ce aia ae, ey oe ee 377 Pulex columbee majoris..........+..0.05- 506 
CORLMPEN NIA ceri ctrnlac toc atasn Pete 378 HULA COP sare ria aps 5 relays aes cinxa's tole aa 155 
GOCOra ba Saar PoeGas ee ee 378 | Quercus Gambellii........ 272, 324, 325, 276 
GUBCOIH eal niece cee 378 UTC a bar. « cteterersisrtesiete ete letetenni or 276, 324 
limbata,....... -. 378 Raj abinoculstas.\tec sneak ase aceecetae 550 
MIUDOTIN A iietaeecec on ache ee 378 TRA JIA SO crojasctajctel ciaicio-ts oiele Gatadeaiesinaeh met 550 
MIGTUPOS ian tases. Soa Co 378 Recurvirostra americana ........... 50, 52 
BOR ORDA ets cievaie, s\Neleiaieia sents acts Giaeennol st HV OCOUEA, ao cicleie sla aieralhoe eaters 50, 52, 157 
VIEIPICENNISUE ss ccs dole cs ecuen ee aTs Reptiles from S. E. Arizona............ 338 
AR ENTE ec ene eee ie aetna Be i 378 Bhamnus aint folia.. oo. 660. c cece scence 285 
Physalis Fendierf../))/.s....).. <1... 311 petulefolian 7S 645 sash aa 285 
Physostomum............ 49, 59, 62, 71, 460 PUTSHIA NA coyote eae e ere 275, 285 
Proc, CaL ACAD. Sct., 2D SerR., Vou, V1. ( 40 ) March 1, 1897. 


586 


Bam phocothidce st cs stsseiletlsee/ae sere 
Rhamphocottus richardsoni........... 
Rhinocheilus lecontei.............. 
PINT YAO PLB cre es a\s pie e alaiele owe ieveieleePni= 385, 

TENET COLDTH ete ave alas clnl inte eiictasip aici stole aiale 


HN OPALO COTA vers etsiehyaleaioy<. estate tole tarneis 
RBS CAN adenSipion tacit: ered cles avate Cerate 
Var. SIMPLICIFOLIAS,....-.0.00 

Rhyssemus riparius....... 

PRAGUE REOVTLLCIS ois) a) x17 lates ainin wie iore ereleta 
lb hatsb errs ahawens acoos nade .cceboc 
Tit tie EATON) COGRTARICODUDEG Gon 

Le SG anhboo doa coondquDea0 Ade SNA 
ifevae yop Hem abo ne, =coEaOodoGos 
TTETIAD ACTIN re ecieletaiatsiisiesoucic averetalers 

RIOR Agi Is ESiOL- ys. tele srasiore elses 

Rissa tridactyla pollicaris...,......... 

BROS B AHO TIGULSNI ein ieleiissecol ey eles ie aivictel ares 276, 


LOT Pi folie ee ees tretayeleta este ati otal PY KS 
Salmo gairdneri 


CALIFORNIA ACADEMY 


BAIRDSLEEI....201, 209, 212, 219 
GRESOBNDTIS)/. cele. aisles 201, 207 

IS QIBOLA PLALUPHYLUA» « woieis cnisia's e cieinie > cle 314 
Mal Vad Ona isTANAM IL dys ajc asim cvcia'sioiela+= 347 
San Juan County, plants from......... 270 
San Lucas Cape, fishes from...........- 263 
PAL DELIIIS 1h LOIS). 5. 410-5 3/0 sls cease (ala\slacelelew 369 
Sarcobatus vermiculatus........... 272, 318 
Beara Didier wy ecm shiete ccimerecleier 370 
Sceloporus Clarkii,.........0....5..5...+ 340 
(Harrtstoy oust Ee sanebanennceGncancansod 341 
BELO Vil dcrctna tis eetotalale crelevererers ekeretettierelars 342 

TYEE LAS EODZ latin 'ninis{efa/ateeelel ciel ae tela latar <i siete 341 
SCAUAMIS! Ae eesyajcseisienielcleins slotste(lelsierets 341 
Schizogenius depressus .... .......... 367 
Schizopod, new, frou Lake Merced.... 199 
PICTEO TALC So Mae ote co.s alt sc aicseievaie nioiate ea welniatavere te 220 
MCOMMNI thee cori yaers sia eistalere setsieiaetatatetssiee sis 372 
BCOLPONI iss ss. enlnciselemicw’s 221, 235, 551 
COLOTN SHE ace At ne co tieeve meine s sarlerenen 29 
WiHILe= WAN POO forein' sislen's sininis oieverese ae 29 
Sebastodes caurinus................++- 551 
CHIRTIES See oth tapi eictaytevecisicare 235, 237 
HYNMOMY MISO ens) leieeierala) 1-eie 200) 

VASAT AINE feta pen sinitetavenie’ aioe Yalara eseteetelelaverare 204 

FT GHRINNUANIN DT sis.o (che isis =! (ces) biel) = 201, 239 
gilberti ...... Sette nuafesciste, Wess tratetare 201, 241 
MOPPING hoa tAs cis Aedes eels ys ene 237 
RTLTOVILQEN nosis Watecayenis at Adgelaiaiain is cise 


OF SCIENCES. 

Sebastodes oculata. ....-... cece ccocc ans 240 
OCULOLUS arn crclctaie provers ne Aina ep aelereiae tele 241 
WATTAIOUITS', oo cpsctera, ts cccin ve eh oletelelete 237 

Sedum BLOOHMANA. ........---ee-cees 422 

Senecio multilobatus........ ... . 303 

Shearwater, Black-vented.............. 27 
DD Yrhali sy oToYeb (16 Beers Goer One a tod - 27 

Shepherdia rotundifolia............ 274, 323 

Sida THeGeracea vem cielo ss cc ere asters 285 

Digarewis COSTATUAS.<). 0 <» ac ee sialcisiaisienin 332 

Thi Ty (be GemOentey treadoie midrd 2003 256 
NOW SSDUS' OL soo. cane an cele clniele sees 255 

SILVANUS POCHUS = ae sete ais cis1e isis /a"aMereeralotetate 369 

ST VOLrs caw he cae esis tie « clulsteratelere merino 413 

SUNS NJ MULESCENS.\ctolen rv eee ele oak teradstets 302 

Mee lla \CuUTDeSellO) ec cars «om ome tee ieteve rationals 179 

Siphostoma griseolineatum............ 550 
STNAMO Alien rere s'nc ose sieloels a ieiste nese - 268 
SLATS. age cia ciel oe essieatenl aie hei trees 263 

SISONES eerie se oes eels (orale es een eteys 385, 409 
QUAM PLONE terete eras crates olelsleroletelepa teeter 410 

Sistrum ‘CRETACEUM, 0.05... ccc s ass cle cle 330 

Sminthurides cic 036s wcl- ss ace eee 170 

Sminthurus........... Mannose soscagcus 170 
(ATTEN rctcraist pistelnvels'sln ale\e/eleetarcvareteintale 170 
GOR CUS ao ars aes ere cists sim aln0) noe sieetaletae 186 
VEC ROA Cee Ere MAO gsm DQac cS 170 
TON GLCORINIOS tenieie aie ntctetite’svalaave wieteteate 170 
TON 2 Ue RAGE ISAO OOO UO Hrgtram .0C 170 

Solidago Canademsis............++ 274, 295 

Sonora, fishes of «<7... «sine mene wrioinines 255 

Sparedrus...-. isc... ne wine ase 384, 386 
ASPCTSUB... <2 cc cscs canes semen 386 

Spheroides annulatus.............+.+- 266 

Sphyrena argentea...............-..-- 550 

Sphyrenidw.......ceceeeseeeesereveee 550 

Sporobolus airoides.. ...... . .---.++: 328 

Sqalidea.. 2.2.2 eres wee ecco se beers ve 549 

Squalus sucklii..........-. sees se eeeees 549 

Stanleya pinnatifida..................- 282 

Staphylinida@..........0.. 2. .sseeeecee 368 

Starksia....... SEO AROROO Le OG os AOS a0 201 
CTOEMMNODALES. sce 50 eee een nns > sales 231 

Stephanomeria pentacheta ..........-- 304 

Sterna cantiaca....<%c ves. 2 siaeseel eee mo 
COSPIA 6 .o 5 coerce cece eesn nese nees 51 
MaxXiM4.), «cise sce Ly o6 8D, Ol bse ob 

Stich sid wastes eras oi ele shee stern 562 

Sticklebacks of California............. 245 

Stromateidies fi.e le cic eaie ee) le elisis ole eee 550 

Stronglyocotes........... gett e eee ee eens 66 

Suseda Torreyana ........2..eee-ee 272, 318 

Snygnathide...... ....20+--+ eocesccecs 550 


Synthliboramphus antiquus.......--.. 17 


INDEX. 587 

Tachyporas jOCOSUS ........--+.seeeee- 368 | Trout of Lake Crescent, Habits of...... 213 
Talinum brachypodium............ 276, 284 WK hee ccApp ecaonpEcdod 214 
Tantilla coronata..........00-cecesveee 346 OWI ORE Sayers cere tesevereietensie <feeelay cle ots 213 
MATANGicHbHySe aaselelst-j= stencil sisialnicisveie 201 Shoe dkza) Gangeonase eres oodonood 207 
Lill ehaa\zy ot toys) BiguocgoodoC ane Oooo nNOcc De YMCA GA ose poamCcom bse sade DNOOpe 264 
Tatler, Wandering...........00...+ ++ Bodie LUOLNAEORES IE LAC Kereta etetelele  Merateiel<tctelbyaieiaye 363 
Mem pletOnia. -ceeiereleleieicice elec slere) “sis =0 SB Ei0 | ULC Baie era ara vavereyelstexetine cyollavoieretetaierstencin) shal distant 201 
QUADRIOCULATA........2.--- sseee 183 THA@RINON ATA. stars aie c/s staeesis's\<(r/<lebslie.s)='= 227 
Tile TE) Es Be opopoe nodh onanip Boos nd 183) | Umibrinaroncad ore... eccrine anil 221 
Meno brionidse.. ices ne saelearare ss says 370 SEN AOAC aomievenaisjcticcvele sete ersiome ars 201, 220 
Termitidwe, Mouth-parts of....... .-.- 462 CHT EAA DO BCAOe et eceaIn Is OOO ONOUE 221 
Termopsis angusticollis............... 463 )) Pai Dis sare yeta ccusjeys\ereisisid taccisolgtatrete se eteieist et 389 
ROTM HOY Al erereins sieles = cteteiaies ciceisabjoie'e 25 IUMANOSCOPIGIO losis ciel cite se eee tare 229 
MerrapeNne OTNAtA.. 0.2620. -22-eeenne 338 | Uria troile californica...... ....... 20, 356 
Tetraopthalmus chilensis..... dbl 655 432, 46) | Urinatorsim bers. ms +s qecetasssetelsia c efelalels 15 
Thalassophryne dowi............--++-: 231 Ihshiatinkeyopenorcdsa Docs GocobDanoc Oud 15 
Sey boro; mnt yeoc coc ucosunUnCodUe 367 DAGIACU Sh epin choles cena aterelle steteh faisieven 15 
Thelesperma gracile.............-s0.- 302 Uta OLMata. « -.<6cicieiejere o> cinies= cinisislalwiesieieisis 340 
MAST POG. Soins -sicrcisicintcteleiniviel=) sins 282 Stans DUTIAM AN asi. eine © ie <n e seete melee 340 
Thermonectes margineguttatus........ 368 BYMMEGTICH. sae. Ge. ec is eleleieie ipa 340 
Thomomys talpoides bulbivorous ..... 38 | Vasseletia vasseleti..... .............. 371 
KIN OS GUS GO eh atosereisratete e atelier eelelclalsfetele ate) olatela 369 VESCCOMUA TREO LET I ojala ale seravartetaioteteietalerals ote 283 
Throscus chevrolati .............00+2+. BL i ACUI) 1 (Reng aeneiomionbescaoriooc sce 256 
(HIRE DIOU INE ir Soa BA nIGDenRo.c OD RBOCC iC Ser 187 PRIOKLG. 5 ofc ts vest eae a csi t ante crn AOD 
MOMOCORUS. sete oa Sestak eocketcivials leistesele sofa 172) || “Water birds) California... o--- 3. -ee 1, 353 
(ANGER GOAN IS telare scleral oiel-)afeieteleie}e/byeiatet 172 || Wyethia scabra.-.<.-2 222. o.-ee 272, 279, 301 
Townsendia incana...........-.2+..065 295) |) Manthochroa.. 23. =e sme eerie 384, 391 
MrichodectiGs) s. j.slec cick eccis cece signe 68 californicapece se ae eee 392, 394 
Trichodectes\...o5....0.« 34, 59, 60, 61, 63, 460 CENTR ATU: coicteierejeicterents stateicreiere 392, 395 
PaN alii AokeatieoOU.0D OT COOTO Gone 38 DACOn AL Sie ast snicrs LP Soe ictes 392, 393 

Th Myo serial Saar) ide Sapo Ecasoecate 563 IMVATRIINUA So aporeiatass coe aleeote,cuslete oatsles 392, 394 
Trilobites, Carboniferous.............. 197 SLPMATICOLTN! s acterra cet fenton ielelas oats 393 
WRG Gao Ko} HlvGernne hoop aLacoooodS 59, 62, 70, 460 PRS TAGWA. 5 woplalatverste terete ay diene: stoe 392, 393 
CONSPUTCALUM . ... 2 accccceieccce=s- 0% 152 LEW O PE sen anctiocgodneE coon gQacNect 392 
CRTC CA AS SSS OOGOU DOU Use COUR UE OAE T52is |" MONOCYS JOSS. ga. ances. eos none wes .-. 220 
NTURTCUUITS ak -iiinpeteisveveisl Soloiste ol edereistole's 152° || Xiphidiontide.. .. .. 6... oe eles anal 562 
SQUATIAUM ..- 2.05 e sean ceeene- eee 151 | Xiphidion mucosum................--- 562 
Trinotum lituratum...... 1.2... eeeseeeees 151 minhelssinke WAS OCOOUBOAOAaLAbo ee UdCOL 562 
SUR EPEC OSM AG vietaverelcls) 4.2) ela (ele wiele elcielalnlels/ sie 333 MTP HISTES) COUPUB seineriascreicioieeeratsle tie) olate 562 
Trogophlcus Sp. -.c20..2-.---ccecseee 368 | Xystes axinophrys...........0-......-. 560 
Trout of Lake Crescent....... S aeienastes 206 VEO teagan doco nomeorcrodode soceLr 202 
BILE OAC Kore cisveleleiescfetstoreiote ine 209, 219 STILE NU SES aiccsie asters arose) vane cere 201, 203 

BIOS ACO fais Serre cclel uate etinicie opetessvare 2A S| e Liew DUONG saicleraintareterstsleiniei=,a)atelolerel eretisfalsistate 202 


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Proc.CaAL.Acap. Scr. (2) VoLVI. 


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Proc.Ca..Acap. Set. (2)-Vou.VI. PLATE IV 


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Proc.CAL.Acap. Ser.(2) VouVI. PLATE. 2 


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Proc.CaL.Acap. Sct. (2) VoL-VI. PLATE VI. 


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Proc.CAL.Acap. Scr. (2) VoLVI. 


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Proc.Ca.Acap. Scr.(2) VoLVI. PHATE, DX 


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eee ee ee 


LITH RITPON § REM SE 


JO. 


y 7 p : “ ve i 
«*, ; ‘ 2 - ! os a 


pt Be Se ee ey ee Le es eee sn nL were Ls ee A 2 ee Pe eT Ee ov ae GU ee ace 


: pe ANTE | OK 


ZAPRORA SILENUS 
Anal Brown, Dz, LITE, EITION &- BEY, SE 


XX]. 


PLATE 


ba 


AYOCETTINA GILLI! 


NEMICHTHYS AVOCETTA 


WALL ROWN, DEL. 


V BBREV SE. 


TTA 


(THF 


Ll 


Ani 


PLATE XxXil. 


Anna L Brown, DEL. 


( 
My 


¥ Ceres 
Bai 


2 
ee 


i 

¥ iy 

23339 
BOT ee 


SALMO GAIRDNERI 


e 


ust 
te 
Ns 


in 
2 
» 


u 
ay 


4) 


CRESCENT!S 


LITH BRITTON §-P2EV SF. 


XXII. 


PLATE 


ye 
y ) a) 
Pi 


») 


5), 
KY) 
edn) 
) yyy y 
) PP 
y yoryy b) yy 


yy 322923 29)y 


SALMO GAIRDNERI BEARDSLEEI 


LATH. EULITTON 4 P2EY SE 


Anna LZ, Brown, Dz, 


PLATE XXIV: 


274) 


iy 
) 


2 
oy 


y) 


yi 


XENOCYS JESSIA 


BUTTON §- FEV LE 


LITE, B 


Anna LAROWN,LEL. 


PLATE XXV. 


UMBRINA SINALO& 


LITE. BELTTON § EF SI: 


Awa L Drown, DEL. 


ULCANUS 


EMMYDRICHTHYS V 


wy, DE: 


AL DRC 


Ay 


PLATE XXVII. 


COTTUS ANNA 


TION §- REV SE 


LATH, Bi 


Anna l Brown, Dex. 


PLATE XXVIU. 


es 


TARANDICHTHYS FILAMENTOSUS 


LTTH. BEEITTON & FEV SE 


AnwalDroun, Dez, 


LITE. ERELTLON § PREF, SPE 


PLATE 


ICELINUS QUADRISERIATUS 


XXX. 


N 

. 

S 

8s 
= 
iz 
ie) 
> 
= 
> 
x 
= 
e) 
D 
> 
4 
> 


3 


pet Te: 
Zhe, 
Ale 


Yee 
Be 


AO ARE PNOLLMAT FLIT 


[7 a oe 


. 
3 i 
~ / 
} / 
i) 
x 
ia 
/ 
f 
/ 
/ 
. 
4 
xs \ 
# ‘ e 
; : 


/ 
ie 
‘f 
Yf . 
i Py 
f 
= ¢ = 
m4 ‘i 
. ‘ 


y 

; 
j 

+ { & 

t } € 4 

j y 

i q 

be - 


: KATHETOSTOMA AVERRUNCUS 
Anna L Aron, Dz. 


LITH_EPITION &- EK, SF 


PE 


LITA SFPITION €. 


wv 
2) 
re 
1o) 
2 
= 
= 
Ww 
a 
o 
= 
zi 
Sj 
ae 
J 
= 
fo} 


NI 


bo 


GENMAN 


) 1S 


ICOLA. 


¥ 
7 


LITH, BET TON §.PREV SE 


LYCODAPUS FIERASFER 


DACTYLAGNUS MUNDUS 


PLATE XXXIV. 


‘ 
s — 
a eo 
Sf, 
Va 
“ aaN| sy 
“yt 
fib ‘ 
\ ‘ 
\ 
\ 
\ 
f 
i 
i 
- i . 
; 
H i 
} j 
; 
t 
\ 
a 
Bb 
BI 
° ‘ 
~ 


BRYSSETAERES PINNIGER 


LITH. BRITTON §-PEVSE 


7 


* 


ee 
can 4 


a ee 


* 


ot * 


= 


PLATE XXxXV. 


ee ) 
28 Eas 
° 
. 
- > 
/ %, 
i 
{ 
- Sof 
; 
a 
= L 


ARBACIOSA HUMERALIS 
Anna L Brown Dz, ' LITH-BEITTON § BEV SF. 


ie 
(2) 
a 
e) 
n 
(2) 
Lu 
36 
lag 
xt 
Ww 
iS) 
oO 
< 
{ea} 
ao 
9 


PLATE XXXVII. 


RUNULA AZALEA 


Annual Brown Dan. 


LUCIOBLENNIUS ALEPIDOTUS 


ARBACIOSA EOS 


LITE, BITTON & BEY SF 


a 
+4 
8" 


2 
<x 
— 
A, 


THALASSOPHRYNE DOWI 


LITE. ZPEITTON § FEF, SF 


Anwal Beown. Dez. 


XXNTX. 
LTTE EITON §-EY SE 


PLATE 


CHASMODES JENKINS! 


mine etenerrnn ernment et 


Anna L Drown, DEL. 


WA LLEROWN, DEL. 


PLATE 


en 


ee 
is 


moe 
eR ey 


ad 
see even oe 
Sees 


ce 


SEBASTODES CILIATUS 


LW, 


LITE. EPLITION § FEY SEL 


SEBASTODES HOPKINS|I 


VE 


 22Fe/. 


LITE 


LIZZ: 


Annual Brova 


PSL 


PLATE 


SEBASTODES EIGENMANN! 


TION §& REF, SF 


LLTA. FPL. 


Zi. 


WIV LIE 


Awwva LEO 


ELT 


x 
2y 


PLATE 


SEBASTODES GILBERTI 


L. DROWN, DEL. 


AL. 


Ana 


Proc. Cat Acan-Sc1.[2] Vor] 


PSORA 


LVTH BRITTON ® MEV SF. 


21} V 


A 
A PATI 
DiS ALAAL ci tat 


1A. 


LITH FRITTCN & REY 2 


fa: 


é¢ a 


+ 


Ta Wy f 


A AT] C Hy 
LUMEN. AV LAL i] La 


£006. BATION & REV SF, 


aA iat 
Si 7 vy : 


Frare XLVII. 


Anwal. Brown, Dez. LITH. BRITTON §-REV SE 


Prare XIVIIT. 


‘ 
j 
‘ 
o t 
. 


Anna L Brown, DEL. < LITE. BEITTON 8122 F SE. 


ANAL ARowN DEL & Lire. 


41TH BRITTON &PREY, SF. 


LNEMIDOPHORUS ARIZONA. 
A LNEMIMOPHORUS LABIALIS. 


“TS MMO T YN 


. 


ie 


OES Ye, 


De ee 


OATH NOLL(AEF HLIT 


—-= 


“THITd SNTVIOW] 


3 
t 


‘ ie 
a 


ise 
eet 
ise 
Ieee 
Wee: 


ats 


oa aA 
hy | al 


os “Proc. 5c1.[2] VorVI. 


Shubrick Point 
I pare 


AULON GULCH bxxxct®d} 


On 
ears , Bast Landing 
o ASS 


FRANCONIA WAECK 


, Oo SEs 
| BREAKER COVE ~~ 


iG = 
I 


Se LZ 
SOUTH FARALLON ISLAND 


(OUTLINES FROM MAP OF U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY) 


KEPT tock 


iy 


J} 


Length B. and W., 43970 feet. 

Greatest Width N. and §8., 2508 fest 

Area, about 100 acres. 

Distance from Cliff Houses, San Francisco, 27 Statute Miles 


POT. 44TH EIPITTON HEY SE INDIAN HEA: 


} bb “e, 
6 4 

Double Pt..7. | 

19 & 54 
| 1z 


19 4 
17 
oMien 
21 
fie, 
22 
| 
| 
22 
25 


25 


x 7 tne, Miva 
25 


| is 


24 
| 
| 
| 26 
Megs 
| 
| 27 
25 
| 27 
| 37 
\ qved 
\ 
\ 
| 
j 
i 
2a 
29 


66 fegrnS, 


63 


SL ie. 


Tard 8. 


57 


sft.qy.S. 46 


F at H 
1g. W. 
20° 


7 BE 
(WHISTLE) 
vu 


ek 


gy. 5, Mion 


21 


20 


ch M, 


Double Pt 2 


1 


ae 


wm 54% 


48 


sft.S,Sh 


We SyAien 


21 


6 


Duxbury P 
oF 8B 


MT. TAMALPAIS. 
2590 9 


Oy 
Ww 


fheqved. Miar 


15 15 Is 8: 


52 riey. 


70 
85 57 ‘ 


57 
ts 
62 


72 
54 


the dk. S, Mick 


THE FARALLONES 


AND ADJACENT MAINLAND 


(From Map of U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.) 


52 ; BN Zig 
Fanny Shoal | {+ 
(Fo 


37 feck 35 


55 


23 
. 


1 
‘ 


40 
Noonday Rocks 


as 40 
\ 


the gy.S. 


44 


4 


37 


38 


53 


ed KY Su? \ 
tot ia Gea 


4 39 
2 S\P uneSha 
a3 40 
2 < 
37 39 a 
Soe aN, 39 36 


! 
32¢ Shft) 35 


é North Farallon 
ae 


40 


37 


39 


39 


37 


38 


38 
35 . 
aes. 


34 


30 


39 36 at cee ¥.. BA 
Glirke.Sh. 36 gy--- 30, a 30-7 
ie eee Sp ae 
48 45 39 31 3il/ 2¢ Middle Farallon oh. 30 Sesh 
) le 19 28 29 
\ 29 
\ 2B 2s 
36 22 18 We Bag x poy 29 
freS. 40 \  GabrkSh a ers 5, bk Sp. 
\ * wit 27 Seer 
Sl eg ; q Be 
oe TAN as eee 
< at 8 (SIREN) Ps 31 
29 S.E.Farallon DAS 
a , he Ug : 
\. Hurst Shoat ® a2 ; 3h 

Ay 30s, 1B | brkSh. 26 , 

he 29 : 

c ! 

BS : 8 yf 


30 


30 


29 


28 
* 
/ 
/ 
i 
/ 
29 
ae 
31 


29 


31 


MA The 3, Miva 


29 


25 21 


37 


20 


Rre eS, Mier 


19 


22 


a wh PRES es 


, 
u 15 Rw S,M. é A Br - 
5k 7 rn 
Ve nbbhawlos 
i | 4a thes: id 
a 6a 0 i 
8 
Mes 4 Eby © 
bb mens. OL 
vv WHISTLE! 


16 uw 


at 


Heed, 16 MN 
iF my 0 
“A 16 b ad 
6 
ths 
qs. 


~ 


8 


7m 


ve) 


STATION 


6h 6, 
bh wh hd 


. 
‘ Sawin, WIS, ww wniprg 


Wey ww ‘ 
1 ie 
i) 
Molate Pt 
o of 7 


f Sh tw 104 
5a 
: ef S Rta Rode 5 


oy 8 on. ot at 
6 6 
} at bk \ BE) 
California CigyPt. gy 3 uy 
my 8 oh Mish. pt -Ric! 
\ hrd. 4 “se 


> a 1 
SS piutr Pe. 
Weg Bh 


nt. ‘ ene 
— fh. stn Rock —— 7 AS 
18. in 5 & 
5 aR a a 
5 catpaz , 
xt. Buenas ht, ML gt 
a (eeytl Ve i 
E, ye Me BlossomR. 5 
Jem t ot Blin Yor 
a 5 6 i uena 
seeking | 1 0 ae 2d) 


PINOLE ta H 
Aa 6 


wh sb gvsol 
BE 


\ 5a 4 


Stee’ 
7 


7 % 


Meg S. 


OF 


PHOTO.LITH. BRITTON & REV, SF 


il 


LOCHMANA , EASTWOOD. 


LITH. BRITTON & REY S,F. 


Res 


ais 
4 


nes 


mf = 
ae 
> 


5 


id A ms ition fa ay nies ay | bee 
p mm At. ArPAn corr) 7 iVnarVi i 
ROE. LALS MUA 2} VV = 


ANEMONE UCALIFORNICA , FASTWOUD. 


AF. Tez. LITH. BRITTON & REY S,F. 


Proc. CaLAcan Scr[2 | Vor 


Prats LY. 


LITH. BRITTON & REY SF. 


Proc 
Li. CAL At ‘ Hal il [2 Vi 
ril.| 21 oLVI. 
_ . LA’ Ey aa V1 


ITH ON & REY ¢ 
LITH. BRITTON E 
& REY 

rae 


ta 


Proc. Ca. Acan.Scr! 


= g f8 
7 \Vian VI 
Qj VULVA. 


EUCHERA 


CASPITOSA , EASTWOL 


Fate LVI] 


‘LITH. BRITTON & REY S.F 


oa 2 
oe pee 


a 


pede 
>< 


LITH, BRITTON & REY S.F 


‘ 
Sim 


LITH. BRITTON & REY 


ASTWOUOD. 


ee 


CYNOGLOSSUM VIRIDE, 


ALF, Tat. 


tr 


Proc. CatAcan.sc1.[2]VoLv. era 


PLATE  LXIII. 


TH LTP ON 4 PREY, SE 


Proc. Can Acan Scr}2]Vaorv. PLATE LXIV. 


Proc. Can Acan.Ser[2]Vorvi. PLATE LXV. 


FS ALK DEL. LITH BRITTON §. BEV SF. 


Proc. Cac Acan.Scr[2]VorVI. PLATE LXVI. 


FS Jace Tet. LETH EREIITON §- FOE, SF 


PLATE LXVII. 


Proc. Can Acan Scr[2]Vi 


ES Sacn, TEL. LITE. BRITTON & PREV SE. 


PLATE  LXVII. 


fi e/ SALE LIEL . 


LITE, EPATTON 3 FEY SEL 


Proc. Can Acan Ser{2|VorVi. 


PLATE LXIX. 


I F are Tey 
‘J SacK, DEL. 


LITH, BELITTON & PREV, SE 


PLATE LXX. 


Proc. CanAcan Scr.[2]VorvVI. 


LUTH PITT ON §L22F SE. 


FS Jace, TEL. 


Proc. CanAcan.Scr[2}VorVI. 


PLATS | ioc 


ft Dasa Ter. 


LITE ZITION & PEP. SF 


Proc. Can Acan.Scr.{Z]Vovvi. PLATE Lxod 


FL JACK, TEL. LITE BEUTTON §-22EY pF. 


Proc. Can Acan.Ser[Z]Voivi. PLATE. TL: 


Sate? 


Br eS 

y, hid i : \ 5 
Ze itis NS 
Oph Wk 
(Genny 
feet 
1 Ta \ 


ts 


HAN 


Fit Jac FEL 


Proc. Cav Acan.Scr.{2]Vorvi. 


ieee be Rea eomaED ~ 


AXYRIAS HARRINGTH! 


LXXV. 


PLATE 


Proc. Can AcanSer{ 2] VoLVi. 


IT TUN & REY, 


rep 
HORI 


Lit! 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


CALIFORNIA 


ACADEMY OF SCIRNCES 


SECOND SERIES. 


MWCO EME EVE 


1896. 


SAN FRANCISCO: 
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
1897. 


Issued March 1, 1897. 


UAT AOA 


4 Perera 
: } 


\) 


\R ate ad 


Dae a 


UMA MANA 


3 9088 01302 6596