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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
(SESSION 1870-71.)
November 3rd, 1870.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The Rev. Samuel Mateer was elected a Fellow.
The following Report, on the Additions to the Library since the
last Report (Proceedings, 1869-70, p. xxxvii), was laid before the
meeting : —
The Publications of Scientific Bodies received since the date of the
last Report (May 5th, 1870) have been the following : —
Dexmaek : — •
Royal Danish Society of Science, Copenhagen. Transactions
(Skrifter), Ser. 5, viii. parts 3 to 7, ix. part 1 ; Proceedings
(Oversigt over Forhandlinger), 1868, n. 5, 6, 1869, n. 3, 4, 1870,
n. 1.
SWEDEK : —
Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Voyage of the Frigate
* Eugenie : ' Hymen op tera.
•Li^y. PROC. — Session 1870-71. h
11 pkoceedings of the
Russia : —
Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Memoirs, Ser. 7,
xiv. parts 8, 9, xv. parts 1 to 8 ; Bulletin, xiv. n. 4 to 6, xv. n. 1, 2.
Entomological Society of Eussia, St. Petersburg. Horae, vi. n. 4.
Imperial Society of Naturalists, Moscow. Bulletin, 1869, i. n. 1, 2,
ii. n. 3, 4.
University of Kazan. Proceedings and Scientific Papers or Me-
moirs (Izvestia i Utchenia Zapiski), 1865-69.
Germany : —
Eoyal Academy of Sciences, Berlin. Proceedings (Monatsbericbte),
1870, February to May.
Imperial Academy of Sciences, Vienna. Transactions (Denk-
schiiften), xxix. Proceedings (Sitzungsberichte), Physical Division,
lix. n. 4, 5, Ix. n. 1, 2 ; Natural-History Division, lix. n. 3 to 5,
Ix. n. 1, 2. Minutes of Meetings (Anzeiger), 1870.
Imperial and Eoyal Geological Institute of Yienna. Transactions
(Abbandlimgen), iv. n. 9, 10; Journal (Jahrbucb), xix. n. 2, xx. n. 1 ;
Proceedings (Yerhandlungen), 1869, n. 6 to 9, 1870, n. 1 to 5,
Eoyal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich. Proceedings
(Sitzungsberichte), 1869, ii. n. 3, 4 ; 1870, i. n. 1 to 3.
Natural History Society of Bremen. Transactions (Abhandlungen),
ii. part 2.
Physico-economical Society of Konigsberg. Memoirs (Schriften),
viii. to X. (1867-69).
Natural History Society of Hanover. Proceedings ( Jahresberichte),
1867-69.
Natural-History Society of Ehenish Prussia, Bonn. Transactions
(Yerhandlungen), xxvi.
Nassau Society for Natural Sciences, "Wiesbaden. Journal (Jahr-
biicher), xxi., xxii.
Natural-History Society of Briinn. Transactions (Yerhandlungen),
vii.
Dutch Netherlands : —
Dutch Society of Sciences, Haarlem. Archives Ncerlaudaises, v.
n. 1 to 3.
Netherlands Entomological Society, The Hague. Journal of
Entomology, Index to the first series of eight years; 2nd ser., iv. parts
3 to 6, V. parts 1, 2.
Society for the Flora of the Netherlands and th^ ir£iiijnarii»e
possessions. Minutes of the Anniversary mee^gs, 186^^^)-* * it /
Belgittm : — "^i^^^ ^f Nni"^' y
Royal Academy of Sciences, Bnissels. Memoires cou?(SwSfo,-4ter^''
xxxiv. ; 8vo, xxi. Bulletin, xx\'ii., xxviii. ; Annuaire, 1870. Pe-
riodical Phenomena, 1867-68.
Royal Botanical Society of Belgium, Brussels. Bulletin, viii. n. 3,
ix. n. 1.
France : —
Botanical Society of France. Bulletin, x^ii.; Comptes llendus,
n. 1 ; Revue BibHographique, B.
Entomological Society of France. Annals, Ser. 4, ix. parts 2 to 4.
Society of Natural Sciences, Strasbourg. Memoirs, vi. part 2 ;
BuHetin, 1869.
Imperial Society of Natural Sciences, Cherbourg. Memoirs, xiv.
Asia : —
Society of Arts and Sciences, Batavia. Transactions (Verhande-
lingen), xxxiii. ; Journal (Tijdschrift), xvi. parts 2 to 6, xvii., xviii.
part 1 ; Proceedings (Notulen), iv. part 2, v., vi., vii. part 1 ; Cata-
logues of the Numismatical and Ethnological portions of their
Museum.
Royal Natural-History Society of Dutch India, Batavia. Natural-
History Journal of Dutch India (Tijdschrift), xxxi. 1 to 3.
Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta. Journal, Ser. 2, xxxix.
(1870) ; History &c., parts 1, 2 ; Physical Science, parts 1, 2.
Indian Government. Forest- Reports for British Burmah, 1867-
68 ; for the province of Oudh, 1868-09.
ArsrEALiA ; —
Entomological Society of New South Wales, Sydney. Transac-
tions, i. part 5.
Adelaide Philosophical Society. Annual Report and Transactions,
1870.
Sorrn Ameeica : —
PubKc Museum of Buenos Ayres. Annals, ii. part 1.
Society of Physical and Natural Sciences, Caraccas. Yargasia,
B.7.
62
iv proceedings oe the
North America : —
Smithsonian Institute, Washington. Contributions to Knowledge,
xvi. ; Miscellaneous Collections, viii., ix. ; Annual Report and Pro-
ceedings of Board of Eegents for 1868.
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Proceedings, 1869,
parts 3, 4 ; American Journal of Conchology, v. parts 3, 4.
American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Proceedings, xi. n. 82.
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston. Proceedings,
viii.
Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings, xii., xiii.
Lyceum of Natural History, New York. Annals, ix.
American Museum of Natural History, New York. First Annual
Report.
Essex Institute, Salem. Act of Incorporation, Historical Notice ;
Bulletin, i. (1869) ; Proceedings, vi. part 1 ; Annual Report of the
Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, 1869 ; American
Naturalist, iii., iv. n. 1, 2.
Portland Society of Natural History. Reports of the Commis-
sioners of Fisheries of the State of Maine, 1867-69.
Chicago Academy of Sciences. Transactions, i. part 2.
British Dominion : —
Natural-History Society of Montreal. Canadian Naturalist, v.
part 1.
Great Britain and Ireland : —
Royal Society. Philosophical Transactions, clx. part 1 ; Pro-
ceedings, xviii. n. 119 to 122.
Clinical Society. Transactions, iii.
Geological Society. Quarterly Journal, xxvi. parts 2, 3.
Linnean Society. Transactions, xxvii. part 2. Journal, Zoology,
X. n. 48, xi. n. 49 ; Botany, xi. n. 53 to 55.
Medical and Chirurgical Society. Proceedings, vi. n. 6.
Quekett Microscopical Club. Fifth Report ; Journal, ii. n. 11, 12.
Royal Agricultural Society. Journal, Ser. 2, vi. part 2.
Royal Geographical Society. Proceedings, xiv. n. 2 to 4.
Royal Institution. Proceedings, v. n. 7, vi. n. 1, 2.
Royal Microscopical Society. Monthly Microscopical Journal to
Nov. 1870.
Royal Irish Academy. Transactions, xxiv. ; Science, parts 9 to 14;
Antiquities, part 8 ; Literature, part 4.
Royal Dublin Society. Journal, v. n. 39.
tlXNEAN SOCIETY OF lOXDOy. V
Bath Natural-History aud Antiquarian Field-Club. Proceedings,
ii. part 1.
Eoyal Cornwall Polyteclinic Society. 37tli Annual Eeport.
Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. Annual Keport,
1869-70.
Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society. Transactions, 1869-70,
Natural-History Transactions of Northumberland and Durham,
iii. part 2.
Plymouth Institution, and Devon and Cornwall Natural-History
Society. Transactions, iv. part 1.
The Scientific Periodicals taken in by, or presented to, the Society
are the same as those enumerated in last year's Eeports (Proceedings,
p. v), with the exception of ' The Entomologist,' and with the
foUowing additions : —
Krdyer's Naturliistorisk Tidsskrift, continued by Prof. Schiodte,
Presented by Prof. Schiodte (from the commencement of Ser. 3).
Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano. Presented by the Editor.
Nature, weekly. Presented by the Publishers.
The following back parts of Transactions and Journals have been
purchased : —
Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow. Nouveaux Me'moires,
ii., or viii. of the whole series (1832).
Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris, Ser. 1, i. to ix. (1824-26),
completing our set.
Adansonia, Paris, 8vo, edited by H. Baillon, i. to viii. (1860-68).
The Biological Papers contained in the above Transactions, Pro-
ceedings, and Journals (excepting old volumes or parts analysed in
the Boyal Society's Index), and the separate works added to the
Library since the last Report, are as follows : — ■
(This analytical enumeration is continued according to the plan
adopted last year, and explained in Proceedings, p. vi.)
Mammalia axd General Zoology : — •
A. Agassiz. Notes on Beaver-Dams. Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist.
Vi PBOCEEDUfGS OF IHE
J. A. Allen. Notes on the Mammak of Iowa. Proc. Bost. Soc.
Xat. Hist. xiii.
"W. Andrews. On Zipluus Soiverbyi, 1 plate. Trans. R. Irish
Acad. xxiv.
P. J. van Benedeu. On the Balcenoptera of the Northern Atlantic.
Bull. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxrii. — On commensalism ia the animal
kingdom. Ibid, xxviii.
E. V. Beneden. Eesearches on the composition and signification
of the Egg, 10 plates. Mem. cour. Acad. Sc. Bruss. 4to, xxxiv.
<r. D. Cator. Popular Mammalogical Papers in Amer. Naturalist, iii.
E. Cones. Observations on the Harsh Hare. — Notice of a Cyclo-
pean Pig. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii.
J. Dean. The grey substance of the medulla oblongata and tra-
pezium, human and mammalian, 16 plates and woodcuts. Smithson.
Contrib. xvi.
D. F. Eschricht. Nine plates illustrating the structure of Cetacea,
posthumous publication by J. Eeinhardt. Trans. R. Dan. Soc. Sc. ix.
L. J. Eitzinger. The natural family of Moles, their characters
and critical remarks. — Revision of the natural family of Cats. — Re-
vision of the natural family of Cladobata. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc.
Vienna, lis. & Ix.
A. Eriedlowskj'. On malformations in the teeth of Mammalia,
1 plate. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc, Vienna, lix.
J. E. Gray. On the skull of Balcena marginata. — Note on the
species of "Wart-Hog (PJiacocJicerus). — On the "Wliales described in the
Osteographie des Cetaces of Van Beneden and Gervais. — The geogra-
phical distribution of the Cetacea. — Notice of the Falanaka of Mada-
gascar. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
J. Haast. Preliminary notice of a ziphioid "Whale stranded on
the coast of New Zealand (from Proc. PhU. Inst. Canterb. no. 2).
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
F. V. Hayden. A new Hare fi-om the ">\"ind-River Mountains.
Amer. Naturalist, iii.
"W. J. Hays. The Mule Deer, 1 plate. Amer. Naturalist, iii.
C. K. Hoffmann and H. "Wcijenbergh, jun. On the place of C7ii~
romys in the natural method. Arch. Neerland. v.
. R. J. Lee. On the organs of vision in the common Mole. Proc.
R. Soc. xviii.
— Masius and — Vauloir. Experimental researches on the ana-
tomical and functional regeneration of the spinal marrow, 2 plates.
Mem. cour. Acad. Sc. Bruss. 8vo, xxi.
mflTEAN SOCIETT OP lOSDOX. vii
W. Peters. The Cheiroptera of Sarawak. Xat. Tijdschr. Ned.
Ind. xsxi.
E. A. Philippi. On Felis cohcolo, Molina, i plate. — On a supposed
new Stag from CTuli. TViegm. Arehiv, xxxvi.
L, Sabaneef. Preliminan- sketch of the vertebrate fauna of the
central Oural. Bull. Soc, Imp. Xat. Mosc. 1869.
C. M. Scannon. On Sea-Otters. Amer. Xaturalist, iv.
P. L. Sclater. Xote on JElian's Wart-Hog. Ann. Xat. Hist.
Ser. 4, vi.
L. Stieda. On the central nervous system in Yertebrata, 4 plates.
Zeitschr. wissensch. Zool. xx.
Okxithologt : —
J. BorsenkoTV. On the development of the egg in the Fowl. 2 plates.
BulL Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1S69.
J. F. Brandt. Observations on Akidce. BuU. Imp. Acad. Sc.
Petersb. xiv.
E. Cones. On variation in the genus u^iotJius. — On the classifi-
cation of Vater-Bii-ds. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1S69.— Orni-
thological Notes. Amer. Natiu-alLst, iii. — Op. a chick with super-
numerary legs. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii.
W. H. DaU and H. M. Bannister. List of the Birds of Alaska,
with notes and descriptions. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sc. i.
S. E. Dole. Synopsis of the Birds hitherto described from the
Hawaian Islands. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii.
D. G. Elliot. A new Pheasant from China. — A new Humming-
bird of the genus CJin/solamjjis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
"W. E. Endicctt. Popular Oi-nithological Papers. Amer. Natura-
list, iii.
A. Ernst. Contributions to the ornithological fauna of Venezuela,
1 plate. Yai'gasia, n. 7.
E. A. Eversmann. Natural histoiy of the Birds of the Orenbom-g
district. Mem. Univ. Kazan, 1S66 to 1S6S, forming a separate
volume, Svo, 621 pages.
J. C. H. Fischer. Short Ornithological papers. Eroyer's Tidsskr.
Ser. 3, iii.
A. Fowler. Popular Ornithological papers. Amer. Naturalist, iii.
— Godwin- Austen. List of Bii'ds obtained in the Eiasi and
North Cachar hUls. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxLx.
J. Gould, A [new species of Sdsura. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4,
vi.
VIU PROCEEDINGS OF THE
A. V. Homeyer. Eemarks on A. Romer's list of the Birds of
Nassau. Journ. Nassau Naturh. Yer. xxii.
A. 0. Hume. Additional notes on Indian birds noticed by Mr.
Blanford. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix.
G. Jaeger. On conditions of growth exemplified in Birds, woodcut.
Zeitschr. wissensch. Zool. xx.
H. Jouan. On the Jabirii of Australia. — On the fauna of New
Zealand, chiefly birds. Mem. Soc. Imp. Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, xiv.
G. N. Lawrence. List of a collection of Birds from northern
Yucatan. — List of Birds from Puna Island, Gulf of Guayaquil. — •
Characters of new South- American Birds. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
N. York, ix.
T. H. Potts. Notes on the breeding-habits of New-Zealand Birds,
3 plates. Presented by the Author.
H. Eeeks. Notes on the Birds of Newfoundland. Canad. Na-
turalist, V.
A. Schwab. The Avifauna of Mistek and its neighbourhood.
Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Briinn, vii.
E. Selenka. On the morphology of the muscles of the shoulder
in Birds. Archiv. Neerl. v.
E. B. Sharpe. On a collection of Birds from China and Japan.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
H. Stevenson. The Birds of Norfolk, vol. 2. Presented by the
Author.
E. Swinhoe. Pour new Birds from China. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, vi.
Yiscount AValden. New Birds from Southern Asia. Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, v.
Ibis, vi. n. 23.
Ichthyology : —
C. C. Abbott. Freshwater Fishes of New Jersey. Amer. Natu-
ralist, iii.
— Baudelot. On the comparative anatomy of the encephalum
of Fishes, 2 plates. Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Strasb. vi. — On the texture
of the anterior lobes of the Stickleback, examined in ordinary and
in distilled water. Bull. Soc. Sc. Nat. Strasb. 1869.
A. Fee. On the lateral system of the pneumo-gastric nerve of
Fishes, 4 plates. Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Strasb. vi.
— Guichenot. Eevision of the genera Pagellus, Lithognaihus, and
Calamus, Mem. Soc. Imp. Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, xiv.
IiINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IX
E. Hensel. On the Yertebrata of S. Brazil : Fishes of the province
of Eio Grande do Sul. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi.
J. Hyrtl. On the blood-vessels of the outer opercula of the
branchiae of Polyptenis Laivadei, Steind., 1 plate. Proc. Imp. Acad.
Sc. Vienna, Ix.
S. Legouis. On the pancreas of osseous Fishes (from the Comptes
Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, v.
F. Poej. Review of the Fishes of Cuba belonging to the genus
Trisotrojj'is. — Xotes on the hermaphroditism of Fishes. Ann. Lye.
Nat. Hist. N. York, ix.
J. C. Schiodte. On the development and position of the eye in
Flat-fish, 1 plate. Kroy. Tidsskr. v.
F. Steindachner. PoJypterus Lapradel and P. senegalus from
Senegal, 2 plates. — Ichthyological notes, 2 papers, 15 plates. Proc.
Imp. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ix.
W. Wood. Ichthyological notes. Amer. Naturalist, iii.
Reports of the Commissioners of Fisheries for the State of Maine,
1867, 1868, 1869. Presented by the Portland Soc. Nat. Hist.
Reptiles and Batrachia : —
D. van Bembeke. On the development of Pelohates fusms, 5 plates,
Mem. couronn. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, 4to, xxxiv.
A. Preudhomme de Borre. On a young Dermatemys Mawli. — On
a new American Alligator, 1 plate. Bull. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxviii.
E. D. Cope. Seventh contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical
America, 3 plates. Proc. Amer. PhU. Soc. Pliiladelphia, xi.
J. E. Gray. Phelsimia c/randis, a new Night-Lizard from Mada-
gascar.— Testudo chihnsis, a new Chilian Tortoise. Ann. Nat Hist.
Ser. 4, vi.
A. B. Meyer. On the venom-apparatus of Snakes, more especially
of CaUo])lm intestinalis and hivirgatus. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind.
xxxi., and Wiegm. Archiv, xxxv,
W. C. H. Peters. On the African Monitors. — Contributions to
the Herpetological fauna of S. Africa, 1 plate. — On PJatemys tuberosa.
a new Tortoise from British Guiana. Proc. (Monatsb.) R. Acad. Sc.
Berhn, 1870.
F. Stoliczka. On Indian and Malayan Amphibia and ReptOes,
4 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix. ; abstracted in Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
X PKOCEEDIK^GS OF THE
MonuscA : —
A. Adams. On some proboscidiferous Gasteropods of the seas of
Japan. Ann. IS'at. Hist. Ser. 4, v. — On some genera and species of
gasteropodons Mollusca collected by Mr. M'Andrew in the Gulf of
Suez. Ibid. vi.
E. Bergh. Contributions to a monograph of PleurophyUidia,
9 plates. — On the anatomy of the Phyllidia, 11 plates. Kroy.
Tidsskr. Ser. 3, iv.
W. G. Binney. Bibliography of North-American Conchology,
part 2. Smiths. Misc. CoU. ix.
"W. G. Binney and T. Bland. Notes on the lingual dentition of
Mollusca. — Note on Vivijpara lineata. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New
York, ix. — Land and freshwater shells of Nortli America, part 1,
numerous woodcuts. Smiths. Misc. Coll. viii.
T. Bland. Additional notes on the geographical distribution of
land-shells in the West Indies. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, ix.
W. T. Blanford. Contributions to Indian Malacology, continued.
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1870.— On Georissa, Acmella, Iricula,
and CyatTiopoma milium. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
Marq. L. de Fohn. On the classification of the shells of the
family of Chemnitzidse. Presented by the Author.
J. C. Galton. Anatomy of the Eiver-Mussel, 1 plate. Pop. So.
Review, ix.
H. H. Godwin- Austen. Descriptions of new Dij^hmmatincv from
the Khasia Hills, 1 plate. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1870.
A. A. Gould. Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts :
Mollusca, 27 plates and numerous woodcuts. Presented by the
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, on behalf of the Commonwealth of Massa-
chusetts.
E. C. Greenleaf. On the double plate of Atdacodiscus orerfcinus.
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii.
"W. Houghton. On two Land-Planarise from Borneo, woodcuts.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
J. G. Jeffreys. British Conchology, 5 vols., 1862-1869. Pur-
chased.
. Norwegian Mollusca. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, v. — Medi-
terranean Mollusca. Ibid. vi.
W. King. Histology of the testa of the class PalHobranchiata,
1 plate. Trans. E. Irish Acad. xxiv.
A. Macalister. On the mode of growth of discoid and turbinated
shells. Proc. Eoy. Soc. xviii.
LI>'>'EA>' SOCIETY OF LO^DOy. XI
TV". Meigen. On the hydrostatic apparatus of Nautilus pompilius.
Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi.
E. S. Moore. A new -4cfuio?)o7H5, woodcut. Rep. Trust. Pcabody
Acad. Sc. 1869. — Salt- and freshwater Clams, 1 plate ; and other
Malacological papers. Amer. Naturalist, iii.
G. H. Perkins. Molluscan fauna of New Haven. Proc. Post. Soc.
Nat. Hist. xiii.
T. Prime. On the names applied to Pisidium, a genus of Cor-
bicularidae, with notes on species, woodcuts. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
New York, ix,
E. Eattray. On the anatomy, physiology, and distribution of
Firolida?. Trans. Linn, Soc. xxvii.
L. Eeeve. Conchologia Iconica, parts 282, 283. Purchased.
E. E. C. Stearns. On a new Pedipes from Tampa Bay. Proc.
Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii.
D. Zernoff. On the organs of smell in Cephalopods, 2 plates.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 18G9, i.
Journal de Conchyliologie, Ser. 3, x. n. 3. — Malakozoologische
Blatter, to July 1870. — American Journal of Conchology, v. parts
3,4.
See also papers on Deep-Sea Dredgings, under Lower Akimals.
CursTACEA AND Aeachs-ida : —
E. V. Beneden. On the embryogeny of Crustacea, 2 plates. Bull.
E. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxviii.
V. Bergsoe. Philichthys Xipliice, 1 plate. — On the Italian Taran-
tula. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, iii.
V. Bergsoe and F. Meinert. The Geopliila of Denmark. Kroy.
Tidsskr. Ser. 3, iv.
P. Bertkau. On the structure and functions of the upper jaw in
Spiders, 1 plate. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi.
G. S. Brady. Notes on Eutomostraca taken in Northumberland
and Durham, 3 plates. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iii.
G. S. Brady and D. Eobertson. The Ostracoda and Foraminifera
of tidal rivers, 2 parts, 7 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
— Chantran. On the natural historj; of Crayfish (from the
Comptcs Eendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
A. Dohrn. A new form of NaKjiUus gigas^ 2 plates. — On Mala-
costraca and thek larvae, 3 plates. Zeitschr. wissensch. Zool. xx.
E. D. Cope. On some new or Httle-known Myriapoda from the
Southern Alleghanies. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
XU PEOCEBDINGS OF THE
0. Grimm. Embryology of PJithiriiis pubis, 1 plate, BuU. Imp.
Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xiv.
J. Lubbock. On Tliysanura, part iv. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii.
J. A. Herklots. Two new genera of Crustacea, EpicWiys and
Iclithyoxenos, 1 plate. Archiv. Neerl. v.
H. Kroyer. Contributions to the knowledge of Entomostraca, 18
plates. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, ii.
S. J. M'Intyre. The Pencil-tail, Polyxenus layiirus, 1 plate.
Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii.
E. Meinert. Campodeoe, a family of Thysanura, 1 plate. Kroy.
Tidsskr. Ser. 3, ii. — The Chilognatha of Denmark ; The Scolopendra
and Lithobia of Denmark. Ibid. v.
It. E. Mueller. The Cladocera of Denmark, 6 plates. — On the
propagation of Cladocera, 1 plate. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, v.
M. F. Plateau. On the freshwater Crustacea of Belgium, 1 plate.
Mem. cour. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, 4to, xxxiv.
J. C. Schiodte. The sucking-mouth of Crustacea, 2 plates.
Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, iv.
S. J. Smith. New or little-known American cancroid Crustacea.
Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii.
J. Steenstrup. On Lesteira, Silenium, and Pegesimallus, three
genera of Crustacea estabKshed by Kroyer, 1 plate. Proc. R. Dan.
Soc. Sc. 1869.
A. E. Verrill. Popularnotes on Crustacea. A mer. Naturalist, iii.
E. P. Wright. New Sicilian Spiders, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, V.
EXTOMOLOGY :
E. Ballion. Remarks on some species of the ' Catalogus Coleo-
pterorum ' of Dr. Gemmingen and B. v. Harold. — On Tentliredo
fiavicornis and T. luticornis. BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869.
M. V. Bell. List of Coleoptera hitherto found in the neighbour-
hood of Jaroslaw. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869.
Dr. Bessels. Note on the development of Acaridse. BuU. R.
Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxvii.
P. Butschli. On the development of Bees, 4 plates. Zeitschr.
wiss. Zool. XX.
A. Chapman. Pacts towards a life-history of RMjjiijliorus para-
doxus, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
M. Chaudoir. Monographical essay on the genus Abacetus, Dej.
BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869.
LDfNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. XIU
— Cornelius. On Zahrus gibhus, Fabr., and its larvte. Trans.
Nat. Hist. Soo. Rhen. Pruss. xxvi.
E. T. Cressou. On Mexican Pompilidte. Proc. Best. See. Nat.
Hist. xii.
N. Erschoff. Notes on some Lepidoptera of Eastern Siberia. Bull.
Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869.
A. Fuchs. Enumeration of the Butterflies of the neighbourhood
of Oberursel. Journ. Nassau Soc. Nat. Sc. Jahrg. xxi., xxii.
A. Gerstiicker. Orthoptera and Neuroptera of Zanzibar. Wiegm.
Archiv, xxxv.
A. Gaertner. On Coleophora albifuscella, ZeU., and 0. leucopen^
nella, Hiibn. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869.
R. Grentzenberg. The Macrolepidoptera of the province of
Prussia. Mem. Phys. Ecou. Soc. Konigsberg, x.
0. Grimm. On the asexual reproduction of a species of Chiro-
nomus, and its development from an unfertilized egg, 3 plates. Mem.
Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersb. xv.
A. E. Holmgren. Hymenoptera of the voyage of the frigate
' Eugenie,' 2 plates. Presented by the Roy. Acad. Sc. Stockholm.
J. H. Kaltenbach. The German phytophagous Insects. Trans.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Rhen. Pruss. xxvi.
"W. J. Kirby. On the generic nomenclature of Diurnal Lepido-
ptera. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. x.
C. L. Kirschbaum. The Cicadinae of the neighbourhood of
Wiesbaden. Journ. Nass. Soc. Nat. Sc. xxi., xxii.
— Landois. On the sounds emitted by Insects. — On a new
American Silkworm, Saturnia Cecroina. Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Rhen.
Pruss. xxvi.
J. L. Leconte. Synonymical notes on North- American Coleoptera.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
De Selys Longchamps. Additions to the synopsis of Caloptery-
ginoe. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxvii. — Additions to the
synopsis of Gomphinae. Ibid, xxviii.
F. Meinert. The Danish species of Forjlcida, 1 plate. Xroy.
Tidsskr. Ser. 3, ii. — On the larvae of Miastor, 3 plates. Ibid. iii. —
On double sperm-vessels in Insects, 1 plate. Ibid. v.
N. Melnikow. On the embryonal development of Insects, 4 plates.
Wiegm. Archiv, xxxv.
CS.Minot. American Lepidoptera. Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii.
V. Motchoulsky. Enumeration and descriptions of new Coleo-
ptera. BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869.
XIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE
A. Murray. On Coleoptera from Old Calabar. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, V. — List of Coleoptera received from Old Calabar, 2 plates.
— Note on the egg of Rhipipliorus paradoxus. — History of the Wasp
and Rhipijpliorus paradoxus (concluded), 1 plate. Ibid. vi. — On the
geographical relations of the chief Coleopterous Faunae. Journ. Linn.
Soc. Zool. xi.
E. Norton. Descriptions of Mexican Ants, woodcuts. Proc.
Essex Inst. Salem, vi.
E. Osten-Sacken. Monographs of Diptera of N. America, part 4,
4 plates. Smithson. Misc. Coll. viii.
A. S. Packard, jun. On Insects inhabiting salt water, woodcuts.
Proc. Essex Inst. Salem, vi. — List of hymenopterous and lepidopte-
rous Insects collected by the Smithsonian Expedition to S. America.
Ann. Eep. Trust. Peabody Acad. 1869. — Various popular entomolo-
gical papers. Amer. Naturalist, iii.
A. S. Packard, jun., and others. Record of American Entomo-
logy for the year 1868. Presented by the Essex Institute, Salem.
E. P. Paseoe. On Curculionidse (continued), 2 plates. Journ.
Linn. Soc. Zool. x.
J. E. Planchon and J. Lichtenstein. On PliyUoxerus or the Vine-
disease, three papers. Presented by the Authors.
A. S. Pitchie. Why are Insects attracted by artificial Hghts?
Canad. Naturalist, v.
C. Eitsema. On the origin and development of Periphyllus Testvdo.
Arch. Neerl. v. ; Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
C. T. Eobinson. Lepidopterological Miscellanies, two papers, 1
plate. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, ix.
A. Schenck. Description of the Bees of Nassau, 2nd Supplement.
Journ. Nass. Soc. Nat. Sc. xxi., xxii.
J. C. Schiodte. The Cerambyces of Denmark. Kroy. Tidsskr.
Ser. 3, ii. — Observations on the metamorphoses of Eleutherata, 24
plates. Ibid, iii., iv., and vi. — The Buprestes and Elatera of Den-
mark, 1 plate, and various short Entomological Papers. Ibid. iii. —
Supplement to the Cerambyces, Buprestes, and Elatera of Denmark.
Ibid. V. — On the Cimices living in Denmark. Ibid. vi. — On the
morphology and classification of Ehynchota. Ibid. vi. ; Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
S. H. Scudder. Preliminary list of the Butterflies of Iowa. Trans.
Chicago Acad. Sc. i. — Notices of Orthoptera collected by Prof. J.
Orton in Ecuador and Brazil. — On the gigantic lobe-crested Grass-
hoppers of South and Central America. — Eeport on Diurnal Lepido-
UNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. Wf
ptera collected iu Alaska in Lieut. Ball's Expedition. — On a new
Cave-Insect from Xew Zealand. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. —
On the larva and chrysalis of Pajjilio Itutuh(s. Ibid. xiii. — Cata-
logue of Orthoptera of N. America described previous to 1867.
Smithsou. Misc. CoU. viii.
H. Shimer. Insects injurious to the Potato, woodcuts. Amer.
Naturalist, iii.
S. Solsky. Coleoptera of Eastern Russia. — The Staphylina of
S. America and Mexico, n. 2. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869.
Y. Strom. The Danish species of Orygia. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3,
iii. — Synopsis of the Butterflies of Denmark. Ibid. iv.
R. Trimen. On the occurrence of Astraptor illuminator, Murr.,
or a closely allied insect, near Buenos Ayres. Journ. Linn. Soc.
Zool. X.
P. R. Uhler. Notices of Hemiptera collected by Prof. J. Orton m
Ecuador and Brazil. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii.
E. "Walker. Dermaptera and Hemiptera collected by J. K. Lord
in Egypt and Arabia. Zoologist, v.
H. "Weyenbergh, jun. Some observations on parthenogenesis in
Lepidoptera. Archiv. Neerl. v.
H. C. Wood, jun. On the Phalangeae of the United States, wood-
cuts. Proc. Essex Inst. Salem, vi.
Horse of the Entomological Society of Russia, vi. n. 4. — ^The
Hague Journal of Entomology, Ser. 2, iv. parts 3 to 6, v. parts
1, 2. — Snellen van VoUenhoven's Tijdschrift voor Entomologie,
Ser. 2, iv, part 2. — Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France,'
Ser. 4, ix. parts 2 to 4. — Entomologists' Monthly Magazine, July to
Nov. — Entomological Society's Transactions, 1870, part 2. — Trans-
actions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales, i.
part 5.
Lower Ajs^hials : —
A. Agassiz. On the young state of the Echinida (from Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool.). "Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. — On the habits of a few
Echinoderms. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii.
E. van Beneden. On a new Gregarina, 1 plate. BuU. R. Acad.
Sc. Brussels, xxviii.
E. van Beneden and E. Bessels. On the formation of the
blastoderm in Amphipoda, Lernea, and Copepoda, 5 plates. Mem.
cour. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, 4to, xxxiv.
Xn PBOCEEDDfGS OF THE
H. B. Brady. A monograph of Polymorphina, 4 plates. Trans.
Linn. Soc. xxvii.
H. B. Brady and D. Eobertson. The Ostracoda and Foramini-
fera of tidal rivers, 2 parts, 9 plates. Ann. Xat. Hist. 8er. 4, vi.
"W. B. Carpenter. On the temperature and animal life in the deep
sea. Proc. E. Inst. vi.
"W. B. Carpenter, J. Gwyn Jeffreys, and "Wyville Thomson. Pre-
liminary report of the scientific exploration of the deep sea in H.M.S.
* Porcupine,' 1869. Proc. Eoy. Soc. xviii.
H. J. Carter. On Haliph)jsema ramidosa, Bowerb., and the
sponge-spicules oi PoJytrema. — On AniJiozoanthus parasiticus, Desh.
' — On Myriosteon. Ann. Xat. Hist. Ser. 4, v. — Two new species of
subspherous Sponges, 1 plate. — On the ultimate structure of
marine Sponges. — On the branched variety of SquamuJina sccpida.
Ibid. vi.
M. Granin. New facts in the history of the development otAscidia.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xs.
— Gerlach. The Trichina, fi'om a sanitary point of view. Proc.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Hanover, 1867-69.
J. E. Gray. Xew Alcyonoid Corals in the British Museum, wood-
cuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, v. — Notes on anchoring Sponges.
Ibid. ^-i.
D. Greeff. On Echinodens and DesmoscoUjc. Trans. Nat. Hist.
Soc. Ehen. Pruss. xxvi.
N. E. Green. On ciliary action in Eotifera. Journ. Quek.
Microsc. Club, ii.
A. Hancock. On the larval state of Molgula, with descriptions of
several new species of simple Ascidians. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
C. J. Hudson. On Synclueta mordax, 1 plate. Monthly Microsc.
Journ. iv.
W. S. Kent. A new vitreous Sponge, Plieroneraa Grayi, 1 plate.
— Sponges from off the coasts of Spain and Portugal. — Critique of
Hackel's views of the affinities of Sponges. — On an existing Coral
closely allied to the Palaeozoic genus Favosiies, 2 plates. Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, vi. — The Hexactinellidse taken in the 'Noma' expedition
off the coast of Spain and Portugal, 3 plates. Monthly Microsc.
Journ. iv.
H. Krabbe. Eesearches on the Taenia? of Birds, 10 plates. Trans.
E. Dan. Soc. Sc. Ser. 5, viii.
A. Krohn. On the reproduction of Botryllida. — On a viviparous
species of Si/Uls. "Wiegm. Archiv, xxxv.
LIKITEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. XVU
— Lacaze Duthiers. On the organization and embryogeny
of Ascidia (from the Comptes Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, vi.
E. R, Lankester. On the zoological affinities of the Sponges.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
N. Miklucho-Maclay. Some Sponges of the N. Pacific and Arctic
Oceans in the Zoological Museum of the Imperial Academy of
Sciences, St. Petersburg, 2 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersb.
xvi. — The Sponges of the White and Arctic seas. BuU, Imp. Acad.
Sc. Petersb. xv.
A. J. Malmgren. On the occurrence of animal life at great depths
in the sea (from Trans. Linn. Soc. Sc. Helsingfors). Zeitsehr. vsdss.
Zool. XX.
E. Metchnikoff. Studies on the development of Echinoderms and
Nemertines, 12 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Petersb. xiv. — Notes on
some Echinoderms. Bull. Imp. Acad. Petersb. xiv. — On the deve-
lopment of some Coelenterata. Ibid. xv.
St. G. Mivart. The Echinus or Sea-Urchin, 1 plate. Pop. Sc.
Rev. ix.
E. S. Morse. The Brachiopods, a division of Annelids, woodcuts
(from Sniim. Journ.). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
E. L. Moss. On the anatomy of A2)2JendicuIa7'ia, 1 plate. Trans.
Linn. Soc. xxvii.
E. Perrier. On the Circulation of the Oligochgeta of the Nais-
group (from the Comptes Rendus). — On the scissiparous reproduc-
tion of the Naidiua (from the Comptes Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, vi.
R. A. Philippi. On Temnocephala chileiisis, \ plate. Wiegm.
Archiv, xxxvi.
T. G. Preston. A new parasite from the Tiger. Monthly Microsc.
Journ. iv.
F. H. Troschel. On some new Sea-Urchins. Trans. Nat. Hist.
Soc. Rhen. Pruss. xxvi.
R. Uljanin. On the anatomy and development of PediceUhice,
2 plates. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869.
A. E. VerriU. On new and imperfectly known Echinoderms and
Corals. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. — Synopsis of the Polypes
and Corals of the N. Pacific Exploring Expedition (continued), 2
plates. Proc. Essex Inst. Salem, vi.
J. G. Waller. On the conjugation of Actinophrys Sol, 1 plate.
Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii.
LINN. PROC. — Session 1870-71. c
XVIU PROCEEDINGS OF THE
— "Williamson. On Sphcerosira volvox, Ehrenb., 1 plate. Pop.
Sc. E,ev. ix.
E. M. "Wright, jun. On Sponges. Amer. Naturalist, iii.
A. "WrzesniowsH. Observations on the Infusoria of the neigh-
bourhood of "Warsaw, 3 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xx.
Ph^jtogamic Botany : —
P. Ascherson. Conspectus of the marine Phanerogams of Italy.
Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii.
C. C. Babington. Revision of the flora of Iceland. Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. xi.
H. Baillon. Histoire des Plantes : Lauracees &c., completing
vol. 2. — Adansonia, vols. 1 to 8. Purchased.
J. G. Baker. On the world- distribution of British Caryophyllacese.
— On British dactyloid Saxifrages. Seem. Journ. Bot. viii. — A re-
vision of herbaceous capsular gamophyUous Liliacese. Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. xi.
A. de Bary. On the flowers of some Cycadese. Bot. Zeit. 1870.
A. "W. Bennett. Review of the genus HydroUa, 1 plate. Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. xi.
G.- Bentham. Flora Australiensis, vol. 5. Presented by the
Author.
G. Birdwood. On the genus Boswellia, 4 plates. Trans. Linn.
Soc. xxvii.
A. Braun. On the flowers of Podocarpus. Bot. Zeit. 1870.
T. E. A. Briggs. On the Eoses of the neighbourhood of Plymouth.
Seem. Journ. Bot. ^dii.
F. Buchenau. Eemarks on the flora of the islands of East Fries-
land, especially Borkum. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, ii.
A. Bunge. Generis Astragali species gerontogese, part 2. Mem.
Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersb. xv. — On the Heliotropia of the Mediter-
ranean and Levant Floras. BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869.
T. Caruel. On the floral structui'e and affinities of Eriocauloneae.
Mem. Soc. Imp. Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, xiv. — Second Supplement to
the Prodromus of the Tuscan Flora. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii.
V. Cesati. On the Musce of the Botanic Gardens of Naples. — On
Saxifraga jioridenta, Moretti. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii.
C. B. Clarke. On the Commelynacese of Bengal. Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. xi.
J. Correa de Mello. On Brazilian plants from the neighbourhood
of Campinas, 2 papers. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xi.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XIX
N. A. Dalzell. On Althcna Ludwigii and Cystanehe tuhulosa.
Journ. Linn. Sec. Bot. xi.
A. Devos. The naturalized and introduced plants of Belgium.
Bull. R. Bot. Soc. Belgium, ix.
A. Ernst. Interesting plants in the neighbourhood of Caraccas.
Yargasia, n. 7.
L. Gruner. Enumeration of plants collected on the Dnieper and
Lower Konka rivers (continued). Bull. Soc. Imp, Nat. Mosc. ii.
D. Hanbury. On a species of Ipomcea affording Tampico Jalap,
1 plate. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xi., and Pharmac. Journ. Ser. 2, xi.
H. T. Hance. A new Pygeum. — On Viburnum tomentosum, Thunb.
— Exiguitates carpologicae. Seem. Journ. Bot. viii.
G. C. V. Hasendonck, On ThaUctrum princeps, a new (critical)
species. BuU. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. viii.
C. Hasskarl. On Diplanthera. Flora, 1870.
F. Hegelmaier. On the ovules of Haloragese. Bot. Zeit. 1870.
C. P. Hobkirk. On the subspecies of Capsella Bursa-pastons.
BuU. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. viii. '
J. Kornicke. Supplement to the flora of the province Prussia,
with critical notes and descriptions. Mem. Phys. Econ. Soc. Kcinigs-
berg, viii.
S. Kurz. New or imperfectly known Indian plants, 3 plates.
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix.
J. Lange. On the most important plants figured in part 47 of the
« Flora Danica.' Proc. R. Dan. Soc. Sc.
E. Lebel. Revision of the genus Spergularia. Mem. Soc. Imp.
Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, xiv.
— Magnus. Conspectus of the Naiadese of Italy. Nuov. Giom.
Bot. Ital. ii.
C. J. Maximo wicz. The species of Ophiopogon in the Petersburg
herbarium. — Diagnoses of new Japanese and Mandschurian plants,
7th Decade. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. Peters o. xv.
J. Miers. Three new genera of Yerbenacese from Chili, 3 plates.
— On Gcetzea and Espadea, 1 plate. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii.
F. A. "W. Miquel. New materials towards the history of Cjcadese.
— Contributions to the Flora of Japan. Arch. Neerl. v.
J. MueUer Arg. New Apocynese from New Caledonia. Flora,
1870.
R. A. Philippi. On the vegetation of the islands of S. Ambrosio
and S. Felix, with descriptions of new plants, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit.
1870.
c2
XX PROCEEDINGS OF THE
P. Eohrbach. On the European species of Typha. — On the ovules
of Tyjjha. Bot. Zeit. 1870.
T. J. Euprecht. Plora Caucasi, part 1, 6 plates. Mem. Acad.
Imp. Sc. Petersb. xv,
"W. "W. Saunders. Eefugium Eotanicum, vol. iii. part 3. Pre-
sented by the Author.
E. H. C. C. Scheffer. Observationes phytographicse, Descriptions
of new species &:c., chiefly from the Indian archipelago. Naturh.
Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxxi., and Flora, 1870.
B, Seemann. Eeview of Bignoniacese (continued). — On Eydro-
cotyle plicantha, Ces. — A new Marcgravia from Central America. —
A new Fernandoa from tropical Africa. Seem. Journ. Bot. viii.
"W. P. Suringar. A new species of Argostemma, 1 plate. Archiv.
Neerl. v.
J. E. Teysmann. On Lodoicea secheUat-um. Naturh. Tijdschr.
Ned. Ind. xxxi.
P. de Yisiani. Observations on the Linnean Herbarium. Nuov.
Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii.
L. Warren. On the dumetorum group of British Ruhi, separate
copy. Presented by the Author.
H. A. "Weddell. Notes on Cinchonas (from the Ann. Sc. Nat.),
separate copy. Presented by the Author.
M. "Willkomm and J. Lange. Prodromus Plorse Hispanicse, con-
clusion of vol. ii. Purchased.
P. "Wirtgen. Various papers on the Ehenish Flora especially
Buhl. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Ehen. Pruss. xxvi.
E. P. "Wright. On the Flora of the Seychelles, 4 plates. Trans.
E. Irish Acad. xxiv.
Phtsioiogicax and Miscellaneoits Botany : —
F. W. C. Areschoug. On the reticulate parenchyma^cells of the
bark. Bot. Zeit. 1870.
— Bail. On androgynous inflorescences and hermaphrodite
flowers in diclinous plants. Bot. Zeit, 1870.
C. Bailey. On the natural ropes used for packing cotton-bales in
the Brazils. Seem. Joui'n. Bot. viii.
A. Batalin. On the action of light on some mono- and dicotyle-
dons. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersb. xv.
A. W. Bennett. On protandry and protogyny in British plants.
Seem. Joum. Bot. viii.
A. Braun. On a monstrosity of Podocarpus cMnmsis. Bot. Zeit.
1870.
LINITEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXI
R. Caspary. A monstrosity of Pinus Abies, with leaves abnormally
united, 1 plate. Mem. Phys. Ecou. Soc. Konigsberg, x.
— Engl. On the reproduction of Hydrocharis Morsus-rance by
hybei-nacula. Bull. Soc. Sc. Nat. Strasbourg, 1868.
A. Gris. Anatomy of the pith of Ericinese and other woody
plants. Bull. Soc. Bot. Er. xvii.
A. Guillard. On the organs by which the sap is returned from
the leaves to the stem. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii.
— Hanstein. On the first development of the axial and foliary
organs of Phanerogams. — On the results of experiments on the deve-
lopment of some genera of Piperacese, and on root-growth. Trans.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Bhen. Priiss. xxvi.
R. Hartig. On the growth in thickness of the stems of forest-
trees. Bot. Zeit. 1870.
F. Hegelmaier. On the development of the parts of the flower in
Potamogeton, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1870.
F. Hildebrand. On Delpiuo's further observations on dichogamy
in Plants. Bot. Zeit. 1870. — On the fertilizing arrangements in
Fumariacese, 3 plates. Pringsh. Jahrb. vii.
G. Kjauss. Observations on the influence of L'ght and heat on the
production of starch in Chlorophyll, 1 plate. Pringsh. Jahrb. vii.
T. Meehan. On the production of bractese in Larix. — On the law
of development in the flowers of Amhrosia artemisicefolia. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1869.
A. Millardet. On the periodical and paratonic movements of the
sensitive plant (Mimosa iJudiccC), 6 plates. Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat.
Strasbourg, vi.
H. V. Mohl. On the blue colouring of the fruits of Viburnum
Tinus. Bot. Zeit. 1870.
E. Morren. On the contagion of variegation, 1 plate. Bull. R.
Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxviii.
H. C. Perkins. Circulation of the latex in laticiferous vessels
(from Amer. Naturahst). Monthl. Microsc. Journ. iv.
— Peyritsch. On Pelorise in Labiatse, 6 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad.
Sc. Vienna, Ix.
T. Pfaff. On the increase in density of an Oak during its whole
period of vegetation. Proc. R. Bav. Acad. Sc. Munich, 1870.
E. Pfetzer. Contributions to the knowledge of the epidermal
structure in Plants, 2 plates. Pringsh. Jahrb. vii.
N. "W. R. Rauwenhofi^. On the characters and formation of cork
in Dicotyledons. Archiv. Neerl. v.
XXU PROCEEDINGS OE THE
— Rudinsky. Experiments on the contents of the ashes of buck-
wheat at different periods of growth. Mem. Univ. Kazan, 1868.
T. Sieler. On the development of the inflorescence and flowers in
Umbelliferje, 2 plates. Bot. Zeit. 1870.
J. D. Tschistiakoff. Essay on the comparative anatomy of the
stalks of some Lemnaceae, 3 plates (in Russ. with a German abstract).
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869.
D. Wetterhau. A remarkable monstrosity of Salvia pratensis.
Bot. Zeit. 1870.
H. C. Wood. Medical activity of the Hemp-plant, prize essay.
Proe. Amer. Phil. Soc. Philadelphia, xi.
Cetptogamic Botany : —
J. Anthony. On the structure of Pleurosigma angulatum and P.
quadrattim. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. iv.
P. Arnold. Lichenological fragments, 1 plate. Flora, 1870.
C. F. Austen. Characters of new Hepaticse, chiefly North-
American. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1869.
J. G. Baker. Martius's Flora Brasiliensis : Filices, 51 plates.
Purchased.
J. Bell. On Fungi and fermentation, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc.
Journ. iv.
M. J. Berkeley and C. E. Broome. On some species of Agaricus
from Ceylon, 2 plates. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii.
E. Bescherelle. On the distribution of Mexican Mosses. Bull.
Soc, Bot. Fr. xvii.
G. S. Brady. List of the freshwater Algse of Northumberland and
Durham. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iii.
E. C. Broome. Remarks on fungi from the neighbourhood of Bath.
Proc, Bath Nat. Hist. Field-Club, ii.
M. C. Cooke. On microscopic moulds (continued), 3 plates.
Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii. — New oriental edible Fungi. Seem.
Journ. Bot. viii.
E. Delarue. Note on Empusa muscce, Cohn, and its relation to
Saprolegniae, 2 plates. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869.
G. Dickie. Notes on some Algse found in the North- Atlantic
Ocean. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xi.
D. C. Eaton. Notes on the Ferns of the herbaria of Linne and
Michaux. Canad. Naturalist, v.
A. M. Edwards. Notes on Diatomacese. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist. xiii. ; Amer. Naturalist, iii. ; and Monthl. Microsc. Journ. iv.
IINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. XXlll
J, H. L. Fldgcl. On the structure of the cell-walls in Pleurosufma.
Bot. Zeit. 1870.
— Garovaglio and G. Gibelli. On Normandina Jungermannice,
Nyl., 1 plate. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii.
A. Geheeb. Bryological notes from the Ehiingebirge, with a new
species. Flora, 1870.
G. Gibelli. On the genesis of the apothecia in Verrucariaceae,
2 plates. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii.
J. B. Hicks. On the similarity between Draparnaldia and the
confervoid filaments of Mosses, part plate. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii.
"W. Hincks. An attempted improvement in the arrangement of
Ferns. Canad. Journ. Sc. Litt. and Hist. Ser. 2, xii.
"VV. Hofmeister. On the sequence of cells in the axial summits
of Mosses, woodcuts and photographs. Bot. Zeit. 1870.
H, Hoffmann. Mycological Reports. — Review of the most recent
publications and papers in Mycology. Presented by the Author.
J. Klein. Researches on Piloholus. Bot. Zeit. 1870.
G. Krauss and A. Millardet. On the colouring-matter in Phyco-
chromacese and Diatomeae. Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Strasbourg, vi.
— Lahm. Lecidea Hellhomii, a new species. Flora, 1870.
W. A. Leighton. Notulae Lichenologicae. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
— On the Lichens of St. Helena, part plate. — On Sjjhcet^ia tarfaricola,
partplate. — On the Lichens of Ceylon, 2 plates. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii.
H. Leitgeb. On the growth of the stem and the development of
antheridia in Sphagnum, 3 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, lix.
S. 0. Lindberg. Contributions to British Bryology. Jouru. Linn.
Soc. Bot. xi.
E. Loew. Contributions to the history of the development of
Penicillium, 3 plates. Pringsh. Jahrb. vii.
L. Meyer. The Mosses of the neighbourhood of Hanover, Proc.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Hanover, 1867-69.
S. Miklos. Az Erjedes es as iy Gomba-elmelet. Pamphlet, pre-
sented by the Aiithor.
J. Mnde. Supplementary notes on Asplenium and allied genera.
— On Dicranodontium and its allies. Bot. Zeit. 1 870.
A. Millardet. On CoUemacese, 3 plates. — On the germination of the
zygospores in the genera Closterium and Staurastrum, and on a new
genus oiAlgce cJilorosporece, 1 plate. Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherbomrg, vi.
J. Mueller Arg. New Lichens. — Lichens of La Tournette and
Pic Romand. Flora, 1870.
Th. Nitschke. Outlines of a system of Pyrenomycetse. Trans.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Rhen. Prussia, xxvi.
XXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE
G. de Notaris and F. Baglietto. Erbario Crittogamico Italiano,
Ser. 2. — Enumeration of species and descriptions of new ones. Nuov.
Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii.
L. Pire. Revision of Belgian Acrocarpic Mosses. Bull. Soe. R.
Bot. Belg. viii.
N. Pringsheim. Further explanations on the result of his obser-
vations on the pairing of zoospores. Bot. Zeit. 1870.
L. Eeinhard. On the species of Oharacium found in the neigh-
bourhood of Charkow, 1 plate. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. 1869.
S. Bosanoff. On the influence of terrestrial attraction on the
direction of the plasmodia in Myxomycetes, 1 plate. Mem. Soc. Imp.
Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, xiv.
J. Schumann. Supplement to Prussian Diatoms, 4 plates. Mem.
Phys. Econ. Soc. Konigsberg, viii. and x.
D. V. Shelesnow. On the occurrence of the "White Trufile in the
neighbourhood of Moscow. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869.
W. G. Smith. Clavis Agaricinorum. Presented by the Author.
J. Walz. Contributions to the knowledge of Saprolegniese. Bot.
Zeit. 1870.
H. C. Wood. Descriptions of new Desmids. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sc. Philad. 1869. — Prodromus of a study of the freshwater Algae of
eastern North America. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Philadelphia, xi.
Paleontology : —
T. Atthey. On the occurrence of palatal teeth of a CUmatodus in
the low-main shale of Newsham. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb.
Darh. iii.
A. BeU. New or little-known shells &c. of the crag formations.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
P. J. van Beneden. On a new Palcedaphus from the Devonian.
Bull. Acad. R. Sc. Brussels, xxvii.
G. Berendt. Supplement to the marine diluvial fauna of West
Prussia, 1 plate. Mem. Phys. Econ, Soc. Konigsb. viii.
A. Preudhomme de Borre. On some Chelonian remains from the
tertiary deposits of the neighbourhood of Brussels. Bull. Acad. R.
Sc. Brussels, xxvii.
J. F. Brandt. On the hair of Rhinoceros tichorliinus. Bull. Acad.
Imp. Sc. Petersb. xiv. — Further researches on the remains of Mam-
mifers found in the caves of the Altai. Ibid. xv.
A. Briart and F. L. Cornet. On the fossils of the Metile de
Bracquegnies, 8 plates. Mem. cour. R. Acad. Sc. Bruss. 4to, xxxiv.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXV
G. Burmeister. Monograph of Glyptodons of the public Museum
of Buenos Ayres, 12 plates. Mus. Publ. Buenos Ayres, ii.
E. D. Cope. Descriptions of extinct Fishes. Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist. xii. — Synopsis of extinct Mammalia of the cave formations
of the United States, 3 plates.— Second addition to the history of
the Fishes of the cretaceous of the United States. Proc. Amer.
Phil. Soc. Philadelphia, xi.— Fossil Eeptiles of New Jersey. Amer.
Naturalist, iii.
Principal Dawson. On the primitive vegetation of the earth.
Proc. Roy. Instit. vi.
— V. Duisburg. Contributions to the Amber-fauna. Mem. R.
Phys. Econ. Soc. Kouigsberg, ix.
C. G. Ehrenberg. On the Bacillaria-'banks of the Californian
Highlands. Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Berlin (Monatsber.), 1870.
C. V. Ettingshausen. The fossil Flora of the tertiary basin of
Bilin, part 3, 16 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxix. — Con-
tributions to the tertiary flora of Styria, 6 plates, Proc. Imp. Acad.
Sc. Vienna, Ix.
H. H. Godwin-Austen. Descriptions of new Diphmmatina from
the Khasia hills, 1 plate. Joum. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1870.
J. E. Gray. On the skeleton of Dioplodon sechellensis, woodcut.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
A. Hancock and T. Atthey. Description of a Labyrinthodont
Amphibian from the coal-shale of Newsham, 1 plate. Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, vi. — A new Labyrinthodont Amphibian. — On Anthra-
cosaurus. — On fossil Fungi. — On Climaxodon and Janassa, 1 plate.
Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iii.
A. Hancook and R. Howse. On Janassa bituminosa, 2 plates.
Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. Durh. iii.
F. Kitton. Diatomaceous deposits from Jutland, 3 plates. Journ
Quek. Microsc. Club, ii.
L. de Koninck. On some remarkable palaeozoic Echinoderms.
BuU. Acad. R. Sc. Brussels, xxviii.
G. C. Laube. On the Echinoderms of the tertiary formation of
the Vieentine, 7 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxix.
A. Manzoni. Italian fossil Bryozoa, 2 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad,
Sc. Vienna, lix.
A. Milne -Edwards. On the ornithological fauna of the Bour-
bonnais during the middle tertiary period (from Comptes Rendus).
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, v.
C. Moore. On the mammalia and other remains from the
LINN. PEOC. — Session 1870-71. d
XXVI PROCEEBINGS OF THE
drift deposit in the Bath basin. Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. Field-
Club, ii.
H. A. Nicholson. On the genus Climacograiysus, with notes on
the British species, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
R. Owen. On the remains of a large extinct Llama from quater-
nary deposits in the valley of Mexico, 4 plates. — On the molar teeth
of the lower jaw of Macrauchenia ixitachonica, 1 jjlate. Phil. Trans,
R. Soc. clx.
C. F. Peters. The vertebrata in the miocene strata of Eibiswald
in Styria : 1. Tortoises, 3 plates and 1 woodcut ; 2. AmpJiicyon,
Viverva, and Hyotlierium, 3 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna,
xxix.
A. E. Reuss. Palaeontological studies on the older tertiary strata
of the Alps, 20 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxix. — The
fossil Mollusca of the tertiary basin of Vienna, 18 plates. Trans.
Geol. Inst. Vienna, iv. — On the fossil fauna of the Oligocene strata of
Gaas, 6 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc, Vienna, Hx.
T. Rupert .Fones. On ancient Water-fleas of the ostracodous and
phyUopodous tribes, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. iv.
W. P. Schimper. Traite de Paleontologie vegetale, vol. ii., 20 plates.
Presented by the Author.
C. Schliiter. Fossil Echinoderms of North Germany. Trans.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Rhen. Pruss. xxvi.
H. G. Seeley. Remarks on Prof. Owen's monograph of Dhnor-
phodon, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
F. Toula. Some fossils of the coal-chalk of Bolivia, 1 plate.
Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Vienna, lix.
F. Unger. The fossil flora of Radobaj, 5 plates. Mem. Imp.
Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxix.
J. Wright. On the teeth of the Ballan Wrasse, 1 plate. Nat.
Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iii.
E. G. Zaddack. On the amber of West Prussia and Pomerania,
1 plate. Mem. Phys. Econ. Soc. Konigsberg, x.
Geological Society. Quarterly Journal, xxvi. — Geological Magazine,
Miscellaneous : —
L. Agassiz. Address on the Humboldtian Anniversary. Presented
by the Boston Society of Natural History.
R. Andreini. Anthropology, pamphlet, 4to : Algiers, 1870. Pre-
sented by Mr. Darwin .
LINNEAN SOCIETY 01*' LONDON. XXVll
H. C. Bastian. Facts and reasonings concerning the heterogenous
evolution of living things. Nature, ii.
H. Cleghorn. Anniversary Address to the Botanical Society of
Edinburgh, 1869-70. Presented by the Author.
W. A. Focke. The popular names of plants in the region of the
lower Weser and the Ems. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, ii.
Forest Reports. British Burmah, 1867-68. — Province of Oudh,
1868-69. Presented by the Indian Government.
L. Hapke. The popular names of animals in N.W. Germany.
Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, iii.
T. F. Hayden. Report of the United States Geological Survey of
Colorado and New Mexico. — Geological Report of the exploration of
Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers. Presented by the Author.
L. Jenyns. Anniversary Address of the President of the Bath
Natural-History Society, 1870. Presented by the Author.
M. Johnson. Remarks on Dr. Bastian's papers on spontaneous
generation. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. iv.
Baron v. Liebig. On fermentation and the source of muscular
power. Proc. R. Bav. Acad. Sc. Munich, 1869.
H. Mueller. On the application of the Darwinian theory to flowers
and flower-seeking insects. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Rhen. Pruss.
xxvi.
F. P. Porcher. Resources of the southern fields and forests, with
a Medical Botany of the Southern States, 1869. Presented by the
Author.
R. Pulteney. Various MSS., chiefly on the botany of the neigh-
bourhood of Loughborough. Presented by Dr. Hicks.
Revue des Cours Scientifiques. Translation of the Anniversary
Address of the President of the Linnean Society, 1870. Presented
by the Editors.
Samuel, Brothers. Wool and woollen manufactories of Great
Britain. Presented by the Authors.
— Voit. On the difi'erence between animal and vegetable nutrition.
Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Munich, 1869.
F, Wakefield. The Gardener's Chronicle for New Zealand. Pre-
sented by the Author.
The following papers were read : —
1. " Notes on a SoKtary Bee allied to the Genus Anthidium, Latr.,"
by J. P. Mansel Weale, Esq., B.A.
XXVlll PROCEEDINGS OP THE
2. " Notes on some Species of Hahenaria found in South Africa,"
by the same.
3. " Notes on a Species of Disperis found in the Hagaberg, South
Africa," by the same.
4. " Some Observations on the Fertilization of Disa macrantha,"
by the same.
5. " Some Observations on the mode in which certain Species of
Asclepiadece are Fertilized," by the same.
All communicated by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R. & L.S.
November 17th, 1870.
Joseph D. Hooker, M.D., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The follomng papers were read : —
1. " Contributions to the Natural History of the Passijloracece,"
by Maxwell T. Masters, M.D., F.R. and L.S.
2. " Notes on the White-beaked Bottle-nose {Lagenorhynclms
albirostris, Gray)," by James Murie, M.D., F.L.S., late Prosector to
the Zoological Society.
December 1st, 1870.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
George King, M.B., the Eev. Frederick Silver, and Francis Lesiter
Soper were elected Fellows.
The following papers were read : —
1. " Supplementary note on Chinese Silkworm- Oaks,"^ by Henry
Fletcher Hance, Ph.D., &c.
2. " On the source of the ' Eadix Galangse minoris ' of Pharma-
cologists," by the same. Both communicated by the President.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXIX
December 15th, 1870.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
James Cosmo Melvill, Jun., Esq., was elected a Fellow.
Mr. Daniel Hanbury, F.L.S., exhibited fresh fruits of Tliladiantha
dvhia, Bunge, a Cucurbitaceous plant from Northern China, ripened
in the open air at Clapham, in November last.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. "On SabadOla from Caracas (Asagrcea officinalis, Lindl.)," by
M. A. Ernst, of Caracas. Communicated by J. D. Hooker, M.D.,
V.P.L.S., &c.
2. A letter, dated Sierra Nevada, California, Oct. 28, 1870, from
William Eobinson, F.L.S., to Dr. Hooker, on the Californian Pitcher-
plant (Darlhigtonia calif ornica, Torrey).
3. " Carnivorous and Insectivorous Plants," by Mrs. Barber. Com-
mimicated by Dr. Hooker.
At a Meeting subsequently held, and which had been specially
summoned for the Election of a Member of Council in place of
Thomas Anderson, M.D., deceased, John Lindsay Stewart, M.D.,
was elected into the Council in his stead.
January 19th, 1871.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Louis Bemays, Esq., the Rev. Arthur Eaggett Cole, M.A., George
Curling Joad, Esq., Thomas Kirk, Esq., Dr. S. E. MaunseU, E.A.,
and Eoland Trimen, Esq., were elected Fellows.
Mr. T. B. Flower, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of Caucalis latifolia,
gathered by him in corn-fields, near Keynsham, Gloucestershire.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " Historical Notes on the Radix Galawja of Pharmacy," by
Daniel Hanbury, Esq., F.E. & L.S.
LINN. nioc. — Session 1870-71. e
XXX PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
2. Letter from Mr. Atkin to Dr. Hooker on the vegetation of the
Solomon Islands.
3. "Note on the genus Byrsanihus, GuiU., and its floral con-
formation," by Maxwell T. Masters, M.D., F.R. & L.S.
Eead, also, a letter from Baron Hochschild, the Swedish Minister,
announcing, on the part of Mr, Oscar Dickson, of Gothenburg, the
donation of documents relating to Linnseus's discovery of a mode of
producing artificial Pearls ; and also transmitting, for the inspection
of the Fellows, a photographic Album " In Memoriam Caroli a
Linne," recently published in Sweden.
February 2nd, 1871.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Charles Whitehead, Esq., was elected a FeUow.
Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S., exhibited fruit-bearing specimens, preserved
in fltiid, of the India-rubber plant of Tropical Africa {Landoljphia
jlonda, Benth. ?), collected on the Congo River by Dr. Hilliard, and
sent to the Royal Gardens, Kew, by Messrs. Sinclair and Hamilton ;
also, two flowering specimens from the Kew Herbarium, collected by
the late Mr. Barter during the Niger Expedition.
The following paper was read, viz. : —
'• Natural History of Deep-sea Soundings (2800 fathoms) between
Galle and Java," by Capt. William Chimmo, of H.M.S. 'Nassau.'
Communicated by Dr. Carpenter, F.L.S. &c.
February 16th, 1871.
George Busk, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
Dr. Hooker, on behalf of the following Subscribers, presented to
the Society a portrait, in oil, of the President, painted by Lowes
Dickinson, Esq. ; and the Chairman, on the part of the Fellows of
the Society, expressed their sense of obligation to the Subscribers.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
XXXI
and the gratification which he was sure would be generally felt at the
reception of a portrait of one who had laboured so earnestly, and for
so many years, to further, in every way, the interests of the Society.
Dr. T. Anderson (the late).
Edward Atkinson, Esq.
Prof. C. C. Babington.
Rev. Churchill Babington.
A. H. Barford, Esq.
J. J. Bennett, Esq.
Prof. Bentley.
Eev. M. J. Berkeley.
John Blackwall, Esq.
Dr. Bowerbank.
Dr. Boycott.
Sir H. J. J. Brydges, Bart.
WiUiam Bull, Esq.
Sir C. Bunbury, Bart.
George Busk, Esq.
Dr. Campbell.
Henry CoUinson, Esq.
E. W. Cooke, Esq.
Rev. T. Cornthwaite.
Wniiam Coulson, Esq.
Charles Darwin, Esq.
J. W. Dunning, Esq.
Dr. Eatwell.
M. P. Edgeworth, Esq.
Thomas B. Flower, Esq.
W. H. Flower, Esq.
John Forster, Esq.
WiUiam Francis, Esq.
D. J. French, Esq.
C. H. Gatty, Esq.
Dr. J. E. Gray.
Arthur Grote, Esq.
Daniel Hanbury, Esq.
Rev. H. Hawkes.
I. Anderson Hemy, Esq.
Robert Hogg, LL.D.
Dr. Hooker.
Robert Hudson, Esq.
Prof. Huxley.
Richard Kippist.
J. Sutherland Law, Esq.
Prof. M. A. Lawson.
Henry Lee, Esq.
Sir J. Lubbock, Bart.
Sir C. Lyell, Bart.
Rev. R. W. M«AU.
Robert MacLachlan, Esq.
George MacLeay, Esq.
William Matchwick, Esq.
John Miers, Esq.
J. Traheme Moggridge, Esq.
Major-General Munro.
Sir R. I. Murchison, Bart.
Prof. Oliver.
F. P. Pascoe, Esq.
Algernon Peckover, Esq.
Dr. Prior.
Henry Reeks, Esq.
F. C. S. Roper, Esq.
H. C. Rothery, Esq.
W. F. Saunders, Esq.
W. Wilson Saunders, Esq.
Samuel Saywell, Esq.
H. T. Stainton, Esq.
Dr. J. L. Stewart.
Andrew Swanzy, Esq.
H. Fox Talbot, Esq.
Dr. Thomas Thomson.
Dr. Thwaites.
John Yan Voorst, Esq.
H. J. Veitch, Esq.
J. G. Veitch, Esq. (the late).
Dr. G. C. Wallich.
James Yates, Esq.
e2
XX.K.U PROCEEDINGS OF THE
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. "Bryological Remarks," by S. 0. Lindberg, M.D,
2. " Notes on the TremeUineous Fungi and their Analogues," by
L. R. Tulasne, F.M.L.S., and C. Tulasne.
March 2nd, 1871.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " On the Tamil popular names of plants," by the Rev. Samuel
Mateer, F.L.S.
2. *' Contributions towards a knowledge of the Curculionidce,
part 2," by Francis P. Pascoe, Esq., F.L.S.
March 16th, 1871.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Lieut.-Colonel James Augustus Grant, C.B., C.S.I., &c., was
elected a Fellow.
The President exhibited specimens of Cwpania cinerea, Poeppig,
collected by Mr. Spruce in Peru, with the observation that '' the
embryos fall out of the seeds ; while the latter, with their aril,
contained in the burst capsule, still remain on."
Dr. Seemann, F.L.S., exhibited a beetle, allied to Dynastes and
supposed to be the largest Coleopterous insect of America. This,
the only specimen found, though much search had been made for
others, was obtained from the Chontales mountains of Nicaragua,
The following communications were read, viz. : —
1. Extract of a letter from General Munro, C.B., to Dr. Hooker,
V.P.L.S., dated H.M.S. 'Royal Alfred,' Caribbean Sea, February 21,
1871, and containing notes on the botany of Antigua, Trinidad,
St. Vincent's (with its extinct volcano Souffriere), and other West-
India Islands.
2, A letter from Henry Reeks, Esq., F.L.S., on the varieties of
Aspidinm ocuhatum and angulare. The letter was accompanied by
a series of specimens, all gathered at East Woodhay, near Newbury.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXUl
3. " Notes on Capparis galeata, Fresen., and C. Murmyi, J. Gra-
ham," by N. A. Dalzell, Esq. Communicated by Dr. Hooker,
V.P.L.S. &c.
AprH 6th, 1871.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. "Notes on the Styles of Australian Proteacece,'^ by George
Eentham, Esq., F.R.S., Pres. L.S.
2. "On the Generic Nomenclatuxe of Lepidoptera,^^ by G. R.
Crotch, M.A., Assistant Librarian in the University of Cambridge.
Communicated by Alfred Newton, Esq., F.R. & L.S.
April 20th, 1871.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Adolphus Frederick Haselden, Esq., "William Hatchett Jackson,
Esq., and Albert Miiller, Esq., were elected Fellows.
The following communications were read, viz. : — •
1. " Notes on a paper, by Mr. Andrew Murray, F.L.S., on the
Geographical Eolations of the chief Coleopterous Faunae,'' by Roland
Trimen, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.E.S.
2. Extract of a letter from Mr. Murray, on the relations between
the Fauna and Flora of South Africa and the Mediterranean element
of the European region.
May 4th, 1871.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Professor Oswald Heer, of Zurich, was elected a Foreign Member.
Mr. F. P. Balkwill, F.L.S., exhibited a specimen of Floral Proli-
fication in Jasione montana, found at Borisand, near Plymouth.
XXXIV rROCEEDINGS OP THE
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " The phenomena of Protective Mimicry, and its bearing on the
theory of Natural Selection, as illustrated by the Lepidoptera of the
British Islands," by Raphael Meldola, F.C.S. Communicated by
A. G. Butler, Esq., F.L.S.
2. " An attempt towards a Systematic Classification of the family
Ascalaphidce," by Robert MacLachlan, Esq., F.L.S.
May 24th, 1871.
Anniversary Meeting,
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
This day, the Anniversary of the Birth of Linnaeus, and the day
appointed by the Charter for the Election of Council and Officers,
the President opened the business of the Meeting with the following
Address : —
Gentlemen, —
Having now for the tenth time the honour of addressing you from
this Chair on the occasion of your annual gathering, it has been my
wish to lay before you a general sketch of the progress making in
Systematic Biology, the foundation upon which must rest the theo-
retical and speculative as well as the practical branches of the
science, to report upon the efforts made further to investigate, esta-
blish, and extend that foundation, and to convert the numerous
quicksands with which it is beset into solid rock. This subject
formed the chief portion of my Address of 1862, and again of those
of 1866 and 1868 ; but on the present occasion I have had some
difficulties to contend with. Mr. Dallas, to whose kindness I owed
the zoological notes I required, has now duties which fully absorb
his time ; and I have been obliged to apply to foreign correspondents,
as well as to my zoological friends at home, for the necessary in-
formation. They have one and aU responded to my call with a
readiness for which I cannot too heartily express my thanks * ; and
* The gentlemen to whom I am more especially indebted for the useful
memoranda they have transmitted to me are : — Dr. Liitken, through Dr. Lange of
Copenhagen, for Denmark ; Dr. Andersson and his zoological colleagues at
Stockholm for the Scandinavian peninsula ; M. Trautvetter, and through him
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOIfDO>\ XXXV
if there is some diversity in the extent and nature of the information
I have received from different countries, which may prevent any
very correct estimate of the comparative progress made in them, it is
owing to the questions which I put having heen stated too gene-
rally, and, though sent in the same words to my various correspon-
dents, having been differently understood by them. In such a
review, however, as I am able to prepare, I propose chiefly to con-
sider the relative progress made by zoologists and botanists in the
methods pursued and the results obtained, — in the first place as to
general works common to all countries, and, secondly, as to those
which are more particularly worked out in, or more specially relate
to, each of the principal states or nations where biological science is
pursued, prefacing this review by a few general remarks supplemen-
tary to those I laid before you in my first Addi-ess in 1862.
Since that time systematic biology has to a certain degree been
cast into the background by the great impulse given to the more
speculative branches of the science by the promulgation of the
Darwinian theories. The great thunderbolt had, indeed, been
launched, but had not yet produced its full effect. "We systematists,
bred up in the doctrine of the fixed immutability of species within
positive limits, who had always thought it one great object to ascer-
tain what those limits were and by what means species, in their never-
ending variations and constant attempts to overstep those limits, were
invariably checked and thrown back within their own domain, we
might at first have felt disposed to resist the revolutionary tendency
of the new doctrines ; but we felt shaken and puzzled. The wide
field opened for the exercise of speculative tendencies was soon
overrun by numerous aspirants, a cry of contempt was raised against
museum zoologists and herbarium botanists, and nothing was
allowed to be scientific which was not theoretical or microscopical.
But this has been carried, in some instances, too far. If facts
without deductions are of little avaU, assumptions without facts are
worse than useless. TTieorists in their disputes must bring forth the
M. von Schrenk of St. Petersburg, for Russia ; Professor Troschel of Bonn for
Central Europe ; M. Alois Humbert, through M. de Candolle, for Switzerland ;
Sign. d'Achiardi on the part of Dr. Adolfo Savi, who was in attendance at his
father's deathbed, for Italy ; M. Decaisne and his zoological colleagues at the
Jardin des Plantes (who, in the midst of their severe tribulations, kindly
answered my queries during the short interval between the two sieges) for
France ; Professor Verrill, through Professor A. Gray, for the United States ;
and at home I have most cordially to thank Dr. Sclater, Mi-. Salvin, Mr. Gwyn
Jeffreys, Mr. Stainton, Mr. M'Lachlan, and others of our Fellows, who liave
ever showed themselves most ready to reply to any questions I have put to them.
XXXVl PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
evidences they rely upon ; and these evidences can only be derived
from and tested by sound systematic Biology, which must resume,
and is resuming, its proper position in the ranks of science, controlled
and guided iu its course by the results of those theories for which it
has supplied the bases *. If the absolute immutability of races is
no longer to be relied upon, the greater niunber of them (whether
genera, species, or varieties) are at the present or any other geolo-
gical period practically circumscribed within more or less definite
limits. The ascertaining those limits in every detail of form, struc-
ture, habit, and constitution, and the judicious appreciation of the
very complicated relations borne to each other by the different races
so limited, are as necessary as the supplementing the scantiness of
data from the depths of Teutonic consciousness or by the vivid
flashes of Italian imagination, or as the magnifying minute and as yet
undeveloped organisms with a precision beyond what is fully justified
by our best instruments.
I am, however, far from denying, on the one hand, how much
biological science has of late been raised, since it has been brought
to bear, through well-developed theories and hypotheses, upon the
history of our globe and of the races it has borne, and, on the other,
how very much the systematic basis upon which it rests has been
improved and consolidated by the assiduous use of the microscope
and the dissecting-linife ; but I would insist upon the necessity of
equal abihty being applied to the intermediate processes of method
or nomenclature and classification, which form the connecting-link
between the labours of the anatomist and the theorist, reducing the
observations of the one to forms available for the arguments of the
other. All three (the minute observer, the systematist, and the
theorist), thus assisting each other, equally contribute to the general
advancement of science ; and for all practical application the syste-
matist's share of duty is certainly the most important.
The quicksands to which I have alluded as besetting this the
foundation of biological science may be classed as imperfect data and
false data, imperfect method and false method. To show what pro-
gress is making in removing or consolidating them, it may be useful
to consider what these data are, and what are our means of fixing
them so as to be readily available for use.
It must, in the first place, be remembered that the races whose
relations to each other we study can only be present to our minds in
* The great importance of morphology and classification, the elements of
systematic biology, has been forcibly illustrated by Professor Flower in his last
year's introductory lectu)-e at the Boyal College of Surgeons.
tnmEAK socTETV or loxdox. xxxvu
an abstract form. In treating of a genus, a species, or a variety, it
is not enough to have one individual before our eyes ; we must com-
bine the properties belonging to the whole race we are considering,
abstracted from those peculiar to subordinate races or individuals.
We cannot form a correct idea of a species from a single individual,
nor of a genus from a single one of its species. We can no more
set up a typical species than a typical individual. If we had before
us an exact individual representative of the common parent from
which all the individuals of a species or all the species of a genus
have descended — or, if you prefer it, an exact copy of the model or
type after which the whole species or genus had been created — we
should have no possible means of recognizing it. I once heard a
lecture by a German philosophical naturalist of considerable reputa-
tion in his day, in which he thought he proved that the common
Clover was the type of Papilionaceae. His facts were correct enough,
but his arguments might have been turned in favour of any other
individual species that might have been selected. Suppose two
individuals of a species, two species of a genus, two genera of a
familj', in one of which certain organs are more developed, more
differentiated, or more consolidated than in the other ; if we agree
upon the question of which is the most perfect, a point upon which
naturaKsts seldom do agree, how are we to determine which repre-
sents the common parent or model ? whether the perfect one is an
improvement upon or an improved copy, or the imperfect one a de-
generacy from or a bad imitation of the other ? l^o direct evidence
goes beyond a very few generations ; reasoning from analogy is
impossible without dii'ect evidence to start from ; and the imaginaiy
type without cither is the business of the poet, not of the naturalist.
It follows that every such abstract idea of a race must be derived
from the observation, by ourselves or by others, of as large a number
of the constituent individuals as possible. However fixed a race
may be, if fixed at all, in nature, that is not the case with our
abstract idea of it : no species or genus we establish can be consi-
dered as absolute ; it will ever have to be completed, corrected,
or modified, as more and more individuals come to be correctly
observed. Hence it is that a species described from a single speci-
men, and even a genus established on a single species, always
excites more or less of suspicion, imless supported by strong reasoning
from analogy or confinned by repeated observation.
Our means of observing and methodizing biological facts, of
establishing and classif)ing those abstract ideas we caU varieties,
species, genera, families, &c., consist in the study (1) of living
jjOnx. PKoc. — Session 1870-71. /
XXXVm PROCEEDINGS OP THE
individual organisms, (2) of preserved specimens, (3) of pictorial
delineations, and (4) of written descriptions. Each of these sources
of information has its special advantages, but each is attended by
some special deficiencies to be supplied by one or more of the others.
1. The study of living individuals in their natural state is without
doubt the most satisfactory ; but very few such individuals can be
simultaneously observed, for the purpose of comparison, and no one
individual at any one moment can supply the whole of the data
required, relating even to that individual. Some additional facilities
in these respects are given by the maintenance of collections of
living animals and plants, particularly ixseful in affording the means
of continuous observation during the various phases of the life of
one and the same individual, and sometimes through successive
generations, or in facilitating the internal examination of organisms
immediately after death, when the great physiological changes con-
sequent upon death have only commenced. But there are drawbacks
and difiiculties to be overcome, as well as a few special sources of
error to be guarded against ; and in this respect, as well as in the
progress recently made in their application to science, there is a
marked difference between zoological and botanical living collections,
or so-called gardens.
The great drawback to living collections, especially zoological, is
their necessary incompleteness. At the best it is individuals only,
not species, and in. a few cases genera, that are exposed to observa-
tion. Genera, indeed, can always be better represented than species,
for a few species bear a much larger proportion to the total number
contained in a genus than a few individuals to the total number
which a species contains. "Whole classes are entirely wanting in
zoological gardens, which are usually limited to Yertebrata. Of late
years means have been found to include a few aquatic animals of the
lower orders ; but insects, for instance, those animals which exercise
the greatest influence on the general economy of nature, the obser-
vation of whose life and transformations is every day acquiring
greater importance, are whoUy unrepresented in zoological gardens.
The shortness of duration of their individual lives, their enormous
powers of propagation, the different mediums in which they pass the
different stages of their existence, will long be obstacles to the
formation of living entomological collections on any thing like a
satisfactory scale. The cost, also, of the formation and maintenance
of living collections is very much greater in the case of animals than
of plants ; but, on the other hand, zoologists have the advantage
of the attractiveness of their menageries to the general unscientific
LINITEAN SOCIETY OF LOITOON. XXXUt
but paying public ; and by judicious management some sacrifices to
popular tastes are far outweighed by tbe additional funds obtained
towards rendering their collections useful to science.
The false data or errors to be guarded against in the observation,
of living zoological collections are chiefly owing to the unnatural
conditions in which the animals are placed. Ungenial climate, un-
accustomed food, want of exercise, &c. act upon their temper, habits,
and constitution ; and confinement materially modifies circumstances
connected with their propagation. Such errors or false data are no
doubt as yet very few and unimportant compared with those which
have arisen from the reliance on garden plants for botanical obser-
vations ; but as zoological gardens multiply and extend, they will
have to be more and more kept in view.
In my younger days there were already a number of small collec-
tions of living animals, but almost all either travelling or local
menageries, exhibited for money by private individuals, or small
collections, kept up as a matter of curiosity for the benefit of the
public, such as those of the Pfauen Insel at Potsdam, the park at
Portici, or our own Tower menagerie. At Paris alone, at the Jardin
des Plantes, in the flourishing days of the Jussieus and Cuviers, was
the living zoological collection rendered essentially subservient to
the purposes of science. Since then, however, matters have much
changed. The Jardin des Plantes, which so long reigned supreme,
has, by remaining stationary, sunk into a second rank. She may,
indeed, be as justly as ever proud of her Milne-Edwards, her
Brongniart, her Decaisne, and many others ; but, long out of favour
Avith the government and the paying public, who transferred their
patronage to the high-sounding Jardin d'Acclimatation, now no
more, she has been almost abandoned to the resources of pure
science, always of the most restricted in a pecuniary point of view.
We, in the mean time, and, after our example, several Continental
states or cities, have made great advances. The formation of our
Zoological Society and Gardens opened a new era in the cultivation
of the science. After various vicissitudes, the Society had the good
fortune to secure the services of one who combined in the highest
degree zoological eminence with administrative ability ; and this,
our great living zoological collection, is now raised to the proud
relative position which the Jardin des Plantes once held, and which
there seems every reason to hope it will long maintain. With an
annual income of about ,£23,000, the Zoological Society is enabled
to maintain a living collection of about a thousand species of Verte-
brata; and although some portion of the surplus funds is neces-
/2
Xl PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
sarily applied for the sole gratification of the paying public, yet a
fair share is devoted to the real promotion of that science for which
all the Fellows are supposed to subscribe — the accurate observation of
the animals maintained, the dissection of those that die, and the
pubhcation of the results. Physiological experiments are either
actually made in the garden or promoted and liberally assisted
(such, for instance, as those on the transfusion of blood, the effects
or non-effects of which were recently laid before the Eoyal Society .
by Mr. F. Galton) ; a very rich zoological library has been formed ;
and last year's accounts show a sum of about ^1800 expended in
the Society's scientific publications.
Zoological gardens after the example of the London one have
been established, not only in several of our provincial towns, but in
various Continental cities, amongst which the more important ones,
as I am informed, are those of Amsterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg,
Cologne, Frankfort, Berlin, Rotterdam, and Dresden, the receipts of
the one at Hamburg, for instance, amounting annually, according
to the published reports, to between £8000 and £9000. There are
also so-called gardens of acclimatization ; but these have not much
of a scientific character; their professed object, indeed, is not so
much the observation of the physiology and constitution of animals
as their modification for practical purposes ; and practically they are
chiefly known as places of recreation, and are not always very suc-
cessful. The great one in the Bois de Boulogne, now destroyed, out
of an expenditure in 1868 of about £7200 showed a deficit of about
£1600. A smaller one at the Hague is enabled to pay an annual
dividend to its shareholders.
Living collections of plants have great advantages over those of
animals ; they can be so much more extensively maintained at a
comparatively small cost. In several botanical gardens several
thousand species have been readily cultivated at a comparatively
small cost, and species can be represented by a considerable mimber
of individuals — a great gain, especially where instmction is the im-
mediate object ; the lives of many can be watched through several
successive generations, and great facihties are afforded for physio-
logical experiments and microscopical observations on plants and
their organs whilst still retaining more or less of life. On the other
hand, the false data recorded from observations made in botanical
gardens have been lamentably numerous and important. A plant
in the course of its life so alters its outer aspect that each one can-
not be individualized by the keeper of a large collection ; and at one
period, that of the seed in the ground, it is whoUy withdrawn from
LUTNEAN SOCrETT OF LONDON. Xl
his observation : he is therefore obliged to triist to labels ; these are
often mismatched by accident or by the carelessness of the workmen
employed : or, again, one seed has been sown and another has come
up in its place, or a perennial has perished and made room for a
sucker or seedling from an adjoining species. The misnomers arising
from these and other causes have become perpetuated and sanctioned
by directors who, for want of adequate libraries or herbaria, or
sometimes for want of experience or ability, have been unable to
detect them. Plants have also been so disguised or essentially
altered by cultivation, that it has become difficult to recognize their
identity ; and new varieties or hybrids, which, if left to themselves,
would have succumbed to some of the innumerable causes of de-
struction they are constantly exposed to in a wild state, have been
preserved and propagated through the protective care of the culti-
vator, and pronounced at once to be new species. If, moreover, a
misplaced label indicates that the seed has been received from a
country where no plants of a similar type are known to grow, the
director readily notes it as a new genus, and, proud of the disco-
very, gives it a name and appends a so-called diagnosis to his next
seed-catalogue, adding one more to the numerous puzzles with which
the science is encumbered. So far, indeed, had this nuisance been
carried in several Continental gardens, in the earlier portion of the
present century, that, excepting perhaps Fischer and Meyer's and a
few other first-rate indexes, the great majority, perhaps nine-tenths,
of the new species published in these catalogues have proved un-
tenable ; and from my own experience I am now obliged a priori to
set down as doubtful every species established on a garden-plant
without confirmation from wild specimens. Fortunately, the custom
is now abating, and directors of botanic gardens are beginning to
perceive that they do not add to their reputation by having their
names appended to those of bad species.
Living collections of plants, or botanical gardens, are of much
older date than zoological ones, and since the sixteenth century
have been attached to the principal universities which have medical
schools, that of Padua dating from 1525, that of Pisa from 1544,
and of Montpellier from 1597. The Jardiu des Plautes of Paris,
which in botany even more than in zoology so long reigned supreme,
was established in 1610, our own first one, at Oxford, in 1632.
These university gardens, having been generally more or less under
the control of eminent resident botanists, have contributed very
largely to the means of studying the structure and affinities of
plants, especially in those Continental cities where a milder or more
xlii PROCEEDINGS OP THE
steady climate has facilitated the maintenance of large collections
in the open air or with little protection. Continental gardens hare
also been long and are still made largely available for the purpose
of instruction as well as of scientific experiments, of which the recent
labours of Naudin and Deoaisne are an excellent illustration. For
these scientific purposes the arrangement in large and small square
compartments is peculiarly suitable ; and I confess that I have fre-
quently had greater pleasure in witnessing the facilities afforded to
zealous students in following up, book in hand, the straight rows of
scientifically arranged plants in these formal university gardens
than in watching the gay crowds that flock to the more ornamentally
laid out public botanic gardens.
I do not think that generally much advance has been made of
late years in Continental botanical gardens. Those that I first
visited in 1830 appeared to me to be but little improved when I
again went over them in 1869. Some have acquired additional
space, others have paid more attention to ornament ; but most of
them have remained nearly stationary, and a few have even fallen
back. In our own country wc have made great progress. Kew
Gardens had, indeed, in former days rendered assistance to the in-
vestigations of Eobert Brown and a few other favoured individuals ;
but they were the sovereign's private property, and were kept very
close, with little encouragement to science at large. But thirty
years' unceasing exertions on the part of its distinguished directors,
the two Hookers, father and son, have raised them to a point of
scientific usefulness far beyond any other establishment of the kind
at home or abroad. Of the large sums annually voted for it by
Parliament a portion has, indeed, to be applied to mere ornament
and to the gratification of visitors ; but yet, with all the drawbacks
of our climate, and consequent expenditure in houses, a series of
named species, representatives of all parts of the globe, far more
numerous than had ever been collected in one spot, are there main-
tained, freely exhibited to the public, and submitted to the exami-
nation of scientific botanists.
2. Preserved specimens have the great advantage over living ones
that they can be collected in infinitely greater numbers, maintained
in juxtaposition, and compared, however distant the times and
places at which they had been found; they are often the only
materials from which we can obtain a knowledge of the races they
represent ; although still consisting of individuals only, they can by
their numbers give better ideas of species and other abstract groups
than the almost isolated living ones ; and their careful preservation
riNNEAJir SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlui
supplies the means of verifying or correcting descriptions or delinea-
tions which have excited suspicion. Their great drawback is their
incompleteness, the impossibility of deriving from them all the data
required for the knowledge of a race or even of an individual. It is
owing to the frequency vrith which characters supplied by preserved
specimens, although of the most limited and unimportant nature,
have been treated as sufficient to establish affinities and other ge-
neral conclusions which have proved fallacious, that the outcry I
have alluded to has been raised against museums and herbaria by
those very theorists whose speculations would fall to the ground if
all the data suppHed by preserved specimens were removed from
their foundations.
In respect of these deficiencies, as well as in the means of sup-
plying them, there is a great difference between zoological and
botanical museums. Generally speaking, zoological specimens show
external forms only, botanical specimens give the mean% of ascer-
taining internal structure * ; and as a rule the characters most pro-
minently or most frequently brought under the observer's notice
acquire in his eyes an undue importance. Hence it is that external
form was for so long almost exclusively relied upon for the classifi-
cation of animals, whilst the minutiae of internal structure were at
a comparatively early period taken account of by botanists ; and
pala3ontologists are stiU led to give absolute weight to the most un-
certain of all characters, outline and external markings of deciduous
organs. External form, however, is really of far greater importance
in animals than in plants ; the number, form, size, and proportions
of limbs, the shape and colour of excrescences, horns, beaks, feathers,
hairs, &c. in animals may be reckoned almost absolute in species
when compared with the same characters in the roots, branches,
and foliage and, to a certain extent, even in the flowers of plants.
In plants, local circumstances, food, meteorological conditions, &c., act
readily in modifying the individual and producing more or less per-
manent races of the lowest degree (varieties) ; whilst animals in
these respects are comparatively little affected, except through those
slow or occult i)rocesses by which the higher races, species or genera,
in all organisms are altered in successive ages or geological periods.
Even relative position of external parts, so constant in animals, is
less so in plants. Animals being thus definite in outline, and a very
* By mter7ial structure is here meant the morphology of internal organs or
parts usually included in the comparative anatomy of animals, not the micro-
Bcopical structure of tissues, which is more especially designated as vegetable
anatomy.
Sliv raOCEEDETGS OF THE
large proportion of them manageable as to size, their preserved
specimens, carcasses or skins, can be brought together under the
observer's eye in considerable numbers, exhibiting at once characters
sufficient for the fixation of species, whilst, with a few rare excep-
tions, a whole plant in its natural shape can never be preserved in
a botanical museum. And although good botanical specimens have
a general facies often sufficient to establish the species if the genus
is known, yet the most experienced botanists have often erred in
such determinations where they have been satisfied with external
comparison without internal examination.
Identification of species, however, is but a small portion of the
business of systematic biology ; and for higher purposes, the classifi-
cation of species, the study of their affinities, the preeminence of
ordinary zoological over botanical specimens soon fails. Those cha-
racters distinguished by Prof. Flower as adaptive are proportionately
more prominent, and the essential ones derived from internal struc-
ture are absent ; and not only do the former thus acquire undue
importance in the student's eyes, but arguments in support of a
favourite theory have not un frequently been founded on distortions
really the result of bad preparation, although supposed to be esta-
blished on the authority of actual specimens, and therefore very
difficult to refute. Mounted skins of Tertebrata, showy insects in
their perfect stage, shells of Malaeozoa, corals, and sponges neces-
sarily form the chief portion of a museum for public exhibition ;
but science and instruction require a great deal more : museum col-
lections really useful to them should exhibit the animal, as far as
possible, in all its parts and in aU the phases of its Hfe. This ne-
cessity has been felt in modem times, and resulted in the establish-
ment of museums of comparative anatomy, amongst which that of
our own College of Surgeons has certainly now taken the lead.
But I have nowhere seen, except on a very small scale, the two
museums satisfactorily combined : the idea, however, is not a new
one ; several zoologists have expressed their opinions on the desira-
bleness of such an arrangement, which it is hoped will be duly con-
sidered in the formation of the new Xational Zoological Museums
about to be erected at South Kensington for the double purposes of
exhibition and science. The requirements of the gazing public are
sure to be well provided for ; and there is every reason to believe
that the exertions of scientific zoologists will not have proved use-
less,— that we shall, in the portion devoted to science and instruc-
tion, see the sldns of Yertebrata preserved without the artist's
distortion, accompanied, as far as practicable, by corresponding
LTNlTEAJf SOCIETY OF LOKDON. xlv
skeletons and anatomical preparations, as well as by the nests and
eggs of the oviparous classes — insects with their eggs, larvae, and
pupa?, shells with the animals which produce them, &c., — always
with the addition, as far as possible, of the collectors' memoranda
as to station, habit, ttc, in the same manner as herbarium speci-
mens are now frequently most usefully completed by detached
fruits, seeds, young plants in germination, gums, and other products.
Here, however, wiU arise another source of false data, to be
carefully guarded against — the mismatching of specimens, wliich in
botauy has probably produced more false genera and species than
the misplacing of garden labels. The most careful collectors have
in good faith transmitted flowers and fruits belonging to different
plants as those of one species, the fruits perhaps picked up from
mider a tree from which they were believed to have fallen — or two
trees in the same forest, with similar leaves, the one in flower, the
other in fruit, supposed to be identical, but in fact not even con-
geners ; and the mismatching at the various stages of drying, sort-
ing, distributing, and finally laying in the specimens have been
lamentably frequent. Collectors' memoranda, if not immediately
attached to the specimens, or identified by attached numbers, have
often led the natui-alist astray ; for collectors are but too apt, instead
of noting down any particulars at the time of gathering, to trust to
their memoiy when finally packing up their specimens. And so
long as reasoning by analogy was never allowed to prevail over a
hasty glance at a specimen and the memoranda attached to it, false
genera and species arising from these errors were considered indis-
putable. MagaUana of Cavanilles was till recently allowed mate-
rially to invahdate the character of Tropoeoleas, overlooking the
strong internal evidence that it was founded upon the fruit of one
natural order carelessly attached to a poor flowering specimen of
another.
Zoological museums and botanical herbaria differ very widely in
the resources at their disposal for formation, maintenance, and ex-
tension of their coUeetions. Zoological museums are by far the
most expensive, but, on the other hand, as exhibitions they can
draw largely on the general public, whilst herbaria must rely mainly
upon science alone, which is always poor ; both, however, may claim
national assistance on the plea of instruction as well as of pure
science ; and for practical or economic purposes the herbarium is
even more necessary than the museum. The planning the new
museums so as best to answer these several purposes for which they
are required, has, I understand, engaged the attention of the Eoval
Xlvi PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
Commission on scientific instruction and the advancement of science,
and our most eminent zoologists have been consulted ; any further
observations on my part would therefore be superfluous. If our
Government fail in their arrangements for the promotion of science,
it will not be for want of having its requirements fully laid before
them.
I am unable to say what progress has been made of late years in
Zoological Museums ; my notes on Continental ones were chiefly
■taken between the years 1830 and 1847, and would therefore be
now out of date. It would, however, be most useful if some com-
petent authority would undertake a tour of inspection of the more
important ones, as in the great variety of their internal arrange-
ments many a useful practical hint might be obtained ; and we much
want a general sketch of the principal Zoological and Botanical col-
lections accessible to science, showing in what branch each one is
specially rich, and where the more important typical series are now
respectively deposited. In Herbaria a few changes have recently
taken place, which it may be useful to record. Paris (I mean, of
course, the brilliant Paris of a twelvemonth back) had lost consider-
ably. Of the many important private herbaria I had been fami-
liar with in earlier days, two only, those of Jussieu and of A. de
St.-Hilaire, had been secured for the national collection ; Webb's
had gone to Florence ; J. Gay's, which would have been of special
value at the Jardin, was allowed to be purchased by Hooker, and
presented by him to Kew. The celebrated herbarium of Delessert
is removed to Geneva, whilst his botanical library, one of the richest
in existence, is locked up within the walls of the Institut. These
are but partially replaced by M. Cosson's herbarium, which has much
increased of late years, and to which he added last spring the late
Schultz Bipontinus's collections, rich in Compositae. The national
herbarium of the Jardin des Plantes is still one of the richest, but
no longer the richest of all. The limited funds at the disposal of
the Administration have allowed of their making but few acquisi-
tions ; their staff is so small and so limited in the hours of attend-
ance that the increase of the last twenty years remains for the
most part unarranged ; and their library is most scanty. Science
has been out of favour with their Governments of display. It would
be out of place for me here to dwell upon the painful feehngs excited
in my mind by the dreadful ordeal through which a country I have
been so intimately associated with for more than half a century is
now passing, feelings rendered so acute by the remembrance of the
uniform kindness I have received from private friends, as weU as from
LDTNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlvii
men of science, from Antoine Laurent de Jussieu and his colleagues
to the eminent professors of the Jardin, who have now passed
through the siege, that I may he allowed to express an anxious hope
that when the crisis is passed, when the elasticity of French
resources shall have restored the wonted prosperity, the new Govern-
ment may at length perceive that, even pohtically speaking, the de-
mands of science require as much attention as popular clamour.
The Delesserian herbarium has been well received at Geneva,
where it has been adequately deposited in a building in the Botanical
Garden, very near to the I^atural-History Museum now erecting.
At Paris it had been for some time comparatively useless, owing to
the attempt to class it according to Sprengel's Linnaeus ; but noAV an
active amateur committee, Messrs. Jean Mueller, Renter, Rapin,
and others, under the presidency of Dr. Fauconnet, have already
made great progress in distributing the specimens under their natu-
ral Orders : and Geneva, already containing the important typical
collection of De Candolle, as well as Boissier's stores rich especially
in Mediterranean and Oriental plants, has become one of the great
centres where real botanical work can be satisfactorily carried on ;
and as she has had the good sense to level her fortifications, she may
accumulate national treasures with more confidence in the future.
Munich had lost much of the prospects she had; the Bavarian Govern-
ment failed to come to terms with the family of the late Von Mar-
tins ; his botanical library has been dispersed, and his herbarium
removed to Brussels, where it is to form the nucleus of a national
Belgian collection. At Vienna the Imperial herbarium is now ad-
mirably housed in the Botanic Garden, and is in good order, with
the great advantage of a rich botanical library in the same rooms.
At Berlin, where the Eoyal herbarium, like the zoological museums,
has always been kept in very excellent order, want of space is greatly
complained of since it has been transferred to the buildings of the
University. At Florence, as we learn from the ' Giomale Botanico
Italiano,' the difficulties with regard to the funds left by Mr. Webb
for the maintenance of his herbarium have been overcome ; and it is
to be hoped that the Uberal intentions of the testator, who made this
splendid bequest for the benefit of science, will no longer remain so
shamefully unfulfilled. To the above six may be added Leyden,
Petersburg, Stockholm, Upsala, and Copenhagen as towns possess-
ing national herbaria sufficiently important for the pursuit of
systematic botany ; but when I visited them, now many years since,
they were all more or less in arrear in arrangement. I know not
how far they may have since improved. In the United States of
Xlviii PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE
America, the herbarium of Asa Gray, recently secured to the Har-
vard University, now occupies a first rank. That of Melbourne in
Australia, founded by Ferdinand Mueller, has, through his indefati-
gable exertions, attained very large proportions ; and that of the
Botanical Garden of Calcutta, under the successive administrations
of Dr. Thomson and the late Dr. T. Anderson, had recovered in a
great measure its proper position, which I trust it will henceforth
maintain. Our own great national herbarium and library at Kew
is now far ahead of all others ia extent, value, and practical utility ;
originally created, maintained, and extended by the two Hookers,
father and son, their unremitting and disinterested exertions have
succeeded in obtaining for it that Government support without
which no such establishment can be rendered really efiicient, whilst
their liberal and judicious management has secured for it the
countenance and approbation of the numerous scientific foreigners
who have visited or corresponded with it. Of the valuable botani-
cal materials accumulated in the British Museum during the last
century, I say nothing now ; for the natural-history portion of that
establishment is in a state of transition, and my own views as re-
gards botany have been elsewhere expressed. I have only to add
that we have also herbaria of considerable extent at the Universi-
ties of Oxford, Cambridge, and at Edinburgh, and at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, and to express a hope that the necessity of maintain-
ing and extendiug them will be duly felt by those great educational
bodies, if they desire to secure for their Professorial chairs botanists
of eminence.
3. Pictorial representations or drawings have the advantage over
Museum specimens that they can be, in many respects, more com-
plete ; they can represent objects and portions of objects which it has
been impossible to preserve ; they can give coloiu' and other charac-
ters-lost in the course of desiccation ; they preserve anatomical and
microscopical details in a form in which the observer can have re-
course to them again and again without repeatiug his dissections ;
and although, like a Museum specimen, each drawing represents
usually an individual, not a species, yet that individual can by exact
copies be multiplied to any extent for the simultaneous use of
any number of naturalists ; whilst specimens of the same sjiecies
in different museums are corresponding only, not identical, and im-
perfect comparison and determination of specimens supposed to be
authentic (i. e. exactly coiTesponding to the one originally described)
have led into numerous eiTors. Drawings, moreover, by diagrams
and other devices, can represent more or less perfectly the abstract
LTNNEAN BOCIETr OP LON^DON. xlix
ideas of genera and species ; they can exhibit the generic or specific
characters more or less divested of specific or individual peculiarities.
Drawings, on the other hand, are, much more than specimens,
liable to imperfections and falsifications, arising from defective obser-
vation of the model and want of skill in the artist ; and errors thus
once established are much more diflScult of correction than even
those conveyed by writing. A pictorial representation conveys an
idea much more rapidly and impresses it much more strongly on the
mind than any detailed accompanying description by which it may
be modified or corrected, and is but too frequently the only evidence
looked into by the more theoretical naturalist. This is especially
the case with microscopical and anatomical details of the smaller
animals and plants, the representations of which, if very elaborate
and difficult to verify, usually inspire absolute confidence. Draw-
ings are also costly, often beyond the means of unaided science, who
here, again, as in the case of gardens and museums, is obliged to have
recourse to the paying public : the public in return require to have
their tastes gratified ; artistic effect is necessarily considered, thus
increasing the cost, and removing the pictures still further fi'om the
reach of the working biologist. It appears to me that collections
of drawings systematically arranged have not generally met with
that attention which they require from Directors of Museums, and
that their multiplication in an effective and cheap form ought to be
a great object on the part of governments, scientific associations, and
others who contribute pecuniarily to the advancement of science.
To be effective, the first requisites in a zoological or botanical
drawing are accuracy and completeness ; it is a faithful representa-
tion, not a picture, that is wanted. Many a splendid portrait of an
animal or plant, especially if grouped with others in one picture,
has been rendered almost useless to science by a graceful attitude
or an elegant curve which the artist has soxight to give to a limb or
to a branch ; and those analytical details which are of paramount
importance to the biologist are neglected because they spoil the
general effect. We next require from an illustration as from a de-
scription that it should be representative or to a certain degree
abstract ; and this requires that the artist, if not himself the natu-
ralist, should work under the naturalist's eye, so as to understand
what he delineates. Great care should be taken to select for the
model an individual in a normal state as to health, size, &c., and
in the selection and arrangement of the anatomical details, so as to
represent the race rather than the individual — aU of which requires
a thorough acquaintance with the questions to be attended to. It
1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
is true that the artist, working independently and copying mecha-
nically, may serve as a check on the naturalist, who in minute mi-
croscopic examinations may he apt to see too much in conformity
to preconceived theories ; hut that is not often the case : the most
satisfactory analytical drawings I have always found to he those
made by the naturalist's own hand, and I have long felt how much my
own inability to draw has detracted from the value of the botanical
papers I have published. And, thirdly, when we consider that the
great advantage of an illustration over a description is that the one
gives us at a glance the information which we can only obtain from
the other by study, we require that each drawing or plate should be
as comprehensive as is consistent with clearness and precision. Out-
line drawings, or portraits without structural details, often omit the
essential characters we are in search of; where details are unaccom-
panied by a general outline, we miss a great means of fixing their
bearing on our own minds. Structural details may also equally
err in being too numerous or too few, on too large or on too small a
scale. If the plate is crowded with details of little importance,
or which may be readily taken from the general outline, they
draw off the attention from those which it is essential should be
at once fixed on the mind ; and if enlarged beyond what is neces-
sary for clearness, they require so much the more effort to compre-
hend them, unless, indeed, they are destined to be hung up on the
walls of the lecture room. I believe it to be the case with some
drawings of the muscles of vertebrata, or of the internal structure
of insects, as I know it to be with those of ovules and other
minute parts of flowers of the late Dr. Griffith and others, that, with
their very high scientific value, their practical utility is much inter-
fered with by the large scale on which they are drawn. A great
deal depends also on the arrangement in the plate, always keeping
in mind that the object is not to please the eye, but to convey at
one view as much as possible of comparative information without
producing confusion.
Biological illustrations in general have much improved in our
time. It is true that some of the representations of animals and
plants dating from the middle of last century will enter into com-
petition with any modern ones as to general outline and facies ; but
analytical details were almost universally neglected, and colouring,
when attempted, was gaudy and unfaithful. At present, I beheve,
we excel in this country in the general artistic effect, as, unfortu-
nately also for the naturalist, in the costliness of our best zoological
and botanical plates ; the French are remarkable for the selection
LrNI^EA^ jOCiety of london. h
arrangement, and execution of the scientific details (and as a model
I may refer to some of the publications of the Paris Museum, such
as the * Malpighiacege ' of Adrien de Jussieu), and also for the ex-
cellent woodcuts illustrating their general and popular works ; the
Germans and some Northern States for the admirable neatness of
microscopic and other minutiae executed at a comparatively small
cost, owing partially, at least, to the use of engraving on lithogra-
phic stone.
4, Written descriptions are what we most chiefly rely upon to
convey to the general or to the practical naturalist the results of
our studies of animals and plants ; but descriptions are of two
kinds, individual descriptions and descriptions of species, genera, or
other races. The former are, like preserved specimens or delineations,
materials for study ; like them they require in their preparation little
more than artistical skill, guided by a general knowledge of the sub-
ject : but abstract descriptions, whether specific or relating to races
of a higher degree, require study of the mutual relations of in-
dividuals and races and their consequent classification which con-
stitute the science of systematic biology ; and this distinction should
be constantly kept in view for the just appreciation of all descrip-
tive works. Any tyro can with care write a long description of a
specimen unimpeachable as to accuracy ; but it requires a thorough
knowledge of the subject, and a keen appreciation of the bearing of
the points noticed, to prepare a good description of a species. Por the
latter to be serviceable it must be accurate ; it must be full without
redundancy ; it must be concise without sacrificing clearness ; it must
be abstractive, not individual ; and lastly, the most difficult qualifi-
cation of aU, and that which constitutes the main point of the
science, the abstraction must be judicious and true to Nature.
The paramount importance of accuracy is too evident to need
dwelling upon. "We are all liable to errors of observation. Imper-
fect vision or instruments, optical deceptions, accidentally abnormal
conditions of the specimen examined, hasty appreciation of what we
see from preconceived theories are so many of the causes which
have occasionally led into error the most eminent of naturalists, and
require to be specially guarded against by repeated observation of
different specimens, and constant testiug at every step by reasonings
from analogy. Errors once established on apparently good authority
are exceedingly difficult to correct, and have been the source of
many a false theory. Where loose examination and hasty conclu-
sions have been frequently detected, we can at once renounce all con-
fidence in an author's descriptions, in his genera and species, un-
^>^.
Ojor
lii PROCEEDrXGS OF THE
less confirmed from other sources ; but an accidental oversight on
the part of a naturalist of established reputation is the most difficult
to remedy, notwithstanding the eagerness with which some begin-
ners devote themselves to hunting them out. No botanist was, I
beKeve, ever more careful in verifying his observations over and
over again, and in submitting them to the tests supplied by the ex-
traordinary methodizing powers of his mind, than Hobert Brown ; no
one has ever committed fewer of what we call blunders, or esta-
blished his systematic theories on safer ground ; yet even he has been
detected in a few minor oversights, eagerly seized upon by a set of
modem speculative botanists, lovers of paradoxes, as justifying them
in devoting their time and energies to the disputal of several of his
more important discoveries and conclusions.
The value of a description as to fulness and conciseness is prac-
tical only, but in that point of view important. A description, how-
ever accurate, is absolutely useless if the essential points are omitted,
and very nearly so if those essential points are drowned in a sea of
useless details. The difficulty is to ascertain what are the essential
points, — and hence one of the causes of the superiority of Mono-
graphs and Floras over isolated descriptions, such as those of Zoolo-
gies and Botanies of Exploring Expeditions, which I insisted on in
my Address in 1862 : in the former the author must equally examine
and classify all the allied races, and thus ascertain the essential
points ; in the latter case he is too easily led to trust to what he be-
lieves to be essential. My own long experience in the using as well
as in the making of botanical descriptions has proved to me how
difficult it is to prepare a really good one, how impossible to do it
satisfactorily from a first observation of a single specimen. How-
ever carefuUy you may have noted every point that occurs to you,
you will find that after having comparatively examined other speci-
mens and allied forms you will have many an error to correct, many
a blank to fill up, and much to eliminate. I have had more than
once to verify the same species in two authors, the one giving you a
character of a few lines which satisfies you at once, the other obli-
ging you to labour through two or three quarto pages of minute de-
tails from which, after aU, some of the essential points are omitted.
But the great problem to be solved at every stage in systematic
or descriptive biology, and that which gives it so high a scientific
importance, is the due detection and appreciation of affinities and
mutual relations ; and in this respect the science has made immense
progress within my own recollection, and especially diuing the last
few years. The gradual supplanting of artificial by natural classi-
LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Uii
iications has been too often commented upon to need repetition. It
is now, I believe, universally admitted that a species is the totality
of the individuals connected together by certain resemblances or
affinities the result of a common descent. It is also acknowledged
that for scientific purposes these species should be arranged in
groups according to resemblances or affinities more remote than in
the case of species, although here commences the great difference of
opinion as to the meaning of these remoter affinities, whether they
also are the result of a common descent, or of that supposed imita-
tion of a type which I have above alluded to. For those, however,
who have once connected affinity with consanguinity, it is difficult
to recede from so ready an explanation of those mj'^sterious resem-
blances and differences the study of which must be the ruling prin-
ciple to guide us in our classifications. AU this has now been fully
explained by more able pens than mine ; my only object in repeating
it is to point out clearly the need of treating aU systematic groups,
from the order down to the genus, species, or variety, as races of a
similar nature, collections of individuals more nearly related to each
other than to the individuals composing any other race of the same
grade, and of abolishing the use of the expression type of a genus
or other group in any other than a purely historical sense as a ques-
tion of nomenclature*. If a genus has to be divided, our laws of
nomenclature require the original name to be retained for that sec-
tion which includes the species which the founder of the genus had
more specially observed in framing his character ; and therefore, and
for that reason only, it becomes necessary to inquire which was or
which were the so-called typical species— the biologist's (or, as it
were, the artist's), not Nature's type.
Without repeating what I have often said of the comparative value
of ^Monographs and Faunas or Floras over miscellaneous descriptions,
I may observe that the immense progress made in the accumulation
of known species henceforth diminishes still more the relative
importance to science of the addition of new forms when compared
with the due coUocatiou and correct appreciation of those already
kno^vn. Much has been done of late years in the latter respect ;
but yet some branches of biology, and perhaps entomology more,
than any other, are very much in arrear as to supplying us with
* For the purposes of instruetion some one species is often named as a type
of a genus— that is to say, a.s fairly representing the most prevalent characters ;
but to prevent any confusion with the imaginary type, it would surely be better
to call it an exampJe, as, indeed, is often done. In geographical biology the word
type is used again in anotlier sense, which, however, does not load to any inis-
understnnding.
Lixx. PRoc. — Session 1870-71. a
lir PROCEEDINGS OF THE
available data for investigating the history of species and their
genealogy, their origin, progress, migrations, mutual relations, their
struggles, decay, and final extinction. It is to be feared that in in-
sects, as in plants, but too large a proportion of the innumerable
genera and subgenera have been founded rather on the sortings of a
collector than on the investigation of affinities ; and, indeed, that
must in a great measure be the case so long as a large number
are only known from their outv^ard form at one period only of their
varied phases of existence.
The days of a ' Systema Naturae ' or single work containing a
synopsis of the genera and species of organized beings are long since
passed away. Even a ' Species Plantarum,' now that their number at
the lowest estimate exceeds 100,000, has become almost hopeless.
The last attempt, De Candolle's ' Prodromus,' has been nearly forty
years in progress ; the first portion has become quite out of date ; and
all we can hope for is that it may be shortly completed for one of
the three great classes. Animals might have been more manageable,
were it not for the insects. Mammalia estimated at between 2000
and 3000 living species, Birds at about 10,000, Reptiles and Am-
phibia under 2000, Fishes at about 10,000, Crustacea and Arachnida
rather above 10,000, Malacozoa about 20,000,yermes, Actinozoa, and
Amorphozoa under 6000, would each by themselves not impose too
heavy a tax on the naturalist experienced in that special branch
who should undertake a scientific classification and diagnoses of all
known species ; and in one important branch, the Fishes, this work
has been most satisfactorily carried out in Dr. Giinther's admirable
genera and species of all known Fishes, published under the mislead-
ing title of ' Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum,' and
recently completed by the issue of the eighth volume. The sound
philosophical views expressed in his preface to that volume (which,
by some strange inversion, bears a signature not his own) can be
appreciated by us all ; and zoologists are all agreed as to the care
with which they have been worked out in the details. Insects are,
however, the great stumbling-block of zoologists ; the number of
described species is estimated by Gerstacker at about 160,000,
viz. Coleoptera 90,000, Hymenoptera 25,000, Diptera 24,000, Le-
pidoptera 22,000-24,000. Mr, Bates thinks that, for the Coleoptera
at least, this estimate is too high by one -third ; but even with that
deduction the number would exceed that of plants, and it is probable
that the number of as yet undiscovered species in proportion to that
of the described ones is far greater in the case of insects than in
plants. We can therefore no longer hope for a ' Genera and Species '
LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. Iv
of insects, the work of a single hand or, indeed, guided by a single
mind. The great division of labour, however, now prevalent among
entomologists may procure it for us in detail, with one drawback
only, that the smaller the portion of the great natural class of Arthro-
poda to which the entomologist confines his attention, the less he will
be able to appreciate the significance of distinctive characters, and
the more prone he will be to multiply small genera (that is, to
enhance beyond their due the races of the lowest grade), to the great
inconvenience of the general naturalist who has to make use of the
results of his labours.
A ' Genera Plantarum ' is stiU within the capabilities of a single
botanist, although he must of course trust much to the observations
of others, and therefore not so satisfactory as if he had examined
every species himself. The last complete cue was Endlicher's, the
result of several years' assiduous labour, but now thirty years old.
Dr. Hooker and myself commenced a new one, of which the first part
was published in 1862, and which might have been brought nearly
to a close by this time had we not both of us had so many other
works on hand to deter us, although the researches necessary for
these other works have proved of great assistance in the ' Genera.' As
it is, the part now nearly ready for press carries the work down to
the end of Compositse, or about half through the Phgenogamous
Plants. In regard to works of a stiU more general description, or
exposition of the families or orders of plants, we have nothing of
importance since Lindley's ' Vegetable Kingdom,' dated 1845, but
republished, with some additions and corrections, in 1853 ; and Le
Maout and Decaisne's ' Traite Generale,' mentioned in my Address of
1868, and of which Mrs. Hooker is now preparing an English trans-
lation under the supervision of Dr. Hooker. Dr. Baillon has also
commenced an ' Histoire des Plantes,' containing a considerable
number of useful original observations and illustrated by excellent
woodcuts ; but, as a general work, one portion is of too popular a
character, and in some cases too diffuse, to be of much use to
science, and, on the other hand, the generic characters are too
technical for a popular work without any contrasted synopsis ; and
its great bulk in proportion to the information conveyed will
always be a drawback. I cannot believe that the author can have
been a party to the unblushing announcement of the French
publisher that it is to be completed in about eight volumes. If
carried out on the plan of the first one, it must extend to four
or five times that number. In Zoology Bronn's most valuable
* Klassen und Ordnungeu des Thierreichs,' continued after his
9^
Ivi PROCEEDINGS OF THE
death by Keferstein and others, which I mentioned in my Ad-
dress of 1866, has advanced but slowly. The Amorphozoa, Acti-
nozoa, and Malacozoa, forming the first two volumes, were then com-
pleted ; and Gerstacker has since been proceeding with the Arthro-
poda, commencing with the Crustacea, for the third volume, of which
only the general matter and the Cirripedia and Copepoda are as yet
published ; and three or four parts of a sixth volume for Birds have
been issued by Selenka, treating the anatomical and other general
matter in great detail. Another general work of merit, although on
a smaller scale, has been proceeding as slowly. Of Cams and
Gerstacker's ' Handbuch der Zoologie,' the second volume, contain-
ing the Arthropoda, Malacozoa, and lower animals, had been already
published in 1861 ; and to this was added, in 1868, the first half of
the Vertebrata for the first volume, with a promise that the re-
mainder should appear in the autumn, but which has not yet been
fulfilled. Among the other recently published systematic zoological
handbooks of which I have had memoranda as published in various
Continental states, the most important are said to be : — Harting's,
published at Tiel in the Netherlands, of which, up to 1870, only
three volumes had appeared, containing the Crustacea, Vermes, Ma-
lacozoa, and lower animals ; A. E. Holmgren's Swedish ' Handbok i
Zoologi,' of which Mammalia were published in 1865 and Birds in
1868-71; and Claus's 'Grundziige' and Troschel's 'Handbuch'
(7th edition) for University teaching in Germany,
In a comparative sketch of the more partial Monographs, Faunas,
and Floras, I had wished to direct my attention more especially to
the means afforded us of comparing the plants and animals of
different countries; and with this view one of the questions I
addressed to foreign zoologists was, "What works or papers are there
in which the animals (of any of the principal classes) of your country
are compared with those of other countries ? " The answers to this
query have not been generally satisfactory. Where the zoology has
been well investigated, we have popular handbooks, elaborate
memoirs, and works of high scientific value or splendidly illustrated.
But short synoptical faunas, so useful to the general naturalist, and
corresponding to the Floras we now possess of so many different
countries, are very few ; the statement of the general geographical
range of each species, so prominent a feature in many modern Floras,
is still less thought of ; and indications of allied or representative
races in distant countries are equally rare. We have, indeed, several
excellent essays on the geographical distribution of animals (I had
occasion to allude to several of them in my Address of 1869) ; but
LIN>TEAIf SOCIETY OF LONDON. -Ivij
they are in general chiefly devoted to discussions, with statements of
such facts only as bear upon the author's conclusions, not records of
all facts which may be useful to the geographical or general biologist.
These must be collected from a great variety of separate works and
papers, of which I have received long lists from Denmark, Sweden,
Germany, Switzerland, Italy, France, and the United States. As
yet 1 have only had time to refer to a few which appeared to bear
more immediately on the objects I had in view ; but I hope on some
future occasion to return to the subject. In the mean time I must
content myself with glancing rapidly over the different countries,
taking them in the order adopted in my former Addresses, and
endeavouring to show the progress making in supplying our de-
ficiencies. Towards these deficiencies I would particularly caU the
attention of entomologists and terrestrial malacologists ; for insects and
land-sheUs are of all others the animals whose life and local stations
are the most closely dependent on vegetation. In the following
notes I refrain from entering into any details as to the zoological
works or memoirs mentioned, as they are entirely superseded by the
analysis given in the annual review inserted in Wiegmann's 'Archiv,'
and more especially in our own admirably conducted 'Zoological
Record,' which so strongly claims the support of every one interested
in the promotion of Zoological Science.
I. Denmaek.
In geographical biology Denmark proper is of no great importance
except as a connecting-link, on the one hand, between the Scandina-
vian peninsula and Central Europe, and, on the other, as the
separating barrier between the Baltic and the Xorth seas. Low and
flat, without any great variety in its physical features, it is un-
favourable for the production or maintenance of endemic organisms,
and forms an inseparable portion of the region of Central Europe.
But the Arctic possessions included in the kingdom, Greenland,
Iceland, and the Faroe Islands, are of great interest ; and Denmark
itself is remarkable for the number of eminent naturalists, zoologists
as well as botanists, produced by so small a state. Its reputation
in this respect, established by the great names mentioned in my
review of Transactions in my Address of 1865, is berng weU kept up
by Bergh, Krabbe, Liitken, Morch, Reinhardt, Schiodte, Steenstrup,
and others in zoology ; whilst Lange, (Ersted, and Warming are
among the few who now devote themselves more or less to syste •
matic botany. Their general zoological collection, when I last visited
it, many years since, was not extensive, although rich in northern
Iviii PBOCEEDINGS OP THE
animals and very well arranged under the direction of Steenstrup,
and the insects in the Storm-Gade Museum were very numerous ;
whilst at the University was deposited the typical collection of
Fabricius. The Herbarium at the Botanic Garden, valuable for the
types of Yahl and other early botanists, has been in modern times
enriched by the extensive Mexican collections of Liebmann, the
Brazilian ones of Lund and others ; whilst (Ersted's Central- Ame-
rican and Warming's Brazilian plants are also at Copenhagen, but
whether public or private property I know not. The botanical and
zoological gardens are of no great importance ; but the biological
publications are kept up with some spirit, especially the Transac-
tions of the Eoyal Society of Science, Schiodte's continuation of Kro-
yer's 'Tidsskrift,'andthe 'VidenskabeligeMeddelelser' of the Natural-
History Society ; and some of the authors have adopted a practice
strongly recommended to those who write in languages not under-
stood by the great mass of modern naturalists, that of giving short
resumes of their papers in Erench. On the most important contribu-
tions to systematic zoology since those mentioned in my Address of
1868, I have received the following memoranda : — Prof. Eeinhardt,
in publishing in the Transactions of the Eoyal Danish Academy
(1869) nine posthumous plates, executed under the direction of the
late Prof. Eschricht, illustrating the structure of various Cetacea,
has accompanied them with short explanations. Prof. Eeinhardt has
further published, in the ' Yidenskabelige Meddelelser ' for 1870,
a list of the Birds inhabiting the Campos districts of Central
Brazil ; " notes on the distribution, habits, and synonymy are
copioxisly added ; and the introductory remarks on the geogra-
phical distribution &c. are very suggestive, and ought to be trans-
lated for the benefit of the friends of ornithology in England and
elsewhere." The same ' Yidenskabelige Meddelelser' contains an
essay by Dr. Liitkeu on the limits and classification of Ganoid Pishes,
chiefly firom a palseontological point of view, accompanied by a
synopsis of the present condition, in sytematical and geological re-
spects, of that important branch of Palseichthyology. In MoUusca,
Dr. Bergh has published, in Kroyer's ' Tidsskrift ' for 1869, one of his
elaborate ianatomical and systematic monographs of the tribe Phyl-
lidese, with many plates, of which a detailed notice is given in the
' Zoological Eecord,' vol. vi. p. 559. In Insects, Prof. Schiodte, in
the same journal for 1869, has given an elaborate essay containing
new facts and views on the morphology and system of the Ehynchota,
analyzed in the ' Zoological Eecord,' vol. vi. p. 475. " To Dr. Krabbe
we owe the description of 123 species of tapeworms found in Birds,
LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lix
an elaborate monograph accompanied by ten plates, and printed in
the Transactions of the Royal Danish Society for 1869, with a French
resume " (noticed in * Zoological Record,' vol. vi. p. 633). In Echi-
noderms, Dr. Liitken's valuable essays on varions genera and species of
Ophiuridae, recent and fossil, with a Latin synopsis of Ophiuridae
and Euryalidae, and a general French resume, forming the third
part of his " Additamenta ad Historiam Ophiuridarum," in the
Transactions of the Royal Danish Society for 1869, have been
analyzed in the ' Zoological Record,' vol. vi. pp. 639, 642, &c. No
contribution to systematic botany, of much importance, has appeared
in Denmark since those mentioned in my Address of 1868.
There exists no general Danish Fauna ; but I have a rather long
list of detached works and essays from which the different classes
of animals inhabiting Denmark may be collected. Of these the
most recent are Collin's Batrachia, in Kroyer's ' Tidsskrift' for 1870,
and Morch's marine MoUusca, "publishing in the ' Yidenskabelige
Meddelelser ' for the present year.
"With regard to Iceland, the only works mentioned are Steen-
strup's terrestrial Mammals, or rather Mammal, of Iceland, in the
' Yidenskabelige Meddelelser' for 1867; Morch's Mollusca in the same
journal for 1868. C. Miiller's account of the Birds of Iceland and
the Faroe islands dates from 1862, and Liitken's of the Echino-
derms from 1857 ; and I find no mention, of any special account, of
the insects of the island ; whilst in Botany C. C. Babington has
given us, in the 11th volume of our Linnean Journal, an excellent
revision of its flora, the phsenogamic portion of which may now be
considered as having been very fairly investigated ; and E. Rostrup,
in the 4th volume of the Tidsskrift of the Botanical Society of
Copenhagen, has enumerated the plants of the Faroe islands.
II. Sweden and Noeavay.
The Scandinavian peninsula is, on several accounts, of great in-
terest to the biologist. It includes a lofty and extensive mountain-
tract, with a climate less severe than that of most parts of the
northern belt at similar latitudes ; and the uniformity of the geolo-
gical formation is broken by the limestone districts of Scania. It
thus forms a great centre of preservation for organic races between
the wide-spread tracts of desolation to the east and the ocean on the
west, and has therefore been treated as a centre of creation, whence
a Scandinavian flora and fauna has spread in various directions.
As the home of Linnaeus it may also be considered classical ground
for systematic biology, the pursuit of which is now being carried on
Ix PROCEEDI^'GS OF THE
with spirit, as evidenced by sucii names as Holmgren, Kinber^,
Liljeborg, Malm, Malmgren, G. 0. Sars, Stal, Thorell, and others in
Zoology, and Agardh, Andersson, Areschong, Fries, Hartmann, and
others in Botany, Two of the Academies to whose pubhcations
Linnaeus contributed, those of IJpsala and Stockholm, continue to
issue their Transactions and Proceedings ; and to these are now
added the memoirs published by the University of Lund. They lost
Linnseus's own collections ; and the Zoological Museum at IJpsala,
when I saw it many years since, was poor ; that of Stockholm
better, and in excellent order. In the Herbaria, Thunberg's and
Afzelius's collections are deposited at Upsala, and Swartz's at Stock-
holm, where the Herbarium of the Academy of Sciences has been of
late years considerably increased under the care of Dr. Andersson ,
The Scandinavian Fauna and Flora have been generally well in-
vestigated. The numerous Floras published of late years show con-
siderable attention on the part of* the general public. I observe
that Hartmann's Handbook is at its tenth edition ; Andersson
has published 500 woodcut figures of the commoner plants, taken
chiefly from Fitch's illustrations of my British Handbook ; and my
lists contain many papers on Swedish Cryptogams. The relation of
the Scandinavian vegetation to that of other countries has also been
specially treated of by Zetterstedt, who compared it with that of the
Pyrenees — and by Areschoug, Andersson, Ch. Martins, and others, as
aUuded to in more detail in my Address of 1869, Many works have
succeeded each other on the Vertebrate Fauna since the days of Lin-
nseus ; amongst which those of Liljeborg as to Vertebrata in general
and of Simdevall as to Birds are still in progress. The Crustacea,
Mollusca, and lower animals have been the subjects of numerous
papers, the marine and freshwater faunas having been more espe-
cially investigated by the late M, Sars and by G. 0. Sars ; and Th.
Thorell, in the Upsala Transactions, has given an elaborate review
of the European genera of Spiders, evidently a work of great care,
preceded by apposite remarks on their generic classification, and
a general comparison of the Arachnoid faunae of Scandinavia and
Britain, all in the English language although pubHshed in Sweden.
This work, however, does not extend to species, beyond naming a
type (by which I trust is meant an example, not the type) of each
genus ; nor is the geographical range of the several genera given.
There appears to be no general work on Scandinavian Insects,
The Fauna and Flora of Spitzbergen have specially occupied
Swedish naturalists. To the accounts of the Vertebrata by Malm-
gren, and of the Lichens by T. M, Fries, have now been added, in
LINNEAN aOClEIY OF LONDON.
Ixi
recent parts of the Transactions or Proceedings of the Eoyal Swedish
Academy, the Insects by Holmgren, the MoUusca by Morch, the
Phaenogamic Flora by T. M. Fries, and the Algae by Agardh.
An excellent and elaborate monograph of a smaU but widely
spread genus of Plants, entitled ' Prodromus Monographiae Georum,'
by N. J. Scheutz, has appeared in the last part of the Transactions
of the Academy of Upsala. Several interesting features in the
geographical distribution of some of the species are pointed out,
amongst which one of the most curious is the almost perfect iden-.
tity of the Q. coccmeum from the Levant and the G. chilense from
South Chile, the differences being such only as would scarcely have
been set down as more than varieties had both come from the same
country. The whole memoir is in the Latin language ; the specific
diagnoses are rather long ; but the observations under each section
and species point out the connexion with and chief differences from
the nearest allies.
The whole of the botanical literature published in or relating to
Sweden has been regularly recorded in annual catalogues, inserted
by T. 0. B. N. Krok in the ' Botaniske Notiser ' of Stockholm.
III. K.USSIA.
The chief interest in the biology of Russia consists in its compa-
rative uniformity over an enormous expanse of territory. Extending
over more than 130 degrees from east to west, and above 20 degrees
from south to north, without the interposition of any great geolo-
gical break in mountain * or ocean, all changes in flora and fauna
in the length and breadth of this vast area are gradual ; whilst the
mountains which bound it to the south and to the east, and the
glacial characters of the northern shores, offer to the Russian natu-
ralist several more or less distinct biological types, such as the
Caucasian, the Central Asiatic, the Mantchurian, and the Arctic, all
blending into the great Europeo-Asiatic type, and the three first-
named, at least apparently, constituting great centres of preservation.
By the careful discrimination of the various races which give to
each of these types its distinctive character, the study of their
mutual relations, of the areas which each one occupies without
modification, of the complicated manner in which these several
areas are interwoven, of the gradual changes which distance may
* The celebrated chain of the Oural, wbich separates Asia from Europe, is,
in the greater part of its length, too low and the ascent too gradual to hare
much influence on the vegetation : the so-called ridge between Perm and
Ekaterinburg is, according to Ermann, not 1600 feet above the level of the sea,
and rises from land which, for a breadth of above 120 miles, is onlv 700
feet lower.
Ixii PROCEEDINGS OF THE
produce, of the cessation of one race and the substitution of another
without apparent physical cause, the Russian, even without travel-
ling out of his own country, can contribute, more than any other
observer, valuable materials for the general history of races. In
Botany I have on former occasions referred to Ledebour's 'Flora
Rossica ' as the most extensive complete Mora of a country which
we possess, and to the numerous papers by which it has been sup-
plemented. Several of these are stiU in progress, chiefly in the
Bulletin of the Society of IS'aturalists of Moscow ; and I have notes
of local Floras, and lists from various minor publications. The last
received volume of the Memoirs of the Academy of St. Petersburg
includes the botanical portion of Schmidt's travels in the Amur-land
and SachaUn, in which the geographical relations of the flora are
very fuUy treated of — and the first part of a very elaborate ' Flora
Caucasi ' by the late F. J. Ruprecht, which may be more properly
designated Commentaries on the Caucasian Plants than a Flora in
the ordinary sense of the word. It is an enumeration of species,
with frequent observations on affinities, and a very detailed exposi-
tion of stations in the Caucasus, but without any reference to the
distribution beyond that region ; above 300 large 4to pages only in-
clude the Polypetalse preceding Legiiminosae ; and the lamented death
of the author will probably prevent the completion of the work.
N. Kaufmann, Professor of Botany at the University of Moscow, an
active botanist of great promise, whose death last winter is much
deplored by his colleagues, had published a Flora of Moscow in the
Russian language, which had. met with much success. In the
zoology of Russia the most important recent work is Middendorflfs
' Thierwelt Sibiriens,' analyzed in the ' Zoological Record,' vi. p. 1,
which, with the previously pubKshed descriptive portion and thebotany
of the journey by Trautvetter, Ruprecht, and others, forms a valuable
exposition of the biology of N.E. Siberia, a cold and inhospitable tract
of country, where organisms, animal as well as vegetable, are perhaps
poorer in species and poorer in individuals than in any other region
of equal extent not covered with eternal snows, MiddendorfF's
observations on this poverty of the fauna of Siberia, its uniformity
and conformity to the European fauna, on the meaning to be given to
the species, on their variability and on the multiplicity of false ones
published, on the complexity of their respective geographical areas,
on their extinction and replacement by others, <fec. are deserving
of the careful study of all naturalists. L. v. Schrenck's MoUusca of
the Amur-land or Mantchuria (reviewed in the ' Zoological Record,'
iv. p. 504) is equally to be recommended for the manner in which the
LINXEAI? SOCIETY OF LONDO>\ IxiU
specific relations, the variability, affinities, and geographical distri-
bution of Mantchurian MoUusca are treated. The publications of
the first meeting of the Association of Russian Naturalists include
a review of the Crustacea of the Black Sea by Y. Czemiavski, an
account of the Annnlata Chaetopoda of the Bay of Sebastopol by x^.
Bobretzki, and a paper on the zoology of the Lake of Onega and its
neighbourhood by K. Kesslar, including a review of the Fishes,
Crustacea, and Annulata of the Lake of Onega, and of the Mollusca
collected in and about the Lakes Onega and Ladoga, and a list of
the Butterflies of the Government of Olonetz. The historical and
scientific memoirs pubKshed by the University of Kazan, of which
several volumes have recently reached us, include a systematic
enumeration and description of the birds of Orenburg (329 species),
with detailed notes of their habits &c., by the late Prof. E. A.
Eversmann, edited after his death by M. N. Bogdanoff, forming an
8vo volume of 600 pages in the Russian language.
There is not in Russia at the present moment sufficient encou-
ragement on the part of the public to induce the publication of
independent biological works beyond a few popular handbooks ; but
the Imperial Academy of Petersburg has, on the other hand, been
exceedingly liberaf in the assistance it affords, and active in its issue
of Transactions with excellent illustrations, as well as of its Bulletin
or Proceedings. The volumes recently received include J. E. Brandt's
* Symbolse Sirenologicae ' and Researches on the genus Hyrax (re-
viewed in 'Zoological Record,' v. p. 3, and vi. p. 5), A. Strauch's
Synopsis of Yiperidse, with full details of their geographical distribu-
tion, E. Metschnikoff"s Studies on the development of Echinoderms
and Nemertines, and ^N". Miklucho-Maclay's Memoir on Sponges of
the N. Pacific and Arctic Oceans, with remarks on their extreme
variability inducing the multiplication of false species. In Botany,
Bunge's Monograph of the Old-^Vorld species of Astragalus is the
result of many years' labour and careful investigation. The 8 sub-
genera and 104 sections into which this extensive genus is divided
appear to be very satisfactory ; but the species (971) are probably
very much too numerous, and we miss that comparison with American
forms which, considering the very numerous cases of identity or
close affinity, is essential for the due appreciation of the X. Asiatic
species. Bunge has also published a monograph of the Heliotropia
of the Mediterraneo-Oriental region in the Bulletin of the Society of
Naturalists of Moscow, which continues its annual volumes. The
parts recently received continue several of the botanical enume-
rations ali-eady noticed, together with various smaller entomological
papers.
Ixiv
PKOCEEBINGS OF THE
IV. GEEMA.NT AND HoLLAND.
Germany, or rather Central Europe from the Ehine to the Car-
pathians and from the Baltic to the Alps, is, as to the greater part
of it, a continuation of that generally uniform but gradually changing
biological region which covers the Russian empire. It is not yet
aflPected by those peculiar western races which either stop short of
the Ehine and Rhone or only here and there cross these rivers with
a few stragglers ; the mountains, however, on its southern border
show a biological type diiferent from either of those which limit the
Russian portion, indicating in many respects, as I observed in 1869,
a closer connexion with the Scandinavian and high northern than
with the Pyrenean to the west or the Caucasian to the east. The
verifying and following up these indications gives a special interest
to the study of German races, their variations and affinities. So
far as formal specific distinctions are concerned, all plants and
animals, with the exception of a few of those whose minute size
enables them long to escape observation, may now be considered as
well known in Germany as in France and England ; and in Germany
especially the investigation of anatomical and physiological cha-
racters has of late years contributed much to a more correct appre-
ciation of those distinctions and of the natural relations of organic
races. But much remains still for the systematic biologist, and
especially the zoologist, to accomplish. Among^ the very numerous
Floras of the country, both general and local, there are several which
have been worked out with due reference to the vegetation of the
immediately surrounding regions; but corresponding complete Faunas
do not appear to exist. A few in some branches have been com-
menced ; but in these, as in the numerous papers on more or less
extended local zoology, as far as I can perceive, animals, and espe-
cially insects, seem to be considered only in respect of the forms they
assume within the region treated of, frequently with a very close
critical study of variations or races of the lowest grades, but neglect-
ing all comparison with the forms a species may assume or be
represented by in adjoining or distant countries.
Germany holds a iirst rank amongst civilized nations in I'espect of
her biological works in most departments ; they probably exceed
in biilk those of any other country. Her publishing scientific aca-
demies and other associations, her zoological museums and gardens,
her botanical herbaria and university gardens, her zoologists and
botanists, of world-wide reputation, are far too numerous to be
here particularized. She excels all other nations in the patient and
LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. Ixv
persevering elaboration of minute details, although she must jield
to the French in respect of clearness and conciseness of methodical
exposition. Her speculative tendencies are well known ; and the
great impulse given to them since the spread of " Darw'inismus "
appears to have thrown systematic biology still further into the
background ; the sad events of the last twelvemonth have also
temporarily suspended or greatly interfered with the peaceful course
of science. Thus the zoological works contained in the lists I have
received are almost all dated in 1868 or 1869, and have been
already analyzed in the reports of TTiegmann's ' Archiv ' and in the
5th and 6th vols, of the ' Zoological Record,' and the principal ones
relating to exotic zoology wUl have to be referred to further on.
In Systematic Botany also but little of importance has been pub-
lished within the last three years, beyond the great 'Flora BrasUiensis,'
which, since the death of Dr. v. Martins, has been actively proceeded
with under the direction of Dr. Eichler, and to which I shall recur
under the head of South America. Eohrbach has published a
carefully worked out conspectus of the difficult genus Silene, and, in
the ' Linuaea,' a synopsis of Lychnideae ; and Bcickeler, also in the
' Linnaea,' is describing the Cyperacese of the herbarium of Berlin —
a work very unsatisfactory, considering the detail in which it is
carried out, as it takes no notice whatever of the numerous pubhshed
species not there represented, nor of any stations or information
relating to those dgscribed other than what are supplied by that
herbarium. It is not a monograph, but a collection of detached
materials for a monograph.
V. Switzerland.
Switzerland comprises the loftiest and most extensive mountain-
range of which the biology has been weU investigated — the Alps,
which have lent their name to characterize the vegetation and other
physical features of mountains generally when attaining or ap-
proaching to the limits of eternal snows. The relations of this
alpine vegetation, both in its general character due to climatological
and other physical causes, and in its geographical connexion with
other floras, have been frequently the subject of valuable essays,
several of which I have mentioned on former occasions ; and it is
most desirable that the results obtained should be verified by or
contrasted with those which might be derived from zoological data,
and more particularly by the observation of insects and terrestrial
mollusca. As a first step, it is necessary that the plants and animals
of the country should be accurately defined and classed in harmony
Ixvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE
with those of adjoining regions. This has been done for plants.
The Swiss flora has been well worked up both by German and by
French botanists ; it is included in Koch's Synopsis and some other
German Floras. De CandoUe and other writers on the French
flora had to introduce a large portion of the Swiss vegetation ; and
the compilers of the rather numerous Swiss Floras and Handbooks*
have generally followed either the one or the other, so that there
remains but little difficulty in the identification of Swiss botanical
races; but here, as elsewhere, methodical Faunas of the country are
much in arrear. I have the following notes from M. Humbert of
what has been published in this respect during the last three
years.
V. Fatio, ' Faune des Yertebres de la Suisse,' 8vo, vol. i. Mammi-
feres, 1869 (reported on in * Zoological Record,' vi. p. 4) : the second
volume, ReptUes, Batrachia, and Fishes, to appear in the course of
the present year, the 3rd and 4th vols. (Birds) to foUow. " This Fauna
is the first which has been published on the Vertebrata of Switzer-
land. Hitherto there had only been partial and incomplete Cata-
logues. The species are carefully described ; and there are numerous
notes on their distribution and habits, from the author's observations
made in all the Swiss collections and in the field. There are also
interesting historical details upon certain animals which have more
or less completely disappeared from Swiss territory, such as the
stag, the roebuck, and the wild boar, as also on the mammifers
whose remains have been found in recent deposits." G. Stierlin and
V. de Gautard, " Fauna Coleopterorum Helvetica," in the Nouveaux
Memoires of the Helvetic Society, xxiii. and xxiv., a catalogue with
stations and often limits in altitude, supplementing Heer's ' Fauna
* In the list of publications of the last three years only, sent me by M. A. de
CandoUe, are the following new Swiss Botanical Handbooks : — J. C. Ducom-
mun, ' Taschenbuch flu* den schweizerischen Botaniker,' 1 vol. 8to, of 1024
pages, with some analytical woodcuts : few details on stations. E. T. Simler,
' Botanischer Taschenbegleiter des Alpenclubisten,' 1 vol. 12mo, 4 plates : alpine
species only. Tissiere (late Canon of St. Bernard, now deceased), ' Guide du
Botaniste au Grand St.-Bernard,' 1 vol. 8to : a catalogue with detailed localities.
J.Rhiner, 'Prodrom derWaldstadter Gefasspflanzen,' 1 vol. 8vo: a catalogue with
details as to localities. Mortliier, ' Flore analytique de la Suisse,' 1 vol. ISmo :
imitated from an older German ' Excursions-Flora fiir die Schweiz,' by A. Gremli.
A new (3rd) edition of L. Fischer's ' Flora von Bern' and Fischer-Ooster's ' Rubi
Bernenses ;' the latter woi'k, together with some contributions to the Swiss Flora
of A. Gremli, adding 98 pages to the volumes of Batological literature we
already possess, without advancing a step either in giving us a clear notion of
what is a species of Bramble, or in facilitating our naming those we meet with,
unless in the precise localities indicated by the several authors.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. IxVU
Ccfleopteronim Helvetica.' H, Frey's catalogues of and notes on
Swiss Microlepidoptera, in the ' Mittheilungeu ' of the Swiss
Entomological Society. P. E. Miiller, Note on the Cladocera of
the great lakes of Switzerland, from the ' Archives ' of the Biblio-
theque Universelle, xxxvii. April 1S70. " In his excellent memoir
on the Monoclea of the neighbourhood of Geneva, Jurine had only
described the small Crustacea of ponds and swamps. He had not
investigated the species which inhabit the Lake of Geneva, and he
had also neglected some very interesting forms wMch are only to be
met with in large expanses of water, such as BijUiotreplies longi-
manus and Leptodora hyalina. M. Mueller points out the differences
there are between the Cladocera of the centre of the lakes and those
of the margins. The former, which float freely over the lake, have
a peculiar stamp, marking also the marine Crustacea of open seas ;
their bodies have an extreme transparency, and they show a great
tendency to the development of long and rigid balancing organs.
The latter, on the contrary, are little transparent, have stunted
forms, and are without balancing or other elongations, which might
interfere with their movements amidst sohd objects, such as stones
and aquatic plants near the shores ; most of these littoral species
show, moreover, a development of some organ that assists them in
moving upon solid bodies. M. Miiller finds also a very great
connexion between the Cladocera! faunas of Switzerland and
Scandinavia."
The Association zoologique du Leman, founded upon the model
of the Ray Society, has for its object the publication of monographs
relating to the basin of the Leman or Lake of Geneva — that is, the
region comprised between Martigny and the Perte du Rhone, with
the valleys of the affluents received by the Rhone in this portion of
its course. It has been carried on as successfully as could have been
expected from a scientific undertaking of this nature, reckoning at
the present moment nearly 200 members. It has already published
papers by A. Brot on the shells of the family of Naiada3, with nine
plates ; by F. Chevrier on the Nyssae (Hymenoptera) ; by Y. Fatio
on the Arvicola, with six plates ; by H. Foumier on the Dascillidge
(Coleoptera), with four plates ; and is now issuing a more important
work, the resvdt of long and patient investigation, G. Lunel's
* Histoire NatureUe des Poissons du Bassin du Leman,' in folio, with
twenty plates beautifully executed in chromolithography. Two
parts, with eight plates, have already appeared ; and the work is in
rapid progress. A specimen of the plates, received from M. Hum-
bert, lies on the table of our library. I have also a rather long list
Ixviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE
of papers on the zoology of the same district or of the Canton "de
Vaud, inserted in the Bulletin of the Societe Vaudoise of Natural
History, and of others on the zoology of other districts, from various
other Swiss Transactions, all of which are noticed iia our ' Zoological
Record/ vols. v. and vi. To these must be added J. Saratz's " Birds
of the Upper Engadin," from the 2nd volume of the Bulletin of the
Swiss Ornithological Society, 1870. "The valley of the Upper
Engadin commences at 1860 metres above the level of the sea, and
ends at 1650 metres, where commences the Lower Engadin. The
list, therefore, given by M, Saratz includes no point situate below
that elevation. He classes the birds of this valley and of the moun-
tains which enclose it into ; — 1, sedentary birds; 2, birds which breed
in the Upper Engadine, but do not spend the winter there ; and
3, birds purely of passage. He enumerates 144 species, and gives
upon every one notes of its station, times of passage, abundance or
rarity, &c."
Meyer-Diir has a short note in the ' MittheUungen ' of the Swiss
Entomological Society (iii. 1870) on certain relations observed be-
tween the insect-faunas of Central Europe and Buenos Ayres — a
question worthy perhaps of some consideration in connexion with
the above-mentioned coincidence of a Chilian and East-Mediterranean
Oeum, and a very few other curious instances of identical or closely
representative species of plants in the hot dry districts of the East
Mediterranean, the central Australian, and the extratropical South-
American regions.
Swiss naturalists continue their activity in various branches of
biology. E. Claparede's very valuable memoirs on Annelida Chaeto-
poda and on Acarina have been fully reported on in the ' Zoological
Record,' as well as Henri de Saussure's entomological papers, which
have been continued in the more recently pubKshed volumes of the
Memoirs of the Societe de Physique of Geneva and of the Swiss
Entomological Society. In Botany, since I last noticed De Candolle's
' Prodromxis,' the 16th volume has been completed by the appear-
ance of the first part, containing two important monographs — that
of Urticaceae, by WeddeU, and of Piperaceae by Casimir de CandoUe,
together with some small families by A. de Caudolle and J. Miiller.
The social disturbances of the last twelvemonth have much delayed
the preparation of the 17th volume, which is to close this great
work ; but it is hoped that it will now be shortly proceeded with.
Of Boissier s ' Flora Orientalis,' mentioned in my Address of 1868,
the second volume is now in the printer's hands. Dr. G. Bernouilli,
who had resided some time in Central America, has published, in the
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixix
Memoirs of the General Helvetic Society (vol. xxiv.), a review of
the genus Theohroma, after having compared his specimens with
those in the herbaria of Kew, Berlin, and Geneva.
YI. Italy and the Mediterranean Region.
The biological interest of the Mediterranean Region, which in-
cludes southern Europe, the north coast of Africa, and those lands
vaguely termed the Levant, is in many respects the opposite of
that of the great Russian empire. Extending from the Straits of
Gibraltar to the foot of the Caucasus and Lebanon, over 40 to 45
degrees of longitude, by 10 to 12 degrees of latitude, from the
southern declivities of the Pyrenees, of the Alps, the Scardus, and
the Balkan, to the African shores, it shows, indeed, a certain uni-
formity of vegetation through the whole of this length and breadth ;
but it has evidently been the scene of great and frequent successive
geological convulsions and disturbances, which, whilst they have
wholly or partially destroyed some of the races most numerous in
individuals, have at the same time so broken up the surface of the
earth as to afford great facihties for the preservation or isolation of
others represented by a comparatively small number of individuals.
The consequence is that there is probably no portion of the northern
hemisphere in the Old World, of equal extent, where the species
altogether, and especially the endemic ones, are more numerous,
none, I believe, which contains so many dissevered species (those
which occupy several Kmited areas far distant from each other), and
certainly none where there are so many strictly local races, species
or even genera, occupying in few or numerous individuals single
stations limited sometimes to less than a mile. In all these respects
the Mediterranean region far exceeds, absolutely as well as rela-
tively, the great Russian region, which has three times its length
and twice its breadth ; it presents also, perhaps, almost as great a
contrast to a more southern tract of uniform vegetation extending
across the drier portion of Africa and Arabia as far as Scinde. This
diversified endemic and local character exemplified in the plants of
the Mediterranean region has, as far as I can learn, been observed
also in insects.
Of the three great European peninsulas which form the principal
portion of the region, the Italian is the narrowest and has the least
of individual character in its biology ; but it is the most central one,
and, including its continental base with the declivity of the Alps,
may be taken as a fair type of the region generally ; it is also by
far the best-known. Italy was the first amongst European nations
LINN. PROC. — Session 1870-71. h
IXX PROCEEDINGS OK XHE
to acquire a name in the pursuit of natural science after emerging
from the barbarism of the middle ages ; and although she has since
been more devoted to art, and has allowed several of the more
northern states far to outstrip her in science, she has still, amidst
all her vicissitudes, produced a fair share of eminent physiologists
as well as systematic zoologists and botanists ; and within the last
few years the cultivation of biology appears to have received a fresh
impulse. It is only to be hoped that it may not be seriously checked
by local and political intrigues, which appear to have succeeded, in
one instance at least, in conferring an important botanical post on
the least competent of the several candidates. Amongst the various
publishing academies and associations mentioned in my Address of
1865, the Italian Society of Natural Sciences at Milan contains a
considerable number of papers on Italian zoology ; and a few others
in zoology and palaeontology are scattered over the publications of
the Academies of Turin and Venice and of the Technical Institute
of Palermo. From the lists I have received, there appear to have
been recent catalogues of Sicilian and Modenese Birds by Doderlein
in the Palermo Journal, of Italian Araneida and Modenese Fishes by
Canestrini in the Milanese Transactions, and of Italian Diptera,
commenced by Rondani in the Bulletin of the Italian Entomological
Society. Malacology, so peculiarly important in the study of the
physical history of the Mediterranean region, has produced numerous
papers, chiefly in the Milanese Transactions, and in Gentiluomo's
' BuUettino Malacologico ' and ' Biblioteca Malacologica,' published
at Pisa. I also learn that at the time of the decease of the late
Prof. Paolo Savi, in the beginning of April, the manuscript of his
* Ornitologia ItaKana' was complete, and had just been placed in the
printer's hands.
In Botany, Parlatore's elaborate ' Flora Italiana ' has continued to
make slow progress. We have received up to the 2nd part of the
4th volume, reaching as far upward as Euphorbiacese, having com-
menced with the lower orders. The old Journal of Botany ceased
with the year 1847, as I presumed to have been the case when I
mentioned it in 1865, and has since been replaced by a 'Nuovo
GiornaleBotanicoItaliano,' which continues, with tolerable regularity,
issuing four parts in the year, the last received being the 2nd of the
third volume. The most valuable of the systematic papers it con-
tains are Beccari's descriptions of some of his Bornean collections.
Delpino, well known for his interesting dichogamic observations, as
well as for some rather imaginative speculations, has also contri-
buted to systematic botany a monograph of Marcgraaviaceae, but.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxi
unfortunately, without sufficient command of materials for the com-
pilation of a useful history of that small but difficult group, and with
a useless imposition of new names to forms which he thinks may
have been already published, but has not the means of verifying,
De Notaris, under the auspices of the municipality of Genoa, has
published a synopsis of Italian Biyology, forming a separate octavo
volume of considerable bulk.
Of the other two great European peninsulas I have little to say,
notwithstanding their great comparative biological importance. The
Western or Iberian peninsula is the main centre of that remarkable
Western flora to which I specially alluded in 1869, and which,
more perhaps than any other, requires comparison with entomolo-
gical and other faunas. But Spain is sadly in arrear in her pursuit
of science. With great promise in the latter half of the last century,
and certainly the country of many eminent naturalists, especially
botanists, she has now for so long been subject to chronic pronun-
ciamentos that she leaves the natural riches of her soil to be investi-
gated by foreigners. Willkomm and Lange's ' Prodromus Florae His-
panicge,' which, when I last mentioned it, was in danger of remaining
a fragment, has since been continued, and, it is hoped, will shortly
be completed by the publication of one more part. I have no notes
on any recent zoological papers beyond Steindachner's Reports on
his Ichthyological tour in Spain and Portugal, and the Catalogues
of the Zoological Museum of Lisbon publishing by the Lisbon
Academy of Sciences. The Eastern peninsula, Turkey and Greece,
with the exception of some slight attempts at Athens, has no ende-
mic biological literature, and, with its present very unsatisfactory
social state, affords little attraction to foreign visitors. The Levant,
in respect of botany at least, has been much more fully investigated ;
but there, as in Turkey, much yet remains to be done ; and pending
the issue of Boissier's second volume already mentioned, I know of
nothing of any importance in the biology of the East Mediterranean
region as having been worked out within the last two or three years.
As an hiatus, however, and yet a link between the Indian and the
European floras and faunas, it will amply repay the study to be
bestowed upon it by future naturalists.
VII. Fkance.
France, without any special endemic character, unites within her
limits portions of several biological regions, thus requiring from her
naturalists the study of all the European floras and faunas in order
rightly to understand her own. The greater part of her surface
7* 2
Ixxii PROCEEUINGS OF THE
constitutes the western extremity of that great Eusso-European
tract I have above commented upon, its flora, and probably also its
fauna, here blending with the West-European type, which spreads
more or less over it from the Iberian peninsula. To the south-east
she has an end of the Swiss Alps, connected to a certain degree with
the Pyrenees to the south-west by the chain of the Cevennes, but at
an elevation too low, and which has probably always been too low,
for the interchange of the truly alpine forms of those two lofty
ranges. South of the Cevennes she includes a portion of the great
Mediterranean region ; and the marine productions of her coasts are
those of three different aquatic regions — the North Sea, the Atlantic,
and the Mediterranean. The few endemic or local races she may
possess appear to be on those southern declivities which bound the
Mediterranean region ; and if the volcanic elevations of Central
France have a special interest, it is more from the absence of many
species common at similar altitudes in the mountains to the east or to
the south-west, than from the presence of peculiar races not of the
lowest grades, with the exception, perhaps, of a very few species
now rare, and which may prove to be the lingering remains of
expiring races.
With so many natural advantages, French science, represented
during the last two centuries by as great, if not a greater number
of eminent men than any other country, has long felt the necessity
of a thorough investigation of the biological productions of her ter-
ritory. The French Floras, both general and local, are now nume-
rous, and some of them excellent. The geographical distribution of
plants in France has also been the subject of various essays as well
as separate works. It is only to be regretted that in the Floras
themselves the instructive practice of indicating under each species
its extra-Gallican distribution has not yet been adopted. In zoology,
no general fauna has been attempted since De Blainville's, which
was never completed ; and none is believed to be even in contempla-
tion ; but I have a long list of partial Faunas and memoirs on the
animals of various classes of several French departments; and Rey and
Mulsant are publishing, in the Transactions of two Lyons Societies,
detailed monographs of all French Coleoptera.
The progress of French naturalists in Biology in general up to
1867 has been fully detailed as to zoology by Milne-Edwards, in his
' Rapport sur les Progres de la Zoologie en France ;' and as to Syste-
matic Botany by Ad. Brongniart in his ' Rapport sur les Progres de
la Botanique Phytographique.' The recent progress as to both
branches, as well as in regard to other natural sciences, has ajso
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxiii
been reviewed by M. Emile Blanchard in his aunual Addresses to
the Meetings of the Delegates of French Scientific Societies, held
every April at the Sorbonne from 1865 to 1870. The Societe Bo-
tanique de France had also up to that time been active, and the pub-
lication of its proceedings brought down nearly to the latest meetings,
I am compelled, however, for want of time, to defer some details I
had contemplated relating to the recent labours of French biologists ;
but I cannot refrain from inserting the following note on a work
mentioned only, but not analyzed, in the last volume of the * Zoological
Kecord,' obligingly communicated to me with other memoranda by
Professor Deshayes, Avhilst slowly recovering from a severe illness
contracted during the German siege : — " In Mollusca we have also
to regret that we have no complete work embracing the whole of
this important branch of the animal kingdom. It is true that we
make use of numerous works published in England, amongst which
several are excellent, such as those of Forbes and Hanley, Gwyn
Jeffreys, &c. Nevertheless I have to point out to you an excellent
work piiblished in 1869 by M. Petit de la Saussaye. The author,
a very able and scientific conchologist, is unfortunately just dead.
He has had the advantage of preparing a general catalogue of tes-
taceous MoUusea of the European Seas, possessing in his own col-
lection nearly the whole of the species inserted, and of having
received direct from the authors named specimens of the species
foreign to the French coasts. This work is divided into two parts.
The fijst is devoted to the methodical and synouymical catalogue of
the species, amounting to 1150. In the second part, these species
are distributed geographically into seven zones, starting from the
most northern and ending with the hot regions of the Mediterranean.
These zones are thus distinguished : — 1, the polar zone ; 2, the
boreal zone ; 3, the British zone ; 4, the Celtic zone ; 5, the Lusi-
tanian zone ; 6, the Mediterranean zone ; and 7, the Algerian
zone. Some years since it would have been impossible for M. Petit
to have established the fifth zone, for that nothing, literally nothing,
was known of the malacological fauna of Spain. Its seas were
until 1867 less known than those of New Holland or California.
It was only in that year that Hidalgo published a well-drawn-up
synonymic catalogue in Crosse and Fischer's ' Journal de Conchy-
liologie.' "
VIII. Britain.
The British Isles have less even than France of an endemic cha-
racter in respect of biology. They form, as it were, an outlying
Ixxiv PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
portion of regions already mentioned, the greater part, as in the case
of France, belonging to the extreme end of the great Russo-European
tract. Like France, also, they partake, although in a reduced degree,
of that Western type which extends upwards from the Ibeiian
peninsula. They are, however, completely severed from the Medi-
terranean as from the Alpine regions ; their mountain -vegetation,
and, as far as I can learn, their mountaia- zoology, is Scandinavian ;
and if it shows any connexion with southern ranges, it is rather with
the Pyrenees than with the Alps. The chief distinctive character
of Britain is derived from her insular position, which acts as a cheek
upon the passive immigration of races, and is one cause of the com-
parative poverty of her fauna and flora ; the isolation, on the other
hand, may not be ancient enough or complete enough for the pro-
duction and presei-vation of endemic forms. As far as we know,
there is not in phsenogamic botany, nor in any of the orders of ani-
mals in which the question has been sufficiently considered, a single
endemic British race of a grade high enough to be qualified as a
species in the Linnaean sense. How far that may be the case with
the lower cryptogams cannot at present be determined ; there is
still much difficulty in establishing species upon natural affinities,
and (in some Lichens and Fungi for instance) much confusion
between phases of individual life and real genera and species remains
to be cleared up. The study of our neighbours' faunas and floras
is therefore necessary to make us fully acquainted with the animals
and plants we have, and useful in showing us what we have not,
but should have had were it not for causes which require investi-
gation— such, for instance, as plants like Salvia pratensis, ia common
European species to be met with in abundance the moment we cross
the Channel, but either absent from or confined to single localities
in England.
There is no country, however, in which the native flora and
fauna have been so long and so steadily the subject of close investi-
gation as our own, nor where they continue to be worked out in
detail by so numerous a staff" of observers. To the Floras we possess
a valuable addition has been made within the last twelvemonth in
J. D. Hooker's ' Students' Flora of the British Isles ' — the best we
have for the purposes of the teacher, and in which the careful
notation of the general distribution of each species is a great im-
provement on our older standard class-books. H. C. AVatson's
recently completed ' Compendium of the Cybcle Britannica ' treats
of the geographical relations of our plants with that accuracy of
detail which characterizes all his works. In zoology, although we
tI>rNT;.U> a<jy,lETY OF LONDON. IxXV
may not have compact synoptical Faunas corresponding with our
Floras in all branches of the animal kingdom, the series of works on
British Vertebrata published by Van Voorst are a better and more
complete account of our indigenous races than any Continental state
can boast of; and I observe with much pleasure that, in the new
edition announced of the 'British Birds,' Mr. Newton proposes
specially to foUow out the determination of their geographical
range, upon which Mr. Yarrell had bestowed so much pains. With
regard to our Mollusca, we have been very fortunate. Forbes and
Hanky's costly work, published by the Ray Society, has been
followed by Gwyn Jeffreys's ' British Conchologj^' the great merits
of which as a Malacological Fauna of Britain have been fully acknow-
ledged abroad as well as at home. The present geographical as well
as the fossil range of the species is specially attended to ; and the
only thing missed is, perhaps, a general synoptical view of the cha-
racters of the classes, families, and genera into which the species
are distributed. The Bay Society series comprises also several
most valuable works on the lower orders of British animals; but
the entomological fauna of our country, especially in relation to the
insects of the adjoining continent, notwithstanding the numerous
able naturalists who devote themselves to its study, appears to be
somewhat in arrear. In answer to my query as to works where
our insects are compared with those of other countries, I received
from our Secretary, Mr. Stainton, the following reply : — " The
questions you have put to me with reference to our entomological
literature are very important; they, however, painfully call my
attention to the necessarily unsatisfactory nature of my replies.
WoUaston's ' Coleoptera Hesperidum ' * is the only separate work to
which I can direct your attention as giving the fauna of a par-
ticular district with the geographical range of such of the species
as are likewise found elsewhere. R. M'Lachlan, who in 1865 had
published (Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, v.) a Monograph of the British
Caddis-ilies, gave in 1868 (Trans. Ent. Soc. for 1868) a Monograph
of the British Neuroptera Planipenna ; but little is there said of the
European range of our species. In 1867 (Entom. Monthly Mag.
iii.) Mr. M'Lachlan, who is one of our most philosophical writers,
gave a Monograph of the British Psocidae ; and he there says, with
reference even to their distribution in our own country, * As a rule,
I have not mentioned special localities ; these insects have been so
little collected that an enumeration here of known or recorded
localities would probably appear ridiculous in a few years.' The
* Referred to in mx Addi-ess of 1869.
Ixxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Rev. T. A. Marshall has given (Entom. Monthly Mag. i. to iii.) an
Essay towards a knowledge of the British Homoptera, in which
occasionally allusion is made to the European distribution of our
British species.
" The position of the Insect-fauna of Britain may be thus stated : —
The late J. F. Stephens commenced in 1827 a systematic descriptive
work of all the orders of British Insects as ' Illustrations of British
Entomology ;' it ceased to appear after 1835, until a supplementary
volume came out in 1846. The Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera,
Neuroptera were wholly, the Hymenoptera partly, done, the Hemi-
ptera and Diptera altogether left out. In 1839 Mr. Stephens pub-
lished, in a more compendious form, a ' Manual of British Beetles.'
In 1849 an attempt was made to supply the gaps in the British
Entomology left by Stephens, and a scheme of a series of volumes
called ' Insecta Britannica ' was elaborated, in which Mr. F. Walker
was to undertake the Diptera, Mr. W. S. Dallas the Hemiptera, and,
great progress having been made in our knowledge of the smaller
moths since 1835, 1 undertook to write a volume on the Tineina. This
scheme was so far carried out, that three volumes on the British
Diptera by Mr. F. Walker (assisted by the late A. H. Haliday)
appeared in 1851, 1852, and 1856, and my volume on the British
Tineina in 1854. In 1859 another great group of the smaller
moths was described by S. J. Wilkinson, in a volume entitled ' The
British Tortrices.' The British Hemiptera not having been done
by Mr. Dallas, were undertaken by Messrs. Douglas and Scott for
the Bay Society ; and in 1865 a 4to volume was issued, containing
the Hemiptera Heteroptera, leaving the Homoptera for a second
volume, still in progress. Even in this elaborate work little or
nothing is said of the geographical distribution out of Britain of our
British species. The same remark will apply to the late J. F.
Dawson's ' Geodephaga Britannica,' published in 1854, toWestwood's
« Butterflies of Great Britain,' published in 1855, and to E. New-
man's ' Illustrated Natural History of British Moths,' published in
1869.
" I believe I do not at all exaggerate if I say that for many years
Entomology was pursued in this country with an insularity and a
narrow-mindedness of which a botanist can scarcely form a con-
ception. The system of only collecting British Insects was pursued
to such an extent that it was almost a crime to have a non-British
insect in one's possession : if accidentally placed in one's cabinet it
might depreciate the value of the entire collection ; for Mr. Samuel
Stevens can assure you that the value of the specimens depends very
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. Ixxvii
much upon their being indubitably and unmistakably British.
A specimen caught in Kent which would fetch £2 would not be
worth 2 shillings if caught in Normandy. I satirized this practice
several years since in the * Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer ' (vol.
V. and 1858, articles * Jeddo ' and ' Insularity ') ; but it is yet far
from extinct."
Perfectly concurring in Mr. Stainton's observations in the last
paragraph, I would however add that there are purposes for which
a local or geographical collection distinct from the general one may
be of great use ; and such a collection would be much impaired by
the introduction of stray foreign specimens. In a local museum, a
separate room devoted exclusively to the productions of the locality
is very instructive with reference to the history of that locality ; and
I have seen several such spoiled by the admission of exotic speci-
mens, giving the visitor false impressions which it takes time to
remove. But it is never from such an exclusive collection that the
faima or flora of the district can be satisfactorily worked out,
or that any branch of zoology or botany can be successfully taught.
Mr. Stainton adds, " It has been suggested to me that those who
have critically studied the distinctions between closely allied species
have rarely .the time to work out in addition their geographical
range, and that those who might work up the latter subject might
fail in their good intentions for want of a proper knowledge of
species." Upon this I would observe that, in the due appreciation
of a species (of its limits and connexions), its geographical range and
the various forms it assumes in different parts of its area are an
essential element ; and it appears to me that the neglect of this and
other general characters is one reason why many able naturalists,
who have devoted their lives to the critical distinction of races of
the lowest grades unduly raised to the rank of species, have really
contributed so little to any science but that of sorting and naming
collections. On the other hand, the study of geographical range
without a proper knowledge of species is little more than pure
speculation. Division of labour carried too far tends to narrow
the mind, and rather to delay than to advance the healthy progress
of science.
Mr. Stainton informs me that " there has just appeared a Mono-
graph of the Ephemeridse, by the Rev. A. E. Eaton (Trans. Entom.
See. 1871), treating of these insects throughout the globe ; and when
any species are noticed which occur in this country, their entire
geographical range is noticed. It is altogether a valuable paper, on
account of the thoroughness with which it seems to be done."
Ixxviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Since 1 last noticed our biological publications two valuable and
beautifully illustrated but costly Ornithological works, Sclater and
Salvin's ' Exotic Ornithology ' and Sharpe's ' Monograph of the
Alcedinidae,' have been completed, and various Memoirs by Flower,
Mivart, Parker, and others have considerably advanced our know-
ledge of the comparative anatomy of various groups of Mammalia.
In oui' own country also, as well as on the Continent, the biology
of various distant lands has continued to be worked out in memoirs
or independent publications, which I had contemplated noticing in
succession ; but time obliges me now to stop, and defer to a future
occasion the compilation of the notes I had collected on North
American, Australian, and other Monographs, Faunas, and Floras.
The Secretary reported that the following Members had died, or
their deaths been ascertained, since the last Anniversary : —
Fellows.
Thomas Anderson, M.D.
R, Parr Bamber, Esq.
Nathaniel Buckley, M.D.
Eobert Chambers, Esq.
Archdeacon William Hale, M.A.
A. H. Haliday, Esq.
Eev. Charles Hotham.
Richard Peek, LL.D.
Charles A. Robinson, Esq.
J. G. Yeitch, Esq.
James Yates, Esq.
FoKEiGN Members.
Moritz Hcrold. | F. A. W. Miquel, M.D.
Associate.
Henry Denny.
The Secretary also announced that nineteen Fellows and one
Foreign Member had been elected since the last Anniversary.
At the Election which subsequently took place, George Bentham,
Esq., was re-elected President ; William Wilson Saunders, Esq.,
Treasurer; and Frederick Currey, Esq., and H. T. Stainton, Esq.,
Secretaries. The following five Fellows were elected into the Coun-
cil, in the room of others going out : — viz. A. W. Bennett, Esq.,
F. D. C. Godman, Esq., M. A. Lawson, Esq., S. J. A. Salter, Esq..
the Rev. Thomas Wiltshire.
Mr. Daniel Hanbury, on the part of the Auditors of the Treasurer's
Accounts, read the Balance-sheet, by which it appeared that the total
UN^'E.i\ SOCIETY OF LONDOX.
Ixxix
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IXXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Receipts during the past year, including a Balance of ^250 9s. Id.,
carried from the preceding year, and an Investment of ^100 (Rail-
way Debenture) repaid, amounted to £1564 2s. M., and that the
total Expenditure during the same period amounted to £1128 5s.,
leaving a Balance in the hands of the Bankers of £435 17s, Qd.
Mr. "W. W. Saunders, on behalf of the following Subscribers, pre-
sented to the Society the cast of a bust, by Mr. Weekes, of J. J.
Bennett, Esq., V.P.L.S.
T. BeU, Esq.
Dr. Bowerbank,
F. Currey, Esq.
Richard Kippist.
John Miers, Esq.
Algernon Peckover, Esq.
Dr. Prior.
W. W. Saunders, Esq.
H. T. Stainton, Esq.
Alfred White, Esq.
James Yates, Esq.
OBITUARY NOTICES.
The Secretaries then laid before the Society the following Notices
of Deceased Members.
Dr. Thomas Andersok was Superintendent of the Royal Botanic
Gardens at Calcutta. He was a devoted student of natural history
at Edinburgh, and selected the East-India Company's service as
likely to afford him opportunities for the prosecution of those studies,
as it had done to many others. On the occasion of Dr. Thomson
leaving Calcutta, Dr. Anderson was appointed to the temporary
charge of the Gardens ; and he afterwards succeeded to the office of
Superintendent upon the retirement of Dr. Thomson.
Before his appointment as Superintendent, Dr. Anderson had
taken great interest in the introduction of Cinchona into Bengal.
He visited Java and brought the first plants to Sikkim himself. As
long ago as 1855 he wrote on the subject in the ' Indian Annals of
Medical Science,' and recommended in particular the cultivation of
the plant at Darjeeling, where, under his auspices, it has since suc-
ceeded so well. After his appointment, (in addition to the proper
duties of his post) he took charge of the Cinchona plantations, and
spared no exertion to make them successful. The early years of
Cinchona-cultivation in India were full of disappointment. The
plantations were moved repeatedly before a suitable spot could be
found ; and the subordinate gardeners at first gave much trouble. Dr.
Anderson laboured indefatigably during this anxious time ; and his
Reports describe the successful steps which were gained one by one,
notwithstanding repeated disheartening failures, which would have
LINNEAN SOCIKTT OF LOXDOX. Ixxxi
discouraged a less euergetic mau. Dr. Anderson was frequently on
horseback ten or twelve hours in the day, and often in continuous
rain. He had to visit the close tropical valleys, and then to mount
to Darjeeling, which he often reached chilled through and completely
exhausted. It is thought that these journeys to the low-level
plantations were the origin of the fever which fastened upon him,
and which at last caused his death. His labours, however, were
completely successful, so far as the object of the Government was
concerned. When he left India in February 1869 he had over-
come every difliculty in the cultivation of Cinchona succirnhra and
C. Calisaya, and had left to his successors the easy task of extending
the plantations by mere imitation. In February 1869 he was com-
pelled to return to England on account of dangerous illness, though
his friends feared lest his strength should prove insufficient to bear
the journey. He reached his native land in a very weak state, but
soon recovered sufficiently to enable him to prosecute his botanical
work. He began in earnest at the ' Flora of India ; ' and there was
good reason to hope that this greatly desiderated Flora would ere
long be published. In the summer of 1870, however, he suffered
a relapse, which compelled him to discontinue his labours ; and
although he sought by quiet and rest to recover his health, he never
rallied, and on the 26th of October last died at Edinburgh.
Abstracts of Dr. Anderson's valuable Reports on the Cinchona
Plantations have been printed at different times in Seemann's Journal
of Botany, where is also to be found an interesting account of the
terrible cyclone which in 1865 brought desolation to the gardens
under Dr. Anderson's care. Besides these official communications.
Dr. Anderson published the following papers on systematic botany : —
" Florula Adenensis." Supplement to vol. v. Linn. Soc. Journ.
(1860).
" On Sphcerocoma, a New Genus of Caryopliyllece." Linn. Soc.
Journ. vol. v. p. 15 (1861).
" An Enumeration of the Species of Acanihacece from the conti-
nent of Africa." Linn. Soc. Journ. vol. vii. p. 13 (1864).
*' On a presumed case of Parthenogenesis in a Species of Aberia,"
I. c. p. 67.
" On the Identification of the Acantluicece of the Linuean Her-
barium," 1. c. p. 111.
"An Enumeration of the Species of Ceylon Acanihacece," in
Thwaites's ' Enum. Plant. Zeyl.' p. 223 (1864).
"Aphelandm ornata from Brazil." Seemann's 'Journ. Bot.'
vol. ii. p. 289 (1864). ,
Ixxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE
"On Two Species of Gidfiferte.^' Linn. Soe. Journ. vol. ix.
p. 261 (1867).
''An Enumeration of the Indian Species of AcanfJuicece,'' 1. c.
p. 425.
Dr. Anderson was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 20th of
January 1859.
Xathaxiel BrcKLET, M.D,, was in practice in the medical profes-
sion at Eochdale, in Lancashire. He was a Doctor of Medicine of
St. Andrew's and Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of
England. He was also a Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edin-
burgh. He died on the 13th of January 1871, aged 49, having been
elected a Fellow of this Society on the 18th of April 1843.
Robert Chaitbeks, LL.D.. was born at Peebles, on the banks of
the Tweed, in the year 1802. His father, Mr. James Chambers,
was a muslin-weaver, and at first a prosperous manufacturer, but he
was eventually ruined by the competition of machine with hand-loom
weaving. Robert Chambers received his early education at the
Grammar School at Peebles. Being imable, from a painful defect in
his feet, to join in the play of his schoolfellows, he became a quiet,
studious boy. When he was twelve years old his father removed to
Edinburgh ; and for two years afterwards the son went to a school
kept by Mr. Benjamin Mackay, who was afterwards Head Master of
the High School. Meanwhile the family had been reduced to
poverty, and Robert Chambers was obliged to start in the world at
the early age of fifteen. He gives some account of this part of his
life in the preface to his collected works in 1847 ; and in a letter
addressed to the late Hugh Miller, in 1854, he gives some more details
of his early struggles. He says, " Till I proved that I could help
myself no friend came to me. The consequent defpug, self- relying
spirit in which at sixteen I set out as a bookseller, with only my own
small collection of books as a stock — not worth more than two
pounds, I believe — led to my being quickly independent of all aid :
but it has not been all a gain ; for I am now sensible that my spirit
of self-reliance too often manifested itself in an unsocial, unamiable
light, while my recollections of ' honest poverty ' may have made
me too eager to attain worldly prosperity.'' His elder brother
"William having started as a printer and bookseller, the two com-
menced a weekly Miscellany, called ' The Kaleidoscope : ' but it was
discontinued at the end of 1821. Robert Chambers's next literary
venture was more successful. The Waverley Novels being then in
the height of their fame, he wrote a volume entitled ' Illustrations
of the Author of Waverley,' consisting of descriptive sketches of the
LINNEAN SOCIETY OV LONDON. Ixxxiii
supposed originals of the novelist. The success of this book en-
couraged him, when only twenty years of age, to compose his
' Traditions of Edinburgh,' many of the anecdotes in which he
derived from Sir Walter Scott, with whom in his later years Kobert
Chambers was on terms of close friendship. This work made his
reputation, and other books followed in rapid succession from his
pen. Among these may be mentioned ' Walks in Edinburgh,'
' Popular Rhymes of Scotland,' the ' Picture of Scotland ' (which
was composed after extensive excursions on foot), the ' Histories of
the Scottish Rebellions,' ' Life of James I.,' ' Scottish Ballads and
Songs,' and a 'Biographical Dictionary of Distinguished Scotsmen.'
Besides writing these works and attending to his regular business,
Robert Chambers acted for some time as editor of the ' Edinburgh
Advertiser ;' and in conjunction with his brother, he brought out
the ' Gazetteer of Scotland,' a work involving immense labour. The
latter end of the year 1831 was a critical period in the fortunes of
the brothers Chambers. The agitation for Parliamentary Reform
was accompanied by a move for the spread of education. Tlie
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge was started, with a
formidable organization of chairmen, treasurers, committees, paid
and honorary secretaries, and local agents. Amongst other publica-
tions launched by this Society was ' The Penny Magazine.' A copy
of the prospectus (which appeared a long time before the periodical
itself) was seen by William Chambers, who had long been contem-
plating a similar periodical ; and he forwarded to one of the chief
promoters of ' The Penny Magazine ' several suggestions which, in
his judgment, would have improved the chances of the project. No
answer was returned to his letter ; and he determined to carry oiit
his own idea, which took the form of ' Chambers's Edinburgh
Journal.' The first number appeared on the 4th of February 1832,
six weeks before the Society in London fulfilled its promise of a
* Penny Magazine.' Success exceeded not only expectation, but the
means of production. The projector had to call in the aid of his
brother Robert for the editorship ; and all Edinburgh proved to be
equal only to produce the Scotch edition, one of the largest printing
offices in London being employed to work off the supply for England
and the colonies. ' The Penny Magazine ' expired long ago.
' Chambers's Journal ' still flourishes among the widely read weekly
periodicals of to-day. In spite of his engrossing literary occupations
at home, Mr. Robert Chambers managed to see a good deal of the
world. Being interested in geological subjects, and especially de-
sirous to examine the action of glaciers, he visited Switzerland,
Ixxxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Sweden and Norway, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, besides travel-
ling through India and the United States ; and he published excel-
lent popular accounts of his travelling experiences. The later period
of Mr. Eobert Chambers's literary career includes the following
among other works : — A ' History of the British Empire,' ' History
of Scotland,' ' Cyclopaedia of English Literature,' ' Domestic
Annals of Scotland,' 'Ancient Sea Margins,' a carefully edited
edition of Burns's Works, and the ' Book of Days ' — a work of the
nature of ' Hone's Every Day Book.' This book, which appeared
in 1864, involved several years of research in the British Museum ;
and this labour, associated as it was with some domestic calamities,
acted injuriously upon the author's nervous system, and put an end
to his literary labours, after he had worked incessantly for up-
wards of forty years, and had produced nearly a hundred volumes
abounding in original thought. On his return to Scotland he took
up his residence at St. Andrews, where the Senatus Academicus of
the University conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Laws. A
memorial of Robert Chambers would hardly be complete without
mention of the book called ' Vestiges of the Natural History of
Creation,' published more than a quarter of a century ago, and
which, by its advocacy of the view that the affairs of the world are
subject to what has since been called the " reign of law," gave great
offence in certain religious circles. Its real author may perhaps
never be known, unless some evidence confirming that which already
exists be left among Mr, Chambers's papers. The book has been
ascribed to Mrs. Robert Chambers. The controversy which it en-
gendered was most envenomed in the North ; and when, in 1848,
Robert Chambers was elected to be Lord Provost of Edinburgh, he
thought it better to withdraw in the face of the storm that was raised
against him as the supposed author. Mr. Chambers was twice
married, first to Miss Anne Kirkwood, of Edinburgh, who died in
1863, having borne him eleven children, nine of whom stiU survive.
He afterwards married a widow lady named Frith, who died about a
year ago. In social life Mr. Chambers was a universal favourite —
hospitable, full of kindliness, and shrewd and amusing in conversa-
tion. He died at St. Andrews, on the 17th of March 1871. He was
elected a Fellow of this Society on the 4th of November 1858.
Henry Denny was a native of Norwich, where he was born
in the year 1803. He resided at Norwich until 1825, when he went
to Leeds upon being appointed sub-curator of the Leeds Philoso-
phical Society, a title which was afterwards changed to that of
Curator and Assistant Secretary.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IxXXV : y^
Mr. Denny was also Secretary to the "West-Riding Geological and ^
Polytechnic Society ; and he had just prepared for the press the Ee-
port of the Transactions of this body before his last illness. To ^a^
two societies with which he was officially connected he frequently
contributed papers. He was an entomologist of high standing, and
in this branch of science published two works which have long been
recognized as authorities. His first work, the ' Monographia Psela-
phidarum et Scydmsenidarum Britanniae ' (1825), was dedicated to
the famous naturalist Dr. Kirby, who was a private friend of the
author, and was published at Norwich not long before Mr. Denny's
removal to Leeds. It was the first treatise upon the Pselaphidae
and Scydmsenidae which had appeared in this country. In the
publication of his second and more important work, he was assisted
by the British Association. The volume was entitled " Monographia
Anoplurorum Britanniae — an essay on the species of parasitic insects
belonging to the ' Anoplura ' of Leach, with the modern definitions and
the genera according to the views of Leach, Nitzsch, and Burmeister "
(1842). In the progress of the work the number of known species
increased so rapidly as to preclude the publication of the book at
the price announced in the prospectus. At the time when Mr. Denny
was engaged on the work, the British Association had its meeting at
Glasgow ; and upon the recommendation of Sir W. Jardine and Mr.
Selby, the sum of £50 was granted by the Association to assist in
furthering the knowledge of the British Anoplura. This sum was
placed at Mr. Denny's disposal, Sir "W. Jardine, Mr. Selby, Mr. W.
ZarreU, and Dr. Lankester being appointed trustees in connexion
with the grant ; and when the work was issued it was dedicated to
the two first-named gentlemen, and to Dr. R. K. Greville. Both the
above-mentioned works were illustrated by highly magnified figures
of the species described, the drawings having been executed with
taste by Mr. Denny himself. Mr. Denny was a corresponding mem-
ber of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and of the
Syro-Egyptian Society of London. He was also an honorary mem-
ber of the Philosophical Society of Dickinson College, Carlisle
(Pennsylvania), and of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society. He was
elected an Associate of this Society on the 19th of December 1843,
and died at Leeds, on the 7th of March 1871, at the age of sixty-
eight.
The Venerable William Hale Hale, M.A., Archdeacon of Lon-
don, and Master of the Charterhouse, was born on the 12th of
September, 1795. His father, who died while he was very young,
was a medical man. He became a ward of the late Mr. James
LINN. PROC. — Session 1870-71. i
^
ixXXVi PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Palmer, Treasurer of Christ's Hospital ; and it was within the walls
of that institution that his early years were passed. At eight years
of age he entered the Charterhouse School, at that time under
Dr. Raine, and at the end of his school career passed to Oriel Col-
lege, Oxford, where he took his bachelor's degree in Michaelmas
Term 1817, obtaining a second class in both classical and mathema-
tical honours. He was ordained deacon in 1818, and priest in the
following year, by the then Bishop of London, Dr. Howley. In
1824 he became chaplain to Bishop Blomfield, then bishop of
Chester (under whom he had served as afternoon and evening lec-
turer at Bishopsgate), aud he continued to hold the same position on
the promotion of Dr. Blomfield to the see of London. In 1823 he
was appointed, mainly through the influence of Archbishop Howley
and Bishop Blomfield, to the preachership of the Charterhouse.
The duties of this post he continued to discharge until twenty-eight
years ago, when on the death of Dr. Philip Fisher he was promoted
to the mastership of that foundation. He was advanced by Bishop
Blomfield successively to the archdeaconries of St. Alban's and of
Middlesex, but was transferred in 1840 to the archdeaconry of
London, to which was attached the post of a Canon Besidentiary of
St. Paul's Cathedral. He also held the living of St. Giles's Cripple-
gate from 1847 to 1857, when he resigned it. The archdeacon was
ah active member of the Committee of the Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel
in Foreign Parts, and of other societies of the English Church. A
great friendship existed between the archdeacon and Bishop Blom-
field, founded on similarity of tastes and habits of judgment. Both
belonged to the school of divines and theologians rather than of
popular and attractive preachers. Archdeacon Hale, though so long
resident in London, did not take a prominent part in City move-
ments. His name seldom appeared in connexion with its strifes or
its schemes ; for he had no taste for the platform. While he held
the Cripplegate living, he was exemplary in the discharge of his
duties as a parish clergyman, and he was active and vigilant in the
oversight of his archdeaconry. His periodical charges to the clergy
of London were looked for, and commented upon, almost as eagerly
as those of the diocesan himself. They were always distinguished
by solid good sense, and for the fearless manner in which he grap-
pled with the current topics of the day. It was for these charges
that he reserved his opinion, not only on the religious, but on the
social questions of the day ; and no one reading those charges could
fail to see that, though a silent, he was by no means an indifl^erent
i
LINKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IxXXvii
observer of current events, and that he looked abroad upon life with
discerning and intelligent eyes, and brought to bear upon passing
events a cool, clear, and impartial judgment. Archdeacon Hale had
a special fondness for antiquarian studies ; and it is to his learning
in that direction that we owe the more important productions of his
pen. He wrote a sketch of the history of the Charterhouse ; and he
afterwards published what may be called a companion sketch of
Christ's Hospital ; while for the Camden Society he produced ' The
Doomsdays of St. Paul's,' and ' Registrum Privatum S. Mariae Wigo-
niensis,' both works of great antiquarian interest. In his own
professional studies he annotated an edition of the Four Gospels
jointly with the late Bishop of Lichfield, and wrote several
devotional works for the Society for Promoting Christian Know-
ledge. Some of the articles in the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana
' were also contributed by him ; and in addition to his charges other
tracts and sermons which he preached on different occasions were
afterwards published. He died at the Charterhouse, on the 11th
of November 1870. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the
16th of June 1859.
Alexander Henhy Halidat was born at Belfast, in 180 7. His early
education took place at home. At the age of fifteen he was entered
as a student at Trinity CoUege, Dublin, where he remained five
years, obtaining the golden medal, the highest prize to which stu--
dents there could at that time attain ; he also took his M.A. degree.
Subsequently he studied for the legal profession, and was called to
the bar, but he very rarely practised. In 1843 he was appointed
High Sheriff of the County of Antrim, and discharged conscientiously
the duties of that office. At an early period of life he had shown a
taste for natural history, more especially entomology, and at the age
of twenty-one he published in the 'Zoological Journal' a local list
of Coleoptera and Diptera. Soon after this, however, he appears to
have devoted himself more especially to the order Diptera, then
almost unstudied in this country ; and he published a series of valu-
able papers thereon, which have received the highest encomiums
from the most competent judges, the learned dipterologists Loew and
Schiner.
When Mr. Francis Walker was at work on the order Diptera for
the series of the Insecta Britannica, he received much valuable
assistance from Mr. Haliday, who contributed the characters and
synoptical tables of the Diptera — of the Empidce, of the Syrphidce,
and the whole of the Dolichopidce, These contributions, as recorded
by Herr Loew in his introduction to the Monographs of the Diptera
i2
IxXXViii PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
of North America, published by the Smithsonian Institution, added
considerable value to Mr. Walker's work.
Not content with the study of Diptera, Mr. Haliday devoted much
labour to the classification of the minute parasitic Hymenoptera
belonging to the Chalcididce, Proctotrupidoe, &c. <fec. His arrange-
ment of the order Thysanoptera in the 3rd and 4th volumes of the
• Entomological Magazine ' shows how thoroughly and exhaustively
he investigated the most difficult groups of insects. About the year
1860, Mr. Haliday's health became uncertain; severe dyspeptic
attacks reacted upon the nervous system, and occasioned periods of
apathetic melancholy which he could not shake off, and which ren-
dered all work impossible during their continuance, notwithstanding
that his mental powers remained unimpaired. He sought the more
joyous climate of Italy, and took up his residence with his relative.
Signer Pisani, near Lucca. Here he devoted himself to collecting •
and studying Italian insects, and to recording the habits of those in-
jurious to the cultivations of that part of the country ; but his con-
tributions to Entomological literature were but few in his latter years.
In 1868 he visited Sicily, in company with his friend Dr. Perceval
Wright ; but the fatigues of this journey and the insalubrity of the
climate seemed to tell severely upon him. In the same year he took
a very active part in the formation of the Italian Entomological
Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on the
3rd February 1857, only a short time before the state of his health
necessitated comparative quiet from mental exertion. Having been
iU at Rome in the summer of 1869, although he recovered for a
time, another illness, in 1870, proved fatal. He died on the 12th of
July in that year, at the age of sixty-three.
FEfiniKic Antoine Gtjillatjme MiauEL was born on the 24th of
October, 1811, at Neuenhaus, in Hanover. He received his early
education from his father, Dr. Miquel, and in the year 1829 went
as a student to the University of Groningen. WhUst a student he
became known as a botanist by his description of the Cryptogams
of the Netherlands, which appeared as the second part of C. H.
Van Hall's ' Flora of Northern Belgium.' He took his degree as
Doctor of Medicine in May 1833, and in November of the same year
he was appointed Hospital Physician at Amsterdam, and in 1835 was
nominated Lecturer on Botany in the Clinical School at Rotterdam.
Whilst in practice as a physician, he published the following works
on Botany : —
' Monographia generis Melocacti,' ' Commentatio de vero Pipere
Cubeba' (1839), ' Observationes de Piperaceis et Melastomaceis '
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONPOX. Ixxxix
(1840), ' Monographia Cycadearum ' (1843), * Systema Piperacea-
rum,' ' Genera et Species Cycadearum,' ' Sertum exoticum,' ' Obser-
vationes de ovule et embryonibus Cycadearum/ and ' lUustrationes
Piperacearum.'
He became Professor at the Athenaeum at Amsterdam in July
1846, and worked zealously at Tropical Botany, at the same time
devoting much attention to Fossil Botany. During his residence in
Amsterdam he published some important botanical works, viz, : —
* Analecta Botanica Indica,' three parts ; * Stirpes Surinamenses
selectee,' with 65 plates ; and the ' Flora Indise Batavse/ the leading
work on the flora of the Indian Archipelago, in four parts. In
September 1859 he was appointed Professor in the University of
Utrecht, and in 1862 he became Director of the Eojal Herbarium
at Leyden. The latter appointment gave him access to the valuable
"treasures of this collection, and afforded him the opportunity of ex-
hibiting his talent in the description of plants. The result of his
labours appeared in the ' Annales Musei Lugduno-Batavi ; ' in its
preparation he was assisted by many able colleagues, but took the
largest and most difficult share himself. His description of the
Japanese plants in the herbarium shows the great value of the mate-
rials in his hands ; and a great number of other works prove his
indefatigable iodustry — as, for instance, ' Choix de plantes rares
ou nouvelles, cultivees dans le Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg,'
* Prolusio Florae Jajjonicae,' and other notices of the plants of this
remarkable country, such as ' De palmis Arehipelagi Indici,''De
Cinchonae speciebus,' &c. He had just finished the first part of a
new work, ' Illustrations de la flore de I'Archipel,' when his failing
health began to cause his friends anxiety. Although he never had
a strong constitution, he was able to perform the duties of his office
until about a year ago, when he suffered from repeated attacks of
difficulty of breathing. In the course of last summer, being recom-
mended to try the effect of change of air, he spent several weeks in
the mountainous districts of Thiiringen, with apparently satisfactory
results. On his retui'n to Utrecht, in September, the old symptoms
reappeared in an aggravated degree ; but he nevertheless continued
to work tin the latter end of October, though becoming weaker
every day. Three days before his death his physicians discovered
that he was suffering from an abscess in the liver, which had pene-
trated the lungs. His weakened constitution was unable to bear up
against the consequent suffering ; and he died on the 23rd of January,
1871, at the age of 59, deeply regretted, not only by his relations, but
by his numerous friends and pupils. Besides the important works
PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
mentioned above, Dr. Miquel contributed to a revision of the Phar-
macopoeia of the Netherlands, which was completed just before his
death, but of which he did not live to see the publication. He was
a member of most of the scientific societies of Europe, and in
May 1850 he was appointed Doctor of Natural Science in the
University of Groningen ; he received also the orders of the Lion of
the Netherlands, and of the North Star of Sweden, as well as the
Austrian Order of Prancis Joseph. He was elected a Foreign
Member of the Linnean Society on the 2nd of May 1854.
EiCHAED Peek, LL.D., was the second son of William Peek,
Esq., of Balham Hill, Surrey. He was born in 1831, and edu-
cated for the law. He retired from practice some years ago, and
devoted himself to the good of the poor in Brighton, and, in con-
junction with the Rev. E. Clay, he did much to improve the con-
dition of the fishermen. He was also an active member of the
Board of Guardians, and the author of several pamphlets on the
Poor Laws, being a great advocate for equalization of the poor-
rates and other social improvements. He devoted much atten-
tion to the subject of Ichthyology, and published several papers
on that branch of natural history. He died at his country resi-
dence, St. Clair, Hayward's Heath, after a very short iUness, of con-
gestion of the lungs, on the 14th of April 1871. He was elected a
Fellow of this Society on the 21st of April 1864.
Chakles Augustus Eobinson, F.R.C.S., was for a short time
Eesident Medical Officer at St. Peter's Hospital, Berners-street.
He afterwards left England and went to Kingston, in Jamaica, where
he died on the 20th of June 1870. He was elected a Fellow of
this Society on the 20th of January 1870, so that his name never
appeared in the printed List of Fellows,
John Gould Veitch was born at Exeter, in April 1839. He de-
voted himself at an early age to the business of a nurseryman, and
took an active part in the management of his father's estabhshment
at Chelsea. In 1860, almost as soon as he had attained his majority,
he started on a voyage to Japan and China, whence he proceeded
to the Philippine Islands. The result of this journey was the intro-
duction to England of many choice plants, among which may be
mentioned the lovely Primula cortusoides amoena, and several hand-
some Conifers, such as Abies firma, Abies Alcoquiana, and Cryptomeria
elegans, besides Lilium auratum, Ampelopsis tricuspidata ( Yeitcliii),
A.japoniea, and other plants. In 1864 he started for Australia and
the South Sea Islands, whence he returned in February 1866, after
an absence of eighteen or twenty months, bringing with him some
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Xci
of the most beautiful plants of modern introduction, amongst others
the numerous richly coloured forms of Croton and Draccena, which
are now becoming known. Of the Crotons alone no fewer than
twenty-three distinct kinds were obtained ; and of Draccence, D. regina
magnijica, Mooreana, Chelsoni, Macleayl, and several others. To
these may be added such distinct and popular subjects as AcalypJia
WilJcesiana (tricolor) , Amaranthus melancholictis ruber, Coleus Veitchii
and Gibsoni, the choice and valuable Panclanus Veitchii, Aralia
Veitchii, and many others. During this journey Mr. Yeitch visited
Cape York, in Northern Australia, where he obtained a new palm,
to which, in honour of him, the name Veitchia Johannis has been
given. In the early part of 1867 Mr. Veitch was taken seriously
ill with an affection of the lungs, and for some time his life was de-
spaired of. He ralh'ed, however, under careful treatment, and, though
subsequently obHged to winter in a warmer climate, his friends
were not without hope that his life might be for some time spared
to them. This hope, however, was disappointed ; for on the 9th of
August 1870 he was attacked with haemorrhage from the lungs,
under which he gradually sank, and died on the evening of the 13th
of August, 1870, at his residence at Coombe "Wood. He was elected
u Fellow of this Society on the 6th of December 1866.
James Yates, F.R.S., was born on the 30th of April, 1789,atToxteth
Park, near Liverpool. His father was a well-known and highly re-
spected minister of a Presbyterian congregation ; and his mother was
the daughter of Mr. John Ashton, the projector of the Sankey Canal,
the first canal which was made in the country. Mr. Yates was a
pupil of the Rev. William Sheppard, the minister of the Presbyte-
rian Chapel at Gateacre. "When he was sixteen years old he went
to the University of Glasgow ; and after passing three sessions there
and one at Edinburgh, he took his degree as M.A. in 1812. He
was afterwards a student in the University of Berlin. He followed
his father's profession as minister of a Presbyterian congregation,
first at Glasgow, afterwards at Birmingham, and lastly at the old
Presbyterian Chapel in Little Carter Lane, Doctors' Commons,
dui-ing which time he published his discourses on the chief points
of the Socinian controversy and his vindication of Unitarianism.
Having relinquished the ministry, he devoted himself almost exclu-
sively to scientific and literary pursuits, which were more congenial
to his disposition than religious controversy.
Mr. Yates was elected a Member of the Geological Society in
1819, not long after its foundation, and he became a FeUow of the
Royal Society in 1839. He took an active part with Dr. Guest, the
XCll PROCEEDINGS OE THE
Master of Caius College, Cambridge, in the formation of the Philo-
logical Society in 1842, and had also a considerable share in the
management of the British Association for some years after its first
establishment in York in 1831. Of late years he devoted especial
attention to the subject of the introduction of the metric system into
this country. In November 1851 the Institution of Civil Engineers
invited essays to be delivered on the best system of remedying the
inconvenience resulting from the present want of uniformity between
the weights and measures and coins of the different countries of
Europe ; and the Institute awarded to Mr. Yates their Telford medal
for his essay on that subject. He was afterwards engaged in a sta-
tistical congress at Paris relating to the same subject, and prepared
an account of the origin and formation of the International Associa-
tion for obtaining a uniform decimal system of measures, weights,
and coins ; and he continued actively engaged up to the time of his
death in promoting the success of that Association.
Mr. Yates always took great interest in the welfare of the Lin-
nean Society, contributing liberally to its funds when appealed to,
and frequently, while his health permitted, attending the Meetings
of the Society and Council ; and our library has been indebted to
him for numerous donations, some of very recent date. In his gar-
den at Highgate he was a very successful cultivator of flowering
plants, especially the Cycadece, of which he possessed a beautiful
coUectioD of drawings. These drawings have, through the kindness
of Mrs. Yates, become the property of the Linnean Society.
Besides numerous able essays on classical, archaeological, and other
subjects, Mr. Yates was the author of the following papers relating
to Natural History : —
1. "Account of a Variety of Argillaceous Limestone found in
connexion with the Ironstone of Staffordshire. (Trans. Geol. Soc.
vol. V. 1821.)
2. " Notice respecting the Quartz-rock of Bromsgrove Lickie."
(Ibid. 2nd series, vol. ii.) Bead, June 1822.
3. " Observations on the Structure of the Border Country of Salop
and North Wales ; and of some detached groups of Transition Rocks
in the Midland Counties." (Ibid. 2nd ser. vol. ii.) Bead, March
1825.
4. " On the Formation of AUuvial Deposits." (Edinb. New Phil.
Journal, 1831.)
5. " Notice of a Submarine Porest in Cardigan Bay." Read,
Nov. 1832. (Proc. Geol. Soc. vol. i.)
6. "On Specimens containing Fossil Vegetables from the I^ew
LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XCUl
Red Sandstone at Stanford and Ambersley, in Worcestersliire."
(Brit. Assoc. Eeport, 1837.)
7. Report of the Committee for making Experiments on the
Growth of Plants under Glass. (8vo, London, 1831.)
8. * On the Footsteps of Extinct Animals observed in a Quarry
in Rathbone Street, Liverpool.' (Ibid., 1840.)
9. " Observations on Certain Species of Cycadece.''^ (Phytologist,
vol. iii. 1850.)
10. " Notice of Zam'm gic/as." (Proe, Yorkshire Phil. Soc. 1855.)
11. " On the Inflorescence of Ci/cas revoluta and Macrozamia
spiralis" (Proc. Linn. Soc. vol. ii.)
Mr. Yates died at Lauderdale House, Highgate, on the 7th of
May 1871, at the age of 82. He was elected a Fellow of this
Society on the 17th of December 1822.
June 1st, 1871.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The President nominated J. J. Bennett, Esq., George Busk, Esq.,
J. D. Hooker, M.D., and W. W. Saunders, Esq., Vice-Presidents for
the ensuing year.
Mr. J. C. Melvill, Jun., F.L.S., exhibited specimens of Siler tri-
lobum. Scop. (S. aqidlegifolium, Gsertn.), found on the 25th ult., in a
field above the chalk-pit at Cherry Hinton, Cambridgeshire, where it
had been previously gathered by Mr. Melvill in June 1867.
The following papers were read : —
1. " Notes on some plants from Northern China," by Henry F.
Hance, Ph.D. &c. Communicated by J. D. Hooker, M.D., C.B,,
V.P.L.S. &c.
2. " On the Hippocrateacese of South America," by John Miers,
Esq., F.R. & L.SS.
June 15, 1871.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Mr. Hewlett exhibited two living specimens of the Tarantula
Spider, which he had received from Madeira ; the female had laid a
LINN. PKOC. — Session 1870-71. k
XCIV^ PROCEEDINGS OF THE
few eggs, which he believed had been fertilized; and these she care-
fully guarded in a silken bag.
Professor Westwood exhibited drawings of specimens of insects
which in the imago state had still retained the head of the larva : —
a Dytiscus, from China, in the Bowring collection; a Gastropodia
querdfolia, in the Stephens collection (both in the British Museum) ;
a Vanessa Atalania and a Bombyx Mori, in Mr. Bond's collection ;
an Helojphilus, and a Morpho, of which Dr. Hagen, now in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, had sent him an elaborate drawing.
The following paper was read, viz. : —
" On British Spiders ; supplementary to a communication ' On
British Spiders new to Science,' " &c., by the Eev. 0. P. Cambridge.
Communicated by H. T. Stainton, Esq., Sec. L.S.
The following Eeport, on the Additions to the Library since the
last Report (above, p. i), was laid before the Meeting : —
The Publications of Scientific Bodies received since the date of the
last Report (Nov. 3rd, 1870) have been the following : —
Deitmaek : —
Royal Danish Society of Science, Copenhagen. Transactions
(Skrifter), Ser. 5, ix. parts 2 to 4; Proceedings (Oversigt over
Forhandlinger), 1870, n. 2.
Botanical Society of Copenhagen, Journal (Tidsskrift), iv. part 1.
Sweden : —
Royal Society of Sciences, TJpsala. Transactions (Nova Acta),
Ser. 3, vii. parts 1, 2.
University of Lund. Transactions (Acta or Ars-skrift) for 1869.
Russia : —
Entomological Society of Russia, St. Petersburg. Horse, vii.
n. 1 to 3.
Imperial Society of Naturalists, Moscow. Bulletin, 1870, i.
n. 1,2.
linnean bociett of london. xcy
Germany : —
Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin. Index to the Memoirs, 1710
to 1870 ; Proceedings (Monatsberichte), 1870 June to December,
and 1871 February to April.
Royal Horticultural Society, Berlin. Weekly Journal ("Wochen-
schrift), xiii. 1870.
Imperial Academy of Sciences, Vienna. Minutes of meetings
(Anzeiger), 1870-1871.
Imperial and Royal Geological Institute (Reichs-Anstalt), Vienna.
Transactions (Verhandlungen), v. n. 1 ; Journal (Jahrbuch), xx. n. 2
to 4.
Zoologico -Botanical Society, Vienna. Transactions (Verhand-
lungen), XX.
Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich. Memoirs (Ab-
handlungen), x. part 3 ; Proceedings (Sitzungsberichte), 1870, ii.
part 1.
Senckenberg Society of Natural History. Transactions (Abhand-
lungen), vii. parts 3, 4 ; Report (Jahresbericht) for 1869-70.
Natural History Society of Hanover. Proceedings (Jahresbe-
richte), 1869-70.
Silesian Society for the education of the Fatherland, Breslau.
Natural History and Medicine. Transactions, 1869-70 ; Proceed-
ings (Jahresberichte), 1869.
Dutch Netherlands : —
Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam. Transactions (Verslagen
en Mededeelingen) ; Literature, xii. ; Natural History, ser. 2, iv. ;
Annual Report or Journal (Jaarboek), 1869 ; Minutes of meetings,
1869-70.
Netherlands Entomological Society, the Hague. Journal (Tijd-
schrift) of Entomology ; ser. 2, v. parts 3 to 6, vi. part 1.
Belgiitm : —
Royal Botanical Society of Belgium, Brussels. Bulletin, ix. part 2.
Entomological Society of Belgium, Brussels. Annales, xiii.
Switzerland : —
Society of Physics and Natural History, Geneva. Memoirs, xx.
part 2.
1-2
xcvi pkoceedings op the
Italy : —
Royal Academy of Sciences, Turin. Proceedings (Atti), iv. sup-
plement, V.
Eoyal Institute of Venice. Memoirs, xiv. part 3 ; Proceedings
(Atti), xiv. parts 6 to 10, xv. part 1.
France : —
Botanical Society of France. Bulletin, xvii. ; Comptes Rendus,
n. 2.
Asia : —
Royal Natural History Society of Dutch. India, Batavia. Natural
History Journal of Dutcli India (Tijdschrift), various parts, com-
pleting the Society's series to vol. xxxi.
Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta. Journal, xxxix. (1870),
History, etc. parts 3, 4 ; Physical Science, parts 3, 4 ; Proceedings,
1870-71.
AlTSTEAlIA : —
Royal Society of Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings, 1868 and
1869.
Beitish Dominion : —
Natural-History Society of Montreal. Canadian Naturalist, new
ser. V. parts 2, 3 ; Canadian Entomologist, ii. to part 11.
Canadian Institute. Canadian Journal of Science, etc., new ser.
xiii. part 1.
Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, Halifax. Transac-
tions, ii. part 4.
Gbeat Britain and Ireland : —
Royal Society. Philosophical Transactions, clx. part 2; Pro-
ceedings, xix. n. 123 to 127.
Entomological Society. Transactions, 1870, parts 3 to 5.
Geological Society. Quarterly Journal, xxvi. part 4, xxvii. part 1.
Linnean Society. Transactions, xxvii. part 3 ; Journal, Zoology,
xi. n. 50, 51 ; Botany, xi. n. 56.
London Institution. Journal, n. 1 to 3.
Quekett Microscopical Club. Journal, ii. n. 13.
Royal Agricultural Society. Journal, vii. part 1.
Royal Asiatic Society. Journal, new ser. v. part 1.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XCVU
Royal Geographical Society. Proceedings, xiv. n. 5, xv. n. 1.
Royal Institution. Proceedings, vi. part 3.
Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. Proceedings, vi. n. 7 ;
Transactions, liii.
Zoological Society. Transactions, vii. parts 3 to 5 ; Proceedings,
1870.
Royal Society of Edinburgh. Transactions, xxvi. part 1.
Botanical Society of Edinburgh. Transactions, x. part 2.
Berwickshire Naturalists' Field Club. Proceedings, vii. n. 2.
Malvern Naturalists' Field Club. Transactions, i.
Rugby School Natural History Society. Report for 1870.
"Warwickshire Natural History and Archaeological Society. 34th
Annual Report.
The Biological Papers contained in the above Transactions and Pro-
ceedings, and in the Journals received (excepting old volumes or
parts analyzed in the Royal Society's Index), and the separate works
added to the Library since the last Report, are as follows : —
Mammaiia and General Zoology : —
E. Atkinson. On some points of Osteology of the Pichinigo
(Chkcmydojyhorus truncatus), 2 plates. From the Joum. Anat. and
Physiol. Presented by the Author.
A. D. Bartlett. On the habits of ^lurus fulgens in captivity.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
T. L. "W. Bischoff. Contributions to the anatomy of Hijhhates
fuscics and to the comparative anatomy of the muscles of Apes and
Man, 5 plates. Trans. R. Bav. Acad. Sc. x.
0. Bollinger. On the Aneurysma verminosum of the intestinal
arteries and the colic of horses. Proc. R. Bav. Acad. Sc. 1870, i.
W. H. Flower. Additional note on the Common Fin-whale —
On the anatomy of j^luriis fulgens, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Sor.
1870.
0. Friedlowsky. On some deformities in an Ape and in a Cat,
1 plate. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx.
P. Gervais. On the Cetacea of the French shores of the Medi-
terranean (from the Comptes Rendus). Presented by the Author.
J. B. Gilpin. On the Mammalia of Nova Scotia, 2 papers.
Trans. Nov. Scot. Inst. Nat. Sc. ii.
J. E. Gray. On the skuUs of Orca in the British Museum, wood-
cuts.— On the arrangement of the genera of Delphinoid Whales. —
XCViii PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Description of an adult skull of Eujpleres Ooudotii, 1 plate. — Notes
on Hapalemur simus, 1 plate and woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
— On the genus Myoictis. — On a new Lemur from Madagascar. —
"Various short notes on Mammalia. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
vii.
G. Gulliver, On the size of the red corpuscules in the blood of
various Mammalia, woodcuts. — On the taxonomic characters af-
forded by the muscular sheath of the oesophagus in Sauropsida and
other Vertebrata. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
C. Koch. On the habits of life of indigenous Bats. Rep.
Senckenb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1869-70.
G. Krefft. Notes on the Eauna of Tasmania, with remarks by
M. AUport. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1868-69.— On the skeleton of a
rare Whale captured near Lord Howe's Island. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1870.— Notice of a new Australian Ziphioid Whale, woodcut. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
N. Lieberkiihn. On the motory phenomena of animal cells (from
Trans. Marb. Soc. Nat. Sc). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.
J. C. G. Lucae. The skuUs of the Japanese Sus jpliciceps, Gray,
3 plates. Trans. Senckenb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii.
A. Macalister. On some points of the myology of the Chim-
panzee. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
A. B. Meyer. On the system of nerves (Hemmungsnerven) of the
heart, 8vo. Berlin, 1869. Presented by Mr. Darwin.
St. G. Mivart. On the vertebrate skeleton, 1 plate. Trans.
Linn. Soc. xxvii.
J. Murie. On the anatomy of the Prongbuck, Antilocapra ameri-
cana, woodcuts. — On the Saiga Antelope, woodcuts. — On PJioca
grcenlavidica, 1 plate. — On a case of variation in the horns of a
Panolian Deer, woodcut. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870. — Notes on the
white-beaked Bottlenose, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, Gray, 1 plate.
Joum. Linn. Soc. xi.
A. Newton. On Crketus nigricans as a European species, 1 plate.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
J. B. Perrin. On the anatomy of Balcenoptera rostrata, woodcuts.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
W. C. H. Peters. On Propiihecus Dechenii, a new species from
Madagascar. — Descriptions of new Amphibia, 2 plates. — On new
species of Crocedura in the Royal Museum, Berlin. — Monographic
revision of the Cheiropterous genera Nycteris and Atalapha. Mo-
natsber. R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1870. — Cheiroptera from Sarawak.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XCIX
Nat. Tijdschr. v. Ned. lud. xxxi. — On Pectlnator, a genus of rodent
Mammalia from N.E. Africa, 3 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. vii.
H. Keeks. On the zoology of Newfoundland. Zoologist, ser. 2,
vi.
W. Rutherford. On the influence of the vagus on the vascular
system. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. xxvi.
P. L. Sclater. On certain species of Deer in the Zoological
Society's Menagerie, 12 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. — On Hylohates
Lar and H. Hoolock, 1 plate. — A new Kangaroo and a Bat, plate and
woodcuts. — A Jackal from the Gaboon, 1 plate. — Cervus Alfredi,
1 plate. — Macacus leoninus, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
H. Settegast. The rearing of Animals (Die Thierzucht), 1 vol.
large 8vo, copiously illustrated. Breslau, 1869. Presented by Mr.
Darwin.
R. Swinhoe. A new Deer from China, 2 plates. — On the Mam-
mals of Hainan, 1 plate. — Zoological notes of a journey from Canton
to Pekin and Kalgan. — Catalogue of the Mammals of China and
Formosa, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
W. Turner. Account of the great Finner Whale, Balcenoptera Sib-
haldii, stranded at Longniddry, 4 plates. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb.
xxvi.
Obnithology : —
V. BaU. Notes on Birds of the Andaman Islands. Journ. Anat.
Soc. Bengal, 1870.
J. V. Barboza du Bocage. A new PeHcan, 2 communications.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
R. 0. Cunningham. On some points in the anatomy of the King-
fisher, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
C. Darwin. Notes on the habits of the Pampas Woodpecker.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
A. David. Two new Birds from W. Szechuen. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, vii.
D. G. Elliot. New genera and species of Birds, 2 plates. — New
Pheasants from Eastern Turkestan and Formosa. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1870.
0. Finsch. On a collection of Birds from N.E. Abyssinia and the
Bogos country, -with notes by W. Jesse, 5 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc.
vii. — A new Penguin, 1 plate. — On a collection of Birds from Trini-
dad. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
E. Giglioli and Count T. Salvadori. New or little-known Birds
C PROCEEDINGS OF IHE
collected in the voyage of the corvette Magenta. Atti Acad. Sc.
Turin, v.
H. H. Godwin- Austen. Second list of Birds from Khasia, Silhet,
etc. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1870.
J. Gould. Two new Humming-birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870. —
A new species of Pitta. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
J. Haast. On the Dinornis-bones in New Zealand. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1870.
G. Hartlaub. Eeport on the contributions to Ornithology during
the year 1869. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi.
G. Hartlaub and 0. Finsch. On Lohiospiza notahilis, a new Finch
from the Navigator's Islands, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
W. H. Hudson. Letters on the Ornithology of Buenos Ayres.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
J. M. Jones. On the Laridae of Nova Scotia. Trans. Nov. Scot.
Inst. Nat. Sc. ii.
H. Magnus. Remarks on the Osteology of the head of Birds,
6 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi.
C. H. T. and G. F. L. Marshall. On the classification of the
Capitonidse, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
J. Murie. On a specimen of Aquila Barthelemyi in the Zoological
Society's Gardens. Proc, Zool. Soc. 1870.
R. Owen. On Dinornis, part 15, 5 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc.
vii.
H. Reeks. Notes on the Birds of Newfoundland. Canad. Natu-
ralist, V.
Count P. Salvadori. Critical review of the descriptive catalogues
of Birds collected by 0. Antinori in North-central Africa, 2 plates.
Atti Acad. Sc. Turin, v.
0. Salvin. On some collections of Birds from Veraguas, with
Inap. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
P. L. Sclater. New and little-known Birds from the Parana,
1 plate. — Tvro new Phasianidse, 2 plates. — On the Cuckoos of the
genus Coccyziis. — Ibis Bernieri, from Madagascar, woodcuts. — De-
scriptions and figures of Birds from the Museum of the Zoological
Society, 4 plates. — New Birds of the genus Elainea, woodcuts. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1870.
P. L. Sclater and 0. Salvin. New Birds collected by Dr. Habel
in the Galapagos Islands, woodcuts. — Synopsis of the Cracidse. — On
some recent additions to the Avifauna of Mexico. — Venezuelan Birds
collected by A. Ooeriug, 2 plates. — On Hondiu'as Birds collected by
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. CI
G. M. Whitely. — Five new Birds from the United States of Colum-
bia, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
R. B. Sharpe. On the genus Pelargopsisj Gloger. — On Campephaga
Andersoni, from S.W. Africa, 1 plate. — On the Birds of Angola,
1 plate. — On the Hirundinidae of the Ethiopian Region. — Contribu-
tions to the Ornithology of Madagascar, 1 plate and woodcuts. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1870.
R. B. Sharpe and H. E. Dresser. New and little-known points
in the economy of the Swallow. — On Lanius ecccuhitoi' and its allies.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
J. Stoliczka. Contributions to Malayan Ornithology. Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix.
R. Swinhoe. On the pied Wagtails from China, woodcuts. — On a
new Accentor from China, 1 plate. — Seven new Birds from the Yang-
tsze, 1 plate. — On the Plovers of the genus ^gialites in China, 1 plate,
— List of Birds collected by Mr. C. Collingwood in China and Japan. —
Zoological notes of a journey from Canton to Pekin and Kalgan. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1870. — Four new Asiatic Birds, Ann, Nat, Hist, Ser. 4, vii.
Viscount "Walden. Three new species of Asiatic Birds. Ann,
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
Ibis, Ser, 2. n. 24, and Ser. 3, n. 1 and 2.
ICHTHTOLOOr :
M. Allport. On the Introduction of Salmonidae into Tasmania,
two communications. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
P. Bleeker. New Fishes from Chiaa, 4 papers, 2 plates. Trans.
R. Acad. Sc. Amsterdam, Ser. 2, iv,
F. Day. On the Freshwater Fishes of Burmah. — On some Fishes
from the W. Coast of India. — On the Fishes of the Andaman Islands.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870,
P. Gervais. On the Freshwater Fishes of Algeria (from the
Comptes Rendus). Ann. Nat, Hist. Ser, 4, vii,
G. GuUiver. On the anatomy and economy of the Lampreys,
Proc, Zool, Soc, 1870,
A, Giinther, On Prototroctes, a genus of freshwater Fishes from
Australia, Proc, Zool. Soc, 1870. — Ceratodus, and its place in the
system. Ann. Nat, Hist, Ser, 4, vii,
C. P. Klunginger. Synopsis of the Fishes of the Red Sea, part 1.
Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx.
C. Liitken. On the limits and classification of the Ganoids (from
the Bibl. Geuev.). Ann, Nat, Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
CU PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
J. Murie. On the irregularity in the growth of Salmon, 1 plate
and woodcuts. Proc. Zool, Soc. 1870.
Lieut- Col. Playfair. On Discognathus lamta from the neighbour-
hood of Aden. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
H. Reeks. On the Zoology of Newfoundland. Zoologist, Ser. 2,
vi.
F. H. Troschel. On the sexual distinction in Neosilurus brevi-
dorsalis. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi.
Reptiles akd Batrachia : —
W. T. Blanford. On some Reptilia and Batrachia from Central
India, 3 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix.
B. Dybowskei. On the aquatic Lizards of Siberia. Trans. Zool.-
Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx.
E. D. Cope, Note on Siredon-metamorphoses (from Sillim. Journ.).
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
A. C. J. Edeling. Researches on the Erpetological Fauna of
Sumatra. Tijdschr. v. Ned. Ind. xxxi.
J. E. Gray. Notes on Tortoises of the British Museum, with
descriptions of new species, 2 plates. — Notes on three Tortoises
living in the Gardens of the Zoological Society, 2 plates. — Two new
Tortoises from India in the collection of T. C. Jerdon. — On the
family Dermatemydse, 1 plate. — On Cyclanosteits senegalensis, 1 plate.
— On Bartlettia. — On the species of Rhinoclemmys in the British
Museum. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870. — On the claspers of male Lizards,
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
A. Giinther. On the locality of Megalixdlus infrarufus. — Re-
vised account of tailless Batrachians in the British Museum, 1 plate.
— A new Indian Lizard of the genus Calotes. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1870.
A. B. Meyer. On the poison-glands of Callophis. Tijdschr. v.
Ned. Ind. xxxi. and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
J. MLlde. On Zootoca vivipara. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx.
St. G. Mivart. On the axial skeleton of the Urodela, woodcuts.
— On the myology of Chamceleon Parsonii, woodcuts. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1870,
W. V. Nathusius. On the egg-shell of the Adder, and on the
oval cords (Eischniire) of Serpents, Batrachia, &c. 1 plate. Zeitschr.
wiss. Zool. xxi.
W. C. H. Peters. On some new Lizards. Monatsber. R, Acad.
Sc. Berlin, 1870.
LINITEAN SOCIETY OP lONDON. Clll
C. Eitsema. On the origin and development of PeriphyHtis Testudo.
Trans. E. Acad. Sc. Amsterdam, ser. 2. iv.
A. Sanders. On the myology of Flatydactylm japonicus. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1870.
F. Stoliczka. On Indian and Malayan Amphibia and Eeptilia
(continued), 3 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix.
E. Swinhoe. List of Eeptiles and Batrachia collected in Hainan.
— Notes on Eeptiles and Batrachia collected in various parts of
China. Proc, Zool. Soc. 1870.
W. B. Tegetmeier. On the metamorphoses of the Axolotl, woodcut.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
Ckttstacea aot) Arachnida : —
0. P. Cambridge. New British Spiders, 4 plates. Trans. Linn.
Soc. xxvii. — Monograph of the genus Idiops, 2 papers, 1 plate. —
New genera and species of Araneidea, 1 plate. — On Arachnida col-
lected by J. K. Lord in Sinai and on the Eed Sea, 1 plate. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1870.
A. Gerstacker. Eeport on the scientific contributions to the
natural history of Myriopoda, Arachnida, and Crustacea for 1867-8.
Wiegm. Archiv, xxxv.
J. A. Herklots. Two new genera of Crustacea living on fish,
1 plate. Trans. E. Acad. Sc. Amsterdam, ser. 2, iv.
A. Metzger. The marine Invertebrata of the coasts of East Fries-
land, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Hanover, 1869-70.
E, Olsson. New parasitical genera of Copepoda. Mem. Univ.
Lund, 1869.
"W. ThoreU. On European Spiders. Trans. E. Soc. Sc. Upsala,
Ser. 3, vii. ; also separate copy, presented by the Author.
Entomology : —
F. Brauer. Eeport on the contributions to Entomology for the
years 1867-68. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxiv. ; and for 1869, "Wiegm.
Archiv, xxxvi.
A. G. Butler. List of Diurnal Lepidoptera collected by Mr.
Spaight in N. India. — On abnormities in the neuration of the hind
wings of Acrcea andromacha. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870. — On the habitat
of Diadema octocula. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
Baron de Chaudoir. Monograph of Graphipterides. Bull. Soc.
Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1870, i.
CIV PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
H. Davis. On the mobility of the spines of certain Insects' Eggs.
Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii.
N. ErschoflP. A new Argynnis from E. Siberia. Bull. Soc, Imp.
Nat. Mosc. 1870, i.
E. X. Eieber. Twelve new genera and twelve new species of
European Hemiptera, 2 plates. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna,
XX.
V. M. Gredler. On Rhynchota tirolensis. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc.
Vienna, xx.
V. Gruber. On the blood of Insects (from Proc. Acad. Sc. Vienna).
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
L. V. Heyden. On blind or eyeless Beetles. Eep. Senckenb. Nat.
Hist. Soc. 1869-70.
C. Home. Notes on the habits of some Hymenoptera from the
north-west provinces of India ; with descriptions of new species by
F. Smith, 4 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. vii.
J. Joseph. On the species of Anophthalmus indigenous to the
mountain-caverns of Carniolia. Proc. Siles. Soc. 1869.
J. Kriechbaumer. Four new Humble-bees. Trans. Zool.-Bot.
Soc. Vienna, xx.
M. Lessona. On the duration of vitality in Flies immersed in
Madeira wine. Trans. (Atti) E. Acad. Sc. Turin, v.
B. T. Lowne. On the so-called suckers of Dytiscus, and the
pulviUi of Insects. Monthly Microsc. Journ, v.
S. J. Maclntire. Notes on the minute structure of the scales of
certain Insects, 1 plate. Monthly Microsc. Journ. v.
R. M'Lachlan. New extra-European trichopterous Insects.
Journ. Linn. Soc. xi.
R. L. Maddox. On the scales of some Lepidoptera. Monthly
Microsc. Journ. v.
J. Mann. Contributions to the Lepidopterous fauna of Raibl, with
1 new species. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx.
G. Mayr. New Formicidse. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx.
L. Milier. Two new species of Otiorhynchus. Trans. Zool.-Bot.
Soc. Vienna, xx.
V. Motchoulsky. Enumeration of new species of Coleoptera,
2 papers, 3 plates. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1870, i.
J. Murie. On a larval (Estrus fouud inthe Hippopotamus. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1870.
A. Murray. Descriptions of Coleoptera from Old Calabar. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi.,vii.
AHV
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
P. H. W. Baron Nolken. Cidaria tristata and^C. ;^nerSt(lt.
Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx. ^^.^ f \'
V. Oschanin. Descriptions of new metallic-winged Insects
miptera). Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1870, i.
A. S. Packard, jun. On Insects inhabiting salt water. Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
F. P. Pascoe. Contributions towards a knowledge of Curculionidse,
part 2, 4 plates. Jouru. Linn. Soc, xi. — Catalogue of Zygopinas, a
subfamily of Curculionidse, found by Mr. Wallace in the Indian Ar-
chipelago, 2 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
F. Plateau. Physico-chemical investigations upon the aquatic
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H. Leitgeb. On the position of the leaves in Mosses. Bot. Zeit.
1871.
P. Magnus, Contributions to the knowledge of the genus Najas,
4to, 8 plates. Berlin, 1870. Presented by Mr. Darwin.
D. V. Martens. Kurzia crenacanthoidea, a new Alga, 1 plate.
Flora, 1870.
J. Milde. Ophioglosseae and Equisetacese of the Voyage of the
Frigate ' K'ovara.' Purchased.
W. Mitten. On Pottia. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix.
J. Mueller. On Dufourea madreporiformis, Achar. Flora, 1870.
W. Osier. On Canadian Diatomaceae. Canad. Naturalist, v.
G. Passerini. Notes on Italian plants, including some new species
of Puccinia. N. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iii.
A. Pitra. On Sphctrobolus stellatus, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1870.
"VV. W. Reichardt. Fungi, Hepaticee, and Mosses of the Voyage of
the Frigate ' Novara,' 17 plates. Purchased.
J. Ruckmann. On Fairy Rings. Presented by the Author.
W. W. Saunders and W. G. Smith. Mycological Illustrations,
part 1. Presented by Mr. Saunders.
— Schroter. On Syncliytrice. Proc. Siles. Soc. 1869.
S. Schulzer v. Miiggenburg. Mycological observations, with de-
scriptions of new species, 2 papers, 1 plate. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc.
Vienna, xx.
W. G. Smith. Agaricus Georgince, a new species, 1 plate. Seem.
Journ. Bot. ix.
F. Baron v. Thiimen. Mycological notes from Greece. Bot.
Zeit. 1871.
J. "Waly. On the emptying of zoosporangia. Bot. Zeit. 1870.
C. A. "Watkins. On Yeast and other Ferments. Journ. Quek.
Microsc. Club, ii.
V. B. Wittroch. Observations on Scandinavian Desmidiacese, 1
plate. Trans. R. Soc. Sc. Upsala, Ser. 3, vii.
W. Wolff and P. E. R. Zimmermann. Chemical. and Physio-
logical experiments on Fungi. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
M. Woronin. Sphceria Lemanece, Sorduria Jitniseda, S. coprophila,
and Arthrcbotrys oUgospora, 6 plates. Trans. Senckenb. Nat. Hist.
Soc. vii.
G. Zanardini. New or rare Algae of the Mediterranean and
Adriatic Seas, 8 plates. Mem. R. Instit. Venice, xiv.
J. E. Zetterstedt. The Mosses and Hepaticae of (Eland. Trans.
R. Soc. Sc. Upsala, Ser. 3, vii.
lixxban socieir of london. cxvu
Paleontology : —
A. Bell. Contributions to the Crag-fauna. Ann, Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, vii.
— Beyi'ich. On the basis of the Crinoidea brachiata. Monats-
ber. E. Acad. So. Berlin, 1870, also translated into Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, vii.
E. Billings. On the structure of Crinoidea, Cystidea, and Blas-
toidea. Canad. Naturalist, v., and Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, \'ii.
H. B. Brady. On Saccammina Carteri, a new foramiuifer from
the carboniferous limestone of Northumberland, 1 plate. Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
H, Burmeister. On the pelvis of Megatlierium . Trans. Zool.-Bot.
Soc. Vienna, xx. — On Saurocetes argentinus, a new type of Zeuglo-
dontidae, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
H. J. Carter. On fossil sponge-spicules of the greensand. — On
the Coccolith, Melohesia unicellularis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4,
vii.
J. D. Dana. On the supposed legs of the trilobite Asaphiis platy-
ceplialus. Ann. Nat. Hist, Ser. 4, vii.
G. M. Dawson. On Foraminifera from the Gulf and River St.
Lawrence. — On spore-cases in coals, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist,
Ser. 4, vii.
A. Dickson. The phyllotaxy of Lepidodendron and Knorria.
Seem. Journ. Bot. ix.
C. G. Ehrenberg. On large strata consisting of microscopical
BaciUarise under and near the city of Mexico, 4to, 3 plates. Berlin,
1869. Presented by Mr. Darwin.
G. v. Frauenfeld. Address on the extinct and expiring animals
of the most recent geological period. Vienna, 1870. Presented by
the Author.
A. Hancock and T. Atthey, On a mandibular ramus of AniJira-
cosaurus Russelli and on Loxomma and Archichthys, 1 plate. — On
Dipterus and Ctenodits, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
J. Hopkinson. On a specimen of Diphgrapsus pnstis with re-
productive capsules, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
W. King. On Agulhasia Davidsonii, a new PaUiobranchiate
genus, plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
F. Kitton. Diatomaceous deposits from Jutland, 2 plates. Journ.
Quek. Microsc. Club, ii.
G. Kreift. A gigantic amphibian allied to Lepidosiren from
Queensland, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.
CXVIU PROCEEDINGS OF THE
K.. Owen. Ou the Fossil Mammals of Australia, part 3, 16 plates.
Phil. Trans, clx.
E. Parfitt. On an araneaceous Foraminifer from the carboniferous
limestone of Devonshire, | plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
G. A. Pirona. The Hippuritidse of the Colle di Medea in the
Frioul, 10 plates. Mem. R. Instit. Venice, xiv.
H. J. Seeley. Additional evidence of the structure of the head in
Ornithosaurs from the Cambridge upper greensand, 2 plates. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
0. ToreU. Petrifactions of the Swedish Cambrian formation, 1
plate. Mem. Univers. Lund, 1869.
S. V. "Wood. On the assumption of the adult form by the genera
Cyprcea and Ringicula. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
H. Woodward. The tertiary shells of the Amazons Valley, 1
plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii.
A. de Zigno. Palaeontological Notes. Mem. R. Instit. Venice, xiv.
Palseontographical Society's Publications, xxiv. Purchased,
MlSCELLANEOTTS :
C. Balfour. Timber Trees, Timber and Fancy "Woods and Forests
of India, 3rd edition, 8vo. Presented by the Author.
G. Bennett. Correspondence relating to the cultivation of silk laid
before the New South "Wales Parliament. Presented by Mr. Bennett.
Emil Blanchard. Six successive annual Addresses on the occasion
of the distribution of prizes to the French Provincial Scientific
Societies. Presented by Mr. Bentham.
E. Clarke. On Systematic Botany and Zoology, table viii. and
conclusion. Presented by the Author.
R. V. Cotta, On the law of development of the Earth, 8vo.
Leipzig, 1870. Presented by Mr. Darwin.
R. 0. Cunningham. Notes on the Natural History of the Straits
of Magellan, 8vo, 1871. Presented by Mr. Bentham.
Forest Administration of India. Reports for the Central Pro-
vinces, 1867-68, 1868-69, and 1869-70 ; for Canara, 1869-70 ; for
the Bombay Presidency, 1869-70 ; for British Burmah, 1868-69 and
1869-70. Presented by the Government of India.
J. Haast. Anniversary Address to the Philosophical Institute of
Canterbury, New Zealand. Presented by the Author.
L. Baron v. Hohenbiihel-Heuffler. On Linnseus's views of the
Descent theories. — Franz v. Mygind, the friend of Jacquin. Pre-
sented by the Author.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. CXIX
L. Jenyns, St. Swithin and other weather saints. — Address of
the President of the Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field-
Club, 1871. Presented by the Author.
B. T. Lowne. On so- called spontaneous generation. Journ.
Quek. Microsc. Club, ii.
0. Peschel. Few problems in Physical Geography, 8vo. Leipzig,
1870. Presented by Mr. Darwin.
L. Netto. History of the Imperial and National Museum of
Natural History of Rio Janeiro. — Contributions to the applied
Botany of Brazil. — On the Botany of the Upper San Francisco River.
— Short notes on the collection of Brazilian woods in the Interna-
tional Exhibition of 1867. Presented by the Author.
R. Schomburgk. Report as Director of Adelaide Botanic Garden
for 1870. Presented by the Author.
J. L. Soubeiran. Curiosities of Alimentation. Presented by the
Author.
P. Squire. Companion to the last edition of the British Pharma-
copoeia. Presented by the Author.
H. Ulrici. God and Nature, 8vo. Leipzig, 1866. Presented by
Mr, Darwin.
C. A. Zittel. Obituary notice of Christian Erich Hermann v.
Meyer, the palaeontologist. Presented by the R. Bavarian Academy
of Sciences.
cxx
INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.
SESSION" 1870-71.
Page
Address of the President, May
24,1871 xxxiv
Anniversary Meeting, May 24,
1871, Report on xxxiv
Artificial Pearls, Documents re-
lating to Linnaeus' s discovery
of a mode of producing, pre-
sented XXX
Aspidium aculeatum and angu-
tare. Varieties of, from East
Woodhay, exhibited by H.
Eeeks, Esq., P.L.S xxxii
Associate deceased Ixxviii
Beetle, Large, allied to Dynastes,
from tlie Chontales Moun-
tains, Nicaragua, exhibited by
Dr. Seemaun, E.L.S. . . . xxxii
Bust of J. J. Bennett, Esq.,
V.P.L.S., presented .... Ixxx
Caucalis latifolia, from corn-
fields, near Keynsham, Grlou-
cestershire, exliibited by Mr.
T B. Flower, F.L.S. . . . xxix
Council, Election of . . . xxix, Ixxviii
Cvpania cinerea, Poepp., Speci-
mens of, showing a remai'table
pecuharity in the seed, exhi-
bited by the President . . . xxxii
Election of Council and Officers . Ixxviii
Fellows deceased. List of . . . Ixxviii
Financial Statement .... Ixxviii
Floral Prolification, Specimen
of, in Jasione montana, exhi-
bited xxxiii
Foreign Members, deceased . . Ixxviii
India-rubber plant of Tropical
Africa {Landolphia florida,
Benth. ?), Fruit-bearing speci-
mens of, exhibited by Dr.
Hooker, V.P.L.S xxx
Insects retaining, in the imago
state, the head of the larva,
Page
Drawings of, exhibited by
Prof. Westwood, F.L.S. . . xciv
Jasione montana, Specimen of
Floral Prolification in, exhi-
bited by F. P. Balkwill, Esq.,
F.L.S xxxiii
Landolpliia florida, Benth., Spe-
cimens of, exhibited by Dr.
Hooker xxx
Linnaeus. See Artificial Fearls
and Photographic Album.
Obitxtary Notices : —
Anderson, Thomas, M.D. • . Ixxx
Buckley, Nathaniel, M.D. . . Ixxxii
Chambers, Robert, Esq. . . Ixxsii
Denny, Henry, A.L.S. . . . Ixxxiv
Hale, Archdeacon William . Ixxxv
Haliday, A. H., Esq. . . . Ixxxvii
Miquel, F. A. W., M.D.,
F.M.L.S Ixxxviii
Peek, Richard, LL.D. ... xc
Robinson, Charles A., Esq. . xc
Veitcli, J. G-., Esq xc
Yates, James, Esq xci
Papers bead: —
Atkin, Letter fi'om, to Dr.
Hooker on the vegetation of
the Solomon's Islands . . xxx
Barber, Mrs., Carnivorous and
Insectivorous plants . . . xxix
Bentham, George, Notes on
the styles of Australian Pro-
teaceee xxxiii
Cambridge, Rev. O. P., On
British Spiders: supplemen-
tary to a communication
" On British Spiders new
to Science," &c xciv
Chimmo, Capt. W., Natural
History of Deep-sea Sound-
ings between Gralle and Java xxx
Crotch, G. R., On the generic
INDKX.
CXXl
Page
Papees EEAD {continued) : —
nomenclature of Lepido-
ptera xxxiii
Dalzell, N. A., Notes on Cap-
paris galeata, Frcsen., and
C. Murrayi, J. Grab. . . xxxiii
Ernst, M. A., On Sabadilla
from Caracas {Asagrcea offi-
cinalis, Lindl.) xxix
Hanbuiy, Daniel, Historical
Notes on the ' Radix Ga-
langse ' of Pharmacy . . . xxix
Hance, H. F., Supplementary
Note on Chinese SLIkworm-
oaks xxviii
, On the source of the
' Radix Galangse minoris '
of Pharmacologists . . . xxviii
, Notes on some plants
from Northern Chuia . . xciii
Lindberg, S. O., Bryological
Remarks xxxii
MacLachlan, Robert, Attempt
towards a systematic classi-
fication of the family Asca-
lapbidse xxxiv
Mansel, J. P. See Weale.
Masters, M. T., Contributions
to the Natural History of
the Passifloracese .... xxviii
, Note on the genus Byr-
santhus, Guill., and its floral
conformation xxx
Mateer, Rev. Samuel, On the
Tamil popular names of
plants xxxii
Meldola, Raphael, The pheno-
mena of Protective Mimi-
cry, and its bearing on the
theory of Natural Selection,
as illustrated by the Lepi-
doptera of the British
Islands xxxiv
Miers, John, On the Hippo-
crateaceae of S. America . . xciii
Munro, General, Letter to Dr.
Hooker, dated 'Royal Al-
fred,' Feb. 21, 1871, and
containing notes on the Bo-
tany of Antigua, Trinidad,
St.Vincents, and other West-
Indian Islands xxxii
Murie, James, Notes on the
White-beaked Bottle-nose
{Lagenorhynclms alhiros-
iris, Gray) xxviii
Murray, Andrew, Extract of a
letter from, on the relations
between the Fauna and Flora
Page
Papers bead (continued) : —
of S. Africa and the Medi-
tei'ranean element of the
European region .... xxiiii
Pascoe, F. P., Contributions
towards a knowledge of the
Curcuhonida;, pt. 2 . . . xxxii
Reeks, Henry, On the varieties
of Aspidium aculeatum and
A. angulare xxxii
Robinson, WiUiam, Letter,
dated Sien-a Nevada, Oct.
28, 1870, on the Californian
Pitcher-plant {Darlingtonia
californica, Torr.) . . . xxix
Trimen, Roland, Notes on a
paper, by Mr. A. Miin-ay,
F.L.S., on the geographical
relations of the chief Coleo-
pterous Faunse .... xxxiii
Tidasne, L. R. & C, Notes on
the Ti*mellineousFungiand
their analogues .... xxxii
Weale, J. P. M., Notes on a
Sohtary Bee alhed to the
genus Anthidium, Latr. . . xxvii
, Observations on the
mode in which certain spe-
cies of AsclepiadecB are fer-
tilized xxviii
, Observations on the fer-
tilization of Disa macran-
tha xxviii
, Notes on a species of
Disperis found in the Haga-
berg, S. Africa xxviii
, Notes on some species
of Sabenaria found in S.
Africa xxviii
Photographic Album 'id Me-
moriam Car. a Linne,' ex-
hibited xxx
Portrait of G. Bentham, Esq.,
P.L.S., presented .... xxx
Publications presented, Reports
on i, xciv
Siler trilobtcm, Scop., from
Cherry Hinton, Cambridge-
shire, exhibited by Mr. Mel-
vill, Jun., F.L.S xciii
Tarantula Spider, Two living
specimens of, from Madeira,
exhibited by Mr. Howlett . . xciii
Thladiantha dubia, Bunge, Fresh
fruits of, ripened in the open
air at Clapham, exhibited by
Mr. Hanbuiy xxix
Vice-Presidents nominated . . xciii
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
(SESSION 1871-72.)
November 2nd, 1871.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The following Report, on the Additions to the Library received
since the last Meeting, was laid before the Society : —
As usual, at your first assembling after the recess, the table is
loaded with the Transactions, Proceedings, and other publications
received since the close of the last session, many of them of great
value to lis, although we cannot say that the whole, or even any thing
near the whole, are directly connected with the sciences we take
cognisance of. The number of non-biological works and papers in
our libraiy has, indeed, so much increased of late, that when we re-
arrange them in our new rooms it will be a matter of serious con-
sideration to us whether we should not dispose, for instance, of such
as are purely medical, physical, &c., and decline to receive any such
for the future, so as to make more room for purely zoological, botanical,
or paloeontological works, of which there are many of considerable
bulk which we ought to purchase whenever our funds admit of our
BO doing.
Among the publications on our table the Russian ones continue
LTNN. PEOC— Session 1871-72. b
11 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
to occupy a prominent place, on tliis occasion almost entirely zoolo-
gical. From the * Memoirs of the Imperial Academy ' we may spe-
cially mention J. F. Brandt's elaborate Contributions to the natural
history of the Elk, its morphological and palseontological relations
and geographical distribution, A. Strauch's Revision of the Sala-
mandridse, "with detailed geographical considerations, and -various
anatomical and physiological papers by A. Brandt, Spiro, E. Brandt,
Metschnikoff, and others, the latter in the ' Bulletin.' There are
also two parts of the ' Horse ' of the Russian Entomological Society.
The University of Lund, which has of late years, in imitation of
Academies, undertaken the regular publication of scientific memoirs,
has sent us its volume for 1870, with interesting papers by C. A.
Bergh on animal life in the Cattegat, and by Areschoug and Berg-
gren on vegetable physiology. In separate publications, C. A. "Wester-
lund has presented his ' Fauna of the Terrestrial MoUusca of Scandi-
navia ' (in Swedish in 8vo, and in French in 4to), and Dr. Thorell an
additional number of his ' Synonymy of European Spiders.' From
Copenhagen we have two parts of the ' Botanisk Tidsskrift,' and
one of the ' Proceedings of the Eoyal Danish Society.'
The German and French contributions in general furnish lament-
able evidence of the disastrous effects of the war. Their publications
are few, and chiefly worked up, and even printed, before the events
of last July twelvemonth. The Academy Naturae Curiosorum,
now at Dresden, is, however, an exception ; the volume before us
contains several valuable papers, amongst which, besides Boettcher's
elaborate anatomical memoir on the organs of hearing in Mammals,
we may particularly notice Hildebrand's detailed elucidation of the
sexiial relations in Compositse, and more especially of the functions
of the collecting -hairs of the style and the tardy exposure of the stig-
matic surface, alluded to in the notes on the styles of Proteaceae
printed in the last number of your Journal. There is also a con-
tribution of one of our own active botanical FeUows, Mr. Moggridge's
paper on OpTirys insectifera. The only other German biological
papers on the table of any importance are the anatomical and phy-
siological contributions to Kolliker's and to Wiegmann's zoological
and Pringsheim's botanical journals. The Berlin Academy's annual
volume is reduced to very small dimensions, being limited to Ehren-
berg's paper on Californian Bacillariae. The ' Monatsbericht ' has
been kept up, including, as usual, a few zoological contributions of
our Foreign Member Dr. Peters. The Munich Academy's annual
volume has nothing which concerns us, except a palseontological
LUra^EAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. lU
paper of Gumbel's. From the smaller towns we have publications
of the Eoyal Society of Gottiiigen, of the Brandenburg Botanical
Society, of the Natural-History Society of Prussian Ehineland, and
of the Physico-Medical Society of "Wiirzburg, and some sheets of the
' Malakozoologische Blatter.'
The Austrian Empire has naturally been less influenced by the
European disturbance. From Vienna, besides several volumes re-
ceived early in the year and noticed in our last reports, we have
Transactions or Proceedings of the Imperial Academy and of the
Geological Society, the former including Fitzingers detailed review
of the Chiroptera and various anatomical and physiological papers,
botanical as well as zoological, both series comprising, as usual,
numerous paleeontological contributions. A new publishing JSTatural
History and Medical Society has started at Innspruck a series of 8vo
Proceedings, which it is to be presumed will be chiefly devoted to
local biology. It is therefore with some regret that we observe that
one of the two numbers before us is selected by Prof. Kerner for the
publication of new species of Himalayan plants, as these Proceedings
are so little likely to come under the notice of Indian botanists.
The Transactions of the Natural-History Society of Bremen, now on
the table, contain nothing of general interest.
Dr. Eichler, the editor of j^lartius's ' Flora Brasiliensis,' now settled
at Gratz, in the professorship of the late Dr. linger, there continues
that important work, much encouraged by a flattering reception from
the Emperor of Brazil. We purchase the work ; and amongst the
parts now received are two contributions from our own Fellows —
Mr. Baker's Connaraceae and Ampelideas, and Mr. A. W. Bennett's
Hydroleaceae and Pedalinese. With these parts have also been sent
a number of titlepages and indexes, which will enable us to place
several volumes of this great work in the binder's hands.
We have received Transactions, Memoirs, and Bulletins from
various French Societies ; but all that are of any importance are dated
in or before the early part of 1870. Amongst them we are parti-
cularly obliged to the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes for several
volumes of their valuable ' Nouvelles Archives,' which we have now
complete as far as published ; and we have also to make our acknow-
ledgment to the Academies of Lyons, Cherbourg, and Bordeaux. A
few publishiug societies and journals at Paris contrived to struggle
through the sieges, and we have already received new numbers of
the ' Annales des Sciences Naturelles,' of the * Bulletin de la Societe
Botanique de France,' the ' Annales de la Societe Entomologique,'
62
IV PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
and the ' Journal de Conchyliologie.' Dr. Baillon has resumed his
' Histoire des Plantes,' and published the Papaveraceaj, Caj)paride3e,
and Cruciferae ; and M. Westphal-Castelnau, of Montpellier, has sent
us his catalogue of his late father's rich erpetological museum.
Of the Memoirs and Bulletin of the Brussels Academy several
volumes are on the table, containing, besides various anatomico-
physiological and a few systematic zoological papers, P. J. van Be-
neden's detailed memoirs on the parasites and commensals of the
larger fishes and Cetacea. From HoUand we have five parts of the
* Archives Neerlandaises,' including a considerable number of papers
of varied interest.
Prom Switzerland, to the Transactions received before the recess
we have now to add those of the Societe Yaudoise of Lausanne and
of the Natural-History Society of Zurich. Prom Italy there are
bulky volumes from the Istituto Yeneto, with but very little con-
cerning our branches of knowledge. We have a new number of the
' Giornale Botanico Italiano,' hitherto edited by Beccari ; but as he
is about to undertake another distant expedition, the journal has
passed into the hands of Caruel, who has at length obtained a pro-
fessorship worthy of his acceptance, having been appointed to suc-
ceed the late Paolo Savi at Plorence.
The annual North-American package, transmitted through the
Smithsonian Institution, is as usual very valuable. Their own
volume of Contributions to Knowledge is occupied by an elaborate
memoir of L. H. Morgan, on the systems of consanguinity and
affinity of the human family ; whilst the publications of the Ameri-
can Philosophical Society, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences of Boston,
the Boston Society of Natural History, the Harvard Museum of
Comparative Zoology, the Lyceum of Natural History of New York,
the Portland Society of Natural History, the Peabody Academy of
Science, the Essex Institute of Salem, and the Connecticut Aca-
demy of Arts and Sciences, as well as the ' American Journal of
Conchology,' show how actively the American zoologists and palae-
ontologists are pursuing the investigation of the numerous forms of
animal life now in existence, or whose remains have been preserved,
not only in their own vast territory, but also in the neighbouring
Central- American States, with some attention also to the South-
American fauna. The active continuation of the more popular
biological periodicals, both in the United States and in Canada, affords
evidence, moreover, of the general spread of the study of natural
IINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. V
history, especially zoology. In botany there is, however, but little
in the volumes on the table besides Asa Gray's monographic revisions
(Eriogoneae, Polemoniaceae, and Diapensiacete), always valuable,
and these especially so, as being the result of the study of European
herbaria during his last tour in the Old "World.
There are on the table several numbers of the Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, containing several papers both on the zoology and
the botany of Southern Asia ; and from Australia, Transactions and
Proceedings of the lioyal SocietyofVictoria, the Entomological Society
of New South Wales, and the Adelaide Philosophical Society. Mr.
Brady, of Sydney, has sent us his tracts on Silk and on the Ailant
Silkworm, Mr. G. Bennett has presented his tract on the introduc-
tion of the Orange and others of the Citron tribe into New South
Wales, and Dr. Schomburgk his Catalogue of the Adelaide Botanic
Garden.
At home the British Museum has made a valuable addition to our
Library in the shape of a complete series of their Catalogues, in-
cluding those which, like Dr. Giinther's Fishes, are so much more
important than the title would imply. From the Royal Society we
have the fifth volume of their great Catalogue of Scientific Papers,
and from other Societies a part of the Transactions and a volume of
the Proceedings of the Zoological, and Proceedings and Trans-
actions of several others less connected with our own pursuits, as
well as the usual continuations of the various Journals and regular
serials presented to us or purchased. The British Association have
sent the Liverpool volume of their Eeports ; and among local Societies
there are the publications of those of Northumberland and Durham,
of Liverpool, Plymouth, Cornwall, and of the Woolhope Field-Club.
An important volume of the Ray Society's Publications con-
tains Dr. Allman's Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian
Hydroids.
Among separate works presented to us are the second voliime of
Oliver's ' Flora of Tropical Africa,' Cooke's ' Handbook of British
Fungi,' Moggridge's fourth part of his ' Flora of Mentone,' com-
pleting the volume, Mrs. LyeU's ' Geographical Handbook of Ferns,'
Mr. Newman's ' Illustrated Natural History of British Butterfiies,'
Dr. Aitchison's ' Catalogue of the Plants of the Punjab and Sindh,'
Dr. Brettschneider's ' Study and Yalue of Chinese Botanical Works,'
besides separate copies of a considerable number of Transaction-
papers sent in by their several authors.
Two Zoological Numbers and one Botanical one of our own Journal
VI PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
have been sent out during the recess, and the concluding part of the
twenty-seventh volume of our Transactions is now in the course of
delivery.
The following is the detailed enumeration of the Biological
Papers contained in the above-mentioned Transactions, Proceedings,
and Journals, and of the separate works added to the Library since
the last Report : —
Mammalia and Genekal Zoology: —
J. Anderson. Three new Squirrels from Upper Burmah, 1 plate. —
A new Cetacean from the Irawaddi, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
E. Bartlett. Notes on the Monkeys of Eastern Peru, 1 plate.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
P. J. V. Beneden. Cetacea, their commensals and parasites. BuU.
R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxxix. — On a Balcenoptera captured in the
Scheldt. Mem. E,. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxxviii.
— V. Bisehoff. On the brain of a Chimpanzee, 1 plate. Proc. R.
Acad, Munich, 1871.
A, Boettcher, On the development and structure of the organs of
hearing in Mammalia, 12 plates. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv.
J. P, Brandt. Contributions to the natural history of the Elk, its
morphological and palaeontological relations and geographical distri-
bution. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, Ser. 7, xvi. — Remarks on
the hair of the Mammoth. BuU. Imp. Acad. Sc, Petersburg, xv.
W. BuUer. On the New-Zealand Rat, 1 plate (from Trans, N,
Zeal. Inst.). Presented by the Author.
J. W. Clark. On the skeleton of a Narwahl (Mo^iodon monoceros)
with two fully developed tusks. Proc. Zool, Soc, 1871,
E, Cyon. On the nervus depressor' of the Horse, 1 plate. Bull,
Imp. Acad. Sc, Petersburg, xv,
G, E. Dobson, New Malayan Bats. — A new Vespertilio. Journ,
Asiat, Soc, Bengal, 1871,
H. Emery, Physiological Notes, Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xii.
L. J. Eitzinger. Critical Review of the Order Chiroptera. Proc.
Imp. Acad, Sc. Yienna, Ix., Ixi,, Ixii,
— George, Zoological Studies of the Hemione and other equine
species. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xii,
P, Gervais, On the cerebral forms of living and fossil Edentata,
5 plates, and Marsupialia, 2 plates. Nouv, Archiv, Mus, Paris, v,
J, E. Gray, On the Berardius of New Zealand. Ann, Nat,
Hist, Ser, 4, viii.
LINNEAN SOCIEIY OF LONDON. VU
— Hector. Notes on New-Zealand Eared Seals. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, viii.
H. Milne-Edwards. Note on a hybrid of a Hemione and Mare,
4 plates. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. v.
St. G. Mivart. On Hemicentetes, a new genus of Insectivora, 1
plate and woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
J. Murie. Eesearclies upon the anatomy of Pinnipedia, 5 plates.
Trans. Zool. Soc. vii.
G. Nepveu. On the pacinian eorpuscules iu Apes, 1 plate. Ann.
Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, vii.
"W. C. H. Peters. On the genera and species of Ehinohphi. —
Supplement to the monographical review of the genus Atalaiolia. —
On Lichenotus mitratus, a new species of Indri. Proc. E. Acad. Sc.
BerHn, 1871.
F. Prevost. On the existence of rudimentary horns in the head
of the female Deer, 1 plate. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. v.
P. L. Sclater. On Rhinoceros xinicoTrnis, woodcuts. — On rare or
little-known animals in the Gardens of the Zoological Society, 4
plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
F. H. Troschel, Eeport on the contributions to the Natural History
of Mammalia for 1869. "Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi.
A. V. Winiwarter. On the organs of heariag in Mammalia, 1
plate. Proc. Imp. Sc. Vienna, Isi.
Oknithologt : —
J. Anderson. Eight new Birds from "Western China, 1 plate.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
B. H. Bannister. Sketch of a classification of American Anse-
rinae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870.
"W. Buller. Notes on various New-Zealand Birds, 3 plates (from
Trans. N. Zeal. Inst.). Presented by the Author.
E,. 0. Cunningham. On some points in the osteology of Rhea
americana and R. Danvinii, 2 plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
D. G. Elliot. On an apparently new Argus. — Two new Humming-
birds. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4. viii. — A new Pheasant from Burmah.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
W. H. Flower. On the skeleton of the Australian Cassowary,
woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
J. Gould. A new SpatJiura. — Two new Australian Birds. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1871.
J. H. Gurney. On certain Abyssinian Birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
VUl PEOCEEDINGS OP THE
J. E. Halting. On J. Barrow's collection of Arctic Birds. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1871.
. The Ornithology of Skakespeare, 1 vol. 8vo. Presented
by the Author.
G. Hartlaub and 0. Pinsch. On a collection of Birds from Savai
and Rarotonga Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
— Jobert. Anatomical researches on the nasal glands of Birds,
2 plates. Ann. Sc, Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi.
— Marey. On the flight of Insects and Birds. Ann. Sc. Nat.
Ser. 5, sii.
W. Marshall. On the splanchnology of Rhinochcetus juhatus,
Verr. et Desm., 1 plate. Archiv. Neerl. v. — On the elongated caudal
feathers of Birds of Paradise. Ibid, vi.
A. Milne-Edwards and A. Grandidier. New Observations on the
^^yornis of Madagascar, 11 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat, Zool. Ser. 5, xii.
J. Murie. On the dermal and visceral structures of the Kagu,
Sun-bittern, and Boatbill, 2 plates. Trans, Zool. Soc, vii,
"W. V. Nathusius. On the egg-shells of ^jpyornis, Dinornis, Ap-
teryx, and some Cryjpturida, 2 plates. Zeitschr. wiss, Zool. xxi.
A. Newton. On some new or rare Birds' eggs, 1 plate. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1871.
J. Orton. On the Condors and Humming-birds of the Equatorial
Andes. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser, 4, viii.
T, H, Potts, On the Birds of New Zealand, 6 plates (from Trans.
N, Zeal. Inst.), Presented by the Author.
E,. Ridgway. A new classification and three new species of
North-American Falconidse. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia,
1870.
P. L. Sclater. Notes on Tyrannula mexicana, Kaup, and T.
harhirostns, Swains. — On some species of Dendrocolaptidse in the
collection of the Smithsonian Institution. Proc, Zool, Soc, 1871.
R. B. Sharpe. On the Birds of Angola, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1871. — Notes on the American Eider Duck, woodcuts, — On Alauda
bimaculata, Menetr. — On some African Birds. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser.
4, viii.
T. H. Streets. Remarks on Huxley's classification of Birds. Proc.
Acad. Nat, Sc, Philadelphia, 1870.
C, J, Sundevall, On Birds from the Galapagos. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1871.
T. M. Trippe. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. Proc. Essex
Inst. Salem, vi.
LI>TrEAKr SOCIETY OF LO^^)OIf. IX
H. B. Tristram. Notes on Sylyiads. Ann. Nat. Hist. Set. 4,
viii.
J. Verreaux. Descriptions of some ne^v species of Birds, 2 plates.
Nouv. Archiv, 3Ius. Par. iv. — Descriptions of two new Birds from
the collections of the Museum. Ibid. v. — On a new Promerojis,
1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
A. Yiscount Walden. A new TricliogJossus from Celebes, Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
Ibis for July and Oct. 1871.
ICHTHTOLOGT :
P. J. v. Beneden. The Fishes of the Belgian coasts, their para-
sites and commensals, 6 plates. Mem. E. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxxviii.
— The Echeneis and Xaucrates in their relations to the fishes they
frequent. Bull. R, Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxx.
C. A. Bergh. Observations on the animals of the Cattegat and
Skagerack collected by the Expedition of the gunboat ' Ingegerd.'
Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870.
— Bocourt. New Eeptiles and Fishes. — A new Anolis. Nouv.
Archiv. Mus. Par. v.
G. Canestrini. Zoological Notes. Atti 1st. Tenet, xvi.
E. D. Cope. Contributions to the Ichthj'ology of the Maraiion.
— Synopsis of the freshwater Fishes of N. Carolina. Proc. Amer.
Phil. Soc. xi.
R. 0. Cunningham. Notes on the Fishes &c. of the Voyage of the
' Nassau.' Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii.
F. Day. Monograph of Indian Cyprinidce, 1 plate. Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, 1871.
A. Dumeril. Note on three Fishes in the collection of the Mu-
seum of Paris. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. iv. — The Lophobranchia.
Mem. Soc. Nat. Sc. Cherbourg, xv.
F. GlU. On some new Fishes obtained by Prof. Ortou from the
Maraiion and Napo rivers. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870.
N. Grehant. Physiological researches on the breathing of Fishes.
Ann. Sc.^Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xii.
— Guichenot. New Fishes from China and Madagascar, 1 plate.
Nouv. Archiv, Mus. Par. v.
A. Giinther. On the young state of Fishes belonging to the
family of Squamipinues. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii,
C, Langer, On the lymphatic vessels of the skiii of some fresh-
water Fishes, 1 plate. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vicuna, Ixii.
X PROCEEDINGS OF THE
A. Murray. On the young stage of the Sterlet, Accipenser ru-
tJienus. Proc. Zool. Sec. 1871.
F. Poey. New species of Cuban Pish. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.
York, ix.
S. Powel. On some Fishes new to the American fauna found at
Newport. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870.
J. W. Putnam. On EuleptorlianipJms. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist. xiii.
P. Steindachner. On the Fish-fauna of Senegal, 2 papers, 20
plates. — Ichthyological Notes, 5 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc.
Vienna, Ix., Ixi.
F. Steindachner and R. Kner. On some Fishes from Viti. Proc.
Imp. Acad. Se. Vienna, Ixi.
F. H, Troschel. Report on the contributions to Ichthyology for
1869. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi.
A. E. Verrill. On the food and habits of some Canadian marine
Fishes. Canad. Naturalist, vi.
Reptiles and Bateachia : —
J. A. Allen. Notes on Massachusetts Reptiles and Batrachia.
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii.
J. Anderson. Reptilian accessions to the Indian Museum, Cal-
cutta, 1865 to 1870, with descriptions of new species, — ^A new
species of Sdncus. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. — On some
Indian Reptiles. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — On Testudo Phayrei.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
— Bocourt. Descriptions of new Reptiles. Nouv. Archiv. Mus.
Par. V.
W. BuUer. List of New-Zealand Lizards (from Trans. N. Zeal.
Inst.). Presented by the Author.
E. D. Cope. Eighth contribution to the Herpetology of N.
America. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xi. — Batrachia and Reptilia col-
lected by J. A. M'Niel in Nicaragua and by C. J. Maynard in Flo-
rida. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sc. 1869-70.
R. 0. Cunningham. Notes on the Reptilia and Amphibia of the
voyage of the ' Nassau.' Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii.
A. Dumeril. On the Reptilia of the menagerie of the Museum
of Paris. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. v.
J. E. Gray. On Trionyx Phayrei. — On Euchelemys. — On Scajpia
Phayrei. — Notes on freshwater Tortoises. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4,
viii.
IINKEAN SOCIETY OF LOITOON. XI
A. Giinther. List of Lizards belonging to the Sepidse. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1871.
E. Klein. On the nerves of the Tadpole's tail, 1 plate. Proc. Imp.
Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ixi.
W. V. Nathusius. Additions to the notes on the egg-shell of the
Adder, 1 plate, Zeitschr. "wiss. Zool. xxi.
\Y. C. H. Peters. On Dr. R. Abendi-oth's collection of Amphibia
from the elevated regions of Peru. Proc. E. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1871.
A. Preudhomme de Borre. A new African species of Varanus.
Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Biiissels, xxix.
S. Sireni. On the structure and development of the teeth in
Amphibia and Eeptilia, 2 plates. Trans. Phys. Med. Soc. Wiii'z-
burg, Ser. 2, ii.
— Spiro. Physiologico-topographical researches on the spinal
marrow of the Frog, 1 plate. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg,
Ser. 7, xvi.
A. Strauch. Revision of the genera of Salamandridse, 2 plates.
Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, Ser. 7, xvi.
F. H. Troschel. Report on the contributions to Herpetology for
1869. "Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi.
A. Westphal-Castelnau. Catalogue of his late father's collection
of Reptiles at Montpellier, 8vo. Presented by the Author.
Ckustacea and Akachnida : —
J. Anderson. On the occurrence of Sacculina in the Bay of
Bengal. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
E. V, Beueden. Researches on the embryogeny of Crustacea, 2
papers, 2 plates. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxix.
P. J. V. Beneden. See Ichthyology.
C. A. Bergh. Observations on the animals of the Cattegat and
Skagerack collected by the expedition of the gunboat ' lugegerd.'
Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870.
G. S. Brady. Recent Ostracoda from the GuK of St. Lawrence.
Canad. Naturalist, v.
E. Brandt. The nervous system of Lepas anatifera, 1 plate. —
On the young of Idothea entomon, 1 plate. Bull. Imp. Acad. Sc.
Petersburg, xv.
R. Buchhok. Remarks on the species of Dermaleichus, Koch,
6 plates. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv.
G. Canestriui. Zoological notes. Atti Islit. Venet. xvi.
XU PEOCEEBINGS OP THE
E. 0. Cunningham. Notes on the Crustacea &c. of the voyage of
the ' Nassau,' 1 plate. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii.
A. Dohrn. Eesearches on the structure and development of Ar-
thropoda. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xsi.
W. A. Hagen. Monograph of the N". American Astacidae, 11
plates. Catal. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. n. 3. — Synopsis
Pseudoscorpionidum. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii.
A. W. M. van Hasselt. Studies on the PJioJcus opilionoides,
Schranck. Archiv. Neerl. v.
C. HeUer. Eesearches on the Crustacea of Tyrol. Proc. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Innspruck, i.
J. A. Herklots. On some monstrosities observed in Crustacea,
1 plate. Archiv. Neerl. v.
— Hesse. New or rare Crustacea from the French coasts, 1
plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser, 5, xi.
— Leydig. On an Arguhis from the neighbourhood of Tubingen,
2 plates. "Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii.
E. L. Maddox. On some Parasites found in the head of a Eat,
1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi,
E. Metschnikoff. Embryology of Scorpions, 4 plates. Zeitschr.
wiss. Zool. xxi.
A. Milne-Edwards. On some Crustacea from Celebes, sent by
M. Eiedel, 2 plates. — On some new Crustacea of the family of
Portunioe, 2 plates. — Eevision of the genus Thelphusa, 4 plates. —
On some new species of the genus Sesanna. Nouv. Archiv. Mus.
Par. iv., V.
A. S. Packard, Jun. Preliminary notice of new North- American
PhyUopoda. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
M. E. Plateau. Isopodal terrestrial Crustacea of Belgium. Bull,
E. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxix. — On the freshwater Crustacea of Bel-
gium, 3 plates. Mem. Sav. Etr. E. xicad. Sc. Brussels, xxxv.
E. Graham Ponton. New Parasites, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc.
Journ. vi.
S. J. Smith. Notice of Brazilian Crustacea collected by Prof.
Hartt, 1 plate. — Notes on American Crustacea, 4 plates. Trans.
Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sc. ii. — Crustacea collected in Central
America by J". A. M'Neil. Eep. Peabody Ac. Sc. 1869-70.
T. H. Streets. On some Crustacea of the genus Libinia. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870.
T. Tliorcll. On synonyms of European Spiders, n. 2. Presented
by the Author.
LIXNT,AN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XUl
J. "Wood-Mason. Contributions to Indian Carcinology, 2 plates.
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871.
Entomology : —
H. J. van Ankum. On the nidification of Vespa germanica, Fabr.
Archiv. Xeerl. v.
W. S. Atkinson. Three new diurnal Lepidoptera from Western
Yunan, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
— Ealbiani. On the generation of Aphida), 1 plate. Ann. So.
Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi.
T. J. Bold. Revision of the Coleoptera of Northumberland and
Durham. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iv.
F. Braucr. Report on the contributions to the Natural History
of Insects for 18G9. Wiegm. Arch, xxxvi.
T. Buchanan-White. Fauna Perthensis : 1. Lepidoptera. Pre-
sented by the Author.
A. G. Butler. New exotic Lepidoptera. — Some new species and
a new genus of Pieriufe, and list of species of Ixias, 1 plate. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1871.^New Lepidoptera from Mr. Wilson Saunders's
collection. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
A. Chapman. The life-history of RMpipliorus paradoxus, 2
plates. Trans. Woolhope Field-Club, 1870.
— Derbes. On the Aphides of the Pistacia, 2 plates. Ann. Sc.
Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi.
W. H. Furlonge. The Pulex irriians. Journ. Quek. Microsc.
Club, ii.
A. Gaerstsecker. Contributions to the Insect-fauna of Zanzibar.
Coleoptera. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii.
A. Gartner. The Geometrince and Microlepidoptera of the Brunn
territory. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Brunn, viii.
M. Gerard. On the free heat discharged by invertebrate animals
and especially Insects. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi.
Y. Graber. On the structure of the female organs in Locustida
and Acridia, 1 plate. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ixi.
0. v. Grimm. On the agamic reproduction of a Chironomus
(from the Mem. Acad. Petersb.), 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4,
viii.
H. Landois. On the development of the wings of Butterflies in
the larva and chrysalis, 1 plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi.
R. MacLachlan. Systematic classification of Ascalaphidoe. Journ.
Linn. Soc. Zool. xi.
XIV PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
— Marey. On the flight of Insects and Birds, woodcuts. Ann.
Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi.
E. Mayr. Formicidse Novogranatenses, 1 plate. Proc. Imp.
Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixi.
P. Moore, P. "Walker, and E. Smith. New Insects collected by
Dr. Anderson in Yunan, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
— Mulsant. The tribe of GibbicoUa, 14 plates. Trans. Soc.
Imp. Agric. Lyons, Ser. 4, i.
E, Newman. Illustrated natural history of British Butterflies,
8vo. Presented by the Author.
E. Oustalet. On the respiration of the chrysalis of LibeUulse,
3 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi.
A. S. Packard, Jun. Insects collected in Ecuador by Prof. J.
Ortou. Eep. Peabody Acad. Sc. 1869-70. — Eecord of American
Entomology for 1869. Presented by the Peabody Academy.
F. P. Pascoe. Additions to Australian Curculionidae. — New
genera and species of Longicorns, 1 plate. — Notes on Coleoptera,
with descriptions of new genera and species, 1 plate. Ann. Nat,
Hist, Ser. 4, viii.
A. Preudhomme de Borre. On Byrsax (^Boletophagus) gibbifer,
Wesm. Bullet. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxix.
E. Reiter. Conspectus of the Beetle-fauna of Moravia and Silesia.
Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Brunn, viii.
E. V. Eiley. Third annual report on the noxious, beneficial, and
other Insects of Missouri, woodcuts. Presented by the Author.
S. H. Scudder. On the synonymy of TJiecla calanus. Proc.
Best. Soc. Nat. Hist, xiii,
S, H, Scudder and E, Burgess, On a symmetry in the appen-
dages of hexapod Insects. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii.
F, Smith, Catalogxie of aculeate Hymenoptera and Ichneu-
monida of India and the archipelago. Journ, Linn, Soc, Zool, xi.
E. Suffrian. Enumeration of Gundlach's Cuban CurcuUonidse
(continued). Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii.
C. Thomas, Descriptions of Grasshoppers from Colorado. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870.
E. Trimen. On the geographical relations of the chief Coleo-
pterous Faunae. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xi.
E. Yerson. On the anatomy of Bombyx Yama-mai, 3 plates.
Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ixi.
F. H. Wenham. On the structure of PocZwm-scales, woodcuts.
Monthl. Mierosc. Journ. vi.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOKDON. XV
H. Weyenbergh, jun. On the mode of living of Eurytoma longi-
jjennis, Walt. Archiv. Neei'l. v.
Horae Societatis Entomologicse Eossicse, vii, part 4, viii. parts 1, 2.
Annuaire do la Socicte Entomologique de France, x., and supple-
mental monograph of Eucuemidse.
Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales,
ii. part 2.
Canadian Entomologist, iii. parts 1-6.
Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1871,
parts 1-3,
Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 1871, July to October.
Entomologist, iv.
MOLLTJSCA : —
G. F. Angas. Descriptions of thirty-four new Australian Shells,
1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
C. A. Bergh. Observations on the animals of the Cattegat and
Skagerack collected in the expedition of the gunboat ' Ingegerd.'
Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870.
H. T. Blanford. Undescribed species of Camptoceras and other
Land-shells, 4 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871.
J, C. Cox. Seven new Australian Land-shells, 1 plate. — List of
additional Mollusca from the coast of New South Wales. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1871.
R. 0. Cunningham. Notes on the Mollusca &c. of the voyage of
the ' Nassau.' Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii.
W. H. Dall. Hevision of the classification of Mollusca. Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. — On PompTiolyx, with a revision of the
Limnseidte, 1 plate and woodcuts. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, ix.
A. Lafont. On the fecundation of Cephalopodous Mollusca.
Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi.
G. and H. Nevill. New Mollusca from the Eastern Regions.
Joum. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871.
J. M. Percy. Researches on the generation of Gasteropodous
MoUusca. Mem, Soc. Sc. Phys. Nat. Bordeaux, vi.
L. Reeve. Conchologia Iconica, nos. 288, 289. Purchased.
L. Smith and T. Prime. Report on the Mollusca of Long Island.
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, ix.
F. Stoliczka. On the anatomy of Cremnoconchus syJiadrensis,
woodcut, — Terrestrial Mollusca from Tenasserim, 8 plates, Joum.
Asiat, Soc. Bengal, 1871.
Xvi PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
A. Stuart. On the nervous system of Creseis acicula, 1 plate.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi.
F. H. Troschel. Report on the contributions to the natural his-
tory of Mollusca for 1869. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi.
C. A. Westerlund. Fauna of the terrestrial and freshwater Mol-
lusca of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. Part 1. Terrestrial.
Swedish edition 8vo, French edition 4to. Presented by the Author.
Malakozoologische Blatter, xviii. sh. 4-6.
Journal de Conchyliologie, x. part 4, xi. parts 1 to 3.
American Journal of Conchology, vi. parts 1 to 3,
Lower Animaxs : —
G. J. AUman. Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian
Hydroids. Part i., 12 plates. Ray Society's publications.
E. V. Beneden. Zoological and anatomical studies of the genus
Macrostomum, 1 plate. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xx.
P. J. V. Beneden, See Ichthyology.
C. A. Bergh. Observations on the animals of the Cattegat and
Skagerack collected in the expedition of the gunboat 'Ingegerd.'
Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870.
A. Brandt. On BMzostoma Cuvieri, Lam., 1 plate. — Anatomico-
histological researches on Sipuncvlus nvdus, Linn., 2 plates. Mem.
Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, Ser. 7, xvi.
0. Biitschli. Researches on the two Nematodes of Periplaneta
(^Blatta) orientalis, 2 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi.
H. J. Carter. Two new Calcispongice, and on the relation of
Sponges to Corals, 2 plates.— A new Teiliya, and observations on
Tethyadse, 1 plate. — Parasites of the Sponges. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, viii.
C. Cubitt. Floscularia cy clops, a new species, 1 plate. — A rare
Melicertian, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi.
— Ehlers. On the Vermes collected by v. Heuglin in the sea of
Spitzbergen (from Proc. Erlangen Phys. Med. Soc). Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
J. E. Gray. Platasterias, a new genus of Astropectinidse from
Mexico, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Note on Spongia lintei-
formis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
R. Greeff. Researches on the structure and natural history of
Vortkellce, 5 plates. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. — On Nematodes, Pro-
tozoa, and Rhizopoda. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Pruss. Rhineland,
Ser. 3, X.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XVU
E. Grube. Descriptions of some species of Leeches, 2 plates.
Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii.
P. Halting. On the genus Poterion, 4 plates (from Trans. Utrecht
Soc. Arts & Sc). Presented by Mr. Darwin.
T. C. Hilgard. Infusorial circuit of generations. Monthl. Microsc.
Journ. \i.
T. Hincks. Supplement to a Catalogue of Zoophytes of Cornwall
and Devon, 2 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
G. Hodge. Catalogue of Echinodermata of Northumberland and
Durham, 4 plates. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iv.
C. T. Hudson. A new Kotifer, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc.
Journ. vi.
M. Johnson. Transmutation of form in certain Protozoa, 1 plate.
Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi.
A. Leuekart. Report on the contributions to the Natural History
of the Lower Animals for 1868-69. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi.
J. D. Macdonald. On the habit and structure of Pohjdstina. —
Outline of a scheme of classification of Invertebrata. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, viii.
P. H. MacGillivray. Descriptions of new genera and species of
Australian Polyzoa. Trans. R. Soc. Victoria, ix.
E. Metschnikoff. On the embryology of some lower Animals.
Bull. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xv. — On the metamorphoses of
some marine animals (Mitraria and Actinotroche), 3 plates. Zeitschr.
wiss. Zool. xxi.,
K. Mobius. Whence do the deep-sea animals derive their nutri-
ment ? Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi., and Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
G. Moquin-Tandon. On a new hermaphrodite chilopodous An-
nelid. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. o, xi.
B. Moss. Hsematozoa in the blood of Ceylon Deer, 1 plate.
Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi.
P. OwscyanikofF. The nervous system of Sea-stars, 1 plate. Bull.
Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xv.
E. Perrier. Observations on the relations of the ambulacral
pores inside and outside the testa of regular Echinida. Nouv. Archiv.
Mus. Par. v. — On the pedicellariae and ambulacra of Asterias and
Sea-urchins, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xii. — On the
organization of the worms of the genus Perichceta. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, viii.
W. Peters. On the Tcenia of the Rhinoceros described by Dr. J.
Murie. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
LINN. PKOC. — Session 1871-72. e
XVIU PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
A. Polotebnow. On the origin and multiplication of Bacteria.
Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix.
A. de Quatrefages. On the arrangement of the muscular layers
in Annelids, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi.
A. Stuart. On the organization of Gregarina, 1 plate. Bull.
Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xv.
A. E. YerriU. Notes on the Eadiata in the Museum of Yale
College, with descriptions of new genera and species. Trans. Con-
necticut Acad. Arts & Sc. i.
A. V. Yolborth. On Achradocystites and Cystohlastus, two new
genera of Crinoidea, 1 plate. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg,
Ser. 7, xvi.
E. V. Willemoes-Suhm. On a BdlanogTossus in the Baltic. Nachr.
R. Soc. Sc. Gottingen, 1870. — On some Trematodes and Nemathel-
minthi, 3 plates. — Biological observations on lower marine animals,
3 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi.
PhLSNOGAMIC BOTAITT : —
J. E. T. Aitchison. Catalogue of the Plants of the Punjab and
Sindh. 8vo. Presented by the Author.
H. Baillon. Histoire des Plantes : Papaveraceae, Cruciferse, Cap-
paridese. Purchased.
J. G. Baker. Martius's Flora BrasiKensis : Connaraceae, AmpeKdeae,
12 plates. Purchased.
A. W. Bennett. Martius's Flora Brasiliensis : Hydroleacese, Pe-
dalinese, 3 plates. Purchased.
G. Bentham. Revision of the genus Cassia, 4 plates. Trans. Linn.
Soc. xxvii.
L. B. Buckley. Remarks on A. Gray's notes on Buckley's Texas
Plants. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870.
A. de CandoUe. Note on Sarraceniacege. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xrii.
J. Decaisne. On the genus Zamioculcas, Schott. Bull. Soc. Bot.
Fr. xvii.
J. C. Doell. Martius's Flora Brasiliensis : Gramineae (1st part),
11 plates. Purchased.
J. Duval-Jouve. A new Carex from Montpellier. Bull. Soc. Bot.
Fr. xvii.
W. T. T. Dyer. On Brassica polymorpJia, Syme. Seem. Journ.
Bot. ix.
A. Engler. Martius's Flora Brasiliensis : Escalloniaceae, Cunonia-
ceae, 5 plates. Purchased.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XIX
A. Ernst. Notes from a botanical notebook (N. Granada). Seem.
Journ. Bot. ix.
A. Gray. Eevision of the Eriogoneae (with J. Torrey). — Reconstruc-
tion of the Order Diapensiacese. — Eevision of the North- American
Polemoniaceae. — Miscellaneous new genera and species. Proc. Amer.
Acad. Arts & Sc. viii.
D. Haubiuy. On Radix Galangce. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii.
H. F. Hance. On the source of Eadix Galangce minorls. — On
Chinese SQkworm-oaks. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. — On Portulaca
psammotropha. — On Fallopia, Lour. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix.
C. Hasskarl. On some new Commelynaceae. Flora, 1871 .
F. Hegelmaier. On Callitriche (systematical and geographical
distribution), 1 plate. Trans. Bot. Soc. Brandenburg, 1867. —
Second paper, ibid. 1868. — On the organs of fructification in Spiro-
dela, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
E. Howard. A new Cinchona, 1 plate. BuU. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii.
A. Kerner. New Himalayan Plants. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Inns-
pruck, i.
J. W. Klatt. Martius's Flora Brasiliensis : Irideae, 8 plates. Pur-
chased.
S. Kurz. New or imperfectly known Indian Plants. Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871, also separate copies presented bj the
Author.
S. Kurz and others. On Anosporum. Flora, 1871.
S. 0. Lindberg. Plantse nonmxLlae Horti Botanici Helsingforsensis
(from Trans. Finn. Soc. Sc. xi.). Presented by the Author.
M. T. Masters. Contributions to the natural history of Passi-
floraceae, 2 plates. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. — On 5yr5ant7tws,Guillem.
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii.
C. F. Maximowicz. Eighth decade of Japanese and Mantchurian
Plants. BuU. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xv.
F. A. G. Miquel. Enumeration of BegneU's Brazilian Piperacea).
Archiv. Neerl. vi.
J. T. Moggridge. Contributions to the Flora of Mentone. Part 4.
Presented by the Author. — On Ophrys insectifera, L., 4 plates. Nov.
Act. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv.
D. OUver. Flora of Tropical Africa, ii. Presented by Government.
E. A. PhOippi. On Cortezia cuneifoUa and Flotovia excelsa. Bot.
Zeit. 1871.
A. Progel. Martius's Flora Brasiliensis : Cuscutaceso., 4 plates.
Purchased.
XX PKOCEEDITfGS OF THE
H. G. Keiclienbach. Contributions to Orchidology, 6 plates. Nov.
Act. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv.
E. Rohrbach. On the genus Typha, with a monograph of Euro-
pean and some other species, 1 plate. Trans. Bot. Soc. Brandenburg,
1869.
E. Schomburgk. Catalogue of the Plants cultivated in the Go-
vernment Botanic Garden, Adelaide. Presented by the Author.
A second copy presented by C. A. Wilson, Esq., of Adelaide.
J. P. M. Weale. On a South-African Disperis. — On the fertiliza-
tion of Disa macrantha. — On some South-African Hahenarics. — On
the fertilization of some South-African Asclepiadese. Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. xiii.
Physiological and Miscellaneous Botany : —
F. W. C. Areschoug. Eesearches in Yegetable Anatomy, 4 plates.
Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870.
P. Ascherson. Delpino's Distribution of Plants according to the
mechanism of their dichogamic fertilization. — On fertilization in
Juncus bufonius and Salvia clandestina. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
A. de Bary. On the waxy coating of the epidermis. Bot. Zeit.
1871.
A. Batalin. New observations on the motion of the leaves of
Oxalis. Flora, 1871. — On the effect of light on the development of
leaves. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
A. Beketoff. On the influence of climate on some resinous trees.
Mem. Soc. Kat. Sc. Cherbourg, xv.
A. W. Bennett. Further observations on Protandry and Protogyny.
Seem. Journ. Bot. ix.
G. Bentham. On the styles of Australian Proteacese, 2 plates.
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii.
P. Bert. Eesearches on the motions of the sensitive plant {Mi-
mosa pudica, Linn.), woodcuts. Mem. Soc. Sc. Phys. Nat. Bordeaux,
vi.
A. Bolte. On some physiological phenomena observed in various
plants. — ^Hybernacula of Vinca. — On the vegetation sprung up in
the bed of a drained piece of water. Trans. Bot. Soc. Brandenburg,
1868.
— Cauvet. On the structure of Cytinus and the action of its roots
on Cistus. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii.
C. Cave, On the generating zone of appendicular organs. Bull.
Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXI
D. Clos. On the ramification of Alismaceae. Bull. Soc. Bot. Ft.
xvii.
A. P. N. Francliimont. On the formation of resin in the plant-
organism, especially that of turpentine. Flora, 1871.
A. Geheeb. A monstrosity in Lilium Martagon. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
E. Garland and JS". "W. P. Eauwenhof. Eesearches on chlorophyll
and some of its derivatives. Archiv. Neerl. vi.
Y. Godefroy. On the chemical composition of "Wood, Bull. Soc.
Bot. Fr. xvii.
H. A. Gceppert. On the period at which Plants actually die when
kiUed by frost. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
C. Gronland. Eesearches on the forms of the seeds of Pedicularis
sylvatica and P. j)(ili(si)'is considered with reference to their develop-
ment. Bot. Tidsskr. Copenhagen, iv.
— Hanstein. On the phenomena of motion in the cell-nucleus
with reference to the protoplasm. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Pruss.
Ehineland, Ser. 3, x.
J. de la Harpe. On monstrosities in Cherries. Bull. Soc. Yaud.
So. Nat. Lausanne, x.
T. Hartig. On the development of the walls of Wood-vessels,
1 plate. Proc. Imp, Acad. Yienna, Ixi.
C. Harz. On the origin of the fatty oil of the Olive, 2 plates.
Proc. Imp. Acad. Yienna, Ixi.
T. Hegelmaier. On various phenomena of development of the
younger parts of Aquatic Plants. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
F. Hildebraud. On sexual relations in Compositse, 6 plates.
Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv. — Experiments and observations
on trimorphous species of Oxalis. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
S. Kareltschikoif and S. Eosanofi". On the tubercles of Calli-
triche autiim7ialis, 1 plate. Mem. Soc. Nat. Sc. Cherbourg, xv.
G. Kraus. The origin of colouring-matter in the berries of So-
lanum pseudocapsicum, 1 plate. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii. — On the noc-
turnal distention of the bark of our trees. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
J. Lange. On the form and sculpture of seeds in species of the
same genus and in different genera, 3 plates. Bot. Tidsskr. Copen-
hagen, iv.
J. E. Leefe. On hybridity in SaVix. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix.
P. Lev}\ On the collection of Caoutchouc in Nicaragua. — On the
cultivation of the Arnotto. — On the cultivation of Indigo. Bull.
Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii.
XXll PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
P. Magnus. Eemarks on Borodin's paper on the structure of the
apex of the leaves of aquatic plants. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
J. Meehan. Cross fertilization in Eupliorhia. — On the flowers of
Aralia sjiinosa and Hedera Helix. — On the stipules of Magnolia and
Liriodendron. — On Silphium laciniatum. — On Bud varieties. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870.
E. Mer. On the physiological action of frost on Plants. Bull.
Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii.
N. C. J. Miiller. The anatomy and mechanism of stomata, 2
plates. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii. — On the phenomena of growth in
roots, 2 plates. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
J. Peyritsch. Monstrosities in UmbeUiferse, 4 plates. Proc. Imp.
Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix. — Abnormal formations in Cruciferse, 3 plates.
Pringsh. Jahrb. viii.
E. Pfitzer. Contributions to the knowledge of the structures of
the epidermis of Plants, 1 plate. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii.
G. E. Seidel. On the development of Victoria regia, 2 plates.
Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv.
H. Count Solms-Laubach. On the occurrence of oxalate of lime
in living cell-membranes, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
— Uloth. On the germination of Seeds in ice. Flora, 1871.
H. de Vries. On the influence of temperature on Plants. Archiv.
Neerl. v. — On the permeability of the protoplasm of Red Beet. —
On the death of vegetable cells from the eff'ect of a high tempera-
ture. Ibid. vi.
J. Wiesner. Contributions to the knowledge of Indian Textile
Plants, with observations on the flner structures of the fibrous cells.
Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixii.
Crtptogamic Botany : —
J. G. Agardh. The Algse of the expedition of the corvette
' Josephine,' 1 plate. — Chlorodyction, a new genus of Caulerpese,
1 plate. — The Algse of Chatham Island (from Trans. R. Acad. Sc.
Stockholm). Presented by the Author.
E. Arnold. Lichenological Eragments (continued). Elora, 1871.
J. Baglietto. Tuscan Lichenology (continued). N. Giorn. Bot.
Ital. iii.
A. de Bary. On the process of fertilization in Chara, 1 plate.
Proc. (Monatsber.) E. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1871.
S. Berggren. Studies on the origin and development of Mosses,
1 plate. Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870.
IINNEAX SOCIETT OF LOXDOX. XXlll
R. Braitliwaite. Recent additions to our Moss-flora. Seem.
Journ. Bot. ix. — On Bog-mosses. Monthl. Microsc. Jouru. vi.
H. G. Bull and others. Various mycological papers. Trans.
TToolhope Field-Club, 1S69, 1870.
M. C. Cooke. Handbook of British Fungi, 2 vols. Presented by
the Author.
M. Cornu. On Mesocarpus pleuroearpus, De Bary. — On a new
SaproJegniea, parasite on an (Edogonium. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii.
"W. T. T. Dyer. Fungi parasitic on Vacdnium Vitis-idcea. Seem.
Journ. Bot. ix.
E. Fournier. Two new Ferns from Mexico. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.
xvii.
L. Fuckel. SjTnbolte myeologicce, a synopsis of Rhineland Fungi,
6 plates. Journ. (Jahrb.) Soc. Hist. jS^at. Nassau, 1869-70.
C. Gronland. On the Lichens of Iceland. Bot. Tidsskr. Copen-
hagen, iv.
J. Hogg. Mycetoma, the Madura or Fungus-foot of India,
1 plate. — The fungoid origin of disease. Monthl. Microsc.
Journ. vi.
M. Johnson. The Monad's place in nature, 1 plate. Monthl.
Microsc. Journ. vi.
J. J. Kickx. On the reproductive organ of Psihtum triquetnim,
Sw., 1 plate. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxix.
J. Klein. On the crystalloids of some Florideae. Flora, 1871.
L. Kny. Contributions to the history of the development of
Ferns, 3 plates. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii.
H. Leitgeb. On the ramification of Hepaticse. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
S. 0. Lindberg. Critical review of the plates of the Flora Danica,
Mosses (from Trans. Finn. Soc. Sc). Presented by the Author.
K. M. LyeU. A geographical handbook of Ferns, 1 vol. 8vo.
Presented by Mr. Bentham.
N. Pringsheim. On the male plants and zoospores of the genus
Bryopsis, 1 plate. Proc. (Monatsber.) R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1871.
E. Rose. Experiments on Podisoma fiiscum and P. clavariceforme.
— On the Ergot of Rye. BuU. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii.
R. Ruthe. Mosses from the neighbourhood of Barwalde, with
descriptions of new species. Trans. Bot. Soc. Brandenburg, ix.
L. R. and C. Tulasne. Notes on tremellinous Fungi. Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii.
G. Zanardini. Xew and rare Alga) from the Mediterranean and
Adriatic Seas, 8 plates. Mem. Istit. Tenet, xv.
XXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE
PiX^ONTOLOGT :
A. Bell. Contributions to the Pauna of the Upper Tertiaries.
Ann. ]N"at. Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
H. B. Brady. On Saccamina Carteri, 1 plate. Nat. Hist. Trans.
Northumb. & Durh. iv.
E. D. Cope. Synopsis of extinct BatracMa, Eeptilia, and Aves of
North America, 14 plates and numerous woodcuts. Trans. Amer.
PhU. Soc. Ser. 2, xiv. — Various palseontologieal papers. Proc. Amer.
Phil. Soc. xi. — Life in the Wyandotte Cave. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, viii.
C. G. Ehrenberg. On the progressing knowledge of Microscopic
Life derived from the rock-forming Bacillarice of California, 3 plates.
Trans. E. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1870.
C. V. Ettingshausen. On the Possil Elora of Eadoboj, 3 plates.
Proc. E. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixi.
P. Fischer. Eesearches on fossU Boring-sponges, 2 plates. Nouv.
Archiv. Mus. Par. iv. — On Pliosaurus grandis. Ibid. v.
T. Fuchs. On the Conchylian Fauna of the Vicentine Tertiary,
11 plates. Trans. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxx.
J. E. Gray. Notice of a fossil Hydraspide from Bombay. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
— Gumbel. Comparison of the Foraminiferous Fauna of the
Marl of Gosau and the Belemnite Strata of the Bavarian Alps. Proc.
E. Acad. Sc. Munich, 1870. — On the Foraminiferous Fauna of the
Cement-marl of Ulm, 1 plate. Ibid. 1871.
A. Hancock and T. Atthey, and A. Hancock and E. Howse. Va-
rious papers on the Palaeontology of Northumberland and Durham,
3 plates. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iv.
J. de la Harpe. Fauna of the SideroUthic formation of the Canton
de Vaud. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. x.
J. Hopkinson. On a specimen of Diplograpsus pristis with repro-
ductive capsules. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii.
E. Lartet. On Trichomys BondweUi and other fossil Eodentia
from the Parisian Eocene, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xii.
G. C. Laube. The Fauna of the Trias beds of St. Castian, 7 plates.
Trans. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxx.
A. Manzoni. On the Marine Fauna of the Miocene beds of Upper
Italy, 3 plates. — On Italian fossil Bryozoa, 10 plates. Proc. Imp.
Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix., Ixi.
C. Martins. On the glacial origin of the Peat-bogs in the Jura of
Neufchatel. Presented by the Author.
LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LOJfDON. XXY
K. Mayer. On the Nummulites of Upper Italy. Bull. Soc. Vaud.
Sc. Nat. xiv.
F. B. Meek. List of fossils collected by Dr. Hayden iu New
Mexico. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. si. — Description of the fossils col-
lected by the U.S. Geological Survey under C. King. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. — Remarks on Lichenocrinus. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
F. B. Meek and H. A. "Worthen. On the relations of Synodadhi,
King, to the proposed genus Septopora, Prout. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.
Philadelphia, 1870.
N. G. Nathorst. On some Arctic plant-remains found in the
freshwater- claj's at Alnarp in Scania, 1 plate and map. Trans.
Univ. Lund, 1870.
E. T. Nelson. On the Molluscan fauna of the later Tertiary of
Peru, 2 plates. Trans. Acad. Ai-ts & Se. Connecticut, ii.
E. Parfitt. A new fossil Balanns. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
W. K. Parker, T. R. Jones, and H. B. Brady. On the nomencla-
ture of Foraminifera, 3 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. ; and a
separate copy presented by the Authors.
K. F. Peters. On the Vertebrata from the Miocene formation of
Eibiswald in Styria, 3 plates. Trans. Imp. Acad. Sc. "Vienna, xxx.
A. E. Reuss. On the Tertiary Bryozoa of Kischenew in Bessarabia.
Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix. — On the Upper Oligocene Corals
from Hungary, 5 plates. Ibid. Ixi.
H. G. Seeley. A new PUsiosaurus from the Portland Limestone.
— On some Chelonian remains from the London Clay. — On Acantho-
pholis platypus, a Pachypod from the Cambridge Upper Green -
sand, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
J. Steenstrup. On the contemporaneousness of the Bos primi-
genius and ancient forests of Pimis syhestris in Denmark. Proc.
R. Danish Soc. Sc. 1870.
F. Unger. The fossil Flora of Szanto, in Hungary, 5 plates.
Trans, Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxx. — On Plants from the Anthracite
in Carinthia, 3 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix. — On fossil
Typlias, 3 plates. Ibid. Ixi.
A. WiiicheU. Notices of fossils from the Marshall group of the
Western States. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xi.
H. Woodward. On a new fossil Crustacean from the Devonian
rocks of Canada. Canadian Naturalist, vi.
Memoirs (Abhandlungen) of the Imperial Geological Institution of
Vienna, v. j)arts 1 & 2 ; Transactions (Verhandlungen), 1871,
LiNX. PROC. — Session 1871-72. d
XXVI PHOCEEDINGS OF THE
parts 1-10 ; and Journal (Jahrbuch), xxi. parts 1 &: 2. Presented
by the Society.
Geological Society of London. Quarterly Journal, xxvii. part 3.
Presented by the Society.
Geological Magazine, July to November 1871. Presented by
the Editor.
MlSCELLAIfEOtrS : —
G. Bennett.. On the introduction and uses of the Orange and
others of the Citron tribe in New South Wales. Presented by the
Author.
C. Brady. On Silk. — On the Ailanth Silkworm. Presented by
the Author.
E. Bretschneider. On the study and value of the Chinese Bo-
tanical Works. — On the knowledge possessed by the ancient Chinese
of Western Countries. Presented by the Author.
C. Hasskarl. Report on the Cinchona-cultivation in Java, 4th
quarter, 1870. Flora, 1871.
H. Jouan. Notes on the Archipelago of Comores and Seychelles,
with rough lists of Animals and Plants. Mem. Soc. Nat. Sc.
Cherbourg.
— Mare)'. On the phenomena of Flight in the Animal Kingdom
(from the Revue des Cours scientifique). Rep. Smiths. Instit. 1869.
S. Mateer. On the Tamil popular names of Plants. Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii.
K. Mobius. Whence do the Deep-sea Animals derive their nutri-
ment? Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. ; also Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
L. H. Morgan. On the systems of Consanguinity and Affinity in
the Human Family, 14 plates. Smiths. Contrib. Knowl. xvii.
Report of the Silk Commission of Lyons for 1867 and 1868.
Mem. Soc. Imp. Agric. L^^ons, Ser. 4, i.
C. Wright. On Darwinism. Presented by Mr. Darwin.
Mr. Currey, Sec. L. S., exhibited dried specimens and photographs,
communicated to him by Mr. Hanbury, of Clatlirus cancellatus, L.,
and Coins hirudinosKS, Cav. et Sech., both found in the garden of
M. Thuret, F.M.L.S., at Antibes, in October last. The photographs,
which are beautifully executed, and exhibit the plants in different
stages of growth, are by Dr. E, Bornet. The Clathncs, though not
nncoramon in the South of Europe, is rarely seen in England, where,
however, it has been observed in the Isle of Wight, in Devonshire,
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXril
and at Lyme Regis. The Colus was originally discovered by MM.
Cavalier and Se'chier at Toulon, and described by them in the ' An-
nales des Sciences ' for 1835, as a new genus, differing from ClatJims
in the contents of the volva, in the absence of any foul smell, and
in the branches anastomosing at the summit only, and not, as in
Claihrus, from the base upwards. Colus differs from Colomarm ;\w\
Laternea in the network at the apex, formed by the anastomosing
branches.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " On the origin of Insects," by Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F. E.
and L.S.
2. " On Exocoetus voUtans," by Capt. Chimmo, of H.M.S. ' Nassau.'
Communicated by H. T. Stainton, Esq., Sec. L.S.
November 16th, 1871.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Edward John Beale, Esq., and Andrew Henderson, Esq., werp
elected Fellows.
Mr. Frederick Halsey Janson, F.L.S., exhibited dried specimens
of Centanrea solstitialis, Linn., which he had found in October last
in a cornfield above Combe Martin, North Devon.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. ''On the Floral Structure of Impatiens fulva, Nuttall, with
especial reference to the imperfect self-fertilized flowers," by Alfred
William Bennett, Esq., M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S.
2. " Florae Hongkongensis supplementum : a compendious Sup-
plement to Mr. Bentham's Description of the plants of Hong Kong,"
by Henry Fletcher Hance, Ph.D. &c. Communicated by J. D.
Hooker, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., V.P.L.S., &c.
3. "Remarks on the DollcJios unijlorus, Lamarck," by N. A.
Dalzell, Esq. Also communicated by Dr. Hooker.
PR0CEEDrNG8 OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXIX
December 7th, 1871.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The Rev. Andrew Johnson, M.A., and Marcus S. C. Rickards, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.
Mr, Hanbury, F.L.S., exhibited a shoot of the common Olive
(Olea europcea, L.), bearing fruit produced in the open air, against a
south wall, at Clapham.
Various examples of pearl-producing MoUusks, and of artificiaUj
produced Pearls, were exhibited by William Match wick, Esq.,
F.L.S., by permission of the Science and Art Department, South
Kensington, and of F. D. T. Delmar, Esq.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " Note on Amomwm angtistifolium, Sonnerat," by Daniel Han-
bury, Esq., F.R. & L.S.
2. " On the Formation of British Pearls and their possible Im-
provement," by Robert Garner, Esq., F.L.S.
3. ''On a Luminous Coleopterous Larva," by Hermann Bur-
meister, M.D., F.M.L.S.
4. " On the Botany of the Speke and Grant Expedition," by
Lieut.-Col. Grant, C.B., F.L.S., &c.
December 21st, 1871.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Henry "Walter Bates, Esq., Harry Seeley, Esq., and the Rev.
F. Augustus "Walker, were elected Fellows.
Read, the commencement of a paper " On the Anatomy of the
Xing Crab (LimuJus Polyphemus, Latr.)," by Professor Owen.
F.R. & L.S.
LINN. PROC. — Session 1871-72. e
XXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE
January 18th, 1872.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chaii\
The Rev. Joseph Lonis Bedford, B.A., Thomas R. Archer Briggs,
Esq., Beujaniin Lowne, Esq., Sir James Paget, Bart., Thomas
Heniy Potts, Esq., the Rev. Thomas Arthur Preston, M.A., William
tSouthall, Esq., and Alfred Russell Wallace, Esq., were elected
Fellows.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
- 1. The conclusion of Professor Owen's memoir " On the Anatomj-
of the King Crab (Limulus Polyphemus, Latr.)."
2. "Australian Fungi, received principally from Baron F. von
Mueller and Dr. R. Schomburgk," by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A.,
F.L.8.
February 1st, 1872.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Ferdinand Grut, Esq., W. Arnold Lewis, Esq., and George Wall,
Esq., were elected Fellows.
Read, the commencement of a paper " On the Classification and
Geographical Distribution of the Compositce," by George Bentham,
Esq., F.R.S., Pres. L.S.
February 15th, 1872.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Professor G. J. Allman, M.D., Herbert Druce, Esq., WiUiam T.
Thiselton Dyer, Esq., George Henderson, M.D., and C. WyviUe
Thomson, LL.D., were elected Fellows.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " On the Habits, Structure, and Relations of the Three-banded
ArmadiUo {Tolypeutes Conurus, Isid. Geoff. St.-Hilaire)," by Dr.
James Murie, F.L.S, &c.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXI
2. "Note on a Chinese Gall, allied to the European Artichoke-
gall, of Aphilothrix Gemma, Linn.," by Albert MiiUer, F.L.S.
3. "On the Geographical Distribution of the Diurnal Lepidoptera
as compared with that of Birds," by "W. F. Kirby, Esq. Com-
municated by H. T. Stainton, Esq., Sec. L.S.
March 7th, 1872.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Charles Home, Esq., and William Sowerby, Esq., were elected
FeUows.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " Eevision of the Genera and Species of Scillece andChlorogalece,"
by J. G. Baker, Esq., F.L.S.
2. " On the Development of the Androecium in Cochliostema , Lem.,"
by M. T. Masters, M.D., F.B. & L.S.
3. "On a hybrid Vaccinium, between the Bilberry and Crow-
berry," by Eobert Garner, Esq., F.L.S.
4. " On the Marine Algae of the Island of St. Helena," by George
Dickie, M.D., F.L.S.
5. " Eemarks on Mesotus, Mitten," by S. 0. Lindberg, M.D.
Communicated by Eobert Braithwaite, M.D., F.L.S.
6. " New Leguminosce from Western India," by N. A. Dalzell, A.M.
Communicated by Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S. &c.
7. " On the Fertilization of a Species of Salvia,^' by Mrs. Barber.
Also communicated by Dr. Hooker.
March 21st, 1872.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Charles James Breese, Esq., Frederick Arnold Lees, Esq., and
Christopher Ward, Esq., were elected Fellows.
Dr. Trimen, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of AmmopMla baltica,
Link, a new British plant, collected last autumn on Eooss Links,
Northumberland, by Mr. William Eichardson, of Alnwick.
XXXU PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Read, the continuation of a paper " On the Classification and
Geographical Distribution of the Gompositce,''^ by George Bentham,
JEsq., F.E.S., Pres. L.S.
April 4th, 1872.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Read, the conclusion of a paper " On the Classification and
Geographical Distribution of the Compositce,'^ by George Bentham,
Esq., F.R.S., Pres. L.S.
AprH 18th, 1872.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff, Esq., M.P., was elected a
Fellow.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " On Begonella, a new genus of Begoniaceae from NewGranada,"
by Professor Oliver, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.
2. " Descriptions of three new Genera of Plants in the Malayan
Herbarium of the late Dr. A. C. Maingay," by the same.
3. " Note on the Determination of Camellia ? Scottiaiia and
Ternstroemia coriacea, from Dr. WaUich's Herbarium," by W. T.
Thiselton Dyer, B.A., B.Sc, F.L.S.
4. " On Zoojpsis, H. f. & T.," by S. 0. Lindberg, M.D. Com-
municated by Robert Braithwaite, M.D., F.L.S.
May 2nd, 1872.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Edward Chapman, Esq., William Hislop, Esq., and Alexander
J. B. Beresford Hope, Esq., were elected Fellows, and Dr. Joseph
Leidy and Professor de Notaris, Foreign Members.
The following paper was read, viz. : —
" Note on Alibertia," by Senor Joaquim Correa de MeUo, of
Campinas, Brazil, translated by John Miers, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.
Communicated by Daniel Hanbury, Esq., F.R.S. & L.S.
LIlfNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXIU
May 24th, 1872.
Anniversary Meeting.
George Bentham, Esq., President in the Chair.
This day, the Anniversary of the birth of Linnseus, and the day
appointed by the Charter for the Election of Council and Officers,
the President opened the business of the Meeting with the following
Address : —
Gentlemen,
In mj anxiety to advance as much as possible the systematic works
I am engaged in, the ' Flora Australiensis ' and the ' Genera Plan-
tarum,' I found that I had delayed so far beyond the usual period
the preparation of the annual Address which seems now to be ex-
pected from the Chair at all anniversary meetings of scientific
societies, that I must beg of you to consider what I have now to
lay before you not as a regular review of the progress of our
sciences during the past years, but merely as a few notes upon
biological works to which my attention happens to have been drawn,
and which may serve to pass the time which must necessarily elapse
before the close of the ballot.
As a general summary of the current zoological literature the
' Zoological Record ' maintains its high value. The volume for 1870
has lately appeared under the new editorship of Mr. Newton, and
the arrangements now made for its further prosecution are very
hopeful ; yet I must again urge upon all our Fellows who as
amateur zoologists or patrons of tbe science have joined our ranks,
to give their further support to the " Zoological Eecord Association "
in order to secure the continuance of this annual summary for the
sake of the working members, to whom it is so essential. I would
Linn. Peoc. — Session 1871-72. /
XXnV PEOCITEDrN-GS OF THE
also call attention to the sketch of the oruithological. ■^orks recently
published or in progress contained in the last number of ' The Ibis,'
an example "which it "were to he "wished "were regularly follo\red in
all periodicals specially devoted to any branch of our sciences. The
Eeports on the contributions to the various branches of zoology in-
serted in "W^iegmann's ' Axchiv " under the editorship of, and some
of them compiled by, Troschel, replace in some measure the ' Zoolo-
gical Record ' for the German public, and are kept up nearly to the
same period, some of the reports for IS 70 ha"dng already appeared ;
they are also much to be commended, although they may not have
quite the method and completeness of the ' Zoological Record.' I
have farther to congratulate science in general on the near com-
pletion of the Royal Society's great Catalogue of Scientific Papers,
the sixth and last volume of "which is far advanced, and likely to be
in our hands by the commencement of the next session of the Society.
In Botany, Pritzel's excellent and much improved second edition of
his ' Thesaurus ' is rapidly going through the press, and brings the
repertory of separat-e botanical works do"wn to the year 1871.
Current botanical publications are also generally noticed in various
botanical periodicals, especially : — the ' Giomale Botanico Italiano,'
edited by Prof. Camel; the 'Flora' of Ratisbon; the ' Botanische
Zeitung,' continued since the death of v. Mohl by A. de Bary ; the
' Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France,' "which comprises
perhaps the fullest bibliographical re"n.e"w ; and the ' Journal of
Botany,' "which promises "well under the ne"w and active editorship
of Dr. Trimen. But, "with the exception of Lichenography, the
bibliography of "which is brought do"wn to the year 1870 in Krempel-
huber's detailed History and Literature of lichenology, "we have
no comprehensive references to Memoirs and Papers published
since 1863, the term of the Royal Society's Catalogue, and "we feel
much the "want of an annual summarv corresponding to the
' Zoological Record.'
A "work has recently appeared "which has naturally attracted much
of my attention as being intimately connected "with a branch of the
science "which I have on several occasions taken as the subject of
my annual Addresses, and as being the result of long and careful
study of the great and varied mass of data collected by its laborious
and distinguished author. I speak of Grisebach's Vegetation of the
earth according to its climatological distribution, "with the secondary
title of a Sketch of the comparative geography of plants, ' Die
Vegetation der Erde nach ihrer klimatischen Anordnung, ein Abriss
der vergleichenden Geographie der Pflanzen." The general scope
LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. XXXV
and plan of the work has been recently noticed in an article in
' Nature ' (no. 128, April 11) ; it will therefore be sufficient for me
now generally to state that it is in a great measure a development
of the paper in Petermann's ' Mittheilungen/ mentioned in mj'^
Address of 1869, mapping out the globe into twenty-four regions of
vegetation depending on physical and cKmatological considerations —
that it does not touch upon botanical regions depending on com-
munity of origin, which the author appears disposed wholly to
ignore, or at any rate to relegate to the class of mere hypothesis as
yet far too vague to serve as a foundation for any scientific conclu-
sions— but that the undoubted influence of climatological and other
physical conditions on the progress, dispersion, and life-history of
species is here worked out with a care and detail deserving the
attention of all physiologists, as well as of all cultivators of exotic
plants. I shall on the present occasion confine myself to a few ob-
servations on his views with reference to some of those regions or
districts to which I had intended to call your attention in my last
year's Address.
One of the most interesting of these regions is the Japanese, or
the greater part of Grisebach's Chino-Japanese region — that is, the
Japanese islands and opposite coasts of the Asiatic continent. The
peculiarities of its flora have been accounted for, upon considerations
depending chiefly on origin, in a well-known paper by Asa Gray
(Mem. Amer. Acad, new ser. vol. vi. p. 424), whose views are fully
coincided in by Maximo wicz and others, but strongly objected to
formerly by Miquel and now by Grisebach, who relies upon clima-
tological and other physical considerations. It appears to me that
this is a strong instance of the combined effects of the two agents,
as explained in my above-mentioned Address of 1869 (p. 15 ; Proc.
Linn. Soc. 1868-69, p. Ixxvii). The main features of this flora
are the mutual intergrafting of northern and tropical types, and the
number of highly differentiated endemic or widely dissevered mono-
typic or almost monotypic races — the former due to physical, the
latter to derivative causes. In the western moiety of the great
Old- World continent the northern and tropical floras are widely
separated by a double barrier — the great mountain- chain which runs
with little interruption from the Atlantic to the Caspian bounding the
Mediterranean region to the north, and the great .Ifrican and Arabian
deserts which form its southern boundary. Here the only connexion
observed from north to south consists in a few European types in-
habiting the higher tropical African mountains. Xo tropical forms
have been able to cross their northern barriers. In Central Asia
/2
XXXVl PROCEEDWrGS OF THE
the intermediate region disappears, the Himalayan chain alone
limits the tropical flora, sonl'e of whose types ascend the warmer
valleys, whilst a few of the northern ones extend along the mountains
of the two great tropical peninsulas. In the extreme east this
great mountain -chain disappears or, in receding, turns so far in a
northern direction as no longer to oppose a definite impassable barrier
running east and west. The climatological results, well explained
by Grisebach (vol. i. p. 489 et seq.), come into play, enabling many
tropical types freely to intermix with the northern ones, the former
prevailing in the south, the latter in the northern portion of the
region, but with a gradual, not an abrupt change.
But with regard to the endemic or widely dissevered highly differ-
entiated races (monotypic genera, sections, or very distinct species),
Grisebach's views differ widely from those of Asa Gray and other
modern naturalists who adopt more or less the theory of evolution.
Grisebach, as already observed, entirely ignores community of origin
of closely allied or representative species, and is but little disposed to
take into consideration ancient dispersion under geological conditions
different from the present ones. Each species he believes has arisen
— he had formerly said been created, an expression he now abandons
in order not to be supposed to prejudge a question which admits of
no positive solution — each species has arisen in a particular spot
(from what materials he thinks it vain to inquire), under the in-
fluence of physical and other external conditions, and has spread
■jiore or less in every direction from this birthplace or centre as
far as those external conditions have prevailed, and so far as its
progress has been unopposed by insurmountable physical or clima-
tological barriers. In conformity with these views he explains
closely allied and representative species in a passage which I give at
length for fear of misrepresenting him by an abstract. " The birth-
place (Entstehungsort) of a plant species," he says, vol. i. p. 515,
*' may be taken as the most perfect expression of the concordance
between the physical life-conditions of the place and the organiza-
tion of the plant ; for this suitability to given influences of inorganic
nature gives the highest measure of the capability of preservation
which life strives to attain. Upon these propositions is founded the
conclusion, that the nearer the centres of different plants are placed
geographically, and the less different are therefore their climatolo-
gical conditions, the more similar must be their organization, or,
what amounts to the same thing, the more species will have arisen
in the same genus. This phenomenon is exhibited in all places
where we can compare endemic species whose dispersion is limited ;
LTNNliAN SUCIEXX OF LONDON. XXXVi
but in islands which have a peculiar vegetation it is less pronounced
than in continents. Prom any one point climate is gradually altered,
like the radii of a circle, which gradually diverge more and more from
each other from the centre to the circumference. In a continent
the whole area of the circle may be supposed to be suited to the pro-
duction of changes in organization ; in an archipelago it is inter-
rupted by the sea, and here, therefore, few similar species have
arisen. Another consideration to be taken into account is, that
genera when compared with each other are unequally susceptible of
change (veranderungsfahig) ; their species, therefore, to keep to the
same metaphor, will be found arranged at greater or less distances
from each other in the radii of the circle. If the area of the con-
tinuous land is small, monotypes will have more readily arisen — ge-
nera which, on the one hand, are verj' little or not at aU susceptible
of change, and on the other hand can no longer subsist with a certain
degree of cHmatological change. If in a more remote geographical
distance the more important climatological conditions which these
genera require are repeated, we may perhaps find in another part of
the globe a second species ; and this generally explains the origin of
the species which have been termed representative (vikariirende
Arten). A precisely similar climate, however (exactly the same com-
plication of the very varied phenomena towards which organisms
bear themselves receptively), is never repeated in two distant points
of the earth's surface ; and this may be taken as the foundation of the
absolute unity of centres of vegetation — that is to say, of the proposi-
tion that every species in its wanderings has issued from a single
birthplace, which does not exclude the possibility of solitary excep-
tions which might be imagined in plants of less receptivity,"
In all this it appears to me that if the writer refuses to admit of
a descent from a common parent, we have a right to ask of him
what is the previous organization upon which he imagines climate
to have worked to produce allied species in one region and representa-
tive species in distant regions ? — what are the previous genera which
have changed? for upon that seems to hinge the whole of his argument
in refutation of Asa Gray's hypothesis explanatory of the original
connexion between the East- Asiatic and East- American floras. That
every species had arisen in one spot, whether by differentiation or
by creation, appears now to be tacitly admitted by all. Asa Gray,
in accordance with Darwinian theories, supposes widely spread spe-
cies to have been, under the different conditions of distant lands,
gradually modified in different directions, so as to have produced
distinct varieties or representative species ; Grisebach supposes these
XlXviii PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
different conditions to have independently produced distinct but
similar species, by acting on organisms which had not been one and
the same species ; but what else they may have been he seems to
think beyond the reach of plausible conjecture.
Leaving, however, these questions of origin aside, he strongly ob-
jects to the classing representative with identical species in con-
sidering geographical disti'ibution ; for the former appear in such
absolutely dissevered distant regions that an interchange of species,
even in early geological periods, seems impossible, as, for instance, in
the case of several Ericas of the Cape and of Europe. It is on the
contrary, he believes, almost always possible to deduce the actual
progress of identical species from the form or phj'sical accidents of
their homes and from the means of dispersion at their command
(p. 519). He therefore, in combating Asa Gray's conclusion, com-
mences by eliminating from his calculations, after the example of
Miquel (" Over de Yerwantschap der Flora van Japan met Azie en
Noord America," in Yersl. K. Akad. Amsterdam, ser. 2, ii.), aU re-
presentative species, thus reducing Asa Gray's list of concordant
races in Japan and eastern North America from 226 to 81 ; from these
Grisebach subtracts 41, which are also inhabitants of western North
America, and can still, he thinks, daily transmit their seeds, across
the Pacific Ocean; 17 more are, in his opinion (supported by that of
other botanists), either certainly not identical or doubtful, and to be
added to the already eliminated representative species. Of the re-
maining 23, he finds 21 which can bear a high northern climate and
may yet be found in the Oregon or other imperfectly explored terri-
tories of North-west America ; and the whole long list is thus re-
duced to two species only, whose problematical disseverance in
Japan and Eastern North America remains unexplained, — the one,
Elodea petiolata, being a marsh plant, which as such possesses great
migratory powers ; the other, Carex rostrata, from the White Moun-
tains, awaits further researches on its geographical distribution. Even
admitting the possibiUty of the greater early dispersion of these
species in former geological periods propounded by Asa Gray, Grise-
bach thinks that any such great antiquity of the Japanese flora is
not estabhshed on so firm a ground as to supersede any attempts at
finding other explanations limited to the results of forces still in
activity in present times, and that accordingly the distribution
of the species in question may be satisfactorily accounted for by
the means of dispersion still available, if the data are viewed in the
light he has placed them in. I should doubt, however, whether his
mode of cutting up a long array of ascertained facts further increased
IIM^EAN SOCIETY OP lOUDON. XXxix
by subsequent researcbes, in order to make tbem agree witb pre-
conceived tbeories, will carry any stronger conviction to Asa Gray's
mind tban to my own, more especially as tbe presumed great anti-
quity of tbe Japanese flora is not deduced from tbese facts alone, but
is derived also from otber evidences, amongst wbich tbe peculiar
cbaracter of the endemic monotypes bears a prominent part.
With regard to Grisebacb's idea that representative and similar
species are independently produced by similarity of climatological
conditions, and that they afii'ord no conclusive evidence of community
of origin, for that they are to be found in widely dissevered locali-
ties between wbich it is impossible to conceive any continuity even
in ancient geological periods, and with reference to the instance he
adduces of the above-mentioned Heaths of the Cape and of Western
Europe, I would recall to your minds some observations I made in my
Address of 1869 (p. 25; ' Proceedings,' p. Ixxxvii) on the remark-
able coincidence of several genera, and the near similarity of some
species that exists between tbese two widely dissevered regions. I
would now add that if it is difficult to imagine any ancient continuity
which should readily explain this phenomenon, it seems equally
difficult to account for it by any climatological similarity, if we
consider how much Cape plants in general, accustomed to a pro-
longed summer's sun, suffer from its want in the dull damp seasons
of Western Europe.
Another generalization of Grisebacb's, derived from the influence
of climatological conditions on the production of species, and affecting
the large number of genera in proportion to species of the Japanese
region, is, that genera witb numerous species are characteristic of
large plant-regions or systems of vegetation-centres which range
from west to east, in contradistinction to those which run north and
south — that there is in the former much more change in species than
in genera, and the reverse in the latter — that we thus fiind very
large genera much more readily in Asia than in America (instancing
Astragalus as a genus unrivalled in this respect in America). Astra-
galus, however, has about one sixth of its species in America, where
it ranges from north to south, from the Arctic circle to Southern
Chili ; and if we take the list of pbsenogamic genera which have
from about 400 to 900 species each {Astragalus, Acacia, Eugenia,
Vernonia, Eupatorium, Senecio, Enca, Solanum, Eupliorhia, Pliyl-
lanthus, Croton, Piper, Carex, Panicum), none are exclusively
Asiatic, and one only, or perhaps two {Astragalus and Carex), have
more Europseo-Asiatic tban American species, and range east and
west ; five {Eugenia, Vernonia, Eupatorium, Solanum, and Croton
Xl PBOCEEDINGS OF THE
predominate in America, and run as mucli north and south as east
and west. Eriea, in the Old World, runs north and south, and is
specially numerous (400 species) in the limited Cape region; so
Acacia has nearly 300 of its species in the restricted Australian
region. The large number of genera which have from 100 to 400
species in the Cape flora or in Australia militate, indeed, very much
against the further proposition that genera have much fewer species
in regions physically and climatologically restricted than iu those of
extended areas under comparatively similar climates.
Before quittingthe subject of the East- Asiatic biological regions and
their connexion with Am erica, I would notice a very interesting disser-
tation by our foreign Member J. F. Brandt on the Elk, included in the
' Memoirs' of the Petersburg Academy, received last autumn. After
a careful review of a large mass of data, showing the identity of the
now living Europseo- Asiatic Elk with the liviugElk of North America,
with the comparatively recent fossil remains found in the temperate
regions of Europe, Asia, and North Am eric a, and with the miocene Elk
of the high north — after showing the wide area the animal occupied in
Europe and Asia in early (historic) times, and discussing the period
of its gradual disappearance from a great part of that area, he
proceeds, in an Appendix, to pass in rapid review the connexion
between the miocene Arctic flora and that of the present temperate
Europseo-Asiatic and North-American regions. In this, whilst duly
appreciating the labours of our distinguished foreign member Oswald
Heer, upon which the resume is chiefly founded, he vindicates for H.
R. Goppert, whom we are also proud to reckon amongst our foreign
members, now of many years' standing, the merit of having been the
first to point out (in 1853) the identity of several of these tertiary
remains (amongst others, of the Taxodium distichtcm) with actual
living species. A note by Maximowicz gives a summary of Asa
Gray's above-mentioned views as supported by E. Schmidt in his
* Flora of Sachalin,' although differed from by Regel (' Flora Ussuri-
ensis'), an advocate of the Atlantis theory. To this Maximowicz
adds that his own most recent researches have considerably increased
the number of species and genera common to Eastern Asia and
Eastern North America, and notably for this comparatively southern
Japanese region, observing, however, that the flora of the more
southern of the Kurile Islands, to the north of Japan, is as yet entirely
unknown. A second short Appendix of Brandt's gives the little
that is known of Arctic fossil insects, aU of which, he says in con-
clusion, agrees well with the view that the present North-Asiatic
and European as well as the North-American flora and fauna were
IXNTNEAIT SOCIETY OF LONDON. xli
mucli more northern in the tertiary times — that, in consequence of
the gradual cooling down of the north, they partly died out, another
part, with some exceptions, such as the Reindeer and the Arctic
Fox, gradually migrated to more southern regions, where, after the
loss of many members not capable of accommodating themselves to
altered circumstances (nicht accomodationsfahiger GHeder), they
have, although with continuously reduced numbers in genera and
species, formed a great part of the present faunas and floras, thus
supplying a compensation for the loss experienced in these their
new homes of the expiring members of more southern miocene
faunas and floras.
The Eastern Archipelago (the study of whose fauna, as connected
with the history of the great changes it has undergone by successive
submersions and upheavals, has been rendered so interesting by the
well-known labours of A. E.. Wallace) calls imperatively the atten-
tion of botanists to the search of facts derived from its flora in confir-
mation or refutation of these views. Unfortunately we are in this
respect very much in arrear. The botany of New Guinea is almost
wholly unknown ; and from Celebes we have but very Uttle. Sumatra,
Java, the Philippines, Timor, and a part of Borneo have been more
generally explored ; and large collections of their plants have been
deposited, chiefly in the Leyden Herbarium, but also in considerable
numbers in that of Kew and in some others ; but even these mate-
rials have been but little worked up in a manner to be available for
the geographical botanist. The two eminent Dutch botanists who
had successively charge of the Leyden collections contributed much
in various ways to the progress of the science, and especially to our
knowledge of the flora of the principal Dutch islands, but without
leaving any satisfactory general view of all that was known on that
of the whole archipelago. Blume's ' Bijdragen tot de Flora van
Nedcrlandsch Indie,' drawn up and published at Batavia when he
was still very young, was a wonderful work considering the means
at his disposal ; and after his retui'u to Europe he commenced eluci-
dating with equal ability and in greater detail several orders con-
nected with that flora (' Flora Javse,' 'Eumphia,' ' Museum Lugduno-
Batavense ') ; but as general works all these remained incomplete.
Miquel drew up a ' Flora Indise Batavae,' purposing to be complete
as far as his materials allowed ; but it was far too hastily compiled,
without the necessary critical examination of genera and species.
Copying much from previous partial publications of various authors,
without comparison with specimens independently described, the
repetitions, bad species, and erroneous determinations are very nu-
xlii PKOCEEDIKGS OF THE
merous ; there is no comparison with the members of adjoining
floras ; nor can I discover any clue to the principle upon which he
has included in this Flora of Dutch India a selection of Nilgherry,
Nepalese, and Chinese plants. N^o reliable statistics can therefore
be derived from the work. Nor did Miquel himself enter much in any
of his works on the question of the general distribution of plants
over the archipelago. This is the more to be regretted as he showed
that he was well able to cope with the subject in his excellent
review of the flora of Sumatra as compared with its physical condi-
tions and with that of the neighbouring island of Java, forming the
Introduction to his supplemental volume of the above-mentioned
' Flora.' Since his lamented death, I have seen no signs of any Dutch
successor likely to take up the study of the botany of the archipelago
in any scientific point of view. In the mean time the rich stores col-
lected by P. Beecari in Sarawak are, I am informed, in the course
of distribution ; and that enterprising Italian naturalist has returned
to the East with a view to the exploration of New Guinea and some
others of the less-known islands.
Grisebach, in his Indian Monsoon region, unites the archipelago
with the East-Indian peninsulas and continent to the foot of the
Himalayas, the island of Ceylon to the west, and the Society and
the Marquesas and other coral islands to the east, embracing, as it
were, the whole of Tropical Asia, or Sclater's Indian, with a portion
of his Australian Palseotropical regions ; and certainly a cursory
survey of the vegetation of this vast expanse of territory would
appear to justify Grisebach's idea of its unity of character. It has
also tolerably definite limits, determined on the north-west by the
drier rocky East Mediterranean or Persian region, on the north by
the great Himalayan chain, and on the east and south by a wide
extent of ocean — the exceptions being chiefly the above-mentioned
inoculation, as it were, into the Japanese flora to the north-east,
and more or less of an intrusion across the ocean to the westward
into Tropical Africa, and over a narrower interval of sea to the
south-east into north-east Australia. The principal cause of this
uniformity of character, so far as it goes, is well deduced by
Grisebach from climatological and physical conditions, his observa-
tions on the chief portion of the region, or East India proper, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to Malacca, being mainly derived from
Hooker and Thomson's most instructive Introduction to their ' Flora
Indica,' which, from a variety of causes, was unfortunately put a
stop to after the issue of ihe first volume. It is now being re-
placed by the ' Flora of British India,' under Dr. Hooker's editor-
LDTNEAN SOCIETY OF LOKDOK, xliii
ship, of which the first part, just published in a more concise form,
gives a confident hope that it may be steadily and rapidly brought
to a conclusion. We shall then have ample means of instituting a
comparison of the Indian vegetation with that of Boissier's ' Flora
Orientalis ' to the north-west, of Ledebour's ' Flora Rossica ' to the
north, of Miquel's almost as complete though less methodical enume-
rations of Japanese plants to the north-east, of the ' Flora Austra-
liensis ' to the south, and of Oliver's ' Tropical African Flora ' to the
west.
The ' Flora Indica ' does not, however, extend to the eastern portion
of Grisebach's Monsoon region, about which our information is so
deficient, but where, as he observes, " the distribution of organisms
involves one of the most remarkable problems in the darker regions
of vegetation-centres." He further remarks that the flora of this
eastern region, with the exception of the Timor group, is every-
where Indian, and regulated by climatological conditions, the
vegetation of New Guinea being, as he rather hastily supposes,
" thoroughly similar to that of Borneo " — a result quite at variance
with the distribution of animals as expounded by Wallace. As a
possible explanation of this discrepancy, he proposes a hypothesis
which, for fear of misrepresentation, I shall give at length: — " Thus
the limits of particular fonns of plants and of animals in the Indian
archipelago do not concur. Vegetation corresponds to climatological,
the fauna to local (raumliche) analogies. This opens a wide field for
speculations on the history of the globe. By a mere sinking of the
land to an unimportant extent, Darwinism readily explains the
origin of the fauna of these islands, but not the Indian character
of the flora of New Guinea, which presupposes much greater up-
heavals than the origin of the' fauna, calculated to give rise to
equatorial rainy seasons. This hypothesis would derive the endemic
marsupials of New Guinea from the Australian ones after the esta-
blishment of the Torres Straits ; but it gives no explanation of the
way in which the peculiar palms of New Guinea could have arisen
from allied Indian genera. With more plausibility, although with
little more foundation on ascertained facts, may be put forward
another conjecture derived from the respective relations of plants
and animals to the outer world. From their organization the
former are much more dependent on climate, the latter on the vege-
tation which serves them for food. If an extent of sea is converted
into land, its climate (independently of its geographical position) will
depend on the form of its coasts and on the relief of its surface. If,
now, creative forces are pronounced, the forms of vegetation will be
xliv PKOCEEDINGS OP THE
suited to the climate. These forms correspond to the climate of
the present day — as everywhere else, so also from the Malayan con-
tinent to the South-Sea Islands. If we assume that in an earlier
geological period the eastern portion of the archipelago did not yet
possess its mountains, and was connected with Australia, so might
the Australian climate have then extended to the archipelago ; but
with the change in the climate the vegetation of the time must have
disappeared. A new flora arose ; but in the fauna, which was less
dependent on climate, the earlier types may have longer persisted.
Perhaps the present period may be regarded as one in which the
Australian forms of animals are in an expiring state, because the
jungle-forests do not sufficiently correspond to their demands for
food. It would appear as if creative activity only wakes up at
specific points of time on specific points of the earth's surface, and
that during the long pauses Nature's struggles are directed only to
the retaining that which exists. Vegetation, as well as the animals
which it feeds, must ever be considered in relation to the geological
developments. During the time which has elapsed since the moun-
tains and the moist climate of New Guinea have been established
no new creation of Mammalia has taken place. Only very few
Marsupials, and scarcely any other Mammalia, have been found on
this great island. But in other classes of animals forms have arisen
corresponding to the present vegetation, such as the Birds of Para-
dise, which are unknown in Australia, but which in New Guinea
hover over the forest tree-tops, whilst they can take shelter from
the midday sun under the dense foliage. . . . The present type of
organization was already cast in New Holland in the tertiary period,
whilst the endemic plants and animals of New Guinea appear to be
of much later origin." (Vol. ii. pp. 69, 70.)
"Without admitting to its fullest extent the main fact relied upon,
that there is no marked line separating the vegetation of the western
and the eastern . portions of the archipelago corresponding to that
laid down by Wallace for animals, a premature conclusion in the
present state of our knowledge*, and still less entering into specu-
lations as to the intermittent action of creative forces which I do
not quite comprehend, we must agree with Grisebach that, so far
as shown by the scanty data at our command, the uniformity is
much greater in the botany than in the zoology of the whole
archipelago. We may also admit with him that this comparative
uniformity may be, in great measure, due to the uniformity of
* Dr. Hooker has, for instance, remarked that no Dipterocarpese have been
found to the east of Borneo.
lUnTEAX SOCIETT OF LO>T)OIf. xlv
climate acting more upon plants than upon animals. But there
are other circumstances which may probably have favoured the
continued action of natural selection through countless ages in
procuring this result. Dr. Hooker has very plausibly suggested a
greater geological antiquity in the plant races than in those of
animals, especially the higher animals, under which the former, or
the ancestors from which they are descended, had become established
over a wide extent of continuous land before its disruption by suc-
cessive upheavals and depressions had produced the present isolation.
We must next take into account that this continuity of land need
not be so great in the case of plants as of animals. The dispersion
of the former is passive, and takes place chiefly in a dormant state,
in which minuteness and enormous multiplication affords them
opportunities for crossing seas and other barriers denied to the
higher animals. Plant-races of accommodating (accomodations-
fahiger) constitutions, as they successively arose and attained the
full vigour of specific life, will have early spread over any continuous
or but little broken area enjoying comparatively similar physical
and climatological conditions, the western and eastern forms inter-
mingling so as that the one should only gradually be replaced by
the other — thus iu early ages repeating under the tropics the pheno-
menon now observed in the northern temperate Europaeo-Asiatic
region. These vigorous or accommodating races, whether new dif-
ferentiations or foreign invasions, will at the same time have gra-
dually expelled and replaced races which in tertiary or other previous
periods had occupied the land under different conditions, and which
now could only maintain themselves in the struggle for life in
localities affording them in their reduced or weakened state special
protection against the effects of the altered climate and the attacks
of their vigorous competitors. Such localities, suited to ancient or
expiring races of few individuals with varied but always special
requirements, and generally slow of propagation, may be exemplified
in the Mediterranean, the Japanese, and other regions abounding, as
Grisebach terms it, in centres of vegetation ; they may be faintly
traced in the Nilgherries and in Ceylon, but are in general very few
in Grisebach 's Monsoon region ; and those few are as yet but little
known or wholly unvisited. Kini-Balu, in Borneo, however, has, as
we learn from Dr. Hooker, supplied a place of refuge for a certain
number of Australian types ; and it maj' be conjectured that many
more may have maintained themselves in those lofty mountains of
New Guinea which have as yet been only seen from a distance.
Continuity of vegetation probably existed in tertiary times between
Ivi PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Australia and a vast extent of land including more or less of both
of Wallace's divisions of the Archipelago, How far subsequent
changes which have influenced the present distribution of animals
may have affected that of the forest vegetation can only be judged
of when the floras of Borneo, Celebes, and New Guinea shall have
been as well investigated and compared as have been those of
Sumatra and Java.
Tropical Africa, or Grisebach's Soudan, is, as a botanical region,
separated from the Mediterranean region by the Sahara desert, and,
southward, from the Cape region by the dry district north of the
Gariep, termed by him the Kalahari, Geologists have expressed
their belief that this continent has subsisted as land from the most
remote antiquity. The large semiaquatic or singularly formed ter-
restrial animals, the very distinct bird-races, the varied connexions
of its entomology may all tend to support the hypothesis ; and many
of the peculiarities of its vegetation, as far as known, appear to
derive from it a plausible explanation, Grisebach, however, believes
that these peculiarities are entirely independent of the geological
history of Africa. He begins by remarking on the poverty of the
flora of Soudan, especially when compared with that of other tropical
regions of large extent, such as Brazil and tropical Asia — and this
notwithstanding the wide dispersion over the region of certain genera
and species, and, on the other hand, the indications of several special
centres of vegetation within it. But these centres of vegetation, he
says, have been very sparse in their productions, as well in the low-
lands as in the mountains. He observes that, if the long duration of
a continental existence from the earliest periods had any influence,
it is difficult to conceive why single districts should have enjoyed
such great advantages over others ; arid it is equally in contradiction
to any ideas of a multiplication of organisms through the lapse of
long periods, or of the expulsion of a more varied ancient vegetation
by foreign invasions, when we see that most of the families of plants
are so poor in their component parts, whilst Gramineae are so extra-
ordinarily rich. If there had been any force in action causing the
flora of tropical Africa to be transformed in one direction or another,
how could it have dealt with different groups with effects so opposite ?
" The more irregular," he adds, " the distribution and mode of
operation of centres of vegetation appear to us, the more humble
must remain our attempts at explanation, in face of the mysteries of
the productive force, which does indeed suit that which it does
bring forth to physical conditions, but does not actually call into
being all that is susceptible of life." (Vol. ii. pp, 141, 142.)
LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. xlvii
This comparative paucity of species is probably real, but not to
the degree that Grisebach was led to suppose from the scanty data
he had access to. He does not appear, in making his calculations,
to have yet seen even the first volume of Oliver's ' Flora of Tropical
Africa;' and he judges chiefly from Hooker's 'Niger Flora' and
Achille Richard's ' Flore d'Abyssinie,' which he regards as tolerably
fair exponents of the vegetation of the two best-known districts of
the region, now termed by Oliver Upper Guinea and Nileland.
Comparing the plants of these two districts enumerated in the two
volumes now published of Oliver's 'Flora' with the corresponding
portions of the two above-mentioned works (the orders preceding
Umbelliferae), we find the Abyssinian or Nilelaud species increased
from 562 to 853, and those of Upper Guinea from 747 to 1091 ; and
Grisebach would probably have to raise his number of 1650 Abys-
sinian pheuogamous species to about 2500, and the 1870 from Upper
Guinea, to about 2800. The total pheuogamous species in our her-
baria now ready to be entered in the Tropical-African Flora cannot
be far short of 8000 ; and there is, I think, little doubt that
several thousands may be yet to be added to them from the vast
tracts of country entirely unknown to botanists. But even this
increased number may not be more than half of what could be sup-
plied from the much smaller area included in the Brazilian empire,
the extraordinary richness of whose natural productions, animal as
well as vegetable, has been frequently commented upon ; it may
also, as stated by Grisebach, fall considerably short of the probable
number in his Indian Monsoon region, which, from the Himalaya to
the north coast of Australia, has an extent in latitude about equal
to that of the Soudan region, with a few more degrees of longitude,
from the Indian peninsula and Ceylon to the extreme east of New
Guinea. But might not this difference be in some measure accounted
for by some of those considerations which he so positively rejects as
irrelevant? If it be true that in plants the production through
natural selection of new races from variation is favoured by changes
in cUmatological and other physical conditions, whilst a long con-
tinued uniformity of these conditions enables races once acclimatized
through a long course of generations by that same natural selection
to hold their own even long after they have become reduced or
weakened by age — if we may further consider the number of highly
differentiated, monotypic, or sparingly varied races endemic in Africa,
and especially those which are intermediate between subgenera,
genera, tribes, &c. which in all other countries are well defined, to
be remnants of races of the highest antiquity, may we not regard
Xlviii PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
these remnants, coupled with the apparently slow multiplication of
species, as the result of a continuous subsistence of the land from
the earliest periods, with few or none of those great convulsions or
gradual depressions and upheavals which have successively changed
the configuration and climate of those Eastern regions with which
Africa appears once to have been connected, and exposing them to
successive destructions or modifications of their old vegetation and
invasions of new races ?
To Grisebach's notes on the connexions of the Tropical- African
flora with that of other countries I should have but few observations
to add. The intergrafting with the South- African flora along the
eastern side of the continent may well be attributed to climate and
other present physical conditions. The European character of the
higher mountain vegetation of Abyssinia and the Cameroons may be
indicative of the remains of that western flora, the mysteries of
whose distribution north and south of the tropics I have on several
occasions alluded to. The supposed evidences derived from the
vegetable kingdom of a once existing connexion between West Tro-
pical Africa and East Tropical America through an ancient Atlantis
gradually disappear on further investigation, No traces of a Western-
Atlantic or American vegetation were met with by Mann in the
mountains of Fernando Po and the Cameroons, nor by Dr. Hooker in
the Western Atlas of Morocco. The Tropical- American races found
in Western Africa are chiefly confined to the coast region ; they are
more generally identical than representative species ; and they may
have been brought over in the course of ages by some of those
means of transport which even now may occasionally occur, such as
the Gulf-stream, as mentioned by Grisebach. You may recollect, for
instance, a short notice by Dr. Dickie inserted in our Journal (Botany,
vol. xi. p. 456) of a green floating mass, twelve to fourteen miles broad,
crossed by Capt. Mitchell in the Atlantic, within 300 miles of the
mouth of the Gambia, which had evidently, in Dr. Dickie's mind, come
from some part of America within the influence of the Gulf-stream,
probably passing between the Cape- Verd Islands and the mainland of
Africa. Besides algse, the portions of this mass picked up by Capt.
Mitchell and examined by Dr. Dickie contained, amongst other sub-
stances, fruits, seeds and " seedling plants several inches long, aU
with a pair of cotyledons, roots, and terminal bud, quite fresh"*.
With regard to those American genera represented chiefly in Eastern
* It may require, however, as suggested by Dr. Hooker, some further evi-
dence to show that this green mass might not as well have been brought down
from some African as from some American river.
UNiraAJT SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlix
Tropical Africa, to which I called your attention in my paper on
Compositae, there are various considerations, requiring too much
detail for me now to enter upon them, tending to show a greater
probability of an ancient interchange having taken place far south
of the tropics, or eastward over lands long since submerged, than
across the Tropical Atlantic, A prevailing eastern element in the
Tropical- African flora has, indeed, been frequently pointed out. An
interchange with Continental India is so well marked north of the
equator as to have been generally admitted : but south there are
many distinct types represented only in Madagascar, Ceylon, Ma-
lacca, the Archipelago, or Australia. This would lead one into
speculations, put forward also by naturalists in other branches, as to
a vast continent once bridging ovet the Indian Ocean, and extend-
ing even far to the eastward into the Southern Pacific. Similar
views derived from zoology have been recently put forward by Gran-
didier, in a most interesting sketch of the physical geography and
natural history. of Madagascar, contained in u. 46 (May 11) of this
., year's ' Eevue Scientifique.' This island, whose evident antiquity
and long isolation, aided by its broken surface, has enabled it to
become the seat or centre of preservation of a very large number oi
endemic monotypes, shows also in its vegetation, besides African,
many Archipelago and even Australian types. Grandidier believes
that in zoology the more distant eastern connexion is at least as
evident, if not more so than that with the almost adjacent African
continent. In plants, the African connexion is decidedly predo-
minant.
I shall not attempt to follow Grisebach in discussing the peculia-
rities of the remainder of his regions. We may observe throughout
the same careful investigation of the climatic conditions and its in-
fluence on the vegetative character of the individual plants (Vege-
tationsformen) and on the general aspect of the whole vegetation
they constitute (Yegetationsformationen), with the same high esti-
mate or, we might say, overestimate of its efi'ects on the typical
character of the species as compared with the complicated con-
sequences of previous possession, foreign invasion, and natural selec-
tion in the struggle for life (which he seems disposed to ignore), and
with the same allusions to certain mysterious creative or productive
forces beyond the reach of our inquiries. A closer examination of
his regions shows them to be much better conceived in his phyto-
climatic point of view than I had at first thought them to be when
regarded as phyto-geographical regions; and although fvirther ex-
plorations may cause him to modify their limits in several instances,
LiiTN. Peoc. — Session 1871-72. g
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
yet, in regard to all of them, the data he has collected and methodized
"will be found to be an important contribution to the scientific study
of geographical distribution, the value of which is enhanced by
copious references to the sources whence he has derived his infor-
mation. Among these regions I only allude now to the Brazilian,
for the purpose of calling your attention to the steady progress of
the great work descriptive of one of the richest floras of the globe.
The plan of the ' Flora Brasiliensis,' originally conceived by the emi-
nent traveller, naturalist, and ethnologist Carl von Martins, was,
with true German perseverance and energy, worked out by him to
the end of his life ; and immediately before his death he had the
satisfaction of concluding, under the enlightened patronage of the
ruler of that empire, arrangements by which its regular continuance
and, probably eai'ly conclusion were secured. The laborious and
irksome task of editor, including the dealings with authors of un-
certain habits and tempers, so well performed by Martius, has de-
volved upon a worthy successor in the person of Dr. Eichler, who
has also taken a distinguished part amongst the authors ; and a
further stimulus has been given to it by the recent visit of the
Emperor to the European continent. We all admired the intelli-
gent activity as well as the affability displayed by him when in this
country; and it was a matter of deep regret to me that my absence
from town prevented my attending upon his Majesty when he
visited these our rooms and insjDected our library and collections.
When in Germany, his delicate attentions to the widow of v. Mar-
tius, whom he styled " one of his oldest and best friends," and his
cordial reception of Dr. Eichler at Yienna, will have done as much
towards encouraging the editorial efforts, as the votes of the Bra-
zilian chambers have contributed to the material progress of the
work. The comjionent parts of this great Flora, by authors of dif-
ferent abilities, appreciating differently the value of genera and
species, and working at different times upon scantier or more co-
pious materials, must necessarily be somewhat unequal, and may
not, for instance, always give fair data for estimating the propor-
tions to the general flora held by the different natural orders. But
as a whole, including, as it does in the volumes already published,
detailed descriptions of above eight thousand species, illustrated by
nearly 1300 excellent folio plates, it is a national botanical monu-
ment such as no other country can boast of, and doing equal honour
to the Brazilian Government and to the German character. The
successive parts issued of this Flora, form, indeed, now the chief con-
tribution to systematic botany supplied on the continent, in addition
lUfNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 11
to the few mentioned in my last year's address. Physiological and
anatomical botany are, on the other hand, much more steadily
worked out in Germany and in France than with us. Several im-
portant papers have already, since the restoration of 2)eace, been pub-
lished in Pringsheim's ' Jahrbiicher ' and in Hanstein's 'Botanische
Abhandlungen,' both of them specially devoted to this branch of the
science; and in France the recent numbers of the 'Annales des
Sciences Naturelles ' are chiefly taken up with papers by Van
Tieghem, De Gris, Trecul, and others, a more detailed notice of
which would lead me too far for the present occasion.
There are two general subjects upon which the bulky mass of
literature continues, to receive considerable accessions both in this
country and on the continent, without perhaps adding much to oux
stock of information, and which would at any rate require long and
patient study to extract what may be really of value ; these are
Darwinism and so-called Spontaneous Generation. Dar'wdnism in
some shape or other, or something under that name, enters more or
less into almost all general discussions on points of natural history,
especially on the Continent ; and so far as it is applicable to what
the Germans call the "Descendenztheorie," it is being more or less
tacitly adopted by the great majority of naturalists ; but in a general
way, the comj)rehensive hypotheses propounded by Darwin in his
various works are still the subject of much polemical discussion.
Seidlitz, in his work entitled ' Die Darwin'sche Theorie,' fills thirty
pages with the mere titles of the works, memoii's, or papers pub-
lished on the subject since 1859 ; and to this enumeration many
additions might be made. Amidst this great mass it might have
been expected that I should select some to bring specially under
your notice — that I should follow up the observations I made on
the ' Origin of Species ' in my Address of 1863, and on the ' Va-
riation of Animals and Plants under Domesticity ' in that of 1868,
by some notice of the ' Descent of Man,' as well as of some recent
works of other writers, such as Mivart's 'Genesis of Species;' but
these have been already fully discussed by naturalists much more
competent than a purely systematic botanist to deal with the ques-
tion in the phase which it has now reached, and I have not met
with any other work in which any connected series of observations
have been methodized and brought to bear more directlj' on the
general life-history of animals and plants. The detached observa-
tions upon several points connected with Darwin's general theories,
especially those relating to dichogamy and cross-fertUization in
plants, continue to be very numerous, as well as the endeavours to
5-2
Ki PKOCEEDIKGS OF THE
connect recent with geologically ancient races of both animals and
plants, without, however, making any one move of importance to-
wards the solution of the problems before us; and we are still
anxiously awaiting from Mr. Darwin himself that long-promised
second portion of his great digest which is to treat of the variations
of undomesticated animals and plants.
Spontaneous Generation has perhaps been of late the subject of
more controversy in this country than abroad. Since Prof. Huxley,
followed by Dr. Tyndall, placed the matter in so clear a light at the
Liverpool Meeting of 1870, Dr. Bastian has returned to the charge.
In his work entitled ' The Modes of origin of lowest Organisms,' he
has published an account of numerous experiments further illus-
trating his views in opposition to those of Huxley and Tyndall, and
confirming, in his mind, the theory of Archebiosis, the name he
gives to what is commonly called Spontaneous Generation. On the
other hand, Mr. N. Hartley has communicated to the Eoyal Society
(' Proceedings,' xx. No. 132) his experiments concerning the evolu-
tion of life from lifeless matter, which appear to have been con-
ducted with great care, and in some measure under the guidance of
Dr. Odling and Prof. TjTidaU. From these he concludes that " so far
as our present knowledge guides us, whether we term it sponta-
neous generation, abiogenesis, or archebiosis, the process by which
living things spring from lifeless matter must be said to be only
ideal." The same number of these ' Proceedings ' contains abstracts
of three papers by Dr. Grace Calvert on the development of proto-
plasmic life, its influence on putrefaction, and the effect of various
substances in promoting or arresting its progress, all of which papers
are connected with, and in continuation of, his former experiments
and conclusions tending to support the theory that this protoplasmic
life is derived from invisible germs floating in the atmosphere.
Dr. Bastian, at a later meeting of the Royal Society, again returned
to the subject in a paper entitled " On some Heterogenetic modes of
origin of flagellated Monads, Fungus-germs, and ciliated Infusoria,"
inserted at length in No. 133 of the ' Proceedings.' The experi-
ments and observations here detailed are very interesting as to the
development of these organisms in the pellicle that forms on in-
fusions of organic matter when exposed to the atmosphere ; but they
do not affect the question of the origin of the living components of
the pellicle itself, which he considers to have been fully proved by
his own former papers, as well as by the well-known experiments of
Pouchet and others, to have been evolved from lifeless matter by
archebiosis. A more extended work, giving the fullest details of
LTinrEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. liii
his views of the " Beginnings of Life " is announced ; but I have not
yet seen it.
If, then, spontaneous generation may as a theory in the minds
of some persons have become referred to the class of paradoxes like
the quadrature of the circle, yet it is still supported by so many na-
turalists whose opinions are entitled to consideration, and there is so
much to be said for as well as against it which appears unsusceptible
of direct and positive proof, that it is likely to be long maintained
as a subject of controversy, without any further much more definite
result. But there is one question of a more practical nature, often
supposed to be connected with it, which has excited, and is still
calliiag for the serious attention of men of science, experience, and
judgment, as well as of various Governments. I allude to those
parasitical scourges which within the last thirty years have made
such havoc in several important articles of European food and in-
dustry. Thirty years since, and, I believe, up to the fatal year 1845,
the potato-disease, the silkworm -pebrine, and the oidium of the
vine were unknown in Europe ; and we can most of us remember
how the sudden appearance and rapid extension of each in succes-
sion produced the famine in Ireland, and the ruin of so many French
and Italian silk-breeders and wine-growers of the Mediterranean
region, Madeira, and Bordeaux, and how long men of science have
been baffled in their efforts at ascertaining the true history of the
attendant fungi and devising an efficacious remedy. The potato-
disease appears now to have settled down into one of those chronic
epidemics whose varying intensity, according to season and other
circumstances over which we have little control, must enter into the
calculations of every potato -grower. This useful tuber can no
longer, indeed, be advantageously cultivated in that wholesale manner
which induced the late Thomas Andrew Knight and others to attach
to it so high an economic value ; but it may now again be fairly de-
pended upon as an important article of household food. The pebrine
of the silkworm, from the latest reports I have seen of the commis-
sions of Lyons and other places, shows but little abatement of its
intensity, although it has in some measure changed its character,
and is, it is to be feared, through the carelessness or cupidity of in-
terested dealers, spreading even into those eastern regions which
have been looked to for the supply of " seed " free from the fatal
germ. The oidium, on the contrary, has been got more under con-
trol ; and experience now shows that, in many districts at least, its
ravages can be checked or entirely stopped by means within the
Kv PROCEEDINGS OF THE
reach of every intelligent cultivator. But within the last few years
a new plague has in the south of France excited even more alarm
than the oidium itself, from its insidious invasion and complete de-
struction of many of the most valuable vineyards ; this time, how-
ever, the offending parasite is brought much more within the scope
of direct scientific observation. The germs of the potato-fungus, of
the pebrine, of the oidium are all invisible and inappreciable by any
of our instruments ; the history of their diff'usion and early develop-
ment, and even their very existence can only be judged of from
their results and other circumstantial evidence ; whilst the Phylloxera
vastatrix can be watched in every stage of its varied existence, from
the first deposit of the fertilized eggs, through its several agamic
generations, to the latest winged form. The researches, accordingly,
which have been already applied to it have not been altogether
barren of results, throwing some light even generally upon the origin
and dispersion of these pests. Considerable sums of money, either
from the French Government or from private subscriptions, have
been applied to the purpose ; and the investigation has been chiefly
carried on by our foreign member, Dr. J, E. Planchon, of Montpel-
lier, assisted by M. J. Lichtenstein, a relative, I believe, of the late
distinguished Prussian zoologist. These gentlemen, since the first
discovery of the disease in France in 1868, have devoted much of
their time to it. They have compared their observations with those
of others, who in other countries have studied the insect, especially
Mons. Laliman, of Bordeaux, Mr. Riley, of Missouri, and Prof.
Westwood in our own country ; and they have now, in a pamphlet
which, by some inversion of dates not uncommon abroad, is supposed
to form part of the Proceedings of the session of the French scien-
tific congress at Montpellier in 1868, given a resume of nearly five
hundred memoirs, communications, or journal articles which have
been published on the subject up to the close of last year (1871).
The main facts given as having been hitherto elicited as proved
or probable may be shortly resumed as follows: —
The Phylloxera, like other Aphides, goes through a number of
apterous generations of a single sex, but multiplying with enor-
mous rapidity ; for one or two individuals will lay as many as five
hundred eggs, fertilized without previous copulation. It also gives
birth occasionally to a winged generation of both sexes, the females
of which lay only two or three eggs each.
The apterous Phylloxera is also dimorphous : — a smooth-bodied
form living in little galls formed on the leaves of the vine, where it is
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Iv
comparatively harmless ; and a tuberculate form living in the
nodules it produces on the root-fibres, causing first the smaller and
then the main roots to rot, weakening, in the first instance, and finally
killing the whole vine. Each form has its winged generation.
The insect is evidently of North-American origin, although the
precise history of its transmission to this country has not been
ascertained. It was first described by Asa Fitch, in the Trans-
actions of the New- York State Agricultural Society for 1854; but
living there chiefly on the leaves of the native vines, it had not
attracted any peculiar attention. More recently, however, Mr. Eiley
has found reason to attribute to the ravages of the subterranean
form the ill success of the various attempts made to establish in
America the European grape-vine. In England, where the intro-
duction of the insect from America may be readily conceived. Prof.
"Westwood's attention was first called to it in 1863, and again from
various quarters in 1867 and 1868, whence resulted the above-
mentioned account in the ' Gardeners' Chronicle ' for January 1869
(p. 109). "With us it does not appear to have much spread, and has
therefore not called for any further observation, the damp soil,
the mode of treatment, or other external circumstances proving un-
favourable for the development of the underground form. But
having by some means reached and established itself in the dry,
naturally-drained vineyards of the south of France, its general
character underwent a change ; natural selection at once gave an
enormous preponderance to the underground over the epiphyllous
form. It was first discovered there in July 1868 ; and by the close
of that year its ravages caused a panic among the vine-growers in
many parts of Lower Languedoc and Provence, similar to that which
we may remember in this country on the rapid spread of the potato-
disease in the autumn of 1845. It was immediately made the sub-
ject of scientific investigation, which has ever since been steadily
pursued. As one result Dr. Planchon inclines to believe that the
oidium and the potato-disease, like the Phylloxera, and, in former
days, the American blight of oiir apple-trees, had all been imported
from America. It would seem that all these parasites, whether
insects or fungi, capable of enormously rapid and extensive propa-
gation, remain unnoticed so long as they are kept in check by the
mutual relations of their constitution, habits, food, and other cir-
cumstances in which they are placed — but that the moment a
change, often very slight, in one or other of these conditions destroys
the balance, they may at once and suddenly gain the upper hand, so
Ivi PROCEEDDirGS OF THE
as to be classed in the popular mind amongst those varied phenomena
collectively designated as blights. That such a change is often the
consequence of the transportation of the insect from one country to
another may be regarded as more probable if Riley is correct in his
belief that in America, as in Europe, introduced insects when once
established are more noxious than indigenous ones. In the case of
the Phylloxera some clue to the nature of the influencing alteration
may be derived from the success attending one of the remedies
applied — the inundation and continued submersion of the diseased
vineyards during the winter months. The comparative dryness of
the soil in the new over that of the original station of the insect has
been the change which natural selection seems to have seized upon
to effect the extraordinary development of the underground form,
aided, perhaps, by some slight attendant change in its constitution.
Prolonged, or even temporary inundation^ however, is not practicable
in the majority of the south-of-France vineyards, nor, indeed, in any
of those producing the best wines. Amongst other remedies, soot
(the soot of wood-smoke I presume) promises to be one of the most
efficacious applications.
Amongst the various publications which these phenomena have
called forth we may still see cropping up not unfrequently the
popular notion that they are blights mysteiiously connected with
meteorological conditions, against which it is vain to struggle ; but,
fortunately, the need of separately investigating every one of them
is becoming generally recognized. In France, Government has ap-
pointed special commissions for inquiries into the silk- and vine-
diseases. In Genuany the ravages committed by insects on their
forests have been the subject of various works, published chiefly
under the patronage of the Austrian Government and scientific asso-
ciations. In North America Mr. Eiley, as Missouri State entomo-
logist, makes annual reports on noxious insects to the Board of
Agriculture of that State, pursuant to an appropriation for this
purpose from the Legislature*. In Italy a special institution has
been formed at Padua, under official patronage, for the study of
cryptogamic parasites; and our Royal Horticultural Society is
* Since writing the above I have seen a proof-sheet of a portion of the
forthcoming fourth report of the Missouri State entomologist, Mr. Riley, in which
he enters into further details of the history of the Vhylloxera, collected during
a recent visit to Europe, as well as from closer observations on the subject made
in America, where it appears to be acquiring more serious importance. I have
not, however, yet seen enough of the report to learn what further conclusions
Mr. Eiley may have arrived at.
•MNITEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
IVii
also making arrangements for the special encouragement of the
study of economic entomology. To these and similar institutions
it is the duty of science, in the interest of mankind, to giv^ its un-
qualified support, to divest itself of all preconceived theories and
prejudices, to avoid those polemical discussions which appear to have
gone beyond the security they give for the exhibition of facts in all
the various points of view they may bear, but impartially to study
every detail connected with these scourges, which have so much
increased during the present century, fostered, perhaps, by the
advance of civiHzation and high cultivation.
The President read a letter from Mr. J. J. Bennett, dated Mares-
field, AprU 18th, 1872, requesting that, as he finds it impossible,
while residing at so great a distance from London, to attend the
Meetings, he might be allowed to resign his position as a Member of
Council and a Vice-President ; adding that, after so many years of
active connexion with the Society's affairs, it cost him no little pain
to sever himself entirely from its business ; but that (being desirous of
spending the remainder of his days in absolute retirement), he felt
it to be his duty to do so, and could no longer defer performing it. .
The Secretary reported that the following Members had died, or
their deaths been ascertained, since the last Anniversary : —
Fellows.
Sir Roderick I. Murchison, Bart.
Iltyd Nicholl, Esq.
William Osborn, Esq.
Berthold Seemann, Ph.D.
J. D. C. Sowerby, Esq.
Thomas Hawkes Tanner, M.D.
Robert Armstrong, M.D.
WiUiam Baird, M.D.
James Charles Dale, Esq.
George Robert Gray, Esq.
Rev. William Hincks.
Charles Home, Esq.
Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart.
Foreign Member.
Hugo von Mohl, M.D.
Associates.
WiUiam Baxter. | Edward Jenner.
The Secretary also announced that thirty-two Follows and two
Foreign Members had been elected since the last Anniversary,
At the Election which subsequently took place, George Bentham,
Esq., was re-elected President ; William Wilson Saunders, Esq.,
Treasurer ; and Frederick Currey, Esq., and H. T. Stain ton, Esq.,
Secretaries. The following five Fellows were elected into the
Linn. Proc. — Session 1871-72. h
iviii
PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
Council, in the room of others going out, viz : — Eobert Braithwaite,
M.D., J, Gwyn Jeffreys, Esq., E. MacLachlan, Esq., John Miers,
Esq., anfl Daniel Oliver, Esq.
Dr. Prior, on the part of the Committee appointed to audit the
Treasurer's Accounts, read the Balance-sheet, by which it appeared
that the total Eeceipts during the past year, including a Balance of
.£435 17s. 6d. carried from the preceding year, amounted to
.£1656 12s. Id., and that the total Expenditure during the same
period, including the purchase of £180 Great Indian Penninsula
Eailway Stock, amounted to £1459 3s. 9c?., leaving a balance
in the hands of the Bankers of £197 8s. M.
OBITUAET NOTICES.
The Secretaries then laid before the Society the following Notices
of Deceased Members*.
William Baied, M.D., F.E.S., F.L.S., was the youngest son of
the Eev. James Baird, and was born at the Manse of Eccles, in Ber-
wickshire, in 1803. He received his education at the High School
of Edinburgh, and afterwards studied medicine and surgery in the
University of that city, and at Dublin and Paris.
In the year 1823 Dr. Baird, having previously made a voyage to
the "West Indies and South America, entered the maritime service
<^ the East- India Company as surgeon, and remained in that service
until 1833: during this period he visited India and China five
times, and went also to other countries, and in all his voyages
availed himself zealously of the opportunities which his position
afforded for studying natural history. In 1829 Dr. Baird assisted
in the foundation of the well-known Berwickshire Naturalists' Club,
to which he was afterwards a frequent contributor.
On quitting the East-India Company's service Dr. Baird practised
his profession in London for some years, until, in 1841, he accepted
an appointment in the zoological department of the British Museum,
where he remained until his death.
Dr. Baird's qualifications as a zoologist were of a high order, and
his published writings are numerous and excellent; they consist
* Besides the Fellows and Associates of the Society mentioned in the above
Notices, information has been received of the death of Dr. Hugo von Mohl,
Professor of Botany in the University of Tiibingen, a Foreign Member of
the Society. Dr. v. Molil died on the 11th of April, 1872, but sufficient time
has not elapsed for obtaining the particulars necessary for a biographical notice.
LUTNEAIT SOCIETY OP LONDON.
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IX PKOCEEDINGa OF THE
chiefly of scattered papers on various subjects in the ' Edinburgh
Philosophical Journal,' ' Loudon's Magazine of Natural History,'
and its successor, the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History,'
in the ' Zoologist,' and the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society.'
His most important work was, however, the ' Natural History of
the British Eutomostraca,' published by the Kay Society in 1850,
a work of great ability and research.
He was also the author of a popular ' Cyclopaedia of the Natural
Sciences,' published in 1858, and of a valuable paper on Pearls
and Pearl-Eisheries, as well as one on the luminosity of the Sea,
published in ' Loudon's Magazine of Natural History.'
During the latter years of his life his attention was principally
directed to the Entozoa. As early as 1843 he had drawn up a cata-
logue of those then known, which was published by the Trustees of
the British Museum. Numerous papers on the same subject were
also contributed by him to the ' Proceedings of the Zoological
Society,' and several papers on new Annelids to the ' Transactions '
and ' Journal ' of the Linnean Society. Latterly he was engaged in
preparing a new and general catalogue of the Entozoa, for which he
had accumulated a vast amo\int of material, and which, had he
lived to bring his undertaking to a close, would doubtless have been
a valuable contribution to science.
But it is not merely by his publications that his attainments must
be judged. His knowledge of natural history generally was exten-
sive and profound, and his readiness in imparting it to others wiU
long be remembered by those who were in the habit of studying at
the British Museum.
As a man of science he was highly esteemed by scientific men,
and in private life he was much beloved on account of the unvary-
ing amiability of his disposition and the kindliness of his manners.
He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 16th of February,
1847, and died on the 27th of January, 1872.
William Baxter was formerly Curator of the Botanic Garden at
Oxford, an office to which he was appointed as long ago as 1813. At
that time botany at Oxford had sunk to its lowest level ; Sherard,
Dillenius, and Sibthorp belonged to the past. Dr. Williams, who
held the chair in the early part of Baxter's curatorshi]), was an
elegant scholar and an amiable man, but added nothing to botanical
science ; and for practical instruction in botany the undergraduates
of that day had recourse to the teachings of Mr. Baxter. Among
his pupils were many men who subsequently distinguished them-
LTNlTEAlir SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixi
selves in various ways, and some of whom, such as the present
Bishop of Chichester, kept up their acquaintance with their in-
structor up to recent times. It was at this period of his career that
Mr. Baxter edited his ' British Botany,' a work in several volumes,
devoted to the description and illustration of British plants. The
illustrations are of unequal merit ; but the amount of information
accumulated is extremely large, and bears witness, not only to great
shrewdness of perception and accuracy of observation, but to in-
defatigable zeal and labour. But it was in cryptogamic botany that
Mr. Baxter specially excelled — in this proving himself a worthy
compeer of his feUow labourers, Dawson-Turner, Borrer, Purton,
and others. It is on record that he made great changes for the better
in the Oxford Botanic Garden ; its level was so raised, that it was on
longer flooded, and it was stored with rare plants to an extent that
rendered it one of the most remarkable gardens of its time. The
number of hardy herbaceous plants and of British plants under cul-
tivation under Mr. Baxter's management was, considering the re-
stricted space at his command, greater than that in almost any
other establishment in the kingdom. On the death of Dr. "Williams,
in 1834, Dr. Daubeny was elected to the professorship, and imme-
diately proceeded still further to improve, and, indeed, remodel the
garden, in doing which he was ably and energetically assisted by
Mr. Baxter ; and the alterations that were carried into effect, with
the modifications introduced by the present Curator, have rendered
the Oxford garden, for its limited size, a very complete esta-
bhshment.
About twenty years since Mr. Baxter retired from his curatorship
in favour of his son, Mr. W. H. Baxter, the present holder of the
office. Mr. Baxter was admitted as an Associate of this Society on
the 6th of May, 1817, and he died on the 1st of November, 1871 .
in his 84th year.
James Charles Dale, M.A., of Glanville Wootton, and Newton
Montacute, Dorset, a Justice of the Peace, and in 1843 High
Sheriff for the county, was born on the 13th of December, 1791.
He was educated at "Wimborne and at Sydney Sussex CoUege, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated in 1815. His love of natural history,
particularly entomology, was shown from a child ; some of the
insects in his British collection, which is the finest and largest
known, were taken in the last century, and he followed his fa-
vourite pursuit, assisted by his two sons, until within a few
hours of his death. He had a large collection of foreign insects ;
Ixii PKOCEEDrNGS OF THE
his entomological journal was most carefully kept from 1808 until
February 6, 1872, and is full of rare captures and valuable infor-
mation. When at school he made a beautiful copy of Harris's
butterflies, with additions of his own ; and though latterly com-
plaining that stiffness of the joints rendered the capture and setting
of insects not so easy as it used to be, Mr. Dale was, at 80 years of
age, as enthusiastic an entomologist as he was in his youth.
Mr. Dale was a British entomologist par excellence, and one of the
very few who devote themselves to all orders. His collections
(which include a large number of foreign insects) are enormous, and
every specimen is so labelled that its exact history, whether it be of
yesterday or fifty years old, was traceable by its possessor in a
moment. The notes published by himself are chiefly -short, and
scattered through the periodicals of nearly half a century. But it is
in connexion with the late Mr, John Curtis that Mr. Dale's name wiU
be handed down to generations of entomologists yet unborn. In the
' British Entomology ' his name is on almost every page, and it was
from his collections that Curtis derived a vast portion of the material
from which his elaborate work was prepared. The two worked
hand in hand, and their names came to be considered as almost
synonyms. N'ow that Curtis's own collection is unfortunately trans-
ported to the antipodes, Mr. Dale's is of special importance ; for it
enables the student, in very many cases, to verify species that might
otherwise be doubtful.
But for Curtis, Mr. Dale's name would probably be scarcely
known beyond our own shores ; for he seldom entered the arena of
scientific controversy. He was emphatically an English country
gentleman, but (and the instances are rare) with a taste for ento-
mology ; and his loss will be greatly regretted, not only by his own
family and dependants, but by a numerous body of scientific friends.
His death took place suddenly and without suffering on the 14th of
February, 1872. Mr. Dale was one of the oldest Fellows of this
Society, having been elected on the 3rd of February, 1818.
George Robert Gray (Assistant Keeper of the Zoological De-
partment in the British Museum, a naturalist of distinguished
eminence, both as an entomologist and ornithologist, especially in
the latter capacity, in which he took the highest rank) was bom at
Chelsea, in July 1808, and early in life assisted the late Mr. Children,
then Keeper of the Zoological Department, in the arrangement of
his private collection of insects, which was one of the most exten-
sive then existing. In 1831 he became an Assistant in the British
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. Ixiii
Museum, in which, for many years, he had the entire charge of the
noble collection of birds contained in it. His earliest contributions
to science were made to the English translation, with large additions,
of Cuvier's ' Animal Kingdom,' at that time in course of publication,
under the superintendence of Mr. Griffith ; and he soon afterwards
produced a ' Revision of the Phasmidse ' (4to), with illustrative plates,
and other entomological publications, which are still regarded as
valuable contributions to entomological science, to which he always
continued to be much attached. But his leading works are those
relating to ornithology. They commenced in 1840, by a * List
of the Genera of Birds,' 8vo, privately printed, but largely dis-
tributed by him, in which he enumerated 1005 genera, and indi-
cated for each of them the type on which it was founded. In
1841 he published a second edition of this work, containing many
additions and corrections; and in 1842 an Appendix, in both of
which the number of generic divisions was increased to 1232. But
his greatest work, and that on which his fame was principally
founded, and which wUl always remain as a lasting memorial of his
great ornithological knowledge, was ' The Genera of Birds,' in 4to,
published in conjunction with the late David William Mitchell, who
furnished the illustrations. This work, commenced in 1844, and
completed in 1849, gives figui'es, beautifully executed, of about
800 genera, selected from those contained in his previous publi-
cations as the most important, with carefully prepared distinctive
characters, and under each genus an extensive list of the species
belonging to it. It is the great work on which the science of
ornithology now rests, and many public collections, both in Europe
and America, have been arranged in accordance with it. It is
executed with immense labour, and with an accuracy seldom equalled,
and must be regarded as the greatest work on ornithology that
has appeared in our times. The author was iudefatigable in his
labours to complete and improve it ; and in 1855 he published what
might be regarded as a third edition of his first-named work, under
the title of a ' List of Genera and Subgenera of Birds,' in which he
increased the number of divisions enumerated to 2403. Still more
completely to show the present state of the science, he has since
printed a ' Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds,' embracing,
in addition, a comprehensive list of the species belonging to each
division and subdivision as far as known to him. In all these
publications it is scarcely possible to overestimate the laborious
accuracy with which information was sought in every available
Ixiv PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
source, and brought together into a small compass for the benefit of
the student, adhering throughout to what Swainson has termed
" the inflexible law of priority," and thus giving to every author the
credit which was justly his due. In this respect he was always
most conscientiously anxious to show what had really been done by
each individual and to what extent science had been benefited by
him. A feelmg of oversensitiveness in this particular led him,
perhaps, to feel too impatient at criticisms whi(;h appeared to him
not suificiently to take into account the difiiculties attendant on such
a task, or to make in too authoritative a tone suggestions which had
been weU and thoroughly considered by him, and not adopted on
account of higher principles which they seemed to him to contra-
dict. Besides all these important publications on ornithology, and
many contributions to the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society '
and to the ' Annals of IS^atural History,' he found time for a revision
of some of the genera into which the Linnean genus Papilio had
been subdivided, and for an elaborate account of all that had been
written on insects parasitical on other insects and on plants. His
life, in fact, was devoted to the earnest pursuit of science, to which
he was devotedly attached, and in the furtherance of which he may
be said to have laid it down ; for in the early part of the present
year his brain seemed to be completely worn out with his labours,
which he never remitted. Towards the end of April he was struck
down by a eomj)lete loss of cerebral power ; and after lying for nearly
a fortnight insensible, and apparently unconscious, he died on the Gth
of May, without ever recovering sensibility. He was elected a Fellow
of the Linnean Society in 1845, and of the Royal in 1866.
His natural-history proclivities may be said to have been born
with him. His father, Samuel Frederick Gray, was a distinguished
writer on chemistry, pharmacology, and botany; and his elder
brother, John Edward Gray, is the Head of the Zoological
Department in the British Museum. In his oificial capacity
George Eobert Gray was remarkable for the courtesy and kindness
with which he treated the visitors to the Museum ; and most of
our leading zoologists, as well as numerous students of ornithology,
will bear willing testimony to the readiness with which he commu-
nicated his vast stores of information, and the soundness of his
advice on zoological subjects. In private he was equally liberal and
kind-hearted, and his many friends can testify to the generosity and
good feeling which characterized him. To them, as well as to the
world of science, his death will be a severe loss.
i
LINNEAN SOCEETT OF LONDON. Ixv
The Eev. William Hincks was the second son of the Eev. Thomas
Dix Hincks, LL.D., so well known for his varied scholarship and
the important part which he played in connexion with educational
movements in Ireland. The family was a large one. Dr. Edward
Hincks, the Assyrian scholar, was the eldest brother ; and Sir Francis
Hincks, the present Canadian Minister of finance, the youngest.
"William Hincks was bom in 1793, at Cork, where his father was
then settled as one of the ministers of the Presbyterian Congregation
assembling in the Prince's-Street Chapel. He received his early
education in his father's school, and at the age of sixteen proceeded
to the College at York, which he entered in 1809. At the close of
his college course, in 1814, he returned to Cork ; and on his father's
removal, about that time, to Fermoy, he was elected as his successor
by the Prince's-Street congregation. In 1816 he left Cork and
settled in Exeter, as successor to Dr. Carpenter and colleague to
the Rev. James Manning. In the following year he married Miss
Maria Ann Yandell, by whom he had eight children, four of whom
survive him. In 1822 he removed to Liverpool, to take charge of
the Henshaw-Street congregation. The period of his residence in
this town was probably the brightest portion of his ministerial Hfe.
Surrounded by kind and congenial fi'iends, with ample scope for
his untiring activity, with great social advantages and many oppor-
tunities of gratifying his scientific tastes, he found in Liverpool much
of what he most desired, and always regretted having left it. In
1827 he yielded reluctantly to the persuasions of some of the friends
of the College, and undertook the tutorship in mathematics and
philosophy and the management of the residence at York, as suc-
cessor to the Rev. "William Turner, jun. In many ways his new
position was less congenial to him than the one which he had left.
He was peculiarly sensitive to the annoyances inseparable from the
office which he held, and though profoundly interested in mental
and moral philosophy, it can hardly be said that the mathematical
portion of his duties was in harmony with his prevailing tastes ;
but he threw himself into his new duties with the energy and in-
difference to labour that were characteristic of all he did. During
his residence in York (as, indeed, throughout his life) Mr. Hincks
devoted himself with the greatest enthusiasm to natural-history
pursuits. He was an accomplished botanist, and possessed a wide
range of scientific knowledge. A keen collector, and finding some
of his highest enjoyments in the field-work of the naturalist, he
was also a philosophical student of his favourite science and kept
Ixvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE
pace with its progress. He took an active practical interest in the
Yorkshire Philosophical Society, and thoronghly enjoyed the very
pleasant fellowship which its meetings at that time afforded. He
also held the office of Lecturer on Botany at the York School of
Medicine.
Mr. Hincks was an ardent politician. He belonged to the politi-
cal school known as philosophical radicals, and held and maintained
his opinions with the resoluteness and warmth that were natural to
his character. He took a deep interest in all movements for the
extension of popular rights and the elevation of the people ; and
paid special attention to those economical questions which have
assumed so much importance of late years.
He continued to hold his tutorship at the college for twelve years ;
hut in 1839 he resigned his office, and removed to London, At this
time he received into his house young men who were studying in
University College, to whom he acted as a tutor ; he also engaged
in private teaching. In addition to these occupations he resumed
ministerial work by taking charge of the Stamford-Street congre-
gation, which was then in a very depressed condition, but was
fortunate in possessing a small knot of earnest men and women, to
whom he became warmly attached, and between whom and himself
there always existed the most cordial relations.
In 1842 he added to his already laborious duties by undertaking
the editorship of the ' Inquirer ' newspaper. This paper owed its
existence to a gentleman who, feeling strongly the importance of
securing a weekly organ for the Unitarian body, proposed to supply
the necessary capital, and, while retaining himself the proprietorship
and general control, to entrust the literary management to a compe-
tent editor. He offered the position to Mr. Hincks, on favourable
terms ; and as the project commanded his hearty sympathy, he
readily accepted it, and entered at once upon its duties. The first
number appeared on July 9, 1842 ; but after the publication of the
fourth number he was compelled to abandon the undertaking. At
this juncture, Mr. Richard Taylor, the well-known printer, offered
to assume the responsibilities of proprietor and publisher ; and by
Mr. Hincks's exertions the ' Inquirer,' in little more than two months,
attained a circulation of 600 copies weekly, and ultimately of nearly
1000.
Mr. Hincks continued to conduct the ' Inquirer ' till about the
middle of the year 1847 ; and on his retirement an influential
committee was appointed for the purpose of raising a sum of money
LINNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. Ixvii
as a testimonial. On the 2nd of August, 1847, a pocket-book with
.£450 was presented to him by the Eev. E. Tagart, in behalf of the
committee, accompanied by expressions of warm personal regard.
In the latter part of 1847 Mr. Hincks visited America, and made
an extensive tour, with one of his sons, through the States and
Canada, for the purpose of delivering scientific and other lectures.
In 1848 he returned to England ; in 1849 his wife died. Soon
after he obtained the appointment of Professor of Natural History
in the jS^ew Queen's College at Cork, a position which had many
attractions for him, which gave him comparative rest, and enabled
him to devote himself more freely to his favourite pursuits. But
he felt painfully the necessity of abstaining altogether from the
exercise of his profession, imposed upon him by the terms of his
appointment, and, being dissatisfied in some other respects with his
position at Cork, he was glad, after a few years, to accept the Pro-
fessorship of Natural History at University College, Toronto, which
he held tiU within a few weeks of his death. Before leaving England
he married again.
This portion of his life was marked by a grievous calamity. The
vessel which was conveying his goods to Canada was totally wrecked,
a very large number of emigrants perishing with her, and almost all
the memorials of his past life, his papers, including his materials for
his college lectures (accumulated through many years), his Hbrary,
his valuable herbarium, and other botanical collections, were lost.
The blow was a severe one ; but he bore it with great heroism, and
at once set to work with unbroken energy to repair the loss, so far
as it was possible, and to prepare for his new duties, whilst stripped
of all his resources but those he carried within himself.
Almost up to the time of his death he fulfilled all the duties of
his professorship, delivering lectures, devoting a large amount of time
to practical work in the museum of which he was director, and
keeping up with the sciences which he taught, besides pursuing
various lines of original research. Besides his writings upon religious
questions and questions of metaphysical and social science he pub-
lished many papers on natural history and other subjects, chiefly in
the ' Journal of the Canadian Institute.' Several of them wiU
furnish material for the use of scientific men engaged in Canadian
investigations ; as, for example, his paper entitled a " Specimen of
the Flora of Canada," and another, " Materials for a Fauna Cana-
densis." And besides these may be mentioned his papers : — " Natural
History in its relations to Agriculture," " Considerations respecting
Ixviii PKOCEEDINGS OP THE
anomalous Vegetable Structures," " The Family of Faleonidse," " On
some Questions in relation to the Theory of the Structure of Plants
of the orders Brassicaceae and Primulaceae," "Eemarks on the
Classification of Mammalia," " An attempt at an Improved Classifi-
cation of Fruits," " The Struthionidae," " On Molluscous Animals,"
" The Grallatores," and " An Improved Arrangement of Ferns."
In 1869 Mr. Hincks was elected to the Chair of the Canadian
Institute, to which he was re-elected in 1870.
Mr. Hincks belonged to a generation that has almost passed away,
and represented a form of theological and philosophical opinion
which has fewer adherents than it once had ; but his love of truth,
his intellectual honesty, and his fearless trust in freedom were
leading traits of his character, and points of contact with those from
whom he differed most widely in opinion.
For some time before his death he had been attacked by a depres-
sing and, at intervals, most painful malady. He was fully aware of
its serious nature, and felt that the end could not be distant and
might come suddenly and soon. But he held bravely to his work,
met his classes regularly, pursued his studies with unabated interest,
and occupied himself with the latest scientific questions of the day,
thankful that the power of working was still continued to him. At
length his strength failed him ; in July or August he resigned his
Professorship, and obtained the retiring pension, which he had so
well earned, but which, as he pathetically wrote, " he was not likely
to want." He died on the 10th of September, 1871, much regretted,
having been a FeUow of this Society for more than forty-five years,
the date of his election being the 17th of January, 1826.
Chaeles Hokne, Esq., who died very shortly after his election as
a Fellow of this Society, was formerly a Member of the Bengal
Civil Service, from which he had lately retired. During his resi-
dence at Mynpooree and other stations in the North-Western Pro-
vinces he gave much attention to entomology and to the economic
department of horticulture. He was a FeUow of the Entomological
Society of London ; and after his return to England he contributed
to the ' Transactions of the Zoological Society ' a paper " On the
Habits of some Hymenopterous Insects from the North-West Pro-
vinces of India," to which was annexed an appendix containing an
account of some new species of Apidce and Vespidce collected by
Mr. Home, and described by Mr. Frederick Smith of the British
Museum. This paper is illustrated by four plates, from drawings
by Mr. Home, of the insects and the very curious nests-of the " leaf-
LINIfEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON.
Ixix
cutter" and other beea. The volume for 1869 of the ' Proceedings
of the Zoological Society' contains two papers by Mr. Home,
viz. : — 1. " Notes on the common Grey Hornbill of India (Meniceros
bicornis),'" giving an account of its peculiar mode of incubation in
holes of soft-wooded trees, the orifice of which the female partially
closes with her excrement. 2. " Notes on Ploceus haya and its
Nest : " this short paper is accompanied by a sketch of a date-
palm, from which are suspended a considerable number of the bell-
shaped nests, formed of woven grass, of the Baya, a bird of about
the size of a sparrow.
Mr. Home belonged to the Scientific Committee and was Vice-
President of the Fruit Committee of the Eoyal Horticultural Society ;
and his extensive knowledge of Indian forestry and agriculture,
as well as of entomology, rendered him a very valuable member.
His large collections were destroyed during the Indian mutiny ;
but at its close he recommenced his labours, and succeeded
in forming a valuable museum, especially of entomology. For a
long time he was a Member of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and
contributed several papers to its Journal, principally on antiquarian
subjects. On the 20th of March last Mr. Home was attacked by
paralysis whilst attending a Meeting of the Royal Horticultural
Society. He never rallied ; and died eight days afterwards at his
residence at Norwood, at the age of forty-eight. He was elected a
Fellow of this Society on the 12th of March, 1872,
Edward Jenner, well known as an ardent and indefatigable
botanist, had been for forty-seven years traveller for Messrs. Baxter,
of Lewes, and connected with the ' Sussex Express.' An entirely
self-taught man, he published several years ago a ' Flora of Tunbridge
Wells,' a work considered to be one of great accuracy and utility, and
copies of which are said to be now scarce. Mr. Jenner was also much
interested in the study of the Microscopic Algae, and devoted con-
siderable time to entomological pursuits. In the course of his busi-
ness as a traveller, he obtained a thorough knowledge of the counties
of Surrey, Sussex, and Kent, and he was always ready to afibrd
information and assistance to any one desirous of investigating the
natural history of the localities with which he was so familiar. Being
well acquainted with the late Mr. Borrer, he had access to the invalu-
able botanical collection at Henfield, and turned to the best advantage
the opportunities for the study of plants which were thus aff'orded
him.
Early in the present year he was attacked by cold and cough, the
Lxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE
neglect of which led to his rather sudden death, which took place ou
the 13th of March, 1872, being his sixty-ninth birthday. He was
elected an Associate of this Society on the 5th of June, 1838.
Sir Oswald Moslet, Bart., D.C.L., formerly M.P. for North Staf-
fordshire, was the eldest son of Oswald Mosley, Esq., of Bolesworth
Castle, in the county of Chester. Sir John Parker Mosley, the father
of Mr. Oswald Mosley, was created a Baronet in 1781. Mr. Oswald
Mosley died in his father's lifetime, and Sir Oswald Mosley, upon the
death of Sir John, in 1798, succeeded to the title as second Baronet.
Sir Oswald Mosley was much devoted to horticulture, and was at one
time an active member of the Council of the Eoyal Horticultural
Society.
Sir Oswald died at his seat, Rolleston Hall, on the 25th of May,
1871, in his 87th year. He was elected a FeUow of this Society on
the 16th of November, 1841.
Sir Roderick Iiipet MuRCHisoif, Bart., K.C.B,, LL.D., D.C.L.,
F.R.S., &c., was the eldest son of the late Mr, Kenneth Murchison,
of Tarradale, in Eossshire, North Britain. His mother was Barbara,
eldest daughter of the late Mr. Kenneth Mackenzie, of Pairburn, in
the same county, and sister of the late Sir Alexander Mackenzie,
Bart., of Pairburn. He was born at his father's home in the High-
lands, Pebmary 19, 1792, and received his early education as a boy
at the grammar school attached to the Cathedral of Durham. Thence,
in due course, having made up his mind to foUow the military pro-
fession, he was removed to the Royal Military College at Great
Marlow. Having studied for a few months at the University of
Edinburgh, he obtained a commission in the Army in 1807, and,
joining his regiment the following year, served in the 36th Foot
with the Army in Spain and Portugal under Lord "Wellington, after-
wards on the Staff of his uncle. General Sir Alexander Mackenzie,
and, lastly, as captain in the 6th Dragoons. He took an active part
ia several of the most important battles in the war, and earned the
reputation of a brave and able officer. He carried the colours of his
regiment at the battle of Vimiera, and afterwards accompanied the
Army in its advance to Madrid and its junction with the force under
Sir John Moore, and shared in the dangers and retreat at Corunna.
At the end of the war his active mind needed employment, and he
began to turn his attention in earnest to the pursuit of geological
studies. His first contribution to science was a paper read by him
before the Geological Society in 1825 on "The Geological Formation
of the North-west Extremity of Sussex and the adjoining parts of
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ityi
Hampshire and Surrey," which was published in the Society's
* Transactions ' (vol. ii.). He afterwards made researches in Suther-
landshire, where he examined the coal strata, and showed that it
was a member of the Oolitic series ; and in the following year he
again visited the Highlands in company with Professer Sedgwick,
when they succeeded in showing that the primary sandstone of
M'CuUoch was nothing more than the true Old Eed Sandstone, now
also called " Devonian." The result of these researches was read
before the Geological Society, and published in its 'Transactions,'
vols. ii. & iii. In 1828 he studied the extinct volcanoes of Auvergne
and the geology of North Italy, and he afterwards published as the
results of those studies some memoirs on the excavation of valleys,
as illustrated by the volcanic rocks of Central France and the Ter-
tiary strata of Southern France.
Under the advice of the late Dean Buckland, Mr. Murchison next
explored the vast and regular deposits of remote periods, which are
most prominently seen in Herefordshire and on the borders of "Wales,
and which he afterwards called the Silurian system, after the SUures,
who inhabited that part of our island. These researches he followed
up by others in Pembrokeshire, to the west of Milford Haven ; and
the results of his generalizations respecting the antiquity of the Si-
lurian system, as underlying the "Devonian" system, was made
public at the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement
of Science in 1831, and subsequently published in the ' Transactions
of the Geological Society,' and in a large work on the Palaeozoic
Geology of England and Wales, which issued from the press in 1859.
Further geological investigations in Devonshire and Cornwall
followed, in the course of which, aided by Professor Sedgwick, Mur-
chison definitely ascertained that the stratified rocks of those two
counties are the equivalents of the Old Eed Sandstone, and he gave
them the name of " Devonian."
After having travelled for some time in Russia, Mr. Murchison in
1845 completed, in conjunction with M. de VerneuU and Count Von
Keyserling, his magnificent work on the ' Geology of Russia and the
Ural Mountains.' This consists of two volumes in quarto ; the first,
relating specifically to the geological part of the subject, consisting
of above 700 pages ; the second, in the French language, relating to
the ' Palseontologie,' occupying more than 600 pages ; the whole
copiously illustrated by geological maps and sections, and by accurate
figures of organic remains. In 1846, not long after the publication
of this work, Mr. Murchison was knighted by Her Majesty, the
xlii PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Emperor Nicholas having previously conferred upon him several
Russian orders, including that of St. Stanislaus.
His work on the geology of Russia was afterwards translated into
Russian, and published in 1849.
In tlys same year Sir Roderick received the Copley Medal from the
Royal Society, in recognition of his having established the Silurian
system in geology. About this time he undertook another (his sixth)
visit to the Alps, and on his return published a memoir of some 300
pages in the ' Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,' upon
" The Geological Structure of the Alps, Apennines, and Carpathian
Mountains." In this memoir he established the fact of a graduated
transition from Secondary to Tertiary rocks, and separated the
great Nummulite formation from the Cretaceous deposits with which
it had been confounded. This work has been translated and published
in Italian.
The uppermost series of the Palaeozoic rocks, reposing immediately
upon the Carboniferous system, consists of those formerly known in
England as the Lower New Red Sandstone, and the Magnesian Lime-
stone, and Marl-slate. Sir R. Murchison, having satisfied himself
that they constituted one natural group only, which, from its organic
contents, must be entirely separated from all formations above, pro-
posed in 1841 that the group should receive the name of the " Per-
mian " system, from its extensive development in the ancient king-
dom of Permia, in Russia; and this denomination has been universally
adopted by geologists. In a memoir produced in 1855, in conjunction
with Professor Morris, on the German Palseozoi(; rocks, he has returned
to the subject of the Permian system, and shows that there is no break
between it and the lowest system of the Mesozoic strata — the Triassic
— which succeeds it in the ascending series.
In 1854 Sir Roderick pu.bhshed his best-known work ' Siluria ;
or, the History of the oldest Tcnow7i Rocks containing Organic Re-
mains ; with a Brief Sketch of the Distribution of Gold over the
Earth.' This volume includes a general view of the structure of
the earth's crust, and more particularly of the more ancient series of
strata, of which the Silurian system is the lowest ; and a summary of
the author's general views of geological science, including the points
on which he differed from his friend. Sir Charles Lyell, and from
Professor Sedgwick.
There is one other subject, in connexion with which the name of
Sir Roderick Murchison will long be remembered in the world of
science and of commerce, and that is the discovery of the gold-fields
lUrNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxiil
of Australia. The first actual discovery of gold in Australia may
possibly have been made by Count Strzelecki, as asserted in the
' English Cyclopaedia,' or by Mr. Hargreaves, or possibly by shepherds
before either the one or the other name was noised abroad ; but for
Sir Koderick Murchison must be claimed the credit of having inferred
the presence of gold in the Australian monntain-ranges, from the
analogy which their formation bore to the Ural Mountains, with the
physical outlines of which he had made himself familiar, quite apart
from any knowledge of the fact that gold had been picked up on the
Australian continent ; and not only for this discovery ought his name
to be remembered, but also for his having endeavoured (though with
very little success at the time) to awaken the attention of the Home
Government to the great importance of the subject to the interests
of our colonies in the southern hemisphere.
Sir Roderick, having acted for five years as Secretary of the Geo-
logical Society, became President of that body in 1831-32, and again
in 1842-43. He was one of the few scientific men who responded
at once to the call of Sir David Brewster in 1830 to join in esta-
blishing the British Association for the Advancement of Science, of
which, for several years, he acted as General Secretary, and over
whose meeting at Southampton, in 1846, he presided. He has from
year to year taken the most active part in the business of the Geo-
graphical Section at its annual meetings, and has communicated very
many important papers on these occasions. In 1844 ho was elected
President of the Royal Geographical Society, was re-elected in the
following year, and again in 1852 and in 1856. He has held the
Presidential chair of that society down almost to the present time,
having been succeeded only a few months ago by Sir Henry Raw-
linson. In 1855 he succeeded the late Sir Henry de la Beche as
Director of the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street,
which has owed its efficiency for the last fifteen years very largely
to his energy and constant attention. It is almost needless to add
that he received recognition of his discoveries in science from the
Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin, by the bestowal on
him of their Honorary Degree ; and that he was a member of nearly
aU the learned societies upon the Continent, including the Imperial
Institute of France. He was also one of the Trustees of the British
Museum, and Director-General of the Geological Survey of the
United Kingdom.
In 1863 Sir Roderick Murchison was nominated a Knight Com-
mander of the Order of the Bath (Civil Division), and in the following
Linn. Pkoc. — Session 1871-72. i
Ixxiv :PEOCEEDrisrGs or the
year he received the prize, named after Baron Cuvier, from the French
Institute, and at home the Wollaston medals, in recognition of his
contributions to geology as an inductive science. To this it should
he added that, in 1859, he was rewarded by the Eoyal Society of
Scotland with the first Brisbane Gold Medal for his scientific classi-
fication of the Highland rocks, and for the establishment of the
remarkable fact that the cardinal gneiss of the north-west coasts is
the oldest rock in the strata of the British Isles. He was created a
baronet in January, 1866. Sir Koderick Murchison married, in. 1815,
Charlotte, only daughter of the late General Francis Hugonin, hut
was left a widower early in the year 1869. As he had no issue by
his marriage, his title becomes extinct by his death.
In August 1871, Sir Roderick was seized with loss t)f speech,
accompanied with difficidty in swallowing. These symptoms gradu-
ally, however, abated, and his general health continued good for two
months, when he caught cold in taking a drive. This brought on a
slight attack of bronchitis ; and under it he gradually and quietly
sank, and died on the 23rd of October, 1871, leaving a name which
will be indissolubly associated with his many and great discoveries
in Geological Science. Sir Roderick was elected a Fellow of this
Society on the 18th of December, 1827.
Iltyd Nicholl, of The Ham, Glamorganshire, J. P., was born
on the 19th of July 1785. He was the eldest son of Iltyd
NichoU, D.D., of The Ham (Rector of Treddington, in Worcester-
shire), and received the early part of his education at St. Paul's
School, He married, August 11th, 1807, Eleanor, only child of
George Bond, Esq., of Newland valley, Gloucestershire. Mr. K'ichoU
was High Sherifi" for Monmouthshire in 1830. He died at Bath on
the 22nd of October, 1871, at the age of eighty-six. Mr. Nicholl
was elected a Fellow of ihis Society on the 19th of February 1828.
William Osbokise, was the proprietor of the Fulham jS'urseries,
well known for their extensive collection of coniferous and hardy
trees. Mr. Osborne was for many years a very regular attendant
at our Meetings. He was elected a Fellow on the 17th of January,
1843, and died in March of the present year.
Berthold Seemani^^ was born on February 28, 1825, at Hanover.
He was educated at the Lyceum of his native town, where the
head-master at that time was the celebrated Grotefend, one of the
earliest decipherers of cuneiform writing. It was from the son of
this gentleman that young Seemann received his first lessons in
Botany, and this soon became his chief study. He early acquired
LDWEAN SOCIETY OF LOS'DON. IxXV
some aptitude in writing, his first article having been written at the
age of seventeen. Two years after this, in 1844, he came to Kew
with the object of fitting himself for the work of a botanical
collector, and worked in the garden under the then curator, Mr.
John Smith. In 1846, upon the recommeudation of Sir "W. J.
Hooker, he was appointed, by the Admiralty, naturalist to H.M.S.
' Herald,' Captain H. Kellett, C.B., which had been employed since
June 1845 on a surveying expedition in the Pacific. He left
England in August, and when he reached the city of Panama, in
September, he found that the ' Herald ' and her consort the
'Pandora' had not returned from Yancouver's Island. Seemann
profited by the delay to explore the greater part of the Isthmus,
and collected materials which enabled him to produce the most
complete general description of that country ever published. He
discovered not only a number of new plants and animals, but also
some curious hieroglyphics in Yeraguas, on which he afterwards
read a paper before the Archfeological Institute of Great Britain.
In the beginning of 1847, H.M.S. ' Herald ' returned from the North,
and Mr. Seemann joined her on January 17th, and remained with
her until the completion of her voyage round the world, during
which three cruises to the Arctic regions, via Behring's Strait, were
made. Seemann thus had the opportunity of exploring nearly the
whole west coast of America, frequently making long journeys
inland. His explorations in Peru and Ecuador, when he was ac^
companied by Mr. (now Captain) Bedford Pim, U.K., led him from
Payta through the Peruvian deserts, and across the Cordillera of the
Andes to Loja, Cuenca, and Guayaquil, and familiarized him with
the magnificent scenery, vegetation, and population of a large section
of the former empire of the Incas. Subsequently, he traversed
several of the western states of Mexico, starting from Mazatlan,
crossing the Sierra Madre, and pushing on to Durango and the
borders of Chihuahua. At that time the Comanche and Alpache
Indians were very troublesome, and Mr. Seemann narrowly escaped
with his life. In 1848, the fate of Sir John Franklin began to
excite apprehension in England, and the ' Herald,' accompanied by
the ' Plover,' was directed to proceed to the Arctic regions, by way
of Behring's Strait, to search for the missing voyagers. This gave
an entirely new character to the expedition, which, up to this time,
had been used simply for making hydrographical studies of the west
coast of America. Three times did the ' Herald ' proceed to the
Arctic regions, the second year, joined by the 'Enterprise' and
i2
Ixxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE
* Investigator.' Mr. Seemann availed himself of these opportunities
to collect materials for a Flora of the extreme north-west of Arctic
America, and for the anthropology of the Esquimaux. The ' Herald'
returned to England on June 6th, 1851. On Sir W. J". Hooker's
recommendation, the Admiralty requested Mr. Seemann to publish
the results of this voyage ; and he accordingly produced, early in
1853, the ' Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald, being a
Circumnavigation of the Globe and Three Cruises to the Arctic
Regions in Search of Sir John Franklin.' This book was in two
volumes, and was translated into German, partly by Edward Yogel,
the African traveller, and passed through two editions on the Con-
tinent. The animals collected during the voyage were described by
the late Sir John Eichardson in a quarto volume, and in the years
1852-1857 the botanical results appeared in Seemann's ' Botany of
the Yoyage of H.M.S. Herald.' This contains accounts of the floras
of "Western Esquimaux-land, the Isthmus of Panama, I^orth-western
Mexico, and the island of Hongkong, with 100 plates by Fitch, In
the preparation of this book the author had the advantage of the
assistance of Sir "William and Dr. J. B. Hooker, the latter furnish-
ing the analyses of the plates.
About this time the degree of Ph.D. was conferred on Seemann
by the Universit}' of Gottingen, and the Imperial German " Academia
Naturae Curiosorum " made him a member under the name of
*' Bonpland," — in accordance with the usual practice of the Academy.
A few years later he was elected Adjunct or Vice-President for
Hfe.
In 1853 Dr. Seemann started, in conjunction with his brother the
late "W. E. G. Seemann, a quarto botanical journal, in German, under
the title ' Bonplandia.' This was published in Hanover, though
edited in London, and was well supported by botanists of various
countries. Its publication was closed on the completion of the
tenth volume at the end of 1862. The year 1857 took Dr. Seemann
to Canada as official representative of the Linnean Society at the
meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
at Montreal ; on that occasion he read a paper on " Parthenogenesis
in Plants and Animals," and took the opportunity of becoming
acquainted with British North America and the United States.
In 1859, the Viti or Fiji Islands in the South Pacific Ocean were
formally ceded, by their king and chiefs, to Great Britain; but
before accepting the profiiered cession. Colonel Smythe, E.A., was
commissioned by our Government to draw iip an official report on
LIlOfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxvii
the state and condition of these islands, and through the influence
of Sir W. J. Hooker Dr. Seemann was asked to join the expedition.
He left England in February 1860, and arrived at Yiti some months
before Colonel Smythe. He explored this little-known group of
islands, and accumulated large collections of plants and other objects
of natural history. The substance of the letters written by him
at that time, together with much additional matter and Dr.
Seemann's official report " On the Resources and Vegetable Products
of Fiji," which had been presented to both Houses of Parliament,
was incorporated in a separate book published in 1862, under the
title of ' Viti : an Account of a Government Mission to the Vitian
or Fijian Islands.' A catalogue of all known plants of the group
was printed in an appendix to this work, and some new species
were described by Seemann in his ' Bonplandia ;' but he determined
to produce a complete systematic book on the Fijian flora, and in
1865 commenced the publication of the ' Flora Yitiensis.' This is
a quarto work, intended to be completed in ten parts, nine parts of
which appeared in Dr. Seemann's lifetime. The tenth and con-
cluding number is expected to appear immediately.
The * Journal of Botany, British and Foreign ' was commenced
at the beginning of 1863, on the relinquishment of the ' Bonplandia,'
of which it was in some sort a continuation. Dr. Seemann con-
ducted this journal at a considerable loss, and at the end of 1869
this loss and his many other engagements determined him to give
it up. A strong effort was, however, made by some of the leading
English botanists to keep the journal alive, and Dr. Seemann availed
himself of the proffered assistance of Mr. Baker, of Kew, and Dr.
Trimen, of the British Museum, in carrying it on.
From this period the force of circumstances took Dr. Seemann
more and more away from botanical and scientific work. In 1864
some French and Dutch capitalists availed themselves of his practical
experience and intimate knowledge of tropical countries, to report
on the resources and capabilities of a portion of the territory of
Yenezuela. He left Southampton on the 2nd of February, and
reached Caracas towards the end of the same month ; thence pro-
ceeded to Porto Cabello, Chichirividei, and Tocuyo, and returned to
Europe via Curagao and St. Thomas. During this expedition he
had the good fortune to discover, on the banks of the Tocuyo, ex-
tensive beds of anthracite, closely resembling Welsh steam coal in
appearance, and valued in London at thirty shillings per ton.
Dr. Seemann was elected in 1865 Honorary Secretary to the
Ixxviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE
International Botanical Congress, which was held the next year
in London under the presidency of A. De Candolle ; but after de-
voting himself for some months to the duties of his office, he was
reluctantly obliged to tender his resignation, and again to leave
England to explore with his former fellow-traveller, Captain Bedford
Pirn, 'New Segovia and other parts of Nicaragua, for the Central
American Association. He left England in March 1866, and
returned in August with several new plants, which were considerably
increased in number during his second visit in the following year.
One result of these explorations was the purchase by some English
capitalists of the JaVali gold-mine, in the district of Chontales,
Nicaragua, and the company secured Dr. Seemann's services as
managing director. The result has been disastrous to science. For
the last three years of his life, the necessary long and frequent
absences from England and attention to business matters isolated
Dr. Seemann, and greatly interfered with his botanical work. Besides
the Javali mine. Dr. Seemann had the management of a large sugar-
estate near Panama. Still his friends, and he himself, hoped that
all this was but temporary, and that when the mine had got into
thoroughly good order, leisure and opportunity would be found for
his return to scientific research.
Besides his scientific works Dr. Seemann was a prolific writer on
subjects of general literature and politics, and he was also the author
of several short dramas, two or three of which have some popularity
in Hanover, and of some pieces of music, of which art he possessed
a good knowledge. In botany the groups which more especially
engaged his attention were the genera Camellia and Thea, of which
he published a synopsis in vol. xxii. of our Transactions, and other
Ternstroemiacece ; the Crescentiacete, of which he published a mono-
graph in vol. xxiii of our Transactions ; the Hederacece, a revision of
which Order, reprinted from the ' Journal of Botany,' he pubhshed
as a separate work in 1868 ; and the Bignoniacece, with which he
intended to have pursued a similar plan.
Besides the books already mentioned. Dr. Seemann was the author,
amongst others, of the descriptions in English and German to the
' Paradisus Yindobonensis,' of an enumeration in German of the
Acacias cultivated in Europe, of a ' Popular History of Palms,' a
translation of which into German by Dr. BoUa has passed through
two editions in that language. His ' British Eerns at one View '
(1860) has been a useful work to amateurs. Of detached papers in
science, the Royal Society's Catalogue (to 1863) enumerates fifty-
LDiTNEAJr SOCIETY OF LONDOX. Ixxix
eight under Dr. Seeniann's name ; the first there given is one on
descriptive botany in the Hegensburg ' Flora ' for 1844.
Dr. Seemann started last summer for Nicaragua "with some mis-
givings, having suffered severely from fever on his last previous visit.
He, however, reached Javali at the end of July, after a rough
journey through the swamps, in good health, but in the middle of
September he was seized with fever. From this he never rallied ; his
death, which happened after three weeks' illness, on October 10th,
1871, was somewhat sudden, and under circumstances which pointed
towards some cardiac complication. The next day his body was
buried close by his house at the mine, in the little patch of industry
and civilization his energy had called into existence in the primeval
forest, and surrounded by the tropical vegetation he knew so well.
Dr. Seemann was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 16th of
November, 1852.
James De Carle Sowerby was the eldest son of James Sowerby,
the founder of the scientific race of his name. His mother was a
De Carle who belonged to a French family settled in Norwich.
James Sowerby, tFe father, was the author of the ' English Botany,'
upon which great work almost aU the Sowerbys have laboured, but
none more assiduously than the subject of this memoir, who took it up
in his own name on the death of his father in 1822. He in the same
manner continued the equally celebrated * Mineral Conchologj\'
It is no injustice to the several eminent botanists who, from Sir
James Smith downwards, have been associated with the Sowerbys
in the ' English Botany ' in furnishing the literary descriptions of
the plants, to say that the great and enduring scientific merit of the
work consists in the figures. These, in fact, not only reproduce the
plants as they appear in nature to the uninstrueted eye, but they
exhibit all the chief structural details which the scientific naturahst
demands. These remain for ever, whilst descriptions and classifica-
tions are doomed to change.
The life of James De Carle Sowerby was spent from boyhood in
intimate association with scientific and literary circles. As a lad
his passion was chemistry, and he enjoyed the friendship of Faraday
as a fellow-student. He was received as a favourite in the houses
of Dawson Turner, the Hookers, Dr. Wollaston, Sir Joseph Banks,
and many other distinguished naturalists. At an early period of
his life he conceived the idea of founding the classification of
minerals upon their chemical composition. He believed that che-
mistry might offer a better basis of classification than the forms of
IXXX PROCEEDLNGa OF THE
the crystals. In carryiBg out Ms scheme, he analyzed the minerals,
the description of which was published in his father's ' British
Mineralogy ' and ' Exotic Mineralogy.' From 1823 to 1850 he con-
tributed papers, principally relating to fossil conchology, to the
'Philosophical Transactions,' the 'Zoological Journal,' and the
' Transactions ' of the Linnean and Geological Societies. He named,
arranged, and described the fossil shells for Professor Sedgwick, Sir
Roderick Murchison, Dr. Bucklaad, Dr. Fitton, Mr. Dixon, and
Colonel Sykes, all of whom gratefully acknowledge the assistance
thus rendered them. In 1840 the " WoUaston Fund " was awarded
to him by the Geological Society, to facilitate the prosecution of his
researches in mineral conchology. The prize was presented by Dr.
Buckland, who took the opportunity of paying a graceful tribute to
the merits of father and son as accurate and enthusiastic observers of
nature. He observed that the modern " rapid advance in geological
knowledge arising from the introduction of the evidences of mineral
conchology was largely due to the publications of the Sowerbys."
In 1846 Mr. Sowerby was appointed Curator and Librarian to
the Geological Society. These offices he was soon obliged to resign
owing to the increasing demands made upon his time as Secretary
to the Royal Botanic Society. This Society, with which his name
has been identified from its institution in 1839, was founded by his
cousin, Mr. Philip Barnes, F.L.S., who naturally sought the aid of
one whose scientific reputation and connexions were so well calcu-
lated to promote the success of his project. Mr. Sowerby's name
is associated with that of his cousin, the Earl of Albemarle, Colonel
Rushbrooke, and others, in the first charter granted to the Society.
In this office much of his time was necessarily absorbed in adminis-
trative labour, so that he found little leisure to continue his scientific
pursuits. But still the infiuence of the secretary was always steadily
exerted to promote the scientific utility of the gardens.
A year or two before his death Mr. Sowerby retired from his office
on a moderate pension, and he died on the 26th of August, 1871,
at the age of eighty-four. He was elected a Fellow of this Society
on the 18th of February, 1823.
Thomas Hawkes Tanner, M.D., was the son of a former Secretary
of the Army Medical Board. He was born in London, and educated
at the Charter House, where he sustained an accident which caused
a slight permanent lameness, and rendered his health somewhat
delicate. In 1843 he entered the medical school of King's College,
and in 1847 became M.R.C.S. and took the degree of M.D. at St.
LIXXKAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. Ixxxi
Andrews. After filling the office of resident house-physician in
King's College Hospital, he commenced practice in Charlotte Street,
Bedford Square, in 1848, and soon afterwards was elected Physician
to the Farringdon-Street Dispensary. In 1850 Dr. Tanner hecame
a Member of the Royal College of Physicians, and for a time lectured
on Forensic Medicine at the Westminster Hospital. In 1857 he
was elected Physician to the Hospital for "Women in Soho Square,
and held that office for six years to the great satisfaction of the
governors of the charity ; and it was here that he laid the foundation
of the reputation he enjoyed later in life in the treatment of diseases
peculiar to women. In 1858 Dr. Tanner took an aetive part in the
formation of the Obstetrical Society of London, and acted as one of
its honorary secretaries for five years. In 1860 he was, in conjunc-
tion with Dr. Meadows, appointed Assistant-Physician for the
Diseases of Women and Children to King's College Hospital, and
here he did good work for three years ; but at the end of that time
the mode in which certain alterations in the staff of the hospital
were carried out led to the resignation of both the assistant-physi-
cians, and Dr. Tanner was able to devote the whole of his attention
to a largely increasing practice. About ten years ago he removed
to Henrietta Street, Cavendish Square ; and since that time his
practice rapidly expanded, owing doubtless in great measure to
his success as a medical author, and still more to the personal
qualities which attached his patients to him.
As an author Dr. Tanner commenced his career as a writer of
reviews in a medical paper, of which he was afterwards for a time
subeditor. His ' Memoranda on Poisons ' was the result of his
.short career as a teacher of foi-ensic medicine ; but the work which
hiis made his name a household word in medical circles is his
' Practice of Medicine,' which first appeared in 1854 as one of
Renshaw's small manuals. In this form the work was deservedly
popular with the students of the day, and accompanied them into
practice, so that four editions of the book in the manual form were
exhausted in ten years. In 1 865 Dr. Tanner brought out a fifth
and much improved edition, in one handsome octavo volume.
This, again, was followed about a year since by a sixth edition,
in two volumes, and the night- work involved in such literary
labour probably caused the premature breakdown of Dr. Tanner's
health. In addition to this work Dr. Tanner published a work on
the ' Signs and Diseases of Pregnancy,' which has gone through
two editions ; an • Index of Diseases and their Treatment,' being au
Lixx. PRoc. — Session 1S71-7-. k
Ixxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE
epitome of his * Practice of Medicine ;' a ' Practical Treatise on the
Diseases of Infancy and Childhood,' of which a second enlarged
edition has recently been edited by Dr. Meadows ; and a ' Manual of
Clinical Medicine and Physical 'Diagnosis,' which has also been lately
re-edited by Dr. Tilbury Pox.
Dr. Tanner had suffered for years fi'om slight albuminuria and
from frequent headaches, which prostrated him occasionally for days
together. Last summer he became so ill that he was compelled to
give up all work, and he left London for Brighton, where, after a
series of convulsive attacks, he died on the 7th of July, 1871. He
was elected a FeUow of this Society on the 17th of June, 1869.
June 6th, 1872.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The President nominated George Busk, Esq., J. D. Hooker, M.D.,
John Miers, Esq., and W. W. Saunders, Esq., Vice-Presidents for
the ensuing year.
PhUip Brooke Mason, Esq., and Frederick Isaac Warner, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " Observations on the Cutaneous Exudation of the Great Water
Newt (Triton cristatus)," by Miss Eleanor A, Ormerod. Communi-
cated by Andrew Murray, Esq., F.L.S.
2. " On some recent forms of Lagence from Deep-sea Di'edgings
in the Japanese Seas," by F. W. Owen Rymer Jones, Esq. Commu-
nicated by H. T. Stainton, Esq., Sec. L.S.
June 20th, 1872.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The President, before proceeding to the regnilar business of the
evening, called attention to the very serioiis loss which the Society
had sustained by the death of Mr. Thomas West, who, originallj-
engaged as its Messenger and Collector, had, by his intelligence
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Ixxxiii
and perseverance, gradually acquired a thorough knowledge of the
routine business of the Society, and for many years past had proved
a most valuable and trustworthy Assistant in the Libraiy.
The following papers were read, viz. ; —
1. Extract of a Letter dated May 29, 1872, from Major-General
Muuro, C.B., to Mr. Bentham. on the Botanical Characteristics of the
Island of Jamaica.
2. " New Species of Musci collected by Dr. Thwaites in Ceylon,"
by William Mitten, A.L.S.
3. " Contributions towards the Knowledge of Curculionidae," pt. 3,
by F. P. Pascoe, Esq., F.L.S.
4. " On the Structural Peculiarities of the Bell-bird {Chasmo-
rJiynchns),''^ by James Murie, M.D., F.L.S.
5. " On the Fertilization of Impatiens parm-ft.ora, De C." by A. W.
Bennett, Esq., F.L.S,
6. " On a new Fungus from India," by Frederick Currey, Esq.,
F.R.S., Sec. L.S.
The following detailed enumeration of the Biological Papers con-
tained in the Transactions, Proceedings, and Journals received, and
of the separate works added to the Library, since the date of the
last Report, November 2ud, 1871, was laid before the Meeting : —
Majcmalia and Cteneral Zoology : —
J. Anderson. Notes on Rodents from Yarkand, Proc. Zool. Soc,
1871.
J. V. Barboza du Bocage. Notice of the characters and affinities
of a new genus of West-African Mammifers, 2 plates. Mem. R.
Acad. Sc. Lisbon, Ser. 2, iv.
J. Beswick-Perriu. On the myology of the limbs of the Kinkajou
{Cercoleptes caudivolvulus). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
A. Brandt. On the skin of Rhytina horealis, 1 plate. Mem.
Acad, Imp. Sc. Petersb. xvii.
E. Brandt. On the bite of the Sore.v, 6 plates. Bull. Soc. Imp,
Nat. Mosc. 1870, ii.
V. Brooke. On Speke's Antelope and allied species of TrageJaphus,
1 plate and woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871-
I- -2
Ixxxiv PHOCEEDINGS OF THE
H. Burmeister. Notes on Ai-ctocephalus Hookeri, Gray. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix.
J. Chatin. On the salivary glands of the Tamandua A.nt-eater,
1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii.
G. V. Ciaccio. On the finer anatomy of the pacinian corpuscles
in Man and other Mammifers and in Birds, 4 plates. Mem. II.
Acad. Sc. Turin, xxv.
G. E. Dobson. Four new Malayan Bats. — On some Khinolophidse
and other Persian Bats, 1 plate. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871.
— Nine new Indian and Indo-Chinese Vespertilionidae. Proc. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, 1871.
J. Eimer. The muzzle of the Mole as an organ of feeling, 1 plate.
Archiv mikrosk. Anat. vii.
D. G. Elliot. On various Felidae, with a new species from
North-western Siberia, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
L. J. Fitzinger. Critical review of the Chiroptera (contiuued).
Proc. Acad. Se. Vienna, Ixii., Ixiii. — Critical review of the Hemipi-
theci and of the Bradypodes. Ibid. Ixii.
W. H. Flower. On Risso's Dolphin (Grampus gri sens), 2 plates
and woodcuts. Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. — On Phoca Jiisjpida. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1871.
G. V. Frauenfeld. On the care of their young in Animals. Pre-
sented by the Author.
J. E. Gray. Notes on EwpJeres and Galidia. — On the Bradypodidae
of the British Museum, 3 plates and woodcuts. — On the Cephalo-
phoridse of the British Museum, 3 plates and woodcuts. — On the
skull of a Roebuck in the British Museum. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
— Catalogue of the Ruminant Mammalia in the British Museiim.
Presented by the Museum.
J. Hector. On the New-Zealand Bottlenose (Lagenorhynchus
danculus, Gray). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix.
E. W. H. Holdsworth. On a variety of Felis rubiginosa from
Ceylon. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
J. Kolazy. On the habits of life of Mus rattus, var. alba. — On
the nutrition of QryllotaVpa vulgaris. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna,
xxi.
A. Milne-Edwards. On the placenta of Meminna, Gray. — On
some Mammalia of East Thibet. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. —
On the embryology and affinities of Lemuridae (from the ' Comptes
Rendus '). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
J. Murie. On the female generative organs, viscera, and fleshy
LIUNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. \ TiiX^i /-' /I r\ v
parts of Hycmia brunnea, Thunb., 1 plate. — Anatomy of the Sea-lio^^-
(Otaria juhata), 7 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. — Additional note ^
on the powder-downs of i27i»it»r7ieius ju6rt<ws. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. -___^;^
— On the horns, viscera, and muscles of the Giraffe, 2 plates. — On
the skin of the Rhyt'ma, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix.
A. V. Pelzeln. On the Mammalia collected in East Asia by
Baron v. Eansonnet. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi.
W. C. H. Peters. A new Otaria from Chili, and on the difference
between the Seals of the Atlantic and Pacific, 2 plates. Monatsber.
R. Acad. Berlin, 1871. — On some Bats collected by Mr. F. Day in
Burma, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
L. Sabaneef. Catalogue of Mammals &c. of the Central Oural.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.Mosc. 1871, ii.
J. Schoebl. The outer ear.of Mice as an organ of feeling, 4 plates.
Archiv mikrosk. Anat. vii.
L, V, Schrenck. On the supposed recent discoveries of Mammoth
bodies in Siberia, and remarks on the mode of preservation of
Mammoth bodies. BuU. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersb. xvi.
P. L. Sclater. Reports on additions to the Menagerie of the
Zoological Society's Gardens, with plates of Viverra Civetta, Midas
Geoffroyi, Tamandva tetradactyJa, and Tapirus Bairdii. Proo.
Zool. Soc. 1871.
H. G. Seeley. The origin of the vertebrate skeleton. Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, ix.
Prof. Turner. On the gravid uterus and arrangement of the foetal
membranes in the Cetacea, 2 plates. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. xxvi.
Ornithology : —
A. Anderson. Notes on the Raptorial Birds of India. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1871.
— Bianconi. On the natural affinities of ^pyornis. Ann. Sc.
Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii.
.W. T. Blanford. List of Birds of the Wardhu valley. Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. — A new Himalayan Finch, 1 plate. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1871.
J. Borsenkow. On the development of the ovarium of the
domestic Fowl, 1 plate. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1871, ii.
W. E. Brooks. Notes on the ornithology of Cashmir. — A new
species oi Ahroniis. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871.
R. CoUett. On the as}Tnmetry of the skuU in Strix Tengmahni,
woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
IxXXvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE
R. 0. Cunuingham. On the auatomy of the Steamer Duck
(^Miropterus cinereus), 5 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. vii.
D. G. Elliot. Review of the genus Ptiloris, Swains. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1871.
0. Finsch. Monograph of the genus Certhiola, with map of
geographical distribution. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. —
On a collection of Birds from North-west Mexico. — A new species
oiPtilotis. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, ii. — Ornithology of North
America. Ibid. iii.
J. Gould. Two new Humming-birds. — A new Oreochida from
Australia. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. — Six new Humming-birds.
— A new Fruit-Pigeon from the Fiji Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1871.
G. R. Gray. A new species of Caprvfiimlgns. — A new species of
Buceros, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
P. B. Hanf. Ornithological Miscellanies. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soe.
Yienna, xxi.
G. Hartlaiib. Report on the contributions to the natural history
of Birds during 1870. Wiegm. Ai'chiv, xxxrii.
W. S. Hudson. Letters on the oinithology of Buenos Ayres,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
F. W. Hutton. Catalogue of the Birds of New Zealand, with
diagnoses of new species. Presented by the Colonial Museum of
NcAv Zealand.
R. Kossmann. On the fatty glands of Birds, 2 plates. Zeitschr.
wiss. Zool. xxi.
A. C. M'Masters. Notes on Central-Indian Birds, with a note by
G. "W. T. Blanford, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal^ 1871.
J. Murie. On the development of vegetable organisms in the
thorax of living Birds, Monthl. Microsc. Journ. 1872.
A. Newton. On a remarkable sexual peculiarity in an Australian
Duck, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
J. QEUacher. On the alterations in the luifertilized egg during
its passage through the oviduct, and the attempts to hatch it, J5
plates- Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxii.
R. Owen. On the Dodo, part 2, 3 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. vii.
A. V. Pelzeln. On the Mammalia and Birds collected in E. Asia
by Baron E. v. Ransonnet. — Contributions to the Austro-Hungarian
Ornithological Fauna. Trans. ZooL Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi.
L. Sabaneef. Catalogue of the Birds &e. of the Central OuraL
Bull. Soc. Im]>. Nat. Mosc. 1871, ii.
UNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IxXXVii
T. Salvadori. New species of Birds of the genera Vrmiyer, Picas,
aud Homoptila. Trans. (Atti) R. Acad. Sc. Turin, vi. — On Ceriornis
Caboti. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
P. L. Sclater. On the Birds of Santa Lucia, W. Indies, 1 plate.
— On rare or Httle-known Birds in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society, woodcuts. — On the Birds of Lima, woodcuts. — Two new
Parrots from the Gardens of the Zoological Society, 2 plates. — Addi-
tional remarks on Pelicans, 1 plate. — A new Dove from the coral-
reef of Aldabra, 1 plate. — On a collection of Birds from Oyapok. —
Remarks on Myiozetetes and Conopias. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
P. L. Sclater and 0. Salvin. Revised list of Neotropical Laridae.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
R. B. Sharpe. Two undescribed European Birds. Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, viii. — A new long-tailed Titmouse from S. Europe. —
Contributions to the Ornithology of Madagascar, 1 plate. — On the
Bii'ds of the Cameroons, W. Africa, 1 plate and woodcuts. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1871.
R. Swinhoe. A new Chinese Gull, 1 plate. — Revised Catalogue
of the Birds of China. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
V. V. Tchusi-Schmidhofen. Q-siNucifraga caryocatactes. — On the
ornithological collection of the Zoologico-Botanical Society of Vienna.
Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi.
Viscount Walden. A new Porzana from the Himalayas. — On a
supposed new Cuckoo fi-om Celebes. — On supposed new Birds from
Celebes. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. — On the Birds of Celebes.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
Ibis, Ser, 3, ii. parts 5 and 6.
Ichthyology : —
R. Bleeker. On the Cyprinoideae of China, 14 plates. Trans.
R. Acad. Sc. Amsterdam, xii. — Description of two new Labroidae.
Arch. Neerl. vi.
E. D. Cope. Contribution to the ichthyology of the Lesser An-
tilles. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Ser. 2, xiv. — On the systematic
relations of Missouri Fishes. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix.
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J. Anderson. Two new Saurian genera. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
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W. C. H. Peters. New Reptiles from East Africa and Sarawak. —
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¥. Stoliczka. Notes ou Indian and Burmese Ophidians, 2 plates.
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Ckusxacea and Akachnida : —
A. Ausserer. On the Arachnid family TcrriteUarieae of ThoreU,
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J. Blackwall. On Canadian Spiders captured by Miss Hunter.
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G. S. Brady. Review of the Cypridiuidse of the European seas,
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G. S. Brady and D. Robertson. On the distribution of British
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O. Butsclili. On the structure and development of the seminal
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0. P. Cambridge. Notes on Arachnida collected by Dr. 0. Cun-
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E. Hesse. Memoir on Amei and their Praniza state, 4 plates. —
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A. Anthony. The markings of the battledore-scales of some
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N. Nowicki. On Chlorops tceniopus, Meig., the scourge of wheat.
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Entomologist's Annual, 1872.
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Transactions of the Entomological Society, 1871 part 4 to 1872
part 2.
Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, December 1871 to June 1872.
Entomologist, December 1871 to June 1872.
Canadian Entomologist, iii. part 9 to iv. part 3.
Annals of the Entomological Society of France, Ser. 5, i.
Annals of the Entomological Society of Belgium, 1857 to vol. xiv.
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J. Brazier. Notes on recently described Shells.- — On Dolinm and
other Australian Shells. — Eight new Australian Land-Shells. — Seven
new species of Helix and two fluviatile Shells from Tasmania. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1871.
J. C. Cox. New land and marine Shells from Australia and the
S.W. Pacific, 1 plate. — New Land-Shells from Australia and the
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T. Davidson. On Japanese recent Brachiopoda, 2 plates. Proc.
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P. Fischer. Observations on Aplysia. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser.
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S. Hanley. A new Monocondylcea. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.
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J. G. Jeffreys. The Mollusca of St. Helena. Ann. Nat. Hist.
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L. Reeve. Conchologia Iconiea, parts 290-293. Purchased.
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G. J. Allman. On the homological relations of Ccelenterata, wood-
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G. S. Brady and D. Robertson. Two new British Holothuroidea,
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LINlfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XCV
H. James -Clark. The American Spongilla a eraspedote flagellate
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LINN. pRoc. — Session 1871-72, I
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A. Ernst. Further contribution to the structure of the flower of
Eupliorhia, 1 plate. Flora, 1872.
W. 0. Focke. New Brambles, and observations on the flora of
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F. M. Fries. Vascular plants of Spitzbergen and Bear Island,
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J. A. Grant. Botany of the Speke and Grant Expedition, part 1,
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A. Grisebach. The Vegetation of the Earth, 2 vols. (Vegetation
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D. Hanbury. On Amomum angustifolium, Sonn. Journ. Linn.
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H. F. Hance. Notes on some plants of N. China. — Florae
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C. Haussknecht. On Juncus splicer ocarpus, Nees. Bot. Zeit.
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F. V. Herder. Plantse Severzovianae et Borsycovianae (continued).
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F. Hildebrandt. On the means of dispersion of Compositse.
Bot. Zeit. 1872.
G. Huronymus. Remarks on the flowers of Eupliorhia. Bot.
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A. Kanitz. On Urtica oblongata, Koch, and other species, 1
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N. Kaufmann. On the inflorescence of Boraginese, — Euryan-
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A. Kerner. New species of Eubus. Eep, Nat. Hist. Med. Soc.
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S, Kurz. New Indian Plants (from Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal).
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J, Lange, Observations on the most remarkable species contained
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G. Lawson. On the Ericaceae of Canada. Trans. Bot, Soc,
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R. T. Lowe. Manual Flora of Madeira, ii. part 1. Presented by
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C. J. Maximowicz. The Rhododendreae of Eastern Asia, 4 plates.
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Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xvi. — Mnth decade of New
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burg, xvi.
J. Miers. Contributions to Botany, vol. iii. Monograph of
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P. A. Miquel. Contributions to the flora of Japan : Salicinese,
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A. G. More. Supplement to the Flora Vectensis (from Journ.
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Ferd. v. Mueller. Contributions to the Flora of Tasmania. Proc.
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J. Mueller. Confirmation of R. Brown's views of the involucre
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N. NeUreich. Critical synopsis of the Austro-Hungarian species,
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C. Noldeke. Flora of the islands of E. Friesland, including that
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— Radlkofer. Pausandra, a new genus of Euphorbiaceee. Flora,
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E. Regel. Revision of Cratcegus and other genera. — On some
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H. W. Reichardt. Flora of the Island of St. Paul's in the Indian
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J. F. Robinson. Notes on British batrachian Ranunculi. Trans.
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P. Rohrbach. Brazilian Tropseolacese, Caryophyllese, and allied
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G. de Saporta and A. Marion. On a natural hybrid between Pistacia
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Countess A. San Giorgio. Polyglott Catalogue of Plants, 1 vol.
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W. W. Saunders. Refugium Botanicum, iv. part 3, 4, v. part 1.
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R. A. C. C. Scheffer. On some Palms of the group of Arecinae.
Flora, 1872.
12
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F. Schmitz. On the morphology of the flowers of EujpTiorhia,
1 plate. Flora, 1871.
C. E,. Schiiltz Schultzenstein. On the placentation of Passijiora
quadrangularis, 1 plate. Trans. Bot. Soc. Prov. Brandenburg, xii.
C. Seeham. On the progress of Eloclea canadensis in the
Upper Oder and its collision with Hydrilla dentata. Trans, Bot.
Soc. Prov. Brandenburg, xii.
E. Timbal-Lagrave. Study of the Hieracia of Lapeyrouse. Bull.
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E. E. Trautvetter. Observations on Eadde's Turcomanian and
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H. Trimen. Portuguese Juncese, with a new Luzula, 1 plate.
Journ. Bot. 1872.
E, de Yisiani. Florae Dalmaticee supplementum, 4to, 10 plates
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H. A. WeddeU. Notes on Cinchonas, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat.
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A. Wigand. On Nelianhium sjjeciosum. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
— WiUkomm. On the plant producing the Flores Lini Levantici.
Bot. Zeit. 1872.
Physiological and Miscellaneous Botant : —
G. Arcangeli. Notes on the dimensions, growth, &c. of the trees
in the Botanic Garden, Pisa. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iv.
J. Baranetzky. On the influence of certain conditions on the
transpiration of plants. Bot. Zeit. 1872.
A. F. Batalin. New observations on the motions of leaves in
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— Becquerel. Eesearches on relative temperatures in plants,
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A. W. Bennett. On mimicry in plants. Pop. Sc. Eev. xi.
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Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi.
A. Braun. On the abnormal formation of adventive buds in
Callio_psis tinctoria. Trans. Bot. Soc. Prov. Brandenburg, xii.
F. Buchenau. On some interesting abnormal structures, 2 plates.
Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, ii. — On the venation of the bracts
of the Lime-tree. Ibid. iii. — Further observations on the fertilization
of Jinicus biifonivs. Bot. Zeit. 1871. — Gemination in the inflo-
LDTNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. CI
rescence of Alismacese. — Peculiar structure of the extremity of the
leaves in Scheuclizeria pahistris. — Development of the flowers in
Compositae, 1 plate. Ibid. 1872.
L. Cailletet. Can leaves of Plants absorb liquid water ? Ann.
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— Cauvet. On the ^structure of Cytinus (continued). — On the
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P. Deherain. Evaporation and decomposition of carbonic acid
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A. Dickson. On some abnormal cones oiPhius Pinaster, 4 plates.
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A. Dodel. On the transition of the dicotyledonous stem into the
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.P. Duchartre. A monstrosity in Cheiranthus Gheiri, 1 plate.
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"W. T. T. Dyer. On the germination of Tropceolum, woodcuts.
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A. Engler. On epidermoidal utricular cells, 1 plate. Bot.Zeit. 1871.
E. Faivre. Experiments on the wounds in the bark by circular
incisions. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi.
A. P. N. Pranchimont. On the structures of the so-called resi-
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B. Frank. On the interchange of place of chlorophyl- grains and
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A. Gray. On the arrangement and morphology of the leaves of
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A. Gris. On the pith of woody plants, 3 plates, Ann. Sc. Nat.
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— Hanstein. On the phenomena of motion in the ceU-nucleus
with reference to the protoplasm. Bot. Zeit. 1872.
F. Hildebrand. On the development of the pappus and other
hairy appendages of seeds, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1872.
H. Hoffmann. On the influence of the nature of the soil on
vegetation (from Neue Landwirthsch. Zeit.). — On wood-fungus (dry
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by the Author. — On the protrusion of seeds from vine-berries, 1
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CU PROCEEDINGS OP THE
L, Juranzi. On the structure and development of the pollen of
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W. Koeppen. Experiments on the influence of warmth on the
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G. Krauss. On crystals in the epidermis of Cocculus laurifolius.
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N. T. Levakovsky. On the influence of external conditions on
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C. Luerssen. On the influence of red and blue Kght on the course
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W. A. M'Nab. Experiments on the transpiration of watery
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J. Martinet. On the organs of secretion of plants, 13 plates.
Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser, 5, xiii. — On the glandular organs of Rutacese.
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E. Mer. The physiological action of frost on plants. Bull. Soe.
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M, Micheli, On some recent researches in vegetable physiology.
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C. A, J, A, Oudemans, On the microscopical structure of Cin-
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G. A, Pasquale, On a monstrous branch of Opuntia fiavispina,
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J. Peyritsch. On pelorias in Labiatae. Proc. Acad. Sc. Vienna,
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W, Pfeffer, On the development of the flowers of Primulaceae
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E. Pfitzer. On the insertion of crystals of oxalate of Ume in the
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L. A, Prenleloup. On the economical products of Zamias in San
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E. Prillieux. On the formation of icicles in the interior of plants.
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J. Eaulin, Chemical studies on vegetation. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot.
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J". Eeinke. On the influence of coloured light on living plant-
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S. RosanoflF. On the deposit of silicic acid in some plants, | plate.
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J. Sachs. Studies on the growth of roots in length. Trans. Phys.
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r. V. Schwind. On the consumption of heat in plant-life. Trans.
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J. Scott. Dimorphism in Eranthemum. Journ. Bot. 1872. ^
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W. F. II. Suringar. A monstrosity in a Fuchsia, 1 plate. Nedu
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E. Tangl. Contributions to the knowledge of the perforations of
the walls of vessels in plants, 1 plate. Proc. Acad. Sc. Yienna,
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F. Thomas. On the origin of galls and similar excrescences in
plants. Bot. Zeit. 1872.
A. V. Tomaschek. On a peculiar transformation of pollen, 1 plate.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1871, ii.
A. Trecul. On the proper juices of the leaves of Aloes. — On
the origin of lenticels. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xiii.
P. Yan Tieghem. Anatomy of the flowers and fruit of the Mis-
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the direct fecundation of plants. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi» —
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M. V. Yintschgau. On the albuminous cells of Barley, 1 plate.
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H. de Yries. Researches on the influence of temperature on the
phenomena of life in plants. Ned. Kruidk. Archiv, Ser. 2, i.
J. Wiesner. On the waxy coating of the epidermis in plants,
i plate. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
C. Wright. The uses and origin of the arrangements of leaves in
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Cbyptooamic Botany : —
F. Ardissone. Studies on the Italian Algae Gigartineae. Nuov.
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F. Arnold. The Lichens of the Frankish Jura. Flora, 1871. —
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Tyrol, 1 plate. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi.
G. A. W. Arnott. Notes on Coeconeis, Nitzschia, and other
Diatomacese. Published and presented by Dr. Cleghorn.
J. G. Baker. A new Ceylonese Acrostichum. Journ. Bot. 1872.
J. Baranetzky. On the development of Gymnoascus Beessii,
1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1872.
M. J. Berkeley. On Australian Fungi from F. v. Mueller and
E. Schomburgk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii.
Abbe Boulay. Geographical distribution of Mosses in the Yosges
and the Jura. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xviii.
R. Braithwaite. Monograph of European Bog-mosses, 1 plate.
Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi., vii.
0. Brefeld. On the development oi Penicillmm. Bot. Zeit. 1872.
Abbe Chaboisseau. On Nitella syncarjpa and Cliara connivens,
1 plate. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xviii.
— Cienkowski. On Palmellaceae and some Flagellatse, 2 plates.
Archiv Mikrosk. Anat. vi.
F. Cohn. On the Bacteria question. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
M. C. Cooke. Notes on Podisoma, 2 plates. — On nucleated
sporidia. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii.
M. C. Cooke and C. H. Peck. The Erysiphse of the United
States. Journ. Bot. 1872.
F. S. Cordier. On the genus Cordiceps. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xviii.
M. Cornu. A new Syncliytrium. — Two new genera of Saprolegnieas.
Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xviii.
J. M. Crombie. Notes on Ramalince in the herbarium of the
British Museum. Journ. Bot. 1872.
G. Dickie. On the marine Algoe of St. Helena. Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. xiii.
J. E. Dubj. Select new exotic Cryptogams, 4 plates. Mem.
Soc. Phys. Gen. xxi.
J. "W. Edmond. Notes on the structure and measurement of the
cells of Hepaticse. Trans, Bot. Soc. Edinb. xi.
E. Fries. Icones Selectae Hymenomycetum nondum delineatorum,
60 coloured plates. Presented by the Royal Academy of Sciences,
Stockholm. — QueUtia, a new genus of Lycoperdacese. Bot. Zeit. 1872.
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E. Hampe. On euccession in the production of Mosses. Trans
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C. 0. Harz. Some new Hyphomyceta, 5 plates. Bull. Soc.
Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1871, i. — On the various forms of Trichothecium
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H. Hoffmann. On Bacteria, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5,
xi. — Mycological Eeport (iii.) for 1871. 8vo. Giessen, 1872. Pur-
chased.
J. Hogg. Mycetoma, the fungus-foot disease of India, 2 plates.
Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vii,
L. V. Hohenbiihel-Heuffler. Enumeration of the Cryptogams of
Venetian Italy. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi.
E. V. Janczewski. On the parasitic habits of Nostoc lichenoides. —
History of the development of the Archegonium. Bot. Zeit. 1872.
J. Klein. On Pilobolus, 8 plates. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii.
A. V. Krempelhuber, History and literature of Lichenology,
vol. iii. Purchased. — Descriptions of Lichens from Amboina,
3 plates. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi.
"W. A. Leighton. The Lichen Flora of Great Britain, Ireland,
and the Channel Islands, 1st and 2nd editions. Presented by the
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H. Leitgeb. On the history of the growth oiRadula complanata.
Proc. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixiii. — On endogenous bud-formation in
Hepaticae. Bot. Zeit. 1872.
J. B. Letellier. Supplement to BuUiard's plates of Pungi. Pur-
chased.
S. 0. Lindberg. Bryological notes. — On Mesotus, Mitten. — On
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G. V. Martens. List of Algse collected by S. Kurz in Burma and
the Andaman Islands. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871.
J. A. Martindale. Lichenographical notes. Journ. Bot. 1872.
D. Moore. On the loss of a large Pandanus, supposed to have
been caused by a fungus, Melanconium Pandani. Journ, K. Soc.
Dublin, vi.
C. Mueller. New Australian Mosses, chiefly from Brisbane, with
an Appendix by C. Hampe. Linnsea, xxxvii.
J. Mueller. New Lichens. Flora, 1871.
J. Murie. On the development of vegetable organisms in the
thorax of living birds, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vii.
W. Nylander. Monograph of RamaUna. Ann. Nat. Hist.
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A. Ohlert. Synopsis of the Lichens of the province Prussia. —
Lichenological aphorisms. Mem. E. Phys. Econ. Soc. Konigsherg,
1870.
E. O'Meara. Recent researches in Diatomaceae. Journ. Bot. 1872.
Gr. Passerini. Enumeration of Parmese Fungi. Nuov. Giorn.
Bot. Ital. iv.
— Peyritsch. On some fungi belonging to the family Laboulbenise.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii.
N. Priugsheim. On the copulation of zoospores, with remarks
by De Bary, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi.
M. Peess. On the raising of Collema glaucescens, Hoffm., by
sowing its spores on Nostoe lichenoides, 1 plate. Monatsber. Acad.
Sc. Berlin, 1871.
E. Rose and M. Cornu. On two new generic types of Sapro-
legnieae and Peronosporese, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi.
J. T. Rostafinski. On the pairing of zoospores. Bot. Zeit. 1871.
C. Roumeguere. On MeruUus destruens, Pers., and Polyporus
obducens, Pers., Hymenomyceta destructive of wood-work. Bull.
Soc. Bot. Fr. xviii.
E. Schmitz. On the structure of the auxospores of Cocconema
dstula. Bot. Zeit. 1872.
S. Schulzer v. Muggeuburg. On Eungi on the branches of
Quince-trees. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi.
S. Schwenderer. On Gonidia, 1 plate. Flora, 1872.
H. Slack. On Podisoma fuscum and P. juniperi, 1 plate. Monthl.
Microsc. Jouni. vii.
N. Sorokine. Researches on the development of Hylicostyhim
Muscce, 1 plate. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1870, ii.
J. G. Tatem. On the conjugation of Amoeba. Monthl. Microsc.
Journ. vi.
A. Trecul. On the position of tracheae in Ferns. — Ramification of
the rhizome of Aspidium quinquangulare. — On the proper vessels
and on the tannin of some Ferns. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi.
G. de Yenturi. Mosses collected by 0. Beccari in Abyssinia.
Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iv.
A. Weiss. On the structure and nature of Diatomaceae, 2 plates.
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Palaeontology : —
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Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix.
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E. Billings. On the genus Obelletina. Canadian Naturalist,
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A. Brandt. On fossil Medusce, 2 plates. Mem. Acad. Imp.
Sc. Petersb. xvi.
J. F. Brandt. Rosearches on the Cetacea of the Tertiary of
central Europe and Asia. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersb. xvi.
G. Burmeister. Description of the genus Hophphonis. Ann.
Mus. Publ. Buenos Ayres, ii.
W. Carruthers. On the structure of the stems of arborescent
Lycopodiaceae of the Coal-measures, 2 plates. Monthl. Microsc.
Journ. vii,
E. D. Cope. Numerous palseontological papers in Proc. Araer.
Phil. Soc. xii.
J. W. Dawson. The fossil plants of the Devonian and Upper
Silurian formations of Canada. Presented by the Author. — The
Post-pliocene geology of Canada, 1 plate. Canadian Naturalist,
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A. Dickson. On the phyllotaxis of Lepidodendron. Trans. Bot.
Soc. Edinb. xi.
C. G. Ehrenberg. On Whitney's latest explanations of the Cali-
fornian BaciUaria rocks. Monatsber. R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1871.
E. V. Ettingshausen. The fossil flora of Sagor in Carinthia.
Proc. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixiii.
E. L. H. Filhol. On the bones of Felis spelcea discovered in the
cave of Lherm (Ariege), 17 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiv.
W. H. Flower. On a subfossil Whale discovered in Cornwall.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix.
A. Hancock and T. Atthey. On various fish-remains in the
Coal-measures at Newsham, 2 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix.
0. Heer. On Dnjandra Schranlii, Sternb. Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Zurich, XV. (1870).
C. Meyer. Systematic and descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary
Mollusca in the Federal Museum of Zurich. Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc.
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R. Owen. On the fossil Mammals of Australia, part 4, 4 plates.
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Pala^ontographical Society, xxv.
W. K. Parker and T. Rupert Jones. Nomenclature of Forami-
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C. W. Peach. On Antholites Pitcairnue and its fruit. Trans. Bot.
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CVlll PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
B. Kenault. Studies on eilicified plants from the neighbourhood
of Autun, 12 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi.
A. E. Reuss. The Foraminifera of the septarian clay of Pietzpuhl.
Proc. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixii.
R. V. Reuss. Pliymatocrinus speciosus, a new fossil crab from the
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Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiv.
0. Sehmit. On Coceoliths and Rhabdoliths, 2 plates. Proc. Acad.
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E. Sismondi. Contribution to the palaeontology of the Piedmont
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H. Trautschold. The Klin Sandstone, with descriptions of the
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W. Yieary. A fossil Coral allied to MeruKna, Ehrenb., from the
Upper Greensand of Haldon Hill, near Exeter, f plate. Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, ix.
W. C. Williamson. On the organization of the Fossil Plants of
the Coal-measures, 7 plates. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. clxi.
Miscellaneous : —
L. Agassiz. Letter concerning the discoveries to be expected
from Deep-sea Dredging. Presented by the Author.
J. Anderson. Report on the Expedition to Western Yunan, via
Bhamo, and separate copies of his zoological papers above quoted
from Proc. Zool. Soc. and Ann. Nat. Hist. Presented by the
Author.
H. C. Bastian. On some heterogenic modes of origin of flagellated
Monads, fungus-germs, and ciliated Infusoria. Proc. R. Soc. xx.
Bogota National Exhibition. Report on the exploration of the
territory of San Martin. — Catalogues of the productions of the State
of Antioquia. — Catalogues of the exhibitions of Naturalists. Pre-
sented by the Exhibition.
Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs. Purchased as
far as published.
E. D. Cope. The method of creation of organic forms. Proc.
Amer. Phil. Soc. xii.
E. Cosson. Instructions to Botanical collectors. BuU. Soc. Bot.
Fr. xviii.
F. Crace-Calvert. On Putrefaction. Proc. R. Soc. xx.
LLNNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON. CIX
A. Delondre. On the progress of Cinchona-plantations in India.
— On Hmnenodictyon excelsum as a succedaneum for Cinchona. —
On the Tea-plantations of the Nilgherries. Bull. Soc. Bot. Ft.
xviii.
E. Ferriere. Darwinism, 1 vol. Presented by Mr. Darwin.
Forest Administration. Report on Punjaub, 1870-71. — On Pyin-
kadoh forests of Arakan. Presented by the Adminstration.
R. Glaisher. Reduction of the meteorological observations made
at the Royal Horticultural Gardens at Chiswick in the years 1826-
1869. R. Hort. Soc. Journ. ii., iii.
W. N. Hartley. Experiments concerning the evolution of life
from lifeless matter. Proc. R. Soc. xx.
Harvard CoUege Museum of Comparative Zoology. Report 1870.
Presented by the College.
C. KupfFer. On the primordial affinities of Ascidia and Verte-
brata, from researches on the development of Ascidia canina, 2 plates.
Archiv Mikrosk. Anat. vi.
P. Levy. On the fall of Mahogany in Nicaragua. Bull. Soc. Bot.
Er. xviii.
C. Martens. On vegetable populations. — The creation of the
organic world (from the ' Revue des Deux Mondes '). Presented by
the Author.
F. V. Mueller. Lecture on Forest culture in its relation to
industrial pursuits. Presented by the Author.
0. A. Pasquale. Notices of the botanical labour and life of
G. Gussone. Presented by the Author.
J. B. Pettigrew. On the physiology of wings in Insect, Bat, and
Bird, 6 plates. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. xxvi.
M. J. Rossbach. On the rhythmical phenomena of motion in the
simplest organisms, and their relation to physical agents and medi-
caments, 2 plates. Trans. Phys. Med. Soc. Wurzburg ; and separate
copy, presented by the Author.
Rugby School Natural History Society. Report for 1871. Pre-
sented by the Society.
R. Schomburgk. The culture of Tobacco. Rep. Dir. Bot. Gard.
Adelaide, 1871.
G. Seidlitz. Die Darwinsche Theorie. The Darwinian Theory,
including an enumeration of papers and works published on the
subject since 1859.
H. Trautschold. Trilobites as first born. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Mosc. 1871, ii.
ex PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON.
— Vogel. On the fat contained in Yeast, and on the influence
of germination in its production. Proe. E. Acad. Sc. Munich,
1871, ii.
M. "Wagner. On the influence of geographical isolation and
colonization on the morphology of Organisms. Proc. R. Acad. Sc.
Munich, 1870, ii.
S. W. Webber. Report on some forests in England and Scot-
land. Presented by the Author.
INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.
SESSION 1871-72.
Additions to the Library, Re-
ports on i, Ixxxiii
Address of the President, May
24,1872 xxxiii
Ammophila baltica, Link, a new
British plant, Specimens of,
from Rooss Links, Northum-
berland, exliibited by Dr. Tri-
men xxxi
Anniversary Meeting, May 24,
1872, Report on xxxiii
Associates deceased Ivii
Centaurea solstitialis, Lmn.,
Dried specimens of, from a
corn-field above Combe Mar-
tin, North Devon, exhibited
F. H. Janson, Esq., F.L.S. . xxvii
Colus hirudiiiosus, Cav. & Sech.,
and Clathrus cancellatus, L.,
from a garden at Antibes, Spe-
cimens and photographs of,
exhibited xxvi
Death of Mr. Thomas West . . Ixxxii
Election of Council and Officers Ivii
Fellows deceased. List of . . . Ivii
Financial Statement .... lix
Foreign Member deceased . . Ivii
Obituaey Notices : —
Baird, WUham M.D. . . . Iviii
Baxter, WiUiam, A.L.S. . . Ix
Dale, J. C, Esq Ixi
Gray, G. R., Esq Ixii
Hincks, Rev. Wilham . . . Ixv
Home, Charles, Esq. . . . Ixviii
Jenner, Edward, A.L.S. . . lix
Mohl, Hugo von, M.D.,
F.M.L.S Iviii
Mosley, Sir Oswald, Bart. . Ixx
Murchison, Sir Roderick I.,
Bart Ixx
Nicholl, Iltyd, Esq Ixxiv
Osborne, William, Esq. . . Ixsiv
Seemann, Berthold, Ph.D.
Sowerby, J. De C, Esq. . .
Tanner, T. H., M.D. . . .
Olea europcea, fruit produced in
the open air, at Clapham, ex-
hibited by D. Hanbury, Esq.,
F.R. & L.S
Papees head : —
Baker, J. G., Revision of the
genera and species of ScOlese
and Chlorogalese ....
Barber, Mrs., On the fertiliza-
tion of a species of Salvia .
Bennett, A. W., On the floral
structure oilmpatiensfulva,
Nutt., with especial refer-
ence to the imperfect self-
fertilized flowers ....
, On the fertilization of
Impatiens parviflora, DeC.
Bentham, George, On the clas-
sification and geographical
distribution of Compositce
Berkeley, Rev. M. J., Austra-
lian Fungi, received princi-
pally from Baron F. von
MueUer and Dr. R. Schom-
burgk
Burmeister, Hermann, On a
luminous coleopterous larva
Chimmo, Capt., On JExoeoetus
voUtans
Correa de MeUo, Joaquim,
Note on AUbertia, trans-
lated by Jolin Miers, Esq.
Currey, Frederick, On a new
Fungus from India . . .
DalzeU, N. A., Remarks on the
Dolichos uniflorus. Lam. .
, New Leguminosee from
W.India
Isxiv
Ixxix
Ixxx
XXXI
xxxi
xxvu
Ixxxiii
XXX
xxis
xxvii
xxxii
Ixxxiii
xxvii
xxxi
czu
INDEX.
Page
Papeks read {continued) : —
Dickie, George, On the marine
Algae of St. Helena . . . xxxi
Dyer, W. T. T., Note on the
determination of Camellia ?
Scottiana, and Ternstrcemia
coriacea, from Dr. Wallich's
herbarium xxsii
Garner, Robert, On the forma-
tion of British Pearls and
their possible improvement xxix
, On a hybrid Vaccinium,
between the Bilberry and
Crowberry xxxi
Grant, Lieut.-CoL, On the Bo-
tany of the Speke and Grant
Expedition xxix
Hanbury, Daniel, Note on
Amomum angustifoUum,
Sonn xxix
Hance, H. F., Florae Hong-
kongensis supplementum, a
compendious supplement to
Mr. Bentham's description
of the Plants of Hongkong xxvii
Jones, F. W. O. E., On some
recent forms oiLagence from
deep-sea di-edgings in the
Japanese seas Ixxxii
Ku-by, W. F,, On the geogra-
phical disti'ibution of the
diumal Lepidoptera as com-
pared with that of birds . xxsi
Lindberg, S. O.', Eemarks on
Mesotus, Mitten .... xxxi
, On Zoopsia, Hook. f.
& T. . . xxxii
Lubbock, Sir John, On the
origin of Insects .... xxvii
Masters, M. T., On the deve-
lopment of the androecium
in Cochliostema, Linn. . . xxxi
Mello, Joaquim Correa de.
— See Correa.
Mitten, WUham, New speciea
of Musci collected by Dr.
Thwaites in Ceylon. . . . Ixxxiii
Papers read {continued) : —
Miiller, Albert, Note on a Chi-
nese Gall allied to the Eu-
ropean Artichoke-gall, of
Aphilothrix Gemma, L.
Munro, Major-Gen., Extract
of a letter to Mr. Bentham
on the botanical characteris-
tics of the Island of Ja-
maica .......
Murie, James, On the habits,
structure, and relations of
the Three-banded Armadillo
{Tolypeutes Conurus, Isid.
Geof. St.-HU.)
, On the structural pecu-
Harities of the BeU-bu-d
Ohver, Prof., On Begonella, a
new genus of Begoniacese
from New Granada . . .
, Descriptions of three
new genera of Plants in the
Malayan Herbarium of the
late Dr. A. C. Mamgay . .
Ormerod, Eleanor A., Observa-
tions on the cutaneous ex-
udation of the Great Water
Newt {Triton cristatus)
Owen, Bichard, On the ana-
tomy of the King Crab (ii-
mulus Polyphemus, Latr.) .
Pascoe, F. P., Contributions
towards the knowledge of
the Curculionidse, pt. 3 . .
Pearls, artificial, and pearl-
producing MoUusks, exhi-
bited by W. Matchwick,
Esq., F.L.S. . . . . .
Photographs of Colus hirudi-
nosus and Clathrus cancel-
latus exhibited ....
Publications presented. — See
Additions to the Library.
Transactions, publication of
a new part announced . ,
Vice-Presidents nominated
Page
Ixxxiii
Ixxxiii
Ixxxii
Ixxxiii
Ixxxii
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
(SESSION 1872-73.)
November 7th, 1872.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The Rev. C. W. Penny was elected a Fellow.
The President read two letters, in her own hand, from Lady
Smith (now in her 100th year), offering for the acceptance of the
Society seventy-four letters, addressed to its Founder, by the
late Alexander M'Leay, Esq., Secretary to the Society from
1798 to 1825. The letters were accompanied by a photograph
from the portrait of Lady Smith, taken by Opie in 1798, signed,
and bearing the date of her birth. May 11, 1773. Resolved,
that the Special Thanks of the Society be presented to Lady
Smith for this very valuable and acceptable donation.
The President then read a letter from Dr. J. Fayrer, an-
nouncing the donation of his magnificent work on the Poisonous
Snakes of India ; for which the Special Thanks of the Society
were also ordered.
Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S., exhibited, from the Kew Museum, a
'Lisy. PROC. — Session 1872-73. b
11 PEOOEEDINGS OF THE
beautiful series of photographs of trees &c. taken in the Botanic
Garden, Brisbane, Queensland.
The President exhibited, on the part of Mr. Martin Alford,
a specimen of the " Hen and Chickens " Daisy, found by him
in September last, apparently wild, at the edge of a grass-field
near Bridgewater.
The Secretary exhibited the fruit of a variety of Fyrus japo-
nica, grown in the garden of Daniel Edwards, Esq., of TJckfield,
Sussex.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " Note on the Buds developed on Leaves of Malaxis,^'' by
George Dickie, M.D., E.L.S., Regius Professor at the Univer-
sity, Aberdeen.
2. " On a Menispermaceous Plant, called by Yelloz Cissam-
pelos Vitis, and figured in his * Elora Fluminensis,' vol. x.," by
Senor J. C. De MeUo, of Campiiias, Brazil ; translated by John
Miers, Esq., F.E. & L.S. Communicated by Daniel Hanbury,
Esq., F.R. & L.S.
3. " Notes on Keropia crassirostris, Gmel.," by Thomas H.
Potts, Esq., E.L.S.
November 21st, 1872.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Cuthbert Cartwright Grundy, Esq., and Edward Harris, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " Catalogue of the Compositae of Bengal," by Charles Baron
Clarke, Esq., M.A., F.L.S.
2. " On HydrotropTius, a new Genus of Hydrocharideae," by
the same.
3. " On Diversitv of Evokxtion under one set of External Con-
LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lU
ditious," by the Eev. John T. Gulick. Communicated by A.
E. Walkee, Esq., F.L.S.
December 5th, 1872.
Q-eorge Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
George T. Porritt, Esq., was elected a Pellow.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " On the Skeleton of the Apteryx" by Thomas Allis, Esq.,
E.L.S.
2. " On new and rare British Spiders : 2ad Supplement," by
the Eev. O. P. Cambridge, M.A. Communicated by H. T. Stain-
ton, Esq., Sec. L.S.
3. " On two new Species oi Mycoporum, Elotow," by the Eev.
W. A. Leighton, B.A., F.L.S.
4. "Eevision of the Genus Symphoricarpos,'* by Asa Gray,
M.D., F.M.L.S.
December 19th, 1872.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Frank Champneys, Esq., was elected a Fellow.
Mr. W. G. Smith, F.L.S., exhibited a fine specimen of the rare
Batarrea plialloides, Pers., one of four found in the grounds of the
Earl of Egmont at Epsom. Mr. Smith also exhibited a complete
series of drawings, in every stage of growth, of the nearly allied
genera Clatlirus, Phallus, Cynophallus, and Geaster.
Mr. T. B. Flower, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of ioSe/ia urens,
L., gathered by himself on Kilmiugton Common, near Axmineter,
S. Devon, in August last.
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1 THX
— frs of WelicUtckia wdra-
MA'ab. M.D., Prof. Bot.
-^::^:ribr J.D.Hooker,
ral Principles of nant-congtniction,*
Jannaij 16tli, 1873.
Ge«ge Boitliaffl, £^^ FresideiLt, in tlie Chair.
€ie«ge Bidie, iLD., Bobext Brown, Esq., the Ber. WiUiani
DftTies, 'Stedeaa^ Jmoscm HaBabmy, Esq., !!fornian S. EJerr, M J).,
Joim Eredezid: Ado^hns M'Xair. Major B A., John E. Map-
j^k^beA, B^^ and John SEhaw, M.D., were elected Fellows.
Mr. Grofe, FJLi&, ediibibsd drawingB of two branched Palms,
Coeat mu^rm and Pkemix imebfltfera.
ErofiMBQg "Wiiweiton D^er, F.LlS., made avertkal comniimication
on ^knuinnaM Khmtn/mM, Choisy, and exhibited a photogn^h of
two flowering plants iAAgaee mwtffi ifii (over ninety Teais old)
whieli had heea presented to the Bojal Hortieiiltaral Society by
GalondlJeTOB.
The Ibikfwing papers were read, riz. : —
1. « On the Beeent ST^crvris of Brazilian Ferns," bv J. G.
Baker, Esq., FX.8.
2. "Ifote on yemadadrng, ISnlbL" br Asa Gray. M.D., F.L.S.
Febnuoy 6th, 1873.
George BentLari., Esq.. Prerident, in the Chair.
llhe ^Sowing paper was read, riz. . —
" Notes <m Axislidoduaeeae," bj Maxwell T. Masters, 3I.D.,
TJL & L.S.
usMBAST aocxBiT OP uooriMQor. ▼
Geoige Benidiain, B^-^ ^lemmm^ m. ihei dair.
William fldlip Hkn, Bmi^ M^ Jolm C. lidD^
John Secft. Ekr.. ^.r;^ J'^?i^vh «-ft?i, E^t* ^"^^ Axfted FdDbwsu
Mr. Wal"-- -.-• >:-t:';7. 7 1 S rililMited ^peameas of iV»-
•rflwjwdfeftp''""; ■■■-;.-, - :r.-..:, :;:■;- :":-t '>iirdfai of iHw Bkifal Bofaipie
YraSemar TiaBtitca J^^, FJjlS., eddlntedat nmaAMe
afeoaty rf XgKggjpfWir, Bdib-fiL, witiiancai^JEgnlbrlawcr;
and made aome observxtians <hi iia altnicime.
Mr. W. G. &nii]i, F.UBL, exUQnlbed a specimen of a gdaitinoin
Fungus, probabfy ne«r, of tine «der Pofyporei, niliieiL Inad made its
^ppearmee on it-? i^'rii ::~ :■• ^ ■:-sA in Mr. Bidra nnraeiy, and
wUdi -was stated :: ':'r-::-^- :: :-r genns XfloeiMc.
Hie filming pa^ersi were Ksad, viz. : —
L. *• On a. new African Gtsnii? <»£ Pin»3*«54«9!!a(eeaB,'' Isv H. A-
WeddeO, MJ)^ F.MT.S.
2. **Deeeription» (tf Bvpreslid» eoDeeled m Jspa;:! Idt G-eorge
Lewis, Efeq.." :- Eivr--; - : i34hs, E^^ F JitS.
Maxdh eHiL, 1S73.
GeiHge Bwrrtiiam, £^>, iftcsidBDit, in lAie Ohair.
Dr. Hodker, T.P.LlJSl, ecliiilhilted a lalfdpe cone of Jbnancnnw
JBMbetIK, JEbMdL>, wlucii kad borne findti, for Hie firalt lime in
Thgiand, at; tlie Bojral Gardens Kew, the tree wfcieb ptodneed itb
being one of lliDm laised fioBB the seed oii%inalIbf Immg^ to lAis
eoontiy, frtmi the Bnsbane Bange, hy Mr. J. H SSdwill, in IMSl
The IbDowii^ poqper was lead, TIE. : —
^ On the P¥X^;ynium of Cmrex,'" hf Geoi^ge Bcntham, Maq^
F JLS., Pi^. L.S.
Vi PEOCEEDINGS Of THE
March 20tb, 1873.
Greorge Beutham, Esq., President, iu the Chair,
Henry Sullivan Thomas, Esq., was elected a Fellow.
Dr. Hooker, Y.P.L.S., exhibited, from the Kew Museum, a
portion of the wood of the Coifee-tree perforated by the Coffee-
borer {Xylotrichus q^uadnipes) ; also specimens of the larvae and
perfect insects.
Mr. J. G-. Baker, E.L.S., exhibited a triandrous form of Salix
fragilis, a typically diandrous species, sent by Mr. T. E. A.
Briggs from the neighbourhood of Plymouth ; also specimens of
new and rare British and Australian Algae, sent by Mrs. Merri-
field, of Brighton.
Eead: extracts from a pamphlet (communicated by E. S.
Button, Esq., Agent- General S.A.) " On the 'Take-all' Corn-
disease of South Australia," by Dr. Carl Miicke ; also from a letter
" On the * Take-all ' and ' Eed Eust,' " addressed by the Eev. M.
J. Berkeley, in December 1868, to Dr. J. H. Grilbert, and from a
Eeport on the same subject to the Directors of the South- Austra-
lian Company, by Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert (both printed in
the Journal of the Eoyal Horticviltural Society, vol. ii. pt. 6).
The Secretary then read a letter, dated the 10th instant, from
the Eev. JMr. Berkeley, to whom Dr. Miicke's pamphlet had been
forwarded by the President ; and a discussion afterwards followed,
in which Mr. Bentham, Mr. Currey, Mr. M'Lachlan, Mr. A.
Miiller, and Mr. Dutton took part.
April 3rd, 1873.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
William Clarson, Esq., and Arthur Lister, Esq., were elected
Eellows.
The President announced that vol. xxviii. pt. 3 of the Transac-
tions was ready for distribution to the Fellows.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Vll
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " On some new Fishes of India," by Francis Day, Esq.^
Surgeon, Madras Army, F.L.S., &c.
2. " Enumeration of the Fungi of Ceylon," by the Eev. M. J.
Berkeley, F.L.S., and C. E. Broome, Esq., F.L.S.— Part II., con-
taining the remainder of the Symenomycetes, with the other esta-
blished tribes of Fungi.
April 17th, 1873.
G-eorge Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
John Francis Walker, Esq., M.A., was elected a Fellow.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. "Notes on the Development of the Perigynium in Carex
pulicai'is,''' by "W. It. M'lSTab, M.D. Communicated by the Pre-
sident.
2. " On the Morphology of the Perigynium and Seta in C«re.r,"
by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., B.A., F.L.S.
3. " On Burmese Orchidea? from the Eev. C. P. Parish," by
Professor Eeichenbach. Communicated by the President.
May 1st, 1873.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Professor Carl Nageli, of Munich, was elected a Foreign
Member.
Mr. Daniel Hanbury, F.L.S., exhibited cones, with ripe seeds,
of Banksia marcescens, from the garden of M. Thuret, F.M.L.S.,
at Antibes, South of France.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " On the Genus Cinchona,'' by John Elliot Howard, Esq.,
F.L.S.
2. " On new Species of European Spiders," by the Eev. O. P.
Cambridge. Communicated by H. T. Stainton, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Vm PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
May 24th, 1873.
Anniversary Meeting.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in tlie Chair.
This day, the Anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus, and the day
appointed by the Charter for the election of Council and Officers,
the President opened the business of the Meeting with the follow-
ing Address : —
GENXLEMEIf,
Whilst preparing a few notes on the recent progress of the study of
Vegetable Anatomy and Physiology, I have been struck with the
observation made by more than one critic in this country, and com-
mented upon in some foreign journals, that we in England are in
this respect some way behind our continental neighbours — that, for
instance, the most important investigations and consequent dis-
coveries relating to sexual propagation and the incipient history of
cryptogamic plants and microscopic animals have been made in
France and Germany — and that we are, in short, comparatively defi-
cient in what the Germans are pleased specially to distinguish by
the name of Scientific Botany and Zoology. Without admitting for
a moment that there is less of science in the study of the compara-
tive anatomy, the mutual relations and consequent natural arrange-
ment, and the geographical distribution of the higher animals and
plants than in that of microscopic structure, we may acknowledge
that there may be some truth in the remark that, with few excep-
tions, we have not excelled in that long, patient, and tedious devotion
to one subject of limited extent from which such discoveries have
usually resulted ; and the fact may be, in some measure, the result of
our social habits and ideas. Our early education, the whole ten-
dency of our lives, is generally dii^ected to the means of advancement
in the world, if not always to the increase of income, at any rate to
the raising of our social position in the eyes of those amongst whom
we Kve. If the enormous increase in our commercial and industrial
wealth be carefully investigated, it will be found to be in many
respects deeply indebted to the recent progress of pure natural
science ; and yet the necessar}'^ study of that pure science will neither
UXNFAX SOCIETT OF LOXDOX. IX
enrich the one who would devote himself to it, nor yet raise him in
the estimation of his neighbours and associates, whilst it may seri-
ously interfere with his means of bringing up his family, reduced
as they become by the rapid increase in the expense of living.
TN'^e have not in this country those numerous small professorships or
government or municipal places in provincial towns, which give to
a man of modest requirements sufficient leisure steadily to carry on
his researches year after year without interruption. Content with
what he has thus secured, many a continental naturalist looks for
no further advancement ; he requires no relaxation but perhaps a
few weeks in summer spent at a bathing-place ; he seeks his reward
in the pubHcation of the results of his labours in Transactions or
Journals, or a favourable report, without having to calciJate on
pecuniary results. If we had any such places in this country, few
Englishmen could be found to sit down in them to rest and be satis-
fied ; and it has required some moral courage in those of our young
men who, having enough to live upon, with a passion for science,
have for its sake renounced all attempts to climb round after round
on the social ladder. We have had, however, and still have such
men. With aU our social drawbacks we have contributed our fair
share to the progress of natural as well as of physical, mathematical,
and other sciences. We have had our Robert Brown, and long before
him oui' John Ray. Among our living zoologists and comparative
anatomists I could name those who yield nothing to any of their
continental rivals ; and above all we must remember that it is an
Englishman who has, in this nineteenth century, brought about as
great a revolution in the philosophic study of organic nature, as that
which was effected in the previous century by the immortal Swede.
With such names as Linnaeus and Darwin the northern nations can
well hold their own in the presence of any scientific celebrities of
Central Europe.
One instance of the backwardness on our part, to which I have
alluded, is afforded in the investigation of the progress of growth,
and especially of the first formation and early development of the
organized individual, which, under the new lights thrown upon the
subject by the Darwinian theories, has been shown to have so im-
portant a bearing on the solution of difficult questions in animal and
vegetable physiology and affinities. I do not here mean the begin-
ings of life in the abstract, the supposed creation of organized beings
out of nothing in the midst of purely inorganic elements ; that per-
tinaciously disputed proposition does not appear to have changed
LiNif. PEoc. — >Session 1872-73. c
X PROCEEDINGS OF THE
its aspect through the volumes that have been published since my
last year's address. I now refer to the first formation and early
development in the living plant or animal of those parts which
are to become distinct organs, buds, or new individuals — the his-
tory of the gradual outgrowth of an organ or bud, or of a germ
before and after fecundation, of the separation of the bud or germ
from the parent, and of the early independent existence of the
new individual. Organogenesis and Embryogeny, Nutrition and
Eeproduction have undoubtedly of late years been investigated with
more detail on the Continent than with us ; and although our great
naturaKsts may not have been behindhand in studying results, we
have been indebted for a large number of facts to continental ob-
servations.
In considering these observations it may not be uninteresting to
keep in mind a perceptible difference between our two great scientific
neighbours, the French and the Germans. Excelling in method, the
French are unrivalled in clearness of exposition in Natural History,
as in Mathematics, Jurisprudence, Philosophy, and other abstruse
subjects. With a great readiness to seize the general bearings of
the several facts or points they have before them, they will at once
organize them into systems or theories, often successfully ; but they
may be sometimes apt too readily to admit into these systems and
theories elements which they have not verified, or not to wait for a
sufficient confirmation by repeated observations of the original facts
upon which they were founded. On the other hand, method and
exposition are not among the distinguishing characters of German
naturalists ; they have had no Jussieu, no De Candolle, no Cuvier,
nor, in earlier days, had they a Tournefort or a Buffon ; but they
are beyond all competition in laborious and patient investigation of
details upon which aU reliable conclusions must be founded ; to them
also we practically owe the greater number of important compila-
tions. Genera and Species, Nomenclatures and indexes, Records,
&c., equally requiring steady labour, with results not brilliant, but
useful. Again, if the French are good theorists, the Germans are
great speculators. If French theories may sometimes be found
defective in detail, so German imagination is apt to wander too
far from the facts from which it started. And this comparison of
French method and German detail, of French theory and German
speculation, will probably be found exemplified not only in their
physiological researches and elementary works, but also in their
monographs and other systematic publications. You, learn more
IINXEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. Xl
rapidly from a Frenchman ; the German supplies you with more
materials for study ; and thus you derive equal benefit from both.
The cause of this diiference it is not my province to inquire into. It
may depend as much on social habits and language as on idiosyn-
crasy ; or the three may mutually react upon each other ; and there
are individual exceptions in both countries. Even the same indivi-
dual may be difierent according to the country he resides in and
the associates he is surrounded by. Kuiith, at Paris, produced the
* Nova Genera et Species,' a great work, remarkable for the intuitive
perception of genera and species, often from the most imperfect
materials. The same Kunth, at Berlin, worked out his ' Enumeratio
Plantarum,' a repertory of individual descriptions, without method
or contrasting characters. My object, however, in these remarks is
not the criticism of individuals, but merely to show the advantage
of keeping these national peculiarities in view in judging of the
results of recent labours in vegetable physiology.
An important question in vegetable morphology, first brought
forward by Robert Brown, and a subject of much controversy in
later times, the gymnospermy of Conifers and their allies, has recently
been placed in a somewhat new light by a German physiologist.
The nucleus and, later, the seed proper (that is, the embryo and its
albumen) are in these plants enclosed in fewer envelopes than in any
other phsenogams. Many Monochlamyds or Monocotyledons have no
perianth or stamens round their female organs ; but in all, except these
Gymnosperms, the nucleus or embryo is enclosed in a simple or double
integument within, but distinct or distinguishable from, a carpellary
envelope. In Conifers and their allies the simple or double integument
alone covers the nucleus. R. Brown, after a long series of careful ob-
servations, published, in 1825, his conclusions that this simple or
double integument corresponded to that of the ovule and seed in other
Dicotyledons, and that Conifers have no ovary, style, or stigma*.
Lindley observed, in 1845 (and left the observation unaltered in
1853), that " about the accuracy of this view there is at this time
no difference of opinion." Since then, however. Payer and his dis-
ciple Baillon, founding their conclusions upon organogenesis, have
* Strasburger, in an historical sketch of the progress of the question, points out
that Targioni-Tozzetti in 1810 enunciated views very similar to those afterwards
developed by Brown. Published, however, in a journal whidi had but very
little circulation, his notes remained almost unknown till attention was called
to them by Caruel in 1865. Strasburger quotes the passage (with some typo-
graphical errors), p. 174 of his ' Coniferen.'
c2
Xll PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
asserted that it is the seed-integument, not the carpellary envelope,
that is deficient — a view which has been supported by Parlatore and
others, refuted by Hooker, Caspary, Eichler, and others, and again
taken up by Prof. Strasburger, of Jena, after a series of careful and
detailed organogenetic observations, combined with genealogical, or,
as they term it, phylogenetical considerations, in a remarkable essay
entitled 'Die Coniferen und die Gnetaceen.' In the attempt to re-
concile views apparently so opposite, taken by naturalists whom we
should all consider of high authority, we must, perhaps, in some
degree, take also into account a certain bias which may be obser-
vable on either side. Prom the well-known accuracy of Brown's
observations and the soundness of his views in every department of
botanical science he entered into, there is a great disposition on the
one side to rely absolutely on his conclusions ; whilst on the other
hand French orgauogenesists, having broached theories which have
proved of great importance in various homological questions, have
been but too ready to set them up against all authority, without
sufficient verification of detail. In the present case this verifica-
tion of detail has been suppUed by Strasburger, who has combined
it with general considerations now first brought to bear on the
gymnospermy of Conifers. He proves to be an ardent disciple of
Hackel, the greatest amongst Germauizers of Darwinism. The tes-
timony in favour of the derivative origin of forms and organs has
certainly received large accessions from the German accuracy and
copious details of Hackel and his followers, but at the same time
has been the occasion of a free display of German imagination,
as I hope presently to show, in considering Strasburger's views of
the homologies of Conifers, in conjunction with some parts of Hackel's
last great work, the Monograph of Calcisponges.
In the first place, we must be careful to consider what we mean
by homologies of organs. They are of two kinds : — (1) the homo-
logy of the several appendages to the axis of one and the same plant,
which in zoology may be compared to the homology of the front and
hind limbs or of the several vertebrae of one and the same animal ;
and (2) the homology of the organs of two difierent plants, corre-
sponding to the homology, for instance, of the wing of a bird with
the fore leg of a quadruped. To the former class belong the various
much-vexed questions on the distinction between axis and appen-
dages, arising in the consideration of the flowers of Conifers as of
many other orders ; but it is the latter class with which we are now
more specially concerned in relation to Brown's gymnospermoiis
LINKEAIf SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. XIU
theory. lu Ms time this homology of organs was determined solely
hy their similarity in position, development, structure, and other
characters, as observed in the plants compared ; in the present day
physiologists have to take into account the evidences, either of their
hereditary derivation from a corresponding organ in a common parent,
or of their being an early stage of development of organs which have
further progressed in plants to which their own race are supposed to
have given birth. It is in this respect chiefly that the arguments
put forth by Strasburger differ from those of his predecessors. Jiut
whilst giving him every credit for his patient and persevering elabo-
ration of details, we cannot but see in his derivative arguments mxTch
of purely imaginary mixed up with well-attested evidences. When
in the higher races of phaeuogamous plants we meet with staminodia,
carpidia, or other rudimentary or anomalous productions, we may
justly, with Darwin, conclude that they are the hereditarj'^ represen-
tatives of organs normally perfect in some parent race, but which,
in consequence of other adaptations of the general economy of the
plant, have, in the course of successive generations, become useless
and gradually reduced or almost obliterated, if not modified so as to
perform diff'erent functions. So when we find in a species, or group
of species, some one organ specially modified in adaptation to special
purposes, and thus difi^ering or progressing from the forms prevalent
in the genus or order to which it belongs, without retrogression in
other respects, and if we allow no fallacy to creep in as to what we
mean by progress or retrogression, we may perhaps conclude that we
have at the same time a specially modified race and unmodified de-
scendants of the race it has sprung from. But it is hard to believe
that Strasburger had any such solid foundations for his argument
that the envelope of the nucleus of Conifers is genetically the same
as the carpellary envelope of the higher Phgenogams. He does not,
as far as I can learn, pretend that this envelope is the reduced re-
presentative of organs more perfect in previous races ; for the pre-
sumed ancestors of Conifers are crj-ptogamic. He rests solely upon
the supposition that this envelope in Conifers is the first appearance
of an organ further developed in the outer integument of their de-
scendants, the Gnetaceae, and perfected in the carpels of their ulti-
mate progeny, the higher Dicotyledons. But there seems to be very
little beyond pure imagination upon which to foimd such a supposed
pedigree ; and many reasons present themselves against the belief that
the higher Dicotyledons can have descended from Gnetacese or
Gnetaceae from Conifers, or that Conifers ever produced any races
XIV PKOCEEDIKQS OF THE
now existing out of their own order. As a postulate tinder the
Darwinian theory, we may allow all to have had their origin in a
common parent. "We may also, from the scanty evidences supplied
by tertiary and cretaceous remains, believe that the parent races of
some of our species, or perhaps genera, may have remained imchanged
to the present day in company with their modified oifspring. Even of
two nearly allied orders one may be more altered from the common
stock than the other, and may be thus in a vague sense said to be
derived from it and therefore more modern. Thus Cycadese may be
supposed to be more ancient than Conifers, Araucarise more ancient
than other groups of Conifers ; but the common parent of Conifers,
Gnetacese, and other low Dycotyledons belongs to an age so remote
as to have left no visible trace to guide us in our conjectures.
Prom such conjectures, however, as have been indidgedin by phy-
logenesists, I gather that the supposed earliest progenitor of the
plant-races was a simple organism multiplying by internal growth
and division, that at a later stage, besides growth in various direc-
tions with a tendency to radiation, sexual elements had arisen, at
first, perhaps, without other arrangement than their proximity. From
that stage the progress towards the more perfect plant became mul-
tifarious, some of the principal courses followed being the differen-
tiation of the indefinitely growing axis and its definite appendages —
the respective arrangement of the male and female element, of the
female at the end of an axis or of one of its branches, and of the
male on the appendages — the adaptation of the appendages to the
various purposes of vegetation, of protection to the sexual elements,
or of assisting them in their functions — the separation of the male
from the female element, &c. 1 see no arguments to oppose to these
different modes of gradual progress by means of natural selection
through a long succession of untold generations ; but they cannot
have followed the same sequence in all races of plants. In some
the separation of sexes may have long preceded the development of
floral envelopes ; in most of the higher Phsenogams the reverse has
been the case. Phyllotaxy has become highly developed in several
Cryptogams, whilst in some Phaenogams, far advanced as to sexual
apparatus, the foliar system has remained in arrear. But in none of
these courses have we any evidence of retrogression. We have no
more reason to believe that sexes once separated are brought toge-
ther again in future generations than that cellular plants should de-
scend from those in which the vascular system has been perfected*.
* The apparently exceptional case of unisexual flowers, supposed to have de-
LINITEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XV
And yet we must believe this if we admit Strasbui^er's pedigrees.
We must suppose that races, after having once secured the advan-
tages of a total separation of the two sexes and undergone modifica-
tions suited to their separate requirements, have again returned to
their primitive state of sexual proximity, and commenced a totally
different series of modifications destined to counteract the evil effects
of that proximity. A much more simple hypothesis would be that
Conifers separated from the parent stock before the development of
floral envolopes, the higher Dicotyledons before the separation of the
sexes. The arrangement of the vegetative organs, or phyllotaxy, had
probably acquired considerable perfection before the separation of
either of these primary classes of Dicotyledons ; for we have the ver-
ticiUate arrangement in alternating whorls in Frenelu, Ephedra, Ca-
suarina, Calycopephis, Hippuris, and many others belonging to the
most widely separated natural orders — the opposite and decussate
leaves in various genera of Conifers and Gnetaceae, as well as in nume-
rous orders, whether of Monochlamydese, Gamopetalae, or Polype-
talae ; and in Conifers, as in the higher Dicotyledons, the whorled or
decussate arrangement is variously broken up into the spiral, the al-
ternate, or the scattered. But the reproductive organs having at that
early stage taken the two directions of total separation of the sexes in
the one and their union in the other within a set of floral envelopes,
their progress was thenceforth in dift'erent directions, and homology
in a great measure disappeared. In Coniferae this complete separa-
tion of the sexes and fertilization through the agency of wind being
established, natural selection would only promote the development of
such floral envelopes as might be required for protection and would
not interfere with the fertilizing process and would necessarily be
very different in the male and in the female flowers. Accordingly
one great point established by Strasburger and others is that in Coni-
ferae and Gnetaceae there is no homology between the male and the
female flowers. In the higher Dicotyledons the male elements took
their place around the females, and axial appendages would be early
established or modified for the various purposes of assisting, protect-
ing, or controlling fertilization or maturation, all of which arrange-
ments would become more and more complicated as the plants came
to be benefited by cross fertilization through insect and other ex-
Bcended from perfect hermaphrodite ones by the gradual abortion of one of the
sexual elements, in which the abortive element is occasionally again perfected,
is no real retrogression. An occasional perfect stamen in a female Euphorbia-
ceous flower cannot be said to be a real return to hermaphroditism.
XVI PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE
temal agencies, or again simplified by partial abortions as the same
purposes came to be answered by more or less perfect unisexuality
or other means.
If, then, we are right in concluding that Gnetacese cannot have
descended from Conifers nor the higher Dicotyledons from Gnetacese,
though all may have descended from a common stock, we cannot bat
think that Strasburger has failed in proving any genetic homology
in their floral envelopes. The question returns, therefore, to its old
phase, to be determined by morphology, position, and functions.
First, as to morphology. In phajuogamous plants, immediately
around or amongst the sexual elements the outgrowths from the
floral axis are of two kinds, either continuous and uniform or oblique
all round the axis, or arising in several separate parts : the former
are regarded sometimes as mere axial developments, sometimes as
exceptionally single and one-sided foliar organs ; the latter as ap-
pendages or leaf-organs, forming part of the general phyllotaxy
of the plant. To the fonner class would be refeiTcd diacal ex-
crescences and ovular integuments, to the latter carpellary elements.
Strasburger shows that the disputed envelope in Conifers most fre-
quently, though not always, appears at an early stage in the shape
of two more or less distinct opposite protuberances, that it is con-
sequently foliar, partaking of the phyllotaxial system of the plant,
not axial nor exceptionally monophyllous and unilateral, and that
it is therefore carpeUary, not ovular.
But here we have another element of uncertainty, which has
recently been the subject of much controversy, and to which I shall
presently revert. The limits between axial dilatations and regu-
larly formed appendages are not always definite, and occasionally
are wholly obliterated ; and the present case may be included
amongst those in which the distinction is ambiguous. Morphologi-
cally the seminal envelope of Conifers shows a tendency to enter
into the general phyUotaxial system of the plant ; but in several
genera it retains the characters of an axial dilatation, or, as Stras-
burger interprets it, a single leaf. In Gnetum there is a double
inner integument, which he considers enturely ovular or seminal
and monophyllous, whilst the outer one is, according to his view,
carpellaiy, consisting of two leaf-organs in conformity with the
general phyUotaxy ; but he admits (p. 119) that the outer one of
the two ovular integuments is traversed by bundles of vessels
similar to those of the external carpellary envelope, and " only
aff"ords a further proof of the morphological connexion of the two."
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOITDON. XVll
In position, the integument of the coniferous nucleus appears
to me to be similar to that of the ovular envelope of the higher
Dicotyledons, close around and on the axis terminated by the nu-
cleus, not that of the carpellary leaves, which are on a different axis.
Whatever be the theoretical origin of the ovule of the higher Dico-
tyledons, on the margin or in the axil of the carpellary leaf, or on a
prolongation of the central axis, its funicle, -which bears the integu-
ment as well as the nucleus, is a branch, and therefore a secondary
axis, and not the main axis of the flower, on which are placed the
carpellary leaves.
In function, the integument in question is purely ovular and
seminal, the protection of the nucleus and embryo, not that of the
carpellary leaves of the higher Dicotyledons, which bear each a
separate stigmatic apparatus for the reception and transmission of
the poUen-tubes to the nucleus. This, however, is a purely adaptive
character, whose chief value is in respect of practical terminology.
The result of the above considerations as to the homology of the
integument of the nucleus of Conifers as compared with those of the
higher Dicotyledons, if I have put them fairly, would therefore be, that
genetic homology does not exist, moiphological homology is vague and
doubtful, position indicates rather that of the ovular or seminal than
of the carpellary integuments, so also does the secondary and adap-
tive homology of function. Theoretically, therefore, we should say
that the organ in question is not the exact homological representa-
tive of either the carpellarj' or the seminal integument ; but prac-
tically it is most useful and instructive to treat it as seminal. And
as to the name of the two great subclasses of Dicotyledons, as all
are agreed that they are essentially distinct, in that the one is de-
prived of one of the two envelopes (carpellary and seminal) which
exist in the other, the received names Gymnosperms and Angio-
sperms appear to be really appropriate, as denoting a fact admitted
by both sides, though differently interpreted ; whilst the proposed
names Archisperms and Metasperms are founded on a theory
which, under the above views, we cannot but quahfy as purely
imaginary.
A valuable portion of Strasburger's essay consists in his detailed
illustration of the development of the flowers of Welwitschia, an
important contribution to the completion of that history of this
plant so thoroughly worked out by Dr. Hooker, so far as the
materials at his disposal admitted, in his now celebrated paper in
the twenty-fourth volume of our Transactions. Hooker had then
XVm PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
no flower-buds at his command ; and it was only some years later
that he succeeded in procuring from Mr. Monteiro more satisfactory
specimens, in various stages of development. The various works he
was then engaged in prevented his resuming the subject himself;
but he transmitted a series of these specimens to Professor de Bary ;
and it was from these materials that Strasburger was enabled to
trace the progress of the flowers from the earliest stage. After an
evidently most careful examination, he has given the results, pp. 91
and 141 of his 'Coniferen und Gnetaceen.' The accuracy of his
observations has been confirmed by Professor M'Nab, to whom Dr.
Hooker had also communicated some of Monteiro's specimens, and
who, after an equally careful independent examination, embodied
the results in a paper read at our meeting of the 19th December last
and now in the printer's hands, to which he afterwards added a note
on the receipt of Strasburger's essay.
The chief interest attached to this extraordinary plant lies in the
probabiUty of its being the nearest approach to (the least modified
amongst the descendants of) the original type or parent stock of
Dicotyledons which has reached recent geological periods. If, as
above, we suppose the original parent race of Dicotyledons to have
been one in. which phyUotaxy had already become variously modified
for the purposes of nutrition, but in which the sexual arrangements
remained much in arrear, we may conjecture that amongst its
immediate descendants there was a tendency to vary both in the
relative arrangement of the sexual elements and in the development
of floral appendages amongst and around them, combinations arising
in both directions calculated to promote the welfare of the race. In
the midst of the varied circumstances in which their descendants
were placed in the course of their dispersion through successive
ages, some profited by an increasing complexity in their floral deve-
lopments counteracting the evils of sexual contiguity, others by a
total separation of the sexual elements rendering their comparative
exposure rather beneficial than prejudicial. From the former may
have descended the higher Dicotyledons, from the latter the Conifers —
the former ever increasing in the complexity of their arrangements,
so long as they retained their hermaphroditism, simplifying them
again, perhaps, in some cases by arrest or obliteration as they be-
came more or less unisexual, the latter retaining rather more of
their primitive simplicity. Wehuitschia does not absolutely belong to
either, and may be a race which has come down to us with less of
alteration from the early descendants of the common stock than
LIimEAN SOCIETT OF LOITDOJf. XIX
either of the others. Some progress had been made in both direc-
tions. Sexual separation predominated, but not until some floral
development had taken place ; and neither had been carried to the
perfection exemplified ia the two great subclasses ; and the race would
probably have become long since extinct had it not been established
in a country which has apparently experienced since very early
times less of the vicissitudes affecting organic life than any other,
and had it not been at the same time endowed with other constitu-
tional peculiarities, enabling it better than any other plant to bear
with the physical conditions surrounding it.
All this may be rejected as purely conjectural ; but surely Stras-
burger's genealogical tree is equally so. My object is merely to
show that the supposition that, of the three races now so distinct,
Welwitschia, after the first variations, has remained the least modi-
fied from the common stock, that the Conifers have undergone a
greater progressive change in one direction, and the higher Dicoty-
ledons a still greater advance in another direction, is more plausible
than the assertion that Conifers are the parent race from which
Gnetacese have directly descended, and that these, again, have en-
gendered the higher Dicotyledons.
The establishment of direct pedigrees or genealogical trees, in
which the parent and descendant races are supposed to coexist in
the present day, is a favourite speculation of the German school,
especially since, after Hackel, it has adopted Darwinian views, car-
ried in many instances far beyond what is warranted by the works
of the great master himself. In plants at least, such pedigrees
appear to be wholly inadmissible, so long as we have no geological
record to justify them. If the image of a tree be really applied to
the illustration of the parentage of plant-races, it must be very dif-
ferently conceived. Taking, for instance, the Dicotyledonous class,
we might suppose a tree, in which the trunk represents the common
ancestor, forming in successive generations innumerable more or less
diverging branches, the greater part of which perish either imme-
diately or in the course of few or many generations, but some re-
main as branches or common trunks for future ramifications. We
may suppose the centre of the tree always to consist of those which
retain most of the ancestral characters, the lateral branches diverging
more and more as they have become more and more modified. These
modifications, even the extreme ones, may be for a long time very
slight ; but in the course of ages (as we may observe in varieties of
modern species) some of them may have acquired a more marked
XX . PROCEEDIJTGS OF THE
character as well as more or less of fixity. We may suppose this to
be going on through millions of ages, innumerable branches, whether
near the centre or more or less distant from it, ceasing to grow or
to branch out, leaving gaps in the upper part of the tree, partially
filled up, perhaps, in a few instances by returning branches from the
circumferential ones, and all decaying at the base, leaving only their
upper extremities to continue the process in future ages. We should
then have the present races represented by the countless branchlets
forming the flat-topped summit of the Dicotyledonous tree — a hun-
dred to a hundred and fifty thousand perhaps if we take into ac-
count species only, ten times as many if we go into subspecies and
varieties; the branches which immediately bore these present
branchlets, as well as the lower more general ramifications, will
have wholly disappeared from our view, or left only here and there
the most fragmentary traces ; and the surviving branchlets them-
selves will be most irregularly placed. Here we should see thou-
sands crowded into compact patches definitely circumscribed at every
point (Compositse, Orchidese, Graminese, &c.) ; there we should meet
with enormous gaps, either quite unoccupied or a few solitary
branchlets or small clusters isolated in the middle {Moringa, Aristo-
loclda, Nepenthes, &c.). In other parts, again, irregular masses
may be more or less connected by loosely scattered branchlets or
clusters, obliterating all boundaries we might be disposed to assign
to them (many of the bicarpellary gamopetalous orders, the several
curvembryous orders, &ic.). In the imaginary construction of such
a tree, all we can do is to map out the summit as it were from a
bu'd's-eye view, and under each cluster, or cluster of clusters, to
place as the common trunk an imaginaiy type of a genus, order, or
class, according to the depth to which we would go. If we believe
that this type, or original trunk-branoh, is exactly represented by
(has descended unchanged to) one of the present branchlets, we
place it immediately under that branchlet, as having been directly
continuous with it, and regard the remainder of the cluster as the
persistent summits of lateral ofi'sets. If we consider that the direct
trunk-race of a cluster has become extinct in its precise form, and
has left descendants only from its branches, we place it under one of
the gaps in the cluster or under a vacancy outside the cluster, ac-
cording to the conjectures we may think the most plausible, as de-
rived from the relative structures, geographical relations, &c. of the
present branchlets or other evidences we can bring to bear upon the
question. Such circumstantial evidence will always be exceedingly
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXI
vague and inconclusive ; and the assistance we can derive from the
geological record is so exceedingly slight, especially if we descend
below those tertiary times in which the ramification was not very
materially different from that now exhibited, that in the construction
of our tree much must be left to the imagination. Still, as real
affinities and geographical relations come to be more carefully
studied, and as here and there missing links are discovered, either
among geological remains or still lingering in some unexplored
region of the globe, we may yet hope gradually to obtain a fair out-
line of the lost ramifications of our dicotyledonous tree, provided we
are always on our guard against the common error of treating
plausible conjectures as established facts.
Hiickel, in his Calcisponges, may have had a much better founda-
tion for his conjectural pedigrees than Strasburger in the Dicoty-
ledons ; for many of their races of a very early stage of development
appear to have descended to us unaltered, together with their primary
slightly modified branches and many other later and later more and
more diverging ramifications. The continuity through successive
ages and geological periods of the medium in which they live (the
bottom of salt water at moderate depths), their apparently absolute
independence of climate, may have brought down to us many of
these first ramifications of the Calcispongian trunk with com-
paratively few gaps or well-defined and isolated clusters, thus pro-
ducing that almost inextricable intricacy and indefiniteness in its
genera and species which critical botanists of our days observe in
the subspecies and varieties or minor ramifications of the Rubus
fruticosus trunk, which Nageli has so well shown to be the case with
the present species of Hieracimn, or which Carpenter illustrated
in the genera and species of the very ancient race of Foraminifera.
Hiickel has thus selected an excellent subject for his investigations,
and, as far as I am able to judge, has carried them through in that
masterly manner which, as attested by Huxley, characterized his
former work on Radiolaria. The volume containing the systematic
exposition and illustration of the Calcisponges bears evidence of the
most careful and persevering research during the five years he has
devoted to it, and is preceded by a most detailed account of the
anatomy, organology, and physiology of the group, upon the merits
of which it would be out of place for me to give an opinion. He
has also entered into some general considerations, worthy of the
study of all naturalists, as to the principles of natural and artificial
classifications, the former founded on hereditary affinity, to be
XXU •• PROCEEDINGS OF THE
tested chiefly by internal structure, the latter depending on adaptive
characters influencing outward form. The whole work appears to
me to be a good illustration of the German peculiarities I have
above alluded to — a searching investigation of facts, systematic,
structural, and physiological, with a rather free play given to
imagination and some confusion of ideas. His pedigrees, although
more plausible than Strasburger's or Delpino's, are still conjectural
only, unsupported by geological evidences, of which there appears
to be none in Calcisponges * ; and if he is right in the necessity of
keeping up an artificial system where the characters indicating
natural affinities are too difficult or too vague (perhaps too ima-
ginary) for practical use, yet I see no advantage in working out in
detail two sets of genera and species, natural and artificial, with
distinct names according to the light in which they are considered.
I cannot see why the same object should be known to one naturalist
by the name of Olynthus jprimordialis and to another by that of
Ascetta primordialis. The general pedigree of the zoological king-
dom (vol. i. p. 465) in a true heraldic form is certainly a very bold
stroke; and the two pedigrees of Calcispongian genera (pp. 359 &
360), natural and artificial, quite pass my comprehension.
The study of organogenesis, which may be said to have been first
established as a distinct branch of the science in France, has been
followed up among French naturalists by that of the development
and course of the vascular system in phaenogamous plants and the
higher Cryptogams. Casimir de Candolle, in his ' Theorie de la
Feuille ' and other papers, Trecul and Van Tieghem, in various memoirs
in the ' Annales des Sciences Waturelles,' the ' Comptes Eendus,' and
other publications, have materially contributed to correct our
theories of the outgrowth and arrest of development of the various
parts of the plant as connected with the difierent functions they are
called upon to fulfil in its general economy. But here, again, as is
usually the case where some error has been detected in an esta-
blished theory, the disposition has been to declare the whole theory
false. There is no doctrine better established, no one which has
been found more practically useful in the history of the life and
relations of plant-races as well as of individuals, than that of the
homology of appendicular organs as distinguished from the axis — a
doctrine originally sketched out by Linnaeus t, poetically conceived
* " No fossil Calcisponge is as yet known" (Hackel, Kalkschw. i. p. 341).
t See " Prolepsis Plantarum," in the Amoenitates Academicae, ed. Schreb. vi.
324, where Linnreus shows by a number of examples the homology of bud-scales,
leaves, bracts, calyxes, petals, stamens, and pistils.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. XXUl
by Goetlie, and philosophically worked out by several of the most
eminent botanists. Upon this depends the whole system of phyllo-
taxy ; and many an important question of affinity must be decided
by a due discrimination of appendicular and directly axial organs or
parts. There are, however, cases where such a precise determina-
tion has proved difficult or impossible. The leaves of Piniis, the
outer casing of inferior ovaries, the floral cup of Myrtacece, some
parts of Coniferous flowers above alluded to, the stamens of
Euphorbia, &c. have led to much controversy as to whether they
are axial or appendicular. Amongst other arguments it has been
endeavoured to decide the question by tracing the development and
course of the vessels. It has been found, however, that the main
principles of growth and arrangement of the vessels are the same in
both, and that in fact no positive line of demarcation in this respect
can be drawn between an axial development and a true appendage.
It is consequently argued that there is no real difference between a
leaf-organ (or appendage) and a branch; and Trec\il (Comptes
Rendus, 1872, Ixxv. 655) goes so far as to propose the suppression
of the former term, and calling all the parts of a plant branches.
To ignore in Nature all classification where no positive limits can
be assigned, would be to abolish all method in its study. If we
treat all the parts of a plant as physiologically the same, and only
give them distinct names according to their functions, we put an
end to all study of homologies and affinities, excepting such as are
based on the very secondary adaptive characters. If a leaf or a
part of a leaf is capable of being occasionally converted into an
axis, if the end of an axis may occasionally develop iato a definite
leaf, if there are a few cases in which the exact point where the
sweUing of the axis terminates and the leaf-organ commences can-
not be fixed, if the differentiation of the axis and its appendages is in
many Cryptogams imperfect or null, these are not reasons sufficient
for ignoring the real almost constant and important differences
exhibited by the two classes in phaenogamous plants generally.
At the same time, the demonstration of the susceptibility of rami-
fication of the leaf-organ, which we chiefly owe to French natu-
ralists, is a great point gained. If it takes place in a true vegetative
leaf, it results in its conversion into a true bud-bearing axis ; if in
the floral organs, they may still retain the determinate appendicular
character. In this way may, perhaps, be explained the production
of ovules on the margin or surface of carpeUary leaves, as suggested
by Casimir de CandoUe, the anomalous multiplication of stamens in
XXIV PROCEEDINGS OP THE
certain flo-wers alluded to by Dr. Masters at one of our last winter
meetings, the dedoublement by which Moquin-Tandon explained the
position of the four longer stamens of Crucifers as being in fact one
pair of stamens, each divided into two, a theory carried further by
Meschaeff in a recent number of the Moscow Bulletin, who regards
the four petals as one pair, each similarly divided into two, esta-
blishing the binal decussate phyllotaxy throughout the flower, and
several other anomalies which have long been under discussion.
There is, perhaps, no one of Mr. Darwin's works which within the
last ten years has called out a greater number of direct observers
than his essay " On the various contrivances by which Orchids are
fertilized by Insects." Sprengel's and other previous observations
had been too little known or held too much in contempt to induce
any followers ; but now the spell was broken, the facts brought
forward in a clear and attractive style were so new and curious as
to caU. for general attention ; and whilst they might, on the one
hand, supply many a datum in support of the theory of evolution,
they could yet be followed up without directly interfering with
cherished doctrines of specific and local creation. The consequence
has been an accumulation of most numerous and varied observations
made in this country as on the Continent, in South Africa as in
South America, published in a great variety of detached papers in
Journals and Transactions in four or five different languages. It had
become already a matter of difficulty to ascertain whether any appa-
rently new and startling complication which presented itseK to the
eye had not, in fact, been already recorded, or how far it favoured or
interfered with any general laws which might have been already
laid down. A few more general essays had, indeed, been drawn up
by Delpino in Italy, by F. Hildebrand in Germany, and by Severn
Axell (in a work I have not myself met with) in Sweden — all three
from numerous and valuable personal observations, but aU three,
especially Delpino's and Axell's, with a tendency to launch pre-
maturely into theories and hypotheses. We have now, however,
within the last fortnight, received from Germany a general work of
a very different character. Hermann Mueller's ' Befruchtung der
Blumen durch Insecten' proves to be just such a repertory and
digest of recorded facts supported by original observations as is
become absolutely indispensable for the further pursuit of inquiry in
the same direction. The author is brother to Fritz Mueller, of
Desterro iu South Brazil, so well known as a judicious and reliable
observer, and as a warm supporter of Darwinian theories ; and
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXV
Hermann Mueller himself proves to be an equally persevering and
indefatigable collector of facts, having for the present purpose the
great advantage of being evidently as well versed in entomology as
in botany. It appears also that he has been already assisted by his
son Hermann. As far as a hasty glance over the work enables me
to judge, the principal general facts here first brought prominently
into notice appear to be, the variety of insects which visit the same
floAvers, the variety of flowers visited by the same insects, and the
number of flowers which an insect, deceived by false appearances,
visits in search of what is not to be found, all much greater than had
hitherto been supposed.
Besides the methodical record of all the facts he has been able to
collect from German, Italian, Swedish, and British literature, H.
Mueller commences with a short historical introduction, in which he
does full justice to his predecessors, and concludes with some general
considerations of a' remarkably sober character. He justly criticises
the fanciful flights of Delpino's imagination, to which I have myself
aUuded in former Addresses, and AxeU's theory that the develop-
ment of the fertilizing arrangements in Phanerogams has been
ahvays an advance, and still continues to advance, in one and the
same direction towards perfection ; and, as far as I can see, his
own conclusions are none but what are fairly deducible from the
facts he records.
With this book in hand, I cannot but strongly recommend the
further pursuit of an inquiry still in a very early stage, to all
naturalists residing in the country, and especially to those who may
be located in regions which, like the Mediterranean, the South
African, the South-west Australian, the subtropical and extra-
tropical South American, and the Mexican, appear to maintain at
once a great variety of locally restricted endemic plant-races, and a
great number and variety of flower-seeking insects, in order that we
may ascertain how far these two great supposed facts are confirmed
by direct observation, and how far they may mutually have influ-
enced each other.
The present state of physiological and anatomical botany, with
reference especially to its recent progress in Germany, is admirably
expounded in the third edition of Julius Sachs's ' Lehrbuch der
Botanik,' of which I am happy to learn that Mr. A. W. Bennett has
promised us an English edition. As a repertory of the results of the
laborious investigations which have been carried on of late years,
and reported in a great variety of scattered, often inaccessible, pub -
LINN. PEOc. — Session 1872-73. d
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
lications, this text-book is indispensable for those who would follow
up this important branch of the science. It has evidently been
worked up throughout with a thorough knowledge of the subject,
and supersedes the necessity of my entering into any details of the
rapid advance which has been established in various parts of the
field. It requires, indeed, but little comment on the present occa-
sion. The title may, perhaps, be too comprehensive. Great as are
the questions here treated of, they do not constitute the whole of the
science. Geographical botany is passed over in silence, and homo-
logies and affinities are scarcely touched upon. Very little indeed
is said of systematic botany in general — that branch which, because
it was once falsely supposed to constitute botany par excellence, is
now held in utter contempt by too many German physiologists,
notwithstanding the fresh value imparted to it by the application of
the theory of evolution. Even the short article devoted to the
methodizing of Angiospermous Dicotyledons had better have been
omitted, as it needlessly adds one more to the numerous systems
which have been only proposed to be abandoned. It is very easy to
find fault with the Candollean arrangement, but very difficult to
substitute a better one ; and Julius Sachs's five classes are certainly
no improvement on De Candolle's three or four. The weU-known
objections to the Monochlamydeae and to the Calyciflorse may be
perfectly justifiable ; but they are scarcely improved by raising a
portion of the former into two great primary classes, or by re-
modelling the latter so as to exclude Saxifragese and include
Thymeleae and Proteaceae. Various other proposed approximations
or severances, the exclusion from all classes as incertce seclis of some
sixteen or eighteen orders, such as Polygonese, Santalacese, Loran-
thacese, Picoideae, &c., and the total omission of others, such as
Connaracese, Vochysiaceas, &c., are sufficient to show that inno-
vation has been attempted without that practical study of the plants
themselves which could alone have justified it. These observations,
however, are by no means intended as any disparagement of the
whole work, but merely as a guard against the notion that there is
no science in botany, except in the physiology of plants.
There is one part of Sachs's book which is an illustration of a
very common readiness to take at once as proved any paradox or
theory opposed to general belief, when a new discovery appears to
afford some plausible argument in its favour. In the article Lichens,
p. 266, he adopts as an established fact Schwendener's view that
Lichens are Fungi parasitical upon Algae. This reminds me of the
LINNEAX SOCIETT Oh' LONDON. XXVU
eagerness with which thirty years ago German botanists accepted
Schleiden's theory that the pollen-tnbe constituted the nucleus of
the ovary instead of acting only as its fertilizer, and that the so-
called male element was reaUy the female, Endlicher at once mo-
difj'ing accordingly the terminology of the Supplements of his
' Genera.' Lichens in their internal texture consist of two classes of
bodies, which have received the names of Hyphae and Gonidia, va-
riously intermixed or arranged in distinct layers — the outer coating
of the thallus consisting exclusively of hyphae (which, indeed, make
up the great mass of the thallus), the gonidia being all entirely
internal. The hyphae, it is now said, are the sole constituents of
the real Hcheu ; the gonidia are accessory bodies, which, although in
the thaUus intimately connected with the hyphae, are in some cases,
when freed from the lichen, capable of independent existence and re-
production. It has been shown that these gonidia in that state are
exactly similar to, and even identical with, certain free bodies
hitherto classed as Algae ; therefore, it is said, all lichen -gonidia are
Algae. It has been seen in a course of careful observations that the
hyphae attach themselves to the gonidia they surround, and some of
these lose the green matter they contained ; therefore, it is added,
these hyphae which constitute the thaUus derive their nutriment
from the gonidia. Moreover the spores of a lichen {Collema) have
been actually and successfully sown by Bees on an alga {Nostoc),
which has gradually been converted into the Collema, thus proving
the parasitism of the one on the other ; therefore, again, it is con-
cluded, all lichens are parasitical on Algae, — a series of conclusions
founded on a very small number of facts. If RhinanthtLS is a para-
site, it does not follow, and no one would contend, that all Scrophu-
larineae are so. Admitting in like manuer, for argument's sake, the
parasitism of the Collema, and that it may be a normal one, that
does not prove the parasitism of the great mass of lichens, which,
to say the least of it, must be a very singular one. A true parasite
feeds and lives upon its victim, without much injury when, as in the
case of the Mistletoe or of certain epiphyllous fungi, it has fastened
upon a plant vigorous enough to provide food for itself and its guest,
as well as to resist the evil effects of the disturbance of its system —
but more frequently, as in the case of the Orohanche priiinosa in
Sicilian bean-fields, or of a large proportion of parasitical fungi, to
the exhaustion and final death of the victim, followed by the pre-
mature end of the parasite itself, if it has not had time to go through
the last necessary phases of its life by the maturation of its seeds
XXVUl PROCEEDINGS OF THE
or spores. Here, however, we have the supposed parasite surround-
ing and enclosing its presumed victim, cutting it off from all com-
munication with the outer world from which it has to derive its
nutriment ; and yet we are to believe that the poor prisoner not
only sustains its own life and feeds its host, but flourishes, grows,
and multipHes. If the lichen feeds upon the enclosed gonidia, what
do the gonidia feed upon ? If there reaUy is parasitism in the case,
which is very doubtful, might it not be compared to that of Nema-
todes ? and may not the gonidia be the parasites, the lichen the
host ? or may not the gonidia be mere stages of existence of certain
lichens falsely ascribed to Algae ? The whole question is a very
curious one ; and the facts ascertained do great credit to the skill
and acuteness of Schwendener and others ; but they require much
more observation and study before the conclusions derived from them
can be taught as an established theory*. And whatever be the
result, the group of lichens is so distinct in its vegetative characters,
and at the same time so extensive and varied a one, that it seems
more methodical to treat it, as heretofore, as a distinct class, than to
absorb it in that of fungi, notwithstanding the close affinitj^ shown
by its reproductive organs.
Sachs's Lehrbuch was above ten months printing ; and during that
time several important works bearing on some of the questions
treated of reached him, too late to be made use of. He has taken
care to refer to them in his Preface ; and stUl later a considerable
gap in our knowledge of the reproductive system of the higher cryp-
togams has been partially filled up by the discovery of very young
plants of Lycojpodium annotinum, reported by J. Pankhauser in the
first pages of the * Botanische Zeitung ' for the present year. He
traced these young plants to an underground prothallium, of which
he found one still in a sufficiently perfect state to show a'ntheridia
and traces of the archegonia. It thus became evident that Lyco-
jpodia, long associated geuerically with Selaginella, and which, owing
to our ignorance of their germinating process, are still allowed to
remain next to that genus, are, in fact, much more nearly allied to
Ophioglossese. I am happy to observe that the Edinburgh Botanical
* Since writing the above I learn from Professor Dyer that Mr. Archer of
Dublin lias gone through a series of very careful observations with relation to
this question, and has consigned the results, accompanied by a full history of the
different views entertained by the various physiologists who have written upon
it, in an article now printing for the forthcoming part of the ' Monthly Mi-
croscopical Journal.'
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XX] X
Society has offered a premium for tlie prosecution of this interesting
inquiry. With the encouragement given by that Society and our
own, with our London Microscopical Societies, and with such
observers as Darwin, M'l^ab, Dickson, and Dyer, and others, in
general physiology, and Berkeley, Broome, Currey, Dickie, O'Meara,
Ai'cher, and others in Ciyptogamic structure, we may hope that
Britain may yet be allowed to distinguish herself in the study of
vegetable physiology and anatomy, as she has in that of the ana-
tomy of the higher and of the general history of the lower orders of
animals.
It was moved by Dr. Allman, seconded by Dr. Boycott, and
carried unanimously, that the Thanks of the Society be given to
Mr. Saunders on his retirement from the Office of Treasurer, with
an expression of the Society's deep regret on losing his valuable
ser\ices in that capacity.
It was moved by Dr. Hooker, seconded by Mr. Grrote, and
unanimously resolved, that the following Address be presented to
Lady Smith on the completion of her 100th year on the 11th
instant : —
Deaii Lady Smith, —
We, the President and Fellows of the Linuean Society of
Loudon, assembled at the Anniversary Meeting on the 24th of
May, 1873, beg permission most warmly and sincerely to congra-
tulate Tom* Ladyship on the completion of the hundredth Anni-
versary of Your Ladyship's birth, in health and in the enjoyment
of all your faculties. The rare occurrence of such an event, so
happily completed, gives a striking testimony of the value of a
good constitution, combined with a quiet, useful, and peaceable
life, and with sustained activity and intelligence of mind, in pro-
longing life, and in rendering its continuance desirable. We re-
joice that it has been given to the Widow of our excellent
Founder and first President, to whose zeal, energy, and devo-
tion we are indebted for our existence, and for the most valu-
able part of our collections, to survive to so great an age, and to
testify by her continued interest in the Society, and more parti-
cularly by her recent present of numerous and valuable Letters,
Liss. piioc.^ — Session 1872-73. c
XXX PE0CEEDING3 OF TUB
her respect botli for liis Memory aud for the Institution of which
he was the Founder, and which, we are happy to say, still conti-
nues to prosper under the guidance of his successors.
That Tour Ladyship may long continue to enjoy all the bless-
ings of which life is capable at your , advanced age is our most
fervent wish.
Signed, on behalf of the Meeting,
G-EOEGE Bektham, President.
To Pleasance, Lady Smith.
The Secretary reported that the following Members had died
since the last Anniversary, viz. : —
Fellows.
John Forster, Esq.
Thomas C. Jerdon, Esq.
Eobert Mac Andrew, Esq.
Joshua SutclifFe, Esq.
Friedrich "Welwitsch, M.D.
Eobert Wight, M.D.
Foreign Member.
John Torrey, M.D.
The Secretary also announced that twenty-three Fellows and
one Foreign Member had been elected since the last Anniversary.
At the election which subsequently took place, George Bentham,
Esq., was elected President ; Daniel Hanbury, Esq., Treasurer ;
and Frederick Currey, Esq., and H. T. Stainton, Esq., Secretaries.
The following five Fellows were elected into the Council, in the
room of others going out : — viz., Gr. J. Allman, M.D., Daniel Han-
bury, Esq., St.-G-eorge J. Mivart, Esq., F. P. Pascoe, Esq., and
Henry Trimen, M.B.
Mr. Alfred "White, on the part of the Committee appointed to
audit the Treasurer's Accounts, read the Balance-sheet, by which
it appeared that the total Receipts during the past year, inclu-
ding a Balance of 36197 8s. 4id. carried from the preceding year,
amounted to ^1866 4s. 4i. ; and that the total Expenditure, in-
cluding the purchase of ^180 Great Indian Peninsula Eailway
Stock, amounted to 361469 Qs. 2d. ; leaving a Balance in the
hands of the Bankers of ^396 16s. Id.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDO^S".
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XXXU PROCEEDINGa OF THE
OBITUARY NOTICES.
The Secretaries then laid before the Society the following Notices
of Deceased Members.
John Foester was born August 4th, 1793, at Lambeth, where his
father was then practising the medical profession. He was educated
at St. Paul's School, and afterwards became a student at the then
United Hospitals of Guy's and St. Thomas's. He remained there
an unusually long period, during which time he devoted much atten-
tion to chemistry, and up to his later years he took great interest
in every thing connected with that branch of science. His name
will always be associated with the first practical application of
the salts of strontia and baryta to theatrical purposes. He was
appKed to by the managers of Astley's Theatre to provide, for a piece
then about to be produced called the " Blood-Red Knight," some
easier method of burning strontia than the one then in use, and he
invented what is now known as " red fire."
Soon after leaving the hospital Mr. Forster commenced to study
botany ; but his devotion to science was unavoidably of short duration,
on account of his being compelled to take upon himself the arduous
duties of a general practitioner, owing to the deaths of his father and
his brother.
After 30 years of practice, and when he found that his eldest son
(now one of the surgeons of Guy's Hospital) did not intend to join
him, he retired from business ; and in 1851 he left Lambeth and
thenceforth resided at Netting Hill until his death. During his pro-
fessional career Mr. Forster was a frequent attendant at the meetings
of the Linnean Society, and he never found any lack of occupation
after leaving his profession. He became a member of the Royal
Institution and a regular attendant at the lectures there. Visits to
the country in search of objects for his microscope, and the study of
astronomy in company with the late Sir James South, filled up the
time of a naturally vigorous-minded and healthy man, to whom illness
was unknown until the attack of pneumonia which carried him off,
after a duration of 14 days, on the 10th of April, 1873.
Mr. Forster was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 7th of
December, 1819.
Thomas Cavekhill Jekdon was the son of Mr. Archibald Jerdou,
of Bonjedward, Roxburgh, and was born in 1811. In 1835 he
linxt;ax society of london. xxxm
entered the service of the Hon. East-India Company as Assistant
Surgeon in the Presidency of Madras. In 1844 he published his
first work on zoology, the ' Illustrations of Indian Ornithology.' Mr.
Jerdon's name, however, will be best known to ornithologists by his
work on the ' Birds of India,' which was published in 1862-64. This
book has proved of incalculable service in promoting the study of
ornithology in India. The edition was speedily sold : and it is
believed that it was the author's intention to have published a second
edition, incorporating all the materials that he had since collected,
both by his own observations and those of others. The " Supple-
mentary Notes to the Birds of India," published in ' The Ibis,' and
continued down to the end of the Timaliidce, were intended to prepare
the way for this second edition. 'Sir. Jerdon had special facilities
granted him by the Indian Government to enable him to briiig out
the ' Birds of India ; ' and in collecting the material for his work he
visited the greater part of India, and also Assam and Burmah. His
knowledge of birds was very great ; but he studied them not by
amassing their skins, as is the usual and, perhaps, the best way, but
by committing, as it were, their peculiarities to memory, with the aid
of copious notes and sketches.
Mr. Jerdon was elected an Honorary Member of the Zoological
Society in 1864 ; and on his return to England, at his own request,
he was placed on the list of Ordinary Members. He died on the
12th of June, 1872, at Upper Norwood, after a long and tedious
illness, originally contracted in Assam, and which not even the change
to the climate of Europe enabled him to shake off ; and by his death
the science of ornithology has lost one of its most zealous supporters.
Mr. Jerdon was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 21st of
January, 1864.
Robert Mac Andrew was born at "Wandsworth in March 1802.
His father, who was a native of Elgin, in Scotland, had settled in
business in London, and had married in England. The death of his
father in 1821 caused Robert Mac An drew to inherit a share of his
business and the accompanying occupation and responsibility early
in life, in fact very soon after completing his education at Fulham.
The death of a brother a few years later led to his removing to
Liverpool, where he resided till 1856, engaged in commercial pursuits.
He married his cousin. Miss MacAndrew, in 1829, soon after settling
in Liverpool. About the year 1834, the cares of business engrossing
less of his attention than before, he began to collect shells, and soon
LINN. pRoc. — Session 1872-73. f
XXXIV PROCEEDINGS OF TEE
took a keen interest in the stndy of tlieir forms and natural history.
For upwards of ten years before the attention of others was directed
to his pursuits, and before he had formed the acquaintance of any of
his scientific friends, he had been working steadily at his favourite
science. At this period of his life he had to travel much in Spain
and elsewhere on business. As his collections grew in size, he saw
the desirability of obtaining specimens by other means than by
merely collecting on the shore or by searching for laud- and fresh-
water species, and he was one of the first to devote much time to
deep-sea dredging. He first began with an open boat, then took to
a sailing-boat, and subsequently fitted out two yachts, in which he
cruised half the year or more, and in which way he discovered many
undescribed species of MoUusca. After he had collected for about
ten years, and when his discoveries began to attract some attention,
he made the acquaintance of the late Professor Edward Forbes, and
their friendship was most intimate during Edward Forbes's life. By
him he was introduced to many conchologists and others eminent in
natural history. Mr. MacAndrew attended the meetings of the
British Association for many years, and was much interested in all
the proceedings in Section D. He continued to collect with unceasing
assiduit)'. He cruised in the British seas, Wales, Scotland, the
Channels, and the deep-sea banks off" the Hebrides, Shetland, &c.,
and he also explored the coasts of Spain, Portugal, the Mediterranean,
Norway, the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the Red Sea.
He was constant in his visits to the British Museum, where he was
assiduous in the comparison of specimens ; and up to the last week
of his life he worked in arranging and adding to his collections.
Mr. MacAndrew retired from business in 1867, having, however, for
many years ceased to take a very active part in commercial pursuits.
As regards his scientific work he may be said to have been quite self-
educated. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1853,
and in 1872 the " Prix Savigny " of the French Academy for 1870
was divided between him and M. Issel, of Genoa, a gold medal
being awarded to each, — to Mr. MacAndrew for his Report on the
Testaceous MoUusca of the Gulf of Suez, published in the ' Annals of
Natural History ' in 1870 (vol. vi. p. 429) ; to M. Issel for his work
' Malacologia del Mar Rosso,' published at Pisa in 1869. Mr. Mac-
Andrew's contributions to science, contained in numerous detached
papers, are extremely valuable. In the Proceedings of the Literary
and Philosophical Society of Liverpool are to be found papers by him
on marine dredging and on the geographical distribution of Testa-
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXV
ceous MoUusca in the North-east Atlantic and neighbouring seas. A
report on the same Mollusca, and on the physical conditions affecting
their development, was made by him to the British Association iu
1856. To the * Annals of Natural History ' Mr. MacAndrew contri-
buted numerous papers on the Mollusca and other marine animals
observed on the coasts of Spain, Portugal, Barbary, Malta, Southern
Italy, the Canary Isles, Madeira, and elsevs^here ; and also papers on
the comparative size of marine Mollusca in various latitudes of the
European seas, and on the division of the European seas into pro-
vLuces with reference to the distribution of marine Mollusca. In
1860 he furnished the British Association with a list of the British
Marine Invertebrate Fauna. His extensive and valuable collection
of shells is bequeathed to the University of Cambridge. Mr. Mac-
Andrew died at his residence, Isleworth House, on the 22nd of May,
1873. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 6th of April,
1847.
Joshua Suxcliffe, of Fir Grove, Burnley, Lancashire, was born at
Halifax, in Yorkshire, on the 10th of AprU, 1812. He was admitted
a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, on the 11th of
May, 1835, but appears to have given up medical practice for, many
years past. Mr. SutclifFe was one of the oldest Fellows of the Linnean
Society, having been elected on the 6th of May, 1 834. He died on
the 10th of January, 1873.
Dr. John Torret was bom in New York in the year 1796, and
from his earliest manhood was connected with the institutions of
science and learning in that city. His contributions to botanical
science commenced when he was quite young. His earliest work,
published by the Lyceum of Natural History in New York, was a
catalogue of plants growing spontaneously within 30 miles of that
city. This work appeared in 1819, at a time when good botanizing-
ground, now covered with bricks and mortar, was to be found close
to New York. In 1826, Dr. Torrey published a compendium of the
flora of the Northern and Middle States, containing generic and
specific descriptions of all the plants, exclusive of the Cryptogamia,
theretofore found in the United States north of the Potomac. Dr.
Torrey then extended his investigations to the Northern States east of
the Mississippi ; and in 1824 he produced a flora of the northern and
middle sections of the United States, being a systematic arrangement
and description of the plants then known in the United States north of
/2
iXXvi FROCEEDINGS OP THK
Virginia. Of this work only one volume appeared. Afterwards, in elabo-
rating Dr. James's collections made in Long's expedition, Dr. Torrey
opened up the botany of the Colorado Rocky Mountains ; and in 1827
the results were giren in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History,
under the title " Account of a Collection of Plants from the Eoeky
Mountains and adjacent countries." In 1831 he published a Catalogue
of North-American genera of plants, arranged according to the orders
of Lindley's introduction to the natural system of botany, and in
1836 a monograph of North- American Gyperacece, to which is ap-
pended a monograph of the North-American species of Rhynclio-
spora by Dr. Asa Gray. In conjunction with Dr. Asa Gray, Dr.
Torrey prepared a Flora of North America, containing descriptions
of all the known indigenous and naturalized plants growing north of
Mexico, the first volume of which, comprising the polypetalous division
of the Dicotyledons, was published in 1838. Three parts of a second
volume, ending with the Compositse, appeared between 1841 and
1843. The first volume of a work entitled ' A Flora of the State of
New York,' comprising lianunculaceiV and Ericacece, was published
in 1843. Besides the above works other detached papers were pub-
lished by Dr. Torrey. Amongst others thei'e is in Silliman's Journal
a notice of the plants collected by Douglass in 1826 round the great
lakes and the upper waters of the Mississippi ; and the Proceedings
of the American Association contain papers on the plants discovered
by Col. Fremont in California, and on the structure and affinities of
the genus Batis. In the Smithsonian Contributions (xi. 1854)
Dr. Torrey published observations on Batis maritima, Linn., and ou
Dnrlingtonia califcn-nica, a very curious new species of Pitcher-plant
from Northern California (1850, 1854). " Plantae Fremontianae,"
or descriptions of plants collected by Col. Fremont in California, also
appeared in the Smithsonian Contributions. It must not be for-
gotten, in estimating Dr. Torrey 's labours, that although his distin-
guished position in science was derived from botany, his livelihood
came from chemistry, which he pursued, if not with equal devotion,
yet with genuine love. In the year 1824, soon after his marriage,
he accepted the Chair of Chemistry, Mineralogy, &c, at West Point ;
in 1827 he was removed to that of Chemistry and Botany in the
College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, to which, a few
years later, were added the duties of a similar chair at Princetown
College. About twenty years ago he relinquished the latter, upon
an urgent request from the then Secretary of the Treasury to take
charge of the Assay Department in the Government Assay Office.
LIXNEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. XXXVll
After this He soon gave up his duties at the Medical College, but was
made a trustee of Columbia College, of which the Medical School
became a department, and to which he gave not only invaluable
services, but also his vast botanical collections and choice library.
To these useful and needful services he gave his days (his nights to
botanical researches) quite to the last. Up to a few weeks before
his death his light could be seen untU near midnight in the herbarium
of Columbia College ; and until a few days before he died he signed,
although with feeble hand, the official report of the daily work at the
Assay Office, faithful to every duty and every detail to the last. He
died from an attack of pneumonia on the 10th of March, 1873.
Dr. Torrey was elected a Foreign Member of this Society on the
7th of May, 1839.
Fkiedrich Welwitsch was born in the year 1807. He was one
of a large family, his father being the owner of an extensive farm,
and surveyor of a district in Carinthia, in the Austrian Empire.
WTien quite a boy, Welwitsch acquired his first taste for Botany,
which he carried with him to school, and used to bring home with
him in the holidays the plants he had found. His father en-
couraged him and helped him to make out the names of his dis-
coveries b)' means of an old herbal, and an apothecary in the town
where he resided also assisted him in his early botanical studies.
In due course he was sent to the University of Vienna, being in-
tended for the legal profession. But the irresistible tendency towards
natural science drew him from the law, and he made no progress.
His father in displeasure withdrew his allowance from the young
student, who was then left to himself, and is said to have for a time
supported himself by writing critiques on the theatres. With a view to
a more congenial living, however, Welwitscli entered the Medical
Faculty of the University, and at the same time pursued Botany ^vith
increased assiduity. His first publication was " Observations on the
Cryptogamie Flora of Lower Austria," published in the ' Beitrage
zur Landeskunde' of Vienna for 1834, which obtained a prize
offered by the mayor of the city. Somewhere about this period he
was employed bj' the Government to report on the cholera in Savoy,
and this mark of confidence reconciled his father to his change of
profession. For a while Welwitsch travelled with a nobleman as
tutor, and then returned to Vienna to complete his studies. In due
course he graduated in Medicine, his thesis being ** A Synopsis of the
Nostochmece of Lower Austria," printed in ]*3*i.
XXXVUl PROCEEDINGS OF THE
In 1839 Dr. "Welwitsch was commissioned by the Tnio Itineraria
of Wiirtemberg, of wMch he was a member, to explore and collect
the plants of the Azores and Cape-Yerd Islands. He accordingly
left Vienna in the summer of that year, and came to England, whence
he sailed at once for his destination. In July he arrived at Lisbon,
where he found himself imavoidably detained ; and ultimately made
arrangements for remaining in Portugal through the winter instead
of proceeding to the Atlantic islands. In a few weeks he acquired
a good knowledge of the Portuguese language, and then devoted
himself to the investigation of the flora of the country. He never
returned to Austria, nor, indeed, left the country of his adoption till
1853, except for short visits to Paris and London. During this
period he had the care, at different times, of the Botanic Gardens of
Lisbon and Coimbra, and was superintendent of the Duke of
Palmella's gardens at Cintra and in Alemtejo, as weU as having the
general supervision of the Duke's gardens throughout Portugal.
He also explored a great part of the kingdom, and made very large
collections. No less than 56,000 specimens were sent to the TJnio
Itineraria for distribution, and complete series were deposited in
the herbaria of the Academy of Sciences at Lisbon and at Paris.
The lower plants were the objects of Dr. "Welwitsch's special study.
In the neighbourhood of Lisbon, in the years 1847-52, he added 250
of the larger Fungi to those enumerated in Brotero's ' Flora ' ; and
in his zeal after Algae, in which he found the Tagus very rich, he was
accustomed to spend hours " up to his waist in water " day after
day. In the second volume of the ' Actas ' of the Lisbon Academy
(1850) he published the " Genera Phycearum Lusitanae," and other
results of his work in the Cryptogamia were published in 1858 in an
" Enumeration of the Musci and Hepaticae collected in Portugal in
] 842-50 by Dr. Welwitsch," by Mr. Mitten, and in " Notes on the
Fungi," by the Eev. M. J. Berkeley. He himself published little else
on Portuguese plants ; but his working copy of Brotero's ' Flora
Lusitanica ' is filled with valuable notes and additions. Besides his
botanical investigations. Dr. Welwitsch devoted considerable time to
the mollusca and insects of Portugal, and formed large collections.
It was in 1850 that the Government of Queen Dona Maria first
resolved to explore the Portuguese possessions on the West Coast of
Africa, with the double object of obtaining scientific information on
the products of the country and of forwarding its material interests.
The project was laid before the Cortes in that year, and received the
royal assent. Dr. Welwitsch was selected to carry out the scientific
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXIX
part of the scheme, and in 1851 proceeded to London to make pre-
parations for his voyage. After some months spent here, during
which he received most valuable advice as to botanical travelling from
llobert Brown and other botanists, he returned to Lisbon ; and it was
not until August 1853 that he started on his important mission,
fully equipped, accredited with fuU powers by the home Government,
and with complete liberty of action. How well the king had chosen
was abundantly proved in the next seven years, during which Dr.
"Welwitsch showed an amount of enthusiasm, perseverance, and en-
durance of hardships which could scarcely be surpassed.
He reached Loanda, the capital of Angola, in the beginning of
October, 1853 ; and making that town the base of his operations, he
at once undertook excursions in every direction, collecting plants
especially, but also Hymenoptera, beetles, and other insects, as well
as MoUusca and the higher animals. His attention was naturally
first directed to the country near the coast, which he carefully ex-
plored from the mouth of the Quizembo, a little to the north of
Ambriz (about 8° S.), to the mouth of the Cuauza (about 9° 30' S.).
He devoted nearly a year to the thorough investigation of this mari-
time zone, and then started for the interior, following the course of
the Bengo. Having reached the district of Golungo-Alto, he fixed
himself at a place in its centre, about 125 miles from the coast, and
situated in a mountainous region, called Sange, whence he made
expeditions, often extended to great distances. Two years were spent
here in arduous explorations through almost impenetrable forests,
during which Dr. "Welwitsch suffered repeatedly and severely from
endemic fevers, scurvy, and ulcerated legs ; but he never abandoned
his work.
In 1856 Dr. Welwitsch left Golungo-Alto, and travelling south-
west through the district of Ambaca, which he found fixll of novelties,
reached that of Pungo-Andongo in October. Of this stage of his
explorations he has given a graphic sketch in the first number of
Mr. Andrew Murray's ' Journal of Travel and Natural History,' in
a paper on the " Black Rocks" of the district, from which it received
its old name of the Presidio das Pedras negras. The annual
blackening after each rainy season of these masses of gneiss, 300 to
GOO feet in height, he found to be caused by the immense increase
and spread downwards of a minute filamentous alga {Sc)jtonema
cJwyogntjjhictim) existing in ponds at the summit.
Making Pungo-Andongo a centre, he passed eight months in
traversing the district in every direction, crossing the range of
xl PROCEEDINeS OF THE
Pedras de Guinga, the bauks of the Lombe and the Cuige, and
penetrating as far as the islands of Calemba, in the Cuanza, and the
immense forests which stretch from Quisonde to Condo, near the
cataracts of the river Cuanza. This point, about 250 miles from the
coast, was the furthest to the east which was reached. On his way
back to Pungo-Andongo, Dr. Welwitsch visited the salt lakes of
Quitage and the magnificent forests on the right banks of the
Cuanza, and during a short stay at Pungo-Andongo explored the
woods beyond the Rio Luxillo and in the direction of Cambambe.
After this he returned to his old station of Golungo-Alto, and
ultimately to Loanda, reaching it in August 1857.
Up to this time the territory explored by Dr. Welwitsch com-
prised a triangle, of which the base, of about 120 geographical
miles, occupied the coast, whilst the apex was the point already
mentioned at Quisonde, on the right bauk of the Cuanza. During
his period of illness and forced inaction at Loanda, he corresponded
with botanists ; and in June 1858 drew up a valuable record of his
travels, in the form of a Mappa Phyto-geographica, or tabular view
of his botanical collections. This was published at Lisbon, under
the title of " Apontamentos Phyto-geographicos sobre a Flora da
Provincia de Angola na Africa Equinocial," in the ' Annaes do
Conselho Ultramarino ' for December 1858. From this paper we
learn that he had collected and ai^anged 3227 species of plants (to
which 510 were afterwards added) in Angola proper. Under each
family is given the whole number of species collected, followed, in
columns, by the number in each of the three regions (littoral,
montane, and high tableland) into which for scientific purposes he
divided the country. This is followed by lists of the cultivated
plants in each family, and notes on the distribution and most
characteristic species found. Many new species are fii'st mentioned
or described in the appendix which concludes this concise but com-
prehensive treatise.
Successful as had been the scientific results of these travels, they
had been attained only at the price of shattered health, and rest N^as
absolutely necessary. A short trip to the district of Libongo, north
of Loanda, was the only journey made till June 1859, when his
health having been somewhat restored, though still suffering from
fever, Dr. Welwitsch recommenced his explorations in another
direction. His intention was to investigate the littoral region of
Benguela and Mossamedes only ; but his travels, fortunately for
science, extended over a greater extent of country. After a short
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xli
time passed at Benguela, in lat. 12° .30' S., he proceeded by sea to
Mossamedes (Little Fish Bay, lat. 15° S.), where the magnificent
climate speedily recovered him, and he gradually extended his
journeys, first along the coast as far south as Cape Negro, the port of
Pinda, and the Bay of Tigers (lat. 17° S.), and afterwards, as the spring
(October) approached, inland to the elevated plateau called Huilla,
about 80 miles from the coast, which rises to the height of from about
5800 to 6000 feet above the sea-level. A short sketch of the vege-
tation of the coast-region is given in a published letter to Dr. Hooker
(Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. vol. v. p. 182), written after Dr.Welwitsch's
return to Loanda. The remarkable differences between its flora and
that of the coast of Angola proper are very striking even at Benguela,
and at Mossamedes an entirely new littoral vegetation appeared;
here he found " a motley mixture of various floras, with a prevailing
correspondence to those of Senegambia and the Cape of Good Hope.
.... At a distance of a mile from the coast, however, the forms cha-
racteristic of the Cape flora are lost ; the vegetation becomes with
every step richer in purely tropical forms, which are especially deve-
loped on the banks of the Bero, in a variety one would never have
imagined in so apparently dry a coast-region." Further south this
dryness becomes more and more excessive, and the flora poorer and
poorer, chiefly consisting of Eupliorbice. As Cape Negro (lat.
15° 40' S.) is approached, the coast rises to form a perfectly level
plateau of about 3000 or 4000 feet in height, and extending over
six mUes into the country, composed of a calcareous tufa scattered
over with loose sandstone shingle. The vegetation on this arid
waste is scanty enough ; but it was here that Dr. Welwitsch disco-
vered that remarkable plant which has rendered his name familiar
to every botanist, and has formed the subject of Dr. Hooker's well-
known memoir (Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxiv. 1863) — \h.QWelivitscMa
mirabilis, since found in very similar country by Baines andAndersson
in Damara Land, near Walvisch Bay, some 500 miles south of Cape
Negro.
Thg vegetation of the highlands of HuiUa, though bringing to
light no such wonder as the WelwitscMa, produced quite as strong an
impression on the mind of the traveller. He started from Mossamedes
at the beginning of October, and following the banks of the llio
Mayombo, reached Bumbo, on the slopes of the Serra de Chella, and
crossing that chain at a height of about 4200 feet, found himself on
the tableland at the end of the month. In a letter to Dr. Hooker
he says : — " The entire appearance of the landscape, the aspect of
Xlii PROCEEDINGS OF THE
forest and plain, indeed the whole character of the vegetation, was
at once and entirely changed, as though by magic. I fancied myself
in a strange world. Every thing about me would recall the delightful
outlying mountains of Switzerland, did not-niunerous Melastomacece,
Apocynece, Combretacece, &c. remind me of the tropics."
Over 2000 species were collected in the province of Benguela by
Dr. Welwitsch, whose investigations in this attractive country were
put an end to by a native war ; and Dr. Welwitsch recrossed the
Serra de CheUa, and returned to Mossamedes and Loanda, whence,
suifering with fever and dysentery, he embarked for Lisbon with his
immense collections, arriving in the Tagus in January 1861.
His herbarium is undoubtedly the best and most extensive ever
collected in Tropical Africa, whether we look to the intrinsic interest
of the plants themselves, the care and judgment displayed in their
selection and preservation, or the extent of the collection both in
number of species and series of specimens. The botanists who have
had the opportunity of working with Dr. Welwitsch's materials uni-
versally bear witness to their completeness and excellent conservation;
added to which he was in the habit of (in most cases) carefully
describing their essential characters when gathered, so that his
tickets convey an amount of information scarcely ever to be found in
such collections.
After his return to Portugal, he commenced the more critical
examination of his African herbarium ; but, in the absence of collec-
tions, books, and qualified men in Lisbon, little could be done
towards naming and arranging them. It was absolutely necessary
to proceed to one of the great scientific centres, and London was
selected. After a visit to the International Exhibition of 1862,
Dr. "Welwitsch returned to Lisbon, and commenced the removal of
the greater part of his collections, with which, in the next year
(1863), he arrived in London, the Portuguese Government having
arranged that for the superintendence of the work of examining,
naming, and publishing the plants, and to defray the attendant ex-
penses, Dr. Welwitsch should receive a regular grant which he con-
sidered sufficient.
He at once set to his work, and also entered into various arrange-
ments with societies and individuals for engraving plates and pub-
lishing descriptions ; but hardly had two years passed when, to use
his own words in the instructions to his executors, " a false and
calumnious attack was made upon me in the Portuguese House of
Parliament. Some one asserted that I was selling the Angolan col-
LnwBAN SOCIETY OF Loin)ON. xliii
lections and living in splendour on the proceeds; " and " ■without the
slightest inquiry, and in the absence not only of aU proof, but of any
attempt to procure proof, on the mere ipse dixit of a reckless
accuser, I was condemned unheard ; and the first and last intimation
that I received of the matter from them was a curt notice, that did
not reach me till six months after the attack, that my subsidium had
been cut ofi'. . . . I have been left to proceed with my work in London
without the slightest allowance or remuneration, and have had to
pay out of my own means the expenses of my various publications,
to which, on the faith of my promised subsidium, I had committed
myself; and when I have sent to the Portuguese Government copies
of my works, I have never been gratified by the smallest expression
of approval, or with any recognition of my self-sacrifice and
devotion."
It is only proper to put these facts on record, as they afibrd a clue
to much of Dr. "Welwitsch's conduct and character during the last
few years of his life in London. Not that he ever withdrew his hand
from his work. He worked at his collections without intermission
from early morning till late at night, in spite of frequent fevers and
other reminders of his tropical life, and was indefatigable in making
himself acquainted with all that was published in botanical and
entomological science, and naming and arranging his collections in
accordance ; but he felt deeply the unworthy conduct of the Govern-
ment of the country in whose service he had sacrificed the best part
of his life, and he became suspicious and averse to society. With
the exception of a visit to Paris in 1867, in connexion with the
Exhibition there, he lived constantly in London, alone and absorbed
in his work, in spite of ill-health sufiicient to have caused most men
to seek rest and quiet. It was not, however, tUl the summer of
1872 that there was any reason for anxiety. A fire at that time in
the house where he lodged, and the narrow escape of his collections,
which were scorched and blackened by the smoke, produced a severe
nervous shock, and soon after he became seriously ill. It soon be-
came evident that his disease was a fatal one ; nevertheless he con-
tinued to work, and the singular strength of his constitution was
exceedingly striking ; but at last he was obliged to give up, and
after a painful illness of about six weeks, during which he was
cheered by the visits of some of his London botanical friends, he
died on the evening of the 20th October. The funeral at Kensal
Green on the 24th was attended by a number of scientific men and
a representative of Portugal.
xliv PROCEEMJfGS OF THE.
Besides the memoirs and papers already mentioned on African.
Botany, Dr. Welwitsch, since his residence in London, published
several others, the most important of -which is the " Sertum Ango-
lense " in the Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvii. (1869), with twenty-five
plates by Pitch.
There are also two papers in the Journal of the Liunean Society
(Botany), " On a remarkable Species of C?ssits from the south of Ben-
guela," &c. (viii. p. 65), and "Observations on the Origin and Geogra-
phical Distribution of Gixm Copal in Angola " (ix. p. 287), and a paper
on African Lorantliacecn in the ' Gardeners' Chronicle ' for July 1st,
1871. In conjunction with Mr. Currey he published the first part of
'*■ Fungi Angolenses" (Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 279), containing
a number of new species ; and his collections have been the
foundation of several monographs and memoirs by various authors.
Dr. Welwitsch was elected an Associate of the Linnean Society on
the 2nd of December 1858, and a Fellow on the 4th of May 1865.
Robert Wight, the twelfth child in a family of fourteen, was born
at Milton, Duncra HUl, East Lothian, on July 6, 1796, his father
being a Writer to the Signet in Edinburgh. He was educated at
the High School of Edinburgh, received a surgeon's diploma in 1816,
and took his degree in medicine at the University in 1818. After
making several voyages as surgeon to a ship, one of which was to
America, he obtained an appointment in the East-India Company's
medical service, and went out to Madras in 1819. He joined the
42nd N. I., of which his brother James was subsequently colonel,
then stationed in the Northern Division. A few years later, in
1826, Dr. Wight was appointed to succeed Dr. Shutcr as "Naturalist"
at Madras ; and whilst occupying that important position he formed
extensive collections in the difi'erent departments of natural history,
and made a prolonged tour of investigation in the southern produces,
the outline of which is marked in the map of India pubKshed in
Wallich's ' Plantse Asiaticse rariores.'
In 1828 Dr. Wight was appointed garrison-surgeon at Negapatam,
where for two years and a half he was engaged in medical duties ;
but his botanical ardour was not diminished. He diligently explored
the province of Tanjore ; and at Negapatam a large collection of plants
was made. He exemplified great generosity in the formation of his
collections, numerous duplicates being provided when possible, often
at the cost of much trouble and expense to himself, for subsequent
distribution to other botanists. Special acknowledgment of his
LIXNEAX SOCIETY 05 LONDOX. xlv
liberality is made in the * Musee Botanique de Delessert,' p. 142.
This earlier extensive herbarium he afterwards took to the East-Iudia
Company's Museum, Leadenhall Street, and the numerous duplicates
were distributed by himself, in 1832 and 1833, along with Dr.Wal-
lich's collection, to various bodies in Britain and Europe interested in
the promotion of science. The details of this collection, of which a
lithographed catalogue, comprising 2400 species, was issued in 1833,
are enumerated in the ' Prodromus ' of Wight and Arnott, and many
of the specimens are described in that work. It was at Negapatam
that Dr. Wight formed the wish of publishing an illustrated work on
Indian plants, similar to Sowerby's ' English Botany.' Many of the
figures and descriptions made on the spot were published in 1830-32
by Sir W. Hooker in the ' Botanical Miscellany,' vols. ii. and iii., and
in the companion to the ' Botanical Magazine,' under the head of
" Illustrations of Indian Botany, particularly of the Southern Parts
of the Peninsula " ; but the pubKcation in this form ceased on
account of the expense.
Dr. Wight obtained leave to return to England on sick certificate
in 1831, when suffering from the effects of jungle-fever ; but he still
kept up in India his private establishment of plant-collectors and a
draughtsman. During this furlough of three years he lived chiefly in
Edinburgh, and, in conjunction with the late Dr.G. A. Walker- Arnott,
prepared the ' Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae OrientaHs,' con-
taining descriptions of the plants found in the peninsula of British
India, arranged according to the Natural System, a work highly
praised by Drs. Hooker and Thomson in the introduction to their
' Flora Indica.' One volume only was published, the work having
been interrupted by Dr. Wight's return to India in 1834, when he
was appointed to the 33rd regiment N. I, at BaUary, of which he
continued in medical charge for three years.
Early in 1836 Dr. Wight was removed from military duty, and
employed in the Eevenue Department to inquire and report on the
cultivation of cotton, tobacco, senna, and generally of all Indian
products, an appointment involving a large amount of correspondence
with district officers, and also a careful personal observation of many
points not detailed in reports.
The results of the experimental farm at Coimbatore, which Dr.
Wight superintended from 1842 to 1850, are summarized in Royle's
work on the ' Culture and Commerce of Cotton in India.' His
reports and correspondence on this subject are very voluminous, and
his protracted exertions in the experimental farm yielded a store of
xlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE
valuable facts and observations, which have had an important
bearing on the progress of this great industry.
In 1838 the 'Illustrations of Indian Botany' was commenced,
and simultaneously its companion, the ' Icones Plantarum Indise
Orientalis.' The ' Illustrations ' comprise a series of memoirs on the
Natural Orders, full of important information with regard to species,
and valuable notes on their affinities : the work commenced as soon
as the names of 100 subscribers were recorded ; it terminated with
the end of the second volume and 182nd plate, in 1850. In the
' Icones ' the letterpress usually contains only the description of the
species, though in the later volumes occasional general details are
given, especially in those Natural Orders which are not included in
the ' Illustrations.' The plates of the ' Icones ' are uncoloured, and
amount to 2101, a surprising number to have been completed in
fifteen years. The Government of Madras subscribed for fifty copies
of both works, otherwise they could not have been completed.
Dr. Wight remained at Coimbatore till March 1853, when he
finally retired from the public service. On the occasion of his
leaving India there was a great gathering of his friends and admirers
in Madras, and a valedictory address was presented to him by the
committee of the Agri-Horticultural Society.
After his return to England, increasing deafness and failing health
appear to have prevented him from resuming descriptive botany. In
1853 he purchased the estate of Grazeley Lodge, near Reading, where
he entered on agricultural pursuits with great zeal and success. His
farm of 66 acres was much improved by his skilful treatment, and in
1860 he delivered a spirited address to the Farmers' Club at Reading.
In 1861 and 1862 Dr. Wight wrote a series of articles in the
• Gardeners' Chronicle,' on the subject of cotton -farming, explanatory
of the American and East-Indian methods, with suggestions for their
improvement.
To conduct the great works by which Wight's name will ever be
remembered required, in a tropical climate, qualities of no ordinary
stamp. In addition to an extensive knowledge of botany, Wight
possessed extraordinary industry, with great physical power of en-
durance ; difficulties did not easily thwart him, and he laboured
steadily from early morning till late at night with few intermissions.
At one time he had about twenty natives employed in a large room
of his house, colouring the plates for his ' Illustrations ' and mixing
their own colours. Of these, two were specially esteemed by their
kind master — Rungia and Govindoo. The former prepared the
LINIfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
plates for the first three volumes of the * Icones ' ; and of Go^feiae^t, j t*
Dr. Wight writes as follows : — " I have dedicated it (* Govindooia ')
to the artist whose facile pencil produced the drawings for the greater
part of the plates of the last three volumes of this work, and whose
skill in analytical delineation is, I helieve, as yet quite unrivalled
among his countrymen and, but for his imperfect knowledge of per-
spective, rarely excelled by European artists " (' Icones,' vi. 34).
Dr. "Wight was in the habit of recording meteorological phenomena in
the diary which he kept during all his wanderings. He was in con-
stant communication with the leading European botanists, and on
terms of warm friendship with Brown, Royle, Liudley, the Hookers,
Wallich, and others.
Allusion has already been made to his great liberality in collecting
and distributing duplicates for botanical friends ; and good evidence
is afi'orded of his public spirit and ardent love of his favourite science
by his incumng heavy pecuniary risk in the publication of costly
illustrated works, which have been now long out of print.
Dr.Wight was married, in 1838, to a daughter of L. G. Ford, Esq.,
of the Medical Board, Madras, and is survived by his widow, four
sons, and a daughter.
In private life Dr. Wight was a man of great generosity and
cordiality. Throughout his career he was most liberal and kind in
communicating information and rendering assistance to young
students of his favourite science ; he thereby endeared himself to
many as a fast and firm friend.
When failing health precluded him from working, he was always
eager to help any who wished to avail themselves of the use of his
herbarium, and was more anxious for the promotion of botany than
for his own celebrity in connexion with it.
The first serious symptoms of illness appeared in April 1869, and
he passed away without suffering on the 26th of May, 1872, at
Grazeley Lodge, near Reading.
When in the future it falls to the lot of some historian to sketch
the history and progress of Indian Botany, there will be few names
worthy of being placed in the same rank with Robert Wight.
Dr. Wight was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 17th
of January, 1832.
xlviii PROCEEDINGS) OF THE
June 5tli, 1873.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The President nominated George Busk, Esq., J. D. Hooker,
M.D., John Miers, Esq., and W. W. Saunders, Esq., Vice-Presi-
dents for the ensuing year.
Frederick Hovenden, Esq., John Ellor Taylor, Esq., and F.
Buchanan White, M.D., were elected Eellows.
Dr. Prior, F.L.S., exhibited a mallet and ball used at Mont-
pellier in the ancient game of" Jeu de Mail ; " the handle of the
mallet made of Celiis australis (Micocoulier), the head of Quercus
Ilex.
The following paper was read, viz. : —
" On the Lecythidace*," by John Miers, Esq., F.E.S.,V.P.L.S.,
&c.
June 19th, 1873.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
John Kinton Bond, Esq., B.A., John C. Bowring, Esq., Thomas
E. Cheeseman, Esq., and William Saville Kent, Esq., were elected
Fellows.
Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S., exhibited an extensive series of photo-
graphic views, taken in the Botanic Garden, Adelaide, and pre-
sented to the Kew Museum by the South Australian Government.
Mr. Daniel Hanbury, F.L.S., exhibited a plant of Amomum
Melegueta, Eoscoe (" Grains of Paradise ") which had borne fruit
in his garden at Clapham. The fruit diflered considerably, both
in form and colour, from that figured iu Koscoe's ' Scitamineae.'
The President exhibited, on the part of Mr. G. C. Joad, F.L.S.,
plants of Medicago trihuloides, Lam., from Algeria, in which some
of the fruits had been singularly modified by the action of a species
of Smut ( Ustilago).
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlix
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " On the Development of the Gynoeeiuin of, and the Method
of Impregnation in, Primula vulgaris, Huds.," by Prof. P. Martin
Duncan, M.B., F.E.S., &c. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, F.L.S.,
V.P.L.S., &c.
2. " On the Subalpine Vegetation of Kilima Njaro, E. Africa,"
by J. D. Hooker, M.D., C.B., V.P.L.S., &c.
3. " On the JVIariue Algse of Barbadoes," by G-eorge Dickie,
M.D., F.L.S., &c.
4. " Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Curculionidae,
Part. IV.," by P. P. Pascoe, Esq., P.L.S.
The following is the detailed enumeration of the Biological
Papers contained in the Transactions, Proceedings, and Journals
received since the last Report, and of the separate works added to
the Library : —
Mammalia and General Zoology : —
H. Allen. On the appendicular skeleton of Vertebrates. Proc.
Acad. iS'at. Sc. Philadelphia, 1872.
J. Anderson. Notes on Rhinoceros sumatrensis, Guv. — On the
external characters of Macacus brunneus, woodcuts and 1 plate. —
A supposed new Monkey from the Sunderbunds. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1872, and separate copies presented by the author.
C. J. van Beneden. On the milk-teeth of Otana pusilla. Bull.
Acad. Sc. Brussels, Ser, 2, xxxi.
C. Bert. Measurements of a young Gorilla. Mem. Soc. Sc. Phys.
Nat. Bordeaux, vii. 1.
W. T. Blanford. Zoology of the eastern and northern frontiers
of Sikkim. Jouru. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872.
E. Blyth. On the Asiatic species of two-horned Rhinoceros.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x.
E. J. Bonsdorff. Comparison of the Os coracoideum of birds with
the clavicula of Mammalia. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Stockholm,
xxvi.
J. Brandt. A new classification of Balcenoida. BuU. Acad. Imp,
Sc. Petersburg, Ser. 7, xvii.
V. Brooke. On Hydrajjotes inermis, woodcut. — A new Gazelle from
LINN. PROC. — Session 1872-73. g
1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Eastern Africa, 1 plate. — On the Royal Antelope and allied species,
1 plate. — A new Antelope, Nanotragus tragulus, 1 plate. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1872.
G. Burmeister. Comparative description of the skeletons of
Olyptodon and ScJiizopleura, 6 plates. Ann. Mus. Publ. Buenos
Ayres, ii.
H. Burmeister. On my so-called Glohiocephalus G-rayi. — On
Balcenoptera patachonica, and P. intermedia. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, X.
E. Charlier. Observations on animal teratology, 2 plates. Mem.
Soc. E. Sc. Liege, Ser. 2, iii.
J. Chatin. On the myology of HycemoscTius, 3 plates. Ann. Sc.
Nat. Ser. 4, x.
J. W. Clarke. On the visceral anatomy of the Hippopotamus,
woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
J. G. Cooper. Recent additions to the fauna of California. —
Geograjjhieal distribution of the fauna of California. Proc. Acad.
Sc. California, iv.
E. Coues. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon and its
vicinity. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc, Philadelphia, 1871.
W. H. Dale. New Cetacea from the coast of California. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi.
G. E. Dobson. On the osteology of Trimnops persic^is, 1 plate. —
On the osteology of some species of Bats. — Five new species of
Rhinolophine Bats. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872. — On the
Asiatic species of Tapliozous, GeoiFr. — On some species of Cheiroptera
collected by W. Theobald in Burma. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
1872.
D. G. Elliott. On Felis pardinoides, J. E. Gray. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1872.
P. Fischer. Documents relating to the history of Balcena biscay-
ensis. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. ser. 5, xv.
L. J. Fitzinger. The natural family of Dasypoda. Proc. Imp.
Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixiv. — The natural family of Manes. Ibid. Ixv.
W. H. Flower. On recent ziphioid Whales ; with a description of
the skeleton of Berardius Arnouxi, 3 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. viii.
— On the anatomy of Nmidinia hinotata. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
A. H. Garrod. On the placenta of the Hippopotamus. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1872.
T. G. Gentry. On a hybrid Macacus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Se.
Philadelphia, 1872.
UNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
li
P. Gervais, On the cerebral forms in living and fossil Carnivora,
3 plates. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris, vi. — On the anatomy of Balae-
nida. Ibid. vii.
B. Gilpin. On the Mammalia of Nova Scotia. Trans. Nov. Scot.
Instit. Halifax, iii.
J. E. Gray. Catalogue of Cetacea inhabiting or visiting the seas
surrounding the British Islands. Presented by the Author. — A new-
Tapir from Ecuador, 2 plates. — A young Tapir from the Peruvian
Amazons, 1 plate. — Sea-bears of New Zealand and Australia, wood-
cuts.— Description of the younger skull of Eumetopias Stclleri, wood-
cuts.— On Arctocephalus cinereus, and Gypsojphoca. — On Projnthecus,
Indris and other Lemurs, 3 plates and woodcuts. — On Fossa Daubea-
tonii, 1 plate, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. — A new Propithecus
and the Fossane from Madagascar. — On the double-horned Asiatic
Rhinoceros {Ceratorliinus). — On the Guemul. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4,
X. — On Berardius and other ziphioid Whales. — On the Guemul of
Patagonia, two communications. — On the geographical distribution,
migrations, &g. of Whales and Dolphins, — Notes on the Whales and
Dolphins of the New Zealand seas. — On the dentition of Rhinoceros.
On Pigs and their skulls, and on a new species. Ibid. xi.
E. M. H. Holdsworth. A new Cetacean from the West coast of
Ceylon. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
W. H. Hudson. On the habits of the Vizcacha {Lagostomus tri-
diodactylus). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
J. Hutton. On the Bats of the North-western Himalayas. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1872.
J. Hyrtl. On the renal basin in Mammalia and Man, 7 plates.
Trans. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxxi.
— Jobert. Comparative anatomy of the organs of feeling in
divers Mammalia, Birds, Fishes, and Insects, 8 plates. Ann. Sc.
Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xvi.
J. E. H. Kinberg. On arctic Phocacese. — On some bones found
in the neighbourhood of Hastefjord. — Various osteological papers.
Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Sc. Stockholm, xxvi.
J. Kolazy. Contribution to the life-history of the Sea-hog (Cavia
Cobaya, L.). Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii.
J. KoUmann. On the structure of Elephants' teeth, 1 plate.
Trans. R. Bavar. Acad. Sc. Munich, xi.
W. Kowalewsky. Osteology of the Hyopotamidae. Proc. R.
Soc. xxi.
A. Maealister. Myology of the Cheiroptera, 4 plates. Phil. Trans.
lii , PROCEEDINGS OF THE
R. Soc. clxii. — Myology of Sarcophilus ursinus. — Anatomy of the
Derriah (Cynocephalus hamadryas). — Muscular anatomy of the Koala
(Phascolarctos cinereus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. — IS^otes on the
broad-headed Wombat (Phascolomys latifrons), woodcuts. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1872.
A. W. Malm. The Cetacea of the Swedish Museums in 1869,
6 plates. Trans. R. Swed. Acad. Sc. Stockholm, ix.
C. Martins. Comparison of the pelvic and thoracic limbs in Man
and animals (from Diet. Encycl. Sc. Medic). Presented by the
Author.
A. Milne-Edwards. A new Semnopithecus from Cochinehina, 1
plate. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris, vi. — A new Tatou {Scleropleura
Bruneti), 1 plate. Ibid. vii. — The embryology and physiological
affinities of Lemuridae. — The Melanesian variety of Mus decumanus. —
The conformation of the placenta in Tamandua tetradactyla, 1 plate.
Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. ser. 5, xv. — A new Armadillo with incomplete
shield (Scleropleura Bruneti). Ibid. xvi.
A. Milne-Edwards and A. Grandidier. A new insectivorous
Mammifer from Madagascar. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xv.
St. G. Mivart. Man and Ape, 1 plate, woodcuts. Pop. Sci.
Review, xii.
J. Murie. On the form and structure of the Manatee (Manatus
americanus), 10 plates, — On the organization of the Caaing Whales
{Globiocephalus melas, Traill), 9 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. —
On the Indian Wild Dog, woodcuts. — On the Macaques, woodcuts.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
W. C. H. Peters. On a collection of small Mammalia made by
Monteiro in Angola. Proc, Zool. Soc. 1872. — On the species of
the Cheiropterous genus Megaderma. — On the Bats belonging to the
Mormopes group. — On some new Bats. — On Vespertilio calcaratus, a
new genus of Bats. Proc. (Monatsber.) R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1872.
R. A. Philippi. On Felis guina, MoUn. and others, 2 plates.
Wiegm. Archiv, xxxix.
R. Redtel. On the nasal process of Rhinolophus hippocrepis, 1
plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxiii.
A. Rosenberg. On the development of the skeleton of the ex-
tremities in some Vertebrata, characterized by the reduction of their
muscles, 3 plates, Zeitschr. wissensch. Zool, xxiii.
A. Sanson. A hybrid of the Hare and Rabbit, 1 plate. Ann. Sc.
Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xv.
E. M. Scammon. A new species of Balcenoptera. Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, x.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, ^^^^'^'^i^-^P D (
J. ISchobl. The external ear of the Hedgelmg, 1 plate, .^^jkhiv '-^P
mikrosk. Anat. viii. Ij fn^DAT^x
P. L. Sclater, Revised List of the Vertet^te Aniliraftr«i-Aiiir\ \
gardens of the Zoological Society. Presented EKthe Sociel;
Quadrumana found north of Panama, 2 plates.-^n '^uadrumana
collected by Mr. Buckley in Ecuador, 1 plate. — Additions to the
Menagerie of the Zoological Society, several communications, 10
plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. — On Propiihecus bicolor and Rhinoce-
ros lasiotis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. — On Cervus cMlensis and
C. ontisiensis. Ibid. xi.
H. G. Seeley. On the origin of the vertebrate skeleton. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x.
F. Stoliczka. Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872.
E. Swinhoe. Chinese Mammals observed near Ningpo. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1872.
F. H. Troschel. Report on the contributions to the Natural
History of Mammalia for 1871. Wiegm. Archiv. xxxviii.
— ■ Turner. On the occurrence of Ziphius curvirostris in the
Shetland seas, and a comparison of its skuU with that of Mesoplodon
Sowerbyi, 2 plates. Trans. R. Soe. Edinburgh, xxvi.
Zoological Record for 1871, pt. 1 & 2 (1873).
Zoologist, July 1872 to June 1873.
Ornithology : —
J. Anderson. Notes on the raptorial Birds of India : two com-
munications. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
V. Ball. Notes on a collection of Birds made in the Andaman
Islands by G. E. Dobson. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872.
W. T. Blanford. Zoology of the eastern and northern frontiers
of Sikkim. — Birds from Sikkim, 2 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
1872.
W. E. Brooks. Notes on the Ornithology of Cashmir. — A new
Meguloides. — Two undescribed Cashmir Birds. Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, 1872.
H. Buckley. New or rare Birds' Eggs. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
H. Burmeister. Synopsis of Lamollirostres of the Argentine
Republic. ^Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
J. G. Cooper. Recent additions to, and geographical distribution
of, the fauna of California. Proc. Acad. Sc. California, iv.
E. Cones. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon and its
liv rBOCEEDINGS OF THE
vicinity. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1871.— The Yellow-
headed Blackbird, woodcut. — Bullock's Oriole, woodcut. — The Long-
crested Jay, woodcut. Amer. Naturalist, 1871. — Studies of the
Tyrannidse. — Materials for a Monograph of Spheniscidae. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1872.
A. David. Catalogue of Chinese Birds. Nouv. Archiv. Mus*
Paris, vii. — A new Paradoxornis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x.
0. Pinseh. On a collection of Birds from the coast of the Chino-
Japanese seas. — On tlie Birds collected in Australia by Fr. Amelia
Dietrich. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii. — On Ogden's Synopsis
of the genus Chettusia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1872.
A, H. Garrod. On the mechanism of the gizzard in Birds, wood-
cuts.— On the anatomy of the Huia bird, Hetercdoclia GouJdi, wood-
cuts.— On the tongue of Nestor. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
A. H. Garrod and F. Darwin. On an Ostrich lately living in the
gardens of the Zoological Society, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872,
H. H. Godwin-Austen. Third list of Birds of Khasi and Garo
hill-ranges. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872.
J. Gould. Two new Birds. — ^Three new Humming-birds. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x.
W. H, Gregg. Catalogue of the Birds of Chemung County. Proc.
Acad. Sc. Elmira, i.
G. Gulliver. On the oesophagus of the Pied HornbiU (Toccus mela-
noleucus). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
A. Giinther. On a deformed example of Gariama cHstata, Ann.
Nat. Hist. ser. 4, x.
G. Hartlaub. Report on the contributions to the natural history
of Birds during 1871. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxviii.
G. Hartlaub and 0. Finsch. Fourth collection of Birds from the
Pellew and Mackenzie Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
E, W. H. Holdsworth. Catalogue of Birds found in Ceylon,
4 plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
W. H. Hudson. On the Birds of the Rio Negro of Patagonia,
1 plate. — On the habits of the Swallows of the Argentine Republic.
— On the habits of the Churinche {Pyrocejjlialus ruhineus). — On the
Swallows of Buenos Ayres. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
H. Jouan. On the Birds of Lower Cochinchina. Mem. Soc. Sc.
Nat. Cherbourg, xvi.
G. N. Lawrence. New Birds of the families Troglodytidae and
Tyrannida). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1871. — New Birds
from Mexico, Central America, and South America. — Three new
LnrarEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Iv
American Birds. — New Birds of the genera Ictei'us and SynaUaxis.
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, x.
A. J. Lee. On the sense of sight in Birds. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, X.
— Marey. On the flight of Birds and Insects. Ann. Sc. Nat.
Zool. Ser. 5, xv.
E. S. Morse. On the tarsus and carpus of Birds, 2 plates. Ann.
Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, x.
E. Mulsant and J. Verreaux. New Humming-Birds. Ann. Soc.
Linn. Lyons, xviii.
J. Murie. On the skeleton of Todus, 1 plate. — On the cranial
appendages and wattles of the Horned Tragopan, 2 plates. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1872.
A. Newton. On certain species of Falconidae, Tetraonidae, and
Anatidse. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1871.
A. Ogden. Synopsis of the genus Chettusia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.
PhUadelphia, 1871.
W. K. Parker. On the development of the skull in the Crow,
3 plates. Monthl. Microscop. Journ. viii. ; — in the Tit and Sparrow-
hawk, 3 plates ; — in Turdus, 3 plates. Ibid. ix.
A. V. Pelzeln. On a Collection of Birds from the Aru Islands
and the Moluccas. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii.
— Salvadori. Note on Garrulits Lidiliii ; — on Fmujilla citri- ,
nella. Atti (8vo) Acad. Sc. Turin, vii.
H. Saunders. A new green Woodpecker from South Europe. —
Occurrence o£ Faho harbarus and Cypselus ;pallidus in Europe. — On
Anser cdhatics. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
A. V. Schklarewsky. On the cerebellum and canales semicirculares
of Birds. — On the arrangement of the ganglia of the heart in Birds.
Proc. (Nachr.) R. Soc. Sc. Gottingen, 1872.
P. L. Sclater. On Kaup's Cassowary, Casiiarius Kaujol, and
other species of the genus, 1 plate. — Additions to the Menagerie of
the Zoological Society, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
J. E. Semper. Birds of Santa Lucia. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
E. B. Sharpe. Bii'ds of Madagascar, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1872. — New Birds in the national collection. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser.
4, x. — On the Peregrine Falcon from Sardinia. — On the same from
the Magellan Straits. — On a new Turkey- Vulture from the Falk-
land Islands, and a new genus of Old-World Vultures. Ibid. xi.
F. Stoliczka. Birds inhabiting Kachh. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
1872.
■Ivi TROCEE DINGS OF TILE
C. J. Sundevall. The Birds of the islaad of St. Barthelemy from
the coUectious of Dr, von Goes. — The Birds of Porto Eico from the
collections of Herr Hjalmarson. — Synopsis of the genera Dendroeca
and Certhiola. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Sc. Stockholm, xxvi.
B,. Swinhoe. Two new Pheasants and a new Garndcuv from
China. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. — A new Nettaptis (Cotton-Teal)
from the river Yangtse in China. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi.
J. Verreaux, Note on the new Birds collected by A. David in
East Thibet, 1 plate. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris, vi. — On the Birds
collected by A. David in China. Ibid. vii.
Vise. Waldeu. List of the Birds known to inhabit the island of
Celebes ; with an Appendix, 10 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. —
On a new Timatus from eastern India. — Two new Birds from the
Philippine Islands. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x.
J. B. V. Wiekevoort-Crommelin. Notes on some Ducks observed
in HoUand, supposed to be hybrids. Archiv. Neerl. vii.
Ibis. Ser. 3, ii. Nos. 7 & 8, & iii. Nos. 9 & 10.
Ichthyology : —
R. Beavan. Two imperfectly known Cyprinoid Fishes from the
Punjaub, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872,
E. Bleeker. On the genus Moronopsls, Gill. Archiv. Neerl. vii.
— Carbonnier. On the reproduction and development of the
Telescope fish of China (from the Comptes Bendus). Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser, 4, xi,
E, D. Cope. Fishes of the Ambyiacu river. Proc. Acad, Nat. Sc.
Philadelphia, 1871.
E. Coues, Notes on the natural history of Fort Macon and its
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G. B. Crivelli and L, Maggi. The organs of reproduction in Eels.
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F. Day. Monograph of Indian Cyprinidse. — On Fish collected by
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B. Dybowski, On the Fish-fauna of the Amur territory. Trans.
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T. Gill, On the homologies of the shoulder-girdle of the Dip-
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0. Grimm. On the organs of hearing in the Sturgeon. Proc.
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G. Gulliver. On the size of the red corpuscles of the blood of
8almonidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872.
A. Giinther. Nannostomus, a new genus of Characinoid fishes
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Proc. Zool Soc. 1872. — Two new Fishes from Tasmania. — On some
Fishes from the Philippine islands. — New Reptiles and Fishes
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large siluroid from the Upper Amazon. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4,
X. — A Ganoid Fish {Ceratodus) from Queensland, 1 plate, Pop. Sc.
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W. Houghton. On the Silurus and Glanis of the ancient Greeks
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M. N. Joly. On the metamorphosis of osseous Fishes, especially
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J. J. Kaup. On the family Triglidae. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxix.
C. B. Klunzinger. Fish-fauna of South Australia, 1 plate.
Wiegm. Archiv, xxxviii.
J. M'^Coy. A new Australian species of Thyrs'ites. Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, xi.
A. W. Malm. Three fishes new to the Scandinavian fauna.
Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Stockholm, xxvii.
P. E. W. Oberg. Acantholabnis Couchi, Cuv., a fish new to
Scandinavia. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Stockholm, xxvii.
J. (Ellacher. On the development of osseous fishes ; from obser-
vations on the eggs of the Trout, 2 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.
xxii. ; second paper, 4 plates. Ibid, xxiii.
P. Panceri. On certain appendages to the branchiae of Ce-
pJmloptera Giorna. Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Naples, 1867. — On the
abundance of the Lepidopus in the markets of Naples. Ibid.
1868.
W. K. Parker. On the development of the face of the Sturgeon.
Monthl. Microsc. Journ. ix.
W. C. H. Peters. Scomhracottus, a new genus of fishes of the
family of Cataphracti from Vancouver's Island. Proc. (Monatsber.)
R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1872.
F. Poey. Fishes of Cuba of the family Percidse and of the sub-
family Spariui, 3 plates. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, x.
T. W. Putnam. Synopsis of the family Heteropygii. Ann. Rep.
Iviii PR0CEEDIKG3 OF THE
Peabody Acad. Sc. Salem, 1871. — The blind fishes of the Mammoth
Cave, 2 plates. Ibid. 1872.
S. Robin. Eeport on Dnfosse's Memoir on the noises produced
by European Fishes (from the Comptes Eendus). Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, X.
A, Schneider. On the developmental history of Petromyzon (from
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H. S. Thomas. Report on pisciculture in South Canara, 1870.
Presented by the Author.
Eeptiies AifD Baxrachia : —
J. Anderson. On Manouria and Scnpia, two genera of Land-
tortoises, woodcuts. — On some Persian, Himalayan, and other rep-
tiles, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872 ; and separate copies of the
papers presented by the Author. — On Tnonyx giganteus. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x.
P. Bocourt. New Saurians from South America. Nouv. Archiv.
Mus. Paris, vi. — Some new Gerrhonotes from Mexico and Central
America. Ibid. vii.
E. Brandt. On the ductus caroticus of the Alligator lucius sive
mississijoensis. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersburg, xvii.
0. Cartier. Studies on the finer structure of the skin of Eeptiies,
2 plates. Trans. Phys. Med. Soc. "VViirzburg, Ser. 2, iii.
J. J. Cooper. Geographical distribution of the fauna of Cali-
fornia. Proc. Acad. Sc. California, iv.
E. D. Cope. Herpetology of tropical America. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sc. Philadelphia, 1871.
A. Duges. A new Axolotl, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5,
XV.
Th, Einer. Eesearches on the eggs of Eeptiies. Archiv mikrosk.
Anat. viii.
J. Fayrer. The Thanatophidia of India ; a description of the
venomous Snakes of the Indian Peninsula, folio, 31 plates. Pre-
sented by the Author.
J. V. Fischer. Staurotypus marmoratus, a new species, 1 plate.
Wiegm, Archiv, xxxviii.
A. Grandidier. New Eeptiies from Madagascar. Ann. Sc. Nat.,
Zool. Ser. 5, xv.
J. E. Gray. Catalogue of Shield-Eeptiles in the British Museum,
with a Supplement and woodcuts. Presented by the Author. — On
the genus Glielymys and its alHes from Australia, 3 plates, woodcuts.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. Kx
• — A new Land- tortoise from Celebes. — On Act'memys marmorata.
Lord, from British Columbia. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. — On Emys
nigra from Upper California. On the genera Manouria and Scapia.
— On the Mud-tortoises of India.' — On Sj^cdulemys Lasalce, a new
genus of Hydraspidae from Eio Janeiro. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x.
— Additional note on Spatulemys Lasalce. — On the bones of the
sternum of Chelonians, 3 plates.' — Observations on Chelonians. —
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xi.
J. B. Greene. The poisonous snakes of India, 1 plate. Pop. So.
Review, xii.
A. Giinther. Two species of Hydrosaurus from the Philippine
Islands, 2 plates. — On the EeptUes and Amphibians from Borneo,
6 plates. — On two species of Hyla. — On the black Snake of Robber
Island, South Africa. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. — New Reptiles col-
lected by J. Brenchley. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. — Two new Austra-
lian Frogs. — A new Saurian allied to Pseudopus. — A new snake
from Madagascar. — On Ceratoplirys and MegalopTirys. Ibid. xi.
A. Horvuth. On the effect of cold on Frogs and their muscles.
Trans. Phys. Med. Soc. AViirzburg, Ser. 2, iv.
J. Jullien. On the respiration of Psammodromi (from the Comptes
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C. Koch. Forms and metamorphosis of the ecaudate Batrachia
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F. Leydig. On the organs of sense in Snakes, 2 plates. Archiv
mikrosk. Anat. viii.
W. C. H. Peters. On the Batrachians collected by Spix in Brazil.
— On some Amphibia collected by Dr. A. B. Meyer in Gorontalo and
on the Togia islands. — On a collection of Batrachia from Neu
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— New Batrachians and Saurians, 1 plate. — On Ilydrus fasciatus,
Schneider, and other marine Snakes. Proc. (Monatsber.) R. Acad. Sc.
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A. Saunders. On the myology of Liolepis Belli, woodcuts. Proc.
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J. Shortt. The Tuckatoo and Bish Kopra, 1 plate. Presented by
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F. Stoliczka. Notes on Indian Lizards, 2 plates. Journ. Asiat.
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Ix PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
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Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xvi.
E. van Beneden. On the development of Gregarinae (from Journ.
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B. Bergh. On an Aplysia from Greenland. Trans. Zool. Bot.
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P. Bertkau. On the organs of respiration in Araneae, 1 plate,
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G. S. Brady. Non-parasitic marine Copepoda of the North-east
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A. J. Butler. Gonyleptes, list of species, and descriptions of new
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0. P. Cambridge. On British Spiders, 3 plates. Trans. Linn.
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new species of Erigone, 2 plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872. — A new
family and genus and two new species of Thelyphonidae, 1 plate. —
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«
C. Claus. On the male of the genus Limnadia. On the natural
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E. D. Cope. Crustacea and insects from the "Wyandotte cave,
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W. H. Dall. Three new parasitical Crustacea (from Proc. Californ.
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E. Ehlers. On the Sarcoptida, parasites on Birds, 2 plates.
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0. Grimm. On the reproduction and development of Arthropoda.
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LnfNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixi
A. "W. M. vau Hasselt. On the Eresiis ammlatus, Hahn. — On the
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N. and E. Joly. A supposed Crustacean on -which Latreille formed
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Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xvi.
C. L. Koch. Arachniden, 16 vols., 1831 to 1848 ; and the
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R. Kossmann. On the anatomy of parasitic Crustacea, 3 plates.
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B. T. Lowne. Notes on the development of the nervous system
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E. V. Martens. The Cuban Crustacea in the collection of J.
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C. J. Neumann. The Hydrachnida of West Gothland, with de-
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H. A. Nicholson. Animals dredged in Lake Ontario, 1872.
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W. Stimpson. !N^otes on North American Crustacea. Ann. Lye.
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T. H. Streets. Five new Crustacea from Mexico. — Catalogue of
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A. Stuxberg. Contributions to Scandinavian Myriapodology.
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T. Thorell. Remarks on synonyms of European Spiders, Pre-
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C. Vogt. On BrancMpus and Arfemia (from Archiv. Sc. Bibl.
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H. W. Bates. Observations on the longicorn Coleoptera of Tropical
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T. Beling. The metamorphosis of Bhyphus punctatus and R.fenes-
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J. Bold. Hemiptera Heteroptera of Northumberland and Durham
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0. de Bourmeister-Radoszowsky. Supplement to Gerstsecker's
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A, G. Butler. Synonymic list of the species of the old genus
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F. Chapuis. Synopsis of Scolytidae. Mem. Soc. K. Sc. Liege,
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Baron de Chaudoir. Observations on some genera of Scarabidae,
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C. Claus. On sterile bee-eggs. Zeitschx. wiss. Zool. xxiii.
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A. Costa. A new Coccus and some Blattidse, 1 plate. Trans. R.
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A. E. Grote. Four papers on North American Moths. Bull. Soc.
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A. Guenee. Note on divers Lepidoptera of the Geneva Museum,
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H. Landois. On the organs of German Grasshoppers analogous
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J. L. Leconte. On Platypsyllidae, a new family of Coleoptera.
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J. Leidy. On a mite in the ear of an Ox. Proc, Acad. Nat. Sc.
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B. P. Mann, The white Coffee-leaf-miuer in Brasil^ woodcuts.
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S. A. de Marseul. Monograph of Mylabridae, 6 plates. Mem.
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J. T. Moggridge. Harvesting Anis and Trapdoor Spiders, 8vo.
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0. Mohnicke. The Cetonida of the Philippine Islands, 6 plates.
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F, Moore. New Indian Lepidoptera, 3 plates. Proc. Zool. Soc.
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F. Morawitz. Contribution to the Bee-fauna of Germany. Trans,
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V. Motschoulsky. New Coleoptera. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow,
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A. Mueller. On the manner in which the ravages of the larvae of
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E. Mulsant. Monograph of the tribe of GibbicoUa, 14 plates.
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E. Mulsant and A. Godard. New Coccinellida, Coleoptera, &c.
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E. Mulsant and — Lichtenstein. On the metamorphosis of Ves-
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Lixx. PBOc. — Session 1872-7."». /<
Ixvi PBOCEEDIN^GS OF THE
A. S. Packard, jun. Record of American Entomology for 1870.
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Mammoth Cave, woodcuts. Amer. Naturalist, 1871.
P. P. Pascoe. Contributions towards a knowledge of Curculionidae,
4 plates. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xi. — Australian Curculionidee, 1
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F. Plateau. What is the wing of an Insect ? — Physico-chemical
researches on aquatic Articulata. — On the mode of adherence of the
male to the female Dytiscidse during copulation. — On Belgian Myri-
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position of the centre of gravity in Insects. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x.
A. Preudhomme de Borre. Catalogue of a small collection of
larva-sheaths of Bavarian Phryganidse (from Bull. Soc. Entom. Belg.).
Pi-esented by the Author.
L, Qusedvlieg. An anomaly in Hestia. Belia, West, (from Bull.
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E. Reitter. Revision of the European species of Meligethes, 8
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P. M. Reuter. Synopsis of Swedish Berytidas. Proc. R. Swed.
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C. R. Rilej*. On the grape-disease {Phylloxera). Amer. Natu-
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C. Ritsema. On Onnodes Sommeri and Tarsolepis remicauda.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x.
A. Rossler. On some Microlepidoptera found in gardens. Journ.
(Jahrb.) Nat. Hist. Soc. Nassau, Wiesbaden, xxv. & xxvi.
J. van Rossum. On the liquid of the larvae of Cimhex. Archiv.
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G. W. Royston-Pigott. On the spherules which compose the ribs
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M. Rupertsberger. Contributions to the life-history of beetles. —
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■S. H. Seudder. Systematic revision of some of the American
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C. Stal. The hemipterous species of Fabricius determined and
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0. Staudinger. Three new Austrian Lepidoptera. Trans. ZooL-
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E. Suffrian. Gundlach's Cuban Curculionida (continued). Wiegm.
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J". G. Tatem. Notes on new AcareUi, | plate. Monthl. Microsc.
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C. Thomas. Contributions to Orthopterology. Proc. Acad. Nat.
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C. Tschek. On some Cryptoidse, chiefly of the Austrian fauna.
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F. Walker, Catalogue of Hemiptera Homoptera in the British
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H. D. J.Wallengreu. Entomological notes. Proc. R. Swed. Acad.
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P. C. Zeller, On N orth- American Microlepidoptera, 2 plates.
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Annals of the Entomological Society of Belgium, Brussels, xv, —
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MOLLUSCA : —
H, Adams. New shells collected in the Red Sea by R. M<^Andrew,
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Ixviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE
and fourteen new marine or land-shells, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc.
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G. F. Angas. Ten new land and marine shells, 1 plate. — A new
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J. Bland. A new species of Mollusca of the genus Helicma. Ann.
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J. Bland and W. G. Binney. Notes on the genus Pineria. — Lin-
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W. T. Blanford. Monograph of Himalayan and other Indian
ClausiUce. Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872.
J. Brazier. Some new land and marine shells from the Solomon
Islands, "Western Polynesia, and Australia, ^ plate. — Observations on
the habits of certain Volutes. — List of Cyprseidse found on the coast
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H. E. Carlton. Shells of Antioch and vicinity. — Shells of Truckee
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T. A. Conrad. Descriptions of new species of Gli/cimeris from
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J. G. Cooper. Freshwater univalves of the "West Coast. — Shells
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A. Costa. Two genera of Nudibranchiate Mollusca, 1 plate.
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E. Coues. Notes on the Natural-History of Fort Macon and its
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J. C. Cox. New land-shells from Australia and the South-Sea
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R. Gamer. On the formation of British pearls, and their possible
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A. Garritt. New shells from the South-Sea Islands. Proc. Acad.
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E. T. Higgins. New shells discovered by Mr. Buckley in Ecuador,
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J. G. JefiBreys. The Mollusca of Europe compared with those of
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J. Lewis. Shells of Herkimer and adjacent counties. — Shells of
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G. W. Tryon, jun. Catalogue and synonyms of recent species of
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T. Townsend. On the morphology of Carex. Joum. Bot. 1873.
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E. Peligot. On the repartition of potassium and soda in plants.
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A. Perard. Anatomy of Agropyrum ccesium, 1 plate. Bull.
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W. Pfeffer. The influence of the spectrum colours on the pro-
duction of carbonic acid in plants. Bot. Zeit. 1872. — Eesearches
on the proteine grains and the influence of Asparagine in the ger-
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K. Prantl. The most recent researches on stomata, 1 plate.
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E. Prillieux. On the action of light in the blue coloration of
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J. T. C. Eatzeburg. Pathology of, and cause of death in trees. —
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J. Eeinke. On the structure of the tips of roots. Bot. Zeit.
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P. A, Saccardo. On peculiar amyloid corpuscles in the pollen-
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J. Sachs. Text-book (Lehrbuch) of Botany, 3rd edition. Pur-
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F. Schmitz. The morphological structure of Verhuellia, 2 plates.
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P. Scrauen. On the influence of the supply of water on the de-
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H. J. Slack. Curiosities of Yegetable morphology. Pop. Sc.
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E. Strasburger. On the fertilization of Conifers, 3 plates. Pur-
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J. Wiesner. Researches on the colouring matter of some phane-
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C. Winkler. The anatomy of Araucaria brasiliensis, 1 plate.
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E. V. Janczewski. Comparative researches on the development
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H. Mosen. Contributions to the Moss-flora of Sweden (one new
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J. Mueller Arg. New Lichens. Flora, 1872.
J. M. Norman, New Arctic Lichens. Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Sc.
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W. Nylander. Lichens of the Eastern Pyrenees, and other
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E. O'Meara. Eecent researches on Diatomacese. Journ. Bot.
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— Oudemans. List of newly discovered Netherland Fungi, 4
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N. 0. Pedicino. Diatoms living in the warm springs of Ischia,
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J. Peyritsch. On some Fungi of the family Laboulbeineae, 2 plates.
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W. Pfeffer. On the development of the germ in Selaginella, 6
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E. Pfitzer. Eesearches on the structure and development of Ba-
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W. Phillips. On the blue reaction given by Iodine in certain
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L. Pire. New brjological researches. BuU. Soc. Bot. Belgique, x.
H. W. Eeichardt. A new Polystictus from the Fiji islands.
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gams, 1 plate. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xix.
LUTNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IxXXVU
R. Sadebeck. On Asjolenium adulterinum, a plate illustrating the
anatomy of the stipes. Trans, Bot. Soc. Brandenburg, xiii.
W. W. Saunders. ]\Iycological illustrations, part 2. Presented
by the Author.
J. B. Schnitzler. On the so-caUed genus Bkizomorpha. — On the
vitahty of Fungi. Bull. Soc. Yaud. Sc. Nat. Lausanne, Ser. 2, xi.
S. Schnizer v. Muggenburg. Mycologieal observations. Trans.
Zool.-Bot. Soc. Yienna, xxii,
J. de Seynes. On the reproductive bodies of Mucorinae, 1 plate.
Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii. — Physiological experiments on Peni-
ciUnmi glaiicum. Ibid. xix. — On the supposed transformation of
Mucedinae into alcoholic yeast. — On Penicillium hicolor. Ann. Sc.
Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xiv.
S. Sirodot. Anatomical, organogenetical, and physiological studies
of Lemaneacese, 8 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xvi.
H. J. Slack. On the structure of the valves of Eupodiscus Argus
and Isthmia enervis. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. viii.
W. G. Smith. New Hymenomycetous Fungi from stoves, 1 plate.
Journ. Bot. 1873.
E. Strasburger. Some remarks on Lycopodiaceae. Bot. Zeit.
1873.
P. Tomaschek. On the development of Diatomaceae. Bot. Zeit.
1873.
L. R. & C. Tulasne. New notes on Fungi tremeUini and their
allies, 4 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xv.
S. Wells. On the structure of Eupodiscus Argus. Monthl. Microsc.
Journ. ix.
G. Winter. Notes on Niessl's papers on Fungi. Bot. Zeit. 1872.
— Diagnosis of and notes on Rehm's Ascomycetse. Flora, 1872.
Y. R. Wittrock. Synopsis of the CEdogoniaceaj of Sweden, 1 plate.
Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Stockholm, xxvii.
W. Woronin. On the development of Puccinia HeliantJii. Bot.
Zeit. 1872. — On the gonidia of Parmclia pulvendenta. Ann. Sc.
Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xvi.
Paleontology : —
M. Auinger. Tabular enumeration of the tertiary fossil shells of
Moravia. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Brunn, ix.
W. H. Baily. Figures of characteiistic British fossils, part 3.
Presented by the Author.
.AXXTIU PROCEEDINGS OP THE
P. J. Van Beneden. Various papers on Belgian fossil animals.
Bull. Acad. R. Sc. Belg. Brussels, xxxi., xxxii,, xxxiv.
J. P. Brandt. On the extinct Balsenoidea whose remains have
been hitherto found in the Vienna basin. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc.
Vienna, Ixv.
A. Braun. Moralia Marioni, a new tertiary fossil. Bot. Zeit.
1872.
A. Brongniart. On Psaronius hrasiliensis. Bull. Soc. Bot. Prance,
xix. — Report on Grand'Eury's Carboniferous Plora of the depart-
ment of the Loire. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xvi.
H. Burmeister. Synopsis of Glyptodonta. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxviii.
Victe. de Bus. New Mammifers of the Crag of Antwerp, Bull.
Acad. B. Sc. Belg. Brussels, xxxiv.
"W. Carruthers. On NematopJiycus Logani, 2 plates. Monthl.
Microsc. Journ. viii.
J. Ph. Cintzoff. Geology of the Bessarabian district. Trans. New
Euss. Soc. Nat. Odessa, i.
T, A, Conrad. Descriptions and Illustrations of genera of shells,
2 plates. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1872.
E, D. Cope. Numerous palseontological papers in Proc. Amer.
Plul. Soc. Philadelphia, xii., and Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia,
1871, 1872.
P. G. Costa. Monograph of recent and fossil Echinocyami, and
several palaeontological papers. Trans. R. Acad. Sc. Naples, iii.
T. Davidson and "W, King. On the genera Trimerella, Dinobolus,
and Mononierella. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. -1, x.
M. Duncan. On the structure and aflB.nities of Guynia annulata,
1 plate. Phil. Trans. R. Soc, clxii.
Prof. Duns. On Cardiocarjjon. Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh, vii.
E. V. Ettiugshausen. On the leaf-skeleton of Loranthacese, 15
plates, — On the fossil flora of Sagor in Carinthia, 10 plates. Trans.
Imp, Acad, Sc, Vienna, xxxii, — On Castanea vesca and its fossil
trunk-form. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc, Vienna, Ixv.
E. Favre, On a new classification of Ammonites, Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, xi.
P. Eischer. Researches on fossil reptiles of South Africa, 2 plates.
Nouv, Archiv, Mus. Paris, vi,
T. Euchs. On the so called chaotic polymorphism in fossil species
of Melanopsis, 1 plate. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxii,
"W, M, Gabb, On the genus Polorthus. — On a collection of cre-
taceous fossils from Chihahua in Mexico. Proc. Acad, Nat. Sc.
Philadelphia, 1872.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxxix
4-
— Gastaldi. On some fossil remains of Arctomys and Ursus spe-
Iceus. Trans. (Atti) Acad. Sc. Turin, 8vo. vii.
E. W. Giimbel. On the so-called Nullipores (Lithothamnium and
Dacti/lopora) 6 plates. Mem, E.. Bavar. Acad. Sc. Munich, xi.
A. Hancock and T. Atthey. On fossils from the coal-field of
Northumberland and Durham, two papers, 5 plates. Nat. Hist.
Trans. Northumberland and Durham, iv.
J. Hector. Reports of Geological explorations in New Zealand
during 1871-72, 8vo. Presented by the Author.
0. Heer. The fossil flora of Alaska, 10 plates. — The miocene
flora and fauna of Spitzberg, 16 plates. Trans. E,. Swed. Acad, Sc.
Stockholm, viii. — The fossil flora of Bear Island, 15 plates. Ibid. ix.
J. Hopkinson. CaUograptus radicans, a new dendroid Graptolite,
1 plate, Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x.
T. Rupert Jones. Notes on Palaeozoic Entomostraca, n. 10. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xi.
L. G. de Koninck. New researches on the fossil animals of the
coal-field of Belgium, 15 plates. Mem. Acad. R. Sc, Belg. Brussels,
xxxix, and separate copy presented by the Author.
G, Krefl't, Review of Prof, Owen's paper on a Cuvierian principle
in Palgeontology, as tested by evidence of an extinct leonine Marsu-
pial, 2 plates, Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x.
G. Laube. The Echinoids of the upper tertiaries of the Austro-
Hungarian Empire. Trans. Geol. Inst. Vienna, v.
J. Leidy. Numerous palseontological notes and papers in Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1871 and 1872.
G. Lindstrom. On the opercular formation in Silurian Corals.
Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Sc. Stockholm, xxvii.
J. G. 0. Linnarsson, On the Cambrian and Silurian deposits, 2
plates. Trans. R. Swed, Acad, Sc. Stockholm, Ser. 2, viii, — Dia-
gnoses of new Crustacea found in the above deposits. Ibid, ix, — On
some fossils from the sandstone strata of West Gothland, 3 plates.
Proc. R. Swed, Acad. Sc, Stockholm, xxvi.
W. McNab. On the organization of Equisetums and Calamites.
Journ. Bot. 1873.
C. J. Forsyth Major. On fossil monkeys found in Italy. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x.
A. P. Marion. Fossil plants of the Calcaire marneux of Ronzon.
Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xiv.
0. T. Marsh. Hesperornis regalis and four other new cretaceous
Birds. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x. — On a new subclass of fossil
XC PROCEEDINGS OP THE
Birds (from Amer. Journ. Sc. and Arts). Ibid. xi. ; and a separate
copy presented by the Author. — On the skull and limbs of mosasau-
roid reptiles. Presented by the Author. — New Eocky-Mountain
fossils. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Philadelphia, xii.
J. B. Meek. New invertebrate fossils from the Carboniferous
and Devonian rocks of Ohio. — New fossils from Ohio and other
"Western States and Territories. — A new Braehiopod from the lead-
bearing rocks at Mine Lamotte. — New fossils from the Cincinnati
group. Proc. Acad. Nat, Sc. Philadelphia, 1871.
C. Milaehevitch. On the structure of the columella of Lonsdaleia.
1 plate. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, 1872.
A. Milne-Edwards. Eesearches on fossil birds. Ann. Sc. Nat.
Zool. Ser. 5, xvi., and Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x.
H. A. Nicholson. Preliminary report on dredgings in Lake
Ontario. — Migrations of the Graptolites. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4,
X. — On some fossils of the Quebec group. Ibid. xi. — The imper-
fection of the palaeontological record. Journ, Sc. Canadian Instit. xiii.
R. Owen. Fossil Mammals of Australia, parts 5, and 6, 17
plates. Phil. Trans. E. Soc. clxii. — On Dinornis, part 17, 3 plates.
Trans. Zool. Soc. viii.
"W. Pengelly. On the Macliairodiis latidens, found in Kent's
Cavern. Trans. Devonshire Assoc. Adv. Sc. v.
A. E. Eeuss. The fossil corals of the Austro-Hungarian Miocene,
21 plates. Trans. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxxi. — On two new fossil
genera of Eoraminifera. Proc. Imp, Acad. Sc, Yienna, Ixiv.
G. de Saporta. On the vegetation of South-eastern Erance in the
tertiary epoch, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xv.
W. P. Schimper. Traite de Paleontologie Yegetale, vol. ii., 4to.
Presented by the Author.
E. Schmidt. Scientific results of the search for a reported mam-
moth-corpse, map and 5 plates. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersburg,
xviii.
S. H. Scudder. Eossil insects fr-om the Eocky Mountains. Amer.
Naturalist, 1872,
S. Simonowitsch. Some Asteroids from the Ehenish Grauwacke,
4 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ixiv.
E. de Yisiani. A new fossil Palm, 1 plate. Trans, E. Acad. Sc,
Naples, iii.
"W. C. Williamson. On the organization of the fossil plants of
coal measures, 7 plates. Phil. Trans. E. Soc. clxii
Transactions (Abhandlungen) of the Imperial and Eoyal Geological
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XCl
Institute of Vienna, v. pt. 3 ; Verhandlungen, 1871, no. 6, and 1872,
nos. 1-18, Journal (Jahrbuch), xxii., and Index to the first twenty
vols.
Publications of the Palaeontographical Society, vol. xxvi.
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, xxviii. part 3 to xxix.
pt. 2.
Geological Magazine, July 1872 to June 1873.
MiscELLAifEors : —
J. G. Agardh. On the origin of the driftwood of Spitzberg.
Proc. R. Swed. Acad. Sc. Stocldiolm, xxvi.
P. J. Yan Beneden, Pteport on the zoological labours of the Royal
Belgian Academy of Sciences during the last century. Presented by
the Academy
L. Blomefield. Anniversary Adch-ess to the Bath Natural-History
Field Club, 1872. — Address on local Biology to the Bath Field Club,
1873. Presented by the Author.
E. Brown. Remarks on the formation of fjords and canons.
Presented by the Author.
G. E. Bulger. Notes of a tour from Bangalore to Calcutta and
Sikhim. Presented by the Author.
H. Christy and C. Lartet. ReKquise Aquitanicae, part 11. Pre-
sented by the Executors of H. Christy.
E. J. Dalton. Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, -Ito, 37 plates.
Presented by the Government of Bengal.
C. G. V. Ehrenberg. Review of the researches made since 1847
on the rich organic life invisibly borne by the atmosphere, 2 plates,
and supplement, 1 plate. Trans. R. Acad. Sc. BerHn, 1871.
J. L. Laird. The Darwinian theory, translated from the German
of Moritz Wagner. Presented by Mr. Darwin.
E. R. Lankester. On the primitive cell-layers of the embrj'^o, as
the basis of a genealogical classification of animals. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, xi.
E. Liais. Climate, Geology, Fauna, and Geographical Botany of
Brazil, 8vo. Presented by the Imperial Government of Brazil.
Ch. Martins. On the peat-bogs of the Jura (from the Bull. Soc.
Bot. France). — A geodesic station on the summit of the Canigon. —
Lamarck, his life and works (from the Revue des deux Mondes).
Presented by the Author.
E. Morren. Report on the labours in Botan^^ and Vegetable Phy-
siology of the Royal Belgian Academy of Sciences during the last
hundred years. Presented by the Academy.
XCU PROCEEDINGS OF THE IIMTEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
F. V. Mueller. Plants eligible for Yictorian Industrial culture.
Presented by the Author.
A. Murray. On Mimetic Analogy. Journ. E, Hort. Soc. Ser. 2,
iii.
A. Nicholson. Preliminary report on dredgings in Eake Ontario.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x.
R. A. Peacock. How a national Museum of Natural History
might be built and arranged with advantage. Presented by the
Author.
— Pearson. Report on Forest Administration of the several
provinces of India for 1870-71, and for 1871-72 ; of the Bombay
Presidency, including Sind, 1870-71. Presented by the Forest
Administration of India.
E. Perris. Birds and insects, and their mutual relations. Mem.
Soc. R. Sc. Liege, Ser. 2, iii.
E. Regel. Guide to the Botanic Garden, Petersburg. Trans. Bot.
Gard. Petersburg, ii.
Royal Society's Catalogue of Scientific Papers, vol. vi. Presented
by the Society.
L. Schmidt. Scientific results of the search for a reported mam-
moth corpse, map and 5 plates. Trans. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg,
xviii.
A. Schomburgk. Report of the progress of the Botanic Garden
at Adelaide during 1872. — Papers read before the Philosophical
Society of Adelaide. Presented by the Author.
J. C. Schuebeler. The plant- world of Norway, general considera-
tions, with 15 maps. Presented by the Royal University of
Christiania.
R. R. V. Trautvetter. Report on the Botanic Garden, Petersburg,
1871. Trans. Bot. Gard. Petersburg, i. — History of the Garden.
Ibid. ii.
J. A. Yerkriizen. On the dredging excursion to Iceland in 1872.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x.
H. de Yries. Report on the botanical investigations published in
the Netherlands in 1872. Flora, 1873.
J. F. Whiteaves, Notes on a deep-sea dredging expedition iu the
Gulf of St. Lawrence. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, x.
J. Wiesner. Researches on some driftwood of the Arctic Ocean.
Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ixv.
L. Wittmack. Enumeration of Brazilian woods. Bot. Zeit. 1873.
H. Woodward. Life-forms of the past and present, 2 plates.
Pop. Sc. Review, xi.
xcm
INDEX TO THE PKOCEEDINGS.
SESSIOX 1872-73.
Page
Additions to the Library, Ke-
port on xlix
Address of the President, May
24,1873 viii
Agave americana, Floweriug
plants, over 90 years old, Pho-
tograpli of, exhibited by W.
T. T. Dyer, Esq., F.L.S. . . iv
AigOR, British and Australian,
Specimens of, sent for exliibi-
tion, by Mrs. Mcrrifield, of
Brigliton vi
Amomtim 3Ielegi(eta, Eoscoe
(" Grains of Paradise "), Speci-
men in fruit, exhibited by Mr.
Hanbury, from liis garden at
Clapham xlviii
Anniversary Meeting, May 24,
1873, Report on viii
Araucaria BidivilU, Half-ripe
cone of, from the Eoyal gar-
dens, Kew, exhibited by Dr.
Hooker, Y.P.L.S v
Sanlcsia marcescens, Cones of,
with ripe seeds, from the Gar-
den of M. Thuret, F.M.L.S.,
at Antibes, exhibited by D.
Hanbury, Esq., F.R. & L.S. vii
Satarrea pJialloides, Specimen
of, exliibited by W. G. Smith,
Esq., F.L.S iii
Branched Palms, Drawings of,
exhibited by Arthur Grote,
Esq., F.L.S iv
Brisbane Botanic Garden, Pho-
tographs of trees from, ex-
hibited 1
Coffee-tree, Wood of, perforated
by the Coffee-borer {Xylotri-
chus quadrupes), exhibited by
Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S., from
the Kew Museum .... vi
Election of Council and Officers
Fellows deceased, List of . . .
Financial Statement ....
Foreign Member deceased
Fungi, Drawings of, exhibited by
W. G. Smith, Esq., F.L.S. .
Fungus, Gelatinous, probably
new {Laschia, sp. ?), from the
stem of a Cyead, exhibited by
W. G. Smith, Esq., F.L.S. .
" Grains of Paradise." See Amo-
mum.
" Hen - and - Chickens " Daisy,
Wild specimen of, exhibited
by Mr. Alford
Lalia elegans. Monstrosity of,
with nearly regular flower, ex-
hibited by Prof. Dyer . . .
Laschia, ? new species, from the
stem of a Cvcad, exhibited by
W. G. Smith, F.L.S. . . .
Lobelia nreiis, from Kilmiugton
Common, near Axminster, ex-
hibited by T. B. Flower, F.L.S.
M'Leay, Alexander, Presentation
of Letters from
Mallet and Ball used at Mont-
pelher in the game of " Jeu de
Mad," the handle made of
Celtis australis; the head of
Quereus Ilex, exhibited by
Dr. Prior, F.L.S. . . . '.
Medicago tribuloides, Plants of,
M'ith fruits singularly modified
by the action of a species of
Smut ( Ustilago), exhibited by
G. C. Joad, Esq., F.L.S. . .
Obituaet Notices : —
Forster, John, Esq
Jerdon, T. C, Esq
M'Andrew, Eobert, Esq. . .
Sutcliffe, Joshua, Esq. . . .
Page
XXX
XXX
xxxi
XXX
iii
xlviii
xlviii
xxxii
xxxii
xxxiii
XXXV
Page
OBirrABT Notices {continued) • —
Torrev, John. M.D., F.M.L.S. xsxt
Welwitsch. Frederick, M.D. . sxsrii
Wight. Eobert. M.D. . . . jdiv
Papees bead : —
AEis. Thomas, On the skeleton
of the Apterrx .... iii
Baker, J. G., On the recent
STTionTms of B razilian Ferns iv
Bentham, George, On the peri-
ffvnium of Carejc .... y
Berkelev, Eer. M. J.. On the
"Take-an^' and -'Ked Bust"
of South Australia ... ri
Berkeley, Eev. M. J., and
Broome, C. E., Enumera-
tion of the Fungi of Cerlon,
Part 2 vii
Cambridge, Eer. O. P., On
new and rare British Spiders iii
, On new species of Etiro-
pean Spiders rii
Clarke, C. B., Catalogue of the
Composita of Bengal . . ii
, On Sydrotropkus, a
new genus of Hrdrocharidese ii
Dav. Francis, On some new
Fishes of India .... vii
De MeUo, J. C, On a Meni-
spermaoeous plant, called
bvTefloz Cissampelos Tltis ii
Dickie, Gec>rge, 2>ote on the
buds dereloped on leares of
Malaxi-s ii
, On the "Marine Algae of
Barbadoes xlis
Duncan, P. M., On the de-
Telopment of the grnsecium
ol and the method of im-
pregnation in. Primula vul-
garis, Huds. . . . . . x1i\
Dyer, W. T. T., Observations
on a Monstrosity of LaJia
elegant, with a nearly regu-
lar flower T
, On the Morphology of
the perigynium and seta ia
Carex vii
, On Ternsirctmia Kha^y-
ana, Choisy (verbal com-
munication) ir
Gray, Asa, Eevision of genus
Symphoricarpos .... iii
, Xote on Xemacladus,
2sutt IT
Gulick, Eer.J.T., On diversity
of evolution under one set
of external conditions . . ii
Papees eead (continued) : —
Hooker, J. D., On the sub-
alpine vegetation of EiUma
!Njaro, E. Africa ....
Howard, J. E., On the genus
Cinchona
Leighton, W. A., On two new
species of Mi/coporu/n, Flot.
M'Xab, W. E., On the de-
velopment of the flowers of
Jf 'el tcifschia miraiilis,
Hook. f.
, Xote on the development
of the perigynium in Carex
pulicaris
Masters, M. T., Eemarks on
the general principles of
Plant-construction . .
, Xotes on AristolocliiaceaB
Miers. John, On Lecvthidacese
Miieke, Carl, On the " Take-
all " Corn-disease of South
Australia
Pascoe, F. P., Contributions
towards a knowledge of the
CurculionidiB, Part 4 . .
Potts, T. H., yotes on Keropia
crassirosfris, Gmel. .
Eeichenbach, Prof., On Bm--
mese Orchideae from the
Eev. C. P. Parish . . .
Saunders, Edward, Descrip-
tions of Buprestidae collected
in Japan by G^eorge Lewis,
Esq
" Take-aU " Corn-disease, Dis-
cussion on
WeddeU, H. A., On a new
African genus of Podoste-
maceae
Photographic views, taken in the
Botanic Garden, Adelaide, ex-
hibited bv Dr. Hooker,
T.p.L.s. :
Photographs of trees Irom the
Botanic Garden, Brisbane, ex-
hibited by Dr. Hooker . . .
Poiri-settia pulcherrima, in fruit,
Specimens o^ from the Grar-
den of the Eoyal Botanic
Society, exhibited by W Uiam
Sowerby, Esq., F.L.S. . . .
Publications presented, Eeport
on . ...
Pt/rus japoniea, var., Fruit of^-
ripened at Uckfield, exhibited
by F. Currey, Esq., Sec. L. S.
i Salixfragilis, A triandrous form
Page
xlix
xlviii
xlix
xlviii
xUx
Page
of, exhibited bj J. G. Baker,
Esq., F.L.S Ti
Smith, Lady, Letters from,
offering for the acceptance of
the Society 74 letters from
the late Alexander M'Leay to
Sir James Smith i
, Address of Congratulation
to, on the completion of her
100th year xxix
Transactions, Pubhcation of vol.
xsviii. pt. 3 announced . .
Treasurer, Tote of thanks to, on
his retirement from Office
Vice-Presidents, Nomination of .
Xylotrwhus quadrupes, the
Coffee-borer, Specimens of the
larrse and perfect insects ex-
hibited by Dr. Hooker,
V.P.L.S
Page
XXIX
xlvui
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
(SESSION 1873-74.)
November 6th, 1873.
G-EOEGE Bentham, Esq., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
Before the commencement of the regular Proceedings, the Pre-
sident delivered the following Address on the present position of
the Society and its relation to Government : —
Gentlemen,
It is now seventeen years since the Government first recognized
the claims of our Society to encouragement and assistance on the
part of the State, as one which devoted itself to scientific pursuits
unremunerative to its members, but tending, directly or indi-
rectly, to public benefit ; and since then a sense of the justness of
such claims on the part of pure natural science has become gra-
dually more general. We are no longer in the days when a
Peter Pindar could turn the Royal Society and its President into
ridicule as boiling fleas to ascertain whether they turned red like
lobsters. The ' Times,' instead of a short leader dismissing the
British Association Meetings in a similar strain of banter, devotes
daily, during the time of its session, half a dozen columns to the
LINN. PROC. — Session 1873-74. h
11 PBOCEEDINQS OF THE
details of it proceediags. And our own department in natural
science is now admitted to be one of the most important branches
of general science, specially important in its relation to our mate-
rial prosperity. Our food and raiment, the essentials of life, are
derived exclusively from the animal and vegetable kingdoms ; and
biological products contribute largely to many of our luxuries ;
whilst, on the other hand, some of the greatest calamities with
which we are afflicted are due to the rapid development of animal
or vegetable life. Many are the associations, under Government
as well as individual patronage, devoted to the improvement and
increase of useful animals and plants ; and of late attention has
been also devoted to the arrest of the ravages of the noxious ones,
the balance of natural selection being disturbed by the inter-
ference of agriculture and animal education. The due study of
the means of restoring this balance, of turning it more and more
in our favour, of calling in to our aid more and more of the
hitherto neglected available species or of the hitherto latent pro-
perties of those already in use, of checking the progress of blights
and murrains, requires a thorough knowledge of the animals and
plants themselves ; and that thorough know^ledge can only be ob-
tained by the scientific study not only of particular animals and
plants supposed a priori to be useful or noxious, but of all ani-
mals and plants, which it is the special province of our Society
to promote. And in this respect I think it will be generally ad-
mitted that we have not been neglectful of our duty, and that we
have done our part in rendering effective the support we luive of
late years received from Grovernment, as well as from individuals,
and in establishing a sound claim for its increase and continuance.
Besides the aid afforded to scientific researches by our largely
augmented library, the great value of the papers published in the
recent volumes of our Transactions and Journal has been acknow-
ledged abroad as well as at home. It is in our Society, for in-
stance, that the great Darwinian theories were first promulgated ;
and it must be recollected that the five or six hundred copies of
our publications regularly sent out place the researches they ex-
hibit at once at the disposal of the leading followers of the science
in all parts of the world. It is true that these great additions to
our efficiency are not entirely due to Grovernment patronage, but
are the direct results of the reforms introduced by Dr. Hooker in
1855. Those reforms, however, would have lost much of their
efi'ect had we remained confiued to our old quarters in Soho
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". HI
Square, Cramped for space in tliose obscure and diugy rooms, it
required a strong devotion to science to induce an adequate at-
tendance at our meetings ; and, saddled with a heavy rent, we
could neither purchase books for our library nor find room on our
shelves for those presented to us.
In the spring of 1856, however, an opening was made for our
obtaining rooms in Burlington House. I was then on the
Council, and joined heartily in the conviction of the importance
of availing ourselves of the opportunity, notwithstanding the
heavy expense it might entail, which I felt confident we could
cover by a subscription amongst our Fellows. Our President
undertook the preliminary negotiations ; and at the meeting of *
our Council on June 11 a letter was officially communicated to
us addressed by the Secretary of the Treasury to the President
of the E/oyal Society, allowing the temporary location in Bur-
lington House of the Linnean and Chemical Societies, with the
Eoyal Society, upon certain conditions — those which afi'ected us
being that the Royal Society should be put in possession of
the main building of Burlington House on the understanding
that they would, in communication with the Linnean and Che-
mical Societies, assign suitable accommodation therein for those
bodies, and that the Eellows of the three Societies should have
mutual access to their three libraries for purposes of reference.
Our Society, at a Special General Meeting held on the 17th
of the same month, authorized the Council to take the necessary
steps for carrying out the proposal of the Groverument ; and in
the following February (1857) the Eoyal Society assigned to us
the rooms which we have since occupied under the above condi-
tions. A subscription was organized which ultimately amovmted
to nearly £1100, sufficient to defray all expenses of parting with
our old rooms and fitting up the new ones, with a very small sur-
plus which was carried to the general account. In the same
month of February I was associated with our then active and
zealous President and Secretary, and with Mr. "Wilson Saunders,
as a Eemoval Committee ; and on Tuesday, June 2, the Society
was enabled for the first time to meet in their new rooms.
Our position, however, although so great an improvement upon
Soho Square, was not yet quite satisfactory. It was provisional
only, and imder the wing, as it were, of the Eoyal Society, and
liable at any time to be exchanged for a worse or a better one, as
the case might turn out. This uncertainty is now removed. The
12
iv PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Government, rightly understanding the relations which ought to
prevail with the scientific societies judged to be deserving of their
support, obtained from Parliament adequate means for providing
ample accommodation for the six societies here located, without re-
serving any right of interference with or control over their scien-
tific operations. Thus our new quarters have assumed a perma-
nent and independent character ; the rooms have been built and
fitted up expressly for our Society ; and, having followed out all
the arrangements, I feel bound to acknowledge the efi'ective
manner in which the liberal intentions of Grovernment have been
promoted and carried out in detail by the architects, Mr. Barry
and the late Mr. Bankes. "When the plana for the new building
were first being prepared (some six or seven years since), we were
applied to for particulars of the accommodation we should require
for our library and meetings, for the transaction of the business
of the Society, and for the residence of our librarian and porter.
"We were not consulted, it is true, about the general arrangements
in relation to the other Societies ; and we have to regret the ces-
sation of that close juxtaposition and intimate intercourse with
the Eoyal Society which was so agreeable to us ; but in all other
respects our requisitions were fully complied with in the plans
prepared and sent to us for approval ; and the only alteration
since made has been the curtailment of a portion of the basement
premises in favour of the Post Office, which rather inconveniently
limits the stowage-room for our stock of Transactions. With
this sole exception, we have tbe space we asked for ; and the book-
shelves and -such other fittings as have been provided by Grovern-
ment have been worked out in the most satisfactory manner.
Our removal here has necessarily been attended with consider-
able expense, the precise amount of which cannot yet be calcu-
lated, but it will probably exceed £600. The Council have, how-
ever, not thought it necessary to call for any special subscription.
The investments made during the past year have been partially
with a view to the present occasion ; and the gradually increasing
sale of our publications and the general appreciation of the value
of our labours have been so far adding to our receipts that we
closed last session with a much larger balance in hand than usual ;
and we hope to clear ourselves of the liabilities we are incurring
without reducing our invested funds much below £2000. At
the same time we must not conceal from ourselves that we
shall be called upon for a considerable increase in our expendi-
LISNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. V
ture. Our enlarged accommodation, combined with high prices,
will add much to our household expenses. We are threatened
with a repeal of the Act which exempts us from parochial rates.
Nearly the whole of our library having within the last three
weeks passed through my hands, I have become convinced that
it will require a large outlay in binding as well as in filling
up gaps to render it really efiicient. And, above all, we must
bear in mind that the chief means we have of promoting the scien-
tific objects for which we are associated, the only way in which
we can render them available to our numerous Fellows resident in
our colonies is through our publications ; and heavy as have been
of late years our printer's and artists' bills, they will and ought
to become heavier and heavier still. To render fully available the
assistance we have received from Grovernment, we require conti-
nued and increased support from our Fellows and from the scien-
tific public. "We reckon already among our Fellows the great
majority of those who have acquired a name in zoology or botany,
and I earnestly hope that all men of means who take a sincere in-
terest in biological pursuits will think it a pleasure as well as a
duty to contribute, directly or indirectly, to the support of the
Linnean Society of London.
With regard to future arrangements in the new phases of life
into which the Society has entered, the Council has kept in view
three great objects — the endeavour to render our Meetiugs at-
tractive, the extended usefulness of our library, and the steady
maintenance of our publications. On Meeting-nights the library
will be open at 7 o'clock, the Chair will be taken in the Meeting-
room at 8 o'clock, as at present ; and after the Meeting the Fel-
lows will adjourn to tea in the Council-room upstairs, opposite to,
and in direct communication with, the library. The extended shelf-
room in the library has enabled a classification of the books to be
made which will render those most frequently consulted much more
readily accessible than heretofore ; and as evidence that there is no
relaxation in our publishing department, I have to announce that
besides the two Numbers of our Journal, one in Zoology and the
other in Botany, which have been sent out since our last Meeting,
two new Parts of our Transactions are in the course of delivery,
the concluding one of volume xxviii. and the second of Colonel
Grrant's volume xxix. The first part of volume xxx. is in the
printer's hands.
VI PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
It was moved by Dr. Hooker, seconded by Mr. Grwyn Jeffreys,
and carried unanimously that " The Linnean Society beg to
express their thanks to Her Majesty's Grovernment for the en-
couragement offered to their scientific pursuits in providing
accommodation for them in Burlington House, and their sense of
the handsome and effective manner in which the liberal inten-
tions of the Government have been carried out."
The President read from the Chair certain alterations in the
Bye-laws proposed by the Council, which, in accordance with the
Charter, must be read at three consecutive Meetings, and then
balloted by the Fellows.
Thomas A. O'Donnell, M.D., was elected a Fellow.
Professor Thiselton Dyer, P.L.S., exhibited specimens from
the Kew Herbarium of Dipterocarpus Camellatus, Hook, f., from
Labuan, and of a new species, collected by M. L. Pierre in
Cambodia ; also a rhizome of Sydnora angolensis.
The following paper was read, viz. : —
1. " On Sydnora americanay By Dr. J. D. Hooker, V.P.L.S.
In this paper Dr. Hooker reviewed in some points, in conse-
quence of recent more complete opportunities of examination, his
account of the structure of Sydnora americana, as given in his
monograph of Eafflesiacege in De Candolle's * Prodromus,' in which
he had not done full justice to De Bary's previous description. A
very great difficulty is presented, from the point of view of the
theory of evolution, in the occurrence of the two allied species
Mydnora africana and americana, both root-parasites, widely sepa-
rated geographically (the one in South Africa, the other in South
America), but so closely resembling one another in every point of
their structure, that it is impossible to look upon them otherwise
than as very nearly related genetically. The only connexion sug-
gested is through Cytinus, another nearly allied genus of root-
parasites, species of which are natives of South Africa as well
as of both South and North America.
LINNEAlf SOCIETY OF LOIv^DON. VU
November 20th, 1873.
G-EOEGE Bektham, Esq., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
John Berger Spence, Esq., was elected a Eellow.
Professor Thiselton Dyer, F.L.S., exhibited a Grourd of the
Sooly Qua {Luffa cegyptiaca), grown in this country ; also speci-
mens of the wood and bark of Taxodium sempervirens.
Mr. T. B. Flower, F.L.S., exhibited dried specimens of Phalaris
paradoxa, L., gathered by him in July last in cultivated fields
near Swanage, Dorset.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. '* On the Summer Flora of Monte Argentaro, on the borders
of Tuscany." By Henry Grroves, Esq. Communicated by D. Han-
bury, Esq., F.E.S., Treas. L.S.
2. " On the Alg» of Mauritius." By Gr. Dickie, M .D., F.L.S.,
Professor of Botany in the University of Aberdeen.
The total number of species recorded is 155. These include 17
well-known European species, most of which are cosmopolitan,
23 South-African species, 12 Australian, 15 East-Indian, and
14 species found also in the Eed Sea, while 12 are peculiar to the
seas surrounding the island.
3. " On a peculiar Embryo of Delphinium.^' By the Eev. C. A.
Johns, F.L.S.
The peculiarity of the structure consisted in the non-sepa-
ration of the two cotyledons, the plumule forcing itself through a
chink in the undivided cotyledon.
Dr. Masters stated that this peculiarity is well known to occur
occasionally in Eanunculacese, as well as in plants belonging to
some other natural orders.
4. " On the Buds of Malaxisr By G. Dickie, M.D., F.L.S.
This is supplementary to the paper already published in the
Journal of the Society, vol. xiv. p. 1.
5. " Contributions to the Botany of the ' Challenger ' Expedi-
tion," No. 1. By H. N. Moseley, Esq. Communicated by
Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S.
This instalment related to the Algae of St. Thomas and Bermuda.
6. Extract from a Letter from Mr. Boon to Dr. Hooker,
\iii PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
written from St. Kitts, West Indies, giving an account of a lu-
minous fungus observed on the leaves of Spermacoce, vphicli had
since been submitted to the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S., who
considered it to be a species of Didymivm.
December 4th, 1873.
Geobge Bentham, Esq., !F.E..S., President, in the Chair.
J. Home, Esq., Sub-Director of the Botanic G-arden, Mauritius,
was elected a EeUow.
Dr. J. D. Hooker, Pres. E.S., Y.P.L.S., exhibited an authentic
photograph of Bqfflesia Arnoldi, sent by Dr. Scheffer, Curator of
the Botanic Gardens in Buitenzorg, Java.
Dr. Trimen, F.L.S., exhibited a dried specimen oiBumex maxi-
mus, Schreber, gathered by the Hon. J. L. "Warren in the neigh-
bourhood of Lewes, Sussex.
The following paper was read, viz. : —
1. " Eevision of the Genera and Species of Tulipese." By J.
G. Baker, Esq., E.L.S.
In this tribe of Liliacese the author iucludes the caules-
cent capsular genera with distinct perianth-segments and leafy
stems bulbous at the base, viz. Fritillaria, Tulipa, Lilium,
Calochortus, MrytJironium, and Lloydia. After referring to the
literature of the subject and pointing out the great want of a
better systematic arrangement of these important plants both by
the botanist and the horticulturist, Mr. Baker proceeds to describe
the characters of the different organs seriatim. In the structure
of the underground stems there are four leading types: — 1. A
squamose perennial bulb, consisting, when mature, of a large num-
ber of thin flat scales tightly pressed against one another and ar-
ranged spirally round a central axis which is not produced either ver-
tically or horizontally, as exemplified in all the Old- World species
of Lilium. 2. In most of the species oi Fritillaria we have a pair
only of hemispherical scales, half as thick as broad, pressed against
the base of the flower-stem, these scales being the bases of single
leaves which die down before the flower-stem is produced. 3. An
annual laminated tunicated bulb occurs generally in Tulipa, Calo-
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IX
cJiorfus, and Eu-Lloydia. 4, In the section Gageopsis of Lloydia
we have a truncated corm. The leaves are very uniform through-
out the tribe, with the exception of a section oi Lilium {Cardiocri-
num) with long clasping petioles and very large broad leaves with
a deep cordate base and reticulated venation. The perianth-
leaves are all coloured, except in Calochortus, in which the three
outer segments are sepaloid and lengthened into points. The
stamens are always six in number and nearly equal in length,
hypogynous, and the dehiscence of the anther never properly in-
trorse, but lateral, exactly as in ColcJiicum. In the capsule Calo-
chortus differs from the other genera in its septicidal dehiscence.
As regards the connexion between Liliacese and Colchicacese
Mr. Baker is disposed to lay less stress than before on the exist-
ence of any sharp line of demarcation between the orders, all the
characters usually ascribed to the latter order being found in
some of the genera of Liliacese. As to its geographical distribu-
tion, the tribe is spread throughout the north temperate zone ; only
one species, Lloydia serotina, is really boreal and alpine ; the
southern limits are Mexico, the Philippines, South China, the Neil-
gherries, and the southern borders of the Mediterrrnean ; the prin-
cipal concentration of species is in California and Japan ; nearly
all are hardy in this climate. Lilium, with 46, and Fritillaria, with
55 species, have the distribution of the tribe, the latter stopping
eastwards at the Rocky Mountains, while the former reaches the
Atlantic sea- board ; Tulipa, with 48 species, is restricted to the
Old World, reaching from Spain, Britain, and Scandinavia to Japan
and the Himalayas ; Calochortus, with 21 species, is confined to
Mexico and the west side of the Eocky Mountains. Of the 5
species of JErythronium, 1 is confined to the Old "World and 4 to
the New ; the 3 species of Gageopsis are oriental and Siberian ;
while Lloydia serotina is the most widely spread of all Liliacese,
and a unique instance of a petaloid Monocotyledon of the north
temperate zone with almost universal high-mountain and arctic
distribution.
December 18th, 1873.
Geoege Bentham, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Eev. John Robinson Porter and Harry Bolus, Esq., were
elected Fellows.
X PROCEEDINGS OP THE
Dr. Hooker exhibited a magnificent zoophyte from Bermuda,
sent by General Lefroy, probably a species of Antipathes ; also
a six-lobed Seychelles Cocoa-nut (^Lodoicea SeycJiellaruni) and
two tazzas made from the shell of a Seychelles Cocoa-nut sent
from the Seychelles by Mr. Swinburne Ward to the Kew Mu-
seum ; also some small boxes from Mauritius and Madagascar
made from some grass -haulm ; and two walking-sticks from
Bermuda made of the " cedar-wood " of commerce {Juniperus
hermudiana).
Mr. Bowring exhibited an inflorescence of an orchid with a re-
markable smell, probably a BulhopTiyllum.
In accordance with the Charter, the President read for the
second time the alterations in the Bye-laws proposed by the
Council.
The following papers were then read, viz. : —
1. " Contributions to the Botany of the ' Challenger ' Expedi-
tion," No. 2. By H. N. Moseley, Esq. On the Vegetation of
Bermuda and the surrounding sea. Communicated by Dr.
Hooker, V.P.L.S.
About 160 species of flowering plants were gathered on the
island ; but of these, not more than 100 were certainly native.
Those of West-Indian origin were probably brought, as G-risebach
had suggested, by the Gulf-stream or by cyclones, there being no
winds blowing directly from the American coast which would be
likely to carry seeds, which might, however, be conveyed from the
continent by migratory birds. A note by Prof Thiselton Dyer
appended to the paper stated that 162 species sent over by Mr.
Moseley had been determined at the Kew Herbarium, of which 71
belong to the Old World, while 2, an Erytlircsa and a Spirmithes,
were plants hitherto known as confined to localities in the
United States.
A discussion on the origin of the Bermudan flora and the
mode of transport of seeds by winds, currents, and migratory
birds ensued, in which the President, Mr. J. G. Baker, and
Prof. Thiselton Dyer took part.
2. " Changes in the Vegetation of South Africa, caused by the
introduction of the Merino Sheep." By. Dr. Shaw, F.L.S.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XI
The original vegetation of the colony is being in many places
destroyed or rapidly deteriorated by over-stocking and by the ac-
cidental introduction of various weeds. Among the most im-
portant of the latter is the Xanthium spinosum, introduced from
Europe, the achenes of which cling to the wool with such tenacity
that it is almost impossible to detach them, and render it almost
imsaleable. It spreads with such rapidity that in some parts
legislative enactments have been passed for its extirpation ; and
where this is not done, it almost usurps the place of the more
useful vegetation.
The President stated that Xanthium has in the same manner de-
teriorated the pastures in Queensland ; whilst in the south of
Europe, where it is equally abundant, it does not appear to cause
such injurious results. Though generally distributed through
Europe, the plant is probably of Chilian origin.
3. Extract from a letter from Osbert Salvin, Esq., F.E.S., to
Dr. Hooker, dated Guatemala, Oct. 6, 1873.
Mr. Salvin is engaged in collecting plants on the slopes of the
Volcan de Fuego, 5000 feet in elevation, and within an easy ride
of a volcano 13,000 feet above the level of the sea. He hopes to
secure all the plants between the elevations of 3500 and 8500
feet. Many of the species appear to have a vertical range of as
much as from 2000 to 3000 feet.
January 15th, 1874.
Geoege Bentham, Esq., E.E.S., President, in the Chair.
Samuel Jennings, Esq., Calcutta, Dr. George Watt, Calcutta,
Eobert Pitzgerald, Esq., Deputy-Surveyor-General of New South
Wales, and J. E. M. H. Stone, Esq., were elected Fellows.
Dr. Hooker, Pres. E.S., exhibited a very beautiful series of spe-
cimens of fossil Copal, the product of Trachylohium Horneman-
nianum, with a scorpion, spiders, beetles, and other insects im-
bedded in it, some specimens of recent Copal from the same plant.
Xii PEOCEEDrS'GS OF THE
and some fruits of a Momordica, all forwarded from Zanzibar by
Dr. Kirk, F.L.S., for the Kew Museum.
A framed Plate of coloured drawings of edible and poisonous
British Fungi, presented to the Society by Thomas Walker, Esq.,
F.L.S., was exhibited.
Before proceeding to the regular business of the Society,
the President again read, and explained the purport of, the
alterations in the Bye-laws agreed to by the Council, which, in
accordance with the Charter of the Society, had been hung up in
the common meeting-room and read by the President at two suc-
cessive general Meetings of the Society. The following are the
said alterations * : —
Chap. I. Sect. IV. p. 12. Eor "between" substitute "inclu-
ding."
Chap. IV. Sect. V. p. 15. For " the Secretary " substitute " one
of the Secretaries."
Chap. XII. Eepeal Sects. I., II., and III., pp. 21, 22.
Chap. XII. Sect. VII. p. 22, to be Sect. I., and the word " Li-
brarian" to be inserted before " Clerk ; " and at the end of the
Section the following words to be added : " provided that the po-
sition of the present Librarian, elected by the Society, be not
thereby affected."
Chap. XV. Sect. II. p. 24. After the words " shall be entitled
to one copy of such Part " omit the remainder of the Section.
Chap. XVII. Sect. II. p. 25. For " and by the rest of the
* The effect of these alterations is as follows : — (a) to reduce the number of
Meetings at -which the names of Fellows to be elected must be suspended, from
five to three ; (6) to repeal the Bye-law by which no person who shall be chosen
to any office in the Society to which any salary or emolument is annexed shall
be a FeUow of the Society, or, if such person be a Fellow, that he shall cease to
be so upon his election to, or acceptance of, any such office ; (c) to remove the
election of Librarian in future out of the hands of the general body of Fellows,
and to place it in the hands of the Council ; {d) to give to Fellows the right of
receiving all Transactions and other publications of the Society published after
the time of their election, provided all payments due to the Society have been
paid, instead of only after they have paid one yearly contribution ; (e) to amend
the regulation respecting the signing of the Diploma of Foreign Members and
the Deeds under the Common Seal of the Society.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XUl
Members of the Council present," substitute " and countersigned
by one of tbe Secretaries."
W. Carrutbers, Esq., F.E.S., moved, and H. Gr. Seeley, Esq.,
E.L.S., seconded, '' that the proposed alterations in the Bye-laws
&c. be put to the Meeting seriatim;" but the President declined
to put the motion to the Meeting.
After some further discussion the ballot was taken, when the
numbers appeared — for the proposed alterations 41, against 21 ;
and it having been further ascertained that there were not more
than 66 Fellows present at the time, the President declared the
proposed alterations adopted by the Society.
The following papers were then read, viz. : —
1. *' On some Species of Japanese Marine Shells and Pishes
which inhabit also the North Atlantic." By J. &wyn Jeffreys,
Esq., P.E.S.
The mollusca noticed by the author were procured by Captain
St. John in H.M.S. ' Sylvia,' during the years 1871 and 1872, on
the coasts of North Japan. His dredgings varied between 3 and
100 fathoms. After passing in review the works of naturalists
who had described the marine shells of Japan, and especially the
' Mollusca Japonica ' by Dr. Lischke, with reference to those
species which are common to Japan and Europe, Mr. Jeffreys
proposed to record from Captain St. John's dredgings thirty-nine
species, and to give the range of depth for such of them as he had
obtained in the ' Porcupine ' expeditions of 1869 and 1870. He
then offered an explanation of the occurrence of the same species
in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, by suggesting that it was
probably owing to involuntary transport by tides and currents,
and not to voluntary migration. Very little is known about the
direction and force of deep-sea currents ; but high northern
species might be transported on the one side to Japan and on the
other to Europe by a bifurcation of the great Arctic current,
which has been traced as far south as the Straits of Gibraltar in
the course of the ' Porcupine ' expeditions. The entry of
northern species into the Mediterranean may be accounted for
by the former existence of a wide channel or, rather, an open sea
between the lower part of the Bay of Biscay and the Grulf of
XIV PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Lyons, which has been satisfactorily proved on geological grounds
to have been formed since the Tertiary epoch. A list of the
moUusca referred to in the paper was given, with critical re-
marks, as well as a list of twenty-two species of fish which Dr.
Giinther communicated as common to the Japanese Seas and the
North Atlantic or Mediterranean.
After the reading of the paper, Captain St. John was called on
by the President, and stated that he hoped in future cruises to be
able to obtain further results, and to visit the warm as well as the
cold streams.
Dr. Carpenter, F.E.S., made some general remarks on Ocean-
currents, especially with reference to the zones of temperature
in the North and South Atlantic. He stated that it has been
ascertained that water of 40° F. comes nearer to the surface
in the equatorial regions than in the north and south tempe-
rate zones. There are, he believes, zones of all temperatures in
all deep seas, such as that of 33° F. observed by Capt. St. John
between Socotra and the Seychelles. He hoped that Capt.
St. John would in his future expeditions be able to obtain a very
valuable series of observations of deep-sea temperatures.
Dr. Gr, J. Allman, F.R.S., bore testimony to the great import-
ance of the results obtained by Captain St. John, and referred to
a magnificent collection of Hydroids brought home by him, a de-
scription of which Dr. Allman hoped on a future occasion to be
able to lay before the Society. The specimens all belonged to
forms hitherto undescribed ; and he entered into some descrip-
tion of one of the most remarkable of them.
2. " Note on Japanese Brachiopoda." By Thomas Davidson,
Esq., F.E.S, Communicated by J. Qwyu Jefii-eys, Esq., F.E.S.
February 5th, 1874.
Geoeqe Bentham, Esq., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The President was in the act of signing the Minutes of tlie
LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. XV
last Meeting, wlieu a Fellow of the Society rose and proposed to
submit a question, justifying his so doing by reference to Chap.
IX. of the Bye- Laws. The President ruled that this would be
irregular, as the then present Meeting could only proceed with
its ordinary business, which was (as defined by Sect. VI. of
Chap. XIII. of the Bye-Laws) " to read and hear letters, reports,
and other papers on subjects of Natural History." Some further
discussion then arose, and the President, not considering that he
had the support of the Meeting, left the Chair.
February 19th, 1874.
J. GrWTN Jefeeeys, Esq., F.E.S., in the Chair.
H. J. Elwes, Esq., Alex. "Wm. Maxwell Clark-Kennedy, Esq.,
Robert "Warner, Esq., Thomas Eogers, Esq., Alexander Peckover,
Esq., and H. C. Lang, Esq., were elected Fellows,
The Chairman announced, that a Special General Meeting would
be held on Thursday the 5th of March at 8 p.m., " to consider
alterations in the Bye-Laws of the Society."
The following papers were then read : —
1. " Systematic List of the Spiders at present known to inhabit
Great Britain and Ireland." By the Eev. O. P. Cambridge.
Presented by H. T. Staintou, Esq., Sec.L.S.
During the last five years a constant communication and inter-
change of typical examples of spiders has been going on between
Dr. T. ThoreU, of Upsala, Dr. Koch, of Nurnberg, M. Eugene
Simon, of Paris, the writer, and others, with a view to a determi-
nation of the synonymic identity of the species recorded as in-
digenous to Europe, but principally to Sweden, France, Germany,
and England. The results of this investigation have been pub-
lished by Dr. Thorell in a most laborious and exhaustive work
lately completed, ' On the Synonyms of European Spiders.' The
efiect of this work is to give priority to names of many British
spiders described by Mr. Blackwall and the writer other than the
names they bear in the works of those authors. The time there-
XVI PROCEEDINGS OF THE
fore appears to have arrived when a list, complete to the present
time, of the known spiders of Great Britain and Ireland under
the names to which, according to the laws of priority, they appear
to be entitled, seems to be a desideratum. Dr. Thorell, indeed
(Syn. Eur. Spid. p. 471), gives a list of British spiders ; but it is
complete only to the date of Mr. Blackwall's work, ' Spiders of
Grreat Britain and Ireland,' since the publication of which the
number of known indigenous species has increased by nearly one
half. The systematic arrangement of Mr. Blackwall has not been
adopted in this list, appearing, as it did, to be too artificial and
based on insufficient (though in some respects convenient) cha-
racters, and, moreover, never to have found favour with other ara-
neologists. The present arrangement (though it has no preten-
sions to finality) is the result of a long and tolerably careful study
of spiders from many and widely distant regions of the world. It
begins at the opposite end to that where Dr. Thorell and Dr.
Koch begin their systematic arrangements ; but it is, in the
main, not very discordant with that of the former of these
authors, as put forth in his valuable work * On the G-enera of Eu-
ropean Spiders,' a work to which the writer is indebted for many
most valuable hints on the classification of the Araneidea.
2. " Some observations on the Vegetable Productions and Eural
Economy of the Province of Baghdad." By William Henry
Colvill, Surgeon-Major H.M. Indian Eorces, Civil Service, Baghdad.
Communicated by Dr. Hooker.
3. " Note on the Bracts of Crucifers." By M. T. Masters,
Esq., M.D., E.R.S.
The subject was divided by the writer into two branches : — 1. The
absence of bracts in Crucifers. In the majority of cases this is
so complete that even in the earliest stages of development ob-
served by Payer no trace of bracts is seen. Different explanations
of the phenomenon have been given by different morphologists.
A. P. De CandoUe attributes it to congenital suppression of the
parts ; Godron to pressure acting from within outwards, result-
ing from the dense manner in which the young flowers are packed
together ; Norman and Eichler consider that the bracts are abor-
tive, but potentially present, the latter writer combating Godron's
view by the consideration that on the one hand the bracts are
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. XVU
absent where the inflorescence is so loose that no pressure can
be exerted, and, on the other hand, in some cases where the
flowers are densely crowded the bracts nevertheless exist. 2. The
occasional presence of bracts in Cruclfers. About fifty illustra-
tions of this were named. A few species, as Sisymbrium supinum
and Mrsutum, have normally bracts to every flower ; in others
their occurrence is only occasional ; where the raceaie shows a
tendency to branch into a panicle, they may often be found at the
base of the secondary divisions of the inflorescence ; in Arabis
Turrita the lowermost pedicels have bracts at their base, the in-
termediate ones have bracts springing from their outer surface
above their base, while the uppermost have none at all. The
writer then discussed the various theories which have been pro-
posed to account for the variation in the position of the bracts
when present, viz. at the base or on the side of the flower-stalk
above the base. The causes assigned for the latter apparently
anomalous position were stated by different botanists to be the
following : — 1. Partition or subdivision of the axis ; 2. Congenital
union, or lack of separation between the bract and the pedicel ;
3. Upraising of the bud and its bract. Anatomy gives no evi-
dence of partition ; but it does afibrd in some cases the evidence
of fusion, or rather of inseparation, as in some of the Cruci-
ferae examined by Dr. Masters ; while in the case of Sedum,
Solanvm, and Spiraa the peculiar arrangement of the bract
seems to be owing to the third cause above mentioned.
March 5th, 1874.
Special General Meeting.
G-EOEGE Busk, Esq., E.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Chairman stated the question for the discussion of which
the Meeting had been summoned, and then called on Mr. Car-
ruthers, who moved a resolution, " That a Committee be ap-
pointed to consider the Bye-Laws, and to suggest to the Council
such alterations, omissions, and additions as they may think de-
sirable." This resolution was seconded by Mr. "W. S. Dallas,
LTNN. PROC. —Session 1873-74. c
XTUl PEOCEEDniTGS OT THE
F.L.S. Major-G-eueral Stracbey, E.E.S., tliereupon moved, as an
amendment, " That inasmucli as it appears that there are differ-
ences of opinion in the Society as to the legality of the altera-
tions of the Bye-Laws made at the Meeting on the 15th January
last, (1) This Meeting, retaining complete confidence in the Pre-
sident and Council of the Society, requests them to obtain the
opinion of some legal authority whether those alterations are
legally binding on the Society or not. (2) That if the opinion bo
that the said alterations are legally binding, no further steps be
taken in reference to them. (3) That if the opinion be that the
said alterations, or any of them, are not legally binding, the
Council be requested to take the necessary proceedings for setting
aside the vote of the 15th January." This was seconded by Mr.
C. J. Breese, F..L.S. A second amendment was moved by ISIr. J. E.
Harting, F.L.S. , " That, the case having been submitted to counsel,
the opinions thereon be read for the information of the Meet-
ing ;" but this amendment was subsequently withdrawn. After
much discussion. General Strachey's amendment was put by
the Chairman to the Meeting, and was declared to be carried
by a majority of 57 votes agaiast 39. The amendment was
then put as a substantive motion, and carried.
Before the close of the Meeting Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P.,
F.E.S., proposed, and jNIt. Carruthers, F.E.S., seconded, a resolu-
tion expressive of tlie deep sense entertained by the Society of
the eminent services rendered both to the Lkmean Society and to
Science by the President during his long tenure of that Office,
which resolution was carried unanimously by acclamation ; and the
Meeting closed with a Vote of Thanks to the Chairman.
March 19th, 1874.
Dr. Gr. J. Allman, F.E.S., in the Chair.
Alfred AValker, Esq., and Edwyn C. Eeed, Esq., of Santiago,
were elected Fellows.
The foUowiug papers were read, Aiz. : —
LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. XIX
1. " Observations on Bees and "Wasps." By Sir John Lub-
bock, Bart., M.P., F.E.S.
The paper commenced by pointing out, with reference to the
power of communication with one another said to be possessed
by Hymenoptera, that the observations on record scarcely justify
the conclusions which have been drawn from them. In support of
the opinion that ants, bees, and wasps possess a true language, it
is usuaDy stated that if one bee discovers a store of honey, the
others are soon aware of the fact. This, however, does not neces-
sarily imply the possession of any power of describing localities,
or any thing which could correctly be called a language. If the
bees or wasps merely follow their fortunate companions, the
matter is simple enough. If, on the contrary, the others are
sent, the case will be very diiferent. In order to test this, Sir
John kept honey in a given place for some time, in order to satisfy
himself that it would not readily be found by the bees, and then
brought a bee to the honey, marking it so that he could ascertain
whether it brought others or sent them, the latter, of course, im-
plying a much higher order of intelligence and power of commu-
nication. After trying the experiment several times with single
bees and obtaining only negative results, Sir John Lubbock
procured one of Marriott's observatory-hives, which he placed in
his sitting-room. The bees had free access to the open air ; but
there was also a small side or postern door, which could be opened
at pleasure, and which led into the room. This enabled him to
feed and mark any particular bees ; and he recounted a number
of experiments, from which it appeared that comparatively few bees
found their own way through the postern, while of those which
did so the great majority flew to the window, and scarcely any
found the honey for themselves. Those, on the contrary, which
were taken to the honey, passed backwards and forwards between
it and the hive, making on an average, five journeys in the hour.
Sir John had also in a similar manner watched a number of
marked wasps, with very similar results.
These and other observations of the same tendency appear
to show that, even if bees and wasps have the power of inform-
ing one another when they discover a store of good food, at any
rate they do not habitually do so ; and this seemed to him a strong
reason for concluding that they are not in the habit of communi-
cating facts.
c2
XX PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
•
When once wasps liad made themselves thoronglily acquainted
with their way, their movements were most regular. They spent
three minutes supplying themselves with honey, and then flew
straight to the nest, returning after an interval of about ten
minutes, and thus making, like the bees, about five journeys an
hour. During September they began in the morning at about
six o'clock, and later when the mornings began to get cold, and
continued to work without intermission till dusk. They made,
therefore, rather more than fifty journeys in the day.
Sir John had also made some experiments on the behaviour of
bees introduced into strange hives, which seemed to contradict
the ordinary statement that strange bees are always recognized
and attacked.
Another point as to which very different opinions have been
propounded is the use of the antennae. Some entomologists have
regarded them as olfactory organs, some as ears, the weight of
authority being perhaps in favour of the latter opinion. In expe-
rimenting on his wasps and bees, Sir John, to his surprise, could
obtain no evidence that they heard at all. He tried them with a,
shrill pipe, with a whistle, with a violin, with all the soiinds of
which his voice was capable, doing so, moreover, within a few
inches of their head ; but they continued to feed without the
slightest appearance of consciousness.
Lastly, he recounted some observations showing that bees have
the power of distinguishing colours. The relations of insects to
flowers imply that the former can distinguish colour ; but there
had been as yet but few direct observations on the point.
An interesting discussion followed, in which Mr. Eobert
Warner, Major- General Strachey, Mr. A. W. Bennett, Prof.
Newton, Prof. Thiselton Dyer, Mr. D. Hanbury, Mr. Elliot, of
New York, and others took part.
2. " On Oniscigaster WaTceJieldi, a singular insect from New
Zealand, belonging to the Eamily Ephemeridse, with Notes on
its Aquatic Conditions." By E. M'Lachlan, Esq., E.L.S.
The author gives full diagnoses of the new species and genus,
founded on this remarkable insect, forwarded by Mr. C. M. Wake-
field from Christchurch, Canterbury Settlement, New Zealand.
He has also had the opportunity of examining two individuals of
LINNEAN SOCIETY OT LOTSTBON. XXl
the aquatic conditions of the insect. These are of different ages,
and may be termed " larva " and " nymph " respectively, the larger
individual having strongly developed rudimentary wings, and
being evidently nearly mature, while the smaller one possesses
only the thoracic lobes which indicate the position of the wings.
Tliese two states are described in detail.
This remarkable insect would appear to be common at Christ-
church, the cast subimaginal skins being no rarities sticking on
walls, windows, &c. The Eev. A. E. Eaton considers the genus
allied to Siphlurus, and points out that the structure of the aquatic
conditions shows the creature to be of active habits, swimming
freely among water-plants in search of its prey, and not semi-
fbssorial as is the case with some members of the family. The
great lateral expansion of the margins of the abdominal segments
is without a parallel in any known perfect insect of the group.
The author concludes by tracing the relations of Latreille's genus
of Branchiopod Crustacea, Prosopistovia, according to the ob-
servations of N. and E. Joly, two French entomologists (father
and son), who have rediscovered the creature, and who point out
that there is scarcely any doubt as to the genus having been
founded on the aquatic conditions of some species of Ephemeridae.
Some discussion as to the relationships of Oniscigaster took
place, in which the Rev. A. E. Eaton (present as a visitor) and
Sir John Lubbock took part.
April 2ud, 1874-.
J. GvrtN Jbffeeys, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.
J. H. Mangles, Esq., was elected a Eellow.
The following paper was read : —
1. " On the Morphology of the Skulls in the Woodpeckers
(Picidse) and the Wrynecks (Tungidse)." By W. Kitchen Parker,
E.R.S. Communicated by the President.
Tfxn PEOOEEDINGS Or THE
The present paper is one of a series in hand, in which the writer
has endeavoured to work out thoroughly the facial characters of cer-
tain types of birds, in harmony with the view given by Professor
Huxley in his well-known paper " On the Classification of Birds "
(Proc. Zool. Soc. April 11, 1867).
His own mode of research is much more like that followed
by the distinguished author of that paper than that pursued
by ornithologists proper. Without undervaluing their excel-
lent labours, yet there are many things which are seen first and
first understood by the embryologist, and not by the zoologist as
such. Professor Huxley, in the paper just referred to, separated the
forms now under consideration into his group " Coleomorphse,"
aud gives (p. 467) a very valuable summary of their characters.
It was sought in that paper to bring into more or less zoological
contiguity such birds as have a similar structure of the facial and,
especially, of the palatal bones. The group-terms " Schizogna-
thae " (p. 426), " DromseognathEe " (p. 425), &c. are very important,
although some of them are of very wide application.
It was the first thought of the author of this paper that the
Woodpeckers would easily find a place amongst the non-passerine
aerial birds ; but examination of their palatal structures soon dis-
pelled this opinion. They are more allied to the " Passeringe "
than most of the Zygodactyles ; but it is to the embryos of that
type, and not to the adult, that they are related. The " Pas-
serinse " themselves are well termed "^githognathous " (p. 450).
This huge group is in hand at present. Large materials have
been added to the stores of the writer by Osbert Salvin, Esq.,
who also has assisted greatly in the matter of the Picidee. He
is also indebted to Dr. Murie, Mr. D. Bartlett, and Mr. W. J.
Williams.
Most of the non-passerine birds that seem to come nearest to
the Woodpeckers have a very solid palate ; they are " Desmogna-
thous;" others, as the Humming-birds and Goatsuckers {Gapri-
mulgtis'), are " Schizognathous ; " whilst the Swift {Cypselus) is as
perfectly "^Egithognathous " as the Swallows. But the Wood-
peckers retain that non-coalesced condition of the palatal struc-
tures which we see in the Lizards, very unlike that great fusion
of parts towards the mid line which occurs in most of the higher
birds. They have also an unusually arrested condition of the pa-
latal part of the upper jaw-bone (maxillary), which is characteristic
of the Lizard, and unlike the bird-class generally — and bones super-
LDTN-EAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXlll
added to the palate (" vomers," " septomaxillaries," &c.) ; these
are persistently iu paired groups, more in number, and altoge-
ther more e\ndently embryonic and Lacertian than the homolo-
gous parts of other birds. The writer therefore seeks to introduce
a new morphological term for these birds as a group, having rela-
tion to their face, namely the term " Saurognathae ; " for none
of Professor Huxley's terms is appropriate for this type of
palate.
The writer has been able to work out these parts in the nestlings
of Yunx torquilla, in four stages of Gecinus viridis, in the young of
Picus minor, and in the adult of P. major, JP. analis, Hemilopkus
Julvus, and I*icumnus minutits.
April 16th, 1874.
H. Teimen, Esq., M.B., iu the Chair.
G. E. Dobson, Esq., Staff-Surgeon, Netley, was elected a
Fellow.
The Chairman proposed Dr. Allman. Dr. Trimen, Mr. James
Ince, and Mr. H. T. Mennell as Members of the Committee for
auditing the Treasurer's account.
A letter was read from Professor Parlatore, of Florence, in-
viting the Society to send representatives to the International
Horticultural and Botanical Congress to be held in that city
in May. On the motion of Mr. A. Murray, seconded by Pro-
fessor Thiselton Dyer, Dr. Masters, Mr. George Maw, and Mr.
Hiern were accredited by the Society to the Congress.
A note was read from Professor Oliver on a fruit collected
on the return route from Coomassie by Lieutenant De Hoghton,
and forwarded by Major Bulger, which proved to belong to Du-
boscia, a remarkable genus of Tiliacese, only known to us pre-
viously from specimens collected on the river Muni by Mr. Gustav
Mann in 1862, and described by Bocquillon in 'Adansonia,'
vii. 50.
xxiv PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Mr. A. Murray exhibited some remarkable specimens of sili-
cified wood from N.W. America, one of which had a peculiar
charred appearance.
Professor Thiselton Dyer remarked that Mr. Murray's speci-
mens were extremely similar to the sHicified wood of Lough
Neagh ( Cwpressoxylon FritcTiardi). The specimens with a deeply
discoloured interior, he thought, had not necessarily undergone
any thing like charring from fire, but had probably been parti-
ally converted into lignite by slow decay before silicification.
The Lough Neagh wood was attributed to the Miocene ; but the
fragments were found imbedded, like Mr. Murray's specimens, in
a clay, and this was of late Tertiary age.
Professor Busk compared the substance to jet, and described a
bed of lignite in the north of France in which a similar phenome-
non was presented, the interior part of the wood being converted
into charcoal, while the exterior part retained its original condition.
Mr. J. Gr. Baker exhibited specimens from the Kew Herbarium
of Clieilantlies farinosa and Dalhousiw. The fern described by
Sir "William Hooker as C. DalJiousice was gathered in the Hima-
layas by Lady Dalhousie, and precisely resembles the well-known
G. farinosa in every respect except the absence of the waxy cover-
ing on the back of the frond. Specimens have since been found
intermediate in character ; and Mr. Baker now exhibited some
from New Granada agreeing precisely with the Himalayan form,
■which confirm the view that G. Dalhousice can no longer be main-
tained as a distinct species.
Professor Thiselton Dyer exhibited, from the Kew Museum, a
fine series of the fruits of various species of Dipterocarpus and also
of Dryohalanops aromatica, Gsertn. fil., together with an unfolded
embryo of the latter plant. The remarkable wings possessed
by the fruits of the Dipterocarpeae seemed to be adapted to the
occasional transport of the fruits by strong gusts of wind. It
was, however, stated by Indian observers that the seeds very
rapidly lost their capacity for germination.
Dr. Cleghorn agreed that this was the case, and that in India
the Sal {Shorea rohustd) could not be distributed to places at any
distance from the forests by means of its seeds. The reason
appeared to be that germination generally commenced before the
fruits fell from the trees.
LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXV
Mr. Bull stated that he liad grown Shorea in this country from
seeds sent to him covered with wax.
The following papers were then read, viz. : —
1. " Contributions to the Botany of H.M.S. ' Challenger ' Ex-
pedition." Communicated by Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S. Nos. III.
toXIY.
No. III. " Notes on Freshwater Algae collected in the Boiling
Springs at Euruas, St. Michael's, Azores, and their neighbour-
hood." By H. N. Moseley, Esq.
In the valley of Fvu'nas are two distinct sets of hot springs — one
at the village, and the other at a distance of two or three miles, on
the shore of the lake. lu the priucipal one of the springs at the
latter locality ebullition is constantly going on, and no Algge were
found in it. At a short distance is another spring of sulphurous
intensely hot, but not boiling, water ; and the water is here co-
vered to the depth of almost 1| inch by a shining substance com-
posed entirely of OscillatoricB mixed with a Botryococcus and a few
skeletons of Diatomacese, including a species of Navicula. Close
by these sulphurous springs are shallow pools of hot water edged
round with a Botryococcus. At the other set is a sulphurous spring
of boiling-hot muddy water. Immediately below is a swamp of
hot mud, also full oi Botryococcus unmixed with Oseillatorice. The
exact temperature of the hot springs was not taken. The Algse
appear to resemble those described by Eabenhorst as growing in
warm springs iu Europe. In a warm stream of about 95° E. a
Conferva was found growing amongst the fibres of a moss.
The neighbouring lake of Eurnas contains several patches
from which sulphurous gas is discharged, and is rich in various
Algse, such as Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Hydrodictyon, &c.
No. IV. " Note on the foregoing communication." By Pro-
fessor Thiselton Dyer, E.L.S.
The Diatoms sent home by IVIr. Moseley were submitted to the
Eev. E. O'Meara, who found them to belong to species of tl'e
most frequent occurrence in fresh water, apparently in no way
affected by the high temperature of the water.
XXYl PEOCEEDINOS OF THE
No. V. " Notes on some Collections made by Mr. Moseley at
Furnas." By "W. Archer, Esq.
The Algse are mostly common species, several of them British,
belonging to the genera Botryococcus, Spirogyra, Mesocarpus, Buh
hoclicete, (Edogonium, &c. A portion of a rush was also found,
apparently differing in no way from Juncus acutiflorus \ also re-
mains of Entomostraca and Ehizopoda.
No. VI. "Notes on Plants collected at St. Vincent, Cape-
Verdes." By H. N. Moseley, Esq.
As complete a collection as possible was made of the plants,
every day being spent in searching for specimens ; also a few
from St. lago.
No. VII. " Enumeration of Algse collected by Mr. Moseley
at the Cape-Verdes." By G. Dickie, M.D., F.L.S.
Three new species were described.
No. VIII. " Enumeration of the Fungi collected during the
Expedition of H.M.S, ' Challenger,' February to May 1873." By
the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S.
No. IX. " Notes on Plants collected at St. Paul's Eock." By
H. N. Moseley, Esq.
Darwin and Hooker have described the absolute barrenness of
this island. Very few seaweeds were found living in the constant
heavy surf. Where the water was comparatively smooth, a few green
AJgse were found, and a green Chlorococcum on the concretions of
guano. This was the only aerial plant found on the island, and
it was accompanied by the pupa of the pupiparous fly described
by Darwin. In the stagnant water are a few OscillatoricB and
Diatoms.
No. X. " Enumeration of the Algae collected by Mr. Moseley at
St. Paul's Eock." By Or. Dickie, M.D., F.L.S.
About eighteen species are described, including six possibly new
ones.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, XXVll
No. XI. " Notes on Plants collected at Eernando Noronha."
By H. N. Moseley, Esq.
The only published description of plants from this island is by
"Webster in his narrative of Foster's voyage in the ' Chanticleer.'
Darwin mentions only two.
No. XII. "Enumeration of Algae collected by Mr Moseley
at Eernando Noronha." By G. Dickie, M.D., F.L.S.
Eive or six new species are described. Excluding three or four
species, mostly cosmopolites, and the smaller species from rock-
pools, the Algse are most nearly related to those of the Mexican
Gulf.
No. XIII. " Enumeration of Algse collected by Mr. Moseley
in 30-fathoms water at Barra Grande, Pernambuco," By G.
Dickie, M.D., F.L.S.
No. XIV. " Enumeration of Algse collected by Mr. Moseley in
Bahia." By G. Dickie, M.D., F.L.S.
May 7th, 1874.
Geoege Busk, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
Isaac Vaughan, Esq., F.Z.S., was elected a FeUow.
Professor Thiselton Dyer exhibited a fruit of Telfairia oceiden-
talis, Hook. f. Dr. W. C. Thomson wrote in a note accompany-
ing the specimen, " The seeds ai'e used parched by the natives of
Calabar, and the young leaves and shoots much prized as a green
vegetable. The native name is Ubong ; and from the fruit of the
Aristolochia Goldieana, Hook, f., having some resemblance to it,
that plant is called Ubong-edop, signifying the antelope's or the
wild Ubong." With reference to the fruit of the Aristolochia,
hitherto undescribed. Dr. Thomson writes as follows : — " I have
XXVIU PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
seen it, but only so far back as 1859 1 cannot trust myself to
say more than that the fruit was of a red-brown colour, 5 or 6 inches
long, and six-celled, with six well-marked ridges, giving it tlie
resemblance traced to the Telfairia. I fenced in the plant to get
the fruit matured ; but finding one day half of it eaten away, I
secured and bottled the remaining half. In the other two W.-
African species, A. triactina and A. Mannii, the fruit is ribbed."
Mr, J. E. Jackson exhibited a piece of the wood of the copal-
tree {Trachylohium Hornemannianum) from Zanzibar riddled
by white ants. After ^having been some time in tbe Kew Mu-
seum, the living creatures were found in the copal and sent to Mr.
r. Smith, who determined them to belong to a species of Termes
or white ant, Eutermes lateralis, Walk. Great' interest in tbe
specimen presented was expressed by entomologists present, who
had never seen a white ant alive, Mr. E. M'Lachlan remai-king tbat
a species introduced in this way to the Botanic Grardens at Yienna
had become a great pest in the hothouses.
The following papers were then read, viz. : —
1. " On the Discovery of Phylica arborea, a tree of Tristan
d'Acunha, in Amsterdam Island, in the South-Indian Ocean ; with
an enumeration of the Phanerogams and Vascular Cryptogams
of that Island and of St. Paul's." By Dr. J. D. Hooker,
V.P.L.S.
Labillardiere stated in 1791 that the islet of Amsterdam (gene-
rally confounded with that of St. Paul), lat. 37° 52' S., long. 77" 35'
E., in the Indian Ocean, was covered with trees, while that of St.
Paul, only fifty miles south of it, is destitute of even a shrub.
The nature of this arborescent vegetation was unknown until
H.M.S. ' Pearl ' touched at the island in the summer of 1873,
when Commodore Goodenough brought off" a specimen of what
he states to be the only tree growing in the island, together
with a fern in an imperfect state. The former proves to be the
I^hylica arborea of Tristan d'Acunha, and the fern a frond of a
Lomaria. Amsterdam Island and Tristan d'Acunha are separated
by about 5000 miles of ocean, and are nearly in the same latitude ;
and Dr. Hooker discusses the various hypotheses which suggest
themselves to account for the extraordinary fact of the occurrence
LI^JTEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXIX
of the same species in such widely separated localities, viz. winds,
birds, oceanic currents, and a former continuous land-connexion,
all of which present great diflBculties, B-eichardt gives, in the
' Verhandl. der k. k. Gesellsch. der Wissen.' of Vienna for 1873,
a list of eleven plants collected on St. Paul's Island ; one of these
appears to be Spartma arundinacea, a plant also only known else-
where as a native of Tristan d'Acunha. Near the hot springs
on St. Paul's Island Lycopodium cernuum is found, an interesting
example of the occurrence of a tropical species under special con-
ditions beyond its normal range, a phenomenon of which other
instances also occur.
Mr. A. W. Bennett suggested a fourth possible explanation of
the occurrence of the Phylica in two such remote localities, viz.
its accidental or intentional transport by human agency — an hypo-
thesis which he thought was strengthened by the similar occur-
rence of a second species, Spartina arundinacea, and by the fact
that of the eleven species recorded by Eeichardt as growing on
St. Paul's Island, he considered that nine had been introduced.
2. "Additions to the Lichen-Flora of New Zealand." By
Dr. J. Stirton. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, Y.P.L.S.
The lichens here described were collected by John Buchanan,
Esq., of the Colonial Museum, Wellington, N.Z., and include
a large number of species now described for the first time. The
lichen-flora of New Zealand is an unusually rich one ; but while
the phanerogamic flora of the islands diverges widely from that of
countries in a corresponding European latitude, their cryptogamic
flora shows closer affinities, and this is especially the case with
regard to the lichens. In the Angiocarpous section there is a
singular discrepancy in the colour of the spores of several species
from New Zealand from that of lichens which in other respects
must be identified with them from other parts of the world.
3. " Enumeratio Muscorum Capitis Bonse Spei." By J. Shaw,
M.D., E.L.S.
The general results arrived at in this paper are summed up
as follows : — 1. The great majority of the Cape mosses are of
northern-hemisphere types, a few being cosmopolites. 2. Some
Australian and New-Zealand forms are represented — a much
larger proportion than is the case with flowering plants. 3.
XXX PBOCEEDINGS OP THE
Many forms are strictly localized to particular soils and con-
ditions of climate. 4. The Moss-flora of the Cape is charac-
terized by an almost total absence of alpine forms.
4. " Contributions to the Botany of the ' Challenger ' Expedi-
tion." Communicated by Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S.
No. XV. " Notes on Plants collected in the Islands of the
Tristan d'Acunha Grroup." By H. N. Moseley, Esq.
The only published accounts of the flora of Tristan d'Acunha
are by Da Petit Thouars in his ' Melanges,' and by Captain Car-
michael in the ' Transactions of the Linnean Society,' vol. xii.
The area of the island is sixteen, and not two, geographical square
miles, as stated in Grrisebach's ' Vegetation der Erde.' The
fruit of Phylica arborea is described as being eaten by birds. In-
accessible Island, four square miles in extent and twenty-three
miles from Tristan d'Acunha, was also visited, probably for the
first time by any European naturalist.
No. XVI. "List of Algffi collected by Mr. H. N. Moseley at
Tristan d'Acunha." By G. Dickie, M.D., E.L.S.
Two new species are described.
5. " On a new Australian Sphaeromoid {Cyclura venosd); and
Notes on Dynamene rubra andZ). viridis.''^ By the Rev. T. R. R.
Stebbing. Communicated by "W. "W. Saunders, Esq., V.P.L.S.
This form belongs apparently to a new genus. It was found in
Sidney Harbour, under stones at the lowest ebb-tides.
6. " Descriptions of five new Species of Gonyleptes.'" By A.
a. Butler, Esq., E.L.S.
These are additional to the monograph of the genus already
published by the writer.
7. " Observations on the IPruit of NitopJiyllum versicolor.'^ By
Mrs. Merrifield. Communicated by E. Currey, Esq., Sec. L.S.
The paper contains a description of the coccidia of this species,
hitherto unknown, although the plant was described in 1800.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. XXXI
8. "On Rieracium silhetense, DC." By C. B. Clarke, Esq.,
F.L.S.
The writer disagrees with Mr. Beutham's identification of this
species with Ainslicea angustifolia, Hook. f. et Thorns.
9. "Notes on Indian Gentianaceae." By C. B. Clarke, Esq ,
F.L.S.
The paper contains a list of Indian Grentianacese, with remarks
on those species, especially the Bengal ones, of which the writer
has sufficient materials to justify any. The sources are his own
herbarium, that of Mr. Kurz, and the collection belonging to the
Calcutta Botanic Grardens.
10. " On some Atlantic Crustacea from the ' Challenger ' Expedi-
tion." By E. V. "Willemoes-Suhm. Communicated by Professor
WyviUe Thomson, F.E.S.
Among the many deep-sea crustaceans which have been brought
up either by the dredge or the trawl during the ' Challenger's '
cruise in the Atlantic, the most interesting are described in the
present paper — in addition to descriptions of both sexes of the
interesting Nebalia from the shallow water of Bermuda, some re-
marks on the male and the structure oi Cystosoma {Thaumops),
and some additions to our knowledge of the natural history
and development of a land-crab from the Cape-Yerdes Islands.
More detailed descriptions of these forms are given than in the
papers already printed elsewhere, as well as an attempt to settle
their systematic position. The paper is divided into seven parts,
as follows: — (1) on a blind deep-sea Tanaid; (2) on Cystosoma
Neptuni {Thaumops pellucida) ; (3) on a Nehalia from Bermudas ;
(4) on some genera of Schizopoda with a free dorsal shield ;
(5) on the development of a land-crab ; (6) on a blind deep-sea
Astacus; (7) on Willemoesia (Grrote), a deep-sea Decapod allied
to Oryon.
PBOCEEDINGS OF THE
Anniversary Meeting, May 25th, 1874.
G-EOEGE Busk, Esq., Vice-President, in tlie Chair.
After the usual preliminary business the Treasurer read the
financial statement, the receipts and payments for the year being
as under (see p. xlii).
The Secretary stated that the death of twelve Fellows of
the Society (viz. : — Philip Barnes, Esq. ; Frederic Bird, M.D.
Eobert Cole, Esq. ; Henry Deane, Esq. ; J. T. Dickson, Esq., M.B.
James Fischer, Esq. ; Rev. Dr. Grarnier, Dean of Winchester
Albany Hancock, Esq. ; T. N. E. Morson, Esq. ; J. L. Stewart,
M.D. ; Thomas Turner, Esq. ; Francis C.Webb, M.D.) and of three
Foreign Members (viz. : — Prof. Louis'Agassiz, F.M.E.S. ; Greorge
Eittervon Frauenfeld; Carl Friedrich Meissner, M.D.) had been
ascertained to have taken place during the year, that four Fellows
(viz. : — A. Adams, Esq. ; Eev. A. E. Cole ; H. Hailey, Esq. ;
and J. Shaw, M.D.) had withdrawn and twenty-seven had been
elected during the past year.
The Chairman announced, on the report of the scrutineers
appointed for the purpose, that the following gentlemen were
elected Officers of the Society for the coming year, viz. : — Presi-
dent, Gr. J. Allman, M.D. ; Treasurer, Daniel Hanbury, Esq. ;
Secretaries, Frederick Currey, Esq., and St. George J. Mivart,
Esq. ; that Eobert Braithwaite, M.D., J. D. Hooker, C.B.,
M.D., J. G. Jefireys, LL.D., Daniel Oliver, Esq., and W. W.
Saunders, Esq., were removed from the Council, and the following
five gentlemen elected in their place, viz. : — Major-General
Strachey; W. T. T. Dyer, Esq.; J. E. Harting, Esq.; W. P.
Hiern, Esq. ; J. J. Weir, Esq.
It was resolved unanimously : — " That the Secretaries be re-
quested to convey to Mr. Bentham the cordial thanks of the
Society for his invaluable services throughout the thirteen years
LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXlll
during which he has occupied the President's Chair, to express to
him the regret with which the Fellows contemplate the loss of his
services, and to assure him that the zealous interest which he has
taken in the welfare of the Society and the great efforts which he
has made, with so much liberality and success, to increase its
prosperity and usefulness, will always be held in grateful remem-
brance.
It was also unanimously resolved : — " That the thanks of the
Society be given to Mr. Stainton on his retirement from the
office of Secretary, with an expression of the Society's deep
regret on losing his valuable services in that capacity."
The Senior Secretary laid before the Society the Obituary
Notices, printed at p. xliii.
June 4th, 1874.
G. J. Allman, M.D., President, in the Chair.
The President nominated Gr. Bentham, Esq., Gr. Busk, Esq.,
J. Miers, Esq., and D. Hanbury, Esq., Vice-Presidents of the
Society for the year ensuing.
The President exhibited a number of living specimens of fire-
fly {Luciola ifalica) recently taken by himself in the neighbour-
hood of Turin, calling attention to the remarkable synchronous
emission of flashes of light by numerous individuals, and pointing
out that the phosphorescence is a phenomenon not of darkness
merely, but of twilight or night.
Dr. "W. Gr. Earlow exhibited and described microscopical pre-
parations made in the botanical laboratory of the University of
Strasburg, illustrating a remarkable asexual development from
the prothallus of PteHs cretica. In the centre of the cushion
or thickest part of the prothallus were a number of scalariform
ducts, the prothallus bearing a number of antheridia, but no
archegonia. From these ducts a leaf is developed directly, after
which a root is also developed, and last of all a stem-bud. A
comparison was drawn between this growth, which was observed
in this species only, and the b\ids ordinarily produced from the
LTNN. PEOC. — Session 1873-74. d
XXXIV PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
protonema of a moss. Normally the prothallus of a fern is en-
tirely destitute of vascular tissue of any kind.
Professor Thiselton Dyer described tte structure of the flowers
of Pringlea and Lyallia, which had recently been sent to this
country for the first time by Mr. Moseley, and which had been
dissected by Professor Oliver and subsequently by himself.
Pringlea possesses no petals whatever. The stamens are normal,
with flattened filaments gradually narrowed upwards. Glandulae
are altogether absent. The stigma is flattened and hairy.
Lyallia has the flowers solitary in the axils of the overlapping
leaves. The pedicel is furnished with two subopposite lateral bracts.
The perianth consists of four free membranous leaflets arranged
in two decussating pairs. The stamens are variable ; but com-
monly there is one anterior and two posterior, with minute gland-
like swellings of the torus between their insertion. The bifurca-
tion of the stigma is apparently oblique to the median line of the
flower. The ovary is one-celled, with about three erect basal
ovules. Pirst placed in Portulacese, and subsequently amongst
the Polycarpese in Caryophyllacese, its final place would probably
be found to be in Alsinese near Colobanthus.
Dr. Hooker then stated that whereas in a former communica-
tion he had pointed out that two of the peculiar plants of Tristan
d'Acunha reappeared in nearly the same latitude in Amsterdam
Island, he had now to call attention to the no less remarkable
latitudinal extension, more to the south, of that very remarkable
plant Pringlea. Mr. Moseley had had the good fortune to get
this on Marion Island more to the west, and on Heard Island
more to the east of any known station for it. They had specie
cimens in the Kew Herbarium from the Crozets. He thought
that these facts were very important additions to the geogra-
phical botany of the great southern oceanic region. He could
not agree with Mr. Bennett's suggestion that the Tristan
d'Acunha plant might have been introduced by human agency into
Amsterdam Island. Several peculiarities in the structure of
Pringlea, the absence of petals and of the usual glands between
the bases of the stamens, the exserted anthers, and the papiUge of
the stigma extended into a tuft of hairs, appear to point to this
plant (a native of a country where there are no winged insects)
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXV
being a wind-fertilized member of a class of plants tbat are ordi-
narily fertilized by insects.
The following papers were then read, viz. : —
1. Contributions to the Botany of the ' Challenger ' Expedition
(presented by Dr. J. D. Hooker, C.B.) :
No. Xlla. " Challenger Lichens " (Cape-Verdes). By Dr. J.
Stirton.
No. XVIIa. " Letter from Mr. H. N. Moseley to Dr. Hooker,
dated Cape Otway, Australia, March 16, 1874. On the Botany
of Kerguelen's Land, Marion, and Heard Islands."
No. XVIII. " List of hitherto unrecorded Species from Ker-
guelen's Land, Marion, and Heard Islands, with a Note on Lyallia
Kerguelensis, Hook, f." By Professor Oliver.
"Synopsis of the Mosses of the Island of St. Paul." By W.
Mitten, A.L.S. (Appendix to Dr. Hooker's paper " On St. Paul's
Island Plants.")
2. " On the Restiaceae of Thunberg's Herbarium." By M. T,
Masters, M.D., F.R.S.
At the time that the author published his monograph " On
the South- African Restiaceae" in the Journal of the Society,
vol. viii, p. 211, and vol. x. p. 209, he had had no opportunity of
examining the type specimens described by Thunberg. The few
figures published by that naturalist are excellent ; but his descrip-
tions are often so imperfect that not even the sex of the plant
is mentioned. In common therefore with all who had previ-
ously studied these plants, the author had to guess at the species
intended by Thunberg. Lately, however, by the kindness of the
authorities at Upsal, Thunberg's African collections have been
transmitted to Kew for examination ; and the author availed him-
self of the opportunity to study the Eestiacese. The paper now
read contains a list of these specimens, with their names, syno-
nyms, and such rectifications in the nomenclature as the exami-
nation rendered necessary.
d2
XXXVi PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
3. " On Napoleona, Omphalocarpum, aud Aster antlios." By J.
Miers, Esq.,V.P.L.S.
The plants forming tlie small group of the Napoleonece are eon-
fined to two very heterogeneous genera — one from Africa, the
other from Brazil. Napoleona was discovered in 1787 at Owaree
bv Palisot-Beauvois ; AsterantJios was established in 1820 by
Desfontaines, when he associated it with Napoleona as a group
belonging to Symplocinece. These plants have been ever since a
complete puzzle to botanists, who have assigned to them remotely
dissimilar positions, the last being that given by the authors of
the ' Grenera Plantarum,' who make them a subtribe of Lecy-
thidese, one of their tribes of Myrtacese. A careful examination
of these plants has convinced the author that most botanists have
been wide of the mark in regard to their true affinity. In his
analysis of Napoleona he separated carefully the several parts
which constitute the flower, which are arranged in four distinct
whorls, all fixed on the outer margin of a short erect annular epi-
gynous disk ; the external whorl is the corolla, which is orbicular
with many strong subulate nerves confluent around their base,
and terminating in as many short lobes that divide the circumfer-
ence. The other parts within the corolla have been called the
corona, and form three whorls. The outer one consists of about
seventy narrow pointed segments somewhat shorter than the
corolla, all free to the base, where they are attached to the disk,
at some distance from which a prominent vesicle is seen on each
upon its median nerve ; so that when the corolla is removed a
moniliform ring of seventy vesicles is distinctly observed on the
under side of these radiating segments — an important feature
which has been overlooked by all botanists with one exception,
and which perhaps ofi'ers a key to the nature of the whole struc-
ture. The second whorl of the corona, when the other parts are
removed, is seen to consist of about forty similar but broader seg-
ments, all confluent for half their length into a depressed globe
or cup ; the free portions of the segments, being incurved, meet in
the centre ; when this globular cup is viewed from below, a similar
moniliform ring of forty vesicles, similar in diameter to the former
one, is distinctly seen upon the nerves of the segments. The third
or inner whorl consists of twenty free similar segments somewhat
broader than the last, all curving inwards in a horse-shoe form,
so that their extremities all converge around the stigma, each of
WNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXSVU
the extremities bearing a fertile anther fixed extrorsely upon the
tip of the segments — a very important feature. The ovary is quite
inferior, crowned on its outer edge with five thick triangular
sepals, which are valvate in aestivation ; it is from 5- to 12-celled,
each cell containing two or four superposed collateral ovules fixed
in the axis. The indehiscent fruit is a depressed globe umbili-
cated in the centre, where it is crowned by the persistent sepals ;
it has a more or less thin coriaceous pericarp divided by distinct
dissepiments into cells varying in number in the several species ;
in most cases only a single seed is perfected in each cell, which is
oblong, compressed, and reniform on one margin where it is at-
tached to the axis of the fruit ; and upon its reniform sinus a
broad cicatrix is seen, denoting the place of its adhesion to the
angle of the dissepiments — a feature hitherto unnoticed ; the seed
is covered by a very thin dark integument, which encloses an
exalbumiuous embryo consisting of two large fleshy cotyledons
and a short radical embedded within them at the ventral sinus-
All the plants of Napoleona are reduced to two species by the
authors of the ' Genera Plantarum,' and to one only by Profes-
sor Lawson; but in the present memoir many differences are
pointed out, in the habit of the plants, in the form and character
of the leaves, the colour and size of the flowers, the number of
parts in their whorls, the thickness of the pericarp in the fruits,
the number of cells, the shape of the seeds, the presence of pulp
(said to exist) in many, and its total absence in others — which
constant differences point to the existence of seven good species,
here described in detail.
Upon the evidence thus brought together concevning Napoleona,
the author remarks that there is nothing in its structure to show
the slightest relation to Myrtaceae, that it is equally irreconci-
lable with the Barringtonieaa and with Lecythidese ; and in conse-
quence of these negative results we must search elsewhere for its
true affinity. This led the author to examine OmpJialocarpum, a
genus from the same region as Napoleona, and whose flowers
and fruit, of similar form, grow upon the trunks of the trees.
This genus has been generally regarded as belonging to Sapotaceae ;
but the authors of the * Grenera Plantarum ' place it in Teru-
stroemiacese. A full analysis of its flowers, and also of its fruit
and seeds, is here shown in detailed drawings, which seem to
prove beyond question that the genus belongs to Sapotaceae. On
comparing this structure with that of Napoleona, many unex-
XXXVIU PEOCEEDrN'GS OF THE
pected points of analogy present themselves : they both have fas-
ciculated flowers growing upon the trunks of trees, out of brac-
teolated nodules ; they have a calyx of five sepals, a corolla quite
gamopetalous in one case, pseudo-gamopetalous in the other, both
furnished with phalanges of fertile stamens bearing extrorse
anthers, as well as sterile stamens placed in separate phalanges
in one case, concentrically disposed in the other, a plurilocular
ovary with few ovules fixed in the axis of the cells, an indehiscent
plurilociilar fruit, orbicular, depressed, and umbilicated at the
apex, seeds marked by a ventral scar where they are attached to
the axis. But, on the other hand, great differences exist in the
aestivation of the sepals, in the corolla completely gamopetalous
in one case, pseudo-gamopetalous in the other, in the arrange-
ment of the staminodes, in a disk epigynous in one, perigynous
Ln the other, in the ovary, which is superior in the one and inferior
in the other, in the seeds being albuminous in one case, exal-
buminous in the other. Under these circumstances Napoleona
cannot belong to Sapotaceee ; but as it offers so many points of
resemblance, and as it cannot find a place in any known natural
order, it must remain the monotype of a distinct family, to be
placed in juxtaposition with Sapotacese.
In regard to Aster antJios, the author shows by analytical figures
that it bears no resemblance in any of its features to Napoleona,
except its orbicular corolla, which is differently constructed ;
the calyx is quite dissimilar in form ; the flowers show no trace
of a corona ; there is no analogy in the form, structure, or posi-
tion of the stamens ; the ovary is superior, not inferior ; it has a
long slender style, and an extremely different stigma ; its fruit
is unknown. A strong resemblance exists in the form of its
calyx to that represented by Wight in an Indian species of Rho-
dodendron. There seems nothing, therefore, to separate Asteran^
thos from other genera of Ehododendrese, except its more rotate
corolla.
Criticisms on some of the debatable points raised in this
paper were made by Dr. Hooker and Professor Thiselton Dyer.
LINNEAir SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXIX
June 18, 1874.
Gr. J. xIllman, M.D., President, in the Chair.
E. Birchall, Esq., James Leathern, M.D., and J. Harbord Lewis,
Esq., were elected Fellows.
Mr. D. Hanbury, Treas. L.S., exhibited branches of Olivp
grown in the open air at Clapham, some bearing flowers, others
nearly ripe fruit ; also a specimen of Rlieum officinale, Baill., now
grown in this country for the first time, the source of the true
medicinal Turkey Eliubarb, aud pointed out the characters in which
it differs from other species of the genus.
Dr. Hooker made a communication on the subject of some Indian
Garcinias to the effect : — (1) That the G. indica, Chois. {pur-
purea, Eoxb.), had been placed in a wrong section in Anderson's
review of the genus in the ' Flora of British India.' (2) That the
plant referred to under G. GrffitMi as the true Gamboge-plant
of Siam is identical with G. Morella, var. pedicellafa, of Han-
hvLTj (Linn. Trans, yol. xxiv. p. 489, t. 50), whicli Dr. Hooker
regards as a distinct species, and proposes that the name of G.
Hanburyi sliould be given to it. (3) That the G. hrevirostris of
Scheffer is identical with G. eugenicefolia of Wallich. (4) That the
name of G. ovalifoJia, Hook, f., must give place to the previously
published G. ovalifolia of Oliver's ' Flora of Tropical Africa ;' and
the Indian plant must take the name of spicata, it being a form
of XantJiocJiymus spicatus, W. & A.
Professor Thiselton Dyer exhibited a young oak-plant with
three cotyledons, which had been sent to him by Mr. Cross, of
Chester ; also a pitcher-like development of a leaf of the common
cabbage, from Harting, Sussex, sent by Mr. H. C. AVatson to the
Kew Museum.
IVIr. A.W. Bennett,F.L.S., exhibited drawings of the style, stigma,
and pollen-grain of Pringlea antiscorhutica. Hook, f., describing the
remarkable manner in which the poUen of Pringlea differs from
that of other nearly allied Crucifers, being much smaller and per-
fectly spherical, instead of elliptical with three furrows. This he
considered a striking confirmation of Dr. Hooker's suggestion
xl PEOCEEDINGS OP THE
that we have here a wind-fertilized species of a family ordinarily
fertilized by insects, an hypothesis which is again confirmed by the
total absence of hairs on the style of Pringlea.
An extract was read of a letter from Harry Bolus, Esq., F.L.S.,
to Dr. Hooker, dated Graaf Eeinet, April 4th, 1874, in which he
comments adversely on some of the reasonings contained in G-rise-
bach's ' Vegetation der Erde ' in favour of the theory of " inde-
pendent centres of creation." Grrisebach, relying chiefly on an
observation of Burchell's, makes the Orange Eiver the boundary
between the Cape and Kalahari proviuces, a boundary which Mr.
Bolus shows to be untenable, at least in certain portions. Grrise-
bach unites the Kanoo flora with that of the Cape province ; while
Mr. Bolus doubts whether it does not differ more from this than
from the Kalahari. The Eoggeveld, and indeed the whole Kanoo,
by its predominance of shrubby Compositse, seems to incline
more to the desert type of plants than to the richer Cape flora.
The following papers were then read, viz. : —
1. " On the Eesemblances between the Bones of Typical Living
Eeptiles and the Bones of other Animals." By Harry Q-. Seeley,
Esq., E.L.S.
2. " On the Auxemmese, a new Tribe of Cordiacese." By J.
Miers, Esq., Y.P.L.S.
This new tribe of Cordiacese is remarkable for the atropous
development of its ovules and seeds : besides this character, it is
notable for the extraordinary growth of its calyx in the fruit, in
some cases amounting to thirty times its original size. The tribe
consists of six genera — Auxemma, a new genus from Brazil ; Sa-
cellium of Bonpland, from Ecuador ; Patagonula of Linnaeus, of
still older date, from South America; Hymenesthes, Paradigma,
and PlethostepJiia from Cuba. In Auxemma the calyx takes the
largest development, appearing like a large bladder, 5-angled and
deeply plicated, as in Physalis, in the centre of which is a fleshy
drupe the size of a sloe-plum, which contains a muricated osseous
nut, 4-angled, 4-celled, or, by abortion, sub-2-celled ; a single seed
is fixed in the bottom of each cell by a small hilum, which cor-
responds with the chalaza, so that it has no raphe ; the embryo,
without albumen, has a small superior radicle and large longitu-
dinally plicated cotyledons. Sacellium corresponds with Auxemma
I.IN5BAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. xU
in tlie vesiciform enlargement of the calyx and in its fruit. In
Pataffonula the enlargement of the calyx assumes another form, its
segments becoming thickened, greatly lengthened, and radiately
expanded ; it has a similar, though smaller, fruit. In ParacUgma
and Plethostephia the calyx swells and thickens, so as to enclose
its fleshy drupe in both cases with a rough osseous 2- or 4-celled
nut, witli erect atropous seeds, as in Auxemma.
3. "A Revision of the Suborder Mimosese." By Gr. Bentham,
Esq., LL.D., V.P.L.S.
4. " On some Fungi collected by Dr. S. Kurz in the Yomah
Eange, Pegu." By F. Currey, Esq., F.E.S., Sec. L.S.
5. " Notes on the Letters from Danisb and Norwegian Natu-
ralists contained in the Linnean Correspondence." By Prof. J.
C Schiodte, of Copenhagen.
LiNif. PBGC. — Session 1873-74.
xlii
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LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xHii
OBITUAEY NOTICES.
LoFis John Eodolph Aoassiz was born on the 28th of May,
1807, in the Parish of Mottier, between the lakes of Neufchatel
and Morat. His father was the Protestant Pastor of this Parish.
At the age of thirteen he entered the gymnasium of Biel, where lie
gave evidence of ability which attracted the special notice of his
teachers. After be had been at Biel nearly four years he was
removed to the Academy of Lausanne, as a reward for his pro-
ficiency in science. He afterwards studied medicine and natural
science at Zurich, Heidelberg, and Munich, taking the degree of
M.D. at the last-mentioned place. During his residence at
Heidelberg and Munich he studied with special care the science
of comparative anatomy, for his proficiency in which he became
subsequently distinguished. In the year 1826 Martius, the
eminent Bavarian naturalist, entrusted to Agassiz the editing of
an account of nearly 120 species offish, many of them little known,
which Martius and his travelling companion Spix had collected in
Brazil, the study of which led Agassiz to make further researches
into the nature and classification of fislies, more especially of the
SalmonidaB and the freshwater fishes of central Europe. He
published the first part of an elaborate work on this subject, with
illustrations, at Neufchatel in 1839, a second and third part fol-
lowing after a few years' interval.
He had already devoted much attention to the subject of fossil
fishes, and had published the results of his studies in a work entitled
' Eecherches sur les Poissons fossiles ' (Neufchatel, 1833-41). He
next came to England to study the fossil strata of the country and
its treasures, publishing in 1844 an elaborate account of those dis-
covered in the Old Eed Sandstone of the Devonian system. The
direction of his studies at this period may be traced in the titles
of his next publications — ' Description des Echinodermes fossiles
de la Suisse,' ' Monographie des Echinodermes vivants et fossiles,'
' Etudes critiques sur les Mollusques Fossiles,' and ' Memoire sur
les moules des Mollusques.'
From these studies he passed to another branch of natural
history — the study of the glacial system of his native mountains ;
and he published, in 1840, at Neufchatel, his 'Etudes sur les
Glaciers,' which suddenly made him famous, and opened a subjoci.
e2
xliv PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
of philosophical inquiry to which little attention had been directed
up to that time. He entered more fully into the same subject in a
second work, published by him at Paris in 1847 — ' Eecherches
sur les G-laciers.'
For some years M. Agassiz held the Professorship of Natural
History at Neufchatel, where many of his works were published,
and where he had the constant assistance of the active and zealous
local Society of Natural History.
In the year 1846 M. Agassiz left Europe for the United States,
where he gave a successful course of lectures at the Lowell In-
stitute. In 1847 he was appointed to a similar Professorship in
the University of Cambridge, Massachusetts. He held this
appointment until 1850, devoting himself for some time thereafter
to the arrangement of his natural-history collections. In 1851 he
explored the State of New Tork, and in the next year he was
aj)pointed Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the Medical
College of Charlestown in South Carolina ; but he resigned the
latter post after two years and returned to Cambridge. Id 1854
he published, in conjunction with Messrs. Gould and Perty, the
work entitled ' Universal Zoology and Greneral Sketches of
Zoology, containing an account of the structure, development,
and classification of all. types of animals living and extinct.'
He also published in America his ' Tour of Lake Superior.'
In the winter of 1865, Agassiz, who had long been engaged with
untiring zeal in the cultivation of his favourite pursuits, Avas com-
pelled by bad health to rest from work and seek change of scene
and climate. " Europe," he says, " was proposed ; but he thought
that although a naturalist miglit derive much enjoyment from
contact with the active scientific life of tlie Old "World, there would
be little intellectual rest." He was attracted towards Brazil by a
lifelong desire. Erom the time when, after the death of Spix,
Agassiz had been employed by Martins to describe the fishes they
had brought with them from their celebrated Brazilian journey,
the wish to study the fauna of those regions had been to Agassiz
an ever-recurring thought, a scheme deferred for want of oppor-
tunity, but never quite forgotten. But Agassiz was unwilling to
visit Brazil on a mere vacation-tour. To him, as to all true scientific
workers, complete rest was distasteful. On the other hand he was
conscious that he could effect little working alone. " I could not
forget," he wrote, " that had I only the necessary means, I might
^make collections on this journey which would place the Museum
LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xly
in Cambridge (U. S.) ou a level with tlie first institutions of the
kind. But for this a working force would be needed ; and I saw
no possibility of providing for such an undertaking." Whilst he
was still considering where to apply for aid in this emergency, Mr.
Nathaniel Thayer, unasked, offered to pay all the expenses, personal
and scientific, of six assistants. Agassiz accepted this munificent
ofier ; and it may be remarked in passing that, subsequently, Mr.
Thayer did much more than he had promised, continuing to meet
all the expenses which were incurred until the last specimen was
stored in the Cambridge Museum. The assistants who sailed with
Agassiz were : — Mr. James Burkhardt, the artist ; Mr. John G-.
Anthony, conchologist ; Mr. Frederick C. Hartt and Mr. Orestes
St. John, geologists ; Mr. John A. Allen, ornithologist ; and Mr.
G-eorge Sceva, the preparer of specimens.
The results of this well-known expedition will be in the recol-
lection of most naturalists. They are described by Agassiz and
his wife in the work entitled ' A Journey in Brazil.' Agassiz justly
remarked that they served to show " that their year, full as it was
of enjoyment for all the party, was also rich in permanent results
for science." After this voyage Agassiz devoted a large share of
his time to the examination of the immense Brazilian collections
stored in the Museum at Cambridge. Before long, however, his
health, which had at no time been robust, began to show signs of
failing again, and the work of examination proceeded more slowly
than he had hoped and anticipated. His scientific activity, how-
ever, was not over. He took a part in the great controversies of
the day, gave a series of lectures in New York on the geology of
the American continent, and in the autumn of 1871 joined an
exploring-expedition to the South Atlantic and Pacific shores of
the continent. A careful exploration was made of the celebrated
Sargasso sea, and a nest-building fish was discovered in that vast
bed of oceanic vegetation ; and other important contributions
were made to natural science. Agassiz received fewer distinctions
from European Societies and Universities than many less distin-
guished men of science. The Academy of Sciences at Paris
awarded him their prize, however, and ofiered him a scientific
professorship (which circumstances induced him to decline), and
he also received the Cross of the Legion of Honour. His natural
simplicity of character made him very generally beloved ; and in
our own Society his name will always be remembered as one of
the most distinguished of our Foreign Members. He died early
xlvi PBOCEEDINGS OF THE
in the present year, having been elected a Eoreigu Member on the
7th of May, 1844.
Mr. Philip Barnes died on the 24th of February, 1874, at the
age of 82. He was a native of Norwich, and a cousin of the
Sowerbys. Thirty -four years ago he founded the Eoyal Botanic
Gardens in the Eegent's Part, and at the time of his death he was
the oldest Fellow of the Liunean Society, having been elected on
the 16th of March, 1824.
Fbedeeic Bied, Doctor of Medicine, was elected an Associate
of the Linnean Society in March 1840, and became a Fellow on
the 4th of December, 1872. He took the degree of Doctor of
Medicine at St. Andrews in 1841, in which year he also became a
Fellow of tho Royal College of Physicians at Edinburgh. In
1859 he was elected a Member of the Eoyal College of Physicians
of London.
Dr. Bird was Lecturer on Midwifery and Diseases of Women
and Obstetric Physician to Westminster Hospital. He was also
Senior Physician to the Westminster Maternal Charity and the
Metropolitan Free Hospital. He was the author of papers in the
' Medical Gazette ' on the successful removal of ovarian tumours,
and also of reports in the ' Medical Times ' on the practice illus-
trative of the diagnosis, treatment, and pathology of ovarian
tumours. He died on the 28th of April, 1874, at the age of 56.
Henet Deane was born at Stratford, in the parish of West Ham
in Essex, on the 11th of August, 1807. His parents being members
of the Society of Friends, he was brought up in that persuasion
and continued a Member thereof until his marriage in 1843. His
father sent him to a large Friends' school at Epping, conducted by
Isaac Payne, where, amongst his other schoolfellows, were Henry
and Edwin Doubleday, who have since become so distiuguished as
entomologists. Their father was fond of collecting birds and insects,
and the sons followed his tastes, and they in their turn communi-
cated the same to many of their companions, Mr. Deane amongst
the number.
From the time he left school in 1821, he was for four years
without any special education. His father's business was neither
suited to his taste nor physical constitution, and he did but little
in it. This state of inactivity would have been injurious to his
LINNJiAN SOCIETY Or LONDON. xlvii
interests in life but for the close friendship which subsisted between
his father and Mr. John Gibson, one of the firm of Howard, Jewell,
and Gibson (now Howards and Sons), whose eldest son and Mr.
Deane were great friends and constant companions. Mr, Deane
had the run of their laboratory and premises, and thus acquired a
taste for manufacturing chemistry.
At the age of eighteen he was apprenticed for three years to a
chemist and druggist at Reading, Mr. Joseph Pardon, who had
served his time with Mr. Shillitoe, of Tottenham, who was Mr.
Deane's uncle. Mr. Fardon was a kind and considerate friend
and master, and while with him Mr. Deane was occupied in such
humble employment as powdering alum, ginger, and nutgalls,
grinding and mixing paints, polishing the shop scales, counter, and
bottles, and opening and shutting the shop. He had to open shop
summer and winter at six o'clock in the morning, a practice which
he continued with his own hands for many years after he went to
Clapham. To him activity was a necessity ; and lie rather liked
these tasks than otherwise, and he saw no indignity in performing
duties required by his master, which were in their nature not only
honest but calculated to improve him in the knowledge of his
business; for while grinding prussian blue or powdermg roots
and seeds he pondered over their physical constitution, and after-
wards studied their natural history. Mr. Deane considered that
this habit of doing any thing that was required of him was not only
of immediate benefit to himself, but that in after years it rendered
him more apt in teaching those placed under his care, and certainly
gave him an idea of the nature and requirements of the trade in
country places, such as London itself could not aff'ord.
After he had served his time at Reading he got a situation at
John Bell and Co.'s, in Oxford Street, where he soon found that he
was unacquainted with the practical duties of a large business, and
found it heavy work with his average daily labour of fourteen hours.
He was much encouraged by the fi'iendship of both the late Jacob
and Frederick Bell, to whom he said that he owed a deep debt of
gratitude for their many acts of consideration towards him, and
for the opportunities placed in his way for improvement, especially
for allowing him to attend lectures at the Eoyal Institution by
Faraday and Brande.
Mr. Deane was attached to the establishment in Oxford Street
for about five years ; but there was an interval of about two years,
during which he was at home endeavouring to manage and improve
Xlviii PROCEEDINGS OE THE
the business of his father, who had become paralyzed and incapable
of attending to it.
In the autumn of 1837 he took the business at Clapham, having
been assisted by several friends, especially by the late Eichard
Hotham Pigeon, vs^hose large pecuniary aid was afforded in the
most liberal and trusting spirit.
In 1841 on the establishment of the Pharmaceutical Society he
became one of its first Members, but took no active part in its
formation. In 1844i he was requested to become one of the Board
of Examiners.
Mr. Deane was for nearly twenty years member of the Council,
and was President during a somewhat troubled and difficult period
in the existence of the Society. His services on the Pharmacopoeia
Committee will be remembered by those associated with him at
the time ; and although the College of Physicians, at whose insti-
gation the Committee was formed, had not the opportunity of utili-
zing the practical information obtained thereby, the labour was not
thrown away ; for many preparations of the British Pharmacopoeia
issued by the Medical Council bear traces of it.
It should not be forgotten that Mr. Deane was the first President
of the British Pharmaceutical Conference ; and the fact of his
being chosen for that office is testimony of the high estimation in
which he was held by the leading pharmacists of the kingdom.
In 1840 the Microscopical Society was formed, and he joined it
on its foundation. In 1845 he made the discovery of the existence
of Xantliidia and PolytJialamia in the grey chalk of Polkestone, a
bed below the common white chalk.
The first Meeting of the new society which Mr. Deane attended
was at 338 Oxford Street, when he read a short paper on " Dis-
placement as a Method of preparing Tincture, &c. ; " and although
the value of the paper was not highly estimated by its author, he
nevertheless believed that it set many chemists to work in experi-
menting upon that method of preparing tinctures and extracts.
The process has since that time become more completely understood
and consequently more successful. His next contribution was a
paper entitled " Experiments on Senna," which was noticed by both
Dr. Pereira and Dr. Royle ; and he subsequently wrote (besides
many smaller ones) papers on opium preparations and extract of
■meat, in which he was assisted by H. B. Brady, by whose ready
pen and pencil (Mr. Deane has observed) their interest was greatly
ausmentetl.
LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlix
In 1854 the College of Physicians applied to the Council of the
Pharmaceutical Society for aid in the preparation of a new Phar-
macopoeia, and a Committee was formed to assist in this object.
As President, Mr. Deane was Chairman of the Committee ; and at
the special request of the Chairman of the Pharmacopoeia Com-
mittee of the College of Physicians, Dr. P. Parre, he retained that
position, as the medium of communication between the two bodies,
until the Eoyal Medical Council was appointed.
The death of Mr. Deane occurred on the 4th of April, 1874, at
Dover, where he had been detained for a day or two by stress of
weather on his way to visit his son in Hungary. Walking from
his hotel to the boat he was attacked by sudden pain in the region
of the heart, and in a few minutes had ceased to exist.
The remains of the deceased were removed from Dover to the
house where his wife's parents had lived and died, at Coglinge,
near Shorncliffe, and were interred in the neighbouring village of
Cheriton.
Mr. Deane will always be remembered as liaving been in the
foremost rank of those enlightened men who set themselves
the task of dispellmg the thick darkness which surrounded phar-
macy thirty years ago, and who by his work in the Pharmaceutical
Society has done so much for the advancement of his favourite
science.
Mr. Deane was elected a Pellow of this Society on the 6th of
November, 1855.
John Thompson Dickson, Doctor of Medicine, was a Master
of Arts of the University of Cambridge. He became a Mem-
ber of the Eoyal College of Surgeons in 1863, and in 1868 he
was elected a Member of the Eoyal College of Physicians.
Dr. Dickson was Lecturer on Mental Disease at Gruy's Hos-
pital, Physician to the Infii-mary for Epilepsy, and Superinten-
dent of St. Luke's Hospital. Besides various Hospital Eeports,
Dr. Dickson was the author of an essay entitled " Matter and
Force considered in relation to Mental and Cerebral Pheno-
mena," beiug the substance of a paper read by the aiithor be-
fore the Medical Society of London in March 1874. He also
wrote, in the ' British Medical Journal,' in 1869, a paper " On
the Nature of the Condition known as Catalepsy ;" and in the
same Journal, in 1870, another paper " On the Nature of the
Condition called Epilepsy." In 1871 Dr. Dickson wrote some
1 PBOCEEDINQS 01' THE
interesting letters to the ' Standard ' newspaper on the subject of
the poisonous nature of the aniline dyes used for colouring stock-
ings. He stated that he had in his own possession eleven sam-
ples of stockings and socks dyed with aniline pigments, all of
which had given rise to arsenical poisoning, the colours being
various shades of red, orange, brown, and violet.
Dr. Dickson's death was sudden and distressing. It was
known that he suffered from serious mitral disease ; but for some
time prior to his death he had seemed to be in better health
than usual. On the 5th of January last he was reading in his
carriage on his return from visiting a patient, when his wife, who
was with him, observed that he bent forward and remained in that
position as though looking for something on the floor. He re-
turned no answer when spoken to, and on being raised was found
to be dead. He was in his 33rd year. Although comparatively
young, he had done good work in the department of mental
science ; and if his life had been prolonged, might have been ex-
pected to occupy a prominent position in the field of psychology.
He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on the 4th of
Eebruary, 1864.
James Pischee, Esq., was elected a PeUow of the Linnean
Society on the 17th of January, 1867. He was a gentleman who,
although not himself a contributor to science in the way of pub-
lication, was always greatly interested in natural history generally,
and especially in botany. He died of fever and congestion of the
lungs at Salem, Madras, on the 21st of February, 1873.
Geoege Eittee von Feauenfeld. This distinguished Aus-
trian naturalist was the Keeper of the Eoyal Museum at Vienna,
and for many years the active and energetic Secretary of the well-
known Zoologico-Botanical Society in that city, by the Members
of which his death has been felt as a severe loss.
The exertions of Herr von Frauenfeld in the cause of natu-
ral history are evidenced by the long list of contributions to
Science entered under his name in the Eoyal Society's Cata-
logue. Most of these were published in the * Transactions ' of
the Society mentioned above ; but several of them appeared in
Haidinger's ' Berichte,' in the Eeports of the Academy of Vienna
and of the Geographical Society there, and in other publications.
They relate principally to entomology and malacology ; but the
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. ll
author also wrote upon general zoological subjects, and many of his
papers contain accounts of his travels in different parts of the world
during the voyage of the Austrian frigate ' Novara,' to which he was
for some time attached. He contributed to the Greographical and
other Societies at Vienna his reminiscences of (amongst other places)
Eio Janeiro, the island of St. Paul, New Zealand, Tahiti, Shanghai,
Manilla, Ceylon, the Cape of Good Hope, and Madras ; and in
the ' Transactions of the Zoologico-Botanical Society ' are to be
found detailed accounts of the Nicobar Islands and of the so-called
Sdgspdn Sea. He appears to have paid little attention to Botany ;
but in the year 1854 he visited the coast of Dalmatia, and in the
same year communicated to the Zoologico-Botanical Society a paper
entitled "An Enumeration of the Algse of the coast of Dalmatia."
Herr von Frauenfeld died on the 8th of October, 1873, after a
short illness, supervening, we have been informed, upon a surgical
operation. The esteem and respect entertained for him by the
Society to which he had been so long attached was shown in a
marked manner by the attendance at his funeral, which took place
on the 10th of October last, when the President delivered an
address, in which the merits of the deceased naturalist and the
great services he had rendered to the Society were eloquently
brought forward.
Herr von Frauenfeld was elected a Poreign Member of the
Linnean Society on the 5th of May, 1870.
The Yery Eeverend Thomas G-aenieb, D.C.L., Dean of Win-
chester, was the senior member of the University of Oxford, and
one of the oldest, if not the very oldest, of that long-lived body the
English Clergy. He was the second son of the late Mr. George
Garnier, of Eookesbury Park, Hampshire, by Margaret, fourth
daughter of Sir John Miller, fourth baronet, of Proyle, in the same
county. The late Dean was born at Wickham, in Hampshire, on
the 26th of February, 1776. He was educated at "Winchester
CoUege, and afterwards at "Worcester College, Oxford, where he
entered in October 1793. There were no schools of classical or
mathematical honours in those days, and his name does not appear
recorded among the lists of Chancellor's prizemen ; but in November
1796 he was elected to a Fellowship at All Souls' CoUege. He
took his degree of Bachelor of Civil Law in the year 1800, some
five years before the late Dr. Lushiugton attained the same rank
in academical standing. In 1807 he was presented by his relative,
lii PKOCEEDINGS OF TUE
Dr. Brownlow North, then Bishop of Winchester, to the living of
Bishopstoke, and in the early part of the year 1840, on the death
of Dr. Eennell, he was promoted to the deanery of Winchester.
He continued to take his part as Dean in the services of the
cathedral until some time after he had completed his ninetieth
year.
Dean Garnier married in the year 1806, Mary, daughter of the
late Mr. Caleb Hillyer Parry, M.D., of the city of Bath, and sister
of the late well-knovs^n Arctic navigator. Sir William Edward Parry,
E.N. By her he had a family of two daughters and four sons.
His eldest son was lost many years ago in Her Majesty's ship
' Delight,' off the island of Mauritius ; another, Henry, was a dis-
tinguished officer of the Madras Cavalry ; another, John, in holy
orders, died when only twenty-five years of age, while Fellow of
Merton College, Oxford; and another, Thomas, the survivor of
the four, having for some years held the rectory of Trinity Church,
Marylebone, was promoted in 1860 to the Deanery of E-ipon, and
subsequently transferred to that of Lincoln, but died a few months
after his translation to the latter dignity in December 1863.
Before Dr. Garnier entered the office of Dean of Winchester, and
whilst he was rector of Bishopstoke, the rectory gardens were for a
long time the resort of the lovers of horticulture ; and the rector
exerted himself to bring the laity and clergy into frequent and
useful connexion. His hospitality and his zeal in encouraging
public institutions, such as the Museum (to which he was a frequent
contributor) and the Mechanics' Institute, were of the greatest
advantage to the inhabitants of Winchester ; and the students of
the Training College for Masters were, by his frequent prizes for
distinguished merit and other acts of consideration towards them,
familiarized with the name of " the Dean," and were able to appre-
ciate the value of the combination of personal worth with the
tenure of high ecclesiastical office.
In 1868 Dr. Garnier resigned the Eectory of Bishopstoke, and
in October 1872 he resigned the Deanery of Winchester.
Dr. Garnier was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 16th
of October 1798. He was the last survivor of those who paid the
original rate of subscription, viz. £.1 Is. annually. When his
proposer, Sir Joseph Banks, recommended him to pay a life com-
position, which was then only £10 10s., he declined to do so,
saying he did not consider his life worth ten years' purchase.
After paying the annual subscription of £1 Is. for sixty years
LIJs'If£A.N SOCIETY OF LONDON. lui
he generously sent the Society a cheque for 20 guineas, being
double the amount for which he was entitled to compound.
He died on the 29th of June, 1873, at the Close at Winchester,
at the age of 97.
Albany Hakcock was a naturalist who made the district in
which he resided famous in scientific circles. He was one of the
founders of the Natural-History Society of Newcastle, and always
took an active interest in its welfare, enriching the Museum of
the Society by his untiring exertions, and being always ready to aid
by his judgment and advice the arrangement of its collections.
He was one of the founders of the Tyneside Naturalists' Field-
Club, and was a constant contributor to its Transactions. He
was also a Member of the Literary and Philosophical Society
of Newcastle, and for many years a Member of its Committee.
At the Meeting of the British Association in Newcastle in. 1863
he was an active Member of the Local Committee ; and to his
eiforts, aided by those of his brothei', Mr. John Hancock, was
mainly due the gathering together of the splendid collection of
works of art and science which graced the exhibition during
the visit of the Association. His papers in the ' Transac-
tions ' of the Tyneside Field- Club and the ' Natural-History
Transactions' are many and valuable, amongst which may be
mentioned those written in conjunction with his friends Mr,
Thomas Atthey and Mr. E. Howse, " On the Fauna of the Coal-
Measures and Marl-Slate of the District around Newcastle."
But his contributions were not confined to the Transactions of the
scientific societies of the neighbourhood in which he lived. The
' Philosophical Transactions,' and the Transactions of the Lin-
nean, Zoological, and Geological Societies, and the 'Annals of
Natural History ' afford abundant evidence of his scientific acti-
vity ; and his great abilities as a draughtsman enabled him to illus-
trate his papers with plates of unusual beauty. His gi*eatest work,
written in conjunction with his friend Mr. Joshua Alder, and
published by the Eay Society, is a ' Monograph of the British
Nudibranchiate Mollusca.' This work, which was finished in 1855,
won at once for its authors a world-wide recantation, and was cer-
tainly one of the finest monographs ever published in this or any
other country. The plates which accompany this work are too
well known to naturalists to require any special mention ; and those
illustrative of anatomical details display Mr. Hancock's ability in
liv PBOCEEDIKGS OP THE
a most marked manner. The two friends were also engaged on a
work on the British Tanicata, which, after the death of Mr. Alder,
it was hoped Mr. Hancock would have been able to finish ; but
failing health interfered much with its progress ; and his last long
and painful illness put a stop to its completion.
In 1858 the Eoyal Society awarded Mr. Hancock the Eoyal
Medal in recognition of his scientific labours ; and in 1866 the
Zoologico-Botanical Society of Vienna conferred upon him and
Mr. Alder the Diploma of Honorary Fellows.
In private life Mr. Hancock was greatly respected. He was a
genial and amiable man ; and amongst those who were privileged
to enjoy his friendship his loss will be deeply felt.
He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 6th of March,
1862, and died on the 24th of October, 1873.
Gael Friedeich Meissnee (formerly written Meisnee) Pro-
fessor of Medicine in the University of Basle, was born at Berne,
in Switzerland, on the 1st of November, 1800. "When a young
man he appears to have paid some attention to zoology, as some
of his earlier writings in the Eeports of the Basle Academy and in
the * Bibliotheque Universelle ' relate to zoological subjects.
From the year 1837, however, he devoted himself esclusively to
botany, paying special attention to the orders Leguminosce, Pro-
teaceee, Thymelece, and JPolygonecB, of which (in Lehmann's ' Plantae
Preissianse ') Dr. Meissner described the species which occur in
western and middle Australia. His contributions to botanical
science appeared chiefly in the ' Linnaea,' the ' Botanische Zeitung,'
and Dr. Hooker's 'Journal of Botany.' In the 14th volume of
De Candolle's ' Prodromus ' he furnished the accounts of the Poly-
gonecB, Proteacece, and ThymeleacecB ; and in the 15th volume of
the same work he described the Lauracece and the Sernandiacecs.
The description of the same five families in Martius's ' Flora Bra-
siliensis,' and the accounts of the Convolvulaeece and Ericacece
in the same work, were also written by Dr. Meissner. To Wal-
lich's * Plantae Asiaticse Eariores ' Dr. Meissner contributed a
synopsis of the species of the Polygonece in the Indian Herbarium
of the Linnean Society. On the 16th of January, 1855, there was
read before the Linnean Society the introductory part of a paper
by Dr. Meissner entitled "New Proteacece of Australia," which
paper was afterwards published in Hooker's ' Journal of Botany '
(vol. vii. 1855). The materials for this paper were mainly derived
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Iv
from the later series (fifth and sixth) of Drummond's Swan-river
collections, Dr. Meissner having carefully examined the Protea-
cecB in the Linnean Society's herbarium during a visit which he
paid to England in 1850. One other communication was made
by Dr. Meissner to the Linnean Society, being a paper on some
new species of ChamtBlauciece, which was read on the 20th of
November, 1855. In 1866 Dr. Meissner again visited England,
when he attended the International Botanical Congress ; and he
was present at the dinner of the Linnean Society at Willis's
Rooms on the 24th of May in that year. On his return from this
visit, Dr. Meissner was taken seriously ill, and had some diffi-
culty in reaching home. He shortly afterwards resigned his
appointment of Curator of the Botanic G-arden at Basle ; and
we have been informed that his health was never completely
restored. He died at Basle on Saturday the 2nd of May, 1874,
after a prolonged and painful illness, in his 74th year. Dr.
Meissner was elected a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society
on the 5th of May, 1857.
Thomas Newborn Robert Moeson was born at Stratford-le-
Bow, and received his early education at Stoke Newington.
Having lost his parents while he was yet young, and being left
without family-guardian or connexions, he was thrown to a great
extent upon his own resources ; but with a mind remarkable for
activity and power of perception, he overcame the difficulties of
his early life, became the founder of a business of the highest re-
putation, and formed acquaintances, which ripened into intimate
friendship, with some of the greatest chemists and philosophers of
the time in which he lived. When only 14 years of age he was
apprenticed to an apothecary in Fleet Market (now Farringdon
Street); but he had no liking for medical practice, and therefore
adhered to the pharmaceutical rather than the medical and sur-
gical part of the business. His predilection lay in the direction
of chemistry ; and this was probably favoured by the circumstance
of his being thrown into association with men of kindred tastes,
who formed a small Society for the investigation of scientific sub-
jects, and whose meetings were held in the neighbourhood of Fleet
Street. It was here that he first made the acquaintance of Fara-
day, and acquired so strong a bent in favour of scientific chemistry
that he determined to make its application, as far as possible, the
aim of his future pursuits. After the expiration of his appren-
Ivi PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
ticesliip he went to Paris, and entered tbe establishment of M.
Planche, a pharmacien, with whom he lived for some years. He
thus acquired a thorough knowledge of the French language as
well as French pharmacy, and made the acquaintance of men
whose friendship he cultivated in later years. He was still a
young man when he returned to London and established him-
self in business as a chemist and druggist in the house in which
he had been apprenticed in Farringdon Street, the late pro-
prietor, Mr. Morley, having retired from the retail department
which was previously associated with his practice.
The chemist and druggist of those days was generally a che-
mist only by name ; but not so Mr. Morson. In a little room at
the back of his shop was produced the first sulphate of quinine
made in England ; and the same may be said of morphia. Nor
were these operations merely experimental. From entries in
his ledger it appears that he supplied sulphate of quinine to a
wholesale druggist at 8s. a drachm, and morphia at 18s. a drachm.
His chemical knowledge and manipulative skill were now bring-
ing him into notice, and he was frequently applied to for rare
chemicals. But the premises in Farringdon Street did not admit
of the cultivation of this branch of the business. He moved
from Farringdon Street to Southampton Eow, and soon after-
wards purchased premises in Hornsey E-oad, where he built a
laboratory for the manufacture of creasote, morphia, and other
chemical products.
Mr. Morson' s fame has not been merely that of a manufacturer.
He was a man of enlarged mind and cultivated intellect. Thrown
upon the world in early life with absolutely no relations, he was
nevertheless surrounded by men of talent and high position, with
whom he associated on terms of mutual friendship. He was a
Member and regular attendant at the Meetings of the Eoyal In-
stitution, and a prominent Member of the Society of Arts. His
house was a place of resort for men of genius, where chemists,
naturalists, artists, patrons of science and art, with many others
of kindred tastes fou.nd hospitable reception and congenial asso-
ciations. "We find him in the foremost rank of those who origi-
nated the Pharmaceutical Society ; and there was no one more
frequently consulted or whose opinion carried greater weight
among his fellow workers in the cause of pharmaceutical rege-
neration.
Mr. Morson at this period had a European reputation as a
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ivii
manufacturing chemist ; and his character in this respect, toge-
ther with his acquaintance with many of the scientific celebrities
of the continent, as well as his familiarity with the IVench lan-
guage, fenabled him to render great service to the young Society,
in the development of which he took a lively interest.
Many foreigners of repute, attracted by the proceedings of
English pharmacists, were entertained by Mr. Morson. Guibourt,
Cap, Liebig, Mitscherlich, Bose, and many others of similar stamp
have been guests at various times at Southampton Eow, Queen
Square, or Hornsey, and have been indebted to Mr. Morson for
an intimate acquaintance with the Pharmaceutical Society, its
provisions, and proceedings. Mr. Morson was for many years on
the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society, and for a still longer
period was a member of the Board of Examiners ; and he used to
be a very constant attendant at the evening meetings of the
Society. In ISM he was elected Vice-President of the Society,
and for four successive years he continued to fill this office, after
which he was made President for a year, and again for about two
years in 1859-60.
Mr. Morson retired from the Council of the Pharmaceutical
Society in 1870 ; but his interest in the objects and operations
of the Society remained undiminished ; and up to the time at
which his last severe illness commenced he was almost a daily
visitor at Bloomsbury Square. His health, however, had visibly
failed for many months before his death, and he often expressed
himself as sensible that his end was approaching. In the early part
of January last he had an attack of paralysis, from which he never
recovered ; and he died at his residence in Queen Square, Blooms -
bury, on the third of March last, in his 75th year. He was elected
a FeUow of this Society on the 5th of December, 1848.
Dr. J. LiNDSAT Stewart was a native of Forfarshire, and re-
ceived his medical education in Glasgow, where he was a pupil of
the late Professor G. A. Walker-Arnott. After graduating, he
proceeded in 1856 to the Presidency of Bengal as Assistant Sur-
geon. He was present at the siege, assault, and capture of Delhi
in 1857 ; and in 1858 he joined the expedition to the Tuzufzai
country. In 1860-61 he officiated for Dr. "W". Jameson as Su-
perintendent of the Botanic Garden, Saharumpore, and of the
Government Tea-plantations in the North-western Provinces
and the Punjab ; and in 1861 he was employed in arranging a
LINN. PEOCi— Session 1873-74. f
Iviii PEOCEEDINGS OP THE
system of forest-conservancy in the land of the five rivers. His
position at Saharumpore gave him an excellent opportunity of
becoming acquainted with the vegetation of the Terai and North-
west Himalaya ; and afterwards at Bijnour he studied the' flora of
the EohUkund forests and of the outer valley between the Granges
and Sardah. As Conservator of Forests in the Punjab, his duties
took him to all parts of that province; and he extended his
journeys to the adjoining province of Sindh, to Kashmir, and to
the arid, treeless, but botanically most interesting inner Hima-
layan tracts on the Upper Indus, Chenab, and Sutlej rivers, which
adjoin Turkestan and Thibet. During his journeys, under the
most difiicult circumstances, he maintained with great persistence
his habit of taking copious notes on the spot ; and in this manner
he accumulated an immense store of valuable information regard-
ing the natural history, the properties, uses, and the vernacular
names of the plants of North-west India. The results of these
researches are embodied in numerous papers published in the
Journal of the Eoyal Greographical Society, the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, the Agri-Horticultural Society of India, and the Trans-
actions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. A most inter-
esting account of the vegetation of the extreme north-west corner
of the Punjab and the hills beyond it, which he studied during
the Yuzufzai campaign, is contained in his " Memoranda on the
Peshawur Valley, chiefly regarding its Flora " (Jouru. As. Soc.
18G3), and in his " Notes on the Flora of Wurzuristan " (Journ.
Eoy. Geo. Soc. 1863). In the ' Journal of the Agri-Horticultural
Society of India ' appeared " The Subsiunlik Tract, with special
reference to the Bijnour Forest and its Trees" (vol. xiii. 1865),
" Journal of a Botanising Tour in Hazara and Khajan " (vol. xiv.
1866), and "A Tour in the Punjab Salt Range " (vol. i. new ser.
1867). His last communication, " Notes of a Botanical Tour in
Ladak or "Western Thibet," appeared in the ' Transactions of the
Botanical Society of Edinburgh ' (vol. x. 1869). In addition to
these and other papers in diff'erent journals and reviews, his offi-
cial reports while at the head of the Forest Department in the
Punjab contain the record of a large amount of accurate observa-
tions on the arborescent vegetation of that province ; and in 1869,
before coming home on furlough, he published a most useful work
on the trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of economical value
growing in the Punjab. This work, entitled ' Punjab Plants,'
contains systematic and vernacular names and notes on the geo-
LINKEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. llX
graphical distributiou and uses of upwards of 800 species. In
another respect also Dr. Stewart rendered great service to the
cause of forest-administration in India ; for he commenced the
large and now flourishing plantations in the plains of the Punjab.
In 1869, after twelve years of unremitting labour, mental and
bodily, Dr. Stewart returned to England, and the Grovernment of
India entrusted him with the preparation at Kew of a Forest Flora
of Northern and Central India ; and with a view to include the
principal trees and shrubs of those districts which Dr. Stewart
had not visited, a young forest-officer, Mr. Richard Thompson,
was, at his suggestion, deputed to collect plants and notes in Oudh
and the Central Provinces. To this great work, which purposes to
give an account of the natural history of the trees and principal
shrubs and climbers in the forests. Dr. Stewart devoted a large
part of his furlough ; and he would doubtless have completed it in
a satisfactory manner if his health had not given way. He was
naturally of a highly nervous temperament ; and during the latter
part of his residence in England it was evident to his friends
that his general health was much impaired. This was further
apparent on his return to India, when, after a few months of
office work, sickness obliged him to move (June 1873) from
Lahore to the Hill Sanitarium at Dalhousie, where he gradu-
ally sank from paralysis and died on the 5th of July, 1873, at
the age of forty-one. Post-mortem examination revealed ex-
tensive tubercular deposit in the brain. He was kind and ge-
nerous to all who required his help ; and his loss is regretted
by a large number of friends in India and in this country.
Dr. Stewart was a Member of numerous learned Societies,
and, among others, he was a Fellow of the Royal Society of
Edinburgh and of the Royal Geographical Society. He was
elected a Fellow of this Society on the 10th of January, 1865.
Thomas Tuenee, Hon. Fellow of the Royal College of Sur-
geons, died on the 7th of December, 1873, in his 81st year. He
was the author of a work called ' Outlines of Medico- Chirurgical
Science,' of ' Observations on Aneurism and Haemorrhage,' of a
' Treatise on the Dislocation of the Astragalus,' &c., and of a
' Retrospect of Anatomy and Pliysiology.' Mr. Turner was
elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on the 6th of June,
1843.
Ix PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Fbanois CoeniElius Webjj, M.D., F.E.C.P., was born at
Hoxton ou the 9th of April, 1826. He went first as a scholar
to King's College School ; but on the removal of his family to
Devonshire, he passed to the Grammar School at Devonport.
His school-days over. Dr. Webb was apprenticed as a surgeon
to Dr. J. Shepherd, of Stonehouse, Plymouth, with whom he
passed, according to the good old practice, the probationary term
of professional life, learning to dispense medicines, performing
simple operations, and gleaning a notion or two of the art of pre-
scribing for the sick. Prom Stonehouse he came to London in
1843 ; he joined the Medical School of University College, where he
soon became known as an industrious and distinguished student.
During his first year he took two certificates of honour, one in
anatomy and one in anatomy and physiology. In 1844-45 he
took the first silver medal in anatomy and physiology and the
first silver medal in botany ; in 1845-46 the first silver medal in
medicine ; in 1846-47 the first silver medal in surgery and the
gold medal im midwifery. In 1847 he acted as dresser to Listen,
and as clinical clerk to Dr. Taylor ; and in the same year he passed
his examination at the Royal College of Surgeons, and was enrolled
a Member of that corporation.
Admitted into the profession. Dr. Webb went to Leicester,
where he acted as assistant to Mr. Bowmar, living with him for the
period of three years, and adding largely to his own practical
knowledge. In 1849 -50 he proceeded to Edinburgh, and gradu-
ated in the University of Edinburgh in 1850. In 1851 he returned
to town and took up the license of the Apothecaries' Company,
of which Company he subsequently became a Member, and was
twice elected one of the staff of examiners.
On completing his examinations. Dr. Webb settled in London
in Great Coram Street, EusseU Square. He purchased here a
general practice, and for a long time continued to carry out the
work of general practice with zeal and fidelity.
The first public medical appointment held by Dr. Webb was
that of Physician to the Islington Dispensary. Afterwards he
became Physician to the Margaret Street Dispensary for Con-
sumption, and later still Physician to the Great Northern Hos-
pital and to the London Diocesan Home. He gave up general
practice, and joined the Royal College of Physicians as a Member
in 1859. His election to the Pellowship of his College occurred
so lately as 1873.
LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixi
In 1857-58 he became a teacher of medical science by his elec-
tion as Lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence in the Old Qrosvenor
Place School of Medicine, founded originally by Mr. Lane as the
St. Greorge's School of Anatomy and Medicine, and the last of the
private schools in London.
In the year 1861 the Faculty of the School unanimously voted
that Dr. Webb should be invited to deliver the introductory lec-
ture at the opening of the Session 1861-62. He undertook the
task, and chose for the subject of his discourse " The Study of
Medicine, its Dignity and Eewards."
The success of Dr. Webb as a lecturer in a school of medicine
led to his election as Lecturer to the Metropolitan School of
Dental Science in Cavendish Square.
The career of Dr. Webb as a public teacher was short. Both
the schools with which he was connected closed a few years after
]ie joined them, and he never joined another.
Dr. Webb, as a writer, commenced about the year 1857, his first
important literary effort being an article on the " Sweating-Sick-
ness in England," published in the 'Sanitary Review and Jour-
nal of Public Health ' for the month of July of that year, and
afterwards republished in a separate form. This article at once
stamped its author as a writer of much learning and of art and
judgment in the order of descriptive literature. The history of
the sweating-sickness was followed by another kindi'ed essay, en-
titled "An Historical Account of Gl-aol Fever." This essay was
read before the Epidemiological Society on Monday, July 6, 1857,
and excited great interest. The essay was printed in the * Trans-
actions ' of the Society. In 1858 an essay on " Metropolitan
Hygiene of the Past " was written by Dr. Webb for the * Sanitary
Review.' It was published in that journal in the January Num-
ber, and was afterwards reprinted. It is a brief and masterly
survey of the sanitary condition of London from the time of the
Norman Conquest until our own era.
Following upon these efforts there came from Dr. Webb's pen a
review of papers relating to the death-rate of England, of Moquin-
Tandon's ' Elements of Medical Zoology,' and of the ' Teeth in
Man and the Anthropoid Apes,' in which the various publica-
tions on that subject by Professor Owen are carefuUy and philo-
sophically considered ; and to the last review was added an essay
" On the Teeth in the Varieties of Man."
The connexion of Dr. Webb with the Metropolitan School of
Ixii PEOCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Dental Science led him to contribute to a journal called the
* Dental Eeview,' in which was republished the great work of John
Hunter on the teeth, with notes appended to the text bearing on
modern research in relation to the same subject. The notes ap-
pended to the first part of this undertaking were contributed by
Dr. Webb.
A few years later Dr. Webb became one of the editors of
the * Medical Times and G-azette,' of which he ultimately became
the chief editor.
His death was very sudden. He had some time past suffered
from bronchial disease and from feebleness of the heart ; but
for the last three years he had been better in health, though
subject to occasional attacks of extreme feebleness after exertion,
with passing symptoms of angina pectoris. On the evening of the
25th of December, 1873, after reaching his home, on the occasion of
some slight physical exertion, he complained of numbness in the
left hand and arm, and to relieve the symptom went to the piano-
forte and played for nearly an hour. Later he wrote and read
untn past midnight ; then he retired to bed, and, with a re-
turning pain in his chest, died all but instantaneously and
without a struggle.
He was elected a Pellow of this Society on the 21st of January,
1858.
PROCEEDINGS
or THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
(SESSION 1874-75.)
November 5th, 1874.
Prof. Allman, M.D., LL.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
William H. Archer, Esq., E-egistrar- General of Victoria, Regi-
nald A. Pryor, Esq., and WUliam Wright Wilson, Esq., were
elected Eellows.
The following papers were read : —
1. " Revision of the Genera and Species of Asparagaceae, a sec-
tion of the Natural Order Liliace^e." By J. G. Baker, Esq.,
E.L.S., Assistant in the Herbarium, Royal Gardens, Kew.
The paper was illustrated by Plates of three new genera, viz.
Campylandra, Gonioscyplia, and Speirantha ; and by a fourth Plate
showing the peculiar structure of the stigma, and its relation to
the other parts of the flower, in Plectogyne.
2. " Notice of a Floating Island in Derwentwater Lake, formed
of Matted Boots of Lobelia Dortmanna, Linn." By .T. E. Howard,
Esq., F.L.S.
LTim. PKOC. —Session 1874-75. b
11 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
November 19tli, 1874.
Prof. ALLMATf, M.D., LL.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
E, Brough Smyth, Esq., was elected a FeUow.
Mr. Daniel Hanbury, Treas. L.S., exhibited specimens of the
rose from which Attar of Eose is distilled on the southern slopes
of the Balkan. They were obtained by Mr. Vice-Consul Dupuis,
of Adrianople, and were referred by Mr. J. Gr. Baker to Uosa
gallica, Linn., var. damascena, Miller,
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Structure and Systematic Position of Stephanoscy-
pJius mirabilis, the type of a new order of Hydrozoa, Thecome-
dusce." By Dr. AUman, P.E.S., Pres. L.S.
2. " Monographic Sketch of the Durione*." By M. T. Mas-
ters, M.D., P.E.S. & L.S.
December 3rd, 1874.
Prof Allman, M.D., LL.D., P.E.S., President, in the Chair.
Sir Edmund Buckley, Bart., M.P., James Brogden, Esq., James
Cowherd, Esq., Patrick Duffy, Esq., C. C. Dupre, Esq., A. M.
Eoss, M.D., and S. "W. Silver, Esq., were elected Eellows.
The President read a letter from the Eev. John Hellins, Exe-
cutor of the late H. Dorville, Esq., announcing the bequest, by
Mr. Dorville, of a miniature portrait of the late Col. Montagu,
E.L.S., together with interleaved and annotated copies of his ' Or-
nithological Dictionary ' and ' Testacea Britannica,' the coloured
drawings from which the original illustrations of these works
were made, and several volumes of his unpublished manuscripts.
Ordered that the Special Thanks of the Society be presented to
the Executor and Eesiduary Legatee for this valuable bequest.
LINNEAir SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ill
The following paper was read : —
"On the Classification of the Animal Kingdom." By Profes-
sor Huxley, Sec. E.S., F.L.S,
December 17th, 1874.
Prof. Allman, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
James Deane, Esq., and "William A. Shoolbred, Esq., were
elected Fellows.
Mr. Hanbury, Treas. L.S., exhibited, from the garden of the
Palazzo Orengo, near Mentone, flowering branches of two re-
markable species of Kleinia, \erj similar in appearance — the K.
odora, Eorskahl, from Arabia, and K. anteuphorhium, DeC, from
South Africa, species rarely seen in flower in our plant-houses, but
which flower freely at Mentone in the open air. ^
Dr. Prior, P.L.S., exhibited, on the part of W. Surtees, Esq.,
a flowering branch of the Glastonbury Thorn from Trinfield,
Taunton.
Mr, Jackson, A.L.S., exhibited, from the Museum of the Eoyal
Grardens, Kew, a beautiful series of photographs of South- African
scenery, from paintings by T. Baines, Esq.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Habits of Bees, Wasps, and Ants." By Sir John
Lubbock, Bart., M.P., E.E.S., F.L.S., «fec.
2. " Diagnoses of New Genera and Species of Hydroida." By
Dr. Allman, F.R.S., Pres. L.S., «fec.
January 21st, 1875.
Prof. Allman, M D., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
Captain F. Henderson, AUan James Hewitt, Esq., Duncombe
&2
iv PROCEEDTNOS OF THE
Pyrke, jun., Esq., and Howard Saunders, Esq., were elected
Fellows.
The following papers were read : —
1. " The Pathology of the Oak-gall, and its relation to other
Morbid Grrowths." By W. Ainslie HoUis, M.D, Communicated
by Dr. Hooker, C.B., Pres. E.S., E.L.S., &c.
2. " Lichens of the ' Challenger ' Expedition, from Bahia, Ker-
guelen's Land, &c." By Dr. Stirton. (Contributions to the Bo-
tany of the ' Challenger,' No. XXI.)
3. "Additions to the Lichen Elora of New Zealand and the
Chatham Islands.^' By the same. Both communicated by Dr.
Hooker.
Mr. Andrew Murray, E.L.S., exhibited, in illustration of Dr.
Hollis's paper, an extensive series of G-alls, being part of the col-
lection in preparation for the Museum at Bethnal Grreen.
February 4th, 1875.
Prof Allman, M.D., LL.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
Captain Gilbert Mair and Llewelyn Powell, M.D., were elected
Fellows.
The following papers were read : —
1. Contributions to the Botany of the 'Challenger.' — No. XXII.
— "Algae collected by H, N. Moseley,Esq., at Simon's Bay, C.Gr.H.,
Seal Island, Marion Island, Kerguelen's Island, &c." By G-eorge
Dickie, M.D., F.L.S., &c.
2. Ditto. — No. XXIII. "Enumeration of Fungi collected during
the Expedition of H.M.S. ' Challenger,' 2nd Notice." By the Eev.
M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.
3. Ditto.— No. XXIV. " On the Insects (chiefly Apterous) of
LTNNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. V
Kerguelen; and Further Notes on the Plants." By H. N.
Moseley, Esq., M.A. (In a Letter to Dr. Hooker, Pres. E.S., &c.)
4. Extract of a Letter, on Ariscema speciosum, &c., from Mr. J.
Gammie to Dr. Hooker, dated Darjeeling, May 19, 1874.
5. Extract of a Letter on the Botany of the Seychelles, dated
November 12th, 1874, and addressed to Dr. Hooker. By John
Home, Esq., F.L.S., Subdirector of tlie Botanic Gardens, Mau-
ritius.
6. Extract of a Letter from J. B. Balfour, Esq., Botanist to the
Expedition to Rodriguez to observe the Transit of Venus, dated
Eodriguez, November 3, 1874, and containing Notes on the Bo-
tany of the island, addressed to and communicated by Dr. Hooker,
Pres. E.S., E.L.S.
7. " On the Origin of the prevailing Systems of Phyllotaxis."
By the Eev. Greorge Henslow, M.A., E.L.S., &c.
Dr. Hooker, Pres. R.S., exhibited an extensive series of drawings
and photographs taken during the ' Challenger ' Expedition ; and
Professor Dyer, in illustration of Mr. Moseley's " Notes on the
Insects and Plants of Kerguelen," called attention to a photograph
showing the Kerguelen Cabbage {Pringlea antiscorhutica, Br.) in
different stages of growth.
February 18th, 1875.
Prof. Allman, M.D., LL.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
Marcus Manuel Hartog, John Hopkinson, jun., Esq., and
Edward P. Eamsay, Esq., were elected Fellows.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " On the Structure, Affinities, and Probable Source of the
Large Human Fluke (Distoma crassum, Busk)." By Thomas
Spencer Cobbold, M.D., F.E.S., F.L.S., &c.
2. " On the External Anatomy of Tanais vittatus, occurring
with Limnoria and Clielura terebrans in excavated Pier-wood."
vi PROCEEDINGS OF THE
By J. D. Macdonald, M.D., F.E.S., &c. Communicated by W.
T. T. Dyer, M.A., F.L.S.
March 4th, 1875.
Prof. Allman, M.D., LL.D., P.E.S., President, ia the Chair.
Wniiam John Joshua Scofield, Esq., was elected a Fellow.
Mr. Thomas Atthey and Mr. William Botting Hemsley were
elected Associates.
Mr. Hanbury, Treas. L.S., exhibited a drawing of an exceedingly
beautiful Fungus, apparently an undescribed species, belonging
to the section Hymenophallus, from Central America.
Dr. Hooker, Pros. E.S., exhibited a specimen of a remarkable
Fungus (Polyporus destructor) obtaiaed from the timber of the
ship ' Egmont.'
Mr. Baker, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of a new species of
Cape Drimia, in which the bulb was represented by a dense
epigseous rosette of fleshy obovate-spathulate scales, like the
leaves of some species of Saioorthia, flat on the face and hemi-
spherical at back ; also, on behalf of Mr. Hemsley, a set of
specimens of Flatamcs, to illustrate the difference between the
oriental and occidental species.
Mr, Jackson, A.L.S., exhibited, from the Museum of the Royal
G-ardens, Kew, stems of Hydnophytum formicarii/m from Sumatra,
oi Myrmecodia armataivova Java, of another species of Myrmecodia
from Australia, and of some other E-ubiaceous and Melastoma-
ceous plants in which ants form their nests.
Professor Dickson made some observations, illustrated by mi-
croscopic specimens, on the development of the embryo in Tro-
■pcEolum speciosum.
The following papers were read : —
1. " Notes on the Gamopetalous Orders belonging to the Cam-
LIITNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. VU
panulaceous and Oleaceous Groups." By Greorge Bent ham, Esq.,
F.E.S., V.P.L.S.
2. " On Plants in wliich Ants make their Homes." By John
E. Jackson, A.L.S.
3. "On the Structure of the Seed in CycadesB." By TV. T.
Thiselton Dyer, Esq., M.A., F.L.S.
March 18th, 1875.
Prof. Allman, M.D., LL.D., E.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Eev. Thomas "W". Daltry, M.A., Spencer Le Marchant
Moore, Esq., and Alfred Smee, Esq., were elected Eellows.
Mr. Eothery, F.L.S., exhibited several beautiful chromo-litho-
graphic views of trees ; also a portfolio and press which he had
employed in drying botaaical specimens during a recent journey
in the United States.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On thirty-one Species of Planarians, collected partly by
the late Dr. Kelaart, F.L.S. , in Ceylon, and partly by Dr.
CoUingwood in the Eastern Seas." By Cuthbert Collingwood,
M.D., F.L.S.
2. "Similitudes of the Bones in the Enaliosauria. — On the
Eesemblances of Ichthyosaurian Bones with those of other Aai-
mals." By Harry G. Seeley, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., &c.
April 1st, 1875.
Prof. Allman, M.D., LL.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The President, on taking the Chair, said, '* I cannot allow the
business of the evening to commence without one word expressive
of the deep sorrow which we all feel in the death of one of our
moat distinguished Fellows and ablest Officers. In our late
Vm PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Treasurer we tad a man of refined and cultivated mind, of
honest and straightforward purpose, and of a simplicity and
kindliness of character that endeared him to all who knew him.
Mr. Hanbury has been taken away from us at a time of life when
we might still have looked forward to much and valuable work ;
and it now only remains for us to accept in sorrow the loss which
deprives the Society of a conscientious and efficient Officer, and
many of us of a valued friend."
Lord Arthur John Edward Eussell, M.P., "W. Duppa Crotch,
Esq., M.A., the Eev. Thomas Eoulkes, James William Davies,
Esq., M.E.C.S., Alexander Macmillan, Esq., and Greorge Ferguson
Wilson, Esq., were elected Eellows.
The following papers were read : —
1. " Notes on Octopus vulgaris, Lam." By W. S. Mitchell,
LL.B., E.L.S.
2. " On the Connexion of Vegetable Organisms with Small-
pox." By E. Klein, M.D., Assistant Professor at the Laboratory
of the Brown Institution. Communicated by W. T. Thiselton
Dyer, Esq., E.L.S.
April 15th, 1875.
Prof. Allmaf, M.D., LL.D., E.E.S., President, in the Chair.
Alexander Dickson, M.D., J. F. Duthie, Esq., and Henry Clifton
Sorby, Esq., were elected Fellows.
The following papers were read : —
1. " Notes on the Nature and Productions of several Atolls of
the Tokelan, Ellice, and Gilbert Groups, South Pacific." By the
Eev. Thomas Powell, F.L.S.
2. " List of Plants collected in New Guinea in 1873, by Dr. A.
B. Meyer, and sent to Kew, December 1874." By Daniel Oliver,
Esq., F.E.S., F.L.S.
LINNEAJS" SOCTETT OF LONDON. IX
3. Contributions to tlie Botany of the ' Challenger.' — No.
XXV. " On the Diatomaceous Gatherings made by H. N. Moseley,
M.A., at Kerguelen's Land." By the Eev. E. O'Meara,
M.E.I.A. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, C.B,, Pres. E.S,,
F.L.S., &c.
4. Ditto.— No. XXVI. "Letter from H. N. Moseley, Esq., to
the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., on an Edible Chinese Sphceria,
known as ' Winter-worm Grass,' Parasitic on certain Larvse."
5. Ditto.— No. XXVII. " The Musci and Hepatic^ collected
by H. N. Moseley, Esq., Naturalist to H.M.S. * Challenger.' " By
WiUiam Mitten, A.L.S.
6. " Notes on Algae from the Island of Mangada, South Pa-
cific." By George Dickie, M.D., F.L.S.
May 6th, 1875.
Prof. Allman, M.D., LL.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
Frederick Hungerford Bowman, Esq., William Kitchen Parker,
Esq., Eobert E. Peterson, M.D., and Charles Henry Wade, Esq.,
were severally elected Pellows ; and Professor Alexander Agassiz,
M. H. E. Baillon, Dr. Ferdinand Colin, Professor Filippo Parla-
tore, and Professor Armand de Quatrefages were elected Foreign
Members.
The following papers were read: —
1. "The Anatomy of two Parasitic Forms of Tetrarhynchidae."
By Francis H. Welch, Esq., F.E.C.S. Communicated by Pro-
fessor Busk, V.P.L.S. &c.
2. " Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Family Zygsenidse, with
descriptions of new Genera and Species." By A. G. Butler
Esq., F.L.S.
3. *' On the Characteristic Colouring-matters of the Eed Groups
X PEOCEEDOfOS OF THE
of Alg«." By H. C. Sorby, Esq., F.E.S., F.L.S., Pres. E. Micr.
Soc, &c.
May 24th, 1875.
• Anniversary Meeting.
Prof. ALLMAif, M.D., LL.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
This day, the Anniversary of the Birth of Linnaeus, and the day
appointed by the Charter for the Election of Council and Officers,
the President opened the business of the Meeting with the fol-
lowing Address : —
Gentlemen,
I BELIEVE that the object contemplated by the Addresses which it
has been the custom for your Presidents to deliver year after year
to the Fellows of the Linnean Society will be best fulfilled by
making them as much as possible the exponent of recent progress
in Biological Science. The admirable Addresses with which my
distinguished predecessor has, during his long tenure of ofl&ce, so
greatly enriched our Journal afford an example as regards the ex-
position of botanical research, which may well be followed in Biology
generally. The field, however, which thus offers itself is so wide,
the activity in almost every department so intense, that the neces-
sity of restricting the exposition within a limited area becomes im-
perative if it be expected to produce any thing like a definite picture
instead of a vast assemblage of images, confused and ill-defined by
their very multiplicity, and by the condensation which would be
inseparable from their treatment.
"While thus imposing on myself these necessary hmits it is almost
at random that I have chosen for this year's Address some account
of the progress which has recently been made in our knowledge of
the CiLiATE Infusoria — a group of organisms whose very low
position in the Animal Kingdom in no way lessens their interest for
the philosophic biologist, or their significance in relation to general
morphological laws.
To enable you to form a correct estimate of the value of recent
researches, it may be well to bring before you in the first place, as
shortly as possible, the chief steps which have led up to the present
standpoint of our knowledge of these organisms.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XI
It is scarcely necessary to remind you that the first important
advance which, during the present century, was made in our know-
ledge of the Infusoria dates from the publication of the great work
of Ehrenberg *, whose unrivalled industry opened up a new field of
research when, by his expressive figures and well-constructed dia-
gnoses, he made us acquainted with the external forms of whole
hosts of microscopic organisms of which we had been hitherto en-
tirely ignorant, or which were known only by such figures and de-
scriptions as the earlier observers with their very imperfect micro-
scopes were able to give us.
Ehrenberg, however, as we are all aware, did not content himself
with portraying the external forms of the microscopic organisms to
whose study he had devoted himself, but sought also to determine
their internal structure, of which scarcely any thing had been hitherto
known. In this direction, no less than in the other, the perse-
verance of the celebrated microscopist never flagged ; but unfortu-
nately at the very commencement of his researches he slid into a
misleading path, and was never again able to find the right one.
Every one knows how Ehrenberg, in accordance with preconceived
notions of the high organization of all animals, attributed to the Infu-
soria a complicated structure ; how, while he rightly distinguished them
from the Rotiferae, with which they had been confounded by
previous observers, he yet regarded them as intimately related to
these representatives of a totally different type ; and how, in attri-
buting to them a complete alimentary canal with numerous gastric
offsets, he took this feature as their most important character, and
designated them by the name of Polygastrica ; and it is probably
a matter of surprise to many of us that with the overwhelming mass
of evidence which subsequent research has brought to bear against
the truth of the polygastric theory, the great Prussian observer
should still adhere with undiminished tenacity to his original views.
Among the authors who, since the publication of the *Iufu-
sionsthierchen,' have contributed most to a correct estimate of the
morphology, physiology, and systematic position of the Infusoria, the
names of Dujardin, Von Siebold, Stein, Balbiani, Claparede and Lach-
mann, and most recently Haeckel stand out conspicuous.
The way to a philosophic conception of the Infusoria and of other
beings which occupy the lowest stages of life was undoubtedly
opened up by Dujardin f when he drew attention to a peculiar form
* Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen. Leipzig, 1838.
t " Sur rOi'ganisation des Tufiisoires," Ann. des Sci. Nat. 1838 ; and ' Hist.
des Infusoires,' Parif. 1841.
xii PJIOCEEDINGS OF THE
of matter of semifluid consistence and of nitrogenous composition,
and which, though totally undifferentiated, is yet endowed with pro-
perties essentially characteristic of vitality. To this remarkable sub-
stance he gave the name of " sarcode." The sarcode of Dujardin has
of late years been described chiefly under the name of " protoplasm,"
and its wide extension and importance in the economy of all living
beings, whether plants or animals, has been recognized as one of the
most comprehensive facts in biology.
After Dujardin, the first who, from a strong position, offered battle to
the authority of Ehrenberg was Carl Theodor von Siebold*. Von
Siebold rejected in toto the polygastric theory, and so far from
admitting a complexity in the organization of the Infusoria, he re-
garded them as realizing the conception of almost the very simplest
form of life, and attributed to them the morphological value of a
cell.
Let us see what is involved in this most significant comparison.
The essential conception of a cell is, as you know, that of a more or
less spherical mass of protoplasm, with or without an external
bounding membrane, and with an internal nucleus or differentiated
and more or less condensed portion of the protoplasm. It was to a
form of this kind that Siebold compared the body of an Infusorium.
He called attention to the soft protoplasmic mass of which the body
mainly consists, to the external firmer layer by which this is sur-
rounded, and to the variously shaped body differentiated in the
protoplasm, to which Ehrenberg had gratuitously attributed the
function of a male generative organ. Here then were, according to
Siebold, the protoplasm body-substance, the bounding membrane,
and the nucleus of a true cell.
The morphological value thus attributed to the true Infusoria
(under which were included the Flagellata) was extended by Siebold
to Amceba and its allies ; and to the whole assemblage thus consti-
tuted he assigned the position of a primary group of the animal
kingdom to which he gave the name of Protozoa, whose essential
character was thus that of being unicellular animals. He then
divided his Protozoa into those which had the faculty of emitting
pseudopodial prolongations of their protoplasm (Amceba, &c.) and
those in which the place of the pseudopodia was taken by vibratile
cilia or by lash-like appendages. To the former he gave the name
of Rhizopoda ; to the latter he restricted that of Infusoria ; and,
lastly, he divided the Infusoria into the mouth-bearing Stomatoda
* Siebold, ' Lehrbucli cler vergleichendeu Anatomic,' 1845.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XIU
(Ciliata) and the mouthless Astomata (Flagellata) . From every
point of view Von Siebold's conception of the morphology of the
Protozoa, and his sketch of their classification, however much this
may have been subsequently modified, must be regarded as marking
out an epoch in the history of Zoology.
Shortly after this the unicellular theory was strongly supported by
Kblliker *, and received further confirmation from the researches of
Stein f, who, however, was unable to accept it to its full extent. "With
an industry almost equal to that of Ehrenberg, Stein had the advantage
of the more philosophic views of organization which had emanated
from the newer schools of Biology ; and to him we are indebted
not only for more accurate views of the structure of the Infusoria, but
for the first important contributions to our knowledge of their develop-
ment ; and though the opinion which he at one time entertained that
the true AcinetcB are only stages in the development of the higher
Infusoria has been abandoned by him, he has^ nevertheless, demon-
strated the presence, in an early period of the development of certain
species, of peculiar pseudopodial processes resembling the charac-
teristic capitate appendages of the AmietcB, an observation of impor-
tance in its bearing on the relations of these last to the true Infu-
soria. No doubt can remain, after Stein's observations, that the
Infusoria in their young state have the morphological value of a
simple cell ; and it is only after their development has become ad-
vanced, and that a marked differentiation has begun to manifest
itself in this primordial condition, that there can be any difficulty in
accepting their absolute unicellularity.
About this time Balbiani drew attention to some very important
phenomena in the life-history of the Infusoria J. It had been
known even to the early observers that the Infusoria multiplied
themselves by a process of spontaneous fission. They had been
frequently observed in the act of transverse cleavage, and had also
been noticed in what appeared to be a similar cleavage taking place
in a longitudinal instead of a transverse direction. Balbiani, how-
ever, showed that this apparent longitudinal cleavage had, in many
cases, an entirely different significance — that it was, in fact, not the
cleavage of a single individual, but the conjugation of two distinct
ones ; and he connected this phenomenon with what he regarded as
a true sexual act.
* Zeitschr. f. wissensch. Zool. 1849.
t Stein, ' Der Organismus der Inf usionstliiere,' 1 867.
I Balbiani, " Recherches sur les organes generateurs et la reproduction des
Infuaoires," Coraptes Rondus. 1858, p. 383.
XIV PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
It was then known that, besides the nucleus which occupied a con-
spicuous position in the protoplasmic mass, there existed in many
Infusoria another differentiated body, similar to the nucleus, but
smaller, and either in close contact with it, or separated from it by
a greater or less interval. To this body the ill-chosen name of
"nucleolus" had been given. Now Balbiani's observations led him
to believe that, under the influence of conjugation, this so-called
nucleolus underwent a change, and developed in its interior a mul-
titude of exceedingly minute filaments or rod-like bodies, to which
he attributed the significance of spermatozoa ; while at the same time
the nucleus became divided into globular masses, which Balbiani
regarded as eggs, and in which he believed he could recognize a
germinal vesicle and germinal spot. AVe should thus, according to
this interpretation, have in the Infusoria the two essential elements
of sexual differentiation, the spermatozoon and the egg.
Stein, though differing from Balbiani in certain details, accepts,
in its general facts, the sexual theory, and maintains the spermatic
nature of the rod-like corpuscles to which the nucleolus appears to
give rise.
But however real may be the phenomena described by Balbiani
and by Stein, the correctness of assigning to them a sexual signifi-
cance may be called in question ; and it is certain that subsequent
observation has not tended to confirm the hypothesis that we have
in the Infusoria true eggs fecundated by true spermatozoa.
Claparede and Lachmann, two able and indefatigable observers fresh
from the school of the great anatomist Johannes Miiller, now entered
the field, and their joint labours have given us a most valuable work
on the Infusoria*. In this an entirely new view of the morphology
of the Infusoria has been introduced. Receding widely from the
unicellular theory of Siebold, they approximate towards the views of
Ehrenberg in assigning to the Infusoria a comparatively complex
structure ; but instead ^of adopting the polygastric theory of the
Prussian microscopist, they attribute to the Infusoria a single well-
defined gastric cavity, occupying the whole of the space limited ex-
ternally by the outer firm boundary-walls of the softer protoplasmic
mass ; while this mass is regarded by them as nothing more than a
sort of chyme by which the gastric cavity is filled. According to
this view, the nearest relations of the Infusoria would be found
among the Zoophytes, and their proper systematic seat would be in
the primary group of the Ccelenterata.
* Claparede et Lachmann, 'Etudes siir les Infusoires et les Ehizopodes.'
Geneve, 1858-1861.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XV
Though few zoologists will now be prepared to accept the conclu-
sions of the Genevan naturalist and his associates, the ccelenterate rela-
tions of the Infusoria have recently found an advocate in Greeff *. In
an elaborate memoir on the Vorticellce, Greeff sees in the very well-
marked distinction between the external or cortical layer and the in-
ternal soft body-substance, a proof of the views maintained by Claparede
and Lachmann ; and he considers this position still further confirmed
by the presence in Epistylis flavicans of numerous oval or piriform,
brilliant, well-defined capsules, which are generally distributed in
pairs below the outer layer, and which, under the influence of a
stimulus, emit a long filament, thus closely resembling the thread-
cells so well known as characteristic elements in certain tissues of
the Ccelenterata.
It must be here remarked that the presence of similar bodies in
the Infusoria, where they have been described under the name of
trichocysts, has long been known. Though varying in form, they
all possess a more or less close resemblance to the thread-cells of the
Ccelenterata. Their presence undoubtedly indicates a step upwards
in the differentiation of the organism, but, as we shall presently see,
it offers no valid argument against its unicellularity.
In his admirable * Principles of Comparative Anatomy ' f , Gegen-
baur expresses doubts as to the sexual nature of the reproductive
phenomena of the Infusoria, and is disposed to regard the so-called
embryo-sphere in the light of a proliferous stolon from which several
embryos are in some cases thrown off. Arguing from the Acineta-
like form of the young in the higher Infusoria, as shown by Stein,
and comparing the transitory condition of this with the permanent
condition of the true Acinetce, he believes that we are justified in
regarding the Acinetce as the ancestral form from which the proper
Infusoria have been derived. He further compares the contractile
vesicle and its canals in the Infusoria with the water-vascular system
of the worms, and believes that a parentage with these higher forms
is thus indicated. Gegenbaur, moreover, expresses himself strongly
against the unicellular theory. He regards, however, the absence of
distinct cell-nuclei in the substance of the Infusoria as affording evi-
dence of their composition out of several " Cytodes," or non-
nucleated protoplasm masses, rather than out of true nucleated cells.
Still more recently Biitschli has given us the results of observa-
* Greeff, " Untersuchungen iiber den Bau und die Naturgeschichte der Vorti-
cellen," Archiv fur Naturg. 1870.
f Grundzijge der vergleichenden Anatomie, 1870.
XVI PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
tions on the conjugation of Paramecium aurelia*. He is led, how-
ever, to doubt the validity of the sexual interpretation of the conju-
gation. He found that in certain cases in Paratnecium aurelia and
in P. colpoda the so-called spermatic capsule into which the nu-
cleolus had become converted had entirely disappeared, without any
evident change in the nucleus ; and he concludes that fecundation
of the bodies regarded by Balbiani as eggs cannot be here enter-
tained. Indeed he will not allow that we have evidence entitling
us to regard the appearance of filaments io the interior of the nu-
cleolus as affording any indication of true spermatozoa. He offers
no explanation of this appearance ; but he calls attention to the fact
that both Balbiani and Stein noticed that in transverse division of
the Infusoria (a phenomenon with which conjugation can have
nothing to do) the nucleolus frequently enlarges and acquires a lon-
gitudinal striation, like that of the nucleolus in the supposed pro-
duction of spermatozoa during conjugation, Balbiani, it is true, main-
tains that this striation during cleavage is only superficial ; but it never-
theless affords an argument against assigning any more important
significance to the very similar appearance in the case of conjugation.
On the whole, it would appear that the spermatozoal nature of
the striae visible in the nucleolus of the conjugating individuals (even
admitting that these striae represent isolatable filaments) has not by
any means been proved ; while the phenomenon of conjugation in
the Infusoria would seem to correspond rather with the conjugation
so well known in many lower organisms, where it takes place with-
out being in any way connected with the formation of true sexual
products.
In the same memoir the results of observations on some other
points in the structure and economy of the Infusoria have also been
given by Biitschli. He records the occurrence of minute crystal-
like laminae in the interior of a marine Infusorium (Stroynbidium
sulcatum), rendered remarkable by a conspicuous girdle of tricho-
cysts which surround its body. The crystal-like corpuscles seem
to be of the nature of starch ; for on the application of iodine they
assume a beautiful violet colour. It does not appear from Biitschli's
account of these bodies that they have not been introduced from
without ; and the chief interest of the obser\'ation seems to be in the
discovery of an amylaceous body assuming a crystalline form. He
had previously met with similar bodies in a parasitic Infusorium
(^Nyctotherus ovalis) as well as in a Gregarina (G. blattariun).
* O. Butscbli, " Einiges iiber Infiisorien,' Archiv f. mikroskop. Anat. 1873.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Xvii
He also describes, under the name of Polykricos Swartzii, a new-
Infusorium which he frequently found in the fiords of the south
coast of Norway and in the Gulf of Kiel, and which he regards as
especially interesting, from the fact that, with a true infusorial orga-
nization, it contains, irregularly distributed in the outer layer of the
body, numerous capsules indistinguishable from the true Coelenterate
thread-cells. These bodies, however, are never included in a special
investment; and he justly regards their presence as affording no
argument against the unicellular nature of the Infusoria. He lays
it down as a probable distinction between the trichocysts of the In-
fusoria and genuine thread-cells, that the former have the power of
ejecting their contained filament from both ends of the capsule ;
while we know that in the thread-cell it is only one end which gives
exit to it. This double emission of a filament appears to have been
observed by Biitschli in the trichocysts of a large Nassula ; but the
distinction is certainly not a generally valid one. There is no
doubt that in the majority of cases the trichocyst emits its filament
from only one end of its capsule, exactly as in the thread-cells of
the Coelenterata ; and it is hard to see in what respect the bodies
noticed by Biitschli in his Polykricos Swartzii essentially differ
from true infusorial trichocysts. In conclusion he declares himself
strongly in favour of the uuicellularity of the Infusoria.
The reproductive process was lately followed by myself through
some of its stages in a very beautiful Vorticellidan * obtained abun-
dantly from a pond in Brittany, The zooids which form the colonies
in this Infusorium are grouped in spherical clusters on the extremi-
ties of the branches. They present near the oral end a large and
very obvious contractile vesicle, and have a long cylindrical nucleus,
curved in the form of a horseshoe. In the internal protoplasm are
also imbedded scattered green chlorophyl-granules. No trace of
the so-called nucleolus was present in any of the specimens ex-
amined.
Among the ordinary zooids there were usually some which had
become encysted in a very remarkable way, and without any pre-
vious conjugation having been noticed. These encysted forms were
much larger than the others, and had assumed a nearly spherical
shape ; the peristome and cilia-disk had become entirely withdrawn,
the contractile vesicle was still obvious, but had ceased to manifest
contractions : brownish spherical corpuscles with granular contents,
probably the more or less altered chlorophyl-granules of the un-
* British Association Reports, 1873.
LINN. PBGC. — Session 1874-75. a
XVIU PROCEEDTNGS OF THE
encysted zooid, were scattered through the parenchyma ; and the
nucleus was not only distinct, but had increased considerably in
length. Round the whole a clear gelatinous envelope had become
excreted.
In a later stage there was formed between the gelatinous envelope
and the cortical layer of the body a strong, dark brown, apparently
chitinous case, the surface of which, in stages still further advanced,
had become ornamented by very regular hexagonal spaces with
slightly elevated edges. In this state the chitinous envelope was so
opaque that no view could be obtained through it of the included
structures ; and in order to arrive at any knowledge of these it was
necessary to rupture it. The nucleus thus liberated was found to
have still further increased in length, and to have become wound
into a convoluted and comphcated knot. Along with the nucleus
were expelled multitudes of very minute corpuscles with active
Brownian movements.
In a still further stage the nucleus had become irregularly branched,
and at the same time somewhat thicker and of a softer consistence ;
and finally it had become broken up into spherical fragments, each
with an included corpuscle resembling a true cell-nucleus, in which
the place of a nucleolus was taken by a cluster of minute granules.
In this case the original nucleus of the vorticellidan had thus be-
come broken up into bodies identical with the so-called eggs of
Balbiani : but this was anaccompanied by any conjugation or by the
formation of any thing which could be compared to spermatozoal
filaments.
What I believe we may regard as now established in the pheno-
mena of reproduction in the Infusoria is that, besides the ordinary
reproduction by spontaneous fission of the entire body, the nucleus
at certain periods, and after more or less change of form in the In-
fusorium-body, becomes broken up into fragments, each including a
corpuscle resembling a true cell-nucleus, and that this takes place
without necessarily requiring the influence of conjugation or the
action of spermatozoa ; that these fragments, after their liberation
from the body of the Infusorium, become developed (still without
the necessity of spermatic influence) directly or indirectly into the
adult form.
Whether proper sexual elements ever take part in the life-history
of the Infusoria remains an open question.
Everts* has given an account of observations which, with the
* Everts, '■ Untersuchungen an Vorticella nebulifera" Sitziingsberichte der
physikaliseh-medicinisc'hen Societat zu Erlangen, 1873.
LIXNEAN SOCIETT OF LOXDON. XIX
view of testing the statements of Greeff, he made on Vorticella
nebulifera. GreeflP, as we have seen, attributed to the Yorticellce a
true ccelenterate structure ; and Everts, by his own investigations,
has convinced himself of the untenableness of this view, and has been
led to regard the Vorticellce as strictly unicellular.
He recognizes the distinction between the cortical layer, which
forms not only the periphery of the body, but the whole of the stalk
on which this is supported, and the central mass in which the nutri-
ment is deposited, collected into pellets and digested. The nucleus
is imbedded in the inner side of the cortical layer, which is itself
differentiated into certain secondary layers. Everts's account of the
structure of Vorticella is thus entirely in accordance with the con-
ception of it as a cell with a parietal nucleus — a cell, however, in
which differentiation is carried very far without the essential cha-
racter of a simple cell being thereby lost.
Everts regards the external wall as corresponding with the ecto-
derm, and the internal softer body-substance with the endoderm of
higher animals. If by this the author meant to indicate a ho-
mological identity between the structures thus compared, it is
plain that he would have taken an entirely mistaken view, based
on a misconception of the essential nature of au ectoderm and endo-
derm. These membranes are essentially multicellular, and are always
results of the segmentation of the vitellus in a true ovum. They
can therefore never be attributed to a unicellular animal, in which no
true segmentation-process ever takes place. In his rejoinder, how-
ever, to an elaborate criticism of his memoir by Greeff he explains
that he intended to compare the two layers of the Infusorium-body
analogically, not morphologically, v.ith an ectoderm and endoderm.
The same author has further made some interesting observations
on the development of Vorticella. He has noticed that reproduction
is here ushered in by a longitudinal cleavage, in which, after divi-
sion of the nucleus, the body of the Vorticella becomes cleft into two
halves still seated on the common stalk. Each of these develops
near its posterior end a wreath of vibratile cilia, while the peristome
and the cilia-disk over the mouth are entirely withdrawn, and then
breaks loose from its stem and swims freely away. These free-
swimming Vorticellce now encyst themselves, the cilia disappear, and
the contents of the encysted animal acquire a uniform clearness, with
the exception of the nucleus, which persists unchanged. In the
next place the nucleus breaks up into eight or nine pieces, and then
the wall of the cyst becomes ruptured and gives exit to these frag-
c2
XX PROCEEDINGS OF THE
ments, which now appear as spontaneously moving spherules. These
increase in size, develop on one end a cilia-wreath, within which a
mouth makes its appearance, and the free-swimming nucleus-fragment
becomes gradually changed into a form which entirely agrees with the
Trichodlna grandinella of Ehrenberg.
These TrichodincB now multiply by fission, first developing a pos-
terior wreath of cilia, and then dividing transversely between the
anterior and posterior wreaths. After this each fixes itself by the
end on which the n)outh is situated, a short stem becomes here
developed, and the cilia-wreath gradually disappears. Then upon
the free end the peristome and cilia-disk make their appearance, and
the growth of the stem completes the development.
Everts remarks that in this process we have au example of alter-
nation of generations. There is one point, however, in which he has
overlooked its essential difference from a true alternation of genera-
tions— namely, the absence of any intercalation of a proper sexual
reproduction.
Ray Lankester* has subjected to spectrum-analysis the blue
colouring-matter of Stentor cceruleus. This occurs in the form
of minute granules in the cortical layer of the animal ; and Lankester
finds that it gives two strong absorption-bands of remarkable inten-
sity considering the small quantity of the matter which can be sub-
mitted to examination. He cannot identify these bands with those
of any other organic colouring-matter, and to the peculiar ])igment
in which he finds them, he gives the name stentorin.
He has also examined the bright green colouring-matter o( Sientor
Miilleri, and finds that instead of giving the stentorin absorption-
bands it gives a single band like that of the chlorophylloid matter of
Hydra viridis and of Spongilla.
Ray Lankester f also described, under the name of Toi'quatella
typica, a remarkable marine Infusorium, which, though quite desti-
tute of true cilia, can scarcely be separated from the proper Cililta.
With the general structure of the ciliate Infusoria, the place of a
peristomal cilia-wreath is taken by a singular plicated membrane
which forms a wide, frill-like, very mobile appendage surrounding
the oral end of the animal, and projecting to a considerable distance
beyond it. The author regards Toi'quatella typica as the type of a
distinct section of the Ciliata, to which he gives the name of
Calycata.
Of all the authors who since Von Siebold have applied themselves
* Quart. Jouni. Micr. Sci. 1S73. t Ibid. 1874.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOIf. XXI
to the iuvestigation of the lut'usoria, Haeckel must be mentioned as
the one who has brought the greatest amount of evidence to bear on
the question of their unicellularity. In a verv elaborate paper which
has quite recently appeared*, and which is remarkable for the clear-
ness and logical acuteness with which the whole subject is treated.
Prof. Haeckel, resting mainly on the observations of others and
partly also on his own, argues in favour of the unicellularity of the
Infusoria from the evidence afforded both by the phenomena of their
development and by the structure of the mature organism. He
confines himself chiefly to the Ciliata (which, indeed, he regards as
the only true Infusoria), while he considers the unicellularity of the
Flagellata as too obvious to require an elaborate defence. The
value of this paper will be obvious from the analysis of it which
1 now propose to give.
In stating the argument derived from development, Haeckel does
not accept as established the alleged sexual reproduction of the In-
fusoria ; and he believes it safest to regard as non-sexual spores the
bodies (Keimkugeln) which result from the breaking up of the nucleus,
and which Balbiani regarded as eggs.
These bodies consist of a little mass of protoplasm usually desti-
tute of membrane and including a nucleus, within which one or more
vefringent granules, admitting of comparison with a true nucleolus,
may sometimes be witnessed — characters which are all those of a
simple genuine cell. From this spore the embryo is developed by
direct growth and differentiation of parts ; but however great may be
the differentiation, there is never any thing like the formation of a
tissue.
The development of the Infusoria is thus entirely in favour of the
unicellular theory. This theory, however, is just as strongly sup-
ported by the study of their mature condition ; and here Haeckel
gives an admirable exposition of the structure of the true or ciliate
Infusoria.
The parts which are common to all Ciliata, which first differentiate
themselves in the ontogenesis or development of the spore, are the
cortical layer, the medullary parenchyma, and the nucleus, which is
situated on the boundary between the two. The differentiation of
the protoplasm of the naked spore into a clearer and firmer cortical
substance, and a more turbid, granular, and softer medullary sub-
stance, corresponds entirely with what we see in Amoeba and the
* Haeckel, " Zur Morphologie der InfuBorien,"Jenais3he Zeitsch, Band vii.
Heft 4. 1873.
XXll PROCEEDINGS OF THE
parenchyma- cells of higher animals. These two products of diffe-
rentiation are designated by Haeckel " exoplasm" and " endoplasm."
The exoplasm is originally a perfectly homogeneous and structure-
less, colourless, hyaline layer, distinguishable from the turbid granular
soft protoplasm of the internal body-mass by containing in its com-
position less water, by absence of included granules, and by its high
independent contractility. All the mobile appendages of the body,
the cilia, bristles, spines, hairs, hooks, &c., are nothing but struc-
tureless extensions of this exoplasm, and participate in its contrac-
tility. In this respect they entirely correspond to the cilia and
flagella of the cells which form the ciliated epithelium of multi-
cellular animals.
In many Ciliata we find this cortical layer or exoplasm itself sub-
sequently differentiated into distinct strata. In the most highly
differentiated Ciliata four layers may be distinguished as the result
of this secondary differentiation of the exoplasm. These are : —
1, the cuticle layer; 2, the ciha layer; 3, the myophan layer;
4, the trichocyst layer.
The cuticle is nothing but a lifeless exudation from the surface.
In the majority of Ciliata there is no true cuticle, and in those which
possess it it presents itself under various forms, as seen in the thin,
chitine-like, hyaline, homogeneous pellicle of Paramecium and Tri-
chodina, the outer elastic layer of the stem of the Vorticellinse, the
protective sheath of Vaginicola, the chitine-like cases of the Tintin-
nodese and Codonellidae, the beautiful lattice-like siliceous shells of
the Dictyocystidse and many other shells, cases, and shield-like
protections*.
* In the same niimber of the ' Zeitschrift ' Haeckel ("Ueber einige neue
pelagische Infusoi-ien ") clcBcribes some highly interesting Infusoria which spend
their lives in the open sea, and are distinguished by the possession of variously
formed shells. His attention was first directed to them by finding their elegant
empty shells in the extracapsular sarcode of Radiolaria. These pelagic Infu-
soria appear to belong to two different groups, which stand nearest to the Tin-
tinnodea of Claparede and Lachmann. He designates them as Bidyocystidm
and CodoncUida.
The family of Dictyouystidse is based on Ehrenberg's Dictyocysta, and is cha-
racterized by the possession of a siliceous perforated lattice-like shell, so closely
resembling that of many Radiolaria, that Haeckel at first mistook it for the shell
of one of these. The shell is in all the species bell-shaped or helmet-shaped,
and the body of the animal, which is fixed to the fundus of the bell, and can
be projected far bc_)ond its margin, has a wide funnel-shaped peristome, on
whose edge are two concentric wreaths of strong cilia. He describes four species,
distinguishing them by characters derived from their siliceous latticed shell.
Ll>'Ki;A>' SOCIETY OK I,0^'1>0^^
Tlie cilia layer occurs in all Ciliata ; it lies immediately bweatk ^^t-j,
the cuticle, where this is j)resent, and the whole of the cilia »^i^^/.
other mobile appendages are its immediate extensions. Those niust^??-^^- *>.
therefore perforate the cuticle or its modifications, when such pro-
tective coverings exist.
The myophan layer is identical with that which most autliors de-
scribe as a true muscular layer. It has been demonstrated in most
of the Ciliata. It appears as a system of regular parallel fine striae
in the walls of the body, and in the Vorticellinae occupies also the
axis of the stem, where it forms the characteristic " stem-muscle "
of these animals. There can be no doubt that these striae represent
contractile fibres, which, by their contraction, effect the various form-
changes of the animal. They are thus physiologically analogous to
muscles. From a morphological point of view, however, we must
regard them as only differentiated protoplasm-filaments. In the
morphological conception of true muscle its cell-nature is absolutely
indispensable. The so-called muscle-fibrils of the Infusoria never
show a trace of nucleus. They can be viewed only as parts of a
cell due to the differentiation of the sarcode-molecules of its proto-
plasm ; and as they are thus only sarcode lines, Haeckel designates
them by the term "myophan," as indicating a distinction from
proper muscle.
The trichocyst layer occurs also in many Infusoria, but not in all.
It is a thin stratum of the exoplasm lying immediately on the endo-
plasm, and including in certain species the trichocysts. The pre-
sence of these bodies, which possess a striking resemblance to the
thread-cells of the Ccelenterata, has, as we have already seen, been
urged as an argument in favour of the multicellularity of the Infu-
soria. But, as Haeckel argues, no evidence of multicellularity can
be derived from this fact. The thread-cells of the Ccelenterata are
themselves the products of a cell ; and we often find many of them
The family of the CodonellidEe, based on the genus Codonella, Haeckel, is also
provided with a bell-shaped case ; but this, instead of being formed of a siliceous
lattice-work, consists of a ehitine-like organic membrane, through which siU-
ceous particles are scattered. The family is, however, chiefly characterized by
the peculiar form of its peristome. This is funnel-shaped, and provided on its
margin *ith a thin collar-like expansion. The free edge of this collar is ser-
rated, and each tooth carries a stalked lobe of a piriform shape, regarded bv
Haeckel as probably an organ of touch. At some distance behind the circle of
piriform lobes is situated a ring of long, strong, whip-Uke cilia, which form
powerful swimming-organs. The three species dos/ribod are distinguished bv
the form of their chiliuous cases.
XXIV PEOCEEDINGS 01" THE
originating in a single formative cell, quite independently of the
nucleus ; the formative cell may, in this respect, be compared with
the entire body of the Infusorium.
It is the endoplasm, or internal parenchyma of the Infusoria, that
has given rise to the most important differences of opinion ; and in
his account of this part of the Infusorian organism, Haeckel chiefly
directs his criticism against the views advocated by Claparede and
Lachmann and by GreefF.
These authors, as we have already seen, compare the Infusoria
with tlie Coelenterata, and regard the endoplasm, not as a real part
of the body, but merely as the contents of the alimentary canal — as
a sort of food-mash or chyme contained in a spacious digestive cavity,
whose walls are at the same time stomach-wall and body-wall, and
into which the mouth leads by a short gullet. As Haeckel urges,
however, it needs only a correct conception of the intestinal cavity
throughout the animal kingdom, and of its distinction from the
body-cavity, in order to show the xmtenableness of this position.
The main point of such a conception lies in the fact that the intes-
tinal cavity and all extensions of it (gastrovascular canals &c.) are
always originally clothed by the endoderm, or inner leaflet of the
blastoderm, while the body-cavity is always found on the external
side of the endoderm, and between this and the ectoderm, or outer
leaflet of the blastoderm. The body-cavity and intestinal cavity of
animals are thus essentially different; they never communicate with
one another, and always arise in quite different ways.
Again, the contents of a true intestinal cavity consist only of nu-
tritious matter and water — in other words, of chyme ; while the
fluid which fills the body-cavity is never chyme, but is always a
liquid which has transuded through the intestinal wall, and which
may be called chyle, or blood in the wider sense of the word.
Haeckel has thus taken, I believe, the true view of the intestinal
and body -cavities of animals. He had already advocated it in his
work on the Calcareous Sponges. It necessarily involves a belief in
the homological identity of organization between very distant groups
of the animal kingdom — a belief which all recent embryological
research has only tended to confirm.
It follows from this view that the cavity of the Coelenterata
would represent an intestinal cavity only, while a true body-cavity
would be here entirely absent. This way of regarding the cavity of
the Coelenterata is at variance with the conclusions of most other
axiatomists, who regard the coclenterate cavity as representing a
LINNEAN SOCIETV OF LOXDON. XXV
true body-cavity, or a body and intestinal cavity combined. I had
myself" long entertained the generally accepted opinion that the
cavity of the Coelenterata represents a body-cavity. I must, how-
ever, now give my adhesion to the doctrine here advocated by
Haeckel, and regard the pro{)er body-cavity of the higher animals
as having no representative in the Coelenterata. I beheve that this
is supported both by the facts of development and by the structure
of the mature animal. Indeed the body-cavity first shows itself, as
Haeckel has pointed out, in the higher worms, and is thence carried
into the higher groups of the animal kingdom.
If such be the real nature of a true intestinal cavity and of a true
body-cavity, it is plain that neither the one nor the other can exist
in the Infusoria ; for there is here nothing which can be compared
with either the endoderm or the ectoderm.
The whole, then, of the alleged chyme of the Infusoria is nothing
more than the internal soft protoplasm of the body. It is quite the
same as in Amoeba and many other unicellular animals.
The peculiar currents which have been long noticed in the endo-
plasm of many Infusoria must be placed in the same category with
the rotation of the protoplasm observed in many organic cells. Von
Siebold, indeed, had already compared the eudoplasm-currents of
the Infusoria to the well-known rotation of the protoplasm in the
cells of Chara.
The presence of a mouth and anal orifice in the ciliate Infusoria has
been urged as an argument against the unicellular nature of these
organisms. The so-called mouth and anus, however, admit of a
comparison, not in a morphological, but only in a physiological
sense, with the mouth and anus of higher animals. They are
simple lacunae in the firm exoplasm, and have, according to Haeckel,
no higher morphological value than the " pore-canals" in the walls
of many animal- and plant-cells, or the micropyle in that of many
egg-cells. KoUiker had already compared them to the excretory
canal of unicellular glands. Since, therefore, they do not admit of
a comparison with the orifices of the same name in the higher
animals, Haeckel proposes for them the terms " Cytostoma " and
" Cytopyge"
So also the presence of a contractile vesicle and of other vacuoles
affords no solid argument against the unicellularity of the Infusoria.
The physiological significance of the contractile vesicles has been
variously interpreted. According to Haeckel, however, these little
cavities combine two different functions of nutrition — namely, respi-
XXVI PEOCEEBINGS OF THE
ration and excretion. They are in all cases destitute of proper
walls, and they have been long recognized as, morphologically, no-
thing more than lacunae filled with fluid. Regular contractile ve-
sicles, differing in no respect from those of the ciliate Infusoria, are
often found in the Flagellatae and in the swarm-spores of many
Algse.
Besides the constant and regularly contracting vacuoles, there
occur also others less constant and less regularly contracting. These
are found in the softer endoplasm, while the constant and regularly
contracting vacuoles occur for the most part in the firmer exoplasm.
One is just as much a wall-less vacuole as the other, and the differ-
ence between them is to be traced to the difference of consistence in
the surrounding protoplasm. Haeckel regards the less constant
ones as the original forms from which the others have been phylo-
genetically derived — that is, by a process of inheritance and modifica-
tion through descent.
The last and most important of the parts which enter into the
formation of the Infusorium-body, namely the nucleus, is next dis-
cussed. Viewed from a morphological point, it has been already
demonstrated that the nucleus is in all Ciliata originally a single
simple structure, resembling in this respect a true cell-nucleus. As
the Infusorium-body approaches maturity, we find that, with its
advancing differentiation, peculiar changes occur in the nucleus, just
as in the rest of the protoplasm ; but these changes are entirely
parallelled by differentiation phenomena which are known in other
undoubted cell-nuclei, as, for example, in the germinal vesicle of
many animals, in the nuclei of many unicellular plants, the nuclei of
many parenchyma-cells of the higher plants, and the nuclei of many
nerve-cells. The mature Infusorium -nucleus is often vesicle-like,
and consists of a delicate investing membrane and fine granular
contents, precisely as in the differentiated nucleus of many other
cells. In many Ciliata, if not in all, there is within the young
nucleus a dark more refringent corpuscle, which has quite the same
relations as the nucleolus of a true cell-nucleus.
Regarded from a physiological, no less than from a morphological
point of view, the infusorium-nucleus and true cell-nucleus admit of
a close comparison with one another. It may be considered as
established by the concurrent observations of all investigators that
the nucleus of the Infusoria performs the functions of a reproductive
organ, though the opinions entertained as to the mode in which it
thus acts are extremely divergent.
LINNEAlf SOCIETT OF LONDON. XXVU
It is now admitted that in tlie reproduction of unicellular organ-
isms, both in the animal and vegetable kingdom, the nucleus takes
an important part, and by its division as a primary act ushers in
the division of the rest of the protoplasm. Even in the cells which
form constituents of tissues the part played by the nucleus is alto-
gether similar, its division always preceding the division of the cell
itself.
In quite a similar way does the nucleus behave in the ciliate
Infusoria. The non-sexual reproduction of the Infusoria by divi-
sion is perhaps universal. In such cases the division always begins .
by the spontaneous halving of the nucleus ; and this is followed by a
similar division of the surrounding protoplasm, exactly as in tl\e
ordinary simple cell.
Another phenomenon in which the nucleus plays an important
part is named by Haeckel "spore-formation." Under this desig-
nation he comprehends all those cases in which, the idea of a previous
fecundation being rejected, the nucleus breaks into numerous
pieces, and each of these, apparently by becoming encysted in a
portion of the protoplasm of the mother body, shapes itself into an
independent cell, a so-called germ-globule (Keimkugel). Now this
is a true spore, just as much so as the spores, which arise quite in
the same way, in unicellular plants. The whole process is to be
regarded as a case of the so-called endogenous multiplication of
cells.
Most authors, however, take a different view of the nucleus. Fol-
lowing Balbiani, they regard it as an ovary, and to the fragments
into which it breaks up they assign the significance of eggs ; while
the so-called nucleolus, which lies outside the nucleus, is believed to
be a testis in which spermatozoa are developed for the fecundation
of the eggs.
We must bear in mind, however, that this " nucleolus" has been
hitherto found in but a disproportionately small number of species,
while the spermatozoal nature of the apparent filaments which have
been noticed in it has by no means been proved ; and we have
already seen that some observed facts, such as those adduced by
Biitschli, are opposed to the view which would assign to them the
nature of true spermatozoa.
As Haeckel remarks, however, even though the so-called nucleolus
be really a testis fecundating the eggs or fragments derived from
the breaking up of the nucleus, this would afford no valid argu-
ment against the unicellularity of the Infusoria ; for precisely the
XXVIU PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
same sexual differeatiation and reproduction are found in unicellular
plants.
It may now, then, be regarded as proved that the process by
which the body of the ciliate Infusorium attains a certain degree
of differentiation is repeated not only in other unicellular organisms
but in many parenchyma-cells both of plants and animals. The dif-
ference, as Haeckel with much force points out, between the differen-
tiation-process of these parenchyma-cells and that of the Infusorium-
body consists in the fact that in the parenchyma-cells the differentia-
tion is a one-sided one, conditioned by the division of labour in the
organism of which they form the constituents ; while in the Infu-
sorium it is a many-sided one related to all the different directions
in which cell-life manifests itself, and resting on a physiological
division of labour among the " plastidules " or protoplasm-molecules.
In other words, the differentiation-processes which in multicellular
organisms are found distributed among different cells, are united in
the single cell of the ciliate Infusorium, thus leading to the forma-
tion of an animal very perfect in a physiological point of view, but
which morphologically does not pass the limit of a simple cell.
In some rarer cases the Infusorium-body is found to enclose two or
more nuclei ; and Haeckel admits that such Infusoria must strictly
be regarded as multicellular, since the nucleus in itself alone deter-
mines the individuality of the cell ; but these exceptional cases have
no significance for the main conception of the infusorial organism.
The multiplication of the nucleus exerts almost no influence on the
rest of the organization ; and such "multicellular Ciliata " are to be
compared with the colony-building forms of the Acinetse, Gregarinse,
Flagellatae, and other undoubtedly unicellular organisms.
In conclusion, Haeckel considers the systematic position of the
Infusoria. That they are genuine Protozoa, having no direct
relation to either the Coelenterata or the Worms, must be now
admitted. To this result we are led in the most convincing way by
all that we know of their development. In all the animal types
which stand above the Protozoa the multicellular organism is de-
veloped out of the simple egg-cell by the characteristic process of
segmentation, and the cell-masses so arising differentiate themselves
into two layers — the endoderm and ectoderm, or the two primary
germ-lamellae *. Resting on the fundamental homology of these
two layers in all the six higher types of the animal kingdom, Haeckel
* The cuinparisou of the eudodcrm and ectoderm of the Coeleuterata to the
two primary germ-lamellse of the Vertebrata was first made by Huxley.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXIX
had already * directed attention to the fact that all these types pass
in their development through one and the same remarkable form,
to which he gave the name of Gastrula, and vphich he regards as the
most important and significant embryonal form of the whole animal
kingdom. This Gastrula consists of a multicellular, usually oviform,
uniaxial body enclosing a simple cavity, the primordial stomach or
intestine-cavity, which opens outward on one pole of the axis by a
simple orifice, the primordial mouth, and whose walls are composed
of two layers — the endoderm or inner germ-lamella, and the ectoderm
or outer germ-lamella.
This larval form has now been shown, by the researches of
Haeckel, Kowalevsky, Ray Lankester, and others, to occur in members
of all the six higher primary groups of the animal kingdom ; and
Haeckel, in conformity with what he has called the biogenetic fun-
damental lawf (the recapitulation of ancestral forms in the course
of the development of the individual), had already in a former
work;}: concluded in favour of a common descent of all the six higher
types from a single unknown ancestral form, which must have been
constructed essentially like the Gastrula, and to which he gave the
name of Gastrjea.
From this common descent the Protozoa alone are excluded, these
not having yet attained to the formation of germ-lamellse or of a true
intestinal cavity.
He regards this difference between the development of the Pro-
tozoa and that of all the other animal types as so important that he
founds thereon a fundamental division of the whole animal kingdom
into two great primary sections — the Protozoa and the Metazoa.
The former never undergo segmentation, never develop germ-lamellae^
and never possess a true intestinal cavity ; the latter, which includes
all the other types of the animal kingdom, present a true segmen-
tation of the egg-cell, have all two primary germ-lamellae (endoderm
and ectoderm), a true intestine formed from the endoderm and a
true epidermis from the ectoderm ; they all pass through the form
of the Gastrula or an embryonic form capable of being immediately
deduced from it, and (hypothetically) are all descended from a
Gastrsea.
The only Metazoa which in their existing condition have no
intestine are the low worm-groups Cestoda and Acanthocephala ;
but these form only an apparent exception ; for the loss of their
* Die Kalkschwamme, 1872. t Qenerelle Morphologie.
t Die Kalkschwamme.
XXX PKOOEEDIXaS OF THE
intestinal canal is a secondary occurrence caused by parasitism, and
Haeckel regards them as having descended from worms in which the
intestine was present.
Several years ago Haeckel united into a separate kingdom, under
the name of Protista, certain low organisms, some of which had
been previously placed among the Protozoa, while others had been
assigned to the vegetable kingdom. To this neutral group he refers
the Monera, the Flagellatse, the Catallactse, the Labyrinthulese, the
Micromycetse, and the Acytariae and Radiolarise. After the elimi-
nation of these, there remain as genuine Protozoa, the Amoebinse,
the Gregarinse, the Acinetse, and, above all, the true Infusoria or
Ciliata.
The union of the Protista into a distinct kingdom equivalent in
systematic value with the animal or vegetable kingdom, can, how-
ever, scarcely be maintained. We already know enough of some of
them to justify our assigning these to one or other of the two gene-
rally accepted organic kingdoms ; and there can be little doubt that
did we know the whole Jiistory of tlie others and were able to formu-
late the essential difference between the animal and vegetable kingdom,
these, too, would be referred without hesitation either to the one or
to the other, some passing to the former and others to the latter.
The group of the Protista is thus at best but a provisional one, based
partly on our ignorance of the structure and life-history of the beings
which compose it, and partly on our inability to assign to the ani-
mal its essential difference from the plant. Haeckel, however, has
done well in specially directing attention to it; and in his admirable
researches on many of the organisms which he has thus grouped
together, he has largely contributed to our knowledge of living
forms.
I have thus dwelt at considerable length upon this important
paper of Haeckel' s, because I think that it not only brings out in a
clear light the essential features of infusorial structure and physi-
ology as demonstrated by recent research, but that it goes far to set
at rest the controversy regarding the unicellularity and multicellu-
larity of the Infusoria.
Balbiani has quite recently published a very interesting account
of the remarkable Infusorium long ago described by O. F. Miiller
under the name of Vorticella nasuta, and more recently taken by
Stein as the type of his genus Didinium.
The animal, which is somewhat barrel-shaped, with an anterior
« LIU>'EA>' SOCIKTY OF LOXDON. XXXI
and a posterior wreath of cilia, has one end continued into a pro-
hoscis-hke projection, which carries tlie oral orifice on its summit,
while an anal orifice is situated on the point diametrically opposite
to this. There is a very distinct cuticle, though the rest of the cor-
tical layer is very thin and can scarcely be optically distinguished
from the internal parenchyma, which exhibits manifest currents of
rotation. These flow in a continuous sheet along the walls from the
anal towards the oral side, and on arriving at the mouth, turn in
towards the axis, and then flow backwards along this until they
complete the circuit by once more reaching the anal side of the body.
No trichocysts are developed in the walls of the body. The contrac-
tile vesicle is large and is situated near the anal end ; it presents very
distinct pulsations, and Balbiani is disposed to believe in a com-
munication between it and the exterior.
During the act of digestion a tubular cavity can be seen running
through the axis of the body and connecting the oral and anal ori-
fices. This is regarded by Balbiani as a permanent digestive canal.
The postoral or pharyngeal portion of this tube possesses a very re-
markable feature — namely, a longitudiual striation caused by rigid,
rod-like filaments, which are developed in its walls, and which can
b? easily detached and isolated by pressure, or by the action of
acetic acid. They then resemble some common forms of the
raphides developed in the cells of plants. The function of these
rods becomes apparent when the animal is observed in the act of
capturing its prey. The Didinium is eminentty voracious and car-
nivorous, and when in pursuit of other living Infusoria, such as
Paramecium, the prey may be seen to become suddenly paralyzed
on its approach. A careful examination will then show that the
Didinium has projected against it some of its pharyngeal rods; and to
the action of these bodies the arrest of motion is attributed. A
curious cylindrical tongue-like organ is now projected from the
mouth towards the arrested prey, to which it becomes attached by
its extremity. By the retraction of this tongue, the prey is now
gradually withdrawn towards the mouth, engulfed in the distended
pharynx and pushed deeper and deeper into the axial canal, where
it is digested, and the eff"ete matter ultimately expelled through the
anus.
From ail this Balbiani concludes against the unicellular doctrine.
He sees in the axial cavity a permanent alimentary canal, and in the
surrounding parenchyma a true perigastric space filled with a liquid
which corresponds with the perigastric Hquid of the Polyzoa and of
XXXll PROCEEDINGS OE THE *"
many other lower animals. He is not, however, disposed to make too
broad a generaUzation and to insist on the presence of an alimentary
canal distinct from a body-cavity in all the other Infusoria. Here,
however, he falls in with the views of Claparede and Lachmann and
of Greeff, and maintains that as a rule the digestive and body-cavity
in the Infusoria are confounded into a single gastrovascular system.
Independently, however, of the untenableness of the conception
of a united digestive and body-cavity, it does not appear to me that
Balbiani makes out any case against the unicellularity of the Infu-
soria. He admits that, except in the pharyngeal and anal portion,
there is no evidence of a differentiated wall in his so-called digestive
canal ; and even though it be conceded that the middle portion of
this canal constitutes a permanent cavity in the parenchyma, it
would not differ essentially from other lacunae permanently present in
the protoplasm of many undoubtedly unicellular organisms. It has
been already remarked that a communication between these lacunae
and the external medium is parallelled in many simple cells ; and these
external communications in Didinitim present no feature essentially
different.
The pharynx appears to be bounded by an inflection of the cor-
tical layer ; and I believe we may regard the rod-like corpuscles here
present as a peculiar modification of the trichocysts, which, in many
other Infusoria, are developed in the cortical layer of the body. The
projectile tongue-like organ is one of the most remarkable features
of Diclinium ; we must know more, however, than Balbiani has told
us of it before we can decide on its real import. It is not improbably
a pseudopodial extension of the protoplasm.
Balbiani has followed the Bidinium through the process of trans-
verse fission. This is preceded by the formation of two new wreaths
of cilia, between which the constriction and division take place,
each half, previously to actual separation, developing within it such
parts as it had lost in the act of division. The only part which in
this act becomes divided between the two resulting animals is the
nucleus. The so-called nucleolus was not seen by Balbiani ; and
though he observed two individuals in conjugation by their opposed
oral surfaces, he never witnessed any thing like the formation of eggs
or embryos.
I believe I have now laid before you the principal additions which
during the last few years have been made to our knowledge of the In-
fusoria ; but though it will be seen that the labourers in the special
fields of microscopical research to which I have confined this address
LTSTNEAN SOCIETY OP LOI^DON. XXXlU
have been neither few nor deficient in activity, it must not be
imagined that this subject has been exhausted, or that many ques-
tions, more especially such as relate to development, do not yet
await the results of future iuvestis-ations for their solution.
The Secretary reported that the following Members had died,
or their deaths been ascertained, since the last Anniversary,
N. L. Austen, Esq.
Bhau Dajee, M.D.
William Felkin, Esq.
Sir Stephen Grlynne, Bart.
Eobert E. Grant, M.D.
J. E. Gray, Ph.D.
Daniel Hanbury, Esq.
Kobert Hardwicke, Esq.
W. H. Hughes, Esq.
Sir William Jardine, Bart.
Fellows.
Eev. C. A. Johns.
Rev. Charles Kingsley.
Sir Charles Lyell, Bart.
William Macdonald, M.D.
John Martin, Esq.
J. T. Moggridge, Esq.
Eev. Henry Eookin, M.A.
J. W. Eussell, D.C.L.
a. E. Tate, M.D.
E. C. Woods, Esq.
FOEEIGN MeMBEBS.
M. Gustave Thuret. ] Jeffries Wyman, M.D.
Associates.
Mr. W. B. Booth. | Mr. Thomas Corder.
The Secretary also announced that forty-three Fellows, five
Foreign Members, and two Associates had been elected since
the last Anniversary.
At the Election which subsequently took place, G. J. Allman,
M.D., was elected President ; J. G. Jeffreys, LL.D., Treasurer
and Frederick Currey, Esq., and St. George Mivart, Esq., Secre-
taries, for the ensuing year. The following five Fellows were
elected into the Council, in the room of others going out : — viz.
J. D. Hooker, M D., J. G. Jeffreys, Esq., Major-General Scott,
E. B. Sharpe, Esq., and Charles Stewart, Esq.
Dr. Boycott, on the part of the Committee appointed to audit
LINN, pitoc, — Session 1874-75, 4
XXXIV
PEOCEEBINQS or THE
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LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXV
the Treasurer's Accounts, read the Balance-sheet, by which it
appeared that the total Receipts during the past year, including a
Balance of £651 13s., carried from the preceding year, amounted
to £2286 10s. 8d., and that the total expenditure during the same
period amounted to £1468 7s. 7d., leaving a Balance in the hands
of the Bankers of £818 3s. Id.
Dr. Boycott called the attention of the Pellows to the desira-
bility of rendering the Evening Meetings of the Society more in-
teresting; 'and suggested the nomination of a thii-d Secretary,
whose duty should be to communicate with the Fellows at large
with the view of procuring the Communication of Papers and the
Exhibition of Specimens. The suggestions of Dr. Boycott were
shortly discussed by Dr. Hooker and other Fellows present, and
the President stated that the subject should receive the best at-
tention of the Council.
June 3rd, 1875.
Gr. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The President nominated G-eorge Beutham, Esq., Greorge Busk,
Esq., J. D. Hooker, M.D., and J. G. Jeffreys, LL.D., Vice-Presi-
dents for the ensuing year.
Henry Chichester Hart, Esq., Leslie Jones, M.D., and William
Phillips, Esq., were elected Fellows.
Professor Dyer, F.L.S., exhibited living specimens o? StepJiano-
sphcBra Jluviatilis, Cohn, from Bury Head, county Wicklow ; com-
municated by "W. Archer, Esq.
Dr. Trimen, F.L.S., exhibited specimens oi Zannicliellia poly-
pacar, Nolte, from Kirbister Loch, Orkney, sent to him by Dr.
Boswell Syme, and of Carex ornitliopoda, "Willd., from Miller's
Dale, Derbyshire, collected this spring, by Mr. John Whitehead ;
and made some remarks upon their affinities, character, and
history.
LINN. PROc. — Session 1874-75. e
XXXVl PllOCEEDIKGS OF THE
Mr. Pascoe, F.L.S., exhibited a beautiful series of specimens of
Crustacea from the Bay of Naples.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " On the Barringtoniacese." By John Miers, Esq., F.R.S.,
r.L.s.
2. "On Fairy-rings." By J. H. Gilbert, Ph.D., F.E.S.
Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., E.L.S.
3. " Note on specimens of a Hibiscus, allied to H. rosa-sinensis,
collected by Dr. Kirk in East Tropical Africa." By Daniel
Oliver, Esq., E.E.S., E.L.S.
June 17, 1875.
G. J. Allman, M.D., E.E.S., President, in the Chair.
Dr. Prior, E.L.S., exhibited a specimen of Myrsine Urvillei,
A. de Candolle, raised from seeds received from New Zealand,
under its native name of Matapo. Three seedlings, which were
planted in the open ground at Halse House, near Taunton, in the
autumn of 1870, have since stood quite unprotected, and are now
about 6 or 7 feet high.
The following papers were read, viz. : —
1. " On GincJiona calisaya, var. anglica.'^ By John Elliot
Howard, Esq., E.R.S., E.L.S.
2. " On the Occurrence of Staminal Pistillody in an Acanth."
By S. Le Marchant Moore, Esq., E.L.S.
3. "On the Affinities and Alexipharmic Properties of Aristo-
lochiacese." By Benjamin Clarke , Esq., E.L.S., M.E.C.S.
4. " On the Anatomy of Amphioxus.'" By E. Eay Lankester,
M.A., E.E.S. Communicated by W. T. T. Dyer, Esq., E.L.S.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXVll
5. " Monograph of the Lepidopterous Genus Castnia and some,
allied Qroups." By J. 0. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S.
6. " On the Subfamilies Antichlorlnse and Charideinse." By
A. G. Butler, Esq., E.L.S.
7. " On Valencinia Armandi, a new Nemertean.' By W. C.
M'Intosh, M.D., E.L.S.
OBITUAET NOTICES.
Nathaniel Laurence Atjsten was elected a Fellow on the
20th of January, 1870. He died on the 9th of August, 1874,
from the effects of a fall from his horse, in the 28th year of his
age.
William. Beattte Booth was a native of Perthshire, and was
educated in the art of gardening at Scone Palace, under his uncle,
Mr. Beattie. When about twenty years of age, in February
1824, he entered the garden of the Horticultural Society, at
Chiswick, as a labourer in the arboretum department, and was
transferred in August of the same year, as an under-gardener, to
the experimental department. While employed at Chiswick he
assisted Dr. Lindley in laying out the garden, and also in planting
the trees forming the arboretum. In July 1825 he was appointed
garden clerk, which post he occupied for several years. During
this period he commenced the meteorological observations for
which Chiswick afterwards became renowned ; and these were
continued by him up to June 1830, when they were taken up by
the late Mr. Eobert Thompson. In 1830 he assisted Mr. Alfred
Chandler in the publication of his ' Illustrations of the Camellieae,'
which was published in numbers, the drawings being made by Mr,
e2
XXXVIU PItOCEEDINGS OF THE
Chandler and the descriptions by Mr. Booth. In 1830 Mr.
Booth went to Carclew, as gardener to Sir Charles Lemon, Bart.,
and new kitchengardens, with flower-gardens and shrubberies at-
tached, were formed under his direction. During this period Mr.
Booth's name frequently appears in the 'Botanical Eegister' at-
tached to descriptions of new plants flowered at Carclew, and which
he communicated to Dr. Lindley. Amongst other now familiar
plants JEcheveria secunda was thus named and first described by him,
the description appearing in the ' Botanical Eegister ' for 1838,
and a figure in the volume of the same work for 1840 (t. 57).
Mr. Booth continued to superintend the gardens and estates at
Carclew until 1853. In 1858, in consequence of the death of
Dr. Eoyle, certain changes were made in the official stafi' of the
Horticultural Society. At that time Dr. Lindley was appointed
to succeed Dr. Eoyle, while the post of Assistant-Secretary was
handed over to Mr. Booth, who for some few years thereafter
conducted the business arrangements of the Society with an
ability and courtesy which did much to make the Society popular.
On the removal of the Society to South Kensington the increased
business incidental to the more enlarged operations of the Society
— now the Eoyal Horticultural — was too much for Mr. Booth's
failing health, and he consequently resigned his post. He after-
wards lived in retirement, but continued his services to the
Society as a member of the Floral Committee, at which, however,
his attendances, owing to infirmity, were few.
Mr. Booth was elected an Associate in 1825, and died on the
18th of June, 1874, at the age of 70.
Me. Thomas Coedee was elected an Associate on the 15th of
January, 1838, and died on the 15th of October, 1874.
De. BnAU Dajee was born in 1823, in the village of Manjeren,
near Sawunt Warree. His parents were in poor circumstances,
and when he was about seven years of age they came to Bombay,
bringing him with them. He was first placedin the native Education
Society's Schools in Bombay, and afterwards went to the Elphin-
stone College. There he took a foremost place amongst the
scholars, and was noted for his ability and unremitting application
to his studies. The highest scholarships were taken by him, and
he was specially rewarded with a gold medal. "When his studies
were concluded he was appointed Assistant Professor of Chemistry
LINXEA>' SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXlX
and Natural Philosophy at the College. About this time (1842)
a prize of 600 rupees was offered by Government for the best essay
in English and Guzerathi on Female Infanticide. This prize Bhau
Dajee gained; and the essay, which has since been published, has
always been looked upon as one of the best contributions on that
subject. He commenced his studies at the Grant Medical College,
under Dr. Morehead, in IS'IS. The college had only then been
established for a short time. His success here was again most
marked, and gained for him the lasting friendship of many distin-
guished members of the medical profession. He received his
diploma in 1851. He soon created a name for himself as a clever
and rising medical practitioner, and quickly found himself in pos-
session of an extensive practice amongst all classes. His time was
divided between his medical duties and his historical and philo-
logical researches. From the first he took a great interest in all
public questions, especially those which affected the interests of
his fellow-countrymen. He, with Dr. Birdwood, was instrumental
in the establishment of the Gardens and Victoria and Albert Mu-
seum, Bombay. The Bombay Association, too, may be said to owe
its existence to his energy ; he was the first secretary, and always
took a deep interest in the discussions of the society on Indian
affairs and measures. A considerable portion of his income was
expended in procuring rare and A^aluable MSS. from Cashmere,
Orissa, Benares, and Soiithern India. These he carefully trans-
lated and annotated, and numbers of the translations and remarks
appeared in the scientific journals of the day both in India and in
Europe. He was President of the Bombay branch of the East-
India Association, and up to the time of his illness constantly took
part in the discussions of that body. His exertions in the cause
of native female education procured for him the respect and gra-
titude of his more advanced fellow-countrymen. He established
the Literary and Scientific Society, Bombay, and became its first
President. His exertions to procure a recognized system of female
education amongst the Hindoos was rewarded by a collection made
by his admirers of some 12,000 rupees, which, at his request, was
expended in establishing a school which has ever since been known
by the name of " Bhau Dajee' s Girls' School." He was elected a
member of the Bombay Board of Education in 1852. He also
filled the presidential chair of the Grant Medical College Society.
As Vice-President of the Bombay branch of the Eoyal Asiatic
Society, he devoted a considerable portion of his spare time to fur-
Xl PROCEEDINGS OE THE
thering the interests of the society, and to the museum he pre-
sented many valuable contributions. "With all the leading public
questions of his time Bhau Dajee was familiar, and invariably took
part in their discussion. One of his latest and most important dis-
coveries in medical science was the cure for leprosy, which he was
on the point of perfecting when seized with paralysis. While ill
he was most anxious that his manuscripts should be collected and
got ready for publication. This duty will, it is said, be performed
by his brother, Dr. Narayen Dajee, himself an accomplished scholar
and well-known medical practitioner.
As an antiquary Dr. Bhau Dajee had a high reputation through-
out India. He probably saw more of India than any other
Hindoo traveller. In 1S62 he, with Mr. Cursetjee Nusserwanjee
Cama and others, travelled through Madras, Calcutta, and a
great part of Northern India; in 18G4 he went with the
Honourable Mr. Newton, C.S., through portions of Kattywar
and Eajpootana ; in 1866 he travelled through Central India and
Orissa. Sir Erskine Perry, used to take him vrith him on short
trips to places of interest ; and when Lord Northbrook, two years
ago, was travelling over Central India, he took Dr. Bhau Dajee
with him to the Caves of Ellora and the antiquities on the Eoza
plateau. The records of many able papers on the subject of ancient
inscriptions and coins in India were communicated by him to the
Bombay branch of the Eoyal Asiatic Society.
Dr. Bhau Dajee was elected a Fellow on the 2nd of November,
1865, and died on the 31st of May, 1874, in his 51st year.
"William Felkin, Esq., Justice of the Peace, was elected a
Fellow on the 2nd of June, 1840. He died at the Park, Notting-
ham, on the 29th of September, 1874, at the age of 79.
Sib SiEPHEif EiCHAED GxTNisE, the ninth baronet, of Hawarden
Castle, Flintshire, and Lord-Lieutenant of that county, was the
elder son of the eighth baronet (who bore the same Christian name),
and was born on the 22nd of September, 1807. His mother was
the Hon. Mary Neville, second daughter of the second Lord Bray-
brooke, by Catherine, youngest daughter of the Eight Hon. George
Grenville and sister of the first Marquis of Buckingham. At the
early age of eight years he succeeded to the baronetcy on the death
of his father, which took place on the 8th of March, 1815. He
was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he was third class
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
xli
in classics in 1828, and graduated M. A, in 1831. Since 1845 Sir
Stephen Grlynne occupied tlie position of Lord-Lieutenant of
Flintshire, which county he represented in Parliament from 1831
to 1811, and again from May 1842 till 1847. The deceased
baronet was never married, and, as there are no collateral male
heirs, the baronetcy (which was created in 1661) becomes
extinct. His only brother, the Eev. Henry Glynne, rector of
Hawardeu, died in 1872, leaving only two daughters. His eldest
sister (Catherine) is the wife of the Eight Hon. W. E. Gladstone,
M.P., and his younger sister (Mary) was the late Lady Lyttleton
who died in 1867. The first baronet of this ancient Welsh family
was the son of Sir John Glynne, Kut., who was Lord Chief Justice
under Oliver Cromwell, but was subsequently knighted by King
Charles II. after the restoration. Sir Stephen Glynne was elected
a Fellow on the 7th of December, 1830.
Egbert Edmond Grant was the seventh son of Alexander
Grant, Esq.", Writer to the ' Signet.' He was born in his father's
bouse in Argyle Square, Edinburgh, on the 11th of November,
1793. His mother's maiden name was Jane Edmond. It ap-
pears, from a memorandum in Dr. Grant's handwriting, that he
was sent from home to be nursed, and saw little of either of his
parents during his infancy and childhood. He had eight brothers
and three sisters, all of whom died before him ; and as none of
them left any children. Dr. Grant was the last survivor of his
family.
When about ten years old he was placed at the High School of
Edinburgh, where he continued for five years. In 1808 his father
died ; and in November of that year Dr. Grant became a student
in the University of Edinburgh. In the following November he
entered on his curriculum of medical study, and he also studied
Natural History under Professor Jameson, and attended the lec-
tures of some of the extra-academical teachers. After completing
his course of medical study, he in 1814 took his degree of Doctor
of Medicine, and published his inaugural dissertation ' De San-
guinis Circuitu.'
In the mean time he had obtained (in May 1814) the Diploma
of the College of Surgeons, and in November of the same year he
was elected one of the Presidents of the Medical Society of
Edinburgh.
Eather inore than a year after taking his degree Dr. Grant went
xlii PROCEEDINGS OF TUE
to the Continent, where he spent upwards of four years. He re-
turned to Edinburgh in the summer of 1820, and took up his re-
sidence in his native city. At a later time he became a Pellow
of the Edinburgh College of Physicians j but he seems not to have
engaged in medical practice. He had early imbibed a taste for
Comparative Anatomy and Zoology, and now devoted himself as-
siduously to the prosecution of those branches of science, both by
continued systematic study and by original research. Dr. Grant
published various interesting anatomical and physiological obser-
vations on mollusks and zoophytes ; and his name will always be
associated with the advances of our knowledge concerning the
structure and economy of sponges.
Dr. Grrant remained in Edinburgh till 1827, and in the mean
time communicated the results of his various scientific inquiries
to the ' Edinburgh Philosophical Journal ' and the ' Memoirs of
the Weruerian Society,' of which he became an active member.
He was also (in 1824) elected a Eellow of the Eoyal Society of
Edinburgh.
In June 1827 Dr. Grant was elected Professor of Comparative
Anatomy and Zoology in the newly founded University of Lon-
don, afterwards University College. He entered on his duties in
London in 1828, and in October of that year delivered his inau-
gural lecture, which was published at the time and went through
two editions. In this office he continued up to the time of his
death, during which long period of forty -six academical years he
never omitted a single lecture. Up to the last Session (1873-74)
he continued to give five lectures a week ; but, sensible of failing
strength, he pi'oposed to reduce the number to three in the next
Session (which he was not destined to see).
lu 1833 Dr. Grant delivered a gratuitious course of forty
lectures on the structure and classification of animals to the
members of the Zoological Society. In 1837 he was appointed
EuUerian Professor of Physiology in the Royal Institution, which
office he held for the usual period of three years. At a later
time he was appointed by the Trustees of the British Museum
to the Swiney Lectureship on Geology, the tenure of which is
limited to five years. In 1841 he delivered the Annual Oration
before the British Medical Association. In 1836 he was elected
a Eellow of the Royal Society of London. He was also a Eellow
of the Zoological and Geological Societies.
Dr. Grant's vacations were spent sometimes in Scotland, but
LINJfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. xliii
chiefly abroad, in France, Germany, Belgium, and Holland. He
had a great taste for the study of languages, both practical
and philological, and 3poke the principal European tongues
fluently.
Dr. Grant's lectures were reported in the early Numbers of
the ' Lancet ' (1833-31), and he afterwards published a treatise
on Comparative Anatomy which embodied the substance of them.
The work came out in parts, but was not completed. He was
also the author of the article "Animal Kingdom " in Todd's ' Cy-
clopa?dia of Anatomy.' The titles and dates of his commnicatious
to periodical works are given in the Royal Society's ' Catalogue
of Scientific Papers.' They are thirty-five in number, and ex-
tend from 1825 to 1839.
In August 1874 Dr. Grant sufli"ered from a dysenteric attack,
for which at first he would have no medical advice ; and
although subsequently, by appropriate treatment, the virulence
of the disease was subdued, his strength was exhausted, and he
died on the 23rd of that month at his house close by Eustou
Square.
Dr. Grant was never married. He knew of no surviving re-
latives. Three of his brothers, whose deaths he has recorded,
were military officers. Of these, James, a Lieutenant in the
German Legion, fell at the seige of Badajoz in 1811 ; Alexander,
Captain in the Madras Engineers, died in the Burmese war in
1825 ; and Francis, Captain in the Madras Army, died at Edin-
burgh in 1852.
By his will Dr. Grant bequeathed the whole of his pro-
perty, including his collections and library, to University Col-
lege, in the service of which he had sj)ent the greater part of
his life, and to the principles of which he was sincerely at
tached.
He was elected a Fellow on the 21st of November, 1820.
Dr. John Edward Gray was born at Walsall in the year 1800,
so that at the time of his death he had just completed his 75th
year. He was the son of Mr. S. F. Gray, the author of the well-
known ' Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia,' and the grandson of
Mr. Samuel Gray, a seedsman in Pall Mall, who possessed consi-
derable scientific knowledge, translated the ' Philosophia Bota-
nica ' of Linnaeus for his friend Mr. Lee, of Hammersmith, and
assisted him in the composition of his ' Introduction to Botany,'
xliv PEOCEEDIlfGS Or THE
■which first made known the labours of the great Swedish naturalist
to English readers. Dr. Grray may thus be regarded as belonging
to a family in which natural-history tastes were hereditary.
According to his own account he was a weakly and ailing child,
confined to his chair for eight months in the year, and never eating
animal food. At a very early age he says he began the world,
to provide for himself and help his family. He was originally
intended for the profession of medicine ; but his studies were very
early turned specially to natural history, the first overt indication of
which was a book published in the father's name, but of which
the substance was furnished by the son. This book deserved a
better fate. It met with a most unworthy reception at the
hands of some of the leading botanists of the day, and their oppo-
sition was strong enough to mar the success of a book which,
had it had fair play, would have constituted really an epoch in
the history of botany in this country. As it was, its merits were
recognized only after the lapse of time, when much that it contained
had been published elsewhere, and when many of the crudities
of a young and inexperienced author had necessarily become more
apparent by the progress of science in the interval. In 1819 Dr.
Grray had joined the London Philosophical Society, which num-
bered the late Mr. Faraday among its members, and in 1820 he
was a member of the Philosophical Society of London, a Society
established in 1810 under the patronage of the Duke of Sussex.
The old Entomological Society of London, the successor of the
Aurelian Society, established in 1806, at this time held its meet-
ings at No. 87 Hatton Garden ; and in 1822 Dr. Gray became a
Eellow and Secretary of that Society, which was soon afterwards
expanded into the Zoological Club of the Linnean Society. As
the Eellowship of the Linnean Society was an essential qualifica-
tion for being a Member of the Zoological Club, John Edward
Gray was excluded from it ; for although he had been proposed
as a Eellow of the Linnean Society by such men as Haworth,
Vigors, J. E. Stephens, Joseph Goodall, Latham, Griffith, and
Salisbury, he was rejected by a large majority in a very full
Meeting on the 16th of April, 1822. The reasons for the rejec-
tion of a young naturalist who had already given evidence of no
ordinary powers and attainments both in zoology and botany can-
not now be precisely ascertained ; but the reason actually assigned
for his rej ection is paltry. He was accused of having insulted the
Pi'esident of the Society, Sir James Edward Smith, by quoting the
LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON". xlv
' English Botany ' as Sowerby's, Sir James having been employed
by Sowerby to write the text for his plates.
Whatever may have been the cause of his rejection, the fact
itself certainly had a great influence upon Dr. Gray's character.
It is easy to understand that the circumstance of being thus igno-
miniously and unfairly rejected must have been a bitter disap-
pointment to a young and enthusiastic naturalist ; and there re-
sulted an antagonism between him and those whom he thought
his enemies in the matter, and it has been said that he thus
became over-given to controversy.
In 1826 the Zoological Club was developed into the Zoological
Society, which Dr. Gray at once joined, and he was one of its
most active Fellows until ill health confined him to his house.
In the mean time, in 1824, he had become an assistant
in the Natural-History Department of the British Museum, of
which he was appointed Keeper in 1840, on the resignation of
Mr. Children. With this great national establishment his life
was afterwards inseparably connected.
In 1826 he married the widow of his cousin, the only son of
Dr. E. W. Gray, his granduncle, a former Secretary of the Eoyal
Society ; and this lady, who survives to mourn his loss, assisted
him in all his subsequent labours, and is herself the author of tlie
well-known ' Eigures of Molluscous Animals.'
For more than fifty years Dr. Gray's life was one of un-
ceasing activity. Considerably more than a thousand books,
memoirs, and notes on almost all departments of zoology, attest
the extraordinary versatility and energy of his mind. His ear-
liest efi"orts, when little more than a boy, were devoted to the
science of botany, in which he, with the cooperation of his
father, was the first to introduce the Jussieuan Natural Sys-
tem to English Botanists. It may be a question whether his
efforts for this purpose, in the ' Natural Arrangement of British
Plants,' were not the cause of that rejection by the Linnean
Society of which we have already spoken.
But even the exertions necessary to produce the vast mass of
written zoological papers which bears his name did not exhaust
his activity ; and we find him showing a strong interest in
such varied matters as sanitary and metropolitan improvements,
education, prison discipline, the abolition of imprisonment for
debt, the improvement of the treatment of lunatics, and the open-
ing of Museums, libraries, picture-galleries, and gardens to the
Xlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE
public. Dr. Grray claimed to have beeu the original proposer of
the system of a low uniform rate of postage to be prepaid by
stamps — a system carried out by Rowland Hill, and now adopted
all over the world. He took much interest in the question of the
adoption of a decimal scale of coinage, weights, and measures in
this country ; and between 185i and 1857 published numerous
articles and pamphlets on this subject.
In considering the immense mass of work published by Dr.
Grray, the zoologist may sometimes be incliued to wish that its
amount were less, and that the author had given himself more
time for the full elaboration of the various subjects that he took
up. In too many instances he hastened to put the results of his
researches into shape before he had really completed them ; hence
further investigations led him to modify the views which he had
expressed only a short time previously, and thus two or three
papers on the same subject, perhaps the classification of some
tribe or family of animals, would follow each other in rapid suc-
cession. It would undoubtedly have been better, both for zoology
and for his own future fame, if the outcome of the same amount
of study had been represented by half, or even a quarter, of the
amount of literature which now stands in Dr. Grray's name. But
there is one labour of his from which no such deduction is to be
made. From his appointment as an Assistant in the British Mu-
seum until the close of his life, but more especially since his
having been made Keeper of the Natural-History Department
he devoted himself with unflagging energy to the development of
the collection under his charge ; and mainly by his exertions it
has grown from the rudimentary state in which it existed in the
days of Dr. Leach, to the magnificent proportions which it has
now attained. His knowledge of species and genera in those
groups to which his attention was particularly directed was
perhaps unrivalled. His great services in this respect met with
more direct recognition abroad than in this country : in 1852
he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy from
the University of Munich ; and in 1860 the large Grold Medal
of merit was conferred upon him by the King of Wiirtem-
berg, on his declining the ofl'er of an order of knighthood which
had been made to him. His merits were also acknowledged
by many foreign Societies and Academies, which enrolled him in
the lists of their honorary and corresponding members. The
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia paid him this honour
LENNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, xlvii
as early as 1829 ; and he was subsequently elected to analogous
positions by scientific bodies in Boston, Moscow, Eome, Paris,
Darmstadt, Lyons, Turin, Strasbourg, Lund, and other places.
He was also a Pellow or Member of nearly all the Natural-His-
tory Societies in London.
As a botanist he worked, even in later life, at the seaweeds, and
published various memoirs on them.
The International Horticultural Exhibition and Botanical Con-
gress of 1866, which was at first looked upon rather coldly by
some of our great naturalists, found a warm advocate and a very
liberal supporter in Dr. Gray, who contributed not slightly to
the success of the undertakg
Dr. Grray some time since resigned his post at the British
Museum, which he had filled with so much honour to himself and
advantage to the Institution, and where in his capacity as Director
of the chief zoological collection in Britain and by his personal
exertions in various ways, he exercised a wide-spread influence.
He was always ready to facilitate the study of the splendid col-
lections under his charge, and to give advice and assistance to
earnest students ; and although an acquired or natural causticity
of manner sometimes raised a prejudice against him, those who
knew him well never failed to find in Dr. Grray a warm-hearted,
judicious, kind, and firm friend.
He was elected a Fellow on the 7th of April, 1857.
Egbert Harbwicke, the well-known publisher of works relating
to natural history and scientific subjects, was a member of a family
which had resided at Dyke, near Bourne, in Lincolnshire, for
more than 200 years. He was the third sou of the late Mr. Wil-
liam Hardwicke of Dyke.
Mr. Eobert Hardwicke died on the 8th of March, 1875, at the
age of 52 years.
He was elected a Fellow on the 17th of December, 1863.
Daniel Hanburt, F.E.S., was born on the 11th of September,
1825. He was the eldest child of Mr. Daniel Bell Hanbury, who
for many years was a valued member of the Council of the Phar-
maceutical Society and for eleven years its Treasurer. In early
life he showed superior ability, and attained a considerable degree
of proficiency in classical studies and also in water-colour drawing.
In the year 1841 he commenced his business training under the
xlviii PROCEEDINGS OP THE
firm of Allen, Haiibury, and Barry, of wliich his father was an
active member. In the year 1844 he studied at the laboratory of
the Pharmaceutical Society. In January 1850 he made his first
contribution to the 'Pharmaceutical Journal' on "Turnsole."
From that time to the present his papers are scattered thickly
through the volumes of that Journal, numbering, according to the
index, sixty-one, the last being in an article entitled " Cinchona or
Chinchona," published on the 13th of February in the present
year.
The series of papers on Chinese Materia Medica, published in
the years 1860-62, were highly esteemed by those most capable
of appreciating them, and afibrd a characteristic example of accurate
and careful research.
The work upon which he had been engaged for many years in
conjunction with Professor Fliickiger, the ' Pharmacographia,' was
completed and published last year. This work is a storehouse of
reliable information to which future generations will have recourse,
and it is by his part in this important work that he will hereafter be
best known. No one can read the historic sections of the book
without being struck by the vast variety and extent of reading to
which they bear witness.
Narratives of travels were especially attractive to him. lie took
nothing at second hand, and his library contained many Latin vo-
lumes of the early Portuguese, Dutch, and Spanish voyagers.
Whilst alluding to his writings mention must be made of the
important part he took in the preparation of the ' Pharmacopoeia
of India,' a work involving much labour. He was also one of those
deputed to draw up the Admiralty manual of scientific inquiry.
Botany was the science to which he especially devoted his atten-
tion. Besides several papers in the Journal of our Society he
contributed to the Transactions the following papers : — " Note on
Cassia moscJiata, H. B. & K.," xxiv. 161 ; " On the species of
Garcinia which affords Gamboge in Siam (G. morella),'' xxiv.
487 ; and, with Mr. Currey, " Eemarks on Sclerotium stipitatum
and similar Productions," xxiii. 93.
Occasionally he contributed an article to the literary periodicals.
A paper containing curious information on Frangipani in ' Notes
and Queries,' and another on the botanical origin and country of
Myrrh, published in ' Ocean Highways ' for April 1873 will be
remembered by some of our readers. He occasionally contributed
to the 'Athenceum ;' and he wrote for the ' Academy ' a review of
LIXNEA.N SOCIETY OF LOKDON. xlix
" The Countess of Cinclion and the Cinchona genus." He served
on the juries of the International Exhibitions in 1862 and 1867,
and in the former year acted as Secretary to the Jury on Vegetable
Products, the proceedings of which were conducted in French.
He was also a Fellow of the Chemical Society, and a member of
its Council in the year 1869.
In the year 1867, on his first nomination, he was elected a Fellow
of the Koyal Society, and a member of its Council in 1873.
Of the Pharmaceutical Society he was a warm supporter almost
from its origin. For many years (from June 1860 to May 1872)
he rendered very valuable services as an examiner, often at great
personal inconvenience, and he was a very constant attendant at
the evening meetings, to the usefulness of which he often con-
tributed.
In 1870 he retired from business. He was fond of travelling,
and in the year 1860 he visited the Holy Land with Dr. Hooker,
and of late years he frequently spent considerable time at the resi-
dence of his brother near Mentone. Here he took great delight
in introducing into the beautiful gardens the vast variety of inte-
resting plants which can there be acclimatized.
In his frequent travels he seemed to have acquired something
of the continental practice of using but little meat in propor-
tion to the vegetable food taken. His diet was always spare,
and it may be doubted whether his health did not suffer from
the abstemiousness of his habit of Hviug, coupled with the con-
stant strain to which he subjected his mental powers. Though
never robust, his health rarely impeded his activity, and slight
ailments were resolutely disregarded. There were no indications
of approaching illness until he was attacked with a severe rigor
about the 6th of March ; this was followed by serious inflam-
mation of the mouth, and on the subsidence of this local affec-
tion symptoms of typhoid fever appeared. On the 18th his
condition first caused serious alarm. "With little apparent
change his strength gradually failed, and he died on the evening
of the 24th of March, in his 50th year.
Mr. Hanbury remained to the last a member of the Society of
Friends, amongst whom he had been brought up. He was elected
a Fellow of our Society on the 5th of December, 1855, frequently
served on the Council, and held the ofiice of Treasurer at the time
of his death. The universal regret felt upon this event cannot be
better expressed than in the words of our President, Dr. All-
1 PBOCEEDINGS OP THE
man, who, at the meetiBg on the 1st of April, 1875, said: — "In
our late Treasurer we had a man of refined and cultivated mind,
of honest and straightforward purpose, and of a simplicity and
kindliness of character that endeared him to all who knew him.
Mr. Hanbury has been taken away from us at a time of life when we
might still have looked forward to much and valuable work ; and
it now only remains for us to accept in sorrow the loss which de-
prives the Society of a conscientious and efficient officer, and many
of us of a valued friend."
In what high esteem he was held upon the Continent is shown by
the remarks of M. Naudin, in the ' Eevue Horticole,' where, after
alluding to the part taken by Mr. Hanbury in the ' Pharmaco-
graphia,' and to his death, M. Naudin says : — " C'est un malheur
pour la science qu'il cultivait avec intelligence et ardeur, mais il
se survivra a lui-meme par I'important travail auquel il a consacre
sa vie, et par les souvenirs qu'il laisse dans le coeur des uombreux
amis qu'il s'etait faits par la delicatesse de ses sentiments, sa ge-
nerosite et I'amenite de son caractere."
Mr. W. HuGHEs-HuaHES, a son of the late Mr. John Hewitt,
was born in the year 1792, and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's
Inn in 1827, about which time he also assumed the name of
Hughes in lieu of Hewitt, after his maternal grandfather, Mr.
"William Hughes, of Clapham, Surrey. In 1830 he entered Par-
liament as one of the' Members for the City of Oxford, for which
constituency he continued to sit, first as a " moderate reformer,"
and afterwards as a " moderate conservative," down to the Gre-
neral Election of 1837. Soon after entering Parliament he ceased
to practise at the bar, and in 1832 was chosen an Alderman of
London, but resigned his gown after holding it only a few months.
He was a Grovernor of Christ's Hospital, a Vice-President of the
Society of Arts, and the author of an edition of De Lolme's cele-
brated work on the Constitution of England, with notes. He
Avas a Magistrate and Deputy-Lieutenant for Hampshire, and a
Magistrate for Middlesex and Westminster. Mr, Hughes-
Hughes married, in 1814, Maria, youngest daughter of the late
Mr. Eichard Y. Eield, of Brixton Eise, Surrey. He died on the
10th of October, 1874, at the age of 82, having been elected a
Eellow on the 7th of March, 1826.
Sir William Jabdine, Bart , F.E.S., was the sixth Baronet of
LINITEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. ll
Applegirth, but the heir of a family much more ancient than the
Baronetcy, which was created in 1762. He was the son of the
fifth Baronet, to whom he succeeded in 1821, by the daughter of
Mr. Thomas Maule, the representative of the Earls of Panmure.
He was born in Edinburgh in 1800, and was educated at the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh. Early in life he evinced a decided taste for
scientific pursuits, especially for natural history in all its varied
branches ; and this taste was maintained to the close of an active
and energetic life. He was a good botanist and geologist ; but
his chief strength lay in his knowledge of animals, and especially
of birds. He was a keen sportsman, and most of his information
was acquired in the field and by the river-side ; for the sportsman
was always subsidiary to the naturalist. The labours of the
deceased baronet extend over nearly half a century. In 1825 he
commenced, in conjunction with the late Mr. Selby, of Twizell, the
publication of the ' Hlustrations of Ornithology,' which seems to
have been his earliest contribution to natural history, and almost
immediately became recognized as one of the leading zoologists
in Scotland, if not in the United Kingdom. In 1833 he under-
took a still more important work, ' The Naturalist's Library,'
forty volumes of which appeared in the course of the next ten years,
and served to popularize in a most remarkable manner zoological
knowledge among classes to whom it had hitherto been forbidden
through the high price of illustrated works. With this publica-
tion, though its value may have been impaired by the progress of
science. Sir "William's name will always be identified ; for, having
as contributors Selby, Swainson, Hamilton Smith, Eobert Schom-
burgk, Duncan, William Macgillivray, and others, he was yet not
only the author of a large proportion of the volumes, but to each
he prefixed the life of some distinguished naturalist. His labours
are too extensive to speak of in detail : it is sufficient to notice
his excellent edition of Alexander Wilson's 'American Ornitho-
logy,' the establishment of the ' Magazine of Zoology and Botany '
(afterwards merged in the 'Annals of Natural History '), and of
the ' Contributions to Ornithology.' Sir William's expedition
with his friend Selby, in 1834, to Sutherlandshire, a country then
less known to naturalists than Lapland, gave a great impulse to
the study of the British fauna and flora, and almost marks an
epoch in the history of biology in this island. Though orni-
thology was his favourite pursuit throughout life. Sir William
was not merely an ornithologist — other classes of the animal
LINN. PROC. — Session 1874-75. /
lii PltOCKEDlXGS OF THE
kingdom had a fair share of his attention, and he was a re-
cognized authority on all points of ichthyology. Botany and
geology were also studied by him to advantage, and the science
last named he enriched by his splendid 'Ichthyology of Annan-
dale,' the chief materials for vrliich were found on his own ancestral
estate. The owner of a fair estate in Dumfrieshire, where he ge-
derally resided, he took a leading part in the public business of
the county, and he was especially active during the prevalence of
cattle-plague there. He was one of the Commissioners appointed
to investigate the salmon fisheries in 1860, and he was an active
Member of the British Association for the Advancement of
Science. Although Natural History, especially ornithology, was
his favourite pursuit, he took great interest in antiquarian re-
searches, as well became the Laird of Spedlin's Castle — the old
border baronial tower which looks down upon the comparatively
modern mansion of Jar dine Hall — a castle drawn by Grose, who
tells the strange story of the ghost by whicb it was haunted. In
social life Sir "William Jardine was most genial; all his learning
sat lightly upon him; and the smile which lighted up his face was
as sweet as it was frequent. He was elected a Fellow on the
17th of January, 1826, and died on the 21st of November, 1874,
in his 75th year.
The Eet. Chaexks Alexandee Johns, was born in ISll, and
graduated in 1841 at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took four
Vice-Chancellor's prizes in Grreek and Latin verse. Having been
ordained in 1841, he held the Curacy of Tarnscombe for two
years, when he became Chaplain to the National Society's Central
Training Schools at Westminster. In 1843 he was appointed
Head Master of Helston G-rammar School, Cornwall, and after-
wards, from 1849 to 1856, he held the Curacy of Beenham, being
also engaged in conducting a preparatory school for Eton and
Harrow. Mr. Johns was elected the first President of the Hamp-
shire and Winchester Scientific and Literary Society. Among
his best-known works are his ' Botanical Eambles,' ' The Forest-
Trees of Britain,' ' A Week at the Lizard Point,' ' Eambles in the
British Isles,' ' Flowers of the Field,' ' Gardening for Children,'
' British Birds in their Haunts,' and ' Home Walks and Holiday
Bambles.' Not the least successful of his works were those
written specially for children. He died at his residence, Winton
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOIfDOTf. lui
House, Winchester, on the 28th of June 1874*, having heen elected
a Fellow on the 15th of March, 1836.
Sib Chaeles Ltell, Bart, was born at Kiunordy, in Forfar-
shire, on November 14, 1797. Having received his early educa-
tion at Midhurst, in Sussex, he entered Exeter College, Oxford,
and graduated B.A. in 1819, and M.A. in 1821. While studying
at Oxford, he had the advantage of hearing the geological lectures
of Dr. Buckland. On leaving the University, he studied for the
Bar, but never practised that profession, his tastes having been
led by Dr. Buckland' s lectures to the study of geology as a science.
In 1824 he was elected an Honorary Secretary of the Geological
Society of London, of which he was one of the earliest Fellows.
On the opening of King's College, London, a few years later, he
was appointed its first Professor of G-eology. He had already
contributed some important papers to the ' Transactions of the
Geological Society,' including one " On a Eecent Formation of
Freshwater Limestone in Forfarshire, and on some Eeceut Depo-
sits of Freshwater Marl, with a Comparison of Recent with
Ancient Freshwater Formations, and an Appendix on Gyrogo-
nites, or Seed-vessel of Chara ;" also one " On the Strata of the
Eustic Clay Formation exhibited in the Cliffs between Christ-
church Head, Hampshire, and Studland Bay, Dorsetshire ; " ano-
ther " On the Freshwater Strata of Hordwell Cliff, Beacon Cliff,
and Barton Cliff, Hampshire ; " and an elaborate paper " On the
Belgian Tertiaries." Li 1827 he contributed to the ' Quarterly '
a Review of Mr. Poulett Scrope's ' Geology of Central France,'
the perusal of which is said first to have stimulated him to pre-
pare and publish ' The Principles of Geology.' The first volume
of this treatise appeared in 1830, the second in 1832, and the third
in 1883. But before the work was completed, a second edition
of the earlier volumes was called for and produced. After the
' Principles ' bad passed through five editions, a change was
effected in the structure of the work, certain chapters on geolog}%
strictly so called, being separated and reproduced in an amplified
form, under the title of the ' Elements of Geology,' whilst the
remainder retained the old title. In the ' Elements ' he de-
scribed those monuments of ancient changes through which
the earth and its inhabitants have passed, whilst in the ' Princi-
ciples ' he confined himself to the study of those forces which are
in constant operation around us, and which help us b}- fair ana-
/2
liy PBOCEEDINGS OF THE
logy to interpret the records of the rocks. In 1851 the ' Ele-
ments ' appeared in a modified form, having been recast and pub-
lished under the title of a ' Manual of Elementary Greology.'
Twenty years afterwards the form of the work again changed ;
the theoretical discussions were omitted, and the entire body of
facts condensed into considerably smaller bulk. In this form it
was entitled ' The Student's Manual of Geology,' and immediately
took its place as the most complete and compact geological text-
book in the English language.
Already some time previous to the publication of this work Mr.
Lyell had been chosen a Vice-President of the Geological Society ;
and in 1828 he had undertaken a journey into the volcanic regions
of central Erance, visiting Auvergne, Cantal, and Velay, and con-
tinuing his journey to Italy and Sicily. He published the results
of this expedition in the ' Edinburgh Philosophical Transactions,'
and also in the 'Annales des Sciences Naturelles.'
Sir Charles Lyell had travelled and seen much. Thus in early
manhood he explored many parts of Norway, Sweden, Belgium,
Switzerland, Germany and Spain, including the volcanic regions
of Catalonia. In 1836 he visited the Danish islands of Seeland
and Monen to examine the cretaceous and tertiary strata. In
1841 he was induced to cross the Atlantic, partly in order to
deliver a course of lectures on his favourite science at Boston,
and partly in order to make observations on the structure and
formation of the Transatlantic continent. He remained in the
United States for a year, travelling over the Northern and Cen-
tral States, and extending his journey as far southward as Caro-
lina, and northward to Canada and Nova Scotia, his exploration
ranging from the basin of the St. Lawrence to the mouths of the
Mississippi. On returning from this journey he published his
' Travels in North America,' a work of considerable interest to
other persons besides geologists, and showing that he could extend
his observations to the stratification of society around him as well
as that of the earth beneath his feet. He paid a second visit to
America in 1815, when he closely examined the geological forma-
tion of the Southern States and the coasts that border on the
Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, and more especially the
great sunken area of New Madrid whieh had been devastated by
an earthquake thirty or forty years previously. Upon reaching
England he published his ' Second Visit to the United States,' a
companion to his former work. . .
LINNEAI* SOCiEXi' OF LONDON. IV
Among Sir Charles Lyell's greatest and most popular works
must be mentioned liis celebrated treatise ' On the Geological
Evidences of the Antiquity of Man,' the first edition of which
appeared in 1863. Nor should it be forgotten that he contri-
buted in the course of his active life about eighty papers to various
scientific journals. All his writings were marked by rare vigour
of reasoning, by great wealth of illustration, and by remark-
able clearness of diction. It is therefore hardJy surprising that
his geological works have been among the most popular, although
the most scientific, of their class.
It is scarcely necessary to catalogue Sir Charles Lyell's long list
of scientific honours. He was elected President of the Geological
Society in 1836, and again in 1850. The Society's Wollaston
Medal was awarded to him in 1866, not merely for the high value
of his literary work, but also in recognition of his original re-
searches in the classification of the tertiary formations. He re-
ceived the Eoyal Society's Copley Medal in 1858, having received
the Society's gold medal five-aud-twenty years previously. Sir
Charles presided over the Bi-itish Association at tlie Bath Meeting
in 1864<, having been President in the Geological Section at New-
castle in 1838, at Glasgow in 1840, at Birmingham in 1 849, and
at Aberdeen in 1850. In 1848 he was knighted, in recognition of
the great value of his scientific labours, and in 1864 he received
a baronetcy.
Sir Charles Lyell was married, in 1832, to Mary Elizabeth, the
eldest daughter of Mr. Leonard Horner, himself a distinguished
geologist. For more than forty years Lady Lyell was the con-
stant companion of the great geological teacher, accompanying
him in all his travels, aiding him in his literary labours, and sym-
pathizing with him at every step of his researches,
Eew men have ever been more thoroughly devoted to their
special subject than Sir Charles Lyell was to geology. In
whatever direction his studies might appear to be tending, he
skilfully caused them to converge to a common focus, the great
end of all his researches being the development of a sound geolo-
gical philosophy. It was he who expounded to us the great prin-
ciples of the Huttonian system, and taught us to interpret the
history of the past by the careful study of the present. Most
geologists of this age have gained their first insight into the prin-
ciples of the science from Sir Charles's writings, and many of
them have been iruided in their researches bv his kind! v counsel.
Ivi PBOCBEDIN&S OF THB
By the death of Sir Charles Lyell they have lost at once a master
and a friend.
Sir Charles Lyell was elected a Fellow on the 16th of March,
1819.
Charles Kingsley, eldest son of the Eev. Charles Kingsley
Sector of Chelsea, was born at Holne Vicarage, on the borders
of Dartmoor, June 12, 1819. The Kingsleys are an ancient Che-
shire family, and there is a certain Kingsley of Kingsley to whom
the author of ' Westward Ho I ' has alluded as his ancestor in the
time of the Civil Wars, who joined the Parliamentary Army under
Cromwell, and afterwards that of Charles II. under Monk.
Charles Kingsley's health as a child and boy was not robust, and
on this account the intention of sending him to Rugby was re-
linquished. He was, after having been prepared by the Eev.
Derwent Coleridge, educated at King's College School, iu the
Strand, whence he passed to Magdalen College, Cambridge, in
1839, Of this Society he was elected a Scholar, and subsequently
gained College prizes for Latin and English Essays. As school-
boy and undergraduate, he laid in that store of local knowledge
and sympathies which he reproduced with such rich and varied
eflect in the best of his fiction. He was told, upon the authority
of his medical adviser, that he should live as much in the open air
as possible, and he faithfully followed and intensely enjoyed the
prescribed regimen. In his later essays he has informed us that
these rambles of his youth-over the expanse of Dartmoor and
Exmoor, or along the northern and rocky coast of his native
couiity, from the mouth of the Lyne to Ilfracombe, from lltia-
combe to Clovelly, and thence till the soil of the Cornish land
was reached — were the most effective elements in his early edu-
cation. He was an indefatiguable walker, and these pedestrian
excursions were generally taken alone. So he read English his-
tory with the opportunity of illustrating some of its most glow-
ing episodes by the presence of the very scenery amid which
they took place. Many parts of the county of Devon are in-
debted for something of popularity and prestige to the works
of Kingsley. He may be even said to have done for it what Sir
Walter Scott did for Scotland ; and the labour was iu the same
degree one of patriotism and enthusiastic love.
On the whole, the life of the late Canon was comparatively un-
eventful. It was the career of an industrious clergyman and a
LIXNEAX SOClETr OF 1,0XDU>'.
1>
prolific author. But the ouly oceafions on which he figured pro-
uiinently in his own personality before the public were those on
which he took part in some controversy, such as his encounter
with Dr. Newman, or at the time of the attack upon Governor
Eyre. For some time after he graduated at Cambridge Kiugsley
studied for the law in Loudon. The occupation, however, was
from the first essentially uncongenial, and in 1813 he took
Orders, and was appointed to the curacy of the living of which
he died the rector. While at Cambridge Kiugsley had power-
fully come under the influence of that intellectual school which
Tennyson, his senior by some ten years, had, with the Arthur
Hallam immortalized in 'In Memoriam' and others, helped
to found. From his experience of the labouring-classes in agri-
cultural districts gained in Devonshire and elsewhere, and from
the close observation that he had bestowed on the state of
the poor in great cities like London, Mr. Kiugsley had already
grown to sympathise with their wants and aspirations, and was
determined to do what be could to supply the one and to advance
the other. The " Condition of England " question was not then
settled ; the relations that existed between capital and labour,
employed and employer, rich and poor, were much those described
by Mr. Disraeli in ' Sibyl.' And the practical knowledge that the
young clergyman possessed was quickened and intensified by the
literary and imaginative training through which he had gone.
His first work was a poem published in his thirty-first year.
' The Saint's Tragedy ' is the story of Elizabeth of Hungary, Land-
gravine of Thuringia and a saiut of the liomish Calendar. As a
whole, it has been said to be of unequal merit, but that some of
the lyrics which it contains are of rare sweetness and power. It
embodies an earnest protest against mediaeval superstitions and
the exaggerated miraculous powers and achievements ascribed
to Elizabeth of Hungary and her contemporaries, while it is
penetrated by a strong feeling of admiration for certain aspects
of the theological life of the period.
'Alton Locke, Poet and Tailor, an Autobiography,' published
twenty-four years ago, is the first contribution made by Canon
Kingsley to the department of fiction. ' Teast ' followed in 1851,
and was immediately supplemented by a pamphlet, the republica-
tion of a lecture on the 'Application of Associative Principles and
Methods to Agriculture.' It has been said that each of these
works advocates a system of things which would result in a
Iviii PEOCEEDINaS OF THE
regime of Christian socialism. Alton Locke becomes a Chartist
because he sees in masters and rulers the true natural foes of the
workers and the governed ; just as he is almost driven into infi-
delity by the perfunctory and lifeless manner in which clergy-
men discharge their pastoral and ecclesiastical duties. So long
as competition exists in its present aggressive and embittering
shape, Chartism and E-evolution must be always imminent — that
is the central principle of Mr. Kingsley in these three produc-
tions. Both in the pamphlet and in the lecture he undertakes
to show how this course of extreme competition may be re-
moved. The futility of his own scheme was practically recog-
nized by Mr. Kingsley himself, who in his later works ignored his
earlier crotchets. In 1857 he gave the world ' Two Tears Ago,'
a fiction similar in purpose to 'Alton Locke.' ' Westward Ho ! '
came out in 1854. In it the religious influences of the Elizabe-
than era, the services which Elizabethan Protestantism rendered
to the cause of political as well as religious freedom, were brought
out by Mr. Kingsley in a manner that won it instant recognition
as a novel that was a worthy commentary upon the time to which
it relates.
In the two years that preceded the appearance of ' Westward
Ho ! ' Mr. Kingsley had published two works of a different cha-
racter, ' Phaeton ' and * Hypatia,' the former a dialogue on the
subject of religious doubts, the latter a romance a pro'pos oi t\ve
attempted pagan Alexandrian revival. The lectures which Mr.
Kingsley delivered immediately after this on 'Alexandria and her
Schools ' showed how considerable was his knowledge of a subject
in which direction his studies had only led him at a comparatively
late period. Other works followed in swift succession ; ' Grlaucus,
or the Wonders of the Shore,' was a collection of marine studies,
' The Water Babies ' was destined to exercise an influence that is
already appreciable, and ' The Three Eishers ' long since acquired
an immortality. In his later years Mr. Kingsley chiefly devoted
himself to his lectures at Cambridge, and to his sermons and
treatises on questions of theological controversy or of social and
sanitary interest. He wrote "Hereward" in 'Good Words;'
but that was a novel by no means to be compared with ' West-
ward Ho! ;' he has given us a graphic sketch of his. trip to the
tropics in 'At Last ;' ' Eoman and Teuton,' ' The Begime Ancien '
(both purely historical), and a collection of papers on topics con-
pected with, public health, public cleanliness, and the necessity of
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lix
pure air and pure water under the appropriate title of * Health
and Education.' But bis mind was chiefly engaged with graver
subjects ; and the discourses he delivered at the Cathedral
churches of Chester and Westminster will be the most con-
spicuous monument of his later years. It was in 1864 that the
dispute between Canon Kingsley and Dr. Newman was developed
out of a paper by the former on Mr. Fronde's history in the
January Number of ' Macmillan's Magazine.' The occasion of
C. K.'s — the initials attached to the article — unfavourable com-
ment on the great Oratoriau was an extract from Dr. Newman's
sermon on ' Wisdom and Innocence,' which had been preached in
1844. " Truth, for its own sake," remarked the Canon, " has
never been a virtue of the Eoman Catholic clergy. Father
Newman informs us that it need not be, and that, on the whole,
it ought not to be ; that cunning is the weapon which Heaven
has given to the saints wherewith to withstand the brute male force
of the wicked world which marries and is given in marriage."
Of this allegation Dr. Newman complained as " a grave and gra-
tuitious slander." A note was appended to the next Number of
' Macmillan's Magazine,' in which regret was expressed by Canon
Kingsley that he should have misunderstood Dr. Newman.
" While I feel, then," wrote Dr. Newman a little afterwards,
" that Mr. Kingsley's February explanation is miserably insuffi-
cient in itself for his January enormity, still I feel also that the
correspondence which lies between these two acts of his consti-
tutes a real satisfaction to those principles of historical and lite-
rary justice to which he has given so rude a shock. Accordingly
I have put it into print, and make no further criticism on Mr.
Kingsley." Professor Kingsley replied on the whole merits of
the case in a pamphlet, entitled ' What, then, does Dr. Newman
mean ? ' which composition in turn elicited the famous 'Apologia.'
There has been much, and perhaps useless, discussion as to the
theological school with which Canon Kingsley was associated. It
has been said that he thought that the teaching of Mr. Maurice
gave the solution of the great problems of the day ; that Chris-
tianity thus expounded might welcome without a trace of mis-
giving the advances of scientific inquiry in every department of
knowledge ; that it dissolved the fetters which a mistaken dog-
matism had imposed upon men's minds and upon their natural
impulses. This may or may not have been the case ; but it seems
probable that Church of England Divines, those at leai?t of the
It PKOOEEDINGS OF THB
High Church party, would have looked upon Mr. Kingsley's opi-
nions aa far more nearly orthodox than those of the Maurician
creed. One thing is plain, that he viewed with the most profound
aversion that which Mr. MacColl has called " The caricature of
Christianity which the Calvinistic system substituted for the old
Catholic theology," and that he looked upon modei-n Puritanism
and its repulsive eschatology as the cause of the gravest injury to
the Church. This, however, is not the place to discuss theo-
logical questions or opinions. Whatever Mr. Kingsley's views
may have been, his memory will be revered as that of one of the
brightest, the kindest, the most manly of mankind. Few men
loved so many things and people. He loved all inanimate and all
animal nature ; he loved and honoured a man wherever he met
him, so long as he was vigorous, straightforward, and honourable :
and before and above all things he loved the great English nation,
of which he was a most characteristic product : he loved its laws,
its institutions, its Church, and the good men of every class con-
tained in it ; and above all, he loved the heroic and magnani-
mous chapters in its history, and wislied that peace might be
within its walls and plenteousness within its palaces. His death
has deprived many persons in all classes of society of a valued
friend, and has removed prematurely from English literature a
writer who can ill be spared.
Canon Kingsley was elected a Fellow on the 16th of December,
1856.
"William Macdonalb, M.D., F.E.S.E., was Professor of Na-
tural History in the University of St. Andrews. At an early age
he inherited the property of Ballyshear, one of the finest estates
in Kintyre, Argyllshire, and devoted himself to improving his
native county at the expense of a large portion of his private
fortune. He will be gratefully remembered by the residents of
Kintyre and their descendants for his liberal and successful ex-
ertions in securing a system of free public roads unequalled in any
part of Scotland. At an early age he studied medicine in Edin-
burgh, and passed with honours, but he never practised, although
he was always deeply interested in the science. In the year 1849
he was offered, and accepted, the Chair of Natural History in the
old College of St. Andrews, which position he filled for twenty-
four years. He was a member of nearly ail the principal scien-
tific Societies iu Great Britain, and at the time of his death was
LINXJiAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. ixi
the oldest member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the
Royal College of Physicians. During the last three years he had
been rapidly failing, and died on the 1st of January 1875, at an
advanced age, on the morning of the new year, respected and
regretted by his many friends. This notice will be interesting
to many of his old tenants aud their descendants and others
who are residents of the United States. They will remember him
better as " Ballyshear " than by his later title of " The Profes-
sor." Of his large family of eleven children, only three sons sur-
vive him. The eldest, Godfrey Macdouald, is a prominent rail-
road official in Chicago, and is Vice-President of the St. Andrew's
Society of Illinois. The two younger sons are both officers in the
British Army, and have served with distinction in India, where
they are at present stationed.
Amongst other scientific subjects. Dr. Macdonald wrote upon
*' The Structure of Fishes," " On the Unity of Organization as ex-
hibited in the Skeleton of Animals," " On the Vertebral Homo-
logies as applicable to Zoology," and " On the V^ertebral Homolo-
gies in Animals."
Dr. Macdonald was elected a Fellow on the 4th of April, 1826.
John Trahekne Mogghiuge died on the 24th of November,
1874, at the age of thirty- two, at Mentone, where the state of his
health had compelled him to spend the winter for several years past.
He was a naturalist who had given evidence of considerable powers
of observation and research, and his works on " Harvesting- Ants
and Trap-door Spiders," and his " Contributions to the Flora of
Mentone " (the latter beautifully illustrated by his own hand)
contained important additions to our knowledge of different
branches of science. A love of uatui al history was with him here-
ditary, being the grandson of Dillwyn, the monographer of the
ConfervaB, and joint author, with Turner, of the ' Botanist's Gruide.'
He was elected a Fellow on the 21st of January, 1869.
Hugo ton Mohl* was born on the 8th of April, 1805, at
Stuttgart. His father, Ferdinand von Mohl, was a man of great
activity and ability who at different times held various important
* Von Mohl died ia 1872. At the time of the publication of the Proceedings
for that year no materials were at hand for a biographical account of him.
Since then other circumstances have led to delay in the preparation of the
above obituary notice, for the substance of which I am indebted to the ' Botanische
Zeitung.' — Sec. L.S.
Ixii PEOCEEDEEfGS OF THE
political offices. His mother, a daughter of the Finance Minister
of Wiirtemberg, was an accomplished woman, to whom, under his
father's superintendence, von-Mohl was indebted for much of his
early education. He was afterwards for twelve years a student
at the Grymnasium at Stuttgart, where the instruction was prin-
cipally confined to the dead languages, especially Latin, and
where science and modern languages were almost entirely ne-
glected. Von Mohl's predilection for natural science was mani-
fested when he was quite a boy ; and whilst at the Grymnasium he
occupied his leisure time in studying botany and mineralogy.
His strong constitution enabled him to undertake long excur-
sions, resulting in extensive collections, not only of phgenogamous
plants, but of mosses and the lower cryptogams, which he care-
fully dissected and examined under the microscope. He devoted
also a considerable time to the study of mathematics, especially
optics.
In the autumn of 1823 Von Mohl went to the University of
Tubingen and commenced the study of medicine. He graduated
iu 1828, and it was his father's wish that he should adopt medi-
cine, and especially surgery, as his profession. Von Mohl, how-
ever, thought otherwise, and the father yielded to the son's
wishes. The latter went for a time to Munich, and there the
congenial society of such men as Schrank, von Martins, Zucca-
rini, and Steinheil, and the abundance of scientific materials for
his favourite study, conspired to convert what was intended for
a visit into a lengthened residence. In 1831 Von Mohl was nomi-
nated first Assistant at the Botanical Garden of St, Petersburgh,
an oflice which he never entered upon, owing to his having been
chosen in 1832 to be Professor of Physiology at the then existing
Academy at Berne. In 1834, upon the appointments conse-
quent upon the foundation of the new University of Berne, he
was passed over, and in the spring of 1835, upon Schiibler's death,
he returned to Tiibingen in the capacity of Professor of Botany.
Prom this time Von Mohl was only occasionally absent from
Tiibingen, except in the year 1843, when, on account of his liealth,
he made a lengthened stay in the Southern Tyrol and iu Italy.
In that year he sufiered from a catarrhal affection, which occa-
sioned much anxiety, and induced his physician to recommend a
warm climate, which restored him to health. At a later period of
life, at the commencement of his 60th year, he suffered from pleu-
ritis ; but from this, as well as from the bad effects of an attack of
tll^NEATf SOCIETY OF LOTTDO". Ixui
dysentery, he recovered, and regained bis former health and fresh-
nesss. At the beginning of May 1 871 it was noticed that he ex-
hibited a certain absence of mind and anxiety, and he informed a
friend that it had arisen from an attack of vertigo, the effects of
which he could not get rid of, and which he thought might be a
warning of apoplexy. In the course of the year this discomfort
and anxiety had disappeared, and he seemed to be in his usual
health ; but on the morning of the 1st of April, 1872, he was
found dead in bis bed.
Yon Mohl may almost be said to have been a self-taught man.
At Stuttgart, in his early youth, his studies were to some extent
guided by Frolich (the monographer of the GentianecB and Rie-
racid), with whom, as well as with Zuccarini, Steinheil, and Amici,
he maintained friendly relations until his death. His acquaint-
ances, however, were few; he lived a great deal alone, and
was never married. Those persons, however, who were on inti-
mate terms with him found in him a cheerful and genial compa-
nion, deeply learned in the subjects which were the main employ-
ment of his life, but besides that, full of information in literature
and art, music excepted, for which he had a decided aversion.
To give anything like a full account of Von Mohl's writings
would be (as has been recently observed) to write a history of
vegetable physiology. His separate publications, of which a cata-
logue has been given in the ' Botanische Zeitung," were ninety in
number. He only wrote two " books " (so to speak), viz. his ' Mi-
crographie ' (or an introduction to the knowledge and use of the
microscope) and the well-known ' Vegetable Cell.' His other
writings appeared from time to time as detached papers, some-
times published separately, but for the most part in journals and
periodicals. Some only of these papers can here be noticed. In
1827, when a student at Tiibingen, he first appeared as an author
in his essay " On the Structure of Climbing Plants," and a year
afterwards he wrote his " Inaugural Dissertation " on the Pores
of Cellular Tissue. The latter was the beginning of the series of
invaluable publications upon vegetable histology, in which the
structure and chemical composition of cell-membrane, the nature
of protoplasm, cell-division, and cell-development, were succes-
sively discussed and explained. His first contribution to vege-
able anatomy was the essay " De Palmarum Structura,' ' published
in 1831, and this was soon afterw^ards followed by the communi-
cation to the Academy of Munich " On the Structure of the Stem
Ixiy PfiOCEEDTNQS OP THB
of the CycadesB, and its relation to the Stems of Coniferae and of
Tree-Ferns." His later works on anatomy had reference princi-
pally to the structure of Dicotyledonous trees and G-ymnosperms.
In 1834 he wrote upon the Structure and Form of Pollen G-rains,
but this work was hardly considered worthy of his reputation.
The construction and use of optical instruments was always one
of his favourite subjects ; and he contributed to the ' Linnsea ' (in
1842) some observations on the determination of the Size of
Microscopical Objects, and (at different times) to the 'Botanische
Zeitung ' some remarks upon the conservation of microscopical
preparations, and on the examination of cellular tissue by polar-
ized light.
In the department of morphology Von Mohl wrote on the sym-
metry of plants, on the male flowers of the Coniferae, on the spo-
rangium and spores of Cryptogams, and on the structure of Scia-
dopitys. Other subjects, such as the authority for generic names,
the influence of soil upon the distribution of Alpine plants, and
Linnseus's views as to the theory of descent, also engaged his
attention; and vegetable pathologists are indebted to him for his
remarks upon the diseases of the vine and the mulberry.
The above account, incomplete as it unavoidably is, will be suf-
ficient to show the extent and value of Von Mohl's scientific
labours. No small addition to these labours was involved in the
constant and active interest which he took in the ' Botanische
Zeitung.' The high scientific position which that periodical holds
is to a great extent due to Von Mohl's editorship and super-
intendence.
Von Mohl was elected a Foreign Member on the 2nd of May,
1837.
The Eev. Henbt Eookin, M.A., died on the 18th of January
1875, in his 73rd year. He was formerly Fellow of Queen's
College, Oxford, and for forty years was Incumbent of Upton
Grey in Hampshire. He was elected a Fellow on the 2nd of
December, 1834.
Jesse Watts Eussell, D.C.L., F.E.S., died on the 26th of
March, 1875, at the age of 88. He was elected a Fellow on the
4th of November, 1823.
George Ealph Tate, M.D., was born at Alnwick on the 27th
LINXEAW SOCIETY OF LO^DO:<. \XY
of March, 1835. He was the eldest son of George Tate, F.G.S.,
author of ' The History of Alnwick.' When quite a boy, he en-
tered, with interest, into his father's scientific pursuits, more espe-
cially in the branches of botany and conchology ; and his know-
ledge of the flora of his native county was, even from an early
age, remarkable and extensive.
In 1850 he entered the University of Edinburgh as a stu-
dent of medicine. He gained the gold medal for botany in
1853, and in 1855 passed his examination for a surgeon's degree.
He was at that time fully prepared for the examination for
M.D., but being only 19 years old, he had to wait awhile;
meantime he obtained the appointment of House-Surgeon to
the Alnwick Infirmary, which he retained till 1858. In the
interim he had taken his degree of M.D., and in March 1858
joined the Army as Assistant Surgeon in the Royal Artillery.
He was stationed at Hong-Kong for two years : and while there
he, with some other officers, went on an excursion of some
months into the interior of the country, and made a collection
of plants in the province of Shantung, the botany of which is
comparatively unknown. This collection, comprising about 800
specimens, is now in the Royal Herbarium at Kew. On his
return to England he was stationed in the Isle of "Wight for
some years. He married, August 2nd, 1866, Miss "Way, eldest
daughter of David Way, Esq. Mrs. Tate was almost as enthusi-
astic a botanist as himself, and accompanied her husband in all
his researches and wanderings after plants. He succeeded in
discovering a few new plants in the Isle of Wight (communicated
to, and published by Mr. A. G-. More in his ' Supplement to
Bromfield's Flora Vectensis ').
In the autumn of 1868, while stationed for a few weeks at Gos-
port, Dr. Tate caught a severe cold which brought on a disease
that quite invalided him and rendered him unfit for active
duty. He therefore was placed on permanent half-pay, and re-
turned to the Isle of Wight. Erom thence he moved to Torquay ;
but the climate proved unsuitable to him, and in the summer of
1872 he found a pleasant country home at Fareham in Hampshire.
But his health slowly declined ; and on September 14, 1873, he
bad an attack of paralysis from which he never recovered.
For six years before, his death failing health had precluded
much literary labour. In 1867 he published, in conjunction with
Mr. J. G. Baker, F.L.S., Assistant Curator of the Herbarium
Ixvi PEOCEEDTIfGS OF THE
at Kew, a ' Flora of Northumberland and Durtam.' About
the year 1869 he began a book which he proposed to call
'A Handbook of British Medical Botany.' He worked at this for
three winters ; but when it was more than half finished, was com-
pelled, through failing health, to give up his task. His herba-
rium, which he had begun to collect as far back as 1853, was
an interest to him to the last. He was constantly adding
to it until it contained about 1500 British species. He also
made, while at Torquay, a collection of Devonshire MoUusca.
Had his physical strength equalled his mental vigour, there might
have been a longer record of a life which promised so much.
He died on the 23rd of September, 1874 at the age of 39,
having been elected a Fellow on the 17th of June, 1869.
GrTJSTAV Adolph Thueet belonged to an old French Protestant
family which fled to Holland upon the Revocation of the Edict of
Nantes. His father, Isaac Thuret, was the first of the family who
returned to France, having come to Paris as Consul General from
Holland ; and his third son Grustav Adolph was born there on the
23rd of May, 1817. After careful education at home, he attended
the lectures at the School of Law, and worked with so much in-
dustry that at the age of twenty-one he obtained the degree of Licen-
tiate. During his University career he travelled at dififerent times
in Switzerland, Germany, Holland, and England ; but he passed
the greater part of his time at his father's residence at Rentilly,
near Lagny (Seine et Marne). The study of the law, however, was
not to his liking. He had a great love for music, and happened
to make the acquaintance of M. A. De Villers, who, besides being
an enthusiastic musician, was also an amateur botanist who had
taken excursions with Adrien de Jussieu. De Villers induced
Thuret to study botany, and taught him the first rudiments of the
science. Thuret diligently collected the plants of his own imme-
diate neighbourhood, and determined them as well as he could with
the aid of Bautier's 'Flora of Paris' or De Candolle's 'Flora of
France,' By the aid of De Yillers he obtained, when necessary,
the assistance of M. Deca^sne. In the winter of 1839 Thuret
went to Paris, and asked for Decaisne's assistance in the study
of botany, in which his progress was so rapid that in a compara-
tively short time he was in a position to undertake independent
investigations. At this time Decaisne was engaged in the study
of the Algae, and his pupil, as he became initiated into this branch
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IxVli
of the science, learnt at the same time how much there then re-
mained to be discovered in that branch of the vegetable kingdom.
In the winter of 1840 Thuret went to the East and brought some
marine Algae from the Bosphorus. In the following summer he
was at Lyons, where he studied geology under Fournet, making
excursions in company with Seringe and Jordan.
At this time he was working hard at the microscope, the result
of which was his first work on the antheridia of Chara. In Octo-
ber of the same year he went as Attache to the Erench Embassy
at Constantinople. Here he studied the phaenogams, and in the
collection which he made there Boissier found some novelties. In
the middle of October in the following year he went on furlough,
travelling in Syria and Egypt ; but having been taken seriously
ill at Thebes, he returned to France. At this time he thought it
necessary to make bis plans for the future, and determined to
enter the Civil Service. Fortunately for science, his attempts to
do this were not successful, and he constructed for himself a labo-
ratory at Eentilly, and commenced working earnestly at the mi-
croscopic investigations of the Algae, the result of which was his
two works ' On the Motile Organs of Alg* ' (1843), and ' The De-
velopment of Nostoc ' (1844). In the year 1844 Thuret, in com-
pany with Decaisne, made his first algological excursion to the sea-
coast for the purpose of studying the reproductive organs of the
FucacecB, the result of which was their joint work published in
the same year. In the following year the two friends went to
Arromanches. Here they discovered for the first time the zoo-
spores of Chorda Filum, L., and ascertained that the so-called
spores of the brown Algae were probably reproductive organs or
sporangia. From this time Thuret went to the sea-coast every
year, sometimes in Normandy and sometimes in Britanny, either
alone or in company with Riocreux, and collected materials for
the essay for which in 1850 the prize of the Academy of Paris was
awarded. This work was entitled ' Eecherches sur les Zoospores
des Algues et les Antheridies des Cryptogames.' In the next
year he settled at Cherbourg with the view of studying the phy-
siology of the Algae, and where during his first winter residence
he made his discovery of the fructification of the Fueacece, a work
of the greatest importance, of which it may be said that it afforded
the first direct proof of the sexuality of the Algae. From Cher-
bourg he made expeditions sometimes to Biarritz and sometimes to
the Mediterranean, which excursions produced his other essays
LINN. PEOC. — Session 1874-75. g
Ixviii PROCEEBINQS OP THE
on the antheridia of Algae and on Bornetia, as well as tbat on
the germination of Gylindrospermum. About this time he estab-^
lished the Natural History Society of Cherbourg, which has done
such good service to science. It was here that M. Le Jolis,
under his guidance worked out his beautiful treatise on the
Laminarice. The climate of Cherbourg, however, had a most in-
jurious effect upon his health, and he suffered so severely from
asthma that, under medical advice, he felt compelled to seek a
southern residence, and, with a view to his favourite studies, he
fixed upon Autibes, where upon a dry hill covered only with a
few distorted olive-trees he set up his residence. Here he built a
villa, and constructed a garden in which every thing which intelli-
gence, good taste, and industry could provide were to be found.
Every year he made excursions to the sea-side, sometimes in com-
pany with Dr. Bornet and sometimes with M. Hiocreux. Almost
every one of these visits Avas devoted to a special study. The
systematic limits so difficult to be defined of the numberless spe-
cies of Polysiplionia and Ectocarpus, the development of Mividaria
hullata and Poly ides, the fructification of the Floridecd, and many
other subjects were undertaken and satisfactorily determined.
The most important joint work of Thuret and Bornet, and the
only one which has yet been published relating to the impregna-
tion of the Floridece, appeared in 1867. It is known that his
prize essay, as it appeared in the ' Annales des Sciences,' was only
an extract from his entire observations. It was intended that the
latter should be published as soon as the fifty folio plates which
were to accompany them were printed. He had also in contem-
plation to publish in parts, accompanied by illustrative plates, the
observations undertaken jointly by him and Dr, Bornet. His
last work, intended for the 'Annales des Sciences,' was an analy-
tical key to the genera of JVostocace. Unhappily the publication
of these latter works was interrupted by his unexpected death ;
but it is hoped and believed that Dr. Bornet, his friend and com-
panion for twenty-three years, will complete the publication of
these works and carry on Thuret's observations. Thuret's repu-
tation attracted many foreign botanists to his residence at An-
tibes : Woronin, Famintzin, Janczewski, Farlow (Professor at
Cambridge, TJ.S.), Cornu, and others resorted there for guidance
and information.
On the 10th of May in the present year M. Thuret left his
home at Autibes in apparently in good health, but died at Nice a
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONUOX. Ix'xX
few hours afterwards from an attack of angina pectoris. His
deatli leaves a gap in the ranks of algologists which it will be dif-
ficult to fill.
M. Thuret was elected a Foreign INIember on the 6th of May
1869.
Egbert Carb Woods -was born on the 31st of July, 1816, and
"was the son of William AVylie Woods, of Burgh in the county of
Lincoln. He left England for India when very young, but before
quitting his native country he had given evidence of his love for
work and his abilities to do what he undertook in a proper manner
by his contributions to the publications of several learned Societies.
Before he was twenty-two he was Begistrar and one of the Council
of the Meteorological Society of London, and a Corresponding
Member of the Botanical Society ; and he had contributed papers
to both those Societies. Amongst these are ' Directions for
making Meteorological Observations on Land and at Sea,' a ' Syn-
optical Chart of Meteorological Phenomena at Eight Principal
Stations in Great Britain during the year 1837,' a 'Meteorologi-
cal Summary for 1835 and 1S36, at Kendal, Westmoreland,' and
also a ' Notice of a Lunar Rainbow seen in London, on Sunday
the 27th of July, 1838.' Mr. AVoods also, after he left London,
published a work on ' Education and the Philosophy of the Human
Mind ' and a treatise called 'Tabulae Meteorologicse,' which met
with great success.' Shortly after his arrival in Bombay he founded,
or at all events was the first editor of the ' Bombay Courier,' a
paper which for a long time was the leading journal of Western
India ; and during his residence in Bombay he was chosen Ho-
norary President of the Xative Improvement Society in' that Pre-
sidency, and was elected to several other institutions of a similar
kind which, under the fostering care Mountstuart Elphinstone,
then Governor, flourished in Bombay. Whilst living there in
1841 Mr. Woods married, and three years after removed to Sin-
gapore. About three years after his arrival he commenced busi-
ness in the Supreme Court, and in 1863, after twenty-five years
successful practice, was admitted to the bar at Gray's Inn on
the 6th of June, 1863. In the interim Mr. Woods had started
the ' Straits Times,' first as a weekly, and subsequently as a daily
paper in Singapore, and during the stirring events which occurred
while owned and edited by him, the ' Straits Times ' enjoyed a high
reputation. The first Number of the ' Straits Times ' was pub-
IXX PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE
lished soon after the proceedings of Sir James Brooke in Borneo
had attracted public attention. In the ' Straits Times ' Mr.
Woods wrote a series of Articles on this matter which were re-
published in 1850 ; and now that more than a quarter of a cen-
tury has elapsed since the events referred to, a perusal of the
pamphlet may be useful to those who are interested in the ques-
tion whether or not Sir James Brooke committed a mistake when
he treated the Serebas and Sakarran Dyaks as sea-pirates.
During the thirty years of his life in Singapore Mr. Woods
took part in almost every movement of a public character which
required his assistance. He was (at different times) the Hono-
rary Secretary of the Sailors' Home, a hard-working member of
the Municipal Commission, Honorary Secretary of the Committee
appointed to report on the Straits Assessment, Honorary Secre-
tary of the Committee to report on the Straits Transfer Question
in 1863, one of the Trustees of the Eaffles Institution, &c. ;
in all such honorary public offices his services were freely and ably
exercised. He prepared several of the memorials to Parliament
on the vexed question of the Colonial currency, successfully re-
sisting the attempted introduction of the rupee, and assisting in
the legalization of the dollar currency, while the mercantile com-
munity were saved much trouble by the Analytical Digest of
the Indian Merchant Seamen's Act of 1859, in the compilation
of which he was of very great assistance. He was very active in
carrying out public improvements calculated to add to the orna-
ment or convenience of Singapore ; and the public offices which
he filled were important and honourable. He was at one time
Deputy Sheriff, at another time he acted as Attorney Greneralfor
the Straits, and died at the age of 53, Acting Puisne Judge of the
Supreme Court at Singapore. He was elected a Fellow on the
3rd of December, 1863.
Jeitbies Wtman was the third son of Dr. Eufus Wyman, Phy-
sician to the M'Lean Asylum for the Insane at Charlestown. He
was born on the 11th of August, 1814, at Chelmsford, in Mid-
dlesex county, Massachusetts, not far from the present city of
Lowell. He received the rudiments of his education at Charles-
town in a private school, but afterwards went to the Academy
at Chelmsford, and in 1826 to Phillips Exeter Academy, where he
was prepared for college. He entered Harvard College in 1829
and graduated there in 1833. He was not remarkable for general
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IxXl
scholarsliip, but was fond of chemistry, and his preference for
anatomical studies was then already developed. Some of his
companions rememher the interest wliich was excited among tliem
by a skeleton which lie made of a mammoth bull-frog, supposed
to be one of those still preserved in his museum of compara-
tive anatomy. His skill and taste in drawing, as well as his habit
of close observation of natural objects, were manifested even in
boyhood.
An attack of pneumonia during his last year in college caused
much anxiety, and perhaps laid the foundation of the pulmonary
affection which burdened and finally shortened his life. To re-
cover from the effects of the attack and to guard against its re-
turn, he made, in the winter of 1833-31, the first of those pilgri-
mages to the coast of the Southern States which in later years
were so often repeated. Returning with strength renewed in the
course of the following spring, he began the study of medicine,
and about two years afterwards he was elected house-student in
the Medical department, at the Massachusetts G-eneral Hospital,
a responsible position, advantageous for the study of disease, and
well adapted to sharpen a young man's power of observation.
In 1837, after receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine, he
looked about among the larger country towns for a field in which
to practice his profession. Fortunately for science, he found no
opening to his mind ; so he took an office in Boston and accepted
the honourable, but far from lucrative, post of Demonstrator of
Anatomy under Dr. John C. Warren, theHersey Professor. His
means were very slender, and his life abstemious to the verge of
privation ; for he was unwilling to burden his father, who, indeed,
had done all he could in providing for the education of two sons.
The turning-point in his life, i. e. an opportunity which he
could seize of devoting it to science, came when Mr. John A.
Lowell offered him the Curatorship of the Lowell Institute, then
just brought into operation. He delivered a course of twelve
lectures upon Comparative Anatomy and Physiology in the winter
of 1840-41 ; and with the money earned by this first essay in in-
structing others, he went to Europe to seek further instruction
ior himself He reached Paris in May, 1841, and studied Human
Anatomy at the School of Medicine, and Comparative Anatomy
and Natural History at the Garden of Plants. Later in the year
he went to London, but was recalled by the illness of his father,
who died before Dr. Wyman reached Halifiix.
Ixxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE
He resumed his residence in Boston, and devoted himself
mainly to scientific work under circumstances of no small discou-
ragement. But in 1843 the means of a modest professional liveli-
hood came to bim in the offer of the Chair of Anatomy and Phy-
siology in the medical department of Hampden-Sidney College,
established at Eichmond, Yirginia. One advantage of this posi-
tion was that it did not interrupt his residence in Boston except
for the winter and spring ; and during these months the milder
climate of Eichmond was even then desirable. He discharged the
duties of the Chair most acceptably for five sessions, until, in
1847, he was appointed to succeed Dr. Warren as Hersey Professor
of Anatomy in Harvard College.
Here in the formation and perfecting of his museum arranged
upon a plan both physiological and morphological, no pains Avere
spared. In the summer of 1849 he accompanied Captain Atwood
of Provincetown in a small sloop upon a fishing voyage high up
the coast of Labrador : in the winter of 1852, going to Florida for
his health, he began his fruitful series of explorations and collec-
tions in that interesting district. In 1854, accompanied by his
wife, he travelled extensively in Europe, and visited all the mu-
seums within his reach. In the spring of 1856 he sailed to Suri-
nam, penetrated far into the interior in canoes, made important
researches upon the ground, and enriched his museum with some
of its most interesting collections. Again, in 1858-59, accepting
the invitation of Captain J. M. Porbes, he made a voyage to the
La Plata, ascended the Uraguay and the Parana in a small iron
steamer which Captain Porbes brought upon the deck of his vessel ;
then, with his friend G-eorge Augustus Peabody as a companion,
he crossed the Pampas to Mendosa, and the Cordilleras to San-
tiago and Yalparaiso, whence he came home by way of the Peru-
vian coast and the Isthmus.
By such expeditions many of the choice materials of his museum
and of his researches were gathered at his own expense. And in
Dr. Wy man's case we have an example of what one man may do
unaided, with feeble health and feebler means, by persistent and
well-directed industry, without eclat, and almost without obser-
vation.
Throughout the later years of Professor Wyman's life a new
museum claimed his interest and care, and is indebted to him
for much of its value and promise. In 1866, when failing strength
demanded a respite from oral teaching, he was named by the
LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxiii
late George Peabody one of the seven Trustees of tlie Museum
and Professorship of American Archseology and Ethnology which
this philanthropist proceeded to found in Harvard University ; and
his associates called upon him to take charge of the establishment.
For this he was peculiarly fitted by all his previous studies, and
by his predilection for ethnological inquiries. These had already
engaged his attention, and to this class of subjects be was there-
after mainly devoted with the sagacity, skill, diligence, and suc-
cess which his seven Annual Reports abundantly testify.
The later years of his life showed the too rapid progress of his
fatal pulmonary disease, which change of climate was incompetent
to arrest. In August, 1874, he left Cambridge for his usual visit
to the "White Mountain region, by which he avoided the autumnal
catarrh ; and there, at Bethlehem, New Hampshire, on the 4th of
September, a severe hemorrhage from the lungs closed his valu-
able life.
The Koyal Society's ' Catalogue of Scientific Papers ' enume-
rates sixty-four by Professor Wyman alone, and four in conjunc-
tion with others ; and some notice, brief and cursory though it
must be, of his published papers should form a part of this account
of his life.
His earliest publication, so far as is known, was an article in
the ' Boston Medical and Surgical Journal ' in 1837, signed only
with the initials of his name. It Is upon " The Indistinctness of
Images formed from Oblique Eays of Light," and the cause of it.
In January 1841 there appeared his first recorded communica-
tion to the Boston Natural History Society, " On the Cranium of
a Seal." The first to the American Academy is the account of
his dissection of the electrical organs of a new species of Torpedo
in 1 843, part of a paper by his friend Dr. Storer, published in
' Silliman's Journal.' In the course of that year he wrote, in con-
junction with Dr. Savage, the memoir, on the Black Orang or Chim-
panzee of Africa, Troglodytes niger. Three other papers of that
year on the Anatomy of two yLollusca, (Tebennophorus carolinensis
and Glandina iruncata), and " On the Microscopic Structure of
the Teeth of the Lepidostei, and their analogies with those of the
Labyrinthodonts," should also be mentioned.
Although not of any importance now to remember, it may be
interesting to mention his report to the Boston Natural History
Society on the so-called Hydrarclws Sillimani of Koch, a factitious
Saurian of huge length, successfully exhibited in New York and
Ixxiv PBOCEEDINGS OF THE
elsewhere under higli auspices, but wbicli Dr. Wyman exposed
at sight, showing that it was made up of an indefinite number of
A'arious cetaceous vertebrae belonging to many individuals which
(as was afterwards ascertained) were collected from several
localities.
But the memoir by wbicb Professor "Wyman assured his posi-
tion among the higlier comparative anatomists was that commu-
nicated to and published by the last-mentioned Society in the
summer of 1847, in which the Grorilla was first named and intro-
duced to the scientific world, and the distinctive structure and
affinities of the animal so thoroughly made out from the study
of the skeleton, that tbere was, as Professor Owen remarked,
"very little left to add, and nothing to correct."
Amongst others of Dr. Wyman's more noticeable contribu-
tions to science may be mentioned his investigations of the ana-
tomy of the Blind Fish of the Mammoth Cave. The series
began in the year 1843 with a paper published in ' Silliman's
Journal,' and closed with an article in the same Journal in 1854.
Although Dr. Tellkamph had preceeded him in ascertaining
the existence of rudimentary eyes and the special development
of the fifth pair of nerves, yet for the whole details of the sub-
ject and the minute anatomy, we are indebted to Professor
Wyman.
An elaborate memoir on the anatomy of the nervous system
of Bana pipiens, published in the ' Smithsonian Contributions '
in 1852 should also be mentioned. And next to this in extent
and value may be ranked Professor Wyman's paper on the De-
velopment of the Common Skate, Raia Batis, communicated to
the American Academy in 1864 and published among its memoirs.
The most noteworthy of his shorter papers are his " Observa-
tions on the Development of the Surinam Toad," and the same
on "Analleps Gronovii;^' the paper "On some unusual Modes of
G-estation ;" his " Description of a Double Poetus," in the ' Bos-
ton Medical and Surgical Journal,' March 1866 ; a very import-
ant morphological paper " On Symmetry and Homology in Limbs,"
published in June, 1867, and " Notes on the Cells of the Bee " in
the ' Proceedings of the American Academy ' for January, 1866.
The spirit of two aphorisms attributed to Dr. Wyman, viz. " The
isolated study of anything in natural history is a fruitful source
of error," and "i\/b single experiment in pJiysiology is worth any-
thing,^' is well exemplified in his experimental researches upon
LINNEAN SOCIETy OF LONDON. IxXT
" The formation of Infusoria in boiled solutions of organic matter
enclosed in hermetically sealed Axssels and supplied with pure
air," and its supplement, " Observations and experiments on living
Organisms in Heated Water," published in the 'American Journal
of Science and Arts,' the first in the year 1862, the other in 1S67.
Milne-Edwards, insufficiently appreciating Dr. Wy man's scien-
tific position, questioned the accuracy of the first series because
they did not agree with those of Pasteur, and thought the difter-
ence in the results depended upon a defective mode of conducting
the experiments. As Dr. "\Yymau remarks in a note to the second
series, " the recent experiments of Dr. Child of Oxford and those
reported in ' this communication are sufficient answer to the
criticisms of IM. Edwards." Without further following this dis-
cHssion, it may be said that the question of abiogenesis stands to-
day very much where Professor Wyman left it seven years ago.
It may be asked how an anatomist, physiologist, and morpho-
logist like Professor Wyman regarded the most remarkable scien-
tific movement of his time, the revival and apparent prevalence
of doctrines of evolution. As might be expected, he was neither
an advocate nor an opponent ; but he was clear from the begin-
ning, that evolutionary doctrines were essentially philosophical
and healthful, " in accordance with nature as commonly manifested
iu her works," and that they need not disturb the foundations o!:"
natural theology.
Dr. Wyman was elected a Foreign Member on the 6tb of May,
18G0.
LINN. PKOc- Session 1874-75.
.Ixxvii
INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.
SESSION 1874-75.
Accounts, Auditor's Report on .
Address of the President, May
24,1875 .......
Anniversary Meeting, May 24,
1875, Report on
Attar of Rose. See Rosa da-
mascena
Associates deceased
Bequest of a miniature porti'ait
of the late Col. Montagu, toge-
ther with annotated copies of
his works
Carex ornithopoda, Willd., Spe-
cijnens from Miller's Dale,
Derbyshire, exhibited by Mr.
Ti'imen
Crustacea, from the Bay of
Naples, exhibited by Mr. Pas-
coe, F.L.S
Drawings, an extensive series of,
taken during the ' Challenger'
Expedition, exhibited by Dr.
Hooker, Pres. R.S
Drimia, Specimens of a new Cape
species, exhibited by J. Gr.
Baker, Esq., F.L.S. . . .
Election of Council and Officers
Evening Meetings, Suggestion by
Dr. Boycott, for rendering
them more interesting .
Fellows deceased. List of .
Financial Statement . .
Foreign Members deceased
Fungi exhibited. See Symeno-
phalus and Polyporus .
Galls, Extensive series of, exhi-
bited by A. Murray, Esq.,
F.L.S .
Glastonbury Thorn, Flowering
branch of, exliibited by Dr.
Prior, F.L.S
Page
XXXV
XXXV
xxxiii
xxsiv
xxxiii
Haubury, Daniel, Treas. L.S.,
Death of. vu
Hydnophytum formicarum,
Stems of, from Sumatra, exhi-
bited by Mr. Jackson, A.L.S. vi
Hymenophallus, Drawing of an
exceedingly beautiful species,
apparently undescribed, exhi-
bited by Mr. Hanbui-y, Treas.
L.S vi
Kleinia, Flowering branches of
two remarkable species, from
the garden of Palazzo Orengo,
near Mentone, exhibited by
Mr. Hanbury, Treas. L.S. . . iii
Montagu, Col., Bequest of anno-
tated copies of his Ornitholo-
logical Dictionary and Testa-
cea Britannica, coloured draw-
ings, and several volumes of his
MSS ii
Myrmecodia armata from Java,
and another species from Aus-
tralia, exhibited by Mr. Jack-
son, A.L.S vi
Myrsine Urvillei, A. de C, Spe-
cimen of, exhibited by Dr.
Prior, F.L.S xxxvi
Obituaet Notices : —
Austen, Nathaniel Lawrence,
Esq xxxvii
Booth, William Beattie, A.L.S. xxxvii
Corder, Thomas, A.L.S. . . xxxviii
Dajee, Dr. Bliau xxxviii
Felkin, WiUiam, Esq. ... xl
Glynne, Sir Stephen R., Bart. xl
Grant, Robert Edmond, M.D. xli
Gray, John Edward, Ph.D. . xliii
Hanbury Daniel, Esq. . • . xlvii
Hardwicke, Robert, Esq. . . xlvii
Hughes, WiUiam Hughes, Esq. 1
Ixxviii
Obituary Ts'otices {continued) •-
Jardine, Sir WiUiaai, Bart. . '
Johns, Rev. Charles Alexander
Kingsley, Eev. Charles . .
Ljell, Su- Charles, Bart. . .
Macdonald, William, M.D. .
Moggridge, John Ti-aheme, Esq.
Molil, Hugo von, M.D.,F.M.L.S.
Rookin, -Eev. Henry . . .
EusseE, Jesse Watts, D.C.L.
Tate, George Ralph, M.D. .
Thnret, Gustav Adolph,
F.M.L.S .
Woods, Eobert Carr, Esq., .
Wyman,Jeffries,M.D.,E.M.L.S.
Papees bead : —
Allraan, G. J., On the struc-
ture and systematic position
of Stephanoscyplms mirahi-
Us, the type of a new Order
of Hydrozoa (Thecomedusse)
, Diagnoses of New Genera
and Species of Hydroida
Baker, J. G., Revision of the
Genera and Species of Aspa-
ragacese
Balfour, J. B., Extract of a
letter from, addressed to Dr.
Hooker
Bentham, George, Notes on the
Gamopetalous Orders be-
longing to the Campanula-
ceous and Oleaceous groups
Berkeley, Rev. M. J., Enumera-
tion of Fungi collected dm-ing
the Expedition of H.M.S.
'Challenger' (2nd notice) .
Butler, A. G., Notes on the
Lepidoptera of the Zygse-
nidse : with descriptions of
new genera and species . .
, On the subfamilies Anti-
clilorinse and Charidrinse
Clarke, Benjamin, On the affi-
nities and Alexipliarinic pro-
perties of Ai'istolochiacese .
Cobbold, T. S., On the struc-
ture, affinities, and probable
source of the large human
Fluke {Distoma crassum,
Busk)
CoUingwood, Cuthbert, On
thirty-one species of Plana-
rians, collected, partly by
the late Dr. Kelaart, in Cey-
lon, and partly by Dr. Col-
lingwood in the eastern seas
Dickie, George, Alga? collected
1
lii
Ivi
liii
Ix
Ixi
Ixi
Ixiv
Ixiv
Ixiv
Ixvi
Ixix
Ixx
IX
xxxvii
Papees eead {continued) : —
by H. N. Moseley, Esq., of
H.M.S. ' ChaUenger,' at Si-
mon's Bay, C. G. H., Seal
Island, Marion Island, Ker-
guelen's Island, &c. ... iv
, Notes on Algae from the
Island of Mangadia, South
Pacific ix
Dickson, Alexander, On the
development of the embryo
in Tropeolum speciosuni . vi
Dyer, W. T. T., On the struc-
ture of the seed in Cyca-
dese vii
Gammie, J., Extract of a letter
— to Dr. Hooker, on Ariscema
speciosum. &c v
Gilbert, J. H.,on Fairy-rings, xxxvi
Henslow, Rev. George, On the
origin of the prevailing sys-
tems of Phyllotaxis ... Y
Hollis, W. A., The Pathology
of the Oak-gall, and its re-
lation to morbid growths . iv
Home, John, Extract of a
letter to Dr. Hooker . . v
Howard, J. E., Notice of a
floatmg island in Derwent-
water Lake i
, On Cinchona calisaya,
var. anglica xxxvi
Huxley, T. H., On the Classi-
fication of the Annual King-
dom iii
Jackson, J. R., On plants in
which Ants make their
homes vii
Klein, E., On the Connexion
of Vegetable organisms with
Small-pox viii
Lankester, E. Ray, On the
Anatomy of Amphioxv.s . xxxvi
Lubbock, Sir John, On the
habits of Bees, Wasps, and
Ants iii
Macdonald, J. D., On the ex-
ternal anatomy of Tanais
ivV^afes, occurring withi?>«-
noria and CheJitra terebrans
in excavated pier- wood . . r
M'Intosh, W. C, on Valenci-
Ilia Armandi, a new Nemer-
tean xxxvii
Masters, M. T., Monographic
sketch of the Durionese . . ii
Miers, John, On the Barriug-
toniaceee xxxv
Ixxix
Papees eead {continued) : —
Mitchell, W. S., Notes on the
Octopus vulgar is, Lam.
]Mitteii,,Wilham, on the Musci
and Hepaticse collected by
H. N. Moseley, Esq.. Natu-
ralist to H.M.S. 'ChaUen-
ger
Moore, S. L. M., On the oc-
currence of Stamiual Pistil-
lody in an Acanth . . .
Moseley, H. N., On the Insects
(chiefly Apterous) of Ker-
guelen ; and further notes
on the Plants
, Letter to the Eev. M. J.
Eerkeley, on an edible Chi-
nese Sphceria
Oliver, Daniel, List of plants
collected in New Guuiea in
1873 by Dr. A. B. Meyer .
, Note on specimens of a
Hibiscus, allied to -ff. Rosa
sinensis, collected by Dr.
Kirk in East Tropical Africa
O'Meara, Eev. E.,on the Dia-
tomaceous gatherings made
by H. N. Moseley, M.A., at
Kerguelen's Land . . .
Powell, Rev. Thomas, Notes
on the natm-e and produc-
tions of several Atolls of the
Tokelan, EUice, and Gilbert
groups, S. Pacific
Seeley, H. G., Similitudes of
the bones in the Enahosau-
ria (on the resemblances of
the Ichthyosaurian bones
with those of other animals)
Sorby, H. C, On the charac-
teristic colouring-matters of
the red groups of Algae . .
Stirton, J., Lichens of the
' Challenger ' E xpedition ,
from Bahia, Kerguelen's
Land, &c
, Additions to the Lichen-
flora of New Zealand and
the Chatham Islands
Page ', Page
Papees bead {continued) : —
Welch, F. H., The anatomy of
two parasitic forms of Tetra-
rhyncliidse ix
Westwood, J. O., Monograph
of the Lepidopterous genus
Castnia, and some allied
groups xxxvii
Photographs taken diu*ing the
' Challenger ' Expedition,
exhibited by Dr. Hooker,
Pres. R.S v
Plants, Melastomaeeous and Eu-
biaceous, in which Ants make
their nests, exliibited by Mr.
Jackson, A.L.S vi
Platanus, A set of specimeus, to
illustrate the difference be-
tween the oriental and occi-
dental species, exhibited by
Mr. Hemslcy vi
Polyporus destructor. Specimen
obtained from the timbers of
the ship 'Egmont,' exhibited
by Dr. Hooker, Pres. E.S. . . vi
Pringlea antiscorhvtica. Photo-
graph of, exhibited .... v
Rosa gallica, var. damascena,
the species from which Attar
of Eose is distdled, exhibited
by Mr. Hanbury, Treas. L.S. . ii
South-African Scenery, Photo-
graphs of, from paintings by
T. Baines, Esq., exhibited by
Mr. Jackson, A.L.S iii
StepJianosphceraJluviatilis, Cohn,
fi'om Bury Head, county Wick-
low, exhibited by Prof. Dyer . xxxv
Trees, Chromohthographic views
of, exliibited by Sir. Eothery,
F.L.S. ........ vii
Tropeolum speciostim, Microsco-
pic specimens, illustrating the
development of'the embryo in,
exliibited by Prof. Dickson. . vi
Vice-Presidents nominated . . xxxv
ZannicJiellia polycarpa, Nolte,
Specimens of, sent by Dr.
Boswell Syme from Orkney,
exhibited by Dr. Trimen . . xxxv
ADDITIONS
LIBEARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.
RECEIVED FROM JUNE 17, 1870, TO JUNE 15, 1871.
Titles. Doxors,
Academies and Societies.
Adelaide : —
Botanic Garden. See Schomburgk, R.
Philosophical Society.
Annual Eeport and Transactions for the year ending Sept.
30, 1869. 4to. Adelaide, 1870. C. A. Wilson, Esq.
Amsterdam : —
Kon. Akademie van Wetenschappen.
Verslagen en Mededeelingen, Afdeeling Natuurkunde. 2''^
Eeeks, 4^^ Deel. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1870.
. Afd. Letterkunde. 12'''= Deel. 8vo. /6wZ., 1869
Jaarboek voor 1869. 8vo. Ibid.
Processen-Verbaal van de gewone Vergaderingen der Aka-
demie, van Mei 1869-April 1870 (1869-70, Nos. 1-10).
8vo. Ibid. The Academy.
Batavia : —
Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten eu Wetenschappen.
Verhandelingen. Deel 33. 4to. Eatavia, 1868.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBARY. Scssion 1870-71. a
11 additions to the iibraet.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Batavia (continued) : —
Eataviaasch Genootscliap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen.
Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Yolkenkunde.
Deal 16 Afl. 2-6, 17 Afl. 1-6, & 18 Afl. 1. 8vo. Ihid.
1866-68.
Notulen van de Algemeene en Bestuurs-vergaderingen van
het B. G. Deel 4 Afl. 2, Deel 5, 6, en 7 Afl. 1. 8vo.
Ibid. 1867-69.
Catalogus der Ethnologische nnd Xumismatisohe Afdeeling
van liet Museum. 8vo. Ihid. 1 868-69. The Society.
Kon. Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie.
Natuurkundig Tijdsehrift voor N. I. Deel 21, 22 Afl. 1 & 2,
23 Afl. 4-6, 24 Afl. 5 & 6, 25 (Afl. 1-6), 29 Afl. 5 & 6,
30 Afl. 1 & 2, & 31 (Afl. 1-6). 8vo. Batavia, 1860-70.
The Association.
Bath :—
Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club.
Proceedings. Vol. 2, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Bath, 1870-71.
The Club.
. See Jenyns, L.
Berlin : —
Kon. Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Abliandlungen, aus dem Jahre 1869. I. Philosophische &
Historische. II. Physikalische & Mathematische. 4to.
Berlin, 1870.
Monatsberichte, fiir Mai-December 1870, und Febr. -April
1871. 8vo. Ibid.
Yerzeichniss der Abhandlungen der Akademie, von 1710 bis
1870. 8vo. Ibid. 1871. The Academy.
Yerein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den Kon. Preuss.
Staaten.
Wochenschrift : redigirt von Prof. Dr. Karl Koch, Jahr-
gang 13. 4to. Berlin, 1870. The Society.
Berwickshire : —
Naturalists' Wub.
Proceedings. Vol. 7, No. 2. Svo. (Edinburgh, 1870.)
The Clfr.'
.additions to the library. ul
Titles, Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Boston, Mass. : —
American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Proceedings. Vol. 8, sheets 1-17. 8vo. Boston (1869).
The Academy.
Society of I^atural HistorJ^
Proceedings. Yol. 12, sheets 18-27, and vol. 13, sheets
1-14. 8vo. Boston, 1869-70. The Society.
Separate publications. See Agassiz, Louis, & Goxdcl,
A. A.
Bremen : —
NaturwissenschaftHcher Yerein.
AbhandluQgen. Band 2, Heft 2. 8vo. Bremen, 1870.
The Association.
Breslau : —
Schlesische Gesellschaft fiir vaterlandische Cultur.
Abhandlungen. Abtheilung fiir Naturwissenschaften und
Medicin, 1869-70. 8vo. Breslau, 1870.
Jahresbericht 47. 8vo. Ihid. 1870. The Society.
Briinn : —
Naturforschender Yerein.
Yerhandlungen. Band 7. 8vo. Briinn, 1869.
The Association.
Brussels : —
Societe R. de Botanique de Belgique.
BuUetin. Tome 9, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1870.
The Society.
Societe Entomologique de Belgique.
Annales. Tome 13. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1869-70.
The Society.
Buenos Ayres : —
Museo Publico.
Anales: por German Burmeister, M.D. Entrega 7 (=Tomo
2, Entr. 1). 4to. Buenos Aires, 1870. The Editor.
Calcutta : —
Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Journal. New Series, vol. 39, Nos. lGO-62. 8vo. Calcutta,
1870.
a 2
it additions to the libkaet.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Calcutta (continued) : —
Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Proceedings. Nos. 4-11 for 1870, and Nos. 1 & 2 for 1871.
8vo. Calcutta, 1870-71. The Society.
Canada : — See Montreal and Toronto.
Caracas : —
Sociedad de Ciencias Pisicas y Naturales.
Yargasia. Boletin de la Sociedad. Tomo 1, No. 7. 8vo.
Caracas, 1870. The SociEir.
Chicago : —
Academy of Sciences.
Transactions. Vol. 1, pt. 2. 8vo. Chicago (Illinois), 1869.
The Academy.
Copenhagen : —
Botaniske Forening,
Botanisk Tidsskrift ; redigeret af H. Xiserskou. Bind 4,
Haefte 1. 8vo. Kjobenhavn, 1870. Pxtechased.
Kongl. Danske Yidenskabernes Selskab.
Skrifter. 5** Eaekke. Katuryid. og Mathemat. Afdeling.
Bind 8, Hft. 6 & 7, & Bd. 9, Hft. 1-4. 4to. Kjobenhavn,
1869-70.
Oversigt over det Kgl. D. Y. S. Forhandlinger, &c. 1868,
No. 6, 1869, Nos. 3 & 4, and 1870, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo.
Ibid. 1868-70. The Society.
Devonshire : —
Association for the Advancement of Science, &c.
Report and Transactions. Yol. 4, Pt. 1. Plymouth, 1870,
The Association.
Dublin : —
Royal Dublin Society.
Journal. No. 39, completing vol. 5. 8vo. Dublin, 1870.
The Society.
Edinburgh : —
Botanical Society.
Transactions and Proceedings. Yol. 10, Pt. 2. 8vo. Edin-
burgh, 1870. The Society.
additions 10 the libraky. v
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies {continued).
£dixiburgh (continued) : —
Eoyal Society.
Transactions. Vol. 26, Pt. 1 (for the Session 1869-70). 4to.
Edinburgh (1870),
Proceedings. Session 1869-70. (Vol. 7, Nos. 80 & 81.) 8vo.
Ibid. The Society.
Scottish Arboricultural Society.
Transactions, edited by John Sadler, F.E..P.S., Secretary.
Vol. 6, Pt. 1, 8yo. Edinburgh, 1871. The Editor.
Frankfurt a. M. : —
Senckenbergische Naturforschende GeseUschaft.
Abhandlungen. Band 7, Hft. 3 & 4. 4to. Frankfurt a. M.,
1870.
Bericht, 1869-70. 8vo. Ibid. 1870. The Society.
Geneva : —
Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle.
Memoires. Tome 20, partie 2. 4to. Geneve, 1870.
The Society.
Haarlem : —
Societe Hollandaise des Sciences.
Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles,
redigees par E. H. von Baumhauer, &c. Tome 5,
Livr. 1-3. 8vo. La Haye, 1870. The Society.
Hague : —
Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereenigiag. (See Leyden.)
Halifax, N. S. :—
Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science.
Proceedings and Transactions. Vol. 2, Pt. 4. 8vo. Halifax,
N. S., 1870. The Institute.
Hanover : —
Naturhistorische GeseUschaft.
Jahresbericht, 18, 19, & 20. 4to. Hannover, 1869-70.
The Society.
vi ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Titles, Donors.
Academies and Societies {continued).
Hobart Town : —
Eoyal Society of Tasmania.
MontUy Notices of the Papers and Proceedings, for 1868
and 1869. 8vo. Hobart Town, 1869-70. The Society.
India : —
Forest Reports.
Forest Report of the Bombay Presidency for the year
1869-70. 8vo. Poona, 1870.
Progress Report of Forest Administration in British Burmah
for 1867-68, 1868-69, & 1869-70, by Capt. W. J. Seaton,
M.S.C. 8vo. Calcutta, 1870.
Adminstration Report of the Canara Forests for the year
1869-70. 8vo. Bombay, 1870.
Report of Forest Administration in the Central Provinces
for 1867-68, 1868-69, & 1869-70. Fcap. fol. Calcutta
and Nagpore, 1870.
Report of Forest Administration in the Province of Oudh
for 1868-69, by Capt. E. S. Wood. 8vo. Calcutta,
1870.
Administration Report of the Sind Forest Department for
1869-70. 8vo. Bombay, 1870.
The Secretary of State for India.
Kazan : —
University.
Izvestia i Utchenia Zapiski, &c. Pts. 1 & 2 for 1864, Pt.
6 for 1865, Pts. 1-6 for 1866, Pts. 1-6 for 1867, Pts.
1 & 2 for 1868, and Pts. 1-4 for 1869. 8vo. Kazan,
1866-69. The University.
Konigsberg : —
Konigl. Physikalisch-okonomische Gesellschaft.
Schriften. Jahrg. 8, 9 und 10. 4to. Konigsberg, 1867-69.
The Society.
Leeds : —
Philosophical and Literary Society.
Report (50th Annual) for ] 869-70. 8vo. Leeds, 1870.
The Society.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRART. Vll
Titles. Donoks.
Academies axd Societies (continued).
Ley den : —
Xedeiiaudsche Entomologisclie Yereenigiiig.
Tijdsclirift voor Entomologie. Serie 2, Deel 4, Aflev. 2,
Deel 5, All. 2-6, & Deel 6, Afl. 1. 8vo. Gravenhage,
1869-71. The Association.
Ijondoii : —
Clinical Society.
Transactions. Vol 3. 8vo. London, 1870. The Society.
Entomological Society.
Transactions. Parts 2-5 for 1S70. 8vo. London, 1870.
The Society.
Geological Society.
Quarterly Journal. Vol. 26, Pts. 3 & 4, and Vol. 27, Pts.
1 & 2. 8vo. London, 1870-71. The Society.
London Institution.
Journal. Vol. 1, Xos. 1-6. 8vo. London, 1871.
The Institution.
PalaBontographical Society's Publications, Vol. 24. 4to, Lon-
don, 1871 (including) : —
1. Binney, E. W. Flora of the Carboniferous Strata.
Part 2.
2. Davidson, Thomas. British Possil Brachiopoda. Part
7, No. 4 (Silurian).
3. Owen, Richard. Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic For-
mations.
4. "Wood, 'S'. N. Monograph of Eocene Mollusca, Part 4,
No. 3 (Bivalves).
5. Wright, Thomas. Monograph of the British Fossil
Echinodermata from the Cretaceous Formations. Yol. 1,
Pt. 4. Purchased.
Pharmaceutical Society.
Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions. 3rd Series, Yol.
1, Nos. 1-50. 8vo. London, 1870-71. The Society.
Quckett Microscopical Club.
Journal. Nos. 11-14. 8vo. London, 1870-71.
Eeport, 5th, and List of Members. 8vo. Ihid., 1870.
The Club.
viii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued),
London {continued) : —
Eoyal Institution.
Proceedings. Vol. 5, Pt. 7, and Vol. 6, Pts. 1-3. 8vo.
London, 1869-71.
List of Members, Report of the Visitors, &c., in 1869. 8vo.
Ibid. 1870. The Institution.
Royal Society.
Philosophical Transactions. Vol. 160. 4to. London, 1870.
Proceedings. Nos. 120-128. 8vo. Ihid. 1870-71.
Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800-63). Vol. 4. 4to.
Ibid. 1870.
Catalogue of Transactions, Journals, &e. 8vo. The Society.
Royal Agricultural Society.
Journal. 2nd Series. Vol. 6, Pt. 2, and Vol. 7, Pt. 1. 8vo.
London, 1870-71. The Society.
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Journal. New Series. Vol. 5, Pt. 1. 8vo. London, 1870.
The Society.
Royal Geographical Society.
Proceedings. Vol. 14, Nos. 2-5, and Vol. 15, No. 1. 8vo.
London, 1870-71. The Society.
Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society.
Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. Vol. 53 (=2nd Series,
vol. 35). 8yo. London, 1870.
Proceedings. Vol. 6, Nos. 6 & 7. 8vo. Ibid., 1870-71.
The Society.
Royal Microscopical Society.
Monthly Microscopical Journal. Nos. 19-30. 8vo. London,
1870-71. The Society.
Society of Arts.
Journal. Nos. 917-68. 8vo. London, 1870-71. The Society.
Zoological Society.
Transactions. Vol. 7, Parts 3-5. 4to. London, 1870-71.
Proceedings (with Illustrations). Pts. 1 to 3 for 1870. 8vo.
Ibid., 1870. The Society.
Lund : —
Universitet.
Ars-skrift. (Acta) for 1869. Mathematik och Naturvetenskap.
4to. Lund, 1869-70. The University.
addiiiona to the librauy. ix
Titles. Donobs.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Maine, U. S. : —
lleports, for 1S67, 1868, and 1869, of the Commissioners of
Fisheries of the State of Maine. 8vo. Augusta, 1869-70.
The Poktland Society of Natukal History.
Malvern : —
Naturalists' Field Club.
Transactions (Vol. 1), 1853-70. Pts. 1-3. 8v^o. Worcester,
1870. Edwin Lees, Esq., F.L.S.
Montreal : —
Natural History Society.
Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science. New
Series. Vol. 5, Nos. 1-3. 8vo. Montreal, 1870-71.
The Society.
Moscow : —
Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes.
EuUetin. Tome 43, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Moscou, 1870.
The Society.
Nouveaux Memoires. Tom. 2 (Tome 8 de la Collection). 4to.
Ibid., 1832. PuBCHASED.
Munich : —
Ktin. Bayerische Academie der Wissenschaften.
Abhandlungen der Mathem.-physikal. Classe. Band 10,
Abth. 3. 4to. Miinchen, 1870.
Sitzungsberichte. 1870. Band 1, Hft. 2-4, und Band 2,
Hft. 1. 8vo. Ibid., 1870. The Academy.
Newcastle-on-Tyne : —
Natural History Society of Northumberland and Durham.
Transactions. Vol. 3, Pt. 2. 8vo. Loudon, 1870.
The Society.
x. addrxions to the libkaey.
Titles. Donors.
Academies aj^ d Societies (continued).
New South Wales :— See Sydney.
Silk, Correspondence relating to the Cultivation of (Presented
to the Colonial Parliament by G. Bennett, M.D., Hon. Sec.
Acclimat. Soc. N. S. W.). Fcap. fol. 1870.
. Another Edition. 8vo. Sydney, 1870.
G. BEifNETT, M.D., Sec. Acclimat. Soc. ?
New York : —
Lyceum of Natural History.
Annals. Yol. 9, Sheets 10-20. Svo. (J^ew York), 1869-70.
The Lyceum.
Paris : —
Societe Botanique de France.
Bulletin, Tome 17, Comptes Eendus des Seances, No. 2,
and Bevue Bibliographique, B. Svo. Paris, 1870.
The Society.
Petersburg : —
Academic Imp. des Sciences,
Me'moires. 7^ Serie, Tome 14, Nos. 8 & 9, and Tome 15,
Nos. 1-8. 4to. St. Petersburg, 1869-70.
BuUetin. Tome 14, Nos. 4-6, & Tome 15, Nos. 1 & 2. 4to.
Ihid., 1869-70, The Academy.
Soeietas Entomologica Eossica,
Horse. Tom. 6, No. 4, & Tom. 7, Nos. 1-3. Svo. Petropoli,
1870, The Society.
Philadelphia : —
Academy of Natural Sciences.
Proceediugs, Nos. 3 & 4 for 1869. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1869,
American Journal of Conchology. Yol. 5, Pts. 3 & 4. Svo.
Ihid., 1869-70. The Academy.
American Philosophical Society.
Proceedings. (Yol. 11), No. 82. Svo. Philadelphia, 1869.
The Society.
Pljonouth : — See Devonshire.
Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History
Society.
Annual Report and Transactions. Yol. 4, Pt, 1, Svo. Ply-
mouth, 1870. The Society.
additions to the libraky. xi
Titles. Donoks,
Academies and Societies (contimied).
Regensburg : —
Kon. Bayerische Botanisclie Gesellscliaft.
Flora. Neue Eeihe. Jahrg. 28, Nos, 12-31, und Jahrg.
29, Nos. 1-10. 8vo. Regensburg, 1870-71.
PUKCHASED.
Rugby :—
Rugby School Natural History Society.
Report for the year 1870. 8vo. Rugby, 1871.
Dk. Kitchener, F.L.S.
Salem, Mass. : —
Essex Institute.
Bulletin. Yol. 1. 8vo. Salem, 1869-70.
Proceedings and Communications. Vol. 6, Pt. 1 (1868). 8vo.
Ibid., 1870.
Act of Incorporation, Constitution, and By-laws. 8vo. Ibid,,
1855.
Historical Notice, By-laws, &c. 8vo. Ibid., 1866.
Record of American Entomology, for the year 1868. Edited
by A. S. Packard, Jun., M.D. 8vo. Ibid., 1869.
The Institute.
Peabody Academy of Science.
American Naturalist. Vol. 3 (Nos. 1-12), and Vol. 4, Nos.
1 & 2. 8vo. Salem, Mass., 1869-70.
Annual Report (1st) of the Trustees. 8vo. Ibid., 1869.
The Academy.
Stockholm : —
Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademieu.
K. S. Fregatten ' Eugenie's ' resa omkring Jordeu, under
Befal af C. A. Virgin, tiren 1851-53, Haft 12. Zoologie,
No. 6, Insekten. 4to. Stockholm, 1868.
The Academy.
Strasburg : —
Societe des Sciences Naturelles.
Bulletin. 2 Anuoc, Nos. 8-10. 8vo. Strasburg, 1869.
The Sociktt.
Xll AUDITIONS TO THE LIBBARY.
Titles. Donobs.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Sydney : —
Entomological Society of Kew South Wales.
Transactions. Yol. 1, Pt. 5. 8vo. Sydney, 1866.
W. Mac Leat, Esq., F.L.S.
Toronto : — See also Journals. Canadian Entomologist.
Canadian Institute.
Canadian Journal of Science, Literature, and History. ^Ifew
Series. Nos. 72 & 73. 8yo. Toronto, 1870-71.
The Institute.
Turin : —
R. Accademia delle Scisnze.
Atti. Vol. 5 (Disp. 1-7). 8vo. Torino, 1869-70.
. Appendice ad Yol. 4 (Minerali Italian!). 8vo. Ibid.,
1869.
Bolletino Meteorologico ed Astronomico del E. Observatorio.
Anno 4. obi. 4to. Ibid., 1869.
Notizia storica dei lavori fatti daUa Classe di Scienze Fisiche
e Matematicbe, negli anni 1864 e 1865. .8vo. Ibid.,
1869. The Academt.
Upsal : —
Royal Society of Sciences.
Nova Acta. Series 3. Yol. 7, fasc. 1 & 2. 4to. Upsalise,
1869-70. The Society.
Venice : —
Regio Istituto Yeneto di Scienze, Lettere, ed Arti.
Memorie. Yol. 14 parte 3, e Yol. 15, pte. 1. 4to. Yenezia,
1870.
Atti. Serie 3, Tomo 14, Disp. 6-10, & T. 15, Disp. 1-9.
8vo. Ibid., 1868-70. The Institute.
Vienna :—
Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenchaften. Math. Nat. Classe.
Denkschriften. Baud 29. 4to. Wien, 1869.
Sitzuugsberichte. Abth. 1, Bd. 59, Hft. 3-5, & Bd. 60,
Hft. 1 & 2. Abth. 2, Bd. 59, Hft. 4 & 5, und Bd. 60,
Hft. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid., 1869.
additi0it8 to the library. xul
Titles. Donors.
AcADEMTES AND SociETrES (^otitimted) ; —
Vienna (continued) : —
Kaiserl. Akademie der "Wissenchaften. Math. Nat. Classe.
Anzeiger, Jahrg. 7, Xos. 13-29, & Jahrg. 8, Nos. 1-6 & 10-
14. 8vo. Ibid., 1870-71. The Academy.
Eeise der CEsterreichischen Fregatte ' Xovara ' um die Erde
in 1857-9, &c.
Botanisclier Theil. Band 1. — 1. Flechten, bearbeitet von
A. V. Krempelhiiber. — 2. Pilze Leber- und Laubmoose, von
Dr. H. W. Eeichardt. — 3. Gefass-Kryptogamen, von Dr.
Georg Mettenius. — Ophioglosseen & Equisetaceen von Dr.
Jul. Milde. 4to. "Wien, 1870. Ptirchased.
K. K. Geologiscbe Reichs-Anstalt.
Abhandlungen. Band 4, Abth. 9 & 10. (=Hornes, If.,
MoritZy Dr., & Reuss, A. E. Fossilen Mollusken des
Tertiar-Beckens von Wien, Bd. 2, :N'os. 9 & 10.) 4to.
Wien, 1870.
Jahrbuch. Bd. 19, No. 2, & Bd. 20 (Nos. 1-4). 8vo. Ihid.,
1869-70.
Yerhandlungen. Jahrg. 1869, Nos. 6-9, & J. 1870 (Nos.
1^18). 8vo. Ihid. The Institute.
K. K. Zoologiseh-Botanische Gesellschaft.
Verhandlungen. Band 20. 8vo. Wien, 1870. The Society.
Warwickshire : —
Natural History and Archaeological Society.
Annual Eeport (34th). 8vo. Warwick, 1870.
The Society.
Washin^on : —
Smithsonian Institution.
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. 16. 4to.
Washington, 1870.
MisceUaueous Collections. Yols, 8 & 9. 8vo. Ibid.,
1869.
Annual Report of the Board of Eegents for 1868. 8vo.
Ihid., 1869. The Institutiox.
"Wiesbaden : —
Nassauischer Yerein fiir Naturkunde.
Jahrbiicher. Jahrg. 21 & 22. 8vo. Wiesbaden, 1867-68.
The Association.
xiv additions to thb library.
Titles. Donors.
Journals : — »
Adansonia : Recueil periodique d' Observations Botaniques ;
redige par le Dr. H. Baillon. Tomes 1-8. 8vo. Paris,
1860-68. Ptjechased.
Annales Botanices systematicse. See "Walpers.
Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 1''* Serie. Tomes 1-9, par
MM. Audouin, Ad. Brongniart, et Dumas. 8vo. Paris, 1824-
26. Purchased.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4th Series, Nos.
31-42. 8vo. London, 1870-71. Dr. Prancis, F.L.S. &e.
Archivfiir Natiirgescliichte; gegriindet von A. F. A. "Wiegmann;
fortgesetzt von W. F. Ericlison &c. Jahrg. 34, Hft. 6, J. 35,
Hft. 2, 5, & 6, und J. 36, Hft. 2-4. 8vo. BerHn, 1868-70.
Purchased.
Athenaeum. Parts 510-21. (=Nos. 2223-74.) 4to. London,
1870-71. The Publisher.
Botanical Magazine. 3rd Series : conducted by J. D. Hooker,
M.D., F.R.S., L.S. &c. Nos. 307-18. 8vo. London, 1870-71.
Purchased.
Botanische Zeitung. Redaction, H. von Mohl und A. de Bary.
Jahrg. 28, Nos. 25-52, und Jahrg. 29, Nos. 1-21. 4to.
Leipzig, 1870-71. Purchased.
Canadian Entomologist: edited by the Bev. J. S. Bethune.
Vol. 1, Nos. 10-12, & Yol. 2, Nos. 1 and 6-12. 8vo.
Toronto, 1869-70. Henry Reeks, Esq., F.L.S.
Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science. See
Academies &c., Montreal.
English Botany. See Smith, J. E.
Entomologist : edited by E. Newman, Esq., F.L.S. No. 85.
8vo. London, 1870. The Editor.
Entomologist's Monthly Magazine : conducted by M. G. Knaggs,
M.D., R. M'Lachlan, Esq. &c. Nos. 74-85. London, 1870-
71. The Editors.
Flora. — See Academies. Regsenburg.
Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette. Nos. 23-53
for 1870, and Nos. 1-23 for 1871. 4to. London.
Purchased.
Geological Magazine : edited by Henry Woodward, F.G.S. &c.
Vol. 7, Nos. 7-12, and Vol. 8, Nos. 1-6. 8vo. London,
1870-71. The Editor.
abditioxs tu the library. xv
Titles. Donors.
Journals (continued) :-r-
Giornale (Xuovo) Botanico Italiauo. Pubbl. da Od. Beccari.
Vol. 2, Nos. 3 & 4, and Yol. 3, Xos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Firenze,
1870-71. The Editor.
Ibis ; a Quarterly Journal of Ornithology. New Series :
edited by Alfred Xewton, M.A., F.L.S. &'c. (Vol. G.) Nos.
23 & 24. Svo. London, 1870.
. 3rd Series : edited by Osbert Salvin, M.A., F.L.S. Xos.
1 & 2. Svo. Ihkl., 1871. Purchased.
Jahrbiicher fiir wissenschaftliche Botanik : herausgegeben von
Dr. N. Pringsbeim. Band 7, Heft 4. 8vo. Leipzig, 1870.
Purchased.
Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club. See Acad. &c.
London.
Journal de Conchyliologie ; public sous la direction de MM.
Crosse et Fischer. 3* Serie, Tome 10, Xo. 3. Svo. Paris,
1870. Purchased.
Journal of Botany, British and Foreign : edited by Berthold
Seemann, Ph.D., F.L.S. &c., assisted by J. G. Baker, F.L.S.,
and H. Trimen, M.B., F.L.S. Xos. 91-102. 8vo. London,
1870-71. Purchased.
Linnaea : ein Journal fiir die Botanik : herausgegeben von Dr.
Aug. Garcke. Xeue Folge, Band 2, Heft 4-6, und Band 3,
Heft 1. Svo. Berlin, 1870-71. Purchased.
Malakozoologische Blatter ; als Fortsetzung der Zeitschrift fiir
Malakozoologie ; herausgegeben von Dr. Louis PfeiiFer.
Band 16, Bogen 13-16, Bd. 17, Bog. 1-9, und Bd. 18, Bog.
1-3. Svo. Cassel, 1869-71. Purchased.
Monthly Microscopical Journal. See Acajdemtes &c. London,
E,. Microscopical Society.
Nature : a weekly illustrated Journal of Science. Nos 33-84.
Svo. London, 1870-71. The Publisher.
Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift ; stiftet af Henrik Kroyer ; udgivet
af Prof. J. C. Schiodte. E^kke 3. Bind 1-5, und Bd. 6,
Hft. 1 & 2. Svo. Kjobenhavn, 1861-69. The Editor.
Xederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief : onder redactie van TV. F.
E. Suringar en M. J. Cop. Deel 5, Stuk 4. Svo. Leeuwar-
den. Purchased,
Xuovo Giornale. See Giornale.
XYl ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARr.
Titles. Donors,
Journals (continued) : —
Pharmaceutical Journal. See Academies &c.. Liondon,
Pharmaceutical Society.
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4th Series,
Nos. 264-76. 8vo. London, 1870-71.
Dr. Francis, P.L.S. &c.
Popular Science Review : edited by Henry Lawson, M.D.
Nos. 36-89. Svo. London, 1870-71.
The Publisher, Robert Hardwicke, Esq., F.L.S.
Revue des Cours Seientifiques de la France et de I'Etranger.
Direction, Eug. Yung et Em. Alglave. 7 annee. Xo. 41.
4to. Paris, 1870. The Editors.
Scientific Opinion. Kos. 85-87. 4to. London, 1870.
The PrBLisHER.
Tijdsclirift voor Entomologie. See Academies &c. Leyden,
jS'ederlandsche Entomol. Yereeniging.
Tijdschrift voor Tndische Taal-, Land-, en Yolkenkunde. See
Academies &c. Batavia.
Tijdschrift (Natuurkundig) voor Nederlandsch Indie. See Aca-
demies &c. Batavia.
Vargasia. See Academies &e. Caracas.
Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie : herausgegeben von
C. T. von Siebold und Albert KoUiker. Band 20, Heft 4,
und Bd. 21, Hft. 1. 8vo. Leipzig, 1870. Purchased.
Zoologist: edited by Edward Newman, F.L.S. 2nd Series,
Nos. 58-69. 8vo. London, 1870-71. Purchased.
Agassiz, Louis. Address delivered on the Centennial Anniversary
of the birth of Alexander von Humboldt. Svo. Boston, 1869.
Boston Natural History Society.
Allemao, F. F., Serrao, A., Netto, Lad., &c. Breve Noticia
sobre a CoUecgao das Madeiras do Brasil (Bois du Bresil) apre-
sentada na Exposigao Internacional de 1867. Svo. Rio de
Janeiro, 1867. Dr. L. Netto.
[i^adreini, R.^ Anthropologie. Analyse des deux memoires de
G. B. Ercolani sur la structure, la fonction, &c. du placenta
des Mammiferes ; et de la These d'Ed. Bruch sur I'appareil de
la generation chez les Selaciens. 4to. (Alger, Juin, 1870.)
9
Atkinson, Edward. On some points of Osteology of the Pichi-
ADDiriO>'^S TO THE LIBRARY. XVll
Titles. DoNORt^.
ciego {ChIam)/do2)Jiortis truncatus, Harlau). 8vo. (Journ.
Anat. and Phys., vol. 5.) 1870. The Author.
Audotiin, Ed. Aunales des Sciences Nat. See Journals.
Baillon, JI. Histoire des Plautes. Tome 2, Fam. 10-12, coni-
l)letii)g vol. 2. 8vo. Paris, 1870. Purchased.
. Xatural History of Plants ; translated by M.M. Hartog.
Vol. 1. 8vo. London, 1871. Messrs. Heeve & Co.
, Ed. Adansonia. See Journals.
Baker, /. G. See von Martius. Flora Brasil.
Balfour, Ediv. The Timber Trees, timber, and fancy woods, as
also the Forests, of India and of E. and S. Asia. 3rd ed. 8vo.
Madras, 1870. Secretary of State for Ixiha.
Baruffaldi, GiroJamo. II Canapajo. 4to. Bologna, 17-11.
James Yates, Esq., F.ll. & L.S.
Bauer, Ferd. lUustrationes Florae 'Novse Hollandiaj : s. Icones
Generum qua) in Prodromo Florae Nova; Hollandia^, &c., de-
scripsit Eobertus Brown. Xos. 1-3. Fol. Loudini, 1813.
J. J. Beitnett, Esq., Y.P.L.S.
Baumhauer, E. H. von. Archives Ts'eerl. «Sc. See Academies
ic. Haarlem, Soc. HoU. d. Sc.
Beddome, B. II. The Ferns of Southern India : being descrip-
tions and plates of the Ferns of the Madras Presidency. Pts.
1-20. -Ito. Madras, 1863-04.
D. Hanbcry, Esq., F.ll. & L.S.
Bennett, Geo. See New S. Wales. Silk, correspondence re-
lating to.
Bentham, George. Flora Australiensis. Vol. 5 (Myoporinea; to
Proteacese). 8vo. London, 1870. The ArinoR.
. See von Martius. Flora Brasil.
Bethune, C. J. S.. Ed. See Journals : Canadian Entomologist.
Binney, W. G., Ed, See Gould, A. A.
Blanchard, Emile. Discours lus aux seances tenues a la Sor-
bonne, en Avril, 1805, 1867, 1868, 1869, and 1870. 8vo.
Paris, 1865-70.
. Eapport sur les travaux soientifiques des Soeietes Savantes
publics en 1865. 8vo. {Ihid., 1866.)
(j. Bentham, Esq., Pres. L.S.
Borre, A. P. de. Considerations sur la classification ct la distri-
bution geographique de la fam. des Cicindeletes. (Ann. Soc.
Entom. Belg., tome 13.) 8vo. The ArxnoR.
ADmXIOXS TO THE LIBRARY. — ScSsioU 1870-71. b
XVlll ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBARY.
Titles. Donoks.
Brongniart, Ad., Ed. Ann. Sc. Kat. See Journals.
Brown, liobert. (Campst.) Descrij)tions of some new or little-
known Oaks from N.W. America. (Ann. Nat. Hist. Apr. 1871.)
The Author.
Buckman, James. On the nature of Fairy Rings. 8vo. London,
1870. The Author.
Caldwell, J. Report on New Caledonia. Fop. folio. (Mauritius?)
The Author ?
Carpenter, B. W., JeflFreys, J. G., and Thomson, Wyville.
Report on the Scientific Exploration of the Deep Sea, in H.M.S.
' Porcupine,' during the summer of 1869. 8vo. London, 1870.
The Reporters.
Charlesworth, Ediv. The Stone-horing problem. ]2mo. Lon-
don, 1869. i sheet. The Author.
Clarke, Benj. On systematic Botany and Zoology ; including a
new arrangement of phenogamous Plants &c. Obi. fol. Lon-
don, 1870. The Author.
Cotta, Benihard von. XJeber das Entwickelungsgesetz der Erde.
8vo. Leipzig, 1867. Charles Darwik, Esq., F.R. & L.S.
Cunningham, E. 0. Notes on the Natural History of the Strait
of Magellan and "West Coast of Patagonia. 8vo. Edinburgh,
1871. G. Bentham, Esq., Pros. L.S.
Delpino, Federico. Ulteriori osservazioni sulla Dicogamia nel
Regno Yegetale. Parte 2, fasc. 1. 8vo. Milano, 1870.
The Author.
Dumas, — , Ed. Ann. Sc. Nat. See Journals.
Bhrenberg, C. G. Ueber machtige Gebirgs-Schichten vorherr-
schend aus mikroskopischen Bacillarien, unter und bei der
Stadt Mexico. 4to. Berlin, 1869.
C. Darwin, Esq., F.R. & L.S.
Sichler, A. G. Flor. Brasil. See v. Martius.
Sversmann, E. Natural History of the Birds of Orenbourg.
(Rossice). 8vo. Kazan, 1866-68. University op Kazan.
Flower, T. B. Flora of Wiltshire. No. 13. 8vo. (Devizes.)
The Author.
Frauenfeld, Georg, Ritter von. Die ausgestorbenen und ausster-
benden Thiere der jiingsten Erdperiode. 12mo. Wien, 1870.
. Kiirzer Bericht meines Ausfluges von Heihgenblut, iiber
Agram, an den Plattensee : mit Beschreibung einiger Meta-
morphoseu und einer ucuen Clausilia. 8vo. Ibid., 1870.
additions to the libeabt. xix
Titles. Donors.
Frauenfeld, G. Uebcr Vertilgung des Raj^skafers. 8vo. 1870.
. Ueber den "VVert der Vogel iu bezug auf das Vogelschutz-
gesetz. 8vo, Wien. The Attthok.
Funck, H. G. Cryptogamische Gewachse ; besonders des Ficlitel-
gebirgs. Heft 1-33. 4to. Leipzig, 1806-27.
James Yates, Esq., F.R. & L.S.
Gervais, Paul. Cetacees des Cotes Francaises de la Mediter-
ranee. (Comptes Rendus do I'Acad. Sc, tome 59.) 4to. Paris,
1864.
. Nouvelles remarques sur les Poissons fluviatiles de I'Algerie.
{Ibid., tome 63.) 4to. Ihid., 1866.
G. Bentham, Esq., Pres. L.S.
Gilbertj /. H. See Masters, M. T.
Gould, Aiix). A. Eeport on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts.
2nd edition, edited by W. G. Binney. 8vo. Boston, 1870.
The Comstonwealth oe Massachusetts.
Gould, Nathaniel. On the Pines of Canada. (From the Nautical
Magaz., 1833.) 8vo. James Yates, Esq., F.E. & L.S.
Giinther, A. C. L. G., Ed. Eecord of Zoological Literature, 1869.
Vol. 6. 8vo. London, 1870. Purchased.
Haast, Julius. Moas and Moa Hunters : Anniversary Address
delivered March 1, 1871, at the opening of the session of the
Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, New Zealand. 8vo.
Christchurch, 1871. The Author.
Harvey, W. H. Phycologia Australica : or a History of Austra-
lian Sea-weeds. 5 vols. 8vo. London, 1858-63.
Purchased.
Hayden, F. V. Geological Eeport of the Exploration of the
Yellowstone and Missouri Elvers, under the direction of Cap-
tain W. F. Eaynolds, Engineers, 1859-60. 8vo. Washington,
1869.
. Preliminary Field Eeport of the U. S. Geological Survey of
Colorado and New Mexico. 8vo. Ihid., 1869. The Author.
Menfrey, ArtJiur, Elementary Course of Botany. 2nd Edition,
by M. T. Masters, M.D., F.E. & L.S. 12mo. London, 1870.
Purchased.
Homes, M. Fossilen Mollusken, &c. See Academies &c.
Vienna, Geol. E.-Anstalt.
Hoffmann, Herm. Ueber Kalk- und Salz-pflanzen. (Landw.
Versuchsstationen, cd. Dr. F. Nobbe, Bd. 13.) 8vo. 1870.
b2
xx additions to the library,
Titles. Donors.
Hoffmann, //. Mykologische Berichte. 8yo. Giessen, 1871.
. UntersuchuDgen iiber kunstliche Sempervirenz ; ein Beitrag
zur Akklimatisationslehre. (Berlin Woclienschrift, No. 3, 1871.)
4to. The Author.
Hohenbiihel-Heufler, Ludivig, Preiherr von. Franz von My-
gind, der Freund Jacquin's. (Yerh. d. k, k. Zool.-Bot. Ges. in
Wien, Bd. 20.) 8vo. Wien, 1870.
. Die angebliche Fundorte von Hymen ophyllnm tunbridgense,
Sm., im Gebiete des Adriatischen Meeres. {Pad., 1870.) 8vo.
The Author.
Hooker's Icones Plantarum. 3rd series, edited by J. D. Hooker,
M.D., F.E. & L.S. Part 4. 8vo. London, 1871.
George Bentham, Esq., Pres. L.S.
Hornschuch, Fr. See Nees v. Esenbeek, C. 0.
Jeffreys, J. G. British Conchology : or an account of the Mol-
lusca which now inhabit the British Isles and the surrounding
seas. 5 vols. 12mo. London, 1862-69. Purchased.
Jenyns, Pev. Leonard. Addresses to the Bath Natural History
and Antiquarian Field Club, Feb. 18, 1870, and Feb. 20, 1871 .
8vo. Bath, 1870-71.
. St. Swithin and other Weather Saints. 8vo. Ibid., 1871.
The Author.
Konig, Charles. Icones Fossilium seetiles. Cent. 1. Sm. fol.
(Londini, 1825.) J. J. Bennett, Esq., Y.P.L.S.
Kroyer, //., Ed. Naturhist. Tidsskrift. See Journals.
I»ange, Joan. Prodr. Florae Hispan. See 'Winkomm, M.
Lawson, Peter, and Son. List of Plants of the Fir Tribe. Sm.
4to. Edinburgh, 1851. James Yates, Esq., F.R. & L.S.
Lichtenstein, J. Maladie de la Yigne. See Planchon, J. E.
Iiinnseus, Car. Copies of various documents relating to his dis-
covery of a mode of producing Artificial Pearls. (MS.)
Mr. Oscar Dickson, of Gothenburg.
Magnus, P. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gattung Naias, L. 4to.
Berlin, 1870. C Darwin, Esq., F.R. & L.S.
Martins, C. P. jrh. de, and Eichler, A. Q., Ed. Flora Brasili-
ensis. Ease 49. Cyathaceae et Polypodiaceae, a J. G. Baker.
Ease. 50. Swartzieae et Caesalpinieae, a G. Bentham. Fol.
Lipsioo, 1870. Purchased.
Masters, M. T., and Gilbert, J. H. Reports of experiments
made in the gardens of the lioyal Horticultural Soeictj', at
ADBITIOJfS TO THE LIBRARY. XXI
Titles. DojfORs.
Chiswick, in 1869, on the influence of various manures on dif-
ferent species of plants. 8vo, London, 1870.
Dr. Masters, F.R. & L.S.
Meyer, Ad. Bemh. Das Hemmungsnerveusvstera des Hcrzens.
8vo. Berlin, 1869, C. Darwin, Esq., F.R. & L.S.
Meyer, C. E. H. von. Denkschrift von. See Zittel, C. A.
MichauTC, Andre. Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de TAmcrique
Septentrionale. Pins et Sapius. 8vo. Paris, 1810.
. Noyers (Juglans). 8vo. Ihkh, 1811.
James Yates, Esq., E.R. & L.S.
Miklos, Sontag. Az Erjedos es az Uj Gomba-Elmelet, &c.
Pest, 1870.
Miiller, Enn. Applieazione della Teoria Darwiniana ai Fiori ed
agli Insetti, Visitatori dei Fiori. Versione del Tedcsco e anno-
tazioni di Fed. Delpino. (BuU. See. Entomol. ItaL vol. 2,
1870.) The Translator.
Nees von Bsenbeck, C. G., Hornschuck, Fr., und Sturm,
Jac. Bryologia Gerroanica: oder Beschreibung der in Deutsch-
laud und in der Schweitz wachsenden Laubmoose. Th. 1 &
Th. 2, Abtb. 1. 8vo. NUrnberg, 1825-27.
James Yates, Esq., F.R. & L.S.
Netto, Ladislau. Additions a la Flore Bresilienue. Itineraire
Botanique dans la Province de Miiias Geraes, 8vo. Paris, 1866.
. Investigagoes historicas e scientificas sobre o Museu Imperial
e Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. 8vo. Rio, 1870.
. Apontamentos relatives a Botanica applicada no Brasil. 8vo.
Ihid., 1871. The Author.
Packard, A. S. Record of Amcr. Entomology. See Academies
&c. Salem, Mass. Essex Institute.
Peschel, Oscar. Neu Probleme der vergleicbenden Erdkunde als
Versueh einer Morphologic der Erdoberflache. 8vo, Leipzig,
1 870. C. Darwin, Esq., F.R. & L.S.
Planchon, J. E. La Phthiriose, ou Pediculaire de la vigne ehez
les anciens, et les Cochenilles de la vigne chez les modernes.
(Bull. Soc. d. Agri. 1870.) 8vo.
Planchon, J. E., and Lichtenstein, J. Maladie de la Vigne,
Conseils pratiques contre le Phylloxera, 8vo. Montpellier, 1870.
. Maladie de la Vigne. Le Phylloxera, Instructions pratiques
addressees aux Viticulteurs, &c, 8vo. Ibid., 1870.
The Attthors ?
XXll ADDITIONS TO THE LTBRAEY.
Titles, Donors.
Porcher, F. Peyre. Eesources of the Southern Pields and Forests,
Medical, (Economical, and Agricultm-al. 8vo. Charlston, 1869.
The Atjthoe.
Potts, T. H. Notes on the breeding-habits of New-Zealand
Birds. (Eead before the "Wellington Philosophical Society,
July 17, 1869.) 8vo. Wellington. The Axjthoe.
Prior, R. G. A. On the popular names of British plants. 2nd
edition. 8vo. London, 1870. The Author.
Pulteny, Bicli. Opusculum Botanicum, locos plantarum natales
circa Loughborough et in agris adjacentibus sponte nascentium
exhibens. MS. 4to. Loughborough, 1749. (Iconibus pictis.)
. A Catalogue of some of the more rare plants found in the
neighbourhood of Leicester, Loughborough, and in Charley
Forest. 8vo. MS. (Printed in Mchol's History of Leicester-
shire.)
. A methodical distribution of plants, according to Mr. Eay's
method : together with a compleater method of classing the
Mosses : improved by Dr. Dillenius. MS. 4to. (1749).
. General view of the writings of the late celebrated Linne.
(Original MS.) 8vo. J. B. Hicks, M.D., F.L.S.
Reeve, Lovell. Conchologia Iconica. Pts. 284-7. 4to. London,
1870. Purchased.
Reichenbach, H. G. Beitrage zur systematischen Pflanzenkunde.
4to. Hamburg, 1871. G. Bentham, Esq., Pros. L.S.
Roscoe, W. Address delivered previous to the opening of the
Botanic Garden, Liverpool, May 3rd, 1802. 8vo. Liverpool,
1802. Jas. Yates, Esq., F.R. & L.S.
Salm Dyck, Prince Jos. de. Caetese in Horto Dyckensi cultae,
anno 1849. 8vo. Bonnse, 1850. (Cum litt. autogr.)
Jas. Yates, Esq., F.E. & L.S.
Saunders, Edward. Species of the genus Buprestis, L., de-
scribed previous to 1830. 8vo. London, 1870. The Author.
Saunders, W. W., Ed. Eefugium Botanicum : or Figures and
Descriptions, from living specimens, of new or little-known
plants of botanical interest. Yol. 3, part 3, & vol. 4, parts
1 & 2. 8vo. London, 1870-71. The Editor.
Saunders, W. W., Smith, W. G., &c. Mycological illustrations ;
being figures of new and rare Hymenomycetous Fungi. Part I.
8vo. London, 1871. W. W. Saunders, Esq., Y.P.L.S.
Schibdte, J. C, Ed. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift. See Journals.
additioks to tde library. xxiu
Titles. Donors.
Schmidt, Oscar. Die Spongien der Kiiste von Algier. 3tes
Supplement. 4to. Leipzig, 1868. C. Darwin, Esq., F.E,.«&L.S.
Schomburgk, B. lleport, as Director of the Adelaide Botanic
Garden, 1870. Fcap. fol. Adelaide.
. (Lecture, to the Chamber of Manufactures, on plants, <fec.
suitable for cultivation in S. Australia, 1870.) 4to.
C. A. Wilson, Esq.
Schoockii, Martini. Tractatus de Turffis, ceu Cespitibus Bitumi-
nosis. 12mo. Groningae, 1658. J. Yates, Esq., P.K. & L.S.
Schouw, Joak. Fred. Gnindziige einer allgemeinen Pflanzen-
geographie, aus dem Diinischen Ubersetzt. 8vo. Berlin, 1825,
and Atlas, fol. Ibid., 1824. Jas. Yates, Esq., F.K. & L.S.
Seaton, W. J. See Academies &c. India, Forest Eeports.
Settegast, H. Die Thierzucht. 2te Auflage. Svo. Breslau,
1869. C. Darwin, Esq., F.R. & L.S.
Siebold, C. T. Zeitschr. fiir wissensch. Zool. See Journals.
Smith, J. E., & Sowerby, James. English Botany. 3rd edition,
by J. T. Boswell Syme, LL.D., F.L.S., &c. Nos. 78-80. 8vo.
London, 1871. R. Hardwicke, Esq., F.L.S.
. Supplement to English Botany. Nos. 79, 80, k 82. Svo.
Ibid., 1864-5. Purchased.
Smith, W. O. Clavia Agaricinorum ; an Analytical Key to the
British Agaricini. 8vo. London, 1870. The Author ?
Souberain, J. Leon. Curiosites de 1' Alimentation. (Bull. Soc.
d'Acclimat. 1870.) Svo. Paris, 1871. The Author.
Sprengel, Kurt. Anleitung zur Kenntniss der Gewachse. 2te
Aufgabe. TheH 1, and Th. 2 Abth. 1 & 2. Svo. HaUe,
1817-18. Jas. Yates, Esq., F.R. & L.S.
Squire, Peter. Companion to the British Pharmacopoeia. Sth
edition. Svo. London, 1871. The Author.
Stainton, H. T., assisted by Zeller, &c. Natural History of
the Tineina. Yols. 11 & 12. Svo. London, 1870.
. Entolomologist's Annual for 1871. 12mo. Ibid., 1871.
H. T. Stainton, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Stevenson, Henry. Birds of Norfolk, with remarks on their
habits, migration, &c. Yol. 2. Svo. London, 1870.
The Author.
Sturm, Jac. Sec Nees von Esenbeck.
Tate, Ralph. On the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Nicaragua.
(Amer. Jouru. of ConcJiol.) Svo. The Author.
Xxiv ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Titles. Dokors.
Thorell, T. On European Spiders. Pt. 1. (Nova Act. Upsal.
scr. 3, vol. 7.) 4to. Upsala, 1869-70.
. Eemarks on Synonyms of European Spiders. No. 1. 8vo.
Ibid., 1870.
. Aranese nonnuUse jSTovse Hollandice. ((Efvers. af K. Vet.
Akad. Fcirhandl. 1870, No. 4.) 8vo. The AuraoH.
Ulrici, Hermann. Gott und die Natur. 2te Auflage. 8vo.
Leipzig, 1866. C. DABwiif, Esq., F.R. k L.S.
Visiani, Bob. de. Osservazioni sull' Erbario di Linneo. 8vo.
Eirenze, 1870, The Author.
Visiani, Rob. de, et Pancic, Jos. Plantar Serbieas rariores aut
novae, descriptse et iconibus illustrataj. Decas 3. 4to. Yenetiis,
1870. Prof, de Yisiani.
"Wakefield, Felix. The Gardener's Chronicle for New Zealand.
8vo. Wellington, 1870. The Author.
Walpers. Annales Botanices systeniaticae. Tom. 7, fasc. 5 & 6.
AuctoreDr. Car. Mueller, Berol. 8vo. Lipsise, 1870-71.
Purchased.
Weddell, //. A. Notes sur les Quinquinas. (Ann. Sc. Nat.
5*^ serie, tomes 11 & 12.) 8vo. Paris, 1870. The Author.
Weir, J. J. Further observations on the relations between the
colour and edibility of Lepidoptera and their larvaj. (Trans.
Entom. Soc. London, 1870.) 8yo. The Author.
Wiegmann, Ed. Archiv fUr Naturgcschichte. See Journals.
"Willkoinin, J/a«H^.,etLange, Jba>i. Prodomus Florce Hispauicte.
Yol. 2, pars 3. 8vo. Stuttgart, 1870. Purchased.
"Wissett, Robert. Treatise on Hemp : with observations on the
Sunn Plant of India (Crotalaria juncea). 4to. London, 1808.
James Yates, Esq., F.E. & L.S.
Wood, E. 8. See Academies &c. India, Forest Reports.
Zittel, C. A. Denkschrift auf C. E. H. von Meyer. 4to.
Munchcn, 1870. The Academy of Sciences, Munich.
ADDITIONS
LIBEARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.
RECEIVED FROM JUNE 16, 1871, TO JUNE 20, 1872.
Titles. Donoks.
Academies and Societies.
Adelaide : —
Botanic Garden. See Schomburgk, E.
Philosophical Society-
Annual Report and Transactions for the year ending Sept.
30, 1870. 4to. Adelaide, 1871. C. A. Wit,son, Esq.
Amsterdam : —
Kon. Akademie van "Wetenschappen.
Verhandelingen. Deel 12. 4to. Amsterdam, 1871.
Verslagen en Mededeelingen. Afdeeling Natuurkunde. 2^^
Reeks, 5^^ Deel. 8vo. Ibid., 1871.
. Afd. Letterkunde. 2'>« Reeks, 1st Deel. Svo.
Ibid., 1871.
.Jaarboek voor 1870. 8vo. Ibid.
Processeu-Verbaal van de gewone Vergaderingen der Aka-
demie. 1870-71. Nos. 1-10. 8vo. Ibid. The Academy.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Scssion 1871-72. ti
11 additions to the libeaey.
Titles. Donoks.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Basel : —
Naturforscliende Gesellschaft.
Verhandlungen. Theil 5, Heft 3. 8vo. Basel, 1871,
The Society.
Batavia : —
BataA-iaaseh Genootsehap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen,
Tijdscluift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkiuide.
Deel 19 Afl. 1-6. 8vo. Batavia, 1869-70.
Notulen van. de Algemeene en Bestuurs-vergaderingen.
Deel 7, Nos. 2-4, & Deel 8, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid,
1869-70. The Society.
Berlin : —
Kon. Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Abhandlungen, aus dem Jahre 1870. 4to. Berlin, 1871.
Monatsberichte, fiir Jan.-Dec. 1871, & Jan. & Feb. 1872.
8ro. Ibid., 1871-72. The Academy.
Botanischer Yerein fiir die Provinz Brandenburg und die
angrenzenden Lander.
Verliandlungen, Jabrg. 9-12. redigirt von Dr. P. Ascherson.
8vo. Ibid., 1867-70. The Association.
Yerein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den Kon. Preuss.
Staaten.
Woehenschrift, Jahrg. 14, 1871. 4to. Berlin. The Society.
Berwickshire : —
Nateralists' Club.
Proceedings. Yol. 6, No. 3. 8vo. (1871 ?). The Club.
Bogota : —
Exposicion Nacional del 20 de Julio, 1871.
Catalogo del Estado S. de Antioquia. 8vo. Bogota, 1871.
Informe de los Esploradores del Territorio de San Martin.
8vo. Ibid., 1871.
Catalogo de los Objetos enviados por la Sociedad de Natur-
alistos Colombianos. 8vo. Ibid., 1871.
Ensayo descriptive de las Palmas de San Martin i Casanare,
por Jenaro Balderraxua. 8vo. Ibid., 1871.
additions to the library. ul
Titles. Donoks.
Academies aih) Societies (contmued).
Bogota (continued) : —
Exposicion Nacional del 20 de Julio, 1871 (continued).
Catalogo de las Collecciones mineralogica i jeologica, de Li-
borio Zerda. 8to. Ibid., 1871 . The Exhibition ?
Bonn : —
Naturhistorischer Yerein der Preussischen Rheinlande, &Q.
Yerhandlungen, Jahrgang 27. 8vo. Bonn, 1870.
The Association.
Bordeaux : —
Societe des Sciences Physiques et Xaturelles.
Memoires, Tome 6, cahiers 3 ife 4, & Tome 8, cahiers 1 & 2.
8vo. Paris, 1868-72. The Society.
Boston, Mass. : —
American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Memoirs. New series. Vol. 10, part 1. -Ito. Cambridge
and Boston, 1868.
Proceedings. Vol. 8, sheets 18-37. 8vo. (Boston), 1869-70.
The Academy.
Harvard College. See Cambridge.
Society of I^atural History.
Memoirs. Vol. 2, part 1. 4to. (Boston), 1871.
Proceedings. Vol. 13, sheets 15-23. 8vo. 1869-70.
The Society.
Brandenburg s —
Botan. Verein. See Berlin.
Bremen: —
Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein.
Abhandlungcn. Band 2, Heft 1 & 3, und Band 3, Heft 1.
8to. Bremen, 1869-72.
Jahresbericht 6 «fc 7. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72.
Bericht iiber das Naturhistorische Cabinet und die Bibliothek
des Museums. 8vo. Ibid., 1871. The Association.
Brunn : —
T^aturforschender Verein.
Verhandlungen. Band 8, Heft 1 & 2. 8vo. Briinu, 1870.
The Association.
a2
iv additions to the libeaby.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Brussels : —
Academie Roy. des Sciences, &c. de Belgique.
Memoires. Tome 38. 4to. Bruxelles, 1871.
Memoires couronnes et Memoires des Savants Etrangers.
Tomes 35 & 36. 4to. Ibid, 1870-71.
Bulletins. 2^ Serie. Tomes 29 & 30. 8vo. Ibid., 1870.
Annuaire. 37*^ annee. 12mo. Ibid., 1871.
Observations des phenomenes periodiques. 4to. 1869.
The Academy.
Societe Entomologique Beige.
Annales. Tomes 1-14. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1857-71.
The Society.
Buenos Ayres : —
Miiseo Publico.
Anales: por German Burmeister, M.D., &c. Entrega
8 & 9. (Tomo 2, Entrega 2 & 3). 4to. Buenos Aires, 1871.
The Editor.
Calcutta : —
Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Journal. New series. Vol. 40, part 2. 8vo. Calcutta, 1871.
Proceedings. Kos. 3-13 for 1871, and No. 1 for 1872.
8vo. Ibid., 1871-72. The Society.
Cambridge, Mass. : —
Harvard College Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Annual Eeport of the Trustees ; and Report of the Director
for 1870. 8vo. Boston, 1871.
Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum, No. 3. (Hagen,
H. A., Monograph of North American Astacidce). 4to.
Cambridge, 1870. The Mitsetjm.
Canada. See Montreal and Toronto : —
Geological Survey of See Dawson, J. W.
Canadian Entomologist. See Journals.
additions to the library. v
Titles. Do>^or3.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Cherbourg : —
Societe des Sciences Naturelles.
Memoires. Tome 1, livr. 3 & 4, and Tome 15. (2^me Serie,
Tome 5). 8vo. Paris, etc., 1853-70.
Catalogue de la Bibliotheque de la Societe. Partio 1. Svo.
Cherbourg, 1870. The Societit.
Christiauia : —
Norwegian University. See Blytt, A.
Connecticut : — See New Haven.
Copenhagen : —
Botaniske Forening.
Botanisk Tidsskrif t ; redigeret af H. Kiferskou. Esekke 1 ,
Bind 4, Htefte 2 & 3 ; and E«kke 2, Bind 1, Hiefte 1.
Svo. Kjobenhaven, 1870-72. Purchased.
Kongl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab.
Skiifter. Naturvidensk. og mathem. Afdeling. Ilaekke 5,
Bind 9, Hft 5. 4to. Kjobenhavn, 1871.
Oversigt over det Kgl. D. V. S. rorhandlinger, &c. 1870,
Ko. 3, and 1871, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid. The Soclbiy,
Cornwall Polytechnic Society ; — See Falmouth.
Devonshire : —
Association for the Advancement of Science.
Report and Transactions. Yol. 4, pt. 2. 8vo. Plymouth,
1871. The Association.
Dresden : —
Academia Caes. Germanica Naturae Curiosorum.
Nova Acta (Verhandlungen). Tom. 35. 4to. Dresdae, 1870.
The Academy.
Dublin : —
Royal Dublin Society.
Journal. No. 40. Svo. Dublin, 1872. The SociBir.
vi additions to the libeaby.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Edinburgh : —
Botanical Society.
Transactions and Proceedings. Vol. 11, pt. 1. 8vo. Edin-
burgh, 1871. Thb Society.
Royal Society.
Transactions. Yol. 26, pts. 2 & 3. 4to. (Edinburgh.)
Proceedings, Session 1870-71. (Yol. 7, Nos. 82 & 83). 8vo.
Edinburgh. The Society.
Falmouth : —
Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society.
Annual Reports (38 & 39). 8vo. Falmouth, 1870-71.
The Society.
Frankfort a. M. : —
Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft.
Abhandlungen. Band 8, Heft 1 & 2. 4to. Frankfort a. M.,
1872.
Bericht, 1870-71. 8vo. Ihid., 1871. The Society.
Geneva : —
Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle.
Memoires. Tome 21, partie 1. 4to. Paris & Bale, 1871.
. Table des Memoires contenus dans les tomes 1 a
20. 4to. Geneve, 1871. The Society.
Gottingen : —
Konigl. GeseUschaft der Wissenschaften.
Abhandlungen. Band 15 & 16. 4to. Gottingen, 1871-72.
Nachrichten, aus den Jahreu 1870-71. 8vo. Ihid.
The Society.
Haarlem : —
Societe HoUandaise des Sciences.
Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exaetes et Naturelles.
Tome 5, Livr. 4 & 5, et Tome 6, Livr. 1-5. 8vo. La Haye,
1870-71. The Society.
Hague : —
Nederlandsche Entomologische Veroeniging.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 2(^« Serie, Decl 6, Afl. 2-6.
8vo. Gravenhage, 1871. The Society.
additions to the library. vu
Titles. Donoes.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Hobart Town, V. D. Land:—
Eoyal Society of Tasmania.
Monthly Notices of Papers and Proceedings for 1870. 8vo.
Hobart Town, 1871. The Society.
India : —
Forest Reports.
Report ou the Pyinkadoh (Xylia dolabriformis, Eth.) Forests
of Aracan. Fcap. fol. Eangoou, 1870.
Report ou Punjab Forest Administration for 1870-71.
Fcap. fol. India Oeeice.
Indiana : —
Geological Survey of. See Cox, E. T.
Innsbruck : —
Naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischer Verein.
Berichte. Jahrg. 1, Hft. 1 & 2, und Jahrg. 2, Hft. 1-3.
8vo. Innsbruck, 1870-72. The Association.
Kazan :^
University.
XJtchenia Zapiski. 1864, Nos. 1 & 2. Svo. Kazan, 1865.
Izvestia i XJtchenia Zapiski. 1868, Nos. 3-6. 8vo. Ibid.,
1870. The University.
Kew:—
Royal Gardens, Report ou. See Hooker, J. D.
Konigsberg : —
Kon. Physikal.-okonom. Gesellsehaft.
Schriften. Jahrg. 11, Abth. 1 & 2, 4to. Konigsberg,
1870-71. The Society.
Lausanne : —
Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles.
Bulletin. Nos. 63-67. 8vo. Lausanne, 1870-72.
The Society.
Leyden : —
Nederlandsche Botanischo Vereeniging.
Nederlandsch Kruidkun dig Ar chief ; ondcr rcdactic van Dr.
AV. F. R. Suringar, &c. 2^*^ Serie, Dcel 1, Stuk 1. Svo.
Nijmegeu, 1871. The Association.
viu additions to the libkary.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Lisbon : —
Academia Real das Sciencias.
Memorias. Classe de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas, c
Naturaes. Nova Serie. Tomo 4, Parte 1 & 2. 4to.
Lisboa, 1867-70.
Catalogo das Publicagoes da Academia. 8vo, Ibid., 1865.
The Academy,
Liverpool : —
Literary and Philosophical Society.
Proceedings. Nos. 23 & 24. 8vo. London, &c., 1869-70.
The SociBi'T.
London : —
British Association for the Advancement of Science.
Report of the 40th & 4l8t Meetings. 8vo. London, 1871-72.
Thb Association,
British Museum. Catalogues of Zoological Specimens, &c.
London.
I. Veetebrata.
1. Catalogue of the bones of Mammalia (E. Gerrard). 8vo,
1862.
2. of Monkeys, Lemurs, and fruit-eating Bats. By
Dr. J. E. Gray F.R.S. &c. 8vo. 1870.
'3. of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate
Mammalia. By Dr. Gray. 8vo. 1869.
4. of Seals and Whales. 2nd edition. By Dr. Gray,
F.L.S. &c. 8vo. 1866.
5, . Supplement. By Dr. Gray. 8vo. 1871.
6. of British Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. &c. 8vo.
1863.
7. Hand-list of Genera and Species of Birds. By G. R.
Gray, F.L.S. &c. Parts 1-3. 8vo. 1869-71.
8. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia. By Dr. Albert
Giinther. 8vo. 1858.
9. of Shield Reptiles, Supplement to. Part 1. By Dr.
Gray. 4to. 1870.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. IX
Academies and Societies (contimied).
London (continued) : —
British Museum (continued).
10. Catalogue of Apodal Fish. By Dr. Kaup. 8vo. 1856.
11. of the Fishes. By Albert Giinther, M.D. &c.
Vols. 1-8. (Vols. 1-3, Acanthopterygian). 8to. 1859-70.
12. of the Mammalia and Birds of New Guinea. By
J. E. & G. R. Gray. 8vo. 1859.
13. of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific
Ocean. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 8vo. 1859.
14. of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammals, Birds,
Reptiles, and Fishes of Nepal and Tibet. 2nd edition.
12mo. 1863.
15. List of Specimens of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S.
Part 3, section 2-4, and part 5. 12mo. 1859-68.
16. Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes. By Dr. A. Giinther.
12mo. 1858.
II. Annulosa.
17. Catalogue of Amphipodous Crustacea. By C. S. Bate,
Esq. 8vo. 1862.
18. of Hemiptera Heteroptera. By F. Walker, F.L.S.
Parts 1-4. 8vo. 1S67-71.
19. of Orthopterous Insects. Part 1. Phasmidae. By
J. 0. Westwood, F.L.S. 4to. 1859.
20. of Blattarie®. By F. Walker, F.L.S. 8vo. 1868.
. Supplement (with No. 21, part 1).
21. of Dermaptera Saltatoria. By F. Walker. Parts
1-5. 8vo. 1869-70.
22. of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries. By
T. V. WoUaston, M.A., F.L.S. 8vo. 1864.
23. of Madeira. By T. V. WoUaston.
8vo. 1857.
24. of HispidEe. Part 1. By J. S. Baly, F.L.S. 8vo.
1868.
25. of Halticidse. Part 1. By the Rev. Hamlet
Clark. 8vo. 1860.
26. Specimen of a Catalogue of Lycsenidae. By W. C.
Hewitson. 4to. 1862.
27. Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera (Satyridte). By A. G.
Butler. 8vo. 1868.
X ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBAKY.
Academies and Societies (continued).
IiOndon (continued) : —
British Museum (continued).
28. Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius
By A. G. Butler. 8vo. 1869.
29. of Coleopterous Insects. Part 9. Cassididse. By
C. H. Boheman. 12mo. 1856.
30. of Neuropterous Insects. By Dr. H. Hagen.
Part 1. Termitina. 12ino. 1858.
31. List of Specimens of Neuropterous Insects. Part 4.
Odonata. By F. Walker, P.L.S. 12mo. 1853.
32. List of specimens of Homopterous Insects. Supplement
by P. Walker. 12mo. 1858.
33. List of specimens of Lepidopterous Insects, by F. Walker.
Pts. 9-35. 12mo. 1856-66.
34. List of specimens of Dipterous Insects, by F. Walker.
Pt. 5, Suppl. 1, and Pt. 6, Suppl. 2. 12mo. London, 1854.
35. Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects, by F. Smith. Pts.
5-7. 12mo. 1857-59,
36. Catalogue of British Fossorial Hymenoptera. — Formicidse
and Yespidae, by F. Smith. 12mo. 1858.
III. MOLLUSOA.
37. List of the MoUusca. Pt. 2.— Olividse. 12mo. 1865.
38. Catalogue of Mazatlan Shells, collected by F, Eeigen,
described by P. P. Carpenter. 12mo. 1857.
39. Catalogue of Auriculidae, Proserpinidse, and Truncatel-
Udffi, by Dr. L. Pfeiffer. 12mo. 1857.
IV. Miscellaneous.
40. Catalogue of the British non-parasitical Worms, by
George Johnston, M.D. 8vo. 1865.
41. Catalogue of Sea-pens or PennatulariidaB, by J. E. Gray,
Ph.D. 8vo. 1870.
42. Catalog-ue of Lithophytes, or Stony Corals, by Dr. Gray.
8vo. 1870.
43. List of British Diatomacese, by the Rev. W. Smith. 12mo.
1859.
44. Guide to the Collection of Minerals. Svo. 1870.
45. Index to the Collection of Minerals. Svo. 1870.
additions to the library. xi
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
London (continued) : —
British Museum (continued).
46. Catalogue of the Collection of Meteorites, by N. Story-
Maskel}Tie. 8vo. 1870.
The Trustees oe the British Museum.
Clinical Society.
Transactions. Vol. 4. Svo. London, 1871. The Society
Entomological Society.
Transactions. Pts. 1-5 for 1871, and Pts. 1 & 2 for 1872.
8vo. London, 1871-72. The Society.
Geological Society.
Quarterly Journal. Vol. 27, Pts. 3 & 4, and Vol. 28, Pts.
1 & 2. Svo. London, 1871-72. The Society.
London Institution.
Journal. Nos. 7-15. 8vo. London, 1871-72.
The Institution.
Palaeontographical Society's publications. Vol. 25. 4to, London,
1872; containing: —
1. Binney, E. W. Flora of the Carboniferous Strata. Pt. 3.
2. Dawkins, W. Boyd, and Sanford, W. A. Pleisto-
cene Mammalia, Pts. 4 & 5.
3. Owen, Richard. Supplement to the Eeptilia of
the Wealden (Iguanodon). No. 4.
4. Wood, S. V. Supplement to the Crag Mollusca.
Pt. 2.
5. Woodward, H. Fossil Merostomata. Pt. 3.
Purchased.
Pharmaceutical Society.
Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions. 3rd Series, Nos.
51-103. 8vo. London, 1871-72.
Calendar for 1872. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. The Society.
Quekett Microscopical Club.
Journal. No. 15-18. Svo. London, 1871-72.
Keport, 6th, and List of Members. Svo. Ibid., 1871.
The Club.
Ray Society. See Allman, 0. J.
Royal Society.
Philosophical Transactions. Vol. 161, Pts. 1 *fe 2. 4to.
London, 1871.
Xll ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBAKT.
Titles. Donoes.
Academies ajtd Societies (continued).
London (continued) : —
Eoyal Society (cGntinued).
Proceedings. Nos. 129-134. 8vo. London, 1871.
Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800-63). Vol. 5. 4to,
Ibid., 1871.
List of Members, Nov. 30, 1871. 4to. The Sociexy.
Eoyal Agricultural Society.
Journal. 2nd Series. Vol. 7, Pt. 2, and Vol. 8, Pt. 1. 8vo.
London, 1871-72. The Society.
Koyal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Journal. New Series. Vol. 5, Pt. 2. 8vo. London, 1871.
The Society.
Koyal Geographical Society.
Journal. Vol. 40. 8vo. London, 1870.
Proceedings. Vol. 15, Nos. 2-5, and Vol. 16, Nos. 1 & 2.
8vo. Ibid., 1871-72. The Society.
Eoyal Horticultural Society.
Journal. Vol. 2, Pts. 7 & 8, and Vol. 3, Pts. 9 ife 10. 8vo.
London, 1870-72.
Reduction of the Meteorological Observations at the gardens,
Chiswick, in 1826-69, by James Glaisher, F.R.S. &c.
8vo. Ibid., 1871. The Society.
Eoyal Institution.
Proceedings. Volume 6, Parts 4 and 5. 8vo. London,
1871-72.
Additions to the Library from July 1870 to July 1871. 8vo.
Tke Institution.
Eoyal Medical and Chirurgical Society.
Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. General Index to the first
53 volumes. 8vo. London, 1871.
Proceedings. Vol. 6, No. 8. 8vo. Ibid., 1871.
The Society.
Eoyal Microscopical Society.
Monthly Microscopical Journal. Nos. 31-42. 8vo. London,
1871-72. The Society.
Society of Arts.
Journal. Nos. 969-1021. 8vo. London, 1871-72.
The Society.
additions to the librasy. xi 11
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued),
IiOndon (continued): —
Zoological Society.
Transactions. Vol. 7, Pts. 6-8, and Vol. 8, Pt. 1. 4to.
London, 1871-72.
Proceedings. Pts. 1-3 for 1871. 8vo. Ibid., 1871.
The Society.
Iiund : —
Universitet.
Ars-skrift, (Acta) for 1870. Mathematik och Naturvetenskap.
4to. Lund, 1870-71.
The Ftsiograpiska Sallskapet, Lund.
lay on :—
Academic Imp. des Sciences.
Memoires. Lettres, Tome 14. 8vo. Paris and Lyon,
1868-69. The Academy.
Societe Imp. d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle, &c.
Annales. 4"« Serie, Tome 1. 8vo. Lyon, 1869.
The Society.
Maine, U. S. :—
Report for 1870 of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State
of Maine. 8vo. Augusta, 1870.
Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., Maine.
Manchester : —
Literary and Philosophical Society.
Proceedings. Vol. 11, Nos. 1-13. 8vo. 1871-72.
The Society.
Melbourne :— See Victoria.
Montpelier : —
Botanic Garden.
Index Seminum Horti Monspeliensis, Anno 1871. 4to.
C. Martins, Hort. Pr^f. ?
xiv additions to the library.
Titles. Doitoes.
Academies and Societies {continued).
Montreal : —
Natural History Society.
Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science. New
Series. Vol, 5, No. 4, and Vol. 6, Nos. 1-3. 8vo.
Montreal, 1871-72. The Society.
Moscow : —
Botanic Garden. See Regel, E.
Societe Imp. des Naturalistes.
Nouveaux Memoires. Tome 13, Livr. 3. 4to. Moscou,
1871.
Bulletin. Tome 43, Nos. 3 & 4, Tome 44, Nos. 1-4. 8vo.
Ihid., 1871-72. The Society.
Munich : —
Kon. Bayerische Academic der Wissenschaften.
Sitzungsberichte. 1870. Band 2, Hft. 2, 3, & 4, und der
Mathem-physikal. Classe. 1871. Hft. 1&2. 8vo. Mun-
chen, 1870-71.
Almanach fiir das Jahr 1871. 12mo. Ihid.
The Academy.
Newcastle-on-Tyne : —
Natural History Society of Northumberland and Diu'ham.
Transactions. Vol. 4, Pt. 1. 8vo. London, &c. 1871.
The Society.
New Haven, Connecticut : —
Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Transactions. Vol. 1, Pt. 2, and Vol. 2, Pt. 1. 8vo. New
Haven, 1867-71 . The Academy.
New South Wales : — See Sydney.
New York : —
Lyceum of Natural History.
Annals. Vol. 9, Sheets 21-26. 8vo. (New York), 1870.
The Lycefm.
additions to the libeakt. xv
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Orleans, Vermont : —
County Society of Natural Sciences.
Archives of Science &c. Vol. 1, Nos. 1-3. 8vo. Newport,
Orleans Co., Vermont, 1870-71. The Societt.
Paris : —
Societe Botanique de France.
Bulletin. Tome 17, Eevue Bibl. D, Comptes Rendus des
Seances, No. 3. Svo. Paris, 1870-71, and Tome 18,
Comptes Eendus des Se'ances, No. 1, and Revue Bibl. C.
Bulletin. Tome 17, Session extraordinaire a Autun-Givry,
Juin, 1870. Svo. Paris, 1871.
Rappoit par M. A. Delondre sur le Bombardement du
Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, par I'armee Allemande, en
Janvier, 1871. 8vo. Ibid. The Society.
Institut de France. — Academic des Sciences.
Memoives. Tomes 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, & 37. 4to. Paris,
1864-70.
Memoires presentes par divers Savants. Math. & Phys.
Tomes 18 & 19. 4to. Ibid., 1865-68. The Institute.
Museum d'Histoire Naturelle.
NouveUes Archives. Tome 4, Fasc. 3 & 4, et Tome 5, Fasc.
1-4. 4to. Paris, 1868-69. The Museum.
Societe Entomologique de France.
Aunales. 4^ Serie, Tome 10, and Partie supplementaire
(Monographic de la famille des Eucnemides, par le Victor
H. de Bonvouloir). 8vo. Paris, 1870-71.
. 5« Serie, Tome 1. 8vo. Ibid., 1871.
The Society.
Petersburg : —
Academie Imp. des Sciences.
Memoires. 7" Serie, Tome 16, & Tome 17, Nos. 1-10. 4to.
St. Petersburg, 1870-71.
Bulletin. Tome 15, Nos. 3-5, and Tome 16, Nos. 1-6.
4to. Ibid., 1870-71. The Academy.
xvi additions to the libeary
Titles. Donoks.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Petersburg (continued) : —
Jardiu Botanique &c. Eeport on TpxAw &c. Tome 1, No. 1.
8vo. St, Petersburg, 1871.
E. R. de Teautvettee, on part of Garden.
Soeietas Entomologica Rossica.
Horffi. Tom. 7, No. 4, and Tom. 8, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo.
Petropoli, 1870-71. The Society.
Philadelphia :—
Academy of Natural Sciences.
Proceedings. Nos. 1-3 for 1870. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1870,
American Journal of Conchology. Yol. 6, Pts. 1-3. 8yo.
Ibid., 1870-71. The Academy.
American Philosophical Society.
Proceedings. Nos. 83-87. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1870-71.
Transactions. New Series. Vol. 14, Pts. 1 & 3. 4to.
Ibid., 1870-71. The Society.
Plymouth : —
Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History
Society.
Annual Report and Transactions. Yol. 4, Pt, 2. Svo. Ply-
mouth, 1871. The Society,
Portland, Maine. Nat, Hist. Soc : — See Maine.
Regensburg : —
Kon. Bayerische Botanische GeseUschaft.
Flora, Jahrg, 53, Nos. 5-7, Jahrg. 54, Nos. 11-31, and
Jahrg. 55, Nos. 1-14. Svo. Eegensburg, 1870-72.
PlTRCHASED.
Rio de Janeiro. Museum : — See Netto, Ladisl.
ADDITIOIiS TO THE LIBRAET. XVll
Titles. Donors.
Academies ajtd Societies (continued).
Rugby :—
Rugby School Natural History Society.
Report for the year 1871. 8vo. Rugby, 1872.
F. E. KiTcnENEE, Esq., F.L.S.
Salem, Mass. : —
Essex Institute.
BuUetin. Vol. 2, Nos. 1-12. Svo. Salem, Mass., 1870.
Proceedings and Communications. Vol. 6, Ft. 2 (1868-71).
Svo. Ibid., 1871.
Record of Entomology for the year 1869. Edited by A. S.
Packard, Jun., M.D. Svo. Ibid., 1870. The Ls-stitute.
Peabody Academy of Science.
American Katuralist. Vol. 4, j!^os. 3-12, and Vol. 5, No. 1.
Svo. Salem, Mass., 1870-71.
Annual Reports (2nd & 3rd) of the Trustees for 1869 & 70.
Svo. Ibid., 1871. The Academy.
Stockholm : —
KoDgl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien. See Fries, Elias.
Sydney : —
Entomological Society of New South Wales.
Transactions. Vol. 2, Pts. 2 & 3. Svo. Sydney, 1871.
The Societt.
Toronto : —
Canadian Institute.
Canadian Journal of Science, Literature, and History. New
Series. Nos. 74 & 75 (=Vol. 13, Nos. 2 & 3). Svo.
Toronto, 1871-72. The Institute.
Turin : —
R. Accademia delle Seienze.
Atti. Vol. 6, Dispensa 1-7. Svo. Torino, 1870-71.
Memorie. Serie 2, Tomo 25 e 26. Scieuze Fisiche e Mate-
matiche. 4to. Ibid., 1871.
additions to the library. — Session 1871-72. b
svul additions to the library.
Titles. Doitors.
Academies akd Societies (contimied).
Turin (continued) : —
R. Accademia delle Scienze (continued).
Bolletino Meteorologico ed Astronomico. Anno 5. obi. 4to.
Torino, 1871. The Academy.
Venice : —
Regio Istituto Yeneto di Scienze, Lettere, ed Arti.
Memorie. Vol. 15, parte 2. 4to. Venezia, 1871.
Atti. Serie 3, Tomo 15, Disp. 10, e Tomo 16, Disp. 1-10,
Serie 4, Tomo 1, Disp. 1. 8vo. Ibid., 1870-72.
The Institute.
Victoria : —
Royal Society.
Transactions and Proceedings. Vol. 9, Pt. 2. 8vo. Mel-
bourne, 1869. The Society.
Vienna z —
Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenchaften. Math. Nat. Classe.
Denkschriften. Band 30. 4to. Wien, 1870.
Sitznngsberichte. Abth. 1, Bd. 60, Hft. 3-5, Bd. 61, 62, &
63. Abth. 2, Bd. 60, Hft. 3-5, Bd. 61, 62, & 63. 8yo.
Ibid., 1870-71.
. Register zu den Banden 51-60. 8vo. Ibid., 1870.
Anzeiger, Jahrg. 8, ISTos. 15-29, and Jahrg. 9, Nos. 1-12.
8vo. Ibid., 1871-72. The Academy.
K. K. Geologische Reiehs-Anstalt.
Abhandlungen. Bd. 5, Hft. 1 «& 2. 4to. Wien, 1871.
Jahrbnch. Bd. 21, Nos. 1-4. 8vo. Ibid., 1871.
Verhandlungen. Jahrg. 1871, Nos. 1-5 & 7-18. 8vo.
Ibid. The Institijte.
. Separate Publication. See Hauer, Franz.
K. K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft.
Verhandlungen. Bd. 21. 8vo. Wien, 1871.
Separate Publications. See Frauenfeld, G. von ; Kiinst-
ler, G. ; and Nowicki, Max. The Society.
additions to the library. xix
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
"Washington : —
Smithsonian Institution.
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. 17. 4to.
"Washington, 1 871.
Annual Report of the Board of Regents for 1869. 8vo.
Ibid., 1871. The Institution.
Wiesbaden ; —
Nassauischer Verein fiir Naturkunde.
Jahrbiicher. Jahrg. 23 & 24. (=Fiickel, L., Symbolge
MycologicEC. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Rheinischen
Pilze.) 8vo. Wiesbaden, 1869-70. The Association.
Woolhope : —
KaturaHsts' Field Club.
Transactions for 1869 & 70. 8vo. Hereford, 1870-71.
George Benthaji, Esq., Pres. L.S.
Wiirzburg : —
PhysLkalisch-Medicinische Gesellschaft.
Yerhandluugen. Neue Folge. Bd. 2, Hft. 1-4. 8vo.
Wiirzburg, 1871-72. The Societt.
Zurich : —
Naturforschende Gesellschaft.
Yierteljahrsschrift. Jahrg. 14 & 15. 8vo. Ziirich, 1869-70.
The Soctett.
Journals : —
Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 5"°^ Serie. Zoologie. Tomes
11-14. Botanique. Tomes 11-13, and Tome 14, Nos, 1-4.
8vo. Paris, 1869-72. Purchased.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4th Series, Nos.
43-54. 8vo. London, 1871-72. Dr. Francis, F.L.S. &c.
Archiv fiir Mikroskopische Anatomic ; herausgegeben von
Prof. Max Schultze. Bd. 6 & 7. 8vo. Bonn, 1870-71.
Purchased.
Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte; gegriindet von A. F. A. Wiegmann;
fortgesetzt von W. F. Erichson &c. Jahrg. 36, Hft. 5 & 6,
und Jahrg. 37, Hft. 1-3. 8vo. Berlin, 1870-71.
Purchased.
62
xx additions to the library.
Titles. Donors.
Journals {continued) : —
Athenteum. Pts. 522-33. (=Nos. 2275-2326.) 4to.
Loudon, 1871-72. The Pttblishee.
Botanical Magazine. 3rd Series : conducted by J. D. Hooker,
IT.D., F.E.S., Y.P.L.S., &c. Nos. 319-330. 8vo. London,
1871-72. Purchased.
Botanische Zeitung. Redaction, H, von MoM und A. de Bary.
Jahrg. 29, Nos. 22-52, und Jahrg. 30, Nos. 1-22. 4to.
Leipzig, 1871-72. Purchased.
Botanisk Tidsskrift. See Academies, Copenhagen, Botan.
Porening.
Canadian Entomologist : edited by the Rev. J. S. Bethune.
Yol. 3, Nos. 1-6 & 9-12, and Yol. 4, Nos. 2 & 3. 8vo.
London (Ontario), 1871-72. Henry Reeks, Esq., E.L.S.
Canadian JSTaturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science. See
. Academies &c., Montreal.
English Botany. See Smith, J. E.
Entomologist: edited by E. Newman, Esq. E.L.S. Yol. 4.
(=Nos. 49-72), and No. 92. 8vo. London, 1868-71.
The Editor.
Entomologist's Monthly Magazine : conducted by H. G. Knaggs,
M.I)., R. M'Laehlan, Esq. &c. Nos. 86-97. 8vo. London,
1871-72. The Editors.
Flora. See Academies, Regensburg.
Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette. Nos. 24-52
for 1871, and Nos. 1-24 for 1872. 4to. London.
Purchased.
Geological Magazine : edited by Henry \Yoodward, E.G.S. &c.
Yol. 8, Nos. 7-12, and Yol. 9, Nos. 1-6. 8vo. London,
1871-72. The Editor.
Giornale (Nuovo) Botauico Italiano : diretto da Od. Beccari e
T. Caruel. Yol. 3, Nos. 3 & 4, and Yol. 4, Nos. 1 & 2.
8vo. Eirenze e Pisa, 1871-72. The Editor.
Ibis. 3rd Series : edited by Osbert Salvin, M.A., E.L.S. (Yol. 1 .)
Nos. 3 & 4, and (Yol. 2) Nos. 5 & 6. 8vo. London, 1871-72.
Purchased.
Jahrbiicher fiir wissenschaftliche Botanik : herausgegeben von
Dr. N. Pringsheim. Band 8, Hft. 1-3. 8vo. Leipzig, 1871-
72. Purchased.
ADDITIONS TO TniC LTBEARY. XXl
Titles. Donors.
Journals (continued) : —
Journal de Coiichyliologie ; publie sous la direction de MM.
Crosse et Fischer. 3^ Serie, Tome 10, No. 4, Tome 11 &
Tome 12, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Paris, 1870-72. Purchased.
Journal of Botany, British and Poreign: edited by Berthold
Seemann, Ph.D., P.L.S., &c., H. Trimen, M.B., P.L.S,, and
J. G. Baker, F.L.S. Nos. 103-114. 8vo. London, 1871-72.
Purchased.
Linnsea : ein Journal fiir die Botanik : herausgegeben von Dr.
Aug. Garcke. jSTeue Folge, Bd. 3, Heft 2. 8vo. Berlin,
1872. Purchased.
Malakozoologische Blatter ; als Fortsetzung der Zeitschrift fiir
Malakozoologie ; herausgegeben von Dr. Louis Pfeiffer.
Band IS, Bogen 4-15, und Bd. 19, Bog. 1-6. 8vo. Cassel,
1871-72. Purchased.
Monthly Microscopical Journal. See Academies, Liondon,
B. Microscopical Society.
Nature : a weekly illustrated Journal of Science. Nos. 85-137.
8vo. London, 1871-72. The Publisher.
Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief. See AcADEiiiEs, Leyden,
Nederl. Botanische Yereeniging.
Nuovo Giornale. See Giomale.
Pharmaceutical Journal. See Academies, London, Pharma-
ceutical Society.
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4th Series,
Nos. 277-82. 8vo. London, 1871.
Dr. FRAifcis, F.L.S. &.c.
Popular Science Review : edited by Henry Lawson, M.D.
Nos. 40-43. 8vo. London, 1871-72.
R. Haedavicke, Esq., F.L.S.
Revue Scientifique. 2« Serie, Nos. 24 & 25. 4to. Paris,
1871. The Editor.
Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie : herausgegeben von
C. T. von Siebold und Albert Kolliker. Bd. 21, Hft. 2-4,
and Bd. 22, Hft. 1 & 2. 8vo. Leipzig, 1871-72.
Purchased.
Zoological Record for 1870. See Newton, Alfred.
Zoologist : edited by Edward Newman, F.L.S. &c. 2nd Series,
Nos. 70-81. 8vo. London, 1871-72. Purchased.
Xxii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRAET.
Titles. DoifOBs.
Agardh, J. O. Om de under Korvetten ' Josephine's ' expedition,
sistliden sommar, insamlade Algerne. (Ofversigt af K. V. A,
Forhandl., 1870.) 8vo.
. Chlorodictyon ; ett nytt Sliigte af Caulerpeernes grupp.
{Ihid., 1870.) 8vo.
. Om Chatham oarnesAlger. (Ibid., 1870.) 8vo. The Author.
Agassiz, Louis. Letter concerning Deep-sea Dredgings, addressed
to Prof. B. Pierce, Superintendent U.S. Coast Survey. 8vo.
The Author.
Aitchison, J. E. T. Catalogue of the Plants of the Punjab and
Sindh. 8vo. London, 1869. The Author.
Allman, G. J. Monograph of the Gymuoblastic or Tubularian
Hydroids. Part 1, folio. London, 1871. (Ray Society Publi-
cation.) Purchased.
Anderson, John. Report on the expedition to Western Yunan,
via Bhamo. 8vo. Calcutta, 1871.
. Description of a new Cetacean from the Irawaddy River.
(Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1871.) 8vo.
. Note on the occurrence of Sacculina in the Bay of Bengal.
{Ihid., 1871.) 8vo.
. On three new species of Squirrel from Upper Burmah and
the Kakhyen Hills. {Ihid., 1871.) 8vo.
. On some Indian Reptiles. (/&«?., 1871.) 8vo.
. On eight new species of Birds from Western Yunan, China.
(Ihid., 1871.) 8vo.
, Description of a new genus of Newts from Western Yunan.
{Ihid., 1871.) 8vo.
. Note on Testudo Phayrei, Blyth. (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1871.) 8vo.
. Note on some Rodents from Yarkand. (Ihid., 1871.) 8vo.
. Description of a new species of Scincus. (Proc. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, May 1871.) 8vo.
-. On the Saurian genera Eurylepis and Plocoderma, Blyth;
with a description of a new species of Mahoida, Pitz. {Ihid.,
Sept. 1871.) 8vo. The Author.
Anderson, Thomas, Obituary of. See Balfour, J. H.
Arnott, G. A. W. Notes on Cocconeis, JSHtzschia, and some of the
allied genera of Diatomacece. (Read before the Nat. Hist. Soc,
Glasgow, Mtirch 31, 1868.) 8vo. Mrs. Arnott.
additions to the libbary. xxul
Titles. Do>'oes.
Baillon, H. Histoire des Plantes. Tome 3, Families 13-18, et
Tome 4, Fam. 24-6. 8vo. Paris, 1871-72, Ptjkchased.
Baker, J. G., Ed. See Journal of Botany.
Balderrama, Jenaro. Ensayo descriptivo de las Palmas de San
Martin i Casanare. 8vo. Bogota, 1871. The Author?
Balfour, {J. H.), On the yariation, at different seasons, of a
Hieracium considered to be H, stoloniferum, Waldst. and Kit.
(Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb., Vol. 11.) 8vo. The Author.
. Obituary j^otice of Thomas Anderson, M.D., F.L.S. (Trans.
Bot. Soc. Edinb., 1870-71.) 8vo. The Authoe.
Beccari, 0., Ed. Giornale Bot. Ital.
Bennett, George. On the introduction, cultivation, and oeconomic
uses of the Orange, and others of the Citron-tribe, in New
South Wales. 8vo. (Sydney?, 1871.) The Author.
Bethune, Eev. J. S., Ed. See Journ., Canadian Entomologist.
Blytt {A.). Christiania omegns Phanerogamer eg Eregner, med
angivelse af deres Udbredelse. 8vo. Christiania, 1870.
B. T^oewegiak Us^iyersity, Christiania.
Bonvouloir, H., Yicomte de. Monographie de la famUle des
Eucnemides. See Acade^iies, Paris, Soc. Entomol.
Horckhausen, 21. B. Botanisches Worterbuch ; vermehrt von
Dr. F. (jr. Dietrich. 2Bande. 8vo. Giessen, 1818. Purchased.
Brady, Charles. On the AUant Silkworm. 8vo. Sydney, 1868.
. Silk. 8vo. Ihid. ? (1871). Dr. George Bekis^ett, F.L.S.
Bretschneider, E. On the study and value of Chinese Botanical
Works ; with notes on the history of plants and geographical
Botany, from Chinese sources. 8vo. Foochow (1870).
. On the knowledge possessed by the ancient Chinese of the
Arabs and Arabian Colonies and other Western Countries. 8vo.
London, 1S71. The Author.
Britten (James). Contributions to a Flora of Berkshire. (Trans.
Is'ewb. Dist. Field Club.) 8vo. (1871.) The Author.
Bronn, H. G. Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, wissen-
schafthch dargcsteUt in Wort und Bild. Bd. 1, Bd. 2, Bd. 3,
Lief. 1 & 2, Bd. 5, Lief. 1-16, and Bd. 6, Abth. 4, Lief. 1-6.
8vo. Leipzig und Heidelberg, 1860-70. Purchased.
Brown, Robert. Die Geographische Yerbreitung der Conifcren
und Guetacecn. (Petermann's Gcogr. Mitth., 1872, Hft. 2.)
4 to. The x^uthor.
xxiv additions to the libeaey.
Titles. Donoes.
BuUer, Walter. On the New-Zealand Rat. (Trans. New Zealand
Institute, Vol. 3.) 8vo.
. List of the Lizards inhabiting New Zealand; with descrip-
tions. (Ihicl, 1870.) Svo.
. Critical Notes on the Ornithological portion of Taylor's
* New Zealand and its Inhabitants.' {Ihicl., 1870.) Svo.
. Notice of a species of Megapode in the Auckland Museum.
{Ihicl., 1870.) 8vo.
. On Zosterojjs lateralis in New Zealand ; with an account of
its migrations. {Ihicl., 1870.) Svo.
. On the structure and habits of the Huia {Heteraloclia
Gouldi). Ihid. Svo.
. On the Xatipo, or Venomous Spider of New Zealand.
{Ihid., 1870.) Svo.
. Notes on the genus Deinacrida in New Zealand. {Ihicl.,
1870.) Svo.
. Further Notes on the Ornithology of New Zealand, {Ihid.,
1870.) Svo. The Atjthoe.
Bnrmeister, G. See Academies, Buenos Ayres.
Camel, T., Ed. Giorn. Bot. Ital.
Caspary, Rohert. Ueber die Flora von Preussen. Svo. Konigs-
berg, 1863. Purchased.
Clemens, Dr. BracJi-eny-idge. Tineina of North America; with
notes by the Editor, H. T. Stainton, F.E.S., Sec. L.S. Svo.
London, 1872. The Editor.
Cooke, M. C. Handbook of British Fungi. 2 Vols. 12mo.
London &c., 1871. The Atjthoe.
Cox, E. T. First Annual Report of the Geological Survey of
Indiana. Svo. Indianopolis, 1869. (With Maps and coloured
section.) The Author.
Dawson, J. W. The Fossil Plants of the Devonian and Upper
Silurian formations of Canada. Svo. Montreal, 1871.
The Atjthoe.
Day, Francis. Report on the Fish and Fisheries of the Fresh
Waters of India. Svo. Simla, 1871.
. On Buchanan Hamilton's original drawings of Fish in the
Library of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. (Proc. As. Soc. for
Sept. 1871.) Svo. The Author.
Delpino, Federic/o. Studi sopra un Lignaggio Anemofilo delle
additions to the librarv. xxv
Titles. Donoes.
Compostc ; ossia, sopra il gnippo dclle Artemisiacee. 8vo,
Fircnze, IS 71. The Author.
Dietrich, Albert. Flora Marchica ; oder Beschreibiing der in dor
Mark Brandenburg wildwachsenden Pflanzen. 12mo. Berlin,
1841. Purchased.
Duchartre, P. Observations sur Ic genre Lis {LUium, Tourn.).
8vo. Paris, 1870. The Author.
Eichler, A. G. Flora Brasil. v. IVEartius, C. F. P.
Eisengrein, O. A. Die Familie der Schmetterlingsbliitbigen
oder Hiilseuge-wiicbse ; mit besondercr Hinsicht auf Pflanzen-
physiologie. 8vo. Stuttgart and Tubingen, 1836.
Purchased.
Engelmann, Georg. Icones Florum Antholyticorum. 8vo.
Francofurti ad Moenum, 1 832. Purchased.
Engler, Dr. A. Monographie der Gattung Saxifraga. 8vo.
Breslau, 1872. Purchased.
Ferriere, Emile. Le Darwinisme. 12mo. Paris, 1872.
C. Darwin, Esq., F.R. & L.S.
Frauenfeld, Georg, Eitter von. Die Pflege der Jimgen bei Tbieren.
12mo. Wien, 1871.
. Der Vogelschutz. (Verb. d. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges., 1871.) 8vo.
. Die Gruudlagen des Yogelscbutzgesetzes. 8vo. "Wien, 1871.
The Author ?
Fries, EUas. Icones selectse Hymenomj'cetum nondmn delinea-
torum (sub ausp. E.eg. Acad. Scient. Holmiensis editae). Fasc.
1-6. Fol. Holmiffi, 1867-70 ?
The Academy of Sciences, Stockholm.
Fiickel, L. Ebeinisclie Pilze. See Academies &c., Wiesbaden,
Nassauiscber Yerein.
Gilibert, J. E. Histoire des plantes d'Europe et e'trangeres ; on
Elemeus de Botanique Pratique. 2''^ edition. 3 Tomes. 8vo.
Lyon, 1806. Purchased.
Goeppert, H. R. Uebersicht der fossilen Flora Schlesiens. See
Wimmer, F.
Grabowski, Helnrkh. Flora von Oberschlesien uud dcm Gesenke.
8vo. Breslau, 1843. Purchased.
Gray, J. E. Synopsis of tbe species of Starfish in tbe British
Museum. ("With figures of some of the new species.) 4to.
London, 1866. Purchased.
XXVI ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRAEY.
Titles. DoifORS.
Gray, J. E. Catalogue of Euminant Mammalia {Pecora, L.) in the
British Museum. 8vo. Ibid., 1872. The Tetjstees.
Grisebach, A. Die Vegetation der Erde, nach ihrer klimatischeu
Anordnuug. 2 Bande. Svo. Leipzig, 1872. Purchased.
Guppy, R. J. L. Notes on a visit to Dominica. (Proc. Scient.
Assoc. Trinidad, Dec. 1869.) 8vo.
. Annual Address, as President of the Scientific Association.
{lUd., Oct. 1869.) 8vo.
. N'otes on some new forms of Terrestrial and Fluviatile
MoUusca found in Trinidad. (Amer. Journ. Conch., 1870.)
Svo. The Author.
Elall, T. M. Topographical Index to the Fellows of the Geological
Society. 8vo. Loudon, 1872. The Author.
Harting, J. E. The Ornithology of Shakespeare critically
examined &c. 8vo. London, 1871. The Author.
Harting, P. Memokesurle genre Poterion. 4to. Utrecht, 1870.
Charles Darwin, Esq., P.R. & L.S.
Mauer, Franz, Eitter von. Zur Erinnerung an "Wilhelm Haidinger.
Svo. Wien, 1871. The Geological Association, Yienna.
£f o^mann, H. Ringelungsversuche. (iUlgem. Forst- und Jagd-
Zeitung.) 4to. 1871. | sheet.
. Hexenbesen der Kiefer. (Ibid.) 4to. -^ sheet.
- — — . Einfluss der Bodenbeschaffenheit auf die Yegetation. (Neue
Landwirthsch. Zeitung, Jahrg. 21.) 8vo. Glogau, 1871 ?
. TJeber Holzschwamm und Holzverderbniss. (AUgem. Forst-
und Jagd-Zeitung, 1872.) 4to.
. TJeber Aufbewahrung Mikroskopiseher Priiparate. (Yerh.
K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. in Wien, 1871.) 8vo. The Author.
Ho£Pmann, Hermann. Mykologische Berichte. 3. fiir 1871. Svo.
Giessen, 1872. Purchased.
Hogg, Jabez. On Gnat's Scales. (M. Microsc. Journ., 1871.)
Svo.
. Mycetoma : the Fungus-foot disease of India. (Ibid., 1872.)
The Author.
Hooker, J. D. Report on the progress and condition of the
Royal Gardens, Kew, during the year 1870. Svo. London,
1871. The Author.
, Ed. Sec Journals, Botanical Magazine.
ADDITIONS 10 TUE LIBRAEY. XXVll
TiTi-Es. Donors.
Hutton, (F. W.). Catalogue of the Birds of New Zealand, with
diagnosis of the species. 8vo. Wellington, N. Z., 1871.
The Author?
Jones, T. E. See Parker, TF. K.
Kirby, W. F. Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera.
Svo. London, 1871. Purchased.
Klrempelhuber, {A. von). Geschichte und Literatur der Liche-
nologie. Bd. 3. 8vo. Miincheu, 1872. Purchased.
Kiinstler, Gustav. Die unseren Kulturpflanzen schiidlichen In-
sektcn. Svo. Wien, 1871. The Author?
Kurz, Salpig. On some new or imperfectly known Indian Plants.
(Journ.As. Soc. Beng.Yols. 39 ife40.) 8vo. (Calcutta), 1870-71.
. Gentiana Jajschkei reestabhshed as a new genus (Jceschlea) of
Gentianeoe. (Ibid., Vol. 39.) Svo. 1870. The Author.
Leighton, Kev. TF. A. Lichen-Flora of Great Britain, Ireland,
and the Channel Islands. 12mo. Shrewsbury, 1871.
. . 2nd edition. 12mo. Ibid., 1872. The Author.
Letellier, J. B. L, Figures des Champignons ; servant da Sup-
plement aux planches de BuUiard. Livr. 1-18. 4to. Paris,
1830. Purchased.
Lewis, W. A. Discussion on the Law of priority in Entomo-
logical Nomenclature ; with strictures on its modern applica-
tion. Svo. London, 1872. The Author.
Lindberg, 8. 0. Plantse nonnuUse Horti Botanici Helsingforsi-
eusis. Ex Act. Soc, Scient. Fennic. s.) 4to. Helsinforsise, 1871.
. Eevisio critica Iconum in opere ' Flora Danica ' Muscos
illustrantium. (Ibid.) 4to. Ibid., 1871. The Author.
Lindsay, IF. L. The Physiology and Pathology of Mind in the
Lower Animals. Svo. Edinburgh, 1871. The Author.
Iioew, //. Europ. Dipteren. See Meigen, J. W.
Lowe, lilclid. Thos. Manual Flora of Madeira and the adjacent
islands of Porto Santo and the Desertas. Vol. 2, part 1.
12mo. London (1872 ?). The Authoe.
Lyell, li. M. Geographical Handbook of all the known Ferns ;
with tables to show their distribution. Svo. London, 1870,
G. Benthaji, Esq. Pres. L.S.
Martins, Charles. Observations sur I'origine glaciaire des Tour-
bieres du Jura Neuchatelois, et do la vegetation spcciule qui les
caractcrise. 4to. Montpellicr, 1871.
xxvin additiojs's to the libeart.
Titles. Dodoes.
Martins, Charles. La Creation du Monde Organise, d'apres les
jSTaturalistes Anglais et Allemauds de la nouyelle ecole. (Re^^le
des Deux Mondes.) 8vo. Paris, 1871.
. Les Populations Yegetales ; leur Origine, leur Composition,
leurs Migrations, &c. (Ibid.) 8vo. Paris, 1872, The Author ?
Martius, C. F. Ph. de, Sichler, Au(/. Gid., &c. Plora Brasi-
liensis. Enumeratio plantarum in Brasilia hactenus detec-
tarum. Ease. 51-6. folio. Lipsise, 1871-72. Pttechased.
Meigen, J. W. System atische Beschreibung der bekannten
Europaischen zweiilligeligen Insecten. 9ter Theil. 8vo. Halle,
1871. ( = Loew, H. Beschreibung Europaischer Dipteren,
Bd. 2.) Pttechased.
Miers, John. Contributions to Botany ; iconographic and descrip-
tive. Vol. 3. (Menispermacese.) 4to. London, 1864-71.
The Author.
Mitchell, Sir T. L. Journal of an Expedition into the interior of
Tropical Australia, in search of a route from Sydney to Car-
pentaria. 8yo. LondoD, 1848. Purchased.
Moggridge, J. T. Contributions to the Flora of Mentone, and
to a winter flora of the Kiviera. Part 4. 8vo. London, 1871.
The Author.
Mohl, Hugo von. Grundziige der Anatomic und Physiologie der
Yegetabilischen Zelle. 8vo. Braunschweig, 1851. Purchased.
More, {A. G.). Supplement to the Flora Vectensis, (Journ. of
Bot.) 8vo. London, 1871. The Author.
Mueller,, Baron FenL von. Forest Culture in its relation to In-
dustrial Pursuits. Lecture dehvered June 22, 1871. 8vo,
(Melbourne.) The Author.
Miiller, Fi'itz. Bestaubungsversuche an Abutilon-Arten. 8vo.
1871. C. DARwm, Esq., F.E. & L.S.
Netto, Ladislau. Investigacoes historicas e scientificas sobre o
Museu Imperial e ]S"acional do Eio de Janeiro. 8yo. Eio de
Janeiro, 1870.
. Apontamentos relatiros a Botanica applicada no Brasil. 8vo.
Ihkl. 1871.
The Director of the Imperial akd National Museum.
Newman, Edward. Illustrated Natural History of British But-
terflies : the figures drawn by E. Willis ; engraved by John
Kirchner. 8vo. London, 1871. The Author.
additions to the libkart. xxix
Titles. Donors.
Newton, Alfred, Ed. Hecord of Zoological Literature for 1870.
Vol. 7. 8vo. Loudon, 1871. Purchased.
Nowicki, Dr. J/a.r. Ueber die "Weitzeuverwiisterin, CMorops
tceniopus, Meig., uud die Mittel zu ilirer Bekampfung. 8vo.
Wieu, 1871. The Author?
Oliver, Daniel. Flora of Tropical Africa. Vol. 2. 8vo. London,
1S71. H.M. Office of "Works.
Packard, A. S., Ed. Record of American Entomology. See
Academies, Salem.
Parker, W. K., Jones, T. B., &c. On the Nomenclature of the
Foramiuifera. (Ann. Nat. Hist, for Sept. 1871.) 8vo.
The Authors.
Parry, Major, F. J. S. Catalogue of Lucanoid Coleoptera, (Trans.
Entom. Soc, 3rd Ser., Vol. 2.) 8vo. 1864. and
Eevised do. ; with Eemarks on the Nomenclature. Part 1
(Ibid., 1870.) 8vo. The Author.
Pasquale, Gius. Ant. Documenti Biografici di Giovanni Grussone,
Botanico Napolitano. 4to. Napoli, 1871.
. Su di un ramo mostruoso deUa Opuntia fulvispina. 4to.
Ibid., 1871. The Author.
. Di alcuni effetti deUa caduta di cenere sulle piante, nell'
ultima eruzione Yesuviana, osservati in Napoli. (Rendic.
deUa R. Accad. deUe Scienze, fis. e matem., fasc. 5, 1872.) 4to.
(Napoli ?) The Author ?
PfeifFer, Louis. Flora von Nieder-Hesseu und Miinden. Neue
Ausgabe. 2 Bande. 12mo. Kassel, 1855. Purchased.
Planchon, J. E. Des limites naturelles des Flores, et en parti-
culier de la Florule locale de MontpeUier. 8vo. MontpeUier,
1871. Gr. Bentham, Esq., Pres. L.S.
Planchon, J. E., & Ijichtenstein, J. Maladie de la Yigne.
Le Phylloxera. Instructions pratiques sur la maniere d'ob-
server la maladie, &c. 8vo. MontpeUier, 1870,
, . Conseils sur le traitement des vignes atteintes du
Phylloxera. (Messager du Midi.) 8to. 1871.
, . Le Phylloxera de la Yigne en Angleterre et en Irlande.
8vo. MontpeUier, 1871.
, . Le Phylloxera. Faits acquis et revue bibliographique.
8vo. Ibid., 1872. G. Bentham, Esq., Pres. L. S.
xxx additions to the librae y.
Titles. Dojtobs.
Plateau, (FelLv). Eecherches experimentales sur la position du
centre de Gravite chez les Insects. Svo. Geneve, 1872.
The Atjthoe,
Plinii Secundi. Naturalis Historia. Tom. 1-3. Svo. Lugduni
Batav.. 1668-69. G. Bexthatx, Esq., Pres. L.S.
Potts, T. H. Notes on the Birds of New Zealand. Part 2. (Trans.
N. Z. Instit., Yol. 3., 1S70.) Svo. The ArraoE.
Pringsheim, N., Ed. Jahrb. fiir Wiss. Bot. See Joxumals.
Quetelet, Ad. Notice snr Sir John F. "W. Herschel. Svo.
The AriHOS?
Reeve, LoveTl. Conchologia Iconica. Parts 288-93. 4to. London,
1871. Pttrchased.
Regel, E. Eevisio specierntn Cratsegorum, Draeaenarum, Horke-
liarum, Laricum, et Azaleariim. Svo.
. Animadversiones de plantis vivis nonmillis Horti Bot. Imp.
Petropolitani. Svo. The AriHOK.
Regel, E. et Herder, F. ab. Supplementum 2 ad enumera-
tionem Plantamm in regionihus Cis- et TransiHensihus a cl.
Seminovio anno 18.57 coUectariim. Ease. 1. Svo. Moskau,
1870. M. Regel.
Reichard, Joan. Jac. Elora Moenofrancofurtana. Partes 2. Svo.
Erancof. ad Moeniim, 1772-78. Poichasei).
Riley, C Y. Third Annual Eeport, on the Noxious, Beneficial,
and other Insects of the State of Missouri. Svo. Jefferson
City, Mo., 1871. The ArrnoE.
Ross, Alex. M. Catalogue of Birds, Insects, and Squirrels col-
lected in the vicinity of Toronto, Canada. Svo. Toronto, 1871.
The ArxHOB.
Rossbach, Dr. 21. -J. Die Bhythmisehen Be^-egungserschei-
nungen der einfachsten Organismen, und ihr Yerhalten gegen
Physikalische Agentien und Arzneimittel. Svo. "Wurzburg,
1872. The AnnoE ?
Roth, Alh. GuiJ. Novae Plantamm species, praesertim Indise Ori-
entalis, ex coU. Dr. Benj. Heynii. Svo. Halberstadii, 1821.
Png CHASED.
Salvin, Oshert, Ed. Ibis. See Journals.
San Giorgio, La Contessa di. Catalogo poliglotto deUe piante.
Svo. Firenze, 1870, G. Bektham, Esq., Pres. L. S.
additioxs to the libkart. xxxi
Titles. Doxoes.
Saunders, Echvard. Catalogus Buprestidarum synonymicus et
systematicus. Svo. London, 1S71. The Atjthok.
Saunders, W. W., Ed. Eefugium Botanicum. Vol. 4, pt. 3, and
Vol. 5, pt. 1. Svo. London, 1S71. The Editob.
Savi, Paolo. ' Alia memoria di.' Anon.
Schomburgk, RkhanJ. Catalogue of the plants under cultivation
in the Government Botanic Garden, Adelaide, S. A. Svo.
Adelaide, 1S71. The ArxHOK.
. . Another copy, presented by C. A. "Wjxsox, Esq.
. The culture of Tobacco. Svo. Adelaide, 1872.
. Eeport as Director of the Adelaide Botanic Garden. 1871.
Ecap. foi. Ibid., 1872. The AriHOK.
Schultes, J. A. CEsterreichs Flora ; ein Handbueh auf botan-
ischen Excursionen. 2to Auflage, 2 Theile. 12mo. "Wien, 1814.
Purchased.
Schultze, Max, Ed. Arehiv fur ITikroskop. Anat. See
Journals.
Seidlitz, Georg. Die Darwinsche Theorie. Elf Vorlesungen iiber
die Entstehung der Thiere uud PHanzen durch Xaturzlichtung.
Svo. Dorpat, 1871. C. Dap.m-ix, Esq., E.E. & L.S.
Shortt, John. The HOI Ranges of Southern India. Parts 2 & 3.
Svo. Madras, 1870-71.
. The Cobra. (Madras Joum. of Med. Sci.) Svo.
. Brief account of the Tusseh Silkworm ; with drawings of
the Insect. (Ibid.) 1871. Svo. The Authoe.
Smith, J. E., & Sowerby, James. English Botany. 3rd edition ;
by J. T. BosAvell Syme, LL.D., E.L.S., &c. ]S"os. 81-83. Svo.
London, 1871-72.
The Publisher, Eobeet Haedwicke, Esq., F.L.S.
Sowerby, ((?. B.). Thesaurus Conchylioruni. Parts 29 & 30.
Svo. London, 1870-71. Pttbchased.
Thorell, T. Eemarks on synonyms of European Spiders. Xo. 2.
Svo. Epsala, &c. (1S71). The ArrnoK.
Trimen, Henry, Ed. See Journal of Botany.
Visiani, Rob. de. Florae Dalmatica) supplementum. 4to. Ve-
netiis, 1872. The AriHOR.
xxxll additions to the libraet.
Titles. Donoes.
Webber, J. W. On some Forests in England and Scotland.
Fcap. fol. The Author?
Westerland, G. A. Fauna MoUuscorum terrestrium et fluviati-
lium SuecisD, N'orvegise, et Danise. I. Landmolluskerna. 8vo.
Lund, 1871.
•. Expose critique des MoUusques de terra et d'eau douce de la
Suede et de la Norvege. 4to. Upsal, 1871. The Author.
"Westphal-Castelnau, Alfred. Catalogue de la Collection de
Eeptiles de feu M. Alexandre Westphal-Castelnau. 8vo. Mont-
pellier, 1870. The Author.
"White, F. B. Fauna Perthensis. Part 1, Lepidoptera. 4to.
Perth, 1871. (Published by the Perthshire Society of Natural
Science.) The Author ?
"Wiegmann, A. F. Ueber die Bastard-erzeugung im Pflanzen-
reiche. 4to. Braunschweig, 1828. Purchased.
■Willkomm, Heinr. Moritz. Die Strand- und Steppengebiete der
Iberischen Halbinsel, und deren Vegetation. 8vo. Leipzig,
1852. Purchased.
Wimmer, Friedrich. Neue Beitrage zur Flora von Schlesien ;
nebst einer Uebersicht der Fossilen Flora Schlesiens, von H. R.
Goppert. 12mo. Breslau, 1845. Purchased.
Wright, Chauncey. Darwinism ; being an Examination of Mr.
St. George Mivart's ' Genesis of Species.' 8vo. London, 1871.
C. Darwik, Esq., F.R. & L.S.
. The uses and origin of the arrangements of leaves in plants.
4to. 1871. The Author.
Zerda, Liborio. Catalogo de las Colleeciones mineralogica e jeo-
logica. 8vo. Bogota, 1871. The Author.
Anon. : —
Alia memoria di Paolo Savi. 8vo. Pisa, 1871.
The President.
ADDITIONS
LIBRARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.
RECEIVED FEOM JUNE 21, 1872, TO JUNE 19, 1873.
Titles. Donoks.
Academies and Societies.
Amsterdam : —
Kon. Akademie van Wetenschappen.
Verslagen en Mededeelingen. Afdeeling Natuurkunde. 2"^^
Reeks, 6'^^ Deel. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1872.
Jaarboek voor 1871. 8vo. Ibid.
Processen-Verbaal van de gewone Yergaderingen der Aka-
demie, van Mai 1871-April 1872. 8vo. Ibid.
Tboe Academy.
Batavia : —
Eata'ST.aasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen.
Verhandelingen. Deel 34, 35, & 36. 4to, Batavia, 1870-
72.
Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Yolkenkunde.
Deel 18, Afl. 2-6, & Deel 20, Afl. 3. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-
72.
addiiions to the libraky. — Session 1872-73. a
11 additions to the libkary.
Titles. Donoes.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Batavia (continued) : —
Batayiaasch Genootschap van Kunsten, &c. (continued).
Notulen van de Algemeene en Bestuurs-vergaderingen
van het B. G. Deel 8, pp. 66-95, Deel 9 & Deel 10,
N'os. 1-3. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72.
Vervolg. Catalogus (1'*^) der Bibliothek van het B. G. 8vo.
Ibid., 1872. The Societt.
Bath :—
Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club.
Proceedings. Vol. 2, Nos. 3 & 4. 8vo. Bath, 1872-73.
The Clvb.
— -. See Blomefield, Bev. L.
Berlin : —
Kon. Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Abhandlungen, aus dem Jahre 1871. 4to. Berlin, 1872.
Monatsberichte, fiir Marz-Dec. 1872, & Jan. 1873. 8vo,
Ibid., 1872-73. The Academt.
Botanischer Yerein fiir die Provinz Brandenburg, &c.
Yerhandlungen. Jahrg. 13. 8vo. Berlin, 1871.
The AssociATioiir.
Verein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den Kon. Preuss.
Staaten.
Wochenschrift ; redigert von Prof. Dr. Karl Koch, Jahrg. 15.
4to. Berlin, 1872. Dr. Karl Koch.
Bonn : —
Naturhistorischer Yerein der Preussischen Rheinlande.
Yerhandlungen. Jahrgang 28 & 29, Halfte 1. 8vo. Bonn,
1871-72. The Association.
Bordeatix : —
Societe des Sciences Physiques et NatureUes.
Memoires. Tome 8, Cahiers 3 & 4. 8vo. Paris &c., 1872.
The Society.
Bremen : —
Naturwissenschaftlicher Yerein.
Abhandlungen. Band 3, Heft 2 & 3. 8vo. Bremen, 1872-73.
The Association.
additions to the libbary. ul
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Briinn : —
NaturforsclierLder Yerein.
Yerhandlungen. Band 9. 8vo. Briinu, 1871.
The Association.
Brussels : —
Academie Key ale des Sciences, &c. de Belgique.
Memoires. Tome 39. 4to. Bruxelles, 1872.
Memoires couronnes et autres Memoires. Collection in 8vo.
Tome 22. 8vo. Ibid., 1872.
Bulletins. 2« Serie. Tomes 31-34. 8vo. Ihid., 1871-72.
Anuuaire. 38^ & 39^ annee. 12mo. Ihid., 1872-73.
Centieme Anniversaii'e de Fondation. 2 tomes, Svo. Ihid.,
1872. The Academy.
Observations des Phenomenes periodiques pendant I'annee
1870. (Extr. du Tome 39 des Memoires.) 4to.
Notices extraites de TAnnuaire de I'Observatoire E. do
BruxeUes pour 1873, par M. Quetelet. 12mo.
M. Qtjeielet.
Societe Entomologique de Belgique.
Annales. Tome 15. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1871-72.
The Society.
Societe R. de Botauique de Belgique.
BuUetin. Tome 10 (Nos. 1-3) & Tome 11, Nos. 1-3. Svo.
Bruxelles, 1871-73. The Society.
Buenos Ayres :—
Museo Publico.
Anales : por German Burmeister, M.D., ifec. Entrega 10 &
11. (Tomo 2, entr. 4 & 5.) 4to. Buenos Aires, 1872-73.
The Editor.
Buffalo : —
Society of Natural Sciences.
Bulletin. Vol. 1, No. 1. 8ro. Buffalo, 1873. The Society.
Calcutta : —
Asiatic Society of Bengal,
Journal. New Series. Vol. 41, Part 2, Nos. 1-4. Svo.
Calcutta, 1872.
a 2
iv additions to the library.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Calcutta (continued) : —
Asiatic Society of Bengal (continued).
Proceedings. Nos. 2-10, 1872, & Ko. 1, 1873. 8vo. Ibid.,
1872-73. The Society.
Sep. publ. See Dalton, E. T.
Cambridge, Mass. : —
Harvard College ; Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Annual Report of the Trustees, and Eeport of the Director
for 1871. 8vo. Boston, 1872.
Illustrated Catalogue, No. 7. Revision of the Ecliini, pts.
1 & 2, by Alexander Agassiz. 4to. Cambridge, 1872.
The Museitm.
Canada : — See Montreal and Toronto.
Cherbourg : —
Societe des Sciences Naturelles.
Memoires. Tome 16. (2^ Serie, Tome 6.) 8vo. Paris,
1871-72. The Society.
Christiania : —
Norwegian University. See Bljrtt, A., & Schiibeler, F. 0.
Copenhagen : —
Botaniske Forening.
Bofcanisk Tidsskrift ; redigeret af H. Ejserskou. Rsekke 1,
Bind 3, Hft. 3 & 4, & Bind 4, Hft. 4 ; & Esekke 2, Bind 1,
Hft. 2, 3, &4. 8vo. Kjobenhavn, 1869-72. Purchased.
Kongl. Danske Yidenskabernes Selskab.
Skrifter. Naturvidensk. og Mathem. Afdeling. Raekke 5,
Bd. 9, Hft. 6 & 7. 4to. Ibid., 1871-72.
Oversigt over det Kgl. D. Y. S. Forhandlinger, &c. 1871,
No. 3, & 1872, No. 1. 8vo. Ihid. The Society.
Devonshire : —
Association for the Advancement of Science.
Report and Transactions. Yol. 5, Pt. 1. 8vo. Plymouth.
1872. The Association.
Dublin : —
Royal Dublin Society.
Journal. Yol. 6, No, 2. 8vo. Dublin, 1872. The Society.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Edinburgh : —
Botanical Society.
Transactions and Proceedings. Vol. 11, Pt. 2. 8vo. Edin-
burgh, 1873. The Society.
Royal Society.
Transactions. Vol. 26, Pt. 4. 4to. Edinburgh, 1872.
Proceedings, Session 1871-72. (Vol. 7, No. 84.) 8vo. Ibid.,
1872. The Society.
Hrlangen : —
Physicalisch-Medicinisehe Societat.
Sitzungsberichte. Heft 4. 8vo. Erlangeu, 1872.
The Society.
Frankfurt a. M. : —
Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft.
Bericht, 1871-72. 8vo. Frankfurt a. M., 1872.
The Society.
Geneva : —
Societe de Physique et d'Histoire NatureUe.
Memoires. Tome 21, Partie 2. 4to. Paris & Bale, 1872.
The Society.
Gottingen : —
Konigl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften.
Abhandlungen. Band 17. 4to. Gottingen, 1872.
Nachrichten, aus den Jahre 1872. 8vo. Ibid., 1872.
The Society.
Haarlem : —
Societe Hollandaise des Sciences.
Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et NatureUes.
Tome 7, Livr. 1-5. 8vo. La Haye, 1872. The Society.
Halifax, U. S. :—
Nova-Scotian Institute of Natural Science.
Proceedings and Transactions. Vol. 3, Pts. 1 & 2. 8vo.
Halifax, U. S., 1872. The Society.
vi additions to the iibraky.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Hanover : —
Naturhistorische Gesellschaft.
Jahresbericht 21 , 8vo. Hannover, 1871. The Society ?
Hobart Town : —
Eoyal Society of Tasmania.
Monthly Notices of Papers and Proceedings for 1871. 8vo.
Hobart Town, 1872. The Society.
See Abbott, Francis.
India : —
Forest Eeports.
Eeport of the Bombay Presidency, including Sind, for the
year 1870-71. 8vo. Bombay, 1872.
Eeport on the administration of the Forest Department in
the several provinces under the Government of India,
1870-71 & 1871-72; with appendices. By Lieut.-Col.
G. F. Pearson, Officiating Insp. Gen. of Forests. Fcap.
fol. Calcutta, 1872. The India Office.
Kazan : —
University.
Izvestia i Utchenia Zapiski, &c. Pts. 5 & 6 for 1869, Pts.
1-6 for 1870, and Pts. 1-6 for 1871. 8vo. Kazan,
1871-72.
Utchenia Zapiski. Tom. 8. 8vo. Ibid., 1872.
The Univeksity.
Kdnigsberg : —
Konigl. Physikal.-okonomische GeseUschaft.
Schriften. Jahrg. 12, Abth. 1 & 2 ; & Jahrg. 13, Abth. 1.
4to. Konigsberg, 1871-72. The Society.
Lausanne : —
Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles.
Bulletin. 2' Serie. Vol. 11, No. 68. 8vo. Lausanne, 1873.
The Society.
Leyden : —
Nederlandsche Botanische Yereeniging.
Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief ; onder redactie van Dr.
W. F. E. Suringar, &c. 2<^e ggrie, Deel 1, Stuk 2. 8vo.
Nijmegen, 1872< The Association.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBKARY. vii
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Ijeyden (continued) : —
Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 2^^ Serie. Deel. 7 (Afl. 1-6).
8vo. Gravenhage, 1872. The Association.
Liege : —
Societe Roy. des Sciences.
Memoires. 2^ Serie, Tome 3. Svo. Liege, 1873.
The Society.
Ijiverpool : —
Literary and Philosophical Society.
Proceedings, Nos. 25 & 26, with Index to Vols. 1-25. Svo.
London, 1871-72. The Society.
London : —
British Museum. Catalogues of Zoological Specimens,
1. Catalogue of Shield Reptiles. Part 2. By J. E. Gray,
F.R.S, &c. 4to. London, 1872.
2. . Appendix to ditto. Pt. 1 (Testudinata). By
the same. 4to. Ihid., 1872.
3. — ■- — of the Specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera. By
Francis Walker, F.L.S. Part 5. 8vo. Ibid., 1872.
The Tktjstees.
Entomological Society.
Transactions. Pts. 3-5 for 1872, and Pts. 1-3 for 1873.
8vo. London, 1872-73.
Sep. j)ubl. : —
1. Catalogue of British Neuroptera. Compiled by R.
M'^Lachlan, Sec. Ent. Soc. &c., and the Rev. A. E. Eaton,
B.A. 8vo. Ihid., 1870.
2. British Hymenoptera (Aculeata). Compiled by F.
Smith, Esq., Assist. Zool. Dept. Brit. Mus. 8vo. Ibid.,
1871.
3. (Chrysididge, Ichneumonidse, Braconidse,
and Evaniidse). By the Rev. T. A. Marshall, M.A., F.L.S.
Svo. Ibid., 1872. The Society.
vm additions to the librart.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
London (continued) : —
Geological Society.
Quarterly Journal. Vol. 28, Pts. 3 & 4, and Yol. 29, Pts.
1 & 2. 8vo. London, 1872-73. The Socieit.
London Institution.
JournaL Nos. 16, 17, & 18. 8vo. London, 1872-73.
The I>^sTrrtrTiON.
Palseontographical Society's publications. Yol. 26. 4to. London,
1872; containing: —
1. Duncan, P. M. Monograph of British Fossil Corals.
2nd Series, Pt. 3.
2. Lycett, John. Monograph of the British Fossil Trigoniae.
Xo. 1.
3. "Woodward, Henry. Monograph of the British Fossil
Crustacea. Ord. Merostomata. Pt. 4.
4. Wright, Thomas. Monograph on the British Fossil
Echinodermata from the Cretaceous Formations. Yol. 1,
Pt, 5. Purchased.
Pharmaceutical Society.
Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions. 3rd Series, Nos.
104-155. 8vo. London, 1872-73.
Calendar for 1873. 8vo. Ibid., 1873. The Societt.
Quekett Microscopical Club.
Journal. Nos. 19-22. 8vo. London, 1872-73. The Club.
Eay Society. See Allman, G. J.
Royal Institution.
Proceedings. Yol. 6, Pt. 6, and Yol. 7, Pt. 1. 8vo. London,
1872-73. The Institution.
Eoyal Society.
Philosophical Transactions. Yol. 162, Pt. 1. 4to. London,
1872.
Proceedings. Nos. 135-44. 8vo. Ibid., 1872-73.
Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800-63). Yol. 6. 4to.
Ibid., 1872. The Society.
Royal Agricultural Society.
Journal. 2nd Series. Yol. 8, Pt. 2, & Yol. 9, Pt. 1. Svo.
London, 1872-73. The Society.
additions to the libbahy. ix
Titles. Donoes.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Iiondon (continued) : —
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britian and Ireland.
Journal. New Series. Vol. 6, Pts. 1 & 2. 8vo. London.
1872-73. The Society.
Royal Geographical Society.
Journal. Vol. 41. 8vo. London, 1871.
Proceedings. Vol. 16, Nos. 3-5, and Vol. 17, No. 1. 8vo.
London, 1872-73.
Classified Catalogue of the Library, to Dec. 1870. 8vo.
Ibid., 1871. The Society.
Royal Horticultural Society.
Journal. New Series, Vol. 3, Pts. 11 & 12. 8vo. London,
1873.
Proceedings. Vol. 1, pp. 77-747 (end). 8vo. Ibid., 1859-
61. The Society.
Royal Microscopical Society.
Monthly Microscopical Journal. Nos. 43-54. 8vo. London,
1872-73. The Society.
Society of Arts.
Journal. Nos. 1022-73. 8vo. London, 1872-73.
The Society.
Zoological Record Association.
List of Scientific Journals, with abbreviated Titles. 3rd issue.
8vo. London, 1873. The Editoe.
Zoological Society.
Transactions. Vol. 8, Pts. 2-5. 4to. London, 1872-73.
Proceedings. Pts. 1-3 for 1872. 8vo. Ibid, 1872-3.
. Index, 1861-70. 8vo. Ibid., 1872.
Catalogue of the Library. 8vo. Ibid., 1872.
Revised List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately living
in the Gardens of the Society. 8vo. The Society.
London, Ontario : —
See JouENAis. Canadian Entomologist.
Lyon : —
Academic des Sciences.
Memoires. Sciences, Tome 18. 8vo. Paris et Lyon, 1870-
71. The Academy.
x additions to the library,
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Lyon (continued) : —
Societe d' Agriculture, Sciences Naturelles, <fec.
Annales, 4^ Serie, Tome 2. 8vo. Lyon, 1870.
The Society.
Societe Linneenne.
Annales, Nouvelle Serie, Tome 18, 8vo. Paris, 1872.
The Society,
Manchester : —
Literary and PhUosophieal Society.
Proceedings. Vol. 11, Nos. 14 & 15, and Vol. 12, Nos. 1-
11. 8vo, Manchester, 1872-73, The Society.
Montreal : —
Natural History Society.
Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science. New
Series. Vol. 6, No. 4, and Vol. 7, No. 1. 8vo. Montreal,
1872, The Society.
Moscow : —
Societe Imp, des Naturalistes.
Bulletin, Tome 45, Nos, 1-3. 8vo. Moscou, 1872.
The Society,
Munich : —
Kon. Bayerische Academic der Wissenschaften.
Abhandlungen der Mathemat.-pliysikal, Classe. Band 11,
Abth, 1. 4to, Munchen, 1871.
Sitzungsberichte. Math.-nat. Classe. 1871, Heft 3, and
1872, Heft 1 & 2, 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72,
. Inhaltszverzeichniss zu Jahrg. 1860-70, 8vo. Ibid.
1872. The Academy.
Naples : —
Societa Reale, Accademia delle Scienze Fisicbe e Matematiche,
Atti. Vol, 3 & 4. 4to, Napoli, 1866-69,
Rendiconto, Anno 6 (fasc. 6-12), 7 (fasc, 1-12) and 8 (fasc.
1-12). 4to, Ibid., 1867-69. The Academy.
additions to the library. xi
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Newcastle-on-Tyne : —
Natural History Society of Northumberland and Durham.
Transactions. Vol. 4, Pt. 2. 8vo. London, 1872.
The Society.
New South "Wales : — See Sydney.
New York : —
Lyceum of Natural History.
Annals. Yol. 9, No. 13 (pp. 407 to end), and Vol. 10,
Nos. 1-7. Svo. New York, 1870-72.
Proceedings. Yol. 1, Sh. 1-15. Svo. (Ibid.) 1870-71.
The Lycettm.
New Zealand : —
Geological Survey. Reports &c. See Hector, J., and Hut-
ton, F. W.
Odessa : —
Society of Naturalists of New Eussia.
Zapiski <fec. (Memoirs). Yol. 1, Pt. 1-3, and supplements,
(E. Iiindemann, Prodromus Florae Chersonensis, &
Index plantarum usualium Floras Chersonensis.) 8vo.
Odessa, 1872-73. The Society.
Palermo : —
R. Istituto Tecnico. Cons* di Perfezionamento.
Giomale di Scienze Natural! ed Economiche. Vol. 2, Fasc. 1.
4to. Palermo, 1866. The Institute.
Paris : —
Museum d'Histoire Naturelle.
NouveUes Archives. Tomes 6 & 7. 4to. Paris, 1870-71.
The Mttseum.
Societe Botanique de France.
Bulletin. Tome 17, C. R. des Se'ances, No. 4 ; Tome 18,
Comptes Rendus des Seances, Nos. 3 & 4, et Revue Bibliogr.
D & E ; et Tome 19, C. R., Nos.1-3, et Rev. Bibl. A, B,
C, & D. Svo. Paris, 1871-72. The Society.
xu adbitions to the library.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Petersburg : —
Academie Imper, des Sciences.
Memoires. 7* Serie, Tome 17, Nos. 11 & 12, and Tome 18,
Nos. 1-7. 4to. St. Petersbourg, 1871-72.
Bulletin. Tome 17, Nos. 1-3. 4to. lUd., 1871-72.
The Academy.
Botanic Garden.
Transactions (Trudy). Yol. 1, No. 2, and Yol. 2, No. 1 . 8vo.
St. Petersbourg, 1872-73.
Dr. Trautvetxer, on the part of the Garden.
Societas Entomologica Eossica.
Hor«. Tom. 8, Nos. 3 & 4, and Tom. 9, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo.
Petropoli, 1871-72. The Society.
Philadelphia : —
Academy of Natural Sciences.
Proceedings for 1871 & 1872. 8vo. Philadelphia^ 1871-72.
American Journal of Conchology. Yol. 6, Pt. 4, & Yol. 7.
8vo. Ihid., 1871-72. The Academy.
American Philosophical Society.
Proceedings, No. 89. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1873.
The Society.
Plymouth : —
Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History
Society.
Annual Eeport and Transactions. Yol. 3, Pt. 3, & Yol. 4,
Pt. 3. 8vo. Plymouth, 1869-72. (Incl. Keys, J". TT. iV.,
Holmes, E. M., &c,, Plora of Devon and Cornwall. —
Continuation.) The Institittion.
Regensbarg : —
Kon. Bayerische Botanisehe Gesellschaft.
Plora. Jahrgang 55, Nos. 15-36, & Jahrg. 56, Nos. 1-15.
8vo. Eegensburg, 1871-73. Purchased.
Rugby :—
Eugby School Natural History Society.
Eeport for 1872. 8vo. Eugby, 1873. Dr. Kitchener, F.L.S.
Russia, New : — See Odessa.
additions to the librakt. xiu
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Salem, Mass. : —
Peabody Academy of Science.
Memoirs. Yol. 1, Nos. 2 & 3. 8vo. Salem, Mass., 1871-72.
Annual Report (4tli) of the Trustees for the year 1871. 8vo.
Salem, 1872.
American Naturalist. Vol. 5, Nos. 2-12, and Yol. 6, Nos.
1-11. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72. The Academy.
Sep. publ. See Packard, A. S.
San Francisco : —
Californian Academy of Sciences.
Memoirs. Yol. 1, Pts. 1 & 2. 4to. San Francisco, 1868.
Proceedings. Yol. 4, Pts. 1-4. Svo. Ibid., 1869-72.
The Academy.
Stettin : —
Entomologischer Yerein.
Entomologische Zeitung. Jahrg. 30-33. Svo. Stettin,
1869-72. The Association.
Stockholm : —
Kongl. Svenska Yetenskaps-Akademien.
HandHngar. Ny Foijd. Bd. 7, Hft. 2, Bd. 8, & Bd. 9, Delen 1.
4to. Stockholm, 1868-71.
Ofversigt. Arg. 26 & 27. 8vo. Ibid., 1870-71.
Lefnadsteckningar, ofver efter 1854 aflidna Ledamoter. Bd.
1, Hft. 2. 8vo. Ibid., 1870.
See Carlson, F. F. The Academy.
Sydney : —
Entomological Society of New South Wales.
Transactions. Yol. 2, Pt. 4. 8vo. Sydney, 1872.
The Societt.
Toronto : —
Canadian Institute.
Canadian Journal of Science, Literature, and History. New
Series, No. 76-78 ( = Vol. 13, No. 4-6). Svo. Toronto,
1872-73. The Institute.
xiv additions to the libkary.
Titles. Donoes.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Turin : —
R. Accademia delle Scienze.
Atti. Vol. 7 (Disp. 1-7). 8vo. Torino, 1871-72.
The Academy.
Upsal : —
Eoyal Society of Sciences.
Nova Acta. Series 3, Yol. 8, Fasc. 1. 4to, Upsalise, 1871.
Sep. pixbl. See Thorell, T. The Society.
Venice : —
Regio Istituto Yeneto di Scienze, Lettere, ed Arti.
Memorie. Yol. 16, Pte. 1, & Yol. 17, Pte. 2. 4to. Yenezia,
1871 & 1873.
Atti. Serie 4, Tomo 1, Disp. 2-5. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72.
The Instititte.
Vienna : —
Kaiserl. Akademie der "Wissenschaften. Math. -Nat. Classe.
Denkschriften. Bd. 31 & 32. 4to. Wien, 1872.
Sitzungsberichte. Abth. 1, Bd. 64 & 65, and Abth. 2, Bd. 64.
8vo. Ibid., 1871-72.
. Register zu den Banden 61-64. 8vo. Ibid., 1872.
Anzeiger. Jahrg. 9, Nos. 17-29, & Jahrg. 10, Nos. 4-11.
8vo. Ibid., 1872-73. The Academy.
K. K. Geologische Reichs-Anstalt.
Abbandlungen. Band 5, Hft. 3. (=Iiaube, Echinoiden
der Tertiarablagerungen.) 4to. Wien, 1871.
Jahrbuch. Bd. 22, Nos. 1-4. 8vo. Ibid., 1872.
Yerbandlungen. Jahrg. 1871, No. 6, und J. 1872, Nos. 1-18.
8vo. Ibid., 1872.
. General-Register der Bd. 11-20. 8vo. Ibid., 1872.
The Instittjte.
K. K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft.
Yerbandlungen. Bd. 22. 8vo. Wien, 1872. The Society.
'Washington : —
Smithsonian Institution,
Annual Report for the year 1870. 8vo. Washington, 187] .
The Institution.
addiiions to the libraby. xv
Titles. Donobs.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Wiesbaden : —
Nassauischer Yerein fiir Naturkunde.
Jahrbiicher. Jahrg. 25 & 26. 8vo. Wiesbaden, 1871-72.
The Association.
Winchester : —
Scientific and Literary Society.
Eeport of Proceedings &c. for 1870-71. 8vo. "Winchester,
1872. TheSociett?
Wurzburg : —
Physikalisch-Medicinisclie Gesellschaft.
YerliandlTingen. Neue Folge, Band 3, Hft. 1-4, & Band 4,
Hft. 1. 8vo. WUi-zbiirg, 1872-73. The Society.
Journals : —
American Naturalist. See Acad., Salem.
Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 5* Serie. Zoologie, Tomes
15 & 16. Botanique, Tome 14, Nos. 5 & 6, & Tomes 15 & 16.
8vo. Paris, 1872. Ptjechased.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4th Series, Nos. 55-
66. 8vo. London, 1872-73. Dr. Feancis, F.L.S. &c.
Archiv fiir Mikroskopische Anatomie ; herausgegeben von Prof.
Max Schultze. Band 8, und Namen- und Sach-register zu
Bd. 1-8. 8vo. Bonn, 1871-72. Purchased.
Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte ; gegriindet von A. F. A.Wiegmann ;
fortgesetzt von W. F. Erichson &c. Jahrg. 38, Heft 1-3,
& 39, Hft. 1. 8vo. Berlin, 1872-73. Purchased.
Archives Neerlandaises. See Acaj)., Haarlem, Soc. Holland.
Athenceum. Pts. 534-45. (=]S'o8. 2327-79.) 4to. London,
1872-73. The Publisher.
Botanical Magazine. 3rd Series : conducted by J. D. Hooker,
M.D., F.E.S., V.P.L.S., &c. Nos. 331-42. 8vo. London,
1872-73. Purchased.
Botanische Zeitung. Redaction, A. de Bary, G. Krauss. Jahrg.
30, Nos. 23-52, und J. 31, Nos. 1-22. 4to. Leipzig,
1872-73. Purchased.
Botanisk Tidsskrift. See Academies, Copenhagen, Botan.
Forening.
xvi additions to the libraky.
Titles. Donoes.
Journals (continued) : —
Canadian Entomologist : edited by the Eev. J. S. Bethune.
Yol. 3, Nos. 7-8, Vol. 4, Nos. 1, 2, & 4-11, & Yol. 5, Nos.
1-4. 8vo. London (Ontario), 1871-73.
Heney Reeks, Esq., F.L.S.
Canadian Journal of Science. See Acad,, Toronto.
Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science. See
Academies &c,, Montreal.
Entomologist. Nos. 112-117. 8vo. London, 1873.
E. Newman, Esq., F.L.S.
Entomologist's Annual for 1873. 8vo. London, 1873.
H. T. Stainton, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Entomologist's Monthly Magazine : conducted by H. G. Knaggs,
M.D., R. M'Lachlan, Esq., F.L.S., &c. Nos. 98-109. 8vo.
London, 1872-73. The Editoes.
Flora. See Academies &c., Regesisburg.
Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette. Nos. 25-52
for 1872, and Nos. 1-24 for 1873. 4to. London.
PXJECHASED,
Geological Magazine : edited by Henry Woodward, F.G.S. &c.
Yol. 9, Nos. 7-12, and Yol. 10, Nos. 1-6. 8vo. London,
1872-73. The Editoe.
Giornale (Nuovo) Botanico Italiano : diretto da T. Caruel. Yol.
4, Nos. 3 & 4, and Yol. 5, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Pisa, 1872-73.
The Editoe.
GreviUea. A Monthly Record of Cryptogamic Botany and its
Literature : edited by M. C. Cooke, M.A. Yol. 1. (Nos. 1-
12). 8vo. London, 1872-73. The Editoe.
Ibis. 3rd Series : edited by Osbert Salvin, M.A., F.L.S., &c,
(Yol. 2) Nos. 7-10. 8vo. London, 1872-73. Pitechased.
Jahrbiicher fiir wissenschaftliche Botanik : herausgegeben von
Dr. N. Pringsheim. Band 8, Hft. 4. 8vo. Leipzig, 1872.
Pitechased.
Journal de Conchyliologie ; public sous la direction de MM.
Crosse et Fischer. 3^ Serie, Tome 12, No. 3 & 4, and Tome
13, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Paris, 1872-73. Pitechased.
Journal of Botany, British and Foreign : edited by H. Trimen,
M.B., F.L.S., and J. G. Baker, F.L.S. &c. Nos. 115-126.
8vo. London, 1872-73. Puechased.
additions to the library. xvu
Titles, Donors.
Journals (continued) : —
Linnaea : ein Journal fiir die Botanik : herausgegeben von Dr
Aug. Garcke. Neue Folge, Bd. 3, Heft 3-5. 8vo. Berlin,
1872. Pttrchased.
Malakozoologisclie Blatter: herausgegeben von Dr, Louis Pfeiffer
und Dr. W. Kobelt. Band 19, Bog. 7-13, und Bd. 20, Bog.
1-13. 8vo. Cassel, 1872-73. Purchased.
Monthly Microscopical Journal. See Academies, London,
R. Microscopical Society.
Nature : a weekly illustrated Journal of Science. Nos. 138-
189. 8vo. London, 1872-73. The Publisher.
Nuovo Giornale Botanico. See Giomale.
Pharmaceutical Journal. See Academies, London^ Pharma-
ceutical Society.
■ Popular Science Eeview: edited by Henry Lawson, M.D.
Nos. 44-47. 8vo. London, 1871-72,
R. Hardwicke, Esq., F.L.S,
Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde. See
Academies &c., Batavia, Batav, Genootschap,
Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie: herausgegeben von
C. T, von Siebold und Albert KoUiker. Bd, 22, Hft, 3 & 4,
und Bd. 23, Hft. 1 & 2. 8vo. Leipzig, 1872-73.
Purchased.
Zoological Record for 1871. Pts. 1 & 2. Edited by A. Newton,
M.A,, F.R.S., &c. Purchased.
Zoologist : edited by Edward Newman, F.L.S. &c. 2nd Series,
Nos. 82-93. 8vo. London, 1872-73. Purchased.
Abbott, Francis. Result of five years' Meteorological Observations
for Hobart Town. 4to. Hobart Town, 1872.
Royal Society of Tasmania.
Agardh, C. A. [Icones Algarum Europaearum.] 8vo. [Leipzig,
1828-35.] J. C, Galton, Esq., M.A., F.L.S.
Agassiz, Alexander. Application of Photography to Illustrations
of Natural History. 8vo. 1871. 2 pp.
. Revision of the Echini. See Academies tfec, Cambridge,
Mass.
Allman, G. J. Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian
Hydroids. Conclusion of Part 1, and Part 2, folio. London,
1872. (Ray Society Publication.) Purchased.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY,— ScSSioH 1872-73. h
xvul additioxs to the li beaky.
Titles, Donors.
Anderson, John. Ou Manouria and Scapia, two genera of Land-
Tortoises. (Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872.) 8vo.
• . Notes on Bhinoceros sumatrensis, Cuv. (Ibid., 1872.) 8vo.
• . Further remarks on the external characters and anatomy of
Macacus brunneus. {Ibid., 1872.) 8vo.
. On some Persian, Himalayan, and other Reptiles. {Ibid.,
1872.) 8vo. The Atjthok.
Baillon, H. Histoire des Plantes. Tome 3, Families 19-23, et
Tome 4, Fam. 27-35. 8vo. Paris, 1871-73. Purchased.
Baily, W. H. Figures of characteristic British Fossils. Part 3.
8vo. London, 1871. The Author.
Bentham, O., & Hooker, J. D. Genera Plantarum : ad exem-
plaria imprimis in herbariis Kewensibus servata, definita. Yol. 2,
pars 1. 8vo. Londini, 1873. The Authors.
Bemays, Louis. The Olive and its products. 8vo. Brisbane,
1872. The Author.
Blomefield, Rev. Leonard. Address, as President, to the Bath
JSTatural History Society and Antiquarian Field Club, Feb. 19,
1872. 8vo. Bath, 1872.
. Local Biology : followed by remarks on the Faunas of Bath
and Somerset. 8vo. Ibid., 1873. The Author.
Bljrtt, A. Bidrag til Kundskaben om Vegetationen i den lidt sydfor
og under Polarkredsen liggende Del af Norge. (Yidensk. Selsk.
Forhandl. fiir 1871.) 8vo. University of Christiania.
Boissier, Edm. Icones Euphorbiarum ; ou, Figures de 122 species
du genre Eupliorbia, &c. Fol. Paris, 1866. The Author.
-. . Flora Orientalis. Yol. 2. 8vo. Genevfe ike, 1872.
Purchased.
Borre, AlpJi. Pnidho^nme de. Catalogue . . . d'une petite collection
de Fourreaux de Larves de Phryganides de Baviere. (Ann. Soc.
Entom. Belg., tome 14.) 8vo. 1871. The Author.
Britten, James. List of Lincolnshire Plants (from White's His-
tory, Gazetteer, &:c. of Lincolnshire). ^ sheet. 8vo.
The Author.
Brown, {Robert). Remarks on the formation of Fjords and Canons.
(Journ. R. Geogr. Soc, 1871.) 8vo. The Author.
Bulger, George E. Notes of a tour from Bangalore to Calcutta,
thence to Delhi and to British Sikkim. 8vo. Secunderabad,
1869. The Author.
add1x10>s to the libkaki'. x1s5
Titles. Donoks.
Carlson, F. F. Miunesteckning cifver E. G. Geijer. 8vo. Stock-
holm, 1870. The Academy op Sciences, Stockholm.
Christy, H. See Lartet.
Cleghorn, Hugh. Obituary Notice of Dr. Eobert Wright. Svo.
Edinburgh, 1873. The Author.
Cooke, M. C, Ed. Grevillea. See Journals.
Dalton, E. T. Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal. Fol. Calcutta,
1872. Government of Bengal, through Asiatic Society.
Dana, James D. Corals and Coral Islands. Svo. London, 1872.
Purchased.
Day, Francis. Monograph of Indian Cyprinidne. Part 6. (Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 41.) Svo. 1872. The Author.
Duncan, P. M. See Academies, London, Palseontogr. Soc.
. Description of the Madreporaria dredged up during the
Expeditions of H.M.S. ' Porcupine ' in 1869 & 1870. (Zool.
Trans, vol. viii. pt. 5.) 4to. London, 1871. The Author.
Eaton, Rev. A. E. See Academies, London, Entomol. Soc.
£]ichler, A. G. Flora Brasil. See Martins, C. F. P. de.
Fayrer, J. The Thanatophidia of India : being an account of the
Venomous Snakes of the Indian Peninsula »S:c. Fol. London,
1872. The Author.
Flower, T. B. Flora of Wiltshire, IS'o. 14. Svo. (Devizes.)
The Author.
Frauenfeld, Georg, Pitter von. Zoologische Miscellen. No. 16,
2" Hiilfte, und No. 17. (Yerh. Zool.-Bot. Verein, Wien, 1872.)
Svo.
. Phylloxera Vastatrix. Svo. 1872.
. Die Frage des Vogelschutzes. 12mo. Wien, 1872.
The Author.
Gosse, P. //. Actinologia Britannica. A History of the British
Sea-Anemones and Corals. Svo. London, 1860. Purchased.
Gregg, W. H. Catalogue of the Birds of Chemung County, New
York. Svo. Elmira, N. Y., 1870. The Author ?
Haeckel, (Ernst). Die Kalkschwarame. 3 Biiude. Svo. Berlin,
1872. Purchased,
Hahn, C. W., & Koch, C. L. Die Arachniden : getreu nach der
Natur abgebildet und beschrieben. Bd. 1-16, Svo. Niirnberg
1831-48. Purchased.
62
xx, additions to the libbart.
Titles. Donors.
Hansteiu, Joh. Botanische Abhandlimgen aus dem Gebiet der
Morphologie und Physiologic. Band 1 & Band 2, Hft. 1. 8vo.
Bonn, 1871-72. Pfkchased.
Hector, James. Reports of Geological Explorations duringl871-72.
8vo. Wellington/ N. Z., 1872.
. Annual Eeports (6 & 7) on the Colonial Museum and Labo-
ratory. 8vo. Ihid., 1871-72.
Geological Survey oe New Zealand.
Hiem, W. P. A Theory of the forms of floating leaves in certain
Plants. 8vo. 1873.
, Monograph of Ebenacese. (Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. vol. 12.)
4to. Cambridge, 1873. The Author.
Hofl^ann, H. Pflanzen-missbildungen. 8vo. Bremen.
The Author.
Hooker, J. D. Plora of British India. Part 1. 8vo. London,
1872. H.M. Secretary of State for India.
Hooker's Icones Plantarum. 3rd Series ; edited by J. D. Hooker,
M.D., F.R.S., L.S., «fec. Vol. 2, Parts 1 & 2. 8vo. London,
1872-73. Geor&e Bentham, Esq., Pros. L.S.
Hutton, F. W. Catalogue of the Echinodermata of New Zealand,
with diagnoses of the species, 8vo. New Zealand, 1872.
Geological Survey, New Zealand.
Keys, J. W. iV, Flora of Devon and Cornwall. See Academies,
Plymouth.
Koch, C. L. Uebersicht des Arachniden-Systems. Hft. 1, 2,
Hft. 3, Abth. 1-3, Hft. 4, Abth. 1-5, and Hft. 5. 8vo. Niirn-
berg, 1837-50. Purchased.
. Die Arachniden. See Hahn, C. W.
Koch, Karl. Dendrologie. Baume, Straucher &c., welche in Mittel-
und Nord-Europa, im freien cultivirt werden. Theil 2, Abth. 1.
8vo. Erlangen, 1872. The Author.
Koch, Ludtvig. Die Arachniden-Familie der Drassiden. Hft. 1-7.
8vo, Niirnberg, 1866-67. Purchased.
Kolliker, A. Weitere Beobachtungen iiber das Vorkommen und
die Verbreitung typischer Eesorbtionsflachen an den Knochen.
8vo. Wurzhurg, 1872. The Author ?
Koninck, L. O. de. Nouvelles recherches sur les Animaux Eos-
siles du Terrain Carbonifere de la Belgique. l^''* partie. 4to.
Bruxelles, 1872. (Mem. Acad. R. So. Belg., tome 39.)
The Author.
additions to the libkart. xxi
Titles. Donoks.
Iiartet, E., Christy, H., &c. Eeliquiae Aquitauicse. Part 11.
4to. London, 1873. Executors of H. Christy, Esq., E.L.S.
Laube. Eehinoidea. See Academies, Vienna, K. K. Geol.-
Anstalt.
Iiedebour, Carl F. von. Reise durcli das Altai-Gebirge und die
Soongorische Kirgisen-Steppe. 2 Theile, 8vo, nnd Atlas, 4to.
Berlin, 1829-30. G. Bentham, Esq., Pres. L.S.
Le Maout, Em., & Decaisne, J. General System of Botany,
descriptive and analytical, translated by Mrs. Hooker ; the orders
arranged, with additions, an appendix on the natural method,
and a synopsis of the orders, by J. D. Hooker, C.B., F.E..S.,
L.S., M.D., &c. Dr. Hooker, Y.P.L.S.
Lewis, T. R. On a Hcematozoon inhabiting Human Blood ; its
relation to Chiluria and other diseases. 8vo. Calcutta, 1872.
Dr. Shortt, F.L.S.
Lewis, T. R., & Cunningham, D. D. Report of Microscopical
and Physiological Researches into the nature of the agent or
agents producing Cholera. Svo. Calcutta, 1872.
Dr. Shortt, E.L.S.
Liais, Emmanuel. Climats,Geologie, Eaune et Geographic Botanique
du Bresil. Svo. Paris, 1872. The Brazilian Government.
Lindemann, E. Prodromus Elorae Chersonensis. See Academies,
Odessa, Soc. of Nat. of New Russia.
Loscos, Francisco, y Pardo, Jose. Serie imperfecta de las plantas
Aragonesas espontaneas ; particularraente de las que habitan en
la parte Meridional. Ed. 2. Svo. Alcaniz, 1866-67.
Don E. Loscos.
Lowe, T. R. Manual Flora of Madeira and the adjacent Islands.
Vol. 1, pts. 4 & 5. 12mo. London, 1868. The Author.
Lycett, John. Brit. Eoss. Trigonise. See Academies, London,
Palaeontogr. Soc.
McLachlan, R. Instructions for the collection and preservation
of Neuropterous Insects. Svo. London, 1873. The Author.
. See Entomol. Soc.
Marsh, 0. L. On the structure of the skuU and limbs in Mosasauroid
Reptiles. (Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, vol. 3, 1872.) Svo.
. On a new subclass of Eossil Birds (Odontornithes), and on
the gigantic fossil Mammals of the order Dinocerata. (Ibid.,
vol. 5, 1873.) Svo. The Author.
XXll ADDIXIOIfS XO XHE LIBRAET.
Tihes, Donors.
Marshall, Rev. T. A. See Acadeiqes &c., London, Entomol. Soc.
Martins, Charles. Sur rorigine glaciaire des Tourbieres du Jura
JSTeuchatelais &c. (Bull. Soe. Bot. France, tome 18.) 8vo. 1871.
.. Index Seminum Horti Monspeliensis, 1872. 8vo.
. Tin NaturaHste philosophe : Lamarck ; sa vie et ses ceuvres.
8vo. Paris, 1873.
. Comparaison des Membres Pelviens et Thoraciques chez
I'Homme et chez les Mammiferes. 8vo. Ihid., 1873.
The Atjxhoe ?
Martins, C. F. Ph. de, Eichler, Aug. Gid., &c. Plora Brasi-
liensis. Enumeratio Plantarum in Brasilia hactenus detec-
tarum. Ease. 57-71 , and Index &c. of Vol. 13, Part 1, and
Vol. 14, Part 2. Eolio. Lipsife, 1872-73. Puiichased.
Meehan, Thomas. On the effect of ' girdling ' Sequoias and other
Coniferae. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1872.)
. On Numerical Order in the branching of some Conifei-se.
{Ibid., 1872.) 8vo.
. Notes on 'Pine Needles' and on the Hypothesis of Evolution.
{Ihid., 1872.) 8vo.
. On dioecious plants of the common Asparagus. (/6icZ., 1872.)
8vo.
. On the spawn of the common Mushroom, Agaricus campestns.
{Ibid., 1872.) 8vo. TheAtjihor?
Miklos, Dr. Szontagh. Karpati Kerek. 4to. Pest, 1870.
. Elesztokerzode's &c. 8vo. (Ibid., 1870.)
. Milio-eves tiet. 8vo. {Ibid., 1872.) The Author.
Moggridge, /. T. Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders. 8vo.
London, 1873. The Author.
Mticke, Carl. The Take-All Corn-disease of Australia. 8vo.
Melbourne, 1870. E. S. Dtjtton, Esq.
MtLUer, Albert. On the manner in which the ravages of the larvae
of a Nematus, on Salix cinerea, are checked by Ficromerus
bidens, L. (Trans. Entom. Soc, 1872.) 8vo.
. Contributions to Entomological Bibliography up to 1862.
No. 1. {Ibid., 1873.) 8vo. The Author.
Mueller, Baron Ferd. von. Select plants, exclusive of timber trees,
eligible for Victorian Industrial culture. 8vo. Melbourne, 1872.
The Author.
additions to the library. xxiu
Titles. Doctors.
Oersted, A. S. Bidrag til Kundskab oro Egefamilien i Nutid og
Fortid (=K. D. Vidensk.-Selskabs Skrifter, Bd. 9, Hft. 6). 4to.
Kjobenhavn, 1871. The Society?
Packard, A. S., Jim., Ed. Records of American Entomology for
1870. 8vo. Salem, 1871.
. for 1871. See Salem, Peabody Academy Report.
Peabody Academy, Salem.
"PaxlsLtOYey Filippo. Flora Italiana. Vol.5, pte. 1. 8yo. Firenze,
1873. Purchased.
Peacock, R. A. How a National Museum of Natural History migbt
be built and arranged with advantage. 8vo. London, 1872.
The Author.
Pearson, Lt.-Col. G. F. Report on the Administration of the
Forest Department in the several Provinces under the Govern-
ment of India. See Academies (Stc, India.
Plateau, Felix. Qu'est ce que I'aile d'un Insecte ? 8vo.
. Recberches physico-chymiques sur les Articules Aquatiques.
Partie 1. 4to. Bruxelles, 1870. Partie 2. 8vo. /6/f?., 1872.
. Sur le mode d'adhereuce des males de Dytiscides aux femelles
pendant Facte d'accouplement. 8vo. (Gand, 1872.)
. Materiaux pour la Faune Beige. 2" Note. JVIyriapodes.
(BuU. Acad. R. Belg. 2^ Serie, Tome 33.) 8vo. BruxeUes,
1872. The Author.
Quaedvlieg, Louis. Description d'une anomalie observee chez un
exemplaire de Hestia Bella, Westw. (Ann. Soc. Entom. Belg.,
tome 14). 8vo. 1871. The Author.
Reeve, Lovell. Conchologia Iconica. Parts 294-301. 4to. London,
1872-73. Purchased.
Regel, E. Plantse a Burmeistero prope Urlask collectae. 8vo.
The Author.
Sachs, (JuUns). Lehrbuch der Botanik. 3'^ Auflage. 8vo.
Leipzig, 1873. Purchased.
Saunders, W. W., Ed. Refugium Botanicum. Vol. 5, pt. 2.
8vo. London, 1872. The Editor.
Saunders, W. W., Smith, W. G., &c. Mycological Illustrations ;
being figures and descrii^tious of new and rare Hymenomycctous
Fungi. Part 2. Svo. London, 1872.
W. W. Sauxders, Esq., V.P.L.S.
xxiv additions to the library.
Titles. Donors.
Schimper, W. Ph. Traite de Paleontologie Vegetale. Tome 2,
Partie 2. 8vo. Paris, 1870-72.
. . Atlas de Planches. Livr. 4, Tab. 76-90. 4to. Ibid.,
1870-72. The Author.
Schomburgk, R. Report on the progress and condition of the
Botanic Garden and Government Plantations, 1872. Fcap. fol.
Adelaide, 1873. C. A. Wilson, Esq.
. Papers read before the Philosophical Society and Chamber of
Manufactures. Ibid., 8vo. 1873. The Author.
Schriibeler, F. C. Die Pflanzenwelt Norwegens : ein Beitrag zur
Natur- und Culturgeschichte Nord-Europas, Allgemeiner Theil.
4to. Christiania, 1873.
Er. Norwegian University at Christiania.
Schiiltze, 3Iax. Archiv fiir Mikroskop. Anat. See Journals.
Seemann, BertJwld. Flora Vitiensis. Parts 1-10. 4to. London,
1865-73. Purchased.
Shortt, John. The Tuckatoo and Bish Kopra. (Madras Monthly
Journ. of Med. Sci.) 8vo. The Author.
Smith, Frederick. See Academies, Iiondon, Entomol. See.
Strasburger, Edouard. Die Befruchtung bei den Coniferen.
4to. Jena, 1869.
. Die Coniferen und die Gnetaceen. 8vo. Ditto, Atlas. 4to.
{Ibid., 1872.)
. Ueber Azolla. 8vo. (Ibid., 1873.) Purchased.
Thomas, //. S. Eeport on Pisciculture in South Canara. 8vo.
London, 1870. The Author.
Thorell, T. Remarks on synonyms of European Spiders. N"o. 3.
8vo. Upsala (1872). The Author.
"Wagner, Moritz. The Darwinian Theory, and the law of the
Migration of Organisms : translated by James S. Laird. 8vo,
London, 1873. The Publisher?
Weddell, H. A. Sur les Podostemacees en general, et leur distri-
bution geographique en particulier. 8vo. Paris, 1872.
The Author.
Wiegmann, A. F. A. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. See Jour-
nals.
Woodward, Henry. British Fossil Crustacea. See Academies,
London, Palaeontogr. Soc.
additions to the libeaey. xxv
Titles. Donoks.
Wright, Thomas. British Cretaceous EcMnodermata. See Aca-
demies, London, Paoclontogr. Soc.
Anon : —
Phylloxera Vastatrix, Papers relating to. Feap. fol. 1872.
Dr. HooKEE, Y.P.L.S. &c.
Engraved Portrait, by Alexander Seott, of Eear-Admiral Sir
James Clark Ross, D.C.L., F.R. & L.S. ; from the painting,
by Stephen Pearce, in the Royal Hospital, Greenwich.
Admieal Oumaxey, C.B. &c., xheough
Dr. HooKEE, F.R.S., V.P.L.S., kc.
ADDITIONS
LIBRARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.
RECEIVED FROM JUNE 20, 1873, TO JUNE 19, 1874.
Titles. Donors,
academtes aot) societies.
Adelaide : —
Philosophical Society.
Report and Transactions, for the two years ending Sept. 30,
1872. 4to. Adelaide, 1873. The SociEir.
Amsterdam : —
Kon. Akademie van Wetenschappen.
Verslagen en Mededeelingen. Afdeeling Natuurkunde. 2'**
Reeks, Deel 7. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1873.
Jaarboek voor 1872. 8vo. Ihid. The Academt.
Auckland, N. Z. : —
Acclimatisation Society.
Report and Financial Statement, for the year ending Feb.
28th, 1873. 8vo. Auckland, N. Z., 1873. The Society?
Institute.
Report for the year ending Feb. 17th, 1873. 8vo. Ibid.
The Insxixtjxe ?
additions to the library. — Session 1873-74. a
11 additions to the library.
Titles. Don-oes.
Academies and Societies {continued).
Basel:—
Naturforschende Gesellschaft.
Yerhandlungen. Tbeil 5, Hft. 4, and Theil 6, Hft. 1. 8vo,
Basel, 1873-74. The Society.
Zoologischer Garten.
Geschaftsbericlit (l^*") des Verwaltungsrathes. 4to. Basel,
1874. Herb A. MtiLLER, Director.
Batavia ? —
Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en "Wetenschappen.
Notulen van de Algemeene en Bestunrs-vergaderingen
van het B. G. Deel 10, No. 4, & Deel 11, Ko. 1. 8vo.
Batavia, 1873. The Society.
Kon. Natuuxkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie.
Katunrkundig Tijdsehrift voor Nederlandsch Indie. Deel
32, Afl. 4-6. 8vo. Ibid., 1873. The Institution.
Berlin t —
Botanischer Verein fiir die Provinz Brandenburg, &c.
Yerbandlungen. Jabrg. 14 & 15. 8vo, Berlin, 1872-73.
The Association.-
Kon. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenscbaften.
Abbandlungen, aus dem Jabre 1872. 4to. Berlin, 1873.
Inbaltsverzeicbniss der Abbandlungen, aus den Jabren
1822-72. 8vo. Ihid., 1873.
Monatsbericbte fiir Februar, und fiir Mai bis December, 1873,
und fiir Januar bis Marz, 1874. 8yo. Ibid., 1873-74,
The Academy.
Yerein znr Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den Kon, Preuss.
Staaten,
Monatsscbrift. Jabrg. 16. 8vo. Berlin, 1873.
The Association.
Bonn : —
Naturbistoriscber Yerein der Preussiscben Ebeinlande und
Westpbaliens.
Yerbandlungen. Jabrg. 29, 2'^ Halfte, & Jabrg. 30, 1^*«
Hiilfte. Svo. Bonn, 1872-73. The Association.
additioxs xo xhe librart. hi
Titles. Doxoks.
AcABEMTES Ain) SOCIETIES (co7itinued).
Bordeaux : —
Societe des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles.
Memoires. Tome 7, Tome 9, Caliier 2, & Tome 10, Cahier 1.
8vo. Paris &c., 1869-74. The Society,
Boston, Mass. : —
American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Memoirs. New Series. Vol. 9, Pt. 2. 4to. Cambridge,
1873.
Proceedings. Vol. 8, Sheets 52-85 (pp. 409-680). 8vo.
Boston & Cambridge, 1873, The Academy.
Society of Natural History.
Memoirs. Vol. 2, Pt. 2, Nos. 2 & 3. 4to. Boston, 1872-3.
Proceedings. Vol. 14, pp. 225 to end, and Vol. 15, Pts. 1 & 2.
8vo. Ibid., 1872-73. The Society.
Brunn : —
Naturforschender Verein.
Yerhandlungen. Bd. 10 & 11. 8vo. Brunn, 1872-73.
The Associahon.
Brussels : —
Societe R. de Botanique de Belgique.
BuUetin. Tome 12, Nos. 1-3. 8to. Bruxelles, 1873-74.
The Society.
Societe Entomologique.
Annales. Tome 16. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1873.
Comptus rendus. No. 92-8. 8vo. Ibid., 1873-74.
(The Society ?)
Buffalo : —
Society of Natural Sciences.
BuUetin. Vol. 1, No. 2-4. 8to. Buffalo, 1873-74.
The Society,
Calcutta : —
Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Journal. New Series, Yol. 42, Part 2, Nos. 1-3. 8vo.
Calcutta, 1873.
Proceedings. Nos. 5-10, 1873, & No. 1, 1874. 8vo. Ibid.
The Socieit.
«2
iv ADDITIONS TO THE IIBEARY.
Titles. Donoes.
Academies and Societies (continued).
California : —
Academy of Sciences. See San Francisco.
Cambridge, Mass. : —
Harvard College ; Miiseum of Comparative Zoology.
Illustrated Catalogue, No. 7. Revision of the EcMni, by
Alexander Agassiz, Pts. 3 & 4. 4to. Cambridge, 1873.
The College.
Cherbourg : —
Societe des Sciences Naturelles.
Memoires. Tome 17. (2* Serie, Tome 7.) 8vo. Paris,
&c., 1873.
Catalogue de la Bibliotheque de la Societe. 2 Partie, l^t'e
Livr. 8vo. Cherbourg, 1873. The Society.
Connecticut : —
Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Transactions. Yol. 2, Pt. 2. 8vo. New Haven, 1873.
The Academy.
Copenhagen : —
Kongl. Danske Yidenskabernes Selskab.
Skrifter. 5*^ Ra^kke. Naturvidensk. og Mathem. Afdeling.
Bind 9, Hft. 8 & 9, & Bind 10, Hft. 1-6. 4to. Kjobenhavn,
1872-73.
Oversigt over det Kgl. D. Y. S. Porhandlinger, &c., i aar.
1872 & 1873, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid. (1872).
The Society.
Devonshire : —
Association for the Advancement of Science.
Report and Transactions. Yol. 6, Pt. 1. 8vo. Plymouth.
1873. The Association.
Dublin : —
Royal Irish Academy.
Transactions. Yol. 24. Science, Pts. 16 & 17, and Yol. 25,
Pts. 1-4. 4to. Dublin, 1870-73.
additions to the library, v
Titles. Donors.
AcABEiriES AND SOCIETIES {continued).
I>ublin {continued) : —
Proceedings. Vol. 10, Pt. 4. 8vo. DubHn, 1870.
. 2nd series. Vol. 1, Nos. 2-8. Svo. lUd., 1871-73.
The Academy.
Royal Geol(^cal Society of Ireland,
Journal. Vol, 13, Pt, 3. (N. S. Vol. 3, Pt. 3.) 8vo. London,
1873, The Socxety.
Edinburgh : —
Botanical Society,
Transactions and Proceedings. Vol. 11, Pt, 3, 8vo. Edin-
burgh, 1873- The Soceeiy.
Eoyal Society.
Transactions, Vol. 27, Pt. 1 (for the Session 1872-73).
4to. (Edinburgh?)
Proceedings, Session 1872-73. (Vol. 8, No. 85 & 86.) 8vo.
(Ibid.) The Society.
Crlangen : —
PhysikaHsch-Medicinische Societat,
Sitzungsberichte, Heft 5. 8vo. Erlangen, 1873.
The Society.
Frankfurt a. M. : —
Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft.
Abhandlungen. Band 8, Hft. 3 & 4, und Bd. 9, Hft. 1 & 2.
4to, Frankfurt a. M., 1872-73.
Bericht, 1872-73. 8vo, Ibid., 1873. The Society.
Geneva : —
Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle.
Memoires. Tome 22 & 23, Partie 1. 4to. Paris & Bale,
1873. The Society.
Giessen : —
Oberhessische Gesellschaft fUr Natur- und Heilkunde.
Bericht 14. 8vo. Giessen, 1873. The Society,
vi additions 10 the libkaey.
Titles. Donoks.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Gottingen : —
Koiiigl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften.
Abhandlungen. Band 18. 4to. Gottingen, 1873.
Naclirichten, aus dem Jahre 1873. Svo. IhicL, 1873.
The Societx.
Haarlem ; —
Societe HoUandaise des Sciences.
Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles.
Tome 8, Livr. 3 & 4. Svo. La Haye, 1873.
The Society.
Sep. piibL See Bosgoed, B. M.
Hague : — Nederl. Entomol. Yereeniging. See JUeyden.
Hanover : —
Naturhistorische Gesellschaft.
Jahresbericht 22. Svo. Hannover, 1872. The Society.
Hobart Town : — See Tasmania.
India : —
Forest Eeports.
Administration Eeports of the Forest Department of the
Bombay Presidency, including Sind, for 1871-72. Svo.
Bombay, 1873. The India Oepice.
Innsbruck : —
Naturwissenschaftlich-Mediziniseher Yerein.
Berichte. Jahrg. 3. 8vo. Innsbriick, 1873.
The AssociAiiON.
Jena : —
Medicinische Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft.
Jenaische Zeitschrift fiir Medicin iind Naturwissenschaft.
Bd. 1-7. Svo. Leipzig, 1864-73. Pttrchased.
Kazan : —
Societe des Naturalistes de la Nouvelle Russia.
Zapiski, &c. Tome 2, Pt. 1. Svo. Odessa, 1873.
The Society.
ABDIIIOJS'S TO Till; UBKAKI. VU
Titles. Donoes.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Kazan {continued) : —
University.
Izvestia for 1872. 8vo. Kazan, 1873.
Izvestia i Utchenia Zapiski. Tome 40, Nos. 1-6. 8vo.
Ibid., 1872-73. The Univeksitt.
Kdnigsberg : —
Kunigl. Physikal.-dkonomische GeseUschaft.
Sehriften. Jahrg. 13, Abth. 2. 4to. Konigsberg, 1871-72.
The Society.
Ijausannej —
Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles.
Bulletin. 2'= Serie (Vol. 12), No. 69-71. 8vo. Lausanne,
1873-74. The Society.
Iieyden : —
Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging.
Nederlandsch Kruidkundig ArcMef. — Yerslagen en Mede-
deelingen ; onder redactie van Dr. W. F. E. Suringar, &c.
2de Serie, Deel 1, Stuk 3. 8vo. Nijmegen, 1873.
The Association.
Nederlandsclie Entomologische Vereeniging.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. Serie 2, Deel. 8. 8vo. Gra-
venhage, 1872-73. The Association.
Lisbon : —
Academia Heal das Sciencias.
Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas, e Naturaes.
Tomo 1-3. 8vo. Lisboa, 1868-71.
Sep. pnbl. See Ribeiro, /. S. The Academy.
Liverpool : —
Literary and PhilosopMcal Society.
Proceedings. No. 27. 8vo. London, 1873. The Society.
London : —
British Association for the Advancement of Science.
Eeport 42nd. 8vo. London, 1873. The Association.
viu additions xo tke libeaex.
Titles. Dokoes.
Academies aitd Societies (continued).
Iiondon (continued) : —
British Museum.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera. By
Francis Walker, Ksq. Parts 6-8. 8to. London, 1873.
Hand-list of the Edentate, Thick-skinned, and Euminant
Mammals. By Br. J. E. Gray^F.K.S. &c. 8vo. Ibid, 1873.
of the Shield Eeptiles. By the same. 8vo. Ihid.,
1873. The Teiistees.
Entomological Society.
Transactions. Pts. 3-5 for 1873, and Pt. 1 for 1874. 8vo.
London, 1873-74. The Society.
Geological Society.
Quarterly Journal. Vol. 29, Pts. 3 & 4, and Vol. 30, Pts.
1 & 2. 8vo. London, 1873-74. The Socxety.
PalsBontographical Society.
Publications. Yol. 27. 4to. London, 1874; containing: —
1. Davidson, TJiomas. Monograph of the British Fossil
Brachiopoda. Yol. 4, Pt. 1. Supplement to the recent
Tertiary and Cretaceous Species.
2. O'we!!., BicJiard. Monograph of the Fossil Eeptilia of
the "Wealden and Pui'beck Formations. Supplement,
Nos. 5 & 6.
3. . Monograph of the Fossil Eeptilia of the
Mesozoic Formations. Pt. 1.
4. "Wood, S. V. Supplement to the Crag Mollusca. Pt. 2.
Bivalves.
5. WrigLit, Thomas. Monograph of the British Fossil
Echinodermata from the Cretaceous Formations. Yol. 1,
Pt. 6. PxmCHASED.
Pharmaceutical Society.
Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions. 3rd Series, Nos.
156-207. 8vo. London, 1873-74.
Catalogue of the Library. 8vo, Ibid., 1873.
Calendar for 1874. 8vo. Ibid. The Society,
Quekett Microscopical Club.
Joiu-nal. Nos. 24-26. Eeport 8th, &c. 8vo. London, 1873-74.
The Club.
ADDITIONS TO TBffi LIBKAKT. IX
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Iiondon (continued) : —
Royal Society.
Philosophical Transactions. Vol. 162, Pt. 2, and Yol. 163,
Pts. 1 & 2. 4to. London, 1873-74.
Proceedings. (Vol.21.) Nos. 145-52. 8yo. Ibid., 1873-74,
The Society.
Royal Agricultural Society.
Journal. 2nd Series, Yol. 9, Pt. 2, & Yol. 10, Pt. 1. 8vo.
London, 1873-74. The Society.
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britian and Ireland.
Journal. New Series, Yol. 7, Pt. 1. 8vo. London, 1874.
The Society.
Royal Geographical Society.
Journal. Yol. 42. 8vo. London, 1872.
Proceedings. Yol. 17, Nos. 2-5, and Yol. 18, Nos. 1 & 2.
8vo. Ibid., 1873-74. The Society.
Royal Horticultural Society.
Journal. New Series, Yol. 4, Pts. 13 & 14. 8vo. London,
1873-74. The Society.
Royal Microscopical Society.
Monthly Microscopical Journal. Nos. 55-66. 8vo. London,
1873-74. The Society.
Society of Arts.
Journal. Nos. 1074-1125. 8vo. London, 1873-74.
The Society.
Zoological Society.
Transactions. Yol. 8, Pt, 6. 4to. London, 1873.
Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings. Pts. 1 & 2 for the
year 1873. 8vo. Ibid. The Society.
London, Ontario : —
Entomological Society.
Report for 1872. By the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., and
others. 8vo. Toronto, 1873.
Henky Reeks, Esq., E.L.S.
Canadian Entomologist. See Jouenals.
Lund : —
University.
Acta (Ars-skrift). Mathematik & Naturvetenskap. 4to.
Lund, 1871-72. The XInreksity.
x additions to the library.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Lyon (continued) : —
Societe d' Agriculture, Sciences Naturelles, &c.
Annales. 4^ Serie, Tome 2. 8vo. Lyon, 1870.
The Societt.
Societe Linneenne.
Annales. Nouvelle Serie, Tome 18. 8vo. Paris, 1872.
The Society.
Manchester : —
Literary and Philosophical Society.
Proceedings. YoL 11, Kos. 14 & 15, and Vol. 12, N'os. 1-
11. 8vo. Manchester, 1872-73. The Society.
Montreal : —
Natural History Society.
Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science. New
Series. Yol. 6, No. 4, and Vol. 7, No. 1. 8vo. Montreal,
1872. The Society.
Moscow : —
Societe Imp. des Naturalistes.
Bulletin. Tome 45, Nos. 1-3. 8vo. Moscou, 1872.
The Society.
Munich : —
Kon. Bayerische Academic der Wissenschaften.
Abhandlungen der Mathemat.-physikal. Classe. Band 11,
Abth. 1. 4to. Miinchen, 1871.
Sitzungsberichte. Math.-nat. Classe. 1871, Heft 3, and
1872, Heft 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72.
. Inhaltszverzeichniss zu Jahrg. 1860-70. 8vo. Ibid.
1872. The Academy.
Naples : —
Societa Reale. Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche.
Atti. Vol. 3 & 4. 4to. Napoli, 1866-69.
Rendiconto. Anno 6 (fasc. 6-12), 7 (fasc. 1-12) and 8 (fasc.
1-12). 4to. Ihid., 1867-69. The Academy.
additions to the library. xi
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Newcastle-on-Tyne : —
Natural History Society of Northumberland and Durham.
Transactions. Vol. 4, Pt. 2. 8vo. London, 1872.
The Society.
New South Wales : — See Sydney.
New York : —
Lyceum of Natural History.
Annals. VoL 9, No. 13 (pp. 407 to end), and Vol. 10,
Nos. 1-7. Svo. New York, 1870-72.
Proceedings. Vol. 1, Sh. l-]5. 8vo. (Ibid.) 1870-71.
The Lyceum.
New Zealand : —
Geological Survey. Reports &c. See Hector, /., and Hut-
ton, F. W.
Odessa : —
Society of Naturalists of New Eussia.
Zapiski etc. (Memoirs). Vol. 1,. Pt. 1-3, and supplements.
(E. Lindemann, Prodromus Florae Chersonensis, &
Index plantarum usualium Floras Chersonensis.) Svo.
Odessa, 1872-73. The Society.
Palermo : —
R. Istituto Tecnico. Cons^ di Perfezionamento.
Giomale di Seienze Naturali ed Economiche. Vol. 2, Fasc. 1.
4to. Palermo, 1866. The Institute.
Paris : —
Museum d'Histoire Naturelle.
Nouvelles Archives. Tomes 6 & 7. 4to. Paris, 1870-71.
The Museum.
Societe Botanique de France.
Bulletin. Tome 17, C. R. des Seances, No. 4 ; Tome 18,
Comptes Rendus des Seances, Nos. 3 & 4, et Revue Bibliogr.
D & E; et Tome 19, C. R., Nos.1-3, et Rev. Bibl. A, B,
C, & D. Svo. Paris, 1871-72. The Society.
Xll ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Petersburg : —
Academie Imper. des Sciences.
Memoires. 7^ Serie, Tome 17, Nos. 11 & 12, and Tome 18,
Nos. 1-7. 4to. St. Petersbourg, 1871-72.
Bulletin. Tome 17, ^^os. 1-3. 4to. Ibid., 1871-72.
The Academy.
Botanic Garden.
Transactions (Trudy). Vol. 1, No. 2, and Vol. 2, No. 1 . 8vo.
St. Petersbourg, 1872-73.
Dr. Trautvetter, on the part of the Garden.
Societas Entomologica Eossica.
Horce. Tom. 8, Nos. 3 & 4, and Tom. 9, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo.
Petropoli, 1871-72. The Society.
Philadelphia : —
Academy of Natural Sciences.
Proceedings for 1871 & 1872. 8vo. Philadelphia^ 1871-72.
American Journal of Conchology. Vol. 6, Pt. 4, & Vol. 7.
8vo. Ibid., 1871-72. The Academy.
American Philosophical Society.
Proceedings, No. 89. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1873.
The Society.
Plymouth : — ■
Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History
Society.
Annual Report and Transactions. Vol. 3, Pt. 3, & Vol. 4,
Pt. 3. 8vo. Plymouth, 1869-72. (Inch Keys, J". TF. A^.,
Holmes, K M., &c., Flora of Devon and Cornwall. —
Continuation.) The Institution.
Regensburg : —
Kon. Bayerische Botanisehe GeseUschaft.
Flora. Jahrgang 55, Nos. 15-36, & Jahrg. 56, Nos. 1-15.
8vo. Eegensburg, 1871-73. Purchased.
Rugby :—
Hugby School Natural History Society.
Eeport for 1872. 8vo. Eugby, 1873. Dr. Kitchener, F.L.S.
Russia, New : — See Odessa.
AJ)DI1I0NS TO THE LIBRARY. Xlll
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Salem, Mass. : —
Peabody Academy of Science.
Memoirs. Vol. 1, Nos. 2 & 3. 8vo. Salem, Mass., 1871-72.
Annual Report (4th) of the Trustees for the year 1871. 8vo.
Salem, 1872.
American Naturalist. Vol. 5, Nos. 2-12, and Vol. G, Nos.
1-11. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72. The Academy.
Sep. publ. See Packard, A. S.
San Francisco : —
Californian Academy of Sciences.
Memoirs. Vol. 1, Pts. 1 & 2. 4to. San Francisco, 1868.
Proceedings. Vol. 4, Pts. 1-4. 8vo. Ibid., 1869-72.
The Academy.
Stettin : —
Entomologiseher Vereiu.
Entomologische Zeitung. Jahrg. 30-33. 8vo. Stettin,
1869-72. The Association.
Stockholm : —
Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien.
HandHngar. Ny Foljd. Bd. 7, Hft. 2, Bd. 8, & Bd. 9, Delen 1.
4to. Stockholm, 1868-71.
Ofversigt. Arg. 26 & 27. 8vo. Ibid., 1870-71.
Lefnadsteckningar, ofver efber 1854 afiidna Ledamoter. Bd.
1, Hft. 2. 8vo. Ibid., 1870.
See Carlson, F. F. The Academy.
Sydney :—
Entomological Society of New South Wales.
Transactions. Vol. 2, Pt. 4. 8vo. Sydney, 1872.
The Society.
Toronto : —
Canadian Institute.
Canadian Journal of Science, Literature, and History. New
Scries, No. 76-78 ( = Vol. 13, No. 4-6). 8vo. Toronto,
1872-73. The Institute.
xiv additions to the library.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Turin : —
11, Accademia delle Scienze.
Atti. Vol. 7 (Disp. 1-7). 8vo. Torino, 1871-72.
The Academy.
Upsal : —
Koyal Society of Sciences.
Nova Acta. Series 3, Vol. 8, Fasc. 1. 4to. Upsaliae, 1871.
Sep. publ. See Thorell, T. The Society.
Venice ; —
Regio Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere, ed Arti.
Memorie. Vol. 16, Pte. 1, & Vol. 17, Pte. 2. 4to. Veuezia,
1871 & 1873.
Atti. Serie 4, Tomo 1, Disp. 2-5. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-72.
The Institute.
Vienna : —
Kaiseri. Akademie der "Wissensehaften. Math. -Nat. Classe.
Denkschriften. Bd. 31 & 32. 4to. Wien, 1872.
SitzungsbericMe. Abth. 1, Bd. 64 & 65, and Abtb. 2, Bd. 64.
8vo. Ibid., 1871-72.
. Register zu den Banden 61-64. 8vo. Ibid., 1872.
Anzeiger, Jahrg. 9, Nos. 17-29, & Jahrg. 10, Nos. 4-11.
8vo. Ibid., 1872-73. The Academy.
K. K. Geologische Eeichs-Anstalt.
Abhandlungen. Band 5, Hft. 3. (=Iiaube, Echinoiden
der Tertiarablagerungen.) 4to. Wien, 1871.
Jahrbucb. Bd. 22, Nos. 1-4. 8vo. Ibid., 1872.
Verhandlungen. Jahrg. 1871, No. 6, und J. 1872, Nos. 1-18.
8vo. Ibid., 1872.
. General-Register der Bd. 11-20. 8vo. Ibid., 1872.
The Institute.
K. K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschafb.
Verhandlungen. Bd. 22. 8vo. Wien, 1872. The Society.
Washington : —
Smithsonian Institution,
Annual Report for the year 1870. 8vo. Washington, 1871 .
The Institution.
addiiions to the librabv, xv
Titles. Donoes.
Academies ajtd Societies (continued).
Wiesbaden : —
Nassauischer Yerein fiir Naturkiinde.
Jahrbiicher. Jahrg. 25 & 26. 8vo, Wiesbaden, 1871-72,
The Association.
Winchester : —
Scientific and Literary Society.
Eeport of Proceedings &c. for 1870-71. 8vo. "Winchester,
1872. The Society?
Wurzburg : —
Physikalisch-Medicinisclie GeseUschaft.
Verhandlungen. H^eue Folge, Band 3, Hft. 1-4, & Band 4,
Hft. 1. 8vo. Wiirzbuxg, 1872-73. The Society.
Journals : —
American Naturalist. See Acad., Salem.
Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 5'= Serie. Zoologie, Tomes
15 & 16. Botanique, Tome 14, Nos. 5 & 6, & Tomes 15 & 16.
Svo. Paris, 1872. PtmcHASED.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4tli Series, Nos, 55-
66. Svo. London, 1872-73. Dr. Francis, F.L.S. &c.
Archiv fiir Mikroskopische Anatomic ; herausgegeben von Prof.
Max Schultze. Band 8, und Namen- und Sacb-register zu
Bd. 1-8. 8vo. Bonn, 1871-72. Pfechased.
Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte ; gegriindet von A. F. A. Wiegmann;
fortgesetzt von W. F. Erichson &c. Jahrg. 38, Heft 1-3,
& 39, Hft. 1. 8vo. Berlin, 1872-73. Purchased.
Archives Neerlandaises. See Acad., Haarlem, Soc. Holland.
Athenaeum. Pts. 534-45. (=No8. 2327-79.) 4to. London,
1872-73. The Publisher.
Botanical Magazine. 3rd Series : conducted by J. D. Hooker,
M.D., F.R.S., V.P.L.S., &c. Nos. 331-42. 8vo. London,
1872-73. Purchased.
Botanische Zeitung. Redaction, A. de Bary, G. Krauss. Jahrg.
30, Nos. 23-52, und J. 31, Nos. 1-22. 4to. Leipzig,
1872-73. Purchased.
Botanisk Tidsskrift, See Academies, Copenhagen, Botan.
Forening.
xvi additions to the library.
Titles. Donors.
Journals (continued) : —
Canadian Entomologist: edited by the Rev. J, S. Bethune.
Yol. 3, Nos. 7-8, Vol. 4, Nos. 1, 2, & 4-11, & Vol. 5, Nos.
1-4. 8vo. London (Ontario), 1871-73.
Henry Reeks, Esq., F.L.S.
Canadian Journal of Science. See Acad., Toronto.
Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science. See
Academies &c., Montreal.
Entomologist. Nos. 112-117. 8vo. London, 1873.
E. Kewman, Esq., F.L.S.
Entomologist's Annual for 1873. 8vo. London, 1873.
H. T. Stainton, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Entomologist's Monthly Magazine : conducted by H. G. Knaggs,
M.D., R. M'Lachlan, Esq., F.L.S., &c. Nos. 98-109. 8vo.
London, 1872-73. The Editors.
Flora. See Academies (fee, Regensburg.
Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette. Nos. 25-52
for 1872, and Nos. 1-24 for 1873. 4to. London.
Pxtechased.
Geological Magazine : edited by Henry "Woodward, F.G.S. tfec.
Vol. 9, Nos. 7-12, and Vol. 10, Nos. 1-6. 8vo. London,
1872-73. The Editor.
Giornale (Nuovo) Botanico Italiano : diretto da T. Caruel. Vol.
4, Nos. 3 & 4, and Vol. 5, Nos. 1 & 2. Svo. Pisa, 1872-73.
The Editor.
GreviUea. A Monthly Record of Cryptogamic Botany and its
Literature : edited by M. C. Cooke, M.A. Vol. 1. (Nos. 1-
12). 8vo. London, 1872-73. The Editor.
Ibis. 3rd Series : edited by Osbert Salvin, M.A., F.L.S., &c,
(Vol. 2) Nos. 7-10. 8vo. London, 1872-73. Purchased.
Jahrbiicher fiir wissenschaftliche Botanik : herausgegeben von
Dr. N. Pringsheim. Band 8, Hft. 4. 8vo. Leipzig, 1872.
Purchased.
Journal de Conchyliologie ; publie sous la direction de MM.
Crosse et Fischer. 3^ Serie, Tome 12, No, 3 & 4, and Tome
13, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Paris, 1872-73. Purchased.
Journal of Botany, British and Foreign : edited by H. Trimen,
M.B., F.L.S., and J. G. Baker, F.L.S. &c. Nos. 115-126.
8vo. London, 1872-73. Purchased.
additions to the library. xvu
Titles. Doxors.
Journals (contintced) : —
Liiinaea : ein Journal fiir die Botanik : herausgegeben von Dr
Aug. Garcke. Xeue Folge, Bd. 3, Heft 3-5. 8vo. Berlin,
1872. Purchased.
Malakozoologische Blatter: herausgegeben von Dr. Louis Pfeiffer
und Dr. W. Kobelt. Band 19, Bog. 7-13, und Bd. 20, Bog.
1-13. Svo. Cassel, 1872-73. Purchlised.
Monthly Microscopical Journal. See Academies, London^
R. Microscopical Society.
Nature : a weekly illustrated Journal of Science. Xos. 138-
189. 8vo. London, 1872-73. The Publisher.
Nuovo Giornale Botanico. See Giomale.
Pharmaceutical Journal. See Academies, lK>ndoii, Pharma-
ceutical Society.
■ Popular Science Eeview: edited by Henry Lawson, M.D.
Nos. 44-47. Svo. London, 1871-72.
E. Hardwicke, Esq., F.L.S.
Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Yolkenkunde. See
Academies &c., Batavia, Batav. Genootschap.
Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie : herausgegeben von
C. T. von Siebold und Albert Kolliker. Bd. 22, Hft. 3 «fe 4,
und Bd. 23, Hft. 1 & 2. Svo. Leipzig, 1872-73.
Purchased.
Zoological Record for 1871. Pts. 1 & 2. Edited by A. NeAvton,
M.A., F.R.S., &c. Purchased.
Zoologist : edited by Edward Newman, F.L.S. &c. 2nd Series,
Xos. 82-93. Svo. London, 1872-73. Purchased.
Abbott, Francis. Result of five years' Meteorological Observations
for Hobart Town. 4to. Hobart Town, 1872.
Royal Society of Tasmania.
Agardb, C. A. [Icones Algarum Europaearura.] Svo. [Leipzig,
1828-35.] J. C. Galton, Esq., M.A., F.L.S.
Agassiz, Alexander. Application of Photography to Illustrations
of Natural History. Svo. 1871. 2 pp.
. Revision of the Echini. See Academies tfec, Cambridge^
Mass.
Allman, G. J. Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian
Hydroids. Conclusion of Part 1, and Part 2, folio. London,
1872. (Ray Society Publication.) Purchased,
additions to the library. — Session 1872-73. h
xviu additions to the m beaky.
Titles, Donors.
Anderson, John. Ou Memo aria and Sccipia, two genera of Land-
Tortoises. (Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872.) 8vo.
. Notes on Rhinoceros sxmiatrensis, Cuv. (Ibid., 1872.) 8vo.
• . Eurther remarks on the external characters and anatomy of
Macamts briinnens. (Ibid., 1872.) 8vo.
. Ou some Persian, Himalayan, and other Eeptiles. (Ibid.,
1872.) 8vo. . The Authok.
Baillon, ff. Histoire des Plantes. Tome 3, FamiUes 19-23, et
Tome 4, Fam. 27-35. 8vo. Paris, 1871-73. Purchased.
Baily, W. H. Figures of characteristic British Fossils. Part 3.
8vo. London, 1871. The Author.
Bentham, G., & Hooker, J. D. Genera Plantarum : ad exem-
plaria imprimis in herbariis Kewensibns servata, definita. Yol. 2,
pars 1. 8vo. Londini, 1873. The Authors.
Bemays, Louis. The Olive and its products. 8vo. Brisbane,
1872. The Author.
Blomefield, Rev. Leonard. Address, as President, to the Bath
Natural Histoiy Society and Antiquarian Field Club, Feb. 19,
1872. 8vo. Bath, 1872.
. Local Biology : followed by remarks on the Faunas of Bath
and Somerset. 8vo. Ihid., 1873. The Author.
Bljrtt, A. Bidrag til Kundskaben om Vegetationen i den lidt sydfor
og under Polarkredsen liggende Del af Norge. (Yidensk. Selsk.
Forhandl. fiir 1871.) 8vo. University of Christiania.
Boissier, Edm. Icones Euphorbiarum : ou, Figui-es de 122 species
du genre Euphorbia, &c. Fol. Paris, 1866. The Author.
-. . Flora Orientalis. Yol. 2. 8vo. Genevfe &c., 1872.
Purchased.
Borre, Alph. Prudhomme de. Catalogue . . . d'une petite collection
de Fourreaux de Larves de Phryganides de Baviere. (xlnn. Soe.
Entom. Belg., tome 14.) 8vo. 1871. The Author.
Britten, James. List of Lincolnshire Plants (from AYhite's His-
tory, Gazetteer, &c. of Lincolnshire). | sheet. 8vo.
The Author.
Brown, (Robert). Remarks on the formation of Fjords and Canons.
(Journ. R. Geogr. Soc, 1871.) 8vo. The Author.
Bulger, George E. Notes of a tour from Bangalore to Calcutta,
thence to Delhi and to British Sikkim. 8vo, Secunderabad,
1869. The Author.
additions to the uwuky. x15
Titles. Donobs.
Carlson, F. F. Miunesteckning tifver E, G. Geijer. 8vo. Stock-
holm, 1870. The Academy of Sciexces, Stockholm.
Christy, H. See Lartet.
Cleghorn, ILujJi. Obituary Xotice of Dr. Robert Wright. Svo.
Edinburgh, 1873. The Author.
Cooke, M. C, Ed. Grcvillea. See Journals.
Dalton, E. T. Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal. Fol. Calcutta,
1872. Goverxmext of Bengal, through Asiatic Society.
Dana, James D. Corals and Coral Islands. Svo. London, 1872.
Purchased.
"D^y, Francis. Slonograph of Indian Cyprinida^. Part 6. (Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 41.) 8vo. 1872. The Author.
Duncan, P. M. See Academies, London, Palceontogr. Soc.
, Description of the Madreporaria dredged up during the
Expeditions of H.il.S. ' Porcupine ' in 1869 & 1870. (Zool.
Trans, vol. viii. pt. 5.) 4to. London, 1871. The Author.
Eaton, Rev. A. E. See Academies, London, Entomol. Soc
Eichler, A. O. Flora Brasil. See Martins, C. F. P. cle.
Fayrer, J. The Thauatophidia of India : being an account of the
Venomous Snakes of the Indian Peninsula &c. Fol. London,
1872. The Author.
Flower, T. B. Flora of Wiltshire, ^o. 14. Svo. (Devizes.)
The Author.
Frauenfeld, Georg, Hitter von. Zoologische MisceUen. No. 16,
2*« Halfte, und Is^o. 17. (Verb. Zool.-Bot. Verein, Wien, 1872.)
Svo.
. Phylloxera Yastatrix. 8vo. 1872.
. Die Frage des Vogelschutzes. 12mo. Wien, 1872.
The Author.
Gosse, P. H. Actinologia Britannica. A History of the British
Sea-Anemones and Corals. Svo. London, 1860. Purchased.
Gregg, W. H. Catalogue of the Birds of Chemung County, New-
York. Svo. Elmira, N. Y., 1870. The Author?
Haeckel, (Ernst). Die Kalkschwiimme. 3 Bande. Svo. Berlin,
1872. Purchased.
Hahn, C. W., & Koch, C. L. Die Arachniden : getreu nach der
Natur abgebildet und bcschrieben. Bd, 1-16. Svo. Niirnberg
1831-48. Purchased.
62
xx additions 10 the libbart.
Titles. Donors.
Hanstein, Joh. Botanische Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiet der
Morphologie und Physiologie. Band 1 & Band 2, Hft. 1. 8vo.
Bonn, 1871-72. Purchased.
Hector, James. Eeports of Geological Explorations duringl871-72.
8vo. Wellington, N. Z., 1872.
. Annual Eeports (6 & 7) on the Colonial Museum and Labo-
ratory. 8vo. Ihid., 1871-72.
Geological Survey of New Zealand.
Hiern, W. P. A Theory of the forms of floating leaves in certain
Plants. 8vo. 1873.
. Monograph of Ebenacese. (Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. vol. 12.)
4to. Cambridge, 1873. The Author.
Hoffiuann, H. Pflanzen-missbildungen. 8vo. Bremen.
The Author.
Hooker, J. B. Flora of British India. Part 1. 8vo. London,
1872. H.M. Secretary op State for India.
Hooker's Icones Plantarum. 3rd Series ; edited by J. D. Hooker,
M.D., P.E.S., L.S., &c. Vol. 2, Parts 1 & 2. 8vo. London,
1872-73. George Bentham, Esq., Pres. L.S.
Hutton, F. W. Catalogue of the Echinodermata of New Zealand,
with diagnoses of the species. 8vo. New Zealand, 1872.
Geological Survey, New Zealand.
Keys, J. W. N. Flora of Devon and Cornwall. See Academies,
Plymouth.
Koch, G. L. Uebersicht des Arachniden-Systems. Hft. 1, 2,
Hft. 3, Abth. 1-3, Hft. 4, Abth. 1-5, and Hft. 5. 8vo. Nurn-
berg, 1837-50. Purchased.
. Die Arachniden. See Hahn, C. W.
Koch, jBTarZ. Dendrologie. Baume, Strauche^&c.,welcheinMittel-
und Nord-Europa, im freien cultivirt werden. Theil 2, Abth. 1.
8vo. Erlangen, 1872. The Author.
Koch, Ludwig. Die Arachniden-FamUie der Drassiden. Hffc. 1-7.
8vo. Niirnberg, 1866-67. Purchased.
KoUiker, A. Weitere Beobachtungen iiber das Yorkommen und
die Verbreitung typischer Eesorbtionsflachen an den Xnochen.
8vo. Wiirzburg, 1872. The Author?
Koninck, L. G. de. Nouvelles recherches sur les Animaux Fos-
siles du Terrain Carbonifere de la Belgique. l^""* partie. 4to.
Bruxelles, 1872. (Mem. Acad. R. Sc. Belg., tome 39.)
The Author.
additions to the libbart. xxi
Titles. Donors.
Iiartet, E., Christy, H., &ic. lleliquiae Aquitanicse. Part 11.
4to. London, 1873. Executors of H. Christy, Esq., E.L.S.
Laube. Echinoidea. See Academies, Vienna, K. K. GeoL-
Anstalt.
Ledebour, Carl F. von. Eoise durch das Altai-Gebirge und die
Soongorische Kirgisen-Steppe. 2 Theile, 8vo, nnd Atlas, 4to.
Berlin, 1829-30. G. Bentham, Esq., Pros. L.S.
Le Maout, Bin., & Decaisne, J. General System of Botany,
descriptive and analytical, translated by Mrs. Hooker ; the orders
arranged, with additions, an appendix on the natural method,
and a synopsis of the orders, by J. D. Hooker, C.B., F.R.S.,
L.S., M.D., &c. Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S.
Lewis, T. R. On a Hcematozoon inhabiting Human Blood ; its
relation to Chiluria and other diseases. 8vo. Calcutta, 1872.
Dr. Shorit, E.L.S.
Lewis, T. R., & Cunningham, D. D. Report of Microscopical
and Physiological Researches into the nature of the agent or
agents producing Cholera. Svo. Calcutta, 1872.
Dr. Shortt, E.L.S.
Liais, Emmanuel. Climats, Geologic, Faune et Geographic Botanique
du Bresil. 8vo. Paris, 1872. The Brazilian Government.
Lindemann, E. Prodromus Florae Chersonensis. See Academies,
Odessa, Soc. of Nat. of New Russia.
Loscos, Francisco, j Pardo, Jose. Serie imperfecta de las plantas
Aragonesas espontaneas ; particularmente de las que habitan en
la parte Meridional. Ed. 2. Svo. Alcaniz, 1866-67.
Don F. Loscos.
Lowe, T. R. Manual Flora of Madeira and the adjacent Islands.
Vol. 1, pts. 4 & 5. 12mo. London, 1868. The Author.
Lycett, John. Brit. Foss. Trigoniae. See Academies, London,
Palaeontogr. Soc.
McLachlan, R. Instructions for the collection and preservation
of Neuropterous Insects. Svo. London, 1873. The Authoe.
. See Entomol. Soc.
Marsh, 0. L. On the structure of the skuU and limbs in Mosasauroid
Reptiles. (Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, vol. 3, 1872.) Svo.
. On a new subclass of Fossil Birds (Odontornithes), and on
the gigantic fossil Mammals of the order Dinocerata. (Ibid.,
vol. 5, 1873.) Svo. The Author.
xxu additions 10 ihe librart.
Titles. Donors.
Marshall, Rev. T. A. See Acadejues &c., London, Entomol. Soc.
IVIartins, Charles. Sur I'origine glaciaire des Tourbieres du Jura
Neuchatelais &c. (Bull. Soc. Bot. France, tome 18.) 8vo. 1871.
Index Seminum Horti Monspeliensis, 1872. 8vo.
. Un NaturaKste philosophe : Lamarck ; sa vie at ses ceuvres.
8vo. Paris, 1873.
. Comparaison des Membres Pelviens et Thoraciques chez
rHomme et chez les Mammiferes. 8vo. Tbid.^ 1873.
The Author ?
Martins, C. F. Ph. de, Eichler, Aug. Gul, &c. Flora Brasi-
liensis. Enumeratio Plantarum in Brasilia hactenus detec-
tarum. Fasc. 57-71, and Index &c. of Vol. 13, Part 1, and
Yol. 14, Part 2. FoHo. Lipsi», 1872-73. Ptochased.
Meehan, Thomas. On the effect of ' girdling ' Sequoias and other
Coniferse. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1872.)
. On Numerical Order in the branching of some Coniferse.
(Ibid., 1872.) 8vo.
. Notes on 'Pine Needles' and on the Hypothesis of Evolution.
(Ibid., 1872.) 8vo.
. On dioecious plants of the common Asparagus. (Ibid., 1872.)
8vo.
. On the spawn of the common Mushroom, Agaricus campestns.
(Ibid., 1872.) 8vo. The Author?
Miklos, Dr. Szontagh. Xarpati Kerek. 4to. Pest, 1870.
. Elesztokerzodes &c. 8vo. (Ibid., 1870.)
. MUio-eves ^^let. 8vo. (Ibid., 1872.) The Author.
Moggridge, J. T. Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders. 8vo.
London, 1873. The Author.
Miicke, Carl. The Take-All Corn-disease of Australia. 8vo.
Melbourne, 1870. F. S. Dutton, Esq.
Miiller, Albert. On the manner in which the ravages of the larvae
of a Nematus, on Salix cinerea, are checked hy Picromerus
bidens, L. (Trans. Entom. Soc, 1872.) 8vo.
. Contributions to Entomological Bibliography up to 1862.
No. 1. (Ibid., 1873.) 8vo. The Author.
- Mueller, Baron Ferd. von. Select plants, exclusive of timber trees,
eligible for Victorian Industrial culture. 8vo. Melbourne, 1872.
The Author.
additions to the library. xxiu
Titles. Donors.
Oersted, A. S. Bidrag til Kundskab era Egefamilien i Nutid og
Fortid (=K. D. Yidensk.-Selskabs Skrifter, Bd. 9, Hft. 6). 4to.
Kjobcnhavn, 1871. The Society?
Packard, A. S., Jun., Ed. Records of American Entomology for
1870. 8vo. Salem, 1871.
. for 1871. See Salem, Peabody Academy Report.
Peabody Academy, Salem.
"ParlsLtorey Filipjw. Flora Italiana, Vol. 5, pte. 1. Sxo. Fh-enze,
1873. Purchased.
Peacock, R. A. How a National Museum of Natural History might
be built and arranged with advantage. 8vo. London, 1872.
The Author.
Pearson, Lt.-Col. G. F. Report on the Administration of the
Forest Department in the several Provinces under the Govern-
ment of India. See Academies &c., India.
Plateau, Feliv. Qu'est ce que I'aile d'un Insecte ? 8vo.
. Recherches physico-chymiques sur les Articules Aquatiques.
Partie 1. 4to. BruxeUes, 1870. Partie 2. 8vo. Ibid., 1872.
. Sur le mode d' adherence des males de Dytiscides aux femeUes
pendant Facte d'accouplement. 8vo. (Gand, 1872.)
. Materiaux pour la Faune Beige. 2^ Note. Myriapodes.
(BuU. Acad. R. Belg. 2^ Serie, Tome 33.) 8vo. BruxeUes,
1872. The Author.
Quaedvlieg, Louts. Description d'une anomalie observee chez un
exemplaire de Hestia Bella, Westw. (Ann. Soc. Entom. Belg.,
tome 14). 8vo. 1871. The Author.
Reeve, Lovell. Conchologia Iconica. Parts 294-301. 4to. London,
1872-73. Purchased.
Regel, E. Plantae a Burmeistero prope Urlask coUectae. 8vo.
The Author.
Sachs, (Jul'ms). Lehrbuch der Botanik. 3'* Auflage. 8vo.
Leipzig, 1873. Purchased.
Saunders, W. W., Ed. Refugium Botanicum. Vol. 5, pt. 2.
8vo. London, 1872. The Editor.
Saunders, W. W., Smith, W. G., &c. Mycological Illustrations ;
being figures and descriptions of new and rare Hymenomycetous
Fungi. Part 2. Svo. London, 1872.
W. W. Saunders, Esq., V.P.L.S.
xxiv additions to the library.
Titles. Donors.
Schimper, W. Ph. Traite de Paleontologie Vegetale. Tome 2,
Partie 2. 8vo. Paris, 1870-72.
. . Atlas de Planches. Livr. 4, Tab. 76-90. 4to. Ibid.,
1870-72. The Author.
Schoinburgk, B. Report on the progress and condition of the
Botanic Garden and Government Plantations, 1872. Fcap. fol.
Adelaide, 1873. C. A. "Wilson, Esq.
. Papers read before the Philosophical Society and Chamber of
Manufactures. Ibid., 8vo. 1873. The Author,
Schubeler, F. G. Die Pflanzenwelt Norwegens : ein Beitrag zur
Natur- und Culturgeschichte Nord-Europas. Allgemeiner Theil.
4to. Christiauia, 1873.
E,. Norwegian Unitersitt at CHRiSTi.i.NiA.
Schultze, Max. Archiv fiir Mikroskop. Anat. See Journals.
Seemann, Berthold. Flora Vitiensis. Parts 1-10. 4to. London,
1865-73. Purchased.
Shortt, John. The Tuckatoo and Bish Kopra. (Madras Monthly
Joura. of Med. Sci.) 8vo. The Author.
Smith, Frederick. See Academies, London, Entomol. Soc.
Strasburger, Edouard. Die Befruchtung bei den Coniferen.
4to. Jena, 1869.
. Die Coniferen und die Gnetaceeu. 8vo. Ditto, Atlas. 4to.
{Ibid., 1872.)
. Ueber Azolla. 8vo. (Ibid., 1873.) Purchased.
Thomas, H. S. Eeport on Pisciculture in South Canara. 8vo.
Loudon, 1870. The Author.
Thorell, T. Remarks on synonyms of European Spiders. 'So. 3.
8vo. Upsala (1872). The Author.
"Wagner, Moritz. The Darwinian Theory, and the law of the
Migration of Organisms : translated by James S. Laird. 8vo.
London, 1873. The Publisher?
"Weddell, H. A. Sur les Podostemacees en general, et leur distri-
bution geographique en particulier. 8vo. Paris, 1872.
The Author.
Wiegmann, A. F. A. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. See Jour-
nals.
Woodward, Henry. British Fossil Crustacea. See Academies,
London, Palaeontogr. Soc.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRAST. XXV
TiTLKS. DOXOKS.
Wright, Thomas, British Cretaceous Echinodermata. See Aca-
demies, London, Paa^lontogr. Soc.
Anon : —
Phylloxera Yastatrix, Papers relating to. Fcai). fol. 1872.
Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S. &c.
Engraved Portrait, by Alexander Scott, of Eear- Admiral Sir
James Clark Ross, D.C.L., F.R. & L.S. ; from the painting,
by Stephen Pearce, in the Royal Hospital, Greenwich.
Admiral Ommanev, C.B. &c., through
Dr. Hooker, F.R.S., V.P.L.S., kc.
ADDITIONS
LIBRARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.
RECEIVED FROM JUNE 20, 1873, TO JUNE 19, 1874.
Titles. Donoes.
academxes and societies.
Adelaide : —
Philosophical Society.
Report and Transactions, for the two years ending Sept. 30,
1872. 4to. Adelaide, 1873. The SociETy.
Amsterdam : —
Kon. Akademie van Wetenschappen.
Verslagen en Mededeelingen. AfdeeKng Natuurkunde. 2'^"
Reeks, Deel 7. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1873,
Jaarboek voor 1872. 8vo. Ibid. The Academy.
Auckland, N. Z. : —
Acclimatisation Society.
Report and Financial Statement, for the year ending Feb,
28th, 1873. 8vo. Auckland, N. Z., 1873. The Society?
Institute.
Report for the year ending Feb. 17th, 1873. 8vo. Ibid.
The Institute ?
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEARY. ScSsion 1873-74. «
11 ADDITIOIfS TO xnE LIBRARY.
Titles. Doxoes,
Academies and Societies (continued).
Basel : —
Naturforschende Gesellschafb.
Verhandlungen. Theil 5, Hft. 4, and Tbeil 6, Hft. 1. 8vo.
Basel, 1873-74. The Societt.
Zoologiseher Garten.
Geschfiftsbericht (l^'^"") des Verwaltungsrathes. 4to. Basel,
1874. Herr a. Mullee, Director,
Batavia t —
Bataviaasch Genootseliap van Kunsten en "Wetenschappen.
I^otulen van de Algemeene en Bestuurs-vergaderingen
van het B. G. Dcel 10, No. 4, & Deel 11, No. 1. 8vo.
Batavia, 1873. The Society.
Kon. Natuiirknndige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie.
Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie. Deel
32, Afl. 4-6. 8vo, Ibid, 1873. The Institution.
Berlin t —
Botanischer Yerein fiir die Provinz Brandenburg, &e.
Yerbandlungen. Jabrg. 14 & 15. 8vo. Berlin, 1872-73.
The Association..
Kon. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenscbaften.
Abbandlungen, aus dem Jabre 1872. 4to. Berlin, 1873.
Inbaltsverzeicbniss der Abbandlungeii, aus den Jabren-
1822-72. 8vo. Ibid, 1873.
Monatsbericbte fiir Februar, iind fiir Mai bis December, 1873,
und fiir Januar bis Marz, 1874. 8yo. Ibid, 1873-74,
The Academy.
Yerein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den Kon, Preuss.
Staaten,
Monatsscbrift. Jabrg, 16. 8vo. Berlin, 1873.
The Association.
Bonn s —
Naturbistoriscber Yerein der Preussiscben Ebeinlande uud
Westphaliens.
Yerbandlungen. Jabrg. 29, 2'^ Halfte, & Jabrg. 30, 1''^
Hiilfte. 8vo. Bonn, 1872-73. The Association,.
ADBIT10X8 TO THE LIBRARY. Ill
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies {continued).
Bordeaux : —
Societd des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles.
Memoires. Tome 7, Tome 9, Cahier 2, & Tome 10, Cahier 1.
8vo. Paris &c., 1869-74. The Society.
Boston, Mass. : —
American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Memoirs. New Series. Yol. 9, Pt. 2. 4to. Cambridge,
1873.
Proceedings. Vol. 8, Sheets 52-85 (pp. 409-680). 8vo.
Boston & Cambridge, 1873. The Academy.
Society of Natural History.
Memoirs. Yol. 2, Pt. 2, Nos. 2 & 3. 4to. Boston, 1872-3.
Proceedings. Yol. 14, pp. 225 to end, and Yol. 15, Pts. 1 & 2.
8vo. Ibid., 1872-73. The Soctety.
Briinn : —
Naturforschender Yerein.
Yerhandlungen. Bd. 10 & 11. Svo. Brunn, 1872-73.
The Association.
Brussels : —
Soeiete R. de Botanique de Belgique.
Bulletin. Tome 12, Nos. 1-3. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1873-74.
The Society.
Soeiete Entomologique.
Annales. Tome 16. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1873.
Comptus rendus. No. 92-8. 8vo. Ihid., 1873-74.
(The Society ?)
Buffalo :—
Society of Natural Sciences.
BuUetin. Yol. 1, No. 2-4. Svo. Buffalo, 1873-74.
The Society.
Calcutta : —
Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Journal. New Series, Yol. 42, Part 2, Nos. 1-3. 8vo.
Calcutta, 1873.
Proceedings. Nos. 5-10, 1873, & No. 1, 1874. 8vo. Ihid.
The Society.
a2
iv additions to the library.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
California : —
Academy of Sciences. See San Francisco.
Cambridge, Mass. : —
Harvard College ; Museum of Comparative Zoology.
lUustrated Catalogue, No. 7. Revision of the Echini, by
Alexander Agassiz, Pts. 3 & 4. 4to. Cambridge, 1873.
The College.
Cherbourg: —
Societe des Sciences Naturelles.
Memoires. Tome 17. (2^ Serie, Tome 7.) 8vo. Paris,
&c., 1873.
Catalogue de la Bibliotheque de la Societe. 2 Partie, l^re
Livr. 8vo. Cherbourg, 1873. The Society.
Connecticut : —
Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Transactions. Vol. 2, Pt. 2. 8vo. New Haven, 1873.
The Academy.
Copenhagen : —
Kongl. Danske Yidenskabernes Selskab.
Skrifter. 5'^ Easkke. Naturvidensk. og Mathem. Afdeling.
Bind 9, Hft. 8 & 9, & Bind 10, Hft. 1-6. 4to. Kjobenhavn,
1872-73.
Oversigt over det Kgl. D. V. S. Forhandlinger, &c,, i aar.
1872 & 1873, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ihid. (1872).
The Society.
Devonshire: —
Association for the Advancement of Science.
Report and Transactions. Vol. 6, Pt. 1. 8vo. Plymouth.
1873. The Association.
Dublin :—
Eoyal Irish Academy.
Transactions. Vol. 24. Science, Pts, 16 & 17, and Vol. 25,
Pts. 1-4. 4to. Dublin, 1870-73.
additions to the libbary. v
Titles. Donobs.
Academies and Societies (continued).
I>ublin (continued) : —
Proceedings. Vol. 10, Pt. 4. 8vo. Dublin, 1870.
. 2nd series. Vol. 1, Nos. 2-8. 8vo. Ibid., 1871-73.
The Academy.
Eoyal Geological Society of Ireland.
Journal. Vol. 13, Pt. 3. (^. S. Vol. 3, Pt. 3.) 8vo. London,
1873. The Society.
Edinburgh : —
Eotanical Society.
Transactions and Proceedings. Vol. 11, Pt. 3. 8vo. Edin-
burgh, 1873. The Society.
Royal Society,
Transactions. Vol. 27, Pt. 1 (for the Session 1872-73).
4to. (Edinburgh?)
Proceedings, Session 1872-73. (Vol. 8, No. 85 & 86.) 8vo.
(Ibid.) The Society.
Urlangen : —
PhysikaKsch-Medicinische Societiit.
Sitzuugsberichte. Heft 5. 8vo. Erlangen, 1873.
The Society.
Frankfurt a. M. : —
Senckeubergische Naturforschende GeseUschaft.
Abhandlungen. Band 8, Hft. 3 & 4, und Bd. 9, Hft. 1 & 2.
4to. Frankfurt a. M., 1872-73.
Bericht, 1872-73. 8vo. Ibid., 1873. The Society.
Geneva : —
Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle.
Memoires. Tome 22 & 23, Partie 1. 4to. Paris & Bale,
1873. The Society.
Giessen : —
Oberhessische GeseUschaft fiir Natur- und Heilkunde.
Bericht 14. 8vo. Giessen, 1873. The Society.
vi akditioks to the libkaey.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Gottiugen : —
Koiiigl. Gesellscliaft der Wissenschaften.
Abhandlungen. Band 18. 4to. Gottingen, 1873.
Nachrichten, aus dem Jahre 1873. 8vo. Ibid., 1873.
The Society.
Haarlem t —
Societe HoUandaise des Sciences.
Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles.
Tome 8, Livr. 3 & 4. 8vo. La Haye, 1873.
The Society.
Sep. publ. See Bosgoed, D. M.
Hague : — Nederl. Entomol. Yereeniging. See JLeyden.
Hanover : —
Naturhistorische GeseUschaft.
Jahresbericht 22. 8vo. Hannover, 1872. The Society.
Hobart Town : — See Tasmania.
India : —
Forest Eeports.
Administration Eeports of the Forest Department of the
Bombay Presidency, iachiding Sind, for 1871-72. 8vo.
Bombay, 1873. The India Oppice.
Xnnsbrixck : —
Naturwissenschaftlich-Mediziniseher Yerein.
Berichte. Jahrg. 3. 8vo. Innsbriick, 1873.
The Association.
Jena : —
Medicinische Naturwissenschaftliche GeseUschaft.
Jenaisehe Zeitschrift fiir Medicin imd Naturwissenschaft.
Bd. 1-7. 8vo. Leipzig, 1864-73. PtmcHASED.
Kazan : —
Societe des Naturalistes de la Notivelle Russie.
Zapiski, kc. Tome 2, Pt. 1. 8vo. Odessa, 1873.
The Society.
ABDIIIONS XO THE LIBKAKY. Vll
Titles. Donoes.
Academies and Sociexies (continued).
Kazan (continued) : —
University.
Izvestia for 1872. 8vo. Kazan, 1873.
Izvestia i Utchenia Zapiski. Tome 40, Nos. 1-6. 8vo.
Ibid., 1872-73. TnE Universixt.
Konigsberg : —
Kcinigl. Physikal.-okonomische GeseUschaft.
Sehriften. Jahrg. 13, Abth. 2. 4to. Kouigsberg, 1871-72.
The Society.
liausanne* —
Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles,
BuUetin. 2" Serie (Vol. 12), No. 09-71. 8vo. Lausanne,
1873-74. The Society,
Leyden: —
Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging.
Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief. — Yerslagen en Mede-
deelingen ; onder redactie van Dr. W. F. E. Suringar, (fee.
2de Serie, Deel 1, Stuk 3. 8vo. Nijmegen, 1873.
The Association".
Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. Serie 2, Deel. 8. 8vo, Gra-
venhage, 1872-73. The Association.
Lisbon : —
Aeademia Eeal das Sciencias,
Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas, e Natuxaes.
Tomo 1-3. 8vo. Lisboa, 18G8-71.
Sep. publ. See Ribeiro, J. S. The Academy.
Liverpool : —
Literary and Philosophical Society.
Proceedings. No. 27. 8vo. Loudon, 1873. The Society.
London : —
British Association for the Advancement of Science.
Eeport 42nd. 8vo. London, 1873. The Association.
vm additions to the libeakx.
Titles. Donoes.
Academies aitd Societies (continued).
London (continued) : —
British Museum.
CatalogTie of the Specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera. By
Francis Walker, Esq. Parts 6-8. 8yo. London, 1873.
Hand-list of the Edentate, Thick-skinned, and Euminant
Mammals. By Br. J. E. Gray,r.E.S. &c. 8vo. Ibid., 1873.
of the Shield Eeptiles. By the same. 8vo. Ihid.y
1873. The Teitstees.
Entomological Society.
Transactions. Pts. 8-5 for 1873, and Pt. 1 for 1874. 8vo.
London, 1873-74. The Society.
Geological Society.
Quarterly Journal. Vol. 29, Pts. 3 & 4, and Vol. 30, Pts.
1 & 2. 8vo. London, 1873-74. The Societt.
Palseontographical Society.
Publications. Vol. 27. 4to. London, 1874 ; containing : —
1. Davidson, Thomas. Monograph of the British Fossil
Brachiopoda. Vol. 4, Pt. 1. Supplement to the recent
Tertiary and Cretaceous Species.
2. Owen, RicJiard. Monograph of the Fossil Eeptiha of
the "Wealden and Purbeck Formations. Supplement,
I^os. 5 & 6.
3. . Monograph of the Fossil Eeptilia of the
Mesozoic Formations. Pt. 1.
4. Wood, S. V. Supplement to the Crag Mollusca. Pt. 2.
Bivalves.
5. Wright, Thomas. Monograph of the British Fossil
Echinodermata from the Cretaceous Formations. Vol. 1,
Pt. 6. Pfkchased.
Pharmaceutical Society.
Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions. 3rd Series, Nos.
156-207. 8vo. London, 1873-74.
Catalogue of the Library. 8vo. Ihid., 1873.
Calendar for 1874. 8vo. Ibid. The Society.
Quekett Microscopical Club.
Joiu-nal. Nos. 24-26. Eeport 8th, &c. 8vo. London, 1873-74.
The Club.
additions to the libeakt, ix
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
London (continued) : —
lloyal Society.
PhilosopMcal Transactions. Vol. 162, Pt. 2, and Vol. 163,
Pts. 1 & 2. 4to. London, 1873-74.
Proceedings. (Vol. 21.) ]!foe. 145-52. 8 vo. /Z>/cZ., 1873-74.
The Society.
Eoyal Agricultural Society.
Journal. 2nd Series, Vol. 9, Pt. 2, & Vol. 10, Pt. 1. 8vo.
London, 1873-74. The Societv.
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britian and Ireland,
Journal. New Series, Vol. 7, Pt. 1. 8vo. Loudon, 1874.
The Society.
lloyal Geographical Society.
Journal. Vol. 42. 8vo. London, 1872.
Proceedings. Vol. 17, Nos. 2-5, and Vol. 18, Nos. 1 & 2.
8vo. Ibid., 1873-74. The Society.
Royal Horticultural Society.
Journal. New Series, Vol. 4, Pts. 13 & 14. 8vo. London,
1873-74. The Society.
Eoyal Microscopical Society.
Monthly Microscopical Journal. Nos. 55-66. Svo. London,
1873-74. The Society.
Society of Arts.
Journal. Nos. 1074-1125. 8vo. London, 1873-74.
The Society.
Zoological Society.
Transactions. Vol. 8, Pt. 6. 4to. London, 1873.
Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings. Pts. 1 & 2 for the
year 1873. 8vo. Ibid. The Society.
London, Ontario : —
Entomological Society.
Report for 1872. By the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., and
others. 8vo. Toronto, 1873.
HenPvY Reeks, Esq., E.L.S.
Canadian Entomologist. See Jouenals.
Lund : —
University.
Acta (Ars-skrift). Mathematik & Naturvetenskap. 4to.
Lund, 1871-72. The Univeksity.
x addixioxs to the librakx.
Titles. Donoks.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Lyon: —
Academie Imp, des Sciences.
Memoires. Sciences, Tome 19. 8vo. Lyon, (fee, 1871-72.
The AcADEMr.
Societe d' Agriculture, Sciences Naturelles, &c.
Annales, 4" Serie, Tome 3. 8vo. Lyon, &c., 1871.
The Society.
Societe Linneenne.
Annales. Nouvelle Serie, Tome 19. 8vo. Paris, &c., 1872.
The Society.
Manchester : —
Literary and Philosophical Society.
Memoirs. 3rd Series, Yol. 4. 8vo. London, 1871.
Proceedings. Vols. 8-10. (Session 1868-9 to 1870-71),
Yol. 12, No. 12, & Yol. 13, Nos. 1-11. 8vo. Ibid, 1869-74.
The Society.
Marlborough : —
College of Natural History.
Reports 17 & 18. 8vo. Marlborough, 1873-74.
K.EV. T. A. Pbesxon, President.
Montreal i —
Natural History Society.
Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science.
Yol. 7, Nos. 2-4. 8vo. Montreal (1873-74).
' The Society.
Moscow : —
Societe Imp. des Naturalistes.
Bulletin. Tome 45, No. 4, et Tome 46, Nos. 1-3. 8vo.
Moscou, 1873-74. The Society.
Munich : —
Kon. Bayerische Academie der Wissenschaften.
Abhandlungen. Mathemat.-physikal. Classe. Band 11,
Abth. 2. 4to. Miinchen, 1873.
Sitzungsberichte. Math.-physikal. Classe. 1872, Hft. 3,
and 1873, Hft. 1 & 2. 8vo. IhicL, 1872-73.
The Academy.
AUDITIOXS TO XnE LIBRARY
Titles. W _ Doi>^
^®^^
Academies and Societies {continued). H IjIdIa/* R Y
Naples : — \k
Societa Recole. Accadcmia delle Scienze Fisicl^^Ji^temaucne.
Atti. Vol. 5. 4to. Napoli, 1873. ^^^i'-.^l-.^S^
Rendiconto. Anno 9-11. 4to. lUd., 1870-72.
The Academy.
Newcastle-on-Tyne : —
Natural History Society of Northumberland and Durham.
Transactions. Vol. 5, Pt. 1. 8vo. London, &c., 1873.
The Society.
New York : —
Lyceum of Natural History.
Annals. Vol. 10, Nos. 8-11. 8vo. New York, 1872-73.
Proceedings. Vol. 1, Sheet 19. 8vo. Ihld., 1871.
. 2nd Series, Vol. 1, Sheets 1 & 2. 8to. Ihkl. (Jan.
to March, 1873). The LYCEFai.
Ohio:—
Geological Survey.
Eeport of Progress in 18G9. Pts. 1-3. By J. S. New-
berry, E. B. Andrews, and Edward Orton. 8vo. Columbus,
1870.
in 1870. By J. S. Newberry, Chief Geologist,
and Assistants. 8vo. Ihid., 1871. (With Maps of
Grouped Sections.)
Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio. Vol. 1, Pt. 1.
Geology, and Pt. 2. Palaeontology. 8vo. Ibid., 1873.
("With a Volume of Maps.) Wm. Holdeit, Esq.
Paris : —
Academie des Sciences.
Comptes rendus des Seances. Tomes 66-75. 4to. Paris,
1868-72. The Academy.
Societe Botanique de France.
Bulletin. Tome 18, C. R. des Seances, No. 2 ; Tome 19,
Re-vnie Bibliogr. E, et Session Extraordinaire; Tome 20,
C. R. dos Seances, Nos. 1 &2, et Revue Bibliogr. A-E ; et
Tome 21, C. R. des Seances, No. 1. Paris, 1872-74.
The Society.
Xii ADDITIONS TO THE IIBKAEY.
Titles, Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Paris (continued) : —
Societe Eutomologique de France.
Aunales. 4^ Serie, Tome 10, Partie supplementaire (Eucne-
mides), Cahier 2 «& 3 ; et 5" Serie, Tome 2. 8vo. Paris,
1872.
Bulletin des Seances. No. 14. Bvo. 1873. The Society.
Petersburg : —
Academic Imper. des Sciences.
Memoires. 7^ Serie, Tome 18, Nos. 8-10, & Tome 19,
Nos. 1-7. 4to. St. Petersbourg, 1872-73.
Bulletin. Tome 17, Nos. 4 & 5, & Tome 18, Nos. 1 & 2.
4to. Ibid., 1872. The Academy.
Jardin Botanique.
Eeport on (Trudi). Tome 2. 8vo. St. Petersbourg, 1873.
The Director, Dr. Tkauivettee.
Societas Entomologica Eossica.
Hor£e. Tom, 9, Nos. 3 & 4. 8vo. Petropoli, 1873.
The Society.
Philadelphia : —
American Entomological Society.
Transactions. Vols. 2 & 4. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1868-73.
The Society.
American Philosophical Society.
Transactions. Kew Series, Vol. 14, Part 2, and Vol. 15,
Part 1. 4to. Philadelphia, 1871-73.
Proceedings. Vol. 12, No. 88, and Vol. 13 (Nos. 90 & 91).
8vo. (Ibid.) 1872-73. The Society.
Plymouth : —
Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History
Society.
Annual Report and Transactions. Vol. 4, Pt. 4. 8vo.
Plymouth, 1873. The Institittion.
See Devonshire Association for the Advancement of
Science.
additions to the library. xiu
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Regensburg : —
Kon. Bayerische Botanischc Gesellscliaft.
Flora. Jahrgang 56, Nos. 16-30, & Jahrg. 57, N'os. 1-10.
8vo. Eegensburg, 1873-74. Purchased.
Rugby:—
Rugby School Natural History Society.
Eeport for 1873. 8vo. Rugby, 1874. Dr. Kitchener, F.L.S.
St. Louis, Missouri : —
Academy of Science.
Transactions. Yol. 3, No. 1. 8vo. St. Louis, 1873.
The Academy.
Salem, Mass. : —
Peabody Academy of Science.
Annual Report (5th) of the Trustees for the year 1872. 8vo.
Salem, Mass., 1873.
American Naturalist. Vol. 6, No. 12, Vol. 7, and Vol. 8,
No. 1. 8vo. Ibid., 1872-74. The Academy.
San Francisco : —
Californian Academy of Natural Sciences.
Proceedings. Vol. 1 (1854-57). 2nd Edition. 8vo. San
Francisco, 1873.
. Vol. 4, Pt. 5, and Vol. 5, Pts. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid.,
1873-74. The Academy.
Stettin : —
Entomologischer Vereiu.
Entomologische Zeitung. Jahrg. 34. 8vo. Stettin, 1873.
The Entomological Society, Stettin.
Switzerland : —
Allgemeine Schweitzerische Gesellschaft.
Neue Denkschriften (Nouveaux Memoires). Bd. 24 & 25,
4to. Zurich, 1871-73.
The NATURroRSCH. Gesellschaft, Basel.
xit additions to the librakt.
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Switzerland (continued) : —
Allgemeine Schweitzerische Gesellschaft (continued).
Verhandlungen (=Acte3 de la Soc. Helvet. ifec). Jahres-
versammlung 56. Jahresbericht, 1872-73. 8vo. Schaff-
hausen, 1874.
The Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Basel.
Tasmania : —
Eoyal Society.
Monthly J^otices of Papers and Proceedings for 1873. 8vo.
Hobart Town, 1874. The Society.
Toronto : —
Canadian Institute.
Canadian Journal of Science, Literature, &c. Vol. 14, Nos. 3
& 4. 8vo. Toronto, 1874-75. The Institute.
Turin :—
R. Accademia delle Scienze.
Atti. Vol. 9 (Disp. 1-5). 8vo. Torino, 1873-74.
The Academy.
United States : — See also Washington.
Geological Exploration of the 40th parallel, made by order of
Congress.
Report of. Vol. 5, Botany, by Sereno Watson, Prof. D. C.
Eaton, and others. 4to. Washington, 1871.
The Authors.
United States Exploring Expedition, during the years 1838-42,
under the command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Vol. 17
(Pt. 2?), Botany. 1. Lower Cryptogamia. 2. Phseno-
gamia of the Pacific Coast of N. America (by the late Dr.
Torrey). 4to. Philadelphia, 1862-74.
Dr. Asa Gray, F.M.L.S., on the part of the Herba-
rium OF THE Harvard University, Cambr., Mass.
Upsal : —
Regia Societas Seientiarum.
Nova Acta. Series 3, Vol. 9, Ease. 1. 4to. Upsali®, 1874.
The Society.
ADDinOlfS TO THB LIBRARY, XT
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
Victoria : —
Geological Survey.
1. Prodromus of the Palaeontology of Victoria ; by F. M'^Coy.
Pt. 1. 8vo. Melbourne, 1874.
2. Reports of Progress, jS^'os. 1 & 2; by R. B. Smyth,
F.G.S., &c. Report on the Mineral Resources of Ballarat ;
by R. A. F. Murray, &c. 8vo. Ihid., 1874.
3. Observations on new Vegetable Fossils of the Auriferous
District; by Baron F. von Mueller, C.M.G., M.D., &c.
8vo. Ibid., 1874. The Survey.
Royal Society.
Transactions. Vol. 10. 8vo, Melbourne, 1874.
The Society.
Zoological and Acclimation Society.
Proceedings (Vol. 3), 1874. 8vo. Melbourne, 1874.
Baron v. Mueller, F.L.S., &c.
Vienna : —
Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Math. -Nat. Classe.
Denkschriften. Band 33. 4to. Wien, 1874.
Sitzungsberichte. T*^ Abth., Bd. 68, Hft. 3-5, Bd. 69, Hft.
1-5, & Bd. 70, Hft. 1 & 2. 8vo. Ibid. 1874.
Anzeiger. Jahrgang 11, Nos. 15-20. 8vo. Ibid., 1874.
The Academy.
Reise der CEsterreichischer Fregatte ' Novara ' um die Erde,
in den J. 1857-59, unter den Befehlen des Commodor
B. von WiiUerstorf-Urbain. — Zoologischer Theil, Bd. 2,
Abth. 2. Lepidoptera, von Rud. Felder uud H. F. Rogen-
hofer. Heft 4. Atlas, 4to. Wien, 1874. Purchased.
K. K. Geologische Reichs-Anstalt.
Abhandlungen. Band 7, Hft. 1 & 2, & Band 8, Hft. 1.
4to. Wien, 1874-75.
Jahrbuch. Bd. 24, Nos. 2-4, & Bd. 25, No. 1. 8vo. Ibid.,
1873-75.
Verhandlungen, 1874, Nos. 7-13 & 16-18, & 1875, Nos,
1-5. 8vo. Ibid. The Association.
Zoologisch-Botanischer Verein.
Verhandlungen. Band 24. 8vo. Wien, 1874.
The Association.
xvi additions to the library.
Titles. Donoes.
Academies and Societies {contimied).
"Warwick : —
Warwickshire IS'aturalists' and Archaeologists' Field Club.
Proceedings for 1874. 8vo. Warwick. The Club,
Washington : —
Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories.
Annual Report for 1873. See Hayden, F. V.
Bulletin. No. 1. 8vo. Washington, 1874.
Miscellaneous Publications, No. 4. Synopsis of the Flora of
Colorado ; by T. C. Porter and J. M. Coulter. 8vo,
Ihid., 1874. Dr. F. V. Hayden, IJ.S. Geologist in Charge.
Smithsonian Institution.
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Yol. 19. 4to.
Washington, 1874.
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vols. 11 & 12. 8vo.
Ihid., 1874.
Annual Eeport of the Board of Regents for the year 1872.
8vo. Ihkl., 1873. The Institution.
Wellington, N.Z. :—
Colonial Museum and Laboratory. See Hector, James.
"Wiesbaden : —
Nassauischer Verein fiir Naturkunde.
Jahrbucher. Jahrg. 27 & 28. 8vo. Wiesbaden, 1873-74.
The Association.
Winchester : —
Winchester and Hampshire Scientific and Literary Society.
Journal of Proceedings and Annual Report. Vol. 1, Parts
2-4. 8vo. Winchester, 1873-75. The Societt.
Wiirttemburg : —
Verein fiir vaterlandische Naturkunde.
Wiirttembergische Naturwissenschaftliche Jahreshefte : her-
ausgegeben von Dr. W. Hofmeister, Dr. F. V. Krauss, &c.
Jahrg. 30, Hft. 2 & 3. 8vo. Stuttgart, 1874,
The Association.
additio:ns to the librart. xvu
Titles. Donors.
Academies and Societies (continued).
"Wurzburg : —
Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft.
Verhandlungen. Neue Folge, Band 7, & Bd. 8, Hft. 1 & 2.
8vo. "Wiirzburg, 1874. The Society.
Zurich : —
Natvirforschende Gesellschaft.
Vierteljahrsschrift. Jahrgang 18. 8vo. Ziirich, 1873.
The Society.
Zwickau : —
Verein fiir Naturkunde.
Jahresberichte fiir 1871-73. 8vo. Zwickau, 1872-74.
The Association ?
Journals : —
Adansonia : redige par le Dr. H. Baillou. Tomes 9 & 10. 8vo.
Paris, 1868-73. Pttrchased.
Annales des Sciences NatureUes. 5^ Serie. Botanique, Tome
19, No. 6, & Tome 20, Nos. 1-6. Zoologie, Tome 20, Nos.
3-6, & 6« Serie, Tome 1, N'os. 1-4. 8vo. Paris, 1874-75.
Purchased.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4th Series, Nos.
79-90. 8vo. London, 1874-75. Dr. Prancis, F.L.S. &c.
Archiv fiir mikroskopische Anatomic : herausgegeben von Dr.
Max Schultze. Bd. 10 (Hft. 1-4), & Supplement-Heft. 8vo.
Bonn, 1873-74. Purchased.
— ■ : herausgegeben von v. la Yalette St. George und
W. Waldeyer (Fortsetzung von Max Schultze's Archiv).
Band 11, Heft 1 & 2, & Supplement-Heft. Svo. Ibid.,
1874-75. Purchased.
Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte : gegriindet von A. F. A. "\Vieg-
mann ; fortgesetzt von AV. F. Erichson &c. Jahrgang 40,
Hft. 2 & 3, und J. 41, Hft. 1 & 2. Svo. Berlin, 1874-75.
Purchased.
Archives Ne'erlandaises. See Acad., Haarlem, Soc. Holland.
Botanical Magazine. 3rd Series : conducted by J. D. Hooker,
M.D., C.B., Pres.R.S., F.L.S.,&c. Nos. 355-66. 8vo. London,
1874-75. Purchased,
additions to the library. — Session 1874-75. 6
xvin additions to the libkaiiy.
Titles. Donors.
Journals (continued) : —
Botanische Zeitung. Redaction, A. de Bary und G. Krauss.
Jahrg. 32, Nos. 20-32 & 38-52; und Jahrg. 33, N"os. 1-19.
4to. Leipzig, 1874-75. Purchased.
Canadian Entomologist : edited by William Saunders. Vol. 6,
Nos. 1 & 5-12, & Vol. 7, Nos. 1-3. 8vo. London, Ontario,
1874-75. Henry Reeks, Esq., F.L.S.
Canadian Journal of Science. See Acad., Toronto.
Canadian Naturalist. See Acad,, Montreal.
Entomologist : edited by Edward Newman, Esq., F.L.S. Vol. 5.
8vo. London, 1870-71. Purchased.
Nos. 113, 121, 122, 124, 127, & 131-143. 8vo. Ihid.,
1873-75. The Editor.
Entomologist's Monthly Magazine : conducted by H. G. Knaggs,
M.D., R. M'^Lachlan, Esq., F.L.S,, H. T. Stainton, Esq., F.L.S.,
&c. Nos. 122-133. 8vo. London, 1874-75. The Editors.
Flora. See Academies &c., Regensburg.
Florist and Pomologist; a Pictorial Monthly Magazine of
Flowers, Fruit, &c. : conducted by T. Moore, F.L.S., and
Wm. Paul, F.R.H.S. New Series, Nos. 85-90. 8vo. London,
1875. T. Moore, Esq., F.L.S.
Garden ; an illustrated weekly Journal of Gardening in all its
branches ; conducted by WiUiam Robinson, F.L.S. Vols. 1-7.
4to. London, 1872-75. The Editor.
Gardeners' Chronicle. Nos. 25-52 for 1874, and Nos. 53-76
for 1875. 4to. London. Purchased.
Geological Magazine : edited by Henry Woodward, F.G.S. &c.
Vol. 11, Nos. 7-12, and Vol. 12, Nos. 1-6. 870. London,
1874-75. The Editor.
Giornale (Nuovo) Botanico Italiano : diretto da T. Caruel. Vol.
6, Nos. 3 & 4, and Vol. 7, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Pisa, 1874-75.
The Editor.
Grevillea : a Monthly Record of Cryptogamic Botany and its
Literature : edited by M. C. Cooke, M.A. Nos. 22 & 25-28.
8vo. London, 1874-75. The Editor.
Hardwicke's Science-Gossip ; an illustrated Medium of Inter-
change and Gossip for Students and Lovers of Nature : edited
by M. C. Cooke and (from 1873) J. E. Taylor, for 1865-73,
and Nos. 109-116 for 1874. 8vo. London, 1866-74.
Dr. Hooker. C.B., Pres.R.S, &c.
additions to the library. xix
Titles. Dokors.
Journals (continued) : —
Hardwicke's Science-Gossip. Nos. 117-126. 8vo. London,
1874—75. The Publisher.
Hedwigia; ein Notizblatt fiir kryptogamisclie Studien : redigirt
von Dr. L. Rabenhorst. Ed. 1-13 & Bd. 14, Nos. 1-5. 8vo.
Dresden, 1852-75. Purchased.
Ibis. 3rd Series : edited by Osbert Salvin, M.A,, F.L.S., &c,
Nos. 15-18. 8vo. London, 1874-75. Purchased.
Jabrbiicher fiir wissenscbaftliche Botanik : herausgegeben von
Dr. N. Pringsheim. Band 9, Hft. 3 & 4, & Bd. 10, Hft 1.
8vo. Leipzig, 1874-75. Purchased.
Journal de Concbyliologie ; publie sons la direction de MM.
Crosse et Fischer. 3^ Serie, Tome 14, Nos. 3 & 4, and Tome
15, Nos. 1 & 2. 8vo. Paris, 1874-75. Purchased.
Journal of Botany, British and Foreign: edited by Henry Trimen,
M.B., F.L.S., assisted by J. G. Baker, F.L.S. &c. Nos. 139-
150. 8vo. London, 1874-75. The Editor.
Linnsea : ein Journal fiir die Botanik : herausgegeben von Dr.
Aug. Garcke. Neue Folge, Bd. 4, Heft 3-6, & Bd. 5, Hft. 1.
8vo. Berlin, 1874-75. Purchased.
Malakozoologische Blatter: herausgegeben von Dr. Louis Pfeiffer.
Band 22, Bogen 5-7. 8vo. Cassel, 1874. Purchased.
Monthly Microscopical Journal. See Academies, London,
R. Microscopical Society.
Nature : a weekly illustrated Journal of Science, Nos. 242-
293. 8vo. London, 1874-75. The Publishers.
Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift; stiftet af Heinrich Kroyer : udgivetaf
J. C. Schiodte. R^kke 3, Bind 7, 8, & 9. 8vo. Kjobenhavn,
1870-74. The Editor, Prof. Schiodte.
Pharmaceutical Journal. See Academies, London, Pharma-
ceutical Society.
Popular Science Review: edited by Henry Lawson, M.D.
Nos. 52-55. 8vo. London, 1874-75.
The Publisher, R. Hardwicke, Esq., F.L.S.
Quarterly Journal of Conchology : conducted by W. Nelson and
J. W. Taylor. No. 3. 8vo. London, 1874.
The Publisher, R. Hardwicke, Esq.
Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science : edited by J. F.
Payne, M.B., E. Ray Lankester, M.A., & W. T. T. Dyer, M.A.
NewSeries. Nos.55-58. 8vo. London,] 874-75. Purchased.
&2
xx additions to the libkaet.
Titles. • Donors.
Journals (continued) : —
Wiirttembergische naturwissenschaftliche Jahreshefte. See
Acad., Wurttemberg.
Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie : herausgegeben von
T. C. von Siebold und Albert KoUiker. Bd. 24, Hft. 3 & 4,
und Bd. 25, Hft. 1-3. 8vo. Leipzig, 1874-75. Purchased.
Zoologist : edited by Edward Newman, F.L.S. &c. 2nd Series,
Nos. 106-117. 8vo. London, 1874. Pttrchased.
Afzelius, Adam, & Elgenstierna, N. M. Genera Plantarum
Guiuiensium. 4to. "Upsaliae, 1804." MS.
D. Hanbtjey, Esq., Treas. L.S.
Agardh, C. A. Icones Algarum Europsearum. 8vo. Leipsic,
1828-35. Purchased.
o
Agardh, J. G. TiU Algernes systematik. (Lunds Univ. Ars-skrift,
Tom. 9, 1872.) 4to. The Author.
Agassiz, Alexander. Embryology of the Ctenophorese. (Mem.
Amer. Acad. Arts & Sc, vol. 10, no. 3.) 4to. Cambridge,
Mass., 1874. The Author.
Agassiz, Louis. Commemorative Notice of. See Ii3nnan, Theod.
Baden-Powell, B. H. See Acad., India, Forest Reports.
Baillon, H. Histoire des Plantes. Tome 5. Earn. 42-5. Mo-
nogr. des Terebintbacees, Sapindacees, Malpighiace'es et Meli-
acees. 8vo. Paris, 1874. Purchased.
, Ed. Adansonia. See Journals.
Bate, C. S., & Westwood, J. 0. History of the British Sessile-
eyed Crustacea. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1863-68. Purchased.
Batsch, A. J. G. 0. Analyses Florum e diversis plantarum gene-
ribus, &c. Yol. 1, fasc. 1 &2. (Blumenzergliederungen.) 4to.
Halse Magdeburgicse, 1 790. D. Hanburt, Esq., Treas. L.S.
Beale, Lionel, M.B. Protoplasm : or Matter and Life. 3rd edit.
8vo. London, 1874. W. H. Ince, Esq., F.L.S.
Beddome, R. H. Flora Sylvatica for Southern India. 2 vols.
(Pts. 1-28.) 4to. Madras, (1869-73?).
. Icones Plantanim Indiae Orientalis : or Plates and Descrip-
tions of new and rare plants from Southern India and Ceylon.
Vol. 1. (Pts. 1-15.) 4to. Ihkl., 1868-74.
. The Ferns of Southern India. 2nd edition. 4to. Ibid.,
1873.
. The Ferns of British India : being Figures and Descriptions
of Ferns from all parts of British India (exclusive of those
additions to the librart. xxi
Titles. Donors.
figured in the preceding work). Parts 1-23. 4to. Ibid., 1865
-70. The India Office.
Bentham, George. On the recent progress and present state of
Systematic Botany. (Eeport of Brit. Assoc, for 1874.) 8vo.
The AtTTHOK.
Bischo£P, Dr. Tli. L. W. von. Ueber den Einfluss des Freiherrn J.
von Liebig auf die Eutwicklung der Physiologic. 4to. Miin-
chen, 1874. Academy of Sciences, Munich.
Blytt, Axel. Norges Flora : eller Beskrivelse af de i Norge vildt-
voxende Karplanter. Del 2. 8vo. Christiania, 1874.
E. jSTor-wegian University at Christiania.
Boissier, E. Plantarum Orientalium novarum decades 1 & 2.
(Ex Florae Orient, vol. 3.) 8vo. Genevae, 1875. The Author.
Borre, A. PreudJwmme de. v. Preudhomme,
Bowerbank, /. S. Monograph of the British Spongiadse. Vol. 3.
Svo. London, 1874 (Ray Soc. publ.). Purchased.
Brandis, Dietr. Supplement to Reports on Forest Management in
France, Switzerland, and Lower Austria, 8vo. (London, 1874.)
The India Office.
: See Stewart, J. L.
Burmeister, German. See Acad., &c., Buenos Ayres.
Busk, George. Catalogue of the Cyclostomatous Polyzoa in the
Collection of the British Museum. 8vo. London, 1875.
The Author.
Carus, C. A., & Gcrstacker, C. E. A. Handbuch der Zoologie
Band 1, Halfte 2. 8vo. Leipzig, 1875. Purchased.
Caspary, Robert. Nymphseaceae a Fridr. Welwitsch in Angola
lectae. (Torn. Sc. Math., &c.. No. 16. Lisboa, 1873.) Svo.
The Author.
Christy, Henry. See Lartet, Ed.
Clark, W. S. Observations on the phenomena of plant-life. 8vo.
Boston, 1875. The Author.
Clarke, C. B. Commelynaceae et Cyrtandracese Bengalenses (pan-
els aliis ex terris adjacentibus additis). Folio. Calcutta, 1874.
Dr. Hooker, C.B., Pres. R.S., .Sec.
Collingwood, Cuthhert. The Sulphur-springs of Northern For-
mosa. (Proc. Geol. Soc. 1867.) 8vo.
. On the Geological Features of the Northern part of Formosa
and of the adjacent Islands. (Proc. Geol. Soc. 1867.) 8vo.
. List of Birds collected by Mr. Cuthhert Collingwood during a
XXll ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Titles. Donors.
Cruise in the China and Japan Seas ; with Notes by R. Swia-
hoe, F.Z.S. (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870.) 8vo.
Collingwood, Cuthhert. Observations on the Microscopic Alga
which causes the discoloration of the Sea. (Trans. Microsc.
Soc, vol. 16.) Svo.
. Recurrent Animal Form and its significance in systematic
Zoology. (Ann. Nat. Hist., August 1860.) Svo.
. On the Nudibranchiate Mollusca inhabiting the Estuary of
the Dee. {Ihicl., Sept. 1860.) 8vo.
. Note on the Existence of Gigantic Sea-Anemones in the
China Sea. {Ihkl., Jan. 1868.) Svo.
. Observations on the Distribution of some species of Nudi-
branchiate Mollusca in the China Sea. (Ibid., Feb. 1868.) Svo.
. Contributions to British Ornithology, Nos. 1 & 2. (Proc.
Lit. and Phil. Soc. Liverpool, 1861 & 62.) Svo.
. The Historical Fauna of Lancashire and Cheshire. (Ibid.,
May 1864.) Svo.
. Visit to the Kibalan Village of Sano Bay, N.E. Coast of
Formosa. Svo. 1867. ' The Author.
Commelin, Caspar. Prseludia Botanica. Accedunt Plantarum
rariorum et exoticarum in Prselud. Bot. recensitarum Icones et
Descriptiones. 4to. Lugduni Batavorum, 1715. Purchased.
Cooke, M. C. Report on the Gums, Resins, Oleo-Resins, and
Resinous Products of the India Museum, or produced in India.
Fcap. fol. London (I. M.), 1874.
The India Office, per Dr. F. Watson.
. Synopsis of the Discoraycetous Fungi of the United States.
(Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., 1875.) Svo. The Author.
Coultas, Harland. What may be learned from a tree. 2nd ed.
Svo. New York, 1863. Prof. Dyer, F.L.S.
Coussmaker, Copt. G. The Tussur Silkworm. Svo. London,
1873. The Author.
Cunningham, D. Douglas. Microscopic examinations of Air.
Fcap. folio. (Calcutta.) Prof. Dyer, F.L.S.
. Microscopical notes regarding the Fungi present in Opium-
Blight. Svo. Calcutta, 1875. Dr. Shortt, F.L.S. ?
Day, Francis. Report on the Freshwater Fish and Fisheries of
India and Burma. Svo. Calcutta, 1S73.
ADDITIONS TO THK LIBKARY. XXlll
Titles. Donoes.
Day, Francis. Report on the Sea Fish and Fisheries of India and
Burma, 8vo. Ibid., 1873. The India Office.
Dennet, Charles. On Vegetable Fibres (Rhea, Jute, New-Zealand
Flax, &c.). 12mo (| sheet). Brighton, 1875. The Author ?
Dobson, O. E. On the Andamans and Andaraanese. (Journ. An-
thropol. Instit, 1875.) 8vo. The Author.
Dresser, Christopher. Rudiments of Botany, Structural and Phy-
siological. 8vo. London, 1860. Prof. Dyer, F.L.S. &c.
Du Mortier, Barth. Car. Hepaticae Europae. Jungermannideae
Europae, post semiseculum recensitae ; adjunctis Hepaticis. 8vo.
Bruxellis et Lipsiae, 1874. The Author.
Dybowski, B. N. See Acad., Petersburg, Soc. Eutomol.
Ross.
Fitzgerald, B. D. Australian Orchids (Part I.). Folio. Sydney.
(1874?) The Author.
Flinders, Matthew. Voyage to Terra Australis in 1801-3, in
H.M.S. * Investigator." 2 vols. 4to. London, 1814.
R. KippisT, Libr. L.S.
Flower, r. 5. Flora of Wiltshire. No. 16. 8vo. Devizes, ] 874.
The Author.
Fliickiger, Friedr. A., Sf Hanbury, Daniel. Pharmacographia ;
a History of the principal Drugs, of Vegetable Origin, met with
in Great Britain and British India. Svo. London, 1874.
The Authors.
Fries, Elias. Hymenomycetes Europaei ; s. Epicriseos Systematis
Mycologici, Editio altera. 8vo. Upsaliae, 1874. Purchased.
Galton, J. C. Note on the Epitrochleo-anconeus, or Anconeus
sextus, Griiber. (Journ. of Anat. & Physiol., vol. 9.) Svo.
The Author.
Gason, Samuel. The Deyerie Tribe of Australian Aborigines;
edited by George Isaacs. 8vo. Adelaide, 1874.
C. A. "Wilson, Esq.
Gegenbauer, Carl. Manuel d' Anatomic Compare'e; traduit en
Fran^ais sous la direction de Carl Vogt. 8vo. Paris, 1874.
Purchased.
Gibert, Ernest. Enumeratio Plantarum sponte nascentium agro
Montevidcnsi. Svo. Montevideo, 1873.
Dr. Hooker, C.B., Prcs. R.S.
xxiv additioks to the libkaet.
Titles. Donors,
Gloyne, C. P. Notes on the genus Cylindrella, PfeifF. 8vo.
(Leeds ?) The Atjthoe.
Gordon, George. The Pinetum ; being a Synopsis of all the
Coniferous Plants at present known. 2nd edition. 8vo.
London, 1875. The Ptjblisheb, H. G. Bohn, Esq., F.L.S.
Gray, J. E. Notes on Zoological Museums. 8vo. The Authok.
. List of his books, memoirs, and miscellaneous papers ; with
a few historical notes. 8vo. London, 1875. Mks. Gray.
. See Acad., Lond., British Museum.
Griffith, J. W., &{ Henfrey, Arthur. Micrographic Dictionary.
3rd edition, by J. W. Griffith, M.D., Martin Duncan, M.B., &c.
2 vols. (Text and Plates) in 1, 8vo. London, 1875. Ptjrchased.
Grisebach, A. Plantse Lorentzianae. Bearbeitung der V^^ und
2*^^" Sammlung der Argentinischer Pflanzen des Prof. Lorentz
zu Cordoba. (Abh. d. K. Ges. Wiss. Gott., Bd. 19.) 4to.
Gottingen, 1874. The Author.
. La Vegetation du Globe, d'apres sa disposition suivant les
Climats ; traduit de I'Allemand, par P. de Tchihatchef. Tome
1, fasc. 1. 8vo. Paris, 1875.
Dr. Hooker, C.B., Pres. R.S., &c.
Grundy, Cuthbert. Notes on the Food of Plants. 8vo. London,
1871. Prof. Dyer, P.L S.
Guppy, R. J. L. On the West-Indian Tertiary Fossils. (Geol.
Mag., dec. 2, vol. 1, 1874.) 8vo. The Author.
Haast, Julius. Researches and Excavations carried on in, and
near, the Moa Bone Point Cave, Sumner Eoad, in the year 1872.
8vo. Christchurch, N.Z., 1874. The Author.
Haeckel, Ernst. Die Radiolarien (Bhizopoda Eadiaria) mit einem
Atlas. Fol. Berlin, 1862. Purchased.
Hallier, Ernst. Phytopathologia. Die Krankheiten der Cultur-
gewiichse. 8vo. Leipzig, 1868. Purchased.
Hanbury, D. See Fluckiger, F. A.
Hanstein, Joh. Botanische Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der
Morphologic und Physiologic. Bd. 2, Hft. 3. 8vo. Bonn,
1874. Purchased.
Harley, Jo7m. On the action of Fool's Parsley (^thusa Cyna-
■pium). 8vo. (1874.) The Author.
Hart, H. C. List of plants found in the Islands of Aran, Galway
Bay. 8vo. Dublin, 1875. The Author.
additions to the library. xxv
Titles. Dokors.
Hayden, F. V. Annual Report of the United States' Geological
and Geographical Survey of the Territories, for the year 1873.
8vo. Washington, 1874. The Author.
Hayne, Fr. G., Brandt, J.F., ^ Ratzeburg, /. T. C. Getreue
DarsteUung und Beschreibung der in der Arzneykunde ge-
brauchlichen Gewachse. Bd. 1-13. 4to. Berlin, 1805-37.
Purchased.
Hector, James. Annual Eeports (8 & 9) on the Colonial Museum
and Laboratory, Wellington, New Zealand; with a List of
Donations, &c., during 1872-74. 8vo. Wellington, N.Z.,
1873-74. The Author.
Henfrey, Arilmr. The Vegetation of Europe, its conditions and
causes. Sm. 8vo. London, 1852. Purchased.
Henslow, Rev. George. Phyllotaxis ; or the arrangement of
Leaves in accordance with Mathematical Laws. 8vo. 1871.
The Victoria IifSTiTUTE.
HofiFmann, Hermann. Icones Analyticae Fungorum. Abbil-
dungen und Beschreibungen von Pilzen, mit besonderer E.iick-
sicht auf Anatomie und Entwickelungsgeschichte. Heft 1 & 2.
(Obi. 4to.?) Giessen, 1861-62.
F. CuRRET, Esq., F.R.S., Sec. L.S.
. Zur vergleichende Phanologie Italiens. (Zeitsch. der oster-
reich. GeseUsch. fiir Meteorol., Bd. 9, No. 20.) 8vo. Wien,
1874. The Author.
Hofmeister, Dr. W. See Acad., "Wiirttemberg.
Holdswoirth, E. W. H. Deep-sea Fishing and Fishing-boats :
an account of the practical working of the various Fisheries
around the British Islands. 8vo, London, 1874.
The Author,
Hooker, J. D. Flora of British India. Pts. 1-3. 8vo. London,
1 872-75. The India Office.
(A second copy presented by the Author.)
. Address to the Department of Zoology and Botany of the
British Association, Belfast, August 21, 1874. 8vo.
The Author.
Hopkinson, John. On British GraptoHtes. (Journ. Quek.
Microsc. Club, vol. 1.) 8vo.
. On a specimen of Diplograpsu.'i prislis with reproductive
capsules. (Ann. Nat. Hist., May 1871.) 8vo.
xxvi additions to the libraky.
Titles. Donors.
Hopkinson, Jolin. On Callograptm radicans. {Ibid., October
1872.) 8vo.
. On DexoUtes gracilis. (Geol. Mag., vol. 7, 1870.) 8vo.
. On the structure and affinities of the genus Dicranograptus.
(Ibid., vol. 7, 1870.) 8vo.
. On Dicellograpsus. (Ibid., vol. 8, 1871.) 8vo.
. On new species of Graptolites from the South of Scotland.
(Ibid., vol. 9, 1872.) 8vo.
. Keport of the Proceedings of the Geological Section of the
British Association at Edinburgh, 1872. (Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. 2.) 8vo.
. Excursion of the Geologists' Association to Watford, April
13th, 1872. (Ibid., vol. 3.) 8vo.
. Excursion of the Geologists' Association to Eastbourne and
St. Leonard's, May 23rd and May 24th, 1873. (Ibid., vol. 3.)
8vo. The Author.
Horaninow, Paul. Tetractys Naturae; seu Systema Quadri-
membre omnium Naturalium. 8vo. Petropoli, 1843.
. Characteres essentiales Eamiliarum ac Tribuum Eegni Vege-
tabilis et Amphorganici, ad leges Tetractydis Naturae conscripti.
Accedit Enumeratio Generum magis Notorum, &c. 8vo. Ibid.,
1847. D. Hanbury, Esq., Treas. L.S.
Hunter, JoJin. See Acad., London, R. Coll. Surg.
Irmisch, Thilo. Beitrage zur vergleichende Morphologic der
Pflanzen. Abth. 1 & 4. 4to. Halle, 1854-63. Purchased.
Jerdon, T. C. Mammals of India. 8vo. London, 1874. Purchased
Johnston, J. F. W. Chemistry of Common Life. 2 vols. 8vo.
Edinburgh, 1855. Prof. Dyer, F.L.S.
Jordan, Alexis. Eemarques sur le fait de I'existence en Societe, a
I'etat sauvage, des Especes Vcgetales affinies, &c. 8vo. Lyon,
1873. TheAuthor ?
King, George. Report, for the year 1874, on the Royal Botanical
Gardens, Calcutta. Fcap. fol.
. Annual Report (12th) on the Government Cinchona planta-
tions in British Sikkim. Fcap. fol. 1874. The Author.
Kblliker, Albert. Ueber den Bau und die systematische Stellung
der Gattung Umhellularia. 8vo. (Wiirzburg ?), 1874.
. U cber die Entwicklung der Graaf'schen FoUikel der Sauge-
thiere. (Verhandl. d. Wiirzb. Phys.-med. Gesellschaft, N. F.,
Bd. 8.) 8vo. 1874.
additions to the libkaet. xxvll
Titles. Donors.
Kolliker, Albert. Die Pennatulide Umbellula, und zwei neue
Typen der Alcyonarien. 4to. Wiirzburg, 1875. The Author?
Labillardiere) J. J. Eolation du Voyage a la reclierche de la
Perouse, pendant las anne'es 1791 et 1792, et pendant la l^'e et
la 2^* annee de la Republique Frangaise. 2 tomes. 4to. Paris
(with Atlas of 44 plates). R. Kippist, Libr. L.S.
Lamarck, J. B. A. de. Encyclopedie Methodique. Botanique,
continuee (du tome 5), par J. L. M. Poiret, Tomes 1-8. 4to.
Paris, 1783-1808.
. Supplement. Tomes 1-5. 4to, Ibid., 1810-17.
. Illustration des Genres. Texte, Tomes 1-3, and supplement.
4to. Ibid., 1791-1823. Planches 1-1000. (PI. 1-900 in 3
vols., & PL 901-1000, with the Text to the lUustrations des
Genres, Tomes 2 & 3.) Purchased.
Lartet, ^., & Christy, -ff. Eeliquise Aquitanicse. Parts 15 & 16.
4to. London, 1874-75.
The Executors of the late H. CimisTr.
Lees, F. A. Eeport of the Botanical Locality Eecord Club for
1873. 8vo. London, 1874. The Eecoeder.
Le Jolis, Avffuste. De la Eeduction des Flores Locales, au point
de vue de la Ge'ographie Botanique. 8vo. (Paris ?) 1874.
The Author.
Lewis, T. i?. The Pathological significance of Nematode Hsema-
tozoa. 8vo. Calcutta, 1874.
and Cunningham, D. D. Eeport of Microscopical and Phy-
siological researches into the nature of the Agent, or Agents,
producing Cholera. 2nd series. 8vo. Ibid., 1874.
Dr. Shoett, F.L.S. ?
Liebig, Justus, Freih, von. See BischofF, Pettenkofer, and
Vogel.
Lowne, B. T. See Acad., London, E. Coll. Surg.
Lyman, Theodore. Commemorative Notice of Louis Agassiz.
(Annual Eeport of Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences for 1873.)
8vo. Mus. CoMP. ZooL., Harvard Coll., Cambr., Mass.
McCoy, F. See Victoria, Geological Survey.
McEwin, G. Description of the Adelaide Botanic Garden. (S.
Austr. Eegister, March 1875.) 4to. | sheet. The Author ?
XIVlll ADDITIONS TO THE LIBKART.
Titles. Donors.
Mcljachlaxi, Robert. Monographic Eevision and Synopsis of the
Trichoptera of the European Fauna. Pts. 1 & 2. 8vo. London,
1874-75. The Author.
Mansell-Pleydell, Jolm C. Flora of Dorsetshire. Svo. London,
1874. G. Bektham, Esq., F.E.S., V.P.L.S.
Martius, G. F. P., Eichler, A. G., &c. Flora Brasiliensis, fasc.
63-65. (Polygalege, Euphorbiacese, Kutacese, Simarubese, and
Burseracese.) Fol. Lipsiae, 1874. Purchased.
Meissner, G. F. Enumeratio Plantarum quas in Australasia, an-
nis 1838-41, collegit L. Preiss. Proteaceae et Thymeleae (cum
notis mss. Auctoris). Svo. Hamburgi (1844).
E. Kjppist, Libr. L.S.
Micheli, Marc. Note sur les Onagrariees du Bresil ; et en parti-
culier sur le genre Jussicea. Svo. Geneve, 1874.
G. Bentham, Esq., F.E.S., V.P.L.S.
MiddendorfF, Br. A. v. Sibirische Eeise. Bd. 4. Uebersicht
der Natur Nord- und Ost-Sibiriens. Theil 2. Die Thierwelt
Sibiriens. Lief. 2. 4to. St. Petersburg, 1874. Purchased.
Moggridge, J. T. Contributions to the Flora of Mentone. 3rd
edition. 8vo. London, 1874. The Author.
. Supplement to Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders :
with specific descriptions of the Spiders by the Eev. 0. P.
Cambridge. Svo. Ibid., 1874.
The Publishers, Messrs. Eeeve & Co.
Montagu, George. Ornithological Dictionary. 2 vols. Svo.
With Supi)lement to ditto. Svo. London, 1802-13.
. Testacea Britannica : or Natural History of British Shells,
(2 parts in 1 vol.) and Supplement. 4to. /52(^., 1803-8. (Both
works interleaved and annotated by the Author.)
Bequeathed by the late H. Dorville, Esq., together with the
original drawings to the above works, and a miniature
portrait of the late Col. Montagu, and several vols, of his
MSS.
Moon, Alexander. Catalogue of the Indigenous and Exotic plants
growing in Ceylon, distinguishing the Esculent Yegetables,
Fruits, Eoots, and Grains. 4to. Columbo, 1824. Purchased.
Morren, Gharles & Edouard. Clusia : Eecueil d'Observa-
tious de Teratologic Vegetale, Svo. Liege, 1852-74.
M. E. Morren.
additions to the library. xxix
Titles. Donors.
Morren, Edouard. L'Horticulture a I'Exposition Universelle de
Paris de 1867. 8vo. BruxeUes, 1873.
. Rapport Seculaire sur les travaux de Botanique et de Physi-
ologic Vegetale (1772-1872). 8vo. (Acad. R. Sc. de Belg.)
The Author.
Miiller, Baron Ferd. von. Fragmenta Phytographise Australia?.
YoU. 6 & 7. 8yo. Melbourne, 1867-71. The Author.
. Vegetable Fossils of the Auriferous Districts. See Acad.,
Victoria Geological Survey.
Murray, E. A. F. Mineral resources of Ballarat. See Acad.,
Victoria, Geological Survey.
Nestler, C. G. Monographic de PotentiUa. 4to. Parisiis, 1816.
D. Hanburt, Esq., F.E.S., Treas. L.S.
Ortega, C. G. Novarum, aut rariorum Plantarum Horti Eeg.
Matrit. descriptionum decades. " Matriti, 1797." MS.
D. Hanburt, Esq., F.R.S., Treas. L.S.
Pettenkofer, Dr. Max von. Dr. Justus, Freiherr von Liebig, zum
Gedachtniss. 4to. Miinchen, 1874.
The Academy of Sciences, Munich.
Pettigrew, J. Bell. The Physiology of the Circulation in Plants,
in the Lower Animals, and in Man. 8vo. London, 1874.
Purchased.
Plateau, Felix. Recherches sur les phenomenes de la Digestion
chez les Insectes. 4to. Bruxelles, 1874. The Author.
Poiret, J. L. M. See Lamarck.
Porter, T. C. Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado. See Acad.,
"Washington, Geol. Survey.
Potts, T. H. On Recent Changes in the Fauna of New Zealand.
8vo. Christchurch, 1874.
. Notes on New-Zealand Birds. Part 4. 8vo. Wellington,
N. Z., 1874. The Author?
Preudhomme de Borre, A. Note sur les Geotrupides qui se
rencontrent en Belgique. (Ann. Soc. Entom. de Belg., Tome
17, 1874.) 8vo.
. De DoryjyJiora decemlineata. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1875.
The Author.
Pryor, R. A. Notes on a proposed re-issue of the Flora of Hert-
fordshire. 8vo. Hertford, 1875. The Author.
XXX ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRAEY.
Titles. DoifOES.
Purkinje, J. E. De Cellulis Antherarum Fibrosis ; necnon de
Granorum Pollinarium formis. 4to. Vratislaviae, 1830.
Purchased.
Rabenhorst, L., Ed. Hedwigia. See Journals.
Reeve, Lovell. Conchologia Iconica. Pts. 316-21. 4to. London,
1874-75. Purchased.
Regel, E. AUiorum adhuc cognitorum Monographia. 8vo. Pe-
tropolis, 1875.
. Descriptiones Plantarum novarum et minus cognitanim in
regionibus Turkestanicis, a el. P. & 0. Fedscbenko, Korolkow,
&c., coUectis ; cum adnot. ad plautas vivas in Horto Imp. Bot.
Petropolitano cultas, Fasc. 2. 8vo. The Author.
Reichenbach, Ludov. & H. G. fil. Icones florae Germanicae et
Helveticae. (Yol. Ic.titulo "IconograpbiaBotanica; seuplantae
Criticae, Cent xi. Agrostograpbia Germanica.") 4to. Lipsiae,
1834. Toll. 2-21. 4to. Ibid., 1837-67. Vol. 22, Dec. 1-14.
4to. Ihid. Purchased.
Richard, Louis Claude. Demonstrations Botaniques : ou Analyse
du Fruit, considere en general : publiees par H. A. Duval.
12mo. Paris, ISOS. (Witb copious notes and corrections.)
Purchased.
Roeper, Joli. Zur Flora Mecklenburgs. Tbl. 1 &2. 8vo. Kos-
tock, 1843-44. E. Kippist, Libr. L.S.
Ross, A. M. Flora of Canada. 12mo. Toronto, 1875.
. Forest Trees of Canada. 12mo. Ibid., 1875. The Author.
Royle, J. F. Tbe Fibrous Plants of India, fitted for Cordage,
Clotbing, and Paper. 8vo. London, 1855. Purchased.
Sachs, Julius. Text-book of Botany, Morphological and Physio-
logical : translated and annotated by A. "W. Bennett, M.A.,
B.Sc, F.L.S., and W. T. T. Dyer, M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S.
Prof. Thiseltoij DrER, F.L.S.
Sagot, P. Agriculture de Guiane Fran^aise, 1855-60. Svo. Cluny,
1873. The Author.
St. Pierre, Germain de. Histoire Iconographique des Anomalies
de rOrganisation dans le Begne vegetal. Livr. 1 & 2. Fol.
Paris, 1855. Purchased.
Salisbury, R. A. Botanical MSB. of. Mrs. Gray.
additions to the libka.kt. xxxi
Titles. Donoes.
Sars, Mich. Beretniiig cm en i Sommeren 1849 foretagen Zoo-
logisk Reise i Lofoten og Finmarken. 8vo.
. Bidrag til Kundskaben om Middelhavets Littoral- Fauna :
Reisebemaerkninger fra Italian. Afd. 1&2. Svo. Christiania,
1857.
. Bidrag til Kundskab om CbristianiaQordens Fauna, No. 1.
8to. Ihid., 1868. Nos. 2 & 3, after Forfattarens afterladte
Manuskriptar samlat og udgivat af bans Son, G. 0. Sars. Svo.
Ibid.^ 1870-73. Purchased.
and 6r. 0. On soma remarkable forms of Animal Life from
the Great Deeps off the Norwegian Coast. (XJniv.-program for
1869.) 4to. Christiania, 1872. Pttrchased.
Schimper, W. P. Traite da Paleontologia Vegetale. Tome 3.
8vo. Paris, 1874. And Atlas livr. 5 & 6. (PL 91-110.) 4to.
Ibid. The Attthor.
Schmidt, /• A. Anleitung zur Kenntniss der natiirlichen Familien
der Phanerogamen. 8vo. Stuttgart, 1865.
D. Hanbttrt, Esq., F.R.S., Treas. L.S.
Schomburgk, Richard Eaport on the Progress and Condition of
the Botanic Garden and Government Plantations during 1874
and 1875. Fcap. fol. Adelaide, 1874-75. The Atjthoe.
Schott, H. G. Prodromus Sj^stematis Aroidearum. 8vo. Yindo-
bonas, 1860. Purchased,
Schultze, il/aar., Ed. Archiv fiir mikrosk. Anat. See Journals.
Sharpe, R. B. See Acad., Lond., British Museum.
Seeley, H. G. Index to the Fossil Remains of Aves, Ornithosau-
ria, and Reptiles from the Secondary sj-stem of Strata, arranged
in the "Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. 8vo. Cambridge,
1869.
. The Ornithosauria ; an Elementary Study of the Bones of
Pterodactyles from the Cambridge Upper Greensand. 8vo.
Ibid., 1870.
. Notes on Cambridge Palaeontologj'. (Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist., Feb. 1861.) 8vo.
. Notice of Opinions on the Stratigraphical position of the Red
Limestone of Hunstanton. (Ibid., April 1861.) Svo.
. Notes on Cambridge PalaDontology. (Ibid., 1861 & 62.) Svo.
xxxll additions to the libkakt.
Titles. Donoes.
Seeley, H. 0. On Plesiosaurus macropterus, a new species from the
Lias of Whitby. (Ibid., Jan. 1865.) 8vo.
. On the Literature of English Pterodactyles. {Ibid., Feb.
1865.) 8vo.
— — . On a new Lizard with Ophidian affinities from the Lower
Chalk. (Ibid., Sept. 1865.) 8vo.
. On Ammonites from the Cambridge Greensand. (Ibid., Oct.
1865.) 8vo.
. On two new Plesiosaurs from the Lias. (Ibid., Nov. 1865.)
8vo.
■. Notice of Torynocrinus and other new and little-known
fossils from the Upper Greensand of Hunstanton. (Ibid., March
1866.) 8vo.
. Outline of a Theory of the Skull and the Skeleton. (Ibid.,
Nov. 1866.) 8vo.
. Eemarks on the Potton Sands. (Ibid., July 1867.) 8vo.
. The Method of Geology. (Ibid., Dec. 1867.) 8vo.
. On Ornithopsis, a Gigantic animal of the Pterodactyle kind,
from the Wealden. (Ibid., April 1870.) 8vo.
— — . On Zoocapsa dolichorhamphia, a sessile Cirripede from the
Lias of Lyme Regis. (Ibid., April 1870.) 8vo.
, Eemarks on Prof. Owen's Monograph on Dimorpliodon.
(Ibid., Aug. 1870.) 8vo.
. Note on Prof. Cope's Interpretation of the Ichthyosau-
rian Head. (Ibid., April 1871.) 8vo.
. On a new species of Plesiosaurus from the Portland Lime-
stone. (Ibid., Sept. 1871.) 8vo.
. Note on some Chelonian Remains from the London Clay.
(Ibid., Oct. 1871.) 8vo.
. On Acanthopholis platypus, Seeley, a Pachypod from the
Cambridge Upper Greensand. (Ibid. 1871.) 8vo.
. The Origin of the Vertebrate Skeleton. (/6id, 1872.) 8vo.
. On the Hunstanton Red Rock. (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,
Nov. 1864.) 8vo.
. A sketch of the Gravels and Drift of the Fenland. (Ibid.,
Nov. 1866.) 8vo.
. On Cetarthrosaurus Wallceri, Seeley, an Icthyosaurian from
the Cambridge Upper Greensand. (Ibid., Nov. 1873.) 8vo.
additions to the iibraet. xxxiu
Titles. Donors.
Seeley^ H. G. On Mtircenosaurus Leedsii, a Plesiosaurian from the
Oxford Clay. Pt. 1. (Ibid, Aug. 1874.) 8vo.
. The Rock of the Cambridge Greensand. (Geol. Mag., vol. 3,
July 1866.) 8vo.
. On the Collocation of the strata at RosweU Hole, near Ely,
(Tbid., Aug. 1868.) 8vo. The Aijthob.
Shortt, John. Hill Ranges of Southern India. Pt. 4. 8vo. Ma-
dras, 1874. The Author.
Smee, Alfred. My Garden ; its plan and culture : together with
a general description of its Geology, Botany, and Natural His-
tory. 2nd edition. 8vo. London, 1872.
. The Mind of Man ; being a Natural System of Mental Phi-
losophy. 8vo. Ibid., 1875. The Author.
Smith, J. E. Review of the Modern State of Botany ; with par-
ticular reference to the natural Systems of Linnseus and Jussieu.
("Botany." Supplementary article in Encycl. Brit.) 4to.
(1817 ?)• D. Hanburt, Esq., E.R.S., Treas. L.S.
Smyth, Robert B. Report of Progress. See Acad., Victoria,
Geological Survey.
Snellen van Vollenhoven, S. C. Pinacographia. Illustrations
of more than 1000 species of N.W. European Ichneumonidae.
Sensu Linneano. [Afbeeldingen, &c.] 4to. 'S Gravenhage,
1875. The Minister of the Interior, Netherlands.
Sowerby, O. B. Thesaurus Conchyliorum. Pts. 31 & 32. 8vo.
London, 1874. Purchased.
Stewart, J. L., & Brandis, Dietr. Forest Flora, of N.W. and
Central India. 8vo. Loudon, 1874 ; with a volume of Illus-
trations, drawn by W. Fitch, F.L.S. 4to. Ibid., 1874.
The India Office.
Temminck, C. J. Monographies de Mammalogie. 2 tomes. 4to.
Paris, 1827-41. Purchased.
Thuillier, J. L. Le Botaniste Voyageur aux environs de Paris.
12mo. Paris, 1807. Prof. Dyer, F.L.S.
Trimen, Henry. Botanical Bibliography of the British Counties.
(Journal of Botany for 1874.) 8vo. The Author,
additions to the librart. — Session 1874-75. c
xxxiv additions to the libbabt.
Titles. Donoeb.
VaU (Martin). Eclogae Americanse : seu Descriptiones Plantarum,
prsesertim Ameriese Meridionalis, nondum cognitarum ; fasc. 1
& 2. Pol. Havniee, 1796-98.
. Icones lUustrationi Plantarum Americanamm, in Eclogis
descriptarum, inservientes. Dec. 1-3. Fol. Ihid., 1798-99.
PURCHASED.
Van ZSedeu, F. W. Lijst der Planten die in de Nederlandsch
Duinstreken gevonden zijn (Flore des Dunes maritimes de la Ne-
erlande), 8vo. [Nederl. Kruidk. Archief ?] The Author?
Vogel, Auff. Justus, Freih. v. Liebig ; als Begriinder der Agri-
cultur-Chemie. 4to. Miinchen, 1874.
The xicADEMT OF Sciences, Mttnich.
Vogt, Carl, Bilder aus dem Thierleben. Svo, Frankfurt a. M.,
1852. Purchased.
"Waldstein, Franc, Comes, et Kitaibel, Paid, M.D. Descrip-
tiones et Icones Plantarum rariorum Hungariae. Yol. 3. Fol.
Viennae, 1802-12. Purchased.
Warren, G. K. Essay, concerning Important Physiological Fea-
tures exhibited in the Valley of the Minnesota Eiver. Svo.
Washington, 1874. The Author ?
Watson, Sereno. Eevisions of the Extratropical Korth American
species of Lupinus, PotentiUa, and CEnothera. (Proc. Amer.
Acad, of Arts & Sciences, vol. 8.) Svo. 1873. The Author.
. See Trans. U. S. Geolog. Explor. Reports.
Weddell, H. A. Florule Lichenique des Laves d'Agde. Svo.
Paris, 1874.
. Quelques mots sur la Theorie Algoli-Chemique. (C. R. des
seances de 1' Academic des Sciences, tome 79.) 4to. Ihid., 1874.
The Author.
Westwood, J. 0. See Bate, C. S.
White, Bev. Gilbert. Natural History and Antiquities of Selbome :
the standard edition by E. T. Bennett, revised with additional
Notes, by J. E. Harting, F.L.S. & Z.S. Svo. London, 1875.
Purchased.
"Willkomm, Maur., et Lange, Joan. Prodromus Florae Hispa-
nicae ; vol. 3, Pars 1. Svo. Stuttgart, 1874. Purchased.
additions to the library. xxxv
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Windsor, John. Flora Cravoniensis ; or a Flora of the vicinity
of Settle, in Craven. 8vo. Manchester, 1873.
The ExECtTTORS op the Author.
Ziegler, Dr. Julius. Beitrag zur Frage der thermischen Ve-
getations-Constanten. 8vo. Frankfurt a. M., 1875.
The Author ?
AsroN. The Octopus, and its habits in an Aquarium. By a F.L.S.
8vo. London. The Publisher.
Bronze Medal, by Liunberger, of Linnaeus, struck on his death in
1778 by command of the King of Sweden.
Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S.
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the Society, - - - - - 24
CHAPTEE XVI.
Of the the JBoohs and Papers of the Society, - - ib.
CHAPTEE XVII.
Of the Common Seal and Deeds, - - - 25
APPENDIX.
No. 1. Form of a Balloting-List for the Council, - 26
'^0. 2. Form of a Balloting-List for the Officers, - 27
CHARTER
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
GrEOEGE THE THIED, by the Grace of God, of the Fnited
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith,
To all to whom these Presents shall come, greeting. Wheeeas Object of the
several of Our loving Subjects are desirous of forming a Society for ^'"^ ^'
the Cultivation of the Science of Natural History in all its Branches,
and more especially of the Natural History of Great Britain and
Ireland, and, having subscribed considerable Sums of Money for that
Purpose, have humbly besought Us to grant unto them, and such
other Persons as shall be approved and elected, as hereinafter is
mentioned, Our Eoyal Charter of Incorporation for the Purposes
aforesaid ; Know te, that We, being desirous to promote every
Kind of Improvement in the Arts and Sciences, have, of Our especial Incorpora-
Grace, certain Knowledge, and mere Motion, given and granted, ^^''"•
and We do hereby give and gi-ant, that Our right trusty and right
well beloved Cousin and Counsellor, George Earl of Dartmouth,
Our trusty and weU beloved James Edward Smith Doctor of
Physick, Thomas Marsham Esquire, Alexander MacLeay Esquire,
Jonas Dryander Esquire, The Eeverend Samuel Goodenough Doc-
tor of Laws, Aylmer Bourlce Lambert Esquire, Michard Anthony
Salisbury Esquire, William George Maton Doctor of Physick,
Thomas Furly Forster Esquire, Charles Hatchett Esquire, William
Lewis Esquire, The Eeverend Thomas Bachett Clerk, John Sym-
mons Esquire, and Thomas Young Doctor of Physick, and such
others as shall, from Time to Time, be appointed and elected, in
the Manner hereinafter directed, and their Successors, be and shaU;
for ever hereafter continue and be, by virtue of these " Presents,'
one Body Politic and Corporate, by the Name of " The Linnean Same"*^
Charter of the Linnean Society,
Society of London ; " and them and their Successors for the
Purposes aforesaid, AVe do hereby constitute and declare to be
one Body Politic and Corporate, and by the same Name to have
perpetual Succession, and for ever hereafter to be Persons able
and capable in the Law, and have Power to purchase, receive, and
possess any Goods and Chattels whatsoever, and (notwithstanding
the Statutes of Mortmain), to purchase, hold, and enjoy, to them
and their Successors, any Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments
whatsoever, not exceeding, at the Time or Times of purchasing such
Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, respectively, the yearly
Value, at a Eack Eent, of One Thousand Pounds in the whole, with-
out incurring the Penalties or Forfeitures of the Statutes of Mort-
main, or any of them; And by the name aforesaid, to sue and be sued,
plead and be impleaded, answer and be answered unto, defend and
be defended, in all Courts and Places whatsoever of Us, Our Heirs,
and Successors, in all Actions, Suits, Causes, and Things whatsoever,
and to act and do in all Things relating to the said Corporation in
as ample Manner and Porm as any other our liege Subjects, being
Persons able and capable in the Law, or any other Body Politic or
Corporate,in 0 ur said United Kingdom of Grreat Britain andlreland,
may or can act or do ; and also to have and to use a Common Seal,
and the same to change and alter, from Time to Time, as they shall
think fit. And We do hereby declare, and grant, that there shall be
an indefinite Number of Pellows of the said Society ; and that they
the said George Earl of Dartmouth, James Edward Smith, Thomas
Mar sham, Alexander MacLeay, Jonas Dryander, Samuel Good-
enough, Ayhner Bourke Lamlert, Michard Anthony Salishury,
TVilliam George Maton, Thomas Furley Forster, Charles Satchett,
William Leicis, Thomas Mackett, John Symmons, and Thomas
Young, shall be the first Fellows of the said Society ; and that
any Five, or more of them, all having been first duly summoned
to attend the Meetings of the said Fellows, shall and may, on op
before the Twenty-fourth Day of May, next ensuing the Date of
these Presents, under their respective Hands' writing, appoint
such other persons to be Fellows, Honorary Members, Foreign
Members, and Associates, of the said Society, as they may respect-
ively think fit, And We do further declare and grant, that, for
the better Eule and Government of the said Society, and for the
better Direction, Management, and Execution of the Business
and Concerns thereof, there shall be henceforth for ever, a
Council, President, Treasurer, and Secretary, of the said Society,
to be elected in Manner hereinafter mentioned ; and that such
- Charter of the Linnean Society. 7
Council shall consist of Fifteen Members, to be elected from
among tbe Fellows, as hereinafter directed, whereof any Five shall 5 of whom to
be a Quorum : And We do hereby nominate and appoint the said ^° * Ql^^"^""?-
George Earl oi Dartmouth, James JEdward Smith, Thomas Marsham, named.
Alexander MacLeay, Jonas Dryander, Samuel Goodenough, Aylmer
Bourlce Lavibert, Richard Anthony Salisbury, William George
Maton, Thomas Farley Forster, Charles Hatchett, William Leicis,
Thomas Backett, John Symmons, and Thomas Young, to be the first
Council ; the said James Edward Smith, to be the first President ; First Presideut
the said Thomas Marsham, to be the first Treasurer ; and tlie said -p||.gj. ^^^^^^^
Alexander MacLeay, to be the first Secretary, to the said Society : tary.
All and each of the aforesaid Officers and Counsellors to continue office" ill*^^ "'
in such their respective Offices until the Twenty-fourth Day of 24th of May,
May One thousand eight hundred and three ; and that the said
James Fdward Smith shall have Power to appoint such Four The First Pre-
Persons, from and amongst the Members of the said Council, to be point 4 Mem-
Vice-Presidents of the said Society, as he shall think fit, until some bers of the
other Persons shall be chosen in their respective Rooms, in the ^^ be Vice-
Manner hereinafter mentioned. And it is Our further Will and Presidents.
Pleasure, that the Fellows of the said Society, or any Twenty-one TheFellows or
or more of them, shall and may, on the Twenty-fourth Day of May, a"y '-1 or more
One thousand eight hundred and three, and also shall and may, on 24th of May
the Twenty-fourth Day of May in every succeeding Tear, unless the 1803, and
same shall happen to be on a Sunday, and then on the Day follow- afteVshaU by
ing, assemble together at the then last, or other usual Place of Ballot, remoTo
meeting of the said Society, and proceed, by Method of Ballot^ die Couifcil for
to put out and amove any Five of the Mtoibers who shall have the.preceding
composed the Council of the preceding Year; and shall and may, pfy'^'fi p j!
in like Manner, by Method of Ballot, elect Five other discreet lows in their
Persons from amongst the Fellows of the said Society, to supply ^^^ »
the Places and Offices of such Five as may have been so put out
and amoved ; it being Our Eoyal' Will and Pleasure, that One-
third of the Members of the said Council, and no more, shall be
annually changed and removed by the Fellows of the said Society :
And, also, that they, the said Fellows, or any Twenty-one or more and shall elect
of them, shall and may, at the Time and Place, and in Manner from amongst
aforesaid, by Method of Ballot, elect, from among the Members President,
of the said Council, when formed and elected, in Manner afore- Treasurer, and
Sccrctarv lor
said, Three fit and proper Persons, one of such Persons to be the Year en-
President, another of such Persons to be Treasurer, and the other suing-
of such Persons to be Secretary of the said Society, for the Tear
ensuing ; And also, in like Manner, shall and may, in case of the
Charter of the Linnean Society.
Death of any of the Members of the Council, or of the President,
Treasurer, or Secretary, for the time being, within the Space of
Three Months next after such Death or Deaths, in like Manner,
elect other discreet Persons, being Fellows of the said Society,
to supply the Places and Offices of such Members of the said
Council, or of the President, Treasurer, or Secretary, so dying :
And also shall and may appoint such other Persons to be Officers
of the said Society for the year ensuing, as they may think proper
and necessary, for the transacting and managing the Business
thereof. And it is Our furtherWill and Pleasure, that, so soon after
the Elections aforesaid as conveniently may be, the Person who shall
at any time hereafter be elected to be President of the said Society,
in Manner aforesaid, may and shall nominate and appoint four Per-
sons, being Members of the said Council, to be Vice-Presidents of
Power of elect- ^}^q gaid Society for the Tear ensuing. And "We do further declare
and grant, that, from and after the said Twenty-fourth day of May,
Vacancies in
the Council,
&c. occasioned
by Death, to be
filled upwithin
Three Months.
Fellows to ap-
point such
other Officers
as they may
think fit.
The President
annually to ap-
point four
Vice-Presi-
dents.
moving Mem-
bers, after the
24th of May
next, vested in
the Fellows,
or any 11 or
more of them
now next ensuing, the Pellows of the said Society, or any Eleven or
more of them, shall and may have Power, from Time to Time, at the
Greneral Meetings of the said Society, to be held at the usual Place
of Meeting of the said Society, or at such other Place as shall have
been in that Behalf appointed, by and with the consent of the said
Society as hereinafter mentioned, to elect such Persons to be
Pellows, Honorary Members, Foreign Members, and Associates of
the said Society, and all Fellows, Honorary Members, Foreign
Members, and A ssociates, to remove from the said Society, as they
shall think fit : And that the Council hereby appointed, and the
The Council, Council of the said Society for the Time being, or any Five or more
or any 5 or of them, all the Members thereof having been first duly summoned
dl having been to attend the Meetings thereof,shall and may have Power, according
summoned, to the best of their Judgment and Discretion, to make and establish
^ke bTc- ° ^"^^ Bye-Laws as they shall deem useful and necessary for the
Laws, Begulation of the said Society, and of the Estate, Goods, and
Business thereof; and for fixing and determining the Times and
Places of meeting of the said Society, and also the Times, Place,
and Manner of electing, appointing, and removing all Fellows,
Honorary Members, Foreign Members, and Associates, of the said
Society, and all such subordinate Officers, Attendants,and Servants,
as shall be deemed necessary or useful for the said Society ; And
also for filling up, from Time to Time, any vacancies which may
happen by Death, Bemoval, or otherwise, in any of the Offices or
Appointments constituted or established for the Execution of the
Business and Concerns of the said Society ; and for regulating and
Charter of the Linnean Society. 9
ascertaining the Qualifications of Persons to become Fellows,
Honorary Members, Foreign Members, and Associates, of the said
Society respectively, and also the Sum and Sums of Money to be
paid by them respectively, whether upon Admission or otherwise,
towards carrying on the Purposes of the said Society ; And such ^^^ ^^ ^^ijer
Bye-Laws, from Time to Time, to vary, alter, or revoke, and make such Bye-
such new and other Bye-Laws as they shall think most useful and *^^'
expedient, so that the same be not repugnant to these Presents, or
to the Laws of this Our Eealm : Provided that no Bye-Law here- but no Bye-
after to be made, or Alteration or Eepeal of any Bye-Law which ^^^ shall ^be^'
shall hereafter have been established by tlie said Council hereby btnding on the
appointed, or by the Council for the time being of the said Society, fj^airhaye been
shall be considered to have passed, and be binding on the said confirmed by
Society, until such Bye-Law, or such Alteration or Eepeal of any ^^^<^* ^^^^ ^_
Bye- Law, shall have been hung up in the common Meeting-Room ing, 11 Fellows
of the said Society, and been read by the President, or by any one ^^ ^®^®^ h^vag
of the Vice- Presidents for the time being, at Two successive General
Meetings of the said Society, and until the same shall have been
confirmed by BaUot, by the Fellows at large of the said Society ;
such Ballot to take place at the ensuing Meeting next after such
two successive General Meetings of the said Society, EIeven,at least,
of the Fellows of the said Society being present ; and provided that
no such Bye-Law, or Alteration or Eepeal of any Bye-Law, shall be
deemed or taken to pass in the affirmative, unless it shall appear,
upon such Ballot, that Two-thirds of the Fellows present at such
Meeting shall have voted for the same. Witness His Majesty at
"Westminster, the Twenty-sixth Day of March, in the Year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and two.
WILMOT.
,/9
BYE-LAWS \^
OF THE -rz;
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON,
AS CONFIRMED AT A GENERAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY HELD
ON THE 6tH of JULY 1802; WITH ALTERATIONS AND ADDI-
TIONS SUBSEQUENTLY MADE, AND CONFIRMED AT GENERAL
MEETINGS HELD ON THE 21ST OF FEBRUARY, 1861, AND 15tH
OF JANUARY, 1874.
/>
CHAPTEE I.
Of the Election and Admission of Fellows.
Section I. XLYEEY Fellow who intends to propose any Person
to be a Fellow of the Society, shall, before such Person be proposed,
make known to him the nature of the Obligation into which he is to
enter, in the event of his being elected ; and also the Sum which is
to be paid for Admission-Money, the rate of Annual Payments, and
the Sum to be paid in lieu of Annual Payments, for the Use of the
Society.
II. Every Candidate for Admission as a Fellow shall be proposed
and recommended by Three or more Fellows, who shall, at a Grene-
ral Meeting of the Society, cause to be delivered to the Secretary a
Paper, signed by themselves, specifying the Christian Name, Sur-
name, Eank, Profession, Qualifications, and the usual Place of
Residence of such Person ; all which shall be certified from their
personal Acquaintance with him, or their Eoiowledge of his Cha-
racter or Writings.
III. No Person shall be proposed as a Fellow, or be capable of
being elected as such, until he shall have fully attained the Age of
Twenty-one Tears.
IV. Each Recommendation of a Candidate for Admission as a
12 Sye-Laws of the Linnean Society.
Fellow shall be hung up in the common Meeting-Room of the
Society, the Date of the Day on which it shall be presented being
previously written on it, and shall be read at Three successive
General Meetings, including the Meeting at which the same shall
be presented and the Meeting at which the Ballot for Election
shall take place.
V. No Person shall be declared to be elected a Fellow, unless
he have in his Favour Two-thirds of the Number balloting.
VI. Every Person chosen a Fellow shall have immediate Notice
of his Election given to him by the Secretary, and shall appear
personally for his Admission within the Space of Two Months from
the Day of his Election, or within such further Time as shall be
granted by the Council, upon special Application being made to
them for that Purpose.
VII. No Person elected shall be admitted a Fellow of the So-
ciety, until he shall have paid his Admission-Fee, and signed the
usual Obligation for the Payment of Yearly Contributions, or paid
the Sum appointed in lieu of such Contributions.
VIII. Every Person elected a Fellow of the Society shall, before
his Admission, subscribe an Obligation in the following Words, viz.
" We who have hereunto subscribed, do hereby promise, each for
" himself, that we will endeavour to promote the Grood of The
" Linnean Society of London, and to pursue the Ends for which the
" same was instituted : That we will be present at the Meetings
" of the Society, as often as conveniently we can, especially at the
" Anniversary Elections, and upon extraordinary Occasions ; and
" that we will observe the Statutes, Bye-Laws, and Orders of the
" said Society. Provided that, whensoever any of us shall signify
" to the President, under his Hand, that he desires to withdraw
" from the Society, he shall be free from this Obligation for the
" future." And if any Person should refuse to subscribe the said
Obligation, the Election of that Person shall be void.
IX. The Admission of every Fellow shall be at some Meeting
of the Society in Manner and Form following, viz. The President,
taking him by the Hand, shall say, " A.B. By the Authority and
" in the Name of the Linnean Society of London, I admit you a
" Fellow thereof."
X. No Person shall be deemed an actual Fellow of the Society,
nor shall the Name of any Person be printed in the Annual List
of the Fellows of the Society, until such person shall have paid his
Admission-Fee, and signed the usual Obligation for the Payment
of Annual Contributions, or paid the Sum appointed in lieu of
Bye-Laws of the Linnean Society. 13
such Contributions ; and no such Person shall have Liberty to
vote at any Election or Meeting of the Society, before he shall
have been admitted as directed in the preceding Section.
CHAPTEE n.
Of the payments to he made hy the Felloivs.
Sect. I. All Fellows elected before the Twenty-fourth Day of
May 1829, who have already paid their Admission-Eees, but have
not paid Twenty Gruineas in lieu of all Annual Payments, shall
pay to the Use of the Society the Annual Contribution of Two
Gruineas. Provided, however, that every such Fellow may at any
time compound for all future Annual Payments by paying the said
Composition of Twenty Guineas, including the Annual Contri-
bution which may be due at the Time such Composition shall be
paid.
II. All Fellows who shall be elected after the Twenty-fourth
Day of May 1829, shall, before they be admitted, pay to the Use
of the Society the Sum of Six Pounds for their Admission-Fee ;
and if any Person refuse, or fail to pay the said Sum, his Election
shall be void, unless the same be remitted, in whole or in part, by
special Order of the Council.
III. Every Fellow who shall be elected after the Twenty-fourth
Day of May 1829, shall, besides the Admission-Fee, further con-
tribute towards the Funds of the Society, previous to his Admis-
sion, by paying the Sum of Thirty Pounds in lieu of aU future
Payments ; or he shall sign an Obligation for the regular Payment
of Three Pounds per Annum to the Society, so long as he shall
continue a Fellow.
IV. Every such Fellow so elected may at any time compound
for his future Contributions by paying the Sum of Thirty Pounds
in One Tear instead of the Annual Contribution for that Year ;
in which Case his Obligation to make Annual Payments shall be
void. Provided, nevertheless, that in case any Fellow be not
usually resident within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, such Person shall within Six Months after his Election,
or such other Time as the Council shall permit, and before he be
admitted, pay, or cause to be paid into the hands of the Treasurer,
the Sum of Thirty Pounds in lieu of Annual Contributions, or
provide such Security for the Payment of the Annual Contribu-
tions as shall be satisfactory to the Council.
V. All Yearly Contributions shall be considered due and pay-
14 Bye-Laics of the Linnecm Society.
able at each Anniversary Meeting, for the Tear preceding ; but no
Pellow elected on or after the First Day of February in any Tear,
shall pay the Annual Contribution falling due at the Anniversary
Meeting of that Tear.
YI. If any Fellow paying Yearly Contributions should fail to
bring, or send in the same to the Treasurer, within Twelve Months
after each Anniversary Meeting, unless the said Payment be re-
mitted in whole or in part by special Order of the Council, his
Obligation shall be put in Suit for the Eecovery thereof, and he
shall be liable to Ejection from the Society; upon which the
Council shall proceed as they may see Cause.
CHAPTEE III.
Of the IBLonorary Members.
Sect. I. The Number of Honorary Members shall not exceed
Four, besides such Members of the Royal Family as may express
a wish to belong to the Society.
II. When a Vacancy shall occur in the Number of Honorary
Members, the Fellows shall, at the then next, or any succeeding
Anniversary Meeting, as they shall think fit, elect, by open Yote,
a distinguished Personage to fill such Vacancy ; provided that no
such Personage shall be considered as elected unless Two-thirds
of the Number of Fellows present shall have voted for him.
III. As soon as may be after the Election of any Honorary
Member, the President shall announce such Election to him by
Letter, and at the same time transmit to him a printed Copy of
the Statutes and Bye-Laws of the Society, with a List of the
Members.
CHAPTER IV.
Of the Foreign Members.
Sect. I. The Number of Foreign Members shall not exceed
Fifty ; and no Person shall be proposed as a Foreign Member until
a Vacancy shall have been actually declared to the Society.
II. Each Certificate proposing a Candidate for Election as a
Foreign Member shall be signed by Six or more Fellows, and shall
specify his Christian Name, Surname, Titles, Works, Quality or
Profession, and his Place of Residence. Such Certificate shall be
presented at one of the Greneral Meetings of the Society, on or
before the Seventh Day of February in every Tear ; and, after
Sye-Law8 of the Linnean Society. 15
being read, shall be fixed up in the public Meeting-Eoom, where
it shall continue until the Election, which shall take place at the
Meeting immediately preceding the Anniversary. Each Certificate
is also to be read at every Meeting of the' Society which may in-
tervene between the Time of its being presented and the Day of
Election.
III. At the General Meeting immediately preceding the Anni-
versary, the President, or Vice-President in the Chair, shall declare
the Number of Vacancies, and the Number of Candidates proposed
as aforesaid, who shall then be severally balloted for, in alphabetical
Order ; and those Candidates who shall have the greatest Number
of Votes shall be declared as elected : Provided, however, that no
Person shall be considered as duly elected, unless he have in his
Favour Two-thirds of the Number voting.
IV. In case of an Equality of Votes in Eavour of Two or more
Candidates, whose Number shall exceed the Number of Vacancies
to be filled up from them, the excess of such Number shaU be ex-
cluded by Lots, to be drawn by the President, or Vice-President
in the Chair ; and the Person or Persons whose Names shall remain
undrawn shall be declared to be duly elected.
V. There shall be transmitted to each Foreign Member, as soon
as maybe after his Election, a Diploma in the Latin Language,under
the Common Seal of the Society, signed by the President or one of
the Vice-Presidents, and countersigned by one of the Secretaries.
VI. No British Subject, nor any Person usually residing in any
of the British Dominions, unless he be an Ambassador from a
Foreign Court, shall be elected a Foreign Member of the Society.
CHAPTEE V.
OftJie Associates.
Sect. I. Not more than one Person in each Year shall be elected
an Associate, until the total Number shall not exceed Twenty-
five, to which Numberthe Associates shall thenceforward be limited.
IT. The Associates shall include only such Persons as usually
reside in the British Dominions.
III. Every Candidate for Election as an Associate shall be pro-
posed, recommended, and balloted for in like Manner, in aU
Eespects, as is directed in the Second, Third, and Fourth Sections
of Chapter I. respecting the Election of Fellows.
IV. The Secretary shall, immediately after the Election of any
16 Bye-Law8 of the Idnnean Society.
Person as an Associate, announce the same, by Letter, to the
Person who may be so elected, and shall transmit to him a printed
Copy of the Statutes and Bye-Laws of the Society, with the List
of the Members.
CHAPTER VI.
Of the Death or Withdraioing of Members.
Sect. I. Upon the Death or the voluntary "Withdrawing of any
Fellow, Honorary Member, Foreign Member, or Associate, the
Secretary shall note such Death or Withdrawing in the printed
List of that Tear ; and the Death or Withdrawing of any Member
shall be entered upon the Minutes of the Society at the then next
Anniversary Meeting.
II. No Fellow shall be understood to have withdrawn himself
from the Society until he shall have paid all Arrears that may be
due, and signified such his Intention by Letter, under his Hand,
addressed to the President ; and if such Letter be not left at the
Apartments of the Society, between the Twenty-Fourth Day of
May in any Tear and the First Day of February next following,
the Contribution of such Fellow shall be understood to be con-
tinued for the Whole of the Tear in which he shaU have so with-
drawn himself.
CHAPTEE YIL
Of the Causes and Form of Ejection.
Sect. I. If any Member of the Society should, contemptuously,
or contumaciously, disobey the Statutes or Orders of the Society
or Council ; or should, by speaking, writing, or printing, publicly
defame the Society ; or advisedly, maliciously, or dishonestly, do
any Thing to the Damage, Detriment, or Dishonour thereof, he
shall be liable to Ejection from the Society.
II. Whensoever there shall be Cause for the Ejection of any
Member from the Society, the President shall, at some Meeting
thereof, propose the Ejection of such Member ; and at the next
General Meeting the Question shall be put to the Ballot, and if
Two-thirds of the Members present vote for it, the President
shall cancel the Name of such Person in the Register, and at the
same Time pronounce him ejected in these Words, viz. " By the
" Authority and in the Name of the Linnean Society of London,
" I declare A. B. to be now ejected and no longer a (Fellow, &c.
Bye-Laios of the Linnean Society. 17
" as the Case may be) thereof." And the Ejection of every such
Person shall be then recorded in the Minute-Book of the Society ;
and his Name, as ejected, shall be read at the next Anniversary
Meeting.
III. All Persons ejected from the Society shall be thereby ren-
dered incapable of belonging to it in future.
CHAPTEE VIII.
Of the Election of the Council and Officers.
Sect. I. Every Fellow of the Society residing within the United
Kingdom, and whose Residence may be known to the Secretary
or Librarian, shall be summoned to the Anniversary Meetings for
electing the Council and Officers for the Tear ensuing, by a Letter
signed by one of the Secretaries ; and such Summons shall be sent
by Post, to the House or Lodging of every such Fellow, a Week
at the least before the Election, which by the Charter is directed to
take place annually on the Twenty-fourth Day of May, being the
Birth-Day of the celebrated Linnaeus ; unless that Day shall happen
to be on a Sunday, and then on the Day following. And eacli
Anniversary Meeting shall also be advertised in Two or more of the
public JSTewspapers, at least One Week before the same take place.
II. The Council for the Time being shall, before the Day of
Election, cause to be prepared a sufficient Number of printed
Balloting-Lists, according to the annexed Forms ; One of which
(No. I.) is to contain the Names of such Persons as they shall
recommend to be removed from and elected into the Council, and
the other (No. II.) to contain the Names of such Persons as they
shall recommend to fill the Offices of President, Treasurer, and
Secretaries, for the ensuing Tear.
III. On the Day of Election, the President, or in his absence
a Vice-President, shall take the Chair precisely at Three o' Clock
P.M., and shall immediately open the Business of the Day ; Two
Balloting- Glasses being placed before the Chair. One of those
Glasses shall remain open for receiving Lists for the Council until
Four o'clock, and the other Glass shall remain open for receiving
Lists for the Officers until Half-past Four o' Clock p.m., at which
respective Times the Ballots shall be closed.
IV. Balloting-Lists shall be delivered to every Fellow who shall
apply for them ; and if any Fellow should not approve of the
Persons therein named, but be desirous of giving his Vote for
some other Person or Persons, he will strike his Pen across the
18 Bye-Laws oftlte Linnean Societi/.
printed Name or Names of the Person or Persons of whom he may
disapproA'e, and will write over against such printed Name or
Names on the blank Side left and prepared for that Purpose, the
Name or Names of the other Person or Persons for whom he may
be desirous to give his Yote.
Y. Each Fellow voting shall deliver his Balloting- List or Lists,
folded up, to the President or Vice-President in the Chair, who
shall, in his presence, immediately put such List or Lists into the
respective Grlasses ; and the name of each Pellow who shall so
deliver in his List or Lists shall be marked on a printed List of the
Fellows, by one of the Secretaries, or by the Person officiating in
his stead.
YI. Yi/Tien the Ballot for the Council shall have been closed, the
President or Yice- President in the Chair shall appoint Three
Scrutineers, not Members of the Council, to examine the Lists,
and report the Eesult of the Ballot : One of those Scrutineers
shall open and read aloud each List deposited in the Balloting-
Grlass, and file it, while the other Two Scrutineers shall mark the
Names ; and when all the Lists shall be drawn and read, the
Scrutineers shall cast up the Number of the Yotes for each Person,
whether to be removed from or elected into the Council, and shall
report the same to the President or Yice-President in the Chair,
who shall then declare the Five Persons for whose Eemoval from
the Council there shall be the Majority of Yotes, to be removed
accordingly ; and the Five Persons for whose Election there shall
be a Majority of Yotes, to be elected Members of the Council for
the ensuing year accordingly.
YII. "When the Members of the Council for the ensuing Tear
shall have been declared, and not before, the President or Yice-
President in the Chair shall appoint the same or Three other
Scrutineers, not being Members of the Council, to examine the
Lists and report the Eesult of the Ballot for President, Treasurer,
and Secretaries ; and such Examination and Eeport being made
agreeably to the Directions contained in the preceding Section
respecting the Council, the President or Yice-President in the
Chair shall declare those who have the Majority of Yotes to be
the Pei'sons elected to the respective Offices.
YIII. If any List should contain more than the proper Number
of Names, or if any List for Officers should include the Name of
any Person not being a Member of the Council, such List shall be
set aside, and not taken any account of, by the Scrutineers in
casting up the Number of Yotes.
Bye-Laws of the Linnean Society. 19
IX. lu case of an Equality of Votes for the Eemoval from the
Council, or for the Election of Two or more Persons, whose
Number together shall exceed the Number to be removed or elected
exclusive of those having a Majority of Votes, the Excess of such
Number shall be secluded by Lots, to be prepared by the Scruti-
neers and drawn by the President or Vice-President in the Chair ;
and the Person or Persons whose Name or Names shall remain
undrawn shall be declared to be removed from or elected into the
Council, or elected to any of the Offices, as the Case may be.
X. If Twenty-one Eellows at least do not appear and give in
their Balloting- Lists during the Time limited for keeping the
Ballot for the Council open, or if any Question should arise in
the course of an Election, respecting the Forms thereof, and
cannot be decided by the Eellows present, the Election shall be
adjourned to the next convenient Day, of which Notice by Letter
shall be given to all the Eellows of the Society, in tne same
Manner as is directed in the First Section of this Chapter.
XI. In case of a Vacancy in the Council, or among the Officers
of the Society, happening during the Intervals of the Anniversary
Elections, the Council shall appoint a Special Gi-eneral Meeting,
for the Purpose of filling up such Vacancy ; and the Summons for
such Meeting, and the Proceedings at it, shall, as far as Circum-
stances will admit, be after the same Manner as is directed for the
Anniversary Elections,
CHAPTEE IX.
Of the President.
Sect I. The Business of the President shall be to preside in all
the Meetings, and regulate all the Debates of the Society, Council,
and Committees ; to state and put Questions, which shall have
been moved and seconded, botb in the Affirmative and Negative,
according to the Sense and Intention of the Meetings ; to call
for Eeports and Accounts from Committees and others ; to check
Irregularities, and to keep all Persons in the Meetings to Order ;
to cause all Extraordinary Meetings of the Council and Com-
mittees to be summoned when necessary ; and, generally, to exe-
cute, or see to the Execution of, the Statutes and Bye-Laws of
the Society.
CHAPTEE X.
Of the Treasurer and his Accounts.
Sect. I. The Treasurer, or some Person appointed by him, shall
b2
20 Bye-Laws of the Linnean Society.
receive for the Use of the Society all Sums of Money dae or pay-
able to the Society ; and out of such Money shall pay and disburse
all Sums of Money which may be due from or payable by the
Society ; and shall keep particular Accounts of all such Eeceipts
and Payments.
II. Every Sum of Money payable on account of the Society,
amounting to Five Pounds or upwards, shall be paid by Order of
the Council, signed by the President or Yice- President in the
Chair, and registered by the Secretary.
III. All Sums of Money in the Hands of the Treasurer, which
there shall not be present Occasion for expending or otherwise
disposing of for the Use of the Society, shall be laid out in such
Government or other Securities as shall be approved of and directed
by the Council.
IV. The Treasurer shall keep a Yearly List of all such Pellows
of the Society as shall have paid the Sum appointed in lieu of
Annual Contributions ; and also of those who pay the Annual
Contributions ; and in this List shall be noted the Times up to
which the Annual Contributions shall have been paid, and the
Arrears due from each Pellow respectively.
V. The Treasurer shall also keep a Book of printed Check-Re-
ceipts for Annual Contributions ; each Receipt to be signed by
himself, and to be fiUed up with the Name of the Fellow paying,
the Sum paid, and the Time paid to : these Receipts to be under-
signed by the Person who shall receive the Money on the Trea-
surer's behalf, who, upon the Delivery of the Receipt to the
Fellow paying, is to enter upon that Part of the Check which shall
be left in the Book the above Particulars, and also the Day of
Payment.
VI. The Treasurer shall demand the Annual Contributions, or
cause them to be demanded, of such Persons as shall neglect to
make their Payments for Six Months after they become due.
VII. The Accounts of the Treasurer shall be audited annually,
a short Time preceding the Anniversary Meeting, by a Committee
consisting of the President and One of the Secretaries, and of
Four Fellows of the Society, of whom Two shall be Members of
the Council, and the other Two not Members thereof; such Four
Auditors to be elected at One of the Two next preceding Greneral
Meetings of the Society, upon the Nomination of the President ;
the Election to be determined by a Show of Hands ; any Three of
the Auditors to be a Quorum. The Report of the said Auditors
shall be laid before the Society upon the Day of the Anniversary
Bye-Laws of the Linnean Societi/. 21
Meeting, stating not only the Balance in the Treasurer's Hands,
but also the general State of the Punda of the Society.
VIII. The Treasurer shall take care that all "Writings relating
to the Society's Funds and Property, the Obligations given by the
Fellows, the Policies of Insurance, and other Securities, be lodged
in the Society's Iron Chest, and be inspected by the Council once
in every Tear.
IX. The Society shall not, and may not, make any Dividend,
Grift, Division, or Bonus in Money, unto or between any of its
Members.
CHAPTEE XI.
Of the Secretaries.
Sect. I. There shall be Two Secretaries, and, so far as may be
practicable, the Duties of one of them shall be devoted to the
Zoological, and of the other to the Botanical Proceedings of the
Society.
II. The Secretaries, or either of them, shall have Inspection
over the Librarian, and other Salaried Officers and Servants of the
Society. They shall, subject to the Direction of the Council, have
the general Management of the Business of the Society, and
conduct its Correspondence.
III. The Editing and Printing of the Society's Transactions
shall be entrusted to the Secretaries respectively ; each taking
charge of the Papers belonging to his own Department.
CHAPTEE XII.
Of the Librarian and other Salaried Officers.
Sect. I. The Council shall, from Time to Time, appoint such
Librarian, Clerk, or other Salaried Officers as they may deem
necessary for the Transaction of the Business of the Society ;
provided that the position of the present Librarian, elected by the
Society, be not thereby affected.
II. The Librarian shall receive such Salary and Allowances as
the Council may judge reasonable ; and shall not, under Pain of
Dismissal, receive any Perquisite, or Profit whatever, ai'ising from
bis Connexion with the Society, excepting that which shall be
expressly allowed by the Council, and shall be subject to such
Eules and Orders as shall, from Time to Time, be given to him by
the President and Council.
III. The Librarian shall have, under the Authority of the
22 Bjje-Laws of the Linnean Society.
Council, the Charge of the Society's Library and Museum. He
shall attend ou such Days, and at such Hours, as the Council
shall direct, for the Accommodation of such Fellows, or other
Members of the Society, as may be desirous of consulting them.
IV. Any Eellow of the Society shall be allowed the Loan of
Books from the Library, under such Eegulations, and with such
Exceptions and Restrictions, as the Council shall, from Time to
Time, determine. The Librarian shall not, without leave of the
Council, permit any Article whatever to be taken out of the
Library.
CHAPTEE XIII.
Of the General or Ordinary Meetings of the Society.
Sect. I. The G-eneral or Ordinary Meetings of the Society
shall be beld on the Third Thursday in January, the First and
Third Thursdays in February, March and April, the First Thurs-
day in May, and on the First and Third Thursdays in June, Novem-
ber, and December, to begiu at Eight o' Clock in the Evening, and
to continue about an Hour, at the Discretion of the President ;
but there shall be no Meetings of the Society in the Months of
July, August, September, and October, nor on the First Thursday
in the Month of January.
II. The Honorary Members, Foreign Members, and Associates
shall have free Communication with the Society at their General
Meetings.
III. Each Fellow, Honorary Member, Foreign Member, and
Associate, may introduce a Stranger at every Greneral Meeting
of the Society, on delivering his Name to the President ; and the
Name of every Stranger so introduced shall be entered in the
Minute-Book, together vvrith the Name of the Member who shall
introduce him, and who is to be accountable for his Conduct
during his Presence at the Meeting.
IV. In case of the Absence of the President, a Vice-President
shall preside at every General Meeting ; and if neither the
President, nor any one of the Vice-Presidents, be present, then
the Chair shall be taken by some Member of the Council who may
be present.
V. When the Chair shall have been taken, the Minutes of the
preceding Meeting shall be immediately read, and be signed by
the Chairman of the Meeting, and the Presents on the Table shall
be declared.
VI. The Business of the Society in their General Meetings
Bye-Lmvs of ihe Linnean Society. 23
shall be, to road and hear Letters, Reports, and other Papers, on
Subjects of Natural History ; and also to view such Speciuiens of
the Productions of Nature as shall be presented.
VII. "Whenever, at a Greneral Meeting, the Votes, for and
against a Question proposed, shall be found to be equal, in case
the Question do not relate to an Election, or other Matter par-
ticularly provided for in this respect by the Charter or Bye-Laws,
the President, Vice-President, or Members of the Council in the
Chair, shall have a double Vote.
CHAPTER XIV.
Oftlie Meetings of the Council.
Sect. I. The Council shall meet at such Times as shall be ap-
pointed by the President, or, in his Absence, by one of the Vice-
Presidents ; due and sufficient Notice of each Meeting being pre-
viously sent to every Member of the Council.
II. The President, or one of the Vice-Presidents, shall preside
at every Meeting of the Council.
III. AVhen the Chair shall have been taken, the Minutes of the
preceding Meeting of Council shall be read, and, if approved by
the Members present, sliall be signed, in the fair Minute-Book, by
the President or Vice-President in the Chair.
IV. When any question shall be agitated at a Meeting of the
Council, it shall be determined by open Vote, unless Two or more
Members of the Meeting demand a Ballot ; and if there should be
an Equality of Votes in either Case, the President, or Vice-
President in the Chair, shall have a double Vote. It is however
declared, that all Questions relative to Elections, or to the making
or repealing of Bye-Laws, shall be determined by Ballot.
V. When a Question shall have been determined upon in
Council, which, agreeably to the Charter, must necessarily be
approved of by the Fellows at large, the Resolution of the Council
upon such Question, signed by the President, or Vice-President
who may have presided at the Time, and by the Secretary, shall
be read from the Chair, at the next General Meeting of the
Society.
VI. The Papers read at the Meetings of tlie Society shall be
referred to the Council, who shall determine respecting their
Publication ; and the Council shall have power to refer them to
be reported upon, to any competent' Person, although he may not
24 Bye-Laws of the lAnnean Society,
be a Member of the Council. All Questions relating to the
Publication of Papers shall be decided in Council by Ballot, if
any Member present shall so require.
CHAPTER XV.
Of the Manner of Publication of the Papers, laid hefore the Society.
Sect. I. The Transactions and other Publications of tbe Society
shall be printed at such Times, and in sucb Manner, as the Council
for the Time being shall direct.
II. Every Fellow whose Payments to the Society shall have
been paid up to the Time of Publication of each Part of the
Society's Transactions, or other Publications, shall be entitled to
One Copy of such Part.
III. No Pellow of the Society shall be entitled to receive,
gratis, any Copy or Copies of the Transactions, or other Publica-
tions, after Pive Years shall have elapsed from the Time of their
Publication, unless the Council shall otherwise direct.
CHAPTER XVI.
Of the Books and Papers of the Society.
Sect. I. There shall be kept a Book, called the Charter and
Bye-Law Book, in which shall be fairly written the Copy of the
Charter and Bye-Laws, and also the Obligation to be subscribed
by the Pellows of the Society in their own Handwriting.
II. There shall be kept a Book, containing the register of the
Fellows of the Society, with the Times of their Election and
Admission.
III. There shall be kept Minute-Books for the Society and
Council ; in which shall be entered all the Minutes, Orders, and
Business of the Society and Council at their respective Meetings.
IV. Any Fellow of the Society may, at proper Times, and in the
Society's Apartments, have the Liberty of inspecting the Minute-
or other Books of the Society ; but no Fellow shall take any Copy
or Transcript of any matter contained therein, Avithout leave ob-
tained of the Council.
V. The original Copy of every Paper, after having been read
before the Society, shall be considered as the Property of the
Society, if there should be no previous Engagement with its
Author to the contrary.
Bye-Laivs oftlie lAnneayi Society. 25
CHAPTER XVII.
Of the Conunon Seal and Deeds.
Sect. I. The Common Seal of the Society shall be kept in an
Iron Chest, having Three Locks, with Three different Keys ; of
which One shall be in the Custody of the President, another of the
Treasurer, and the Third of the Senior Secretary.
II. Every Deed, or Writing, to which the Common Seal is to
be affixed, shall be passed, and sealed in Council, and signed by
the President, or Vice-President in the Chair, and countersigned
by one of the Secretaries.
26
APPENDIX.
No. I.
Form of a Balloting-List for the Council.
j^ LIST of the Persons recommended by the Council of the
Linnean Society of London to be removed from, and elected into
the said Council, at the Election of May 18
Five Members of the present Council recommended to be re-
moved.
A. B.
C. D. 1
E. E. 1
G. H.
L K. 1
rive Fellows recommended to be elected into the Council.
L. M.
N. 0.
P. Q. 1
E. S.
T. IT. !
Any Fellow who disapproves of any of the Names recommended
above, is requested to strike out with his Pen such Names as he
does not approve, and to write opposite to each Name so struck
out, the Name of the Person for whom he chooses to give his Vote.
B_t/e-Laws of the Linnean Society,
27
No. II.
Form of a Balloting- List for the Officers.
A LIST of the Persons recommended bj the Council of the
Linnean Society of London to be appointed to the OiEces of
President, Treasurer, and Secretaries of the Society, at the Elec-
tion of May 18
Pkeside>"t
Pbesident.
B. A.
TllEASUBER
Teeasubeh.
D. C.
Seceetabies
Seceetabies.
F. E.
H. G.
Any Fellow who disapproves of any of the Names recommended
above, is requested to strike out with his Pen such Names as he
does not approve, and to write opposite to each Name so struck
out, the Name of the Person for whom he chooses to give his Vote.
LINNEAN SOCIETY.
Alterations of Bye-laws.
At a Special G-eneral Meeting of the Linnean Society held on the
5th of March, 1874, the following resolution was passed : —
" That inasmuch as it appears that there are differences of
" opinion in the Society as to the legality of the alter-
"ations of the Bye-laws made at the Meeting on the
" 15th of January last, this Meeting, retaining com-
" plete confidence in the President and Council of the
" Society, request them (1) to obtain the opinion of
" some legal authority whether those alterations are
" binding on the Society or not. (2) That if the opi-
" nion be that the said alterations are legally binding,
" no further steps be taken in reference to them. (3)
" That if the opinion be that the said alterations, or
" any of them, are not legally binding, the Council be
" requested to take the necessary proceedings for set-
" ting aside the vote of the 15th of January."
In pursuance of the above resolution a Statement of the ques-
tions at issue was prepared, and approved by the Senior Secretary
on behalf of the President and Council, and by Mr. J. E. Harting
on the part of those Fellows of the Society who disapproved of the
proposed alterations of the Bye-laws. Application was made to
Lord Hatherley requesting him to undertake the office of Arbi-
trator, which his Lordship kindly consented to do.
The following is a copy of the Case submitted to the Arbitrator,
Statement of Case to be Submitted to the Arbitrator.
Bt the Charter of Incorporation of the Linnean Society of
London, of which a printed Copy is sent herewith (see pp. 6-8),
a Council, President, Treasurer and Secretary, are nominated and
appointed for the direction, management, and execution of the
business and concerns of the Society (p. 6) ; and provisions are
made : —
Pirst. For the annual removal by the Fellows of five Members
of the Council, and for the election from the Fellows of the
Society of five others in their room, the time, place and manner of
such election being specified (p. 7).
Secondly. For the annual election by the Fellows from the
Members of Council, of a President, Treasurer, and Secretary, the
time, place and manner of such Elections being also specified
(p. 7).
Thirdly. For the appointment by the Fellows of such other
persons (without a limit as to the range of selection) to be
Ofiicers of the Society for the year ensuing, as may be thought
proper and necessary for transacting and managing its busi-
ness, without specifying the time, place and manner of such
appointments (p. 8) ; and
Fourthly. For the election by the Fellows of such persons as
they shall think fit to be Fellows, Honorary Members, Foreign
Members and Associates (p. 8), again without specifying the
time, place or manner of such elections (p. 8).
The Charter also empowers the Council to make Bye-laws for
(amongst other things) fixing and determining the time, place and
manner of electing, appointing and removing all Fellows, Honor-
ary Members, Foreign Members and Associates of the said Society,
and all other subordinate Ofl&cers, Attendants and Servants as
shall be deemed necessary or useful for the said Society (p. 8).
And it is provided (p. 9) that the Bye-laws may from time to time
be varied or revoked, and other Bye-laws made so that the same
be not repugnant to the Charter.
A print of the Bye-laws by which, until the recent alterations
hereafter referred to, the Society, has been regulated, accompanies
the printed copy of the Charter.
In exercise of the power above referred to, the Council recently
proposed certain alterations in the Bye-laws, to which alterations,
with the exception of those inserted in Manuscript at pp. 21 and
22 of the accompanying print of the Bye-laws, no objection has
been taken.
All the proposed alterations were hung up in the Meeting-
room of the Society, and read by the President in the manner
provided by the Charter. At the Meeting for the confirmation
of the proposed alterations in the Bye-laws, which took place on
the 15th January last, some of the Fellows strongly opposed the
alteration which places the election of the Librarian in the hands
of the Council, and the same Fellows also objected to the repeal
of Section 1 of Chapter XII. of the Bye-laws (see p. 21). A
Motion -was made and seconded that the proposed alterations
should be put to the Meeting seriatim and not collectively, on the
ground that the Charter in empowering the Council to make and
alter Bye-laws, implies that such alterations shall be made seriatim,
inasmuch as it provides (p. 9) that no " Bye-law " (i. e. any
single Bye-law) " hereafter to be made, or alteration , or repeal of
" any Bye-law, shall be binding on the Society, until such Bye-
" law, or such alteration or repeal of any Bye-law, shall have
" been approved by two-thirds of the Fellows present at a Greneral
" Meeting." The President refused to put this Motion upon the
following grounds : —
1st. That the initiation of alterations in the Bye-laws
rests solely with the Council, and that if any one of
the alterations should be rejected the whole must fall
to the ground, or at least go back to the Council for
reconsideratiou .
2nd. That upon all previous occasions of alterations in the
Bye-laws, the proposed alterations had been put to
the Meeting for confirmation or rejection en masse.
3rd. That it would be irregular to put the alterations
seriatim.
The proposed alterations were then put to the Meeting en masse,
and upon the ballot being taken the votes of forty-four FeUows
out of sixty-six (the whole number present) were in favour of the
alterations, and (one not voting) the votes of the remaining
twenty- one were against the alterations, and it was declared that
the alterations were carried.
Those Fellows of the Society who disapprove of the alterations
in the Bye-laws, maintain that the proceedings of the 15th of
January were invalid upon the following gromids : —
1st. That under Chapter IX. Section 1 of the Bye-laws,
the President was bound to put to the Meeting a
question which had been moved and seconded, viz.
a Motion that the proposed alterations in the Bye-
law's be put to the Meeting seriatim.
2nd. That the resolutions for the alterations of the Bye-
laws ought not to have been put to the Meeting en
masse, and that not putting them seriatim was con-
trary to the terms of the Charter.
3rd. That the repeal of Sections 1, 2, and 3, Chapter XII.,
of the Bye-laws and the alteration of Section 7 of the
same Chapter, the effect of which is (inter alia) to
take the election of Librarian out of the hands of the
FeUows and place it in the bands of the Council, were
in contravention of the terms of the Society's Charter,
and consequently illegal.
4th. That by the provisions of the Charter the power of
appointing the subordinate Officers, A.ttendants, and
Servants is vested in the Fellows at large ; and that
the Council have no more power to appoint such
Officers than to elect Fellows, Honorary Members, &c.,
the appointment of the former and the election of the
latter being governed by the same Clause of the
Charter (p. 8).
5th. That the Librarian is a subordinate Officer necessary
for the transacting and managing the business of the
Society ; and that according to the Charter he need
not be a Fellow, and must be elected by the Fellows ;
and, as a matter of fact, in both these respects the
Charter has been up to the present time conformed
to; and although it is admitted that the Librarian
has not been annually appointed, it is contended that
this has been an irregularity, and that the annual ap-
pointment of the subordinate Officers as provided for
by the Charter affords a proper security against the
Society being burthened with incompetent Officers.
The Council and those Fellows of the Society who approve of
the alterations maintain the validity of the proceedings of the
Meeting of the 15th of January upon the following grounds : —
1. That the power of making Bye-laws is vested by the
Charter in the Council, and that the Fellows at large
can only adopt or reject the Bye-laws laid before them
by the Council. That it was not necessary that the
altered Bye-laws should be put to the Meeting seriatim,
and that the proper and legal course was to put them
en masse.
2. That the President cannot be bound to put to any Meeting
any question which, although moved and seconded, it
would be irregular for him to put, and that he was there-
5
fore justified in refusing to put tlie question " that the
proposed alterations be put seriatim" or at all events
that, as a majority of two thirds of the Fellows present
chose to allow the President's motion to be put and
to accept the alterations en masse, no objection can be
taken on this point, there having been no violation of
the Bye-laws.
3. That the repeal of Sections 1, 2, and 3 of Chapter XII.
of the Bye-laws and the alteration of Section 7 of the
same Chapter are not in contravention of the Society's
Charter. That the Librarian is not, and never has
been, an annual Officer ; and that there is nothing in
the Charter to the efiect that the Fellows shall appoint
or remove him. That in fact the Charter leaves the
matter to be dealt with by the Bye-laws, which Bye-
laws may be altered from time to time. And further
that if the Librarian must necessarily be elected by
the Fellows at large, then the same rule must extend
to every Officer and Servant of however low a grade
in the employment of the Society (even to domestic
Servants), which would render the management of the
affairs of the Society almost impracticable.
At a Special General Meeting of the Society held on the 5th
March last the following resolution was carried by a majority of
the Fellows present, " That inasmuch as it appears that there are
" differences of opinion in the Society as to the legality of the
" alterations of the Bye-laws made at the Meeting on the 15th of
" January last, this Meeting, retaining complete confidence in the
" President and Council of the Society, request them (1) to obtain
" the opinion of some legal authority whether those alterations
" are binding on the Society or not. (2) That if the opinion be
" that the said alterations are legally binding, no further steps
"be taken in reference to them. (8) That if the opinion be that
" the said alterations, or any of them, are not legally binding, the
" Council be requested to take the necessaryproceedings for setting
" aside the vote of the 15th of January."
In pursuance of this Eesolution, and if agreeable to your
Lordship, the President and Council of the Society request the
favour of your Lordship's opinion upon the following questions.
6
1st. Having regard to the terms of the said Charter and
to the fact that the question " that the proposed alter-
ations in the Bye-laws should he put to the Meeting
seriatim " had been duly moved and seconded, was it
necessary that the proposed alterations in the Bye-
laws should be put to the Meeting seriatim ? or was it
legal to put them (as they were put) en masse ?
2nd. Is the repeal of Sections 1, 2, and 3, or is the alter-
ation of Section 7 of Chapter XII. of the Bye-laws
in contravention of the Society's Charter or other-
wise invalid ?
3rd. In the event of such alterations in Chapter XII. being
invalid, are the other alterations in the Bye-laws which
were proposed at the Meeting of the 15th January
valid and binding without further vote of the Society ?
4th. Under all the circumstances above mentioned are the
alterations in the Bye-laws purported to have been
made at the Meeting of the IStli of January last valid
and binding upon the Society?
The following is a Co])y of Lord Hatherleys Award.
I AM of opinion that the Council alone can originate a Bye-law
or Bye-laws, and that it is competent to that body to offer the
Bye-laws at any time agreed to by them, either as a body of new
Law or as separate Laws. By presenting them and having them
read as one body of Law, I think they sufficiently indicated their
intent that it should be accepted or rejected as such, and that the
President was therefore right in so offering them for confirmation.
I do not think that any Motion by one of the Fellows, though
seconded, for varying this arrangement by putting the several
heads of the altered Law instead of laying the whole at once
before the Greneral Meeting, was one which the President was
bound to put ; for had it been carried, he would not have been
justified in complying with the proposal. The Council might
direct the Bye-laws to be hung up and read as separate laws ; but
unless they did so, it was right to treat the whole as one enact-
ment of the Council divided into several Chapters. With regard
to the Librarian, it is necessary to consider the exact provisions of
the Charter.
Precise directions are given for the election (by ballot) of Fel-
lows, President, Treasurer, and Secretary at the Annual Meetings
of the Fellows, and for filling up vacancies in those Ofilces. They
are also to appoint " such other persons to be Officers for the year
" ensuing as they may think proper and necessary for the transact-
" ing and managing the business thereof." There is no direction as
to ballot with regard to this appointment of Officers for the
business of the Society ; and I presume a vote might be taken
in any other way authorized by any Bye-law.
The Council must be Fellows of the Society ; and they have
power to make Bye-laws : — 1st, for the regulation of the Society
and of the estate, goods, and business thereof; 2nd, for fixing
the time and place of Meeting and of electing and removing all
Fellows, and all such subordinate Officers and Attendants as
shall be deemed necessary or useful for the Society ; 3rd, for
filling up from time to time any vacancies by death, removal,
or otherwise in any of the offices or appointments constituted
for the execution of the business and concerns of the Society.
As regards Fellows, the Bye-laws are to extend only to time and
place of Election, and not to filling the vacancies. I am of opinion
that the Annual Meetings of the Society therefore would, until
the present Bye-laws were passed, have appointed the persons
whom they thought necessary (including the Librarian) to be
Officers ; but I am further of opinion that not only the time and
mode of Election originally, could be fixed by Bye-laws, but the
filling up of vacancies in any office once established is expressly
made subject to the Bye-laws. Moreover, no Bye-law is valid
vmtil confirmed by ballot by the " Fellows at large," after ample
notice and by consent of two-thirds of those present. Under
these circumstances I am of opinion that the Bye-law in respect
to the election of the Librarian is valid. The Council (being
limited in its numbers) could not control by its own Bye-law
alone the fuller powers of the general body ; but the Bye-law being
on a subject fully within the competency of the Council, and
having been confirmed in manner directed by the Charter, all
possible ground of objection which might otherwise arise is re-
moved. The cases of Corporate Elections (Maidstone, 3 Burr.
p. 1834 ; Helston, 4 Burr. p. 2515) have usually turned upon the
attempt of a Kmited Common Council to transfer by Bye-law the
elections which the Charter directed to be by the Commonalty,
to themselves, the Commonalty having no voice in the framing
of Bye-laws. Here the Fellows who are in the position of tbe
Commonalty have a veto on all Bye-laws ; the Council also con-
sists of Fellows, and the only effect of the Bye-law is to transfer
the Election from the whole body to some Members of that body,
a course allowed as reasonable even in the Corporation Cases of
Parliamentary Boroughs where the main body of th.e electors
have had a voice in approving of the Bye-laws.
It appears to me that the scope of the Charter was to leave
the original appointment of necessary new Officers to the Annual
Meetings, and, when the office had been created, to subject the
regulations for filling up vacancies to Bye-laws. The difference
of language as to the election hy ballot of the Fellows, President,
Treasurer and Secretary, and the " appointment " of Officers, indi-
cates this intention, and shows the choice of Officers to have been
a subordinate part of the business of the Society, which might
well be regulated by Bye-laws, and, as to the filling-up of the post
when vacant, be handed over to the Council.
On the whole case, therefore, I hold the repeal of the former
Bye-laws as to the Librarian, and the new enactment, to be valid,
and not contrary to the Charter.
(Signed.) Hatheelet.
July 22nd, 1874.
31 Great George St.
LIST
OF
THE LINNEAN SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
1877.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLKET STREET.
LINxNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
PATRON.
HEU SACRED MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA.
b2
Date ot Election. |
1818. Dec.
15.
1866. Nov.
15.
1830. Jan.
19.
1876. Dec.
7.
1830. June
1.
18,53. Jan.
18.
1863. Mar.
19.
1866. Apr.
5.
1876. Jan.
20.
1875. Dec.
2.
1875. Dec.
16.
1844. June
18.
1856. Dec.
2.
1865. June
15.
1859. Dec.
1.
1861. Apr.
4.
1863. Apr.
16.
1868. Jan.
16.
1863. May
7.
1833. Mar.
19.
1871. Dec.
21.
1871. Nov.
16.
1856. Nov.
4.,
1
*Ashburner, John F., M.D. Sovereign Life Office, 48 St.
Jaines's-street. S.W.
* Atkinson, Edward, Esq. M.R.C.S., F. Med. Soc. Lond. ;
Led. Comjj. Anat. ^ Swg. Leeds School of Medicine ; Sur-
yeon to the Leeds General Infirmary. Eldon House, Wood-
house Lane, Leeds.
*Atkinson, "William, Esq. 47 Gordon-square. W.C.
Aveling, Edward B., D.Sc. Qt7 Maitlaud-park-road. N.W,
*Babington, Charles Cardale, Esq. M. A., F.R.S. and G.S., Frof.
Bot. in Univ. Cambr. 5 Brookside, Cambridge.
*Babington, Rev. Churchill, B.D., Disney Professor of Ar-
chcBology in Univ. of Cambridge. Cockfield Rectory, Sud-
bury, Suffolk.
*Baily, William Hellier, Esq. M.R.LA., F.G.S., Socc. Hist.
Nat. Dresdce et Argentorati, et Reg. Leodii Corresp. ; De-
monstrator in Palceontology to the R. Coll. of Science,
and Acting Paleontologist to H.M. Geol. Survey of
Ireland. 92 Rathgar-road, Dublin.
*Baker, John Gilbert, Esq., Lecturer on Botany at the London
Hospital ; Assistant in the Herbarium, Royal Gardens,
Kew. 23 Gloucester-road, Kew.
Baldock, John Henry, Esq. F.C.S. South Norwood. S.E.
*Balfour, Francis M., Esq. B.A., Fellow of Trinity College,
Cambridge.
*Balfour, Isaac Bayley, Esq. Sc.D., M.B., CM., F.R.S.E.
27 Inverleith-row, Edinburgh.
*Balfour, John Hutton, M.D., F.R.S. L. and E., Hon.
M.R.H.S., Reg. Prof Bot. 27 Inverleith-row, Edin-
burgh.
Ball, John, Esq. M.A., F.R.S., M.R.LA. 10 Southwell-
gardens, S. Kensington.
Baly, Joseph S., M.R.C.S. The Butts, Warwick.
Barford, A. H., Esq. B.A. 1 Cornwall-terrace, Regent' s-
park. N.W.
*Barnard, Major R. Carey, late of H.M. Alst Reg. Bart-
low, Leckhampton, Cheltenham.
*Barnes, Richard Hawksworth, Esq. B.xl. Care of Messrs.
Reeve and Co., Covent Garden.
*Barrington-Ward, Mark J., Esq. M.A., Oxon., Corresp.
M. Bot. Soc. Canada ; H.M. Inspector of Schools. United
University Club. S.W. ; and St. W^inifred's, Lincoln.
*Bastian, Henry Charlton, Esq. M. A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S..
Prof Pathol. Anat. Univ. Coll. Lond. 20 Queen Anu.-
street. W.
*Bateman, James, Esq. F.R.S. and R.H.S. 9 Ilyde-park-gato
South. W. ; Biddulph Grange, Congleton ; and Knypersley
Hall, Staffordshire.
*Bates, Henry Walter, Esq. Assist. Sec. R. Geogr. Soc.
Savile-row. W.
*Beale, Edward John, Esq. Stoneydeep House, Teddington-
grove. S.W.
Beaidsley, Amos, Es.q. M.R.C.8., F.G.S. Grange-ovcr-Saiids,
Lancashire.
Date of Election.
1866. June 21.
1865. Apr. 6.
1872. Jan. 18.
18.50. Feb. 19.
1815. May 2.
1868. Feb. 6.
1831. Dec. 20.
1870. Jan. 20.
1828. Nov. 18.
1849. Apr. 3.
1836. Apr. 19.
1871. Jan. 19.
1819. Feb. 16.
1874. June 18.
1859. Dec. 1.
1846. June 16.
1827. Apr. 17.
1876. Mar. 16.
1822. Nov. 19.
1876. Jan. 20.
1859. Mar. 3.
1860. Mar. 1.
1873. Dec. 18.
1873. June 19.
1839. Nov. 19.
1854. Mar. 21.
1877. Feb. 1.
1876. June 1.
1875. May 6.
1866. Feb. 15.
1873. June 19.
1859. Jan. 20.
1875. Dec. 16.
Becker, Hermann, M.D. Park Browse House, The Lizard,
Cornwall.
Beckett, Thomas W. N., Esq. Hattanwelle, Rattotte, near
Kandy, Ceylon.
Bedford, Rev. Joseph Louis, M.A. 9 Bridge-place, Chester.
*Bedinofeld, Rev. James. Bedingfeld, Eye, Suffolk.
Bell, Thomas, Esq. F.R.S. and G.S., Prof. Zool. King's
Coll. Lond. ; — Acad. Ccbs. Nat. Cur. Socius; — Socc. Hist.
Nat. et Philom. Paris, Acad. Sc. Philad., Socc. Hist. Nat.
Post., et Lit. et Sc. Hung. Corresp. Selborne, Hants.
*Bennett, Alfred William, Esq. M.A., B.Sc, Lect. Pot. St.
Thomas's Hospital., Lect. on Nat. Science, Pedford Col-
lege. 6 Park Village East, Reo;ent's-park. N.W.
*Bennett, George, M.D., F.R.C.S., Member of the Medi-
cal Faculty of the University, Sydney, New South Wales.
*Benson, Lieut.-Col. R., H.M. Indian Staff Corps.
*Bentham, George, Esq. F.R.S. 25 Wilton-place. S.W.
Bentley, Robert, Esq. M.R.C.S., Hon. F. and Prof. Pot.
Kings Coll. Lond. ; Prof. Mat. Med. and Pot. to the
Pharmaceut. Soc. of Great Pritain ; Prof. Pot. London
Instit. 1 Tiebovir-road, South Kensington. S.W.
*Berkeley, Rev. Miles Joseph, M.A., Hon. M.R.H.S., Acad.
Cces. Nat. Cur. Soc. Sibbertoft, Market Harborough.
Bernays, Lewis A., Esq. Clerk to the Legislative Assembly ,
Queensland. Parliamentary Buildings, Queen-street, Bris-
bane, Queensland.
*Bigelow, Jacob, M.D. Boston, New England.
Birchall, Edwin, Esq. Woodside, Douglas, Isle of Man.
*Bird, Peter Hinckes, Esq. F.R.C.S. and R.H.S. 1 Norfolk-
square, Hyde-park. W.
*Birkett, John, Esq. F.R.C.S. 59 Green-st., Grosvenor-sq. W.
*Blackwall, John, Esq. Hendre House, near Llanrwst,
Denbighshire.
Blair, David, Esq. 11 Walton-street, Chelsea. S.W.
Blomefield, Rev. Leonard, M.A., F.G.S. and C.P.S. 19 Bel-
mont, Bath.
Bloxam, George W., Esq. M.A. 44 Dacre-park, Lee. S.E.
Blunt, George Vernon, M.D., Prof Med. Jurisp. Queen's
Coll. Pirm. 7 Old-square, Birmingham.
Bohn, Henry G., Esq. North End House, Twickenham. S.W.
*Bolus, Harry, Esq. Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.
Bond, John Kinton, Esq. B.A. 42 Park-street, Plymouth.
*Borrer, William, Esq. M.A. Cowfold, Horsham, Sussex.
Boswell, J. T. Irvine B., LL.D. Balmuto, Kirkcaldy, N.B,
Boulger, George S., Esq. Cressingham, Reading, Berks.
*Boulth, William Hope, Esq. Surgeon, H.M. 2ndM. 1., Berham-
pore, Madras.
Bowman, Frederic Hungerford, Esq. F.R.A.S., F.G.S., &c.
West Mount, Halifax, Yorkshire.
*Bowman, William, Esq. F.R.S., F.R.C.S.E. 5 Chfford-
street. W.
*Bowring, John C, Esq. Forest Farm, Windsor Forest.
*Boycott, Thomas, M.D. 46 Montagu-square. W.
Boyd, William Christopher, Esq. Cheshunt, Herts.
Date of Election.
1859. June 16.
1860. June 7.
1875. Dec. 2.
1859. Mar. 17.
1859. Mar. 17.
1863. Feb. 5.
1860. May 3.
1872. Mar. 21.
1872. Jan. 18.
1870. Apr. 21.
1864. Mar. 3.
1874. Dec. 3.
1876. Mar. 2.
1866. Feb. 1.
1876. Dec. 7.
1873. Jan. 16.
1833. Dec. 17-
1875. Dec. 2.
1874. Dec. 3.
1850. Feb. 5.
1845. Dec. 16.
1858. June 3.
1864. Jan, 21.
1866. Feb. 15.
1858. Jan. 21,
1833. Nov. 19,
1846. Dec. 1,
8
Bradford, Edward, Esq., Bep. Inspector-Gen. of Hospitals ;
Hon. Sury. to the Queen. Harrow. N.W.
Bradley, Charles Lawrence, Esq. F.R.C.S. Paradise-vow,
Stoke Newington. N.
Brady, George Stewardson, M.D., M.R.C.S., Corresp. M.
Zool. Soc. Lond., and Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasg., Acad.
Nat. So. Philad. et Socc. Limi. Bay on. et Bordigalens.
Corresp.; Prof. Nat. Hist, in Utiiv. Durham, ^ College of
Physical Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 22 Fawcett-street,
Sunderland.
Brady, Henry Bowman, Esq. F.R.S. and G.S. 29 Mosley-
street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Braikenridge, Rev. George Weare, M.A. Clevedon, Somerset.
*Braitbwaite, Robert, M.D., M.R.C.S.E. TheFerns, 303 Clap-
ham -road. S.W.
*Brandis, Dietrich, Ph.D., F.R.S., Inspector-General of
Forests, Calcutta.
*Breese, Charles James, Esq. 1 Marquess-road, Canonbury.
Briggs, Thomas R.Archer, Esq. 4 Portland- villas, Plymouth.
*Britten, James, Esq. British Museum. W.C.
Brodhurst, Bernard Edward, Esq. F.R.C.S. 20 Grosvenor-
street, Grosvenor-square. W.
Brogden, James, Esq. F.G.S., F.R.C.S. Sea Bank House,
Porthcawl, near Bridgend, Glamorganshire.
Brooke, Sir Victor Alexander, Bart. Colebrook-park, Fer-
managh, Ireland.
Broome, Christopher Edmund, Esq. Batheaston, Bath.
Brown, George Dransfield, Esq. M.R.C.S. Henley-villa,
Ealino;. W.
Brown, Robert, Esq. M.A., Ph.D., F.R.G.S. 26 Guilford-
road, Albert-square. S.W.
*Buccleuch and Queensberry, Walter Francis, Duke of, K.G.,
D.C.L.,F.R.S.L.andE. Montague House, Whitehall. S.W.
*Buchanan, John, Esq. Botanist to Geological Survey. Mu-
seum, Wellington, New Zealand.
*Buckley, Sir Edmund, Bart., M.P. Plas Dinas Mawddwy,
Merionethshire.
*Buckman, James, Esq. F.G.S. Bradford Abbas, Sherborne,
Dorset.
*Buckton, George Bowdler, Esq. F.R.S. Weycombe, Hasle-
mere, Surrey.
*Buckton, Woodyer Merricks, Esq. Hill House, Edgware.
N.W.
*Bulger, Lieut. -Col. George Ernest, late Idth Foot ; care of
Messrs. G. W. Wheatley and Co., 156 Leadenhall-st.E.C.
*Bull, Wilham, Esq. F.R.H.S., Socc. Hort. BeroL, BruxelL,
Paris et Petropol., et Soc. Agric. et Bot. Gandav. Socius.
King's-road, Chelsea. S.W.
*Buller, Walter Lawry, C.M.G., Sc.D. Wanganui, Welling-
ton, New Zealand.
Bunbury, Sir Charles James Fox, Bart., F.R.S. and G.S.
Barton Hall, Burv St. Edmunds.
*Busk, George, Esq. F.R.C.S. E., R.S., G.S., & Z.S. 32
Harley-street. W. Vice-President.
Date of Election.
1868. Feb. 6.|*Butler, Arthur Gardiner, Esq. F.Z.S., xAI.E.S., Corresp.
Memb. ofSoc. Nat. ScL, Biifalo. Zoological Department,
British Museum. W.C.
1854. Apr. 18. Bjeriej, Isaac, Esq. F.R.C.S. Seacombe, Birkenhead,
Cheshire.
18.56. Dec. 2. *Carpenter, William Benjamin, C.B., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.
and G.S., Hon. M.C.P.S., Socc. Biolog. et Philom. Paris.
Sociiis ; — Acad. Sc. Lis fit. Paris., et Soc. Phil. Amer. Cor-
resp.;— Registrar of the University of London. 56 Regent' s-
park-road. N.W. Vice-President.
1861. Feb. 7. Carruthers, William, Esq. F.R.S. & G.S. British Museum ;
and 4 Woodside-vilJas, Gipsy-hill. S.E. Vice-President.
1859. Nov. 3. Carte, Alexander, A.M., M.D., F.R.C.S.I. and R.G.S.I.,
M.R.I. A., V. P. Nat. Hist. Soc. Dublin ; Soc. Zool. Bat.
Vindob. et Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Corresp. ; Director of
the Nat. Hist. Museum, Dublin.
1872. Dec. 19. Champneys, Frank H., Esq. M.B. St. Bartholomew's
Hospital. E.C.
1835. Dec. 1. *Chance, Edward J., Esq. F.G.S. 59 Old Broad-street, City.
E.C.
1846. Dec. 1. *Chapman, David Barclay, Esq. Roehampton. S.W.
1872. May 2. *Chapman, Edward, Esq. M.A. Frewen Hall, Oxford.
1873. June 19. Cheeseman, Thomas F., Esq. Auckland, New Zealand.
1868. Feb. 6. *Child, Gilbert W., M.A. Lee-place, Charlbury, Oxon.
1876. Apr. 5. *Chimrao, William, Capt. R.N., F. R. Astr. Soc, R.G.S., &c.
Westdowne, Weymouth, Dorset.
1876. Dec. 21. Christy, Thomas, Jun., Esq. 64 Claverton-street. S.W.
1861. Nov. 21. Clapton, Edward, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to St. Thomas's
Hospital. 10a St. Thomas' s-street, Southwark. S.E.
1874. Feb. 19. * Clark-Kennedy, Capt. Alexander William Maxwell. Cold-
stream Guards. Carruchan, Dumfries, N.B.
1845. May 6. *Clarke, Benjamin, Esq. M.R.C.S. Mount Vernon, Hamp-
stead. N.W.
1866. Jan. 18. *Clarke, Rev. Charles. 47 Charlotte-road, Birmingham.
1867. Dec. 5. *Clarke, Charles Baron, Esq. M.A., Barrister-at-Law. Careof
T. P. Clarke, Esq., Andover.
1853. Jan. 18. *Clarke, Joshua, Esq. Saffron Walden, Essex.
1876. Apr. 6. Clarke, Rev. Robert Francis, M.R.C.S. 17 Hornton-street,
Kensington. W.
1873. Apr. 3. Clarson, William, Esq. Melbourne, Victoria.
1851. Nov. 4. *Cleghorn, Hugh F. C, M.D. Stravithie, St. Andrews, N.B.
1857. Apr. 7. *Cobbold, Thomas Spencer, M.D., F.R.S., Soc. Phil. Amer.
Corresp., Led. Zool. ^' Comp. Anat.at the Middlesex Hosp.
Med. Coll. 42 Harley-street. W.
1858. Mar. 18. Cockle, John, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.S.E. and F.R.A.S.
7 Suffolk-place, Haymarket. S.W.
1848. Feb. 15. *Cogswell, Charles, M.t). 47 York-terr., Regent's-pk. N.W.
1867. June 6. Colebrook, John, Esq. M.R.C.S., Retired Surg. Madras
Army. 1 Walton-place, Chelsea. S.W.
1865. June 15. *Colenso, Rev. William, M.A. Napier, New Zealand.
1853. Nov. 1. *Collingwood, Cuthbert, Esq. M.A., M.B., M.R.C.P., Soc.
Reg. Phys.-oecon. Regiomont. Socius. Pembroke Villa.
Central-hill, Upper Norwood. S. R.
Date of Election.
1877. Apr. 5.
1857. Dec. 17.
1856. Nov. 18.
1864. Feb. 4.
1860. Feb. 16.
1874. Dec. 3.
1875. Dec. 2.
1868. Jan. 16.
1875. Dec. 16.
1870. June 16.
1876. Mar. 2.
1869. May 6.
1830. Jan. 19.
1875. Apr. 1.
1876. Feb. 17.
1870. Feb. 3.
1856. Apr. 15.
1849. Feb. 20.
1864. Dec. 1.
1875. Mar. 18.
1854. Mar. 7.
1875. Dec. 2.
1868. Nov. 19.
1873. Jan. 16.
1875. Apr. 1.
1839. Nov. 19.
1857. Dec. 17.
1869. Apr. 15.
1874. Dec. 17.
1863. Mar. 19.
1855. Dec. 18,
10
Constable, Rev. John, M.A., Principal of the Agricultural
College, Cirencester.
*Cooke, Edward William, Esq. R.A., F.R.S., G.S., R.G.S.,
and Z.S., Acadd. Bell. Art. Venet. et Holm. Sociiis. Glen
Andred, Groombridge, Sussex; and iVthenseum Club. S.W.
Cooke, Robert T. E. Barrington, M.B., M.R.C.S. Scar-
borough, Yorkshire.
*Cornthwaite, Rev. Tullie, M.A. The Forest, Walthamstow.
='=Coulson,William,Esq.F.S.A. lChester-ter.,Regent's-pk.N.W.
Cowherd, James, Esq. Stoney Dale, Grange, Caniforth,
North Lancashire.
Cox, H.Ramsay, Esq. Thornleigh,Tysen-rd., Forest-hill. S.E.
*Cox, James C, M.D. 130 Phillip-street, Sydney, N.S.W.
Craven, Alfred E., Esq. Brookfield House, Folkestone.
Crisp, Frank, Esq. LL.B., B.A. 5 Lansdowne-rd., Notting-hill.
Croft, Richard Benvon, Esq. Retired Lieutenant, R.N.,
F.R.M.S. Ware," Herts.
Crombie, Rev. James M., M.A., F.G.S. 1 Rockhall-ter-
race, Cricklewood. N.W.
*Crompton, Dickinson Webster, Esq. Birmingham.
Crotch, Wm. Duppa, Esq. M.A. TheGreen, Richmond, Surrey.
^Cunningham, David Douglas, M.B., Surgeon H.M. Indian
Army. Almorah, N.W. Provinces, India.
Cunningham, Rob. Oliver, M.D., Prof. Nat. Hist., Queen's
College, Belfast.
*Currey, Frederick, Esq. M.A., F.R.S. 3 New-square, Lin-
coln's-inu. W.C. ; and 2 Vanbrugh-park-road. S.E. Secre-
tary.
Dallas, William Sweetland, Esq. Assist. Sec. Geol. Soc.
Burlington House. W.
*Dalton, Henry Gibbs, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.S.E., Soc. Geol.
Jence Soc. Hon. George Town, Demerara.
Daltry, Rev. Thomas W., M.A. Madeley Vicarage, Newcastle,
Staffordshire.
*Darwin, Charles, Esq. M.A., F.R.S. L. &E., F.G.S. ; Hon.
M.R.H.S. and R. Med. Cbir. Soc. ;—'pour le Merite' Eq.;
— Acadd. Cces. Nat. Cur., Reg. Sc. Berol. etHolm., et Soc.
Reg. Sc. Uvsal. Socius ; — Acadd. Nat. Sc. Pliilad. et
Vindob: Corresp. Down, Beckenham, Kent.
*Darwiu, Francis, M.B. Down, Beckenham, Kent.
*Davies, Arthur Ellson, Ph.D., F.C.S. Heathdale, Overton,
near Frodsham, Cheshire.
Davies, Rev. William, B.A. Ystradffin, Llandovery, Carmar-
thenshire.
*Davis, James William, Esq. Chevinedge, Halifax.
*Davis, Richard, Esq. F.R.H.S. 9 St. Helen' s-place, Bishops-
gate-street. E.C.
*Day, Francis, Esq, Surg. -Major, Madras Army. Kenilworth
House, Pittville, Cheltenham.
*Day, John, Esq. Tottenham.
*Deane, James, Esq. 17 The Pavement, Clapham. S.W.
*Dickie, George, A.M., M.D. University of Aberdeen.
* Dickinson, Willi-am, Esq. Thorncroft, AVorkington.
Date of Election.
1875. Apr. 15.
1836. Feb. 2.
1874. Apr. 16.
1832. Mar. 20.
1876. Dec. 21.
1861. Jan. 17.
1872. Feb. 15.
1861. Apr. 18.
1872. Apr. 18.
1874. Dec. 3.
1860. Feb. 2.
1874. Dec. 3.
1865. June 1.
1859. Dec. 1.
1875. Apr. 15.
1872. Feb. 15.
1854. Mar. 21.
1864. Apr. 7.
1859. Feb. 3.
1842. Apr. 19.
1866. Jan. 18.
1859. Jan. 20.
1859. Feb. 17.
1874. Feb. 19.
1869, Jan. 21.
1854. June 6.
1862. Feb. 6.
1867. May 2.
1857. Apr. 7.
11
*Dickson, Alexander, M.D., Professor of Botany. 1 Great
Kelvin-terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow.
*Dillwyn, Lewis Llewelyn, Esq. M.P., F.G.S. Hendrefoilan,
Swansea.
*Dobson, George Edward, B.A., M.B., Corresp. M. Zool. Sac.
Lond. ^' Dublin. Staff Surgeon, Royal A^ictoria Hospital,
Netley, Southampton.
Douglas, W. D. R. See Robinson-Douglas.
*Downes, Rev. John, M.A. Rectory, Hannington, Northampton.
Drane, Robert, Esq. Queen's-street, Cardiff.
Dresser, Christopher, Ph.D., F. Bot. Soc. Ed., Prof. Bat.,
Dejj. of Science and Art, S. Kens. Museum ; Tower Cressy,
Aubrey-road, Notting-hill. W.
Druce, Herbert, Esq. 1 Circus-road, St. John's Wood. N.W.
♦Duckworth, Henry, Esq. F.G.S. Columbia-road, Oxton,
Birkenhead.
Duff, Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant, Esq. M.P. York
House, Twickenham.
Duffy, Patrick, Esq. 4 Clifton-hill, St. John's-wood. N.W.
Dunedin, Bishop of. See Nevill, Rev. S. T.
♦Dunning, Joseph William, Esq. M.A. 24 Old-buildings,
Lincoln's-Inn. W.C.
Du Pre, Charles C, Esq. Yonge House, Russell-road, Ken-
sington. W.
D'Urban, W. S. M., Esq. Albuera, St. Leonard's, Exeter.
Durham, Arthur Edward, Esq. 82 Brook-street, Grosvenor-
square. W.
Duthie, J. F., Esq. B.A., Supe?-intendent of the Government
Botanic Garden, Saharunpore, Bengal.
*Dyer, William Turner Thiselton, Esq. M.A., B.ScAssistatit-
' Director, Royal Gardens, Kew. 1 1 Brunswick- villas, Kew -
gardens-road, Kew.
Dyster, Frederick D., M.D. Tenby, Pembrokeshire.
Eassie, Wilham, Esq. F.G.S. Child' s-hill, Hendon. N.W.
*Eatwell, William T. B., M.D., Surgeon, Bengal Army.
Oriental Club.
*Edgeworth, Michael Pakenham, Esq., late Beng. Civ. Serv.
Mastrim House, Anerley. S.E.
EUiot, Daniel Giraud, Esq. 342 Pearl-street, New York.
♦Elliot, Sir Walter, K.C.S.I., late Madras Civil Service.
Wolfelee, Hawick, Roxburghshire.
♦Elphinstone, Howard Warburton, Esq. M.A. 2 Stone-
buildings, Lincoln's-Inn.
Elwes, Henry John, Esq. F.Z.S. 6 Tenterden- street, Hanover-
square. W. ; and Preston House, Cirencester.
♦Farrer, Thomas Henry, Esq. 1 1 Bryanston-square. W.
♦Ferguson, William, Esq. F.G.S. Kinmundy, near Mintlaw,
Aberdeenshire.
Ferguson, William, Esq. Civil Service. Columbo, Ceylon.
Fischer, Carl F., M.D., Soc. Zool.-Bot. Vindoh. Socius.
Macquarie-street, Sydney, N. S. Wales.
♦Fitch, Walter Hood, Esq. Kew.
c 2
Date of Election.
1874. Jan. 15.
1839. Jan. 15.
1862. Mar. 20.
1875. Dec. 2.
1829. Jan. 20.
1823. Nov. 4.
1868. Jan. 16.
1875. Apr. 1.
1844. Jan. 16.
1869. Apr. 1.
1858. Feb. 4.
1865. Feb. 2.
1869. Mar. 4.
1877. Feb. 15.
1856. Nov. 18.
1860. Mar. 15.
1866. Apr. 5.
1866, Mar. 15.
1847. Feb. 2.
1875. Nov. 18.
1877. Mar. 1.
1863. Nov. 19.
1876. Mar. 2.
1877. Mar. 1.
1870. Jan. 20.
1840. Nov. 3.
1849. June 19.
1833. Jan. 15.
1858. Nov. 18.
1871. Mar. 16.
1833. Jan. 15.
1850. Jan. 15.
12
Fitzgerald, Robert D., YtHq. Deputy Surve9jor-General,Bydney,
N.S.W.
* Flower, Thomas Bruges, Esq. F.R.C.S. 9 Beaufort-buildings
West, Bath.
*Flower, Wilham Henry, Esq. F.R.S., R.C.S., G.S. and Z.S.,
Conservatoi' of the Hunterian Museum, R. Coll. Surgeons,
Lincoln' s-Inn-Fields. W.C.
*Forbes, Frank B., Esq. Ord. Suec. Vasce Commend., Shang-
hai, China.
* Forrest, Richard, Esq.
*Forster, Edward, Esq. Devon and. Exeter Institution,
Cathedral-yai'd, Exeter.
*Foster, Michael, M.D., Prcelector of Physiology , Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge.
*Foulkes, Rev. Thomas, Chaplain Madras Army, Banga-
lore.
*Francis, William, Esq. Ph.D., F.G.S., F.R.A.S. Manor
House, Richmond. S.W.
*French, Rev. David John, F.Z.S., &c.
Fry, Alexander, Esq. Thornhill House, Dulwich-wood-park,
Norwood. S.E.
*Galton, Capt. Douglas, R.E., D.C.L., F.R.S. and G.S. 12
Chester-street, Grosvenor-place.
Galton, John Charles, Esq. M.A., M.R.C.S.E., Coronce
Boruss. Ord. Dignit. St. Sidwell's Rectory, Exeter.
Gardner, Edmund. Thomas, Esq. Hawk House, Sunbury.
Garner, Robert, Esq. Stoke-upon-Trent.
*Gatty, Charles Henry, Esq. M.A., F.G.S. Fellbridge-park,
East Grinstead, Sussex.
*Gayner, Charles, M.A., M.D., F.R.S.Ed. 1 New College-
lane, Oxford.
*George, John Bellamy, Esq. 37 Highbury-hill. N.
* Gibson, George Stacey, Esq. Saffron Walden, Essex.
Gilbert, Joseph Henry, Ph.D., F.R.S. Harpenden, Herts.
* Gillies, Robert, Esq. Pres. Otago Instit. Dunedin, Otago,
New Zealand.
*Godman, Frederick DuCane, J^sq. 6 Tenterden-street. W.
and Park Hatch, Godalming.
*Gooding, Ralph, B.A., M.D., M.R.C.S., &c. Heath Lodge,
The Grove, Blackheath.
Goss, Herbert, Esq. M.E.S. Avenue, Surbiton-hill, Surrey.
Goucher, John, Esq. 43 High-street, Shrewsbury.
*Gough, George Stephens, Viscount, F.G.S.,M.R.i.A. Lough
Cutra Castle, Gort, Galway.
*Gould, Frederick, Esq. Kingston, Surrey. S.W.
*Gould, John, Esq. F.R.S. and Z.S. 26 Charlotte-st., Bed-
ford-square. W.C.
Graham, Cyril C, Esq. 9 Cleveland-row, St. James's.
*Grant, Lieut. -Col. James Augustus, C.B., C.S.I., F.R.S.
19 Upper Grosvenor-street. W.
*Greene, Rev. John S. Copley, M.D. Boston, United States.
*Grindrod, Ralph Barnes, M.D., LL.D., F.G.S. and R.G.S.
Townsend House, Malvern, Worcestershire.
Date of Election.
1846. Nov. 3.
1872. Nov. 21.
1872. Feb. 1.
1869. Dec. 2.
1857. Jan. 20.
1850. Jan. 15.
1877. Mar. 1.
1867. Mar. 21.
1859. Mar. 17.
1864. Jan. 21.
1862. June 5,
1850. Nov. 5.
1844. Jan. 16.
1873. Jan. 16.
1835. Jan. 20.
1843. Dec. 19.
1863. June 18.
1877. Feb. 15.
1872. Nov. 21.
1863. Jan. 15.
1859. Feb. 17.
1870. Jan. 20.
1875. June 3.
1868. Apr. 2.
13
Grote, Arthur, Esq. F.G.S. and R.A.S., Bengal Civil Service,
Hon. M. Asiat. Soc. Beng. and Agri.-Hort. Soc. of India.
Athenaeum Ckib. S.W.
*Grundy, Cuthbert Cartwright, Esq. Bankfield, near Bury,
Lancashire.
Grut, Ferdinand, Esq. Sea'. Entomol. Soc. 9 King-street,
Southwark.
Guilfoyle, WilHam R., Esq. Corresp. M. R. Bat. Soc. Lond.,
Director of the Botanic Garden, Melbourne.
Guise, Sir W. Vernon, Bart. F.G.S. Ehnore-court, Glouces-
ter.
*Gunn, Ronald Campbell, Esq. F.R.S. Penquite, Launceston,
Van Diemen's Land.
Giinther, Albert C. L. G., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Keeper of
the Department of Zoology, British Museum. W.C.
Guppy, R. J. Lechinere, Esq. F.G.S. Government House,
Port of Spain, Trinidad.
*Gurney, Samuel, Esq. F.R.G.S. 20 Hanover-terrace, Re-
gent's-park. N.W.
Haast, John Francis Julius von, Ph.D., F.R.S. and G.S., 07'd.
Austr. Francisci Josephi Eques ; — Acad. Ccbs. Nat. Cur.,
Socc. Geogr. et Zool.-Bot. Vindob., Reg. Bot. Ratisb.,Nat.
Scrut. et Geol. Berol. Socius ; — Acad. Reg. Sc. Monac,
Instit. Geol. Austr. et Socc. Geogr. Paris, et Sc. Nat. Ca-
rohurg. Corresp. ; — Hon. M. R. Soc. N. S. Wales ^Victoi-ia ;
Corresp. M. R. Soc. Tasmania ; Government Geologist and
Director of the Ca7iterbury Museum, Christchurch, New
Zealand.
Hallett, Major Frederic Francis. The Manor House, Kemp
Town, Brighton.
Hallett, William Henry, Esq. Buckingham House, Marine
Parade, Brighton.
Hamilton, Edward, M.D., F.G.S. 9 Portugal- street, Mount-
street, Grosvenor-square. W.
*Hanbury, Frederick Janson, Esq. 11 Warwick-rd., Up. Clapton.
*Haukey, John Alexander, Esq. Balcombe- place, Cuckfield.
*Hanley, Sylvanus, Esq., Soc. Zool.-Bot. Vindob. Socius.
27 Hanley-road, Hornsey-road. N.
*Harley, John, M.D., F.R.C.P., Hon. F. King's Coll. Lond. ;
Assist. Phys. and joint Lecturer on Physiology, St. Thomas's
Hospital. 39 Brook-street, Grosvenor-square. W.
*Harrington, Mark W., Esq., care of Alfred Senior, Esq., Jun.,
12 Brownswood-villas, Finsbury-park. N.
Harris, Edward Esq. Rydal Villa, Longton-gr., Sydenham. S.E.
*Harris, Francis, M.D., Assist. Phys. St. Bartholomeid' s
Hospital. 24 Cavendish-square. W.
* Harrison, Charles Wm.,Esq. Whitmore's, Beckenham, Kent.
Harrison, George, Ph.D., F.G.S. Albert-road, Meersbrook,
near Sheffield.
Hart, Henry Chichester, Esq., care of A. S. Hart, Esq.,
Trinity College, Dublin.
Harting, James Edmund, Esq. 27 Carlton-hill, St. John's-
wood. N.W.
Date of Election.
1875. Feb. 18.
1842. Jan. 18.
1827. Apr. 3.
1875. Dec. 16.
1871. Nov. 16.
1875. Jan. 21.
1872. Feb. 15.
1865. Mar. 16.
1864. Mar. 17.
1836. Jan. 19.
1862, Jan. 16.
1875. Jan. 21.
1852. June 1.
1873. Feb. 20.
1876. June 1.
1876. Feb. 3.
1843. Dec. 19.
1862. Mar. 6.
1835. Feb. 3.
1861. May 2.
1856. Dec. 2.
1834. Nov. 4.
1875. Dec. 2.
1829. Nov. 3.
1S42. June 7.
14
Hartog, Marcus Manuel, Esq. B.Sc, B.A., care of Adolphe
Hartog, Esq., 5 Portsdown-road-north, Maida-vale. W.
*Hawkes, Rev. Henry, B.A. So nth sea, Portsmouth.
*Heath, Josiah Marshall, Esq. Madras.
*Hector, James, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Director of the Geo-
logical Survey, Wellington, New Zealand.
Henderson, Andrew, Esq. F.R.H.S. 24 Hamilton-terrace,
St. John's-wood. N.W.
Henderson, Capt. Frederick, H.M. \Q7thRegiment. 1 Gordon-
villas, Chichester.
Henderson, George, ^i.T)., Surgeon, Bengal Medical Service.
Care of H. S. King and Co., 45 Pall Mall.
*Henry, Isaac i\nderson, Esq. Hay Lodge, Trinity, Edinburgh.
*Henslow, Rev. George, M.A. 7 Bentinck-terrace, Regent' s-
park. N.W.
Heward, Robert, Esq. Mrs. Dalley's, Broad-st., Wokingham.
*Hewitson, William Chapman, Esq. Oatlands, Surrey.
*Hewitt, Allen James, Esq. 72 Addison-road, Kensington.
Hicks, John Braxton, M.D., F.R.S. 24 George-street,
Hanover-square. W.
*Hiern, William Philip, Esq. M.A. Castle House, Barnstaple.
Higgin, Thomas, Esq. Ethersall, Roby, near Liverpool.
Hillhouse, William, Esq. 5 Wellington-street, Bedford.
Hillier, Rev. John, RLA., Ph.D. Sandwich, Kent.
*Hills, Thomas Hyde, Esq. 45 Queen Anne-st., Cavendish-sq.W.
*Hodgson, Brian H., Esq. F.R.S., Acad. Lit. Inst. Par. Cor-
resp. ; late Be7ig. Civ. Serv. Alderley Grange, Wootton-
uncler-Edge, Gloucestershire.
*Hodgson, Thomas, Esq. See Arciier-Hind, T. H.
Hogg, Robert, LL.D., F.R.H.S. 99 St. George' s-road,
Pimlico. S.W.
*Holdsworth, Edmund Wilham Hunt, Esq. 84 Clifton-hill,
Abbey-road. N.W.
* Holmes, Rev. Edward Adolphus, M.A. St. Margaret's, near
Harleston.
Holmes, Edward Morell, Esq. Curator of the Museum of the
Pharmaceutical Society. 36 Arthnr-road, Holloway. N.
*Holroyd, Arthur Todd, Esq. F.Z.S. Master's Office, Sydney,
N.S.Wales.
*Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, M.D., R.N., K.C.S.L, C.B.,
D.C.L. Oxon., LL.D. Cantab., President of the Royal
Society ; Hon. M.R.H.S., Bot. Soc. Lond., R. Med.-Chir.
Soc, Camb. Phil. Soc, Bot. Soc. and Med. Soc. Edinb.,
Nat. Hist. Soc. Newcastle, Bengal Asiat. Soc. and New
Zealand Institute ; — F.G.S. ; — Corresp. Member of the
Nat. Hist. Soc. Dnbhn ; — Acadd. Amer. Bost., Cces. Nat.
Cur., Beg. Sc. Holm., Belg., et Imp. Georg.Florent. ; Socc.
Imp. Geogr. et Hortic. Vindob., Reg. Sc. Gottingce, Hafn.
et Upsal., Reg. Bot. Ratisb., BruxelL, Holland., Harlem.,
et Carolmrg. ; Se^ickenburg . Nat. Scrutat. Francof, Vel-
losianae Fluminensis, et Reg. Phys.-CEcon. Boruss. Socius ;
— Acadd. Sc. Instit. Paris, Bo7ion., Berol., Vindob., Pe-
tropol. et Monac, et Soc. Agricult. Paris. Corresp. ;
Director, Royal Gardens, Kew.
Date of Election. 1
1872. aiay
2.
1875. Feb.
18.
1873. Dec.
4.
1876. Mar.
2.
1859. Jan.
20.
1873. Juue
5.
1857. Feb.
3.
1868. Apr. 2,
1848. Jan. 18,
1864. Jan. 21,
1869. Mar. 18,
1829. Mar. 17
1858. Dec. 16,
1867. Apr. 4.
1859. Nov. 17.
1868. Jan.
1871. Apr.
16.
20.
1864. Jan. 21,
J 83 7. Mar.
1865. Dec.
1874. Jan.
1871. Jan.
15.
19.
Surrey House, Forest-hill.
Preston Rectory, Welling-
15
Hope, Alexander J. B. Beresford, Esq., M.P. Arklow
House, Connaught-place. W. ; and Bedgebviry-pk., Kent.
Hopkinson, John, Esq. F.G.S., &c., Hon. Sec. Watford Nat.
Hist. Soc. Holly Bank, Watford and Scientific Club,
Savile-row. W.
Home, John, Esq., Director of the Royal Botanic Garden,
Pamplemousses, Mauritius.
*Horniman, Frederick John, Esq.
S.E.
Houghton, Rev. William, M.A.
ton, Salop.
*Hovenden, Frederick, Esq. Glenlea, Thurlow-park-road,
Dulwich. S.E.
*Howard, John Eliot, Esq. F.R.S. Lordship-lane, Totten-
ham. N.
*Howse, Thomas, Jun., Esq. Highfield, Sydenham-hill. S.E.
*Hudson, Robert, Esq. F.R.S., G.S., and Z.S. Clapham-
common. S.W.
Hughes, William R., Esq. Treasurer of the Borough, Bir-
mingham.
*Hulme, Frederick Edward, Esq. F.S.A. College, Marl-
borough, Wilts.
*Hurst, James Charles, Esq., at Dr. Turner's, Anerley-road,
Upper Norwood.
*Huxley, Thomas Henrv, LL.D. (Edin.), Ph.D (Brest.),
M.R.C.S.E., Sec.R.S., F.G.S. and Z.S. ; Hon. F. R.
Med.-Chir. Soc. ; — Stell. Pol. Suec. Eq., — Acad. Gees.
Nat. Cur. Soc. ; — Acadd. Imp. Sc. PetropoL, Reg. Sc.
Berol., Gott., Holm., Monac, et Nat. Sc. Philad. Cor-
resp.; — Instit. Egypt. Soc. Hon.; — Prof. Nat. Hist.,
Royal School of Mines, S. Kensington Museum. 4 Marl-
borough-place, Abbey-road. N.W.
*Ince, Joseph, Esq. F.G.S., C.S., &c.
road. Shepherd's Bush.
*Ince, Wilham Henry, Esq. F.R.M.S.
Brompton. S.W.
29 St. Stephen's-
27 Thurloe-square,
Jackson, Benjamin Daydon, Esq. 30 Stockwell-road. S.W.
* Jackson, William Hatchett, Esq. B.A. 7 Park-villas, St.
Giles'-rd. E., Oxford ; & Pen Wartha, Weston-super-Mare.
* Jameson, WiUiam, M.D., F.R.S.E., Surgeon Major H.M.
Indian Army.
*Janson, Frederick Halsey, Esq. 41 Finsbury-circus. E.C.
Jeffreys, John Gwyn, Esq. LL.D., F.R.S. and Z.S., Treas.
Geol. Soc, Soc. Nat. Scrutat. Berol. Soc. Hon. ; — Soc.
Zool.-Bot. Findob. Socius ; — Acadd. Reg. Sc. Pelorit. et
Panormit., Nat. Sc. Philad., Soc. Sc. Bayon., et Soc. Nat.
Cur. Megalop. Corresp. Ware Priory, Herts ; and Athe-
nseum Club. Treasurer and Vice-President.
Jennings, Samuel, Esq. F.R.G.S., Corresp. Agri.-Hort. Soc.
India. 58 Granville-park, Blackheath.
Jenyns, Rev. Leonard. See Blomcfield.
*Joad, George Curling, Esq. Oakfield, Wimbledou-pk. S.W.
Date of Election.
1871. Mar. 7.
1859. Dec. 1.
1875, June 3.
1875. Apr. 1.
1861. Feb. 21.
1873. June 19.
1873. Jan. 16.
1870. Dec. 1.
1856. Dec. 16.
1864. May 5.
1871. Jan. 19.
1862. June 5.
1867. Dec. 5.
1866. Jan. 18.
1857. Nov. 19.
1848. June 6.
1866. Nov. 1.
1859. June 16.
1828.
1874.
1865.
1876,
1876,
1856
1869
1861
1874
1866
1868
Apr. 1 .
Feb. 19.
Nov. 2.
.Feb. 3.
• Dec. 7.
.Nov. 18.
• Jan. 21.
.Dec. 5.
. June 18.
.Apr. 5.
.Nov. 19.
16
Johnson, Rev. Andrevs^, M.A. St. Olave's Grammar School,
Southwark.
Jones, J. Matthew, Esq. President, Nova Scotian Instit. Nat.
Sci.; M. Entom. Soc. Canad.; Corresp.M. Nat. Hist. Soc.
New Brunsw., and of the Acad, of Sci. New Orleans : —
Soc. Senckenburg . Nat. Scrutat. Francof Corresp. Hali-
fax, Nova Scotia.
Jones, Leslie H., M.D., L.R.C.P. & R.C.S.Ed. 3 Brighton-
parade, Blackpool.
Kellock, W. Berry, Esq. M.R.C.S. Stamford-hill. N.
Kempton, H, Tattershall Knowles, Esq. 17 Cavendish-
place. W.
Kent, Wm. Saville, Esq. 3 Marine-terrace, St. Clement's,
Jersey.
Kerr, Norman Shanks, M.D. 42 Grove-rd., Regent' s-pk. N.W
*King, George, M.B., Superintendent of the Royal Botanic
Garden, Calcutta.
Kingsley, George Henry, M.D., M.R.C.P. Southwood-Iaue,
Highgate. N.
*Kirk, John,M.D.,F.R.G.S., Corresp. M.Zool. Soc, Zanzibar
E. Africa.
Kirk, Thomas, Esq. Grafton-road, Auckland, New Zealand.
*Kirton, William Henry, Esq. Assist. Surg. H.M. Bengal
Medical Service.
*Kitchener, Francis Elliott, Esq. M.A., L.L.M., Head
Master of the High School, Newcastle, Staffordshire.
Knaggs, Henry Guard, M.D. 189 Camden-road. N.W.
Knight, Charles, Esq. F.R.C.S., Hon. M. Phil. Instit. of Can-
terbury, N.Z., Auditor-General, Wellington, New Zealand.
Knox, Arthur Edward, Esq. M.A. Trotten House, Petersfield.
Krefft, Gerard, Esq. Corresp. M.Z.S. and of R. Soc. Tasm.,
M.R.S.N.S.W., Curator and Secretary of the Australian
Museum, Sydney, N.S.W.
*Lackersteen, Mark Henry, M.D., M.R.C.P., F.R.C.S.,
F.C.S., Surg. H.M. Bengal Army. 69 Hoghton-street,
Southport, Lancashire.
Lance, John Henry, Esq. F.R.H.S. Holmwood, . near
Dorking, Surrey.
Lang, Henry Charles, Esq. M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. 41
Berners-street.
Langley, J. Baxter, LL.D., M.R.C.S. 50 Lincoln's-Ln>
Fields. W.C.
*Lankester, Edwin Ray, Esq. F.R.S., Prof. Zool. Univ. Coll.
Land., Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford.
Laver, Henry, Esq. M.R.C.S. 1 Trinity-street, Colchester.
*Law, John Sutherland, Esq. South Lodge, Southgate. N.
*Lawson, Marmaduke Alexander, Esq. M.A., Professor of
Botany, Oxford.
*Leaf, Charles John, Esq. Old Change. E.C.
Leathem, James, M.D. 10 Rodney-street, Liverpool.
*Lee, Henry, Esq. F.G.S. The Waldrons, Croydon.
Leefe, Rev. John Ewbank, M.A. Cresswell Vicarage, Morpeth.
Date of Election.
1835. Nov. 17.
1872. Mar. 21.
1865. Nov. 16.
1861. Feb. 21.
1874. June 18.
1862. Mar. 20.
1858. Jan. 21.
1839. Jan. 15.
1873. Apr. 3.
1831. May 3.
1859. June 16.
1835. June 16.
1857. Feb. 3.
1851. June 3.
1872. Jan. 18.
1858. Jan. 21.
1875. Dec. 2.
1862. Nov. 6.
1865. Feb. 2.
1841. Jan. 19.
1877. June 21.
1863. Mar, 5.
1824. Nov. 16.
1862. Mar. 6.
1860. Jan. 19.
1866. Jan. 18.
1875. Apr. 1.
1877. June 7,
1873. Jan. 16,
17
*Lees, Edwin, Esq. F.G.S. Greenhill Summit, London-road,
"Worcester.
Lees, Frederick Arnold, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S. Queen-street,
Market Rasen, Lincoln.
Leigliton, Rev. W^illiam Allport, B.A. Luciefelde, Shrewsbury.
*Leudy, Capt. Augustus F., F.G.S. Sunbury, Middlesex. S.W.
Lewis, J. Harbord, Esq. 145 Windsor-street, Liverpool.
*Lilford, Thomas, Lord, F.Z.S. Lilford Hall, Oundle, North-
amptonshire.
*Lindsay, W. Lauder, M.D., F.R.S.E., Hon. M. New Zeal.
Itistit. ; Assoc. Geol. Soc. Ed. ; Soc. Hist. Nat. Halensis
Socius. ; — Soc. Sc. Nat. Garohurg. Corresp. Gilgal, Perth,
N.B.
*Lingwood, Robert Manikin, Esq. M.A., F.G.S. 6 Park-
villas, Cheltenham.
*Lister, Arthur, Esq. Leytoustone, Essex.
*Llewelyn, John Dillwyn, Esq. F.R.S. &c. 39 Cornwall-
gardens. S.W. ; and Penllergare, near Swansea.
*LleweIyn, J. Talbot Dillwyn, Esq. Ynisygerwn, near Swansea.
Lockwood, Rev. John W^illiam, M.A. Kingham, near Chip-
ping Norton, Oxfordshire.
Lowe, Edward Joseph, Esq. F.R.S., R.A.S., G.S., M.S., and
Z.S. Highfield House Observatory, near Nottingham.
*Lowell, John Amory, Esq. Boston, Massachusetts.
Lowne, Benjamin Thompson, Esq. F.R.C.S., Lect. on Phy-
siol, at the Middlesex Hospital. 49 Colville-gardens. W.
*Lubbock, Sir John, Bart. D.C.L.,M.P.,F.R.S.andG.S.,Socc.
Reg. Antiq. Hafn., Anthropol. Berolin., Sc. Nat. Caro-
buig., Ethnogr. Paris et Ital. Soc. Hon. 15 Lombard-
street. E.C. ; and High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.
Lush, J. W. H., Esq. L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S. Fyfield, near
Andover, Hants.
*Lyall, David, M..T>.f Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals
and Fleets. 25 Oxford-gardens, Notting-hill. W.
M-^All, Rev. Robert Whitaker. 28 RueCIavel, Belleville, Paris.
*McClelland, John, Esq. F.G.S., Acad. Ccbs. Nat. Cur. Soc;
Principal Inspector-Gen. Med. Bept., Bengal Army.
Macdonald, John, M.D. Gothic House, Walton-on-Thames,
Surrey.
*M^Intosh, W. Carmichael, M.D., F.R.S.L. & E.,Cor. M.Z S
Murthly, N.B.
*Mackay, John B., Esq. Totteridge-green, Herts. N.
*MacLachlan, Robert, Esq. F.R.S., Soc. Zool.-Bot. Vindob.
Socius. 39 Limes-grove, Lewisham. S.E.
*MacLeay, Sir George, K.C.M.G. Peudell Court, Bletchingley,
Surrey.
*MacLeay, William John, Esq., 31. Legisl. Assembly, Pres.
linn. Soc. N.S. JF. Sydney, New South Wales.
Macmillan, Alexander, Esq. Bedford-street, Covent-garden
M^^Nab, W. R., M.D., Prof. Bot. R. Coll. of Science,
Dublin.
M'^^Nair, Major John Frederick Adolphus, R.A., A.C.E.,
Colonial Engineer, Straits Settlements, Singapore.
Date of Election.
1875. Feb. 4.
1874. Apr. 2.
1866. Nov. 1.
1870. June 16.
1873. Jan. 16.
1864. Feb. 4.
1870. June 2.
1872. June 6.
1860. Dec. 6.
1866. May 3.
1870. Nov. 3.
1864. Mar. 17.
1871. Jan. 19.
1860. Mar. 15.
1870. Mar. 3.
1877. Feb. 15.
1877. Feb. 1.
1873. Feb. 20.
1870. Dec. 15.
1863. May 7.
1869. Mar. 4.
1875. Dec. 2.
1839. Apr. 2.
1856. Feb. 19.
1861. Jan. 17.
1850. Jan. 15.
1862. Mar. 20.
18
Mair, Capt. Gilbert, care of Dr. Buller, Wellington, New
Zealand.
*Mangles, James Henry, Esq. Valewood, Haslemere, Surrey.
Manners, George, Esq. F.S.A. Lansdowne-gardens, Croydon.
Mansel-Pleydell, John Clavell, Esq. Long Thorns, Blaudford,
Dorset.
Mapplebeck, John E,, Esq. Hartfield, Moseley, Wake Green,
near Birmingham.
Markham, Clements R., Esq. C.B., F.R.S,, Seer. R. Geoyr.
Society; Acad. Cces. Nat. Cur. Soc. 21 Eccleston-
square. S.W.
Burton-on-Trent.
, F.R.S., M.R.C.S.
Mount
Marshall, Rev. T. A., M.A. St. Mary's Rectory, Antigua,
West Indies.
* Mason, Philip Brooke, Esq.
Masters, Maxwell T., M.D.
Avenue, Ealing. W.
Match wick, William, Esq. 38 Rich-terrace, Earl's-court, Old
Bromptou. S.W. ; and S. Kensington Museum. W.
*Mateer, Rev. S. The Mission House, Blomfield-street, Fins-
bury.
*Mathew, Gervase F., Esq. H.M.S. 'Britannia,' Dartmouth.
Mauusell, Samuel Edward, M.D., Surgeon-Major, 75th Regi-
ment, Care of Mr. Lewis, 136 Gower-street. AV.C.
*Maw, George, Esq. F.S.A. and G.S. Benthall Hall, Broseley,
Shropshire.
*Medwin,Aaron George, M.D. 11 Montpelier-row,Blackheath.
Meiklejohn, John William S., M.D., R.N., H.M. S. 'War-
rior,' Portland, Dorset.
*Melles, William, Esq. Sewardstone Lodge, Chingford.
Melliss, John C, Esq. 7 Westminster Chambers. S.W.
*Melvill, James Cosmo, Jun., Esq. B.x\. Care of Messrs.
Benjamin Smith & Sons, Exchange, Manchester; and
Kersal Cottage, Prestwich.
Mennell, Henry Tuke, Esq. St. Duustan's-buildings, Great
Tower-street. E.C.
Mestayer, Richard, Esq. F.R.M.S. 7 Buckland-crescent,
Belsize-park. N.W.
*Miers, Edward John, Esq. Assist. Zool. Depaj-tmeiit, British
Museum. Grove-road, Clapham-park. S.W.
Miers, John, Esq. Ord. Bras. Rosce Bignit. et Commend. ;
F.R.S., Acad. Cces. Nat. Cur., et Soc. Reg. Bat. Ratisb.
Socius. 84 Addison-road, Kensington. W.
Miles, Rev, Charles Popham, M.A., M.D., Honorary Canon
of Durham Cathedral. Vicarage, Monkwearmouth, Sun-
derland.
* Millar, John, Esq. F.R.C.P.E., F.G.S. Bethnal House, Cam-
bridge-road. N.E.
*MiUigan, Joseph, Esq. F.G.S., R.A.S., &c. 6 Craven-street,
Strand. W.C.
Mivart, St. George Jackson, Esq. Ph.D.,F.R.S. & Z.S.; Prof.
Biol. University Coll., Kensington, and Led. Comp. Anat.
and Zool. St. MarysHosp.; Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Cor-
resp. 71 Seymour-street, W. ; and Wihnshurst, near
Nutley, LTckfield, Sussex. Secretary.
Date of Election.
1875. Nov. 4,
187/. Mar. 1.
1863. Feb. 19.
1861. Feb. 21.
1877. June 7.
1862. Feb. 6.
1868. Jan. 16.
1875. Mar. 18.
1851. Feb. 18.
1856. Feb. 5.
1865. Mar. 16.
1859. Jan. 20.
1876. Dec. 7.
1856. Jan. 15.
1840. Mar. 17.
1859. May 5.
1868. Feb. 20.
1861. May 2.
1849. Feb. 20.
1865. Dec. 7.
1863. Jan. 15.
1857. Mar. 3,
1867. June 6,
1876. Apr. 6,
19
*ModeHar, P. S. M., M.D., Native Surgeon, Manargoody
Station, Tanjore District, Madras.
Moggridge, Matthew, Esq. 8 Bina-gardens, S. Kensington.
Moore, Charles, Esq. Director of the Botanic Garden,Sydnej,
New South ^yales.
Moore, David, Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Hon. M.R.H.S., Soc.Zool.-
Bot. Vindob. Socins; Socc. Hist. Nat. Argeiit. et Bot. Belg.
Corresp. ; Director, Botanic Garden, Glasnevin, Dubhn.
Moore, Capt. George Peter, R.S.L.M. Gloucester-road,
Teddingtou.
Moore, John Daniel, M.D., L.R.C.P.E., Vhysicianto theLan-
caster Infirmary. 3 Queen-street, Lancaster.
*Moore, Robert W., M.D., Col. Surg., Adelaide, S. Australia.
Moore, Spencer Le Marchant, Esq. Herbarium, Royal
Gardens, Kew.
Moore, Thomas, Esq. F.R.H.S., Curator of Botanic Garden,
Chelsea.
More, Alexander Goodman, Esq. M.R.I. A. 3 Botanic View,
Glasnevin, Dublin.
Morris, Joseph William, Esq. 16 Belmont, Bath.
Mueller, Ferdinand, Baron von, M. and Ph.D., C.M.G., Ord.
Danic. Dannebrog. et Austriac. Francisci Josejihi Fques.;
F.R.S.andR.G.S., Hon. M. R. Soc. Vict. andTasm. ■,—Acad.
CcBS. Nat. Cur., Socc. Nat. Scrutat. Halens. et Mosq., Reg.
Bof.Ratisb.,et Reg. Sc. XJpsal. Socius; — Imji. Geol.Instit.,
Socc. Geogr. et Zool.-Bot. Viennce, et Soc. Imp. Hortic.
Petrop. Corresp. : — Government Botanist, Melbourne.
Muir, Henry Skey, M.D., M.R.C.S., Surgeon-Major, Army
Med. Depart., Bengal.
Mummery, John Rigden, Esq. 10 Cavendish-place. W.
*Munro, Lieut.- General William, C.B., Knight of the Legion
of Honour and of the Medjidie, Hon. M. Asiat. Soc. Bengal.
Montys Court, near Taunton.
Munroe, Henry, M.D. 19 Charlotte-street, Hull.
*Murie, James, M.D., LL.D., F.G.S. 7 CI if ton- villas, Camden-
square. N.W.
Murray, Andrew, Esq. 67 Bedford- gardens, Kensington. W.
Bishop of Dunedin, New
118 Albany- street.
*Nash, Davyd W., Esq.
*Nevill, Rev. Samuel Tarratt, D.D.
Zealand.
*Newbould, Rev. W. WilUamson, M.A.
N.W.
*Newton, Alfred, Esq. M.A., F.R.S. & Z.S., Acad. Imp. Sc.
Petropol. Corresp., Prof. Zool. and Comp. Anat. in the
University of Cambridge. Magdalene College, Cambridge.
*Newton, Edward, Esq. M.A., C.M.G., Colonial Secretary,
Mauritius.
*Nicholson, Henry Alleyue, M.A., ^LD., D.Sc, F.R.S.E.,
F.G.S., Prof. Nat. Hist. University of St. Andrew's.
West Port House, St. Andrew's, N.B,
1853. Feb. l.i Oliver, Daniel, Esq. F.R.S., Prof. Bot. Univ. Coll. Lond.,
Keeper of the Herbarium and Library, Royal Gardens, Kew.
20
Date of Election.
1876. Nov. 16. *Oman, John Campbell, Esq. State Eailway Department,
Aijra, India.
1861. Feb. 21. *Ord,^ Christopher Knox, M.D., F.Z.S., L.R.C.S.E., Fleet-
Surff. R.X. The Limes, Lewisham. S.E.
1877. Jan. IS. Ord, WilUam Miller, 31. D., M.R.C.P., Physician and Lec-
turer on Physiol, at St. Thomas s Hosji. 7 Brook-street,
Hanover-square. TV.
1836. Mar. 1. *Oweu, Eichard, C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.C.S.E., F.R.S. &
G.S,, Hon. M.R.S.Ed., Hon. F.R. Coll. Surg, of Ireland ;—
Ord. Boruss. 'pour le Jlerite' Eq. ; — Instit. Iinj). {Acad.
Sc.) Paris; Acadd. Sc. Vindob., Petrop., BeroL, Taurin.,
Matrit., Hobn.,Monac.,XeapoI., BruxelL, Bonon.,Philad.,
Boston, et Amstelod. ; Socc. Reg. Sc. Hafn. et Upsal.,
Reg. Med. Vindob., Cces. Xat. Cur. Mosrp, Imp. Georg.
Florent., Sc. Haarl., Traject., Phys. et Hist. Xat. Genec,
Xat. Scrutat. Berolin., S,-c. ^'C, Socius. — Superintendent
of the Xatural-History Departments in the British Mu-
seum. Sheen Lodge, Richmond-park, ^lortlake.
1824. Apr, 6.'*0wen, Robert Brisco,M.D. Haulfre, Beaumaris, Anglesea.
1865. Apr. 6. *Owen, Major Samuel R. I., H. M. Bengal Army., F.A.S.L.,
F.R.M.S., Assoc. Kmg's Coll. Loud. 103 Charlotte-st.,
FitzroT- square.
1870. Apr. 7.
1845. Jan. 21.
1872. Jan. IS.
1876. Mav 4.
1875. May 6.
1842. Nov. 15.
1852. June 15.
1877. Mav 3.
1875. Nov. 18.
1876, Dec. 7.
1876. Nov. 16.
1874. Feb. 19.
1827. Feb. 20.
1872. Nov. 7.
lS37.Mar. 7.
1870. Mar. 3.
1875. May 6
1875. June 3
1876. Feb. 3
1876. Dec. 7
1872. Dec. 5
1873. Dec. IS
Packe, Charles, Esq. Stretton HaU, Leicester.
*Packman, John Daniel Vittoria, M.D.
Pao;et, Sir James, Bart., F.R.S. 1 Harewood-place, "W.
*Parke, George Henry, Esq. F.G.S. Barrow-in-Furness.
*Parker, William Kitchen, Esq. F.R.S., Eunterian Prof.
Comp.Anat. ^-Physiol., R. Coll. Surg. 36 Claverton-street.
S.W.
Parry, Major Frederick John Sidney. 18 Onslow-square,
South Kensington. S.W.
Pascoe, Francis P., Esq. 1 Burlins:ton-rd.,Westbourne-pk.W.
Paton, James, Esq. F. Bot. Soc.^Ed., F. Phil. Soc. Glasg.,
Sec, Curator of the Industrial Museum, Kelvingrove-pk.,
Glasgow.
1 Paul, William, Esq. F.R.H.S. Waltham Cross, Herts.
Pearce, Horace, Esq. F.G.S. The Limes, Stourbridge.
*Peck, R. Holman, Esq. Exeter College, Oxford.
* Peck over, Alexander, Esq. Harecroft House, Wisbeach,
Cambridgeshire.
*Peckover, Algernon, Esq. Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire.
*Pennv, Rev. Charles William, M.A. Wellington College,
Wokingham, Berks.
Perkins, Houghton, Esq. 25 Mortiraer-st., Cavendish-sq. W.
Perrin, John Beswick, Esq. Assist. Demonst. of Anat. King^s
j Coll. Lond., School of Med., 10 Faulkner-st., Manchester.
I Peterson, Robert E., M.D. 4.") Warwick-road, Maida-hill.
■ Phillips, William, Esq. Canonbury, Kingslaud, Shrewsbury.
, Pidgeon, Daniel, Esq. Holmwood, Putney-hill, Surrey.
} Pirn, Greenwood, Esq. 31. A. Moukstown, near Dublin.
*Porritt, George T., Esq. Huddersfield.
* Porter, Rev. John Robinson, B.A. Wartling Vicarage, near
Hailsham, Sussex.
21
Date of Election.
1872. Jan. 18. Potts, Thomas Henry, Esq. Ohinitahi, Canterbury, New
Zealand.
1853. Feb. 15. *Powell, Lewis, M.D., F.S.A. and R.G.S., Civil Medical Ser-
vice, ^Mauritius.
18/5. Feb. 4. | Powell, Llewelyn, M.D., Lecture)' on Biology in the Canter-
! bury College, Christchurch, New Zealand.
ISfi/. Dec. 5. * Powell, Rev. Thomas, Samoa.
1875. Dec. 2.1 Power, Henry D'Arcy, Esq. 33 St. Paul's-road, Kenning-
ton.
1859. May 5. *Prentis, Charles, Esq. Surgeon-Major, H.M. Bengal Army.
1 1 Upper Phillimore-place, Kensington. W.
1872. Jan. 18. Preston, Rev. T. Arthur, M.A. The Green, Marlborough,
Wilts.
1851. May 6. *Prior, Richard Chandler Alexander, M.D. 48 York-terrace,
Regent' s-park. N.W.
1874. Nov. 5. *Pryor, Reginald A., Esq. Baldock, Herts.
1875. Jan. 21., Pyrke, Duncombe, Jun., Esq. -Sffnv'-s^er-a^-Zaw. 26Clarence-
square, Cheltenham.
1875. Feb. 18. Ramsay, Edward P., Esq. C.M.Z.S. Australian Museum,
j Sydney, N.S.W.
1869. Jan. 21. *Ramsden, Hildebrand, Esq. M.A. Walthamstow.
1858. Dec. 2. Ratcliff, Charles, Esq. F.A.S., G.S. and R.H.S. Con-
servative Club, St. James' s-street; and Wyddriugtou, Edg-
baston, Birmingham.
1876. June 15, j *Rathboue, Theodore, Esq. M.A. Backwood, Neston, Cheshire.
1833. Dec. 3. *Read, William Henry Rudston, Esq. M.A., F.R.H.S. York-
shire Club, York.
1865. Apr. 6. Redhead, Richard Milne, Esq. Springfield, Seedley, Man-
chester.
1874. Mar. 19. Reed, Edwyn C, Esq. Museo Nacional, Santiago, Chile.
1866. Dec. 6. Reeks, Henry, Esq. Manor House, Thruxton, near Audover.
1875. Nov. 4. Renny, James, Esq. 3 Cranley-place. S.W.
1871. Dec. 7. *Rickards, Rev. Marcus S. C, B.A. 37 Cornwallis-cresceut,
Clifton ; and Merton College, Oxford.
1849. Nov. 20. Ripon, George Frederick Samuel, Marquis of, E.G., F.R.S.
&G.S., D.C.L. 1 Carlton-gardens. S.W.
1876. Feb. 3. Robertson, David, Esq. F.G.S., &c. 42 Kelvingrove-street,
Glasgow.
1867. Dec. 19. Robertson, James, Esq. St. Margaret's Bank, Rochester.
1854. Nov. 7. Robinson, Thomas Fleming, Esq. F.R.G.S. Belmont Lodge,
Weighton-road, Anerley. S.E.
1866. Apr. 19. *Robinson, William, Esq. 37 Southampton-street, Covent-
! garden. W.C.
1875. Dec. 2. * Robinson-Douglas, William D., Esq. Orchardton, Castle-
i Douglas, N.B.
1827. Feb. 6. \ *Rodwell, WiUiam, Esq. 9 Catherine-place, Bath.
1828. Apr. l.]*Roe, John Septimus, Esq. Swan River, Australia.
1869. Feb. 18. ! Rogers, George, M.D., Ex. L.R.C.P., &c. 6 Portland-square,
Bristol.
1874. Feb. 19. *Rogers, Thomas, Esq. F.R.M.S. Selmcston House, Thurlow-
park-road. West Dulwich.
1859. June 16. Rolleston,George,M.D.,F.R.S.,Lt«acrePro/'(?5«oro/^??a<o»«y.
Park Grange, Oxford.
Date of Election.
1875. Dec. 2.
1862. May 1.
1857. June 2.
1867. Mar. 21.
1874. Dec. 3.
1847. May 4.
1877. Jan. 18.
1863. Feb. 5.
1876. May 4.
1875. Apr. 1.
1876.NOV. 16.
1862. Feb. 20.
1857. Jan. 20.
18.53. June 21.
1864. Jan. 21.
1863. Jan. 15.
1869. June 3.
1875. Jan. 21.
1866. June 7.
1858. Apr. 15.
1833. Nov. 5.
1869. Jan. 21.
1829. Mar. 4.
1856. Nov. 18.
1875. Mar. 4,
22
♦Romanes, George J., Esq. M.A., F.C.P.S. 18 Cornwall-
terrace, Regent' s-park. N.W. ; and Dunskaitb, Nigg,
Rosshire.
*Romilly, The Hon. Edward, F.G.S. 8 Hyde- park-gate
South. S.W.
* Roper, Freeman C. S., Esq. F.G.S. Palgrave House, East-
bourne.
Rose, Henry Cooper, M.D., M.R.C.S., F.R.Med.-Chirurg.,
Pathol, and Obstetr. Soc, F.G.S., &c. Hampstead.
N.W.
Ross, Alexander Milton, M.D., M.A., Acad. Reg. Sc.
Panormit.ySocc. Cas. Nat. Cur. Mosq.,Zool.-Bot. Vindob.,
Entomol. PetropoL, Bruxell. ^ Paris., Reg. Bot. Lm7i.,
et Malacol. Belg. Socius. Toronto, Canada.
Rothery, Henry Cadogan, Esq. M.A. 94 Gloucester-terrace,
Hyde-park. W.
Routledge, Thomas, Esq. Claxheugh, Sunderland.
Rowe, J. Brookmg, Esq. 1 6 Lockyer-street, Plymouth.
*Rowley, George Dawson, Esq. M.A., F.Z.S. Chichester
House, Brighton ; and Morcott Hall, Rutland.
*Russell, Lord Arthur John Edward, M.P. 10 South Audley-
street. W.
*Rutherford, David Greig, Esq. Surrey House, Forest-hill. S.E.
*Rylands, Thomas Glazebrook, Esq. F.G.S. Highfields, Thel-
wall, near Warrington.
Sabine, General Sir Edward, K.C.B., R.A., D.C.L.,.LL.D.,
F.R.S., Hon. M.C.P.S. •,—Ord. Boruss. 'pour le Merite,'
et SS''^'^ Maur. et Lazar. Ital. Eq.: — Acadd. Sc. BeroL,
PetropoL, Bruxel., Holm, et Noi'v. ; Socc. Reg. Batav.,
Gotting. et Hafn., Geogr. Vienn. ^'c. Socius: — Acadd.
Sc. Taurin., Lync. Romce, et Socc. Geogr. Paris., Berol.
et PetropoL Corresp. 13 Ashley-place, Victoria- street,
Westminster. S.W.
Salter, S. James A., M.B., F.R.S. 1 7 New Broad-street. E.G.
*Salvin, Osbert, Esq. M. A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. 6 Tenterden-street,
Hanover-square. W.
*Sanders, Alfred, Esq. M.R.C.S. 2 Clarence-place, Gravesend.
* Saunders, Edward, Esq. Holmesdale, Wandle-road, Upper
Tooting.
Saunders, Howard, Esq. 7 Radnor-place, Gloucester-sq. W.
Saunders, James Ebenezer, Esq. F.G.S. 9 Finsbury-circus.
E.C.
* Saunders, William Frederick, Esq. Wray House, Lingfi eld-
road, Wimbledon. S.W.
*Saunders, Wm. Wilson, Esq. F.R.S. and R.H.S. Raystead,
Worthing.
Saywell, Samuel, Esq. B.A., F.R.A.S. HeadMaster, Colle-
giate School, Bromsgrove.
*Schenley, Edward Wyndham Harrington, Esq. Havannah.
*Sclater, Philip Lutley, Esq. M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Seer. Zool.
Soc. 1 1 Hanover-square. W.
Scofield, William John Joshua, Esq. M.R.C.S. 13 South-
hill-park-gardens, Hampstead. N.W.
Date of Election.
1865. Jan. 19.
1862. Feb. 6.
1872. Dec. 5.
1876. Apr. 6.
1871. Dec. 21,
1870. Feb. 17.
1873. Jan. 16.
1866. Mar. 15.
1859. Apr. 7.
1858. Jan. 21.
1874. Dec. 17.
1860. Mar. 15.
1865. Nov. 16.
1870. Dec. 1.
1874. Dec. 3.
1876. Mar. 2.
1864. Jan. 21.
1877. Mar. 15.
1868. Mar. 5.
1874. Nov. 19.
1843. Mar. 7.
1870. Dec. 1.
1875. Apr. 15.
1872. Jan. 18.
1844. May 7.
1872. Mar. 7.
1873. Nov. 20.
1867. Nov. 21.
1869. Apr. 15,
23
Scott, Major-General Henry Y. D., C.B., R.E., F.R.S ,
F.R.H.S. Ealing. W.
Scott, Henry, M.D. 1 1 Upper Woburn-place, Russell-square.
*Scott, John, Esq. Curator, Royal Botanic Gardens, Cal-
cutta.
*Scully, John, Esq. Surgeon, H.M. Bengal Army, Katmandoo,
Nepaul.
Seeley, Harry G., Esq. F.G.S., Prof. Geogr. King's Coll. ;
Lecturer on Physiol. ^ Geol. Dulwich Coll. 6 1 Adelaide-
road, South Hampstead. N.W.
Sharpe, R. Bowdler, Esq. British Museum. W.C.
*Shaw, John, M.D. Colesberg, S. Africa.
*Shelley, Lieut. -Col. Charles, Scots Fusilier Guards. Thorn-
bury House, Windsor.
*Sheppard, Edward, Esq, 18 Durham-villas, Kensington. W.
Shillitoe, Buxton, Esq. F.R.C.S. 2 Frederick's-place, Old
Jewry. E.G.
Shoolbred, WiUiam Andrew, Esq. M.R.C.S. Tettenhall
Wood, Wolverhampton.
*Shortt, John, M.D., M.R.C.P.S., &c.,Surgeon H.M.Madras
Armg; Super int. -Gen. of Vaccination, Madras Presidency .
Sigerson, George, M.D. 17 Richmond-hill, Rathmines, Dublin.
Silver, Rev. Frederick, M.A., F.R.A.S., F.G.S. &c. Norton
Rectory, Market Drayton, Salop.
♦Silver, Stephen William, Esq. 3 York-gate, Regent's-park.
N.W.
Sladen, W. Percy, Esq. F.G.S. Exley House, near Halifax.
Smith, James, Esq. 13 Canonbury-place, Islington. N.
Smith, Rev. R. Gardner, Vicar of St. Mark's, Manningham,
Bradford.
Smith, Worthington George, Esq. M.iV.I. 15 Mildmay-
grove. N.
Smyth, R. Brough, Esq. F.G.S., Assoc. C. Inst. ; Secretary
to the Mining Department, Melbourne.
*Solly, William Hammond, Esq. M.A., F.R.H.S. Serge-hill,
Bedmont, Hemel Hempstead, Herts.
Soper, Francis Lesiter, Esq. 5 Henrietta-street, Covent-
garden. W.C. ; and 7 Cholmeley-villas, Highgate. N.
*Sorby, Henry Clifton, Esq. F.R.S., F.G.S., Pres. R.M.S.,
Soc. Min. Petrop., Soc. Sci. Holland., ^ Soc. Microsc.
Bruxell. Socius ; Acad. Sci. Nat. Philad. et Lye. Hist.
Nat. Nov. Ebor. Corresp. Broomfield, Sheffield.
Southall, William, Esq. Sir Harry' s-road, Edgbaston, Birm-
ingham.
Sowerby, George Brettingham, Esq. 45 Great Russell-street.
W.C.
Sowerby, William, Esq., Secretary to the Royal Botanic
Society, Regent's-park. N.W.
Spence, John Berger, Esq. F.G.S. 31 Lombard-street
E.G.
Spencer, William Henry, Esq. M.A., M.B., F.C.P.S, Rich-
mond-hill, Clifton.
*Spicer, Henry, Esq. B.A., F.G.S. 14 Aberdeen-park,
Highbury. N.
Date of Election.
1858. Feb. 4.
1875. Dec. 2.
1845. Apr. 15,
1859. Jan. 20.
1850. Dec. 3.
1864. Nov. 3.
1866. Feb. 15.
1875. Dec. 2.
1874. Jan. 15.
1868. June 18.
1859. Jan. 20.
1869. Jan. 21
1877. Feb. 15,
1825. Jan. 18,
1868. June 18,
1855. May 1,
1850. Jan. 15,
1869. June 17.
1870. Jan. 20.
1873. June 5,
1873. Mar. 20,
1862. Apr. 3.
1852. Mar. 2.
1872. Feb. 15.
1863. Mar. 19.
1867. Jan. 17.
] 854. Jan. 17.
1829. Feb. 17.
1877. Jan. 18.
1855. Dec. 4.
1875. Dec. 2.
1863. Mar. 19.
24
Squire, Peter, Esq. 12 York Gate, Regent' s-park. N.W.
Staiger, Karl Theodore, Esq. Curator of the Museum, Bris-
bane, Queensland.
* Staines, Frederick, Esq. San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
*Stainton, Henry Tibbats, Esq. F.R.S. and G.S. Mountsfield,
Lewisham. S.E.
Stevens, Samuel, Esq. Loanda, Beulah-hill, Upper Norwood.
S.E.
*Stevenson, Henry, Esq. 10 Unthank's-road, Norwich.
Stewart, Charles, Esq. M.A., M.R.C.S.L. St. Thomas's
Hospital. S.E.
Stirton, James, M.D. 15 Newton-street, Glasgow.
*Stone, John F. M. Harris, Esq. B.A., F.C.S. St. Peter' s-
College, Cambridge ; and 1 6 Wilmot-terrace, B'elfast,
*Story, Edwin, Esq. M.A., F.R.A.S. & G.S. 88 Oldfield-
road, Stoke Newington. N.
*Strachev, Major-General Richard, C.S.I., Royal Engineers,
F.R.S., G.S., and R.G.S. India Office; and Stowey
House, Clapham-common. S.W.
*Stratton, Frederic, Esq. Newport, Isle of Wight.
*Strickland, Sir Charles William, Bart. Wassand, Hull.
*Suche, George, M.D. 101 Ledbury-rd., Westbourne-pk. W.
Swanzy, Andrew, Esq. Sevenoaks, Kent.
Syme, John T. Boswell, LL.D. See Boswell, J. T. I. B.
*Tagart, Francis, Esq.
Talbot, Christopher Rice Mansel, Esq. M.P., F.R.S. 3 Caven-
dish-square, W. ; and Margam, Taibach, Glamorganshire.
Tanner, John, M.A., LL.D., M. & Ph.D., M.R.C.P.Ed.,
M.R.C.S. Alfred House, 118 Newington Causeway. S.E.
*Taylor, Edward, Esq. Bishop's Stortford.
Taylor, John EUor, Esq. F.G.S. Museum, Ipswich.
Thomas, Henry Sullivan, Esq. Madr. Civ. Serv., Collector to
the S. Canara District, India.
*Thomson, James, Esq. Beach-terrace, Lower Norwood. S.W.
*Thomson, Thomas, M.D., F.R.S., Acad. Cces.Nat. Cur. Soc.
16 Horburv-crescent, Notting-hill. W.
Thomson, Sir C. Wyville, LL.D., F.R.S. L. & E., F.G.S.,
late of H.M.S. "Challenger," Regius Prof. Nat. Hist.,
University, Edinburgh.
*Thorne, Augustus, Esq. 16 Mark-lane. E.C.
Thozet, A., Esq. Muellerville, near Rockhampton, Queens-
land.
*Thwaites, George Henry Kendrick, Ph.D., F.R.S., Director
of the R. Botanical Garden, Peradenia, Ceylon.
Tingle, Thomas, Esq. Apothecaries' Hall. E.G.
Titmas, Samuel David, Esq. Natural Science Master, Charter-
house, Godalming.
Townley, James, Esq. L.R.C.P.Ed., F.R.C.S. 302 Kenning-
ton-park-road. S.E.
*Trail, James W. H., Esq. M.A., M.B., CM., Prof Bot.,
University of Aberdeen.
*Travers, WiUiam Thomas Locke, Esq. Wellington, New
Zealand.
Oate of Election.
I8G8.N0V.
1866. Feb.
1871. Jan.
1876. Feb.
1865. Nov.
1862. Feb.
1869. Apr.
5.
15.
19.
17.
2.
6.
15.
1831. Nov. 15.
1876. Dec. 7.
1853. Mar. 15.
1874. May 7.
1865. Dec. 6.
1855. Apr. 17.
1875. May 6.
1856. June 17.
1876. Feb. 17.
1874. Mar. 19.
1871. Dec. 21.
1876. Dec. 7.
1873. Apr. 17.
I860. Dec. 20.
1872. Feb. 1.
1872. Jan. 18.
1872. Mar. 21.
1863. Dec. 3.
1872. June 6.
1874. Feb. 19.
1876. Apr. 6.
1876. Dec. 7.
1859. Apr. 21.
1874. Jan. 15.
1865. Mar. 2
1860. Jan. 19.
1827. Mav 1.
25
*Treutler, W. J., M.B. Fletching, Sussex.
*Trimen, Henry, M.B., Led. Bot. St. Man/ s Hospital. British
Museum. W.C.
*Trimen, Roland, Esq. Curator of the South African Museum.
Colonial Office, Cape Town, C.G.H.
*Tuelv, Nathaniel Clissold, Esq. Mortimer Lodge, Wimbledon-
park. S.W.
Tweeddale, Arthur, Marquis of, F.R.S., President of the
Zoological Society. Chislehurst, Kent.
*Tyler, Charles, Esq. F.G.S. 3 1 7 Holloway-road. N.
*Tyler, Sir James. Pine House, Holloway.
*Yalentine, William, Esq. Campbell Town, Van Diemen's Land.
Van den Steen de Jehay, Count Werner. 3 Alma-terrace,
Kensington. W.
*Van Voorst, John, Esq. 1 Pateraoster-row. E.C.
A'^aughan, Isaac, Esq. Prof. Comp. Anat. Vet. Coll., Gayfield,
Edinburgh.
*Veitch, Harry James, Esq. Royal Exotic Nursery, King's-
road, Chelsea. S.W.
Vinen, Edw. Hart, M.D. 17 Chepstow-villas, Bayswater. W.
Wade, Charles Henry, Esq. London Hospital. E.
*Wainwright, Joseph, Esq. Wakefield.
*Wakefield, Charles Marcus, Esq. The Elms, Uxbridge.
Walden, Arthur Viscount. See Tweeddale, Marquis of.
*Walker, Alfred O., Esq. Chester.
Walker, Rev. F. Augustus. Dry Drayton Rectory, Cam-
bridge.
Walker, John Davidson, Esq. L.R.C.P.Ed., L.R.C.S. Kirk-
ham, Preston, Lancashire.
* Walker, John Francis, Esq. M.A., F.C.P.S., F.G.S. 16
Gillveate, York.
*Walke"r," Thomas, Esq. B.A. 2 Beulah-rd., Tunbridge Wells.
Wall, George, Esq. Castle-hill, Clevedon, Somerset.
* Wallace, Alfred Russel, Esq. Rose-hill, Dorking.
*Ward, Christopher, Esq. Savile-road, Halifax.
Waring, Edward John, M.D. 49 Clifton-gardens, Maida
Vale. W.
*Warner, Frederic Isaac, Esq. 20 Hyde-street, Winchester.
Warner, Robert, Esq. Broomfield, Essex.
*Waterfield, William, Esq. Naini Tal, N. W. Provinces, India.
Waters, Arthur AYilliam, Esq. F.G.S. Woodbrook, Alderley
Edge, near Manchester.
Watson, John Forbes, A.M., M.D., LL.D., Reporter on the
Products of India. India Museum, S. Kensington. S.W.
*Watt, George, M.D. Hooghly College, Chinsurah, Calcutta.
*Weir, John Jenner, Esq., Accountant and Controller-General
of H.M. Customs, Treas. Entomol. Soc. 6 Iladdo-villas,
Blackheath. £.E.
West, Tuffen, Esq. Frenshara, Farnham, Surrey.
*Westwood, John Obadiah, Esq. M.A., Pres. Entomol. Soc,
Acad. Cces. Nat. Cur., Socc. Cces. Nat. Cur. Mosq., et
Physiogr. Lund. Soc. ; Prof. Zool. Oxford.
Date of Election.
1839. Mar. 19.
1876. Feb. 17.
1873. June .5.
1871. Feb. 2.
18.59. June 16.
i 875. Apr. ].
1874. Nov. 5.
1865. Dec. 21.
1867. Mar. 7.
1866. Feb. 15.
1847. Mar. 2.
1877. June 7.
1870. Jan. 20.
1865. May 4.
1869. Jan. 21.
1859. Feb. 17.
26
White, Alfred, Esq. West Drayton.
White, Charles Frederick, Esq. 42 Windsor-rd., Ealing. W.
*White, F. Buchanan, M.D. Perth, N.B.
*Whitehead, Charles, Esq. Barming House, Maidstone,
Kent.
*Williams, David, Esq. St. James' s-park, Bath.
*AVi]son, George Fergusson, Esq. F.R.S. Heatherbank, Wey-
bridc;e Heath.
Wilson", William Wright, Esq. M.R.C.S. Belgrave House,
Bristol- street, Birmingham.
Wiltshire, Rev. Thomas, M.A., F.G.S. 25 Granville-park,
Lewisham. S.E.
* Winch, William Richard, Esq. North Mymm's-park, Hat-
field, Herts,
Woakes, Edward, M.D. 57 Harley-street. W.
*Wollaston, Thomas Veruon,Esq. M.A.,F.C.P.S. Teignniouth,
Devon.
Wonfor, Thomas William, Esq. Curator of the Free Library
and Museum, Royal Pavilion, Brighton.
Woodward, Alfred, Esq. M.R.C.S., Surgeon to R. Isle of
Wight Infirmary. Ryde, Isle of W^ight.
*Woolls, WiUiam, Ph.D. Parramatta, New South Wales.
*Worsley-Benisou, Henry Worsley Seymour, Esq. Lecturer on
Botany at Westminster Hospital. 25 Grange-rd., Canon-
bury. N.
Wright, E. Perceval, A.M., M.D., F.R.C.S.I., Sec.R.I.A.,
Soc. Bot. et Zool. VienncB Corresp., Professor of Botany,
Dublin Univet'sity. 5 Trinity College, Dublin.
Date of Election.
1867. May
1875. May
18/5. May
1870. May
1876. May
1867. May
1854. MaV
1860. May
1859. May
1863. May
1851. Mav
1850. May
1875. May
1854. May
1848. May
1877. May
1839. May
1835. May
1877. May
1855. May
1850. May
1859. MaV
1871. May
1858. May
1862. May
1872. May
1877. May
1870. May
1859. May
1873. May
1870. May
1876. May
1868. May
1855. May
1866. May
1875. May
1851. May
1831. May
1866. May
1862. May
1844. May
1858. May
1864. May
1853. May
1870. Mav
FOREIGN MEMBERS.
Limited to Fifty.
Agardh, Jacob Georg Lund.
Agassiz, Alexander . . HarvardCollege, C'ambridge, Mass.
Baillou, Henri Ernest ....... Paris.
Baird, Spencer F Washington, D.C.
Barboza du Bocage, Jose Vicente . . . Lisbon.
Bary, Anton de . . . Strasburg.
Benc'den, P. J. van, F.M.E.S Louvain.
Boissier, EdnioncT Geneva.
Brandt, Johaun Friedrich St. Petersburg.
Bunge, Alexander von, M.D Dorpat.
Burmeister, Hermann, AL and Ph.D. . . Buenos Ayret!.
Candolle, Alphonse de, D.C.L., F.M.R.S. Geneva.
Cohn, Ferdinand, M.D Breslau.
Dana, James D., LL.D. . . . New Haven, Connectieu'.
Decaisne, Joseph Paris.
Duchartre, Pierre Paris.
Edwards, Henry Milne-, F.ALR.S. . . . Paris.
Fries, Elias, M.D., F.M.R.S Upsal.
Gegenbauer, Carl Heidelberg.
Goppert, Heinrich Robert, M.D. . . . Breslau.
Gray, Asa, M.D., LL.D., F.M.R.S. Cambridge, Massachnsets.
Grisebach, August Heinrich Rudolph . . Gottingen.
Heer, Oswald Zurich.
KmUker, Albert, F.M.R.S Wiirzburg.
Lacaze-Duthiers, H. de, Sc.D Lille.
Leidy, Joseph, M.D., LL.D Philadelphia.
Leuckart, Rudolph Leipzig.
Lilljeborg, Wilhelm, M.D Upsal.
Loven, Samuel L Stockholm.
Niigeh, Dr. Carl Munich.
Naudin, Chas., Sc.D Collioure, France
Nylander, William, M.D Paris.
Peters, W. C. H., M.D Berlin.
Planchon, J. E., Sc.D Montpellier.
Pringsheim, Nathan, M.D Berlin.
Quatrefages, Armaud de Paris.
Roeper, Johann, M.D Rostock.
Riippell, Eduard, M.D Basle.
Schimper, Guillaume Philippe .... Strasburg.
Schlegel, Hermann, M.D Leyden.
Schleiden, Matthias Jacob, M.D. . . . Dorpat.
Siebold, Carl Theodor Ernst von, F.M.R.S. Munich.
Steenstrup, Johann Japetus S., F.M.R.S. . Copenhagen.
Tulasne, Louis Rene Paris.
Visiaui, Roberto de, M.D Padua.
ASSOCIATES.
Limited to 'Twenty-five.
1875.
1863.
1877.
1866.
1862.
1841.
1875.
1868.
1842.
1861.
1847.
1868.
1830.
1868.
1856.
1842.
1854.
1837.
1867.
f Election. 1
j\Iar.
4.
Apr.
2.
Mar.
1.
Apr,
May
Feb.
5.
1.
16.
Mar.
4.
Apr.
2.
Apr.
5.
Feb.
21.
Jan.
19.
Apr.
2.
Jan.
19.
Apr.
2.
June
3.
Nov.
1.
Feb.
21.
Apr.
18.
Apr.
4.
Atthey, Mr. Thomas. Gosforth, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Bain, Mr. John, Curator of the College Botanic Garden. Trinity
College, Dublin. •
Cooke, M. C, M.A., LL.D. 2 Grosvenor-villas, Junction-
road, Upper Holloway. N.
Edward, Mr. Thomas, Czw'fl^o?' of the Museum, BanflF, Scotland.
Gerrard, Mr. Edward. British Museum.
Gordon, Mr. George.
Hemsley, Mr. William Botting. 6 Ballarat-terrace, Jocelyn-
road, Richmond.
Jackson, Mr. John R., Curator of the Museum, Royal Gardens,
Kew.
Kippist, Mr. Richard, Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Corresp.
Burlington House, Piccadilly. W. Librarian.
Laughrin, Mr. William. Polperro, Cornwall.
Mitten, Mr. "William. Hurstpierpoint, Sussex.
Mudd, Mr. William, Curator of the Botanic Gardens, Cam-
bridge.
Pamplin, Mr. William. Llandderfel, Merionethshire, North
Wales.
Peach, Mr. Charles William. 30 Haddington-place, Edin-
burgh.
Penney, Mr. William. Poole, Dorset.
Ralph, Mr. Thomas Shearman, M.R.C.S. Melbourne.
Robson, Mr. Joseph.
Smith, Mr. John, Acad. Cces. Nat. Cur. Soc. Park House,
Kew.
Tate, Mr. Ralph, F.G.S., Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Corresp.,
Prof. Nat. Sc, University, Adelaide, S. Australia.
*^* Omissions having occasionally occurred in the Annual List of Deceased
Members as announced from the Chair at the Anniversary Meetings, it is
requested that any information on that subject, as also notice of Changes of
Residence, &c., may be addressed to Mr. Kippist, the Librarian.
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Any Candidate for Admission as a Fellow nuist be proposed on a written
Certiticate, to be signed by three or more Fellows, from their personal ac-
quaintance with him, or knowledge of his character or writings.
Fellows, on their election pay an Admission Fee of £6, and are thenceforth
liable to an Annual Contribution of £3, which may be compounded for at any
time by one payment of a630 in lieu of all future contributions.
Fellows residing abroad, and not compounding, are required to provide such
security for the payment of their Annual Contributions as shall be satisfactory
to the Council.
The Fellows are entitled to receive, ffratis, all Volumes, or Parts of Volumes,
of the Transactions and Journal, that may be published after they shall have
paid the Admission Fee : and they may be supplied with any of the Volumes
published before their Election, at a reduction of 2.5 per cent, under the
common selling prices.
The set of the first twenty-five vols, of the Transactions, with the Index,
will be supplied to Fellows at the price of j630.
Any Fellow of the Society, purchasing, at one time, ten or more volumes,
may obtain those from the 1st to the 20th, at 56 1 per Volume ; from the 21st
to the 25th, at £2 per Volume. The price of the Index of the first twenty-
five volumes is 8s. to the public, 6s. to Fellows : of vols. 26-30, 4s. to the
public, 3*. to Fellows.
Members are requested to apply at the Apartments of the Society, to Mr.
Kippist, Librarian, for such volumes as they may be entitled to, or be desirous
to purchase : but no Volume can be delivered gratis to a Fellow whose yearly
Contributions are in arrear, nor can any be delivered unless applied for within
five years from the time of publication.
The Library is open to the Fellows and their friends daily, between the
hours of 10 and 4, aiid on Meeting-days at 7 p.m.
With certain restrictions, Fellows are allowed to borrow Books from the
Library.
The Council-room, which will in future be used as a Reading-room, will be
open daily from 10 a.m. till 6 p.m., except on Saturdays, when till 4 p.m. only.
Communications intended to be made to the Society may be addressed to the President
or to the Secretary, at the Society's Apartments, Burlington House. Piccadilly, London.
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