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Indiana Academy of Science
1915
H. EH. BARNARD, Editor
FORT WAYNE PRINTING COMPANY
CONTRACTORS FOR STATE PRINTING AND BINDING
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
(COO RASS UIT ALUN STO) TT eve SaaS AB nce ths kee Ree ae SIE EO REO MEES 30d © 5
Bea wiSperine ee res amen ee SOE e Mena bs amb Gace eg US alee Gals ol & 7
Aippropria tion for wlOMA4eOM a co sis aks cetiestie a aes dias en eels ele 7
An Act for the Protection of Birds, Their Nests and Hggs............ 9
Public Offenses—Hunting Birds—Penalty..................... eee 10
OlhicenslO TA WOT Sse a Mem ah eee G48 MeN awit cede ae, Nt Mae Nan ange iil
DEGUUNTE. Comrie, wr. us cslas eae oudeegoe meses Di elee net ie om eS 11
COIN. LOL Samer cat eH na 5 ana aanee Si Saunt aI ROMS ee trees oe) i ott ALY eee eae 12
Commutteessacad emiyg ots ciencey pl ONG Bice atria acer eee 12
Officers of the Academy of Science (A Table of)..................... 14°
IN [remiallo Gre Sheee sears eee iy Se fe untin trata he «Nap Mau A avo MIRE a ac fs i Aa en 15 .
Ee HOW SHR ee re net aah rod TE eee ice ah lam Nts ee Alcea eet nL SES ak Me mea ee eter Ue 15
PAT EIN CMV UETIMO CRSA erties eRe tit iy cama eee oe ae OR Came Mr A: Si, SRS a ge 24
IMEnaURESS Ok thas (Sjoretumer IMIG Sono kako oo eb oecouc ooo saauscuouuouse 4]
Minutes of the Thirty-first Annual Meeting...................... . 43
Program of the Thirty-first Annual Meeting........................ 49
Shins helpline ds
Pa sie ea cea) oe
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Ts hn ta pyr;
CONSTITUTION.
ARTICLE I.
Section 1. This association shall be called the Indiana Academy of
Science.
Sec. 2. The objects of this Academy shall be scientific research and
the diffusion of knowledge concerning the various departments of science;
to promote intercourse between men engaged in scientific work, especially
in Indiana; to assist by investigation and discussion in developing and making
known the material, educational and other resources and riches of the State;
to arrange and prepare for publication such reports of investigation and dis-
cussions as may further the aims and objects of the Academy as set forth in
these articles.
WueEreas, The State has undertaken the publication of such proceed-
ings, the Academy will, upon request of the Governor, or one of the several
departments of the State, through the Governor, act through its council as
an advisory body in the direction and execution of any investigation within
its province as stated. The necessary expenses incurred in the prosecution
of such investigation are to be borne by the State; no pecuniary gain is to
come to the Academy for its advice or direction of such investigation.
The regular proceedings of the Academy as published by the State shall
become a public document.
ARTICLE II.
Section 1. Members of this Academy shall be honorary fellows, fellows,
non-resident members or active members.
Sec. 2. Any person engaged in any department of scientific work, or in
original research in any department of science, shall be eligible to active
membership. Active members may be annual or life members. Annual
members may be elected at any meeting of the Academy; they shall sign
the constitution, pay an admission fee of two dollars and thereafter an
annual fee of one dollar. Any person who shall at one time contribute
fifty dollars to the funds of this Academy may be elected a life member of
the Academy, free of assessment. Non-resident members may be elected
from those who have been active members but who have removed from the
6
State. In any case, a three-fourths vote of the members present shall elect
to membership. Application for membership in any of the foregoing classes
shall be referred to a committee on application for membership, who shall
consider such application and report to the Academy before the election.
Sec. 5. The members who are actively engaged in scientific work, who
have recognized standing as scientific men, and who have been members of
the Academy at least one year, may be recommended for nomination for
election as fellows by three fellows or members personally acquainted with
their work and character. Of members so nominated a number not exceed-
ing five in one year may, on recommendation of the Executive Committee,
be elected as fellows. At the meeting at which this is adopted, the mem-
bers of the Executive Committee for 1894 and fifteen others shall be elected
fellows, and those now honorary members shall become honorary fellows.
Honorary fellows may be elected on account of special prominence in science,
on the written recommendation of two members of the Academy. In any
case a three-fourths vote of the members present shall elect.
ARTICLE III.
Section 1. The officers of this Academy shall be chosen by ballot at
the annual meeting, and shall hold office one year. They shall consist of a
President, Vice-President, Secretary, Assistant Secretary, Press Secretary
and Treasurer, who shall perform the duties usually pertaining to their
respective offices and in addition, with the ex-presidents of the Academy,
shall constitute an Executive Committee. The President shall, at each
annual meeting, appoint two members to be a committee, which shall pre-
pare the programs and have charge of the arrangements for all meetings for
one year.
Sec. 2. The annual meeting of this Academy shall be held in the city
of Indianapolis within the week following Christmas of each year, unless
otherwise ordered by the Executive Committee. There shall also be a
summer meeting at such time and place as may be decided upon by the
Executive Committee. Other meetings may be called at the discretion of
the Executive Committee. The past Presidents, together with the officers
and Executive Committee, shall constitute the council of the Academy, and
represent it in the transaction of any necessary business not especially pro-
vided for in this constitution, in the interim between general meetings.
7
Sec. 3. This constitution may be altered or amended at any annual
meeting by a three-fourths majority of the attending members of at least
one year’s standing. No question of amendment shall be decided on the
day of its presentation.
185 Wve VS)
1. On motion, any special department of science shall be assigned to
a curator, whose duty it shall be, with the assistance of the other members
interested in the same department, to endeavor to advance knowledge in
that particular department. Hach curator shall report at such time and
place as the Academy shall direct. These reports shall include a_ brief
summary of the progress of the department during the year preceding the
presentation of the report.
2. The President shall deliver a public address on the morning of one
of the days of the meeting at the expiration of his term of office.
3. The Press Secretary shall attend to the securing of proper newspaper
reports of the meetings and assist the Secretary.
4. No special meeting of the Academy shall be held without a notice
of the same having been sent to the address of each member at least fifteen
days before such meeting.
5. No bill against the Academy shall be paid without an order signed
by the President and countersigned by the Secretary.
6. Members who shall allow their dues to remain unpaid for two years,
having been annually notified of their arrearage by the Treasurer, shall
have their names stricken from the roll.
7. Ten members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of busi-
ness.
AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE PUBLICATION OF THE REPORTS
AND PAPERS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
(Approved March 11, 1895.)
Wuereas, The Indiana Academy of Science, a chartered scientific
association, has embodied in its constitution a provision that it will, upon the
8
request of the Governor, or of the several departments of the State govern-
ment, through the Governor, and through its council as an advisory board,
assist in the direction and execution of any investigation within its province
without pecuniary gain to the Academy, provided only that the necessary
expenses of such investigation are borne by the State; and,
Wuereas, The reports of the meetings of said Academy, with the several
papers read before it, have very great educational, industrial and economic
value, and should be preserved in permanent form; and,
Wuereas, The Constitution of the State makes it the duty of the General
Assembly to encourage by all suitable means intellectual, scientific and
agricultural improvement; therefore,
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana,
That hereafter the annual reports of the meetings of the Indiana Academy
of Science, beginning with the report for the year 1894, including all papers
of scientific or economic value, presented at such meetings, after they shall
have been edited and prepared for publication as hereinafter provided, shall
be published by and under the direction of the Commissioners of Public
Printing and Binding.
Sec. 2. Said reports shall be edited and prepared for publication without
expense to the State, by a corps of editors to be selected and appointed by
the Indiana Academy of Science, who shall not, by reason of such service,
have any claim against the State for compensation. The form, style of
binding, paper. typography and manner and extent of illustration of such
reports shall be determined by the editors, subject to the approval of the
Commissioners of Public Printing and Stationery. Not less than 1,500 nor
more than 3,000 copies of each of said reports shall be published, the size of the
edition within said limits to be determined by the concurrent action of the
editors and the Commissioners of Public Printing and Stationery: Provided,
That not to exceed six hundred dollars ($600) shall be expended for such
publication in any one year, and not to extend beyond 1896: Provided,
That no sums shall be deemed to be appropriated for the year 1894.
Sec. 3. All except three hundred copies of each volume of said reports
shall be placed in the custody of the,State Librarian, who shall furnish one
copy thereof to each public library in the State, one copy to each university
college or normal school in the State, one copy to each high school in the
State having a library, which shall make application therefor, and one copy
to such other institutions, societies or persons as may be designated by the
9
Academy through its editors or its council. The remaining three hundred
copies shall be turned over to the Academy to be disposed of as it may
determine. In order to provide for the preservation of the same it shall
be the duty of the Custodian of the State House to provide and place at the
disposal of the Academy one of the unoccupied rooms of the State House,
to be designated as the office of the Academy of Science, wherein said copies
of said reports belonging to the Academy, together with the original manu-
seripts, drawings, ete., thereof can be safely kept, and he shall also equip
the same with the necessary shelving and furniture.
Sec. 4. An emergency is hereby declared to exist for the immediate
taking effect of this act, and it shall therefore take effect and be in force
from and after its passage.
APPROPRIATION FOR 1915-1916.
The appropriation for the publication of the proceedings of the Academy
during the years 1915 and 1916 was increased by the Legislature in the
General Appropriation bill, approved March 9, 1915. That portion of the
law fixing the amount of the appropriation for the Academy is herewith
given in full.
For the Academy of Science: For the printing of the proceedings of
the Indiana Academy of Science twelve hundred dollars: Provided, That
any unexpected balance in 1915 shall be available for 1916, and that any
unexpended balance in 1916 shall be available in 1917.
AN ACT FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS, THEIR NESTS
AND EGGS.
Src. 602. Whoever kills, traps or has in his possession any wild bird,
or whoever sells or offers the same for sale, or whoever destroys the nest
or ege's of any wild bird, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon
conviction thereof shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than
twenty-five dollars: Provided, That the provisions of this section shall
not apply to the following named birds: The Anatidae, commonly called
swans, geese, brant, river and sea duck; the Rallidae, commonly ealled rails,
coots, mud-hens gallinules; the limicolae, commonly called shore birds, surf
birds, plover, snipe, woodcock, sandpipers, tattlers and curlew; the Gallinae,
commonly called wild turkeys, grouse, prairie chickens, quails and pheasants;
10
nor to English or European house sparrows, crows, hawks or other birds
of prey. Nor shall this section apply to persons taking birds, their nests or
eggs, for scientific purposes, under permit, as provided in the next seciton.
Sec. 603. Permits may be granted by the Commissioner of Fisheries
and Game to any properly accredited person, permitting the holder thereof
to collect birds, their nests or eggs for strictly scientific purposes. In order
to obtain such permit the applicant for the same must present to such Com-
missioner written testimonials from two well-known scientific men certify-
ing to the good character and fitness of such applicant to be entrusted with
such privilege, and pay to such Commissioner one dollar therefor and file
with him a properly executed bond in the sum of two hundred dollars,
payable to the State of Indiana, conditioned that he will obey the terms of
such permit, and signed by at least two responsible citizens of the State as
sureties. The bond may be forfeited, and the permit revoked upon proof
to the satisfaction of such Commissioner that the holder of such permit has
killed any bird or taken the nest or eggs of any bird for any other purpose
than that named in this section.
PUBLIC OFFENSES—HUNTING WILD BIRDS
(Approved March 15, 1913.)
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana,
That section six (6) of the above entitled act be amended to read as follows:
Section 6. That section six hundred two (602) of the above entitled act
be amended to read as follows: Section 602. It shall be unlawful for any
person to kill, trap or possess any wild bird, or to purchase or offer the same
for sale, or to destroy the nest or eggs of any wild bird, except as otherwise
provided in this section. But this section shall not apply to the following
named game birds: The Anatidae, commonly called swans, geese, brant,
river and sea duck;the Rallidae, commonly known as rails, coots, mud-hens
and gallinules; the Limicolae, commonly known as shore birds, plovers, surf
birds, snipe, woodcock, sandpipers, tattlers and curlews; the Gallinae, com-
monly called wild turkeys, grouse, prairie chickens, quails, and pheasants;
nor to English or European house sparrows, blackbirds, crows, hawks or
other birds of prey. Nor shall this section apply to any person taking
PENALTY.
birds or their nests or eggs for scientific purposes under permit as provided”
in the next section. Any person violating the provisions of this section
shall, on conviction, be fined not less than ten dollars ($10.00) nor more
than fifty dollars ($50.00).
Indiana Academy of Srience.
Orricmrs, 1915-1916.
PRESIDENT,
ANnpDREW J. Bianey.
Vick-PRESIDENT,
Amos W. Burter.
SECRETARY,
Howarp E. Enpers.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY,
EK. B. WiILuisAMson.
PRESS SECRETARY,
Frank B. WADE.
TREASURER,
Wiutiam M. BuancHarp.
Eprtror,
H. EK. Barnarp.
g EXpmcutrive CoMMITTEE:
ARTHUR, J. C., CULBERTSON, GuEenn, McBnru, W. A.,
Bienry, A. J., Dryer, Cuas. R., Mees, Caru.L.,
Buancuarp, W. M., EHicenmann, C. H., Mortirr, Davin M.,
Buatcuury, W. S., Enpers, Howarp. H., Mernpenuatt, T. C.,
BRANNER, J. C., Evans, PR. N., Naytor, JosmpyH P.,
BurRRAGE, SEVERANCE, Dennis, D. W., Noygrs, W. A.,
Burtier, Amos W., Founy, A. L., Wann, F. B.
CoaGgsHaALL, W. A., elas, ©), IPQ. WALDO, (©) 7Ay,
Couuter, Joun M., Hesstpr, Roper, Wiuey, H. W.,
CouLTER, STANLEY, JOEN, Jo IPs 1D. Wiuuramson, EH. B.,
JORDAN, D. S., WriGHtT, JOHN S.
(11)
12
CURATORS:
ES OUDAINN ae ons sont els eis 6 Wie ea ee Roe ee eee J. C. Arruur.
HINTOMOLOGN o> fears os curr a ee te eee W. S. BLATcHLey.
HerPETOLOGY
MAMMALOGY (i toskeseNewaere Bkekay te Ras nce eg Tek aes eee A. W. Burter.
ORNITHOLOGY J
Ics (ats Ina on COCs qe aan Eee RO roe Ry Pema tye Det a oe ane Pitas, H. C. EIGENMANN.
CoMMITTEES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 1915-1916.
Program. Membership.
STANLEY CouLtTER, Lafayette EK. R. Cumminas, Bloomington
L. F. Bennert, Valparaiso Epwin Morrison, Richomnd
SEVERANCE BurraaGe, Indianapolis H. L. Bruner, Indianapoils
Nominations. Auditing.
Witspur A. CocsHaty, Bloomington J. P. Nayuor, Greencastle
W. A. McBeru, Terre Haute GLENN CULBERTSON, Hanover
A. S. Hatuaway, Terre Haute
State Library. Restriction of Weeds and Diseases.
W. S. Buarcuiry, Indianapolis Rosperr Hesster, Logansport
A. W. Buruier, Indianapolis F. M. Anprews, Bloomington
JAMES Brown, Indianapolis J. N. Hurry, State House, Indian-
apolis
STANLEY Counrer, Lafayette
D. M. Mortier, Bloomington
Biological Survey. Academy to State.
C. C. Dram, Bluffton R. W. McBripg, Indianapolis
H. W. AnperRson, Crawfordsville GLENN CULBERTSON, Hanover
Grorce N. Horrer, West Lafayette H. E. Barnarp, Indianapolis
U. O. Cox, Terre Haute A. W. Burt.uer, Indianapolis
J. N. NiEuwLANnpD, Notre Dame W. W. Wootten, Indianapolis
Distribution of Proceedings.
H. EK. Enpers, West Lafayette
Joun B. Dutcuer, Bloomington
A. W. Burier, State House, In-
dianapolis
W. M. Buancuarp, Greencastle
13
Publication of Proceedings.
H. KE. Barnarp, Editor, Indianapolis
C. R. Drynr, Fort Wayne
M. E. Hacerrry, Bloomington
R. R. Hype, Terre Haute
J. S. Wricut, Indianapolis
14
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15
MEMBERS.*
FELLOWS.
{tAbbott, G. A., Grand Forks, N. Dak............ aM Seated 41908
Professor of Chemistry, University of North Dakota.
Chemistry.
Mey mRowentiws. (Orono; Nie... .06. ae ee eielatacdeue wecl ss bootamn otto see 1898
President of University of Maine.
Mathematics and General Science.
Anderson, H. W., 1 Mills Place, Crawfordsville, Ind
Professor of Botany, Wabash College.
Botany.
Andrews, F. M., 744 E. Third St., Bloomington, Ind................ 1911
Assistant Professor of Botany, Indiana University.
Botany.
Arthur, Joseph C., 915 Columbia St., Lafayette, Ind................ 1894
Professor of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, Purdue Uni-
versity.
Botany.
Barnard, H. H., Room 20 State House, Indianapolis, Ind
Chemist to Indiana State Board of Health.
Chemistry, Sanitary Science, Pure Foods.
Blanchard, William M., 1008 S. College Ave., Greencastle, Ind.......
Professor of Chemistry, DePauw University, Greencastle, Ind.
Organic Chemistry.
Beede, Joshua W., cor. Wall and Atwater Sts., Bloomington, Ind..... 1896
Associate Professor of Geology, Indiana University.
Stratigraphic Geology, Physiography.
*K very effort has been made to obtain the correct address and occupation of each
member, and to learn what fine of science he is interested in. The first line contains
the name and address; the second line the occupation; the third line the branch of
science in which he is interested. The omission of an address indicates that mail
addressed to the last printed address was returned as uncalled for. Information as
to the present address of members so indicated is requested by the secretary. The
custom of dividing the list of members has been followed.
tDate of election.
ttNon-resident.
16
Benton, George W., 100 Washington Square, New York, N. Y....... 1896
Editor in Chief, American Book Company.
Bion eyecATTanew ose LOOres, EL ie tenn 0: otis sie eo ete eee ies 1897
President and Professor of Biology and Geology, Moores Hill
College.
Biology and Geology.
BinnineCatharinerGoldens Wiashinetona Ds. ve ns 1895
Microscopic Expert, Pure Food, National Canners Laboratory.
Botany.
Blatchley, W.S., 1558 Park Ave., Indianapolis, Ind................ 1893
Naturalist.
Botany, Entomology and Geology.
Bodine, Donaldson, Four Mills Place, Crawfordsville, Ind........... 1899
Professor of Geology and Zoology, Wabash College.
Entomology and Geology.
Breeze, Fred J., care American Book Company, New York, N. Y.... 1910
With the American Book Company.
Geography.
Bruner, Henry Lane, 324 S. Ritter Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.......... 1899
Professor of Biology, Butler College.
Comparative Anatomy, Zoology.
Bivens \yWailllinewan Ibrox, \Bilkoyormmriavernorn, InG@l do. oA dace oseces sco anos
President Indiana University.
Psychology.
Burrage, Severance, care Eli Lilly Co., Indianapolis, Ind............ 1898
Charge of Biological Laboratory, Eli Lilly Co.
Bacteriology, Sanitary Science.
Butler, Amos W., 52 Downey Ave., Irvington, Ind................. 1893
Secretary, Indiana Board of State Charities.
Vertebrate Zoology, Anthropology, Sociology.
Cogshall, Wilbur A., 423 S. Fess Ave., Bloomington, Ind............ 1906
Associate Professor of Astronomy, Indiana University.
Astronomy and Physics.
Coole IMMGELANQ. ING Bivins abel INTs Ualeetelies 6 beets acablels csicele snk < 1902
Professor of Plant Pathology, Rutgers College.
Botany, Plant Pathology, Entomology.
Coulter, John M., care University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill........... 1893
Head Department of Botany, Chicago, University.
Botany.
Coulter, Stanley, 213 S. Ninth St., Lafayette, Ind.................. 1893
Dean School of Science, Purdue University.
Botany, Forestry.
Coxulilysses!O- 32) OBox Sl, Merre Hautes Inds. 2.2 ase a2. - ee 1908
Head Department Zoology and Botany, Indiana State Normal.
Botany, Zoology.
Culbertson Glennwhanoverdndeews see bee Oe eee eee 1899
Chair Geology, Physics and Astronomy, Hanover College.
Geology.
Cumings, Edgar Roscoe, 327 E. Second St., Bloomington, Ind....... 1906
Professor of Geology, Indiana University.
Geology, Paleontology.
Davisson, Schuyler Colfax, Bloomington, Ind...................... 1908
Professor of Mathematics, Indiana University.
Mathematics.
Weama@hbarlesiC:yBhititon: lind oss 2 ee ae Si on eee 1910
Druggist.
Botany.
Benniss Davide orth, hiehmond nds 444.6 4s oes cee ee 1895
Professor of Biology, Earlham College.
Biology...
Dryer, Charles R., Oak Knoll, Fort Wayne, Ind.........-.....4.-.. 1897
Geographer.
DutecheryJss se bloomimnetons Linde = ceric a ceteris ioe ers er oneiers eae
Assistant Professor of Physics, Indiana Un:rversity.
Physics.
Eigenmann, Carl H., 630 Atwater St., Bloomington, Ind............ 1893
Professor Zoology, Dean of Graduate School, Indiana University.
Embryology, Degeneration, Heredity, Evolution and Distribution
of American Fish.
finders, Howard Edwin, 105 Quincy St., Lafayette, Ind............. 1912
Associate Professor of Zoology, Purdue University.
Zoology.
5084—2
18
Hivansrercy Norton, latayetta winds. nine oss tn a et uae cesar 1901
Director of Chemical Laboratory, Purdue University.
Chemistry.
Molen, Awana Wee, ladkoyoyenoreanoyel, Wael, jy. 5 555 ans con eannge nse co 1897
Head of Department of Physics, Indiana University.
Physies.
Golden’ Nie3: Liatavetter Un diexc yc. 4. ok aca ee ae ee ee 1899
Director of Laboratories of Practical Mechanies, Purdue Uni-
versity.
Mechanics.
Tiers Vavilllieian Mixeernornel IME (UieoRnaR Whoo ssoncoce nono 7o 50077] . 1893
Dean of College of Engineering, University of Illinois.
lnlavemerriny, IML, 1B, [Blkeyorammnstiom, Wine), .. s¢sesccc0cnnecounsccsuee 1913
Hathaway, Arthur S., 2206 N. Tenth St., Terre Haute, Ind.......... 1895
Professor of Mathematics, Rose Polytechnic Institute.
Mathematics, Physics.
lnlegsiigie, IRoloerin ILeeains joi, WnGl. 55 ghcncoenemoneadooosoonseduuede 1899
Physician.
Biology.
Hilliard, C. M., Simmons College, Boston, Mass................... 1913
louie, GeO. INic, West Wanienvene®, lal. .o5555acenaceoeoocuccouuse- 1913
leluseinys ds INin5 lhacheimeyoollis, Maelo, 5 Soden soccookoasouconuvoudouone 1910
Secretary, Indiana State Board of Health.
Sanitary Science, Vital Statistics, Eugenics.
TEtuston al Ae iNew Work (itive. ie iene ee en eleanor mene 1893
byes Roscoe vayantondreilerrenblariie mses eri oie inna enna anne:
Assistant Professor, Physiology and Zoology, Indiana State Normal.
Zoology, Physiology, Bacterialogy.
Kenyon, Alfred Monroe, 315 University St., West Lafayette, Ind.....
Professor of Mathematics, Purdue University.
Mathematics.
Kern-ehiranikea Dis Statex@ ollese ances cence ee eierh re) einen nest 1912
Professor of Botany, Pennsylvania State College.
Botany.
Lyons, Robert H., 630 E. Third St., Bloomington, Ind.............. 1896
Head of Department of Chemistry, Indiana University.
Organic and Biological Chemistry.
McBeth, William A., 1905 N. Eighth St., Terre Haute, Ind.......... 1904
Assistant Professor Geography, Indiana State Normal.
Geography, Geology, Scientific Agriculture.
WNEAEStCrS OV ae Dem oamitacOs CMG s: 64... kek es Sela Pate a eek ate 1893
Micesm@ sh MerrenElautes Imi, 2s hk ack. oe eb oak le bees eae ee 1894
President of Rose Polytechnic Institute.
Middleton, A. R., West Lafayette, Ind
Professor of Chemistry, Purdue University.
Chemistry.
7Miller, John Anthony, Swarthmore, Pa........................... 1904
Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College.
Astronomy, Mathematics.
Moenkhaus, William J., 501 Fess Ave., Bloomington, Ind........... 1901
Professor of Physiology, Indiana University.
Physiology.
IMl@Ge, IRielakai! 1B IDremrerny (COO. . ss snchancoucccuacuuceusucgccuc 1893
With U.S. Bureau of Mines.
Chemistry, Radio-activity.
Morrison, Edwin, 80 8S. W. Seventh St., Richmond.................
Professor of Physics, Karlham College.
Physies and Chemistry.
Mottier, David M., 215 Forest Place, Bloomington, Ind............. 1893
Professor of Botany, Indiana University.
Morphology, Cytology.
Nal or eeland Greencastle wslindn= aie, pr wet eas oneness eed tee 1903
Professor of Physics, Depauw University.
Physics, Mathematics.
Nieuwland, J. N., The University, Notre Dame, Ind... ............
Professor of Botany, Editor Midland, Naturalist.
Systematic Botany, Plant Histology, Organic Chemistry.
TNiowes, \WWrailllieyin /ANllovertk Wiropins WMS ese oo secasconoscdaseousuocas- 1893
Director of Chemical Laboratory, University of Illinois.
Chemistry.
Pohlman, Augustus G., 1100 E. Second St., Bloomington, Ind........ 1911
Professor of Anatomy, Indiana University.
Embryology, Comparative Anatomy.
20
Ramsey, Rolla R., 615 KE. Third St., Bloomington, Ind...........
Associate Professor of Physies, Indiana University.
Physics.
Ransom, James H., 323 University St., West Lafayette, Ind.........
Professor of General Chemistry, Purdue University.
General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Teaching.
Rettger, Louis J., 31 Gilbert Ave., Terre Haute, Ind......./.......-
Professor of Physiology, Indiana State Normal.
Animal Physiology.
Rothrock, David A., Bloomington, Ind............... Bete abs salty:
Professor of Mathematics, Indiana University.
Mathematies.
Scott, Will, 731 Atwater St., Bloomington, Ind..................:..
Assistant Professor of Zoology, Indiana University.
Zoology, Lake Problems.
Sloewaoin, Cligralles: Wo, IWioremein, OUIR), 25254545 5ceobreseccoe seen
With Oklahoma State Geological Survey.
Soil Survey, Botany.
Smith, Albert, 1022 Seventh St., West Lafayette...................
Professor of Structura] Engineering.
Physics, Mechanics.
7iSmith, Alexander, care Columbia University, New York, N. Y.....
Head of Department of Chemistry, Columbia University.
Chemistry.
Smith, Charles Marquis, 910 S. Ninth St., Lafayette, Ind...........
Professor of Physics, Purdue University.
Physics.
Stone, Winthrop He Wlatayette, Umde 2 2. sass eee alee ae ee oe 4 AAO le
President of Purdue University.
Chemistry.
TiAl, AOSey OM, wen MEMOIRS, JER ghost as cusnuaaccoucdsesunes eso
President of Swarthmore College.
Science of Administration..
Van Hook, James M., 639 N. College Ave., Bloomington, Ind........
Assistant Professor of Botany, Indiana University.
Botany.
—
1906
1902
1896
1906
1911
1912
1908
1895
1912
1893
1898
LET
Wade, Frank Bertran, 1039 W. Twenty-seventh St., Indianapolis, Ind.
Head of Chemistry Department, Shortridge High School.
Chemistry Physics, Geology and Mineralogy.
77Waldo, Clarence A., care Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.... 1893
Thayer Professor Mathematics and Applied Mechanics, Washing-
ton University.
Mathematics, Mechanics, Geology and Mineralogy.
TID cbstermy BS IMieekensine con Ms LEP ag: os ce ete oe es 1894
Entomologist, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
Entomology.
Westland, Jacob, 439 Salisbury St., West Lafayette, Ind............ 1904
Professor of Mathematics, Purdue University.
Mathematics.
Wiley, Harvey W., Cosmos Club, Washington, D. C................ 1895
Professor of Agricultural Chemistry, George Washington Uni-
versity.
Biological and Agricultural Chemistry.
Woollen, William Watson, Indianapolis, IJInd.................. 1908
Lawyer.
Birds and Nature Study.
Wright, John S., care Eli Lilly Co., Indianapolis, Ind............... 1894
Manager of Advertising Department, Eli Lilly Co.
Botany.
NON-RESIDENT MEMBERS.
Ashley, George H., Washington, D. C.
Bain, H. Foster, London, England.
Editor Mining Magazine.
Branner, John Casper, Stanford University, California.
Vice-President of Stanford University, and Professor of Geology.
Geology.
Brannon, Melvin A., President University of Idaho, Boise, Ida.
Professor of Botany.
Plant Breeding.
Campbell, D. H., Stanford University, California.
Professor of Botany, Stanford University.
Botany.
22
Clark, Howard Walton, U. S. Biological Station, Fairport, lowa.
Scientific Assistant, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.
Botany, Zoology.
Dorner, H. B., Urbana, Illinois.
Assistant Professor of Floriculture.
Botany, Floriculture.
Duff, A. Wilmer, 43 Harvard St., Worcester, Mass.
Professor of Physies, Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
Physics.
Evermann, Barton Warren, Director Museum.
California Academy of Science, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, Cal.
Zoology.
Fiske, W. A. Los Angeles, Cal., Methodist College.
Garrett, Chas. W., Room 718 Pennsylvania Station, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Librarian, Pennsylvania Lines West of Pittsburgh.
Entomology, Sanitary Sciences.
Gilbert, Charles H., Stanford University, California.
Professor of Zoology, Stanford University.
Ichthyology.
Greene, Charles Wilson, 814 Virginia Ave., Columbia, Mo.
Professor of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Missouri.
Physiology, Zoology.
Hargitt, Chas. W., 909 Walnut Ave., Syracuse. N. Y.
Professor of Zoology, Syrcause University.
Hygiene, Embryology, Eugenics, Animal Behavior.
Hay, Oliver Perry, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Research Associate, Carnegie Institute of Washington.
Vetebrate Paleontology, especially that of the Pleistocene Epock.
Hughes, Edward, Stockton, California.
Jenkins, Oliver P., Stanford University, California.
Professor of Physiology, Stanford University.
Physiology, Histology.
Jordan, David Starr, Stanford University. California.
President Emeritus of Stanford University.
Fish, Eugenics, Botany, Evolution.
23
Kingsley, J. S., University of Illinois, Champaign, III.
Professor of Zoology.
Zoology.
Knipp, Charles T., 915 W. Nevada St., Urbana, Illinois.
Assistant Professor of Physies, University of Illinois.
Physics, Discharge of Electricity through Gases.
MacDougal, Daniel Trembly, Tucson, Arizona.
Director, Department of Botanical Research, Carnegie Institute, Wash-
ington, D.C.
Botany.
MeMullen, Lynn Banks, State Normal School, Valley City, North Dakota.
Head Science Department, State Normal School.
Physies, Chemistry.
Mendenhall, Thomas Corwin, Ravenna, Ohio.
Retired.
Physies. “‘Hngineering,’’ Mathematics, Astronomy.
Moore, George T., St. Louis, Mo.
Director Missouri Botanical Garden.
Newsom, J. F., Palo Alto, California.
Mining Engineer.
Purdue, Albert Homer, State Geological Survey, Nashville, Tenn.
State Geologist of Tennessee.
Geology.
Reagan, A. B.
Superintendent Deer Creek Indian School, Ibapah, Utah.
Geology, Paleontology, Ethnology.
Slonaker, James Rollin, 334 Kingsley Ave., Palo Alto, California.
Assistant Professor of Physiology, Stanford University.
Physiology, Zoology.
Springer, Alfred, 312 Hast 2d St., Cincinnati, Ohio.
Chemist.
Chemistry.
24
ACTIVE MEMBERS.
Aldrich, John Merton, M. D., S. Grant St., West Lafayette, Ind.
Zoology and Entomology.
Allen, William Ray, Bloomington, Ind.
Allison, Evelyn, Lafayette, Ind.
Care Agricultural Experiment Station.
Botany.
Anderson, Flora Charlotte, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.
Botany.
Arndt, Charles H., Lafayette, Ind.
Biology.
Atkinson, F. C., Indianapolis.
Chemistry.
Baderscher, J. A., Bloomington, Ind.
Anatomy.
Baker, George A., South Bend.
Archaeology.
Baker, Walter D., N. Illinois St., Indianapolis, Ind.
Care Walderaft Co.
Chemistry.
Baker, Walter M., Amboy.
Superintendent of Schools.
Mathematics and Physics.
Baker, William Franklin, Indianapolis.
Medicine.
Baleom, H. C., Indianapolis.
Botany.
Baldwin, Russell, Richmond, Ind.
Physies.
Banker, Howard J., Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.
Botany.
Barcus, H. H., Indianapolis.
Instructor, Mathematics, Shortridge High School.
Barr, Harry L., Waveland.
Student.
Botany and Forestry.
25
Barrett, Edward, Indianapolis.
State Geologist.
Geology, Soil Survey.
Bates, W. H., 306 Russell St., West Lafayette.
Associate Professor, Mathematics.
Beals, Colonzo C., Russiaville, Ind.
Botany.
Bell, Guido, 431 E. Ohio St., Indianapolis.
Physician.
Bellamy, Ray, Worcester, Mass.
Bennett, Lee F., 825 Laporte Ave., Valparaiso.
Professor of Geology and Zoology, Valparaiso University.
Geology, Zoology.
Berry, O. C., West Lafayette.
Engineering.
Berteling, John B., South Bend.
Medicine.
Binford, Harry, Earlham.
Zoology.
Bisby, Guy Richard, Lafayette, Ind.
Botany.
Bishop, Harry Eldridge, 1706 College Ave., Indianapolis.
Food Chemist, Indiana State Board of Health.
Blew, Michael James, R. R. 1, Wabash.
Chemistry and Botany.
Bliss, G. S., Ft. Wayne.
Medicine.
Blose, Joseph, Culerville, Ind.
Physies.
Bond, Charles S., 112 N. Tenth St., Richmond.
Physician.
Biology, Bacteriology, Physical Diagnosis and Photomicrography.
Bourke, A. Adolphus, 1103 Cottage Ave., Columbus.
Instructor, Physics, Zoology and Geography.
Botany, Physies.
Bowles, Adam L., Terre Haute.
Zoology.
26
Bowers, Paul E., Michigan City.
Medicine.
Breckinridge, James M., Crawfordsville.
Chemistry.
Brossman, Charles, 1616 Merchants Bank Bldg., Indianapolis.
Consulting Engineer.
Water Supply, Sewage Dispasol, Sanitary Engineering, ete.
Brown, James, 5372 E. Washington St., Indianapolis.
Professor of Chemistry, Butler College.
Chemistry.
Brown, Paul H., Richmond.
Physies.
Brown, Hugh E., Bloomington, Ind.
Bruce, Edwin M., 2401 North Ninth St., Terre Haute.
Assistant Professor’ of Physics and Chemistry, Indiana State Normal.
Chemistry, Physies.
Butler, Eugene, Richmond, Ind.
Physies and Mathematics.
Bybee, Halbert P., Bloomington.
Graduate Student, Indiana University.
Geology.
Canis, Edward N., 2221 Park Ave., Indianapolis.
Officeman with William B. Burford.
Botany, Psychology.
Caparo, Jose Angel, Notre Dame.
Physies and Mathematics.
Carlyle, Paul J., Bloomington.
Chemistry.
Carmichael, R. D., Bloomington.
Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Indiana University.
Mathematics.
Carr, Ralph Howard, Lafayette.
Chemistry.
Carter, Floyd R., Frankport, Ind.
Botany.
Caswell, Albert E., Lafayette.
Instructor in Physics, Purdue Unviersity.
Physies and Applied Mathematics.
Chansler, Elias J., Bicknell.
Farmer.
Ornithology and Mammals.
Clark, George Lindenburg, Greencastle, DePauw University.
Chemistry.
Clark, Elbert Howard, West Lafayette.
Mathematics.
Clark, Jediah H., 126 Kast Fourth St., Connersville.
Physician.
Medicine.
Clarke, Elton Russell, Indianapolis.
Zoology.
Collins, Jacob Roland, West Lafayette, Purdue University.
Instructor in Physies.
Conner, S. D., West Lafayette.
Coryell, Noble H., Bloomington.
Chemistry.
Cotton, William J., 5363 University Ave., ludianapolis.
Physics and Chemistry.
Cox, William Clifford.
Crampton, Charles, Bloomington, Ind.
Psychology.
Crowell, Melvin E., 648 E. Monroe St., Franklin.
Dean of Franklin College.
Chemistry and Physies.
Cutter, George, Broad Branch Road, Washington, D. C.
Reti ed Manufacturer of Elect:ical Supplies.
Conchology.
Daniels, Lorenzo H., Rolling Prairie.
Retired Farmer.
Conchology.
Davis, A. B., Indianapolis, Ind.
With Eli Lilly and Company.
Chemistry.
28
Davis, D. W., Greencastle.
Biology.
Davis, Ernest A., Notre Dame.
Chemistry.
Davis, Melvin K., Anderson.
Instruetor, Anderson High School.
Physiography, Geology, Climatology.
Dean, John C., Indianapolis.
Astronomy.
Deppe, C. R., Franklin.
Dewey, Albert H., West Lafayette.
Department of Pharmacy, Purdue University.
Dietz, Harry F., 408 W. Twenty-eighth St., Indianapolis.
Deputy State Entomologist.
Entomology, Eugenics, Parasitology, Plant Pathology.
Dolan, Jos. P., Syracuse.
Donaghy, Fred, Ossian.
Botany.
Dostal, Bernard F., Bloomington.
Physies.
Downhoour, 2307 Talbot Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.
Geology and Botany.
Drew, David Abbott, 817 East Second St., Bloomington, Ind.
Instructor in Mechanics and Astronomy.
Astronomy, Mechanics, Mathematics and Applied Mathematics.
DuBois, Henry, Bloomington, Ind.
Duden, Hans A., 5050 EH. Washington St., Indianapolis.
Analytical Chemist.
Chemistry.
Dunean, David Christie, West Lafayette.
Instructor in Physics, Purdue University.
Dutcher, J. B., Bloomington,
Assistant Professor of Physics, Indiana University.
Physies.
Karp, Samuel E., 242 Kentucky Ave., Indianapolis.
Physician.
Hasley, Mary, Bloomington, Ind.
Edmonston, Clarence E., Bloomington.
Graduate Student, Physiology, Indiana University.
Physiology.
Edwards, Carlton, EKarlham College, Earlham.
Ellis, Max Mapes, Boulder, Colo.
Instructor in Biology, University of Colorado.
Biology, Entomology.
Emerson, Charles P., Hume-Mansur Bldg., Indianapolis.
Dean Indiana University Medical College.
Medicine.
Kssex, Jesse Lyle, 523 Russell st., West Lafayette, Ind.
Chemistry.
Evans, Samuel G., 1452 Upper Second St., Evansville.
Merchant.
Botany, Ornithology.
Ewers, James H., Terre Haute.
Instructor in High School.
Geology.
Felver, William P., 3253 Market St., Logansport.
Railroad Clerk.
Geology, Chemistry.
Fisher, Homer Glenn, Bloomington.
Zoology.
Fisher, Martin L., Lafayette.
Professor of Crop Production, Purdue University.
Agriculture, Soils, and Crops, Birds, Botany.
Foresman, George Kedgie, Lafayette, Purdue University.
Chemistry.
Frier, George M., Lafayette.
Assistant Superintendent, Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue
University.
Botany, Zoology, Entomology, Ornithology, Geology.
Fulk, Murl E., Decatur.
Anatomy.
Fuller, Frederick D., 215 Russell St., West Lafayette.
Chief Deputy State Chemist, Purdue Experiment Station.
Chemistry, Microscopy.
30
Funk, Austin, 404 Spring St., Jeffersonville.
Physician.
Diseases of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat.
Galloway, Jesse James, Bloomington.
Instruction, Indiana University.
Geology, Paleontology.
Garner, J. B., Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Chemistry.
Gatch, Willis D., Indianapolis, Indiana University Medical School.
Anatomy.
Gates, Florence A., 3435 Detroit Ave., Toledo, Ohio.
Teacher of Botany.
Botany and Zoology.
Gidley, William, West Lafayette.
Department of Pharmacy, Purdue University.
Gillum, Robert G., Terre Haute, Ind.
Glenn, E. R., Froebel School, Gary, Ind.
Physies.
Goldsmith, Wiliam Marion, Oakland City.
Zoology.
Gottlieb, Frederic W., Morristown.
Care Museum of Natural History. Assistant Curator, Moores Hill
College.
Archaeology, Ethnology.
Grantham, Guy E., 437 Vine St., West Lafayette.
Instructor in Physics, Purdue University.
Graybook, Irene, New Albany, Ind.
Botany.
Greene, Frank C., Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines, Rolla, Mo.
Geologist.
Geology.
Grimes, Earl J., Russellville.
Care U. S. Soil Survey.
Botany, Soil Survey.
Hamill, Samuel Hugh, 119 E. Fourth St., Bloomington.
Chemistry.
dl
Hammerschmidt, Louis M., South Bend.
Science of Law.
Happ, William, South Bend.
Botany.
Harding, C. Francis 111 Fowler Ave., West Lafayette.
Professor of Electrical Engineering, Purdue University.
Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry.
Harman, Mary T., 611 Laramie St., Manhattan, Kansas.
Instructor in Zoology, Kansas State Agricultural College.
Zoology.
Harman, Paul M., Bloomington.
Geology.
Harmon, Paul, Bloomington, Ind.
Physiology.
Harvey, R. B., Indianapolis.
Heimburger, Harry V., 701 West Washington St., Urbana, Ill.
Assistant in Zoology, University of Illinois.
Heimlich, Louis Frederick, 703 North St., Lafayette.
Biology.
Hendricks, Victor K., 855 Benton Ave., Springfield, Mo.
Assistant Chief Engineer, St. L. & S. F. R. R.
Civil Engineering and Wood Preservation.
Henn, Arthur Wilbur, Bloomington.
Zoology.
Hennel, Cora, Bloomington, Ind.
Hennel, Edith A., Bloomington, Ind.
Hetherington, John P., 418 Fourth St., Logansport.
Physician.
Medicine, Surgery, X-Ray, Electro-Therapeutics.
Hinman, J. J., Jr., University of Iowa, lowa City, Ia.
Chemist, Dept. Public Health and Hygiene.
Chemistry.
Hoge, Mildred, Kirkwood, Bloomington, Ind.
Zoology.
Hole, Allen D., Richmond.
Professor Earlham College.
Geology.
o2
Hostetler, W. F., South Bend.
Geography and Indian History.
Hubbard, Lucius M., South Bend.
Lawyer.
Huber, Leonard L., Hanover, Ind.
Zoology.
Hufford, Mason E., Bloomington.
Physics.
Hurd, Cloyd C., Crawfordsville, Ind.
Zoology.
Hutchins, Chas. P., Buffalo, N. Y.
Athleties.
Hutchinson, Emory, Atwater St., Bloomington, Ind.
Zoology.
Hutton, Joseph Gladden, Brookings, South Dakota.
Associate Professor of Agronomy, State College.
Agronomy, Geology.
Hyde, Carl Clayton, Bloomington, Ind.
Geology.
Hyslop, George, Bloomington, Ind.
Philosophy.
Ibison, Harry M., Marion.
Instructor in Science, Marion High School.
Iddings, Arthur, Hanover.
Geology.
Imel, Herbert, South Bend.
Zoology.
Inman, Ondess L., Bloomfield.
Botany.
Irving, Thos.-P., Notre Dame.
Physies.
Jackson, D. E., St. Louis, Mo.
Assistant Professor, Pharmacology, Washington University.
Jackson, Herbert Spencer, 127 Waldron St., Lafayette, Ind.
Botany.
Jackson, Thomas F., Bloomington.
Geology.
Bis)
James, Glenn, West Lafayette.
Mathematics.
Johnson, A. G., Madison, Wisconsin.
Jones, Wm. J., Jr., Lafayette.
State Chemist, Professor of Agriculture and Chemistry, Purdue Uni-
versity.
Chemistry, and general subjects relating to agriculture.
Jordan, Charles Bernard, West Lafayette.
Director School of Pharmacy, Purdue University.
Koezmarek, Regedius M., Notre Dame.
Biology.
Keubler, John Ralph, 110 E. Fourth St., Bloomington.
Chemistry.
vonKleinsmid, R. B., Tucson, Ariz.
Koch, Edward, Bloomington.
Physiology.
President University of Arizona.
Krewers, H., Crawfordsville, Ind.
Chemistry.
Liebers, Paul J., 1104 Southeastern Ave., Indianapolis.
Ludwig, C. A., 210 Waldron St., West Lafayette, Ind.
Assistant in Botany, Purdue University.
Botany, Agriculture.
Ludy, L. V., 229 University St., Lafayette.
Professor Experimental Engineering, Purdue University.
Experimental Engineering in Steam and Gas.
Malott, Clyde A., Bloomington.
Physiology.
Marshall, E. C., Bloomington.
Chemistry.
Mason, Preston Walter, Lafayette, Ind.
Entomology.
Mason, T. E., 226 S. Grant St., Lafayette, Ind.
Instructor Mathematics Purdue University.
Mathematics.
McBride, John F., 340 S. Ritter Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.
Chemistry.
5084—3
34
McBride, Robert W., 1239 State Life Building, Indianapolis.
Lawyer.
McCartney, Fred J., Bloomington.
Philosophy.
McClellan, John H., Gary, Ind.
McCulloch, T. S., Charlestown.
McEwan, Mrs. Eula Davis, Bloomington, Ind.
McGuire, Joseph, Notre Dame.
Chemistry.
Mance, Grover C., Bloomington, Ind.
Markle, M. S., Richmond.
Miller, Daniel T., Indiana University, Bloomington.
Anatomy.
Miller, Fred A., 3641 Kenwood Ave., Indianapolis.
Botanist for Eli Lilly Co.
Botany, Plant Breeding.
Molby, Fred A., Bloomington, Ind.
Physics.
Montgomery, Ethel, South Bend.
Physics.
Montgomery, Hugh T., South Bend.
Physician.
Geology.
Moon, V. H., Indianapolis.
Pathology.
Moore, George T., St. Louis, Mo.
Director, Missouri Botanical Garden.
Botany.
Morris, Barclay D., Spiceland Academy, Spiceland.
Science.
Morrison, Harold, Indianapolis, Ind.
Mowrer, Frank Karlsten, Interlaken, New York.
Co-operative work with Cornell University.
Biology, Plant Breeding.
Muncie, F. W.
Murray, Thomas J., West Lafayette.
Bacteriology.
Myers, B. D., 321 N. Washington St., Bloomington.
Professor of Anatomy, Indiana University.
Nelson, Ralph Emory, 419 Vine St., West Lafayette.
Chemistry.
North, Cecil C., Greencastle.
Northnagel, Mildred, Gary, Ind.
Oberholzer, H. C., U. S. Department Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
Biology.
O’Neal, Claude E., Bloomington, Ind.
Graduate Student, Botany, Indiana University.
Botany.
Orahood, Harold, Kingman.
Geology.
Orton, Clayton R., State College, Pennsylvania.
Assistant Professor of Botany, Pennsylvania State College.
Phytopathology, Botany, Mycology, Bacteriology.
Osner, G. A., Ithaca, New York.
Care Agricultural College.
Owen, D. A., 200 South State St., Franklin.
Professor of Biology. (Retired.)
Biology.
Owens, Charles E., Corvallis, Oregon.
Instructor in Botany, Oregon Agricultural College.
Botany.
Payne, Dr. F., Bloomington, Ind.
Peffer, Harvey Creighton, West Lafayette.
Chemical Engineering.
Petry, Edward Jacob, 267 Wood St., West Lafayette.
Instructor in Agriculture.
Botany, Plant Breeding, Plant Pathology, Bio-Chemistry.
Phillips, Cyrus G., Moores Hill.
Pickett, Fermen L., Bloomington.
Botany Critic, Indiana University Training School.
Botany, Forestry, Agriculture.
Pipal, F. J., 11 S. Salisbury St., West Lafayette.
Powell, Horace, West Terre Haute.
Zoology.
36
Prentice, Burr, N. 216 Sheetz, West Lafayette.
Forestry.
Price, James A., Fort Wayne.
Ramsey, Earl E., Bloomington.
Principal High School.
Ramsey, Glenn Blaine, Orono, Me.
Botany.
Reese, Charles C., 225 Sylvia St., West Lafayette.
Botany.
Rhinehart, D. A., Bloomington.
Anatomy.
Rice, Thurman Brooks, Winona Lake.
Botany.
Schaeffer, Robert G., 508 E. Third St., Bloomington.
Chemistry.
Schnell, Charles M., South Bend.
Earth Science.
Schultz, E. A., Laurel.
Fruit Grower.
Bacteriology, Fungi.
Schierling, Roy H., Bloomington.
Shimer, Dr. Will, Indianapolis.
Director, State Laboratory of Hygiene.
Shockel, Barnard, Professor State Normal, Terre Haute, Ind.
Showalter, Ralph W., Indianapolis.
With Eli Lilly & Company.
Biology.
Sigler, Richard, Terre Haute.
Physiology.
Silvey, Oscar W., 437 Vine St., West Lafayette.
Instructor in Physics.
Physies.
Smith, Chas. Piper, College Park, Md.
Associate Professor, Botany, Maryland Agricultural College.
Botany.
Smith, Essie Alma, R. F. D. 6, Bloomington.
of
Smith, E. R., Indianapolis.
Horticulturist.
Smith, William W., West Lafayette, Genetics.
Biology.
Snodgrass, Robert, Crawfordsville, Ind.
Southgate, Helen A., Michigan City.
Physiography and Botany.
Spitzer, George, Lafayette.
Dairy Chemist, Purdue University.
Chemistry.
Stech, Charles, Bloomington.
Geology.
Steele, B. L., Pullman, Washington.
Associate Professor of Physics, State College, Washington.
Steimley, Leonard, Bloomington.
Mathematics.
Stickles, A. E., Indianapolis.
Chemistry.
Stoltz, Charles, 530 N. Lafayette St., South Bend.
Physician.
Stoddard, J. M.
Stone, Ralph Bushnell, West Lafayette.
Mathematics.
Stork, Harvey. Elmer, Huntingburg.
Botany.
Stuart, M. H., 3223 N. New Jersey St., Indianapolis.
Principal, Manual Training High School.
Physical and Biological Science.
Sturmer, J. W., 119 E. Madison Ave., Collingswood, N. J.
Dean, Department of Pharmacy, Medico-Chirurgical College of Phila-
delphia.
Chemistry, Botany.
Taylor, Joseph C., Logansport.
Wholesale merchant.
Terry, Oliver P., West Lafayette.
Physiology.
38
Tetrault, Philip Armand, West Lafayette.
Biology.
Thompson, Albert W., Owensville.
Merchant.
Geology.
Thompson, Clem O., Salem.
Principal High School.
Thornburn, A. D., Indianapolis.
Care Pitman-Moore Co.
Chemistry.
Travelbee, Harry C., 504 Oak St., West Lafayette.
Botany.
Troop, James, Lafayette.
Entomology.
Trueblood, Iro C. (Miss), 205 Spring Ave., Greencastle.
Teacher of Botany, Zoology, High School.
Botany, Zoology, Physiography, Agriculture.
Tucker, Forest Glen, Bloomington.
Geology.
Tucker, W. M., 841 Third St., Chico, California.
Principal High School.
Geology.
Turner, William P., Lafayette.
Professor of Preatical Mechanics, Purdue University.
Vallance, Chas. A., Indianapolis.
Instructor, Manual Training High School.
Chemistry.
Van Doran, Dr., Earlham College, Richmond.
Chemistry.
Van Nuys, W. C., Neweastle.
Voorhees, Herbert S., 2814 Hoagland Ave., Fort Wayne.
Instructor in Chemistry and Botany, Fort Wayne High School.
Chemistry and Botany.
Walters, Arthur L., Indianapolis.
Warren, Don Cameron, Bloomington. Ind.
Waterman, Luther D., Claypool Hotel, Indianapolis.
Physician.
Webster, L. B., Terre Haute, Ind.
Weatherwax, Paul, Bloomington, Ind.
Weems, M. L., 102 Garfield Ave., Valparaiso.
Professor of Botany.
Botany and Human Physiology.
Weir, Daniel T., Indianapolis.
Supervising Principal, care School office.
School Work.
Weyant, James E., Indianapolis.
Teacher of Physics, Shortridge High School.
Physies.
Wheeler, Virges, Montmorenci.
Whiting, Rex Anthony, 118 Marsteller St., West Lafayette.
Veterinary.
Wiancko, Alfred T., Lafayette.
Chief in Soils and Crops, Purdue University.
Agronomy.
Wicks, Frank Scott Corey, Indianapolis.
Sociology.
Wiley, Ralph Benjamin, West Lafayette.
Hydraulic Engineering, Purdue University.
Williams, Kenneth P., Bloomington.
Instructor in Mathematics, Indiana University.
Mathematics, Astronomy.
Williamson, EK. B. Bluffton.
Cashier, The Wells County Bank.
Dragonflies.
Wilson, Charles E., Bloomington.
Graduate Student, Zoology, Indiana University.
Zoology.
Wilson, Mrs. Etta, 1044 Congress Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.
Botany and Zoology.
Wilson, Guy West, Assistant Professor Mycology and Plant Pathology,
State University, Iowa City, Ia.
Wissler, W. A., Bloomington.
Chemistry.
40
Wood, Harry W., 84 North Ritter Ave., Indianapolis.
Teacher, Manual Training High School.
Wood, Harvey Geer, West Lafayette, Ind.
Physics.
Woodburn, Wm. L., 902 Asbury Ave.. Evanston. IIL
Instructor in Botany, Northwestern University.
Botany and Bacteriology.
Woodhams, John H., care Houghton Mifflin Co., Chicago, Ill.
Traveling Salesman.
Mathematics.
Wootery, Ruth, Bloomington, Ind.
Yocum, H. B., Crawfordsville.
Young, Gilbert A.. 725 Highland Ave., Lafayette.
Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.
Zehring, William Arthur, 303 Russell St., West Lafayette.
Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Purdue University.
Mathematies.
Zeleny, Charles, University of Illinois, Urbana, IIl.
Associate Professor of Zoology.
Zoology.
Zufall, C. J., Indianapolis, Ind.
1 1 fe CT ee aL eR ge PhONa SONNE ey. Rink, es hai sO
Members, Aetive...........- eet tds tute oo Se ee 277
IMethiers) Mer resident oc: (22: S28 ti one ct ee eee eee 29
4]
MINUTES OF THE SPRING MEETING
OF THE
INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCKH.
BioominetTon, INDIANA, THURSDAY—SatTuRDAY, May 20-22, 1915.
The Spring meeting of the Indiana Academy of Science was held at
Bloomington, Thursday to Saturday, May 20-22, 1915.
The first session was held in the Physics Lecture room in Science Hall at
8 o'clock P. M. May 20th to listen to a lecture on Electrical Discharges
by Dr. A. L. Foley, Head of the Department of Physics in Indiana University
It was fully illustrated. It was very interesting and instructive and greatly
appreciated by the crowded house. After this lecture, the Faculty Club of
the University entertained the Academy with a ““Get-Acquainted Hour”
which was very pleasant.
The annual tramp had been planned for eight o’clock the next morning,
but on account of a heavy rain we could not start until ten o’clock. The
remainder of the day was beautiful. The route was up Rocky Branch to
Griffey Creek, then up that creek and one of its branches to the University
Reservoir. Examining the reservoir and pumping station was full of inter-
est.
A special committee of the University Faculty arrived in advance with
a picnic lunch. The meat was roasted over the blazing fires. The fifty-one
persons present testified to the superior quality of this picnic dinner.
After lunch, the Academy was met by automobiles which took them to
the stone district south of Bloomington. Visiting some of the quarries and
mills was particularly instructive.
At seven o’clock the members had a complimentary dinner at the Com-
mons. The members lingered till a late hour telling stories and making
speeches.
On Saturday morning a number of the members took the train at 6:20
for Cave farm near Mitchell. On arriving at Mitchell, they encountered a
severe rain-storm which continued until noon. This prevented them from
going to the farm. ANDREW J. BIGNey,
Secretary.
43
Minutes or tHe Tuirty—First ANNUAL MEETING
INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCH,
CiaypooLt Horen, INDIANAPOLIS, IND.,
December 3, 1915
The executive committee of the Indiana Academy of Science met in the
Moorish Room of the Claypool Hotel and was called to order by the President,
W. A. Cogshall. The following members were present: W. A. Cogshall,
W. A. McBeth, A. W. Butler, Glenn Culbertson, Stanley Coulter, A. L.
Foley, Severance Burrage, R. W. McBride, Will Scott, F. B. Wade, W. M.
Blanchard, C. R. Dryer, J.S. Wright and A. J. Bigney. The minutes of the ~
executive committee meeting of 1914 were read and approved.
The President called for reports from the standing committees:
Program—Will Seott, chairman, reported work performed as indicated by
printed program.
On motion, $100 was appropriated for the services and traveling ex-
penses of Dr. C. B. Davenport of Cold Spring Harbor, New York, the princi-
pal speaker at the evening session.
Treasurer—W. M. Blanchard reported as follows:
Received from Treasurer of 1914....................$241.02
GOWleG ted TOM ete ies iin 8 ore eb I eens Uni mb ec meges 225.00
AT ital lies te Nee bres aha mi eh es sro as LOE eS a ee CR $466.02
Hxpenditures=-UOW ae ee 4 no. ee oe ne ae 139.02
Iallancerrceeas tarts ihe e uquboh bie 2 sk Caen Eee 327.00
$466.02
State Library—A. W. Butler reporting—Some progress had been made
toward binding exchanges. Two hundred fifty copies of the Proceedings
go to Libraries. Many copies had to be returned. On motion, the committee
was ordered to go over the list of applications for Proceedings so as to ascer-
+4
tain those who are in good standing, and such could receive copies. F. B.
Wade reported a set of Chemical Journals at City Library.
After much discussion, on motion, the committee decided that as far
as possible the Proceedings should be sent only to those who pay their dues.
Biological Survey—No report.
Distribution of Proceedings—A. J. Bigney reporting. The copies were
in the hands of the State Librarian and would be mailed in a few days.
Copies would be sent to the meeting so the members present could receive
them.
Membership—Report to be made at general session.
Auditing—No report.
No report.
Relation of the Academy to the State—R. W. McBride reporting. The
appropriation of $1,200 had been made by the State.
Restriction of Weeds and Diseases
Publication of Proceedings—Editor was not present. Dr. C. R. Dryer
reported that the work had been done and that they were ready for distribu-
tion. On motion, it was decided that no paper should be received for publi-
cation after February 1st.
Attention was called to the Pan-American Scientific Congress that would
be held by the U. S. Government in Washington beginning December 29, 1915.
The incoming president, later, appointed C. H. Eigenmann of Blooming-
ton as delegate, and A. W. Butler of Indianapolis as alternate.
GENERAL SESSION—1:30.
ASSEMBLY Hatt, CLuAyeoot Horen,
December 3, 1915.
The Indiana Academy of Science met for its regular program, W. A.
Cogshall, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the Executive Committee were read and approved. Dr.
H. E. Barnard, Editor, reported that the Proceedings for 1914 had been pub-
lished. He stated the great difficulty of securing the papers from the
members.
On motion of A. W. Butler, the following resolution was adopted:
Wuereas, the Scientific investigations and accurate records kept by
representatives of the United States Fish Commission, concerning Lake
Maxinkuckee, Ind., in our opinion make the report that has been made by
45
Dr. B. W. Evermann one of the most valuable compilations that has been
prepared, and
Wuerpas, we learn that the Commission is unable to publish it out of its
funds, therefore
Bez IT RESOLVED, By the Indiana Academy of Science, in regular session,
that we express our belief in the great value of this work, in its importance
to scientific students, not only in America, but throughout the world, and in
the desirability of having it published at an early date so as to be accessible,
and
Br If FURTHER RESOLVED, That a committee of five (5) members be
appointed to represent the Academy in an endeavor to secure the early pub-
lication of this report.
On motion, the Academy appointed the following Committee: Amos
W. Butler, Dr. Charles B. Stoltz, C. C. Deam, D. M. Mottier, and Glenn
Culbertson.
The General Papers were then called for; “1” to “‘6’’ responded, after
which the Academy went into Sectional Meetings as follows:
Section A.—Chemistry, Geology, Mathematics, Physics. W. A. Cogs-
hall, Chairman, A. J. Bigney, Secretary.
Section B.—Anatomy, Bacteriology, Botany, Zoology. Stanley Coulter,
Chairman, H. BH. Enders, Secretary.
Adjourned at 5:30 for dinner at the Claypool at 6:15 at which the Pres-
ident’s address was read on the “Origin of the Universe.”
9:00 A. M. December 4.
GENERAL SESSION.
Business—
On motion of W. M. Blanchard the following resolutions was adopted:
RESOLVED, as the sense of the Indiana Academy of Science that the
Commission having in charge the matter of adequate and proper celebration
of the State’s Centennial, could do no more fitting and practical thing in the
way of a permanent memorial of the one hundredth anniversary of the
State’s admission to the Union, than to inaugurate at this time and carry
to consummation a plan to purchase, through action by the General Assembly
several tracts of land in Indiana for public park purposes for the people.
On motion the following committee was appointed to carry out the pro-
46
visions of the resolution: Stanley Coulter, W. W. Woolen, and R. W. Me-
Bride.
As the Historical Commission was in session in the State House, the
Committee at once presented the resolution to the Commission, also to the
County Chairmen of the Commission, which was also in session. It was
heartily endorsed by both bodies and the Academy thanked for its interest
in the proposed Centennial celebration.
A copy of this resolution to be mailed to Mr. Harlow Lindley, Depart-
ment of Archives and History, Indiana State Library.
Prof. L. F. Bennett, of Valparaiso College, extended an invitation to the
Academy to hold the Spring meeting of 1916 at Valparaiso. On motion,
the invitation was unanimously accepted.
On motion of A. W. Butler the Academy urged that all members and all
organizations with which they are connected, use their influence to prevent
any legislation for changing our present Fish and Game Laws.
The Membership Committee reported the following new members:
Dr. John Merton Aldrich, S. Grant St., W. Lafayette, Ind., Zoology and
Entomology.
Russell Baldwin, Richmond, Ind.. Physics.
Colonzo C. Balls, Russiaville, Ind., Botany.
Guy Richard Bisby, Lafayette, Ind.. Botany.
Joseph Blose, Culerville, Ind., Physics.
Eugene Butler, Richmond, Ind., Physics and Mathematics.
Charles Crampton, Bloomington, Ind., Psychology.
A. B. Davis, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Chemistry.
Elizabeth Downhour, 2307 Talbott Ave., Indianapolis, Ind., Geology and
Botany.
Jesse Lyle Essex, 523 Russell St., W. Lafayette, Ind., Chemistry.
Leonard L. Huber, Hanover, Ind., Zoology.
Cloyd C. Hurd, Crawfordsville, Ind., Zoology.
H. Kremers, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind., Chemistry.
John F. McBride. 340 S. Ritter Ave., Indianapolis, Ind., Chemistry.
Burr N. Prentice, 216 Sheetz, W. Lafayette, Forestry.
Charles C. Rees, 225 Sylvia St., W. Lafayette, Ind., Botany.
Robert G. Schaeffer, 508 E. Third St., Bloomington, Ind., Chemistry and
Botany.
Ralph W. Showalter, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Ind., Biology.
Rex Anthony Whiting, 118 Marsteller St., W. Lafayette, Ind., Veterinary.
47
Mrs. Etta Wilson, 1044 Congress Ave., Indianapolis, Ind., Botany and
Zoology.
Herbert Spencer Jackson, 127 Waldron St., Lafayette, Ind., Botany.
Emory Hutchison, Atwater St., Bloomington, Ind., Zoology.
Harvey Geer Wood, West Lafayette, Ind., Physics.
Floyd R. Carter, Frankfort, Ind., Botany.
Irene Graybook, New Albany, Ind., Botany.
Paul Harmon, Bloomington, Ind., Physiology.
Mildred Hoge, Kirkwood, Bloomington, Ind., Zoology.
On motion they were elected.
The Committee on the nomination of officers, Severance Burrage, Chair-
man, reported as follows:
President—Andrew J. Bigney, Moores Hill College, Moores Hill.
Vice-President—Amos W. Butler, Indianapolis, Ind.
Secretary—Howard HE. Enders, Purdue University, West Lafayette.
Assistant Secretary—E. B. Williamson, Bluffton.
Treasurer—W. M. Blanchard, Greencastle.
Press Secretary—F. B. Wade, Indianapolis, Ind.
Editor—H. E. Barnard.
On motion the report was adopted and the officers elected.
On motion of Prof. John M. Aldrich the following resolution was adopted:
Wuereas, Thomas Say was one of the great entomologists of the world
in his time, prominent among the men who made New Harmony, Ind., the
scientific center of the United States about 1825, his grave at that place is
one of the shrines of Indiana history, the Indiana Academy of Science there-
fore feels an especial interest in the project to establish a memorial to Say’s
name in the form of a publishing foundation for works in entomology. It
is an ideal memorial to an unselfish and deserving scientific man, and at the
same time promises great value in the cause of entomology for the present
and future.
THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, That we commend the plan of the Say
Foundation to the consideration of the people of Indiana as especially
worthy of consummation in the Centennial year of our state.
Sections A and B then continued their programs until they were com-
leted.
W. A. CoGsHALL,
President.
Adjourned.
A. J. BIGNEy,
Secretary.
is re bis wd jade in?
ey RMT itn Sits i at Es
; Ad, i side a te ae
49
Preoeat oF THE THirtTY—-First ANNUAL MEETING
INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,
CLAYPOOL HOTEL—INDIANAPOLIS
FRIDAY AND SATURDAY
4
DECEMBER 3 AND 4, 1915
GENERAL PROGRAM.
FRIDAY
MEETING oF THE HxecutTtveE COMMITTEN.................... 10:30 a. Mm.
(GRIN RYAUT OSGI OIN Seen cath benoli gs) easly weld teem yaar UP Mis SIs eka 1:30 P. mM.
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SATURDAY
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SIEY@ ZT OINGAUID Ne VL EE TTT GSpot 8 0 Sura eet aM cu eats tn Nt poe ye WE cipal EE sary 9:45 A. M.
THE PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
The address of the retiring president, Winpur A. CoqsHatu, will be
delivered at the informal dinner.
THE SYMPOSIUM ON HEREDITY
A Resumé of the Work on Heredity. Dr. C. H. Ergenmann, Dean of the
Graduate School, Indiana University.
Fifteen years of Mendelism; Mendelism, the Key to the Architecture of
The Germ-plasm. Dr. Roscoz R. Hype, Professor of Zoology, Indiana
State Normal School.
Heredity in Man. Dr. Cuartes B. Davenrort, Director of the Station
for Experimental Evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
50844,
—
PAPERS TO BE READ
GENERAL
A Memoir of Donaldson Bodine.................... H. W. ANDERSON
. Memoir of Josiah T. Seovel, 20 min............. CHARLES R. DryER
. Twelve of Nature’s Beauty Spots in Indiana, 45 min., lantern,
EpwarpD BARRETT
4. Concerning the Report of the Survey of Lake Maxinkuckee,
LO PT > FS See Stes ee et Seek ee Amos W. BuTLeR
5. A Field Trip in General Science, 15 min............ B. H. ScHocKeEL
6. The Tobacco Problem (abstract) 20 min............ RosBertT HESSLER
ANATOMY
~]
(9.4)
. Histological Changes in Testes of Vasectomized Animals,
Oem. * ACen hes eps n eee OE Oe Burton D. Myers
BaAcTERIOLOGY
. The Minimum Lethal Infecting Dose of Trypanosomes,
DE NAT ea eo ee WEE. Ga eee en ae aig ae C. A. BEHRENS
Tolerance of Soil Bacteria to Media Variations, 20 min...H. A. Noyes
Botany
. Some Methods for the Study of Plastids in Higher Plants,
NO srITY AL ee a i eo Le ee D. M. Mortrer
. The Morphology of Riccia fluitans,5 min.............. FrED DoNaGHY
. Plants not Hitherto Reported from Indiana. VI.
Sp STII eel aie os a Re ey eee atc eee SR RN gen Cuas. C. DEaAw
» Indiana, Wunew: MS - 5omint... -:. 6 4. eee dL nN or:
. The Second Blooming of Magnolia soulangiana, 5 min..D. M. Morrier
. Additional Notes on Rate of Tree Growth, 10 min. .STaNLEY COULTER
. The Effect of Centrifugal Force on Plants, 15 min...... F. M. ANDREWS
. Some Preliminary Notes on the Stem Analyses of White Oak,
Onn eS Se Pe ee se oe emer Bee Burr N. PRENTICE
. Botanic vs. Biologic Gardens. Illustrated by Specimens,
LO sreira 5 See kb. ee ies 1 ae eres a Pe RoBert HESSLER
CHEMISTRY
. Soluble Salts of Aluminum in Water from an Indiana Coal
Ming. bynnin® che one. atic Per eee eee pee eee ae S. D. CoNnNER
ol.
32.
33.
36.
37.
51
. Detection of Nickel in Cobalt Salts, 8 min.,
A. R. Mippueron and H. L. Miniter
. The Use of the Spectrophotometer in Chemical Analysis,
IQ) erea rats Gh sre meee aN Fae nO ee GEORGE SpiTzeR and D. C. Duncan
. The Different Methods of Estimating Protein in Milk. .GrorGe Spritzer
GEOLOGY
. A New Cave Near Versailles, 5 min.................. A. J. BIGNnny
. Loess Deposits in Vigo County, Indiana, 10 min....Wm. A. McBrru
. Volume of the Glacial Wabash River, 10 min...... Wm. A. McBreru
. A Geologic Map of the Terre Haute Region, 5 min....B. H. ScHockEL
. A Bibliography of Geographical Material, 10 min...... B. H. Schocken
. Settlement and Development of the Lead and Zine Mining Region
of the Upper Mississippi, 20 min................ B. H. SHocken
. A Few Science Wonders of the Cement Age, 15 min.,
Ian @ Teta Wr: Eee oC aetna om, Se cca oats ae nce oA ML F. W. Gorriies
. The Fauna of the Trenton and Black River Series of New
IVGOTE Kernen iat noni Mery Iitslee wenrin NN or iene» ane Versi AU ie Ciaea, H. N. Coryeuu
MarTuEmatics
Gamma Coefficients with Applications to the Solution of Dif-
ference Equations and Determination of Symmetric Func-
tions of the Roots of an Equation in the Terms of the
Coonnieienis, BA mM... ¢54ecece0cavrosane eos ARTHURS. HaTHAWAY
Some Determinants Connected with the Bernoulli Numbers,
K. P. WiLiramMs
Some Relations of Plane to Spheric Geometry,
HOTA TTT keer cn ented lie NOE eR Rer Dane Sia Gone eM aE oaE Davin A. RotHrRocK
PuHysics
. Some Notes on the Mechanism of Light and Heat Radiations,
iL penne et eee beim ey a Ney Nye viene ay ais PARTIE Siar oe pV VAY CAUINET?
. A Standard for the Measurement of High Voltages,
LG) aera ira easy ae ee ae eae 8 ie eg Ne ier eae C. Francts HARDING
Ionization Produced by Different Thicknesses of Uranium
Oatley ag tains Tot te ate nee Le PERMA ou icky Cav RN Epwin Morrison
Radioactivity of Richmond Water, 5 min.......... Epwin Morrison
. A Student Photographic Spectometer, 5 min.,
lantern: 260 4. el ee ee eee eee Epwin Morrison
. An Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Sound
Waves of Different Intensities, 10 min., lantern..ArTHUR L. FoLtey
. A Simple Method of Harmonizing Leyden Jar Discharges,
Spin; lantern fs e320. ee eee ee eee ArTHur L. FoLtey
. An Electroscope for Measuring the Radioacticity of Soils,
LOcunmn. lantern .327- See een ee eee R. R. Ramsey
. Some Photographs of Explesions in a Gas, 10 min.,
lantern 130): 72 SOR Sse se eee eee Joun B. DutcHer
3. The Cause of the Variation in the Emanation Content of Spring
Water; 10smint®. “lanteri=. 26 42455 ee ee ee R. R. Ramsey
. A Standard Condenser of Small Capacity, 10 min.,
lantern 2) 5 shut ot cee oe Be en eo ee R. R. Ramsey
. A Comparison of Calculated and Experimental Radii of the
Ring System by Diffraction and an Extension of Lommel’s
Work in Diffraction, 10 min., lantern.......-.- Mason E. Hturrorp
SoLs
. Rate of Humification of Manures. 15 mim.....-........-- R. H. Carr
ZooLocy 7
. An Instance of Division by Constriction in the Sea-Anemone,
Sargartia lucie: © 5. min. eee eee Donatp W. Davis
. Data on the Food of Nestling Birds, 15 min.
Witt Scorr and H. E. Enpers
. Two New Mutations and Their Bearing on the Question of
Multiple Allelomorphs, 5 min................ Roscor R. Hyrve
. A Study of the Oxygenless Region of Center Lake, 10 min
Wut Scorr and H. G. Ine.
. The Lakes of the Tippecanoe Basin..................-.- Wit Scorr
me
53
ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT.
Witsur A. CoGsHALL
The question of Evolution has long occupied the attention of scientists.
Especially has this been true in biological lines, and we are apt to think of
the probable (or certain) changes that have taken place, either in plants or
animals, in connection with the word evolution. As soon as _ biological
investigation had proceeded to a point where significant differences and
likenesses were well established among certain forms, the laws underlying
the changes were sought, and are being sought. We have now a more or
less satisfactory theory built up based on certain fundamentals, though it
contains in part some elements of the speculative and the probable. One
of these truths that seems established is that some organisms have existed
in the very remote past, in a quite different form from what they now have,
and that it is very probable, if not certain, that they will change their forms,
habits, ete., still more as time goes on.
In a little broader way we may say that evolutionary changes are just as
certain in the earth as a whole, or in the entire system of plenatary bodies, or
for that matter, in the whole visible universe. This conclusion 1s based on
several physical laws which man has discovered and believes to be true.
If the law of conservation of energy is true, then we have no alternative but
to believe that the continued radiation of heat from the sun and the earth
will eventually result in these bodies coming to a lower temperature, and
that the sun will at some future date become dark, cold and dense. We
must also believe that its power to radiate heat and light was very different
in the remote past from what it is now. In as much as the sun is not essen-
tially different from a million other stars in the sky, it seems very probable
that the whole visible universe has undergone very great changes in past
time, and will undergo changes just as great in the future.
There is really no more reason to suppose that the stars and the moon
have always been as we see them now, than to suppose that because an oak
tree has stood for a year without sensible change it has always been that
way and will continue so indefinitely. The oak goes through its life history,
or certain phases of it, in so short a time that we can see its whole history
in less than a life time, but the changes in the tree while faster, are no more
certain than those in the sun or earth.
54
There have been many attempts to formulate a theory of evolution for
the earth, the solar system, and indeed the whole siderial universe. Un-
fortunately, most of these were based on comparatively little scientific data
and any actual proofs of reliability or truth were lacking. Most of them
might better be called speculations, pure and simple, and were produced
largely from analogy. For example, we have known for some three hundred
years that the planets circulate about the sun in nearly the same plane, the
ones near the sun moving faster than those farther away. The visible
universe is apparently arranged more or less in one plane or at least is very
much extended in the plane of the Milky Way, the solid figure that would
enclose the solar system not being greatly different, except in size, from the
one which would enclose all the stars. What would be more matural then
than to suppose that the whole universe was built up on a large scale much
as the planetary system, the sun being in revolution with many others
about some distant center. These, in turn, perhaps, revolving about
another center till the whole Universe is accounted for. Some such idea
was advanced by Kant who had only the Law of Gravitation upon which
to base his speculations. Unfortunately he knew nothing of the distances of
the stars. At that time no one knew from actual observation that the
stars had any real motions of their own through space.
We know little enough of these things now, but a few facts have been
established with certainty in the last hundred years, indeed most of our
accurate knowledge of the stars being attained in much more modern times.
It was not till 1839 that we knew the distance of a single star in the whole
sky, and only in the last fifty years has it been possible to measure their
motions in any very precise way.
Following the above general theory it was supposed for a while that the
central point about which the whole siderial system revolved had been lo-
cated in Alcyone, the brightest of the Pleiades. It is sufficient to say that
there is not a particle of evidence to sustain this conclusion, or the conclusion
that the stars, as a whole, revolve about any center whatever. As far as
we know the stars move in all sorts of directions and with all sorts of veloci-
ties. We are lacking now as much as a thousand years ago any theory of the
evolution of the system of the stars, which is based upon observed changes
in the stars themselves. The theories and speculations regarding the origin
and history of the planetary system are more numerous and in some cases as
improbable and impossible as those regarding the universe, The best
979)
known of these and the one which has had the most influence on philosophic
thought is known as the Nebular Hypothesis of La Place. It was first
announced about a hundred years ago and has been accepted as probably
representing planetary evolution until recent years although based largely
on assumptions. La Place was one of the greatest of astronomers and
mathematicians since the time of Newton and doubtless his name alone car-
ried conviction where a little independent investigation and reasoning would
have been more profitable. It is quite evident that La Place never regarded
this theory as seriously as it was regarded by others after his death.
You are all familiar with the main outlines of the theory. It assumes
that the matter now composing the sun, the planets and their satellites was
once diffused though a sphere perhaps as large as the present orbit of Nep-
tune, that in some way (unknown) the mass started to revolve and therefore
to flatten at the poles and extent at the equator, and that with the radiation
of heat and consequent shrinkage in volume, the revolution had been has-
tened and soon a point had been reached where the gravitational force at the
equator was balanced by the centrifugal force due to the revolution. At
this point, according to the theory, a more or less broad ring was abandoned
by the revolving mass. It went on shrinking, and increasing its velocity of
motion till the same process was repeated. Each ring was then supposed to
collect into a sphere and go through the same process in a small way, thus
accounting for satellite systems of the various planets, although there was
no investigation to establish the way in which this was done, or even to show
that it was -possible. No doubt this whole scheme was suggested by the
planet Saturn which shows a ring system very much as La Place supposed
existed around the sun, but which we now know differs very materially from
any of his hypothetical rings.
As stated above, this theory implies that the planets should all be very
nearly, if not exactly, in one plane, that they should travel in the same
direction around the sun, that the satellites of each planet should all go in
the same direction and in one plane, and that the periods of revolution of the
satellites should be longer than the rotation periods of their primaries.
These conditions seemed nearly fulfilled at the time of La Place, but since
then we have had the discovery of Neptune with its satellite very much
inclined to the orbit of the planet, and revolving backward at that, we have
had the discovery of the satellites of Uranus also revolving retrograde and
very much out of the planet’s plane of revolution. We have had, moreover,
56
the discovery of the two satellites of Mars, one of which revolves very much
faster than Mars rotates on its axis.
‘A theory that perfectly explains all the known facts may get a hearing
and acceptance without any great amount of demonstration, but when many
important facts appear at variance with a theory it becomes necessary to
show how these facts may be accounted for by the theory, or to look with
suspicion on the theory as a whole.
There are many other facts than those just mentioned which cause
distrust. Take for example the probable density of the ring that is supposed
to have formed Neptune. If all the matter now in the Solar system were
expanded till it formed a sphere the size of the orbit of this planet its average
density would be about STepOG ODIO the present density of the sun. The
density at the center would probably be many times that at the equator,
which would make the density of the abandoned ring much less than
516.000 WOM th of the present density of the sun. This would be many
times as rare as the best vacuum yet obtained. To suppose that any such
mass of matter, spread out in a ring whose diameter must have been at least
thirty times the diameter of the earth’s orbit, ever collected in one place to
form Neptune is a very great tax on the imagination. As a matter of fact
it can be shown that this is physically impossible. This process involves
long intervals of time and would make the outer planets much older than
the earth, and other nearer planets. There is no observational data to
support this idea; all that there are directly contradict it. On the supposi-
tion that the sun has radiated heat in the past as it does now, and that the
shrinkage of the sun is responsible for the development of its energy, it is
possible to tell how many years ago the sun was large enough to fill the orbit
of the earth. The earth must therefore be younger than this. All evi-
dences in the earth itself point to an age of a least sixty million years, and
on the above assumptions upon which the theory of La Place rests, the sun,
sixty million years ago, was much larger than the earth’s orbit. The prob-
ability is then that the assumptions are wrong. Other more technical ob-
jections, some of which are even more conclusive, | must pass over.
Another theory of Evolution based on tidal relations among sun, planets
and satellites has been elaborated in more recent years, and either by itself
or in connection with the foregoing has been used to explain our present
system. The application of this theory to the Earth—Moon system has
been elaborated by Professor George Darwin. He supposes that the earth
57
and moon were originally one fluid mass, that oscillations set up in the mass
by the tidal effects of the sun resulted in the separation of the mass into two
parts, that the two parts raised tides each in the other and that the friction
of these large tidal waves resulted in the separation of the two bodies to their
present distance and the lengthening of their rotation periods to their present
values.
It is, no doubt, true that tidal friction does tend to lengthen the period
of rotation of the earth, and, if the fundamentals of mechanics are to be
trustea, this effect must result in an increased distance between the two
bodies. Some observational data in support of this theory appears in the
fact that the period of revolution of the moon about the earth coincides with
its period of rotation, and that probably the two planets nearest the sun
_ keep the same face to the sun. On the other hand we know that tidal fric-
tion or any other force has failed to change the length of our day by one-tenth
of a second in five thousand years. There has more recently come into gen-
eral favor another and a totally different theory, from Professors Chamber-
lain and Moulton, of the Departments of Geology and Astronomy, of Chicago
University.
They suppose that the solar system took its form from a nebula, but from
a spiral and not from a spherical or spherodial nebula. Observationally
this supposition is sound. There is not in the sky, as far as I know, a nebula
of the sort assumed by La Place. There are thousands, perhaps hundreds of
thousands of the spiral sort. Of all the nebulae that have any regular shape
the spirals outnumber all others. There are a few so called planetary nebulae
which in the telescope look spherical, but which in a long exposure photo-
graph show some other form. Some of them may be hollow spheres, but
none appears as La Place’s nebula was supposed to be. There are a few in
the form of a ring with a star at the center, but again it must be remarked
that this form in not the required form.
In a spiral nebula the matter forming the arms of the spiral is usually the
smaller part of the whole mass, the greater part being at or near the center.
If the law of gravitation holds among them, and we have never found an -
exception to it, then the particles in the arms of the spiral must be in motion
in elliptical orbits about the central mass, the parts nearer the center moving
faster than the more remote parts. This means that the arms must with
time become more closely wrapped about the central mass and that any one
38
particle is, in time, bound to come close to many others, and eventually to
collide with many.
If any one particle were large enough to start with, it would therefore
erow by collision with other particles, and the more it grew the more power of
erowing it would have by reason of its increasing mass. It seems likely
then, that loose, widely extended nebulae of this sort must eventually come
into a system of small bodies revolving about a large central mass. It can
be shown that a mass revolving in this way and suffering collision with other
masses must move in an orbit whose eccentricity is continually diminishing.
We should therefore expect to find, if our system has been formed in this
way, that the more massive planets have the least eccentric orbits and that
the smaller ones have the greatest eccentricity. As a matter of fact all of
the large outer planets have low eccentricity and the smaller planets a
higher amount. The greatest eccentricity is found among the planetoids,
or asteroids, many of which are only a few miles in diameter.
It has also been shown that a close approach of two masses in the arms
of the spiral might not result in collision, but under conditions which might
easily arise, the smaller might be made to revolve in an elliptical orbit about
the larger, thus giving rise to a satellite or system of satellites, and these
satellites might revolve in one direction as easily as another. We can
therefore account for the retrograde motion of the satellite of Neptune,
those of Uranus, for the fact that Jupiter has some going in one direction and
others in the reverse direction, for the widely scattered zone of the Asteroids
and even for the very rapid motion of the inner satellite of Mars.
These, and many other features are not speculations as to what may have
happened. They have all been made the subject of rigorous mathematical
calculations, and with the supposed initial conditions are all entirely possible.
As to whether these initial conditions that we have supposed, actually
existed or not—whether or not our earth and the other bodies revolving
about the sun ever developed from a spiral nebula, we ean not be so sure.
Here it is a question of what is most probable. We are practically certain
that it did not come about as La Place supposed. There are too many
things mathematically impossible about that. By this theory, the develop-
ment into the present system was entirely possible, and certainly no more
probable evolution has been proposed.
La Place did not and could not account for his nebula. On this plan we
ean. I have said that the spirals far outnumber any other class in the sky.
59
It has been shown that it is entirely possible for a spiral to be formed and
that it is probable that more spirals would be formed than any other kind.
Here we approach the speculative a little closer and I would remind you that
we have no record of any permanent form of nebula ever being formed.
Of course the time over which we have any accurate record of the nebulae
is very short, only the last few years in fact. Very few of these objects can
be recognized in the telescope, and it is only since the invention of the
rapid photographie dry plate, and the perfection of the large reflecting
telescopes, that their true form and number have been found. Even with
our present equipment and resources if one should be recorded on a plate
‘tonight it’ might be impossible to say that it was there a year ago, or that
it was not, unless it should be exceptionally bright.
With this class of objects then we will not expect much observational
confirmation. From mathematical investigation we know that it is possible
for a spiral nebula to be formed from the close approach of two stars. We
know of about two hundred million stars in the sky and there are probably
many more that we can get no direct evidence of. We know that they are
all in motion with velocities ranging up to 300 or even 400 miles per second.
Under these conditions we will at times have collisions. These will be
relatively rare because the average distance between stars is large, thickly
as they seem to be sown in the heavens. A close approach without actual
contact will be much more frequent, and it is from such an enzounter that
a spiral nebula might easily arise.
The moon with only = the mass of the earth and at a mean distance of
over a quarter of a million miles has enough attraction for the earth to
cause a distortion of figure, the liquid surface showing the effect of course
more easily than the solid parts. Under the action of the moon there are
twe tides raised in the earth, one of which tends to stay directly below the
moon and the other at the opposite side. That is to say, the moon causes
the earth to assume an ellipsoidal form, the long axis of which would point -
toward the moon if it were not for the rapid rotation of the earth. What
would this effect be if the moon were as massive as the earth, or perhaps
twenty times as massive? If, in addition to this increased mass, we should
decrease the distance between the bodies to a few thousand miles, the tides
would be many times as great as they are now.
When we remember that the stars for the most part are gaseous, in many
cases with an average density less than that of air at sea level, and at the
60
same time have very large diameters, it will be evident that the near approach
of another massive body would be sufficient to cause great disturbance.
The attraction of the foreign body would cause the star to elongate, the
eravitational attraction at the ends of the longer axis would be decreased
and the highly compressed gases of the interior would cause great eruptions
toward the disturbing body and away from it. Even with the slight dis-
turbanees to which our sun is subjected we have these outbursts of materiaf
from the interior, by which material is thrown out at times, to distances of
a hundred thousand miles.
If another star were to come within a few hundred thousand miles of
our sun this effect would be produced on a scale many times greater. While
the star was a considerable distance away these ejections of matter would
be less violent, increasing in violence as the distance decreased, and, what
1s just as much to the point, they would be in a slightly different direction
as time went on. The first masses ejected would be drawn out of a straight
line and would eventually fail back toward the sun, some of them striking
the surface and some of the 1 so far drawn to one side as to miss the surface
as they came back, in which case they would continue to revolve in elliptical
orbits about the sun. Those masses, thrown off a little later, would travel
farther and in slightly different directions, and would be diverted still more
and move in longer orbits. After a maximum disturbance was reached the
same process would go on with decreasing violence as the disturbing body
retreated into space. It has been shown that the masses thrown off which
did not go back to form part of the sun again, might under these conditions
form themselves into two spiral arms, the whole, of course, being in one
plane, as the motion of the two stars would be in a plane. That material
which did fall back into the sun would give to the part where it fell
a certain velocity of rotation, and we find in the sun a higher rate of rotation
for the equator than for any other part. The direction of motion of the
matter composing the arms of the spiral is not along the arms but across
them, each particle moving in an ellipse around the central mass. If
masses of different sizes were ejected, the large ones would tend to annex
the smaller ones in the immediate neighborhood, and the process before
deseribed would result in a system of planets and satellites much as we have
in the solar system.
We have this process still going on in a small way. The Earth attracts
to itself several million small particles every day and occasionally there is a
61
larger one. Many of these, perhaps most of them, are in all probability
matter which left the sun when the rest did and which are now for the first
time brought near enough the earth to be permanently annexed. In a
region where no large masses existed, the matter would continue to revolve in
a finely divided state, such as we actually find in the zone of the minor planets.
This zone lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. In it have been found
some 800 planets large enough to make a record on a photographic plate, and
there is little reason to doubt that the whole number is many times greater
aid the size of most of them so small that we can never see them except as
they collectively make a faint band of hght across the sky. In this zone
we find what we should expect with small sizes—that is, very elliptical orbits
and very high inclinations. One of these planets has an orbit of such eccen-
tricity that while its mean distance is considerably greater than that of Mars,
yet in one point in its orbit it comes much closer to the earth than any body,
except the moon, and two others have perihelion distances less than that of
Mars.
Thus it is entirely possible that our planetary system resulted from a
spiral nebula, and it is entirely possible that spirals may result from close
approaches of two stars and we iay even say that it is all probable, at least
more probable than any other plan yet proposed.
There are still some difficulties. We must say that if our system resulted
from a spiral, this spiral was not at all on the scale observed among the
spirals in the sky. Such a nebula, having a radius equal to that of Nep-
tune’s orbit, were it no farther away than the nearest star, would be a very
insignificant object and might fail of detection entirely. At the probable
distance of most of these objects it would certainly be invisible. We can see
how a star might be torn apart so as to scatter material over a space the size
of Neptune’s orbit, but the case is different when we consider some of the
large spirals in the sky. The largest is known as the Great Nebula of
Andromeda. It covers an are of over a degree in the sky. Assuming a
parallax of 0’’.1, which is probably larger than the real value, this nebula
from end to end must extend over a space more than 1,800 times the size of
Neptune’s orbit, or 54,000 times the size of the Earth’s orbit.
We have never determined accurately the distance of a single nebula and
so do not know the real size of any one of them, compared to the solar system,
but there is no reason to suppose they are nearer than many of the faint stars.
If this is true, their volumns are vast beyond comprehension and their density
an inconceivably small fraction of the density of our best vacuum. It has
62
been computed that if the Andromeda nebula had a density sama oon
that of the sun it would have mass enough to attract the earth as strongly
as the sun does. It attracts the earth not at all. Nor does it attract any
other body as far as we know, many of them being much closer to it then we
we are.
We do not know the chemical composition of the nebulae, except that it
see 1s to be different from every thing else in the sky. Not one has ever
been seen to change its shape, size ot brightness. We have always assumed
that stars result from the contraction of nebulae and this is based on the idea
that the nebulae radiate heat. It is not at all certain that these rare gases
shine because of their heat. A mass of gas of such extreme rarity would have
a comparatively small amount of heat and it would seem that this ought to
be radiated into space very rapidly, and could not be miantained without
rapid contraction. It is quite possible that nebular matter instead of being
the raw material of stars and planets is matter in some final form after
having gone through its life history. We have no observational data either
way and will probably not have any for many centuries to come. There
does not seem to be any very good reasonifor believing that matter is not
being created now as much as it ever was nor for thinking that it must always
endure in some of the forms we now know.
We think of space as infinite in extent. Whether or not matter, in the
forms we know, is to be found in all parts of space, we do not know. That
is to say we are not yet sure whether the universe is finite or infinite. There
are some reasons for thinking that the system of the stars is as infinite as
space itself, but it may also be possible that what we call matter is some mani-
festation peculiar to this part of space. The mere appearance or disappear-
ance of matter in space would in itself be no more remarkable than the
precipitation and evaporation of water would be if we knew nothing of the
atmosphere, and perhaps not as remarkable as the production of water
from two invisible and unknown gases would seem to people who know nothing
of chemistry.
The most probable source of information it seems to me, will be the
researches of the physicists and chemists on the real nature of matter. When
they shall have told us what matter really is, what all of its possible forms
may be and what all the sources of energy are, then we may be able to state
with certainty what the life history of a star is, what relation the nebulae
have to other bodies, and what in reality has been the past history of our
planet and other planets.
63
A Memoir or DONALDSON BODINE.
H. W. ANDERSON
To those of us who knew Professor Donaldson Bodine the news last
August of his sudden death was a terrible shock. We knew him as a man
of great activity and rugged constitution, one who never seemed to be
troubled with physical weakness. His taking was so sudden that the shock
seemed all the greater, yet those who knew him best realized that it was as he
wished, for he had often expressed a desire to have life end suddenly, without
pain, prolonged illness, or weakening of mental faculties. So all was well
with him.
Donaldson Bodine was born in Richboro, Pennsylvania on December 13,
1866. His father, a Presbyterian minister, died at an early age, leaving
the young son to support his widowed mother and a sister. After graduat-
ing from a preparatory academy, he entered Cornell University and received
his A. B. degree from this institution in 1887. For several years following
graduation he was principal of the Academy at Gouverneur, New York.
Returning to Cornell on a Fellowship he secured a Doctor of Science degree
in the spring of 1895. His major was in the subject of Entomology, his
first minor in Zoology and second minor in Botany. His thesis, presented
in the spring of 1895, was entitled, “‘The Taxanomic Value of the Antennae
of Lepidoptera’. ~
Professor Bodine came to Wabash in the fall of 1895 to fill the chair of
Zoology and Geology which was established at that time. This chair he
occupied during the remainder of his life. Thus he had given, at the time
of his death, twenty years of loyal and efficient service to this Institution.
As a student of Professor Bodine’s I can speak with some authority
when J say he was a wonderfully inspiring teacher. He had a very clear
and interesting manner of presenting his subject and this, combined with an
unusually pleasant voice, made the presentation of his lectures all that could
be desired. It was a real pleasure to listen to him. The students were
always loyal to him and they were especially impressed with his perfect
fairness. He did not make his subject difficult but he expected his students
to make an earnest effort to get that which was presented.
64
As a man, I cannot better express the opinion of all who knew him than
give you the words of appreciation of one of his former students, ‘‘ Professor
Bodine was a man among men, a teacher among teachers seldom, if ever,
equalled. He was a true gentleman who would be classified as ‘One who
earefully avoided whatever may have caused a jar or jolt in the minds of
those with whom he was cast; who avoided all clashings of opinion or colli-
sion of feeling or restraint, or suspicion of gloom, or resentment, his great
concern being to make everyone at his ease and at home. He was tender
toward the bashful, gentle towards the distant and merciful towards the
absurd; he guarded against unseasonable allusions or topics which irritated
and was seldom prominent in conversation—and never wearisome. He
made light of favors while he did them and seemed to be receiving when
conferring. He never spoke of himself except when compelled, had no ear
for slander or gossip, was scrupulous in imputing motives to those who inter-
fered with him and interpreted everything for the best.’ ”’
Professor Bodine published little—not from lack of ability to do research
work or unfamiliarity with his subject, but because he was primarily a
teacher and believed in giving all there was in him to his students. He was
unusually well informed on all subjects whether or not connected with his
work. His sense of fairness and his desire for accuracy and truth were so
acute that to those who were given to the expression of opinions hastily
formed, he seemed at times over eritical; but he was equally sincere in his
enthusiastic praise of work well done.
Professor Bodine was a lover of music and always took an active interest
in the development of this art in the college and in the community. He also
interested himself in the civic welfare of the city of Crawfordsville and stood
for everything that was best regardless of political or other affiliations.
Although for many years an officer in the Presbyterian church he was not
“orthodox” in the narrower sense of the term. In this as in other affairs of
life he followed the apostolic injunction, ‘‘Prove all things; hold fast that
bi)
which is good.”’ He believed thoroughly in the rule of Reason and would
not accept any statement unless supported by and based upon facts, scien-
tifically established. He was especially desirous of eliminating from relig-
ious teaching all superstitions and traditions. At the same time he was
deeply religious by nature and was a thorough believer in the Church as an
institution.
65
The members of this Society will remember with what great pleasure
Professor Bodine attended the spring meeting. He was a lover of nature
and delighted in the open air meeting held by the Society, not only because
of the long tramps over the hills, but also because of the chance for compan-
ionship and discussion with his fellow scientists. He has often told me that
his chief interest in the Society was the fellowship it afforded and his cordial
hearty greetings are well remembered by all the older members of this
Society.
As a scientist and a student of science he was recognized throughout
the country. He was a Fellow both of the American Association and of the
Indiana Academy and served as the president of the latter organization
during the year 1913. His presidential address was one of unusual interest.
In 1914 Professor Bodine was married to Mrs. Emma Clugston of Craw-
fordsville. In the early days of August of the past summer they went to north-
ern Michigan to plan a summer home. They selected a site for their cottage
and on the day when the fatal end came had been busily engaged with their
final plans. In the evening while visiting some friends and in the midst
of a lively conversation death came without the slightest warning.
H. W. ANDERSON.
67
Memoir or JosIAH THOMAS SCOVELL.
Cuarues R. Dryer.
Josiah Thomas Scovell was born at Vermontville, Mich., July 29, 1841.
His parents, Stephen D. and Caroline (Parker) Scovell were of New England
stock dating from the 17th century. He was educated first at Olivet College
and later at Oberlin, graduating A. B. in the class of 1866 and M. A. in
1875. While at Olivet he went home to spend a week-end, and in his
determination to get back to college for Monday morning, forded a
swollen river with his clothes tied in a bundle on his head. In 1864 he
served one hundred days in Company K, 150th Ohio National Guards.
His comrades speak highly of his services as company cook. During the
defense of Fort Stevens at Washington against the attack of General Early,
he was given command of a gun. President Lincoln stood on the parapet
beside Scovell’s gun to watch the progress of the battle, and was
dislodged only by the command of General Wright. Visits to an
uncle living at Lewiston, N. Y., were occasions for a study of Niagara
Falls and gorge. A fellow student at Oberlin, now Professor Ve 1B
Todd of the University of Kansas, tells how he and Scovell were
overtaken by nightfall in the gorge and compelled to escape by climbing a
pine tree and a pole reaching from its top to the edge of the cliff. He had
field work in geology at Oberlin with Professor Allen, and in 1867 was one
of a party which accompanied Professor Alexander Winchell from Ann
Arbor to the mines of Marquette, Houghton and Hancock. He was boss
of the crew which secured and shipped the famous boulder of jasper con-
glomerate from Marquette to the University campus at Ann Arbor. In
1866-7 he took a special course in chemistry and mineralogy in the Medical
Department of the University of Michigan and was graduated M. D. from
Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1868. He practiced medicine a year or
two at Central City, Colo., then a lumber camp near Middle Park, He found
the Garden of the Gods, the over blow of snow from the Pacific slope, the
sound of running water under summer snows, the milky glacial streams,
a storm in Platte Cafion seen from above, a flood in Cherry Creek, and the
phenomena of mountains and forest more instructive than anything at
college. In 1871-2 he was instructor in Chemistry at Olivet College, and in
68
1872 e2me to the Indiana State Normal School at Terre Haute as head of the
Department of Natural Science. He at first taught only physiology and
geography. The woman who had been teaching geography had spent four-
teen weeks on the Great Western Plains using them as an instrument for
teaching pedegcgy, “the law in the mind” heing illustrated by “‘the fact
in the thing.” Scovell had actually seen the Great Plains and was able to
arouse greater interest in the facts in the thing. The use he made of pictures
and specimens was an innovation and they had to be shown outside the regu-
lar class period. With the permission of the President, he introduced some
instruction in physics, chiefly in meteorology. using home made apparatus.
He also vsed the Wabash in field lessons on rivers, and his advent at Terre
Hau’‘e markcd one of the early inoculations of the Indiana schools with the
scientific virus.
In 1873 he joined Todd at Portland, Me., as a volunteer assistant with
the U. S. Fish Commission and visited Nova Scotia to study the tides.
In 1880 he visited Cuba and Mexico to familiarize himself with tropical
nature, corals and Aztec civilization.
He was married in 1876 to Joanna Jameson of Lafayette, who survives
him. In 1881 he res'g icd from the Normal School and during the next ten
years was engaged in the business of abstractor of titles at Terre Haute.
During this period he acted as friend, companion and guide to a succession
of younger men who came to teach and study science in the schools of the
city. Among these Jenkins, Evermann, Rettger, Blatchley, Cox and
Dryer are well known members of this Academy. Dr. Scovell’s buckboard
and horse, ‘“‘Jim’’ were always ready for a Saturday and Sunday excursion
anywhere within fifty miles. Every one of his proteges can testify to the
genial, enthusiastic and scientific spirit with which he was thus introduced
to the features and problems of the Terre Haute field.
In the summer of 1891 Scovell organized a party for the ascent and scien-
tific study of the voleano, Orizaba, in Mexico. It consisted of H. M. Seaton,
botanist, U. O. Cox, ornithologist, A. J. Woodman, ichthyologist, and W. 5.
Blatchley. entomologist, while Scovell acted as director, topographer, geolo-
gist and geographer. The general expenses were paid from his own pocket,
but railroad transportation in the United States was otherwise secured.
He was abetted and perhaps financially assisted by Dr. F. C. Mendenhall,
then Superintendent cf the U. S. Coast and Geodetie Survey. On Orizaba
spirit levels were extended from the railroad up to 14,000 feet, whence
69
aneroid readings to the summit made the height 18,179 feet. Considerable
‘collections were made by the naturalists of the party and reported in various
journals. In April, 1892, Scovell returned to Orizaba, and by triangulation
from the 13,000 feet level, determined its height to be 18,314, which was
accepted by the Coast and Geodetic Survey. A rather full general report
of results was published in Science of May 12, 1893.
In the autumn of 1891, Scovell joined Hvermann, then of the U. S. Fish
Commission, in a study of the rivers of Texas. In 1894 he was sent by the
Commission to study the whitefish of Lake Huron, and later assisted Ever-
mann ina study of the spawning habits of salmon in the mountain streams
of Idaho. About this time he did some work on the geological survey
of Arkansas under Eranner.
In 1894 Scovell returned to teaching as the head of the science depart-
ment of the Terre Hautte High School, a position which he held until his
death twenty-one vears later.
In 1895 he contributed an elaborate report on the geo!ozy of Vigo County
to the 21st Report of the Indiana Geological Survey, the result of twenty
years of study in that field. He assisted Ashley in his report on the coal
deposits of Indiana, published in 1898, and in 1905 made a report on the
Roads and Road Materials of Western Indiana.
In 1899 he began his work in cooperation with Evermann on the physical
and biological survey of Lake Maxinkuckee, which was carried on for fifteen
successive seasons. His best work was done at home in Vigo County and
at his summer cottage on Maxinkuckee. He never wearied of the features
and problems of his home field and returned to them with fresh interest
whenever any one started a new question. The writer was surprised to note
after twenty years of study of the Terre Haute field how little he could add
to what Seovell had shown him at the beginning.
I can best sum up the estimates of Dr. Scovell contributed by all his
intimate colleagues and pupils, among whom I am glad to enroll myself,
by saying that he was a naturalist rather than a speclalist in any one depart-
ment of science. He was more deeply interested in botany than in zoology
and his interest in plants was more ecological than taxonomic. He had the
most complete and beautiful collection ever made of the mussels of the
Wabash River, representing forty-seven species. He gave considerable
attention to the Indian mounds of western Indiana, and in 1912 sent his
notes and collections to the Bureau of Ethnology, which accepted them as
70
material for a projected Handbook of Aboriginal Remains. The catholicity
of his taste was indicated by the collection of minerals, fossils, corals, shells,
ferns and implements in his house and the pile of rare glacial boulders in his
yard, both of which were well worth going to see. He was most of all
interested in topography, land forms and the weather. I should classify him
as primarily a geographer of broad sympathies. He was always at his best
in the field. ‘‘His mind,’ says one of his most intimate associates, “was
essentially analytical and judicial. He was not apt to reach conclusions
hastily. After having arrived at a tentative conclusion, he was always dis-
posed to try to discover objections, which he would examine critically and
modify his conclusions accordingly. He was a keen observer and his com-
ments on what he saw were always interesting and illuminating. A day
spent with him in the field was sure to be a day filled with interest and profit.”
“In disposition,’ says another, “he was genial and kindly, and gave freely
to his companions of the varied store of knowledge which he had accumulated
during his life time of study of the great out-of-doors.”
He was a charter member of this academy and at its first meeting gave
a resumé of geographical studies in Indiana. He contributed to the pro-
grams twenty-two titles, of which ten papers were published in the Proceed-
ings. .
In 1874 he published Lessons in Geography which were re-written and re-
issued as a Commercial Geography in 1910, and in 1879, Lessons in Physiology,
all of which had more than local use as text-books. In 1894, he contributed
Practical Lessons in Science to the Werner series. In 1912 he prepared an
account of Fort Harrison in 1812 for the centennial celebration. He was a
student to the last, making credits at the University of Chicago in 1909. .
Dr. Scovell’s death from pneumonia on May 8, 1915 removes perhaps
the last survivor of those who could be called pioneers of science in Indiana.
He was one of the “old guard,’ whose place can never be filled, but whose
memory
“Smells sweet and blossoms in the dust”.
Bibliography.
1874. Lessons in Geography.
1879. Lessons in Physiology.
1890. An Old Channel of the Niagara River, Proceedings Am. Asse. for
Advancement of Science, Vol. 39, p. 245.
1893. Mount Orizaba or Citlaltepetl, Science, Vol. 21, pp. 253-7.
1894. Practical Lessons in Science, p. 399, The Werner Co.
1895. In Proceedings of Ind. Acad. of Science. Some Minor Eroding
Agencies, p. 54.
Kettle Holes in Lake Maxinkuckee, p. 55.
The Fishes of the Missouri River Basin. Evermann & Scovell, pp.
126-30.
Recent Investigations Concerning the Redfish, Oncorhyncus nerka, at its
Spawning Grounds in Idaho, Evermann & Scovell, pp. 131-4.
1895-8 The Mound Builders. Inland Educator, Vol. 1, pp. 81, 159, 294,
Vol. 2, p. 199.
1896. The Geology of Vigo County, Indiana. Indiana Department
of Geology and Natural Resources, 21st Report, pp. 507-76.
1897. Lake Maxinkuckee Soundings. Proceed. Ind. Acad. of Sei.,
pp. 56-9.
1898. Lake Maxinkuckee. Proceed. Ind. Acad. of Sci., p. 70. Ter-
races of the Lower Wabash, zbid. pp. 274-7.
1900. The Flora of Lake Maxinkuckee, ibid. pp. 124-31.
1905. The Roads and Road Materials of a Portion of Western Indiana.
Ind. Dept. of Geol. and Natl. Res. 30th An. Rep. pp. 571-655.
1908. The Headwaters of the Tippecanoe River. Proceed. Ind.
Acad. of Sei. pp. 167-74.
The Indiana Academy of Science. ibid. p. 209.
1910. A Commercial Geography for Use in High Schools.
1912. Fort Harrison in 1812.
72
Terre Haute
73
THe Tospacco PROBLEM.
(Abstract)
Rospert. HESSLER.
In going over a large mass of notes on the Tobaeco Problem, I arranged
them for convenience of classification into periods of my own life. After
1900 notes are grouped under papers published since, such papers forming
b)
“nest eggs,’ so to speak. In practically every paper I have had before this
Academy during the last fifteen years the tobacco problem can be read
between the lines. Here I intend to go over the subject very briefly in the
light of observations and work done, merely a note here and there.
As a boy I saw others smoke and tried it myself, with the usual result—
an acute tobaccosis. Should a teacher use tobacco and set a bad example?
Practically all my boy friends smoked and a few years later I became a pipe
smoker—influence of example. At the age of seventeen years there was a
change of environment; I came in contact with boys and young men who
did not smoke, and so I quit and bought books: Again influence of example.
Then came a year in the southern mountains in which I saw many
things; others I did not see then but “‘saw”’ that is, understood, later. For
instance, why the mountaineer can use tobacco and alcohol with seeming
impunity. Hé takes these in pure air, without an admixture of infection
of all kinds.
Next came college days. At that time few of the instructors set a
“horrible example’? by smoking. Students with few exceptions, did not use
tobacco.
Then came medical college days in a large city under horribly bad air
conditions, due to the many sick and diseased who visited the clinics. Here
for the first time I saw the vicious circle that exists between bad air and
tobacco, and, I might add, aleohol and sedatives and narcotics generally.
The building was gloomy and dirty; artificial light was used all day long.
Patients spat on the floor; students reacted more or less; they got relief by the
use of tobacco, and in turn spat on the floor and thereby set a bad example
to the patients who did not hesitate to add their catarrhal and tubercular
74
sputum. The students reacted still more and chewed and smoked more;
more filth meant less care on the part of the patients. And so on, you can
readily see this vicious circle.
I myself soon reacted, I felt bad; fellow-students advised the use of
tobacco. Instead I frequently bolted lectures and took open air vacations.
While sitting on the benches I formulated a theory regarding my own ills
and of those about me; I thought I saw why I felt bad and why I felt so well
in the mountains a few years before, without having usual winter colds.
I saw too why the mountaineers are so healthy and live long in spite of alcohol
and tobacco. In the course of time this theory was elaborated; a brief ac-
count was given before this Academy in my paper on Coniosis, in 1911.
The following year was spent in a smaller and comparatively clean
medical college, and I got along very well. Next came observations on
hospital and dispensary cases, noting the influence of enviornment: How
poor people taken from the heart of the city promptly recover under good
sanitary surroundings. I clearly saw that in order to reduce the ills of a
city more hospitals was not the remedy—clean up and stay clean.
Then came one or two minor periods, followed by a prolonged period of
observation among the insane, especially at the Northern Indiana Hospital
for Insane. Did time permit I should like to tell of efforts made to keep
buildings and wards in good sanitary condition. Even the insane with few
exceptions can be taught not to spit on the floor. When you see a man so
ereedy for a chew of tobacco that he will take a quid out of a cuspidor and
rechew it with a relish you begin to realize what a hold tobacco has. The
same may be said regarding alcohol when you consider the stories of English
sailors draming the casks in which bodies of dead English sailors and soldiers
were sent home. In cities gutter snipes can be seen picking up stubs, and
there are women who apparently inhale tobacco smoke of others with pleas-
ure, at least they make no objection. Suppose Aristotle, Plato, Socrates,
or old Hippocrates came back and could see our men smoking and meeting
under bad air conditions, what would they say? Has the world gone tobacco
mad? Should a hospital physician smoke and set a bad example?
During a year in Hurope | acquired a stock of comparative data. It
was a surprise not to see any tobacco juice on sidewalks. The only time
I saw a splotch in Continental Europe was in front of the medical school at
(65)
evidently some American student had left his mark.* Moreover
Vienna
men smoked slowly and in moderation and spat very little. Any of you who
have travelled in the Old World know the difference in cleanliness between
European cities and our own. On getting back home I saw things I never
really had noticed before, especially the sort of air we breathe habitually.
In 1900 I took up a systematic study of dusty air and prevalent ill
health, and gradually enlarged the scope of inquiry to the domestication
and urbanization of man. What this means can in a general way be seen
from my various papers before the Academy. This period from 1900 to
1915 may be divided into subperiods:
The period from 1900 to 1906 may be characterized as one of disgust
and contempt for the tobacco user, in the light of the harm he does to others,
especially to women and children. I held to the old belief that men smoked
(and drank) because they wanted to. But I found that to neglect the tobacco
users means to get little data, and beginning with 1906 I gave some men and
boys considerable attention, trying to find out why tobacco had such a hold
and why some could readily discontinue the habit and others only with the
greatest difficulty, if at all. Naturally one is apt to pity the man who sees
the harm the tobacco habit does to others and yet can not quit, to whom
tobacco is a sedative. Some of these men found that by using it ‘“‘medici-
nally’’ a very small quantity sufficed. I believe if there were a high tax on
tobacco it would be used very sparingly; old habitues could get along with a
small quantity.
Up to the close of 1905 I had been accustomed to call patients who reacted
to bad air Dust Victims. Then a bright woman said, ‘““Why not call them
Tobacco Victims? The tobacco user is the one who is responsible for air
pollution, directly or indirectly.’’ I kept a record for the year 1906 and at
least every other patient was what may be called a Tobacco Victim. This
included those dust victims who used tobacco, who had ill health on account
of infected air. I trust you see the distinction.
In time one gets all sorts of data and all sorts of reasons why a man uses
*How do you know it was an American student? I was asked after the paper was
read. I did not know; I omy inferred, for I had not seen a single continental medical
student chew and spit. A few days later I spoke to an observant German physician
about this. The moment I mentionea ‘‘in front of the medical school,’’ he interrupted,
“Some American student dia that; German students don’t chew tobacco; the man
who would chew and spit_woula be ostracized.’’ He thus confirmed my own opinion.
76
tobacco. In such a study there is the eternal Where, When and Why. Ifa
man says he feels better through the use of tobacco, then the question arises,
Why do you feel bad? Why do you feel bad in the winter time, during the
closed door season, and feel comparatively well in the summer? Why do
you feel well when you leave the city and go on a vacation to the country or
spend a winter in the South, where you do not care for sedatives, neither
tobacco nor alcohol and can readily do without them?
Where a man smokes and drinks, and one might say eats, is an important
question. One realizes it after keeping individuals under observation for a
long series of years, particularly men and women who are willing to keep
a daily record.
As long as tobacco is used sparingly and produces no evil results, neither
in the user nor in those about him, there is no occasion to speak of a Tobacco
Problem; the same is true of alcohol. Men who drink sparingly and “can
leave it alone’ do not create an alcohol problem. But the man who uses
tobacco or alcohol sparingly may still be setting a bad example to those
who can not use them, that is, in moderation and without injury to themselves
and others.
I shall now briefly comment on some of my papers presented before this
Academy. This is not a medical paper; remarks will be along the line of
Coniosis.
MOSQUITOES AND MALARIA. 1900. The chief reason for writing
that paper was to clear the field of work of an affection frequently confounded
with malaria, an affection very common in our State, under various names,
such as False Malaria, Atypical Malaria, Latent Malaria, a Touch of Ma-
laria, Mal-aria, and others, including “‘bilious attacks’’ and ‘‘auto-intoxica-
tion’’.
This paper could be re-written, by one who has access to all the old litera-
ture, under the title, Indiana: A Redemption from Malaria. It would be
appropriate for the Centennial next year. As a companion volume the man
with ample leisure could write a volume on False Malaria, that is, dust in-
fection.
Real malaria, that is malarial fever, is transmitted through the bite of
the anopheles mosquito; false malaria, or Coniosis, is transmitted through
infected dust. The proper season for malaria is late summer and autumn;
that of false malaria from autumn through the winter to late in spring,
an
in other words, throughout the closed door season. In early days malaria
dominated everything; there was comparatively little other sickness. Agri-
cultural communities as a rule were healthy if there was no malaria about.
Today false malaria dominates wherever people are massed, as indicated in
my eases for 1906. The student who desires to study malaria will find little
opportunity in Indiana today. I have not seen a case for about thirteen
years. But for material for a study of False Malaria Indiana can not be
excelled.
Just as malaria has disappeared by cleaning up the breeding places of the
rural anopheles mosquito, so false malaria will also disappear when we begin
to clean up generally, when we get clean air to breathe. When once an
overgrown town begins to bezone a real ety by putt ng in sewers, paved
streets, getting fltezed water and a clean high school, a sot of civie center,
you can readily see why people become less tolerant of the chewer and
spitter and in time of the smoker. The smoker, it should be noted, is usually
also a spitter.
If I had time I should like to review briefly several medical papers in
which I developed the theory of dust infection or coniosis, and show how one
ean distinguish between other affections and diseases. One can treat the
subject from two viewpoints, medical and biological. Medically, coniosis
can be considered as a disease; biologically, coniosis is a reaction. Regard
it as a disease and at once there come to mind treatment, medicine, remedy,
cure. Regard it as a reaction, then naturally there comes to mind preven-
tion. From the physicians’ standpoint, there are two classes of people,
those who Take Something and those who Do Something. Some when
feeling bad will take all sorts of drugs, including tobacco and aleohol. Others
will take a change of environment, of occupation, or of residence. The
latter are the wise; there will be more of these when the relationship of
cause and effect is once properly understood.
The second viewpoint, the biological, is to regard coniosis or false malaria
as a reaction. Now how can a reaction be cured in the constant presence
of a cause? Why are there so many isms and pathies, so many pseudo
remedies and new ones constantly arising? Looked at in this light you
knock the props out from under the patent medicine man and the symptom-
preseribing doctor and quack.
COLD AND COLDS. 1903. It is scarcely necessary fo comment
78
on this paper because the tobacco factor stands out all over.* The inhala-
tion of tobacco smoke, especially in those wholly unaccustomed to it, pro-
duces a depressed circulation; it may be expressed as “‘reduced vitality,”
allowing the germs of infection, of colds and various inflammations, to take
hold.
CITY DUST, CAUSE AND EFFECT. 1904. This paper was aimed
to bring out the relationship between infected dust and the size and number
of patent medicine ads. in newspapers, how the number and size of these
depend on the amount of infected dust in the community. Such ads are
- indicators. In the light of later observations, the list of “‘dust ads’’ should
be enlarged to include other ads, notably health food ads and ads relating
to teeth and skin, similarly tobacco ads.
Tobacco along with alcohol must be considered a sedative. Both give
ease. The Chinese get ease through opium; the East Indian through
hasheesh. People the world over use certain drugs for ills that accompany
life under unsanitary house and town conditions. They are pseudo remedies.
The proper remedy is to cleanup. This can not be over-emphasized.
Did time permit here should come a review of tobacco ads, how they ean
be classified. It is interesting to study these. Some are sensible, they are
worth studying; on the other hand some are downright drivel, evidently
written by old men in their dotage. Which are ‘‘the best’’ tobaccos, cigars
and cigarettes? Men who must use tobacco find less need for smoking or
chewing constantly if strong brands are used. I could tell how men who used
two-for-a-quarter cigars and smoked constantly changed to “‘tufers’’ and
smoked less, and at a greatly reduced cost.
I could tell of men who “came back,’’ men who had Jost health, perhaps
not so much by the use of tobacco itself as through the infected air they
inhaled while using it. I have in mind men whom J advised to get ease by
the use of good air rather than attempt to get ease through tobacco. In
other words, offset bad air by good air and reduce the reaction and thus
reduce ills. (Tables to show how this works out were given in my paper on
The Alcohol Problem, last year.)
*Those desiring further details can be referred to a number of my papers, such as
the Anti-Spitting Ordinance, in the Bulletin Indiana State Board of Health. (August,
1901.) Dust, A Neglected Factor in Il] Health, in the Proceedings of the Indiana
State Medical Association for 1904, and to Atypical Cases and Dust Infection in
American Medicine for October, 1904.
79
On the other hand I could tell of women who did not object to the hus-
band smoking, in fact enjoyed tobacco. When you consider under what
conditions some women spend their time, perhaps in a flat with bad air,
with visits down town, to theatres or clubs or shopping, living under “‘high
tension’, which often though not necessarily means a high blood pressure,
you can readily see why they get ease from inhaling the smoke of others. It
is only one step further for them to take up smoking. Such homes are
usually childless; if there is a child the physician may be ealled late at night
to find an acute attack of tobaccosis, especially after a friend has visited the
father and they have “‘smoked up” and filled the house, to which those not
accustomed react acutely. The anaphrodisiae effect of tobacco and its
influence on divorcee and on race suicide can not here be discussed.
THE CHRONIC ILL HEALTH OF DARWIN, HUXLEY, SPENCER
AND GEORGE ELLIOT. 1905. This was an attempt to interpret,
through their biographies, the ill health of those no longer living, in the
light of a study of living people who seemed to have similar ill health. What
can the living learn from the lives of the dead? I shall refer to this again.
Parenthetically I might refer to a paper, vintage of 1905, on NEURAS-
THENOID CONDITIONS, in other words, American Nervousness, pre-
sented before the American Medical Association, at Portland, Oregon.
On that trip I saw all sorts of people and noted the environment under which
they lived, from the simple Indian in the open air to John Chinaman in
Chinatown. The Indian in former days, and still in isolation and away
from the white man, uses tobacco sparingly. People living under slum
conditions use sedatives to excess. John Chinaman at home smoked opium,
but since occidental pressure has practically forced him out of that, he has
taken up tobacco. From the standpoint of coniosis, that is worse, for the
tobacco user is a greater germ distributor than the opium smoker.
1906. At this place I would have to review my Presidential Address
on the EVOLUTION OF MEDICINE IN INDIANA. I could amplify
the five pages on Malaria into many chapters and similarly the five pages on
Tuberculosis. The tobacco habit and the chewing habit are referred to but
I did not like to mention these too frequently; it rather grates on the ear.
Malaria has practically disappeared from Indiana by cleaning up the breed-
ing places of the anopheles mosquito. Tuberculosis will disappear when
our cities are clean. Today one in every seven or eight of us dies of tuber-
culosis. This rate should be enormously reduced, not by erecting more
SO
hospitals and putting them in charge of doctors who chew and smoke. but
by teaching the people the necessity, the importance, of clean air.
The ills of civilization call for more civilization. The man who is con-
stantly seen with a cigar in his mouth or whose clothes reek with tobacco
surely does not represent the highest type. The people have suffered much
at the hands of the tobacco using doctor, usually a robust individual who
uses tobacco because he gets ease. He does not understand the ills of his
patients, and so they apply elsewhere; as a consequence he has all sorts of
competitors. There are all sorts of isms and pathies, with new ones spring-
ing up.
Here should come a review of several papers relating to high blood pres-
sure, a very interesting subject, especially in the light of coniosis. What
causes a rise in blood pressure, and how can it be reduced? Why doseemingly
robust men drop off suddenly and prematurely? I have at times discussed
these things with physicians who smoke and who in their ignorance advised
me also to smoke or to become accustomed to bad air conditions, to become
acclimated, or, to put it in still another way, to develop an antitoxin, an
antitoxin that will enable one to live under unsanitary conditions.
A physician constantly speaks of Case Reports.* In the course of time
some of my own shert case reports have developed into biographies. They
cover a series of years. At first one may be greatly in doubt as to inter-
preting facts, but in time one sees the reason. For instance, I] have in mind
a physician who for a number of years practised in a small country town; he
made long drives; he had perfect health; he did not use tobacco nor alcohol,
had no desire for either. Then he removed to the heart of a medium sized
city, that means he exchanged good air for bad air. He began to feel bad;
the symptoms of dust infection appeared, finally to such an extent that he
was almost disabled. I advised him to get out; others advised him to stay
and become accustomed, become adapted. We use the term adaptation to
a great extent, but if you look at it properly adaptation comes about in the
race, phylogenetically, not ontogenetically. The unadapted are constantly
killed off. This doctor concluded to follow the advice of the many rather
than of the one. In time he did develop an ‘‘anti-toxin.”” He even took
*To quote illustrative case reports in a short paper is not satisfactory; one cannot
go into details and there is a danger of a reader drawing wrong conclusions in the
absence of details. Often brief case reports are worse than none, and one may hesitate
to give any at all.
sl
up smoking and enjoyed a roomful of tobacco smoke. He did not know
until I examined that he had developed a high blood pressure. When I tell
you that my own pressure under good air conditions runs from 100 to 110
m. m. while his under bad air runs about 200, you will realize that the life
of such a man hangs on a mere thread and that at any time he may break
a blood vessel, resulting in an apoplexy, or, if that does not occur, the kidneys
will give out. Such men die suddenly as a rule and prematurely.
But the most interesting phase of the subject is the mental reactions,
especially such as go under the terms irritability, nervousness and overwork.
The efforts some men make to feel better are pathetic. For instance, I have
in mind a captain of industry who did his planning in the early morning
hours, usually from four to five, in bed. He saw things very clearly at that
time. Then he would go down town and soon begin to feel dull and irritable,
but would feel better by smoking, and he smoked one cigar after another.
The single evening cigar and the postprandial cigar in time increased in
number (as the blood pressure went up) until he wanted to smoke all the
time. If alcohol were not taboo he would of course use that. When I
examined I found he had a blood pressure of nearly 200 m. m. 1 pointed
out that his pressure was due to the life down town, and that if he would
reduce that to a minimum, and offset bad air by good air, likely he would
have twenty-four hours a day for mental work, so to speak, rather than only
one or two hours in the early morning, and that instead of tobacco being a
stimulant to him during the day, which enab'ed him to think, it really did
nothing of the sort; what it did was to lower the tension and the mind no
longer ran riot. It enables him to pick out thoughts and ideas that he had
seen very clearly in the early morning, after he had had no tobacco at all
for a number cf hours.
The newspaper cartoons, suzh as of ‘“‘Abe Martin” and “Roger Bean,”
are interesting. The one might represent the low pressure type in the
country with a family of children; he is seen only occasionally with a cigar.
|The other, Roger Bean, might represent the high pressure city man, with a
cigar in his mouth almost constantly and usually childless. Race suicide
and the use of tobacco under crowded conditions go hand in hand.
In early days Uncle Sam was represented as a lean, lank country man.
The cartocnists nowadays are filling him out, in other words, making a hearty,
robust Uncle, one is almost inclined to say grandfather. To the initiated he
”
is a ‘high blood pressure ease,’’ with attendant ills, including race suicide.
5084—6
ye
S82
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT. 1907. This paper ap-
peared in a brief abstract; it took up in detail some of the things here men-
tioned. I repeatedly refer to John Chinaman who is adapted to live under
slum conditions, who thrives in large city slums where even the white man
can not live. Now if we look at it from the proper angle, we may conclude that
our educators are reducing us to the condition of John Chinaman. They
give no attention to the air conditions under which children live and meet.
Instead of having teachers who react and who can tell by their own senses
whether air conditions are good or bad, who are living barometers or ther-
mometers, our schools are supplied with teachers of the robust kind (but
who nevertheless react and readily use tobacco, as a sedative, to get ease, to
feel less irritable). Under unsanitary conditions the susceptible are constantly
weeded out, killed off, and what remains? In the end the John Chinaman
type survives, a type which thrives bodily but at the expense of mentality;
all the energy being required to ward off infection, leaving nothing for the
brain.
Indiana today is stationary in population, as I attempted to show a year
ago. Itis due mainly to bad air conditions which lead to the use of sedatives
and narcotics. As long as a country is thinly settled, alcohol and tobacco
can be used with impunity, but under massed conditions these become
racial poisons. The individual who reacts wants a sedative and (as I attempt-
ed to show a year ago) there are many that can be used. The most univer-
sally used today is tobacco. Tobacco leads to the spitting habit, alcohol not.
Here I shall not take up the statistics of our sedative and narcotic bill,
the cost of tobacco and alcohol, and opium and patent medicines, and the
various expenses that accompany life under unsanitary conditions, including
needless doctor bills, the increased expense for fuel required to feel comfort-
able under bad air conditions, the desire for ‘“‘overheated’’ houses, public
buildings, railway coaches and trolleys, etc. It must suffice to say the cost
runs into the billions of dollars annually in our country.
FLORA OF CASS COUNTY. 1908. I mentioned in the beginning
that the tobacco factor can be traced into practically every paper I have
given before this Academy. Does that apply to the flora of a particular
region? People who feel bad want ease, they want relief from distressing
symptoms; they will experiment, they will try anything and everything.
An old belief was that every plant has a use, particularly a medicinal use,
if we could only discover it. Today we know this is not true, that very few
83
have any medicinal properties at all, and that practically none cure; at best
they can give but transient relief. Relieving is not curing. Our native
plants are chiefly remarkable in what they will not cure. The man who
gets the most benefit is the one who gathers them. Some of you may recall
O. Henry’s story.
BIOGRAPHY AND THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT.
1908. Short case reports there cited have been continued into biographies. ~
You will readily understand that the longer a history, a biography, is con-
tinued the more valid the conclusions that can be drawn. Two of the
individuals mentioned have since died, and died just as predicted, not to
them however. The value of a theory is in enabling one to predict. By
the way, Case 3 was a man who could not do without tobacco. He had
used it all his life. He readily saw my reasoning, how, if he did not harm
himself, he at least harmed others. He attempted to quit but found it
impossible; he had to use a little tobacco, shall one say medicinally?*
THOUGHT STIMULATION. 1909. The reference to tobacco is
very brief, but there is a relatively long mention of high blood pressure.
This is a very interesting phase of the tobacco problem, especially to those
who use their brains rather than their hands to make a living. Under what
conditions can a man work at his best and when is he disabled? What will
tide him over? I have already referred to this.
Years ago I had a discussion with a physician who did more or less
surgery. He was a warm advocate of tobacco; even advised me to use it—the
old story of ““Take Something” in place of ““‘Do Something.’”’ Whenever he
did work under high tension tobacco soothed him, he said. When he had .
an unusual case he would be under high tension, very nervous, and tobacco
would steady his nerves, he asserted, or, in other words, steady his hand
when he operated. On investigating I found this state of affairs:
Ordinarily he was not under ‘‘high tension,” but this was produced when
he locked himself in a small room full of dusty books for several hours, looking
over the latest literature regarding such operations, and at the same time
filling himself with infected dust. Then his mind would run riot during the
night, he was sleepless, of course thinking about the operation in the morning.
*Coming down on the interurban with me was an old patient. We had a discussion
of dust victims ana tobacco victims. Heis alow pressure man. His observations bore
out my own. The advantage of discussion over a printed paper is that one can answer
questions and make obscure points clear.
S4
He would be practically unfitted for work but for the steadying effect of
tokazeo. It acted as a sedative. Why not prevent the reaction and make
the use of tobacco unnecessary? When you point out these things you knock
the props from under the tobacco argument. Doctors are notorious smokers.
When they meet, especially at a banquet, the air is usually full of smoke,
so full that you can not see across the room. Naturally those who do not
‘
smoke stay away, as they do from other “smokers.”
In a general way in youth and up to middle age individuals may be
grouped under three classes according to the blood pressure—low, medium
or high, under unsanitary city conditions. At middle age and after there
are really only two groups, those with a low pressure and those with a high
pressure. Ordinarily we speak of the action of tobacco on man; in reality
it is the reaction of man to tobacco. When the low pressure individual is
exposed to tobacco smoke his pressure declines still more, his pulse may be-
come imperceptible, he feels bad, and he gets out: He is a victim of tobaceco-
sis. On the other hand is the high blood pressure individual: To him
tobacco smoke may act as a sedative, it lowers the tension, be feels better.
‘
He is the one who attends “‘smokers;”’ he does not object to tobacco. But
as a rule he does not realize the significance of high blood pressure and the
danger he is in, how his very life hangs on a thread.*
Moreover mental changes are marked. The low pressure man is stupefied
by tobacco smoke, he can not think. The bright things he might have said
come to him the next day. On the other hand the high blood pressure man
whose mind is constantly running riot is steadied. Such a statement taken
without the context might be considered as a plea for the use of tobacco!
How do these two classes, the high and the low pressure, react from the
standpoint of coniosis under infected dust conditions and without tobacco
effects, say in the poorly ventilated church, as during the closed door season
when some leave early because they feel bad? As a general rule those who
leave deathly pale” are low pressure with the pressure still further reduced,
while those who go out with flushed face are high pressure, with the pressure
heightened. We thus see the two-sided effect of bad air, air with infected dust.
*In my searen for original data 1 have questioned many physicians, including both
smokers and non-smokers, as well as an occasional chewer. Strange to relate | have
met men whom I suspected to have a high blood pressure who refused to bave the
pressure taken; they preferred to live on in ignorance and smoke. The average phy-
sician knows as little about the effect of tobacco as the man on the street who has no
education and in whom one does not expect any matured opinion.
85
The subject of thought stimulation is intimately connected with the
subject of the Air of Places, a subject on which Hippocrates wrote 2,500 years
ago, but that was long before the days of bacteriology. The old chemical
standard for purity of the air was based on the amount of carbonic acid gas.
From the standpoint of coniosis it is the amount of infection in the air that
counts. Need | again refer to the role of the tobacco chewer and spitter and
smoker?
PLANTS AND MAN. 1910. This was a paper made up largely of
analogies, tracing living conditions between plants and their “ills and dis-
eases’’ and of man and his ills and diseases, and the need of clean air, need
of placing a man under good surroundings.
Today we hear much of eugenics, of the influence of heredity. It is
a very important subject. But still more important is eutheniecs, the
influence of environment, because we have little control over heredity but
we have a far reaching influence over our environment. If a man does
not feel well, is ill at ease under a given environment, he should change it;
instead of getting drugs, or advice about the use of drugs, he should under-
stand the situation so he ean Do Something rather than Take Something.
But because people are unwilling to pay a doctor for his time but are willing
to pay for his medicine, you readily see the result. The less a physician tells
his community about unsanitary conditions, the smoother his sailing. and
the better for his purse. (Naturally when a physician offends and antagon-
izes chewers and spitters they stay away, ditto the man who smokes and
drinks; when they do apply they may be so far advanced in actual disease
that the student of ill health can do little for them, he may have in mind
the opinion or verdict of the mechanical engineer: Not worth while, consign
to the serap heap; but he does not say that aloud.)
Where the medical man keeps still and says nothing, the newspaper
reporter is apt to run wild. From simple statements “The health of the
city is good,” there soon appear claims, at a time when there are few cases of
“contagious disease’’ and few deaths, of ‘The healthiest city in the State.”
At the same time a city may be ‘‘full of ill health,” of people who complain,
who are neither actually sick and yet are not at all well. The newspaper
itself may be full of patent medicine ads, for ills that are indicators of un-
sanitary city conditions. Patent medicine men are shrewd, they advertise
only where there is a demand for their wares, for their nostrums.
To the physician and especially to the student of prevalent ill health there
86
are all sorts of symptoms of diagnostic import: Does an applicant for
professional service use sedatives and narcotics (alcohol, tobacco, opium, ete.)
and use them to excess, or, on the other hand, does he use stimulants (notably
coffee and tea)? What does such use indicate? The statement is sometimes
made that tobacco is the poor man’s friend, that after a hard day’s work he
enjoys his pipe; it calms him. But when you study the poor man and the
conditions under which he works, you can see that the great trusts may well
make an effort to keep tobacco as cheap as possible. Offering Mr. Common
People a cigar, especially one with a colored band, only too often makes
him tolerate what are really intolerable conditions. Men working for some
of the great trusts twelve hours a day, seven days a week, may be even too
tired to smoke. Tobacco is also a great solace to the soldier in the trenches;
it makes him contented, it dulls his mind and keeps him from thinking.
CONIOSIS. 1911. As already mentioned, this paper is a general state-
ment of the dust theory. My time limit is running to a close and I must
refer you to the paper itself, which among other things treats our Triad of
American Diseases (catarrh, dyspepsia, and nervous prostration) as reactions,
similarly regarding blood pressure changes. The term disease at once
brings to mind treatment, medicine, while reaction brings to mind pre-
vention.
CONIOLOGY. 1912. This paper was a plea for a new science and the
need for an institution for working out problems. The dust particles
emitted by the tobacco smoker are included.
In 1913 I was unable to present my paper on RACE SUICIDE, in which
the subject was also traced into the schools. There I asked, as this paper has
already asked, regarding the use of tobacco by the teacher: Is he justified
in using it? If he feels cross and irritable, shall he take something or do
something—seek better air conditions, the proper construction of school
buildings and proper ventilation and general cleanliness? Child mortality
today is enormous. It should be greatly reduced, many bright children who
now die could be saved to a life of usefulness. There is much truth in the
old saying, The good die young.
THE ALCOHOL PROBLEM IN THE LIGHT OF CONIOSIS. In
my paper for 1914 the Tobacco Problem comes up on every page, and I
believe after the remarks I have made you will readily see it. I mentioned
how on entering medical school I found horribly bad air conditions. The
drinking water was equally bad; it was raw muddy river water. A number
87
of students contracted typhoid fever. Some who had never used beer
resorted to clean beer; which is the greater evil?
The first duty of the prohibitionist should be to give the people clean
water; it is useless to argue with people who are compelled to drink muddy
water. The next step is to give people clean air. That takes away the
craving for a sedative, be that tobacco or alcohol or opium.
This paper properly should close with a questionnaire, asking for more
data, especially from men who lead a mental life. Why do you use tobacco?
Why do you not use it? Under what conditions do you demand it? When
do you not care for it? Are you keeping down a high blood pressure by the
excessive use of tobacco? Can you stop long enough, under bad air condi-
tions, to find out what your real pressure is?
‘It is diffieult to get good data; observations should cover at least one
year. Iam not inclined to draw conclusions from case reports which cover
a period of less than a year, and as already mentioned, the longer the series
of years, the more valuable data become.
89
TOLERANCE OF Soi Micro OrcGAnisms TO MEDIA
CHANGES.
H. A. Noyes.
Our text books all give space to the discussion of the food requirements
of bacteria. The discussion, although general, is liable to lead us to believe
that most organisms may not grow if we change the composition of media
slightly. Just what is the minimum ration for most bacteria is not known.
Our knowledge of the effects of modifying the composition of culture media
is meager, especially when environmental factors are considered.
The Horticultural Research Chemistry and Bacteriology Laboratories,
of the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station have been investigating
media for the platings and subsequent culturing of soil bacteria. This paper
reports a part of this investigation.
Sort USED.
Two types of soil were used in this work, silty clay from the Experimental
orchard at Laurel, Indiana, and brown loam from the Station orchard where
a cover crop investigation is under way. All samples reported on in this paper
contained from 16 to 20 per cent. of moisture at time of sampling. The
method of sampling was by means of Noyes’ sampler for soil bacteriologists.
Samples were taken of the upper nine inches of soil.
, Mepta UseEp.
Lipman and Brown “‘synthetic”’ agar.
15 gms. best agar.
10 gms. Dextrose.
.05 gms. Witte Peptone.
.2 gms. Magnesium sulphate.
.) gms. Di potassium hydrogen phosphate.
Trace Ferrous sulphate.
1,000 ce. Distilled water.
H. J. Conn’s sodium asparaginate agar.
15 gms. best agar (used instead of 12}.
90
1 em. Sodium asparaginate.
1 gm. Dextrose.
.2 gm. Magnesium sulphate.
1.5 gm. (NH4H2PO,) ammonium biphosphate.
.1 gm. Calcium chloride.
.1 gm. Potassium chloride.
Trace Ferrous chloride.
1,000 ee. Distilled water.
Som Extract (UNHEATED).
15 grams of best agar dissolved in 1,000 ce. of solution made as follows:
Two kilos of the brown loam soil were placed in a glass bottle, and 5
liters of distilled water added, the bottle was shaken at intervals and at end
of 16 hours the mixture was filtered. One thousand ce. of the filtrate was
used in place of distilled water in making up this media.
Sorr Extract (AUTOCLAVED).
Fifteen grams ot best agar dissolved in 1,000 ce. of solution made the
same as the soil extract (unheated), except that the two kilos of soil were
wet well and heated under 25 lbs. pressure in the autoclave for three hours.
Soil and agar, leaf extract and agar, and wheat straw extract.
These three media were made as follows: To 15 gms. of the best agar
were added 10 gms. of the material desired and 1,000 ce. distilled water.
The mixture was heated in a double boiler until the agar was dissolved.
After making up to volume the media was filtered and tubed.
OTHER Mepta.
To 15 gms. of best agar was added 1 gm. per liter of chemicals appearing
as part of the name of the media and 1,000 ce. of distilled water.
Figure 1 expresses graphically the acidity of the various media. The
procedure in titrating was as follows: To about 125 ce. of distilled water
that has been boiling about 3 minutes in a Jena erlenmeyer flask was added
50 ec. of the media by means of a tall 50 ce. graduate (of small cross-section).
Two drops of phenolpthalein solution was added and titration made with
tenth normal sodium hydroxide. The only media neutralized at all was H. J.
Conn’s sodium asparaginate agar, and this was done with half normal soda,
using a pipette graduated to one-twentieth of a ce.
91
TUBE Mepia Test ll;
Sample of 6/14, 1915.
Sample from Tree XIII—13 Plot F.
Laurel.
One ce. portions of the 1—400,000 dilution of the sample were plated on
the following media:
Lipman and Brown agar.
Conn’s sodium asparaginate agar.
Agar alone.
Soil and agar (Purdue soil).
Soil extract (autoclaved) and agar.
Soil extract (unheated) and agar.
(15 gms. agar in all media.)
Transfers were made from best colonies on each media to slants of other
media. Tables give results of growth on these agar slants at end of 5 and
14 days’ incubation at 22° C.
& Colonies from L and B agar to
5 Days. 14 Days.
(8 g.* 8 g.
AAAS DAS ATA IS Huei ak ah eos ew Men TU oe aa d
0 — 0 —
we (6g 7g
SONee xtra (UME CAUCE) fens ue ee ene Cae eet ogous cae eet chews 4
{2 — i
at Dy 5 g.
SOMME tam (CHUELO GLA VIE) Sesser hos eeicd nt es ec, Sov tetera ss conhers 4
3 — 3 —
5) (eae 5 g.
PDI MALO C eee ean te, eat TE oy nieces, By ic ole ALA eee
(3 = 3—
4g. 5¢g
ANSP By aye SOSA Ore ce ee ee te aa ee any ae eee
4 — 3 —
*8 =growth. — =no growth unless otherwise specified.
8 Colonies from Na. asp. agar to
. 5 Days. | 14 Days.
|
/ 1 7 &.
LOBED W i Pa PBSC og: Ream es ae, UD OMe taal, Sa SE ER ME ST at De : |
1— 1—
Se: (Ke
Somext, .(Unheated)) accel. cee eet ae eee tere Sane een eae ‘
3 — 1 —
(5 ¢ 7g
Soiliext. (antocla ved). oe, cei seie nae ye ee tices tae ees +:
3— 1 —
| We ee:
(Agar alone tre matey sie en ere oe ACE eee on oe Lee | :
| 1 — 1 —
(6g Le
ASarandisOll: x. stn oe hs Sie he So a SRN Se ea es | ‘
| 2— 1 —
|
3 Colonies from Soil Extract (unheated) to
5 Days 14 Days.
ae iss
Ligeia (6 bel Bite ere) ee te ae Ut cl ey att Os eee ne eS ee ae 3 g. 3 g.
{2 s- }
IN Bi AS DRAG Te eaes ar one Ne REE aa) GRO OnE Ege oer 4 Sipe
\1 ==
SOUKEXt-. (AUTO CLEAVER) ic abso, eete ane yo one ee 3¢g 3g
Acaralones 5-25 scene ee eR eo hie eter ee Ose See 3 g.
AO AT AT OES OL eee Peis eee Pe SE nS Se 3¢g 3g
3 Colonies from Soil Extract (autoclaved) to
5 Days 5 Days
uals ee a
Ean GOB Boar chs cess Re ARs RES ee eT Sue | 3¢
INGAAS) SAaCar hee. Se eee os A Oe Eee eres Si fe. 3 g.
Soilext: (unheated)® .42- Bee oa ee ae 3 g. g.
IAAT MONG ie 22 Pet Roney OEE Re EES Poe IRE SONG BSE eye 3 g.
(2¢ 2
ASAT ANG SOUS a avs mye dees Bae Arora Ree ee ee en cree ‘
{1 — 1 —
93
3 Colonies from Agar Alone to
5 Days 14 Days.
|
Tee, GOTT TESS a Oca ae A aN a rn a i Wee eR ae ' 3¢ 3g
In ibe, GO es EE Ss tein ae ee e te CREM ne MC etate Eeli tease NLR ae | 3 | 3¢g
|
| (2 s. 2g.
SOMsexb- (UMNeACER) a 25 8 TN ae Se Seine aheeneie See settee 1
| ‘1— i=
= | }
NONeX ton (aU LOGIAVEGd): |. sear tam See et cee ee ae a eee 3¢ | 3¢
(Soke wee Dope
= | i
OAL ATIC SSO es ay etch a & eens, Gicen Shae eme Maes eke Bue Sey nets eNsriersays
| —_— | =
3 Colonies from Agar and Soil to
| 5 Days 14 Days.
(2 = 2¢.
ATIC MESA AS cere ee oc meee nts Eee ee |S ee eh dere =v 4
| i— 1—
|
(2s. | 2¢
ESI IGS DR ELEY Es a th eM ag a aes ae Rea tea Ll coma yal
== b=
(2g. Dae
SOMERS (UNNEALE) 5-255 kos s elec SOs Sa Seana |
1— 1—
| (2s. 2g
NORM EX EM (AMUOGIAVEG) sce <a ie ane Se aie etieae Sen eae 1
{ i — 1 —
é 2s. 2¢
Pewee ge CEe So he Aer ARS oh wae veecue, 21) ee mare ae een | {
aS. | i=
Summary 5 Day Results.
2H) CERT RS eS La 0 al Bp a |e ae Be Re lean yee (GMa. a cada eos 18 made growth.
ORAM STC SiC) Nase AS DMO aM ote oe bey yh ever i Ie ey Sep ae ee 18 made growth.
Ur Sters TO NOM ext (amneabed jie ie oo re ek oe ee ee eee a 18 made growth.
PObAnSLers GO) SOMExt. (AULOSIA Ved). .-2 525 oe) ee a ie oe oe 18 made growth.
PSU ALISTCESNLOL AS Al AIOMEr: Sesh Aare cect Sie autos ee homer 20 made growth.
MULAN SCCES COP ASAT I SOUS oes oe = a oS «Suge a eee Se ee 17 made growth.
Summary 14 Days
PRUE ARSFeErSybOL Ui anGuts ASAP esky ear oe ENE ois SS ee 18 made growth.
ORUR AT SECES UO LING ASP A AOATE Ns oto ein earn cian eo ec eta ee Reno oiete 19 made growth.
PUAN Sters) tO; SOU ext. (UNHEALEG)).ac2 250.26 les se ke. ea em oe Oe 21 made growth.
94
25 transfers to Soil ext. (autoclaved)..................-. -+eeeeee- 20 Made growth.
ZOD ULANSLOEVS CO TA CAL AlOWMOs ci sess apie ee shal oes cove aiear) ulsiie ete ...++...20 made growth.
25 cransfers’toVAgaranadiSOul. 2 s.cc meats Lee che en etn ie ene 19 made growth.
Noles.
When tubes of organisms grown originally on same media were put side
by side the following differences were noted.
(1) Agar alone supported very poor growths.
(2) Agar and soil supported fully as poor growths as agar alone.
(3) The two extracts acted about the same, although the heated extract
erew the organisms originally grown on Na. asp. agar a little the best.
(4) L. and B. agar and Na. asp. agar supported good growths.
(5) From any macroscopic test the growths on the L. and B. agar were
far superior to those on the Na. asp. agar.
Tuse Mepia Test II.
Samples of 6/14, 1915.
Samples from Tree VI—24. Plot C.
Laurel.
One ee. portions of the 1—-400,000 dilution of the sample were plated on
the following media:
Lipman and Brown agar.
Conn’s sodium asparaginate agar.
Agar alone.
Soil and agar (Purdue soil).
Soil extract (unheated) and agar.
Soil extract (autoclaved) and agar.
(15 gms. agar in all media.)
Transfers were made from best colonies on each media to slants of other
media. Tables give results of growth on these agar slants at end of 5 and
14 days’ incubation at 22° C.
§ Colonies from L and B agar to
95
5 Days. 14 Days
7g ise
IN[ERS ES) ORE EPA easaeeerats: Girt Sia Mee aarti aan iEMS een Om ital aa CP ve
il — 1—
‘ 6¢g 5 g.
Soil ext. (unheated)......... Po one etes tothe deter PMS oR eLENS TARA ASR
2— 3 —
F 5 g. 6 g.
Soilvextin(awboclawedirc... wees o ccn steals saw usnene eae
3 — 2—
4g. 6g
PAS UTR] OVC Me eee wok eth hes ee Pee Rn ere oy Reis, Eh ance ae
4 — 2—
4g. 4g
AAPL WSO age we ee ome Nod be Tem oak at mceape data k tele altar cine An Aye
4 — 4
& Colonies from Na. asp. agar to
5 Days. 14 Days.
HTSp eh TN CLES MA ATE ee Arie pacans vata MIN nyc PPS EME, ee PPatccline BRS HERD tan as 8 g. 8 g.
7¢ 6 g.
Soilvextss(unheated) ie ce ees ks oc he ee aes
1 — 2—
Soiltextas(autoclawedi iss. ects eis ey cmt eee 8 g. 8¢g
Alo aTeALOM Ct west an teecechal cs AVR ee Ao Dott c Lal etn a eels toe ee 8 g. 8g
: (8g 6g
PAI ATRATN CYS Ol tenets ay ase ae apt eee acy CMe AAIG eg) Wa te eSB. eee
l 2—
Summary 5 Days.
SHUrAnSheLs) LO musa CDRA SAT nko ene eres Aces he ee oan Se jn pee ke peaane 8 made growth.
SECLANSTErS COM NAHAS D mA Sa chs Lets ork ais Sete tc eee ee Cee eat 7 made growth.
16 transfers to Soil ext. (unheated).............................. 13 made growth.
16 transfers to Soil ext. (autoclaved)............................. 13 made growth.
loxtransfersnto Acarvalon@sy. a5 | as aaicicts Gaetan cee eo ha. cle eens 12 made growth.
GktranstersstoeNearianGdssoileis. seo ciyeis a tie een Sevan. cs A aeolian 12 made growth.
Summary 14 Days.
SmuLANSfersmOn Rane bvaGaleamcciy tcc ees tas gate eer oa oie ue alse ee 8 made growth.
SMURANSTCES sbOMN aa ASD steele sale a ei ehed tere aa ee pe ere oan clan eens 7 made growth.
osuransters tons olsext.)qumlaeaved))in seas. a eens ences = ciel see enei nen ane 11 made growth.
UG DRAM ES io) Sor @xeiig Cuno) s aso sono cence soos s sno cosunsaoe 14 made growth.
MGSorAaSTeLSEbO eA ama OME: .- 9-0. 4) cchoh ake ca ne che ce eke cence ciate 14 made growth.
16 transfers to Agar and soil.......
.....10 made growth.
Noles.
When tubes of organisms grown originally on same media were put side
by side the following differences were noted:
(1) Agar alone supported very poor growths.
(2) Agar and soil supported fully as poor growths as agar alone.
(3) The two extracts acted about the same, although the heated extract
grew the organisms originally grown on Na. asp. agar a little the best.
(4) L. and B. agar and Na. asp. agar supported good growths.
(5) #rom any macroscopic test the growths on the L. and B. agar were
far superior to those on the Na. asp. agar.
Tuse Mepis Test III.
Samples of 6/25, 1915.
Sample No. 6. Rye Plot.
Cover Crop Investigations.
One ce. portions of the 1 to 400,000 dilution of this sample were plated
on the following media:
Lipman and Brown agar.
Conn’s sodium asparaginate agar.
Agar alone.
Soil and agar (Purdue soil).
Soil extract (unheated) and agar.
Soil extract (autoclaved) and agar.
(15 gms. agar in all media.)
Colonies developing well on first two media listed were put on other
media and growth noted at end of 5, 11, and 15 days’ incubation at 22° C.
From 4 Colonies on L and B agar to
5 Days. 11 Days. fells Days.
5: (3 g. 4g 4g
NA aASD RAGA Mitts gars conse als otisee Ae ees ; :
{1 Sy
ah (2g pe) oar
Solvext. (unheated) hens see eens
2 2) a
‘ (3g 3g 3g
RU a ta Say Ke) Read Joe eSNG SDA ae 4
: {1 — 1 — 1 —
Si
From 4 Colonies on Na. asp. agar to
5 Days. | 11 Days. 15 Days.
|
Hepa MB Na Parte wpa ever tein es eens ees 4g. | 4g 4g
|
(2 g. 3g 4¢g
Solve stay (UNHEALER) alan tee eels Ae the Sew oe 4 |
, 2 | 1— |
(32 | Bees Il 3¢2
TPT, RR Ar see Oo ree Sys ee Pee fs eine de meh { | |
i= || 1— | 1 —
AMULANSLELSHUOR GANGS r ALANS oo eee a rede betas ope eee ee Saki 4 made growth.
ASUEANSLEES LOM NaS ASD Vat aka wen ts te aoe ees See 2S Madessrowitls
8 transfers to Soil ext. (unheated)...... 2 mal O RENE cept he & aot ek aerate 4 made growth.
Satna SLELS FOE ASAT BION Cie Gels yet gies ie Emery Sich ong ose ee eee eee 6 made growth.
ROL SLeLS at Omir ail CEs Ae aie Newer cn srrsne Alen anys eed eerily Way en iepead 4 made growth.
ASG ATSLELSS COL NAL ASD bal ae yew neh Mee hte te aha ey ale li See hanes pei ep Ol 4 made growth.
SRUELESECES CONS OUe kts (UMHEAtEH) = saute eee oa See ee ee 7 made growth.
SHUELMSECLS 1LOPAC AT alONCte: cee nee See em es eam oe alsa ek ops et eae 6 made growth.
Notes.
When tubes of different media containing the same organism from the
same original colony were put side by side, the following was noted:
(1) The growth on agar alone, soil and agar or on soil extract (unheated)
was small.
(2) The soil éxtract carried a better growth than the soil alone.
(3) L. and B. agar and Na. asp. agar carried a good growth.
(4) There was more development of distinguishing characteristics-as to
form of streaks and chromogenisis present, with the L and B agar.
Tose Mepia Test IV.
Samples of 6/25, 1915.
Sample No. 7. Clean Culture Plot.
Cover Crop Investigation.
One cc. portions of the 1 to 400,000 dilution of this sample were plated
on the following media:
Lipman and Brown agar.
Conn’s sodium asparaginate agar.
5084—7
98
Agar alone.
Soil and agar (Purdue soil).
Soil extract (unheated) and agar.
Soi] extract (autoclaved) and agar.
(15 gms. agar in all media.) :
Colonies developing well on each media were transferred to slants of other
media. Tables give results of growth on these agar slants at end of 5. 11,
and 15 days. Incubation at 22° C.
From 4 Colonies on L and B agar to
i | Shown in
| 5 Days. | 11 Days. | 15 Days. Plate
SS SSS SSS SSS
IN ec AS rr eae, fay ne one
| — | — —
: | 3 gr. 3 gr 3 gr
AAR AlOUC Fan yp ate ao eas |
Wen | ia es
2er. | 3er. | 3 er.
Soil ext. (unheated).......... :
2— | 1— | 1 —
: i i
From 4 Colonies on Na. asp. agar to
5 |
5 Days. 11 Days. 15 Days. | Plate.
SSS SS Se /
iiand Baran. eee ee | 4g. 4g. 4g. ) II
| (3 g. 3 g. | 3g.
Arar alOne:, <3 ters eee + | '
li— =| = | 1 —
3.79, gfe en ele aie SH eee
Soil ext. (unheated)..........- }
| } 1 kz /
t i |
From 3 Colonies on Plain Agar to
J |
| 5 Days. | 11 Days. | 15 Days.
|
| (2g | 2 Z¢E
Brand BR agarie sic. oP poe. ee cea } |
| 1— | 1 — 1—
(2Q¢ 2 g. 2¢
Nas asp arar’ 6s ge es See eS ae ee } i
| i— | a 1 —
2-8. eae 25
Soilexts (inheatedye. -o.o40. Leelee +
i1— 1— 1 —
99
From 8 Colonies on Soil and Agar to
5 Days. 11 Days. 15 Days.
2¢ 2g 2g
Ra CES Tae ae eat. hice ena carey o usbeb see
1— 1 — 1 —
2¢ 3 g. 3g
IN aes ASD a CALM eee PR fs CANCE Le aeoe tatroe sities i
Soil ext. (unheated)..................... @ Bo 3 g. 3g.
2¢ 3g 3g
IANS AjTE ral OIE Mews oy: eels nes epee MAP oe UN ciate gabe :
From 3 Colonies on Soil Extract (unheated) to
5 Days. 11 Days. 15 Days.
PAN GAB waa evens sheet GV Nae ein ence vue 3g. 3g. 3 g.
IN A aS Me Salers) Orie eae ad aoa h eye te usasnaeeh @} 3 g. 3 g.
IN SATH ADL OM Cesta tay sone tahic enatesnkenatesie \etrar eit ati 3 g. 3g. 3 g.
From 8 Colonies on Soil Extract (autoclaved) to
5 Days. 11 Days. 15 Days.
ERAT CEB AS aE a ene eee ee bg Sy mae oat 3} Bs 3g. 3 g.
INAS DAS ray eee eT Meee dts asaya ee aT acs 3} (35 3} (Se 3 g.
5 2 g. 2 ¢. 2 g.
Ne ANAL ONMEN sista Maeno ee ee a ele eres
(il — — —
Soil ext.) (unheated))2. 785600. .0..52..02- 3 g. 3g. 3 &.
Summary (5 Days Results).
LG: WEESES WO Wy QiaGl IB GRUP poo een ecnohoanceadcnveweroucauasoe 14 made growth.
HGxtransterstovNias asp: sA@ar Gace! hoes ithe Sens etl) ans, eae ee aha 12 made growth.
i7 transfers to Plain agar.................-- Medghos cures conc ude 13 made growth.
IL7/ WRENS KEES WO) SKonll IOeah, (WimMlsSAHeCl)>oo5acco.055es6n0ecusooesnccas 13 made growth.
Summary (15 Day Results).
RGEtranstersstor Mande B raga socal tothe SaNelre <iok Qeiaes ate 14 made growth.
HGRLEANSTELSECO Naas SAL aris eter ase. lacs enone suee ceeeaue Gon ace mebacchen eee 13 made growth.
imbbanStersnbOpelaincagwarh, ero oe Choe eee, ec sa he Behn ats) oth chides, Samhita 14 made growth.
_ 1? transfers to Soil ext. (unheated)..........................%... 15 made growth.
100
General Notes.
When tubes of different media containing the same organism from the
same original colony are put side by side, the following is noted:
(1) The growth on agar alone, soil and agar or on soil extract (unheated)
is small.
(2) The soil extract carries a better growth than the soil alone.
(3) L. and B. agar and Na. asp. agar carry a good growth.
(4) There is more development of distinguishing characteristics as to
form of streaks and chromogenisis present, with the L. and B. agar.
TusE Mepia Test V.
Sample of 7/16, 1915.
Sample No. 8. Millet Plot.
Cover Crop Investigations.
One ce. portions of the 1 to 400,000 dilution of this sample were plated
on the following media:
DN.
~
a Ww
oS
Hae eo
Wheat straw extract.
Leaf extract.
. Starch.
Agar alone.
Ammonium nitrate.
Conn’s sodium asparaginate.
Soil.
Soil and starch.
Lipman and Brown agar.
Ammonium nitrate and starch.
(15 ems. agar is basis of all media.)
Colonies developing well on each media, plates III and IV, were transferred
to slants of other media. Tables give results of growth on these slants at
end of 6, 10 and 14 days’ incubation at 22° Centigrade.
4 Colonies from L and B agar to
101
Wheat Straw Ext
Leaf Ext
SHE THO Teds gt A so oe re ator eet ne eae
FNC ArtaLON GE eter eR a eae i wee
AMMO Mis NTE he oe see elon eee
Na. asp. agar
Soil and Starch
L and B agar
Ammonium Nitrate and Starch
Soil and Ammonium Nitrate...........
Soil Extract (unheated)
6 Days 10 Days. | 14 Days. a eee
(3 g. 3 g. 3 g. V
ive 1 — 1 —
(lg 1g. Wes
eee 3 = j=
4¢ 4g 4g. VI
(3 g. 4g 4g. Vil
ved
4¢ 4g. 4g. Vill
3g 3g: 4B. 1x
= 1—
(3 g. 3 g. 3 g. x
ee 1— 1 —
(2 g. 2¢. Dees
p= Pisa pea
4g ag 4g. XI
{3g 3) fs 4g.
pe —_—
(2 2. 2 £- 3g:
lo 2— | 1 —
2¢. 3¢ | 4g
pe 1
102
4, Colonies from Na. asp. agar to
MV nsehin SGI 1Bpding jo doosame pe opon toe
GCA LEH ARU SARA an ca Shier ace Gee nore et ekone
Sain Ch aan ne heuer a ieeecel ccm pels tyres ears vse
NG ATHALOMEC) Sire seh sind sents) ok Seeasteceonarckouakis
Ammonium Nitrate..................
PGaM ABV aS are oe ere ue ane eMac
Ammonium Nitrate and Starch.......
Soil and Ammonium Nitrate...........
Sol Wai, (hiMlNeRIUEC))o cock boosnsoc oboe e
Days. Plate.
6 Days. 10 Days. 14
4g. 4g. Ace ne V
{3 g. 3) Rs ues
(rte if iP
4g. 4g. 4¢ Vi
4g. 4 2g. 4g Vil
a (So 4 g. 4e VIII
4g. Age aS Ix
4g 4g, 4¢ x
4g. 4g. 4g.
4g. 4g Ag. XI
Ange 4g. 4g.
(3 g. 3 g. 4 2,
}
(1 — 1—
4¢g 4g. 4g.
4. Colonies from Starch to
105
6 Days. 14 Days.
Dw. 22.
AVEC ata Gravy HuXbs tn 2n as ee cate, bel cian ei
(2 — 2—
Ih {een 1g.
TLS DB Tepe ae ioe i ea ae WI eo Sg
13 — 3 —
a) fe 4g.
SGan Ghiwesh wagner Mitten, oe Been mya amend teas eins
—
(3 ¢g 3 2.
PRE ect OME: yess) ine l baa teel hau 2) ape oti eas
i= 1
/NiaTuaMOreniioa, INMUENTES Goce eek edo oes eee oe g. 4¢
IN era SD Lea Sales piece a tea aG ahs! Ghee 4g 4g.
3g
SO ar nee ie A oe te go ere a ate Ae ane 4g.
——
2¢g 2s
Sonll ghevel Stieirele 6g 66 6454 ne cle Bison meee ane
e= 7
RANGE RAC aR teat. Reta en Sees a edge es eel oe chs 4¢g 4g.
; ‘ (3g 3 g.
Ammonium Nitrate and Starch...........
i= T=
Soil and Ammonium Nitrate............. 4g 4¢
(3 ¢2 4g.
Soushxt-nqumheated))). a5 ince se oe Se |
; ee
4 Colonies from Agar alone to
Shown
6 Days. in Plate.
SUL CHER erh ahs tie eae On 5, SU ws yes ules ae
XII
INTB a EIST Cit RS, Snell ine a a aaa te uu ie
XII
1Ly GUO RI Beye H Ose, eas ee ae mies Renee
104
4 Colonies from Ammonium Nitrate to
6 Days. 10 Days. 14 Days. Shown
a Plate
Ds TN ES A Ye ant hogs ei Pees cae 4g. 4g. 4g. XII
IN ay ASD WAP AN crs lene cet eres 1 NOEs Oe 4g. 4g. 4g. XII
SS UAT CIS sot C10) tals | Seg ON AN eon 4g. 4g. 4g.
4, Colonies from Soil and Starch to
6 Days. 10 Days. 14 Days.
Te ANOUBVAZAL Coe tate ait eee ee ete nes 4g. 4g.
IN aA ASD MAG AL cess tek bee actors a) 4g. 4g. 4g.
(2 ¢g. De 2 g.
SATIRE, SST chet de Pie os ch ee np meh net 4
2 — 2— 2—
4 Colonies from Soil alone to
6 Days. 10 Days 14 Days
|
(3 g. 3 g. 4g.
Laan GUBVAP ars fis ee tere che: Les ee eta 4
(1 — 1—
INAS AS Diao alae ict et eee hed eee 4g. 4g 4g.
SS Gaur bn, alares rene: copy fese fir eee ta See tye See 4g. 4g 4g.
Soilandtstarchitwe ti cee ee ee ee 4g. 4g. 4g.
‘\
4 Colonies from Ammonium Nitrate and Starch to
a eS
6 Days.= | 10 Days. 14 Days.
222.
Latarnide BEa gars he yore cee ae an ey op ea heme 4g g. 4g.
(3g 4g 4g.
IN AAS Dt Alar Ae SA Se tee Sells eater sie {
\1 — |
SGanehic Mase treed oer aie tenes AOR ec ae 4¢ 4¢. 4 g.
|
(3 g. 32g 3¢
SOlvand Star Charro eee tke tee aes) Aer ee of
‘1— 1 — 1 —
105
Summary 6 Days.
12 UiewORES Wo) \NIMEEIN SUT IDs co cou su dhab ooo uodeoeoN bHooeboes 9 made growth.
i 2BtraANSLErs LOM Cath Xtysceeer cheesy oleae ude Re pees sore ae eRe te el. bara see 5 made growth.
SF) HRMS WO SWARM so. oscosobooagonnebnebbuce oa tcails Whur eanee sere senha 27 made growth.
H2ECLANSTETSEFO LAS ARiAlOME cia ial chins ats lpn le ece we Gili nes ne ke casi siaue, Gauita suey 10 made growth.
12 transfers to Ammonium Nitrate.............................. 12 made growth.
32 transfers to Na. asp. agar......................................28 made growth.
PPEGFANSLErSONS Ole srk seen pee va eae ane nein ta lee eee ID Ray eel) of an 10 made growth.
PAO) {HARIRI WO) sOrlleyaGl ShipRO NG. oe oe soe se sou oones be oerseua oes 15 made growth.
SomULANSLELS) LOM AMM B TAC Aas yeah Mora esa nthe Neck siete loca hier ee ees 30 made growth.
12) URETOSIETES HO) INSbINIOR GAG Siges Soo y bio coeslupsosoucsonoucooe doe 10 made growth.
12 transfers to Soil and NHiNO3............... So) RIN Sy uo cals beh 9 made growth.
MA RGRAM SLERSWUOMS OLAX ti yyy ae poe SR Me st pony ses eal an een aE 5 SRD ons 12 made growth.
PZ mtVAMSTERS hada aen ena are aA nave etna een Commence recites Meno atm eaten ATES eigenen 177 made growth.
Summary 14 Days.
12) transfers to Wheat Straw Ext...................1)............. 9 made growth.
asbranstersnctowbieat Hts ese ue aye eee an aap ee cles cri aollnnseee ee ree ecko bees 5 made growth.
SMTA STOESHCONS LAL lee aastey) corpse cae tu Tween rau ey ats on ite ea Sy cee tS epeen= 28 made growth.
2 transfersyvor Agar: alomens ie sey ei. ie pullacce cic, 8 Pascoe egrets als 11 made growth.
12 transfers to Ammonium INDICA eer cae es enter e? ERS) a ane cnet 12 made growth.
SOMeLANSTELS VO Nias ASP Mad Sales ee eccrine alkenes dltce eels a euee ene 31 made growth.
OPC rANSTEESHCOUS OLA \ scuacernecu nee ssn eat NU SapraAmyube Ns seleirg eM il as ac A le 10 made growth.
PAO) (HRNNSTSES WO) Soll Aral SEWN, soo 5 os ko oe a coe oc once och oon soesuce 15 made growth.
32 transfers to Land B agar..................,..................32 made growth.
12 transfers to NaNO; and St:...... 003. ..0. 2. Melek degen es 11 made growth.
12 ENTS ETES WO) SOUL Bin! IN elINIOH. oc oeoesuscnoeceoceoccsuonsssoe 11 made growth.
UD, WES ES WO SOW WEA, coacacdacgobousunbocunsoscacccoonbo occu om mele SROVTHM
PALO ME ATASEELS recy aces emte ila sok nim t histe Ais aT SRNR, Sola RCW a alos eis ce grat ae 187 made erowth.
Notes.
(1) In this set of tests, as in those run previously, there was very little
erowth on the agar alone, the soil, and the soil extract slants. Practically
all the organisms tested made some growth on these media.
(2) Ammonium nitrate furnishing nitrogen both in NH, and NO, did
not grow better cultures than agar alone. This latter is from observations
made after fourteen days’ incubation.
(3) Wheat straw extract grew but little better cultures than the soil
extract, while leaf extract was a total failure as a media.
(4) Starch furnishing sources of energy, and being capable of being
106
split in many ways by enzymatic action, grew good cultures both alone and
in combination with other materials.
(5) As noted in all other tests the Lipman and Brown agar grew the
best cultures and apparently developed their distinguishing chromogenic
characteristics much better than the sodium asparaginate agar.
(6) From macroscopic comparisons the starch media seemed to be the
real competitor of the Lipman and Brown agar.
Tuse Mepia Test VI.
Testing Organisms from Laurel Soils.
Plated on Lipman and Brown Agar.
When transferred to slants of different media.
Samples taken 7/27/1915.
Description of colonies from which transfers were made:
No. 1. Round, curled edge, wrinkled in structure, green in color, a mold
1.5 em. in diameter.
No. 2. Elliptical, curled edge, wrinkled in structure, green in color, a
mold 1.5 em. long.
No. 3. Round, lobate edge, wrinkled structure, brown (pale) in color,
a mold 1 cm. in diameter.
No. 4. Round, entire edge, granular structure. White raised center with
brown ring outside, apparently a mold about .5 cm. in diameter.
No. 5. Discoid, crenate edge, smooth structure, milk white in color,
.) em. in diameter, a mold.
No. 6. Round, entire edge, smooth structure, salmon red in color, 3 mm.
in diameter.
No. 7. Round, ciliate edge, granular structure. Yellow in color, deep
yellow at center, about 1 cm. in diameter.
No. 8. Round, ciliate edge, granular center and fibrant outer portion
describes structure. Center dark green, border light green, about 4mm. in
diameter.
No.9. Round, plain edge, smooth in structure, salmon red with yellowish
outside ring, produces yellow pigment soluble in media, about 4 mm. in
diameter.
No. 10. Round though dented, crenate edge, spotted structure, white
in color, about 8 mm. in diameter.
107:
No. 11. Discoid, lobate edge, spotted structure, white in color with
heavy black center, about 6 mm. in diameter.
No. 12. Round, entire edge, granular structure, heavy center, milk
white in color, about 1 cm. in diameter.
No. 13. Round, entire edge, smooth structure, yellow in color, about 3
mim. in diameter.
No. 14. Round, entire edge, smooth structure, dark red in color, about
4 mm. in diameter.
No. 15. Round, entire edge, spotted structure, white with brown center,
about 8 mm. in diameter.
No. 16. Discoid, lobate edge, wrinkled structure, yellowish white in
eolor, about S mm. in diameter.
Observations of Growth and Relative Growth were made at end of 5th,
7th, and 15th days. Temperature of incubation, 22° to 23° C. on following
media:
Lipman and Brown agar.
Conn’s sodium asparaginate agar.
Ammonium nitrate agar.
Starch agar.
Ammonium nitrate and starch agar.
108
Observations of Growth and Ranking 5 Days.
No Land B Na. asp. NHiNOsz Starch | NH«NO; and
. agar. agar. agar. agar. Starch.
ets Feeney = 5% * 1 * 4 * 3 *2
PAU la tot Bs eR * 4 ay if ats. ae, -— 5
Se chan Mores — 5 23 — 5 * 20s * 2 or 3
AN ercowint, sae — 5 3 at th Ey ED,
Eh ace ee ener * 5 * 7 E30 =— 5 aD
(ah A pent nee: ns OY “A ne * 4 mie
Tee See see was aan) — 5 De, * 4
OTA BEA ote eee cat dD) * 4 ach raley
CE eek aas ces ee cael - 4 2 15) ear
IQ) gad ekstotel eats onl. * 4 ae 2 2 — 5
Wate ne oes a a ee coe ES — 5 ce, — 5
2 EW erates Es il et ct eat 2 sil
ikea Seite Oe ccusy 2, 28 BS * 4 Edit
1 ie: le Eee een nS * 7 * 4 “ot t5) atey = 2,
FL pak eet ono ors * 4 is) EO) £42, soi!
Oe AA ee * 2, oil 23 83 | — 5 * 4
DA Vice clita eye 2.94 1.87 3.69 3.16 PAP LN
Atve, G=ll Gee ee 2.10 2.10 3.91 3.00 3.10
Ba
(%) No growth, ranked lowest so that a
= Growth.
= No growth.
relative general average may be made.
LO9
Observations of Growth and Ranking 7 Days.
! | i
No Land B | Na. asp. | NH:NO; | Starch NH:NO; and
yas } agar. agar. -| agar. agar. Starch Agar.
| |
Mies st eh ie | —~ 5% | #1 sat a2 * 4
eee Ape i +3 #2 eas * J 5,
Sener oe eee Pr | #1 ee age | Sede pl 3g
Aenean ce etien ie i x4 | * J | #5 * 3 * 2
Fray een | = § x2 * 4] a * 3
Hier ake eet x5 x 4 x2 x 1 * 3
Tote Sha fel 1 | x2 = 5 * 3 * 4
ant Hyena * 2 | x] * 4 * 3 * 5
ome aban ene rant | * 2 = E + 4 * 3
RO Nae lea *] | * 2 = zis =:
Tee ea et | #2 | =] ary 4. * 3
Daye wets] * 1 | *2 | * J * 1 * J
[Boe peers aaems| * J] | x2 #5 * 4 *3
(ei ore tea | =] * 4 #5 * 3 * 2
NS tee ae ee * 1 or 2| * 1 or 2! = 5 | = 4 * 3
GER eet aes * 9 * ] = 4 = & | * 3
| |
Avg Bile So pe | 2.50 | 1.81 3.76 | 3.00 3.25
Ay (G68. 85. 1.64 | 2.00. 3.72 | 3.18 3.18
| j |
* = Growth.
— = No Growth.
(%) No growth, ranked lowest so that a relative general average may be made.
110
Observations of Growth, Color of Growth and Ranking 15 Days.
|
se | LandB | Na. asp. NH«iNO; | Starch | NHsNO; and
y agar. agar. agar. agar. \starch Agar.
De ae — 5 ~h * 4 #2 ' *3
BI. Br. Gr. White Li. Green | BI. Gr.
lh ee rae: #1 * 3 #4 *2 *5
| Bl. Gr. Li. than 2 | Li. than 1 |
2 1 an ee —-5 | tie i al a +3
Green Green | Wh.-Gr.
Aen Pia ee #4 *] *3 5 ) *2
i Cream White i White | Li.-Gr. D.-Brown
See en ee aa Pl ae | +3 be *2
| Heavy Wh. | White White | White
Gis eas See #4 #3 #5 #1 *2
Red Red White Red | White
Pee Me es +1 arg 2 4] +5 | +4 +2
| Y¥.-White | Green | White | Y.-Green | Yellow
SAS tee c= Be #1 * 4 * 3 | £5
Green Green White | Y¥.-Green | White
i ober e a aa A, #5 See) ee
Y.-Red R.-Yell. White | Y.-White | Y.-White
10S, oe ee | #1 3 #4 | #2 = 5
White White White White
iF Oe ee a * 3 #1 #5 4 *2
Brown | Brown White White White
12 * 4 #5 #3 *2 * 1
| Br-Wh. | White | Br-Wh. | Br-Wh. | Br-Wh.
US oa chan aee ! ay! tae | a ee Fa5y tw a +2
P.-Gr. | P.-Gr. | P.-Gr. } P.-Gr. P.-Gr.
ae Se #1 #4 #5 #3 #2
Red Cream Dewi. A Red Red
15 ee see Ae | #1 : #2 : #5 * 4 *3
| Br-Wh. | D.-Wh. D.-Wh. Br.-Wh. Br.-Wh.
16. Re zo ft #3 si +4 ae 7%
Br-Wh. | .Y.-Wh. | .Br-Wh. | Br.-Wh
= z _
Ave allc dc | 2.56 | 2.50 4 Sig 306 2.56
| . i LE
7. eats as | 1.91 | 3.00 4_55 3.09 245
* = Growth.
— = No growth.
iba
Summary.
Average All Sixteen Organisms.
Land B Na. asp. NHiNOsz Starch NHiNO; and
agar. agar. agar. agar. Starch Agar.
5 days....... 2.94 1.87 3.69 3.16 2.97
7 GANS; so6066 2.50 1.81 3.76 3.00 83 5 PAD)
NG GENS. cease 2.56 2.50 AW ll 3.06 2.56
Summary.
Average Organisms 6 to 16 Inc.
Land B Na. asp. NHiNOz Starch NHsNOz and
agar. agar. agar. agar. Starch Agar.
5) GANS oo 6 006 2.10 2.10 3.91 3.00 3.10
W GEMINI Sso cabo 1.64 2.00 3.82 3.18 3.18
15 days....... 1.91 3.00 4.55 3.09 2.45
Noles.
(1) The comparisons between the growth of an organism on the different
media were practically as marked at 5 days as they were at 15.
(2) The five molds Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, were more easily transferred to
sodium asparaginate agar than to some of the media.
(3) Where molds are included the greatest number of failures of growth
occurred on Lipman and Brown agar.
(4) Studying Nos. 6 to 16 inclusive, it was found that the Lipman and
Brown and the Sodium asparaginate agar were about alike in amount of
growths produced on slants, and that the ammonium nitrate agar was the
poorest media considered.
(5) When chromogenesis is considered, Starch alone and in combination
with the Ammonium nitrate brought out as much chromogenesis as the
Lipman and Brown agar.
Summary of Investigation.
This paper gives the results of tests made on agar slants where the two
media most commonly used for plating soils are compared. The results
112
of comparisons between these media, and comparisons of them—with agar
alone, with soil, wheat and leaf extract media, with ammonium nitrate and
starch media, both alone and in combination—showed that organisms once
grown on media will generally grow when transferred to other media.
The rate of development seemed more important than the fact that the
organism grew. Comparisons of growth at end of different periods of in-
cubation were usually the same. Where growth was good it developed
slowly enough so that it could not be termed a flash growth. Where growth
was poor, distinguishing characteristics peculiar to the organism were rarely
apparent.
The explanation of the tolerance observed is not that those organisms
growing when soil is plated on inferior media are probably the same organisms
that yield the best colonies on better media. Picking out organisms plated
on the best media and growing them on poorer media supports the above
statement. Chromogenesis was augmented by the presence of carbohydrate
in the media.
Comment.
Many expect that soil biology will explain results for which chemical
and physical causes have not been found. Many look to the control of plant
growth through the application of principles of microbiology.
Soils with their large or small amounts of decaying organic matter, of
both plant and animal origin, must be a possible medium for the growth of
all kinds of bacteria. One reason why the number of bacteria in our prairie
soils has not been found to vary with the crop-producing power of the soil
may be the tolerance of many kinds of bacteria to all present chemical and
physical differences between types of prairie soil. In sandy and poor soils
some believe that there is a relationship between the number of bacteria
and the crop-producing power of the soil. The factors of temperature,
aeration and moisture are more constant in the rich soil, and for this reason
the changes in soil moisture, the variation in soil temperature, and the
movement of soil gases must exert a more marked influence on the presence
of and the activities of certain micro-organisms than the food factor does.
113
FIGURE /
Acidity of media used
Per Cert o 0:1 02 OF O4 ds o6 oF o8
8% Pe ao era. te es Na asp. agar
: Ses Soil and NH,NO,
> SSeS Ammonium nitrate
mc | Ammonum nitrate and starch
7; Lipman and Brown agar
( Soil extract (unheated)
mi | Soil extract (autoclaved)
mm | Wheat straw extract
ma | - Leot extract
oo Starch.
oof il Agar alone
00% Agar and soil.
5084—S8
114
PLATE I.
4 Colonies from L. and B. agar on Na. asp. agar.
PuatTe II.
4 Colonies from Na. Asp. agar on L. and B. agar
116
Puare IT.
Some of the plates from which organisms were obtained for tube media test V.
7,
Puate IV.
Some of plates from which organisms were obtained for tube media test V.
118
PLATE WV.
4 organisms from L. and B. agar to wheat straw extract agar.
4 organisms from Na. asp. agar to wheat straw extract agar.
119
PLATE VI.
At left: 4 organisms from L. and B. agar to starch agar.
At right: 4 organisms from Na. asp. agar to starch agar.
120
Piate VII.
organisms from L. and B. agar to agar alone.
4 organisms from Na. asp. agar to agar alone.
{21
Puate VIII.
At left: 4 organisms from L. and B. agar to ammonium nitrate agar.
At right: 4 organisms from Na. asp. agar to ammonium nitrate agar.
— ; = |
——— ~J
Hort, Chem
i.
2 S
ve f
tar &
¢ 3
pce
p. Sta
° } 2
Hort. Ch
PLATE IX.
At left: 4 organisms from L. and B. agar to Na. asp. agar.
At right: 4 organisms from Na. asp. agar to Na. asp. agar.
PuLaTEeE X.
At left: 4 organisms from L. and B. agar to soil and agar.
At right: 4 organisms from Na. asp. agar to soil and agar.
1
9
ed
PEATE SEE.
At left: 4 organisms from L. and B. agar to L. and B. aga
At right: 4 organisms from Na. asp. agar to L. & B. agar
r
“IUVSU G NY JT uO aese ase “ey WioOuy SUISTURSIO F 1A SLI 9UlOIDXY
“av5e “dsv ‘VN uo ivse “dse -eN Wor SWISTURSIO F :1909U9D JILSIY
OUOTR IVSV Woods SUISIURSIO F :109U90 YJa'T
:4jJo] 9UTOI19X
N uO OUOTL IVSe OI SUISIURSI0 F
“TIX LV
“Ivse ‘dsv -v
ayo HOH
ae
127
Some MetTHops FOR THE STUDY OF PLASTIDS IN
HiGHER PLANTS.
D. M. Morrter.
The following methods have been found to be satisfactory in the study of
the primordia of chloroplasts, leucoplasts, and other apparently similar
bodies in cells of liverworts and higher plants that are known under the
name of chondriosmes.
FIXING.
Chrom-osmie acid is the fixing agent chiefly used, and in the following
proportions:
(Glonmaranivene yore ls ACA enn ee a cot oN tee gta 17 ce.
Osi eracl MeO meray ares oe eee RR eh eae iar ees na 3 ce.
Glacialeaceticra cide ra arae a are ener 3 drops
The specimens remain in this fluid from 36 to 48 hours, after which they
are washed 12 to 24 hours in flowing water, or in several changes of water if
flowing water is not available.
After careful dehydration the specimens are brought into paraffin, using
chloroform as the solvent. Sections from 3 to 5 microns in thickness are
cut, depending upon the nature of the tissue under consideration, and stained
in the well-known iron-alum-haematoxylin stain. As a counter stain orange
G dissolved in clove oil is sometimes very desirable.
PROCEDURE WITH THE [RON-HAEMATOXYLIN.
After the preparations have been freed from paraffin and from the solvent
used in removing the paraffin (turpentine or xylol) by means of absolute al-
cohol, they are allowed to stand in the mordant from two hours to over night.
As a mordant a 3 per cent. aqueous solution of the double iron salt is used
(ferric ammonium sulphate (NH). Fe(SO,.), 24 H,O. The preparations
are now poured off with water and stained over night in a 2 per cent. aqueous
solution of haematoxylin. From the stain they are again poured off with
water and destained with the above iron salt. The destaining is watched
under the microscope. After the desired stain has been reached, and this
128
is determined by trial, the preparations are washed for about 15 minutes
in gently flowing water. They are now dehydrated by treating with absolute
alcohol, after which they may be counter stained with clove oil orange G
or merely cleared in clove oil and cedar oil and mounted in balsam.
In case counter staining is desired, the process should be watched in
order to avoid over-staining with the orange. In some cases the clove oil
orange G need remain on the sections but half a minute. This stain may be
removed by xylol. cedar oil, or pure clove oil, when the preparation is ready
to be mounted in balsam.
By this method the primordia of chloroplasts and leucoplasts and other
similar bodies are stained black or a blue-black.
The foregoing is much simpler than Benda’s procedure, and it gives results
that are as satisfactory. However, since it is desirable in cytological studies
to check up one method with another, the procedure devised by Benda is
recommended, although it is more tedious and time-consuming. The follow-
ing modification of Benda’s method has been used with excellent results:
1. Fix in chrom-osmic acid of the above-mentioned composition 24 to
48 hours.
. Wash in water 1 to 2 hours.
. Treat objects with equal parts pyroligneous acid (rectified) and 1 per
a)
cent. chromic acid 24 hours.
. Treat with 2 per cent. solution bichromate of potassium 24 hours.
Wash in water 24 hours.
Bring into paraffin and section in case sections are to be made.
. Treat with the iron mordant 12 to 24 hours.
. Pour off with water and treat 10 to 20 minutes with alizarin.
OND oF
v=)
. Pour off with water and let dry in the air.
et
i]
. Stain now with Benda’s crystal violet by warming gently to the
point of forming vapor. Allow the preparation to cool for 5 to 10
minutes, after which pour off with water and let the preparation
dry in air, standing the slide on end.
11. Destain with 5 per cent. acetic acid under microscopic control. This
requires from a few seconds to a minute.
12. When the desired stain is reached, pour off with water, dehydrate with
absolute alcohol. and counter stain, if desirable, with clove oil
orange G. This stain is now removed with xylol or cedar oil, and the
preparation is mounted in balsam.
———————
a, a a FT
129
As a result, the chloroplasts, chondrisomes, ete., are stained a deep blue,
the cytoplasm a light orange or almost colorless, and the cell walls varying
intensities of orange.
The writer has never been able to see the use of the treatment with
alizarin, and this part of the process may be omitted. However, Benda’s
solution of alizarin is made as follows: Make a saturated solution of Kahl-
baum’s alizarin-sulfo-saurem Natron (mono.) in 70 per cent. alcohol. One
ce. of this solution is added to 80 to 100 ee. of water.
Benda’s erystal violet solution is made as follows:
Saturated solution erystal violet in 70% alcohol ............1 part.
1% hydrochloric acid in 70% aleohol..................... 1 part.
PNT TTP en GS Tenet ser ease ede soe obey Me Mead el RD eT a oO ded RTA 2 parts.
5084—5
131
THe Morrpnoruoey or Riccta Fuuitans L.
Frep DoNnaGnHy.
Since 1835 the Riccias have received more or less attention by the botan-
ists. Bischoff, Lindenburg, Hoffmeister, Leibgeb, Garber, Lewis, Campbell,
Black and Atwell, have in turn made many valuable contributions to our
knowledge of this group. Still many problems ‘of morphology and ecology
confronts us. Several species common to Indiana remain almost unstudied
as to detail. Among these none seem more interesting than the study of
R. fluitans.
This species is widely distributed over the temperate zone and over
glaciated Indiana. Botanists recognize two forms, an aquatic and a terrestrial
type. The aquatic form is very abundant around Angola, Fort Wayne,
Logansport and Terre Haute. During the summer and autumn mats of
aquatic R. fluitans can be found floating in the ponds and sluggish streams.
In winter these mats sink to the bottom of the ponds and remain there till
spriag. The continued cold does not seem to injure the plants which lie
below the ice, but those plants which are frozen in the ice are much winter-
killed, the apical ends alone remaining green. During the warm spring these
plants make rapid growth, and by summer patches of thalli again dot the
ponds and streams, showing that under favorable weather conditions the
thalli reproduce vegetatively very rapidly.
Aquatic R. fluitans is sterile, branches dichotomously, the sprouts diverg-
ing widely, and often become recurved. The apical ends are deeply notched,
and truneate. Both dorsal and ventral surfaces bear chlorophyll. Rhizcids
and ventral scales are absent.
When evaporation is excessive and the ponds are low, the narrow thalli
widen at their apical ends somewhat, and lose some of their characteristic
color. This is especizlly noticeable in those plants which grew in unshaded
ponds. The thalli which grew in ponds bordered by forest trees did not
show a marked change in width and color, due no doubt to the protection
afforded by the overhanging boughs and leaves. When single thalli are
washed ashore they generally die. More often, mats of plants are washed
upon the wet edges of the ponds. In favored places the thalli coming in con-
132
tact with the wet soil develop rhizoids, ventral scales, and open air chambers,
while those whose apical ends do not touch the soil dry and soon die, giving
some shade to the delicate plants below. My observations have not been
conducted over a sufficient period of time to determine fully whether these
plants produce sex organs and fruit as some observers would have us think
actually occurred. In the Deming ponds east of the city limits of Terre
Haute aquatic R. flwitans grows abundantly. During the summer and
autumn of 1913 these loess encircled ponds became dry due to the long
continued drought; however, many thalli remained alive in wet shaded
places throughout the dry season. These plants remained in contact with
the earth sufficiently long to fruit, judging from experiments made upon other
Riecia, however, no sporophytes were found. When weather conditions
were more favorable for hepatic growth searches were made for rosettes and
thalli typical of terrestrial R. fluitans but none were found, indicating that
spores had not been produced or had not had time to germinate. Weather
conditions of 1914 were similar to those of the fall of 1913. At intervals
during the autumn frequent observations were made but yielded no satis-
factory evidence. Again in 1915 careful searching was done, without gaining
additional results. Similar observations were made at Rosedale in the
“Niggar Lake’’ region, no rosettes or thalli on the mud were found. Judging
from these observations it seeius very doubtful if the aquatic form ever
changes into the terrestrial form or fruits but reproduces vegetatively only.
It is very doubtful if the so-called terrestrial R. flwitans and the aquatic
R. fluitans belong to the same species.
The terrestrial R. fluitans is not common in this region; however, it occurs
in small patches on mud flats and wet fields during the autumn. It generally
grows in rosettes due to the fact that the spores are not scattered but held
within the archeground pit, and that the sporophyte is generally buried in
the mud. The thalli are about one-quarter inch long and less than an eighth
of an inch wide. The plants have a characteristic green which is tinged
with purple late in the autumn. Numerous rhizoids develop from the ventral
side. A single row of scale leaves which split into two rows grow just beneath
the apical cell. The most prominent ventral mark of identification is the
protruding sporophyte. The dorsal surface is cut by a furrow which deepens
at the apical end into which the pores of the alternating sex organs open, and
down which the sperms are carried by moisture. Above the fertilized egg
develops a tongue-like projection which covers the mouth of the arche-
gonial pore, much the same as a similar structure does in Pellia. Stoma each
being surrounded by four cells open into deep air chambers.
The thallus develops from one or more apical cells as do other Riccias
described. This is a large triangular cell in longitudinal section, situated
at the forward end of the growing thallus. The thallus is only three or four
cells thick beneath the dorsal furrow. In section air chambers appear very
large and numerous. They develop probably in three ways: (1) by internal
splitting; (2) by the parting of cell rows for long distances; and (3) by the
process so well described by Leibgeb for the hepaties.
The sex organs develop in general in the same way as described for other
liverworts. The mature archegonium consists of two base cells, ventral and
neck cells, four cover cells, four neck canal cells, ventral canal cell and an
egg. The funnel-shaped mouth of a mature archegonium opens often just
below the pore of a mature antheridium or recurves away from the growing
point. This is a fine adaptation to catch the sperm as they come from the
antheridium.
The antheridium consists of a stalk, a sterile coat of tabular cells, and
a mass of deeply staining cubical cells. It never protrudes above the surface
of the thallus but les buried deeply in the thalloid tissue.
The sporophyte develops rapidly. In its early stages it is oval but as it
matures it becomes spheroid. The sporogenous tissue round off and tetrads
are produced in the usual manner. The mature spore varies much in size,
being 75-90 microns wide. Its outer surface is deeply areolate, the other
faces being less areolate. Three distinct walls can be seen in cross-section,
an inner wall that does not stain well, a middle deeply-staining wall, and an
outer which seems to separate readily. The nucleus containing a distinct
nucleolus is small. Starch and oil are stored throughout cytoplasm.
CONCLUSIONS.
Botanists recognize two distinct forms of R. fluitans, a terrestrial and an
aquatic form. It seems very doubtful if the aquatic ever changes into the
terrestrial and fruits as observers have portrayed, but always reproduces
vegetatively.
The thallus, sex organs, and sporophytes develop in general as described
for other liverworts. The spores remain within the archegoniai pit, are not
generally scattered by the elements, and vary much in size.
te
,
‘
,
ue
na
x
oe
Prants Nor HirxHerro RerortTep rrom InpiANA. VI.
Cah Dine
The following plants have not been recognized as members of the Indiana
flora. Specimens of the species reported are in the writer’s herbarium. The
species in Rubus and Viola were determined by Ezra Brainard. The Part-
henocissus and Vitis were determined by C. S. Sargent. The Gramineae
were determined by Agnes Chase. The determination of the remaining
species was checked by the Gray Herbarium. The species in Rubus and
Viola have been made possible by the breaking up of aggregates and the
recognition of hybrids.
Paspalum pubescens Muhl.
Martin county, July 11, 1915. No. 17,161. In a woods pasture about
three miles north of Shoals near Cedar Bluffs along White River. In Sullivan
county, August 25, 1915. No. 18,229. On the border of a woods road in
a beech woods about three miles northeast of Grayville.
Sorbus Aucuparia L.
Laporte county, May 2, 1911. No. 7,992. In a sandy black oak woods
about three miles north of Laporte. This tree upon my authority was re-
ported by J. A. Nieuwland in the Midland Naturalist, Vol. 4, 175, 1915, as
Sorbus americana Marsh.
Prunus Mahaleb L.
Jefferson county, September 9, 1915. No. 18,862. In a woods pasture
along Thrifty Creek about one mile above Clifty Falls. Martin county,
August 31, 1915. No. 18,403. Several trees about four inches in diameter
along the roadside about half a mile north of Loogootee. Ripley county,
June 18, 1915. No. 16,129. A tree six incles in diameter on the rocky
wooded slope of Laugherty Creek just east of Versailles.
Rubus allegheniensis Porter.
Allen county, June 8, 1906. No. 1,051. .Wooded bank of the St. Joe
River near Robison Park. Fountain county, June 4, 1905. In a woods
just west of Veedersbure. Lagrange county, June 6, 1915. No. 15,946.
156
In sandy soil along the road on the east side of Pretty Lake. Steuben
county, June 12, 1904. Ina woods near Clear Lake. Wells county, May 21,
1903. Along a rail fence about two miles east of Bluffton.
Rubus allegheniensis x argulus.
Lagrange county, June 6, 1915. No. 15,883. On the low border of a marsh
which is just south of Twin Lakes which are about two miles northwest of
Howe.
Rubus argutus Link.
Clarke county, July 30, 1909. In a fallow field on the Forest Reserve.
Decatur county, May 26, 1912. No. 10,777. Wooded slope along Flat
Rock River about a half mile north of St. Paul. Dubois county, July 6, 1912.
No. 11,621. Roadside bordering a woods a half mile north of Birdseye.
Greene county, May 26, 1911. No. 10,711. In an open woods one mile
southeast of Bushrod. MHarrison county, June 24, 1915. No. 16,365. In
a sandy woods about three miles east of Ehzabeth. Marion county, May 30,
1913. No. 8,513. Along the C. H. & D. Railroad near Irvington. Monroe
county, July 17, 1915. No. 17,471. Roadside five miles south of Blooming-
ton. Perry county, July 4, 1912. No. 11,501. Along a rail fence about
six miles west of Derby. Pike county, July 7, 1915. No. 16,967. Ina beech
woods one mile east of Union. Posey county, May 23, 1911. No. 8,277.
Roadside bordering a woods three miles west of Hovey Lake. Ripley
county, June 19, 1915. No. 16,136. Ina beech and sugar maple woods two
miles northwest of Cross Plains. Shelby county, June 29, 1912. No. 11,537.
Taken by Mrs. Chas. C. Deam in a woods southwest of Morristown. Spencer
county, June 28, 1915. No. 16,588. Roadside one mile south of St. Meinard.
Wells county, July 26, 1914. No. 14,468. In a beech woods eleven miles
northeast of Bluffton.
Rubus argutus x invisus.
Hendricks county, June 1, 1912. No. 10,825. Taken by Mrs. Chas. Cf
Deam on the flood plain bank of Little Walnut Creek about two and a hal.
miles south of North Salem.
Rubus argutus x procumbens.
Decatur county, July 15, 1911. No. 9,210. Wooded bank of Flat Rock
River about a half mile north of St. Paul.
137
Rubus invisus Bailey.
Brown county, June 16, 1912. No. 11,144. Along the road between
Helmsburg and Nashville about one mile from Helmsburg. Clarke county,
July 30, 1909. No. 5,418A. In a fallow field on the Forest Reserve.
Rubus procumbens Muhll.
Allen county, June 3, 1906. No. 994. Ina sandy clearing about two miles
south of Fort Wayne. Greene county, May 26, 1911. Frequent in fields and
along the railroad near Bushrod. Perry county, July 4, 1912. No. 11,499.
Roadside about six miles west of Derby. Ripley county, May 19, 1912.
No. 10,611. Common in fields south of Morris. Steuben county, May 28,
1905. In a low thicket on the east side of Clear Lake.
Rubus recurvans Blanchard.
Elkhart county, June 4, 1912. No. 10,935. In an open woods two miles
northwest of Middlebury. Lagrange county, June 5, 1915. No. 15,981.
In a dry sandy clearing along Pigeon River about ten miles northeast of
Lagrange. Whitley county, July 19, 1914. No. 14,426. On the wooded
bank of the south side of Round Lake.
Stylosanthes biflora var. hispidissima (Michz.): Pollard & Ball.
Knox county, July 8, 1915. No. 17,068. In the Knox sand along the
railroad about three miles south of Vincennes.
Tragia macrocarpa Willd.
Crawford county, September 4, 1915. No. 18,583. Roadside at the base
of the Ohio River Bluffs a quarter of mile west of Leavenworth. Orange
county, July 14, 1915. No. 17,387. Rocky bluff along Lick Creek about
two miles west of Paoli. This species was noted in other Ohio River counties
but no specimens were taken.
Huphorbia Peplus L.
Wells county, August 5, 1915. No. 17,918. Abundant in the side ditch
and in the yard of E. Y. Sturgis at the north end of Johnson street in Bluffton.
It has been established here several years.
Vitis cinerea Engelm.
Bartholomew county, September 15, 1912. No. 12,412. On the wooded
border of a gravel pit three miles north of Columbus. Gibson county, Sep-
158
tember 4, 1911. No. 9,945. Wooded bank of White River about five miles
northwest of Patoka. Johnson county, September 15, 1915. No. 19,081.
Dry sandy bank along the roadside three miles north of Edinburg. Marion
county, September 5, 1911. No. 10,058. Wooded bank of White River
near Buzzard’s Roost. Seott county, June 22,1915. No. 16,303. Ina clear-
ing one mile south of Scottsburg. Shelby county, July 14, 1912. No. 11,666.
Taken by Mrs. Chas. C. Deam along Brandywine Creek one mile east of
Fairland. Vermillion county, September 29, 1912. No. 12,469. In an
open woods two miles west of Hillsdale. Also along the Wabash River two
miles south of Hillsdale.
Parthenocissus vitacea Hitch.
Blackford county, July 9, 1910. No. 7,032. Along a fence two miles
northeast of Hartford City. Miami county, July 23, 1915. No. 17,903.
Limestone ledge of the Mississinewa River about five miles southeast of
Peru. Porter county, August 22,1915. No. 18,043. On top of a wooded dune
bordering Lake Michigan at a point five miles north of Chesterton. Steuben
county, July 5, 1914. No. 14,384. On a roadside fence about two miles
northwest of Pleasant Lake. Tippecanoe county, July 22, 1915. No.
17,742. Roadside fence seven miles north of Battle Ground. Wayne
county, July 3, 1913. No. 13,548. In a woods one and a half miles west
of Centerville. Wells county, June 24, 1906. No. 1,127. On a rail fence
forty rods east of Bluffton.
Viola affinis LeConte.
Allen county, May 2, 1915. No. 15,569. In a sandy clearing on the
Godfrey Reserve about three miles south of Fort Wayne. Grant county,
May 22,1915. No. 15,760. Low border of a lake about five miles northeast
of Fairmount. Lagrange county, May 17,1915. No. 15,641. Ina tamarack
swamp three miles east of Howe. Noble county, May 17, 1915. No. 15,675.
In a wooded swamp about one mile southwest of Rome City. Wells county,
May 12, 1915. No. 15,633. In sphagnum on the south side of the lake in
Jackson Township.
Viola affinis x triloba.
Clarke county, May 25, 1910. No. 6,460. In a woods just west of Tract
thirty-three on the Forest Reserve.
139
Viola cucullata «x sororia.
Lagrange county, June 5, 1915. No. 15,998. Growing in sphagnum in
a low woods bordering Pigeon River about four miles east of Mongo. My
numbers 15,881, 15,915, 15,993 and 16,002 are the same species and taken
in different parts of the same county.
Viola incognita var. Forbesii Brainard.
Allen county, May 9, 1915. No. 15,606. In an old tamarack swamp
on the south side of Lake Everett about ten miles northwest of Fort Wayne.
Lagrange county, May 17, 1915. No. 15,650. In a tamarack swamp about
three miles east of Howe. Wells county, May 12, 1915. No. 15,619. In
the low border of the small lake in Jackson Township associated with Acer
saccharinum and Populus tremuloides.
Viola nephrophylla Greene.
Grant county, May 22, 1915. No. 15,745. In a boggy ereek bottom
near the bridge over the Mississinewa River about four miles southeast
of Gas City. Noble county, May 17, 1915. No. 15,674. In the low marl
border of Deep Lake one mile south of Wolf Lake.
Viola papilionacea x triloba- Brainard.
Clay county, May 4, 1913. No. 12,613. Frequent along the bank of
Croy Creek about one mile east of Harmony.
Viola pedatifida x sororia Brainard.
Wells county, May 12, 1915. No. 15,626. In rather dry soil on the
shaded bank of the lake in Jackson Township.
Viola sagittata x triloba Brainard.
Whitley county, May 17, 1915. No. 15,682. In a white oak woods about
four miles east of Columbia City.
Viola triloba Schwein.
Clarke county, May 11, 1910. No. 5,882. In a wooded ravine at the
base of the ‘‘knobs”’ on the Forest Reserve. Decatur county, May 5, 1912.
No. 10,459. Taken by Mrs. Chas. C. Deam on a wooded slope along Flat
Rock River about a half mile north of St. Paul. Hancock county, May 14,
1912. No. 10,517. Taken by Mrs. Chas. C. Deam in a wet woods one and
140
a half miles southeast of Juliette. Henry county, May 10, 1911. No. 8,117.
In a moist rich woods one mile northeast of Spiceland. Jefferson county,
September 9, 1915. No. 18,855. In a woods one mile west of Chelsea.
Johnson county, May 8, 1910. No. 5,782. Wooded hillside about three miles
south of Franklin. Lagrange county, June 6, 1915. No. 15,865. In a woods
on the north side of Cogg Lake about four miles south of Lagrange. Ver-
million county, May 8, 1910. No. 5,840. Wooded hillside one mile north-
west of Hillsdale. Whitley county, August 23, 1914. No. 14,543. Ina
white oak woods about four miles east of Columbia City.
Verbena bracteosa Michx. x urticaefolia L.
Lawrence county, July 13, 1915. No. 17,287. In sandy soil along the
roadside about a half mile north of Lawrenceport.
Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wetts.
Orange county, July 14, 1915. No. 17,376. Ina pond near the Washing-
ton county line along the Paoli and Salem road one and a half miles south
of Bromer. Also noted in a pond near the road about three miles south
of Orleans. Washington county, September 12, 1915. No. 18,983. In a
pool in a pasture field about six miles west of Pekin. Also noted in a pond
about four miles west of Salem.
Solidago erecta Pursh.
Clarke county, September 11, 1915. No. 18,946. On a Quereus Prinus
Ridge about two miles southwest of Borden. Harrison county, September
6, 1915. No. 18,720. On a Quereus Prinus ridge about a half mile west of
Stewart’s Landing, which is three miles east of Elizabeth. Washington
county, September 12, 1915. No. 19,000. On a Quercus Prinus ridge about
ten miles north of Salem, and about one mile south of the Muscatatuclk
River. In all the locations where this species was noted it was growing
in sterile soil, associated with Solidago bicolor.
141
INDIANA Funcer—lIII.
J. M. Van Hoox.
The fungi recorded in the following list, were for the most part collected
from 1911 to 1914. Two of these years (1913 and 1914) were so dry that the
collecting of certain groups of fungi was practically abandoned. The year
1915 was a record one for the growth of all kinds of fungi and large collections
were made for future study.
A limited number of fungi already recorded occur herein, as these have
been found on new hosts.
Great care has been exercised in determining the host species, a thing too
much neglected by collectors in the past.
Most of the species have been collected in Monroe county. Where the
name of the county is not given, it is understood that the specimen was
found in Monroe county. All collections were made by myself unless other-
wise specified.
PHYCOMYCETES.
Albugo bliti (Biv.) O. Kuntze. On living leaves of Amaranthus retro-
flexus. Common. Monroe county, September, 1915.
Albugo ipomoea-panduratae (Schw.) Swingle. On leaves and stems of
Ipomoea hederacea. Monroe county, August 2, 1915.
Chaetocladium jonesii Fresenius. Parasitic on Mucor in culture, in the
greenhouse. December 28, 1912. C. E. O’Neal.
Piptocephahs freseniana De Bary. On Mucor. Greenhouse, December
28, 1912. O’Neal.
Phycomyees nitens (Ag.) Kze. On horse dung brought into greenhouse,
January 7, 1913. O’Neal.
Plasmopara viticola (B. & C.) Berl. & DeToni. On leaves of Vitis cordi-
folia. July, 1915. Very destructive.
Thamnidium elegans Link. On dung in greenhouse, December 22, 1912.
BASIDIOMYCETES.
USTILAGINEAE.
Ustilago neglecta (Niessl.) Rab. On Chaetochloa, Montgomery county,
1913. Flora Anderson.
Ustilago rabenhorstiana (Kuehn.) Hedw. On Syntherisma sanguinale.
Montgomery county, 1913. Anderson.
TILLETIINEAE.
Entyloma lobeliae. Farlow. On living leaves of Lobelia inflata. October
16, 1915. Forms discolored (light yellow) spots on the upper surface of the
leaves.
Uroeystis anemones (Pers.) Wint. On Hepatica acutiloba. Brown
county. May 16, 1915. Donaghy. University Farm, Lawrence county,
June, 1915.
POLYPORCEAE.
Spongipellis occidentalis Murr. On dead oak log. Helmsburg, Brown
county, May 16, 1915. Donaghy.
Spongipellis unicolor (Schw.) Murr. On Acer, Cascades, fall of 1914.
Donaghy.
AGARICACEAE.
Crepidotus fulvotomentosus Pk. On decayed log, Brown county, October
24, 1914.
LYCOPERDINEAE.
Bovistella ohiensis Morg. On the ground in an open field. November.
16, 1914. Donaghy.
ASCOMYCETES.
HELVELLINEAE.
Helvella elastica Bull. On the ground. University Water Works, May
19, 1915. Harvey Stork.
PEZIZINEAE.
Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) Sace. On alfalfa. Autumn of 1912.
Sarcoscypha occidentalis Schw. On buried sticks. University Water
Works, May 19, 1915. Stork.
HYSTERIINEAE.
Hysteriographium gloniopsis Gerard. On dead wood of Acer sacchari-
num. Huckleberry Hill, November 25, 1910.
Hysteriographium mori (Schw.) Rehm. On rails of Liriodendron tulinif-
era and Juglans nigra, Hast campus, October 26, 1915.
PYRENOMYCETINEAE.
PERISPORIALES.
Krysiphe cichoracearum D. C. On living leaves of Plantago rugelii.
Vernonia noveboracensis, Ambrosia trifida and Solidago. Summer of 1911.
Sutton.
Microsphaera alni (D. C.) Wint. On leaves of Platanus occidentalis.
Summer of 1912. Sutton.
Microsphaera elevata Burr. On leaves of Catalpa speciosa. Autumn of
1911. Sutton.
Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst. On Fraxinus sambucifolia, Ladoga,
Montgomery county, September 16, 1913. Anderson.
Sphaerotheca castagnei Lev. On living leaves of Taraxicum officinale,
1911. Sutton.
Uneinula necator (Schw.) Burr. On cultivated grapes. September, 1912.
Unecinula adunea Levy. On leaves of Salix nigra, autumn of 1911. Sutton.
HYPOCREALES.
Gibberella saubinetii (Mont.) Sace. On wheat, 1911.
SPHAERIALES.
Hypoxylon annulatum (Schw.) Mont. On Fraxinus americana. January
17, 1914. Ramsey.
Hypoxylon effusum Nitschke. On Fagus ferruginea, March 4, 1909;
Quercus, November 20, 1913. Ramsey.
Hypoxylon perforatum (Sehw.) Fr. On Juglans nigra. January 17,
1914. Ramsey.
Massaria inquinans (Tode) Fr. On Acer. December 8, 1911.
Rosellinia aquila (Fr.) DeNot. On Acer. March 6, 1902. Mutchler;
on Juglans, Unionville, 1911; on Ostrya, November 20, 1913, and on Fagus
ferruginea, December 16, 1913. Ramsey.
144
Rosellinia glandiformis E. & E. On Liriodendron tulipifera, 1907; on
Juglans, November 20, 1913; and on Fraxinus, Boone county, January 17,
1914. Ramsey.
Rosellinia ligniaria (Grev.) Nke. On Ostrya virginica, January 28, 1914,
J. M. V. & Ramsey; on Fraxinus, Boone county, March 28, 1914. Ramsey.
Rosellinia medullaris (Wallr.) Ces. & DeNot. On Cercis canadensis,
February 4, 1911; on Juglans cinerea, 1914. Ramsey.
Rosellinia mutans (Cke. & Pk.) Sace. On Juglans, 1914. Ramsey.
Rosellinia pulveracea (Ehr.) Feckl. On Carpinus caroliniana and Platanus
occidentalis, November 20, 1913; on the same hosts in Boone county, De-
cember 18, 1913. Ramsey.
Rosellinia subiculata (Schw.) Sacc. On Liriodendron tulipifera, 1911.
On Quereus, 1914, J. M. V. & Ramsey.
Venturia pomi (Fr.) Wint. On leaves and fruit of Pyrus malus, July 19,
1912. Common.
Xylaria corniformis Fr. On rotten Acer. Harrodsburg, August 7, 1915.
FUNGI IMPERFECTI.
SPHAEROPSIDALES.
Ascochyta mali E. & E. On living leaves of Pyrus malus, 1911. Sutton.
Ascochyta rhei E. & E. On living leaves of Rheum rhaponticum. Sep-
tember, 1912.
Cicinobolus cesatii DeBary. Parasitic on Erysiphe cichoracearum on
leaves of Rudbeckia or Helianthus. Campus, October 5, 1915.
Darluca filum (Biv.) Cast. Parasitic on Phragmidium potentillae and
Uredo biglowii, 1911. Sutton.
Phoma limbalis Passer. On leaf veins of Platanus occidentalis, 1912.
Phyllosticta celtidis Ell. & Kell. On leaves of Celtis occidentalis, October
5, 1915. These leaves were also affected with a leaf mite. Spores of fungus,
bacteria-like, 2 to 3 by 1 micron.
Phyllosticta fraxini Ell. & Mart. On leaves of Cornus florida, autumn
of 1912. Spores, 4 by 9.5 microns. On leaves of Fraxinus americana,
Unionville, October 3, 1914. J. M. V. & Paul Weatherwax.
Phyllosticta grossulariae Sacc. On leaves of Ribes cynosbati, October
3, 1914. J. M. V. & P. W.
Phyllosticta hammamelidis Pk. On living leaves of Hammamelis vir-
145
giniana, Campus, October 5, 1915. Associated with Pestalozzia funerea
Desm. Peck reports Phyllosticta consocia Pk. as being associated with this
Pestalozzia and describes the spot as the same and the Phyllosticta as the
cause. However, P. consocia is described as having six cells with four
middle ones colored and as being 30 to 35 microns long; setae, 22.5 to 27.5
long. Our spores are about 25 microns long with short setae. Spores, five-
celled, the three inner being colored. This Phyllosticta is very similar if
not identical with P. sphaeropsidea E. & EK. (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 1883,
p. 97.) Reported on Aesculus hippocastanum.
Phyllosticta kalmicola (Sechw.) E. & E. On living leaves of Kalmia
latifolia, one-half mile northeast of Borden, Clark county, February 20,
1915.
Phyllosticta linderae E. & EK. On Lindera benzoin, Brown county, July,
PLO:
Phyllosticta sambuci Desm. On leaves of Sambucus canadensis, Campus,
October 5, 1915. The pyenidia are described as being very minute. In our
specimens, they measure from 90 to 200 microns with spores 4 to 7 by 2 to
23 microns.
Phyllosticta sambucicola Kalehbr. On the same host as the above and
associated with it as was also Cercospora sambucina and a Septoria. The
pyenidia are 50 to 90 microns and spores 25 to 5 microns. The spores are
subglobose. Kalchbrenner describes them as being very minute.
Septoria evonymi Rabh. On Evonymus atropurpurius, Campus, October
5, 1915. Our. species is undoubtedly identical with the one described by
Rabenhorst, though differing somewhat. The following is a description of
our fungus: Spots epiphyllous, 3 to 10 microns in diameter or by confluence,
covering large areas, irregular in shape, often limited by veins making them
angular in outline, olive brown, bounded by a dark purplish line, lighter
colored on the lower surface of the leaf; pyenidia 75 to 125 microns in diam-
eter, black, protruding and with a large irregular opening; spores 15 to 30
by 2 to 3 microns, for the most part one-septate, straight, crescent-shaped
or irregularly curved.
Septoria helianthi Ell. & Kell. On Helianthus annuus, autumn of 1912.
Septoria lactueae Pass. Common on Lactuea seariola, Harrodsburg,
August 7, 1915. Spores filiform, 20 to 35 by 14 to 2 microns.
Septoria mimuli Wint. On leaves of Mimulus alatus, summer of 1911.
Sutton.
5084—10
146
Septoria oenothera Wesl. On Oenothera biennis, Harrodsburg, August
Pls ARS
Septoria polygonorum Desm. On Polygonum persicaria, July 29, 1915.
This fungus was very common and very destructive to its host throughout
the summer. It varies slightly from the deseription as follows: Spots
2to3mm.in diameter. Leaf fades to yellow, curls, dries on the plant or falls
to the ground. Some spores exceed 25 microns in length.
Septoria rubi West. On cultivated raspberries. September, 1912. Also
common on blackberries.
Septoria scrophulariae Pk. On Secrophularia nodosa or marylandiea.
Summer of 1911. Sutton.
Septoria verbascicola B. & C. On Verbascum blattaria, autumn of 1912.
Sphaeropsis asiminae E. & E. On dead twigs of Asimina triloba, Boone
county, December, 1913. Ramsey.
MELANCONIALES.
Cylindrosporium capsellae E. & E. On leaves of Capsella bursa-pastoris,
1911. Sutton.
Cylindrosporium padi Karst. On Prunus serotina, summer of 1911.
Sutton.
Gloeosporium caryae Ell. & Dear. Common on leaves of Carya alba,
Harrodsburg, August 7, 1915.
Gloeosporium intermedium Sacc., var. poinsettiae Sacc. On dead stems
of Poinsettia pulcherrima, greenhouse, March 16, 1915. Plants grown from
Florida stock.
Marsonia juglandis (Lib.) Sace. On leaves of Juglans cinerea, Helmsburg,
Brown county, July, 1912; Unionville, Monroe county, October 3, 1914.
On leaves of Juglans nigra, Unionville, October 3, 1914. On leaves of Juglans
sieboldiana, Campus, October 5, 1915.
Marsonia martini Sacc. & Ell. On leaves of Quercus acuminata, Harrods-
burg, July 7, 1915.
Pestalozzia funerea Desm. On leaves of Hammamelis virginiana, Campus,
October 5, 1915.
HyPHOMYCETES.
Cercospora ampelopsidis Pk. On living leaves of Ampelopsis quinque-
folia, October 5, 1915. The conidiophores of this fungus measure 30 to 112
by 5 to 6 microns and are 2 to 4 septate; the spores are 25 to 125 by 6 to 8
147
microns and are 4 to 9 septate. There seems to be no doubt as to the identity
of the fungus as the remainder of the deseription corresponds admirably.
Cercospora bartholomaei Hll. & Kell. On living leaves of Rhus glabra,
summer of 1911. Sutton.
Cercospora condensata Ell. & Kell. Summer of 1911. Sutton.
Cercospora elongata Pk. On Dipsacus sylvestris, Harrodsburg. July 7,
1915. Spores attain a length of 275 microns. Peck gives 50 to 150 microns.
Cereospora kellermani Bubak. On leaves of Althaea rosea, October 5,
1915. This species seems too closely related to C. malvarum Sace. and to
C. althaeina Sace. Conidiophores to 110 microns long and spores from 20
to 152 microns.
Cereospora plantaginis Sace. On leaves of Plantago rugelii, Campus,
October 5, 1915. Very common. Forms brown spots. Conidiophores as
much as 250 microns long. Spores, 75 to 175 microns long.
Cercospora rhoina E. & E. On leaves of Rhus glabra, Unionville, October
3, 1914. J. M. V. & P. W.
Cereospora ribis Karle. On cultivated Ribes rubrum, autumn of 1912.
Very severe on its host.
Cereospora rosicola Pass. On Rosa carolina, Campus, October 26, 1915.
The description of this species gives the measurement of the conidiophores
20 to 40 by 3 to 5 microns and spores, 30 to 50 by 33 to 5 and 2 to 4-septate.
Our conidiophores are 20 to 75 by 4 to 5 and spores 30 to 80 by 5 to 7 microns
and are mostly 3-septate. The very dark hemispherical base from which
the conidiophores arise, is very characteristic of this species.
Cerecospora sambucina Ell. & Kell. On leaves of Sambucus canadensis,
Campus, October, 1915. -
Cereospora septorioides E. & E. On leaves of Rubus villosus, Harrods-
burg, August 7, 1915. This species has many characters which place it
near C. rubi Sace., C. rubicola Thuem. and C. rosicola Pass. The spots are
very characteristic and the resemblance of the spores to those of a Septoria
Is very striking.
Cereospora toxicodendri (Curt.) E. & E. On leaves of Rhus toxicoden-
dron, Harrodsburg, August 7, 1915.
Haplographium apiculatum Pk. On leaves of Hammamelis virginiana,
Griffey Creek, October 3, 1914.
Macrosporium catalpae Ell. & Mart. On leaves of, Catalpa speciosa,
148
Campus, 1911 and 1912. Common. This fungus seems to follow the injury
a very characteristic brown spot.
produced by an insect
Macrosporium sarciniaeforme Cay. On Trifolium pratense, Campus,
October 6, 1915. The swollen nodes of these conidiophores somewhat re-
semble those of Polythrincium trifolii so common on clover.
Macrosporium solani Ell. & Mart. Common on Datura stramonium,
Griffey Creek and Harrodsburg, July and August, 1915.
Piricularia grisea (Cke.) Sace. On leaves of Panicum sanguinale, autumn
of 1915. Very common every year.
Tubercularia vulgaris (Tode.) Meckl. On twigs of Asimina triloba,
Boone county, December, 1913. Ramsey.
(In conforming with the original plan, the following Myxomycetes are
here appended, though out of the sphere of fungi.)
MY XOMYCETES.
Areyria incarnata Pers. On rotten wood, Griffey Creek, October 29,
1914. Donaghy.
Diderma crustaceum Pk. On dead leaves, Brown county, October 24,
1914. Donaghy.
Enteridium splendens Morg. On rotten wood, Brown county, October
24, 1914.
Lycogola flavo-fuseum (Khr.) Rost. On sawed end of maple log, Novem-
ber 16, 1914. Donaghy.
Mucilago spongioa (Leyss.) Morg. On stems of living weeds, November
12, 1914. Donaghy.
Physarum cinereum (Batsch.) Pers. On living grass, Campus, June 4,
1915. Mottier.
Stemonitis caroliniana Macbr. On rotten wood, 1915.
Stemonitis morgani Pk. On rotten wood. Griffey Creek, October 29,
1914. Donaghy. Also on dead maple log, Campus, June 1, 1915. Donaghy.
Stemonitis nigrescens Rex. Greenhouse under bottom of palm tub.
Sporangia on the sand. May 20, 1915.
Tilmadoche polycephala (Sehw.) Maebr. On bark of fallen elm. Run-
ning over moss and bark. Griffey Creek, June 5, 1915,
Indiana University,
January, 1916.
A SEgconp BLOOMING OF MAGNOLIA SOULANGIANA.
D. M. Morrier.
This note is to call attention to the fact of a second blooming in the same
year of a purple variety of Magnolia Soulangiana. On the campus of Indiana
University a group of thrifty magnolias is cultivated. Among these there
are two varieties of M. Soulangiana, one with pink flowers and the other
bearing blossoms of a deep purple color. Last spring at the usual time all
trees of the two varieties bloomed profusely and, from a number of the
flowers, fruits and seeds were developed. In midsummer (July 25 to August
10) three trees of the purple variety bore each two or three fine large flowers,
which were normal in every respect. No flowers were seen on the variety
bearing pink blossoms. This is the first time the writer has observed the
occurrence of a second crop of blossoms on a magnolia. It has been learned
through acquaintances that the purple variety bloomed a second time this
year in one of the eastern states.
As the blossoms were removed from the trees by children or by un-
scrupulous admirers, it was impossible to know whether such flowers would
develop fruits.
151
Tur HErrect oF CENTRIFUGAL ForRcE ON OSCILLATORIA.
Frank M. ANDREWS.
Filaments of Oscillatoria were centrifuged in order to ascertain if it
were possible to displace the contents to any extent. First I used a force
of 1,738 gravities. This force did not change the position of the contents
in any respect, although the plants were centrifuged two days and four hours.
The growth of the filaments also had not ceased and the movements so
characteristic of the plant had not been interrupted. The filaments were
not harmed in any way by such centrifugal action as a comparison with
control specimens showed.
In a second experiment the filaments were subjected to 4,400 gravities
for two hours and later to 5,843 gravities for three hours, but no displace-
ment of the contents was caused.
In a third experiment 13,467 gravities were used transversely on the
filaments for one hour with no change in the position of the contents; neither
cessation of the growth nor of the usual movements. When Oscillatoria was
centrifuged between the slide and cover-glass the filaments were usually
broken, yet very short pieces consisting of a few cells often withstood a force
of 1,738 gravities. For the use of very high centrifugal forces, as indicated
above, it was necessary to place the filaments directly on the bottom of
the glass cylinders and centrifuge them transversely as stated above. The
filaments were then broken apart into their disk-like cells and observed from
the end, but no displacement of the contents could be seen. The amount
of resistance of such delicately constructed plants is rather surprising. It
is also interesting to note that in all the experiments with centrifugal force
on Oscillatoria, the characteristic movements were not stopped or apparently
retarded by a force varying from 1,738 gravities to as much as 13,467 gravities.
_This was shown by specimens of Oscillatoria which were placed directly on
the bottom of the glass cylinders on the outside of which was fastened a
graduated scale. The machine was stopped in a few seconds and by ob-
servation it could be seen that the specimens that had been centrifuged for one
hour or more and with any amount of centrifugal force had moved or radiated
as far as the control specimens had in the same time. These movements
may therefore be carried out under great difficulty and against great re-
sistance, at least of certain kinds such as centrifugal force when applied
laterally. In the first experiment on the study of movements when 1,738
eravities were used for one hour, the centrifuged filaments during that
time moved or radiated away from the center of the small mass of filaments
equally in all directions. Actual measurements showed that the filaments
had moved out in the usual way to a distance of 5mm. The control specimens
had also moved 5 mm. during the same time. There was absolutely no differ-
ence between the centrifuged specimens and the controls as to the general
arrangement or appearance of the filaments which had, in each case, radiated
from the very small central mass. In all cases the only requisite was the
presence of a very shallow film of water about the specimens.
When the specimens were centrifuged for one hour with a force of 5,000
eravities instead of 1,738 gravities, the amount of movement in both centri-
fuged and control specimens was exactly the same. Both moved away in
a radiating direction from the small central mass 5 mm. during the one hour
of experimentation. This shows the amount of movement to be as great,
as far as could be determined, in the presence of a force of 5,000 gravities
as when 1,738 gravities was used. Longer periods of time than one hour,
using 5,000 gravities, were not used, and it has not yet been investigated
what effect, if any, this might have on the movements.
In the third experiment, where 13,467 gravities were used, both the
centrifuged specimens of Oscillatoria and the controls moved 2 mm. during
the half-hour of centrifuging. So far then as experiments have been per-
formed, it has not been found possible to stop, or apparently retard, the
amount or kind of movements of Oscillatoria princeps by centrifugal force.
Indiana University.
155
SOME HLEMENTARY NoTES ON STEM ANALYSES OF
WHITE Oak.
Burr N. PRENTICE.
In the fall of 1915 I had the opportunity to gather some facts concerning
the growth of White Oak (Quercus alba). The opportunity was in the
form of a small logging operation which took place in a woodlot of mature
White Oak belonging to Mr. George Justice, in Tippecanoe county, Indiana,
about seven miles north of Lafayette. The woodlot is located on rolling to
flat land only a short distance from the Wabash river. The soil is typical
of that region, being a sandy loam underlain with gravel. The cutting was
not a large one, only covering about thirty trees, but the majority of the
trees were old and fully mature, so that a good idea of the life history and
growth of White Oak on similar situations in Indiana could be ganied by
a study of their stems.
Complete stem analyses of the trees were taken. These included the
following measurements on each bole; the diameter at the stump, together
with the distance from the center to each tenth ring, counting from the out-
side in, and similar measurements at each of the other crossecuts on the
tree, thus getting the diameter of each section at any decade throughout
the life of the tree. The diameter at breast height, i.e., four and one-half feet
from the ground, was taken in each case. The following height measurements
were also included; height of stump, length of each section above the stump,
length of tip above the last section, and the length and width of crown. Care-
ful record was kept of the number of rings in decades at each section since
by these are determined the various periods of growth.
From this data was worked out the mean annual volume growth of the
average tree of the stand for the entire period of its life. The method out-
lined by Mlodjianski, as modified by Graves, was followed. This requires
the construction of a height growth table showing the average time required
for the trees to grow from the ground to the various crosseuts. The accom-
panying curve drawn from plotting height in feet against age in years shows
how such a table was obtained. This height table is given as a part of table
three.
The next step is the determination of the average stump height. By
averaging the heights of the stumps of the entire plot, this height was de-
termined as one and one-half feet.
AHeltght 1m feeTr
gar [OR
~
o&
Eee
1
cht
Y
’
OF/
euboak wt ab
|
i
(OI
car
8
Curve based on age and total height of White Oak (Quercus alba), showing time
required to grow to any specified height. Based on measurement of thirty trees.
A eurve based on diameter and age at the stump was then drawn, to
show the average diameter growth at the stump for cach decade. This curve
smoothed out any irregularities in growth at the stump for the entire number
a
of trees measured. A similar curve was drawn for each of the other cross-
cuts above the stump. It has already been noted that the average stump
height was one and one-half feet. Therefore the curve for the top of the
first twelve-foot log represents the diameter growth at a point thirteen and
one-half feet above the ground. The same is, of course, true for the other
curves as well.
These curves were then all transferred to one sheet in such a manner
that the growth at the respective crosscuts was shown on the basis of total
age, 1.e., each curve begins as many years to the right of the intersection
of the two axes as it took the tree to grow to the height of the crosseut in
question. These points are determined from the height growth table.
These curves represent the diameter growth at their respective distances
above the ground, on the basis of total age (age at the ground), and not
on the basis of the age at the respective crosseuts. We are able to get from
this series of curves, for any age, the average total height and the dimensions
of the trees inside the bark at various points along the bole.
A diameter breast height curve was also constructed in the following
manner. On the same sheet with the stump curve a second curve was drawn,
letting the ordinate represent diameter breast height values instead of diam-
eter inside the bark at the stump. Since there were but a small number of
trees, all of uniformly large diameter, it was impossible, as yet, to continue
this curve into the early age of the trees. But when the curves for the other
points on the bole were also transferred thus to a single sheet, the diameter
breast height height curve was prolonged by a process of interpolation to the
younger ages of the trees.
156
Diameter aside The bark fn l7ches
th, mM
i
ai
Y
eiaod ul 2b
Tao
I i
TAA
awe wi
a 1 a COC
i f BRR ER DEE PERE eee
Cod Hee i asnteeeeeebeeseeeeesees
Coco BERGE EGe
T Ti EC GREOSEo Ceo CoEooeooeoReeeoee DEGREES PEPER Pee
Bree Titsseee wae
a ITI
rrr |
iow ERE E PRR Rees Pees Pe
SERED Pee Pe ich GEREEPRESEREEEE SEEEEEE _
oe ERLE R ERO Es PE Pes Pe Pee eee EES
SERRE Pee 1 jp wi ee es EEEESEREES
Series of curves based on age at the ground and diameters at various cross cuts.
showing time required for the tree to grow from the ground to any specified diameter
at various points up the bole. Based on the measurement of thirty White Oak trees.
an
From this series of curves Table No. 1 was taken. The cubic contents
(Table 2) of the average tree at ten year periods throughout its life, was
computed according to the Schiffel formula, which is (.16B + .66b)h = V,
in which B represents the area of cross section at breast height, b represents
the area of cross section at mid-height, h represents the total height of the
tree, and V represents the volume.
TABLE I.—Diameters at various points along the bole for every decade throughout
the life of the tree; white oak.
AGE IN YEARS.
Height of | | | | | |
Section 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 110] 120 | 130
j |
Above Ground, | | | |
in Feet.
Diameter inside the bark, in inches.
| |
H
(Stump) 1s. Ue@)| 22 3.3) 4.5] 5.8] 6.9] 8.2] 9.5/10.7/12.0/13.2 14.5)15.9
DBRS tA a 1.0] 2.0) 3.2) 4.3) 5.4) 6.5] 7.5) 8.6 9.8/10.9)12.2/13.4
Wie ete eS 1.0] 2.2| 3.4] 4.3] 5.3) 6.5) 7.5) 8.6) 9.8/10.7/11.8
DET par oes | -9| 2.0) 3.0] 4.2] 5.3] 6.3) 7.4) 8.5) 9.6/10.6
Sites eee ae -4| 1.4) 2.5) 3.4) 4.6] 5.7 6.7) 7.8) 8.9
AL Th A tes) GES) 583) Oat Wee
1 aot ie or oeal (eusceec| leaeics ce eres il | aicaohen Raters fed [iSneeries! lor anes Geib ce TAS ZeSinoe Olona
TABLE I—Continued.
AGE IN YEARS.
Height of | | | | |
Section 140 | 150 | 160 | 170 | 180 | 190 | 200 | 210 | 220 | 230 | 240
Above Ground.
in Feet.
Diameter inside the bark, in inches.
(Stump) 14..... 17.4] 18.8 20.3! 22.0 23.8) 25.4] 27.2 29.0) 30.7) 32.7) 35.0
iD BsHS Ae aa 1456) 16-0) 17-24) 18-7) 2022) 2125) 23-0) 2455) 2620] 27-6) 2923
Oe eee 13.0) 14.0] 15.2) 16.3, 17.4] 18.4] 19.4} 20.5 21.5} 221 G| 2). 0
Dies eles else Olt OW Gs Ol igen Ss 2h Sle ON eles O:
355. - 10.0] 11-0) 12-2) 13.2; 14.2) 15-3) 163) 27.4) 18274) 19-5] 20-5
413. S30)| 2G 10.6) 16 ei tse 14.8} 15.8) 16.9] 17.9) 19.0
BTU ae 6.0 ia S23] Ors ONS eile 4 Oe Se lA > SG lone
|
158
TABLE II.—Total height and *cubic volume of white oak for each decade of
the life of the tree.
Height, | Volume, | : | Height, | Volume,
Age, Years. Feet. | Cu. Ft. | Age, Years. Feet. | Cu. Ft.
| —_—— | — —: i
VS Bee ete: tOe0o i= eos" Weta ae aye | 61.6 | 29.691
Dine ss en ae 18.2 ORAL MPID oto) 7 ee ee | 63.2 36.846
BOY crasitirbntic Sea: 25.5 S18 (tek Ns STU ais ees cll | 65.0 45.330
AOE Se ee ces 31.8 SOG See tL GUS ree Pie Oe 66.5 | 54.397
BO ance ae 37.4 ite st Joos Fase, 0) eA eee | 67.9 | ~ 63-082
GON oars Mie ee 41.8 2.590 TSO SR ae coi | 69.0 75.348
YAO Mea ersres ene By reo 45.6 4.332 TOO a More tate 70.0 87.220
2308 Gece See oe eR ae 49.2 6.494 PUD aentdce ohn see eee F220 100.678
DOU ie siegaei ee es SPAN i ie WEEE |i Re als Sete oe 71/8. 4) (2 Seas
LOOT A ee ee 54.8 13.481 DOI iti ns see ie oe 72.4 128.076
EOE hee. ere ens Si 20.821 ZOE dae Vaio 146.037
LQ Uae ase etx 59.4 PAs ie tas AC) >, 3 ec ase 73.0 156.658
*Volumes computed according to Schiffel: V = (.16B .66b)h, where,
V = Volume.
B = Basal area of cross section at breast height.
b = Area of cross section at middle height.
h = Total height of tree.
TABLE III.—Volume in board feet of Merchantable stem for even decades.
l
Volume, Volume, Volume,
Age, Years. B. M. Age, Years. B.M. | Age, Years. B. M.
| | |
“(ORO eae te 10 13020 ean eee | T7Oe oN TOON etcca se 535
RO oe et ee 15 11) Bh oan | BORN ia a a ela ls (s 630
DOke eens eee 20. SetsO | ne Rese | Daee.| SHO as. Ama: 725
LOO k Meee e ae ah 65 160 6%. 335. ep 220Men on 830
AAOre Mabe g ale 100 Lose Gee. | 4050 8 230 eee 955
1209.2 Oe aie 140 180. Bsn = | 460 | DAD ie GP eins 1,095
It must be remembered that these figures are based on trees growing
under an entire absence of management. Proper management should easily
materially increase the rate of growth shown here. Even among these trees
there were many that were above the average rate here given. A curve
drawn for the maximum growth in diameter at the stump showed the follow-
ing comparison:
Age at. Average Maximum. — Age at Average Maximum
Stump. ID, Wo IB, IDs Ul, 1832 Stump. ID Ws 1B, IDs I, 183.
20 2.5 3G is 140 18.0 21.5
40 5.0 5.8 160 AO» PEO
60 “0 8.0 180 24.4 28.8
80 10.0 Lil 5@ 200 28.0 By 5)
100 12.4 15.0 220 31.4 36.4
120 15.0 SZ 240 . 3D 2 40.6
It will be noticed that there is a difference of approximately 20 per cent.
in diameter for any given age, between the average maximum growth and
the average growth. Allowing for a proportionate increase throughout the
stem, this would give a maximum volume for table three as follows:
Volume Volume Volume
Age 1B}, IMI. Age B. M. Age B. M.
Years. (Maxi- Years. (Maxi- Years. (Maxi-
mum). mum). mum),
70 12 150 205 190 642
SO 18 140 270 200 756
90 48 150 330 210 870
100 78 160 402 220 996
110 120 170 486 230 1,146
120 168 180 552 240 1,314
This 20 per cent. increase could hardly be regarded as reliable, how-
ever. when applied to later life of the tree. Artificial plantations both at
home and abroad show that it is not at all out of proportion with what may
be expected during the early life of well managed plantations.
A study of the crowns of this plot showed the average width of crown
to be forty feet. This would allow in a fully stocked stand, about forty mature
trees to the acre. During the extremely early years of the stand, an acre
would bear upwards of one thousand trees. *Mr. Earl Frothingham, Forest
Assistant in the Forest Service, shows that from observed plots an acre in
able to support seven hundred and twenty-four oak trees to the age of forty-
*Second Growth Hardwoods in Connecticut, Bulletin 96, U. S. Forest Service
by Earl H. Frothingham,. Forest Assistant.
160
five. Our analyses show that the trees in the present study did not attain
a diameter breast height of six inches until they were seventy years of age.
If we allow approximately one-half of the seven hundred and twenty-four,
or three hundred and fifty, to remain at the age of seventy, and reduce
this number by a series of intermediate acceleration thinnings, to the final
forty at the age of one hundred and fifty, we get the following result:
Number Number Number Number
Trees Age, Feet Trees Age, Feet
Per Acre. Years. B. M. Per Acre. Years. B. M.
(70 3,900 Thinning.
300 4 80 5,250 160 13 ,400
90 14,000 | 170 16,200
| 180 18 ,400
Thinning. 3 190 21,400
‘100 11,375 40 - 200 25,200
175 < 110 17,500 210 29 000
l 120 24 500 220 33 , 200
| 230 38,200
Thinning. 240 43 , 800
130 14,450
85 “ 140 19,125
_150 23 375
While the problem of reforestation with oak is somewhat more difficult
than that connected with coniferous plantations, nevertheless these figures
look interesting, to say the least. It is true that there is little material that
is actually merchantable that can be looked for under one hundred years.
There are many poor plots of land, however, on nearly every farm in Indiana
which at present detract from the value of the whole property. If these
plots were planted with even so slow growing a tree as the white oak the
result would be an increase in the value of the entire property many years
before the trees themselves actually attained merchantable size.
ee
161
ANALYSIS OF WATER CONTAINING ALUMINUM SALTS
AND FREE SULPHURIC ACID FROM AN
INDIANA Coat MINE.
S. D. ConneER.
Within the past year the writer was called upon to test some drainage
water from a coal mine for the Vandalia Coal Company of Terre Haute with
a view of determining whether such water could be used for irrigation pur-
poses.
A qualitative examination indicated only a trace of chlorides and nitrates.
but an abundance of sulphates.
The following substances were quantitatively estimated:
Ale (SOR) se Nats et en SSE ee oe .016 per cent.
CASO per that ere 8 eae et ee dog .141 per cent.
IVES Opens een Sea is eo see ay ne .O74 per cent.
HIP eGUEIS S Op Samii ne tea wee Sh cen.) een) .005 per cent.
Rotaljsolds 2:02 Seer tomes oe .42 per cent.
Contrary to expectations, no soluble iron was found, although a slight
flocculent precipitate of iron (probably basic ferric sulphate) was noted
in the bottom of the bottle, indicating that originally some iron had been
in solution.
In the mining of coal more or less iron pyrites (FeS2) is exposed to the
air. This pyrites in the presence of oxygen and moisture is oxidized, forming
ferrous sulphate and sulphuric acid. The sulphuric acid coming in contact
with clay, shale, ete., would dissolve calcium, magnesium, aluminum and other
basic elements which might be present. Upon continued exposure to air
the ferrous sulphate (Fe SO.) in solution would be oxidized to basic ferric
sulphate (Fe(OH)SO.) and precipitated.
Water such as the writer analyzed is acid in reaction, due to the presence
of free sulphuric acid and also to the hydrolysis of the aluminum sulphate.
Such water would be injurious to vegetation and consequently unfit for
irrigation purposes.
5084—11
162
The presence of soluble aluminum instead of soluble iron is a condition
similar to that found in the acid soil of the Wanatah experiment field in
Laporte county (as reported by Abbott, Conner and Smalley in Bul. 170
of the Ind. Exp. Station).
There is little danger of soluble salts of iron being present in well-drained
and aerated soils or in irrigation water which has been exposed to the air
for any length of time. This is due to the fact that soluble salts of iron
readily oxidize and are precipitated on exposure to air. Soluble salts of
aluminum are not readily precipitated and there is danger of these being
present in injurious amount in acid soils either drained or undrained and in
mine waters. .
On the Wanatah field it was necessary to apply some form of lime to
neutralize the acidity before crops could be grown. It was also found that
aluminum nitrate was just as injurious to corn grown in water cultures as
was an equivalent amount of nitric acid. It would undoubtedly be necessary
to neutralize the acidity of the coal mine water with some form of lime before
it could be utilized for irrigation purposes.
163
DETECTION OF NICKEL IN COBALT SALTS.
A. R. MippLeton anp H. L. Miner.
The use of dimethylglyoxime as a reagent for the detection and determina-
tion of nickel, discovered by Tschugaev! in 1905 and developed by Brunk,?
has become a general practice. For simplicity of manipulation and freedom
from interference this reagent is unrivalled; the brilliant scarlet color and
extreme insolubility of the nickel glyoximine renders possible the detection
of one part of nickel ion in at least 350,000 parts of water. By a modified
method of applying the reagent, which was developed in the course of this
investigation, we found it possible to detect one part of nickel ion in more than
4,000,000 parts of water.
For detection of traces of nickel in cobalt salts this reagent, hitherto,
has not been very satisfactory. Cobalt combines with dimethylglyoxime to
form an extremely soluble compound of brown color. Either because the
nickel salt is soluble in this compound, or, as is much more probable, because
the cobalt appropriates most of the reagent, no nickel is precipitated by
ordinary amounts of reagent from cobalt salt solutions, even though a con-
siderable amount is present. The object of this investigation was to devise
a method by which the cobalt ion should be suppressed, thus permitting the
reagent to react with nickel only thus avoiding the necessity for large amounts
of reagent. Treadwell,’ following a suggestion of Tschugaev, accomplishes
this result by transforming the cobalt salt into a cobaltic ammin by strong
ammonia and hydrogen peroxide before adding dimethylglyoxime. We
shall show that this method is unsatisfactory and fails when much cobalt
is present. |
The most striking differences in the chemical behavior of nickel and
cobalt are (1) the greater readiness of oxidation to the trivalent condition
and (2) the greater stability of the complex ions, both positive and negative,
of cobalt. Of the various complex ions formed by cobalt the most stable are
the complex cyanides, that of trivalent cobalt being decidedly more stable
than that of bivalent cobalt. Nickel forms soluble complex cyanides of a
1Ber. 38, 2520.
2Z. angew, Chem., 20, 3444.
3Analyt. Chem., Vol. I. 151. (7te Aufl.)
164
different type, resembling those of bivalent copper, whereas the cobalt
cyanides are analogous to the iron cyanides. In the classic method of
Liebig* for detecting nickel in cobalt salts, the inferior stability of nickelo-
cyanide ion together with the ready oxidizability of cobaltocyanide to cobalti-
eyanide ion has long been used to effect a separation. For a solution con-
taining cobalticyanide, nickelocyanide and cyanide ions the following equilib-
ria are involved:
[Co |} x [CN’]® = Kimnst. x [Co(CN) ,« ] and
[Ni] x [CN’]4 = K inst. x [Ni(CN) , ].
The values of the instability constants are not accurately known, but it is
certain that that of cobalticyanide ion is extremely small and that of nickelo-
eyanide 1on much larger. Any reduction of the concentration of cyani de
ion in the solution must result in decomposition of the nickelocyanide ion
and considerable increase of nickel ion concentration while the much more
stable cobalticyanide ion is less affected. In Liebig’s method as modified
by Gauhe,’ cyanide ion is removed by oxidation with alkaline hypobromite
or hypochlorite, the nickelous ion being simultaneously oxidized and pre-
cipitated as Ni (OH);. This method is not altogether satisfactory, first,
because, owing to the necessity of adding an excess of the oxidizing agent,
cobaltic hydroxide is also precipitated invariably so that the appearance
of a brown precipitate is not per se, proof of the presence of nickel; second,
because the manipulation, particularly the amounts of reagents, requires
experience and care.
Nickel glyoximine is decomposed by cyanide ion. Our problem, then,
was to remove the cyanide ion so gradually that the cobalticyanide ion should
remain practically unaffected. For this purpose we made use of the great
stability of complex silver cyanide ions, together with the high insolubility
of silver argenticyanide, Ag Ag(CN):, 0.0004 g. per liter® at 20°. For
argenticyanide ion, [Ag] x [CN]? = »—! x [Ag(CN). ]. The comparative
insolubility of silver cobalticyanide, Ag;Co(CN),., accurate data for which
are lacking, should also tend to prevent decomposition of cobalticyanide ion.
When dimethylglyoxime is added to very dilute solutions of nickel salts,
4Ann., 65, 244 (1848); 87, 128 (1853).
5Z. analyt. Chem., 5, 75 (1866).
6Bredig, Z. physik. Chem., 46, 602.
165
a yellow color at once develops and the red precipitate flocculates after a
brief interval. At extreme dilutions where no precipitate forms, a yellow
tint is observable. This was suspected to be due to colloidal glyoximine
which should be fiocculated by another precipitate, in which case, since
both silver cyanide and silver cobalticyanide are white, the red nickel
glyoximine would be readily detectable and the delicacy of the test in-
creased. The correctness of this view seems to be confirmed by the ex-
perimental results detailed below.
EXPERIMENTAL.
Solutions and Reagents. NiSO, solution, approx. 0.05 molar, from
Kahlbaum’s “‘Kobalt-frei’”’ salt, was standardized by electrolysis (0.05008
molar) and by precipitation and weighing as nickel glyoximine (0.0496
molar). The discrepancy is due probably to a trace of iron which was
detected, the removal of which appeared unnecessary for our purpose. The
more dilute solutions used were prepared from this by accurate dilution.
7) Bodlander, Z. anorg. Chem, 39, 227.
CoSO,, approx. O. 1 molar, was prepared by working up residues from
cobaltammin salts. Nickel was removed by dimethylglyoxime according
to the method we have developed and the solution as used gave no evidence
of nickel by any of the tests applied. Electrolysis showed this solution to
be 0.0921 molar. Potassium cyanide, 10 per cent. solution. Dimethylgly-
oxime, | per cent. solution in alcohol. Silver nitrate, 1 per cent. solution.
SENSITIVENESS OF DIMETHYLGLYOXIME AS A REAGENT FOR NICKEL IN
PRESENCE AND IN ABSENCE OF CYANIDE [oN.
Ten ec. of NiSO; solution of molarity stated in the table below was
warmed to about 80° and | ce. of the reagent added and a drop or two of
dilute ammonia. To the same volume of each NiSO, solution two or three
drops of KCN were added. At these high dilutions no precipitate was formed.
The solution was warmed to 80°, | ce. of reagent added and then the AgNO;
solution dropwise until a permanent white or pink precipitate formed.
The more concentrated solutions gave at once a pink precipitate; the more
dilute ones a white precipitate which turned pink on standing. In those so-
lutions which required more than one hour to form a precipitate the exact
166
time required for the pink precipitate to appear was not recorded. The
samples were observed after standing 24 hours. From the results tabulated
below it is apparent that the test is at least as delicate in the presence as
in the absence of cyanide and that the results are obtainable much more
quickly from the complex than from the simple ion. In the extreme dilutions
of the simple ion the precipitate was frequently a single red crystal very
minute and difficult to see.
TABLE I.
TIME.
Molarity. Es Meg. Ni per cc. Ratio Ni : H:O
| NiSO, | K:Ni(CN).
0.0005 Immediate | Immediate | 0.02934 1: 34,000
00005 lhour | 3 min. 002934 1: 340,000
.00001 24 hours | 5 min. _O00587 1 : 1,700,000
.000009 24 hours 10 min. .000528 1 : 1,900,000
000008 24 hours | 20 min. .000470 i tke 2,130,000
.O000007 24 hours 30 min. .000411 1 : 2,430,000
_000006 24 hours 1 hour 000352 | 2 *22340-000
.000005 24 hours | 24 hours | _000293 1 : 3,400,000
000004 No ppt. | 24 hours | 000235 | 1 :4,260,000
.000003 | No ppt. | No pink color | _000176 1 : 5,700,000
000002 No ppt. | No pink color | 000117 |
3. OXIDATION OF COBALTOCYANIDE JON TO COBALTICYANIDE ION.
When KCN is added to a solution of cobalt salt, brown-red Co(CN):
is first precipitated and then redissolved to a brown solution of KysCo(CN),.
On heating this soon changes to a pale yellow and the color change is generally
assumed in manuals of analysis to indicate the completion of oxidation to
cobalticyanide. We at first proceeded upon this assumption, but when the
first drops of AgNO; were added to some of our complex cyanide solutions,
soon after the color change took place, the solution darkened and addition
of more AgNO; produced a dark-gray precipitate while solutions which had
stood for several hours did not darken and gave a pure white precipitate.
When one of the darkened solutions became distinctly opalescent, we sus-
pected that colloidal silver had been formed. This was explainable by the
assumption that AgNO; had been reduced by cobaltocyanide which was still
present according to K,;Co(CN),; + AgNO; = K;Co(CN), + Ag + KNOs3.
* hanes |
167
By adding AgNO; to freshly prepared solutions of cobaltocyanide we found
that this reaction takes place very slowly in cold but rapidly in hot solutions.
When the AgNO; was added dropwise, the hot solutions first became lighter
in color, then gradually turned orange and darkened until a gray precipitate
was formed. If the addition of AgNO; was stopped when the orange tint
appeared, no precipitate formed, but the solution darkened on standing and
became opalescent, showing that colloidal silver had formed. We found that
this phenomenon was regularly reproducible in solutions of cobaltoeyanide
not less than 0.005 molar. These experiments clearly show that the oxidation .
of cobaltocyanide is by no means complete when the color change takes place.
We next investigated the time required to complete the oxidation, taking
the failure to form metallic silver as evidence that the oxidation was essen-
tially complete.
10 ce. of 0.1 molar CoSO, solution was treated in a casserole with just
enough KCN to dissolve the Co(CN)2, the solution heated nearly to boiling
and continuously rotated in the casserole for a definite. time to promote
oxidation. The solution was then diluted to 100 ce. with water at 85° and
AgNO; added dropwise with vigorous stirring. Results are given below.
TABLE It.
Ce. 0.1 molar CoSO: Time Heated. Result.
NOR r ier 2 non ee SO: eS ee ee Zemin ale OllordallpAce
Ions Sootctelsenic tae Sone wean eee eee 3 min.........| Orange soln.; gray ppt.
HOE eens crneiee ake ae TO Mh ten lle OAM eeySOlms-* eran iD Db
ViCO)S 3 Se pea Sy aie Sener cele 5 min.........| No darkening of soln.; ppt. white.
These results show that heating with constant agitation must be con-
tinued for some time after the change of color. Presumably the time re-
quired increases with the amount of cobalt present.
Detection or NICKEL IN CoBALT SALTS.
We next determined the minimum amount of nickel that could be de-
tected in varying amounts of cobalt by our silver method and, for com-
parison, by Treadwell’s and the modified Liebig.
A. Tue Sinver METHOD.
Definite volumes of solutions of NiSO, and CoSO, of known concentration
were measured from burets into a casserole, KCN added until the precipitate
just dissolved, and the solution heated and rotated until complete oxidation
was effected. The solution was then diluted with water at 85° to 50 ce.,
1 ee. of dimethylglyoxime solution added, and then AgNO; dropwise with
vigorous stirring until a permanent precipitate was produced. The time
required for the pink color of nickel glyoximine to appear was observed.
In cases where the time exceeded one hour, observations were made at the
end of 24 hours. The results are given below.
TABLE IV.
In each expt. 10 cc. CoSO, 0.0921 molar, equivalent to 54.31 mg. Co, was used.
rs
NiSO.4
EE Lees Se es Ratio Ratio
Vol. Conec.molar| Mg. Ni. Ni : Co. Ni: HO Results.
2 cc....| 0.0005 0.0587 1 : 925 1 852,000 | Ppt. pink immediate.
1.5 ce¢....} 0.0005 .0440 1 : 1234 | 1:1,140,000 | Ppt. pink 4 min.
1.0 ce....}| 0.0005 .0293 1 :1851 | 1:1,707,000 | Ppt. pink 6 min.
AR 5 aC CAE 0001 .0264 1 : 2054 | 1 :1,894,000 | Ppt. pink 10 min.
4.0 ce¢.... .0001 .0235 1 : 2314 Ppt. pink 20 min.
33.8) COs o< .0001 .0205 1 : 2644 | 1 : 2,440,000 | Ppt. pink 30 min.
SP ONCC ae .0001 .0176 1 : 3085 Ppt. pink 24 hours.
25) COs 5 - .0001 .9137 1 : 3702 | 1 :3,650,000 | Ppt. pink 24 hours.
Taking the minimum amount of nickel that could be detected in cobalt
in 30 minutes, 0.0205 mg., we observed the effect of larger proportions of
cobalt. The procedure and final total volume of solution were the same as
in the preceding experiments.
TABLE V.
CoSO, 0.0921 molar Meg. Co. Ratio Ni : Co Results.
USCC oa aN oat selon Bouse eet a 81.47 1 : 3966 Ppt. pink 30 min.
ZOKCClsnee Sie Se ea teehee ee 108.62 1 : 5288 Ppt. pink 30 min.
2D | CCS sagen i5 uisue eis bere orehe? eens 135.78 1 : 6610 Ppt. pink 30 min.
SOKCC ey eek ee co Senco 162.93 1 : 7932 Ppt. pink 30 min.
169
These results show that the sensitiveness of the test is not impaired by
the presence of large amounts of cobalt.
B. Tue TscHuGarv-TREADWELL Meruop.
10 ce. portions of 0.0921 molar CoSO,, equivalent to 54.31 mg. Co., with
varying small amounts of NiSO, were heated with ammonia until a clear
solution was obtained, hydrogen peroxide added and the solutions heated
till excess of peroxide and ammonia was removed, diluted to 50 ec., 1 ce. of
dimethylglyoxime solution added and the time required for the red pre-
cipitate to appear was observed. Results below.
TABLE VI.
NiSO,
Vol. Conc. molar Meg. Ni. Ratio Ni : Co. Results.
10 ce 0.0005 0.2934 1: 185 Red ppt. 1 hour.
9 cc. 0.0005 . 2641 1 : 206 Red ppt. 1 hour.
8 cc. 0.0005 . 2347 TL 2 23 Red ppc. 1 hour.
7 ce 0.0005 . 2052 1 : 264 Red ppt. 24 hours.
6 ce. 0.0005 . 1760 1 : 309 Red ppt. 24 hours.
5 cc. 0.0005 . 1467 1 : 370 Red ppt. 24 hours.
4 ce. 0.0005 .1172 1 : 462 Red ppt. 24 hcurs.
Taking the minimum amount of nickel that could be detected in 1 hour,
0.2347 mg., we observed the effect of larger proportions of cobalt. The
procedure and final volume were the same as in the experiments recorded
In Table VI.
TABLE VII.
CoSO,4 0.0921 molar Mg. Co Ratio Ni: CO Results.
MOE COM iin cesta nrs eee e 54.31 il 2 2B Red ppt. after 1 hr.
ESCO rien cal Weee hse Oo Releae = 81.47 1 : 346 No ppt. after 1 hr.
PAV MK etn See ape aes Oates eee e 108.62 1 : 462 No ppt. after 1 hr.
DAS Gertie tet atte fo ROR Once ORE ESTEE 135.78 1S BY No ppt. after 1 hr.
3 ONC Cees Mires aero ees heute 162.93 1 : 693 No ppt. after 1 hr.
170
These results indicate that this method is not very sensitive and fails
when much cobalt is present.
C. Tue Liesic-GatHEeE METHOD.
10 ce. portions of CoSO:, 0.09621 molar, with varying amounts of NiSOs
were treated with a slight excess of KCN over that required to dissolve the
precipitate, and heated and rotated until complete oxidation of the cobalto-
cyanide had taken place. They were then diluted to 50 ce. and freshly pre-
pared sodium hypobromite added. After the precipitate had flocculated,
it was filtered off, washed, dissolved in dilute HCl], neutralized with ammonia
and tested for Ni with dimethylglvoxime. Results below.
TABLE VIII.
NiSO« |
0.C005 molar Mg. Ni. | Ratio Ni : Co |Ratio Ni : H-0) Results.
|
| |
9 ce Si OsSEd ter | mer eoae peel | Blk. ppt. Ni confirmed
Gece eee eee | .1760 1 : 309 | BIk. ppt. Ni confirmed
4 ce.. H Sil 1 : 462 Blk. ppt. Ni confirmed
3 cc.. | OSS80 1: 617 1 : 568.000 | Blk. ppt. Ni confirmed
B. Careers Bd ek | 0587 1 : 925 1: 852,000 | Blk. ppt. No Ni
WiCELeeee ee oe } .0293 1 : 1850 | Blk. ppt. No Ni
INONe= Se. ees None | | Blk. ppt. No Ni
This method is shown to be capable of detecting 0.1 mg. nickel in a volume
of 50 cc., Lut a confirmatory test must in every case be applied as the ppt.
contains Co(OH):.
Comparing the results of the three methods, the minimum amount of
nickel] detectable within one hour in a volume of 50 ce. is found to be:
Silver ucts. Sos ee aes Me ee ne, is ae eae te 0.02 mg
schur2eve tread well tes vn ee he oe ee .23 mg.
dhnebie-Gauher 2 tee he oh ae ee eee .09 mg.
These figures do not adequately convey the relative merits of the three
methods, for it should be noted in addition that the Liebig method requires
a confirmatory test to make the result trustworthy; the Treadwell method
failed to show the stated minimum amount of nickel when so little as 231
times as much cobalt as nickel was present, while the silver method appears
ileal
to retain its full sensitiveness in presence of any amount of cobalt; and that
it has been shown to increase the effectiveness of dimethylglyoxime about
eight times and to be able to detect within 24 hours less than 0.002 mg. of
nickel in a volume of 50 ee.
SUMMARY.
1. A modified method of using dimethylglyoxime for detecting traces of
nickel in cobalt salts is proposed which (1) avoids the use of large amounts
of the reagent; (2) makes possible the detection of considerably smaller
quantities of nickel than has been possible heretofore.
2. The sensitiveness of the test is shown to be unaffected by the presence
of cobalt even in large quantities. The proposed method increases the ordin-
ary sensitiveness of dimethylglyoxime about eight times and is capable of
detecting about one-fifth the amount of nickel detectable by any of the pre-
viously known methods.
Chemical Laboratory,
Purdue University.
THe DIFFERENT MetTHops or ESTIMATING PROTEIN
IN MILK.
GEORGE SPITZER.
It is often desirable to estimate the proteids in milk other than the
official method. This is especially true in cheese factories where it is desirable
to know the percent of casein in milk, since it is the casein in milk that gives
it its nutritive value, as far as the proteins are concerned. It is frequently
desirable to know the protein content in milk for infant and invalid feeding.
With the present method of determining the fat by the Babcock method,
which is quite accurate and can be done in all creameries, a rapid method
for estimating the percent of casein and fat in milk gives us the necessary
data to control the ratio of casein to fat in milk for feeding. Frequently a
chemist is requested to determine the fat and casein in human milk where
a physician has reason to beleve that there exists an unbalanced ratio of fats
and proteids.
There are three methods for rapid estimation of casein or proteids in milk,
all of which possess merits worthy of consideration and could be used in a
great many laboratories that are equipped with the apparatus necessary to
determine the proteids by the official method. Although such equipment
is at hand, when only a few determinations are to be made, the methods
reviewed in this paper save time and the results obtained are sufficiently
accurate. For the volumetric estimations of milk proteids, two standard
volumetric solutions are required, besides a few beakers and flasks, apparatus
found in any laboratory, or if one wishes to fit up for this purpose only, the
expense is quite nominal. ;
In discussing the different methods, the order in which they are taken up,
is no indication of their priority. Since 1892 various attempts have been made
in devising a volumetric method for the estimation of casein in milk, but
most were unsatisfactory, either owing to the extensive equipment or to the
complicated indirect methods used. The main characteristics that a method
should possess are: first, it should be accurate; second, it should require only
a short time in making an estimation; third, the apparatus should be simple;
fourth, materials and apparatus used should be easily obtainable.
174
L. L. Van Slyke and A. W. Bosworth in 1909 published their volumetric
method (Technical Bulletin, N. Y. Ag. Exp. St.). The method worked out
in their publication mentioned is briefly as follows: “‘A given amount of
milk, diluted with water, is made neutral to phenolphthalein by the addition
of a solution of sodium hydroxide. The casein is then completely pre-
cipitated by the addition of standard acetic acid, the volume is then made
up to 200 ce. by the addition of distilled water and then filtered. Into 100cc.
of the filtrate a standard solution of sodium hydroxide is run until neutral to —
phenolphthalein. These solutions are so standardized that 1 ce. is equivalent
to 1 per cent. casein, when a definite amount of milk is used. Therefore, the
number of cubic centimeters of standard acid used, divided by 2 less the
amount of standard alkali used in the last titration gives the percentage of
casein in the milk.”’
This method is based on the well known facts in chemistry and shows
quite clearly the casein molecule has a constant molecular weight. First,
uncombined casein is insoluble in milk serum, water or very dilute acids.
Second, it has properties of an acid and combines with alkalies to form
definite chemical compounds, neutral to phenolphthalein. ,
Now, if we know the molecular weight of casein or its equivalent in
terms of a standard alkali, we can at once devise a definite method for estim-
ating the casein by titration. Casein exists in milk in a colloidal condition
combined with bases, upon addition of an acid sufficient to combine with
salts In combination with casein, free casein is formed, insoluble in the
serum (it must be remembered that casein and other albuminoids are soluble
in excess of acids, the solubility depends on the kind of acid and tempera-
ture). There exists a definite relation between the amount of acid required
to form free casein and the amount of casein present. It has been found that
N sodium hydroxide, or
one gram of free casein neutralizes 8.8378 cc. of 5%
N
1 ce. of 2h
sodium hydroxide neutralizes .11315 grams of casein. From this
data the molecular weight of casein can be calculated.
From the above facts it is easy to determine the quantity of milk re-
quired, so that each ce. of iN acid used shall correspond to percents or
fraction of a percent. Since 1 ec. of NaOH neutralizes .11315 grams of casein,
it must require an equivalent amount of acid to set free the casein from its
original combination in milk. If we wish to know the quantity of milk to be
taken so that 1 ce. of acid used to separate the casein from its combinaion
shall equal 1 per cent. of casein, we make use of the above equivalent, i.e.
by fea,
1 ce. Bs acid = .11315 grams casein, or in other words .11315 grams of
casein is capable of neutralizing as much alkali as | ce. of a acid, so if we take
11.315 grams of milk we see from the relation above that every ce. of
acid used equals 1 per cent. casein. By using different quantities of milk
we need only change the normality of our acid.
If by using 11.315 grams of milk (or 11 ce.) where each ce. of NY acid
corresponds to 1 per cent., by using a greater or larger quantity of mill: the
normality would have to be correspondingly less or greater. When we use
8.75 ee. or 9 grams of milk the normality would not be ‘ but 795 ce.
10
~ acid plus water to make 1,000 ce. which equals Upon the above
N
12.56 +.
facts the volumetric method of Van Slyke and Bosworth is based.
Procedure in carrying out in detail the volumetric estimation of casein:
‘‘A given amount of milk, diluted with water, is made neutral to phenolpthalein
by the addition of a solution of sodium hydroxide. The casein is then completely
precipitated by the addition of the standardized acetic acid; the volume of the
mixture is then made up to 200 cc. by the addition of water, thoroughly shaken
and then filtered. Into 100 cc. of the filtrate a standard solution of sodium
hydroxide is run until neutral to phenolpthalein. The solutions are so stand-
ardized that 1 ce. is equivalent to 1 per cent. of casein when a definite amount of
milk is used. The number of cc. standard acid used, divided by two (since
only 100 cc. of the 200 ce. is used), less the standard alkali used in the last
titration gives the percentage of casein in the milk examined.’ When 17.5
or 18 grams of milk are used the strength of acetic acid and alkali are made
by diluting 795 ce. of =! to 1,000 cc. The same normality as was derived
above. Since only 100 ce. of the 200 cc. were titrated this then represents
the acid required to liberate the casein in 8.75 ce. or 9 grams of milk. Like-
wise by using 22 cc. cr 22.6 grams of milk treated as above, then 1 ce. of
N acid equals 1 per cent of casein. By the use of a factor any con-
venient quantity can be used. Example, by the use of 20 ce. of milk and
nv solution, adjustment is made by multiplying the final result by 1.0964.
Apparatus and reagents necessary to carry on the volumetric estimation
of casein in milk are, first, two 50 cc. burettes, graduated to 1/10 ce. or better
1/20 ce., these must be accurate. One of the burettes should be supplied
with a glass stop cock for the acid, and one with a pinch cock for the alkaline
solution. Second, flasks, volumetric, holding 200 ce. At least two of these
are needed and where a number of estimations are to be made more are
required to do rapid work; ten to twelve are necessary for rapid work. The
176
necks of these flasks should have an internal diameter of at least three-
fourths of an inch. The reason for this diameter is necessary if the milk
is neutralized in the flask. This neutralization can be done in the beaker
into which the milk is weighed, if weights are taken. Third, pipettes, a
Babeock milk pipette accurately graduated to deliver 17.5 ec. of milk,
when 17.5 ec. or 18 grams of milk are used. When 22 ce. or 22.6 grams of
milk are used it will be necessary to have a volume pipette graduated to
deliver the above amounts or a 25 ec. Mohr pipette graduated into 1/10 ee.
will be required. Fourth, one 100 ce. pipette or a volumetric flask graduated
to hold 100 ce. Fifth, beakers of convenient sizes holding at least 200 ce.
Sixth, if standard solutions are to be made, measuring cylinders or volu-
metric flasks holding 1,000 cc. are needed.
In regard to the making of the solutions it is best to prepare both the so-
dium hydroxide and the acetic acid as tenth normal. The accuracy of the
succeeding work depends primarily on the correctness of the standard
alkali and acetic acid. When it is desirable to make dilutions for different
quantities of milk it can be made from the tenth normal stock solution.
The phenolpthalein solution is prepared by dissolving one gram of phenol-
pthalein powder in 100 ce. of 50 per cent. aleohol. This should be neutralized
by the use of a few drops of za NaOH to a very slight pink color.
Carrying out the operation. Weigh out 22.66 grams of milk, or measure
out 22 ec., neutralize in the beaker in which the weighing has been made,
using only enough alkali to give a very faint pink, then transfer to a 200 ce.
flask and wash out beaker with 75 to 80 ce. of distilled water, free from
carbon dioxide, shake and warm to 22° to 25° C. At this point observe
the color of the diluted milk. Frequently on dilution the pink color becomes
N
10
quite pronounced; if so, add a few drops of acetic acid to a light pink.
Run in from a burette 25 ce. of a N acetic acid, frequently shaking, for milk
10
rich in casein it would require 30 to 40 cc. of acid. Then fill up to the 200
ce. mark, insert stopper and shake thoroughly. After standing for 5 or
10 minutes, filter, after filtration pipette or measure 100 ce. of the filtrate
into a 250 ec. or 300 ce. beaker and titrate to a permanent faint pink color,
record the ce. used. Since 25 ec. were added to the total volume and only
one-half titrated, we only take 12.5 ec. into consideration. From what has
been said a portion of the 25 ec. N acetic acid has been used in forming
free casein, therefore the difference between 12.5 ce. and the amount of
N NaOH used to neutralize the acid in the 100 ce. filtrate equals the number
177
of ee. acid used in liberating the casein. Since a quantity of milk has been
taken so that each cc. of acid used equals 1 per cent. casein, then each
ce. represents 1 per cent. of casein in the sample of milk. For example, it
required 9.4 cc. to neutralize 100 cc. of the filtrate, and since it represented
12.5 ce. of the acid added to the 200 cc. of the diluted milk, we have 12.5-
N 9.4 = 3.10 per cent. casein.
Below are some of Van Slyke’s results obtained by this method in com-
parison with the official method.
PERCENT CASEIN.
Voh metric Method
(Van Slyke-Bosworth). Official Method.
3.00 3.00
3.40 3.36
3.30 32
3.20 3.16
2.90 BOS
Bei) 2.60
The second volumetric method which I wish to consider is that of E. B.
Hart, of the University of Wisconsin, published in Research Bulletin, No.
10, 1910. For speed and accuracy this method offers no advantage over
that of Van Slyke’s and Bosworth’s, just mentioned. However, the method
is unique and sound in principle. The fact that free casein has the properties
of an acid and can combine with an alkali in a definite proportion, it seems
rational that if we dissolve casein in excess of alkali and the uncombined
alkali is estimated by titration, using phenolpthalein as an indicator, we
are in a position to calculate the casein equivalent per ec. of standard alkali
used. This is true, and upon this principle rests Hart’s volumetric method.
Hart found the casein equivalent for each 1 ce. ‘, KOH to be .108 grams.
Therefore, if we titrate the casein obtained from 10.8 grams of milk, we see
that each ce. of alkali used must represent 1 per cent. of casein.
Details of the method. Measure 10.5 ec. or weigh 10.8 grams of milk
into a 200 cc. Erlenmeyer flask, add 75 ce. of distilled water at room tem-
perature and add to this 1 to 1.5 ce. of a 10 per cent. solution of acetic acid.
The flask is given a quick rotary motion, usually 1.5 ce. of acetic acid gives
5084—12
178
a clear and fast filtering separation, but if the milk is low in casein a little less
acetic acid should be used. The separated precipitate is now filtered through
a filter (9-11 cm. filter), the flask rinsed out thoroughly and poured on the
filter, preferably cold. If a strong stream of water is directed against the
filter, the casein washing is facilitated. About 250 to 300 cc. of water should
pass through the filter to insure the removal of all traces of acetic acid. The
precipitate, together with the filter paper, is now returned to the Erlenmeyer
flask in which the precipitation was made. To this is now added 75 ce. of
distilled water. free from carbon dioxide, and then a few drops of phenol-
pthalein and 10 ce. of et potassium hydroxide. A rubber stopper is placed
in the flask and the contents shaken vigorously. Complete solution is easily
indicated by the disappearance of the white casein particles. After solution
the stopper is rinsed off into the flask with carbon dioxide free water and
immediately titrated with ia acid to the disappearance of the red color.
It is necessary that a blank be run parallel with the determination. For
example, suppose it required 7.20 cc. of acid to make the pink color just
disappear and the blank amounted to .2 cc., the percent of casein would be
10 — 7.4 = 2.60 per cent. casein. Precatuions necessary. First, water free
from carbon dioxide, must be used. Second, the titration should be made
as soon as solution of casein has taken place. This will be from half an hour
to an hour after adding the alkali. Repeated shaking hastens solution.
10
Results obtained by Hart as compared with the offidal method.
PERCENT CASEIN.
Volumetric Method
Official Method. (Hart).
3.78 3.75
Si? 3.05
2187 : 2.85
1.90 1.85
2.30 2.25
237 2.30
The next volumetric method to be considered is the Formol titration
method. This is perhaps the most rapid method of the three volumetric
methods, for estimating the proteids in milk. It was pointed out in 1900
by Hugo Schiff that when formaldehyde was added to amino acids, the acid
Lew)
properties of the acid were developed and could be titrated as any organic
acid.
S. P. L. Sorensen worked out the details and made it possible to estimate
amino acids quantitatively by means of formaldehyde. It is well known that
amino acids, such as are formed by the hydrolysis of proteins, especially
milk proteids, are neutral to phenolpthalein, have both an acidic group,
earboxyl and a basic (amino) group. These exist in the same molecule and
being the alpha amino acids neutralize each other, or in other words we have
an amphoteric molecule, but as soon as formaldehyde is added, it reacts
with the alkaline or basic group forming a methylene compound and leaving
the acid group free to act.
-For example:
{NH; fOS| == (Clas
CHl, — CH + HCOH = CH; — CH. + H.0
COOH COOH
(Alazine) (Formaldehyde)
(st = (Ole [ie CH
CH: — CH. + KOH = CH; — CH. . +09
COOH COOK
From Emil Fisher’s researches on protein and polypeptids there is no
doubt that the protein molecule is conposed of amino acid units. The
carboxyl group (—COOH) of one amino acid is combined with the amino
group (—NH.) of another amino acid, forming peptids, di, tri, etc., to poly-
peptids. For example, glycyl-glycine composed of two units of gylcine.
CH: — COQH\ CH, — COOH CII. CO — CH, — COOH
|
| = | [ake + HjO
HUN HY— N -—H HN NH
(Glycine) (Glycine) (Glyeil-G!scine)
Likewise different units may combine, as example, alanyl-glycyl-tyrosine
From which we see that each peptid has one carboxyl; group (—COOH)
2 a rj 5 £
acidic and one amino group (—NH.) basic. Now if the protein molecule
is built up from amino acids, we can expect it to split up into simpler mole-
180
cules, by hyroloysis either with an acid or ferment into peptones, ete. Then
we would expect the formol number to increase, double, if each protein
molecule were split into two simpler ones. This is true, so formol] titration
gives a measure of the hydrolytic cleavage. We know that the proteids of
milk are neutral to indicators, but on the addition of the formaldehyde
become decidedly acid to these indicators.
Now if we can determine a factor or equivalent of the acidity produced
on the addition of the formaldehyde to milk proteids, we can at once deter-
mine the percent of proteids in milk by titrating the acidity with a standard
alkali. f .
In 1912, E. Holl Miller, of England, worked out a method for estimating
the proteids in butter, and the same method is used in determining the
proteids in milk.
Directions for estimating the proteids in butter. Weigh into a tared beaker
exactly 10 grams of butter, which is placed in a water bath at 60° to 70° C.
until the butter is completely melted. Twenty-five cc. of carbon dioxide
free water is then added at about 60° C. and 1 cc. of phenolpthalein solution.
The contents are well agitated. Run in X NaOH until a faint permanent
pink color is formed. It is found that the end point is masked by the yellow
color of butter fat, the contents of the beaker should be allowed to settle
and the bottom aqueous layer observed, and the addition of alkali continued
until the pink tint is obtained. Five cc. of formaldehyde (40 per cent.) is
added. The formaldehyde must either be neutralized before addition or its
acidity equivalent for 5 ce. obtained and afterwards deducted. After the
formaldehyde has been added the beaker is well shaken and again se NaOH
run in until a permanent faint pink color is produced in the aqueous layer.
The number of cc.X alkali used in the second titration less the amount
equivalent to the acidity of the formaldehyde. No deduction is necessary
if the formaldehyde was neutralized before being added to the butter. Now
the number of cc. X alkali used to neutralize the acidity produced on the
addition of the formaldehyde is proportional to the protein present. One
ee. of wv alkali is equivalent to .01355 grams of protein nitrogen or .0864
grams milk protein, assuming a definite proportion of casein and albumen.
0864 X100 Xce.
Then to calculate the percent of protein we have a, ee
cent protein if 10 grams of butter were taken.
181
The following table shows the percent protein in butter by the Formol
titration and official method:
Official Method. Formaldehyde.
65 59
48 AT
46 .42
48 .50
.60 .68
45 .42
42 40
41 41
49 52
Procedure to estimate the protein in milk. To estimate the proteids in
milk, weigh out 10 or 20 grams, preferably 20 grams, in a tared beaker, about
150 to 200 ce. capacity. Add 1 ce. of phenolpthalein solution, then run in
from a burette X NaOH until decided pink color is produced, a little practice
will enable one to carry the shade of color in mind. Then add 10 ee. of
neutralized formaldehyde, stir with a glass rod, when well mixed add
ane NaOH until the same shade of pink is produced as that before the form-
aldehyde was added (note this last addition of alkali). For example, if 7 ce.
. NaOH were required to neutralize the acidity produced on addition
oN
of formaldehyde to 20 ec. of milk, then as in the case of butter:
.9864 X 100 X7
20
If we wish to estimate the casein alone and assuming the casein and
= percent protein = 3.024
albumen are in proportion of 3 per cent. casein and .5 per cent. albumen,
then by using the equivalent of .075, we have as above:
075 X 100 X7
20
The following table gives the results of the three volumetric methods
compared with the official methods on the same sample of milk:
= percent casein = 2.62
182
PERCENT CASEIN.
Official. Van Slyke-Bosworth. | Hart. Formol Titration.
| |
2.98 3.05 2.95 2.99
2.96 3.05 2.90 2.98
2.45 2.45 2.40 2.50
2.40 2.40 2.35 2.48
1.79 (d) 1.80 1.80 1.85
1.77 (d) 1.75 1.85 1.83
3.28 3.25 Byori 3.18
3.29 3.20 3.15 3.20
2.46 2.49 2.40 2.46
Beit 3.80 3.65 3.70
2.90 2.90 2.80 2.96
2.47 2.50 | 2.45 2.48
Seal 3.70 3.70 3.74
2.85 2.85 2.85 | 3.01
2.80 2.74 2.70 2.76
2.89 2.85 2.90 2.91
Note.—The two samples marked (d) were diluted milk.
Samples were taken on different days from the same source.
The above table shows the relative accuracy of the different methods.
For the estimation of casein in milk the choice of the methods mentioned
depends on the purpose for which the analysis is made. If total proteids
are to be estimated, the Van Slyke-Bosworth and Hart methods must be
excluded, unless an assumption is made as to the average amount of albumen
in milk. This could be done on the same basis as that for the formol method
and which would introduce only a slight error for normal milk and from a
mixed herd.
In reviewing these methods and considering speed, and ease of carrying
out the work, the formol titration method is to be preferred. In all three
volumetric methods it is very essential that the water used for dilution
should be free from carbon dioxide. Very little distilled water found in
laboratories is free from carbon dioxide. This factor alone may introduce
errors to vitiate the results. Titration after the addition of the formaldehyde
should be carried to a sharp pink color and remain so for at least five minutes.
GEORGE SPITZER,
Purdue University.
183
New Cave Near VERSAILLES.
ANDREW J. BIGNEY.
It is known as the cave of Dr. Jim Sale of Dillsboro. It is situated
one mile northeast of Versailles. It is located near the top of a high hill
overlooking Laughery valley. The view from this position is most pictur-
esque. The lover of nature is enchanted by the richness of the scenery.
The climb up the hill from the Fallen Timber creek to the mouth of the
cave is most exhilarating.
The entrance is guarded by an iron gate. Excavations have been made
and walls built, so as to open a passage to the cave proper, thus making
it convenient for the visitor. A stream of water had been passing through
‘the cave. Now a pipe carries off the water. About thirty feet from the
mouth of the cave is the main room, which is very beautiful because of the
numerous pillars, stalactites and stalagmites. The ceiling is high enough
for the tallest man to walk in freely, and in some places could not touch
the ceiling with outstretched arms. Some of the pillars are four to five
feet in height. The ceiling is decorated artistically with stalactites in great
numbers and in various sizes, with many corresponding stalagmites. Passing
to the right there is a smaller room also covered with typical cave formations.
A passage extends about thirty feet beyond in the clay and limestone rocks
with only a few stalactites. Extending from the main room is a narrow
passage about seventy feet long where there is a spring from which flows a
moderate stream in rainy weather. The ceiling and crevices above are like-
wise decorated with the stalactites. Undoubtedly there must be other
rooms, but they have been naturally filled up with dirt and stone. Even
outcropping on the side of the hill are large formations of stalactites and
stalagmites. It is certainly a very interesting place.
The region round about Versailles has many caves, but this is the only
one that has the cave formations. While it is not a large cave like the
Marengo and Wyandotte, yet its geological structures are just as typical
and interesting as in the larger caves. It is instructive, for it is near the
margin of the cave region of southern Indiana and northern Kentucky.
Geologically speaking, it is in the lower Silurian or Ordovician formation.
It will be instructive for the schools to visit the cave so as to get some accurate
information of cave structures. The entire region is most fascinating.
~~"
= oa
Logss. AND SAND Dutune Deposits In Vigo County,
INDIANA.
Won. A. McBertu.
Loess deposits are mentioned in various places as occurring along the
bluffs of the lower Wabash river. Dr. J. T. Scovell, who in the twenty-first
annual report of the State Geologist has given the most extended and de-
tailed description of the geography and geology of Vigo county yet published,
7
Looking west along National Road from upland along east side of Wabash Valley.
mentions in a single sentence that ‘‘Along the eastern margin of the main
valley there are extensive areas of dune sand and at some localities in the
eastern bluffs there are thick beds of loess.’’ So far as I have observed
shght reference has been made to the distribution, appearance and extent
of the loess or loess-like deposits of the lower Wabash valley. The loess is
so involved with sandy material that it is difficult to distinguish between
the two and interstratified clay. The inclination in examining these materials
is to consider them but different phases of the same thing. The interstratified
clay does not contain boulders and may be weathered or chemically decom-
posed loess, while the sandy covering may be due to wind assortment.
IS6
Occasional gasteropod shells of very small size are found. The deposits
occur in ridges and dunes usually within less than a mile from the crest of
Dune in Highland Lawn Cemetery. North side National Road.
Note ridge beyond building at left and opposite a cross roads at right.
Dunes south of National Road } mile. Looking west from level upland.
The valley is just beyond.
the east bluff and often within a few rods. Sometimes a single continuous
ridge of uniform height and width crowns the bluff. In places there are
187
successive ridges two or three and in instances four. In still other places
the topography takes the form of dunes, low domes with no characteristic
order or grouping. The gradients of the ridges on the leeward or east side
if often remarkably steep. The height of the ridges is in a few cases as much
as twenty-five feet. In most instances the height is not more than half the
figure stated. An interesting observation is that the dunes and ridges extend
along the north sides of tributary valleys still keeping a north-south direction
in the ridges, which in some places are arranged in etchelon. This is noticed
on the north side of Honey creek. The surface on the north side of Otter
creek valley appears as one long wave after another, cloaking the bluff front
Blake Hill. A sand dune north side National Road.
and crest. This arrangement of ridges along the re-entrant valleys indicates
that the valleys were made before the deposits. The direction of the bluffs
has evidently influenced the deposition of the material as a section of the
river bluffs running directly east-west on the south side of Honey creek shows
no dunes or ridges. The deposits also show a marked relation to the terrace
area in the valley. Where a broad stretch of terrace lies below the bluffs
the ridges and dunes are more strongly developed. Where flood plains
approach the bluffs the deposits on the crest and bordering uplands decrease
or disappear. Conclusions as to the cause of the deposits and their source
seems to be amply justified by the evidence that the deposits are wind
ISS
blown, the materials, including the shells being collected from the terrace
surface from the silts deposited by the valley-wide stream. This deposition
probably occurred soon after the stream abandoned the terrace level and
withdrew to the present deeper third of the valley width. The work was
done mainly before the invasion by vegetation of the terrace, bluff front and
upland border, after the retreat of the ice sheet from the region. The loess
may be a wind deposit from the bare valley at the close of the Illinoisan
ice invasion. This dust may have weathered through a long interglacial
period of time to be covered with later deposits of dust and fine sand swept
over the valley from the border of the Late Wisconsin ice which did not
reach the present site of Terre Haute, but whose strong moraine lies fifteen
or twenty miles upstream near Clinton and Rockville.
189
VOLUME OF THE ANCIENT WABASH RIVER.
Wm. A. McBeru.
The Wabash valley at Terre Haute has a width of five to six miles. One-
third this width has a depth of approximately one hundred feet, embracing
a flood plain tract through which the river meanders in a channel averaging
one thousand feet wide and twenty feet deep. The remaining half is a terrace
about half the depth of the deeper part. The whole valley bottom shows the
effects of stream deposition, the pre-glacial trench of two hundred to two
hundred and fifty feet in depth being half-full of sand and gravel. <A point
Miles
Jeneralized profile across Wabash Valley of Jerre Haute.
of interest in connection with the stream and valley is the question of volume
of water by which various phases of the work was done. The size and weight
of pebbles in the gravel indicate a volume and velocity much greater than
that of the present stream either in average volume or flood. Some suggestion
as to the width and depth of the stream at its stage of greatest flow is furn-
ished by features of the terrace surface consisting of sandbars and delta
deposits. This terrace surface is marked with numerous shallow current
lines or channels. The bars form ridges of greater length than width, often
many times longer. They trend northeast, southwest, the direction of the
valley and have the characteristic stratified structure of such features, the
layers of finer or coarser sand dipping steeply down stream. Extensive
areas of the terrace surface lie at an elevation of four hundred and ninety
feet a.t.l. Some places are five feet lower while some of the ridge tops rise
to the five hundred and thirty foot level. Low water in the present stream
is four hundred and forty-five feet. Points in sections 3, 23 and 24 and a
bluff side delta of a brook crossed by Fruitridge avenue at the south edge
of Section 24, Town 12 N. Range 9 W., rise to nearly the five hundred thirty
foot level. Sandbars and deltas are built under water and the surface of the
stream in which these deposits were made must have been a few inches
and possibly several feet above the ridge and delta tops when they were
190
completed. The range of elevation four hundred ninety to five hundred
thirty equals forty feet over large areas with places of forty-five feet or more.
A eross profile from bluff to bluff shows these ridge tops to be the highest
points between bluffs. Water covering these ridges must have covered
the valley from side to side making a stream of from five to six miles wide
and forty to fifty feet deep. Just how much of the year or for how long
periods the water maintained such a volume it would seem impossible to
say, but probably the maximum volume was reached in summer and main-
tained through the summer months, declining as winter came on. The
assumption is that the largest volume of water was produced by the summer
melting of the Great Ice Sheet that formerly overspread the Northern
United States and much of Canada. Whether the west deeper side of the
valley was then lower than the terrace portion cannot be stated certainly,
deeper water probably covered the part of the valley that now shows the
ereatest depth. A depth of twenty feet of water is shown for the highest
parts of the site of Terre Haute.
191
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GEOGRAPHIC LITERATURE CONCERN-~
ING FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Taken from Non-geographical Magazines 1900-1914; Govermnent Documents;
‘ and Geographical Magazines.
B. H. ScHockeEt.
INTRODUCTION.
This bibliography is submitted in the hope that it will be of some value
to teachers of geography below the University, even though it is incomplete,
and loosely organized. Each article has at least been briefly seanned. There
are included many articles not written from a geographic standpoint, but
it is thought that these also will be of some value to the geography teacher.
The accompanying key is employed to save space. The first reference
under South America, for example, according to the key is Bulletin of tne
Pan American Union, volume 32, pages 240 to 251.
Acknowledgement is due to C. O. McFarland and Mrs. E. E. Rullmau
for assistance In preparing the bibliography.
KEY.
J. American Journal of Archaeology.
II. American Journal of Science.
Ill. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.
IV. Atlantic Monthly.
V. Bookman.
VI. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society (Journal).
VII. Bulletin of the Pan American Union.
VIII. Bulletin of the Geographical Society of Philadelphia.
IX. Bureau of American Republics. (Pan American Union.)
X. Century Magazine.
XI. Chautauqua.
XII. Engineering.
XIII. Everybody’s Magazine.
XIV. Forum.
XV. Geographical Journal.
XVI. Harper’s Magazine.
XVII. MHarper’s Weekly.
XVIII. Harvard Graduate’s Magazine.
XIX. Independent.
XX. Johns Hopkins University Studies.
XXI. Journal of Geography. (Journal of School Geography.)
XXII. Journal of Geology.
XXIII. National Geographic Magazine.
XXIV. New England Magazine.
XXV. North American Review.
XXVI. Popular Science Monthly. (Scientific Monthly.)
XXVII. Records of the Past.
XXVIII. Review of Reviews.
XXIX. Science.
XXX. Scientific American Supplement.
XXXI. Seribner’s Magazine.
XXXII. Scottish Geographical Magazine.
XXXIII. Smithsonian Institute Reports.
XXXIV. The Trend.
XXXV. University of Chicago Magazine.
XXXVI. Westminster Review.
XXXVII. World Today.
XXXVIII. World’s Work.
XXIX. Yale Review.
XL. Yearbook Department of Agriculture.
XLI. Bay View Magazine.
XLII. Journal of School Geography.
XLIIf. Journal of Political Economy.
XLIV. Geographical Teacher.
SOUTH AMERICA.
Sears, J. H.: Trade and Diplomacy between Latin America and the United
States.—VII; 32; 240-51.
Baralt, B.: The literature of Spanish America.—VII; 36; 30-37.
193
Chandler, C. L.: World race for the rich South American trade.—X X XVIII;
25; 314-22.
Freeman, L. R.: Hydro-electric operations in South America.—VII; 37:
633-56.
Reid, W. A.: Railways of South America.—VII; 37; 165-191.
Latin American foreign trade in 1911—general survey.—VII;. 36; 225-244.
Ward, R: D.: Climate of South America.—VI1; 351; 353-60.
Posey, C. J.: Points in the geography of South America.—X XI; 12; 65.
Pepper, M.: South America fifty years hence-—X XIII; 17; 427-32.
Barrett, J.: Our manufacturers’ greatest opportunity.—II1; 34; 520-531.
Sears, A. F.: German influence in Latin America.—X XVI; 72; 140-52.
What the Latin-Americans think of, and why United States should en-
courage the Pan-American conferences.—X XIII; 17; 474-9; 497-80.
Ogg, F. A.: German interests and tendencies in South America.—X X XVIII;
5; 3169-3170.
_ Bowman, J.: Geographical aspects of the new Madeira-Mamoré railroad.—
VI; 45; 275-81.
Rice, H.: Further exploration in the Northwest Amazon basin.—XV; 44;
137-64.
Furlong, C. W.: South America’s first transcontinental xX XXVIII; 20;
13535-55.
Humphrey, W. H.: Shipping facilities between the United States and South
America.—III; 38; 621-637.
Bowman, I.: Physiography of the central Andes.—I1; 178; 197-373.
Bulfin, W.: United States in Latin America.—X X XVIII; 4; 2533-2550.
Denuci, J.: The discovery of the north coast of South America according to
an anonymous map in the British Museum.—X/V; 36; 65-80.
Smith, J. R.: Western South America and its relation to American trade.—
III; 18; 446-468.
Emory, F.: Causes of our failure to develop South American trade.—II]I;
22; 153-156.
Tower, W.8S.: Notes on the commercial geography of South America.—VI;
45; 881-901.
The quest of Kl Dorado.—VII; 34; 55-66; 165-176; 317-27; 447-58; 607-621;
732-43.
South America: Its general geographic features and opportunities.—VIIT,
8; 47-53.
5084—13
194
Fortescue, G.: South American trade hints.—VII; 32; 261-69.
Bulletins of the International Bureau of American Republic.—House Doc.;
267; Vol. 68-72; 58 Cong., 3rd Sess.; Serial Nos. 4847-50.
Ibid: House Doe. Vol. 75-76; 56th Cong., Ist Sess.; Serial Nos. 3972-3.
Ibid: House Doe. Vol. 86-89; 59th Cong., Ist Sess.; Serial Nos. 5026-29;
49; 49-54.
Dr. Koch: Griinberg’s explorations in the Northern Amazon basin and the
Guiana Highlands (map).—VI; 45; 664-66.
Dunn, A. W.: Beef from South America and Australia——XXVIII; 49;
49-54.
Hammond, J. H.: The expansion of our Latin American trade.—XIX;
80; 406.
Brown, C. M.: Cocoa-nuts in the Americas.—VIIT; 32; 17:39.
Tin mining in the Americas.—VII; 31; 983-94.
Millward, R. H.: Petroleum in the Americas.—VII; 31; 756-78.
Cacao of the world.—VII; 34; 75-85.
Church, G. E.: Aborigines ef South America.—VII; 38; 360-69.
Savage-Landor, A. H.: Across unknown South America.—VIJ; 38; 204-13.
Reid, W. A.: Coca, the wonder plant of the Andes.—VII; 38; 640-56.
-A commercial traveler in South America.—VII; 38; 37-53; 183-203; 329-47;
516-35; 657-78; 810-830.
Wight, W.:F.: South American fruit production.—VII; 38; 9-26.
Reid, W. A.: Furs in the Americas.—VII; 38; 157-169.
Bowman, I.: Results of an expedition to the Central Andes.—V1; 46; 161-83.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Argentine Republic—VIT; 31; 2-26.
Brandon, E. E.: Argentine universities —VII; 34; 223-230.
Commerce of Argentine Republic—VII: 36; 445-49.
Attwell, J. S.: Argentine and its capital—XLI; Jan., 1913.
Argentine plains and andine glaciers. with a description of the South
American locust.—VIT; 33; 1082-94.
Hale, A.: Crossing the Andes by aero and auto.—VIJI; 38; 313-21.
Cultivation of cotton in Argentia.—VII; 33; 751-59.
The Argentine Republic.—VII; 33; 9-46.
Albes, E.: The strait of Magellan, Pinita, Arenas, and the Tierra del
Fuegiaus.—V II; 35; 989-1002.
195
Albes, E.: Buenos Aires and vicinity.—VII; 35; 816-335.
Chandler, C. L.: The Argentine southward moyement.—VI1; 38; 489-98.
Townsend, C. H.: Naturalist in Straits of Magellan.—X XVI; 77; 1-18.
Wheat supply.— XLIII; 12; 5-35.
Indian corn in Argentina.— XLII]; 12; 255.
Tower, W.S.: A journey through Argentina.—VIII; 12; 89-113.
Kuezywski, R. R.: Wheat growing in Argentina.—XLIII; 10; 266-281.
Wilcox, M.: Argentine Patagonia: A land of the future.—VI; 42; 903.
Grubb, W. B.: The chaco-boreal: The land and its people—XX XII; 16;
418-429.
Smith, J. R.: The economic geography of the Argentine Republic.—VI;
35; 130-148.
O’Driseoll, F.: A journey to the north of the Argentine Republic.—xXV;
24; 384-408.
Smith, W. G.: A visit to Patagonia.—X X XII; 28; 456-75.
Wellington, C. W.: Among the titans of the Patagonian pampas.—XVI;
122; 813-827.
Bowman, I.: Northern Patagonia.—V1I; 45; 357-59.
Corthell, E. L.: Two years in Argentine as the consulting engineer of national
public works.—V1; 35; 489-471.
Albes, E.: Across the pampas of Argentina; a day in Mendoza, and over the
Andes; VII; 35; 506-21.
Hirst, W. A.: Argentine —X X XI; 1911.
Furlong, C. W.: Vanishing people of the land of fire —XVI; 120; 217-29.
Report on trade conditions in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay.—United
States Commerce and Labor; Miscellaneous Reports, Vol. 2, article 5.
Hatcher, J. B.: Some geographic features of Southern Patagonia, with a
discussion of their origin.—X XIII; 11; 41-55.
Steffen, H.: The Patagonian cordillera and its main rivers.—XV; 16; 14-39;
185-211.
Willis, B.: Recent surveys in Northern Patagonia.—XV; 40; 607-15.
Holdich, Sir T. H.: The Patagonian Andes.—XV; 23; 153-76.
Barrett: Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay.—X1X; 66; 88-96.
196
BOLIVIA.
Bo.ivia.
Brandon, E. E.: Higher education in Bolivia.—VIT; 33; 1124-30.
Bolivia.—VI1; 33; 206-224.
Picturesque La Paz, the capital of Bolivia—VII; 37; 209-19.
Bowman, I|.: The distribution of people in Bolivia.—VIII; 8; 74-93; 159-84.
Explorations in Bolivia.—XV; 35; 513-532.
Horn, R. C.:_ The historic foundations of Colcha, in Bolivia——XXVII:
12; 116-22.
Further explorations in Bolivia: The River Heath —XV; 37: 377-398.
Bolivia: VII; 31; 27-41.
Adams, H. C.: Liberation of Bolivia-—X XVIII; Jan., 1913.
The geography and natural resources of Bolivia — XX XII; 27; 6-13.
Hoek, Dr. H.: Explorations in Bolivia.—XV; 25; 498-513.
Hill, A. W.: Notes on a journey in Bolivia and Peru around Lake Titicaca.—
XXXII; 21; 249-260.
Adams, C.: Kaleidoscopic view of La Paz—X XIII; 20; 119-42.
Calderon, S. Y.: A country without a debt—X XIII; 18; 573-86.
Bowman, J.: Trade routes in the economic geography of Bolivia.—VI:
42-22-90-180.
Handbook of Bolivia.—House Doc.. No. 145, V. 67; 51 Cong., 3rd Session;
Serial No. 4846.
Riviere, A. De: Explorations in the rubber districts of Bolivia—VI; 32;
432-440. eas
Bingham, H.: Potosi—vVI; 43; 1-13.
Travels on the boundary of Bolivia and Argentina.— XV; 21; 510-25.
Evans, J. W.: Expeditions to Bolivia.—XV; 22; 601-46.
Barrett: The western republics of South America.— XIX; 66; 515-23.
Commerce of Bolivia for 1912.—VII; 38; 110-117.
BRAZIL.
Ward, D.: The economic climatology of the coffee district of Sao Paulo,
Brazil.—V1I; 43; 428-445.
Branner, J. C.: The geography of northeastern Bahia.—XV; 38; 139-152;
256-269.
Brazil.—VII; 33; 47-80.
197
All-rail route between Montevideo and Rio De Janeiro.—VII; 33; 1095-
1114.
Astimead, P. H.: Madeiro-Mamore railway.—VIJ; 32; 432-52.
Tron ores of Brazil.—VII; 32; 652-65.
Brazil. VII; 31; 42-73.
Hale, A.: Developing the Amazon valley.—VII; 36; 38-47.
Wright, M. R.: The mighty Amazon.—XLI; Feb., 1913.
Hale, A.: A trip through Brazil.—XLI; Feb., 1913.
Sugar in Brazil.—VII; 34; 205-211.
Albe, E.: The beautiful capital of Brazil and its environment.—VII; 36;
1-26.
Albes, E.: Bahia and Papa, two great ports of Brazil— VII; 36; 165-182.
Post, C. J.: From frontier to frontier through the rubber country.—X;
83; 352-64.
Brandon, E. E.: Higher education in Brazil.—VII; 34; 636-45.
- Peniambico: Sao Paulo and Santos, in eighty days with the Bluecher party.—
VII; 35; 55-72.
Hale, A.: The port of Para.—VII; 35; 682-98.
Col. Roosevelt’s exploration of a tributory of the Madeira.—VI; 46; 512-19.
Hale, A.: Madeiro-Mamore railway company.—VII; 35; 1124-41.
Hale, A.: Valley of the river Amazon.—VII; 35; 1116-24.
Post, C. J.: Shooting the canons of the Eastern Andes.—X; 83; 273-84.
Danson, T. C.: The Caueasian in Brazil— X XVI; 64; 550-56.
Keller, A. J.: Portuguese colonization in Brazil— XX XIX; 14; 374-410.
Branner, J. C.: Palm trees of Brazil—X XVI; 60; 387-412.
Furniss, H. W.: Diamonds and carbons of Brazil—X XVI; 69; 272-280.
Lome, H. M.: An American sanitary triumph in Brazil—X XXVIII; 20;
12951-56. ;
Ward, R. D.: A visit to the coffee country of Brazil.—X XII]; 22; 908-31.
Ward, R. D.: The southern campos of Brazil.—V1I; 40; 652.
Cobb, D. A.: Tales from Brazil.—X XIII; 20; 917-21.
A trip up the lower Amazon.—X X XII; 45; 881-901.
Koettlitz, R.: From Para to Manaos: A trip up the lower Amazon.—
XXXII; 17; 11-30.
Ruhl, A.: Where the coffee comes from.—X XX]; 43; 739.
Roosevelt, T.: A hunter naturalist in the Brazilian wilderness. — XX XI;
55; 407-539-667.
198
Hutchinson: Trade conditions in Brazil.—Senate Doc. 164; 59th Cong.,
Ist Sess.; Serial No. 4912.
Brazil.—House Doe. 557; 57th Cong., 1st Sess.; Serial No. 4357.
CHILE.
Smith, J. R.: The economic geography of Chile.—VI; 36; 1-21.
Gibson, H.: The boundary dispute between Chile and Argentina.—X XXII;
18; 87-90.
Tower, W.S.: Nitrate fields of Chile-—X XVI; 83; 209-230.
Argentina-Chile boundary dispute.—X XIII; 13; 27-28.
Bertrand, A.: Methods of survey employed by the Chilean boundary com-
missions.—XV; 16; 329-45.
Ward, R.: Climatic control of occupation in Chile-——xXLII; 1; 289-92.
Gormaz, T. V.: Depressions and elevations of the southern archipelagoes
of Chile—X XXII; 18; 14-24.
Young, KE. C.: A journey among the highlands of Chile-—XV; 26; 307-18.
Bowman, I.: The regional population groups of Atacama.—X XXII; 26;
1-9; 57-67; also VI; 41; 142-93.
Van Dyke, H. W. V.: Chile.—XIJ; 66; 54-79.
Albes, E.: Santiago and Valparaiso.—VII; 35; 703-21.
Brandon, HE. E.: University of Chile-—VII; 34; 67-74.
Hale, A.: The city of Valparaiso, Chile-—VII; 36; 653-667.
Chile.—VII; 31; 74-96.
Bituminous coal of Chile.—VII; 32; 684-88.
Chile.—VII; 33; 421-53.
Tower, W. S.: The economic resources of Chile-—VII; 36; 207-224.
Ross, W. H.: Origin of nitrate deposits —X XVI; 85; 1384-45.
Barrett: The western republics of South America.—XIX; 66; 515-23.
Linking the ends of Chile.—VII; 38; 27-36.
CoLoMBIA.
Colombia.—VII; 33; 224-245.
Colombia.—VII; 31; 97-115.
Coal on the Pacific coast of Colombia.—VII; 37; 97.
Alexander, T.S.: Colombia: The government; the people, and the country.
XXXVIII; 7; 4836-4343.
199
Barrett: The northern republics of South America.—XI1X; 66; 789-96.
The emerald mines of Colombia.—VII; 38; 839-44.
Pearse, A. S.: Tropical nature in Colombia.—X XVI; 84; 290-305.
EcuabDor.
Ecuador.—VII; 31; 166-88.
Commerce of Ecuador.—VII; 36; 92-97.
Bennett, F. W.: Guayaquil and Quito railway.
Ecuador.—VII; 33; 246-67.
Lee, J.: Beautiful Ecuador—xX XIII; 18; 81-91.
Barrett: The northern republics of South America.—X1X; 66; 789-96.
Handbook of Ecuador.—IX; Bulletin 64.
Commerce of Ecuador for 1911.—VII; 38; 259-64.
Moore, C. H.: Railway construction in Keuador.—VII; 38; 170-82.
VI; 55; 361-364.
; GUIANA.
Percival, J. B.: Resourees of Dutch Guiana.—VII; 37; 818-26.
Villers, J. A. J. de: The foundation and development of British Guiana.—
XV; 38; 8-26.
Heilprin, A.: An impression of the Guiana wilderness.—X XIII; 18; 373-85.
Kigenmann, C. H.: Notes from a naturalist’s experiences in Guiana.—
XXIII; 22; 859-70.
Rodway, J.: The forest problem in British Guiana.—V1; 34; 211-16; 283-94.
Furlong, C. W.: Through the heart of the Surinam Jungle-——XVI; 128:
327-39.
PARAGUAY.
Paraguay.—VII; 31; 294-306.
Paraguay in prospect.—VII; 36; 785-802.
Grubb, W. B.: An unknown people in an unknown land.—VI1; 36; 532-44.
Fitzhugh, E.: Paraguay and the Paraguayans.—X1LI; Jan., 1913.
Paraguay.—VII; 33; 356-76. ;
Bibliography of Paraguay.— House Document, Vol. 65, No. 145; 58th Cong.
3rd Session; Serial No. 4844.
Hale, A.: Yerba Mate: Paraguayan tea.—VII; 32; 469-87.
Barrett: Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay.—X1X; 66; 88-96.
PERU.
Howland, S. S.: Cuzco, the sacred city of the Jucos.—XX XI; 51; 205-19.
Peru.—VII; 33; 454-77.
Gregory, H. E.: A geographical sketch of Titicaca, the island of the sun.—
VI; 45; 561-575.
Brandon, E. E.: Technical schools of Lima, Peru.—VII; 33; 942-46.
The ancient ruins of Tiahuanacu.—VIT; 37; 513-32.
Todd, M. L.: Ancient temples and cities of the new world.—VII; 31; 967-77.
Todd, M. L.: The Cordillera of Peru.—XIV; 51; 119-23.
Peru.— VII; 31; 307-24.
Commerce of Peru for 1911.—VII; 36; 113-122.
Peixotto: Down the west coast of Lima.—X X XI; 53; 421-88.
Commerce of Peru for 1912.—VII; 38; 265-273.
Beasley, W.: Remarkable civilization of the ancient Incas.— XL]; Jan., 1913.
Peixotto, E.: The land of the Incas.—X XX]; 53; 699-713.
Guiness, G.: Descendants of the Incas.—XLI; Jan., 1913
Barrett: The western republics of South America.—XIX; 66; 515-23.
Bowman, I.: Buried walls at Cuzco and its relation to the question of a pre-
Inea race.—II; 184; 497-509.
Bingham, H.: Prehistoric human remains, investigation of, found near
Cuzco.—II; 186; 1-5.
Vernier, W.: Chan-Chan, the ruined Chimu eapital.—V II; 38; 348-359.
Wilson, L. L. W.: Climate and man in Peru.—VILI; 8; 79-97.
Adams, H. C.: Cuzco, America’s ancient meeea.—X XIII; 19; 669-94.
Hardy, O.: Cuzeo and Apurimac.—VI; 46; 500-12.
Bingham, H.: In the wonder land of Peru.—X XIII; 24; 386-573; 23; 417-23.
Hall, F. M.: Ancient and modern Peru.—X XXIV; Nov., 1913, p. 303.
Adams, H. C.: Along the old Inca highway.—X XIII; 19; 231-50.
Bailey, S.: A new Peruvian route to the plains of the Amazon.—XXIII;
17; 332-49.
The new boundary between Bolivia and Peru.—V1; 42; 485-437.
Post, C. J.: Across South America.—X; 83; 41-53.
Markham, Sir C. R.: The land of the Incas.—XV; 36; 381-401.
URUGUAY.
Uruguay.—VII; 33; 167-184.
Uruguay.—VII; 31; 357-72.
201
Albes, K.: The republic east of the Uruguay and its fine capital, Monti-
video.—VI]; 35; 1142-58.
Brandon, HK. E.: University instruction in Uruguay.—VII; 34; 512-19.
Barrett: Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay.—XIX; 66; 88-96.
VENEZUELA.
Venezuela.—VI]; 33; 185-202.
Manning, J. A.: La Guaira, the picturesque.—VI1; 31; 642-50.
Venezuela.—VII; 31; 373-89.
Brandon, HK. E.: Education in Venezuela.—VII; 34; 759-66.
Totten, R. J.: Lake and city of Marocailo.—VII; 34; 361-75.
Austin, J. B.: Venezuela’s territorial claims.—VIIT; 2; 2-20.
Lyle, EK. P.: Venezuela and the problems it presents.—X XXVIII; 2;
6943-54.
Notes on Venezuela.—X XIII; 14; 17-21.
Handbook of Venezuela.—House Doe., V. 65; 58th Cong., 3rd Session; Serial
No. 4844.
Furlong, C. W.: Across the Venezuela Llanos.—X VI; 128; 813-25.
Barrett: The northern republics of South America.—XIX; 66; 789-96.
Lafferts, W.: The cattle industry of the Llanos.—V1; 45; 180-87.
CENTRAL AMERICA.
Notes on Central America.—X XII]; 18; 272-80.
Seffer, H. O.: Isthmus of Tehuantepee.—X XIII; 21; 991-1002.
Foster, J. W.: The Latin-American constitution and revolution.—X XII];
12; 169-176.
Showalter, W. J.: Countries of the Caribbean.—X XIII; 24; 227-49.
Map of Central America.—X XIII; 24; 256.
Costa Rica.
General sketch.—VIT; 31; 116-134.
Brandon, H. H.: Education in Costa Rica.—VII; 35; 45-54.
General sketch.—VIJ; 33; 81-99.
Methods of obtaining salt in Costa Rica.—X XIII; 19; 28-35.
Rittier, H.: Costa Rica, Vulean’s smithy (A treatment of volcanoes).—
XXITI; 21; 494-525.
202
GUATEMALA.
Tisdell, T.: Guatemala, the country of the future-—X XIII; 21; 596-624.
Sands, W. F.: Prehistoric ruins of Guatemala.—X XIII; 24; 325-61.
Risen, G.: Notes during a journey in Guatemala (includes climate).—VI;
1903; 231-252.
General sketch, 1910.—VII; 31; 189-202.
Commerce of Guatemala.—VII; 35; 404-17.
Brandon, EK. E.: Education in Guatemala.—VIT; 35; 535-41.
General sketch, 1910.—VII; 33; 268-80.
Cutter, V. M.: Ancient temples and cities of the new world.—VII; 32; 40-
55.
Tisdell, E. T.: Lakes of Gautemala.—VII; 31; 651-63.
HonpDvuRAS.
Commerce of Honduras for 1911.—VII; 36; 101-106.
Avery, M. L.: British Honduras.—V1]; 32; 331-333.
General sketch, 1910.—VII, 33; 298-315.
General sketch, 1910.—VII; 31; 221-36.
MacClintock, L.: Resources and industries of Honduras.—VIIJ; 11; 224-
39.
MacClintock, L.: Honduras.—VIII; 10; 177-84.
Handbook of Honduras.—House Doc. No. 145, Vol. 66; 58th Cong., 3rd
Sess.; Serial No. 4845.
NICARAGUA.
Commerce of Nicaragua.—VIJ; 36; 107-112.
Davis, A. P.: The water supply for the Nicaragua canal.—XXIII; 11;
363-6.
The Nicaragua Canal (map and discussion of proposed route).—XXIII;
12; 28-32.
Davis, A. P.: Location of the boundary between Nicaragua and Costa Rica.—
XXIII; 12; 22-28.
Turbulent Nicaragua.—X XIII; 20; 1103-1117.
General sketch, 1910.—VII; 33; 316-34.
General sketch.—VII; 31; 267-78.
Nicaragua commerce for 1912.—VIT; 38; 424.
PANAMA.
Page, J.: The sailing ship and the Panama Canal X XIII; 15; 167-176.
Pittier, H.: Little known parts of Panama.—X XII1; 23; 627-62.
Burr, W. H.: The Republic of Panama.—X XIII; 15; 57-74.
Panama Canal: Its construction and its effect on commerce.—VI; 45;
241-254.
Goethals, G. W.: The Panama Canal.—X XII]; 20; 334-56.
Johnson, E. R.: Comparison of distances by the Isthmian Canal and other
routes.—VI; 35; 163-17€.
Kirkaldy, A. W.: Some of the economic effects of the Panama Canal.—
XXXII; 29; 585-97.
Harrison: The Panama Canal in construction. (Good pictures.)—XX XI:
54; 20-37.
Vose, E. N.: How Panama will alter trade-—XX XVIII; 24; 418.
General sketch, 1910.—VII; 33; 335-355.
Latone, J.: The Panama Canal and Latin America.—II]; 54; 84-91.
Downie, E. M.: A visit to the Panama Canal and Cuba.—X X XI; 30; 404-
12:
Collins: Agricultural development in Panama.—VII; 37; 469-77.
Lindsay, F.: The timber lands of Panama.—VII; 36; 499-510.
General sketch, 1910.—VIJ; 31; 279-93.
Hill, D. J.: Supremacy in the Panama Canal.—X XVIII; 49; 722-25.
Davis, A. P.: The Isthmian Canal——VI; 34; 132-138.
Morison, G. S.: The Panama Canal.—V1; 35; 24-48.
Haeselbarth, A. C.: Culebra Island.—VI; 35; 125-130.
Chester, C. M.: The Panama Canal.—X XII]; 16; 445-67.
Notes on Panama and Colombia.—X XIII; 14; 458-67.
Showalter, W. J.: Panama Canal.—X XIII; 23; 195-205.
Hazlett, D. M.: Farming on the Isthmus of Panama.—X XIII; 17; 229-36.
Weir, H. C.: The romance of Panama.—X LI; October, 1912.
Showalter, W. J.: Battling with the Panama slides—X XIII; 25; 133-55.
Cornish, V.: Condition and prospects of the Panama Canal.—XV; 44;
189-203.
Sibert, W. L.: The Panama Canal.—X XII]; 25; 153-183.
Map of Panama Canal (‘‘Bird’s-eye view’’)—X XIII; 23; 104.
Johnson, E. R.: What the canal will accomplish X XX]; 54; 37-43.
204
Balboa and the Panama celebration.—VII; 38; 477-88.
Panama’s new railway.—VII; 38; 683.
Commerce of Panama for 1912.—VIT; 38; 118.
Going through the Panama Canal.—X XVIII; 49; 718-21.
The attitude of the United States towards an interoceanic canal— XX XIX;
9; 419.
Nelson, L.: The practical side of the Panama Canal.—X X XVI]; 20; 670-76.
NORTH AMERICA.
(Except the United States.)
Dryer, C. R.: The North America of today and tomorrow and Indiana’s
place in it.—Proceedings Indiana Academy of Science; 1911.
Huntington, E.: The fluctuating climate of North America—XV; 40; 264-
80; 392-94.
Nansen, F.: Norsemen in America.—XV; 38; 557-80.
Unstead, J. F.: The climatic limits of wheat cultivation, with special refer-
ence to North America.—XV; 39; 347-366; 422-46.
Macdougal, D. T.: North American deserts.—XV; 39; 105-123.
Hubbard: Influence of precious metals in America.—VI; 44; 97-112.
Hahn, W. L.: The future of North American fauna.—X XVI; 83; 169-77.
Penck, A.: North America and Europe: A geographic comparison.—X X XII;
25; 337-46.
Jefferson, M.: The anthropography of North America.—V1; 45; 161-80.
Trotter, S.: The Atlantic forest regions of North America: A study in
influences.—X XVI; 75; 370-92.
Commercial America in 1905. Showing commerce, production, transporta-
tion, finances, area, and population, of each of the countries of North,
South, and Central America and the West Indies.—U. S. Bureau of
Census; Bulletin 2 to 4; pages 1 to 117.
Harper, R. M.: The coniferous forests of Eastern North America——X XVI;
$5; 338-61.
Marvin, J.: The greater America.—X X XVIII; 28; 22-31.
CANADA.
Bryant, H. G.: A journey to the grand falls of Labrador.—VIII; 1; 33-80.
MeFarland, R.: Beyond the heights of land.—VIII; 9; 23-33.
205
Bryant, H. G.: An exploration in S. E.—VPIP* 11; 1-16.
The possibilities of the Hudson Bay country.— X XIII; 18; 209-13.
Wilcox, W. D.: Recent explorations in the Canadian Rockies.—X XIII; 13;
151-69; 185-200.
Wolcott, C. D.: The monarch of the Canadian Rockies.—X XIII; 24; 626-40.
Lant: The Twentieth Century is Canada’s—X XXVIII; 13; 8499-8517.
Russell, I. C.: Geography of the Laurentian: basin.—V1I; 30; 226-54.
Paynd, A. M.: Halifax, Nova Scotia.—X XIV; 35; 356-375.
Weaver, E. P.: What Arcadia owed to. New*Frigland—X XIV; 30; 423-434.
Laurier, W.: The forests of Canada.—X XII1;-17; 504-9.
Forests of Canada.—X XIII; 14; 106-109.
Hughes, James L.: Toronto.—X XIV; 23; 305-322
Stewart, G.: Quebec.—X XIV; 21; 33-51>
Oxley, J. M.: Ottawa, the capital of Canada.—X XIV; 24; 181-200.
Goode, R. U.: The northwestern boundary between the United States and
Canada.—VI; 32; 465-470. .
Vreeland, F. R.: Notes on the sources of the Peace River, British Columbia.—
VI; 46; 1-24. -’ :
Whitlock, R. H.: A geographical study of Nova Scotia.—V1; 46; 413-19.
Cadell, H. M.: The new city of Prince Rupert—X XXII; 30; 237-50.
MeGrath, P. T.: Canada in 1914.—X XVIII; 49; 594-98.
Smith, C.S.: What will become of Canada?—XIV; 51; 855-65.
Leith, C. K.: Iron ore reserves —X XX; 65; 162-163.
Ibid.—X XXII; 1906; 207-214. 7 ey
Lumsden, H. D.: Canada’s new transcontinental railroad—_X X XI; 40; 73g
The Canadian climate—House Doc., Vol. III, p. 294; 58th Cong., 3rt”
Sess.; Serial No. 4890. ‘
Map of Labrador.— XV; 37; 476. (See also 407-20.)
Lant: Hudson Bay Fur Company and the raiders of’ 1670-97. —XVI; iLPee
768-79.
Duncan, N.: The codfishes of Newfoundland. =~ XXXVI: 6: 3617- 3638.
Twenhofel, W. H.: Physiography of Newfoundland.—H];-183; 1-24.
McGrath, P. T.: The first American colony, Newfoundland.—X XIV; 27;
617-632. arama
Willey, D. A.: Newfoundland of today.—X XIV; 29; 462-771.
Cross, A. L.: Newfoundland.—X XXII; 22; 147-158.
_%
=
206
Semple, E. C.: The influence of geographic environment on the Lower St.
Lawrence.—V1I; 36; 449-466.
Burpee, L. J.: How Canada is solving the transportation problem.—X XVI;
67; 455-464.
The Hudson Bay route; a new outlet for Canadian wheat.—XX XIX; 20;
438-452.
White, A. S.: Newfoundland: <A study in regional geography.—X XXII;
30; 1135-28.
The Georgian Bay ship canal.—X X XII; 26; 25-30.
Bell, R.: The Hudson Bay route to Europe.—X X XII; 26; 67-77.
Parkin, Dr. G. R.: The railway development of Canada.—X XXII; 25;
225-250.
Stupart: The climate of Canada.—X X XI]; 14; 73-80.
Wadsworth, M. H.: The mineral wealth of Canada.—X XIX; 37; 839-841.
Walcote, C. D.: A geologist’s paradise.—X XII]; 22; 509-37.
Montgomery, R. H.: Our industrial invasion of Canada.—X XXVIII; 5;
2978-2998.
The new administration in Canada.—X X XIX; 6; 151-168.
Osborne, J. B.: Commercial relations of the United States with Canada.
III; 32; 330-340.
Curwood, J. O.: Effect of American invasion.—X XXVIII; 10; 6607-13.
Why Canada rejected reciprocity.— X X XIX; 20; 173-187.
Skelton, O. and others: Canada and reciprocity.— X LITT; 19; 550; 411; 527;
513; 542; 726.
Trade combinations in Canada.— XLII]; 14; 427.
Hanbury, D. T.: Through the barren ground of N. E. Canada and the
Arctic coast.—XV; 22; 178-191.
Grenfell, Sir T.: A land of eternal warring —X XIII; 21; 665-690.
Hubbard, M. B.: Labrador, my explorations in unknown.—XVI; 112; $13-
823.
Through trackless Labrador.—X X XII; 28; 265-268.
MacFairsh, N.: East and West in Canada.—X X XVI; 179; 597-603.
White, A.: The Dominion of Canada: A study in regional geography.—
XXXIT; 29; 524-548; 566-80.
Grant, W. L.: Geographical conditions affecting the development of Canada.
—XV; 38; 362-381.
Tupper: The economic development of Canada.— XXXII; 11; 1-16.
Bell: The geographical distribution of forest trees In Canada.—X XXII:
13; 281-295.
Across the Canadian border.—X X XVIII; 4; 2394-2412.
Henshaw, Mrs.: A new Alpine area in British Columbia.—X XXII; 30;
128-32. :
Ruddick, J. H.: Dairying and fruit-growing industries in Canada.—X XT;
11; 241-245.
Honeyman, H. A.: Lumbering industry of Canada.—X XI; 11; 246-250.
Dresser, J. H.: Clay belt of Northern Ontario and Quebec.—X XI; 11;
250-255.
Brittain: Geographical infiuences in the location of leading Canadian cities.—
XXI; 11; 256-260.
Green: Canadian commerce.—X XI; 11; 260-262.
Cooke, H. C.: The mineral industries of Canada.—X XI; 11; 262-265.
O’Neil: Canadian railway development.—X XI; 11; 265-267.
Uglow: Canadian fisheries —X XI; 11; 267-269.
Allan: Resources and development of British Columbia.—X XI; 11; 269-
274.
The Canadian Boundary.—X XII]; 14; 85-91.
Donald, W. J. A.: The growth and distribution of Canadian population.—
XLIIT; 21; 296-312.
Butman, C. H.: The pinnacle of the Canadian Alps.—X XX; 78; 183-85.
Longstaff, Dr. T. G.: Across the Purcell range of British Columbia.—XV;
37; 589-600.
Palmer, H.: Tramp across the glaciers ‘and snowfields of British Columbia.—
XXIII; 21; 457-487.
Palmer, H.: Explorations about Mt. Sir Sanford, British Columbia.— XV;
37; 170-179.
Talbot, F. A.: Economic prospects of new British Columbia.—VI; 44; 167-
183.
Knappen, T. M.: Winning the Canadian West—XXXVIII; 10; 6595-
6606.
Ogg, F. A.: Vast undeveloped regions— XX XVIII; 12; 8078-8082.
The colonization of Western Canada.—X X XI]; 27; 196-200.
Kast and West in Canada.—X X XVJ; 179; 597-603.
Bishop: Development of wheat production in Canada.—VI; 44; 10-16.
D., W. M.: Tides in the Bay of Fundy— X XIII; 16; 71-76. _
208
Mexico.
Lumholtz, C.: The Sonora Desert.—XV; 40; 503-518.
Darton, N. H.: Mexico, the treasure house of the world.—X XIII; 18; 493-
519.
Collins & Doyle: Notes on South Mexico.—X XIII; 22; 301-21.
Map of Mexico.—X XIII; 22; 410-11.
Birkinbine, J.: Our neighbor, Mexico.—X XIII; 22; 475-509.
Foster: The new Mexico.—X XIII; 13; 1-24.
Huntington, E.: The shifting of climatic zones as illustrated in Mexico.—
VI; 45; 1-12; 107-116.
Navarro: Mexico of today.—X XIII; 12; 152-157; 176-179; 235-238.
Barrett, J.: A general sketch —VII; 1911.
Foster, J. W.: The new Mexico.—X XIII; 13; 1-25.
Mexico: a geographical sketch, 1910.— VII; 31; 237-266.
Brandon, E. E.: University education in Mexico.—VI1; 36; 48-56.
Mexico:—a general sketch, 1910.-—VII; 33; 119-149.
Seffer, P. O.: Agriculture possibilities in tropical Mexico.—X XITJ; 21;
1021-40.
Thompson, E. H.: Henequen (The Yucatan Fiber) —X XIII; 14; 150-158.
Rubber plantations in Mexico and Central America XXIII; 14; 409-14.
Janvier, T. A.: A little Mexican town.— XVI; 113; 500-513.
Paul, G. F.: Vera Cruz, past and present X XIV; 31; 722-727.
Zimmerman, J.: Hewers of stone.—X XIII; 21; 1002-1020.
Paul, G. F.: Ruins of Mitla, Mexico.—X XIV; 33; 73-79.
Paul, G. F.: The Mexican hacienda; its place and people-—X XIV; 30;
1982=96.
Galloway, A. C.: An interesting visit to the ancient pyramids of San Juan
Teotihuagan.—X XIII; 21; 1041-50.
A winter expedition in Southern Mexico.— X XIII; 15; 341-356.
Some Mexican transportation scenes ——X XIII; 21; 985-91.
The oil treasure of Mexico — XXIII; 19; 803-5.
Lyle, E. P.: Mexico at high tide —XXXVIII; 14; 9179-9196.
Lumholtz, C.: The Huichol Indians of Mexico.—VI; 35; 79-93.
Scenes in the byways of Southern Mexico.—X XIII; 25; 359-64.
Lyle, E. P.: The American influence in Mexico — XX XVIII; 6; 3843-60.
Nelson, E. W.: A day’s work of a naturalist —X XXVIII; 1; 372-380.
209
Copan, the mother of the Mayas.—VII; 32; 863-879.
Kirkwood, J. E.: A Mexican hacienda.—X XIII; 25; 563-584.
Kirkwood, J. E.: Desert scenes in Zacatecas.—X XVI; 75; 485-51.
Howarth, O. H.: The Cordillera of Mexico and its inhabitants—X XXII;
16; 342-352.
Unknown Mexico.—X XXII; 19; 291-297.
Cadell, H. M.: Some old Mexican voleanoes.—X XXII; 23; 281-312.
The voleanoes of Mexico.—X X XI]; 23: 25-28. ~
The greatest voleanoes of Mexico —X XIII; 21: 741-760.
Dandberg, H. O.: Ancient temples and cities of the new world: Palenque.—
VII; 34; 345-360.
Ayme, L. H.: Ancient temples and ruins of the new world: Mitla.—VII;
33; 548-567.
Thompson, E. H.: The home of a forgotten race: Mysterious Chicken Itza,
in Yucatan, Mexico.—X XIII; 25; 585-648.
Palmer, F.: Mexico.—XIII; 30; 806-820.
Mason, A. B.: Mexico and her people.—II1; 54; 186-190.
Huntington, E.: The mystery of the Yucatan ruins—XVI; 128; 755-66.
Lloyd: The story of Guayule.—VII; 34; 177-195. .
Laut, A. C.: Taos, an ancinet American capitol—Travel; February and
March, 1913.
Showalter, W. J.: Mexico and Mexicans.
Romero. M.: Mexico.—Jr. Am. Geog. Soc.; 28; 327.
Handbook of Mexico.—House Doc. No. 145, Vol. 66; 58th Cong., 3rd Sess.;
Serial No. 4845.
Physical Geography of Mexico.—House Doce., Vol. 111, p. 765; 58th Cong.,
3rd Sess.; Serial No. 4890.
Dunn, H. H.: How the Aztecs fought.—Illustrated World and Recreation;
Jan., 1913.
Huntington, E.: The peninsula of Yucatan.—VI; 44; 801-822.
Colf, L. J.: The caverns and peoples of Northern Yucatan— VI; 42; 321.
Geology and topography of Mexico.—Am. Geologist; 8; 133-44.
Bain: A sketch of the geology of Mexico— XXII; 5; 384-90.
Wilson: Topography of Mexico.—Jr. Am. Geog. Soe.; 29; 249-260.
5084—14
210
EUROPE.
Geikie, Jas.: The architecture and origin of the Alps—XXXII; 27; 393-
417.
Garwood, E. J.: Features of Alpine scenery due to glacial protection.
XV; 36; 310-39.
Geikie, J.: The Alps during the glacial period.—V1; 42; 192-205.
Fischer, T.: The Mediterranean peoples.—X X XIII; 1907; 497-521.
Peddie, H. J.: The development of the inland waterways of Central Europe.
—X XXII; 26; 293-298.
Plant distribution in Europe and its relation to the glacial period —X XXII;
19; 302-311.
Myers, J. L.: The Alpine races in Europe.—XYV; 28; 537-560.
Price, H. C.: How European agriculture is financed —X XVI; 82; 252-263.
European grain trade.—Bull. 69, U. S. Dept. of Ag., Bureau of Statistics.
Cereal production in Europe——Bull. 68, U. S. Dept. of Ag., Bureau of
Statistics.
Penck, A.: The valleys and lakes of the Alps——House Doce., Serial No.
4890.
Bray, F. C.: The classic Mediterranean basin.—XI1; 72; 3-12.
Brooks, S.: The new Europe-—XXYV; 200; 663-667.
Austin, O. P.: The remarkable growth of Europe during forty years of
peace.—X XIII; 26; 272-275.
Statistics of populations, armies and navies of Europe—XXIII; 26; 191-
193.
War-words of Europe and their meaning.—Literary Digest; March 20,
1915.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
Townley, Fullman C.: Magyar origins —XX XVI; 176; 52-60.
The ancient geography of Galacia.—X X XII; 22; 205-208.
Koch, F. J.: In quaint, curious Croatia —— XXIII; 19; 809-832.
Richardson, Ralph: The ethnology of Austria-Hungary —XXXII; 22; 1-9.
Iddings, D. W. & A. S.: The land of contrast: Austria-Hungary.—X XIII;
23; 1188-1219.
Conditions of agriculture in Bohemia.—XLIII; 8; 491.
Townley, F. C.: Hungary: A land of shepherd kings —XXIII; 26; 311-93.
BALKANS AND TURKEY.
Hogarth, D. C.: The Balkan peninsula.—XV; 41; 324-340.
Moore, F.: The changing map in the Balkans.—X XIII; 24; 199-227.
Moore, F.: Rumania and her ambitions.—X XIII; 24; 1057-1086.
Kastern Turkey in Asia and Armenia.—X X XJ1; 12; 225-241.
Grosvenor, H. A.: Constantinople-—XLII; 90; 673-685.
Richardson, R.: New railway projects in the Balkan peninsula.—X X XII;
24; 254-259.
Map of Bulgaria, Servia, and Macedonia.—X XIII; August, 1914; p. 1153.
Territorial changes in the Balkans.—X XJ; 12; 156.
Warner, A. H.: A country where going to America is an industry.—X XII];
20; 1063-1103.
Damon, T. J.: Albanians.—X XIII; 23; 1090-1103.
Bourchier, J. D.: The rise of Bulgaria. X XIII; 23; 1105-1118.
Villari, L.: Races and religions of Macedonia.—X XIII; 23; 1118-32.
Bryce, J.: Two possible solutions for the eastern problem.—X XIII; 23; 1149-
1158.
Notes on Rumania.—X XIII; 23; 1219-25.
Notes on Macedonia.—X XIII; 19; 799-802.
Servia and Montenegro.—X XIII; 19; 774-90.
Coffin, M. C.: When east meets west.—X XIII; 19; 309-44.
Low, D. H.: Kingdom of Serbia: Her people and her history.—X X XI];
31; 303-15.
MeKenzie, K.: East of the Adriatie-—X XIII; 23; 1159-1188.
Bulgaria, the peasant state—X XIII; 19; 760-773.
Hitchens, R.: Skirting the Balkan peninsula.—X; 85; 643-657; 884-898.
Bosnia-Herzegovina.—X X XII; 25; 71-84.
Bray, F. C.: Before and after the Balkan war—XI; 72; 163-73.
Moore, F.: The changing map in the Balkans.—X XIII; 24; 199-226.
Newbigin, M. I.: The Balkan peninsula: Its peoples and its problems.—
XXXII; 31; 281-303.
Joerg, W. L. J.: The new boundaries of the Balkan states and their sig-
nificance.—V1; 45; 819-830.
Dominian, L.: The Balkan peninsula—V1; 45; 576-84.
Pears, Sir E.: Grass never grows where the Turkish hoof has trod.—X XIII;
23; 1132-49.
Curtis, W. E.: The great Turk and his lost provinces—X XIII; 14; 45-61.
Chester, C. M.: The young Turk.—X XIII; 23; 43-89.
Dominian, L.: Geographical influences in the determination of spheres of
foreign interests in Asiatic Turkey.—VIII; 12; 165-77.
Bray, F. C.: Constantinople: Imagination and fact.—XI; 72; 595-606.
Dwight, H. G.: Life in Constantinople-—X XIII; 26; 521-546.
Constantinople—V III; 11; 45-50.
Symons, A.: Constantinople: An impression—XVI; 106; 863-570.
BELGIUM.
George, W. L.: Problems of modern Belgium.—X X XVI; 177; 597-606,
Gregmore, H.: Antwerp, the hub of Europe-—XXIV; 35; 67-73.
Showalter, W. J.: Belgium, the inrocent bystander——XXIII; 26; 223-
265.
Antwerp, the water side of —X X XI; 50; 257
DENMARK.
Flux, A. W.: Denmark and its aged poor—X X XIX; 7; 454-448.
Webhrwein, G. S.: The message of Denmark—X XI]; 12; 58-60.
Horvgaard, W.: How planting trees saved Jutland: Xcxouv LL» 20;
12967-69.
FRANCE.
Greely, A. W.: The france of today—X XIII; 26; 193-223.
Economic life of France -—X XVI; 58; 287-95.
Welch, D.: Marseilles—XVI; ide jee
Lanson, G.: France of today.—X XV; 195; 456-475
Bosson, Mrs. Geo. C., Jr.: Notes on oe tes ee sean? 21; 775-782.
Hyde, W. W.: Ascent of Mt. Blane-——X XIII; 24; 861-942.
Life in French upland region —X X X11; 28; 532-537.
Housing of the working classes in France —X X XIX; 8; 233-254.
Bracq, J. C.: The colonial expansion of France-——X XIII; 11; 225-259.
O’Laughlin, J. C.: Industrial life in France-—XXXVIII; 9; 5969-5972.
Arnold: The population of France-——X XIX; 30; 171.
Agricultural education in France-—XL; 1900; 115
Norman, Sir H.: The Alpine Road of France. _XXXI; 55; 137-59.
The city of the Seine-—X1I; 72; 75.
Gallienne, R. L.: Avignon, legendary and real——XVI; 129; 277-284.
GERMANY.
The German nation XXIII; 26; 275-311.
Lazenby, W. R.: Forests and forestry of Gremany,— X XVI; 83; 590-98.
Muensterburg, Hugo: Germans at school X XVI]; 79; 602-614.
Clapp, E. J.: Rhine and Mississippi river terminals —XX XIX; 19; 392-7.
The industrial capacity of the German.—XLIII; 13; 462.
Geiser, K. F.: Forestry results in Germany.—X XXVIII; 13; 8642-50.
Bernstorff, Count J. H. Von: The foundation of the German Empire.—
XX XV; 3; 261-272.
The story of the Bagdad railway—Nineteenth Century Magazine; 75;
ti: (2p ;
Germany’s world-war for trade—Literary Digest, July 11, 1914; p. 57.
Agricultural imports of Germany.—Department of Agriculture; Div. of
Foreign Markets; Bulletin No. 30.
Traffic policy of Germany.—X X XIX; 1; 10-34.
Colonial policy of the Germans.—X X XIX; 11; 57-82.
Spencer, C. E.: Waterways—X XI]; 12; 1-14.
Haldane, Lord: Great Britain and Germany.—XI1X; 71; 1382-1386.
Buxton, B. H.: A corner of old Wurttemburg——X XII]; 22; 931-47.
Campbell, J. A.: In a Prussian school— XIX; 68; 810-813.
Rhone—Saone Valley —X XI; 12; 80.
Geiser, K. F.: Peasant life in the Black Forest.—X XIII; 19; 635-49.
The industrial progress of Germany.—X X XIX; 14; 6-17; 134-154.
Lotz, W.: The present significance of German inland waterways.—lIII;
31; 246-261.
German school system in Germany.—House Doc., No. 243, V. 57; 58th
Cong., 3rd Sess.; Serial No. 4836.
Rise and development of German colonial possessions.—House Doe., Vol.
III; p. 823; 58th Cong., 3rd Sess.; Serial No. 4890.
Howe, F. C.: City building in Germany.—X XX]; 47; 601.
Forestry in all lands.—U. 8S. Forest Service; Cireular 140.
Making rivers work.—XIII; 20; 443-53.
Davis, W. M.: The Rhine gorge and the Bosphorus.—X XJ; 11; 207-15.
GREECE.
Campbell, O. D.: From Messina to Tyndris.—X XIV; 40; 413-421.
Zaborowski, S.: Ancient Greece and its slave population —X XXIII; 1912;
597-608.
Young, C. H.: Peloponnesian journeys.—V1I; 32; 151-157.
Moses, G. H.: Greece and Montenegro.—X XIII; 24; 281-310.
Wace, A. J. B. & Thompson, M. S.: The distribution of early civilization
in Northern Greece.— XV; 37; 631-642.
Hall, E.: Archaeological research in Greece —XIX; 69; 1143-48.
Richardson, R.: Athens: Notes on a recent visit—X XXII; 23; 422427.
Chamberlayne, L. R.: A visit to Euboea.—XI; 72; 151-2.
Corinth and her citizens —XI; 72; 635.
Dingelstedt, V.: The Greeks and Hellenism.—X XXII; 30; 412-27.
Ho.buanpD.
Matthes, G. H.: The dikes of Holland—X XIII; 12; 219-235.
Gore, Jas. H.: Holland as seen from a Dutch window.— XXIII; 19; 619-
634.
Smith, H. M.: A north Holland cheese market—X XIII; 21; 1051-66.
Agricultural imports of Holland—U. S. Department of Agricultural; Bureau
of Statistics, Bull. 72.
Griffis, Wm. E.: The heaths and hollows of Holland——VI; 32; 308-21.
Tray.
Mayer, A. E.: Gems of the Italian lakes —X XIII; 24; 943-956;
Carr, J. F.: The Italian in the United States XX XVIII; 8; 5593-5404.
Wright, C. W.: The world’s most cruel earthquake—X XIII; 20; 373-396.
Van Vorst, M.: Naples — XVI; 121; 489-504.
Symons, A.: Verona.—XVI; 108; 876-881.
Cortesi, S.: The eampanile of Venice-—X1X; 68; 922-927.
Willis, V. B.: The roads that lead to Rome.—XI; 71; 191-192.
Seenes in Italy.— XXIII; 21; 321-33.
Norway.
Howe, J. L.: Notes on Norwegian industry —X XVI; 80; 36-50.
Brigham, A. P.: A Norwegian landslip.—VIII; 4; 292-296.
2M
On
Barrett, R. L.: The Sundal drainage system in central Norway.—VI; 32:
199-219.
Brigham, A. P.: The fiords of Norway.—V1; 38; 337-348.
A chapter on Norway.—X XIV; 22; 233-243.
A new industrial nation.—X XI; 12; 24-24; Sept., 1913.
A comparison of Norway and Sweden.—X XIII; 16; 429-432.
Jefferson, N.: Man in West Norway.—X XI; 7; 86-96.
PORTUGAL.
Crawfurd, Oswald: The greatness of little Portugal—xX XIII; 21; 867-894.
RUSSIA.
Greely, A. W.: The land of promise.—X XIII; 23; 1078-90.
Sarolea, C.: Geographical foundations of Russian politics——XX XII; 22;
194-205.
Mockinder: The geographical pivot of history — XV; 23; 421-444.
Hovey, EH. O.: Southern Russian and the Caucasian Mountains.—V1; 36;
327-341.
Grosvenor, G. H.: Young Russia: The land of unlimited possibilities —
XXIII; 26; 423-521.
Hourwich, I. A.: Russia as seen in its farmers. X X XVIII; 13; 8679-8686.
Dingelstedt, V.: The riviera of Russia.—X X XII; 20; 285-306.
Dingelstedt, V.: A little-known Russian people; the Setukesed on Hsths
of Pskov.—X X XII; 22; 490-493.
Curtis, Wm. H.: The revolution in Russia.—X XIII; 18; 302-17.
Grosvenor, EH. A.: Evolution of the Russian government.—X XIII; 16; 309-
300.
Nansen, F.: Sea route to Siberia.—XV; 43; 481-98.
The black republic—X XIII; 18; 334-48.
Smith, C. H.: Russia.— XXIV; 32; 114-123.
Packard, L. O.: Russia, her expansion and struggle for open ports.—X X1;
12; 33-39.
Windt, H. D.: Through Siberia to Bering Strait— XVI; 105; 821-831.
Korff, A.: Where women vote.—X XIII; 21; 487-494.
The Russian Tibet expedition.— XV; 19; 576-98.
O’ Laughlin, J. C.: Industrial life in Russia.—X XXVIII; 4915-18.
216
Gibbon, P.: The church’s blight on Russia.-—X XXVIII; 10; 6243-54.
Markov, E.: The sea of Aral.— XV; 38; 515-519.
The territory of Anadyr.—V1; 32; 260-263.
Grosvenor: Siberia.—X XIII; 12; 317-24.
Hill, E. J.: A trip through Siberia. —X XIII; 13; 37-55.
Smith, C. E.: Russia.—X XIII; 16; 55-63.
Hourwich, I. A.: The crisis of Russian agriculture-—X X XIX; 1; 411-33.
Hornburg, F.: Village towns and cities of Russia. —X XI; 10; 13-15.
Wright, H. O. S.: Russian village life—XX XVI; 173; 79-85.
Grosvenor, Edw. A.: The growth of Russia.—X XIII; 11; 169-186.
Chapin, Wm.: Glimpses of the Russian empire.—X XIII; 23; 1043-78.
Greely, A. W.: Russia in recent literature—X XIII; 16; 564-8.
Hsdlicka, A.: Recent explorations in Siberia.—X XIX; 37; 13-14.
Siberia: A review.—X X XII; 21; 652-659.
Dingelstedt, V.: The mussulman subjects of Russia.—X XXII; 19; 4-20.
Mumford, J. K.: Conquest of Asia.—XX XVIII; 2; 704-719.
Simpson, J. Y.: The new Siberia.—X X XII; 16; 17-29.
Wheat growing in Russia.—XLIIT; 12; 256.
Dingelstedt, V.: Cossacks and Cossackdom.—X X XII; 23; 239-261.
Barnaby, C. W.: Russian absorption of Asia .— XX XVIII; 7; 4118-25.
Brudno, E. S.: The emigrant Jews at home-—XX XVIII; 7; 4471-4479.
Makaroff, Vice-Admiral: The yermak ice breaker.—XV; 15; 32-46.
Hourwich, I. A.: Situation in Finland.—XLIII; 11; 290-99.
Scott, Leroy: Russia as seen in its workingmen.—X XXVIII; 13; 8557-
8567.
Whelpley, D. W.: The rise of Russia.— XIX; 79; 407-8.
Huntingdon, E.: Life in the great desert —XIII; 20; 749-61.
Mavor, J.: The economic history of Russia.—X X XII; 30; 518-27.
Richardson, R.: Modern Russia.—X X XII; 30; 624-31.
SPAIN.
Riggs, A. S.: The commerce of Spain.—X; 81; 257-270.
Howells, W. D.: First days in Seville-—XVI; 126; 568-581.
A little-known mountain pass in the Pyrenees.— XX XI1; 22; 545-546.
Clark, C. U.: Romantic Spain.—X XIII; 21; 187-215.
Guijarro, L. G.: Spain since 1898.—X X XIX; 18; 6-20.
Guijarro, L. G.: The religious question in Spain —— XX XIX; 19; 226-34.
Super, C. W.: The Spaniard and his peninsula— XX XVI; 175; 418-434.
Jones, C. L.: Madrid: Its government and municipal services.—III; 27;
120-131.
Ardzrooni, L.: Commerce and industry in Spain during ancient and mediaeval
times.—X LIT; 21; 432-53.
SWEDEN.
Andrews, M. C.: Sweden vally ice mine and its explanation— X XVI; 82;
280-288.
Winslow, E. D.: The Lapps of Sweden.—V]; 32; 430-431.
Hitcheock, F. H.: Our trade with Scandinavia, 1890-1900.—U. S. Dept.
of Ag.; Bull. No. 22.
SWITZERLAND.
A study of a Swiss valley —X X XII; 22; 648-653.
Newbigin, M.I.: The Swiss Valais: A study in regional geography. —_ X X XII;
23; 169-192; 225-239.
Murray, L.: In Valais (Switzerland).—X XIII; 21; 249-69.
Avebury, Lord: The scenery of Switzerland —X X XII; 25; 1-12.
Avebury, Lord: The scenery of Switzerland.—X X XII; 24; 617-627.
Stoddard, F. W.: Winter sports in Switzerland and Tyrol.—XIX; 72;
559-63.
Dingelstedt, V: The republic and canton of Geneva.—X XXII; 24; 225-
238; 281-291.
The fauna of Switzerland in relation to the glacial period —XXXII; 18;
236-243.
The Swiss banking law.—X LIII; 18; 309.
Henry, O. H.: The problem of sick to accident insurances in Switzerland.—
XXXIX; 19; 235-54.
Dingelstedt, V.: The Swiss abroad —X XXII; 25; 126-37.
Transfigured Switzerland.—XI; 72; 140.
Seenes in Switzerland.—X XIII; 21; 249-69.
Howe: The white coal of Switzerland —Outlook; 94; 151-48.
218
Unitep KInGpoM
Usher, R. G.: England: The oldest nation of Europe.—X XIII; 26; 393-423.
Forbes, U. A.: The inland waterways of Great Britain.—III; 31; 228-245.
Smith, Dr. W. G.: The origin and development of heather moorland.—
XXXII; 18; 587-597.
Cunningham, W.: Cambridgeshire rivers.—XV; 35; 700-705.
Mill, H. R.: A fragment of the geography of England.—xXV; 15; 205-27;
353-78.
Moss, C. E.: Peat moors of the Pennines, their age, origin, and use.—
XV; 23; 660-71.
Grierson, R.: Ireland before the Union.—XX XVI; 179; 666-75.
Crawford, O. G. S.: The distribution of early bronze age settlements in
Britain. XV; 40; 184-203.
Shippard, T.: Changes on the east coast of England within the historical
period.— XV; 34; 500-514.
Whelpley, J. D.: Commercial strength of Great Britain.—X; 82; 159-174.
Yeats, J. S.: Ireland to be saved by intellect —XIX; 72; 191-94.
Knowles, Harry: Bristol and the land of Pokanoket.—X XIV; 35; 609-628.
Bridgman, S. E.: Northampton. X XIV; 21; 581-604.
Holden, S. C.: Old Boston in England.—X XIV; 21; 387-406.
Watt: Climate of British Isles —X X XII; 24; 169-187.
MacManus, S.: A new Ireland —X XXVIII; 8; 5279-5286.
Johnson, C.: Life on the Irish boglands —X XIV; 24; 259-268.
Mill, H. R.: England and Wales viewed geographically —XV; 24; 621-36.
Mead, E. D.: The expansion of England.—X XIII; 11; 249-264.
Johnson, E. R.: A study of London.—VIII; 5; 15-29.
The unrest of English farmers——X X XIX; 2; 54-63.
The tower of London.—XI]; 72; 43.
Lennie, A. B.: Geographical description of the county of Sutherland.—
XXXII; 27; 18-34; 128-142; 188-196.
Peddie, H. J.: The development of the inland waterways of the United
Kingdom.—X X XII; 26; 544-548.
Wallace, B. C.: Nottinghamshire in the 19th Century.—XV;; 43; 34-61.
McFarlane, J.: The port of Manchester: The influence of a great canal.—
XV; 32; 496-503.
Allen, W. H.: Rural sanitation in England— XX XIX; 8; 483-19.
219
Parritt, E.: The Manchester ship canal— XX XIX; 3; 295-310.
Meyer, H. R.: Municipal ownership in Great Britain.—XLIII; 13; 481:
14; 257.
Howells, W. D.: Kentish neighborhoods including Canterbury.—XVI;
113; 550-63.
Cossar, J.: Notes on the geography of the Edinburg district —X X XII; 27;
574-600; 643-654.
Richardson, R.: The port of London: A French review.—X XXII; 20:
196-202.
Brooks, S.: London and New York.—XVI; 104; 295-303.
A history of Scotland —XX XIT; 16; 657-661.
M. Paul Private-Deschmel: The influence of geography on the distribution
of population of Scotland.—X X XII; 18; 577-587.
Geikie, A.: The history of the geography of Scotland.—X X XII; 22; 117-34.
Saunders, L. J.: A geographical description of Fife, Kinross, and Clack-
mannon.—X X XI; 29; 67-87; 133-48.
Kermack, W. R.: The making of Scotland: An essay in historical geog-
raphy.—X X XII; 28; 295-306.
Edinburg.— X1; 71; 217.
Kermack, W. R.: A geographical factor in Scottish independence-—X X XII;
28; 31-35.
Cossar, J.: The distribution of the towns and villages of Scotland —X X XIT;
26; 183-192; 298-318.
Steven, T. M.: A geographical description of the county of Ayr—XXXIT;
28; 393-414.
Tarr, R. S.: Glacial erosion in the Scottish highland—X X XIT; 24; 575-588.
Cadill, H. M.: The industrial development of the Forth Valley.—X XXII;
20; 66-85.
Botanical survey in Yorkshire-—X X XII; 19; 417-422.
Murray, Sir John: A bathymetrical survey of the lochs of Scotland.—
XV; 15; 309-53.
Scotland and her educational institutions —X X XVI; 178; 573-582; 667-676.
Chisholm, G. G.: Density of population, Scotland, 1911.—X X XII; 27; 466-
470.
Chisholm, G. G.: The development of the industrial Edinburgh and the
Edinburgh district —X X XI]; 30; 312-21.
220
Hinxman, L. W.: The rivers of Scotland: The Beanly and Conon.—X XXII;
23; 192-202.
Richardson, R.: The physiography of Edinburgh.—X XXII; 18; 337-358.
Mort, F.: The southern highlands from Gourock.—X XXII; 22; 435-438.
Frew, J., and T. Mort: The southern highlands from Dungoyn.—X XXII;
22; 322-24.
Bathymetrical survey of the fresh water lochs of Scotland.—XX XII; 22;
355-65; 407-423; 459-473.
Hardy, M.: Botanical survey of Scotland.—X XXII; 22; 229-241.
Frew, J., and Mort, F.: The southern highlands from Glasgow.—X X XIT;
23; 367-372.
Bathymetrical survey of the fresh water lochs of Scotland.——X XXII; 23;
346-360.
Gregory, J. W.: The Loch Morar basin and the tectonic associations of the
Scottish sea lochs.—X XXII; 30; 251-59.
Murray, Sir J.: Bathymetrical survey of the fresh water lochs in Scotland.—
XXXII; 19; 449-480; 21; 20; 1-47; 169-96; 235; 247; 449-460; 628-640.
History of the highlands.—X X XII; 17; 40-48.
Niven, W. N.: On the distribution of certain forest trees in Scotland, as
shown by the investigation of post glacial deposits —X X XI]; 18; 24-30.
Geddes, P.: Edinburgh and its region, geographic and historical XX XII;
18; 302-312.
Fortune, EK. C.: A royal Scottish burgh.— XVI; 121; 661-669.
Smith, W. G.: Botanical survey of Scotland— XXXII; 21; 4-24; 57-84:
117-126; 20; 617-628.
Richardson, R.: Scottish place-names and Scottish saints—XXXII; 21;
352-361.
Richardson, R.: The influence of the nautral features and Geology of Seot-
land on the Scottish people-—X X XII; 24; 449-464.
Ewing, C. M.: A geographical description of East Lothian.—X XXII; 29;
23-35.
ASIA.
The uttermost Hast.—X X XII; 20; 247-253.
Davis, W. M.: A summer in Turkestan.—V1; 36; 217-228.
Warner, L.: Narrative of a perilous journey over the Kara Kum sands of
Asia.—X; 73; 1-18.
bo
i)
—
Capenny, S. H. F.: An Indo-European highway.—X X XII; 16; 523-534.
Rickmers, W. R.: Bokhara, Asia-—X XXII; 16; 357-368.
McGee, W. J.: Asia, the cradle of humanity — X XIII; 12; 281-91.
Neve, A.: The ranges of the Karakoram.—XV; 36; 571-577.
Stein, M. A.: Explorations in Central Asia.— XV; 34; 5-36; 242-271.
Bruce, C. D.: A journey across Asia from Leh to Peking.—XV; 29; 597-626.
Kropotkin, P.: Geology and botany of Asia.—X XV]; 65; 68-73.
Huntingdon, E.: Beyond the Dead Sea.—XVI; 120; 419-430.
Huntingdon, E.: Life in the great desert of Central Asia — XXIII; 20;
749-61.
Deasy, H. H. P.: Journeys in Central Asia.—XV; 16; 141-64; 501-27.
Stiffe, A. W.: Ancient trading centers of the Persian Gulf —XV; 16; 211-15.
Kozloff, P. K.: Through Eastern Tibet and Kam.—X/YV; 31; 402-15;
522-34. ,
Hedin, S.: Three years’ exploration in Central Asia— XV; 21; 221-260.
Crosby, O. T.: From Tiflis to Tibet.—V1I; 37; 703-716.
Forrest, G.: The land of the crossbow.—X XIII; 21; 132-57.
Williams, T.: The link relations of South-Western Asia.—X XIII; 12; 249-
66; 291-300.
Huntington, E.: Mediaeval tales of the Lop Basin in Central Asia.—
XXIII; 19; 289-295.
Brown, A. J.: Economic changes in Asia.—X; 67; 732-737.
Austin, O. P.: Commercial prize of the Orient—XXIII; 16; 400-423.
Huntington, E.: The valley of the Upper Euphrates River and its people —
VI; 34; 301-10; 38493.
Binstead, J. C.: Some topographical notes on a journey through Barga
and North-East Mongolia——XV; 44; 571-77.
Huntington, E.: Problems in exploration—Central Asia.—XV; 35; 395-
419.
Richardson, R.: The expedition to Lhasa.—XXXI; 21; 246-249.
Chuan, L. H.: Notes on Lhasa, the mecca of the Buddhist faith.—X XIII:
23; 959-66.
Geddes: Three years’ exploration in Central Asia—XXXIT; 19; 115-141.
Dominian, L.: The origin of the Himalaya mountains.—VI; 44; 844-6.
Bryan, J. J.: The paramount problem of the East.—XIV; 51; 535-41.
Bray, F. C.: Islam: Races and religion XI; 72; 83-92.
Sherwood, E.: Asia awake and arising —XX XVIII; 28; 401-13.
apap
Workman, F. B.: The exploration of the Sinchem, or Rose Glacier, Eastern
Karakoram.—XV; 43; 117-48.
Ward, F. K.: Wanderings of a naturalist in Tibet and Western China.—
XXXII; 29; 341-350.
ARABIA.
Forder, A.: Arabia, the desert of the sea.—X XIII; 1039-63.
A new map of Arabia.—VI; 42; 362.
Zwemer, S. M.: Oman and eastern Arabia.—V1I; 39; 597-607.
Leachaman, G. I.: A journey in Northeastern Arabia.—XV; 37; 265-274.
Leachaman, G. H.: <A journey through Central Arabia.—XYV; 43; 500-12.
Fairchild, D. G.: Travels in Arabia and along the Persian gulf.—X XIII;
15; 139-151.
Miles, 8. B.: On the border of the great desert: A journey in Oman.—
XV; 36; 159-178; 405-425.
Carruthers, D.: A journey in Northwestern Arabia.—XV; 35; 225-248.
Huntington, E.: The Arabian desert and human character.—X XI; 10;
169-76.
Asia MInor.
Huntington, E.: The fringe of verdure around Asia Minor.—X XII]; 21;
761-75.
Huntington, E.: The Karst country of Southern Asia Minor.—VI1; 43;
91-106.
Huntington, H.: The lost wealth of the kings of Midas.—XXIII; 21;
831-46.
Trowbridge, S.: Impressions of Asiatic Turkey.—X XIII; 26; 598-609.
Dodd, I. F.: An ancient capital. X XII]; 21; 111-25.
Harris, H. L.: Some ruined eities of Asia Minor.—X XIII; 19; 833-58.
Harris, E. L.: The buried cities of Asia Minor.—X XIIT1; 20; 1-18.
Harris, E. L.: The ruined cities of Asia Minor.—X XIII; 19; 741-60.
Dingelstedt, V.: The Armenians or Haikans: An ethmographical sketeh.—
XX XIT; 29; 413-29.
Scenes in Asia Minor.—X XIII; 20; 173-94.
The most historic spot on earth.—X XIII; 26; 615.
Dominian, L.: Geographical influences in the determination of spheres of
foreign interests in Asiatic Turkey.—VIII; 12; 160-76.
CHINA.
Tsaa, L. Y.: A wedding in South China.—III; 39; 71-73.
Tsaa, L. Y.: The life of a girl in China.—II1; 39; 62-71.
Ho, L. Y.: An interpretation of China.—III; 39; 1-11.
Ling, P.: Causes of Chinese emigration.—II]; 39; 74-83.
Barrett, J:: China, her history and development.—X XIII; 12; 209-19:
266-72.
Blackwelder, E.: The geologic history of China and its influence upon the
Chinese people.—X XVI; 82; 105-124.
Bone: The revolution in China.— XIX; 71; 1332-1337.
Hinekley, F. E.: Extra territoriality in China.—II1; 39; 97-109.
Aylward, W. J.: Hong-Kong.—XVI; 121; 392-403.
Stein, M. A.: A journey of geographical and archaeological exploration in
Chinese Turkestan.—X X XIII; 1903; 747-74.
Chamberlin, T. C.: China’s educational problem.—XIX; 69; 646-49.
Huntington, H.: Archaeological discoveries in Chinese Turkestan.—VI; 39;
268-272.
Gage, C.: My experiences in the Chinese revolution.— XIX; 72; 129-135.
Sand buried ruins of Khotan.—X X XII; 19; 581-589.
Marburg, T.: The backward nation.—XIX; 72; 1365-1370.
Scidmore, E.: Mukden, the Manchu home, and its Great Art Museum.—
XXIII; 21; 289-320.
Edmunds, C. K.: A visit to the Hangchou Bore.-—X XVI; 72; 97-115; 224-
243.
Oblinger, F.: New journalism in China.—X X XVIII; 20; 18529-13534.
Edmunds, C. K.: Science among the Chinese-—X XVI; 79; 521-31.
Edmunds, C. K.: Contents of Chinese education.—X XVI; 68; 29-41.
Roorbach, G. B.: Some significant facts in the geography of China.—XX1;
12; 45-51.
The port of Shangai.— XX]; 12; 51-55.
Martin, Dr. W. A. P.: The siege in Peking: Its causes and consequences.—
VI; 33; 19-30.
Suo, Tai-Chi: The Chinese revolution.—III; 39; 11-17.
Read, T. T.: China’s great problem.—X XVI, 81; 457-64.
Boggs, L. P.: The position of woman in China.—X XVI; 82; 71-76.
Chapin. Wm. W.: Glimpses of Korea and China.—X XIIJ; 21; 895-934.
Junor, K. T.: Curious and characteristic customs of China.—X XIII; 21;
791-806.
Little, A.: The irrigation of the Chentu Plateau.—X XXII; 20; 393-405.
Little, A.: Hanoi and Kwang-Chow-Wan: France’s lost acquisition in
China.—X X XII; 22; 181-188.
Chew, N. P.: How the Chinese republic was born.—X XXVIII; 24; May-
Oct., 1912; p. 108-111.
Fischer, HE. S.: Through thé silk and tea districts of Kiangnan and Chekiang
province.—VI; 32; 334-340.
Jones, C. L.: Republican government in China.—III; 39; 26-39.
Rockhill, W. W.: The 1910 census of the population of China.—VI; 44;
668-673.
Ross, J.: Trade routes in Manchuria.—X X XII; 17; 303-310.
The curreney of China.—X X XIX; 5; 403-27.
Harwood, W.S.: The passing of the Chinese—X X XVIII; 9; 5626-31.
Turly, R. T.: Climatic and economic conditions of northern Manchuria.—
XV.; 40; 57-59.
Carruthers, D.: Exploration in northwest Mongolia and Dzungaria.—XV;
39; 521-553.
Ryder, C. H. D.: Exploration in western China.—XYV; 21; 109-126.
Brindle, E.: The future of Manchuria.—X X XVIII; 12; 7901-7903.
Carruthers, D.: Exploration in northwest Mongolia.—XY ; 37; 165—170.
Kozloff, P.: The Mongolia-Sze-Chuan expedition of the Imperial Russian
Geographic Society.—XV; 34; 384-408.
Carey, F. W.: Journeys in the Chinese Shan states.—XV; 15; 486-517.
Chamberlin: Travel in the interior of China.—X X XV; 2; 150-155.
Scidmore, E. R.: The marvelous bore of Kang-Chan.—X; 59; 852-59.
Weale, P.: The one solution of the Manchurian problem.—III; 39; 39-56.
Ligendre, A. F.: The Lolos of Kientchang, Western China.—X XXIII;
1911; 569-586.
Bainbridge, O.: The Chinese Jews.—X XIII; 18; 621-32.
Lessons from China.—X XIII; 20; 18-29.
Liang-Chang, C.: China and the United States——X XIII; 16; 554-58.
Smith, A. H.: Certain aspects of Chinese reconstruction.—II1; 39; 18-26.
Gammon, C. F.: China in distress.—VI; 44; 348-351.
Anderson, G. E.: The wonderful canals of China.—X XIII; 16; 68-69.
The great wall of China.—V1I; 42; 438-441.
2295
Ross, E. A.: Industrial future—X; 82; 34-39.
Ross, E. A.: A struggle for existence in China.—X; 82; 430-41.
Williams, F. W.: Chinese folklore and some western analogies.—X X XIII;
1900; 575-600.
Edmunds, C. L.: Science among the Chinese-—X XVI; 80; 22-35.
Parsons, Wm. B.: Chinese commerce.—X XVI; 58; 193-207.
Edmunds, C. K.: The college of the White Deer Grotto.—X XVI; 67;
515-27.
Ross, HE. A.: The race fiber of the Chinese—X XVI; 79; 403-08.
Hudson, C. B.: The Chinaman and the foreign devils —X XVI; 71; 258-66.
Edmunds, C. K.: Passing of China’s ancient system of literary examinations.
—X XVI; 68; 99-118.
Edmunds, C. K.: China’s Renaissance.—X XVI; 67; 387-98.
Parsons, Wm. B.: China.—X XVI; 58; 69-80.
Tyenaga, T.: China as a republic—X X XVII]; 23; 706-712.
Webster, H.: China and her people.—X XIII; 11; 309-319.
Bent, T.: Explorations in the Yafei and Fadhli countries.—XV; 12; 41-63.
Hazard, S. T.: New China in the making.—Munsey Magazine, Oct., 1914;
72-82.
McCormick, F.: The open door.—III; 39; 56-61.
Pott, T. L. H.: China’s method of revising her educational system.—II1;
39; 83-96.
Edwards, D. W.: The Chinese Y. M. C. A.—III; 39; 109-23.
Cadbury, W. W.: Medicine as practiced by the Chinese.—II1; 39; 124-29.
Roorbach, C. B.: China: Geography and resources.—II1; 39; 130-153.
Munro, D. C.: American commercial interests in Manchuria.—III; 39;
154-68. ;
Amderson, M. P.: Notes on the mammals of economic value in China.—
III; 39; 167-178.
Chinese pigeon whistles —X XIII; 24; 715-16.
Wilson, E. H.: The kingdom of flowers.——X XIII; 22; 1003-35.
Chamberlin, R. T.: Populous and beautiful Szechuan.—X XIII; 22; 109-19.
McCormick, F.: Present conditions in China.—X XIII; 22; 1120-38.
Conner, J. E.: The forgotten ruins of Indo-China.—X XIII; 23; 209-72.
King, F. H.: The wonderful canals of China.—X XIII; 23; 931-958.
McCormick, F.: China’s treasures —X XIII; 23; 996-1042.
Fenneman, M. N.: The geography of Manchuria.— XX]; 4; 6-12.
5084—15
226
hd hem
Cushing, S. W.: The east coast of China.—VI; 45; 81-92.
The independence of China.—XVII; 58; 8.
The rebellion in China.—X VII; 58; 25.
Articles on China.—X XI; 12; 45-58; 5.
Ross, E. A.: Christianity in China.—X; 81; 754-64.
Ross, E. A.: Sociological observations in inner China.—Am. Jr. of Soc.;
16; 721-33.
Ross, E. A.: Young China at school.— XIII; 24; 784-95.
INDIA.
Rose, A.: Chinese frontiers of India.—XV; 39; 193-223.
Bentinck. A.: The abor expedition: Geographical results —XV; 41; 97-
114.
Varley, F. J.: On the water supply of hill forts in western India.—XV; 40;
178-183.
Kellas, A. M.: The mountains of northern Sikkim and Garhwal.—xXYV;
40; 241-263.
The prevention and relief of famine in India.—X X XIX; 6; 123-39.
Curzon, Lord: The future of British India.—X X XVIII; 9; 5589-93.
Zumbro, W. M.: Temples of India— xX XIII; 20; 922-71.
Foreign policy of the government of India.—178-366-371.
Sunderland, J. T.: The cause of Indian famines—X XIV; 23; 56-64.
Ancient and modern Hindu gilds—XX XIX; 7; 24-42; 197-212.
The coal fields of India.—XYV; 44; 82-85.
Bailey, F. M.: Exploration on the Tsangpo, or Upper Brahmaputra; XV:
44; 341-60.
Creighton, C.: Plague in India.—X XXIII; 1905; 309-338.
Zumbro, W. M.: Religious penances and punishments self-inflicted by the
Holy men of India.—X XIII; 24; 1257-1314.
Holdich, T. H.: Railway connection with India.—X X XII; 17; 225-39.
Medley, E. J.: India to England via Central Asia and Siberia— XXXII:
17; 281-292.
Huntington, E.: The Vale of Kashmire.—VI; 38; 657-82.
Chandler, J. S.: The Madura temples.—X XIII; 19; 218-222.
Scidmore, E. R.: The bathing and burning Ghats at Benares.—XXIII:
18; 118-29.
A little-known country of Asia, Mepaul (Mepal).—xX; 62; 74-82.
227
Morrison, C.: Some geographical peculiarities of the Indian peninsula.—
XXXII; 21; 457-463.
Fee, U. T.: The Parsees and the towers of silence at Bombay.—X XIII; 16:
529-54.
Whie, J. C.: Journeys in Bhutan.—XV.; 35; 18-42.
Munson, A.: Kipling’s India.—V; 39; 30-45; 153-71; 255-68.
Whiting, M.: Behind the shutters of a Kashmir zenana.— XVI; 129;
§23-31.
Overland to India.—X XXII; 27; 71-78.
Trade conditions in India.—House Doc. 762; Vol. 53; 59th Cong., 2nd Sess.;
Serial No. 5156.
Smith: Pearl fisheries of Ceylon —X XIII; 23; 173-94.
The Indian census.—X XIII; 22; 633.
Banninga, J.: The marriage of the gods——X XIII; 24; 1314-30.
JAPAN.
Latani: Our relations with Japan.—X X XV;; 6; 9-18.
Kaneko, K.: The characteristics of the Japanese people—XXIII; 16;
93-100.
Deforest, J. H.: Why Nik-ko is beautiful xX XIII; 19; 300-08.
Bellows: Agriculture in Japan.—X XIII; 15; 323-6.
Hioka, E.: A chapter from Japanese history —X XIII; 16; 220-29.
Starr, F.: Japanese scenery.—X1X.—71; 1132-1136.
Forest, J. H.: Moral purpose of Japan in Korea.—XIX; 70; 13-17.
Ronin, H.: Religious indifference and anarchism in Japan.—X X XVI; 176;
154-63.
Chapin, W. W.: Glimpses of Japan.—X XIII; 22; 965-1033.
Whelpley, J. D.: Are we honest with Japan?—X; 88; 105-8.
Kawakami, K. K.: Japan and the European war.—IV; 114; 708-13.
Kishimoto, M.: Shinto, the old religion of Japan.—X XVI; 41; 206-16.
Semple, E. C.: Japanese colonial methods.—V1; 45; 255-75.
Lee, C. K.: Glimpses of festal Japan.—VIII; 12; 113-120.
Secidmore, E. R.: Young Japan XXIII; 26; 36-38.
Hitchcock: Our trade with Japan, China, and Hongkong.—U. S. Dept.
of Ag., Section of Foreign Markets; Bulletin No. 18.
228
KorRBA.
Scenes and notes from Korea.—X XIII; 19; 498-508.
Andrews, R. C.: The wilderness of northern Korea.—XVI; 126; 828-9.
Griffis, W. E.: Korea, the pigmy empire.—X XIV; 26; 455-470.
Hulbert, H. B.: Korea’s geographical significance.—VI; 32; 322-27.
Scenes from the land where everybody dresses in white.-—X ¥ IIT; 19; 871-7.
Keir, R. M.: Modern Korea.—VI; 46; 756-69; 817-30.
Smith, F. H.: The resurrection of Korea.—XI1X; 77; 413.
MESOPOTAMIA.
Willcocks, Sir W.: The garden of Eden and its restoration.—XV; 40; 129-
148.
Willcocks, Sir W.: Mesopotamia: Past, present, and future-——xXV; 35;
1-18.
Cadoux, H. W.: Recent changes in the course of the lower EKuphrates.—
XV; 28; 266-77.
Willcocks, W.: Mesopotamia: Past, present, and future—X XXIII; 1909;
401-416.
Huntington, E.: Through the great canon of the Euphrates.—XV; 20;
175-201.
Thompson, R. C.: Tavermier’s travels in Mesopotamia.—X XXII; 26;
141-48.
Sunpich, F. & M.: Where Adam and Eve lived.—X XIII; 26; 546-89.
Smith, J. R.: The agriculture of the Garden of Eden.—IV; 114; 256-62.
PALESTINE.
Whiting, J. D.: From Jerusalem to Aleppo.—X XIII; 24; 71-113.
Forder, A.: Damascus, pearl of the desert —X XIII; 22; 62-82.
Prentice, S.: Sunrise and Sunset from Mt. Sinai.—X XIII; 23; 1242-83.
Oberhummer, Dr. E.: The Sinai Problem.—xX X XIII; 669-677.
Huntington, E.: Climate of ancient Palestine—VI; 40; 1908; 513-522;
577-586; 641-652.
Gottheil, R.: Palestine under the new Turkish regime.—XIX; 69; 1369-
1372.
Hichens, R.: From Nazareth to Jerusalem.—X; 80; 2-17.
Hichens, R.: From Jericho to Bethlehem.—X; 80; 231-247.
Hichens, R.: Jerusalem.—X; 80; 558-572.
Hichens, R.: Holy week in Jerusalem.—X; 80; 854-870.
Huntington, E.: Fallen queen of the desert—XVI; 120; 552-63.
Dingelstedt, V.: The people of Israel: Their numbers, distribution, and
characteristics.—X X XII; 28; 414-29.
Clapp, ‘H. A.: From Jerusalem to Jericho in ninety minutes.—X XIV; 23;
406-12.
Daly, R. A.: Palestine as illustrating geological and geographical controls.—
VI; 31; 444-458; 32; 22-31.
Maunsell, F. R.: One thousand miles of railroad built for pilgrims and not
for dividends.—X XIII; 20; 156-73.
Cady, P.: The historical and physical geography of the dead sea region.—
VI; 36; 577-589.
Hoskins, F. E.: The route over which Moses led the children out of Egypt.—
XXIIT; 20; 1011-1039.
Huntington, E.: Across the Ghor to the land of Og.—XVI; 120; 667-78.
Brown, G. T.: A visit to the Sinai peninsula——X X XII; 20; 591-95.
Spafford, J. H.: Around the dead sea by motor boat.—XV; 39; 37-40.
Messerschmist, L.: The ancient Hittites —X X XIII; 1903; 681-703.
Franck, H. A.: Tramping in Palestine.—X; 79; 434-441.
Maealister, A.: Uncovering a buried city in Palestine.—XVI; 107; 83-88.
Whiting, J. D.: Village life in the Holy Land.—X XIII; 249-314.
PERSIA.
Sykes, P. M.: A fourth journey in Persia.—XV; 19; 121-173.
Sykes, E.: Life and travel in Persia.—X X XII; 20; 403-415.
Dickson, B.: Journeys in Kurdistan.—XV; 35; 357-379.
Huntington, E.: The depression of Sistan in Eastern Persia.—VI; 37; 271-
281.
Cresson, W. P.: Persia: The awakening East (an extract of books by above
title by J. B. Lippincott Co., at Philadelphia).—X XIII; 19; 356-86.
Persia, past and present.—X XIII; 18; 91-95.
Sykes, EH. C.: A talk about Persia and its women.—X XIII; 21; 847-66.
Sykes, P. M.: The geography of Southern Persia as affecting its history.—
XXXII; 18; 617-626.
Ten thousand miles in Persia.—X X XII; 18; 626-631.
Shedd, W. A.: The Syrians of Persia and Eastern Turkey.—VI; 35; 1-7.
230
Huntington, E.: The Persian frontier.—X XIII; 20; 866-77.
Huntington, E.: The depression of Sistan in Hastern Persia. —XX XII; 21;
379-385.
Gibbons, H. A.: The passing of Persia.—XIX; 70; 614-616.
Yate, A. C.: The proposed trans-Persian railway.—X XXII; 27; 169-180.
Huntington, E.: The Anglo-Russian agreement as to Tibet, Afghanistan.
and Persia.—VI; 39; 653-58.
Sykes, P. M.: A sixth journey in Persia.—XV; 37; 1-19; 149-165.
Sykes, P. M.: Twenty years’ travel in Persia.—X XII; 30; 169-91.
SouTHEAST ASIA.
Annandale, N.: The Siamese Malay states.—X X XII; 16; 505-523.
Annandale, N.: The peoples of the Malay peninsula.—X XXII; 20; 337-
348.
The pagan races of the Malay peninsula.—X X XII; 23; 33-39.
Cadell, H. M.: A sail down the Irrawaddy.—X XXII; 17; 239-65.
Barbour, T.: Notes on Burma.—X XIII; 20; 841-66.
Bastlett, C. H.: Untouched Burma.—X XIII; 24; 835-60.
Conner: The forgotten ruins of Indo-China.—X XII]; 23; 207-72.
Pritchard, B. E. A.: A journey from Myitkyina to Sadiva via the M’mai
Hka and Hkamti Long.—XYV;; 43; 521-35.
TIBET.
Views of Lhasa.—X XIII; 16; 27-39.
Explorations in Tibet.—X XIII; 14; 353-5.
Younghusband, Sir F.: The geographical results of the Tibet Mission.—
XXXII; 21; 229-246.
Central Asia and Tibet.—X X XII; 20; 202-212.
Younghusband, Sir F.: Geographical results of the Tibet Mission.—X X XIIT;
1905; 265-277.
Tsybikoff, G. T.: Lhasa and Central Tibet—X XXIII; 1903; 727-46.
Bailey, F. M.: Journey through a portion of Southeastern Tibet and the
Mishmi Hills—X X XII; 28; 189-204.
Hedin, S.: Journeys in Tibet.—X X XIT; 1906-1908; 25; 169-195.
Western Tibet and the British borderland.—X X XII; 23; 28-33.
Williamson, N.: The Lohit-Brahmaputia River between Assam and South-
eastern Tibet.—XV; 34; 363-383.
231
Landon, P.: Into Tibet with Younghusband.—X XXVIII; 9: 5907-5925.
Roberts, C.: Into mysterious Tibet——X XXVIII; 8; 5263-5271.
Bailey, F. M.: Journey through a portion of Southeastern Tibet and the
Mishmi Hills.—XV; 39; 334-347.
Rose, A.: The reaches of the upper Salween.—XV; 34; 608-613.
AFRICA.
Fock, A.: The economic conquest of Africa by the railroads——X XXIII;
1904; 721-735.
Luder, A. B.: Building American bridges in Africa.—X XXVIII; 6; 3657-
3670.
Behrens, T. T.: Most reliable values of heights of African lakes and moun-
tains.—XV; 29; 307-326.
Stanley, H. M.: A great African lake-—X XIII; 13; 169-72.
Hotchkiss, C. W.: Some points to emphasize in the teaching of the geography
of Africa.—X XJ; 10; 175-84.
Grogan, E. S.: Through Africa from Cape to Cairo.—XV; 16; 164-85.
Grogan, E. S.: Through Africa from the Cape to Cairo.— XX XIII; 1900;
431-448.
Adams, C. C.: Foundations of economic progress in tropical Africa.—VI;
43; 753-766.
Cannon, W. A.: Recent explorations in the Western Sahara.—VI; 46;
81-99.
Verner, S. P.: White man’s zone in Africa.—X X XVIII; 13; 8227-36.
Map of African railroads.—House Doe., Serial No. 3944; p. 200.
Johnson, F. E.: Here and there in Northern Africa.— XVIII; 25; 1-132.
Johnson, F. E.: The railways of Africa—X X XII; 22; 621-637.
Frederick, A.: A land of giants and pygmies.—X XIII; 23; 369-89.
Akeley, C. E.: Elephant hunting with gun and camera.—X XIII; 23; 779-
810.
Norman, Sir H.: The automobile in Africa.—X XX]; 51; 257-83.
Lander, H. S.: Across wildest Africa.—X XIII; 19; 694-737.
Roberts, C.: A wonderful feat of adventure—X XXVIII; 1; 304-308.
The mysteries of the desert —X XII]; 22; 1856-60.
Bauer, L. A.: The megnetic survey of Africa.—X XIIT; 20; 291-303.
Camera adventures in the wilds of Africa.—X XIII; 21; 385-97.
Rabot, C.: Recent French explorations in Africa.—X XIII; 13; 119-35.
232
The black man’s continent.—X XIII; 20; 312-15.
Cana, F. R.: Problems in exploration.—XV; 38; 457-469.
Roosevelt, T.: Wild man and wild beast in Africa. —X XIII; 22; 1-34.
ireely, A. W.: Recent geographic advances.—X XIII; 22; 383-99.
Oswald, F. G. S.: From the Victoria Nyanza to the Kisii Highlands.—XV;
41; 114-130.
Nevinson, H. W.: Through the African Wilderness.— XVI; 113; 26-36.
The vegetation of Africa.—X X XII; 27; 375-377.
The climatology of Africa.—X X XIT; 17; 582-595.
The vegetation of Africa.—X X XII; 25; 144-146.
Alexander, B.: From the Niger to the Nile-—X X XII; 24; 20-34.
White, S. E.: On the way to Africa.—XVI; 126; 218-230.
Shumway, H. L.: In darkest Africa.—X XIV; 33; 350-355.
Patterson, J. H.: Hunting the rhinoceros and the hippopotamus in Africa.
XXXVIII; 17; 11228-11238.
Peddie, H. J.: Amphibious steam navigation for African rivers.—XX XII;
26; 195-198.
Schillings, C. B.: Gun and camera in African wilds.—X X XVIII; 11; 6928-
6942.
Verner, 8S. P.: Africa fifty years hence.—X X XVIII; 13; 8726-37.
Verner, S. P.: A trip through Africa.—X X XVIII; 16; 10768-10773.
Wollaston, A. F. R.: Amid the snow peaks of the equator.—X XIII; 20;
256-78. !
Roosevelt, T.: African game trails—X XII]; 21; 953-62.
Roosevelt, T.: African game trails—X X XI; 47; 1; 129; 257; 385; 515; 641.
Also Vol. 48; 1; 142. Also Vol. 46; 385; 513; 652. Also Vol. 54; 279;
430; 580; 681.
ABYSSINIA.
Gwynn, C. W.: A journey in Southern Abyssinia.—XV; 38; 113-139.
A journey to the capital— XVI; 101; 141-152.
At the court of the king of kings.— XVI; 101; 244-254.
Among Central African savages.— XVI; 101; 366-376.
Crosby, C. T.: Abyssinia, the country and the people.—X XIII; 12; 89-103.
Montandon, G.: A journey in southwestern Abyssinia. —XV; 40; 372-391.
Skinner, R. P.: Many pictures—Making a treaty with Menelik.—XXXVILI;
9; 5795-5812.
bo
Co
=r
Os
A journey through Abyssinia to the Nile-—XV; 15; 97-121.
Whithouse, W. F.: Through the country of the king of kings—XXXI;
32; 286.
ALGERIA.
From Algeria to the French Congo.—XV; 17; 135-50.
Archibald, J. F. J.: In civilized Freneh Africa.—X XIII; 20; 303-12.
Schmidt, N.; The new Latin Africa .— XIX; 71; 1440-1445.
Kearney, T. H.: Country of the ant men.— XXIII; 22; 367-83.
Kearney, T. H.: The date gardens of the Jerid —X XIII; 21; 543-68.
Lessauer, A.: The Kabyles of North Africa.— XX XIII; 1911; 523-38.
Cannon, W. H.: Some features of the physiography and vegetation of the
Algerian Sahara.—V1; 45; 481-9.
CENTRAL AFRICA.
Johnston, H.: The protectorates of Great Britain in tropical Africa.—
XXXII; 18; 57-76.
Robertson, P.: The commercial possibilities of British Central Africa—
XXXIT; 16; 235-46.
Sharpe, A.: Trade and colonization in British Central Africa— XX XII;
17; 129-48.
Angus, H. C.: On the frontier of Western Shire, British Central Africa.—
XXX; 23; 72-86.
Capenny, S. H. F.: The Anglo-Portuguese boundary in Central Africa.—
XXXII; 21; 440-45.
Bright, R. J. F.: Survey and exploration in the Ruwewzori and lake region.—
XV; 34; 128-56.
Woosman, R. B.: Ruwewzori and its life zones.— XV; 30; 616-30.
Congo.
Torday, K.: Land and people of Kasai Basin.—XV; 36; 26-57.
Johnston, H.: The pygmies of the great Congo forest-—XXXIII; 1902;
479-91.
Neave, S. A.: A naturalist’s travels on the Congo.—Zambezi watershed.—
XV; 35; 132-146.
Sarolea, C.: The economic expansion of the Congo Free State-——XXXII;
21; 182-197.
254
Lewis, T.: The life and travel among the people of the Congo —XXXII;
18; 358-369.
The northeastern territories of the Congo Free State —X XXII; 22; 315-22.
Verner, S. P.: Belgian rule on the Congo.—XXXVII; 13; 8568-75.
East AFRICA.
Genthe, M. K.: Progress of tropical East Africa.—VI; 44; 682-84.
Davis, A.: British East Africa Protectorate —VI; 44; 1-10.
Parkinson, J.: The east African trough in the neighborhood of the Soda
Lakes.— XV; 44; 33-46.
Collie, G. L.: The plateau of British East Africa and its inhabitants——VI;
44; 321-334.
Aylmer, L.: The country between the Juba River and Lake Rudolf.—XYV;
38; 289-296.
Elliott, F.: Jubaland and its inhabitants—XYV; 41; 554-561.
Hardy, R. A.: Somaliland —X X XII; 20; 225-235.
Colonization and immigration in East Africa Protectorate-—XV ; 21; 349-75.
Hobley, C. W.: The alleged desiccation of East Africa — XV; 44; 467-77.
Somaliland.—X X XIT;: 19; 95-97.
An ivory trader in North Kenia.— XXXII; 19; 364-70.
Hunting big game in East Africa —X XIII; 18; 723-31.
Davis, R. H.: Along the east coast of Africa XX XI; 29; 259.
Barrett, O. W.: Impressions and scenes. of Mozambique—xXXIII; 21;
807-30.
Capenny. S. H. F.: The economic development of Nyasaland— XXXII;
20; 371-76.
Henderson, J.: The Nyasa coal bed —X XXII; 19; 311-15.
Moore, J. E. S.: Tanganyika and the countries north of it—XV; 17; 1-37.
The Tanganyika problem.—X X XII; 19; 190-195.
EGyprt.
Baker, B. B.: Nile dams and reservoir—X XVI: 62: 550-61.
The irrigation of Egypt. XX XII; 18; 637-645.
Naville, E.: The origin of Egyptian civilization—XXXIII; 1907; 549-64.
Means, T. H.: The Nile reservoir dam at Assuan— XX XIII; 1902; 531-35.
Wiedeman, A. W.: The excavation of Abusir Egypt—xXXXIII; 1903:
669-780.
235
Milne, A. D.: The dry summer on the upper Nile-—X XXII; 16; 89-92.
Erving, W. G.: From Cairo to Khartum.—X; 65; 349-350; 559-577.
Moncrieff, Sir C. S.: Egyptian irrigation. — XV; 35; 425-428.
Hichens, R.: Old Cairo.—X; 77; 82-95.
Baikie, J.: Resurrection of ancient Egypt.—X XIII; 24; 957-1020.
Stearns, W. N.: Reconstructing Egypt’s history.—X XIII; 24; 1021-42.
Jackal, I.: Sacred cemetery of catacombs.—X XIII; 24: 1042-56.
Richardson, R.: Britain’s success in Egypt.—X X XII; 17; 300-303.
White, A. S.: The rehabilitation of Egvypt.—X XXII; 20; 348-354.
American discoveries in Egypt.—X XIII; 18; 801-811.
Czarnomska, M. E. J.: The Assuan dam.—X X XVIII; Nov.-April, 1912-13;
332-37.
LIBERIA.
Wallis, B.: A tour in the Liberian Hinterland.—XV; 35; 285-295.
Johnston, H.: Liberia.-—X XXIII; 1905; 247-264.
Johnston, Sir H.: Liberia.—XV; 26; 131-53.
Collins, G. M.: Dumboy, the national dish of Liberia. —X XIII; 22; 84-89.
Morocco.
Morocco, the land of the extreme west.—X XIII; 17; 117-57.
Furlong, C. W.: The French in North Africa — XX XVIII; 15; 9555-66.
Furlong, W.: The French conquest of Morocco.—X XXVIII; 22; 14989-
15000.
Ogilvie, A. G.: Notes on Moroccan geography.—XV; 41; 230-239.
Ogilvie, A. G.: Morocco and its future.—XV; 39; 554-575.
Edwards, A.: Conflicting interests in Morocco.—XIX; 71; 1121-1126.
Fischer, T.: Morocco.—XX XIII; 1904; 355-372.
Borrks, 8.: The Morocco question.—XIX; 71; 176-181.
Letters from Moroeco.—X X XIT; 21; 37-41; 84-96.
Letters from Morocco.—X X XII; 20; 640-649.
Blayney, T. L.: A journey in Morocco.—X XIII; 22; 750-777.
Harris, W.: The Berbers of Morocco.—X XX]; 36; 353.
Holt, G. E.: Two great Moorish religious dances ——X XIII; 22; 777-85.
236
NIGERIA.
The mineral survey of Southern Nigeria.— X X X11; 27; 34-37.
Kitson, A. E.: Some considerations of its structure, people, and natural
history —XV; 41; 16-38.
Lugard, Sir F.: Northern Nigeria.—XV; 23; 1-29.
Talbot, P. A.: The land of the Ekol, Southern Nigeria.—XV: 36; 637-657.
Watt, J.: Southern Nigeria.—X X XII; 22; 173-181.
Temple, C. L.: Northern Nigeria. —XV; 40; 149-165.
Whitlock, G. F. A.: The Yola-Cross River boundary commission, Southern
Nigeria.— XV; 36; 426-437.
The tailed people of Nigeria.—X XIII; 21; 1239-42.
Maceallister, D. A.: The Aro country of Southern Nigeria—XXXII; 18:
631-37.
RIvErRs.
Seaman, L. L.: The falls of the Zambesi— X XIII; 22; 561-72.
The Victoria Falls of the Zambezi.—V1I; 37; 213-216.
Lyons, H. G.: Dimensions of the Nile ard its Fasin—XV: 26; 198-201.
Prince, A. T.: Bridging the gorge of the Zambezi —X XXVIII; 12; 7637-
7647.
Hume, W. F.: Notes on the history of the Nile and its valley —XV; 27;
52-60.
Reid, R. L.: The river Aruwimi.— XV; 38; 29-34.
Pearson, H. D.: The Pibar River—XV; 40; 486-501.
Talbot, P. A.: The Macleod Falls on the Mao Kabi, French Equatorial
Africa.— XV ; 37; 420-424.
Johnston, Sir H. H.: The Niger basin and Mungo park—XXXII; 25;
58-72.
Lamaire, C.: The Congo-Zambezi water parting.—XV; 19; 173-189.
Battye, H. T.: Above Victoria Falls —X XIII; 24; 193-200.
The snows of the Nile-—XV; 29; 121-148.
RHODESIA.
Melland, F. H.: Bangwenly swamps and the Wa-Unga.—XV; 38; 381-95.
Monbray, J. M.: The upper Kafue and Lusenfwa rivers, Northwest Rho-
desia.—XV; 34; 166-171.
Zor
Larpent, G. de H.: The development and progress of Rhodesia.—X X XIT;
28; 337-361.
Heatley, J. T. P.: The development of Rhodesia and its railway system
in relation to oceanic highways.—X X XIII; 1905; 279-292.
Rhodesia.—X X XII; 16; 92-105.
Capenny, S. H. F.: Colonel Harding in the remotest Barotseland.—X X XII;
21; 484-90.
SUDAN.
Bridgman, H. L.: The new British empire of Sudan. X XIII; 17; 241-68.
France and the penetration of the central Sudan.—X XXII; 17; 414-429;
480-492.
Progress in the Sudan; the international map.—XV; 40; 420-430.
Foulkes, C. H.: The new Anglo-French frontier between the Niger and
i Lake Chad.—X XXII; 22; 565-575.
Thompson, F. S.: Among the Shillucks of Southern Sudan.—XIX; 68;
139-47.
Crowfoot, J. W.: Some Red Sea ports in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.—XV;
37; 523-50.
Lloyd, W.: Notes on the Kordofan province.—XV; 35; 249-67.
Watson, C. M.: The exploration of the Sudan.—X X XII; 28; 505-17.
Pearson, H. D.: Progress of survey in the Egyptian Sudan.—XV; 35; 532-
41.
Breasted, J. H.: The University of Chicago on the Nubian Nile—XXXV;
1; 193-202.
SoutH AFRICA.
Lagden, G.: Basutoland and the Basutos.—X X XII; 17; 347-63.
_ Pearson, H. H. W.: The travels of a botanist in Southwest Africa.—XV;
35; 481-513.
Hamilton, J. S.: Mining diamonds in South Africa——X XXVIII; 12; 7904-
7907.
A former ice age in South Africa.—X X XI]; 17; 57-74.
Watermeyer, F.S.: Geographical notes on South Africa south of Limpopo.—
XOXOXIT; 21; 625-37.
Watermeyer, F. S.: Geographical notes on South Africa south of the Lim-
popo.— XX XII; 22; 29-38.
238
Simpson, W. A.: Influence of geographical conditions on military operations
in South Africa—X XIII; 11; 186-192.
Gibbons, A. St. H.: The transition of British Africa —X X XI]; 23; 122-141.
Sharpe, Sir A.: The geographic and economic development of British Central
Africa.— XV; 39; 1-22.
Hilder, F. F.: British South Africa and the Transvaal.—XXIII; 11;
$1-97.
McConnell, A. B.: African bush, alone in the-—VIII; 12; 31-39.
Brown, E. W.: With the British association in South Africa.—X XVI; 68;
1-20; 145-160.
Elliott, J. A. G.: Notes and observations on an expedition in Western Cape
Colony.—X XXII; 23; 393-422.
Schwarz, E. H. L.: Plains in Cape Colony.—I]; 174; 185.
The history and ethnography of South Africa XX XII; 26; 86-89.
Williams, G. F.: The diamond mines of South Africa.—X XIII; 17; 344-56.
Whigham, H. I.: The Boer war— XXX]; 27; 201; 259; 469; 573.
The climate of Kimberley.—House Doe., Vol. III; 58th Cong., 3rd Sess.;
Serial No. 4890; p. 308.
Harvey-Gibson, R. J.: Some aspects of the vegetation of South Africa.—
XXXII; 30; 225-37.
TRIPOLI.
Heawood, E.: The commercial resources of tropical Africa— XXXII; 16;
651-657.
Mathnesient, V. De: An expedition to Tripoli—VI; 36; 736-744.
Furlong, C. W.: The taking of Tripoli—xX XXVIII; 23; 165-76.
Furlong, C. W.: The Greek sponge: Divers of Tripoli—XVI; III; 275-284.
Norton, R.: TripoliimXIX; 72; 26-29.
Vischer, A. L.: Tripoli—xXV; 38; 487-494.
Vischer, A. L.: Tripoli, a land of little promise —X XIII; 22; 1035-48.
TUNIS.
Johnson, F. E.: The mole men (of Tunisia) —X XIII; 22; 787-846.
Johnson, F. E.: The green bronzes of Tunisia.—X XIII; 23; 89-104.
Johnson, F. E.: The sacred city of the sands (Kairgwan).—X XIII; 1061-94.
239
West AFRICA.
From the Niger by Lake Chad to the Nile-—XYV; 30; 119-152.
Angola, the last foothold of slavery —X XIII; 21; 625-30.
Lieut. Boyd Alexander’s expedition in West Africa.—XV; 34; 51-55.
Speak, S. J.: The gold-producing region of West Africa —X X XIT; 18; 30-34.
Morel, E. D.: The economic development of West Africa.—X XXII; 20;
134-1438.
A view of West Africa .— XX XII; 29; 113-133.
Gaunt, M.: A new view of West Africa.— XX XIT; 29; 113-33.
AUSTRALIA.
Rainfall in Australia.—X X XII; 3; 161-173.
Mead, E.: Irrigation in Australia.—XIX; 69; 756-763. :
Thomson, J. P.: The physical geography and geology of Australia— XXXII;
19; 66-80.
The artesian water supply of Australia from a geological standpoint.—XV;
19; 560-76.
MacDonald, R. M.: Some features of the Australian interior.—X X XI; 20:
577-584
The vegetation of Western Australia. X X XI]; 23; 363-67.
Bryant, J.: The making of Australia.—X X XII; 18; 139-142.
MacConald, R. M.: The opal formation of Australia —X X XII; 20; 253-61.
Gregory, J. W.: The flowing wells of Central Australia—— XV; 38; 34-59; 157-
179.
Mr. Canning’s expeditions in Western Australia in 1906-7 and 1908-10.—
XV; 38; 26-29.
Taylor, G.: The evolution of a capitol: A physiographic study of the founda-
tion of Canberra, Australia.—XV; 43; 378-95; 536-50.
The geographical factors that control the development of Australia—XV;
35; 658-682.
United Australia.—X X XIX; 9; 129-63.
Arbitration in Australia ——XX XIX; 19; 32-54.
The progress of the New South Wales.—X X X11; 22; 539-545.
The dead heart of Australia —X X XII; 23; 19-25.
Dunean, M.: Australian bypaths.—XVI; 128; 123-36; 207-223.
Wallis, B. C.: The rainfall regime of Australia — XXXII; 30; 527-32.
240
The future of Australia. —X XXII; 30; 635-42.
Gregory, J. W.: The lake system of Westralia.—XV; 43; 656-64.
ISLANDS.
Bristol, C. L.: Notes on the Bermudas.—VI; 33; 242-248.
Whitefield, C. T.: England’s ‘half-way’? house to Panama.—XXXVIII:
12; 7939-7949.
Greene, J. M.: Bermuda (Somers Island); historical sketech.—VI; 33; 220-
242.
Beebe, M. B.: With the Dyaks of Bornea.—XVI; 124; 264-278.
Hose, C.: In the heart of Borneo.—XYV; 16; 39-63.
Burt, A.: Notes on a journey through British North Borneo.—XX XII; 21;
312-315.
Stigand, I. A.: Some contributions to the physiography and hydrography of
Northeast Borneo.—XYV; 37; 31-42.
Quincey, E. 8.: Catalina, the wondrous isle-—X XIV; 31; 283-289.
Smith, H. M.: Pearl fisheries of Ceylon.—X XIII; 28; 173-95.
The Veddas (Ceylon).—X X XII; 27; 426-429.
Cross, A. L.: Ceylon.—X X XII; 29; 397-405.
Cross, A. L.: Ceylon in 1913.—X XXII; 29; 396-405.
Hall, EK. H.: Crete, explorations in—X XIII; 20; 778-88.
Baikie, J.: The sea-kings of Crete —X XIII; 23; 1-25,
Boyd, H. A.: Excavations at Gournia, Crete-—X XXIII; 1904; 559-571.
Lindsay, Forbes: Future farming in Cuba.—VII; 36; 183-192.
Key West and Cuba.—VII; 34; 212-222.
Vaughan, T. W., & Spencer, A. C.: The geography of Cuba.—VI; 34; 105-
116.
Brandon, E. E.: National University of Cuba.—VII; 36; 511-518.
General sketch, 1910 (Cuba).—VII; 31; 135-152.
The great Roque canal of Matanzas, Cuba.—VII; 36; 668-674.
Gannett, H.: Conditions in Cuba, as revealed by the census.—X XIII; 20;
200-8.
Wilcox, W. D.: Among the mahogany forests of Cuba.—X XIII; 19; 485-98.
Lindsay, T.: Cuba, for the man of moderate means.—VII; 37; 32-40.
General sketch, 1910 (Cuba).—VII; 33; 377-409.
General sketch, 1910 (Haiti).— VII; 33; 282-97.
American progress in Habana.—X XIII; 13; 97-108.
Fernow, B. E.: Cuba, the high Sierra Maestra.—V1; 39; 257-268.
Brooko, S.: Some impressions of Cuba.—X XV; 199; 735-45.
Robinson, A. G.: Cuban railways.—X XIII; 13; 108-110.
Cuba, the pearl of the Antilles —X XIII; 17; 535-68.
Immigration to Cuba.—X XIII; 17; 568-9. Dominican Republic.—VII;
33; 118; also Vol. 31; 152-68.
Cyprus of today.—X X XII; 17; 292-300.
Reed, A. C.: Going through Ellis Island.—X XVI; 82; 1-18.
Currie, J.: The Faeroe Islands.—X X XII; 22; 61-76; 134-147.
Palmer, H. R.: Fisher’s Island, a former bit of New England— XXIV;
28; 567-584.
The Island of Formosa.—X XIII; 14; 468-71.
Campbell, W.: Formosa under the Japanese.—XX XII; 18; 561-77.
Fortoseue, G. F.: The Galopagos Islands.—VII; 32; 222-39.
Hovey, E. O.: The Grande Soufriere of Guadeloupe.—V1; 36; 513-30.
Safford, Wm. E.: Our smallest possession.—X XIII; 16; 229-37.
Born, E. J.: Our administration in Guam.—XIX; 71; 636-42.
The Island of Guam.—VI; 35; 475-477.
Cox, L. M.: The Island of Guam.—V1; 36; 385-395.
Safford, W. E.: Guam and its people.-—X X XIII; 1902; 493-508.
Lyle, E. P.: Our mix-up in Santo Domingo.—X X XVIII; 10; 6737-59.
Chester, C. M.: A degenerating island; Haiti past grandeur and present
decay.—X XIII; 19; 200-18.
Lyle, E. P.: What shall Haiti’s future be? —X XXVIII; 11; 7151-62.
Packard, W.: Facts about Santo Domingo.—X XIV: 34; 1-16.
Stoddard, T. L.: Santo Domingo; our unruly ward.—X XVIII; 49; 726-31.
General sketch, 1910 (Haiti) —VII; 31; 204-19.
Commerce of Haiti for 1911.—VI1; 36; 98-100.
McCandless, H. H.: The eross-roads of the Pacifie—XX XVIII; 15; 8611-
8628.
Perkins, G. O.: The key to the Pacifie-—X XIII; 19; 295-8.
Agricultural resources and capabilities of Hawaii House Doc., 386; Vol. 43;
56th Cong., 2nd Sess.; Serial No. 4117.
Wood, H. P.: Hawaii for homes.—X XIII; 19; 298-300.
Makenzie, W. C.: Pigmies in the Hebrides: A curious legend.—X XXII;
21; 264-68.
5084—16
‘ L
_* —o
Stefansson, J.: Iceland: Its history and inhabitants—XXXIII; 1906;
275-94.
Noyes, P. H.: A visit to lonely Iceland.—X XIII; 18; 731-41.
Russell, W. S. C.: Physiographical features of Iceland.—V1I; 43; 489-500.
Gratacap, L. P.: A trip around Iceland.—X XVI; 72; 79-90.
Gratacap, L. P.: A trip around Iceland—xXXVI; 71; 289-302; 421-32;
560-68.
The Isle of Pines.—X XIII; 17; 105-8.
Baldwin, M.: Jamaica as a summer resort.—X XIV; 30; 449-64; 577-90.
Lyle, E. P.: Gipiin Baker and Jamaica.—X XXVIII; 11; 7295-7308.
Graves, C. M.: The pompeii of America (Jamestown Island).—X XIV; 33;
277-84.
The Dutch in Java.—X X XII; 20; 460-474; 538-548.
Bryant, H. G.: A traveler’s notes on Java.—VIII; 6; 33-47.
Yeld, G.: In the Lipari Islands.—X X XJ1; 21; 347-352.
Oliver, P.: The land of parrots (Madagascar).—X XXII; 16; 1-17; 68-82;
583-597.
Hunt, W. H.: Madagascar.—V1; 32; 297-307.
Lacroix, A.: A trip to Madagasear, the country of Beryls—X XXIII; 1912;
371-82.
Fairchild, D.: Madeira; on the way to Italy.—xX XIII; 18; 751-71.
Richardson, R.: Malta: Notes on a recent visit—X XXII; 22; 365-73.
Eldridge, G. W.: Martha’s Vineyard, the gem of the North Atlantie.—
XXIV; 40; 163-179.
Bruce, Sir C.: The evolution of the crown colony of Mauritius.—X X XII; 24;
57-78.
Hoffs, W. H.: The Maltese Islands: A testonietopographic study.—XX XII;
A0e leis},
Brown, R. M.: The Mergin Archipelago: Its people and products.—X XXII;
23; 463-84.
Lorentz, H. A.: An expedition to the snow mountains of New Guinea.
XV; 37; 477-500.
Rawling, C. G.: Explorations in Dutch New Guinea.—XV; 38
Barbour, T.: Further notes on Dutch Guinea.—X XIII; 19; 52
Smith, M. S.: Explorations in Papua.—XV; 39; 313-334.
Barbour, T.: Notes on a zoological collecting trip to Dutch New Guinea.—
XXIII; 19; 469-84.
}
27 -
243
Bell, J. M.: Some New Zealand voleanoes.—X/YV; 40; 8-25.
Kitson, A. EH. and Thiele, EK. O.: The geography of the upper Waitaki Basin,
New Zealand.—XV; 36; 537-553.
Ford, A. H.: The tourist in New Zealand.—XIX; 68; 404-409.
Bell, J. M.: A physiographic section through the middle island of New
Zealand.—V1; 38; 273-281.
Mossman, R. C.: The South Orkneys in 1907.—X XXII; 24; 348-355.
Warren, M. R.: The Orkney Islands.—X VI; 122; 344-355.
Thompson, G. A.: The smiling isle of Passamaquoddy.—X XIV; 39; 67-78.
Chineh, B. J.: The formation of the Filipino people-—X X XIX; 10; 53-69.
The peoples of the Philippines.—House Doe., Vol. 111; 671; 58th Cong.,
3rd Sess.; Serial No. 4890.
Smith, W. D. P.: Geographical work in the Philippines.
Ten years in the Philippines.—X XIII; 19; 141-9.
Vassal, G.: A visit to the Philippines.—X X XII; 27; 57-71. .
Worcester, D. C.: Head hunters of Northern Luzon.—X XIII; 23; 833-931.
Tower, W.S.: The climate of the Philippines.—VI,; 35; 253-60.
Gannett, H.: The Philippine census.—V1; 37; 257-271.
Crandall, R.: The riches of the Philippine forests —X X XVIII; 16; 10228-
Bide
Champlin, J. D.: The discoverer of the Philippines.—V!; 43; 587-97.
Barrett, J.: The Philippine Islands and their environment.—X XIII; 11;
1-15.
Grosvenor, G. H.: The revelation of the Filipinos.—X XIII; 16; 1389-192.
Putnam, G. R.: Surveying the Philippine Islands—-X XIII; 14; 437-41.
Gannett, H.: The Philippine Islands and their people-—X XII]; 15; 91-113.
Benguet, the garden of the Philippines.—X XIII; 14; 203-10.
American development of the Philippines.—X XIII; 14; 197-205.
Atkinson, F. A.: An inside view of Philippine life—XX XVIII; 9; 5571-
5589.
The conquest of the bubonic plague in the PhilipplInes.—X XIII; 14; 185-
195.
The Negritos of Zambales.—X X XII; 21; 539-543.
Atlas of Philippine Islands.—Senate Doc. No. 138; Vol. 47; 56th Cong.,
Ist Sess.; Serial No. 3885.
Worcester, D. C.: The non-Christian peoples of the Philippine Islands.—
XXIII; 24; 1157-1255.
XV; 34; 529-544.
244
Worcester, D. C.: Field sports among the wild men of Northern Luzon.—
XXIII; 22; 215-67.
Worcester, D. C.: Taal volcano, its recent destructive eruption.—X XIII;
23; 314-67.
Banskett, F. M.: The Philippine cocoanut industry.—X X XVII; 20; 332-39.
Filipino capacity for self-government.—X XV; 199; 65-78.
Adams, H. C.: Snapshots of Philippine America.—X XXVIII; 28; 51-45.
Torbes, E. A.: The United States in Porto Rico.— XXXVIII; 14; 9290-
9311.
Wilson, H. M.: Porto Rico: Its topography and aspects.—VI; 32; 220-
238.
Keye, P. L.: Suffrage and self-government in Porto Rico.—XXXIX; 12;
167-190.
Alexander, W. A.: Porto Rico: Its climate and resources.—VI1; 34; 401-
409.
Osborne, J. B.: The Americanization of Porto Rico —XXXVIII; 8; 4759-
4766.
Larrinaga, T.: The needs of Porto Rico— XIX; 70; 356-59.
Detailed discussion on Porto Rico.— XXIII; 13; 466-70.
Lyle, E. P.: Our experience in Porto Rico—Strategice value of —XXXVIII;
11; 7082-94.
Agricultural resources and capabilities of Porto Rico—House Doc. No.
171; Vol. 48; 56th Cong., 2nd Sess.; Serial No. 4117.
Hulbert, H. B.: The island of Quelpart—V1; 37; 396-408.
Slosson, E. E.: Rarotonga (an island in the Southern Pacifie)—XIX; 72;
1403-1408.
The islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon.—X XXII; 19; 297-302.
Hawes, C. H.: A visit to the island of Sakhalin——XXXII; 19; 183-190.
General sketch, 1910—Salvador.—VII; 31; 325-38.
Chambers, F. T.: American Samoa.—V1; 37; 641-647.
Kellogg, V. L.: American Samoa.—X XI; 5; 18-30.
Churchill, W.: Geographical nomenclature of American Samoa.—VI1; 45;
187-93.
The ruins of Selinus.—X XIII; 20; 117-19.
Bosson, G. C.: Sicily, the battlefield of nations and of nature-——X XIII;
20; 97-117.
Perrine, C. D.: An eclipse observer’s experiences in Sumatra.—X XVI; 67;
289-305.
Chureh, J. W.: Tangier Island.—XVI; 128; 872-82.
Richardson, C.: Trinidad and Bermudez asphalts.—XXVI; 81; 19-35;
170-182.
Keller, A. G.: Notes on the Danish West Indies.—III; 22; 99-110.
Physical history of Windward Islands.—House Doe., Vol. 111; 244; 58th
Cong., 3rd Sess.; Serial No. 4890.
Powell, E. A.: In Zanzibar.—XIX; 71; 974-980.
Powers, S.: Floating Islands.—VIII; 12; 1-27.
Powers, S.: Floating Islands.—X XVI; 79; 303-308.
Childs, H. P.: Zanzibar, story of trade, traffic, ete —X XIII; 23; 810-24.
POLAR REGIONS.
Stefansson, V.: Misconceptions about life in the Aretie.—VI; 45; 17-32.
Stefansson, V.: The technique of Arctic winter travel.—VI; 44; 340-347.
Stefansson expedition.—VI; 46; 184-91.
Reid, H. F.: How could an explorer find the pole? X XVI; 76; 89-97.
Chamberlin, T. C.: Topography of Greenland.—VIII; 1; 167-194.
Scenes from Greenland.—X XIII; 20; 877-91.
Talman, C. T.: The outlook in polar explorations.—X XVIII; 49; 179-88.
Researches in the Greenland Sea.—X X XII; 26; 77-80.
Kikkelsen: Expedition to Hast Greenland.—XV; 41; 313-324.
Aspects of the coasts of Northeast Greenland.—VI; 41; 92-94.
Comer: A geographical description of Southampton Island and notes upon
the Eskimo.—VI; 42; 84-90.
Mossman: The Greenland Sea: Its summer climate and ice distribution.—
OXON 252 23i1-30s
The northeast passage.—VI; 38; 25-27.
Seton, HE. T.: The Arctic prairie—XX XI; 48; 513; 725; also Vol. 49; 61-
AV
Amundson’s northwest passage.—VI; 38; 27-9.
Wellman’s polar trip and polar air ship.— X XIII; 17; 205-28.
Fleischman, M.: Seventy-five days in the Arctics—X XIII; 18; 489-46.
The discovery of the pole-—X XIII; 20; 892-6; 896-16.
Keen, D.: Arctic mountaineering by a woman.—X XXII; 52; 64.
Honors to Peary.—X XIII; 18; 49-60.
246
Stone, A. J.: Camp life in Arctic America —X X XI; 34: 61:5.
European tributes to Peary.— X XIII; 21; 536-540.
The discovery of the North Pole-—X XIII; 21; 63-83.
Tarr, R. S.: Human life in the Arctic —X XI; 10; 144-51.
Stokes, F. W.: Aurora Borealis.—X; 65: 488-495.
Discoveries in Arctic regions. animals, ete-~-—X XXVIII: 1; 149-156.
Stone, A. J.: A day’s work of an Arctic hunter—X XXVIII; 1; 85-92.
Stefansson, V.: The distribution of human and animal life m Western Arctic
America.—XV; 41: 449-460.
Peary, R. E.: Field work of the Peary Aretic Club.—VIII; 4; 1448.
MaeRitchie, D.: Kayaks of the North Sea— XXXII; 28; 126-133.
Amundsen, R.: The Norwegian South Polar Expedition —X XXII; 29; 1-15.
Evans. E. R.: The British Antarctic Expedition —XX XII; 29; 621-637.
Riggs, T.: Our Arctic boundary —XX XVII: 20; 417-26.
Balch, E. S.: Antaretic names.—VI; 44; 561-581.
Balch, E. S.: Recent Antarctic discoveries——VI; 44: 161-67.
Balch, E. S.: Scott’s second Antarctic Expedition —VI; 44; 270-77.
South Polar exploration —X XIII; 22: 407-9.
Amundsen’s attainment of the South Pole—X XIII; 23: 205-8. “a
Bruce. W. S.: The area of unknown Antarctic regions compared with
Australia, unknown Arctic regions and British Isles—X XXII; 22: 373-
374A.
The Amundsen expedition to the magnetic pole —X XXII; 22; 38-42.
Balch, E. D. S.: The heart of the Antaretic——V1; 42: 9-21.
Littlehales. G. W.: The south magnetic pole—VI: 42: 1-8.
Peary, R.: The struggle for the south pole—X XXVIII: 24; 113-16.
Priestley, R. E.: Work and adventures of the northern party of Captain
Scott’s Antarctic expedition, 1910-13; XV: 43: 1-14.
Honors for Amundsen.—X XIII; 19; 55-76.
An ice-wrapped continent— XXIII; 18; 95-117.
The scientific results of the National Antarctic expedition-—X XXII; 21:
318-322.
Balch, E. S.: The British Antarctic expedition —VI; 41; 212-14.
Shackleton: Antarctic, the heart of —X XIII; 20; 972-1007.
The south polar expedition —X XIII; 21; 167-170.
Pillsbury. J. E.: Discoveries in Wilkes land—X XIII: 21; 171-3.
Gannett, H.: The great sea barrier—X XIII; 21; 173-4.
247
David, T. W.: Antarctica and some of its problems.—XV; 43; 605-27.
Greely, A.: American discoverers of the Antarctic continent.—X XIII;
23; 298-314.
Mawson, Sir D.: Australasian Antarctic expedition, 1911-14.—XV; 44;
257-86.
Balch, K. S.: Wilkes land.—VI; 38; 30-32.
Nordenskjold, O.: Antarctic nature, illustrated by a description of North-
west Antarctic—XYV; 38; 278-289.
Markham, C. R.: Review of the results of twenty years of antarctic work
originated by the Royal Geographical Society.—XV; 39; 575-80.
The form of the Antarctic continent.— X X XII; 26; 262-65.
Hoffs, W. H.: Seott’s last expedition.—VI; 46; 281-5.
The German Antarctic expedition.—V1; 45; 423-30.
Amundsen, R.: The Norwegian south polar expedition.—X X XII; 29; 1-1
Bruce, W. S.: Shackleton’s transaretic expedition of 1914—XXX; 7
84-85.
Taylor, J.: Physiography and glacial geology of East Antarctica.—XV;
44; 365-82; 452-67; 553-65.
9
vo.
FT v0
‘5
OCEANS.
Austin: Problems of the Pacific: Commerce of the great ocean.—X XIII;
13; 3038-18.
Damas, D.: The oceanography of the Sea of Greenland.—X X XIII; 1909;
369-383.
Church: Interoceanic communication on the Western Continent.—XV; 19;
313-54.
Murray, J.: Exploring the ocean’s floor —XVI; 541-550.
Cornish: Dimensions of deep sea waves.—XV; 23; 423-44.
Fryer, J. C. F.: The Southwest Indian Ocean.—X/YV; 36; 249-71.
Murray: Articles on oceanography.—XV; 12; 113-37.
Gardiner, J. S.: The Indian Ocean.— XV; 28; 313-333; 454-471.
Murray: The deep sea.—VI; 43; 119-126; also XX XII; 26; 617-24.
Peterson, O.: On the influence of ice-melting upon oceanic circulation.—
XV; 24; 285-333.
Kirchoff, A.: The sea in the life of the nations —X X XIII; 1901; 389-400.
Holder, C. F.: The glass bottom boat.—X XIII; 20; 761-78. ;
The pageant of the mastery of the sea— XX XVI; 177; 155-67.
245
Page, J.: Ocean currents in 1902.—X XIII; 13; 135-43.
Thunn, Sir J.: The Western Pacific: Its history and present condition.—
XV; 34; 271-89.
Blockman, L. G.: The Pacific, the msot explored and least known region of
the globe.—X XIII; 19; 546-63.
Geikie, J.: The ‘“‘deeps” of the Pacific Ocean and their origin XXXII;
28; 113-126.
Murray, Sir J.: Deep sea deposits and their distribution in the Pacific
Ocean.—XV; 19; 691-711.
Hepworth, W. W. C.: The Gulf Stream.—XYV; 44; 429-52; 534-48.
Semple, E. C.: Oceans and enclosed seas.—V1; 40; 193-209.
On the importance of an international exploration of the Atlantic Ocean
in respect to its physical and biological conditions —X X XII; 25; 23-28.
Temperature on the eastern and western coasts of the North Atlantic
Ocean.—X X XII; 24; 171-173.
Semple, [ee Ghia. comparative study of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans—
XLIT; 3; 121-29; 172-79.
Putnam, G. R.: Hidden perils of the deep — xX XIII; 20; 822-37.
Thompson, B.: Lost explorers in the Pacific —XV; 44; 12-29.
A StTupY OF THE COLLECTIONS FROM THE TRENTON
AND BuAack RiveR ForRMATIONS oF New YORK.*
By H. N. Corye tu.
The Trenton limestone in general is a formation made up of thin bedded,
dark bluish gray, compact limestone separated by thin shaly layers, except
the upper 25 to 35 feet which consist of a coarse crystalline, thick bedded
limestone with thin shaly partings. This formation is everywhere very fos-
siliferous.
The type locality for the Trenton limestone is in the southwest part of the
Remsen quadrangle. along West Canada creek, at Trenton Falls. A detailed
section of the formation shown here is given by Prosser and Cummings, who
have measured the entire thickness of 270 feet with great care. The upper
portion does not appear in the Trenton Falls section, yet the work of W. J.
Miller shows that there is only a few feet omitted, since the crystalline beds
are at no place more than 35 feet thick upon which rest the Canajoharie shale.
The bottom of the Trenton formation is not shown in the Trenton Fall
gorge, still the dip of the strata and the presence of the Lowville limestone a
few miles to the southeast makes it seem very probable that the lowest beds
in the gorge are not far from the base of the Trenton formation. Thus allow-
ing for the necessary addition to the top and the bottom, the thickness of the
complete section is at least 280 to 300 feet. The measurements taken at
Rome and at the Globe Woolen Mills at Utica show a greater thickness of the
Trenton to the southward and southwestward.
The formations during the early Paleozoic were deposited upon a sink-
ing ocean bottom. The coast line receded to the northward. Younger forma-
tions overlap the older ones everywhere along the cost line and lay upon the
precambrian rocks. The Trenton is 510 feet in the Globe Woolen Mills well
at Utica, 575 feet in the Chittenango well, and 435 feet (including the Low-
ville) in the wellat Rome. In the vicinity of Trenton Falls it has a maximum
thickness of 300 feet. Along the Precambric boundary there are indications
that it is much less. Considering the slope of the Preecambrie floor and differ-
A summary of the literature is given by Prof. E. R. Cummings in the Bulletin of
the New York State Museum, No. 34, Vol. 7, May, 1900.
ence of elevation between Bardwell Mill where the upper Trenton is shown,
and the mouth of Little Black creek where the Precambrian outcrops, no
such great thicknesses can be present. The Trenton at Bardwell Mill is
probably not more than 150 feet.
To the south of Trenton Falls there is an increase in the thickness of about
20 feet per mile southwestward. Between the Globe Woolen Mills and
Trenton Falls there is a difference in thickness of 210 feet in the distance of 14
miles. In the well at Rome the Trenton is 375 feet, and 20 miles to the north-
east it is from 200 to 250 feet. The general fact drawn from these indicates a
sloping floor on which the Trenton was deposited, of 6 to 20 feet per mile to
the southwestward; the slope being less in the northwestern part.
The narrow gorge cut by the West Canada river extends for two and one-
half miles up the river from Trenton Falls to the village of Prospect. Its
walls are nearly vertical, varying in height from 100 to 200 feet. Through-
out the entire course there are six waterfalls: the Sherman fall, near the
southern end of the gorge, is about 30 feet high and a short distance above the
power house; High falls is one-fourth mile south of the railroad bridge; it
consists of an upper and a lower part with a total of 128 feet; the fall at the
dam, just north of the railroad bridge, is about 40 feet high; and the Prospect
falls at the upper end of the gorge is 25 or 30 feet high. The total fall of the
stream within the two- and one-half miles is about 360 feet, according to the
topographic map. In spite of the steep slope of the stream bed the south-
ward dip of the strata permits an exposure of only 270 feet of the formation.
Two systems of joints predominate in the Trenton, which are distinctly
indicated by the appearance of the walls of the gorge. Nearly everywhere
the joints are vertical, at least at a very high angle, and extend in an east-
west and a north-south direction. The east-west system can be seen extend-
ing across the gorge, especially at the falls, which are caused by the existing
joints. When large blocks of stone are removed by the current during high
water, a new perpendicular surface is exposed over which the water falls.
Thus the falls recede. This is especially seen in the case of Sherman Falls.
During high water, the water falls over one joint plane on the east and another
on the west, while during low water the entire stream falls over the rear joint
on the west. The block of limestone between them will eventually be
removed.
The vertical walls of the gorge are maintained by the breaking off of large
blocks of limestone along the north-south joints.
251
In the bed of the Cincinnati creek the joints are enlarged and forms
an underground course. The stream disappears for several hundred yards.
The contorted layers in the Trenton Falls section are in two distinct
horizons. The lower one is from 4 to 6 feet thick and les at the crest of the
lower part of High Fall. It outcrops also in the upper end of the gorge near
Prospect.. According to the measurements of Prosser and Cummings it lies 144
feet below the top of the Trenton.
The second layer is from 8 to 15 feet thick and shown along the path oppo-
site High Fall and may be traced to Prospect. It hes 65 to 70 feet below the
top of the Trenton.
Such contortion of strata does not appear in the outerop of Trenton
exposed along Mill Creek.
Vanuxem suggested that as the folded layer was more eyrstalline than
the layers above or below, the expansion of crystallization was manifested in
the contortion of the crystalizing layer.
T. G. White discovered overturned fold, cross-bedded, channel filling
structures that must be explained by other means which would yield a con
siderable expansion in excess of the crystallization.
W. J. Miller states that it is thought that the folded structure at Trenton
Falls was in reality caused by a differential movement within the mass of the
Trenton limestone. That the whole body of the limestone has been moved
is clearly demonstrated by the existence of the thrust fault at Prospect. It is
easy to see how when the force of compression was brought to bear in the
region there would be a tendency for the upper Trenton beds on the upthrow
side to move more easily and consequently faster than the lower Trenton
beds. A similar explanation would apply to the lower folded zone. The folded
zones thus indicate horizons of weakness along which the differential move-
ment has taken place. As thus explained it is evident why the strike of the
minor folds, the strike of the fault, and the strike of the large low folds of the
region should be parallel, and why the contorted strata should be so local in
occurrence, because all the phenomena were produced by the same local
pressure. The differential movement would also readily account for the
rubbed or worn character of the upper and lower sides of the contorted zone.
The topography of the limestone region, underlain by the Trenton, Black
river, Tribes Hill and Little Falls dolomite is given by E. R. Cummings, who
states in describing the Mohawk valley near Amsterdam, that the lime-
stone region is characterized by a low, rolling relief and shallow stream val-
202
leys, except where the streams have been forced to cut new courses through
morainic material or because of the obstructions offered by such material
have been turned aside to make new rock cuts. The latter is probably the
case with the lower courses, at least of the north Chuctanunda and Evaloll,
for while they are at present making rock cuts, their banks show deep cuts
through boulder clay, and their beds are in no respect those of mature streams,
both from the abdundance of water-falls and the irregularity of their slope.
The northwestern portion of this region is heavily covered with drift and the
topography is more angular on this account. The limestone area is sheard
off by the Hoffman ferry fault, along a line running nearly straight from the
western central part of Charlton township to a point about one mile south-
west of Pattersonville. The topography is also distinctly different upon the
adjacent shales (Canajoharie and Schnectady) that abut the entire east face
of the fault as shown on the Amsterdam sheet, except at the north where a
small area of Trenton is found east of and adjacent to the fault.
TRENTON FALLS SECTION.
1. Sherman Fall.
The lowest strata that outcrop in the Trenton Falls gorge are those at
the water level of the pool at the base of the Sherman Fall. They are com-
pact, bluish grey, thin bedded limestones interstratified with coarser-grained
layers containing numerous well preserved specimens of Prasopora simula-
trix. The Prasopora beds form the entire fall. The upper layers of this fall
are thin strata, 3 to 5 inches thick, which form a somewhat clearly defined
band 23 feet thick. About the middle of the breast of the falls the Prasopora
are much larger than elsewhere, forming a distinct layer. The second Pra-
sopora zones are the fossiliferous layers just above the crest of Sherman Fall
and forming the base of High Falls.
The lists of fossils below were identified from the collections made by
Prof. E. R. Cummings in the summer of 1914.
a =abundant
e@=common
r=rare
ee CalymeneisenanarConradeeeisse een ee ere e
Cornyn Otisyqoamnihl asta Celia!) eee eee eee eee r
Sts , CHINO ESE INENGS: eee eer ee en eee a
Dalmanella testudinaria (Dalman).................... a
Hemiphracnia stenuim irale: Ulrich. 65 aloe ae r
lisotelhustciwas deka anes ae Ree Aen ce
Orthoceras junceum Hall........................... r-¢
Plectambonites sericeus (Sowerby)................-.-.. a
Prasopora simulatrix Ulrich........................ aaa
Rafinesquina alternata (Hmmons)..................... e
Schizocrantaptil oSapil alll eee ene r
StiemqatelllanasiSi teases sede ance anes Bee eco es Sila eee nee eas r
Trematis terminalis (Hmmons)....................... r
2. Below crest of the lower portion of High Fall.*
The strata, thin and shaly, les at the base of the contorted layer.
following species were collected:
1.
>)
3.
4.
Crinoirdeseomients cee hens ue ohn oe ce pe a
Dalmanella testudinaria (Dalman)................. r-¢
Eridotrypa aedilis minor (Ulrich)................... r-@
Prasopora simulatrix orientalis Ulrich .............. aaa
3. A collection at the crest of High Falls yielded the following species:
4. Upper
By GOP ONaiS Drewes oe ee eee ere PT en DS oe r
@rinord seomments tay 4. Robe AROS see mee a cee as ce ec
Dalmanella testudinaria (Dalman)................... a
Hallopora ampla (Ulmich).......................... r-@
Hallopora goodhuensis (Ulrich)...................... a
Plectambonites sericeus (Sowerby).................. r-@
Prasopora simulatrix orientalis Ulrich.............. aa
vhimudichyasexicuay Ulrichi= = s54 eee ens lees eee r
High Fall.
253
The
The rocks are thin bedded both in the upper and lower portion of upper
High Fall.
The contorted stratum lies at the base. The following species
were collected:
1.
2.
3.
Arthoclema cornutum Ulrich...................-:... a
Calymene senaria Conrad.:......................-. @
Gorynothypardelicatulas(@ames) 2s see soe. le. ee r
*From a collection made by Mr. T. F. Sayer, five feet below the crest of the
lower portion of High Falls.
A.” \Crinoid: seements: soe a2) eee oe ee oer eaee aaa
5: _ Dalmanella testudinarias(Dalman) >... fize-pee se pene aaa
6. Hemiphragma tenuimurale Ulrich.................. a
i. Wsotelusieigas. de) Kaya 7.4. Aloe ee ee ere eee ¢
8 Moitoclema? annridulum™ Ulrich) +222... 4. ee eee r-¢
G2 Nematopora ovalis Uirichvsee: ser eee ee eee nee r-¢
10). sPachydictya acuta (Hall) ee a ee pee eee Cc
hie Pachydichya.numbriata, Wii Ch ser ee eee eee r
1222 Platystrophia. (rentonensis m= Sp-> ee ee eee c
13: ‘Plectambonites sericeus-(Sowerby)...............-- T-¢
14. Prasopora simulatrix orientalis Ulrich ................ a
155 —Ratnesguina-aliernata (Wnamons)) so je eee eae r
low eRhinidichyaresouas Ulrich s:4- he see a ee ie eee r
Wee Rihimidichyapalperal Uinichis sete eee a eee r-¢
5. Mill Dam Falls.
The Mill Dam Falls or Fourth Falls is formed of thin bedded, rather
coarse-grained and fossiliferous limestone. The following species were
identified:
(P= (Chasmotopora revieulatas(Eall) 2 ee eee eee eee €
2, < “Orin oid ySeLIMENTS ete ha eee ee Fe ee eae a
oe Dalmanellartesiiamasta CP alnvam) See eee a
4. Plectambonites sericeus (Sowerby)..................- a
j= LuMIMIdiGhya pallperar Uli Chest ee ae ee te nen r-¢
6. Power Dam Interval.
The Power Dam Interval includes almost al! of the division of the Prosser
and Cummings report except the upper few feet, which were collected from
separately. The base of this interval is marked by a heavy stratum of lime-
stone. Above this lies thin-bedded compact lime-stone, part of the strata
somewhat crystalline, separated by shaly layers. At the upper end of the
gorge the layers show the greatest amount of folding visible anywhere in the
Trenton Falls section. The strata are very fossiliferous and the following
species were collected:
iL sGalymreneisenariai@onradt:) yee ae ee eee a
2. ¢'Ceramoporella-distineta, Ulmeh o.s. se es ee ee ce
3. Chasmotopora refienlata, (Ealll) 22s ee oe ee eee aaa
259
4. Conymowarjog, Clelieairulle, (Vemnes)),. onc oecsnpenctcosucce a
S, Compmownriog, imi) Cele) .cccnkc0ccosacenoncaaccsoee a
Gyan ony moby parcuurorc ap Wilt chia ate se eie ey ae Bere a
ere OTM OLA SCQMMEMESt-harese A Uses math eeu nt Otte ie apa aa
S, IDellnamelle, wesiuclinerae, (Dealing). ..52cecccccconce aaa
Jae Diploclemastrentonense Wilrich = 49s. 4e eee sss aes r
lO Beaker Oty pa nckuwexd Ua ty nies es cee eng toe Pea Sh ie
Ills (GisistiRoyowre! snReenNMVeIMISS 4 ok ce ecco sece obs suonsscuces r-¢
2, leona: gimeiilenee (UMC) 5 cg ocsescubsenocec odes IE
13. Hemiphragma tenuimurale Ulrich................. r-¢
TASS elSoteluisnoioasncdeykeanyerrcc sian sete enter a airs r-¢
loeebepiacnanehanlottae) Weiceorerrias + ieee, eae a
Ik, Ibejnueveney waco, (ME 6a Wc ocbstccouoccsddes dees aa
Vieelitoclemasvyetusiuman (Bassler) niger en hear ae r
ie evintoclemae mun culms Wich ess yee en ee @
18) INemneno ore, Onvaillis: WINMOlN.s oo sdoconectasooec codecs r-c
20 eA Orthocerassiragiments.-1. ie ey eats Ses Seer eae if
ZAR VEO) siihac O Guim onmMe MN bSew ase ae, ee cress Wty: eh cee eon ews re r-@
Ze eevee avouiiey CERN). Se cunescebe csitonaconels ce r-¢
Dex, JeRvelinreiGinve, Tomales) Wits@lits5esokeleecss+cceesbace ip
24. Pianodema subaequata conradi (Winchell)............ ie
PAS, Men SMTROI OANA), HECTOR is FOS 2 oseececeo soe oceo see ¢
26. Plectambonites sericeus (Sowerby)................... a
Dil me EASODOLAMUAS IOS we NS SYM er AL ne SEAT pie ieee 2 Naa eet oe! c
Asn. IoD, COmanclseh UWlbaelix j4654e0e scene eaceotces. r-¢
ae)s levees ore, wasullericy Wheels oss as etnactaosbedonvecc aa
50 aezrasopokas sim aprixe Uilrtchinne shee se een ae eet ene a
Sil, lemmas pumme: eilieniaehesy CNimmamMeNs) 5 2.2scanoreobeeses @
Se atinesquimardelfordea (Conrad) «2s a see = ee a
Soy HRV MMT CIG tye See ye ye elas eats i Sicha out eeneacee 2
vl. Ialonuanobionnyey joemogorsits UNIO no As aa oae nee Gah eces eee ce
35. Rhynchotrema increbescens (Hall)..................- r
SOME eS UIST a Le MlaR MSP eee hy bad SEAN rors ed wie ee ate marae cose aa
7. Interval from top of High Falls to top of Mill Dam Falls.
From these thin-bedded fossiliferous strata were collected the following
species:
256
Arthoclema: cormutuime Uae =, ao oe aaa ces eee e
Calymeneisenaria .Conrade 2.4.0 oe 52. 2cutaee ee a r-¢
Chasmotopora reticulata Hall...................... r-¢
Crinom! seemente: se. 3. 28 Ade a eee oe e
Dalmanella testudinaria (Dalman)................ aaa
Eseharopora ‘recta. (Hally:) 2 2'es2.2% wet aoe be ao oe r
Hemiphragma tenuimurale Ulrich................... r
Leplotrypa: Spi) Seo oe san ie = ee r
Mitoclema? mundulum-Uilrieh. 22.2 0as0.5. sence - 2 a
Nematoporajiovalisy WICK ase eee ere eee r-¢
Pachydictya acuta (Hall)t oe: ee ee ee c
Platystrophia trentonensis n Spies. i222 eee a
Plectambonites sericeus (Sowerby).........--..------ c
iPrasopora conoideavUlsich= 4. ose eee eee ee c
Rafinesquina alternata (Emmons)...........------.- r-¢
Rbhinidictya'exirua {Ulneh. 2422) 23/42 Ae ee ee T-¢
Rhmidictyasmutabilis: (Ulrich) co: S224 se2 eee eee r-¢
8. Prospect Quarry, below the crystalline layers.
Below the heavy gray crystalline layer that caps the Trenton limestone
and in a very thin parting of 8 to 10 inches, that outcrops on the east side of
the gorge at Prospect in an old abandoned quarry opposite the large crusher
quarry, bryozoa are exceedingly abundant and are weathered out from the
matrix. A small Prasopora is very abdunant.
The crystalline layers above contain a few bryozoa, but difficult to pre-
pare for study.
The species collected from the weathered parting are as follows:
SeHNAN a wD &
Conynotrypasiniiata. Challe. cree eee nee eee r
Crinoidh sep ments esk caus ss apie ee ee a
Dalmanella testudinaria (Dalman).................-- e
Bridotrypaexizna- Olrichi= sees ee a es eee eee c
Hallopora.coodhuensis,(Uinieh) o-oo aye ee eee ee a
Hemiphragma tenuimurale Ulrich................-..- a
[sotelustoigas de Kay... es eee ec eee ee ec
Pachydictys acuta. (Hall) 2 oo ee G
Platystfephia. trentonensis 8s spi) cto bee Gs ee ¢
Pleclambonites sericeus (Sowerby)..........-------- r-¢
NU NP LASOP OLA AM ANASP ea intca Sele sds cal at Ae re meh mtace edie a G
1D, IProloronas, iummmelkocry, UibIClit, oe eke vandaecsnoeae ass r
SaaS tromlatellarmiacsip mea imes eit ell sn mewn mate hn. com Gar Laie aa
1A An ZOspinayre ciilavarostrisn (lai) ee yates ae r-¢
9. In the collection from the Quarry in the crystalline layers at Prospect were
the following species:
Ile Cryasinoclori, olovmeey) (EIR) 0S Gok no sconcobenoos- san lf
DEEN MO CLENTANS Ona nea A es inert ote lt hal mat on se ata Mihscsttgtee anata i
Sn Aedooelemme Coramolnicn (WIKI, 5.5 %sbo0 lhe ck eosecoce Tf
AC ailyvamenexsenarclam © Onaciseee ian irae ner ae r-@
5. Chasmotopora reticulata (Hall)...................... Cc
Gaur Crinoidssegimenbtsy ees et renters a oe eure a
7. Dalmanella testudinaria (Dalman).................. r-¢
8. Hallopora goodhuensis (Ulrich)...................... ec
@); Jelelkayovoven onueyehrenney Willen Gis 0 Oe eo Seo beh eeu es ce ele ec r
IO; digosiclus) aieas GO IMA oss s occ dsohebacnosscaneesnae @
Inlo* Wibiio@leman saabnncholtornn UNNI, 22 y5ee oka nee see esse 5: r
U2, . exvclayvchiomyea, evoutieh (IRIBIN) oss ccc c kc scone ddcesocncce e
13. Pianodema subaequata (Conrad)................... r-@
14. Platystrophia trentonensisn.sp............... Saas a De ce
15. Plectambonites sericeus (Sowerby).................. r-C
Grey Brasoporayr Spm wie el er cue Ne he deta OMT ace Mee iy e
17 (Preasojoora, Sernaran (ONO) {dc odo eoedebsenevsec ese: c
18. Rafinesquina alternata (Hmmons).................. r-¢
POSH AR Lan ANG G bays S TOM hehe meals suse te a FeU eel el a eles kes ek Rad @
20: Rhynchotremaimerebescens (Hall), ..............-- .T-¢
TRENTON AND Buack RIVER OF THE PATTERSON QUARRIES.
At the east end of the quarries, about forty rods from the house of Joe
Jeffers, is the following section in descending order:
6. Mesotrypa-Plectambonites bed, thin limestone. Trenton.
5. Strophomena bed, crystalline, massive limestone.
Amsterdam ls.
4. Massive erystalline bed with some Strophomena, and containing
numerous light grey pebble-ike masses of Stromatocerium and
Solenopora. The layer rests directly with a sutured contact upon
the Black river. Amsterdam ls.
5084—17
3. About like No. 2 but even darker, more fossils, and containing num-
erous large fragments of a yellowish, sandy limestone. ..1 ft. 3 in.
2. More massive than No. 1 and lighter colored. Very hard. Few fos-
sils, some gastropods separated by rather uneven contact from
INGOs A ee laste oe FA! 2° SECS OME ae i ee 1 ft. 6 in.
1. Drab, hard limestone, fine grained, light, weathering to rather thin
layers. Columnaria abundant throughout. Batostoma varium
abundant.
The Trenton in this section lies below the base of the Trenton of the Tren-
ton Falls gorge, and is known as basal Trenton. The beds are massive, ery-
stalline and contain light weathering “‘pebbles,’”’ (Solenopora and Stroma-
tozerium). The Black river also contains similar pebbles and many angular
masses of hard, blue, unfossiliferous limestone. The Lowville (Birdseye) is
either absent or represented by a thin layer only. The Black river contains a
large branching Batostoma (Batostoma varium) in considerable abundance,
together with Tetradium and Columnaria. The latter is sometimes in very
large masses.
The Strophomena is especially abundant in the massive lower part of the
Trenton.
There is a disconformity between Nos. 1 and 2 and between 3 and 4.
The upper layers of the quarry are thin, very dark colored, with black
shaly partings. They are very fossiliferous, containing especially Pleetambon-
ites, Mesotrypa and Cryptolithus. Small Bryozoa are abundant.
The dip of the rock is variable but is generally about two degrees south-
west.
The Amsterdam limestone of Cushing includes the massive beds of the
so-called Trenton and the Black river at this outcrop. The following species
were collected:
ls JBRyWoSnommey Cleetonems (Wihittelt,..cs0cc on onvenccucdosne r
2, IBAROSHOUNE Veneunin MONTANE, doco teo Son oe son wn lo gee © r
3. Bythopora herricki (Ulrich)......................... C
Ae Calyameneysenariany ©ontadusne iinet sein eee een ae eC
5. Chasmotopora reticulata (Hall)...................... a
6. -Columnaria halli Nicholson......................... @
fe: NOLIN OLGMSELTNEMtS).) 2.5 4) ue i ae ey a ene yeoman a
8. Cryptolithus tessellatus Green...................... @
9. Dalmanella testudinaria (Dalman)................. r-¢
10; Diselaano non Comiilvems Wiha. 5cecodeccunscouteoons G
iil; Ws@laannojorene ilhemiigrs WIE 6 cop decocsstaete core r-¢
IQ, Weelnaixojororta, ine, ISlello oc oscoccannconconcccvcca000. G
1B. . Wgclienoos, Swloccin, (Wiis) 6. 5esocecocusurccdoque e
Ze hiospira, sub tilistrtatan (Ela) ees ee see eee en r
15, IMlesomayoes wwliineeivesn CNMelm@lseT)\. 6+ 655ce0c0ccescee a
16. Mitoclema? mundulum Ulrich..................... r-¢
IVs INIGutenojnoma, Onell) WMAOCNssogccccauosveouaucooutae r-€
lS, leaelaxycliouyye, exoutizs CEM) oo. 5ccnoecdcasnsbcco0c0cene e
iS), Jeavelagychicuayeas ssianloraienca) WWNiniGln. op bce once eo aob soot]. r-¢
AQ). IPaclaarclioinna, jamal, WWINaWelN. once dcccencduccnanoroes e
Ai, IeReACMO DOR tingioens WANE s55c05e00sscnoccbe cous r-¢
Fe,’ WAHT SRARO] ANE) THREVINOUEIASS 1S ID, ocndaceecovoatnoocce r-¢c
23. Plectombonites sericeus (Sowerby)................... a
mal piso xoen Soaileyneo< WMG prob ecusbeocosecouree r-¢
20. Rafinesquina alternata (Kmmons)................... rr
AD. Ravan housre) mans olbiss (QIAN) sg oeboeecbecoeessecode e
2. Rdavuanohoinvey joswjoereal, WINN. .senececnsaascersdeuce r-¢
28. Rhynchotrema inerebescens (Hall).................. r-@
29. Solenopora compacta (Billings)..................... aa
30. Stictoporella eribrosa Ulrich........................ @
31. Stromatocerium canadense Nicholson and Murie...... c
SYy, (SIRO NACI maroUNeVeNiE) (Sinejoeiel) . <soceessuaencscace aa
The collection from the Black river of the Pattersonville section (Lower
Amsterdam) formation, contains the following species:
1. Batostoma supberbum (Foord)............. Ege eae: a
7, OBIS ONG, Weyenebaa Willing 6s eecessnesoeo- OPM en aa
oy, (Chilynaine senginty. Comrncle os ss Senkes ae deodssobeods a
4 Ceramoporellapimterporosa, (Wirich 9 s-5+64. 4. 520408" r
S- Olluranneraey, Inellii, INGOs sos eck ed ane seaccoauoaee a
OL Crimotlsseomaemis a eet se ee en ee he hoes nid ac As eS a
W WDienckowmarjoe, aechilig mariner CURED). poss ac ceh coosesce r
Sa scharoporasuiorectan (Wilcich)ree ey anno. oe ae @
OmalsovelusroTeas: dewmWlaniny \ tare ee ie Ponce s tastesiced oleae r
NOSgeWichenaliatsprcensehen ge sly hs aah ae aren es Sess 5 eee i
lis -Lheperditia fabulites:(Conrad)s-5....- >) eee a eee eee ee r
12. Rhynidictya mutabilis (QUirieh) 2.2. sdk es eee ee aa
13. Rhinidictya mutabilis senilis Ulrich................. ¢
14. Rhynchotrema increbescens (Hall).................. r-¢
15. Solenopora compacta (Billings)..................... aa
16. Streptelasma (Petraia) profundum (Conrad)........... a
17. Strophomena incurvata (Shepard)................... a
18. Zygospira recurvirostris (Hall)
The Trenton B** in the Pattersonville section contains well preserved
fossils from which were collected the following species:
I> Batostoma? decipiens: Ulriehoe o> ee ee eee ae r
2." Batostoma svaruim Uriel 3326 Vy a ee races eee r
So) Mocdentacimiialiss (Uinich) pe see eee ee ee eee r
4. Bolla. subaequata: Wlreher305 5. ace, <2 ee eae ¢
oe eb yinoporar:hericki. (Winch) ees ee eee ec
6: Halloporitia nes. 2) oe ae ee ee ee r
i) .Calymenessenansa Conrad = a4 oe ee oer eee eee c
8. Ceramoporella distineta (Ulrich)...............-...-. T-¢
9. Ceramoporella interporosa Ulrich.................. r-¢
10. Ceraurus pleurexanthemus Green................... c
1: -:-Chasmotopora retucmaia (Hall). < sence) oe eee a
12:> ‘Chasmotopora-sublaxa | (Uinich)oss<¢ee eee ane eee c
13: -Coelodema irentonensis (Ulrich)... 2... 22.5.2. -2..22- r-¢
14; Gornulites flexaosus: (Hall): 2 ene hat. Meee Ae r
15: Crenoidsserments (3.22 ee ee Sac ce eae ee ee a
165 Cryptolithus dessellatus (Greene $2522 eee eee €
7. Dalmanella testudmana (Dalman)2.. see). 222 eee c
18; 4.Dinerthis/pectinella, (Emmons). 2. | seo ek eee ee re
19: SU scharopory ancnlares’ Ulneh ee ee ee eee aes e
20: © Eischaropora corntiuens’ Uilnrieh': 42 eae ees ee ee e
21> Hscharopora:iimtanis Winehe pi ce Ae eee eee r-¢
22. ischaropora: recta, "Hall? 222%: Soo 6 en oe ae ee a
2D oeyeHScharopora SUDEeCian (Wlnich) ee wa eer eee ¢
2A. Graptodictya proava (HMichwald)...................- r
20. sHomotrypa subramiosa Oleh 2c 4.2.) ee See ae e r
=Bé New York State Museum No. 34, Vol. 7.
261
Domi lsotelusversas de Way si ei Oe cage claus eral baboons be ace r-¢
27. Mesotrypa regularis (Foord)........................ a
Zea Nema toporayovealis MO lirichy-y sls key poe as | Geren leh use. r-¢
2 OME Pa chiyi dita SP sn le coN er eee eae AAAs ee Aton > aR r
30) Platystrophiatrentonmensisim spe... 28.4. oe se r-¢
31. Plectambonites sericeus (Sowerby)................... a
825) Plectorthis splicatella(blall) sear ee es eae oe anaes nee r
Sey, I2iestojorovae, srimmoileymebe Wiha. ooo oe ee cote eb no soe c
S4l, 1Banmanmpyrongyemonenrey WIC se sos anos oosaoscheoeoooe r-¢
BH, Jeoni@oulsinis, crore, (OME. g Hoses ea bueebcsuce segues a
Bo, Meanchey wails (WMC) oo os6cedecn+ see sse50ne a
Sie Hvhinidictyam ntabilts; major (Uinich): a e48 9) ole oee e
38. Rhinidictya OPN UU over eee ON Devel iva naustuly alate i rye Senin wales summer ¢
39. Rhynchotrema inerebescens (Hall).................. r-¢
A0 Sen S chizocrimusssnodosuspectlalla@a nena weer seer e
41. Stictoporella eribrosa Ulrich........................ c
Ae Svictoporellavaneularis) Ulcichieyery eae ee e
43. Strophemna incurvata (Shepard).................... aa
44 wletradellasulbquadrans Wlnichiter) eer eet are r-¢
45. Trematis terminalis(Hmmons)....................... r
46. Turrilepas canadensis Woodward................... r-¢
47. TZygospira recurvirostris (Hall)..................... 1-¢
Morpuy CREEK SECTION.
About one and one-half miles down the Mohawk river from Port Jack-
son on the south side of the river is an outcrop of the Trenton, Black river
and Calciferous (Tribes Hill and Little Falls dolmite).
The basal Trenton resting on the Black river in this outcrop contains the
pebble-like masses of Stromatoporoids (Stromatocerium canadense Nichol-
son and Murie) as at Pattersonville, and consisting of compact beds of dark
crystalline limestone in which Strophomena abound. The difference in ap-
pearance of this section and that at Pattersonville quarries 1s chiefly due to
weathering.
The Black river is underlain by a compact, nearly unfossiliferous blue
limestone, which is probably the Birdseye (Lowville).
Collections were made only from the thin-bedded Trenton above the erys-
talline bed. Mesotrypa and Prasopora are most abundant about ten feet be-
262
low the Canajoharie shale contact, but are common throughout the upper 10
feet. In the layers of hard limestone just below the Canajoharie (Utica)
shale Cryptolithus is common and about the only fossil. Plectambonites is
common in the upper thin Trenton.
At the Amsterdam waterworks just north of the city of Amsterdam,
Mesotrypa whiteavesi (Nicholson) and Cryptolithus tessellatus Green are
very abundant 10 feet or more below the top of the exposed Trenton. The
portion outcropping extends almost to the top of the Trenton formation, but
the contact with the Canajoharie shale is not shown. The creek flows in a
syncline for some distance below the dam.
At the Barge canal dam across the Mohawk river just above Amsterdam
station, there is a quarry, mentioned by Prof. E. R. Cummings, in the New
York State Museum Bulletin No. 34, as.showing a splendid section of the
Birdseye, Lowville and Black river. The latter is of the same general char-
acter as at Pattersonville, being black, fossiliferous and thin-bedded. The
most abundant fossils are Streptelasma (Petraia) profundum Conrad and
Stromatocerium canadense Nicholson & Murie.
The following species were collected at Morphy’s creek from the Trenton
layers:
i Bollajsubscquatay Ulnmicht ern. - ees ee er oe eee r-¢
2. Calymene senaria Conrad.......................... ¢
3. Chasmotopora reticulata (Hall).................... r-¢
4. Chasmotopora sublaxa (Ulrich)..................... r-¢
Dav CHINO GSEOIMENMUS nce ene Ay oc ee eee one oe ean ele ee a
6. Cryptolithus tessellatus Green..................... r-@
Oo. -Cxninegllnng mbere (OMS) ons agssodsonsauaccdessc000- r
8. Dalmanella testudinaria (Dalman)................... @
9. Eridotrypa aedilis minor (Ulrich).................... e
OPEB rid Ofisyoaiexdouaie 0) lnc ee iin r-¢
Li Tsotelustoigas de: dayne secon: nici tence ace cians G
12. Leperditia fabulites (Conrad)........................ e
13. Mesotrypa whiteavesi (Nicholson).................. aa
14. Mitoclema? mundulum Ulrich..................... r-¢
Poot Mionotryparncn. Spyies a. Save eis epee On Oe ran Oe aa
16. Nematopora ovalis Ulrich......................... r-¢
Mer eRachydictyasactitan (Elalll) peepee meet cic sci ieeaeeer c
1S; each dictyae pumila Ulrich tamierene inert crt ern G
263
19. Plectambonites sericeus (Sowerby).................-- @
FAQ, JeRAgOpOUEy Sionwleyiabe WWilhnell. 5 so casacnesesessocauae5 e
21. Rafinesquina alternata (Hmmons)................... T-c
22. Rhinidictya paupera Ulrich........................ ce
23. Rhynchotrema inerebescens (Hall).................. T-¢
CAME el DAU eres V2) OFS IS) Oesea es AUS) Aa gO oa Rae a Cc na cer eRe AE ee r
25 Ay COSspinasrecurvairostrsn (Eales ess. tee eeree r-¢
SECTIONS IN THE VICINITY OF LOWVILLE.
The Lowville limestone capped by the Black river is exposed in a quarry
near Mill creek at the corner of Church and Water Streets. It is exposed also
in the bed and banks of Mill creek both above and below this point for some
distance. This is the type section of the Lowville. Up stream just below
where the exposure is covered by the heavy drift, the basal Trenton, with
immense numbers of Dalmanella and Bryozoa, is exposed. The collections
were made at this place. In several layers the Bryozoa are abundant. The
following are the species collected:
ib) Aparchitesfimbriatuse(Wlrich)s e296. 1.4.4.6 ee aoe r
PA Pe) Bava OO) XO) EN 43) OAl a eA Re es Re haces OD MERA UE was aa
3. Calymene senaria Conrad...:..........+........... ec
A AC OMMATIAE SP emia Get See ea nees ola Sa eat aa 2 r
Hap CTIMOLMMSESMICTESR ya Me fae ree eat eet eR ot ce
6. Ctenobolbina ciliata (Hmmons)...................... r
i Dalmanella testudinaria (Dalman)))-5 445. 04050-0006" e
Si, ls@lneivojnorma, meouay (IBM), .cacccacauccoccascencoense r
9. Hallopora ampla (Ulrich).......................... aa
105 SEHalloporasplendens: (Uinich)e). 2s eee oe aa
EET el OPOLA SPs eelstea es teks ore eee eS aw, Momence r
A, le Olayyohonve, Grou (BIEN) weak ede coe onnesehebocaeae r
13. Plectambonites sericeus (Sowerby)................--- ec
14. Prasopora simulatrix Ulrich........................ a
15. Rafinesquina deltoidea (Conrad)..................... e
Gym diehyasspie apy ws ke cr aeree ase nal cet ear o spsinli cad aca ckoce sale r
7s Swicioooe, ehesernwiby Ib. oo: dsc ees osenoceuseeneous r
Sipe Nentaculitesh sper ent eee yes, ak acti leiorens Gee suas r
Oy isrematisnterminalis! (Himamons) sss ee eee -e ir
264
The best exposure of the Lowville with overlying Black river and under-
lving Pamelia is on the State Road about one mile northeast of Lowville and
in the several quarries nearby in the field along the limestone scarp. The coun-
try from here slopes southwest exactly with the dip of the rocks. Nothing
higher than Black river is exposed. The Lowville weathers to a light drab
or dove color, but some of.the layers are darker and occasionally almost as
dark as the Black river. The calcite tubes are always present in the Low-
ville except towards the base. In most of the layers they are extraordinarily
abundant; usually perpendicular within the strata and lying horizontally at
the surface. They are probably plants.
Fossils other than plant tubes are rare. Some of the thinner layers are
ripple marked.
The whole mass of the Lowville must be 30 or 40 feet thick. Very little
of the underlying Pamelia is seen.
The low country to the east and north of the exposure shows bosses of the
Pre-Cambrian, and several of these are very near the bottom of the limestone
scrap, so that the base of the limestone cannot be far below the lowest expos-
ure on the State Road locallity.
The Black river (Leray) is dark colored and lumpy, thick-bedded, weath-
ering to a light color but not so light as the Lowville limestone. It is massive
in fresh exposure, showing the characteristic yellow streaks and blotches.
Columnaria, Tetradium and Stromatocerium are abundant. Silicified
Bryozoa of large size are present. Near the base Strophomena is common.
Leperditia is usually common throughout. In fact, the characterisites
are practically the same as in the Mohawk Valley and at Valcour Island. The
contact between the Black river and Lowville is usually very even and in
unweathered masses appears merely as a slight change of color accompanied
by the disappearance of the calcite tubes. Sometimes the contact is some-
what uneven. It is evidently a disconformity.
SPECIES FROM THE WATERTOWN SECTION.
A short distance up the river from Watertown a collection was made from
the lower Trenton, containing the following species:
1. Batostoma winchelli spinulosum Ulrich.............- c
2. Dalmanella testudinana, (Dalman)= sepa see €
3. Hallopors-ampla; (Uliieh) lee See ee = eae a
265
Ae Halloporan soo bensis; (WUnrich) re aaa ieee: 2 a
5. Hallopora splendens Bassler........................ a
On lelomauanaoey, cpilllosey Wilsall. sob sco does ensue enue cee @
7. Prasopora simulatrix orientalis Ulrich....:........... a
The similarity of the New York fauna to that of upper Mississippi basin
as given by Ulrich is shown by the following lists. Of the 108 species identi-
fied, 68 appear in the Trenton and Black river of the upper Mississippi
Valley. The collections were made with special reference to the Bryozoan
fauna, which accounts for the small number of species reported from the
other classes. It is interesting to note the small number of new species
found, especially among the Bryozoa, notwithstanding the fact that very lit-
tle work had been done on that class from collections of the Trenton and
Black river of New York. A description of these will be given in a succes-
sive paper.
SPECIES FROM TRENTON AND Buack River or New YorK.
(Those marked with an asterisk appear in the Trenton and Black River of the
upper Mississippi Valley. T-Trenton. B-Black River.)
Bryozoa.
1. Arthoclema sp. (T)
OA ecornutum (T, B)
*3. Batostoma? decipiens (T, B)
*4, varium (T, B)
a5. supberbum (B)
*6, winchelli spinulosum (T, B)
7. Bythopora sp. (T, B)
*8. herricki (T, B)
*9. Halloporina n. sp. (T)
*10. Ceramoporella distincta (T, B)
Sable interporosa (T, B)
*12. Chasmatopora reticulata (T, B)
*13. sublaxa (T)
*14. Corynotrypa delicatula (T)
lta: turgida (T)
*16. inflata (T)
*17. Coeloclema trentonensis (T, B)
266
*18. Diploclema trentonense (T')
*19. Eridotrypa exigua (T)
*20. aedilis minor (T, B)
*21. Kscharopora angularis (T, B)
a22* confluens (T, B)
ee ? limitaris (T, B)
#24, recta (T)
Oe subrecta (T, B)
26. Graptodictya proava (T)
*27. Hallopora ampla (T, B)
*28. angularis (T, B)
*29. goodhuensis (T)
30. splendens (T)
31. MHelopora sp. (T)
aoe quadrata (T)
*33. Homotrypa callosa (T)
*34, subramosa (T, B)
*35. Hemiphragma tenuimurale (T)
36. Leptotrypa sp. (T)
37. Lioclema vetustum (T)
38. Mesotrypa regularis (T)
39. whiteavesi (T)
*40. Mitoclema? mundulum (T)
41. Monotrypa n. sp. (T)
*42. Nematopora ovalis (T)
43. Pachydictya sp. (T)
*44, acuta (T)
*45, fimbriata (T, B)
*A6. pumila (T, B)
*48. Phaenopora incipiens (T)
49. Prasopora n. sp. (T)
*50. conoidea (T, B)
cole insularis (T)
=). selwyni (T)
*53 simulatrix (T, B)
#54, simulatrix orientalis (T, B)
*55. Proboscina tumulosa (T, B)
86.
Protocrisina exigua (T)
Rhinidictya exigua (T, B)
mutabilis (T, B)
mutabilis major (T, B)
mutabilis senilis (B)
paupera (T, B)
Stictopora elegantula (T)
Stictoporella ecribrosa (T, B)
angularis (T, B)
Stigmatella n. sp. (T)
Brachiopoda.
Dalmanella testudinaria (T, B)
Pianodema subaequata (T, B)
Pianodema subaequata conradi (T, B)
Dinorthis pectinella (T, B)
Leptaena charolottae (T, B)
unicostata (T)
Platystrophia trentonensis (T)
Plectambonites sericeus (T)
Plectorthis plicatella (T, B)
Rafinesquina alternata (T, B)
deltoidea (T, B)
Rhynecotrema increbescens (T, B)
Schizocrania filosa (T)
Strophomena incurvata (T, B)
Trematis terminalis (T)
Zygospira recurvirostris (T, B)
Crinoidea.
Crinoid segments (T, B)
Schizocrinus nodosus (T)
Pelecypoda.
Ambonychia ef obtusa (T)
267
*95.
*96.
ST
*98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
*103.
*104,
105.
*106.
107.
*108.
Ostracoda.
Aparchites fimbriatus (T)
Kloedenia initialis (T, B)
Bollia subaequata (T)
Ctenobolbina ciliata (T)
Cytherella? rugosa (T)
Leperditia fabulites (T, B)
Primitia mammata (T, B)
Tetradella subquadrans (T)
Trilobita.
Calymene senaria (T, B)
Ceraurus pleurexanthemus (T, B)
Cryptolithus tessellatus (T)
Tsotelus gigas (T, B)
Cirripedia.
Turrilepas canadense (T)
Cornulites fiexuosus (T)
Gastropoda.
Liospira subtilistriata (T)
Tentaculites sp. (T)
Conularia sp. (T)
Coelentrata.
Columnaria halli (T, B)
Solenopora compacta (T, B)
Streptelasma (Petraia) profundum (B)
Stromatoporoidea.
Stromatocerium canadense (T)
Cephalopoda.
Orthoceras junceum (T, B)
269
GAMMA COEFFICIENTS AND SERIES.
I. THe Corrricients.
1. The function.
Va@+y+ °)
IM(@sE Wy wGak ly)
will be called a gamma coefficient of codrdinates x, y, , and parametersa,b, ,
(axby -) =(ax+by+ ')
and a multinomial coefficient when each parameter is unity. We shall use
Greek letters to denote coérdinates taken from the series 0, 1, 2,3, ~
At points of discontinuity, the sum of the co6rdinates is zero or a negative
integer. ‘These points are excluded in the following properties.
2. A gamma coefficient with a negative integral codrdinate is zero.
3. Zero coordinates and their parameters may be omitted, as (axbycO) =
(axby).
4. The gamma coefficient of a point wpon an axis equals the parameter of
that axis, as (ax) = a. .
5. -The gamma coefficient of any point is the swm of the gamma coefficient
of the preceding points (a preceding point being found by diminishing one
coordinate by a unit). Let En operate to diminish the n’th codrdinate by
a unit, then in symbols, *(Note)
(axby )=(H,+H.+..)(axby'*)
This may be extended to the n’th repetition of #,+#,+ =1, where
the H’s combine by the laws of numbers.
6. The above property furnishes an immediate proof of the multinomiat
theorem. Thus let
p= DOeie >) wd. abe Sp
i. e. the summation extends to every point the sum of whose coérdinates is
n, there being a given number of variables p, g, |, and corresponding in-
tegral codrdinates a, B, ©. Applying art.5 to the coefficients of Fn, we find
Fn=(p+q+ ')F(n—1), andsince F1 =p+q-+ ‘, therefore Fn =(p+q+ ')".
7. Zero parameters and corresponding cobrdinates may be omitted, if the
result be multiplied by the multinomial coefficient of the omitted codrdinates
and one other, the sum, less 1, of the retained coérdinates, as,
(OxOybzecw) = (bzew) Axlylw’), w =z+w-1
8. Hqual parameters and their codrdinates may be omitted, except one to
* (Note) Read » for 7 throughout this paper.
270
a coérdinate the sum of the omitted codrdinates, if the result be multiplied by the
multinomial coefficient of the omitted codrdinates, as
(axaybz) =(ax’bz)(laly), x =x+y.
9. The coefficient of a parameter of a gamma coefficient is the multinoimal
coefficient of the corresponding preceding point. In symbols,
(axby °-)=(ak,+bE,+° °)Ax+ly ')
Il. Gamma SERIES.
10. Let there be m variables, pi, p2, °, of weights 1, 2, , and m cor-
responding parameters, a1, @2, . The gamma series of weight n is the sum
of all terms in the variables of weight n, each multiplied by the gamma
coefficient of its exponents and the corresponding parameters:
(a) (ap)n = D(qerd2e2°") pi po”? *, a1 +2a2-+ °° =n.
This series is not a function of an r’th variable and parameter for r>~n,
since the simultaneous exponent and cooérdinate ar, is zero.
By applying art. 5 to the coefficients of (ap)n, we have,
(b) (ap)n = pi (ap) (n—-1) +. . +pn—i(ap)1+aypy
where, if r>m, p; =O.
The last term apy, which cannot exist if n >m, is determined by the fact
that it is given by the coérdinate a, = 1, and the other coérdinates, zero.
11. The difference equation 10(6) has no solution except the gamma
series, since all values of (ap)n are determined from it by taking n= 1,2,3, ,
successively. It is an equation of permanent form only for n>m, when it
is the general linear difference equation of n’th order with constant coefficients
Pi, p2, , whose general solution with m arbitarty constants is therefore found
in the form of a gamma series. The equation whose roots determine its
solution (in the ordinary theory of linear difference equations) is,
(a). 27 = pa™~* + pa * +.-+7m
Symmetric functions Fn of the roots of this equation will also satisfy
the difference equation and can therefore be expresssed as gamma series by
certain values of the parameters.
Since the roots of (a) are constants, the parameters will in general be
certain functions of the roots, but we propose here to determine the sym-
metric functions that may be expressed by gamma series with parameters
independent of the roots: and find two sets of such functions m in each set,
2701
which can be linearly expressed in terms of each other, and either of these
sets suffice to express in linear form all of the symmetric functions sought.
12. The parameter ay of (ap)n,n = 1, 2, ', m, is the coefficient of pn.
Thus to determine the possible parameters of a given symmetric function,
Fn, we must take a, as the value of F'n for the roots of the equation x! =1,
this being what 11 (a) becomes when we put p,=1, and other p’s equal to
zero. It remains to test the resulting equations,
Fl=aipi, F2=pi\F1+am, F3 =p,F2+p.F1+a3p;, ete.
13. The sum of the n’th powers, $y.
By art. 12, we find a, = n, for the function s,, and the difference equations
are Newton’s equations. Hence
Sy = D(la “Nay) prt pq 1, a +--+ +nan =n
This is Waring’s formula for sp.
14. The homogeneous products, rn.
Here, an=1, giving the correct difference equations,
T™ =Pi, 72 = pit + po, 73 = Pit2 + Pot. + ps, ete.
Hence, 7, = (1p)n, 1. e. the coefficient of a term is the multinomial co-
efficient of its exponents. Since the equations are symmetrical in 7, — p, we
have also, pn = —(1[—7z])n. These formulas seem to be new, as also those
which follow.
15. The homogeneous products, k at a time, rnk.
Here a, is a binomial coefficient of the n’th power, whose value
is zero for n<k, and 1 for n=k, and,
tk =(ap)n, Gy =(-1)*-1K1.n—k.)
16. By applying art. 9 to the coefficients of (ap)n, and substituting
Tq =(1p)n, we have
(a). (ap)n = pity —1+G2Prty — 2 + °° +4nPy
We have therefore,
Pity—1 Py —2 P3tn—3 PsTy —4 PsTy —s, elec.
"q = 1 1 1 1 [lererc:
sy="m = 1 2 3 4 F 5 etc
"De 1 3 6 Wo) aie
he = il 4 10 eli
=H = 1 5 etc,
"a5 = 1 etc
272
From the top line and the diagonal of units, we continue adding a number
to the one above for the next number in the same line (a particular case of
‘art. 5). When n>m, the number of functions in each set is m.
The solution of these equations for the second set in terms of the first
is found by interchanging corresponding functions, pkrn—k and xnk.
Rose Pouiytecunic INsTITUTE.
273
SomME RELATIONS OF PLANE AND SPHERIC GEOMETRY.
Davin A. RoTHRocK.
Our notions of plane analytic geometry date to the publication by Descartes
of his philosophical work: *“‘Discours dela méthode . . . dans les sciences,”
1637, which contained an appendix on “La Geometrie.”’ In this work Des-
cartes devised a method of expressing a plane locus by means of a relation
between the distances of any point of the locus from two fixed lines. This
discovery of Descartes led to the analytic geometry of the plane, and the
extension to three dimensional space gave rise to geometry of space figures
by the analytic method. A single equation, f(x.y) = 0, between two variables
represents a plane curve; a single equation, F; (x,y,z) = o, in three variables
represents a surface in space; and two equations, F, (x,y,z) = 0, F2 (x,y,z) = 0,
represent a curve In space.
In the Cartesian system of codrdinates, a space curve is determined by
the intersection of two surfaces. If we wish to investigate the curves upon
a single surface, that is, if we wish to devise a geometry of a given surface.
it may be possible to discover a system of codrdinates upon the surface,
such that any surface-locus may be expressed by a single equation in terms
of two coordinates, as in plane geometry. The sphere furnishes a simple
example in which a locus upon its surface may be represented by a single
equation connecting the codrdinates of any point upon the locus.
Toward the end of the eighteenth century a fragmentary system of
analytic geometry of loci upon the surface of the sphere was developed.
This early work on Spheric Geometry seems to have originated with Euler
(1707-1783), but many of the special cases of spherical loci were investigated
by Euler’s colleagues and assistants at St. Petersburg. In the present paper
are enumerated a number of the early investigations on spherical loci, and a
derivation of the equations of sphero-conics in modern notation. The
correspondence of the spheric equations to the similar equations of plane
analytics is shown.
5084—18
IN
ba |
oa
HISTORICAL.
One of the first problems involving a locus upon a sphere to be solved by
use of spherical coérdinates was the following: Find the locus of the verter
of a spherical triangle having a constant area and a fixed base. With the base
AB fixed, Fig. 1, and the area of the spherical triangle APB constant, the
P
A
Figed
locus of P was shown to be a small circle. This result was derived by Johann
Lexell (1740-1784), an astronomer at St. Petersburg, in 1781. The problem
was found to have been solved earlier, 1778, by Euler.1 The result is some-
times known as Lexell’s theorem.
A second spherical locus appeared as the solution of the problem: To
jind the locus of the vertex of a spherical triangle upon a fixed base, such that
the sum of the two variable sides is a constant. This problem defines a locus
P
Fi'g- 2
upon the sphere analogous to the ordinary definition of an ellipse in the
plane. The locus of P is called the Spherical Ellipse. The solution of this
problem was found in 1785 by Nicholaus Fuss (1755-1826), a native of Basel,
and an assistant to Euler at St. Petersburg from 1773 until Euler’s death
in 1783.
Frederick Theodore Schubert, a Russian astronomer, a contemporary
of Fuss, published solutions to a number of spherical loci, types of which
i Cantor, Vol. IV, p. 384, p. 416.
2795
are shown in the following: Given a triangle with a fixed base, find the locus
of the vertex P such that the variable sides, p, p’, Fig. 2, satisfy:
(1) sinp = k sinp’,
(2) cosp = Kk cosp’,
(3) sin$ = ksin?,
' (4) cos = k cos Be
In Crelle’s Journal, Vol. VI, 1830, pp. 244-254, Gudermann published an
article “‘ Ueber die analytische Spharik,”’ which contains a collection of spherical
loci connected with sphero-conics, for example, such as: (1) The locus of the
feet of perpendiculars drawn from the focus of a spherical ellipse wpon tangents
to the spherical ellipse; (2) The locus of the intersection of perpendicular tangents
to a spherical ellipse; and other problems similar to those of plane analytics.
The notation employed by Gudermann is not fully explained, and is an
adaptation from that used by him in a private publication of his work
“Grundriss der analytischen Spharik, to which the present writer does not
have access.
Thomas Stephens Davies published, 1834, in the Transactions of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. XII, pp. 259-362, and pp. 379-428, two
papers, entitled, “The Equations of Loci Traced upon the Surface of a Sphere.”
In these extensive papers the author uses a system of polar codrdinates
upon the sphere, and derives the equations of many interesting curves, the
spherical conics, cycloids, spirals, as well as many properties of these curves.
The polar equations of Davies may be transformed into great-circle co-
ordinates, giving equations of spherical loci in a form similar to the Cartesian
equations of corresponding loci in the plane.
SPHERICAL ANALYTICS.
A system of analytic geometry upon the sphere may be derived in direct
correspondence to that of the plane by a proper choice of axes of codrdinates.
1. Coérdinates. Let us select as axes two great circles xxiv’ per-
pendicular to each other at O, Fig. 3. The spherical codrdinates of any
point P are the intercepts, OA = £and OB = 2, cut off upon the axes by per-
pendiculars drawn from P. Let the length of the perpendiculars from P be
PB es and: PAC =" 5/.
Fig 3
From the right spherical triangles PBY and PAX we have the following
fundamental relations:
tan &’ tan é tan 7’ tan 7’
(1) tan € = = , tan 7 = — =
sinBY GOS 7 sinAX cos &
2. Equation of the Spheric Line LM in Terms of its Intercepts.
The are of a great circle we will call a spheric straight line. Let the inter-
cepts be OL = a, OM = 8, and the angle OLM = 4, Fig. 3. Then from the
right triangles MOL and PAL we have
tan 6B tan. 7’ tan 7’
tang = — , and tan ¢ = — ht oe
sin @ sinAL sin(a — £)
Equating these values of tan ¢,and substituting the value of tan 7’ from (1),
tan 8 tan 7 Gos — tan 7
sina sinacos— — cosasiné sIna — cosa tané
Expressing each function in terms of tangents and reducing, we find the equa-
tion of the spheric line in the intercept form:
P
tan & tan 7
(2) =e ——>— _ Ths
tan @ tan p
277
(1) Special Cases. (a) Parallels to the axes. A shperic line parallel to
the OY-axis passes through the pole of the axis OX. Hence for a parallel
to the OY-axis 8B = 90° and the equation of the line becomes
(3) tan — = tana
and for a parallel to the O X-axis, a = 90°, and
‘ (4) tan &€ = tan 6
(b) A line through one point. If a line (2) is to pass through (&, m),
we have
tan € — tan & tan 7 — tan m
(5) =F = 0
tan a tan 6
(ec) A line through two points (&, m1), (£, 7), is given by
tan € — tan & tan 7» — tan m
tan & — tan & tan yn. — tan m
Fey. 4
Conditions of perpendicularity, parallelism, angles of intersection of spheric
straight lines may also be expressed, but will not be included here.
(2) Correspondence to plane geometry. The intercept form of the spheric
straight line is similar to the corresponding equation in plane geometry,
and may be reduced to that form by letting the radius of the sphere increase
without limit.
278
3. The Spheric Ellipse. Find the locus of the vertex P of a spherical triangle
with fixed base FF’, such that the sum of the sides is a constant, p + p’ = 2a.
Vig. 4.
This definition defines the Spheric Ellipse MGM?'G!.
Take the origin at the center O of the base FF’. Let FF’ = 2c, p + p’
= 2a,0M = a,OG = 8. WhenFP falls at G, FG = a = F’G.
Then from the right triangle FOG (hypotenuse not drawn), we have
(1) cosa = cos B cose;
and from PAX,
(2) tan 7’ = cosé tan 7.
From the right triangles PAF and PAF’, we have
(3) cosp = cosn’ cos (e—£), cosp’ = cosn’cos (¢ + &).
Adding equations (3) and using p + p’ = 2a,
(4) cosa cos z = = GOS7’ cose cosé.
al
and subtracting (3),
p—p
5, O r ; 0
(5) sinew sin = GOS 7 sine siné
p
Eliminating and ¢ from (1), (4), (5) and reducing, we find the
symmetrical equation of the spheric ellipse
tan?é tan?7
tan?a tan?
a, and B being the intercepts on the axes, OM, and OG, respectively.
Special Cases. (1) Let a = 6, and we have a circle
(A) tan?é + tan’n = tana,
with center at O and radius a. With a = 90°, this circle becomes the bound-
ary of the hemisphere on which our geometry is located, corresponding to
the circle with infinite radius in plane geometry.
(2) Let a = 90°, and the ellipse becomes the two ‘‘parallel lines”, tan?y
= tan?6, passing through the poles of the OY-axis.
(3) The equation of a circle upon a sphere may be derived quite readily,
but the resulting equation is somewhat unsymmetrical. Let 4, m, be the
279
coordinates of the center, and let a be the radius. Then the equation may be
derived from the fundamental equations
tan 7’ = cos & tan m, tan &’ = cos m tan &,
tan 7’ = cos ~ tan 7, tan &’ = cos 7 tan &,
and the polar equation
cos @ = sin n,’ sin 7’ + cos m’ Gos 7’ Gos (E — £1),
by the elimination of £', m’ and £’, 7’.
The resulting equation is
(tan £— tan &)? + (tan 7— tan 7:)2+ (tan £ tan 7 —tan & tan 2
= tan? a (1 + tan é tan & + tan 7 tan 7)?.
When & = 7: = 0, this equation reduces to that given in (A) above.
Fis,
4. The Spheric Hyperbola. This spherical curve may be defined as the
locus of a point which moves so that the difference of its distances from two fixed
points is constant, p — p’ = 2 a.
Using the notation of Fig. 4, but with p — p’ = 2 a, this definition leads
to the equation
tan? & tan? 7
tan? a tan? B
which is the spheric hyperbola. The locus does not intersect the OY-axis;
the conjugate spheric hyperbola may be defined by
280
tan? & tan? 7
i oe ak
tan? a tan? 8
and the spherie asymploles to either by
tan & tan 7
= +
tan a tan 6
5. The Spheric Parabola. A Spheric Parabola may be defined as the
locus of a point moving wpon the surface of a sphere so as to be equally distant
from a fixed point F and a fixed great circle CM, Fig. 5.
From the definition PR = PF; let O bisect M F. Then from Fig. 5,
(1) tan 7’ = cos é tan 7,
(2) cos PH = sin PR = cos 7’ sin (ec + 6&),
(8) cos PF = cos 7’ cos (£ — @).
Squaring and adding (2), (3)
1 = cos?n’ {sin2 (é + e) + cos? (E — ©},
or
1 + tan?n’ = 1 + 4 sine cose siné cose.
Substituting from (1),
tan2y = 2 sin2e tané,
which is the required equation.
6. Correspondence to Plane Geometry. The above equations of the
spheric straight line, ellipse, hyperbola, parabola, and circle, show a marked
similarity to the corresponding equations in the plane. These equations may
be reduced to tk~ equations in plano by considering the radius of the sphere
to increase without limit. This may be done by expressing the ares in terms of
the radius, and finding the limit of the functions in each equation asr = ~.
For example, in the spheric ellipse,
tan?é tan?
(1) a = i,
tana tan?’B
let (£, 7), (a, 8) be radian measure of ares on a unit sphere; then on a sphere
of radius r, we have ares (x, y), (a, b) determined by
x y a b
é =- 7 = 5 (OR > B lane
r r r r
HK yuation (1) becomes
(x| (y)
tan?4— } tan?{—}
let
\rJ ry
a = I
a) * pl
tan?4— ; tan?;—;
Lr) Lr}
Expand the tangents into infinite series according to the law
Z3 224° 17 Z “7” exponent of Z,
tan Z = Z+— + a= ae
3 15 315
and we find
Pea oe
+ st OER
lreeeoers ) lr 3r3 }
ae
Cac cee oped ee ):
4 + oe j= SF An sheet
lr aa } lr Sars )
Dividing r? from each fraction, and passing to the limit r — ~*~, and we
have the equation of an ellipse in the plane.
x2 y2
Any equation in the “rectangular spheric’ codrdinates will reduce, in the
limit when the sphere is made to increase infinitely, to the equation of a
corresponding locus in the plane.
283
SomME NoTtres ON THE MECHANISM OF LIGHT AND HEatT
RADIATIONS.
JAMES EH. WEYANT.
In all the realm of the natural sciences there has been no more fascinating
and elusive problem than that relating to the mechanism involved in the
transmission of light and heat. How energy may be transmitted at a dis-
tance; what action is involved at its source; what properties matter may
possess that this may proceed over vast spaces; what atomic and molecular
changes are involved in the emission and absorption of light and radiant
heat, are all questions involving the ultimate structure of matter and are as
yet incapable of complete solution.
Some of the familiar types of wave motion we observe in nature; for
instance, wave motion in water; the transmission of sound waves through
air, water and various solids are of such a character as to be easily repro-
duced under conditions whereby they can be accurately measured, their
origin determined and their mode of propagation analyzed. In case of
vibratory motion in matter capable of affecting the auditory nerve or in
other words of producing sound, the mechanism is comparatively simple.
As to source we have a material body, executing some form of simple har-
monic motion; these vibrations being “‘handed on”’ to adjacent particles in
a periodic disturbance or wave. This propagation stops, however, when
the limit of matter has been reached, i. e., sound waves cannot traverse a
vacuum. In all this process, matter has been concerned, both in the origin
and the propagation of the wave motion. In light and heat waves, matter
is concerned, ‘also both in its production and absorption; but in its propaga-
tion they do not appear to depend in any way upon the presence of matter,
as they pass readily through the best vacua and traverse the vast inter-
stellar spaces with apparently the greatest ease.
Since we find that all radiations of light and heat energy originate in mat-
ter we must find the mechanism necessary for their production intimately
involved in the constitution of matter itself. The kinetic theory served to
give an incomplete mental picture of this mechanism and upon it was based
many of the hypotheses of the past.
Various electrical and optical phenomena have been explained upon
the ground of ether disturbances. These disturbances have been inter-
284
preted in different ways, but the consensus of opinion is to assign them to
one of two kinds: first, magnetic and electro-static phenomena caused
by strains in the ether and, second, based upon a dynamic disturbance; dis-
turbances which can be propagated through the ether at the rate of three
times ten to the tenth em. per sec. (3 & 10" em.) These ether waves pro-
ceeding radially from the source carrying with them, not matter, in its
old sense, but energy.
It is an established fact that all bodies emit radiant energy in some
degree; the intensity of this radiation being dependent upon the character
of the body, its surface peculiarities and upon its temperature. Kirchoff
gave us a law which states a relation between the emissive and absorptive
power of bodies, ‘‘that the ratio between the absorptive power and the
emissive power is the same for all bodies at the same temperature and that
the value of this ratio depends only on the temperature and the wave length.”’
For a ‘‘black body”’ this ratio is considered unity in as much as it absorbs
all the radiant energy which falls upon it. While we know of no substance
which may be considered a ‘‘black body”’ in this sense, the radiations within
a uniformly heated enclosure may be considered to approximate those ema-
nating from a perfectly “black body.”
Stefan’s law takes us a step further and gives us a relative measure of
the radiation of a black body emitted at different temperature. The law
states that “the total energy radiated by a black body is directly proportional
to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the radiating body,”
ae) f ac 8 0
i.e. EK = CT4 or — = +— 7 whence — = — or OA = constant.
ts (a! Bp
Observation shows that the color of a “black body” is a function of its
temperature; for instance at 530° C. it glows with a dull red; at 1000° C.
the red gives place to a yellow and when 1200° C. to 1250° C. has been
reached it has grown white hot or incandescent. In the spectrum of a black
body we find the distribution of energy to be dependent upon its temperature.
Wien has shown “‘that as the temperature of the body rises that the peak
of the energy curve is displaced towards the shorter wave length.’’ While
Wien’s law and his proposed revision stated in his second law satisfied
the conditions obtaining in a limited area of the visible spectrum it was found
not to hold true with respect to facts relating to wave lengths lying in the
285
region beyond the visible red. To satisfy these conditions Professor Max
Planck proposed a modification as follows:
Cio
C and ¢ are constant.
1b = @ where ¢ base of natural log.
g@O@A—-1
As far as recent determinations have been carried out, this law holds true
and gives practically a complete energy curve of a black body for desired
temperatures. Not only did the statement of this law serve to reconcile
purely theoretical conclusions with experimental determinations but paved
the way for a more adyanced step toward the explanation of the mechanism
involved in radiation.
It is evident that we have yet to establish the connecting link between
the thermal condition of a body and the radiant energy sent out into space
by that body. If we go back to the theory developed by Maxwell we can
easily see how this energy is propagated when once started in the ether.
This theory clearly accounts for its speed, for interference and diffraction
phenomena, but it apparently fails to closely associate thermal condition
and the subsequent radiant energy. Planck found that this formula did not
satisfactorily represent the relation existing between the frequency and the
amount of energy involved, i. e. why, as a body grows hotter, does its color
change from dull red to yellow and then white, unless there was some definite
mathematical relation existing between the frequency and amount of energy
given out by each vibratory particle. In an endeavor to determine this
relation, Planck was led to advance the Quantum theory or hypothesis wherein
he develops a type of function which apparently agrees with the facts better
than any theories previously held. In doing this he has made a unique
assumption, leaving the idea of the equi--partition of energy so necessary
to the former theories, he has put forth the idea of the distribution of energy
among the molecules of a substance through a mathematical consideration
of probability. It is interesting to note in this connection that Planck states
that the reason why no absolute proof of the second law of thermo-dynamies
has ever been given is that it rests not. on unchangeable mathematical
relations, but upon mere probability or chance. Following out this idea he
assumes that there may not be a steady, uniform flow of energy from a
heated body, but that this may be propelled outward in quantities which
286
are integral multiples of some fundamental unit of energy. This implies
that energy is emitted from a body in some definite, finite unit and is closely
related to his idea that the entropy of a body is a function of the probability
of its present state.
Conceiving the emission of radiant energy as explosive in type and not
continuous, Planck concludes that these energy units may not be neces-
sarily of the same magnitude. When a system is vibrating with high fre-
quency, a large amount or large unit of energy is associated with it, whereas
one of low frequency gives out smaller quantities or units of energy, thus
giving us an explanation why so little energy is found in one end of the spec-
trum. The fact that some bodies have low thermal capacities at low tem-
peratures and that these increase with rise in temperature is indicative of
the value of this theory. In this connection it is interesting to note that
an explanation of the hydrogen lines in the spectrum has been proposed,
based on the idea that no radiations take place except when one electron
vibrating changes the form of its orbit, at which instant the energy change
of the system is the same. Take the case of the line spectra; it has been
asserted that the lines in the spectrum of hydrogen are due to various
electronic vibration frequencies in the hydrogen atom, when the equilibrium
of this atom has been disturbed; but when this electron is vibrating about
the so-called positive core of the atom that we have an entire system in
equilibrium. As long as these vibrations are regular no energy can be sent
forth, inasmuch as by this, the equilibrium of the system would be disturbed.
With this disturbance there would be a change in its vibration frequency
and assuming the radiation emission to be continuous it follows that the
frequency change will likewise be continuous; but this at once results in the
destruction of the lines in the spectrum. An ingenious explanation of these
hydrogen lines has been proposed based on Planck’s Quantum theory. The
electron is conceived of as vibrating about the central core in some form of
a stable orbit, probably ellipical in shape. At the instant that one of these
orbits changes form radiation will take place. At this instant the radiation
will be of one frequency and the energy change will be represented by E =hn
where n is frequency of vibrations and h is the universal constant of
radiation and is termed by Planck the ‘‘operating quantity.”
The problem is a very complex one and has been approached from many
angles. The Zeeman effect produced when a light and heat center is placed
in a magnetic field offers additional evidence relative to the shifting of line
287
spectra. It was found that the line spectra was materially changed when
the center in question was placed in a strong magnetic field. Later this
was shown to be related to the vibration of a negative charge of small
magnitude, giving additional confirmation of the electron theory of radiation.
We know that when a particle or particles of matter execute some form of
simple harmonic motion with sufficient frequency that a note of definite
pitch is produced. Why can not we carry the sound analogy over into the
realm of electronic motion and conceive of one of these electrons executing
some form of simple harmonic motion with, of course, some definite period,
its frequency bearing some definite relation to its temperature, as proposed
by Planck.
If the sound analogy referred to applies to combined waves of varying
frequency and wave length so as to produce “‘spectral harmonics” to coin
such a phrase, the center producing them must of necessity be very complex.
Take for instance the fluorescent effects noted when the vapors of certain
metals is examined; or the luminosity of a gas when a small portion of its
molecular aggregate has been ionized. It has been found that when
UOXTRRS part of the molecules of a gas has been ionized that it becomes
luminous. Likewise it has been observed that dissociation of some of the
halogen group is accompanied by changes in its absorption spectrum. Many
experiments also show that fiuorescence and likewise phosphorescence are
due to or accompanied by dissociation or ionization.
Considerable light has been shed upon this problem by the study of the
emission of heat by radioactive substances. Curie and Laborde found in
1903 that the temperature of a radium compound was maintained by itself
several degrees higher than its surroundings. It was found that radium
emitted heat at a rate sufficient to more than melt its own weight of ice
per hour. According to Rutherford the emission of heat from radioactive
substances is a measure of energy of the radiation expelled from the active
matter which are absorbed by itself and the surrounding envelope. This
heating effect was supposed to be a measure of the kinetic energy of the
expelled @ particles; the heating effect was calculated by determining the
kinetic energy of the a particles expelled from one gram of radium per
second.
K.E. = }mn LV?2m = mass of particle.
n = no. emitted by each group per second.
vy = the velocity of the different group of particles
considering the energy of the recoil as equal
and opposite that of the @ particle, the energy
of recoil of mass M is 3 a MY?, therefore total
energy is 4% mn[l + a! >V2 + E where
E is the energy of the 8 and \ rays absorbed under
these conditions.
1.38 » 10° ergs per second corresponds to heat
emission of 118 grams calories per hour.
Heating effect of emanations 94.5 calories per hour.
Observed values 94 calories per hour; calculated 94.5
calories per hour.
Rutherford and Robertson made an experimental determination to see
how accurately this theoretical value harmonized with the experimental
value and found a very close correspondence between the two values. This
agreement led Rutherford to say that “‘there thus appears to be no doubt
that the heat emissions of radium ean be accounted for by taking into
consideration the energy of the radiations absorbed.” (The heat emitted
is 2.44 x 10° calories per gram).
He gives an interesting comparison as to the amount of energy set free
in the action accompanying the expulsion of the rays, as follows: “the
heat emitted during the combination of 1 cc. of H and O to form H:,0 is
about 2 gram calories; the emanation during its successive transformations
thus gives out more than ten million times as much energy as the com-
bination of an equal volume of H and O to form water although the latter
reaction is accompanied by a larger release of energy than that of any other
known to chemistry.”
Further, “‘the energy emitted by radioactive substances is manifest during
the transformation of the atom and is derived from the initial energy of the
atoms themselves. The enormous quantity of energy released during the
transformation of active matter shows unmistakeably that the atoms them-
99 ¢e
selves must contain a great store of internal energy; ‘“‘undoubtedly this is
true of all but it is only perceived in the case of those which undergo atomic
transformation.”
Experiments conducted within the past three years at Munich in determ-
ining the interference effects produced by the passage of X-rays through
crystalline substances have shown that X-rays possess many of the properties
289
of light waves except in regard to their wave length, these being approximately
1/10000 the length of ultra-violet waves; these and the foregoing phenomena
accompanying the ionization and dissociation of various gases; the disinte-
gration of radioactive substances have given the champions of the undu-
latory theory of light some reason for alarm; the phenomena of interference
was formerly considered as explainable only in the light of the wave theory,
but the behavior of the X-rays when examined for interference effects in
erystals seems to pave the way for a revision of this. Not only can the
wave lengths of X-rays be measured by the method suggested but the
atomic structure of the crystal itself is revealed and the motion of the atoms
outlined. The imporatnce of this discovery in relation to thermal effects
and heat emissions accompanying chemical reactions and rearrangements
ean hardly be overestimated.
As to the seriousness of the attempts to get at the ultimate constitution
of light and heat centers and thereby gain a clearer knowledge of the
mechanism of radiation, we have but to note the trend of thought as pre-
sented in recent papers read before the British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science. At the recent Birmingham meeting of this association,
a vigorous discussion arose as to the fundamentals involved in this ques-
tion of radiation. At the meeting, J. H. Jeans, F. R. S., gave a very interest-
ing and comprehensive summary of the facts relating to this fruitful topic;
while he sets forth the new idea involved he retains faith in the truth of
Maxwell’s equations, but suggests that these equations can be made of
more general application by the addition of the expression. representing
the unit quantities employed by Planck in his development. These quan-
tities being respectively E and h. The magnitude of H has been determined
to be 6.415 & 10 — gm. em./sec., an exceedingly small quantity. We
might quote from Einstein in support of the quantum theory; he approached
the problem from the standpoint of the theory of relativity. It may be
necessary to revise our ideas of an all-pervading ether so essential to the
working of the undulatory theory. We are just beginning to realize that
we may have arrived at a point in our knowledge of light and heat centers
where the wave theory fails to carry us any farther and that whereas it serves
us well in explaining: difficulties of elementary problems it does not carry
-us to an ultimate solution. We may conclude that as there are unmis-
takeable evidences derived from different sources that the undulatory theory
fails to give satisfactory solution to many of the newer problems that have
5084—19
290
arisen. The additions which it must receive are in the region of photo-
magnetic or photo-electric manifestations as evidenced by the Zeeman
effect and the connection existing between ionization and light centers.
Perhaps some investigator in the field of electro-magnetic oscillations
will be able some day to devise an oscillator of such frequency that not only
will he be able to produce radiant heat but run the gamut of a photo-
chromatic scale not of sounds and their overtones and harmonics but create
for us the gorgeous colors of a sunrise or a sunset; or perhaps there may
arise a counterpart of modern orchestral music executed not in a concord
of harmonious sounds but of color, with shades and tints more marvelously
beautiful than any the human mind has yet conceived.
291
A STANDARD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF HIGH VOLTAGES.
C. Francis Harpinc.
Modern developments in the generation, transmission, distribution and
utilization of electricity at high voltages have greatly outstripped the accurate
measurement of such voltages. Those familiar with the very accurate stand-
ards and measurements of voltage, current and power at low potentials may
be surprised to learn that the recognized standard for the determination
of high voltages is the needle or sphere spark gap. In other words the voltage
if measured simply by the distance that it will cause a spark to jump in air
between needle points or spheres under specified conditions.
It is hardly necessary to point out that such a standard is readily affected
by temperature, humidity and barometric changes, not to mention the
presence of other conductors which may be in the immediate vicinity. It
is therefore not readily reproducible and it is most difficult to make the two
standards agree at 50 kilovolts at which voltage both should be accurate.
With these facts in mind, an attempt is being made in the electrical
laboratories of Purdue University to develop a more satisfactory standard
for the measurement of high voltages which is based upon the fundamental
principles of the electrostatic field. Although many forms of electrostatic
voltmeters have been developed in the past, in the endeavor to commercialize
them and make them compact, the very uniform field upon which their
accuracy depends has been sacrificed. No attempt has been made to make
the standard voltmeter described herein portable or a thing of beauty, for it
is believed that such qualities are quite subordinate in the consideration
of a primary standard.
If a perfectly uniform electrostatic field is produced between two parallel
metal plates it can be readily shown that the force action between such
plates expressed in dynes is
AE?K
peas
Sit?
where A = area of plate in square centimeters
E = potential expressed in electrostatic units
kK = dielectric constant (unity for air)
t = distance between plates in centimeters.
292
The following relation exists, therefore, between the electro-motive force
applied to the plates expressed in volts and the force in grams exerted between
the plates.
BH = 47098t / =
Ww 4
If the plates are made of very great area, it may be assumed that the
electrostatic field at their center is uniform provided that the plates are not
far apart.
In the apparatus constructed at Purdue University a circular dise of very
small area was cut from the center of the Jower horizontal plate and this dise
was mounted upon a float supported in a tank filled with oil in such a manner
that its surface is horizontal and concentric with the stationary plate but
with its plane a small fraction of an inch below that of the stationary plate.
When an electromotive force is impressed upon the two stationary plates
the movable disc is attracted by the upper plate and may be lifted into the
plane of the lower plate by raising the voltage to the proper value. This
condition can be readily detected by means of a telescope sighted along the
surface of the lower stationary plate.
With the plates very near together, and a voltage sufficiently low to be
readily standardized, the force necessary to raise the disc may be calculated
from the above equation. If now an unknown high voltage be impressed
upon the plates which have in the meantime been sufficiently separated to
bring again the disc into alignment with the lower plate, the force will of course
be the same as before and the new voltage may be determined by the relation
ial 0)
E! = — the voltages being directly proportional to the distances between
t
plates.
Such a voltmeter has been constructed and the ratio of impressed voltages
to distance between plates required for a balance has been found to follow
surprisingly close to a straight-line law when a previously determined and
constant value of force is used. Further studies are now being made to
determine the range within which this apparatus may be considered standard
for given dimensions of plates and further refinements are being made in
its construction, method of reading, and calibration.
293
The writer is under obligation to Professor C. M. Smith for many helpful
suggestions and to Messrs. Wright and Holman of the 1915 class in electrical
engineering at Purdue University for the working out of details of design,
construction and test.
295
IONISATION STANDARDS.
Epwin MorrIson.
It is very important under certain conditions in radioactive measure-
ments to have an ionisation standard. (See Rutherford’s Radioactive Sub-
stances and their Transformation, page 111, article 49.) It is also interesting
and profitable for students to study the ionising effects of different thicknesses
of radioactive substances. (See McClung’s Conduction of Electricity Through
Gases and Radioactive, page 131. article 86. Makower and Giger’s Prac-
tical Measurements in Radioactivity, page 42, article 30. and Millikan and
Milles’ Electricity, Sound and Light, page 350, experiment 28.)
McCoy describes a method of making an ionisation standard in the Phil.
Mag. May. XI page 176, 1906, and such a standard as determined by Geiger
and Rutherford was found to emit 2.37x10* @ particles per second per one
gram of uranium oxide. (See Geiger and Rutherford, Phil. Mag. May. XX
page 391, 1910.)
The following is a very convenient modification of McCoy’s process ot
making such an ionisation standard and a method of preparation of material
for student work. <A brass rod 36 centimeters in length has a series of shelves
Rig we
arranged spirally about it from bottom to top as shown in Fig. 1. Thesw
shelves are about four centimeters apart, and are designed to support small
brass disks. The brass disks should each be accurately weighed and arranged
in order upon the spiral shelves. Uranium oxide is carefully powdered in a
296
morter and then thoroughly mixed with alcohol in a tall graduate or glass
cylinder. The rod supporting the brass disks is next carefully lowered into
the mixture of alcohol and uranium oxide. The uranium oxide settles to the
bottom, and in doing so deposits a layer upon each disk, the thickness and
amount of deposit depending upon the height of the shelf from the bottom.
igiy!
After all the oxide has settled to the bottom the rod is removed and the disks
allowed to dry. By again weighing the disks the weight of the oxide upon
each one can be determined. Also by determining the density of the uranium
oxide the thickness of the films can be calculated. These disks can now be
mounted upon metal plates for permanent use as ionisation standards, or
for student use in determining the fact that ionisation currents depend upon
the thickness of the layer of material up to a certain maximum thickness.
297
‘A SIMPLE PHOTOGRAPHIC SPECTROMETER.
EKpwin Morrison.
Photographie spectrometers of several different types can be purchased
from instrument makers. Attachments to convert ordinary prism spectro-
meters into photographic spectrometers can also be found upon the market.
It is the purpose of this article to describe a method of constructing a simple
photographic attachment for a prism spectrometer that can be constructed at
shght expense in any well equipped laboratory.
Figure one shows a diagram of the camera attachment. The dimensions
have to do with the one I have constructed, and would need to be modified
to meet the conditions of available material. That is, the length and diam-
a (piper C +
| ay
. |
A es ee ee
| 7 :
> 28- SL AUS aay ia eC
Fy g |
eter of the camera tube is determined by the focal length and diameter of the
objective lense used. The figure is largely self explanatory. The section of
the tube from C to B is constructed from a piece of wood 3x3x7 inches. A
hole is bored lengthwise through this piece. From C to E this hole is 2 inches
in diameter, and in order to shut out the stray light from around the focusing
tube the remainder of the distance from E to B is 134 inches. <A brass tube
T, 2 inches in diameter is carefully fitted into the hole in this piece so that
it can be slipped freely inward or outward for focusing purposes. At the
outer end of this tube a 124-inch, 28 inches focal length, achromatic lense L
is mounted. The tube from B to A is a tapering box, 2/4 inches square at
B and 4 inches square at A. This section is constructed from %s-inch lumber,
the joints being carefully glued and reénforced by screws to make the box
298
light tight. At A an attachment is arranged to hold a ground glass for focus-
ing purposes, and a common camera plate holder for making the exposures.
The camera tube is mounted on a common prism spectrometer in place of
the telescope as shown in Fig 2. The collimator slit, prism, and light source
to be studied are adjusted in the usual way. When all adjustments, together
it
Hig, 2.
with focusing the objective lense of the camera, have been made, a clearly
defined spectrum image. including the Fraunhofer lines. may be seen upon the
ground glass. In the usual procedure a plate holder containing an unexposed
plate may be substituted for the ground glass and the exposure made.
The instrument constructed in our laboratory has proven to be very
successful for student work.
299
On THE RELATIVE VELOCITIES OF SOUND WAVES OF
DIFFERENT INTENSITIES.
Artruur L. Fotry, Head of the Department of Physics, Indiana University,
Publication No. 42.
It appears that the first determination of the velocity of sound that can
lay claim to any accuracy was made by Cassini, Maraldi, and LaCaille, of the
Paris Academy, in 1738. By noting the time interval between seeing the flash
of a cannon and hearing the report, with different distances between gun and
experimenter, they arrived at the conclusion that the velocity of sound is
independent of the intensity. This conclusion seems to have been accepted
for more than a century. In 1864 Regnault determined the velocity of sound
by firmg guns reciprocally and using an electrical device for recording the
instant of firing the gun and the arrival of the sound vave at the distant sta-
tion. He found a small difference, about six parts in three thousand, in the
velocities measured when the stations were 1,280 meters apart and when they
were 2.445 meters apart, the former being the greater. The difference he
attributed to the fact that the average intensity of the sound when the sta-
tions were nearest was much greater than when farthest apart, thus reach-
ing the conclusion that the velocity of sound is a function of its intensity.
Regnault’s conclusion accords with theory and with experimental results
obtained by several later experimenters. Among these may be named Jacques
at Watertown, Mass., 1879, who obtained velocities of 1,076 feet per second,
and 1,267 feet per second, at points 20 feet and 80 feet respectively to the
rear of a cannon fired with a charge of one and one-half pounds of powder.
Wolfe and others have found varying velocities for explosion waves, a wave
from an electric spark being of this nature. A fuller consideration of these
experiments will be given when the writer has completed his experimental
work on this subject.
The apparatus in use in this investigation, which is still in progress, is
practically the same as described by the writer in a paper published three
years ago under the title “A New Method of Photographing Sound Waves.”
But three changes have been made in the apparatus there shown. One is the
short-circuiting of the capacity by a high resistance and inductance to give
better regulation of the time interval between the sound and illuminating
physical Review, Vol. XX XV, No. 5. Nov., 1912.
300
sparks, a method described elsewhere in these Proceedings. A second is a
considerable increase in the two capacities, to obtain waves of greater inten-
sity. A third isa modification of the sound gap, or rather a disposition of
screens about the sound spark in order to obtain waves from the same spark
of both great and small intensity. These waves are photographed on the same
plate, enabling one to determine their relative velocities. A few of the results
are given in this preliminary paper.
The details of the sound gap and screen are shown in Figure 31. A heavy
spark is passed between the platinum terminals P-P. This produces a
cylindrical sound wave shown in section at S, S. G is a eylindrical metal
sereen, which I shall call a grating, concentric with the spark axis, and having
longitudinal slits or apertures O, O, cut in it, as shown in the figure, thus
forming a sort of grating. The grating is so placed that it intercepts but one
end, the left end in the figure, of the cylindrical wave, the right end or half
spreading out the same as if the grating were not in use. I shall call this wave
the main wave. Some of the energy of the left end of the wave is reflected by
the grating, but some of it passes through the apertures which thus become
sound sources, the waves spreading out in every direction from these sources.
I shall call these waves wavelets.
301
The energy at any point in the wave front of the wavelets must be small
compared to the energy at any point in the main wave, for two reasons. In
the first place only a fraction of the energy of the original wave passes through
the apertures. In the second place, what does get through spreads out to
form the wavelets and thus greatly reduces the energy propagated in a partic-
ular direction. If the speed of propagation decreases with the energy of the
sound wave, and, therefore, with the intensity, it would seem that our photo-
graphs should show two results: the velocity of a wavelet should be less than
that of the main wave, and the wave front of a wavelet should not be cir-
cular, because the energy at a point in the wavelet falls off rapidly as the dis-
tance from the pole of the wave increases. One need not cite Stokes’s law,
for the pictures clearly indicate a variation in intensity along the front of the
wavelets. Yet, taking into consideration the breadth of the apertures the
wavelets are circular, showing that the velocity of the pole of the wave is not
ereater than the velocity tangent to the grating surface. Nor does the breadth
of the aperture, and, therefore, the energy passing through, appear to make
any difference in the velocity. It will be noted that the photographs show
apertures of four different sizes.
The photographs show that the main wave and the poles of all the wave-
lets are tangent to one another, and since the wavelets are circular, that the
velocity of the attenuated wavelet propagated tangent to the grating surface
is not less than the velocity of the main wave of much greater intensity.
Physies Laboratory, Indiana University, December, 1915.
50
304
305
A SimeLtE Metuop or HARMONIZING LEYDEN JAR
DISCHARGES.
ArtTuHUR L. Fotry, Head of the Department of Physics, Indiana University.
Publication No. 41.
In the photography of sound waves! one of the chief difficulties is to secure
the proper time interval between the sound producing spark and the illum-
inating spark which pictures the wave. A spark gap is always apparently
more or less erratic. When one places two gaps in series, Figure 1, and en-
SOUND WAVE
ebb SS
LIGHT SPARK Ss 5 ees
———— 4 -
gee ELE ——
——— SS
é =
. - cae
- gar PERS SER ES
— © capacity
~—— ELECTRIC MACHINE TERMINALS
THEORETICAL CROSS-SECTION OF SOUND WAVE, EXPLAINING FORMATION OF WAVE SHADOW ON THE PHOTOGRAPHIC &
HEMISPHERICAL ENDS OF WAVE PRODUCE BUT LITTLE EFFECT ON LIGHT PASSING TO PLATE. OUTER CYLINDRIC&:
PORTION REFRACTS RAYS TOWARD THE CENTER. THUS GIVING AN OUTER DARK RING-D.R.. AND AN (NNER LIGHT RING
t.R.. WHERE REFRACTED AND NON-DEVIATED RAYS ARE SUPERPOSED.
deavors to adjust the condenser C to make the spark L, occur at a definite
time after the spark S, he finds that the time interval is far from constant.
The interval varies, not merely because of variations in the spark gaps them-
selves, but because of the charge remaining in the capacity C after a spark
14 New Method of Photographing Sound Waves. Physical Review, Vol. XXXV,
No. 5, November, 1912.
5084—20
306
has taken place. This spark is due to two causes. One is the tendency of the
Leyden jars forming the capacity C to take on what is known as a residual
charge. The other results from the oscillatory character of a Leyden jar
discharge, the jars having a charge after each spark depending on the direc-
tion of the last oscillation. With a charge on the capacity C varying as to
both sign and magnitude, one can not expect a constant time interval between
the sparks Land S. In my later experiments I have been able to eliminate
much of this trouble by short-circuiting the terminals of the capacity C
through a high resistance R and an inductance |. The resistance R 1s merely
a tube of water with wires passing through corks at either end of the tube.
The inductance I is an electromagnet of about a thousand turns of wire.
The result may be obtained with either a resistance or an inductance, if suffi-
ciently large. Using both one can, without reducing the intensity of the
illuminating spark, reduce the resistance R by shortening the water resis-
tance until the jars discharge themselves completely very soon after every
spark. Thus the condenser is brought into the same electrical condition before
every spark and consequently the time required to charge it to sparking
potential is made constant.
The arrangement here described does not completely eliminate all varia-
tions in the time interval between the sparks because much of the variation is
due to change in the effective resistance of the spark gaps themselves, some-
thing the writer has been unable to control. The arrangement does, however,
reduce the variation about 50 per cent.
Physics Laboratory, Indiana University; November, 1915.
307
An ELECTROSCOPE FOR MEASURING THE RADIOACTIVITY
SOILS.
By R. R. Ramsey.
In measuring the radioactivity of soils if extreme accuracy is desired it is
necessary to dissolve the sample and then determine the amount of radium
or thorium by means of the emanation method. The getting the sample in
solution is a long tedious process. For a description of this method I shall
refer to Joly’s Radioactivity and Geology.
For an approximate determination of the radioactivity one can use an a
ray electroscope provided that the sample is fairly active. The standard
being uranium oxide, U;Os, a “‘thick’”’ layer, one gram to 10 square centimeters
say, gives a current of 5.8x10-!° amperes or 17.4x10-! E.S.U. per square
centimeter surface if the plates of the electroscope are 4 cm. or more apart.
The amount of radium in the oxide may be determined by dissolving it and
then determining the amount of emanation in the solution after it has stood
30 days. The sample is placed in the @ ray electroscope and compared with
the uranium oxide. It will be evident that an assumption is made here that
the absorption coefficient of all samples for a rays is the same as the absorp-
tion coeffic-ent of uranium oxide for @ rays. This assumption is only approx-
imately true.
The radioactivity of soil is very slight and in order to get an appreciable
current a large area must be exposed. This necessitates large plates in the
ordinary form of @ ray electroscope. The large plates increases the capacity
of the electroscope and thus diminishes the sensitiveness of the electroscope.
Instead of an ionization chamber with plates I have hit upon the plan of
using a cylindrical chamber with a central rod. The material to be tested is
packed between the wall of the cylinder and an inside cylinder made of wire
gauze. The space between the two walls is made as small as the ease of fill-
ing will permit. One or two centimeters, say.
In this form of electroscope the amount of surface exposed can be increased
at will by increasing the size of the cylinder, and as the diameter of the
cylinder is increased the capacity is decreased. Thus the sensitiveness of the
electroscope is increased in two ways as the ionization chamber is increased;
by increasing the surface exposed and by decreasing the capacity of the instru-
HOS
Soil Electroscope.
509
ment. The size of the chamber will be limited only by the potential of the
central rod. The potential must be at least the saturation potential, that is the
potential must be great enough to pull out the ions as fast as they are formed.
With the usual potential, about 300 volts, the diameter may be made 15 or
20 centimeters. The height may be made as great as is convenient to use.
The general plan of the instrument is shown in the figure. A, is the
ionization chamber, B, is the chamber containing the gold leaf. LL, is the leaf,
W, is the window through which the leaf is read on the seale. C, is the charg-
ing system. S, is the sulphur plug and R, is the central rod. For a more
detailed deseription of the method of making and reading an electroscope I
will refer to my paper on The Radioactivity of Spring Water. (Ind. Acad.
Proe. 1914.)
The top of the chamber. B, has a dise with a flange fastened to it. The
diameter of this disc is such as to fit the ionization chamber. The lower end
of the chamber, A, is closed and a hole js cut large enough to let the sulphur
plug, S, pass. The gause cylinder, G, is soldered to a dise which will fit the
inside of the large cylinder and pass the plug, S. A dise of diameter of the
gause cylinder is soldered in the top. A lid fits over the top of the large
cylinder.
To fill in the material to be tested the chamber A, is removed from off
the chamber B, the gause cylinder is placed inside and the material is packed
lightly between the two walls. The lid is placed on and the chamber A, is
placed on the chamber B.
Correction must be made for the absorption of a@ rays by the gause.
This can be determined by getting the ionization current of uranium nitrate
when free and when covered with a sample of the gause, using an ordinary @
ray electroscope.
Or the electroscope may be calibrated by filling in a material of known
activity between the gause and the outside cylinder. Or uranium nitrate may
be mixed with an inactive substance in known proportions and placed in the
electroscope.
Sin testing soils the sample should be allowed to dry for a few days as
fresh damp soil contains a large amount of radium emanation which has
come up from the lower material.
Indiana University, December 1, 1915.
310
Tuer CAUSE OF THE VARIATION OF THE HMANATION
CONTENT OF SPRING WATER.
By R. R. Ramsey.
Last year at the annual meeting of this Society I presented a paper on
“Radioactivity of Spring Water” in which I called attention to the fact that
there was a variation of the radioactivity from time to time. During nine
months of the past year I have measured the emanation content of two
springs once every week. In a short time I discovered that there was a con-
nection between the radioactivity and the flow of the springs. The flow of
one of the springs was measured every week during six months.
The springs are about 1.3 miles apart. One isuses out of coarse graval the
other issues from a crevice in the solid rock. Both springs are known as never
failing springs, however the flow of both are affected by the rain fall. They
both vary in the same manner but not to the same degree. The variation of
the Ill. Cent. spring, the one measured, is much more then the Hottle spring.
The method of measuring the flow was by means of a horizontal weir, the
depth being measured and computed according to the usual formula.
The radioctivity was measured by means of the 'Schmidt shaking method
and an emanation electroscope. The electroscope was standardized by
means of an emanation standard secured from the Bureau of Standards.
The Schmidt shaking method can be carried out at the spring. The accuracy
ot the method when the measurements are made at the spring in 15 to 30
minutes is about 5 per cent. The observations for the nine months are shown
in the table I. The date of observation, the temperature, the flow in gallons
per day, and the emanation content of the water is given for each spring.
It will be noted that the radioactivity of the Hottle spring is higher and
more constant than the Ill. Cent. spring. In the same manner the flow of the
Hottle spring is more constant than the Ill. Cent. spring but it is not always
greater than the Ill. Cent. It will be noted that the fluctuations of the radio-
activity are in the same general manner for both springs.
This is better shown by means of curves Figure II. The full lines are for
the radioactivity the dotted line is for the flow. The curves have a general
Indiana Academy of Science Proceedings. 1914.
Olt
fall towards low values and then a rather sudden rise. An inerease in flow
is accompanied by an increase in radioactivity.
The inerease of flow follows the melting of a heavy snow or a heavy rain.
Thus the radioactivity of the spring depends upon the rain fall. The radio-
activity of rain water is very small compared to the values obtained at the
springs. ‘It can not be due to the radioactivity of rain water.
The above results, together with the fact that ““wet weather” springs are
very radioactive and that one on the campus of Indiana University measured
1920 x10-” a short time after a heavy rain fall, lead to the conclusion that the
variation of the emanation content of Indiana springs is due to the rain water
percolating through the soil and dissolving and carrying down with it some
of the emanation which is continually moving upwards from the interior of
the earth to the surface. During dry weather when the flow of the water is
not rapid a large per cent of the emanation which was dissolved in the water
is transformed into radium A, B, C, and D before the water issues from the
ground.
This conclusion is in accord with the observations of Wright & Smith
(Phys. Rev. Vol. 5, p. 459, 1915) in which they find that the amount of
emanation which issues from the soil is decreased as much as 50 per cent at
times after heavy rains.
To recapitulate, the variation of the emanation content of spring water is
due to the rain water dissolving emanation as it percolates through the soil.
Department of Physics, Indiana University, December 1, 1915.
TABLE I.
Variation of the Emanation Content of Certain Springs near Bloomington
Indiana. (Flow given in gallons per day.)
HorTLe SPRING. ILLINOIS CENTRAL SPRING.
Temp | ‘ Temp.| Flow. :
DAE C. Flow. piu C | Castes
i per Liter. ‘ per Liter.
1914. |
Septgan 245 wiusroae 1B 650x10- | 445x10-2
OG tae AGW g ks Ie] 695 12.8 166
Oiis ss BER a roncmaaney 13.3 | 700 13 120
OctigaraOR eb 5: | 33 10000 665 12.7 | 1380000 20
INovgre Gras te ey 13 650 12.6 40
Horr.e SPRING. ILLinois CENTRAL SPRING.
DaTE. Temp. Flow. Curies (Temp.| Flow. | Curies
82 per Liter. OF per Liter.
Wow. las tet 13 705 13 20
Novel 20's Fo. 13 520 13 20
IN ae ole ee eee 2 550 13 30
Dice Sees. oe | 13 535 13 60
Dee palit eno. 3 510 13 20
Deer iss i 450 13,0 00
[BY nae? eee ee 113. | 445 12.8 | 5000 | 00
1915 | /
Janae eee | 20000 | 560 32000 | 40
Namie” Shahan ere | 12.6 1020 12 |136000 | 340
Janitee obAub ea ae 3 770 13 39500 | 278
ATT See lee es 13 680 12.8 , 40000 100
Tage | 188.0 ty 12 610 12 32000 | 20
Rebus A reel te 62000 850 12 |250000 | 750
175 TY ed ieee ene 12 875 12.6 |123000 | 166
Mebeerdsiet oc Les bee 12 (100000 | 350
Wet Poo ans koe 11.3 $90 12 75000 170
Marien Wc theca 11.5 1010 12 (100000 | 143
Maru Din uss 11.5 900 112 | 85000 | 220
Wary Sah. 2 ae RS 3 920 Pare 62500 160
Mar. 25......... | 11.3 800 12 | 40000 | 90
Apnibe beter nt dpb 11 670 12 | 30000 | 45
Aprils eek eee 13 690 12 | 30000 | 30
Apne: te seo. | 830 12 28000 | 60
Aprile Dare ee 12 $90 12 30000 6
Nesril (OR tah iy ues | 750 12.2 25000 | 410
Mity est sacs 11.4 1140 12. 410000 | 365
Misys a4 See i: 11.9 825 | 12.4 | 60000 | 365
Whats OU ates a ae | 1050 | 12.3 | 42000 | 25
Mow | aaa eee yo 12 1340 12 (500000 | 750
June BAe Ast ee 11.6 1420 12. 400000 820
puree) UE a, 11.8 1120 12 _ | 76000 | 355
Tinie ay Ate 123 1280 12.5 | 30000 | 715
313
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
2
Sao a a =
i 5 sitstarearad SBE poses ies at +f i i
ova ane i RANE fie
+ oe Ht} t f EE i H t
: ate eects tf el
sane t + ie "s i 3
5 faeeaaas f i HH
AE AE i H sett CEA
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i t t tH L rae
+H ass bas aay : ft
jauenedy HH = 3 pear 9
is + $ H rr] 3
ott
ysadan aay tag eH i gay ares =
aisieu: Feta 7 Hl H ataaz (tia Hae
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24 (2) ae) 6 20 18 14 28 ik 28 wu 28 & 22 20 aU4/
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Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June
1914 1915
No. 293-M. THE H. COLE CO., COLUMBUS. OHIO.
314.
A STANDARD CONDENSER OF SMALL CAPACITY.
By R. R. Ramsey.
In radioactive measurements of substances which are very feebly radio-
active it 1s necessary to have an electroscope which is very sensitive. One
of the conditions to obtain this result is, the electroscope must have a very
small capacity. A capacity of one to ten centimeters. A sphere has a capac-
ity equal to its radius when far removed from other objects but when brought
near to the electroscope its capacity changes to a value which depends upon
the position, size and share of the electroscope.
It is customary to use a cylindrical condenser. The capacity of a eylindri-
cal condenser is
L
C= 7
2 loge Ri/Re
where C is the capacity; L is the length; Ri is the inside radius of the out-
side cylinder; R,. is the radius of the inside cylinder. This formula gives the
capacity if the effect of the ends can be neglected. This requires that the
length should be great compared to the difference of the two radii. When
these conditions are met the capacity will be 100 cm. or more.
In order to correct for the end effects I have made a condenser in three
sections, the construction of which is illustrated in the cross sectional draw-
ing. The middle cylinder is made of a brass rod about 9 millimeters in diam-
eter. The outside cylinder is made of brass tubing whose inside diameter is
about 3.6 em. The diameters are chosen large in order that the accuracy of
measurement may be great. The ratio of the diameters is made large in order
that the capacity per unit length may be small.
The length of the end sections is 10 em. The length of the middle sec-
tion is 20 em. The middle rod is held in place in the end sections by means of
sulphur. This was accomplished by means of two wooden dises which were
accurately turned to fit in the ends of the large cylinder and hold the middle
rod in the center. These dises were placed in the ends of the end sections.
The end section was stood upon the outside end and melted sulphur was
poured through a hole in the top dise until the cylinder was about one-third
filled. The dises were removed after the sulphur had hardened. Dowel pins
are placed on the middle rod to hold the middle section in place.
Standard Condenser.
The capacity of the middle section is calculated by the formula. The
electroscope is charged to a potential V;. The charge on the electroscope is
divided with the condenser, all sections being used.
If C, is the capacity of the electroscope.
Cy is the capacity of the end sections.
C; is the capacity of the middle section.
Vis the initial potential.
V2 is the final potential.
then since
Q =CiVi =(Ci+C2+C3) V2
Vi/V2 =(Ci+C2 +C3)/Ci S161
The electroscope is again charged to a potential V’;. The charge is again
divided with the condenser, the end sections being used.
Then we have
V'i/V’2 =(C, +C2) /Ci = Ih)
combining the two equations involving r; and r2 we get
C, =C;/(ti-r2)
In case that one has a steady ionization current as in the case of radium
emanation in an emanation electroscope after three or four hours, one can
allow the electroscope to discharge through a certain potential difference, dV,
first with the electroscope alone, then with the ends of the condenser con-
nected to the electroscope, and then with the entire condenser connected.
Since 1=C dV/t and dV is constant, we have,
Ci /ti = (Cy +C2) /te = (Cy +C, +Cs;) /t3 = C;/(t3-t»)
Care must be taken to see that the current is constant during the obser-
vations. If the current is due to 6 or y rays there is danger of the
air inside of the condenser being ionized and thus producing a variable current.
The capacity of the middle section of the condenser which I have is
8.06 cm. The capacity of the end sections is found by experiment to be about
17cm. Thus, since the combined length of the ends is the same as the middle
section, the end effects plus the dielectric effect of the sulphur is about 9 em.
Department of Physics, Indiana University, December 1, 1915.
RATE OF HUMIFICATION OF MANURES.
18, JEL, CAaimin.
It has been recognized for a long time that organic matter is an important
constituent of the soil, but as to just what way it aids in crop production,
there seems to be considerable difference of opinion. Some maintain that it is
valuable only for the plant food it carries, while others value it more espec-
ially for the plant food in the soil which may be made available by its decom-
position. The following paragraph from the Iowa Station, found in the
September, 1915, Journal of the American Chemical Society expresses the
sentiment of many soil investigators as to the value of humus, and the rate
of humification. “‘The organic matter extracted by alkali is of no very differ-
ent character than the organic matter of the soils as a whole. This together
with the fact proved by Fraps and Hammer, Texas Bul. 129, that upon add-
ing organic matter to soil, at the end of a years time there is no more material
extracted with diluted ammonia than at the beginning of the period, proves
quite conclusively that the determination of the amount of humus as found by
the various methods is of no particular value in the study of a soil.’”’” This
statement seems rather unreasonable to the author of this article, since the
elements that are of value as fertilizers are locked up in most farm manures,
green manures, cotton seed meal, etc., as complex compounds and hence are
unavailable to the growing plant which must have its food supplied in a very
simple form. In well rotted manures these complex molecules are largely
broken down to simpler substances containing the same elements, but with a
different arrangement in the molecule. They are quite soluble in water and
if not leached by rains are very effective as a fertilizer compared with fresh
manure.
Therefore, since fertility is so closely related to the unlocking of these
complex plant molecules in the manures, an effort was made to measure the
rate of humification of the more common ones.
PLAN OF PROCEDURE.
A clay soil was chosen that was very deficient in organic matter and was,
therefore, humus-hungry. With this soil were mixed different manures so
318
that each double box, holding about 1 cubie foot, contained the same amount
of organic matter. The contents of the boxes were as follows:
TABLE I.
Box 1 contained 2. Ibs. hen manure + 50 gr. CaCOs.
Box 2 contained 3.2 lbs. sheep manure.
Box 3 contained 2.4 lbs. hog manure.
Box 4 contained 3.0 lbs. horse manure.
Box 5 contained 6.6 lbs. steer manure + 50 gr. CaCQOs.
Box 6 contained 6.0 lbs. cow manure + 50 gr. CaCOs.
Box 7 contained 4.0 lbs. horse manure + 101 gr. CaO, MgO.”
Box 8 contained 4.0 lbs. horse manure + 171 gr. CaO.
Box 9 contained 4.0 Ibs. horse manure + 179 CaCO;, MgCO:.
Box 10 contained 4.0 lbs. horse manure + 175 gr. CaCQ,.
Box 11 contained no treatment.
On May 30, 1914, the manure, limestone and soil were well mixed and the
boxes were placed in the ground out of doors in order to approximate field
conditions. At the same time samples of the mixed soil were taken for humus
determinations. Other samples were taken on the following dates: Novem-
ber 25, 1914; February 16, 1915, after winter freeze; April 13, 1915, after a
period of quite warm weather; June 1, 1915, October 15 and November 22,
1915.
Humus DETERMINATION.
Kiffort was made to follow the course of changes brought about by bacteria
and the weathering agencies, etc., by determining the amount of humus
present at the various periods. The term humus, as used by American soil
investigators, does not refer to the total organic matter present in a soil,
but only to that which is soluble in 4 per cent NH,OH, the calcium and mag-
nesium having been removed. The Official Method as modified by Smith was
used in all the determinations. The following tables give averages for the
different periods:
319
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TABLE 3.
| Horse + 101 |! Horse + 171 | Horse + 179 Horse + 175
CaO, MgO CaO CaCOs;, CaCO;
MgCo;
7 8s 9 10
, |
Hu- Hu- | Hu- Hu- |
Soil, manure unexposed...) .0055| .0085) .0048, .0078| .0055) .0075| .0055,
0072
May 30 to Feb. 16.._.... | 0064 0084) 0051, .0065, .0067) .0087, 0051, .0065
Feb. 16 to April 13.......| .0070 | .0090 -0061) .0096 .0066 .0099 .0061 .0103
April 13 to June 1........ .0072 .0094 .0058) .0093 .0123 0062 0069 .0096
une te‘Oct.05:.2-25-- 2 | -0090) .0072 .0081) .0083) 0093) 0087 0074 0090
Ocins sto NOveooss oe se ee ee ee eee eee bye ie oe erie ts: eee: lasers
| ss
Check. - -- ee gas ra | .0049! _0097) No treatment
TABLE 4.
PERCENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN Huts.
Hen. | Sheep.| Pig. _ Horse. Steer. | Cow.
\ } ! r] |
_08! 20) 02! -09) -43; .30| NH:OH soluble humus—hbefore ex-
| | posure. Over check. ;
| May 39 to Feb. 16.
Sls = 09] ==-30}, 203)" On) Is
-04/ —.06} -02/ -02 -01| .04| Feb. 16 to April 13.
.05| —.06, —.10, .05| .03 01) April 13 to June 1.
OTs eee | —.09} .15) —.05) —.06) June-1 to Oct. 15.
oe eee eee | Oct. 15 to Nov. 22.
| / |
601.9) 443 | 1174) 165.9} 928) 620.9 Grams of cornand stalks produced 1915
456 | 401] 281|-222 | 260) 249 | produced 1916
' ’ f
TABLE 5.
PERCENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN HuMUsS.
Horse Horse Horse Horse
7 8 9 10
CaO, MgO CaO CaCOs, CaCO;
Fe MgCO;
J
.06 —.01 .06 .06 NH: OH soluble humus be-
fore exposure Over
check.
.09 .03 5 j —.04 May 30 to Feb. 16.
-06 .10 —.O1 -10 Feb. 16 to April 13.
.02 —.03 aff 04 April 13 to June 1.
18 2B} —.30 .05 June 1 to Oct. 15.
=] | BRS aE ie Oa (each SCS ee Re oe At Se Ale A ia Oct. 15 to Nov. 22.
Pepe 46.6 637 .6 386 Grams of corn and stalks
produced 1915
308 392 347 320 produced 1916
Check box
IG eee ed er ee pao RTE ES NTS, (el | LONE UR pera Grams of corn and stalks
produced 1915
HS ee she pe Cae Ee ac) Ceo ee Paine (Suen nie ene aut produced 1916
It will be noticed in Table 4 that fresh steer manure is quite soluble in
NH.OH and the solubility is not increased appreciably on exposure in the
soil. The same is true to a large extent of cow manure, but less of pig
manure while horse manure is only broken down after about 12 to 18 months’
exposure, except in the case of Box 9 which was treated with dolomitic lime-
stone. It will also be noticed in Table 5 that when the acidity was corrected
with 171 grams of CaO in Box 8 and 101 grams of CaO, MgO in Box 7, the
rate of humification was retarded—the CaO and CaO, MgO both having an
antiseptic action when more is added than is needed to correct the soil acid-
ity. Chemically equivalent amounts of Ca and Mg (in neutralizing power)
were added to Boxes 7,9 and 10. It would seem that the growth of corn ob-
tained in Box 9 was due to the early humifying of the manure (June 1).
While in Boxes 4, 7 and 8 the humification came too late to benefit this year’s
crop. The yields in Boxes 3 and 5 were the largest of all but it is probable
that the higher nitrogen content was the main cause.
5084—21
CONCLUSIONS.
1. Growth of corn, other factors being constant, seems to be proportional
to the rate of humification of manures.
2. The ammonia soluble matter in cow and steer manure is not apprec-
iably increased on 18 months’ exposure, but hog, sheep and horse manure
humify less rapidly and in the order named.
THe Foop or NESsTLING BIRDs.
Howarp HK. ENDERS AND WILL Scorr.
' The surprisingly rapid growth of fledgling birds is a matter of common
observation but the activities of the parents in the collection of food and the
care of the young is scarcely realized by persons who have not carried on
observations throughout the whole of a bird’s working-day.
It has been the practice of the authors, each summer, for a period of years, *
to assign students in groups of four to the work of observing the activities of
birds and their fledgling young from dawn until nightfall. The work was
carried on in relays such that two persons were at the nest at all times, one
to make the observations at close range with the aid of field-glasses, and the
other to make the notes. By this method it was possible to observe, time
and note in considerable detail, the activities of the birds, also the character
and number of pieces of food brought at each trip to the nest.
Observations, many in duplicate, have thus been made upon seventeen
different species of the birds common to Winona Lake, Indiana. In the
several instances, the birds were under observation for a period of several
consecutive days, and we have reason to believe, without markedly modify-
ing their activities after the first hour or two.
The object of the present paper is to indicate the nature, quality and
quantity of food brought to the young throughout a bird’s full working-day.
A transcript of a single example is given in full while others are given in sum-
maries to indicate the number of feeds, number of pieces. Both “‘soft”’
and “hard” food are fed to the young birds in proportions which change
somewhat with the age of the nestlings.
It is contended that the stomach contents afford the only accurate and
reliable method of study of the food of birds. We believe that this method is
not applicable to the food of nestling birds for two reasons: first, the food is
soft and not readily identifiable; and the second and more important reason
is that the food is digested very rapidly. The stomach contents do not serve
as a criterion of the quantity of food that is eaten in the course of a day.
*Biological Station of Indiana University at Winona Lake, Ind.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE Brown THRASHER.
Toxostoma rufum.
There were four young in the nest. They remained in the same position
Mice -2
throughout the day and were, therefore, indicated (ex). The nest was on
the ground in a clump of weeds. The day was bright, warm and calm,
4
on
6
6
~
700 A. M. Parents off the nest.
25 Female fed (unidentified)—cleaned the nest.
26 Male fed (unidentified).
39 Male fed apparently a caterpillar.
55 Male and female fed apparently caterpillars.
57 Male fed caterpiller.
59 Male fed (unidentified)—brooded until 5:11.
(7 feeds during the hour.)
:27 Female and male fed—earthworm.
27 to :40 female brooded.
40 Male fed—earthworm.
45 Female fed—earthworm.
47 Male fed (unidentified.)
(5 feeds during the hour.)
705 Male fed.
:05 Male fed.*
06 Female fed.
09 Female fed.
17 Male fed—earthworm.
17 to :40 the male brooded.
40 Female fed and carried away excrement.
50 Female fed.
50 to :53 the female brooded.
55 Male fedjand carried away excrement.
5 iL (7 feeds during the hour.)
t.
7:03 Male fed—brooded till_:26.
26 Female fed.
*Food not identified where name is not given.
we)
ne)
or
30 Female and male fed insects.
37 Female fed.
38 Female fed—eaterpiller.
44 Male fed—brooded till :56.
56 Female fed and carried away excrement.
(8 feeds during the hour.)
:01 Female fed.
12 Male fed
14 Female fed—worms. .
15 Male fed
24 Male fed—iarge green larva. -
26 Female fed.
28 Male fed.
32 Female fed and brooded till :53.
53 Male fed—insects and brooded till :58.
58 Female fed—ceaterpillar.
59 Male fed—eaterpillar. _
(11 feeds during the hour.)
(0°)
worms.
worms.
9:08 Female fed—ceaterpillar.
09 Male fed—eaterpillar.
18 Female fed—worm.
20 Male fed—worm.
25 Female fed—grasshopper, and brooded till :47.
52 Male fed and brooded till 10:19.
(6 feeds during the hour.)
10:19 to 10:29 the nest was vacant.
29 Male fed—eaterpillar.
30 Female fed—insect.
33 Female fed—dragonfly.
33 Male fed—worm.
36 Female fed—worm.
42 Female fed—cutworm.
53 Male fed—cutworm and ate the excrement.
59 Male fed—cutworm and ate the excrement.
(8 feeds during the hour.)
326
11:02 Female fed—worm and beetle—carried away excrement.
03 Male fed—cutworm.
05 Male fed—dragonfly.
14 Male fed—ceaterpillar.
20 Female fed—caterpillar.
27 Male fed—eaterpillar to bird No. 3.
33 Female fed—caterpillar to bird No. 1.
34 Male fed—caterpillar to bird No. 2, and brooded till :39.
43 Female fed—caterpillar to bird No. 2.
44 Male fed—caterpillar to bird No. 2.
47 Male fed—caterpillar to bird No. 2—ate excrement.
52 Female fed—caterpillar to bird No. 3.
53 Male fed—2 insects to bird No. 1.
58 Female fed—caterpillar to bird No. 4.
58 Male fed—caterpillar to bird No. 4.
(15 feeds during the hour.)
12:04 Male came but did not feed—brooded till :11.
12 Female fed—eaterpillar to No. 1.
21 Male fed—ceaterpillar to No. 2 brooded till :30.
30 Female fed—eut-worm to No. 1.
40 Male fed green larvae to No. 2 and No. 3.
40 to :45, the nest was vacated.
45 Female fed larvae to No. 3 and No. 4, and ate excrement.
46 Chased blackbirds away from the tree; flicker and other birds.
48 Male fed—dragonfiy to No. 2.
(6 feeds during the hour.)
1:00 Female fed—dragonfly to No. 2.
08 Male fed—larvae to No. 1 and No. 3—earried away excrement.
09 Female fed—larvae to No. 2.
11 Female fed—larvae to No. 2.
16 Female fed—larvae to No. 3.
21 Female fed—eut-worm to No. 2.
25 Female fed—cut-worm to No. 4.
29 Male fed—ecut-worm to No. 3 and No. 4.
43 Female fed—cutworm to No. 2.
44 Male fed—larva to No. 2.
47 Male fed—larva to No. 3.
50 Male fed—larva.
51 Male fed—larva.
58 Male fed—larva.
(14 feeds during the hour.)
2:02 Female fed—larva to No. 1.
14 Male fed—larva to No. 2.
14 Female fed—larvae to No. 1 and No. 3.
23 Female fed—beetle to No. 4.
24 Male fed—hbeetle to No. 3 and No. 4.
24 Female fed—to No. 1 and No. 2.
37 Male fed—larva to No. 4—ate the excrement.
40 to :45 male brooded, and ate the excrement.
45 Male fed—larva to No. 4.
46 Female fed—larva to No. 3.
51 Male fed—larva to No. 1.
54 Female fed—larva to No. 1.
57 Female fed—beetle to No. 1.
58 Female fed—cut-worm to No. 2.
(13 feeds during the hour.)
3:00 Female fed—cut-worm to No. 2, No. 3, and No. 4.
05 Female fed—cut-worm to No. 3 and ate the excremnt.
10 Male fed insect to No. 1.
15 to :25 Male fed—cut-worm, rested, ate excrement.
26 Male fed—insect to No. 2.
28 Male fed—2 insects to No. 4.
37 Female fed—to No. 3, and ate excrement.
38 Male fed—to No. 2, and ate excrement.
51 Male fed—cut-worm to No. 2.
52 Female fed—cut-worm to No. 1.
56 Female fed—cut-worm to No. 4.
57 Female fed—cut-worm to No. 3 and No. 4.
(12 feeds during the hour.)
4:01 Male fed—cut-worm to No. 4 and ate Semen}.
09 Female fed—cut-worm to No. 1.
328
17 Male fed—cut-worm to No. 2.
20 Female fed—cut-worm to No. 4 and ate excrement.
21 Female fed—dragonfly to No. 1, and ate excrement.
28 Male fed—insect to No. 4.
32 Male fed—cut-worm to No. 3.
36 Female fed—dragonfly to No. 3.
37 Female fed—dragonfly to No. 1.
42 Female fed—cut-worm to No. 4.
44 Male fed—dragonfly to No. 3.
50 Female fed—beetle to No. 3.
51 Male fed—dragonfly to No. 3.
51 to 54, rested at the nest.
(13 feeds during the hour.)
On
:02 Female fed—dragonfly to No. 3.
03 Female fed—dragonfly to No. 3.
05 Male fed—cut-worm to No. 3.
09 Female fed—winged ant to No. 1.
10 Female fed—beetle to No. 2.
11 Female fed—cut-worm to No. 1.
14 Female fed—cut-worm to No. 2 and No. 3.
16 Female fed—ants to No. 1 and No. 3; ate excrement.
20 Male fed—ants to No. 1.
25 Female fed—ants to No. 4.
26 Female fed—ants to No. 1.
27 Male fed—ants to No. 1 and No. 4.
32 Female fed—ants to No. 2, rested till :40 at nest.
43 Female fed—ants to No. 3.
49 Male fed—ant to No. 4.
(15 feeds during the hour.)
6:02 Male fed—hbeetle to No. 2.
07 Female fed—three ants to No. 1.
17 Female fed—beetle to No. 2, and ate excrement.
24 Male fed—cut-worm to No. 4.
24 Female fed—ants to No. 3.
29 Male fed—moth to No. 3; brooded till :33.
35 Male fed—ants to No. 3.
9
42 Female fed—cut-worm to No. 3.
42 Male fed—cut-worm to No. 3; brooded till 7:00.
(9 feeds during the hour.)
7:04 Male fed—cut-worm to No. | and No. 3.
13 Male fed—heetle to No. 2.
25 Female fed—cut-worm to No. 3.
27 Female fed—beetle to No. 4.
30 Female fed—worm to No. 1; carried away excrement.
35 Male fed—cut-worm to No. 1; ate excrement.
42 Male fed.
47 Male returns without feed: broods.
(7 feeds during the hour.)
8:00 Still brooding on the nest for the night.
The young were weighed onthe following day, as indicated below. The
weight of the young was 40 grams.
(4 beetle )
The weight of} 7 ants ris 1 gram.
4 dragonfly J
Weight of 308 pieces (estimated number of pieces), 35 grams. Approx-
imately this weight of food was consumed by four birds in a single day.
Thus each bird consumed approximately one-fourth its weight of insects and
worms.
Total number of feeds, 156.
Average number of feeds per hour, 9 5-8.
Individual feeds during the day:
To No. 1, 48 feeds (about).
To No. 2, 42 feeds (about).
To No. 3, 48 feeds (about).
To No. 4, 40 feeds (about).
Reedsiby shemale ses. cnc ae eres eeiehe 75 times.
Feeds by the female.............. Chea SoD 78 times.
Age of young not determined.
Classified list of food:
150 cutworms.
330
9 ‘“‘worms.”
5 earthworms.
11 dragonflies.
10 beetles.
50 ants.
1 grasshopper.
72 or more other insects.
308 or more.
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335
SUMMARY OF THE ACTIVITIES OF A KINGBIRD.
Tyrannus tyrannus.
The same nest, with two young, was under observation for a period of six
days beginning with the morning on which the eggs hatched. The data of
the first day were imperfectly recorded and are, therefore, not included in the
summary. The data cover the 3rd, 4th, 6th, 7th, and 8th day after the hatch-
ing of the eggs.
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: 339
On THE CHANGE THAT TAKES PLACE IN THE CHROMO-
SOME IN MuTATING STOCKS.
Roscort R. Hype.
Two new eye mutations, tinged and blood have appeared in my
cultures of the fruit fly that throw light upon the question as to the nature
of the change that takes place in the chromosome when a new character
appears. Both mutations show typical sex-linked inheritance, consequently
they are expressions of changes in the X chromosome. Both mutants give
the same linkage values when measured with other sex-linked characters.
When measured with yellow body color a linkage of 1.2 results; with minia-
ture wings 33; with bar eyes 44. Morgan has described three sex-linked -
eye mutants, white, eosin and cherry, which give the same linkage values.
Consequently, we now have five sex-linked eye mutants, namely, white,
tinged, eosin, cherry and blood, which give an increasing color series from
white to the bright red of the wild fly. A study of their linkage relations
shows that they either lie very closely together on the X chromosome or that
they are but different modifications of the same gene. The two possibilities
involve the question of the origin of mutations as well as the fundamental
make-up of an hereditary factor.
Mendel evidently thought of something in the germ cell that stood for
round (R) and something that stood for wrinkled (W) and that these two
things could not coexist in the same gamete. That is, (W) isallelomorphic
to (R).
The origin of mutation in the light of the above assumption would
seem to depend upon the splitting up of more complex hybrids—the bring-
ing to the surface of units already created. Evolution in the light of such
a conception would seem to depend upon the shifting together of desir-
able units.
Bateson viewed the matter in a different light. He knew of the origin
of new forms by mutation. He postulated a definite something in the germ
cell that stands for the character, as for example (T) which stands for the
tallness in peas, which when lacking makes the pea a dwarf (t). In other
words, instead of two separate factors he regards the tallness and dwarfish-
ness merely as an expression of the two possible states of the same factor,—
340
its presence and its absence. Hence his well-known Presence and Absence
theory. In this ease (T) is allelomorphic to its absence (t). The inheritance
of combs in chickens is a beautiful application of such a conception. Muta-
tions according to this theory appear as the result of losses.
Bateson pushed this idea to its logical conclusion in his Melbourne ad-
dress where he speculates on the possibility that evolution has come about
by the loss of something. These somethings he assumes to be inhibitors.
(Science, August 28, 1914).
us As I have said already, this is no time for devising theories of
evolution, and I propound none. But as we have got to recognize that there
has been an evolution, that somehow or other the forms of life have arisen
from fewer forms, we may as well see whether we are limited to the old view
that evolutionary progress is from the simple to the complex, and whether
after all it is conceivable that the process was the other way about.
= At first it may seem rank absurdity to suppose that the prim-
ordial form or forms of protoplasm could have contained complexity enough
to produce the divers types of life.
is Let us consider how far we can get by the process of removal
of what we call “‘epistatic’”’ factors, in other words those that control, mask,
or suppress underlying powers and faculties.
oP I have confidence that the artistic gifts of mankind will prove
to be due not to something added to the make-up of an ordinary man, but to
the absence of factors which in the normal person inhibit the development
of these gifts. They are almost beyond doubt to be looked upon as releases
of powers normally suppressed. The instrument is there, but it is “stopped
down.” The scents of flowers or fruits, the finely repeated divisions that give
its quality to the wool of the merino, or in an analogous case the multiplicity
of quills to the tail of the fantail pigeon, are in all probability other examples
of such releases.
a In spite of seeming perversity, therefore, we have to admit
that there is no evolutionary change which in the present state of our knowl-
edge we ean positively declare to be not due to loss. When this has been con-
ceded it 1s natural to ask whether the removal of inhibiting. factors may not
be invoked in alleviation of ‘the necessity which has driven students of the
domestic breeds to refer their diversities to multiple origins.”
Another idea as to the way these factors may find expression in the germ
cells has been advanced by Morgan under the heading of Multiple Allelo-
341
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Fieures A, B, C, and E.—Explanation given in Text.
morphs. According to this conception there is a definite something (W)
located at point 1.2 on the X chromosome which stands for the red eye of
the wild fly. (Fig. A.) This gene underwent some kind of change and gave
rise to white eyes (w). In another stock the same particle mutated and
gave rise to eosin (we). In still another stock the same particle changed and
gave rise to cherry (we). (W) is allelomorphie to (w), to (we) and to (we).
each of these in turn is allelomorphic to each other; hence they form a
system of Multiple Allelomorphs. This view is supported by a large amount
of experimental data by Morgan and his co-workers, but strange as it may
seem the numerical results can be interpreted in terms of the Presence and
Absence theory provided the mutants are the result of losses of several factors
that stand for red in a completely linked chain of loci.
The assumption that these three mutants are the result of changes in
loci lying very closely together on the chromosome as demanded by the
Presence and Absence theory has been tested by Morgan and others by
means of their linkage relations in three possible combinations as given
in Fig. D. (Shown by the broken lines on the left.) The discovery of the two
new mutants has made it possible to carry out the test in eight additional
ways. The evidence which involves data from something like a half-million
animals weighs heavily against the Presence and Absence theory and is
entirely in accord with the assumption that something analogous to isomerism
may change an hereditary factor resulting in the production of a new form.
I have attempted to visualize this in Fig. E. If this is the correct inter-
pretation the possibilities locked in a small amount of chromatin may be
almost infinite, for a great many different arrangements are possible from
a few things.
There are some points worthy of consideration as tending to give weight
to the Multiple Allelomorph theory.
1. On the Presence and Absence theory it is necessary to assume that in
the region of 1.2 on the X chromosome there is a chain of five completely
linked loci (very close together) upon which the color of the red eye of the
wild fiy depends. Multiple Allelomorphs accounts for all of the facts
while postulating but one locus.
2. Gratuitous to the Presence and Absence theory let us assume that the
loci are in jutaposition. If we assume that blood, cherry, eosin, tinged and
white have appeared as a result of successive losses as shown in Fig. C, we
encounter a difficulty. When any two of these mutants are crossed the
343
two chromosomes are brought together in the female, each restores the
missing part to the other and a red-eyed female should result in the F,
generation. Asa matter of fact no red-eyed female appears. She is invariably
a compound, that is, in each case she is intermediate between the eye colors
of the two stocks used as parents.
Again the evidence is fairly conclusive that when the two X chromosomes
are brought together in the female they break and reunite at apparently
all levels on the chromosome. Accordingly, it would seem that a break
and reunion would occasionally take place between the members of this chain
of loci. If such a phenomena should occur a complete chain of loci would
result like the chain in Fig. C (on the extreme left), which would express itself
in the F, generation in the production of a red-eyed male. But in all the
possible attempts to break up such a line, as shown in Fig. D, no such a red-
eyed male has been found. To be sure the loci may be so close together
that crossing over would take place infrequently, but the evidence from such
large counts as have been made in which the red-eyed male has been
specifically looked for would weigh heavily against its ever taking place.
3. The mutations may be due to losses according to the scheme repre-
sented in Fig. B., one loss produced blood, two losses produced cherry,
and soon. Such an assumption would seem to accord with the fact that when
any two of these stocks are crossed no red females are produced in the F,
generation. On the other hand it should be expected that the chromosome
in which the least number of losses had occurred would act as a dominant.
For example, when blood and tinged are crossed, the females should be like
blood. But no such result is obtained. The female is intermediate in color.
Again we should expect from the phenomena of crossing-over that, in
a eross for example between blood and white occasionally a cherry, oran eosin,
or a tinged male would appear in the F, generation, but none has been ob-
served.
4, The history of the appearance of the members of this multiple allelo-
morph system shows that they are rare phenomena. Careful observation
by Morgan, Sturtevant, Muller, Bridges, myself and others show these
mutants to have appeared but a few times. It would be safe to say, I think,
that only one has occurred in five million times. I have represented blood
by one loss from the chromosome. Tinged is the result of four losses in
this completely linked chain of loci. The possibility of such mutants appear-
ing involves so many simultaneous losses that there would be one chance
o44
in millions. It seems almost impossible to believe that we should have ever
found such a mutant.
5. The experimental evidence shows there are many factors arranged
in a linear series on the X chromosome. Some affect wings, some body
colors, others the shape of the eye, and so forth. Sturtevant has pointed out
the significance of the fact in light of the above statement that the characters
which behave as members of a multiple allelomorph system are closely
related physiologically.
6. If the mutants are the result of changes as shown in Fig. D it would
seem as if a mutated stock would more readily give rise to subsequent mu-
tations, since fewer simultaneous losses are necessary. As a matter of fact
four of the members mutated directly from red while eosin came from white.
7. Morgan has emphasized the idea that it is difficult to account for
reverse mutations on the assumption of losses from a completely linked chain
of loci, as the Presence and Absence theory postulates. On the other hand
it is conceivable how such a reaction could come about if the mutant is the
result of an expression of something analogous to an isometric change.
8. Is chromatin such simple material that the only change conceivable
is a loss?
LITERATURE CITED.
1. Morgan, Sturtevant, Muller and Bridges. Mechanism of Mendelian
Heredity. Henry Holt. 1915.
2. Bateson, William. The Address of the President of the British Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science. Science. August 28, 1914.
3. Hyde, Roscoe R. The new members of a Sex-Linked Multiple
(Sextuple) Allelomorph System. Genetics. November 1916. Princeton
Press.
345
SoME PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE OXYGENLESS
REGION OF CENTER LAKE, Kosciusko Co., IND.
HERBERT GLENN IMEL.
It has been found that some of our lakes contain no free oxygen during
the summer months.
Birge and Juday (11) found that Beasley and Mendota Lakes not only
had such oxygenless regions but that animal life existed in these regions.
They report sixteen genera of living, active protozoa, three of worms, two
rotifers, two crustacea and one molluse.
Scott found in his studies of lakes of northern Indiana that Center Lake,
Kosciusko county, had such a region, and under his direction the writer
undertook, during the summer of 1915 to find out what forms of animal
and plant life existed in this region.
According to Birge and Juday (11), after the autumnal overturn, during
the winter, and until the approach of spring, the gas conditions are very
nearly uniform throughout the lake, but with the approach of spring, and
through the spring and summer, the oxygen content becomes less and less
in the lower strata while the carbon dioxide, both free and fixed, becomes
greater and greater until by July 15 or August 1, the free oxygen is zero
while the carbon dioxide is very great. (See Figs. 6, 7, 8.)
This condition is brought about in three ways: (1) by the respiration
of the plants and animals in it; (2) lack of surface contact with the air;
(3) decomposition of the dead organisms in it.
Determinations of the temperature, free oxygen, free and fixed carbon
dioxide, were made at the beginning and the end of the observation period,
July 28 and August 26. The oxygen was determined by the Winkler
method and the temperature was read by means of a thermophone. The
results of these readings are shown on graphs attached hereto. (See
Wig. 5.)
A pump, with a hose marked off in meters, was used in the collection
of the water. The samples of plankton were collected by pumping a quantity
of water through a plankton net at the desired depth and then rinsing off
with the last stroke into a collecting bottle. This method was used for
346
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5084—23
504
all but the bottom collection, which was taken in the manner described
below and as illustrated by the figures.
A sixteen-ounce reagent bottle (see Fig. 1) with a ground glass stopper
was securely fastened to a block of cement weighing approximately 30 Ibs.
The stopper was so tied that it could be partly pulled out. A strong cord
was attached to the neck of the bottle to permit raising and lowering the
bottle. A second cord was attached to the stopper so that when the empty
bottle was at the bottom the stopper could be pulled as far as its fastenings
would permit, allowing the bottle to be filled with the bottom ooze. When
the bottle was filled the cord attached to the stopper was loosened, thus
allowing it to snap back in place and securely close the bottle, and with
the cord around the neck the bottle was drawn to the surface. The stopper
and neck of the collecting bottle were rinsed off first with alcohol, then
distilled water. The contents were then transferred to smaller reagent
bottles, corked and sealed with paraffin to insure their being air tight.
The contents of the collections, especially the bottom collection, were
examined microscopically and the plants and animals that seemed alive
were listed. As a check, some bottles of the same collection were kept fifteen
days in darkness and at approximately the same temperature as the lake
bottom. Their contents were then examined and the plants and animals
found therein were apparently as active as when first collected. The animals
were all seen moving with more or less rapidity, the protozoans quite rapidly,
the higher forms not so much so. Their activity increased with exposure
to light and air. :
From the total examinations made. the following were found, demon-
strated to be alive and classified. Nine protozoa, one rotifer, one crustacea,
twenty algae and fourteen diatoms.
Animals Classified afler Conn and Webster.
Protozoa: ;
Dactylasphaerium radiosum Ehr.
Difflugia globostoma Leidy.
Amoeba proteus Ehr.
Helizoa:
Actinosphaerium eichornii.
Mastigophora-flagellata:
Peranema sp.(?)
Ciliata:
Colpidium sp.(?)
Paramoecium Bursaria Ehr.
Stentor coerulus Ehr.
Vorticella sp.(?)
Gastotricha: One form belonging to this group was abundant.
Crustaceae:
Copepoda—
Cyclops biénspidatus.
Algae—classified after Conn and Webster.
Cyanophyceae (Blue-green):
Oscillatocia subtilissima Kiitz.
Oscillatoria aeruginoso caerulea.
Merismopedia nagelil.
Microcystis aeruginoso Kiitz.
Nostoe rupestre Kiitz.
Nostoe rupestre sp.(?)
Chlorophyceae (Green Algae) :
Scenodesmus caudatus.
Pediastrum pertusum var. clarthratum A. Br.
Pediastrum Boryanum Turp. (two types).
Pediastrum Boryanum Turp. var. granulatum Kiitz.
Ulthorix sp.(?)
Zygnemeae stellium var. genuinum Kirch.
Spirogyra variens (Hass) Kiitz.
Heterokontae (Yellow green):
Tribonema minus (Wille) Raz.
Bacillarieae (Diatomaceae) classified after Wolle:
Navicula Silimanorum Ehrb.
Navicula Tabellaria.
Navicula Tabellaria var. Macilenta.
Gomphonema Geminatum (two types).
Asterionella Formosa.
Asterionella Formosa var. Ralfsii (two types)
Asterionella Formosa var. Bleakeleyi.
Asterionella Formosa var. Gracillima.
Fragalaria Capucina Desmaz.
Stephanodiscus Niagara Ehr. (two types).
306
Thus far we have established the following: (a) Center Lake, during
part of the year, has a region devoid of free oxygen. (b) A number of living
organisms are found in it during this time.
Many of these organisms are chlorophy] bearing. This made it desirable
to determine, if possible, whether or not any light reached the bottom of
this rather turbid lake.
To answer this question a Brownie No. 0 camera, boiled in paraffine tu
make it impervious to water, was fastened into a pail weighted in the bottom
with lead to sink it. (See Fig. 2.) The lever of the shutter was arranged
with strings running through opposite sides of the top of the pail (see Fig. wf
so that when the camera was sunk to the desired depth the shutter could }*
opened, exposing a bit of film arranged between two microscopic slides
which were taped around the edges, serving the double purpose of keeping
the film dry and acting as a check. (See Fig. 4.)
After an exposure of five minutes, the shutter was closed by means of the
other cord and the camera raised to the surface. The film was developed.
The exposed part of the film was distinctly darkened, showing that there
is some light at the bottom of the lake. The intensity and quality of this
light remains to be determined.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Birge, E. A., and Juday, C.:
(11) The Inland Lakes of Indiana. Wisconsin Survey Bulletin No. 22.
Conn, H. W., and Webster, L. W.:
(08) A Preliminary Report on the Algae of the Fresh Waters of Con-
necticut. Conn. State Geology & Nat. History Surv., pp. 1-78.
(05) The Protozoa of the Fresh Waters of Connecticut.
Kdmondson, C. H.:
(06) The Protozoa of Iowa. Proceedings of the Davenport Academy
of Science. Vol. XI, pp. 1-24.
Wolle, F.:
(94) The Diatomaceae of N. A. Comenius Press, Bethlelem, Pa.
Sedgwick, A.:
Bol
THe OccuRRENCE OF More THAN ONE LEAF
IN OPHIOGLOSSUM.
It is usually stated that in the Ophioglossales one leaf develops each year.
In collecting material of Ophioglossum vulgatum near Gary, Ind., during
the summer of 1914, it was observed that there was a large proportion of plants
with more than one leaf, so a count was made. Of a total of two hundred
plants, selected at random, ninety-one had one leaf above ground, one
hundred and five had two leaves, and four had three leaves. A similar pro-
portion was found the same year in plants collected in a wood adjoining
the Earlham College campus. Material collected during the summers of
1913 and 1915 showed few plants with more than one leaf.
M. S. Mark ie.
Earlham College,
Richmond, Ind.
309
Tue Puytecoutocy or Peat Boes NEAR RIcHMOND,
INDIANA.
we
M. S. MaARKLE.
LITERATURE USED FOR REFERENCE.
@) Transeau, E. N., On the geographical distribution and ecological relations of
the bog plant societies of northern North America. Bot. Gaz. 36: 401-420, 1908.
(?) Leverett, F., The glacial formations and drainage features of the Erie and
Ohio basins. Mon. 41, U.S. G.S.
(3) Dachnowski, M., A cedar bog in central Ohio. Ohio Naturalist, 11: No. 1,
1910.
While the peat bog is a common feature of the landscape in northerly
latitudes, the presence of a bog as far south as Central Indiana or Ohio
excites considerable interest. It is the belief of modern botanists (1), that
these bogs originated during the period immediately following the glacial
period, when the area abutting on the edge of the ice approximated arctic
conditions, and gradually emerged from this condition after the recession of
the ice. Since the retreat of the ice began at its southern border, areas
retaining any of the primitive conditions incident to the original arctic
climave increase in rarity southward. In Indiana and Ohio, the Ohio river
formed the approximate southern boundary of the ice sheet at the time of
its greatest extension; so these bogs are within sixty or seventy miles of the
southernmost limit of glacial action and even nearer the edge of the most
recent ice sheet. No doubt many bogs formerly existed in central Indiana
and Ohio, but, with changed conditions, practically all have disappeared.
The principal features of interest involved in an ecological study of the
vegetation of peat bogs are, first, the presence of a large number of xero-
phytic forms, a situation not to be inferred from the well-watered condition
of the habitat; second, the existence of many plants characteristic of arctic
and subarctic regions. Little study was made of the anatomy of these
xerophytic forms, as they are not nearly so well represented here as in the
northern bogs.
The presence of boreal forms may be accounted for as follows: During
the glacial period, the flora of the area bordering on the ice was aretic, such
a flora having been able to retreat southward before the slowly-advancing
ice, and consisted of such forms as were able to withstand the many north-
360
Indiana Oh io
: "set
SSE Comer malti WG i*
care r de in?
Oho Ein 4!
‘Ver L
a
6 Sores
Fic. 1. Map of part of southeastern Indiana and southwestern Ohio, showing
glacial moraines of the Early and Late Wisconsin Ice Sheets and the boundary of the
Illinoian drift: also the location of the bogs near Richmond, Indiana and Urbana,
Ohio. Adapted from Leverett and supplemented by observation.
361
and-south oscillations of the ice. When the ice finally retreated, the plants
followed. As any area became warmer and drier, some species perished.
The southern flora, long held in check by the glacier, began to crowd in and
where conditions were favorable for its growth, replaced the arctic flora,
which remained only in such situations as were unsuitable for the growth
of the southern plants, such as bogs and cool, shady ravines. Such places
as these are islands of northern plants left in our now southern and south-
eastern flora.
The physiographic cycle of a bog differs from that of an ordinary swamp
in several particulars; while both are ephemeral features of the landscape,
soon being destroyed by sedimentation or by drainage, they differ in the
manner in which they are filled; a swamp fills up from the bottom by the
gradual accumulation of sediment deposited by incoming streams and that
formed by decaying plant and animal matter; while a bog fills largely from
the top by the formation, beginning at the edge, of a gradually thickening
and settling floating mat of partially decayed vegetation, which is finally
capable of supporting a rich flora. Bogs are more likely to develop in un-
drained or poorly drained depressions, though there are partially drained
bogs and undrained swamps.
The glacial age was not a unit, but was characterized by alternate ad-
vances and recessions of the ice, repeated no one knows how often. The
last few advances were, in general, less extensive than their predecessors,
so the terminal moraine of each was not, in every case, destroyed by its
successor. The moraines of three of these successive advances of the ice
can be distinguished in Ohio (2). The oldest, the Illinoian, extended almost
to the Ohio river. The second, the Early Wisconsin, extended nearly as far,
and was divided by an elevation of land into two lobes, the Scioto on the east
and the Maumee-Miami on the west. The Late Wisconsin sheet followed
the same course as did its predecessor. The terminal moraines of the two sheets
are roughly parallel. The medial moraine of the two lobes of the Early
Wisconsin Sheet was not destroyed by the Late Wisconsin, and the
outwash plain between the medial moraine of the Early Wisconsin and the
lateral moraine of the Late Wisconsin formed a broad valley, now drained
by the Mad river. In this valley is located a bog, known locally as the Cedar
Swamp. See accompanying map, Fig. 1.
Cedar Swamp is in Champaign county, Ohio, about five miles south of
Urbana. It is between the river and the east bluff of the valley. There is
/
& Sedqt-grass asseciafhisn
EJ Aroer vitac “
talip-psplar ”
oO dry bsg.
Fic. 2. Map of Cedar Swamp, showing relation of the plant associations. The
birch-alder association is not shown.
Fic. 3. Panoramic view of Cedar Swamp, looking northward from near the road.
Made from two photographs. Sedge-grass association in foreground, arbor vitae
association in background, with birch-alder association between. The sedge-grass
association had recently been burned over.
363
no evidence that it occupies a former bed of the stream. The bog probably
occupies what was originally a small lake on the valley floor, fed by springs
in the underlying gravel. The former area of the bog was no doubt much
greater than its present area, as is shown by extensive outlying deposits
of peaty soil. The area of the bog has been greatly reduced during the
last few years by artificial means. From natives of the vicinity, it was
learned that the bog was formerly much wetter and more impenetrable.
A story is told of an “herb-doctor’ who entered the bog on a collecting
expedition and never returned. A skeleton recently unearthed was supposed
to be that of the unfortunate doctor.
The bog is now artificially drained by a large ditch, but the natural
drainage was evidently very sluggish.
The bog in its present condition throws no light on the question of the
origin of the floating mat of plants characteristic of the earlier stages. Four
rather distinct plant associations, representing four stages in the plant suc-
cession in a bog formation, are represented here. These are the sedge-grass
association, the birch-alder association, the arbor vitae association and the
maple-tulip association.
The quaking mat, occupied by the sedge-grass association, has almost
disappeared, and exists only in isolated patches, the largest of which is
shown on the accompanying map, Fig. 2. One of the smaller patches appears
in a photograph, Fig. 7. The areas that are left are quite typical. Walking
about over the mat is to be conducted with some caution, especially in the
wetter seasons. By jumping on the mat, one can shake it for many feet
around. A stick can be thrust down with little resistance to a depth of four
to six feet. The burning over of the largest of these areas has destroyed
many of the typical plants. The principal species found in the association
are as follows:
Drosera rotundifolia.
Parnassia caroliniana.
Carex spp.
Lophiola aurea.
Solidago ohioensis.
Solidago Riddellii.
Calopogon pulchellus.
laparis Loeselii.
Habenaria peramoena.
364
Fic. 4. Arbor vitae trees two feet in diameter with the logs upon which they
germinated still remaining. The ends of the logs near the trees do not show. The
hatchet is stuck in the nearer log. Cedar Swamp.
Equisetum arvense.
Typha latifolia.
Utricularia minor.
Lobelia Canby.
Cardamine bulbosa.
Seirpus americanus.
Geum rivale.
Aspidium thelypteris.
The birch-alder association occupies the smallest area of any of the
associations, since 1t forms merely a narrow fringe between the areas of
quaking mat and the areas occupied by the arbor vitae association. Some
of the same plants are found intermingled with the trees and others on the
mat. The tendency is for these bordering shrubs gradually to close in upon
the mat areas they enclose until the mat is covered. The shrubs may gain
a foothold upon higher points in-the mat association from which they spread
outward. The principal plants of the birch-alder association are as follows:
Potentilla fruticosa.
Aldus ineana.
Betula pumila.
Hypericum prolificum.
Salix cordata.
Physoearpus opulifolius.
Cephalanthus occidentalis.
Steironema quadrifolia.
Silphium terebinthinaceum.
Ulmaria rubra.
Phlox glaberrima.
By far the largest part of the bog is occupied by the arbor vitae associa-
ciation. The association is noticeable from a distance, on account of the
presence of these trees of arbor vitae, or white cedar, which gave the bog
its name. Trees two feet in diameter are common. <A stump, oblong in
cross-section, was found to be twenty feet in circumference and five by eight
feet in diameter. The stump was hollow, so that its age could not be de-
termined, but the outer six inches showed about one hundred growth rings,
so the tree must have been several hundred years old. Under natural
conditions, this association would probably persist for a very long time,
as invasion from without goes on very slowly. The Thuyas have very com-
366
Fig. 5. Stump of an arbor vitae tree 40 years old, and the log upon
which it germinated. Cedar Swamp.
367
plete possession of the habitat. Shade conditions are such as to exclude
light-demanding forms. First attempts at photography under the arbor
vitaes resulted in failures, on account of uniform under exposures. The
vegetation of the forest floor is not abundant, except in early spring. The
herbs are largely shade-enduring species. The mat of roots and fallen
branches and leaves is another factor that deters invasion from without.
If the toxicity of the substratum is a factor, it exerts its maximum influence
here, under present conditions. Then, too, the plants of the association are
reproducing themselves very efficiently, all stages of seedlings and saplings
being found. Nearly all the Thuyas germinate on stumps and logs. A
specimen four or five inches in diameter and twenty-five feet in height was
found growing on a stump four feet high. Even the oldest trees, which must
be hundreds of years old, are still grasping in their roots the partially decayed
remains of the logs upon which they germinated. The fact that the logs
are lying in a position that subjects them to the greatest exposure to decay
shows the resistant qualities of arbor vitae wood. The logs shown in the
photograph (Fig. 4) are still fairly sound, though the trees which grew upon
them are two feet in diameter.
One of the commonest undergrowth shrubs is Taxus canadensis, which is
here a prostrate, creeping shrub, seldom more than one or two feet in height.
No traces of seed formation were observed, but the plant reproduces abundantly
by layering. What at first glance seems to be a group of plants is found
to be a series of layered branches from a common central plant. This habit
is of considerable ecological importance here, since it seems to be the only
means of reproduction of the species.
As the accompanying list shows, the arbor vitae association is the habitat
of a large number of species of ferns, which form a prominent part of the
flora of the association. Camptosorus was found in four widely-separated
situations, growing luxuriantly upon fallen logs. Plants of Pteris more than
four feet in height are rather common. Osmunda cinnamomea is common,
but only two specimens of O. regalis were seen. Botrychium virginianum
is abundant. Prothallia of O. cinnamomea are common.
A single plant of Lycopodium lucidulum, probably the last representative
of its species, was found. The disappearance of this species is indicative
of what has occurred in the case of many other northern forms and of the
eventual fate of those that remain. Another disappearing species is
68
€
e
Trees
allow rooting.
A fallen arbor vitae tree, showing sh
6.
Fia.
Swamp.
edar
Cc
ly uprooted.
are frequent
Vaccinium corymbosum, only one specimen
cipal species of the association are as follows:
*Thuya occidentalis.
*Taxus canadensis.
*Alnus incana.
Populus deltoides.
*Populus tremuloides.
Rhus vernix.
Rhus cotinus.
Rhus glabra.
Lindera benzoin.
Ribes Cynosbati.
Rubus idaeus.
*Rubus triflorus.
*Vaccinium corymbosum.
Cornus paniculata.
Cornus alternifolia.
Acer rubrum
Pyrus arbutifolia.
Ampatiens biflora.
Laportea canadensis.
Asclepias incarnata.
Caltha palustris.
Symplocarpus foetidus.
Cypripedium parviflorus.
Cypripedium hirsutum.
Aralia racemosa.
Polygonatum biflorum.
Dioscorea villosa.
Polymnia canadensis.
Mitchella repens.
Anemonella thalictroides.
Anemone quinquefolia.
Pedicularis lanceolata.
Polemonium reptans.
Uvalaria perfoliata.
Mitella diphylla.
50 4—24
of whieh was seen.
369
The prin-
370
Fic. 7. One of the small areas occupied by the sedge-grass association, with Sil-
phium and Typha in the foreground, and Thuya in the background. The birch-alder
association is not well developed here. Cedar Swamp.
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum.
Hydrophyllum virginianum.
Arisema diphylla.
Trillium grandifiorum.
Trillium cernuum.
*Trientalis americana.
*Maianthomum canadense.
Senecio aureus.
Botrychium virginianum.
Osmunda regalis.
Osmunda cinnamomea.
Pteris aquilina.
Cystopteris fragilis.
Aspidium spinulosum.
Aspidium eristatum.
Aspidium thelypteris.
- Adiantum pedatum.
Anoclea sensibilis.
Camptosorus rhizophyllus.
Asplenium acrosticoides.
*Lycopodium lucidulum.
On the west side of the arbor vitae association is an almost undisturbed
tree association, differing greatly in composition from that just described.
The arbor vitae zone is made up largely of plants of northern origin or plants
characteristic of bogs, while the plants of the other group, called the maple-
tulip association, are those typical of the climax mesophytie forest of the
region and are distinetly southern in their origin. A comparison of the
distribution of the more distinetly boreal forms of the arbor vitae associa-
tiln, indicated thus (*) in the list, with those given below for the maple-
tulip association, will make the difference in origin very striking. Practically
all these boreal forms occur outside the limits of distribution given by the
best manuals. The beech is usually a member of the climax mesophytic
forest of this region, but since for some reason it is absent from all the forests
of this vicinity for several miles around, it is also absent in the bog. The
principal trees of the maple-tulip association follow:
Liriodendron tulipifera.
Acer saccharinum.
Acer rubrum.
Fraxinus nigra.
Fraxinus americana.
Juglans cinera.
Ulmus americana.
Ulmus racemosa.
Platanus occidentalis.
Lindera benzoin.
Xanthoxylum americanum.
Pilea pumila.
Urticastrum sp.
Thalictrum dasycarpum.
We have in the cedar swamp a formation of plants of a decidedly boreal
aspect, maintaining itself, but for the influence of man, in the midst of a
flora predominantly southern. Ability to maintain itself in the struggle with
the southern flora was probably due originally to differences in the habitat.
Just what the factors are that make hog conditions unsuitable for the growth
of most plants have not been fully determined; but some combination of
edaphie conditions permitted the northern plants to remain and removed
them very largely from competition with the southern forms. In the later
stages of the development of the bog, many of these conditions have probably
been modified or removed. Many of the southern plants could undoubtedly
maintain themselves under the present conditions; but the bog plants have
such complete possession of the habitat that invasion is practically pre-
eluded. But for the influence of man, the formation would no doubt have
been able to maintain itself for many centuries to come.
About two miles southeast of Richmond, Ind., lies a small remnant of
a formerly much more extensive peat bog. It is known as the Elliott’s Mills
bog and is in such an advanced state in the physiographic cycle of bogs that
little resemblance to a typical bog remains. But the characteristic peat
soil and the presence of certain bog and boreal plants indicate its former
character. The bog lies in a broad, shallow valley between morainic hills.
It evidently occupies a shallow, undrained depression scooped out in a softer
part of the underlying Niagara limestone. The bog is crossed by a public
9-9
o19
highway and is now drained by the roadside ditch. It was necessary to
blast through rock in order to get an outlet for the bog, showing that it is a
rockbound depression. Tile drains from the bog carry streams of cold water
throughout the year. Galleries supplying part of the water for the city of
Richmond oceupy a drier part of the bog.
The very advanced state of the bog is due, no doubt, to its nearness to
the southern limit of glaciation and its consequent great age. Few typical
bog plants remain. The following, however, are more or less characteristic
of bogs: Rhus vernix, Salix pedicellaris, Hypericum prolificum, Parnassia
earoliniana, Potentilla fruticosa. Only one specimen of Rhus vernix remains
and it is dying—a fate typical of that of many bog plants which must formerly
have existed here.
Nearly all boreal forms have likewise disappeared. The following species
have a range reaching far into the north: Potentilla fruticosa, Salix rostrata,
Populus tremuloides. Only one specimen of Salix rostrata was found.
No other specimen is known in the region. Populus tremuloides occurs
sparingly thru central Indiana, but is common in the bog.
A very striking fact is the presence of a large number of species character-
istic of prairies. This is somewhat strange when it is remembered that the
prairie is a formation not at all characteristic of eastern Indiana, which was
originally heavily forested. Eastern Indiana is, however, not far from the
tension line between the forest formation characteristic of the east and
southeast and the prarie formation characteristic of the west and south-
west. No doubt after the retreat of the glacial ice there was a migration
of plants of both of these formations and a consequent struggle between them
for the possession of the new territory. In some instances the pond-swamp-
prairie succession or the pond-bog-prairie succession may have occurred,
while in other cases the pond-swamp-forest or the pond-bog-forest succession
may have taken place. The last named is the succession that oceurred at
Cedar Swamp. In Eastern Indiana, the condition that finally prevailed
over the entire area was the mesophytic forest, but it is not likely that the
patches that may have followed the succession toward the prairie would
have entirely disappeared. This hypothesis would account for such islands
of prairie plants in a forested area as we find in this bog. This is not an
isolated case. for other such situations are found in eastern Indiana and
western Ohio and are known locally as “quaking prairies.’’ “The writer
hopes to make further studies of these areas.
The following plants occur in the Elliott’s Mills bog:
Rhus vernix.
Cornus stolonifera.
Potentilla fruticosa.
Parnassia caroliniana.
Hypericum prolificum.
Salix pedicellaris.
Salix rostrata.
Gerardia paupercula.
Populus tremuloides.
Aster Nova-Angliae.
Aster oblongifolius.
Phlox glaberrima.
Physostegia virginica.
Ulmaria rubra.
Solidago ohioensis.
Solidago Ridellii.
Solidago stricta.
Solidago rugosa.
Rudbeckia hirta.
Desmodium paniculata.
Monarda fistulosa.
Rosa setigera.
Koellia virginica.
Chelone glabra.
Cirsium muticum.
Salix nigra.
Salix cordata.
Lobelia syphilitica.
Lobelia Kalmii.
Aspidium thelypteris.
Selaginella apus.
Physocarpus opulifolius.
Inula Helenium.
Geum canadense.
Symploearpus foetidus.
Kupatorium pertohatum.,
3790
Eupotorium purpureum.
Sagittaria latifolia.
Alisma plantago.
Carex spp.
Cuscuta sp.
Ludwigia palustris.
Bidens trichosperma.
Oxypolis rigidior.
Campanula americana.
M. S. Markte.
Earlham College,
Richmond, Ind.
red”,
4 i}
O70
A REPORT ON THE LAKES OF THE TIPPECANOE BASIN.*
Wi. Scort.
This paper presents the first section of the results of the survey of the
Indiana lakes. The lakes herein described all lie in the Tippecanoe basin.
This basin contains 1,890 square miles. The plan of the survey has been to
construct a hydrographic map of the lakes; and to determine at critical
levels the temperature together with the amount of oxygen, free carbon-
dioxide, carbonates and plankton.
The following lakes have been mapped: Manitou, Yellow Creek, Beaver
Dam, Silver, Plew, Sawmill, Irish, Kuhn, Hammon, Dan Kuhn and Ridinger.
Gas determinations and plankton collections have been made in the
following lakes: Manitou, Yellow Creek, Pike, Eagle (Winona), Little
Eagle (Chapman), Tippecanoe, Plew, Hammon (Big Barbee).
_All of the lakes in this basin have been caused by irregularities in the
great Erie-Saginaw interlobate moraine which was formed by the Erie and
Huron-Saginaw lobes of the Wisconsin ice sheet. The basins are either kettle
holes, irregulatities in the ground moraine, channel lakes, or a combination
of these.
In the lakes that we have mapped the area varies from 85,084 sq. M.
in Sawmill lake to 3,265,607 sq. M. in Manitou. The volume varies from
284,716 cu. M.in the former to 9,787,024 cu. M. in the latter. Their maximum
depth varies from 7.9 M. in Dan Kuhn lake to 22M. in Yellow Creek lake.
The average depth of Dan Kuhn lake is 2.588 M. and that of Yellow Creek
lake is 10 M. These are the maximum and the minimum for the lakes
mapped.
The bottom temperatures vary from 5.3° C. in Tippecanoe lake to 15° C.
in Little Eagle (Chapman). The amount of wind distributed heat (. e.
in excess of 4° C.) has been calculated in gram calories per square centimeter
of surface. This varies from 5,361 gram calories in Manitou to 10,563 calories
in Yellow Creek lake.
The oxygen is always abundant in the epilimnion. In six observations
it was found to exceed the saturation point at one or more levels. The
*A complete report of this work, with maps, tables, and other data, will be pub-
lished as the July number of the Indiana University Studies for 1916.
378
oxygen is always reduced in the hypolimnion. The following lakes have no
free oxygen in their lower levels: Hammon, Lingle, Little Eagle, Pike, Center
and Webster.
All lakes that have been examined are hard water lakes. The maximum
amount of carbondioxide as carbonates varies in the different lakes from
27 ce. per liter to 60 ce. per liter. They are all increasingly acid in their lower
levels, but in the epilimnion they are sometimes alkaline. This is due to
photosynthesis.
The above statements in this discussion apply only to summer con-
ditions.
No very general correlation has been found between the plankton and
the dissolved gases. Some of the lakes are much richer in plankton than
others. It seems probable at the present stage of the investigation that this
is related to, and possibly caused by the varying amount of phanerogams
that are produced in their littoral region.
A List or PLANT Diseases oF Economic IMPORTANCE
IN INDIANA WITH BIBLIOGRAPHY.
F. J. Prpat.
INTRODUCTION.
Plant diseases cost Indiana considerably more every year than the
maintenance of all public schools in the State. In other words, they exact
an annual tax of over $15,000,000. The loss on the grain crops alone amounts
to about $11,000,000. The above estimates are based upon the results of
the experimental and demonstrational work conducted for a number of
years with grain smuts over a large section of the state, upon special reports
from coéperators in plant disease survey, general correspondence, and per-
sonal investigations and observations by the members of the Botanical and
other departments of the Agricultural Experiment Station.
A considerable proportion of this damage to growing crops can be readily
and cheaply prevented by employing certain well-established, precautionary
measures. This has been clearly demonstrated in the disinfection of seed
erain by the formaldehydge treatment and in the spraying of fruit trees.
Other effective sanitary measures and methods of control are available,
which, if put into practice, will save yearly a neat sum of money.
It is highly desirable, therefore, that Indiana farmers realize these facts
and avail themselves of the knowledge regarding plant diseases and their
control. A greater interest of the farmer in this phase of work will also add
stimulus to further and more extensive investigations of plant diseases so
that new and more practical measures of prevention and control can be
evolved and made available for general practice.
In order to bring together the accumulated information regarding the
plant diseases that occur within the State the writer has made an attempt
in this paper to present a list and a bibliography of plant diseases in Indiana.
It is far from complete, however, and when a thorough survey is completed
many additions will be made to it. This list is merely intended to serve as
a foundation for plant disease surveys to be made in the future.
With a few exceptions the list includes all plant diseases that have been
reported heretofore in various publications, and other diseases of which
380
specimens have been collected or received from correspondents by former
and present members of the Department of Botany, Indiana Agricultural
Experimental Station, or by Professor G. N. Hoffer, of the School of Science,
Purdue University. Unless otherwise stated in the list the specimens are
in the phytopathological collection of the Station Department of Botany,
or in the collection of Professor Hoffer. The distribution of the diseases is
given either by counties, together with the dates of collections when known;
or by sections of the State in which they are prevalent. If they occur generally
over the State they are mentioned as common.
The bibliography includes articles written by Indiana workers and
pertaining to Indiana plant diseases, published mostly in the bulletins and
reports of the Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Proceedings of
the Indiana Academy of Science, Transactions of the Indiana Horticultural
Society, and the Annual Reports of the State Entomologist. It also includes
several papers presented at meetings by out-of-state scientists, but pertaining
to diseases common to Indiana and printed in the State publications. Ref-
erences to the articles dealing with the diseases mentioned in the following
list are given by number, in the chronological order in which they were
published.
In order to make the plant disease survey as complete as possible, co-
operation is solicited, and the Department of Botany, Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Lafayette, will be pleased to receive specimens, especially
of the less common or unreported diseases. Any valuable information as
to the prevalence of such diseases, the extent of damage caused, relation to
weather conditions, etc., will also be appreciated.
The writer wishes to express his gratitude to Prof. H. S. Jackson, Chief
of the Department of Botany, Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station,
for valuable advice and assistance in the preparation of this list.
381
LIST OF DISEASKS.
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
Downey Mildew, Peronospora Trifoliorwm DeB. Tippecanoe, 1915.
Leaf Spot, Pseudopeziza Medicaginis (Lib.) Sace. Common. 78.
Rust, Uromyces Medicaginis Pass. Putnam, 1907.
Violet Root Rot, Rhizoctonia Crocorum (Pers.) DC. Referred to
formerly as R. Medicaginis D.C. St. Joseph, 1915. County agent, J.
S. Bordner, reported a number of affected spots in one field, each
spot being as much as 10 feet across and enlarging at the rate of 1
foot every 30 days during the growing season. So far as known to
the writer this disease has been reported on alfalfa only from
Nebraska, Kansas and Virginia.
Wilt, Sclerotinia Trifoliorum Eriks. Clark, Fulton and Henry, 1914.
Especially prevalent in Clark county.
Apple (Pyrus Malus L.)
Bitter Pit (cause physiological). Common on Baldwin variety. Bald-
win Fruit Spot, caused by Cylindrosporiuwm Pomi, has been reported
but no definite determination of it has yet been made. References
to Baldwin Fruit Spot: 58, 59, 84, 36.
Bitter Rot, Glomerella rufomaculans (Berk.) Spaul. and von Schr. Preva-
lent in the southern half of the State. 46, 76, 78, 57, 58, 84, 100, 36,
40.
Black Rot, Sphaeropsis Malorum Peck. Shear’s studies indicate genetic
connection with Melanops. Prevalent in the southern half of the
State. 78, 58, 59, 84, 100, 67, 36, 40, 117.
Blister Canker, Nummularia discreta (Schw.) Tul. Becoming serious in
the southern part of the State. 36, 40, 39, 117, 86.
Bloteh, Phyllosticta solitaria EK. & HK. Common. 78, 58, 59, 84, 37, 40.
Brown Rot, Sclerotinia cinerea (Bon.) Wor. Common. 58, 59, 84.
Crown Gall, Pseudomonas tumefaciens E. F. Smith & Towns. Reported
serious occasionally on nursery stock. 57, 59, 84, 36.
European Canker, Nectria ditissima Tul. Found injurious to nursery
stock. 57, 58, 59.
Fire Blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) DeToni. Common. 76, 78.
57, 58, 59, 34, 36, 38, 117, 62. See also under Pear.
382
IKly Speck, Leplothyrium Pomi. (Mont. & Ir.) Sace. Usually found to-
eether with sooty blotch. 78, 58, 84, 36, 40.
Jonathan Fruit Spot (cause unknown). Serious on Jonathan apples in
storage.
Leaf Spot, Phyllosticta limitata Pk. Tippecanoe, 1915.
Pestalozzia concentrica B. & Br. Monroe, Franklin and Martin, 1912.
Mildew, Podosphaera oxyacanthae (D.C.) DeB. Floyd, 1906, and Podo-
sphaera leucotrichia (KH. & EK.) Salm. Sullivan, 1915. 84.
Pink Rot, Cephalotheciwm rosewm Cda. Common. 58, 84.
Root Rot, Clitocybe parasitica Wileox and Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) Qual.
Serious in some orchards in the southern counties.
Rust, Gymnosporangium Juniperi-virginianae Schw. Common. 133, 94,
78, 57, 58, 84, 100, 36, 40, 39, 117.
Seab, Venturia inaequalis (Fr.) Wint. Common. 76, 78, 57, 58, 84,
59, 100, 36, 40, 39.
Soft Rot, Penicillium spp. Common. 58, 59, 84.
Sooty Blotch, Phyllachora pomigena (Schw.) Sace. Most abundant in
unusually moist seasons and in damp situations. 78, 58, 84, 36, 40.
Trunk Rot, Fomes applanatus (Pers.) Wallr. Kosciusko, 1914.
Ash (Fraxinus spp.)
Mildew, Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst. Johnson, 1890. Montgomery
and Putnam, 1893. 132.
White Heart Rot, Fomes fraxinophilus Peck. 132, 71.
Asparagus (Asparagus sp.)
Rust, Puccinia Asparagi D.C. Rather common. 110, 21, 142, 76, 77
136, 25.
s
Astec, Chinese (Callistephus hortensis Cass.)
Fusarium Wilt, Fusariwm sp. Tippecanoe, 1912; Clinton, 1914; Allen
and Marion, 1915.
Rust, Coleosporium Solidaginis (Schw.) Thum. Jefferson, 1914.
383
Barley (Hordeum sp.)
Black Stem Rust, Puccinia poculiformis (Pers.) Wettst. Common.
Covered Smut, Ustilago Hordei (Pers.) Kell. & Sw. Rather common.
132, 42.
Loose Smut, Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Kell. & Sw. Rather common.
Stripe Disease, Helminthosporium gramineum (Rag.) Erik. Tippecanoe,
1910.
Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Anthracnose, Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum (Save. & Magn.) Bri. &
Cav. Common. 78, 128.
Rust, Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Lev. Common. 132, 142, 78.
Stem Rot, Corticitwm vagum B. & C. var. Solani Burt. Laporte, 1911.
Beech (Fagus sp.)
Heart Rot, Steccherinum septentrionale (Fr.) Banker. Rather common.
132, 71.
Leaf Spot, Phyllosticta faginea Pk. Monroe, 1909. 137.
Mildew, Microsphaera Alni (D.C.) Wint. Johnson, 1890. 132.
Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)
Bacterial Disease. While the cause of this disease has been ascribed to
a bacterial origin, the matter has not been definitely settled. The
general characteristics of the diseased plants are similar to those
caused by the curly top disease described by Townsend (U. 8. Dept.
of Agr. B. P. I. Bul. 122). The curly top disease, however, appears
to be caused, as indicated by Shaw (U.S. Dept. of Agr. B. P. I. Bul.
181) and Ball (U. S. Dept. of Agr. Bur. Ent. Bul. 66), by the beet
leafhopper (Hutettix tenella). As this insect is claimed to be confined
to the southern states and therefore is not likely to be found in Indiana,
it is doubtful if the Indiana disease is the same as the curly top. 65,
31, 55.
Leaf Blight, Cercospora beticola Sace. Probably common. 128, 78.
Leaf Spot, Septoria Betae West. Tippecanoe, 1896.
Seab, Oospora scabies Thaxter. Common. 65, 31.
354
Birch, Yellow (Betula lutea Michx. f.)
Rust, Melampsoridium betulinum (Pers.) Kleb. Steuben, 1913. 25.
Blackberry (Rubus spp.)
Anthracnose, Gloeosporium veneltum Speg. Burkholder reported genetic
connection with Plectodiscella. Common. 128, 78, 57, 36, 40.
Crown Gall, Pseudomonas tumefaciens EK. F. Smith and Townsend.
Rather serious in some localities. 76, 57, 40.
Leaf Spot, Septoria Rubi West. Common. 78, 40.
Rust, Gymnoconia interstitialis (Schlecht.) Lagh. Common. 64, 128,
142, 78, 57, 36. Puccinia Peckiana Howe. Tippecanoe, 1895.
Kuehneola Uredinis (Link) Arthur. Common.
Blue-grass (Poa pratensis L.)
Anthracnose, Colletotrichum cereale Manns. Tippecanoe, 1914.
Leaf Spot, Scoletotrichum graminus Fekl. Johnson, 1890. 132.
Mildew, EHrysiphe graminis D.C. Common in wet seasons. 132.
Rust, Puccinia epiphylla (L.) Wettst. Common. 132.
Slime Mold, Physarum cinereum (Batsch) Pers. Tippecanoe, 1913.
Marion, 1915.
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea lL.)
Black Leg, Phoma oleracea Sace. Elkhart, 1915. Large percentage of
the crop in two fields was severely affected.
Black Rot, Pseudomonas campestris (Pammel) E. F. Smith. Common.
108, 76, 78, 42.
Club-root, Plasmodiophora Brassicae Wor. Rather common. 77.
Drop, Sclerotinia libertiana Fekl. Tippecanoe, 1915. No specimen
preserved.
Leaf Blight, Allernaria Brassicae (Berk.) Sace. Clark, 1908. One field
almost ruined. No specimen preserved. ;
Wilt or Yellows, Fusarium conglulinans Wr. Pike and Deeatur, 1914.
Canteloupe (Cucumis Melo L.)
Anthracnose, Colletotrichum Lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. & Halls. Becoming
common. 78.
380
Leaf Blight, Alternaria Brassicae (Berk.) Sace. Common. 128, 78, 144.
Wilt, Bacillus tracheiphilus KE. F. Smith. Very serious in many localities.
76, 78, 144.
Carnation (Dianthus Caryophyllus L.)
Bacteriosis, Bacterium Dianthi Arth. & Boll. Serious in greenhouses.
30.
Bud Rot, Sporotrichum anthophilum Peck. Marion, 1909. 58.
Leaf Spot, Alternatia Dianthi S. & H. Monroe, 1912. 138.
Rust, Uromyces caryophyllinus (Schrank) Wint. Common. 132, 138.
Catalpa (Catalpa spp.)
Heart Rot, Collybia velutipes Fr. and Polyporus versicolor Fr. Tippecanoe,
1GiS2 71.
Leaf Spot, Cladosporium sp. Common. 58. Macrosporium Catalpae
Ell. & Mart., Kosciusko, 1914, and Phyllosticta Catalpae Ell. & Mart.,
Kosciusko, 1914. 71.
Mildew, Microsphaera vaccinii (Schw.) Salm. Reported as Microsphaera
elevata Burrill. Putnam, 1891. Owen, 1893. Tippecanoe, 1890.
Phyllactinia suffulata (Reb.) Sace. Montgomery, 1893. 132.
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea lL. var. botrytis D. C.)
Black Rot, Pseudomonas campestris (Pammel) E. F. Smith. No locality
mentioned. 77.
Celery (Apium graveolens L.)
Leaf Spot, Septoria Petroselini. Desm. var. Apil. Br. & Cav. Tippecanoe,
1915. Cercospora Api Fr. Marshall and St. Joseph, 1915.
Cherry (Prunus spp.)
Black Knot, Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sace. Common. 127, 10, 130,
57, 36, 40, 117.
Brown Rot, Sclerotinia cinerea (Bon.) Wor. Common. 57, 58. 36, 40.
Leaf Spot, Cylindrosporium Padi Karst. Higgins has reported genetic
relation with Coccomyces hiemalis Higgins. Common. 78, 57, 36,
38, 40. ;
Powdery Mildew, Podosphaera oxyacanthae (D.C.) DeB. Common.
Seab. Venturia cerasi Aderh. Kosciusko, 1913.
5084—25
386
Chestnut (Castanea spp.)
Blight, Endothia parasitica (Murrill) Anders. Marion and Benton, 1915.
Leaf Spot, Mycosphaerella maculiformis (Pers.) Sehw. Martin, 1915.
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum spp.)
Rust, Puccinia Chrysanthemi Roze. Tippecanoe, 1900. 24.
Clover (Trifolium spp.)
Anthracnose, Colletotrichum Trifolii Bain. Monroe, 1908, on red clover.
137. Gloeosporium caulivorum Kirchner. Tippecanoe, 1915, on red
clover.
Black Mold, Phyllachora Trifolii (Pers.) Fekl. Johnson, 1890, on red
clover. 132.
Rust, Uromyces fallens (Desm.) Kern and Uromyces Trifolii (Hedw.)
Lev. Common. 132, 25, 142, 98.
Sooty Spot, Polythryncium Trifolii Kze. Franklin, 1912, on red and white
clover.
Wilt, Sclerotinia Trifoliorum Eriks. Gibson, 1915, on red and erimson
clover.
Corn (Zea Mays L.)
Dry Rot, Fusarium sp. Common. 77, 78.
Rust, Puccinia Sorghi Schw. Common. 132, 142.
Smut, Ustilago Zeae (Beckm.) Ung. Common. 49, 12, 56, 107, 33, 111,
113, 45, 76, 78.
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus |.)
Angular Leaf Spot, Bacterium lachrymans. EK. F. Smith & Bryan. Pu-
laski, Marshall and Fulton, 1915.
Anthracnose, Colletotrichum Lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. & Hals. Marshall,
Laporte, St. Joseph, Starke, Pulaski and Fulton, 1915.
Bacterial Wilt, Bacillus tracheiphilus E. F. Smith. Marshall, Tippe-
canoe, Laporte, Fulton, Starke, Pulaski and St. Joseph, 1915.
Downy Mildew, Peronoplasmopara cubensis (B. & C.) Clinton. Marshall,
1915.
387
Powdery Mildew, Erysiphe Cichoracearum D.C. Marshall, 1915.
White Pickle or Mosaic Disease (cause not known). Marshall, Laporte,
Tippecanoe, Fulton, Pulaski, St. Joseph and Starke. 1915.
Currant (Ribes spp.)
Anthracnose, Pseudopeziza Ribis Kleb. Rather common. 138, 40.
Leaf Spot, Septoria Ribis Desm. Common. 78, 40.
Powdery Mildew, Sphaerotheca Mors-uwoae (Schwein.) Berk. & Curt.
Common. 40.
Eggplant (Solanum Melongena L.)
Leaf Spot, Ascochyta Lycopersici Brun. Tippecanoe, 1915.
Elm ( Ulmus spp.)
Leaf Spot, Mycosphaerella Ulmi Kleb. Johnson, 1890. Dothidella
ulmea (Schw.) E. & E. Montgomery, 1893. Kosciusko, 1912. 132,
135, 71.
Mildew, Uncinula macrospora Pk. Rather common. 132.
Rot, Pleurotus ulmarius Bull. Common. 71.
Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.)
Wilt, Acrostalagmus albus Preuss. Brown, 1909. 58.
Gooseberry (Ribes grossularia L.)
Anthracnose, Pseudopeziza Ribis Kleb. Becoming common. 40.
Leaf Spot, Septoria Ribis Desm. Common. 78, 138, 40.
Mildew, Sphaerotheca Mors-uvae (Schw.) Berk. & Curt. Common. 128.
78, 40.
Grape (Vitis spp.)
Anthracnose, Gloeosporium ampelophagum Sace. Rather common. 58,
60, 36, 40.
Black Rot, Guignardia Bidwellii (Ell.) Viala & Ravaz. Common. 8,
128, 78, 60, 36, 40.
Crown Gall, Pseudomonas tumefaciens E. F. Smith & Towns. No locality
mentioned. 38.
388
Downy Mildew, Plasmopara viticola (B. & C.) Berl. & DeToni. Common.
132, 58, 60, 36, 40.
Powdery Mildew, Uncinula necator (Schw.) Bull. Common. 8, 127,
36. 40.
Necrosis, Fusicoccum viticolum Red. Tipton, 1907. 60.
Hickory ( Hicoria spp.)
Leaf Spot, Bacterium sp. Common. 71.
Marsonia sp. Kosciusko, 1913.
Mildew, Microsphaera Alni (D.C.) Wint. Johnson, 1890; Marshall,
1893. 132.
Root Rot, Armillaria mellea Vahl. Tippecanoe, 1915. 71.
Hollyhock (Althaea rosea Cay.)
Rust, Puccinia malvacearum Mont. St. Joseph, Montgomery, Marshall,
Huntington, Marion, and Tippecanoe, 1915.
Horse Chesnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum L.)
Mildew, Uncinula fleruosa Pk. Johnson, 1890; Montgomery. 132.
Japanese Ivy (Ampelopsis tricuspidata Sieb. & Zucc.)
Cladosporium Wilt, Cladosporium herbarum Link. Tippecanoe, 1914.
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
Downy Mildew, Bremia Lactucae Regel. Found frequently in green-
houses. 143.
Drop, Sclerotinia libertiana Fckl. Common in greenhouses.
Leaf Spot, Septoria Lactucae Pass. Johnson, 1890. Kosciusko, 1913.
132.
Lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.)
Mildew, Microsphaera Alni (Wollr.) Wint. Common. 102.
Linden (Tilia americana L.)
Mildew, Uncinula Clintonii Peck. Montgomery, 1890; Putnam, 1893.
132.
389
Locust, Black (Robinia Pseudacacia |.)
Yellow Heart Rot, Fomes rimosus Berk. Rather common. 71.
Locust, Honey Gleditsia triacanthos L.)
Leaf Spot, Melasmia hypophylla Sace. Marion, 1890; Tippecanoe, 1892;
Putnam, 1893. 132.
Mildew, Microsphaera Alni (Wallr.) Wint. Common. 71.
Maple (Acer spp.)
Anthracnose, Gloeosporium apocryptum EK. & E. Marion, Floyd, Van-
derburg and Boone, 1914. 39. °
Bark Canker, Schizophyllum commune Fr. Rather common. 71.
Canker, Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. Carroll, 19138. 71.
Leaf Spot, Phleospora Aceris Lib. Johnson, 1890, on red maple. Stagonos-
pora collapsa (C. & EK.) Sace. Putnam, 1893, on soft maple. 132.
Leaf Tar Spot, Rhytisma acerina (Pers.) Fr. Common in some localities.
132, 137, 39, 71.
Mildew, Uncinula circinata C. & P. Montgomery, 1885; Johnson, 1890;
Marshall, 1893, on red and soft maple. 132, 102.
Sun Seald. This trouble, thought to be due to drouth and storm injury
has been quite prevalent over the State during the past few seasons.
38, 39.
White Heart Rot, Fomes igniarius (L.) Gillet. Common. 71.
White Rot, Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr. Tippecanoe. 71.
Millet (Chaetcchloa italica (L.) Seribn.
Smut, Ustilago Crameri Koern. Rather common but not serious. 112.
Oak (Quercus spp.)
Leaf Spot, Ceratophorum uncinatum (Cl. & Pk.) Sace. Johnson, 1890,
on bur-oak. Didymella lephosphora Sace. & Speg. Monroe, 1911,
on red oak. Gloeosporium septorioides Sace. Montgomery, 1890;
Monroe, 1909, on red oak. Marsonia Martini Sace. & Ell. Common
on several species. Phyllosticta Quercus Sace. & Speg. Montgomery,
1898, on bur-oak. 132, 137, 71.
390
Brown Heart Rot, Fomes Everhartii Ell. & Gall. = (Pyropolyporus Ever-
hartti (Ell. & Gall.) Murrill). Common in the northern counties.
7
Mildew, Microsphaera Alni (Wallr.) Wint. Frequently on leaves of
coppice growth of red and white oaks. Phyllactinia suffulita (Reb.)
Sace. Shelby, 1890; Vigo, 1893, on swamp and red oaks. 132, 71.
Piped Rot, Polyporus pilotae Schw. = (Aurantiporus pilotae (Schw.)
Murrill). In the southern part of the State. 71.
Red Heart, Polyporus sulphureus (Bull.) Fr. = (Laetiporus speciosus
(Batt.) Murrill). Common. 71.
Root Rot, Armillaria mellea Vahl. Common. Polyporus Berkeleyi Fr.
= (Grifolia Berkeleyi (Fr.) Murrill). Tippecanoe and Monroe. Poly-
porus dryadeus Fr. Tippecanoe and Monroe. 71.
Speckled Rot. Stereum frustulosum Pers. Putnam, 1891. 132.
Straw-colored Rot, Polyporus frondosus Fr. = (Grifolia frondosa (Fr.)
Murrill.) Common, although it does not frequently attack living
trees. 71.
White Rot or Coral Fungus, Hydnum erinaceus Bull. Common. 71.
Oats (Avena sativa L.)
Covered Smut, Ustilago levis (Kell. & Sw.) Magn. Common.
Loose Smut, Ustilago Avenae (Pers.) Jens. Common. 3, 6, 9. 132. 56.
122, 109, 20, 123, 115, 26, 27, 76, 78, 42, 32, 75, 91.
Rust, Puccinia Rhamni (Pers.) Wettst. Common. 132, 25, 142, 76. 78.
Ohio Buckeye (Aesculus glabra Willd.)
Mildew, Uncinula fleruosa Pk. Johnson, 1890; Montgomery. 132.
Leaf Spot, Phyllosticia Paviae Desm. Montgomery and Johnson, 1890;
Brown, 1893. 132.
Onion (Allium Cepa L.)
Black Mold, Macrosporium parasiticum Thuem. Starke, 1912.
Smut, Urocystis cepulae Frost. Becoming serious locally in the north
eentral counties. 135.
Soft Rot, Bacillus sp. Occasionally casues considerable loss in storage.
Pea (Pisum sp.)
Blight, Ascochyta Pisi Lib. Common. 42, 136.
391
Peach (Amygdalus persica 1.)
Bacterial Leaf Spot, Bacterium Pruni EB. F. Smith. Vanderburg, 1915.
Blight, Coryneuwm Beyerinkii Oud. Reported in several localities in the
peach-growing districts. 61, 40.
Brown Rot, Sclerotinia cinerea (Bon.) Wor. Common. 76, 57, 58, 61.
Crown Gall, Pseudomonas tumefaciens EK. F. Smith & Towns. Probably
not common. 57, 61.
Leaf Curl, Exoascus deformans (Berk.) Fekl. Common. 132, 128, 17,
76, 78, 57, 61, 40.
Powdery Mildew, Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.) Lev. Common. 58, 61.
Seab, Cladosporium carpophilum Thuem. Common. 2, 98, 58, 61, 40. .
Yellows. Common. 76, 78, 57, 58, 61, 40, 117.
Pear (Pyrus communis L.)
Black Rot, Sphaeropsis Malorum Pk. Shear’s studies indicate genetic
connection with Melanops. Tippecanoe, 1915.
Blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) DeToni. Common. 43, 57, 81,
92, 93, 97, 121, 52, 53, 51, 105, 128, 99, 63, 95, 76, 78, 59, 84, 36,
38, 40, 117, 62. See also under Apple.
Leaf Blight, Entomosporium maculatum Ley. Perfect stage = Fabrea
maculata (Lev.) Atk. Rather common. 36, 40.
Leaf Spot, Septoria pyricola Desm. Rather common. 135. M ycosphaer-
ella sentina (Fr.) Schw. Kosciusko, 1914.
Seab, Venturia pyrina Aderh. Rather common. 128, 78.
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Black Rot, Macrosporium Solani Ell. & Mart. Tippecanoe, 1912.
Plum (Prunus spp.)
Black Knot, Plowrightia morbosa (Sehw.) Saecc. Common. 127, 10,
128, 130, 76, 78, 57, 58, 36, 40, 117.
Brown Rot, Sclerotinia cinerea (Bon.) Wor. Common. 128, 76, 78,
97, 58, 36, 40.
Leaf Spot, Cylindrosporium Padi Warst. Common. 128, 78, 57, 36,
40.
Plum Pocket, Exoascus Pruni Fekl. Common. 17, 38, 117.
392
Poplar (Populus spp.)
Leaf Spot, Marsonia Populi (Lib.) Sacc. Tippecanoe, 1910.
Mildew, Uncinula Salicis (D.C.) Wint. Common. 132.
Rust, Melampsora Medusae Thuem. Common. 142, 71. Melampsora
Abjietis-canadensis (Farl.) Ludwig. Tippecanoe, Jasper, Steuben,
Putman.
Potato (Solanum iuberosum L.)
Bacterial Wilt, Bacilus solanacearum E. F. Smith. Serious locally. 78.
Early Blight, Macrosporium Solani Ell. & Mart. Common. 128, 119,
AES
Fusarium Rot, Fusarium sp. Common.
Late Blight, Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) DeB. Common. 128, 119,
78.
Seab, Oospora scabies Thaxter. Common. 11, 13, 14, 15, 20, 76, 78, 54.
Tipburn. Probably sunseald injury. Tippecanoe, 1907.
Privet (Ligustrum oulsere L.)
Anthracnose, Gloeosporium cingulatum Atk. Marion, 1908. 58.
Quince (Cydonia vulgaris Pers.)
Black Rot, Sphaeropsis malorum Pk. Shear indicates genetic connection
with Melanops. Common. 76, 78.
Blight, Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) DeToni. Common. 76, 78, 36, 40.
See also under Apple and Pear.
Leaf blight, Entomosporium maculatum Levy. Common. 128, 58, 36. 40.
Perfect stage = Fabrea maculata (Lev.) Atk.
Mildew, Podosphaera oxyacanthae (D.C.) DeB. Montgomery, 1885.
102.
Rust, Gymnosporangium germinale (Schw.) Kern. Perry, 1914. 77.
Radish (Raphanus satious L.)
Downy Mildew, Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) DeB. 143.
White Rust, Albugo candida (Pers.) Roussel. Common. 132, 113.
393
Raspberry (Rubus spp.)
Anthracnose, Gloeosporium venelum Speg. Burkholder reported genetie
connection with Plectcdiscella. Common. 128, 76, 78, 58, 36, 40.
Cane Blight, Coniolthyrium Fuckelii Sacc. No locality mentioned. 40.
Crown Gall, Pseudomonas tumefaciens E. F. Smith & Towns. Common.
40.
Leaf Spot, Septoria Rubi West. Common. 78, 40.
Rust, Gymnoconia interstitialis (Schlecht.) Lagh. Common. 78, 36.
Rhubarb (Rheum Rhaponticum L.)
Leaf Spot, Ascochyla Rhei EK. & KE. Tippecanoe, 1912 and 1915.
Rose (Rosa spp.)
Black Spot, Actinonema Rosae (Lib.) Fr. Wolf reported perfect stage,
Diplocarpon Rosae Wolf.
Leaf Spot, Dicoccwm Rosae Bon. Howard, 1911.
Mildew, Sphaerotheca pannosa Wallr. Common. 132.
Rust, Phragmidium americanum Dietel. Probably common. 132.
Phragmidium disciflorum (Tod) J. F. James. St. Joseph, 1915.
Phragmidium subcorticium (Schrank) Wint. Tippecanoe, 1915.
Rubber Plant (Ficus elastica Roxb.)
Leaf Spot. Macrosporium sp. Tippecanoe, 1910.
Rye (Secale cereale L.)
Ergot, Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. Common. 132.
Leaf Rust, Puccinia asperifolia (L.) Wettst. Common.
Stem Rust, Puccinia poculiformis (Jasq.) Wettst.. 25.
Sorghum (Sorghum spp.)
Kernel Smut, Sphacelotheca Sorghi (Lk.) Clinton. Common. Collected
on several members of the sorghum group.
Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.)
Anthracnose, Colletotrichum Antirrhini Stew. Tippecanoe, 1915.
Rust, Puccinia Antirrhini Diet. & Holw. Montgomery, Lagrange, Hen-
dricks and Wabash, 1915.
394
Strawberry (Fragaria spp.)
Leaf Spot, Mycosphaerella Fragariae (Tul.) Linden. Common. 128,
58, 40, 90, 39.
Mildew, Sphaerotheca Humuli (D.C.) Burr. Common. 38, 40.
Sweet Pea (Lathyrus spp.)
Root Rot, Fusarium Lathyri Taubenhaus. Tippecanoe, 1912.
Sweet Potato (/pomoea Batatas Lam.)
Black Rot, Sphaeronema fimbriatum (Ell. & Hals.) Sace. Rather common.
77, 83.
Dry Rot, Diaporthe batatatis Harter & Field. Tippecanoe, 1912. 83.
Fusarium Rot, Fusarium sp. Tippecanoe, 1912. 83.
Stem Rot, Nectria Ipomoeae Hals. Tippecanoe, 1912. Monroe. 83.
Swiss Chard (Beta sp.)
Leaf Spot, Cercospora beticola Sace. Tippecanoe, 1910.
Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.)
Leaf Spot, Stigmina Platani Fckl. Tippecanoe, 1914. 71.
Mildew, Microsphaera Alni (DC.) Wint. Johnson, 1890; Putnam, 1891;
Montgomery, 1893. 132.
Phyllactinia Corylea (Pers.) Karst. Common. 71.
Timothy (Phleum pratense L.)
Anthracnose, Colletotrichum cereale Manns. Hamilton and Bartholomew,
1909.
Leaf Spot, Scoletotrichum graminis Fckl. Johnson, 1890. 132.
Rust, Puccinia poculiformis (Jacq.) Wettst. Common. 79, 80, 74.
Silver Top, Sporotrichum Poae Pk. Kosciusko, 1914.
Smut, Ustilago striaeformis (West.) Niess. Common. 132.
Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.)
Anthracnose, Colletotrichum phomoides (Sace.) Chest. Common.
Bacterial Blight, Bacillus solanacearum E. F. Smith. Serious locally.
78, 39.
3990
Black Rot, Alternaria sp. Tippecanoe, 1912.
Blossom End Rot (cause not known). Common, especially during dry
weather. 76, 78, 131.
Fusarium Wilt, Fusarium Lycopersici Sace. Knox, 1913; Tippecanoe,
1914 and 1915.
Leaf Mold, Cladosporium fuloum Cke. Wabash, 1915, in greenhouse.
Leaf Spot, Septoria Lycopersici Speg. Common. 128, 78, 131.
Mosaie Disease (cause not definitely known). Common in greenhouses.
Oedema. Cause physiological. Tippecanoe, 1912, in greenhouse.
Walnut, Black (Juglans nigra 1.)
Leaf Spot, Marsonia Juglandis (Lib.) Sace. Perfect stage = Gnomonia
leptostyla (Fr.) Ces. & d. Not. Tippecanoe, 1914.
Mildew, Microsphaera Alni (D.C.) Wint. Johnson, 1890. Putnam,
1893. 132.
Walnut, White (Juglans cinerea L.)
Mildew, Phyllactinia Corylea (Pers.) Karst. Carroll, 1913. 71.
Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.)
Anthraenose, Colletotrichwm Lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. & Hals. Common.
128, 78.
Fusarium Wilt, Fusarium vasinfectum Atk. var. nivewm Sm... Common.
78, 144.
Leaf Blight, Alternaria Brassicae (Berk.) Sace. var. nigrescens Pegl. Com-
mon.
Wheat (Triticum vulgare 1.)
Anthracnose, Colletotrichum cereale Manns. Posey, 1912.
Ebony Point, Alternaria sp. Common.
Fusarium Blight, Fusariwm sp. Unusual outbreak of Fusarium trouble
occurred during the past season (1915) in Orange, Washington, Jeffer-
son and Green counties. The maturing heads had a dull grayish-
brown color instead of the normal golden brown. The kernels were
small, shrunken, and in many eases covered with mycelial growth.
Prof. G. N. Hoffer, who co-operated in the investigation of this
disease, found many kernels internally infected with Fusarium.
596
Leaf Rust, Puccinia triticina Eriks & Henn. Common. See under Stem
Rust.
Loose Smut, Ustilago Tritici (Pers.) Jens. Common. 82, 35, 9la, 132,
19, 109, 23, 116, 76, 78, 42, 32.
Scab, Fusarium sp. Common, 7, 18, 76, 78.
Septoria Spot, Seploria graminum Desm. Common. Another species
of Septoria which agrees closely with S. glumarum Sace. was found
associated with the Fusarium blight disease. Pyenidia were found
in abundance not only on glumes but on sheaths and nodes as well.
In one of the fields examined by the writer every wheat plant was
severely affected.
Stinking Smut, Tilletia foetans (B. &.C.) Trel. Common. 82, 3, 5.
9la, 9, 56, 20, 76, 78, 42, 57, 32, 88. Tilletia Tritici (Beij.) Wint.
Franklin, 1912.
Stem Rust, Puccinia poculiformis (Jacq.) Wettst. Common. 82, 50. 4,
47, 48, 142, 76, 78, 57.
Willow (Salix spp.)
Mildew, Uncinula Salicis (D.C.) Karst. Common. 132, 71.
Rust, Melampsora Bigelowii Thuem. Common. 71.
Wood Rot, Daedalea confragosa (Balt.) Pers. Tippecanoe, 1912.
Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera lL.)
Mildew, Erysiphe Liriodendri Schw. Putnam, 1891 and 1893; Mont-
gomery 1893. Phyllactinia suffulta (Reb.) Sace. Johnson, 1890;
Montgomery, 1893. 132.
397
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3. ————-—-—
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6. ———
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*
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*Article 19 should be credited to Wm. Stuart.
Mpg a Sk
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25
1903. Revised list of Indiana plant rusts. Proce. Ind. Acad. Sei.
1903 :141-152.
26
1905 Rapid method of removing smut from seed oats. Ind. Agr.
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treating oats with formaldehyde solution on a large seale.
27. ——-—~- ——
1906 Treatment for oat smut. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta. Newsp. Bul.
125. Brief discussion of the formaldehyde treatment.
28.
1909 Right and wrong conception of plant rusts. Proe. Ind. Acad.
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1914 Some large botanical problems. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sei. 1914:
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1896 Bacteriosis of carnations. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 59:17-39
pls. 1-8. Detailed description and discussion of carnation
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32. Arthur, J. C., and Johnson, A. G.
1910 Loose smut of oats and stinking smut of wheat and their
prevention. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 22:1-15, figs. 1-9.
Formaldehyde treatment recommended.
401
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1899
Corn smut. Ind. Exp. Sta. An. Rep. 1899:84-135, pls. 10-13,
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Fungicides and spray calendars. Rep. Ind. State Entomol.
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diseases of apple, pear, quince, cherry, plum and grape.
Some points on the control of plant diseases. Rep. Ind. State
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Some important diesases of apple, pear, quince, stone fruits,
grapes, raspberry and blackberry. Rep. Ind. State Ento-
mol. 1911-1912:239-281, figs. 27. r
Shade tree troubles. Rep. Ind. State Entomol. 1911-1912:
282-284, fig. 8. Discussion of root suffocation, malnutri-
tion, and other causes as gas, drouth, smoke and fungi.
Also gives an account of tree surgery methods.
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fig. 5. Discussion and partial list of diseases of the maple,
apple, pear, cherry, peach, plum, currant, gooseberry,
grape, blackberry, raspberry and strawberry.
Diseases of the year. Rep. Ind. State Entomol. 1913-1914:
59-67, fig. 5. Account of some diseases of the maple,
apple, tomato and strawberry.
40. Baldwin, C. H. and Dietz, H. T.
1913
5084—26
A program for the treatment of orchard insect pests and plant
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402
of and spray calendars for apple, pear, quince, stone fruits,
grape, currant, gooseberry, raspberry, blackberry, straw-
berry, potatoes and cucurbits.
41. Banker, H. J.
1910 Steccherinum septentrionale (Fr.) Banker, in Indiana. Proe.
Ind. Acad. Sei. 1910:213-218, fig. 1. Detailed description
and discussion as to its occurrence on hosts and in the
State.
42. Barrus, M. F.
1908 The dissemination of disease by means of the seed of the
plant host. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1908:113-126, figs. 1-7.
The host list includes bean, pea, wheat, barley, oats. flax,
cabbage and sweet corn.
43. Beecher, H. W.
1844. Fire blight. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soc. 1902:263-275. An in-
teresting paper on fire blight read before the Society in
1844, by Henry Ward Beecher, the famous preacher.
44. Bitting, A. W.
1899 The effects of eating moldy corn. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta. An.
Rep. 1899:44-45. Tests conducted with two horses.
1901 Corn smut and disease. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta. Newsp. Bul. 98.
Brief account of the tests in feeding corn smut to live-
stock.
46. Blair, J. C., and Burrill, J. T.
1902 Prevention of bitter rot. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soc. 1902:290-
292. Same in Ind. Agr. Rep. 1902:437-439. Bordeaux
mixture recommended.
47. Bolley, H. L.
1889. Sub-epidermal rusts. Bot. Gaz. 14:139-145, pl. 1. Notes
on various species of Puccinia in Indiana.
48.
49.
52.
o6.
403
1889 Wheat rust. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 26:5-19, figs. 1-9. De-
tailed description and discussion of the nature of wheat
rust.
Brown, Ignatius.
1856 Enemies and diseases (of corn). Ind. Agr. Rep. 1856:354-
355. Brief description of corn smut with suggestion on
eontrol.
. Brown, R. T.
1868 Rust (on wheat). Ind. Agr. Rep. 1868:364-365. Brief ac-
count of wheat rust with suggestions on measures of pre-
venting damage.
. Budd, J. K.
1885 Blight. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soe. 1885:31. Brief discussion
of blight of apple and pear.
Burrill, J. T.
1880 Blight, or bacteria ferments in fruit trees. Trans. Ind. Hort.
Soe. 1880:84-92. Discussion of bacteria causing fire blight.
1881 Bacteria and pear blight. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soe. 1881:
20-24. Report on inoculation experiments.
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1913 Irish potato scab (Oospora scabies) as affected by fertilizers
containing sulfates and chlorides. Proce. Ind. Acad. Sei.
1918 :131-137, figs. 1-5.
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1899 A bacterial disease of the sugar beet. Bot. Gaz. 28:177-192,
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1895 Rust and fungous diseases of plants. Ind. Agr. Rep. 1895:
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measures suggested.
104
57. Douglas, B. W.
1908 The diseases of plants. Rep. Ind. State Entomol. 1907-1908:
170-189, fig. 12. Discussion of the diseases of apple, pear,
blackberry, cherry, cucumber, grape, maple, peach, rasp-
berry and wheat.
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cherry, chesnut, carnation, ginseng, grape, peach, plum,
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92-101. Description and recommendation of methods of
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1911 Diseases of the peach. Rep. Ind. State Entomol. 1910-1911:
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ods of control.
62. Durham, C. B.
1915 Fire blight of apples and pears. Purd. Univ. Dept. Agr.
Ext. Leaflet 63:1-4, fig. 1. Suggests methods of control.
63. Flick, W. B.
1903 Shall the fire blight remain unconquered? Trans. Ind. Hort.
Soc. 1903:96-101. Same in Ind. Agr. Rep. 1903:360-364.
General discussion of the fire bight problem.
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1874 Rust in blackberries. Trans. Ind. Hort Soc. 1874:74.
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405
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be caused by bacteria.
66. Goodrich, C. E.
1856 Potato disease. Ind. Agr. Rep. 1856:49-59. Account of
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1911 The New York apple tree canker. Proce. Ind. Acad. Sci.
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68. Hobbs, C. M., Reed, W. C., and Flick, W. B.
1906 Spray calendar of the Indiana Horticultural Society. Trans.
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69. Hoffer, G. N.
1913 <A test of Indiana varieties of wheat seed for fungous in-
fection. Proce. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1913:97-98. Reports
isolation of a number of imperfect fungi.
70.
1913 Polyporus Everharti (Ellis & Gall.) Murrill as a wound
parasite. Proce. Ind. Acad. Sei. 1913:99-101, pls. 1-4.
ile a : |
1914 The more important fungi attacking forest trees in Indiana.
Rep. State Board Forest. 1914:84-97. Figs. 5. Desecrip-
tion and discussion of parasitic fungi attacking the wood,
leaves and roots of forest trees.
72. Huston, H. A.
1895 Sugar beet. Bacterial disease: Effect on sugar content. Ind.
Agr. Rep. 1895:523-524.
73. Johnson, A. G.
1908 On the heteroecious plant rusts of Indiana. Proc. Ind. Acad.
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remains to be done in connecting the various forms.
406
74.
1910 Further notes on timothy rust. Proce. Ind. Acad. Sei. 1910:
203-204. Notes on distribution of the rust in the State.
TAD)
1911 What about oat smut this year? Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta. Newsp.
Bul. 173. Brief account of the formaldehyde treatment.
76. Kern, F. D.
1906 Indiana plant diseases in 1905. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 111:
121-134. Brief description and discussion of diseases re-
ported by correspondents.
77
1906 Parasitic plant diseases reported for Indiana. Proce. Ind.
Acad. Sei. 1906:129-133, fig. 1. List of diseases reported
by correspondents.
78.
1907 Indiana plant diseases in 1906. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 119:
424-436. Brief description and discussion of diseases re-
ported by correspondents.
79.
1908 The rust of timothy. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1908:85. Brief
note on the occurrence of timothy rust in the State.
80.
1909 Further notes on timothy rust. Proce. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1909:
417-418. Additional notes on distribution.
81. Kirtland, J. P.
1866 Pear tree blight—concerning its cause and cure. Trans. Ind.
Hort. Soe. 1866:62-65.
82. Lemmon, A. W.
1856 (Brief reference to wheat diseases.) Ind. Agr. Rep. 1856:
398. Apparently refers to the stinking smut of wheat.
Blue vitriol treatment is recommended.
83. Ludwig, C. A.
1912 Fungous enemies of the sweet potato in Indiana. Proe. Ind.
Acad. Sei. 1912:103-104. Notes on several fungi causing
rots.
$4.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Sie
407
M’Cormack, Edna F.
1910 Fungous diseases of the apple. Rep. State Entomol. 1909-
1910:128-165. fig. 29. Description and recommendation
of methods of control.
Newby, T. T.
1888 Spraying fruit trees. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soe. 1888:18-19.
Discussion of spraying apple trees in particular.
O’Neal, Claude E.
1914 Some species of Nummularia common in Indiana. Proe-
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five species of Nummularia, including N. discreta, a serious
parasite.
Orton, C. R.
1910 Disease resistance in varieties of potatoes. Proc. Ind. Acad.
Sei. 1910:219-221.
1911 The prevalence and prevention of stinking smut in Indiana.
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Osner, G. A.
1911 Diseases of ginseng caused by Sclerotinias. Proc. Ind. Acad.
Sei. 1911:355-364, figs. 1-6. Description of black and
crown rots.
Oskamp, J.
1913 Strawberries. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 164:764. Brief
réference to leaf spot and mildew of strawberry.
Pipal, F. J.
1914 Oat smut in Indiana. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1914:191-196.
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operation with county agents and data on prevalence of
the smut in the State.
9la. Plumb, C. S.
1891 How to prevent smut in wheat. Hot water treatment recome
mended. i
408
92. Ragan, W. H.
1874 Pear blight, its prevention and cure. Trans. Ind. Hort.
Soe. 1874:55-57 and 102-109. Thirteenth report.
93. —
1874 The pear blight. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soe. 1874:37-38. Four-
teenth report. General discussion of the blight problem.
94. -
1896 The relations of the red cedar to our orchards. Trans. Ind.
Hort. Soe. 1896:85-88.
95
1906 Pear bight—frozen sap blight. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soe. 1906:
150-151. Mentions the origin of the theory that frozen
sap is responsible for pear blight.
96. Ramsey, Glen B.
1914 The genus Rosellinia in Indiana. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1914:
251-265, pls. 1-3. Deseritpion of a number of saprophytic
and parasitic species. Key to species.
97. Ratcliff, J. C.
1874 (Remarks on pear blight.) Trans. Ind. Hort. Soe. 1874:20.
98. Richards, M. W.
1912 Orchard spray calendar. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 34:1-12,
figs. 1-8.
99. R. J. B.
1902 Pear blight. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soc. 1902:294-295. Same in
Ind. Agr. Rep. 1902:441-442. Geuce™ discussion of the
blight problem.
100. Roberts, J. W.
1910 Some apple diseases common to the middle west. Trans. Ind.
Hort. Soe. 1910:48-51. Discussion of scab, bitter and
black rots, and rust.
101.
1910 The dilute lime-sulphur sprays versus bordeaux mixture for
apple diseases—is bordeaux to be abandoned? ‘Trans.
Ind. Hort. Soe. 1910:82:90.
105.
104.
105.
106.
108.
109.
110.
409
. Rose, J. N.
1886 The mildews of Indiana. Bot. Gaz. 11:60-63. Enumerates
twelve species of Erysiphaceae.
Selby, A. D. and Manns, T. F.
1908 A new anthracnose attacking certain cereals and grasses.
Proce. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1908:111. Colletotrichum cereale
n. sp. is reported as being found throughout the State of
Ohio.
Simpson, R. A.
1902 Spraying. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soe. 1902:237-240. Same in
Ind. Agr. Rep. 1902:385-389. Discussion of orchard
spraying.
Snyder, Lillian.
1897 The germ of pear blight. Proce. Ind. Acad. Sei. 1897:150-
156, fig. 1. Account of cultural studies of the bacterial
organism causing pear blight.
Stahl, Wm.
1891 Spraying: Why, how, when. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soe. 1891:
101-103. Discussion of orchard spraying.
. Stuart, Wm.*
1895 Fungicides for the prevention of corn smut. Proce. Ind.
Acad. Sei. 1895:96-99. Spraying tests with bordeaux
mixture and a solution of ammoniacal copper carbonate.
1898 Bacterial rot of cabbage. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta. Newsp. Bul.
69. Preventive measures recommended.
1898 The resistance of cereal smuts to formalin and hot water.
Proce. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1898:64-70. Tests with spores of
Ustilago Tritici and Ustilago Avenae.
1899 Asparagus rust, a serious menace to asparagus culture. Ind.
Agr. Exp. Sta. Newsp. Bul. 80. Discussion of the nature
of the disease and recommendation of preventive measures.
*See, also, No. 19.
410
111. ——————_
1900 Corn smut, its cause, remedy, effect upon cattle. Ind. Agr.
Rep. 1900:315-318.
i:
1900 Formalin as a preventive of millet smut. Ind. Agr. Rep.
1900 :532-533.
1
1900 <A study of the constituents of corn smut. Proce. Ind. Acad.
Sei. 1900:148-152. Same in Ind. Agr. Rep. 1900:533-
538.
114.
1900 A bacterial disease of tomatoes. Proce. Ind. Acad. Sai. 1900:
153-157, figs. 1-3. Same in Ind. Agr. Rep. 1900:539-543.
Notes on greenhouse inoculation studies of rot supposed to
be caused by bacteria.
115.
1901 Formalin as a preventive of oat smut. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Bul. 87:1-26.
116. ———_—_
1901 Spore resistance of loose smut of wheat to formalin and hot
water. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1901:275-282.
117. Swallow, A. P.
1914 Pruning and the care of trees in relation of disease and insect
control. Rep. State Entomol. 1913-1914:71-101, figs. 23.
118. Taft, L. R.
1900 The philosophy of spraying. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soe. 1900:
153-160. Discussion of orchard spraying.
119.
1905 The potato and potato blight. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soe. 1905:
143-148. Same in Ind. Agr. Rep. 1905:523-528. Dis-
cussion of the early and late blights.
120. Templin, L. J.
1873 Diseases of potato. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soe. 1873:59-60.
Brief account of “rot,” suggesting probable causes and
remedies.
121.
122
1874.
411
Pear blight. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soe. 1875:89-91. General
discussion of the fire blight problem.
. Thomas, M. B.
The effect of formalin on germinating seeds. Proc. Ind.
Acad. Sei. 1897:144-148. Tests with seeds of oats, rye,
gorn, buckwheat, millet, beans and others.
Experiments with smut. Proc. Ind. Acad. Se. 1900:123-
124. Field tests in the formaldehyde treatment for pre-
venting oat smut.
Ind. Hort. Soc.
(Discussion on black rot of grapes.) 1888: 102-104.
(Discussion on root rot of apple.) 1903:121-125.
(Discussion on anthracnose of raspberry.) 1903:217-219.
Spraying as a means of protecting our fruits from insects and
fungi. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soc. 1893:46-52.
Formulas for making insecticides and fungicides and direc-
tions for spraying. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soc. 1897:272-277.
Insecticides, fungicides and spraying. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Bul. 69:33-40. Same in Ind. Agr. Rep. 1898:530-535.
Black knot of the plum and cherry. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Newsp. Bul. 90. Same in Trans. Ind. Hort. Soe. 1901:
- 245-246, and in Ind. Agr. Rep. 1901:425-426. Account of
the nature and control of this disease.
1897
PB
1900
124. Trans.
1888
125
1903
126.
1903
127. Troop, J.
1893
128.
1897
129.
1898
L305 —
1901
131. Troop,
1910
J., Woodbury, C. G., and Boyle, J. G.
Growing tomatoes for the canning factory. Ind. Agr. Exp.
Sta. Bul. 144:509-528, figs. 1-8. Reference to point rot,
anthracnose and leaf spot of tomato.
132. Underwood, Lucien M.
1893 Report of the Botanical Division of the Indiana State Bio-
logical Survey. Proce. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1893:13-67. Includes
list of fungi collected in the State.
133.
1894 The relations of the red cedar to our orchards. Trans. Ind.
Hort. Soe. 1894:81-84.
134.
1894 An increasing pear disease of Indiana. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci.
1894:67. Abstract on the occurrence and description of
Septoria pyricola.
135.
1894 Report of the Botanical Division of the Indiana State Bio-
logical Survey for 1894. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sei. 1894:144-156.
Includes additions to the list of Indiana fungi.
136. Van Hook. J. M.
1910 Indiana fungi. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1910:205-212. List of
species in the collection at Indiana University.
137.
1911 Indiana fungi—II. Proc. Ind. Aead. Sei. 1911:347-354, fig
2. Additional list of species collected.
1912 Indiana fungi—III. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sei. 1912:99-101.
Further report on additional collections.
139. Webster. F. M.
1901 Spraying and spraying mixtures. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soe.
1901:115-124. Directions for spraying orchards.
140. Whetzel. H. H.
1901 Notes on apple rusis. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1901:255-260.
141. White, F. D. 7
1893 Spraying fruit for the control of fungi and insects. Trans.
Ind. Hort. Soe. 1893:116-118.
142. Wilson. G. W.
1905 Rusts of Hamilton and Marion counties, Indiana. Proc,
Ind. Acad. Sei. 1905:177-182.
413
143. ——
1907 The Peronosporales of Indiana. Proe. Ind. Acad. Sei. 1907:
80-84. List of species collected to date.
144. Woodbury, C. G.
1907 (Discussion of rust (Alternaria leaf spot) and wilt of melons.)
Trans. Ind. Hort. Soc. 1907:190-192.
1910 Spraying the orchard. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 21:1-20,
figs. 1-17. Directions for spraying apple, pear, peach,
plum and cherry trees.
Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station,
Lafayette, Indiana.
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415
THE Ontympic CoAL FIELDS OF WASHINGTON.
By ALBert B. REAGAN.
The Olympic Peninsula covers an area of about eight thousand square
miles. It is approximately a right angle triangle in shape with its hypote-
nuse on the Pacific side. Its shorter limb faces the ‘“‘Sound,”’ the longer limb
of the triangle faces the Strait of Juan de Fuca. This peninsula consists of
a moderately benched area forming a coastal bench surrounding a high
central area termed the Olympic Mountains which are situated somewhat
southeast of the center of the peninsula. And from this high area there
extends northwestward to Cape Flattery a gradual declining ridge. The
most commonly heard-of places of the region are LaPush and Quillayute
on the Pacific front and Neah Bay, Clallam Bay, Port Angeles, and Port
Townsend on the Strait of Fuca side.
The region is much fissured and faulted and much of the strata are tipped
at a high angle. The core of the Olympic Mountains is supposed to be
pre-Cretaceous in age. The exposed rocks along the Strait of Fuca are
Pleistocene and Tertiary. The Pleistocene is the Country rock from Port
Townsend to Fresh Water Bay north of Port Angeles. Eocene rocks are
exposed at Port Crescent, and from there northward to Cape Flattery and
then down the Pacific front as far south as the Point of Arches, the exposed
rock is Oligocene-Miocene. The Point of Arches appears to be pre-Cretaceous
in age, as do also the rocks at Point Elizabeth, one hundred twenty miles
further south, while the intervening coast exposures appear to be Cretaceous
in age. The troughs of the Quillayute river and its tributaries are incised
in Tertiary strata.
Coal is exposed in the Oligocene-Miocene from Pyscht to Clallam Bay
on the Strait of Fuca, a distance of about eight miles. Coal is also found
inland near Fresh Water Bay. Small stringers of coal are also exposed
in the Hoko Canyon. Small seams of coal were also observed at Strawberry
and Johnson Points and near Portage Head on the Pacific Coast. Coal is
also found in the Quillayute trough. The three principal coal areas will re-
celve special mention.
The Quillayute River Field. About two miles southeast of Mora P. O.
on the east bank of the Quillayute River a coal seam runs in an east and
416
west direction with nearly a vertical dip. A thirty-foot tunnel was driven
into this seam some years ago. The coal was found to be good quality of
lignite, but the vein being less than a foot in thickness, the work was alvan-
doned.
Another exposure in this field is near the Bogachiel river, about eight
miles southwest of Forks P. O. Some years ago a company, said to be the
Narrow Gauge Railroad Company, drove a thirty-foot tunnel into the
exposed coal seam here. The coal was found to be a good quality of lignite,
but as the vein was less than a foot in thickness, the work was abandoned.
Below is an analysis of a specimen of coal from the headwaters of the Quil-
layute river, likely from the above tunnel
IMI OISHORG 5. e256 ya ehieie he wc-eeyo, Be es we ee 5.10 per cent.
Volatile combustible matter..................39.15 per cent.
Nixed (Carbon | 54.23) ace ee eS ee oe 47.01 per cent.
STF ee is A Ino oe Le ee wee eee 7.77 per cent.
Sulphlurs.5 35,25... c.o<55, oo eee ye ee eee .97 per cent.
Fo teal 6 eo seen Cae ae aE Pee 100.00 per cent.
The Fresh Water Bay Field. Drilling inland from the bay has exposed
several seams of coal, some of workable size. The coal is in the Oligocene-
Miocene formation. So far no development work has been done. Below
is a drill record from a hole in a deep gulch in a broad synclinal trough about
one mile south of the eastern end of Fresh Water Bay:
Feet.
Dark sandstone 5 Ae eee Ere ee Oe ere 392
OAL Eel ees ee en ee LAE Oe ee a
Gray sandstone yan on seo Oy hc. pee ER ee 24
SOLG. WILE SAanGStONG. ee ara moe f° hee eee eee ne 17
Sandstone containing oyster shells...................- 10
Sandstone containing green boulders................. 10
DaAnGStONe Lee eo ere ee ee a oe eee ae eee 40
Wireelay oo ee. 5 20
Gray«sandstone:)).. 5 eee es te a eee 40
Hard bineyshale * : 223.0 3 Pee ee: 2 eee 30
iMines and Minerals of Washington. Ann. Report, First State Geological Survey
pp. 15, 16, Olympia, 1891.
Feet
GrayesanastOney eters. ele ey aN epee Gaetan Sere 50
Cla eee Pat ee Pe che Rees Gee OM Ry ence eee 2}
Grave SAnOSbOne ects his ys ieee sacs esa ee ee 420
COATES Paseo earner tt RAN k PLM DE Tah py ANA AR rine mp tg 42
ETS GED ene es eres eerie pees te hee Nn ey Oe Tt 5272
The Clallam Bay Field. This field ies in a synclinal trough between Pillar
Point at Pyscht and Slip Point on Clallam Bay on the Strait of Fuca and
extends inland about seven miles, but is interrupted on the east and south
by sharp faults and is truncated at the north by the Strait of Fuca. The coal
is in the Oligocene-Miocene formation. The formation here consists of six
hundred feet of coarse, thick-bedded, massive sandstone, interbedded with
an occasional bed of conglomerate. In it are also interbedded several workable
seams of coal.
This field was discovered in the early 50’s of last century. Of a specimen
of coal obtained at Shp Point then, Prof. J. S. Newberry gave the following
analysis 2
Urb -¢e(0 [i(eFe Nn 0X0 a ash orem is Ree ne lee a a even ur 46.40 per cent.
Wolatile macnn eer eee oe ee OU RO Ta percents
PAS Tian a Be oe Pee tena ee nies “taun, Del OS Per CGMt
EL) Gy red cee sk Bo cio, Seen cp Pee es dir Reo 100.00 per cent.
Later, in about 1865, a mine was opened up 23 miles east of Slip Point,
known as the Thorndike Mine. At this place there were six leads of coal,
ranging in thickness from one to three feet, all having a dip of ten degrees.
The formation was sandstone and the coal seams were found to be from
twelve to one hundred feet apart. The coal was one of the best coals found
in the State of Washington. Mining at this time was continued till a fault
cut off the veins, or they pinched out.
Coal is now being mined from other locations in the sea-front of the
same field. The work is being done by the Clallam Bay Coal Company.
Prospecting in 1904 discovered veins as follows: One seam exposed along the
coast was forty inches in thickness, another eighty feet stratigraphically
below this one was twelve inches in thickness, and another, a twenty-two
2Pacific Railroad Report, Vol. IV, Part TI, p. 67.
5084—27
418
inch seam, is about one hundred feet below this one. This was near Slip
Point. Other seams have been discovered farther down the sea-cliff to the
eastward of these.
A tunnel has been driven more than 600 feet along the line of the 40-
inch seam near Slip Point. The mouth of this tunnel is on the beach, so
that coal can be loaded right onto ships from it.
The coal of this mine breaks with a conchoidal fracture and shows extreme
sharp edges. It is clean, hard, glossy black lignite, with small quantities
of pyrite. This pyrite is often included in the coal in veinlets, but not in
quantity to damage the coal. The coal leaves no clinkers. Until recently
the output of this mine was said to be 200 tons per month. An analysis
of a specimen of this coal gave the following:
IVI OIST URE earns aE Ole cere act Ee 5.55 per cent.
Volatile combustible matter.................. 34.25 per cent.
EhiEe CAT DOT cunts bidet ia tee ae Nm eae 47.80 per cent.
INS Taudaeatertn hci ey Ay AN as MOA con, TEN eis gs fant Re 11.40 per cent.
AM OGa snes: et dase awe a earache mest OOROOMperxcentt:
Thorough prospecting will likely disclose more and large coal seams.
’Analysis by Prof. N. W. Lord of the Department of Metallurgy and Mineralogy,
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
419
THe Onymic Forest Anp Its PoTENTIAL POSSIBILITIES.
By Anpert B. REAGAN.
The Olympic Peninsula lies west of Puget Sound in the State of Washing-
ton. It comprises a wide, somewhat benched coastal strip bordering both
the Strait of Juan de Fuca at the north, the Pacific Ocean at the west, and
the “Sound” on the east. This coastal strip surrounds a central high area
termed the Olympic Mountains. These mountains are wholly isolated.
They form an eroded, domed area in the central-northeastern part of the
peninsula. From this main mass there extends a western limb in declining
altitude to Cape Flattery at the entrance of the Strait of Fuca, Mounts
Constance, Meany, and Olympus of the central area approximate 8,150
feet in height, while the immediate region exceeds 6,000 feet in elevation,
while the ridge towards the Cape receds to less than 2,000 feet in altitude.
Asa result of the practically domed area the drainage is radial in all directions,
but the larger streams flow into the Pacific.
This peninsula, with its lofty peaks, stands first in the path of the moisture
bearing winds from the Pacific. As a result, the precipitation is very heavy;
at the coast it is usually rain, in the mountains snow. The precipitation
averages about 40 inches east and north of the mountains, as far up the
Strait of Fuea side as Port Angeles. West of the mountains at an elevation
of 3,000 feet the precipitation averages 80 inches and in Upper-Strait-Flattery
region and along the Pacific front 100 to 120 inches annually. The climate,
also, is controlled by the prevailing southwesterly winds from the Pacific.
Notwithstanding this, however, the valleys of the upper mountain districts
are filled with glaciers. At the coast, however, especially on the Pacific front,
snow seldom stays on the ground any length of time.
Growing under this equable climate with such an abundance of rainfall
(enough in amount to preserve the forest and shrubbery from general de-
struction by fire), the peninsula, with few exceptions, is the most densely
forested region in North America, and smaller plants do also equally well.
Of course, as one approaches the mountains, the forest becomes less dense
till the timber line is reached; but in the reverse proportion the flowering
herbs at the same time increase in number and beauty. The open country
at timber line in summer is one of nature’s flower gardens. The region in
oe
420
the lower levels is a jungle of trees, shrubs, and entangled vines, which must
be seen to be appreciated.
The plants identified in the region to date number 687. The trees and
plants most noticeable in the peninsula are fir, cedar, spruce, hemlock, red
elder, “‘Shallon,”’ “‘Rubes,’’ salal, ““‘Vaccinum,” ‘“‘Ribes,’’ Selaginella (‘‘S.
,
oregona’’), crab-apple, devil’s club, ‘‘usnea,’’ bearded lichens, bearberry,
dogwood (‘‘Cornus nuttallii’’), and oregon grape. Here Douglas fir, tide-
land spruce, and red cedar reach gigantic proportions. The avilable timber
per township averages 3,000 feet B. M. per acre amid the high mountains
up to 59,000 feet B. M. per acre often in the Quillayute region. There is
estimated to be 32,890.717 M. feet B. M. lumber in the region according
to the estimate of Henry Gannett, Chief of Division of Forestry (1899).!
This estimate has been more than doubled by Dodwell and Rixon at a later
date; they give 69,000,000 M. feet B. M.2. And the close measurement
now used would likely double that amount. One quarter section in the
Quillayute country cruised both by the Lacy Company cruisers and by the
Clallam county cruisers for purpose of tax-estimating, aggregated more than
30,000,000 feet B. M. There is enough timber in the region to supply the
whole United States’ demand for considerable over two years.®
The timber by species is approximately as follows: Spruce, 6 per cent.;
cedar, 10 per cent.; Lovely fir, 18 per cent.; Red fir, 24 per cent; hemlock,
42 per cent.
Geographically, the Olympic Peninsula is parcelled out in the following
county divisions: Chehalis county, Mason county, Jefferson county, and
Clallam county. For convenience the area of the timber in each and the
timber of same will be considered separately.
Mason County.
This county includes the southeastern part of the Olympic Mountains,
from which it extends eastward so as to include much of the Hood Canal
country. The portion within the mountains contains but little timber of
present merchantable value. the ‘‘low country” of the county, however,
1Twentieth Annual Report, U. S. G. S. (1898-1899). Part V, pp. 12-37.
2Arthur Dodwell and Theodore F. Rickson: Forest Conditions in the Olympic
Forest Reserve, Washington. Professional paper, U. 8S. Geol. Survy., No. 7, 110 pages,
20 plates, 1 map, 1902.
3See Reagan: Transactions of the Kansas Acadamy of Science, p. 136, in article,
“Some Notes on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington.’’
421
with the exception of a few small prairie tracts, was originally heavily tim-
bered, but the timber is now more than half logged.
Area of timbered and other lands in Mason county, Washington.
NGG ER a can a0 cae dna Ta ne aby nN oR are Vea ed eae 996 square miles
Present merchantable timber area...................395 square miles
Wogeedkareals Aare Nea ae rete nee maton aan 493 square miles
Neaiunallyabarencarea-y sree see ae ae ee 0 O Square mules
FS UT COAT Cy epee aro Sea ety SEE eI SE E c ER ie 112 square miles
Estimate of timber in Mason county, Washington.*
TERN eam ROY ed eS we Ae one WS 2,055,648 M. feet B. M.
SS ITU CORRE ee eens eae crs et yates eres Mee ies 492 M. feet B. M.
OER Mohs (eikonal ao tht rahe 25,970 M. feet B. M.
ELST OC Kp = Gee aye ner Scr EIN ere ae 8,955 M. feet B. M.
Bea rite aw ean Ad Stor ko ees 2a 2,091,065 M. feet B. M.
Average per acre of timbered land, 5,600 feet B. M.
CHEHALIS COUNTY.
This county borders upon the Pacific Ocean, and on the north extends
far up into the Olympic Mountains. The mountainous part is high and
rugged and contains but little merchantable timber, and in other parts there
are numerous prairie tracts. Barring these areas, the county was originally
heavily forested, mainly with fir in the interior and with spruce and cedar
upon the coast. There have been but few fires in this county and the burned
area is trifling. The county, however, les in the Grays Harbor lumber
district and an approximate third of it has been denuded of its forests.
Area of timbered and other lands in Chehalis county, Washington.
Ahotalbancanpee ited: eet on Ste ee ic eee SOO OASoumaresmiles
Present merchantable timber area..................1,000 square miles
Woosedtarearrcn Aas maken eo eae Une Mirna, Veneto 831 square miles
INatunalllivgibamevaneai ssc: ects oe epee en. aceey tu eee ae 47 square miles
armed e areal eas he aa a Cb AM RU, BO 236 square miles
4After Gannett. Loc. cit., p. 28. It is well to add that under the present close
cruising of timber, however,:Mr. Gannett’s figures should be multiplied by 3.
Bair an. FB) 2) ee A ec ee ee A ee 9,799,418 M. feet B. M.
310) 4016: a a eh enc Mere) core I9( hubebysreirdss. isl.
Cedar > 2. 2h sees ees ds anes Be ate © oe ks OE OU DV Lee nae
Hemlock sh.) oiccc cd ihecn a aho PO ee Oe OP OOO Oo EE eee te
Rotal eo vcs 5 ac aot cn tes ate ee Mn seni 18,579,058 M. feet B. M.
Average per acre of timbered land, 21,300 feet B. M.
JEFFERSON COUNTY.
This county stretches from Hood’s Canal upon the east to the Pacific
Ocean. Its central portion, comprising three-fourths of it. lies within the
Olympic Mountains. Scattered here and there in this area there are con-
siderable timber in the below-timber-line districts, but on account of the
inaccessibleness of the district it is of no value at present for milling purposes.
Barring the mountain area, the county was formerly heavily forested, on the
west with cedar and spruce, on the east with fir. The timber in the eastern
part of the county has been largely destroyed either by ax or fire, mainly
the latter. The timber in the western part of the county is yet virgin, being
untouched by fire or ax. The most abundant species represented in this
county is the cedar.
Area of timbered and other lands in Jefferson county, Washington.
ANG fehl AC AR ye, Ny ec pea are ae a 1,688 square miles
Present merchantable timber area.................. 430 square miles
lhOC Ped Area se ash, Meet veoh s eta seeatce on 2 eee ae ee 296 square miles
Naturallyabareiancar.» cerca ser ioe ha eee 100 square miles
Burned sarear tek Bake cn eee een a ee eee ees 215 square miles
Non=merechantable timber area..-............-..-. 647 square miles
EPS ee eea as” cee Sa yo ee ora eRe Ae 794,232 M. feet B. M.
SS DEUCE aE en te ee: Oe ree ete Ee eae 267,427 M. feet B. M.
fe 0 eT ay Hie lc fel Rg MRA DR AD Tn ee Llu tinal Ch 2,124,725 M. feet B. M.
lem lockers et es cae ee an eer etre ee 1,043,776 M. feet B. M.
RO tale Pee Me Schone pee Tak ys ieee) thas eg ee 4,230,160 M. feet B. M.
Average per acre of timbered land, 15,300 feet B. M.
*>Loc. cit., p. 19. Remarks above apply.
sLoc. cit., ». 24. Remarks above apply.
423
CLALLAM CouUNTY.
This county extends from the top of the Olympic Mountains north to
the Strait of Fuca and from near Dungeness on that strait to a little to the
south of LaPush on the Pacific coast, occupying a large area both to the
north and to the west of the Olympics. The mountainous part of the county
is not regarded as containing any timber of present merchantable value.
The remainder of the county is heavily forested; but the ax has made in-
roads in these forests along the shores of the Strait of Fuca as far west as
Crescent Bay, and millions of feet of logs have been cut at Clallam Bay and
in the Hoko district on the same side of the peninsula. In addition, fires
have extended inland from these cuttings to the mountain districts, destroy-
ing large areas of timber. The western part of the county is still in the
virgin state. In this county hemlock and fir vie with each other in amount
of merchantable log-lumber.
Area of timbered and other lands in Clallam county, Washington.
NOs ail BE fee aad a Sarhet Pas ee ak Be Se ec Ree eS fa 1,824 square miles
Present merchantable timber area..................1,000 square miles
hose cdbart care rue sieht iter tans Ser eat a Rien anal ae 217 square miles
IBEW eA Raeats so pee mye ae eae 8 Beek AME Su mae oo eat 181 square miles
Bare and unmerchantable timber area.............. 426 square miles
Estimate of timber in Clallam county, Washington.“
eee ey rea ere Bey Or Mk tas meee D4 O Tele hectare Wie
SEU CO Ser veer et Chews en eM ery ace Rael Sanh = 1,758,845 M. feet B. M.
CEG ROR Reyer. meet 2k rat be a OR Sted emma ELL age teat 547,617 M. feet B. M.
email Oc keseiece ee eee eee ens ee ee 3,719,840 M. feet B. M.
FCG Geller eee oe Oe a ene ees Ce 9,071,599 M. feet B. M.
Average per acre of timbered land, 15,700 feet B. M.
Below is a description of the merchantable timber species as they occur
in the peninsula.
7Loce. cit., p. 20. Remarks above apply.
FAMILY PINACEAE: Pine FaAmMILy.
Genus Chamaecyparis.
C. nootkatensis (Lamb) Spach: Alaska Cedar. This tree is found on all
the mountain ridges below 3,500 feet elevation. It is a conspicuous tree on
the ridges at the headwaters of the Soleduck and Bogachiel rivers and in the
vicinity of the Soleduck Hot Springs. It is often called Yellow Cedar. It
is also more abundant in the swamp regions near the Pacific coast, bordering
the rivers near their mouths. It is a medium tree in height for this region,
but exceeds the Red Fir in girth. Its greatest development is usually where
it stands the heaviest. It averages about 140 feet in height and 50 inches
in diameter. This tree is subject to rot; half of the stand is injured by this
disease.®
Genus Thuja.
T. plicata Donn: Red Cedar; Giant Cedar. This cedar is found in all
parts of the peninsula, except in the high mountain districts. It is of larger
growth near the coast, where it often measures from 40 to 50 feet in cireu-
ference; some trees in the Elwa valley are said to measure even 80 feet in
circumference.
This tree differs from C. nootkatensis above in its wood being reddish in
color, in its larger size in cireumference-measurements, and in the scales
of its cones being oblong, not pileate.*
’The juice of the bark of this tree and that of the Giant Cedar is used by the
natives in dyeing basket straw. The other coloring matter used by these Indians
is burned yellow clay. black earth, blood, soot and charcoal.
Of this giant cedar the Indians make their dug-out canoes, canoes ranging from
the siz2 of a little river canoe to an ocean-whaling canoe that will hold ten whale
hunters. or three tons of freight. These canoes are in each case made from a single
piece (section) of log and the canoe is in each case one continuous piece
when finished. except just the front totem (river-deer) part. In making these canoes
in the old time it was a slow process of burning and scraping with clam shells, and a
possible chiseling with some wedge-shaped stone. Today they are hewed out with
ax and Indian adz. A canoe for ocean use in now worth about $100.
The cedars are used for may purposes by the Indians of the coast. The juice
cf the green bark is used as medicine. after being boiled. The outer bark is used in
matkizg wigwams. In the old times they also shredded the inner bark of these species
and wove it into a sort of cloth. Of this cloth they then made skirts for the women,
and other wearing «pparel both for the men and the women. They also lined their
cradles with this bark and wrapped their babies up in it before tying them in the
cradles. A peculiar raincoat was made from this bark to be worn by the men while
fishing in stormy weather.
Genus Pinus.
P. monticola Dougl.: Western White Pine. This tree is found on the
western slopes of the Olympics, above 500 feet elevation, usually in swamps
and wet places.
Description: Cones oblong-cylindrical; scales of cones unarmed; leaves
five in each fascicle.
Genus Abies.
A. nobilis Lindl.: Lovely Fir; Noble Fir. This tree is found at consider-
able elevations; but rarely at elevations less than 1,500 feet.
Description: This is a tall, silvery-barked, noble-looking tree. It differs
from the other firs principally in the color of its bark and in its having cones
with conspicuous refiexed bracts.
A. lasiocarpa (Hook) Nutt.: Alpine Fir; Subalpme Fir. This tree is found
only on the higher parts of the mountains, rarely below 5,000 feet.
Description: A tree of 60 to 80 feet in height; bark pale, thin, smooth,
ash-gray in color; leaves dark-green above, with two resin-ducis about
equi-distant between the upper and lower face; cones oblong-cylindrieal,
puberulent, with bracts concealed.
A. amabilis (Doug!1.) Forbs.7 Lovely Fir; Amabilis Fir. This tree is found
only on the high ridges adjacent to the mountains, rarely below 1,200 feet
elevation. It is one of the large lumber-producing trees of the region. pro-
ducing more than 11,000,000 M. feet B. M.
Description: This tree is distinguishable from A. lasiocarpa above by its
cones not being puberulent and by the greater length of the cones.
A. grandis Lindl.: White Fir. This tree is oceasionally met with in the
Soleduck Hot Spring region.
Genus Pseudotsuga.
P. mucronata (Raf.) Sudw.: Douglas Fir; Red Fir. This tree grows in
abundance. It reaches its greatest development in the Quillayute-middle-
upland region. In its growth, however, it extends up the mountain slopes
to the altitude of 3,500 feet. In the high mountains and in the neighborhood
of the Pacific coast, this species is practically entirely wanting. It grows
to its greatest dimensions where the stand is heaviest. Throughout the
region it averages 240 feet in height; 77 feet clear of limbs, with a diameter
426
of 55 inches. This tree is everywhere free from disease. The stand of
timber of this species is estimated to be more than 15,000,000 M. feet B. M.
Description: Tree large; in youth, spruce-like and pyrimidal, more spread-
ing in old age; leaves somewhat two-ranked by a twist at base.
Genus T'suga.
T. heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.: Western Hemlock. This tree is found
throughout the region.
Description: This is a lowland tree, with cones 1 to 2 em. long.
T. mertensiana (Bong.) Carr: Black Hemlock; Merten’s Hemlock. This
tree is found almost everywhere in the forest from the shore line up to 4,500
feet elevation. With the Western Hemlock above, it is by far the most
abundant tree in the region, being found in every part of it to timber line.
It is not so large a tree as the other merchantable trees, either in height or
diameter, the amount of clear trunk is also less. In the high mountain
regions the tree is greatly affected by disease, but as the shore line is ap-
proached the percentage of diseased trees diminish to the minimum. This
tree with the Western Hemlock estimate 26,000,000 M. feet B. M.
Deseription: Characteristically, this tree differs from the Western
Hemlock above in its having appreciably longer cones.”
Genus Picea.
Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Traut: Sitka Spruce. This species is found only
in the neighborhood of the coast, seldom ever found thirty miles inland.
It is densest a little way back from the coast, the immediate coast seeming to
be too damp for its best development. The tree averages 225 feet in height,
81 feet of which is often clear of limbs. Its diameter exceeds 5 feet on the
average. This tree seems to be less affected by disease than any other
merchantable tree in the region. It aggregates over 4,000,000 M. feet B. M.
in merchantable timber.
Description: Trees tall, pyrimidal, with soft, white, tough timber; leaves
flattened, somewhat two-ranked, and spirally arranged around the branch-
lets.
P. engelmanni Parry: Engelmann Spruce. This spruce is only seattered
10The Indians use the bark of this tree in tanning hides. Hemlock bark tea is also
used as an emetic.
427
here and there and in too small quantities, usually, to be of much value in
a merchantable way.
Description: Tree subalpine, with height averaging about 90 feet;
branches horizontal; bark thin. scaly, reddish to purplish brown; branches
pubescent; leaves quadrangular.
i Ve es
a es
LN
THe UREDINALES OF INDIANA.
By H. S. Jackson.
The first authentic record of the collection of any species of plant rust
in Indiana of which we have any knowledge was made by Dr. J. M. Coulter
in the Botanical Bulletin (Botanical Gazette) 1:20, 1876. In a short article
he noted the common occurrence of Uromyces lespedezae Schw. on Lespedeza
violacea, presumably in the vicinity of Hanover. .
The first account of the rusts of the State presented before the Indiana
Academy of Science was included in a paper by E. M. Fisher on the Parasitic
Fungi of Indiana, which was read at the annual meeting for 1890. This
paper listed a considerable number of species of Uredineae, but unfortunately
was not published and is unavailable. The specimens on which the paper
was based were deposited in the-herbarium of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. A list of the species was, however, obtained by Dr.
L. M. Underwood and included in his “List of the Cryptogams at present
known to inhabit the State of Indiana,’ which was printed in the Proceedings
for 18938.
The latter list forms the basis of our knowledge of the cryptogamic flora
of the State and enumerates 88 species of Uredinales including the unattached
aecial and uredinial forms. Supplementary lists by various authors have
appeared in the Proceedings from time to time since that date, only the most
noteworthy of which need be mentioned.
In 1896 Miss Lillian Snyder presented a list of the rusts of Tippecanoe
county, supplementing the work in 1898 with lists from Madison and Noble
counties. The rusts of Hamilton and Marion counties were listed by G. W.
Wilson in 1905.
Two complete State lists have been presented to the Academy by Dr.
J. C. Arthur. The first was read in 1898 and enumerated 80 species; the
second was presented in 1903 and included 105 species. Both these lists were
prepared in such form as to illustrate the latest developments in revised
nomenclature. The unattached aecial and uredinial forms were omitted.
The present list is based on the information contained in all the preceding
ones which have appeared in the Proceedings of the Academy, together with
the wealth of material collected in all parts of the State contained in the
430
Arthur herbarium at the Purdue Experiment Station. An attempt has
been made to show the distribution within the State by counties. Under
each host is given a list of the counties within which the species has been
collected, together with the name of the person making the first collection
and the year in which the collection was made. <A considerable number
of the collections which have been recorded in the first lists were not available
to the writer. These have been included in the distribution only when there
seemed to be no chance of mistaking their identity. A few species evidently
wrongly determined of which no specimens were available, have been omitted.
The nomenclature followed is that of Dr. J. C. Arthur as used in the
N. Am. Flora, volume 7, in so far as that admirable work has been com-
pleted, or as proposed for the unpublished portion. The nomenclature of
the hosts in general conform to that of Britton & Brown, Illustrated Flora,
2nd edition.
For convenience in consulting the list, the species not previously recorded
are marked *. Hosts not previously recorded are printed in black-faced
type. References are inserted following the host name to the year and
page of preceding volumes of the Proceedings, where additional information
may be obtained. Wherever Indiana rusts have appeared in published sets
of exsiccati reference is made following the collector’s name. Reference
by number is made to the rusts included in the set of Parasitic Fungi dis-
tributed by the Indiana Biological Survey. December, 1894. Series 1. (See
Proceedings 1894:154-156. 1895.)
It is the plan of the writer to submit additions and corrections to this
list as material is collected. It would be greatly appreciated if collectors
would send duplicates of their collections to the writer.
The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Dr. J. C. Arthur
for the unrestricted use of his herbarium and notes in the preparation of this
list without which any approach to completeness would have been im-
possible. Dr. Arthur has also kindly read the manuscript and offered many
helpful suggestions.
Pall:
2
“Dh
*4.,
COLEOSPORIACEAE.
COLEOSPORIUM CAMPANULAE (Pers.) Lev.
On Campanula americana L.
Delaware, 1915 (Jackson); Hamilton, 1907 (Wilson); Tippecanoe,
1907 (Arthur & Kern).
COLEOSPORIUM DELICATULUM (Arth. & Kern) Hedg. & Long
On Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.
Harrison, 1915 (Fogal); Jefferson, 1914 (Demaree); Johnson,
1915 (Pipal); Orange, 1915 (Jackson).
COLEOSPORIUM ELEPHANTOPODIS (Schw.) Thum.
On Elephantopus carolinianus Willd.
Gibson, 1915 (Hoffer); Jefferson, 1915 (Demaree); Oke 1915
(Jackson).
COLEOSPORIUM HELIANTHI Schw.
On Helianthus decapetalus L.
Owen, 1893 (Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1915 (Ludwig).
On Helianthus hirsutus Raf.
Orange, 1915 (Jackson).
. COLEOSPORIUM IPOMOEAE (Schw.) Burrill.
On Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Mey. 1896:171, 218.
Tippecanoe, 1895 (Arthur); 1896 (Snyder); 1914 (Ludwig in
Barth. Fungi Col. 4519).
. COLEOSPORIUM SOLIDAGINIS (Schw.) Thwm. 1908:89.
On Aster azureus Lindl. 1893:50.
Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher), 1893 (Olive).
On Aster cordifolius L. 1893:51.
Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Aster Drummondii Lindl.
Tippecanoe, 1904 (Arthur).
On Aster ericoides L. 1905:179.
Delaware, 1915 (Jackson); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Orange,
1915 (Jackson); Tippecanoe, 1915 (Mrs. Emily Arthur).
On Aster longifolius Lam.
Putnam, 1907 (Wilson).
432
On Aster Novae-angliae L. 1893:51.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher); Tippecanoe,
1904 (Arthur).
On Aster paniculatus Lam. 1893:51, 1905:179.
Franklin, 1912 (Ludwig); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Montgomery,
1890 (Fisher); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Aster puniceus L. 1893:51.
Henry, 1915 (Jackson); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Steuben, 1903
(Kellerman): Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Aster sagittifolius Willd. 1893-51.
Delaware, 1915 (Jackson); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Tippecanoe.
1896 (Snyder).
On Aster salicifolius Lam. 1893:51.
Henry, 1915 (Jackson); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher).
On Aster Shortii Hook. 1893:51.
Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher).
On Aster Tradeseanti L. 1893:51.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher).
On Callistephus hortensis Cass.
Jefierson, 1914 (Demaree).
On Solidago arguta Ait. 1893:51.
Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher).
On Solidago caesia L. 1893-51.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher); Tippe-
eanoe, 1912 (Pipal).
On Solidago canadensis L. 1893 51. 1905:179.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson): Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Marion, 1905
(Wilson); Montgomery. 1890 (Fisher): Orange, 1915 (Jackson);
Tippecanoe, 1915 (Jackson); Tipton, 1915 (Pipal); Wabash,
1890 (Miller).
On Solidago fiexieaulis L. (S. latifolia L.) 1893:51 1896-218.
Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher); Owen, 1893 (Underwood Ind. Biol.
Survey No. 54); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Solidago patula Muhl. 1893:51.
Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher); Tippecanoe, 1906 (Kern).
433
On Solidago rugosa Mill. 1893:51.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); St. Joseph, 1904 (Cunningham); Tippe-
eanoe, 1904 (Arthur).
On Solidago serotina Ait. 1893:51.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Owen, 1893 (Underwood Ind. Biol.
' Survey, 54 in part); Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman).
On Solidago ulmifolia Muhl.
Montgomery, 1907 (Fitzpatrick); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
Following the usage of earlier American authors this species
has often erroneously been referred to the European C. Sonchi-
arvensis (Pers.) Ley.
*7. COLEOSPORIUM TEREBINTHINACEAE (Schw.) Arth.
On Silphium integrifolium Michx.
Tippecanoe, 1915 (Ludwig).
On Silphium terbinthinaceum Jacq.
Tippecanoe, 1912 (Hoffer); 1914 (Ludwig, in Barth. N.Am.
Ured. 1109).
8. COLEOSPORIUM VERNONIAE B. & C.
On Vernonia fasciculata Michx. 1893:51. 1905:179.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Orange,
1915 (Jackson); Putnam, 1891 (Underwood); Tippecanoe,
1896 (Snyder).
On Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Willd. 1893:51.
Jefferson, 1915 (Demaree); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher).
On Vernonia altissima Nutt.
Delaware, 1915 (Jackson); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Henry,
1915 (Jackson); Orange, 1915 (Jackson); Tippecanoe, 1905
(Kern).
UREDINACEAE.
*9. BUBAKIA CROTONIS (Cooke) Arth.
On Croton monanthogynus Michx.
Franklin, 1912 (Oskamp); Lawrence, 1915 (Hoffer); Putnam,
1907 (Wilson).
5084—28
434
10 HYALOPSORA POLYPODII (DC.) Magn.
Uredo polypodii DC.
On Felix fragilis (L.) Underw. (Cyslopteris fragilis (.) Bernh.
1893 :56. 1903:143.
Putnam, 1893 (Underwood Ind. Biol. Survey 53).
*11. MELAMPSORA ABIETIS-CANADENSIS (Farl.) Ludwig.
On Populus deltoides Marsh.
Jasper, 1913 (Arthur & Fromme).
On Populus grandidentata Michx. 1893:51.
Putnam, 1893 (Underwood Ind. Biol. Sur. 50).
On Populus heterophylla L.
Tippecanoe, 1914 (Ludwig).
On Populus tremuloides Michx.
Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman).
Some of above collections were previously recorded in the
Proceedings as M. Medusae Thiim.
12. MELAMPSORA BIGELOWII Thum. — 1908:89.
On Salix amygdaloides Anders. 1903:148.
Lagrange, 1907 (Arthur); Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman).
On Salix cordata Muhl. 1893:51. 1905:180.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Tippecanoe,
1904 (Arthur).
On Salix discolor Muhl. 1893:51. 1896:218.
Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Salix interior Rowlee (S. longifolia Muhl.) 1893:51. 1905:180.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Montgomery,
1893 (Olive); Marion, 1905 (Wilson); Owen, 1893 (Under-
wood Ind. Biol. Sur. 49); St. Joseph, 1904 (Cunningham);
Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman); Tippecanoe, 1898 (Stuart).
On Salix nigra Marsh. 1893:51.
Henry, 1915 (Jackson); Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher); Tippecanoe,
- 1887 (Arthur).
On Salix Wardii Bebb. (1893:51 as S. nigra Marsh.)
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher).
Following frequent usage of American authors this species
has been variously referred to in the Proceedings as Melampsora
435
Salicona Lev., M. farinosa (Pers.) Schroev. and M. Salicis-cupreae
(Pers.) Wint., all of which apply to European species.
13. MELAMPSORA MEDUSAE Thum. 1908:89.
On Populus balsamifera L. 1893:51.
Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher).
On Populus deltoides Marsh. (P. monilifera Ait.) 1893:51. 1896:
218. 1905:180.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Marion, 1905
(Wilson); Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Putnam, 1891 (Under-
wood); Tippecanoe, 1914 (Ludwig, in Barth. Fungi Col. 4737
and in Barth. N.Am. Ured. 1122); 1888 (Bolley), 1896 (Snyder);
Warren, 1909 (Kern & Johnson).
_On Populus grandidentata Michx. 1893 :51.
Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher); Putnam, 1890 (Underwood).
On Populus tremuloides Michx. 1893:51. 1898:188.
Marshall, 1893 (Underwood); Noble, 1897 (King).
This species has occasionally been erroneously referred in the
Proceedings to M. populina (Jaeq.) Lev., a European species.
14. MELAMPSORIDIUM BETULAE (Schum.) Arth.
Melampsoridium betulinwm (Pers.) Kleb.
On Betula lutea Michx. 1903:148. 1908:89.
Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman).
15. PUCCINIASTRUM AGRIMONIAE (Schw.) Tranz.
Caeoma Agrimoniae Schw.
On Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Biekn. (A. Eupatoria Am. Auct.)
1898 :50.
Montgomery (Rose); Owen, 1893 (Underwood); Putnam, 1891
(Underwood); 1807 (Wilson).
On Agrimonia mollis (T. & G.) Britton. 18938:50. 1896:218.
1905:180.
Delaware, 1915 (Jackson); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Johnson,
1890 (Fisher); Orange, 1915 (Jackson); Tippecanoe, 1896
(Snyder).
456
On Agrimonia parviflora Soland. 1893:50.
. Jefferson, 1915 (Demaree); Marshall, 1893 (Underwood); Putnam,
1893 (Underwood, Biol. Surv. 51); Tippecanoe, 1913 (Travel-
bee).
16. PUCCINIASTRUM HYDRANGEAE (B. & C.) Arth.
Uredo Hydrangeae B. & C.
Coleosporium Hydrangeae (B. & C.) Snyder.
Thecopsora Hydrangeae (B. & C.) Magn.
On Hydrangea arborescens L. 1893:56. 1896:218. 1903:143.
Marion, 1890 (Tracy); Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher); Putnam,
1891 (Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
* AECIDIACEAE.
17. ALLODUS AMBIGUA (A. & S.) Arth.
Puccinia ambigua (A. & 8S.) Lagerh.
Dicaeoma ambigua (A. & S.) Kuntze.
On Galium Aparine L. 1896:172. 1903:146.
Jefferson, 1903 (Arthur); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
*18. ALLODUS CLAYTONIATA (Schw.) Arth.
Caeoma (Aecidium) Claytoniatum Schw.
Puccinia Mariae-Wilsoni G. W. Clinton.
On Claytonia virginica L.
St. Joseph, 1904 (Cunningham).
19. ALLODUS PODYPHYLLI (Schw.) Arth.
Puccinia Podyphylli Schw.
Dicaeoma Podyphylli (Schw.) Kuntze.
On Podyphyllum peltatum L. 1893:54. 1896:221. 1898:184,
189. 1905:182.
Brown, 1893 (Underwood); Dearborn, 1889 (Bolley); Fayette,
1914 (Ludwig in Barth. N. Am. Ured. 1166 and in Barth.
Fungi Col. 4760); Franklin, 1912 (Ludwig); Hamilton, 1905
(Wilson): Jasper, 1915 (Arthur); Jefferson, 1910 (Johnson);
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Monroe,
1893 (Underwood); Noble, 1897 (King); Owen, 1893 (Under-
wood); Posey, 1906 (Arthur & Kern); Putnam, 1892; 1893
20.
*21.
*24.
(Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 15); St. Joseph, 1905 (Cunning-
ham); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder); Wabash, 1890 (Miller);
Vigo, 1893 (Underwood).
ALLODUS TENUIS (Schw.) Arth.
Caeoma (Aecidium) tenwe Schw.
Puccinia tenuis Burr.
Dicaeoma tenue (Burr.) Kuntze.
On Eupatorium urticaefolium Reich. (H. ageratoides L.) 1893:55.
1896-2212 SV L9Os alle
Putnam, 1893 (Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
BULLARIA BARDANAE (Cda.) Arth.
Puccinia Bardanae Corda.
On Arctium Lappa L.
Carroll, 1915 (Hoffer); Delaware, 1915 (Jackson); Henry, 1915
(Jackson); Tippecanoe, 1915 (Jackson).
. BULLARIA BULLATA (Pers.) Arth.
Puccinia bullata (Pers.) Wint.
On Taenida integerrima (L.) Drude.
Tippecanoe, 1915 (Ludwig).
. BULLARIA CHRYSANTHEMI (Roze) Arth.
Puccinia Chrysanthemi Roze.
Dicaeoma Chrysanthemi (Roze) Arth.
On Chrysanthemum Sinense Sabine. 1903:147.
Tippecanoe, 1899 (Dorner); 1900 (Arthur).
BULLARIA GLOBOSIPES (Pk.) comb. nov.
Puccinia globosipes Pk.
Uredo similis Ell.
On Lycium halimifolium Mill.
Shelby, 1890 (Fisher); Type of Uvredo similis Ell. Jour. Myce.
7:275. 1893.
. BULLARIA HIERACII (Schum.) Arth.
Puccinia Hieracii (Schum.) Mart.
On Hieracium scabrum Michx.
Montgomery, 1913 (Arthur).
4358
26. BULLARIA KUHNIAE (Schw.) comb. nov.
Puccinia Kuhniae Schw.
Dicaeoma Kuhniae (Schw.) Kuntze.
On Kuhnia eupatorioides L. 1893:54. 1896:220.
Harrison, 1915 (Fogal); Tippecanoe, 1888 (Bolley); 1900 (Arthur).
27. BULLARIA TARAXACI (Reb.) Arth.
Puccinia Taraxaci (Reb.) Plowr.
Dicaeoma Taraxaci (Reb.) Kuntze.
On Leontodon Taraxacum L. (Tararacum Taraxacum (1.) Karst.
_1893:53. 1896:219. 1898:188. 1903:51. 1905-182.
Franklin, 1915 (Ludwig); Henry, 1915 (Jackson); Hamilton,
1905 (Wilson): Jefferson, 1910 (Johnson); Johnson, 1890
(Fisher); Marion, 1905 (Wilson); Miami, 1915 (Ludwig);
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Noble, 1897 (King); Putnam,
1893 (Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1888 (Bolley), 1896 (Snyder);
Vigo, 1893 (Arthur).
On Leontodon erythrospermum (Andrz.) Britton (Tararacum
erythrospermum Andyrz.)
Hamilton, 1909 (Kern & Johnson); Jefferson, 1910 (Johnson);
Tippecanoe, 1907 (Arthur).
Reported erroneously in the Proceedings as Puccinia floscu-
losorum (A. & S.) Wint. and Dicaeoma flosculosorum (A. & S.)
Martins.
28. DASYSPORA ANEMONES-VIRGINIANAE (Schw.) Arth.
Puccinia Anemones-virginianae Schw.
Dicaeoma Anemones-tirginianae (Schw.) Arth.
On Anemone cylindrica A. Gray. 1896-219.
Tippecanoe. 1892 (Arthur).
On Anemone virginiana L. 1903:146.
Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman); Tippecanoe, 1903 (Arthur).
29. DASYSPORA ASTERIS (Duby) Arth.
Puccinia Asteris Duby.
Dicagoma Asteris (Duby) Kuntze.
On Aster azureus Lindl.
Tippecanoe, 1896 (Stuart).
30.
32.
439
On Aster cordifolius L. 1893:52.
Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher).
On Aster longifolius Lam.
Putnam, 1907 (Wilson); Tippecanoe, 1905 (Wilson).
On Aster Novae-angliae L.
‘Tippecanoe, 1910 (Johnson & Orton).
On Aster paniculatus Lam. 1893:52. 1896:219. 1905:181.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson);, Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher); Tippe-
canoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Aster punicens L.
Tippecanoe, 1905 (Kern).
On Aster sagittifolius Willd.
Delaware, 1915 (Jackson).
DASYSPORA CIRCAEAE (Pers.) Arth.
Puccinia Circaeae Pers.
Dicaeoma Circaeae (Pers.) Kuntze.
On Cireaea Lutetiana L. 1893:53. 1896:219. 1905:181.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Putnam,
1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 28); Tippecanoe, 1896
(Snyder); Wabash, 1886 (Miller).
. DASYSPORA DAYTI (Clint.) Arth.
Puccinia Dayi Clinton.
Dicaeoma Dayi.(Clint.) Kuntze.
On Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. 1893:53. 1905:181.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Kosciusko,
1913 (Hoffer); Putnam, 1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur.
25).
DASYSPORA GLECOMATIS (DC.) Arth.
Puccinia verrucosa (Schultz) Lk.
On Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze. 1905:181.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Johnson, 1915 (Pipal); Sullivan (Hof-
fer); Tippecanoe, 1910 (Johnson).
. DASYSPORA LOBELIAE (Ger.) Arth.
Puccinia Lobeliae Ger.
Dicaeoma Lobeliae (Ger.) Arth.
440
On Lobelia syphilitica L. 1893:54. 1896:220.
Fulton, 1893 (Underwood); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Putnam,
1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 20); Tippecanoe, 1883
(Arthur); Vermillion, 1889 (Arthur) Vigo, 1893 (Underwood).
*34. DASYSPORA MALVACEARUM (Bert.) Arth.
Puccinia malvacearum Bert.
Dicaeoma malvacearum (Bert.) Kuntze.
On Althaea rosea L.
Huntington, 1915 (Miller); Marion, 1915 (Dietz); Marshall,
1915 (Arthur); Montgomery, 1915 (Anderson); St. Joseph,
1915 (Bordner).
On Malvya rotundifolia L.
Marshall, 1915 (Arthur); St. Joseph, 1914 (Anderson).
35. DASYSPORA PHYSOSTEGIAE (P. & C.) comb. nov.
Puccinia Physostegiae P. & C.
Dicaeoma Physostegiae (P. & C.) Kuntze.
On Dracocephalum virginianum L. (Physoslegia virginiana (L.)
Benth.) 1894:151. 1896:220.
Marshall, 1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 13); Tippecanoe,
1895 (Arthur).
36. DASYSPORA RANUNCULI (Seymour) Arth.
Puccinia Ranunculi Seymour.
Dicaeoma Ranunculi (Seym.) Kuntze.
On Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. 1893:55.
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); 1903 (Hughart).
*37. DASYSPORA SAXIFRAGAE (Schlecht.) Arth.
Puccinia Sazifargae Schlecht.
On Micranthes pennsylvanica (L.) Han. (Sazifraga pennsyl-
vanica 1.)
Porter, 1913 (Deam).
*38. DASYSPORA SEYMERIAE (Burr.) Arth.
Puccinia Seymeriae Burr.
On Afzelia macrophylla (Nutt.) Kuntze.
Tippecanoe, 1907 (Dorner).
441
The combination D. Seymeriae (Burr.) Arthur was made in
Result. Sci. Congr. Bot. Vienne 347. 1906. By a typographical
error the specific name was written ““Seymouriae.” Puccinia
Seymeriae Burr. not Puccinia Seymourii Lindl. was clearly in-
tended. The latter is probably not a Dasyspora and in any case
ds a synonym of P. musenii HE. & HK.
39. DASYSPORA SILPHII (Schw.) Arth.
Puccinia Silphii Schw.
Dicaeoma Silphi (Sechw.) Kuntze.
On Silphium integrifolium Michx. 1903:151.
Tippecanoe, 1901 (Dorner).
On Silphium perfoliatum L.
Tippecanoe, 1906 (Wilson, Olive, Kern).
On Silphium sp. 1893:55.
Putnam, 1891 (Underwood).
40. DASYSPORA XANTHII (Schw.) Arth.
Puccinia Xanthii Schw.
Dicaeoma Xanthii (Schw.) Kuntze.
On Ambrosia trifida L. 1896:222. 1905:182.
Gibson, 1915 (Hoffer); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Tippecanoe,
1896 (Snyder).
On Xanthium americanum Walt. 1893:56.
Johnson, 1890 (Underwood); Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Orange,
1913 (Arthur & Ludwig); Putnam, 1891 (Underwood); Tippe-
eanoe, 1905 (Wilson).
On Xanthium communis Britton.
Allen, 1911 (Orton); Montgomery, 1910 (Jennison); Tippecanoe,
1914 (Travelbee).
On Xanthium pennsylvanica Wallr. 1893:56. 1896:222. 1905:182.
Fountain, 1914 (Arthur); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Marion,
1905 (Wilson); Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher); Putnam, 1893
(Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Xanthium spinosum L.
Tippecanoe, 1895 (Arthur).
The earlier collections recorded in the Proceedings were mainly
442
referred to as occurring on Xanthium canadense Mill. and X.
strumarium L. The exact identity of the host can not now be
determined and the collections so referred are here placed under
X. pennsylvanicum and X. americanum respectively.
41. DICAEOMA(?) ALETRIDIS (B. & C.) Kuntze.
Puccinia Aletridis B. & C.
On Aletris farinosa L. 1903:146.
Lake, 1884 (Hill).
42. DICAEOMA ANDROPOGONIS (Schw.) Kuntze.
Aecidium Penstemonis Schw.
Puccinia Andropogi Schw.
I. On Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. 1896:217. 1908:90.
Tippecanoe, 1896 (Stuart in Arth. & Holw. Ured. Exsice. et
Icones, 39a).
IIT. On Andropogon fureatus Muhl. 1896:219.
Tippecanoe, 1896 (Stuart, Snyder).
On Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash (Andropogon sco-
parius Michx.) 1896:219.
Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder in Arth. & Holw. Ured. Excice. et
Icones, 39f); 1898 (Stuart in Arth. & Holw. Ured. Exsice. et
Ieones, 39e).
43. DICAEOMA ANGUSTATUM (Pk.) Kunize.
Puccinia angustata Peck.
Aecidium Lycopi Gerard.
I. On Lycopus americanus Muhl. (L. sinuatus Ell.) 1893:50.
1898:189; 1908:91.
Jasper, 1903 (Arthur); Tippecanoe, 1898 (Snyder); Vigo, 1893
(Underwood).
On Lycopus uniflorus Michx.
Jasper, 1903 (Arthur); Tippecanoe, 1908 (Johnson).
III. On Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. 1893:52. 1896:219. 1905:181.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Jefferson, 1914 (Demaree); Johnson,
1890 (Fisher); Putnam, 1891 (Underwood); Owen, 1911 (Pipal);
Tippecanoe, 1889 (Bolley); 1896 (Snyder).
*44.
46.
*47.
48.
443
On Scirpus eyperinus (L.) Kunth. 1893:52.
Fulton, 1893 (Underwood); Putnam, 1891, 1893 (Underwood, in
Ind. Biol. Sur. 32); Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman).
DICAEOMA(?) ANTIRRHINII (D. & H.) comb. nov.
Puccinia Antirrhinii Diet. & Holw.
On Antirrhinum majus L.
Hendricks, 1915 (Miller); Lagrange, 1915 (Hissong); Montgomery
1914 (Rees).
. DICAEOMA ASPARAGI (DC.) Kuntze.
Puccinia Asparagi DC.
On Asparagus officinalis L. 1903:146. 1905:181.
Fountain, 1900 (Beatty); Franklin, 1913 (Ludwig, in Barth.
Fungi Col. 4255); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Jefferson, 1914
(Demaree); Lake, 1899 (Breyfogle); Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman);
St. Joseph, 1915 (Balzer); Tippecanoe, 1900, 1901 (Arthur)
DICAEOMA ASPERIFOLII (Pers.) Kuntze. 1908:91.
Aecidium Asperifolii Pers.
Puccinia rubigo-vera (DC.) Wint. p.p.
On Secale cereale L. 1896:221.
Carroll, 1913 (Pipal); Marion, 1896 (Chapman); Posey, 1910
(Johnson); Tippecanoe, 1889 (Arthur); Vigo, 1914 (Cox.)
DICAEOMA CALTHAE (Grev.) Kuntze.
Aecidium Calthae Grey.
Puccinia Calthae (Grey.) Link.
On Caltha palustris L.
Tippecanoe, 1914 (Hoffer).
DICAEOMA CANALICULATUM (Schw.) Kunize.
Sphaeria canaliculata Schw.
Puccinia Cyperi Arth.
Puccinia nigrovelata Ell. & Tracy.
Dicaeoma Cyperi (Arth.) Kuntze.
I. On Ambrosia trifida L.
Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Xanthium americanum Walt.
Tippecanoe, 1903 (Arthur).
+44
On Xanthium commune Britton.
Montgomery, 1899 (Arthur); Tippecanoe, 1895 (Arthur).
Ill. On Cyperus Engelmannii Steud.
Newton, 1913 (Arthur & Fromme).
On Cyperus esculentus L. 1896:220 (as C. strigosus L.)
Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. 1896:219 (as C. strigosus L.)
Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Cyperus strigosus L. 1893:53, 54. 1894:154, 157. 1905:181.
1908 :94.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Marion, 1890 (Earle); Putnam, 1893
(Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1904 (Arthur).
On Cyperus Schweinitzii Torr.
Montgomery, 1893 (Underwood).
*49. DICAEOMA CEPHALANTHI (Seym.) comb. nov.
Aecidium Cephalanthi Seymour.
Puccinia Seymouriana Arth.
I. On Cephalanthus occidentalis L.
Jasper, 1915 (Arthur).
Ill. On Spartina Michauxiana Hitche.
Jasper, 1913 (Arthur & Fromme); Starke, 1903 (Arthur).
50. DICAEOMA CNICI (Mart.) Arth.
Puccinia Cnici Mart.
Puccinia Cirsti-lanceolati Schroet.
Jackya Cirsii-lanceolati (Schroet.) Bub. 1898:182.
On Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Hill (Carduus lanceolatus L.) 1893:
5d. 1898:182. 1903:152.
Marion, 1890 (Bolley); Marshall, 1893 (Underwood); Putnam,
1893 (Underwood); Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman); Tippecanoe,
1904 (Arthur).
Previously reported in the Proceedings (1893:53; 1898:182) as
P. flosculosorum (A. & S.) Roehl and Dicaeoma flosculosorum
(A. & S.) Mart.
445
51. DICAEOMA CLEMATIDIS (DC.) Arth.
Aecidium Clematidis DC.
Aecidium Aquilegiae Pers.
Puccinia tomipara Lagerh.
Puccinia Agropyri E. & EH.
Puccinia Paniculariae Arth.
TI. On Aquilegia sp. 1893:49.
Tippecanoe, 1889 (Bolley).
On Clematis virginiana L.
Tippecanoe, 1907 (Arthur).
On Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffmg. 1894:151.
Montgomery, 1894. (Olive).
III. On Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.
Miami, 1912 (Holman); Tippecanoe, 1898 (Arthur, Stuart).
On Bromus eciliatus L.
Tippecanoe, 1898 (Stuart).
On Bromus japonicus Thunb.
Tippecanoe, 1914 (Roberts).
On Bromus purgans L.
Tippecanoe, 1903 (Arthur).
On Bromus seealinus L.
Franklin, 1912 (Ludwig).
On Hordeum jubatum L.
Tippecanoe, 1910 (Johnson).
On Panicularia grandis (S. Wats.) Nash.
Jasper, 1913 (Arthur & Fromme).
*52. DICAKOMA CONOCLINII (Seymour) Kuntze.
Puccinia Conoclinii Seymour.
On Eupatorium coelestinum L.
Orange, 1915 (Jackson & Pipal).
53. DICAEOMA CONVOLVULI (Pers.) Kuntze.
Puccinia Convolvuli (Pers.) Cast. ‘
On Convolvulus sepium L. 1893:53. 1896:219. 1905:181.
Carroll, 1912 (Ludwig); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Marion, 1905
(Wilson); Montgomery, 1899, Putnam, 1891, 1893 (Under-
wood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 21); Tippecanoe, 1895 (Stuart); Tipton,
1915 (Pipal).
446
*54. DICAEOMA(?) CYPRIPEDII (Arth.) Kuntze.
Puccinia Cypripedii Arth.
On Limodorum tuberosum L.
Kosciusko, 1914 (Hoffer).
5. DICAEOMA EATONIAE Arth.
Aecidium Ranunculi Sehw.
Puccinia Eatoniae Arth.
il
wt
I. On Ranunculus abortivus L. 1893:50. 1908:91.
Brown, 1893 (Underwood); Decatur, 1889 (Arthur); Putnam,
1892, 1893, 1894 (Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 55); St. Joseph,
1904 (Cunningham); Tippecanoe, 1894 (Golden).
IIT. On Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.) Seribn. (Eatonia pennsyl-
vanica A. Gray). 1903:148.
Jasper, 1915 (Arthur); Tippecanoe, 1903 (Arthur).
56. DICAEOMA ELEOCHARIDIS (Arth.) Kuntze.
Puccinia Eleocharidis Arth.
I. On Eupatorium maculatum L.
Tippecanoe, 1908 (Johnson).
On Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1894:151.
Jasper, 1903 (Arthur); Montgomery, 1894 (Olive); Tippecanoe,
1896 (Snyder).
On Eupatorium purpureum L.
Tippecanoe, 1899 (Arthur).
III. On Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S.
91.
Lagrange, 1907 (Arthur): Montgomery, 1907 (Dorner); Tippe-
canoe, 1888 (Bolley), 1896 (Snyder).
57. DICAEOMA ELLISIANUM (Thum.) Kunize.
Puccinia Ellisiana Thum.
1896:217. 1908:91.
1893:53. 1896:219. 1908:
I. On Viola papilionacea Pursh.
Tippecanoe, 1897 (Arthur).
Ill. On Schizachyrium scoparium
scoparius Michx.) 1903:148.
Tippecanoe, 1898 (Stuart).
(Michx.) Nash (Andropogon
447
58. DICAEOMA EMACULATUM (Schw.) Kuntze.
Puccinia emaculata Schw.
On Panicum eapillare L. 1893:53. 1896:220. 1905:181.
Fayette, 1912 (Ludwig); Franklin, 1913 (Ludwig); Grant, 1915
(Pipal); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Henry, 1897 (Pleas); Jasper,
- 1903 (Arthur); Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Noble, 1906 (Whet-
zel); Putnam, 1892 (Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 29); Tippe-
eanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Panicum miliaceum L.
Tippecanoe, 1910 (Orton).
59. DICAKOMA EPIPHYLLUM (L.) Kunize.
Puccinia Poarum Niels.
On Poa pratensis L. 1893:57. 1898:189. 1908:91.
Fayette, 1912 (Ludwig); Franklin, 1912 (Ludwig); Hamilton,
1909 (Kern & Johnson); Henry, 1915 (Jackson); Johnson,
1890 (Fisher); Owen, 1911 (Pipal); Putnam, St. Joseph, 1904
(Cunningham); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Alopecurus geniculatus L.
Clinton, 1910 (Maish).
Reported erroneously in the Proceedings (1893:57) as Uromyces
dactyloides Otth.
60. DICAEOMA ERIOPHORI (Thum.) Kuntze.
Puccinia Eriophori Thiim.
On Eriophorum angustifolium Roth. (EZ. polystachyon L.) 1903:146.
Noble, 1884 (Van Gorder).
On Eriophorum virginicum L. 1903:146.
Lake, 1914 (Hoffer); Noble, 1884 (Van Gorder); Wells, 1905
(Deam).
61. DICAEOMA EXTENSICOLA (Plowr.) Kuntze. 1908:92.
Puccinia extensicola Plowr.
Puccinia Dulichii Syd.
Puccinia vulpinoidis D. & H.
Dicaeoma Caricis-erigerontis Arth.
Dicaeoma Caricis-asteris Arth.
Dicaeoma Caricis-solidaginis Arth.
Dicaeoma Dulichii (Syd.) Arth.
448
I. On Aster cordifolius L. 1895:49.
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Tippecanoe, LS97 (Arthur).
On Aster Drummondii Lindl. 1903:147.
Tippecanoe, 1901 (Arthur).
On Aster paniculatus Lam. 1903:147. 1905:1S1.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Tippecanoe, 1901 (Arthur).
On Aster sagittifolius Willd. 1893:49.
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive).
On Aster salicifolius Lam.
Tippecanoe, 1901 (Arthur).
On Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees.
Jasper, 1903 (Arthur).
On Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. 1894:151.
Montgomery, 1889 (Arthur), 1894 (Olive); Posey, 1906 (Arthur) ;
Tippecanoe, 1899 (Arthur).
On Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) B.S. P. 1903:147.
Jasper. 1903 (Arthur).
On Leptilon canadense (L.) Britt. 1903:147.
Jasper, 1903 (Arthur).
On Solidago caesia L. 1893:49.
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive).
On Solidago canadensis L. 1893 :49.
Jasper, 1915 (Mrs. J. C. Arthur); Laporte, 1893 (Arthur); Tippe-
canoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Solidago flexicaulis L. (S. latifolia L.) 1893:49.
Putnam, 1893 (Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1894 (Golden).
On Solidago patula Muhl. 1903:147.
Tippecanoe, 1902 (Arthur).
On Solidago serotina Ait.
_ Vigo, 1899 (Arthur).
On Solidago ulmifolia Muhl.
Putnam, 1896 (Wilson); Tippecanoe, 1894 (Golden).
III. On Carex cephalophora Muhl. 1903:147.
Newton, 1913 (Arthur & Fromme); Tippecanoe, 1898 (Snyder);
1902 (Arthur).
On Carex cephaloidea Dewey (?)
Tippecanoe, 1898 (Snyder).
449
On Carex conoidea Schk. 1905:181.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Tippecanoe, 1900 (Stuart).
On Carex festuecacea Schk. 1903:147.
Marion, 1913 (Overholtz & Young); Tippecanoe, 1899, 190)
(Arthur).
On Carex foenea Willd. 1903:147.
Lagrange, 1912 (Arthur); Tippecanoe, 1901 (Arthur).
On Carex nebraskensis Dewey (Carex Jamesti Torr.) 1903:147.
Fayette, 1913 (Ludwig); Jefferson, 1913 (Arthur); Tippecanoe,
1902 (Arthur).
On Carex oligocarpa Schk.
Fayette, 1915 (Ludwig).
On Carex Pennsylvanica Lam.
Tippecanoe, 1906 (Kern & Olive).
On Carex sparganioides Muhl.
Lagrange, 1907 (Arthur); Tippecanoe, 1897 (Arthur).
On Carex straminea Willd. 1893:52.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher).
On Carex tetanica Schk. 1903:147.
Tippecanoe, 1899 (Arthur).
On Carex vulpinoidea Michx. 1893:56. 1896:221.
Fayette, 1912 (Ludwig); Lagrange, 1907 (Arthur); Orange, 1913
(Arthur & Ludwig); Tippecanoe, 1888 (Bolley); 1896 (Snyder).:
On Dulechium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. 1893:52.
Jasper, 1915 (Arthur & Ford); Marshall, 1893 (Underwood).
*62. DICAKOMA FRAXINI (Schw.) Arth.
Aecidium Fraxini Schw.
Puccinia peridermiospora Arth.
On Spartina Michauxiana Hitche.
Lagrange, 1907 (Arthur); Jasper, 1913 (Arthur & Fromme).
63. DICAEOMA GROSSULARIAE (Schwm.) comb. nov. 1908:92.
5084—29
Aecidiwm Grossulariae Schum.
Puccinia albiperidia Arth.
Puccinia quadriporula Arth.
Puccinia uniporula Orton.
450
I. On Grossularia Cynosbati (L.) Mill. (Ribes Cynoshati L.) 1893-
50. 1898:188.
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Noble, 1897 (King); Putnam, 1892
(Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1906 (Kern).
On Grossularia missouriensis (Nutt.) Cov. & Britt. (Ribes
gracile Pursh).
Tippecanoe, 1906 (Kern).
On Grossularia oxyacanthoides (L.) Mill. ( Ribes oxryacanthoides L.)
Montgomery, 1899 (Arthur).
On Grossularia rotundifolia (Michx.) Cov. & Britt. (Ribes
rotundifolium Michx.) 1893:50.
Putnam, 1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 58).
On Grossularia setosa (Lindl.) Cov. & Britt. (Ribes setosum
Lindl.)
Tippecanoe, 1909 (Johnson).
II]. On Carex crinita Lam.
Jasper, 1915 (Arthur & Ford); Tippecanoe, 1904 (Arthur).
On Carex digitalis Willd.
Franklin, 1912 (Ludwig).
On Carex hirtifolia MacKenzie (C. pubescens Muhl.) 1903:145.
Tippecanoe, 1901 (Arthur).
On Carex Hitcheockiana Dewey.
Fayette, 1912 (Ludwig).
On Carex laxiflora Lam.
Fayette, 1915 (Ludwig); Tippecanoe, 1897 (Arthur).
On Carex squarrosa L.
Tippecanoe, 1906 (Kern).
On Carex stricta Lam.
Lagrange, 1912 (Arthur).
On Carex tetanica Schk.
Tippecarce, 1899 (Arthur).
64. DICAEOMA HELIANTHI (Schw.) Kuntze.
Puccinia Helianthi Schw.
On Helianthus annuus L. 1893:55. 1905:181.
Delaware, 1915 (Jackson); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Henry,
1915 (Jackson); Jefferson, 1914 (Demaree); Johnson, 1890
451
(Fisher); Marion, 1905 (Wilson); Montgomery, 1893 (Olive);
Putnam, 1891, 1892 (Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1906 (Kern).
On Helianthus divericatus L. 1893:55.
Jasper, 1903 (Arthur); Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher); Steuben,
1903 (Kellerman); Tippecanoe, 1905 (Kern).
On Helianthus giganteus L. 1903:148.
Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman); Tippecanoe, 1907 (Arthur).
On Helianthus grosse-serratus Mart. 1893:55. 1896:221.
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman); Tippe-
canoe, 1906 (Snyder).
On Helianthus hirsutus Raf.
Harrison, 1915 (Fogal); Orange, 1915 (Jackson).
On Helianthus mollis Lam. 1903:148.
Jasper, 1903 (Arthur); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Helianthus occidentalis Riddle.
Harrison, 1915 (Fogal).
On Helianthus petiolaris Nutt.
Tippecanoe, 1905 (Wilson).
On Hehanthus strumosus L. 1893:55.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Putnam, 1903 (Underwood); Tippe-
eanoe, 1888 (Bolley); 1894 (Golden).
On Helianthus tuberosus L. 1905:181.
Jefferson, 1914 (Demaree); Marion, 1905 (Wilson).
On Helianthus tracheliifolius Mill. 1893:55.
Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher); Shelby, 1890 (Fisher).
65. DICAKOMA HELIOPSIDIS (Schw.) Kuntze.
Puccinia Heliopsidis Sechw.
On Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet. 1893:54.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Tippecanoe, 1901 (Stuart).
66. DICAKOMA HIBISCIATUM (Schw.) Arth.
Caeoma Hibisciatum Sechw.
Aecidium Napaeae Arth. & Holw.
Puccinia Muhlenbergiae Arth.
I. On Napaea dioica L. 1894:151.
Tippecanoe, 1889 (Arthur).
III. On Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin.
Henry, 1915 (Jackson); Johnson, 1915 (Pipal); Lake, 1913
(Pipal); Lawrence, 1905; Tippecanoe, 1896 (Stuart, Snyder).
On Muhlenbergia Schreberi Gmel. (VW. diffusa Sehreb.) 1893:53,
5d. 1905:181.
Delaware, 1915 (Jackson); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Johnson,
1890 (Fisher); Owen, 1911 (Pipal); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder
in Arth. & Holw. Exsic. et Icon. 50a).
On Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S. P.
Montgomery, 1915 (Mrs. J. C. Arthur).
On Muhlenbergia umbrosa Schreb. (M. sylvatica Torr.) 1896:
221.
Johnson, 1915 (Pipal); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
67. DICAEOMA IMPATIENTIS (Schw.) Arth.
Aecidium Impatientis Schw.
Puccinia perminuta Arth.
I. On Impatiens biflora Walt. (J. fulva Nutt.) 1893:50.
Jefferson, 1915 (Demaree):; Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Montgomery
(Rose): Putnam. 1893 (Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1914 (Lud-
wig in Barth. Fungi Columb. 4757, and Barth N. Am. Ured.
1254).
On Impatiens pallida Nutt. (J. aurea S. Wats.) 1896-217.
Carroll, 1910 (Hoffer); Fayette, 1913 (Ludwig); Putnam, 1903.
(Wilson): Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
III. On Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm.
Delaware, 1915 (Jackson): Fayette, 1912 (Ludwig); Johnson
1890 (Fisher).
On Elymus canadensis L.
Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Elymus striatus Willd.
Jefferson, 1903 (Arthur); Tippecanoe, 1902 (Arthur).
On Elymus virginicus L. 1893:55. 1896:221. 1908:91.
Tippecanoe, 1888 (Bolley), 1900 (Arthur).
On Hystrix Hystrix (L.) Millsp. 1893:52.
Jefferson, 1914 (Demaree); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher).
*68. DICAEOMA IRIDIS (DC.) Kunize.
Uredo Iridis DC.
On Iris versicolor L.
Marshall, 1893 (Underwood. Ind. Biol. Sur. 52).
69. DICAEOMA MAJANTHAE (Schum.) Arth.
Aecidium Majanthae Schum.
On Phalaris arundinacea L. 1903:149. 1909:90.
Tippecanoe, 1899 (Stuart).
70. DICAEOMA MELICAE (Syd.) Arth.
On Melica mutica Walt. 1903:149.
Tippecanoe, 1899 (Stuart).
71. DICAEOMA MENTHAE (Pers.) S. F. Gray.
Puccinia Menthae Pers.
On Blephila ciliata (L.) Raf.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson).
On Blephila hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. 1893:54. 1896:220. 1905:181.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher): Montgomery,
1890 (Fisher); Posey, 1906 (Arthur): Tippecanoe, 1899, 1901
(Arthur), 1896 (Snyder); Vermillion, 1889 (Arthur).
On Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton (C. mariana L.) 1893:54.
Martin, 1915 (Hoffer); Monroe, 1886 (Blatchley).
On Koellia pilosa (Nutt.) Britton (Pycnanthenum muticum pilosum
A. Gray). 1893 :54.
Vigo, 1893 (Underwood).
On Koellia virginiana (L.) MacM. (Pycnanthemum lanceolatum
Pursh). 1893:54. 1896-220.
Marshall. 1893 (Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Mentha canadensis L. 1893:54. 1905:181.
Grant. 1915 (Pipal); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Johnson, 1890
(Fisher); Marshall, 1893 (Underwood. Ind. Biol. Sur. 11);
Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman); Tippecanoe, 1883 (Arthur).
On Mentha spicata L.
Hamilton, 1915 (Pipal).
1893:54. 1896:220. 1905:181.
On Monarda fistulosa L.
(Wilson); Jefferson,
1912 (Ludwig); Hamilton, 1905
1905 (Wilson); Marshall, 1893
1890. (Fisher); Steuben, 1903
(Golden); 1896 (Snyder):
Carroll,
1914 (Demaree); Marion,
(Underwood); Montgomery,
(Kellerman); Tippecanoe, 1894
Vigo, 1893 (Underwood).
#72. DICAEOMA MINUTISSIMUM (Arth.) comb. nov.
Aecidium Nesaeae Ger.
Puccinia minutissima Arth.
I. On Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell.
Jasper, 1915 (Arthur).
III. On Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. (C. filiformis Good).
Fulton, 1893 (Underwood); Jasper, 1913 (Arthur & Fromme).
*73. DICAEOMA MONTANENSE (Ellis) Kuntze.
Puccinia montanensis Ellis.
On Elymus canadensis L.
Tippecanoe, 1896 (Arthur).
74. DICAEOMA ARGENTATUM (Schultz) Kuntze.
Puccinia nolitangeris Corda.
Uredo Impatientis Rebh.
Puccinia argentata (Schultz) Wint.
III. On Impatiens biflora Walt. (J. fulva Nutt.) 1893:52. 1896:220.
1903 :146.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher): Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
#75. DICAEOMA OBSCURUM (Schroet.) Kuntze.
Puccinia obscura Schroet.
On Juncoides campestre (L.) Kuntze (Luzula campestris DC.)
Montgomery, 1913 (Arthur).
76. DICAEOMA OBTECTUM (Pk.) Kuntze.
Puccinia obtecta Pk.
1908 :91.
On Scirpus americanus Pers. 1894:151.
Marshall, 1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 12); Tippecanoe,
1906 (Kern).
On Scirpus validus Vahl. (S. lacustris L.) 1894:151.
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Vermillion, 1889 (Wright).
77. DICAEOMA ORBICULA (Peck & Clinton) Kuntze.
Puccinia orbicula Peck & Clinton.
On Nabalus albus (L.) Hook. 1893:55. 1896:221.
Putnam, 1890 (Arthur); Tippecanoe, 1895 (Golden); Vigo, 1893
(Arthur). -
Erroneously reported in the Proceedings as P. Prenanthes
(Pers.) Fekl., which is a Brachy-form (Bullaria) not recorded for
Indiana.
78. DICAEOMA PAMMELII (Trel.) Arth.
Aecidium Pammelii Trel.
Puccinia Panici Diet.
I. On Tithymalopsis corollata (L.) Kl. & Gareke (Huphorbia
corollata Li.) 1893:49. 1901:284. 1903:149. 1908-90.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Tippecanoe, 1901 (Stuart).
III. On Panicum virgatum L. 1901:283. 1903:149. 1908:90.
Jasper, 1903 (Arthur); Lake, 1910 (Johnson); Newton, 1913
(Arthur & Fromme): Starke, 1905 (Arthur); Tippecanoe.
1901 (Stuart).
79. DIAECOMA PATRUELIS (Arth.) comb. nov.
Aecidium compositarum lactucae Burrill.
Puccinia patruelis Arth.
I. On Lactuea canadensis L. 1894:151.
Jasper, 1906 (Arthur); Lagrange, 1912 (Arthur): Montgomery,
1894 (Olive): Tippecanoe, 1903 (Seaver).
On Lactuea floridana (L.) Gaertn.
Tippecanoe, 1906 (Olive).
On Lactuea sativa L.
Tippecanoe, 1902 (Burrage).
On Laectuea virosa L. (L. scariola 1.)
Jasper, 1910 (Kern & Billings).
III. On Carex sp.
Jasper, 1903 (Arthur).
80. DICAEOMA PECKII (DeT.) Arth.
Aeeidium Peekii DeToni.
Puecinia ludibunda Ell. & Evy.
456
I. On Oenothera biennis L. 1893:50. 1896:217. 1908:92.
Jasper. 1910 (Kern & Billings); Laporte, 1883 (Arthur); Putnam,
1896 (Wilson); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder), 1902 (Arthur):
Vigo, 1893 (Underwood).
IIT. On Carex lanuginosa Michx.
Lagrange, 1912 (Arthur); Tippecanoe, 1911 (Johnson).
On Carex sparganioides Muhl.
Lagrange, 1907 (Wilson).
On Carex stipata Muhl. 1903:149.
Tippecanoe, 1902 (Arthur), 1912 (Overholts & Orton).
On Carex trichocarpa Muh]. 1903:149.
Hamilton, 1909 (Kern & Johnson); Jasper, 1906 (Arthur & Kern);
Madison, 1898 (Snyder); Tippecanoe, 1901 (Arthur).
81. DICAEOMA POCULIFORME (Jacq.) Kuntze.
Aecidium Berberidis Pers.
Puccinia graminis Pers.
Puccinia phlei-pratensis Erikss. & Henn.
I. On Berberis vulgaris L. 1893:49. 1908:92.
Lagrange, 1889 (Arthur).
III. On Agrostis alba L. 1893:53. 1903:150. 1905:182.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Jasper, 1906 (Arthur); Jefferson, 1914
(Demaree); Marshall, 1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 14);
Putnam, 1893 (Underwood); Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman);
Tippecanoe, 1898 (Stuart); Wayne, 1910 (Johnson).
On Arrhenatherum elatium (L.) Beauy.
Tippecanoe, 1898 ( Stuart ))
On Avena sativa L. 1893:53. 1896:220. 1905:182.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Putnam,
1893 (Underwood); Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman); Tippecanoe,
1888 (Bolley), 1896 (Snyder).
On Bromus secalinus L.
Franklin, 1912 (Ludwig).
On Cinna arundicacea L. 1903:150.
Tippecanoe, 1899 (Stuart); 1901 (Arthur).
On Dactylis glomerata L. 1896:220, 223.
Franklin, 1912 (Ludwig); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
82.
457
On Hordeum jubatum L. 1896:220, 224.
Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder); 1898 (Arthur).
On Hordeum yulgare L.
Tippecanoe, 1898 (Stuart).
On Phleum pratense L. 1909:417. 1910:203.
-Bartholomew, 1909 (Hunter); Cass, 1910 (Johnson); Delaware,
1915 (Jackson); Franklin, 1912 (Ludwig); Hamilton, 1910
(Wilson); Henry, 1915 (Jackson); Jefferson, 1910 (Johnson);
Posey, 1910 (Johnson); Spencer, 1910 (Johnson); Tippecanoe,
1910 (Johnson); Tipton, 1915 (Pipal); Wayne, 1910 (Johnson);
Wabash, 1910 (Johnson); Whitley, 1910 (Johnson):.
On Secale cereale L.
Clay, 1910 (Ringo).
On Triticum vulgare Vill. 1893:54. 1898:188. 1905:182.
Carroll, 1912 (Pipal); Decatur, 1912 (Moor); Franklin, 1912
(Ludwig); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher);
Marion, 1914 (Hameisen); Noble, 1897 (King); Posey, 1912
(Pipal); Putnam, 1893 (Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1890
(Arthur): Wayne, 1910 (Johnson).
DICAKOMA POLYGONI-AMPHIBII (Pers.) Arth.
Puccinia Polygoni-amphibii Pers.
Aecidium sanguinolentum Lindr.
I. On Geranium maculatum L. 1893:40. 1896:217. 1898:188.
1908 :92.
Laporte, 1915 (Cotton); Noble, 1893 (King); Tippecanoe, 1894
(Golden); Vigo, 1893 (Underwood, Arthur).
III. On Persicaria amphibia (L.) S. F. Gray (Polygonum Hart-
wrightit A. Gray). 1903:150.
Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman).
On Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small (Polygonum hy-
droptiperoides Macouni). 1898:184. 1898:189.
Noble, 1897 (King); Tippecanoe, 1898 (Stuart).
On Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) S. F. Gray (Polygonum lapathifolium
L.) 1898:184.
Tippecanoe, 1898 (Arthur). —
On Persicaria Muhlenbergii (S. Wats.) Small (Polygonum Muhlen-
bergit S. Wats., P. emersum Britt.) 1893:55. 1905:182.
458
Fulton, 1893 (Underwood); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Hunting-
ton, 1915 (Troop); Jasper, 1903 (Arthur); Lagrange, 1907
(Arthur); Tippecanoe, 1904 (Arthur); Wabash, 1890 (Miller).
On Persicaria pennsylvanica (L.) Small (Polygonum pennsylvani-
cum L.) 1898:184.
Henry, 1915 (Jackson); Putnam, 1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol.
Sur. 26); Tippecanoe, 1898 (Arthur); Tipton, 1915 (Pipal).
On Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small (Polygonum punctatum EL,
125 nei Mths 184, 1) neko ciysy ai7/
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Putnam, 1891 (Underwood).
83. DICAEOMA POLYGONI-CONVOLVULI (Hedw.) Arth.
Puccinia Polygoni-convolvouli Hedw.
On Tiniaria Convolvulus (L.) Webb. & Mog. (Polygonum convol-
vulus L.) 1898:184. 1905:182.
Delaware, 1915 (Jackson); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Marion,
1905 (Wilson); Tippecanoe, 1898 (Arthur).
On Tiniaria scandens (Iu.) Small (Polygonum scandens L.) 1896:
Dae
Putnam, 1907 (Wilson); Tippecanoe, 1900 (Arthur).
84. DICAEMOA PUNCTATUM (Link) Kunize.
Puccinia punctata Link.
Dicaeoma Galiorum (Lk.) Arth.
On Galium asprellum Michx. 1893:53.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher).
On Galium concinnum Torr. & Gray. 1893:53. 1905:182.
Delaware, 1915 (Jackson); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Johnson,
1890 (Fisher); Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Owen, 1893 (Under-
wood. Ind. Biol. Sur. 17); Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman); Tippe-
canoe, 1909 (Arthur).
On Galium tinctorum L. 1905:182.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson).
On Galium triflorum Michx. 1893:53.
Montgomery, 1893 (Underwood); Putnam, 1891 (Underwood).
85. DICAEOMA PUSTULATUM (Curtis) Arth.
Aecidium pustulatum Curtis.
Puccinia pustulata (Curtis) Arth.
459
I. On Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. 1893:50. 1908:90.
St. Joseph, 1914 (Arthur); Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Tippe-
canoe, 1897 (Arthur); Vigo, 1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol.
Sur. 57).
III. On Andropogon fureatus Muhl. 1903:150.
Jasper, 1903 (Arthur); Lagrange, 1907 (Arthur); Starke, 1905
(Arthur); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder in Arth. & Holw. Ured.
et Icones 39h); Vigo, 1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 33).
On Sechizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash (Andropogon scoparius
Michx.) 1903:150.
Tippecanoe, 1902 (Arthur).
86. DICAEOMA RHAMNI (Gmel.) Kuntze.
Aecidium Rhamni Pers.
Puccinia coronata Corda.
Puccinia Lolii Niels.
J. On Rhamnus ecaroliniana Walt.
Tippecanoe, 1904 (Arthur). 3
On Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. 1898:184. 1908:90.
Tippecanoe, 1897 (Arthur).
III. On Avena sativa L. 1893:55. 1896:219. 1898:188. 1905:182.
Clay, 1910 (Ringo); Delaware, 1915 (Jackson); Fayette, 1912
(Ludwig); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher);
Noble, 1897 (King); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Stuart); Wayne, 1910
(Johnson).
On Cinna arundinacea L.
Tippecanoe, 1901 (Arthur).
On Calamagrostis canadensis (Mx.) Beauv. 1893:53.
Tippecanoe, 1888 (Bolley).
37. DICAEOMA RUELLIAE (B. & Br.) Kuntze.
Uredo Ruelliae B. & Br.
Diorchidium lateripes (B. & Rav.) Magn.
Dicaeoma laieripes (B. & Ray.) Kuntze.
On Ruellia ciliosa Pursh.
Tippecanoe, 1904 (Marquis).
On Ruellia strepens L. 1893:54. 1896:218. 1905:181.
Delaware, 1915 (Jackson); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Johnson,
460
1890 (Fisher); Owen, 1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 31):
Tippecanoe, 1895 (Stuart), 1896 (Snyder); Wabash, 1887
(Miller).
88. DICAEOMA SAMBUCI (Schw.) Arth.
Aecidium Sambuci Schw.
Puccinia Bolleyana Sace.
Puccinia Altkinsoniana Diet.
I. Sambusecus canadensis L. 1895:50.
Brown, 1893 (Underwood); Fayette, 1913 (Ludwig); Franklin,
1914 (Ludwig); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Montgomery, 1893
(Olive); Putnam, 1892, 1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur.
56); Tippecanoe, 1899 (Arthur); Vigo, 1893 (Underwood).
III. On Carex Frankii Kunth. 1893:55. 1898:187.
Boone, 1891 (Arthur); Franklin, 1912 (Ludwig); Fulton, 1893
(Underwood); Hamilton, 1909 (Kern & Johnson); Johnson,
1890 (Fisher); Madison, 1898 (Snyder); Orange, 1913 (Arthur
& Ludwig); Owen, 1911 (Pipal); Parke. 1900 (Snyder) ; Putnam,
1893 (Underwood).
On Carex lupulina Muhl.
Noble, 1904 (Whetzel).
On Carex lurida Wahl. 1893:52.
Lagrange, 1907 (Arthur); Marion, 1890 (Arthur); Orange, 1913
(Arthur & Ludwig); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Carex trichocarpa Muhl. 1893:52. 1896:219.
Bartholomew, 1909 (Kern); Jasper, 1906 (Arthur & Kern); Tippe-
canoe, 1889 (Bolley).
89. DICAEOMA SANICULAE (Grev.) Kuntze.
Puccinia Saniculae Grey.
On Sanicula canadensis L. 1893:55..
Montgomery (Rose).
*90. DICAKOMA SMILACIS (Schw.) Kuntze.
Aecidium Smilacis Schw.
Puccinia Smilacis Schw.
On Smilax glauca Walt.
Lawrence, 1915 (Hoffer); Orange, 1913 (Ludwig’
461
91. DICAKOMA SORGHI (Schw.) Kuntze.
Puccinia Sorghi Schw.
Puccinia Maydis Bereng.
T. On Xanthoxalis eymosa Sma!] (Oxalis eymosa Small).
Tippecanoe, 1904 (Arthur).
IIT. On Zea Mays L. 1893:54. 1898:188. 1905:182. 1908:90.
Dearborn. 1889 (Bolley); Delaware. 1915 (Jackson); Franklin,
1913 (Ludwig); Hamilton, 1©05 (Wilson); Henry 1915 (Jack-
son); Marion, 1805 (Wilson): Montgomery, 1893 (Olive);
Noble, 1897 (King); Putnam, 1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol,
Sur. 23); Tipton, 1912 (Ludwig); Tippecanoe, 1887 (Arthur),
92. DICAEOMA TRITICINUM (Erikss.) comb. nov.
Puccinia triticina Eriksson.
On Triticum vulgare Vill.
Carroll, 1913 (Pipal); Decatur, 1912 (Moor); Franklin, 1912
(Ludwig); Jefferson. 1910 (Johnson); Laporte, 1910 (G. C.
Cook): Orange, 1915 (Pipal): Posey, 1906 (‘Arthur & Kern);
Pulaski, 1898 (Arthur); Putnam, 1896 (Wilson); Tippecanoe,
1890 (Arthur); Vigo, 1899 (Arthur): Wayne, 1906 (Hiatt).
93. DICAEOMA (?) TROGLODYTES (Lindr.) comb. nov.
Puccinia troglodytes Lidr.
On Galium triflorum Michx.
Hamiiton, 1905 (Wilson).
94. DICAEOMA URTICAE (Schum.) Kuntze.
Aecidium Urticae Schum.
Puccinia Caricis Schrét. not Reb.
T. On Urtica gracilis Ait. (U. Lyallii S. Wats.) 1898:185. 1908-92.
St. Joseph, 1904 (Cunningham): Lagrange, 1912 (Arthur); Tippe
canoe, 1905 (Kern).
Ill. On Carex lacustris Willd. (C. riparia Muhl.) 1903:151.
Jasper, 1903 (Arthur); Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman).
On Carex stipata Muhl.
Tippecanoe, 1905 (Arthur);
On Carex stricta Lam. 1903:151.
462
Jasper, 1906 (Arthur & Kern); Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman);
Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
Many of the collections reported in previous lists of Indiana
rusts as belonging to this species are now included elsewhere.
95. DICAEOMA VERBENICOLUM (Ell. & Kell.) Arth.
Aecidium verbenicolum Ellis & Kellerman.
Puccinia Vilfae Arth. & Holw.
Dicaeoma Vilfae (A. & H.) Arth.
I. On Verbena stricta Vent. 1896:218. 1908:90.
Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
III. On Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth. 1896:221.
Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
Erroneously reported in Proceedings for 1896:221 as Puccinia
Sporoboli Arth.
96. DICAEOMA (?) VERNONIAE (Scw.) Kuntze.
Puccinia Vernoniae Schw.
On Vernoniae fascieulata Michx. 1893:55.
Putnam, 1893 (Underwood).
This collection is on the stems and has been distributed in the
following exsiccati: Ind. Biol. Sur. 30; Barth. N. Am. Ured.
578; Ell. & Ev. N. Am. Fungi 2988; Seymour & Earle Economie
Fungi Supl. B20.
97. DICAKOMA VEXANS (Farl.) Kuntze.
Puccinia vezans Far).
On Atheropogon curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn. (Bouleloua curti-
pendula (Michx.) Torr.) 1901:283.
Tippecanoe (Stuart).
No specimens of this collection are now available and the
determination is somewhat doubtful. Since the species is rep-
resented in the Arthur herbarium only from the western plains.
98. DICAEOMA VIOLAE (Schum.) Kuntze.
Puccinia Violae (Sechum.) DC.
On Viola eriocarpa Schwein. 1903:152.
Decatur, 1889 (Arthur); Montgomery, 1906 (Olive).
On Viola papilionacea Pursh (V. obliqua Hill) 1893:56.
463
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Putnam,
1890 (Arthur); Tippecanoe, 1898 (Arthur); Vigo, 1893 (Arthur)
On Viola pubescens Ait. 1903:152.
Fayette, 1915 (Ludwig); Tippecanoe, 1898 (Arthur).
On Viola sororia Willd.
Tippecanoe, 1906 (Kern).
On Viola striata Ait. 1893:56.
Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher); Owen, 1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol.
Sur. 18); Putnam, 1893 (Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1912
(Pipal).
99. DICAKOMA WINDSORIAE (Schw.) Kuntze.
Puccinia Windsoriae Schw.
Aecidium Pteleae Berk. & Curt.
I. On Ptelea trifoliata L. 1893:50. 1896:217. 1908:90.
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
III. On Tridens flava (.) Hitche. (Sieglingia seslerioides (Mx.) Schrib.
1894:154, 1896:221.
Harrison, 1915 (Kopp): Orange, 1915 (Jackson); Owen, 1911
(Pipal); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
100. EARLEA SPECIOSA (Fr.) Arth.
Aregma speciosa Fr.
Phragmidium speciosum (Fr.) Cooke.
On Rosa earolina L. 1896:219.
Tippecanoe, 1895 (Arthur).
On Rosa virginiana Mill. (Rosa hwmilis Marsh). 1898:179.
Fulton, 1894 (Arthur); Putnam, 1900 (Wilson); Tippecanoe,
1898 (Arthur).
101. GYMNOCONIA INTERSTITIALIS (Schlect.) Lagerh.
Aecidium nitens Schw.
Puccinia interstitialis (Schlecht.) Tranz.
On Rubus alleghaniensis Porter. 1893:54.
Jefferson, 1910 (Johnson); Marion, 1901 (Dickey); Putnam,
1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 19); St. Joseph, 1909 (Cun-
ningham); Tippecanoe, 1894 (Golden); 1896 (Snyder); Vigo,
1893 (Underwood).
464
On Rubus occidentalis L. 1893:54.
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive).
On Rubus procumbens Muhl. (. villosus Ait.) 1893:54. 1896:
220. 1898:188.
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Noble, 1897 (King); Tippecanoe,
1899 (Stuart): 1896 (Snyder).
On Rubus strigosus Michx. 1893:54.
Marshall, 1889 (Parks).
*10z. GYMNOSPORANGIUM GERMINALE (Schw.) Kern.
On Crataegus mollis (T. & &.) Scheele.
Shelby (Brezze).
On Cydonia yulgaris L.
Perry, 1914 (Odell).
103. GYMNOSPORANGIUM GLOBOSUM Fazrl.
Roestelia lacerata (Sow.) Fr. Gin part).
Puccinia globosa (Farl.) Kuntze.
Aecidium globosum (Farl.) Arth.
I. On Crataegus coccinea L. 1893:56.
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Henry, 1909 (Gardner).
On Crataegus Crus-galli L. 1894:153.
Montgomery, 1894 (Olive).
On Crataegus mollis (T. & G.) Scheele (C. subvillosa T. & G.) 1898;
186, 188.
Allen, 1911 (Orton); Clay, 1910 (Ringo); Marion, 1896 (B. M.
Davis); Noble, 1897 (King); Tippecanoe, 1898 (Arthur).
On Crataegus punctata Jacq. 1893:56. 1896:222. 1905:182.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Putnam,
1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 60); Tippecanoe, 1896
(Snyder).
On Crataegus Pringlei Sarg.
Tippecanoe, 1898 (Arthur).
IIT. On Juniperus virginiana L. 1893:51. 1908:89.
Clinton, 1907 (Kern); Jefferson, 1903 (Arthur); Owen, 1893
(Underwood); Putnam, 1893 (Underwood Ind. Biol. Sur. 45);
Tippecanoe, 1888 (Arthur).
465
104. GYMNOSPORANGIUM JUNIPERI-VIRGINIANAE Schw.
Roestelia pyrata Thax.
Gymnosporangium macropus Lk.
Puccinia Juniperi-virginianae (Schw.) Arth.
Aecidium Juniperi-virginianae (Schw.) Arth.
I. On Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. 1893:56. 1896:218.
Hamilton, 1907 (Wilson); Henry, 1909 (Gardner); Marion.
1907 (Shell); Putnam, 1907 (Wilson); Spencer, 1910 (Johnson);
Tippecanoe. 1896 (Snyder); Wabash, 1891 (Miller).
On Malus Tonensis (Wood) Britton.
Tippecanoe, 1892 (Arthur).
On Malus Malus (L.) Britt. 1898:186. 1901:255.
Carroll, 1913 (Kerlin); Clark, 1912 (Richards); Fayette, 1912
Richards); Floyd, 1890 (Latta); Franklin, 1903 (Kleim).
Greene, 1912 (Richards); Howard, 1902 (Armstrong); Jasper,
1913 (Coe); Jackson, 1912 (Richards); Jefferson, 1914 (Dema-
ree); Martin, 1912 (Richards); Montgomery, 1901 (Whetzell);
Morgan, 1911 (Lewis); Newton, 1898 (Griggs); Orange, 1912
(Brown); Putnam, 1907 (Wilson); Ripley, 1902 (Ferris); Rush,
1911 (Smiley); Spencer, 1900 (Johnson); Wayne, 1904 (Helms);
Wabash. 1911 (Fisher); Warrick, 1912 (Alltz); White, 1913
(Pipal); Whitley, 1911 (More).
III. On Juniperus virginiana L. 1893:51. 1896:218. 1901:255.
1908 :89.
Clay, 1910 (Ringo); Franklin, 1912 (Ludwig): Henry, 1914
(Travelbee); Monroe, 1898 (Arthur); Montgomery, 1893
(Olive); Orange, 1915 (Jackson); Owen, 1893 (Underwood);
Putnam, 1892, 1893 (Underwood Ind. Biol. Sur. 46); Tippe-
canoe, 1889 (Bolley), 1898 (Arthur); Warren, 1908 (Davis).
105. KUEHNEOLA OBTUSA (Strauss) Arth.
On Potentilla canadensis L. 1893-52. 1896:218. 1898:179.
Delaware, 1915 (Jackson); Fulton, 1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol.
Sur. 47); Jefferson, 1914 (Demaree): Johnson, 1890 (Fisher):
Marshall, 1893 (Underwood); Orange, 1913 (Arthur); Owen,
1893 (Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1889 (Bolley), 1896 (Snyder) ;
5084—30
466
1901 (Arth. in Barth. N. Am. Ured. 313); Vigo, 1893 (Arthur,
Underwood).
Previously reported in the Proceedings as Phragmidium Fragar-
iae (DC.) Wint. and Aregma Fragariae (DC.) Arth.
106. KUEHNEOLA UREDINIS (Link) Arth.
Chrysomyza albida Kuhn.
Coleosporium Rubi BE. & H.
On Rubus allegheniensis Porter.
Delaware, 1915 (Jackson); Hamilton, 1907 (Wilson); Mont-
gomery, 1913 (Kern); Warrick, 1906 (Heim).
On Rubus caneifolius Pursh. 1893:50.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher).
On Rubus hispidus L.
Jasper, 1913 (Arthur & Fromme).
On Rubus procumbens Muhl. (Rubus villosus Ait.) 1893:50.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher).
107. NIGREDO AMPHIDYMA (Sydow) Arthur.
Uromyces glyceriae Arth.
On Panicularia septentrionalis (Hitch.) Bicknell. 1893:57. 1898:
180.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher).
Previously reported as Uromyces graminicola Burr. on Pani-
cum virgatum L.
108. NIGREDO APPENDICULATA (Pers.) Arth.
Uromyces appendiculata (Pers.) Ley.)
Caeomurus Phaseoli (Pers.) Arth.
On Phaseolus vulgaris L. 1893:56 in part. 1905:180.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Henry, 1915 (Jackson); Putnam, 1892
(Underwood Ind. Biol. Sur. 40); Tippecanoe, 1905 (Wilson);
Tipton, 1915 (Pipal).
On Stropostyles helvolva (L.) Britt. (Phaseolus angulosus ELL,
P. diversifolius Pers.) 1893:56. 1896:172. 222. 1905:180.
Franklin, 1914 (Roy Allen); Laporte, 1915 (L. B. Clore); Marion,
1905 (Wilson); Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Putnam, 1907
(Wilson); Tippecanoe, 1895 (Arthur), 1896 (Snyder).
467
On Sirophostyles pauciflora (Benth.) 5S. Wats.
“Putnam, 1896 (Cook).
On Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl.) Britton.
Sullivan, 1915 (Hoffer).
On Vigna sinensis (L.) Endl. 1903:145.
Tippecanoe, 1902, 1903 (Arthur in Barth. N. Am. Ured. 381).
109. NIGREDO CALADII (Schw.) Arth.
Uromyces Caladii (Schw.) Farl.
Caeomurus Caladit (Sechw.) Kuntze.
On Arisaema Dracontium (L.) Schott. 1893:56. 1896:222. 1905:
180.
Brown, 1893 (Underwood); Fayette, 1913 (Ludwig); Hamilton,
1905 (Wilson); Jasper, 1915 (Arthur); Kosciusko, 1915 (Hoffer);
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Putnam, 1897 (Cook); Tippe-
canoe, 1896 (Snyder); Vigo, 1893 (Underwood).
On Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr. 1893:56. 1896:222. 1898:
189. 1905:180.
Fayette, 1913 (Ludwig); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Jasper, 1915
(Arthur); Johnson. 1890 (Fisher); Monroe, 1893 (Underwood);
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Noble, 1897 (King); Owen, 1893
(Underwood); Posey, 1906 (Arthur & Kern); Putnam, 1893
(Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1894 (Golden), 1896 (Snyder);
St. Joseph, 1904 (Cunningham); Vigo, 1893 (Underwood, Ar-
thur).
On Peltandra yirginica (L.) Kunth.
Jasper, 1915 (Arthur); Lake, 1881 (A. B. Seymour).
110. NIGREDO CARYOPHYLLINA (Schrank.) Arth.
Uromyces Caryophyllinus (Schrank.) Wint.
Caeomurus Caryophyllinus (Schrank.) Kuntze.
On Dianthus earyophyllus L. 1893:56. 1898:180. 1912:99.
Marion, 1892 (Arthur); Monroe, 1912 (Von Hook); Tippecanoe,
1898 (Arthur).
111. NIGREDO FABAE (Pers.) Arth.
Uromyces Fabae (Pers.) DeBy.
On Lathyrus venosus Muhl. 1896:222. 1898:181. 1903:145.
Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
168
Previously reported in the Proceedings as on Vicia americana
Muhl. and erroneously referred to Uromyces Orobi (Pers.) Wint.,
Caeomurus Pisi (Pers.) Gray, Caeomurus Orohi (Pers.) Arth.,
which refer to European species not yet recorded in America.
#112. NIGREDO FALLENS (Desmaz ) Arth.
Uromyces fallens (Desmaz.) Kern.
On Trifolium pratense L. 1893:58. 1896:223. 1898:187, 189.
Delaware, 1915 (Jackson); Franklin, 1912 (Ludwig); Hamil-
ton, 1905 (Wilson); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Kosciusko. 1913
(Hoffer); Madison, 1898 (Snyder), Marion, 1905 (Wilson);
Miami, 1915 (Ludwig); Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher), i893
(Underwood Ind. Biol. Sur. 38); Noble, 1897 (King): Owen,
1911 (Pipal); Putnam, 1891 (Underwood); Steuben, 1903
(Kellerman); Tipton, 1912 (Ludwig); Tippecanoe, 1891 (Ar-
thur), i896 (Snyder); Wabash, 1891 (Miller) ;.
113. NIGREDO HEDYSARI-PANICULATI (Schw.) Arth.
Uromyces Hedysari-paniculati (Schw.) Farl.
Caeomurus Hedysari-paniculati (Sehw.) Arth.
On Meibomia bracteosa (Michx.) Kuntze.
Delaware, 1915 (Jackson).
On Meibomia canescens (L.) Kuntze. 1893:57. 1903:144.
Johnson, 1890 (Misher); Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Tippecanoe,
1907 (Dorner).
On Meibomia Dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze. 1893:57. 1896:222. 1905:
144. 1905:180.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson, reported as on M. sessilifolia (Torr)
Kuntze); Martin, 1915 (Hoffer); Montgomery, 1893 (Under-
wood Ind. Biol. Sur. 35); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder), 1914
(Ludwig in Barth. Fungi Columb. 4592).
Ou Meibomia laevigata (Nutt.) Kuntze. 1893:57.
Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher).
On Meibomia paniculata (L.) Kuntze. 1893:57. 1896:222.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Jefferson,
1914 (Demaree); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder, reported as on
Desmodium canadense DC.)
On Meibomia viridiflora (L.) Kuntze. 1893:57. 1905:180.
469
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Marion, 1905 (Wilson); Putnam,
1893 (Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1904 (J. C. Marquis).
114. NIGREDO HOWEI (Pk.) Arth.
Uromyces Howei Pk.
Caeomurus Howei (Pk.) Kuntze.
On Ascelepias inearnata L. 1893:57. 1896:222.
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive): Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Asclepias purpurascens L. 1893:57.
Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher).
On Asclepias Syriaca L. (A. cornuti Dee.) 1893:57. 1896:222.
1898:187. 1905:180.
Dearborn, 1888 (Bolley); Delaware, 1890 (Arthur); Hamilton,
1905 (Wilson): Henry, 1915 (Jackson); Johnson, 1890 (Fisher);
Madison, 1898 (Snyder); Macion, 1890 (S. M. Tracy), 1905
Wilson); Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher), 1893 (Underwood Ind.
Biol. Sur. 36:; Putnam, 1891 (Underwood); Steuben, 1903
(Kellerman); Tippecanoe, 1887 (Arthur), 1896 (Snyder);
Tipton, 1915 (Pipal); Wabash, 1891 (Miller).
On Vincetoxicum Shortii (A. Gray) Britton.
Crawford, 1915 (C. C. Deam).
115. NIGREDO HYPERICI-FRONDOSI (Schw.) Arth.
Uromyces Hyperici (Schw.) M. A. Curtis.
Caeomurus Hyperici-frondosi (Schw.) Arth.
On Hypericum canadense L. 1893:57.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher).
On Hypericum mutilum L. 1893:57.
Marshall, 1893 (Underwood); Putnam, 1891, 1893 (Underwood
Ind. Biol. Sur. 42); Spencer, 1910 (Johnson).
On Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. (Elodea camoanulata Pursh).
1893 :57.
Marshall, 1893 (Underwood).
116. NIGREDO LESPEDEZAE-PROCUMBENTIS (Schw.) ‘Arth.
Uromyces Lespedezae (Schw.) Pk.
Caeomurus Lespedezae-procumbentis (Schw.) Arth.
On Lespedeza capitata Michx. 1903:145.
Jasper, 1903 (Arthur); Tippecanoe, 1903 (Arthur).
170
On Lespedeza frutescens (L.) Britton.
Lagrange, 1907 (Arthur).
On Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. 1903:145.
Jasper, 1913 (Arthur & Fromme); Marshall, 1893 (Underwood)
Ind. Biol. Sur. 39); Martin, 1915 (Hoffer); Orange, 1915
(Jackson).
On Lespedeza procumbens Michx. 1893:57.
Montgomery, 1890 (Fisher).
On Lespedeza repens (L.) Bart. 1896:222.
Tippecanoe, 1894 (Snyder).
On Lespedeza Stuvei Nutt.
Harrison, 1915 (Fogal).
On Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britton (L. reticulata S. Wats.) 1893:
57.
Lagrange, 1907 (Arthur): Montgomery, 1910 (Fisher).
*117. NIGREDO MEDICAGINIS (Pass.) Arthur.
On Medicago lupulina L.
Grant, 1915 (Pipal); Tipton, 1915 (Pipal).
On Medicago sativa L.
Putnam, 1907 (Wilson).
*118. NIGREDO MINUTA (Diet.) Arth.
On Carex lanuginosa Michx. 1903:144.
Jasper, 1903 (Arthur).
On Carex virescens Muhl. 1893:57.
Putnam, 1890 (Arthur).
The former collection erroneously reported as Cacomurus
Solidagini-caricis Arth. in Proceedings (1903:144) and the latter
(1893:57) as Uromyces perigynius Hals. on C. virescens.
119. NIGREDO PERIGYNIA (dalst.) Arth.
Uromyces perigynius Halsted.
Caeomurus perigynius (Halst.) Kuntze.
Caeomurus Solidagini-Caricis Arth.
On Carex tribuloides Wahl.
Newton, 1913 (Arthur & Fromme).
On Carex varia Muhl. 1903:144.
Jasper, 1903 (Arthur, type of Uromyces Solidagini-Caricis Arth.)-
Lake, 1899 (Hill).
471
120. NIGREDO PLUMBARIA (Pk,) Arth.
Uromyces gaurina (Pk.) Snyder.
Caeomurus plumbarius (Pk.) Kuntze.
Caeomurus gaurinus (Pk.) Arth.
On Gaura biennis L. 1896:222. 1898:180. 1903:145.
Hamilton, 1907 (Wilson); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Oenothera biennis L.
Tippecanoe, 1912 (Orton).
121. NIGREDO POLYGONI (Pers.) Arth.
Uromyces polygoni (Pers.) Fuckel.
Caeomurus Polygoni (Pers.) Kuntze.
On Polygonum aviculare L. 1893:57. 1896:223. 1905:181.
Franklin, 1912, 1914 (Ludwig, in Barth. N. Am. Ured. 1196);
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Kosciusko, 1909 (Funk): Montgom-
ery, 1893 (Olive); Putnam, 1893 (Underwood); Tippecanoe,
1888 (Bolley); 1896 (Snyder).
On Polygonum erectum L. 1893:58.
Boone, 1911 (Miller); Henry, 1915 (Jackson); Johnson, 1890
(Fisher); Putnam, 1893 (Underwood Ind. Biol. Sur. 41);
Tippecanoe, 1888 (Bolley); 1895 (Snyder).
122. NIGREDO POLEMONII (Pk.) Arth.
Aecidium Polemonii Pk.
Uromyces acuminatus Arth.
Caeomurus acuminatus (Arth.) Kuntze.
I. On Polemonium reptans L.
Tippecanoe, 1901 (Arthur).
III. On Spartina Michauxiana Hitch. (S. cynosuroides (L.) Roth).
1903:144. 1908:89.
Jasper, 1903, 1915 (Arthur); Lake, 1913 (Arthur); Starke, 1905
(Arthur); Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman).
123. NIGREDO PROEMINENS (DC.) Arth.
Uromyces Euphorbiae (Schw.) C. & P.
Caeomurus Euphorbiae (Schw.) Kuntze.
On Chamaesyce humistrata (Engelm.) Small (Huphorbia humis-
trata Engelm.) 1903:144. 1905:180.
472
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Montgomery, 1906 (Thomas); Put-
nam, 1911 (Banker); Tippecanoe, 1902 (Arthur).
On Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Huphorbia maculata 1.)
1893:49. 1896:217. 1905:180.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Marion, 1905 (Wilson); Montgomery,
(Rose); Tippecanoe, 1887 (Arthur).
On Chamaesyce Preslii (Guss.) Arth. (Huphorbia Preslii Guss.,
E. hypericifolia A. Gray). 1893:57. 1896:222. 1898:187.
1905:180.
Franklin, 1913 (Ludwig); Fulton, 1909 (Kern); Hamilton, 1905
(Wilson); Henry, 1915 (Jackson); Jefferson, 1914 (Demaree);
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher); Madison, 1898 (Snyder); Marion,
1905 (Wilson); Putnam, 1891 (Underwood); Tippecanoe, 1888
(Bolley), 1896 (Snyder), 1914 (Ludwig in Barth. Fungi Col.
4594, 4595).
On Poinsettia dentata (Michx.) Small (Euphorbia dentata Michx.)
1893 :49, 57. 1896:217, 222. 1905:180.
Franklin, 1914 (Alley); Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Marion, 1905
(Wilson); Putnam, 1891, 1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur.
43, 59); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
On Poinsettia heterophylla (L.) Kl. & Garke (Euphorbia hetero-
phylla 1.)
Tippecanoe, 1904 (Arthur).
124. NIGREDO RHYNCOSPORAE (Ellis) Arth.
Uromyces Rhyncosporae Ellis.
Caeomurus Rhyncosporae (Ellis) Kuntze.
On Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. 1903:145.
Tippecanoe, 1894 (King).
*125. NIGREDO SCIRPI (Cast.) Arth.
Uromyces Scirpi (Cast.) Burrill.
Aecidium sii-latifolii Wint.
I. On Cicuta maculata L.
Tippecanoe, 1903 (Arthur).
III. On Seirpus americanus Pers.
Jasper, 1913 (Arthur & Fromme); Montgomery, 1895 (Olive).
On Scirpus validus Vahl.
Jasper, 1913 (Arthur & Fromme).
126. NIGREDO SILPHII (Burr.) Arthur.
Aeicidium compositarum Silphii Burr.
Uromyces Junci-tenuis Sydow.
IT. On Silphium perfoliatum L.
Vigo, 1899 (Arthur).
III. On Juneus Dudleyi Wieg.
Posey, 1910 (Johnson); Steuben, 1903 (Kellerman).
On Juncus tenuis Willd. 1896:222. 1898:187. 1905:180. 1908:
90.
Fayette, 1914 (Ludwig); Franklin, 1912 (Ludwig); Hamilton,
1905 (Wilson); Jefferson, 1914 (Demaree); Madison, 1898
(Snyder); Marion, 1905 (Wilson); Marshall, 1893 (Underwood,
Ind. Biol. Sur. 37); Newton, 1913 (Arthur); Orange, 1913
(Arthur); Owen, 1911 (Pipal); Pulaski, 1912 (Ludwig); Starke,
1905 (Arthur); Tippecanoe, 1896 (Snyder).
*127. NIGREDO SPERMACOCES (Schw.) Arth.
Uromyces Spermacoces (Schw.) M. A. Curtis.
On Diodia teres Walt.
Harrison, 1915 (Fogal).
128. NIGREDO TRIFOLII ( Hedw.f.) Arth.
Uromyces Trifolii (Hedw.f.) Lev.
Caeomurus Trifolii .(Hedw.f.) Gray).
On Trifolium hybridum L. 1893:58. 1905:181.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson); Wabash, 1886 (Miller).
On Trifolium medium L. 1893:58.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher).
On Trifolium repens L. 1893:58.
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Tippecanoe, 1888 (Bolley), 1893
(Golden).
*129. NIGREDO VALENS (Kern) Arth.
Uromyces valens Kern.
On Carex lupulina Muhl. 1893:58.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher).
474
On Carex rostrata Stokes (Carex utriculata Boot.) 1905:180.
Hamilton, 1905 (Wilson, type collection of Uromyces valens Kern).
*130..PHRAGMIDIUM AMERICANUM Diet.
On Rosa sp. cult. 1893 :52.
Putnam, 1892 (Uuderwood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 48).
On Rosa virginiana Mill. (R. lucida Ehrh.) 1893:52.
Johnson, 1890 (Fisher).
131. PHRAGMIDIUM DISCIFLORUM (Tode) J. F. James.
Aregma disciflora (Tode) Arth.
On Rosa sp. cult.
“St. Joseph, 1915 (Emery).
*132. PHRAGMIDIUM ROSAE-SETIGERAE Diet.
On Rosa earolina L. (?) 1893:52.
Putnam, 1893 (Underwood).
On Rosa rubiginosa L.
Monroe, 1914 (Van Hook).
On Rosa setigera Michx. 1893:52.
Hamilton, 1907 (Wilson); Jefferson, 1914 (Demaree); Johnson,
1890 (Fisher); Madison, 1907 (Wilson); Tippecanoe, 1896 -
(Snyder).
133. PHRAGMIDIUM SUBCORTICIUM (Schrank.) Wint.
On Rosa sp. cult.
Tippecanoe, 1897 (Arthur).
134. PILEOLARIA TOXICODENDRI (Berk. & Rav.) Arth.
Pileolaria brevipes Berk. & Rav.
On Toxicodendron radieans (L.) Kuntze (Rhus radicans L.) 1893:
\, 58).01896-223 1898-188
Laporte, 1888 (Arthur); Jefferson, 1915 (Demaree); Montgomery,
[S90 (Fisher); Owen, 1893 (Underwood); Putnam, 1893 (Un-
derwood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 34); Tippecanoe, 1893 (Golden);
1896 (Snyder).
Commonly but erroneously referred to Uromyces Terebinthi
DC. by American authors.
475
135. POLYTHELIS FUSCA (Pers.) Arth.
Puccinia fusca (Pers.) Wint.
Dicacoma fuscum (Pers.) Kuntze.
Dicaeoma Anemones (Pers.) Arth.
On Anemone quinquefolia L. 1894:151. 1898:181.
Fulton, 1894 (Arthur).
136. POLYTHELIS THALICTRI (Chev.) Arth.
Puccinia Thalictri Chev.
Dicaeoma Thalictri (Chey.) Kuntze.
On Thalictrum dioicum L. 1893:55.
Montgomery, 1893 (Olive); Tippecanoe, 1912 (Hoffer).
*137. RAVENELIA EPIPHYLLA (Schw.) Diet.
On Cracea virginiana L.
Harrison, 1915 (Kopp); White, 1911 (Bushnell).
138. TELEOSPORA RUDBECKIAE (A. & H.) Arth.
Uromyces Rudbeckiae Arth. & Holw.
Caeomurus Rudbeckiae (A. & H.) Kuntze.
On Rudbeckia laciniata L. 1894:152. 1898:187. 1903:145.
Madison, 1898 (Snyder); Montgomery, 1894 (Olive).
139. TRANZSCHELIA PUNCTATA (Pers.) Arth.
Aecidium punctatum Pers.
Aecidium hepaticatum Schw.
Puccinia Pruni-spinosae Pers.
On Hepatica acutiloba DC. 1893:50.
Jennings, 1912 (C. C. Deam); Montgomery, 1892, 1893 (Thomas);
Tippecanoe, 1898 (Arthur).
140. TRIPHRAGMIUM ULMARIAE (Schum.) Link.
On Filipendula rubra (Hill) Robinson ( Ulmaria rubra Hill). 1903:
43.
Tippecanoe, 1899 (Arthur, in Barth. N. Am. Ured. 83).
141. UROPYXIS AMORPHAE (M. A. Curtis) Schrot.
On Amorpha canescens Pursh. 1893:58.
Marshall, 1893 (Underwood, Ind. Biol. Sur. 44).
Purdue University,
Agricultural Experiment Station,
Lafayette, Ind.
INDEX
bv. PAGE
Address of the President. Wilbur A. Cogshall...................... 53
AN OOK OBIE AKOna ore HONS AIG .'s bo widclee adios oe buos ede oA sou eb ee aeed c 9
B.
Birds, Their Nests and Eggs, An Act for the Protection of............ 9
Bodine, Donaldson, A Memoir of, H. W. Anderson.................. 63
IB yo AWS spe ae Pi sentate ye Rm a Neda ce eens Re cea Ne, eu aya mies SUP eels Eve abelN ga a
C.
Cave, A New, near Versailles. Andrew J. Bigney.................... 183
Center Lake, Kosciusko Co., Ind., Some Preliminary Observations on
the Oxygenless Region of. Herbert Glenn Imel................. 345
Chromosome in Mutating Stocks, On the Change That Takes Place in.
FVOSC@e aly alle ay Cle inee ae reveal RY ee ry eae An Sea cart ets a aM 339
Coal Fields, The Olympic, of Washington. Albert B. Reagan........ 415
Collections, A Study of, from the Trenton and Black River Formations
oleNie wn ork: TILGN aC. oryelligt iin sion alae (am mcinmnnss, sueh Neuse conan 2 249
Committees of the Indiana Academy of Science, 1915-1916.......... 11-13
Condenser, A Standard, of Small Capacity. R. R. Ramsey.......... 315
Constitution of the Indiana Academy of Science..................... 5
D.
Deposits, Loess and Sand Dune, in Vigo County, Indiana. Wm. A.
TNA CeU Be) a Ohare Wade en 8 eran ee fa UH PROM ante oH es EA AUTO Ra EIR gE 185
K.
Klectroscope, An, for Measuring the Radioactivity of Soils. R. R.
EVAIAS Ops ait SS ab ned eam e pee cui die UO cede RAE A URE TRS nana shila a otha 307
F.
Food, The, of Nestling Birds. Howard HK. Enders and Will Scott. .... 323
Forest, The Olympic, and Its Potential Possibilities. Albert B. Regan.. 419
ume, Imeohienme., JIU, di. IML, Wetim IIOOIKK.. 5. eo co co sc asaecacaeccsuses 141
ATT
478
(i. PAGE
Gamma Coefficients and Series: - ..20- thet ek 4. 2 eae ee 269
Geographical Literature, A Bibliography of. Concerning Foreign Coun-
tries... B:cH. 'Schockel. 22) fea ee ee ee 191
Geometry, Plane and Spheric, Some Relations of. David A. Rothrock... 273
H.
Wooley foe ree ey a ee | ee ee 305
High Voltages, A Standard for the Measurement of. C. Francis Harding. 291
1
Tonisation Standards... dwin Morrison.’ <..2.. 225.22 -7. 2 fas. 295
L.
Lakes, A Report on, of the Tippecanoe Basin. Will Seott............ 377
M.
Magnolia Soulangiana, A Second Blooming of. D. M. Mottier........ 149
Moanures: Rate of Eumidiiestion ob | Roos Carr 2 Joe eee 317
Micro-Organisms, Soil, Tolerance of, to Media Changes. H.A. Noyes... 89
Members.
ACV ERs Bes he ee ee SO ERS, Cenk eae 24
MeO WSs 25 fy eat a ee a ene a ON 2 Se 15
INon=Residentii® 3445.04) Se eee ae Re nce ea 21
Minutes of Spring Meeahing® os sen neste anna sie ieee eae ee 41
N.
Nickel, Detection of, in Cobalt Salts. A. R. Middleton and H. L.
Millers 22 - 2205. by. Saree SR ee ES eh ee pee eat eee 163
O.
Officers Indiana Academy of Science, 1915-1916 .................... 11
Officers Indiana Academy of Science, 1885-1916 .................... 14
Ophioglossum, The Occurrence of More Than One Leaf in. M. S.
IMisrkles). 2 chee calc S32 tel ts ce ee en aaa ear he 357
Oscillatoria, The Effect of Centrifugal Force on. Frank M. Andrews... 151
479
12. PAGE
Peat Bogs, The Phytecology of, near Richmond, Ind. M.S8. Markle... 359
Plants not Hitherto Reported from Indiana, VI. C.C.Deam........ 135
Plant Diseases, A List of, of Economic Importance in Indiana. F. J.
TEST Oe sts adil ere ato era mia et rei INURL I als (aa elie ie aga ae ee Ce eae 379
Plastids, Some Methods for the Study of, in Higher Plants. D. M.
INTOG ITE React aes Ae ora oie eR a yea hon SURES Ran Dua ate HC UL Roti 3 eon 127
Proceedings General Session Indiana Academy of Science............ 45
Program of the Thirty-first Annual Meeting of the Indiana Academy of
SCTE TC Chat regen Porsches Ho hes etre Roe ea he ere Bie yah? Rec ov as HR Mates ar Pig Ne 49
Protein, The Different Methods of Estimating, In Milk. George
IS) ONIASY Sear te ane IL eae RE eet ON ei Ue eae A Ram og 173
Publie Offences, Hunting Wild Birds, Penalty....................... 10
R.
Radiations, Light and Heat, Some Notes on the Mechanism of. James
ESOC au ea eg asa concatenate haters arian. . caer oe ae Dane Carel Ns 283
Reports and Papers, the, An Act for the Publication of, of the Indiana
JNA H TOYZ! OME SOY OMI OKELE Sas as ile ounce ian ene Gl een eo eee es eet oe eee aces i
Riecia Flutians L., The Morphology of. Fred Donaghy............. 131
S.
Scovell, Josiah Thomas, Memoir of. Charles R. Dryer............... 67
Scovel, Josaln Anon, oncMiOr, gacnesasoblecdasescasscessb bose V2
Sound Waves, On the Relative Velocities of, of Different Intensities.
ANTE aN tex Wl EMO) Kestrel ne A Me ne cs SME RUT eo a ilo soe I WIEN SCT dee a 299
Spectrometer, A Simple Photographic. HKdwin Morrison............. 297
Spring Water, The Cause of the Variation of the Emanation Content of.
1 Saeed a sl RYP2YL OASYS v7 em Oats ater Ra OA URE Veni AR a Nod fee ie an gs a 311
(age
‘oloeceo Pirololkernn, Ine, IRoloeirt: Hessler. .502.-500cccce nen en oon eee ne 7a
Balle voh Combet she y wc sew resin eo see tee ace eto oa eas Ore aR DURA Piha 3
U.
Uredinales, The, of Indiana. H.S. Jackson........................ 429
480
4
W. PAGE
Wabash River, Volume of the Ancient. Wm. A. MeBeth............ 1S9
Water, Analysis of, Containing Aluminum Salts and Free Sulphurie Acid,
imRovaal fehay IbaKobleyoven (Gforal WMivavsy, Sy ID) (Cloyatevoies 4256 2 eo 161
White Oak, Some Elementary Notes on Stem Analysis of. Burr N.
PROMI GO 6 kei co aN aan MA aD alc Pa NN aL 153
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