THE UNIVERSITY
OF ILLINOIS
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!R 1902.]
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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
114th session.
From Nove^iber 1901 to June 1902.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE LINNEAN SOOIETT.
BURLINaTON HOUSE, PICCADILLT. W.,
BT TATLOK AND FEANCI8, RED LION OOtTET, TLBBX BTBBKT.
-/9t)\
PEOCEEDINGS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
(ONE HUXDEED AND ELEVENTH SESSION, 189S-99.)
November Srd, 1898.
Dr. Albert C L. Gt. Gunthee, E.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes o£ the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Messrs. Albert Harrison and William Joseph Eaiubow were
elected Fellows of the Society.
The President exhibited an abnormal twin tusk of an adult
Indian Elephant and made the following remarks : — The tusk
occupied the right jaw of the animal. The two teeth were deve-
loped from separate papillae and remained perfectly separate,
without any connecting ossification, although they grew side by
side from tlie same socket, the uneven surface of one clcsely
fitting into that of the other. The outer tooth is much larger
J. than the inuer, the circumference of the outer being 124 and of
7 the inner Qg inches. The irregularity of growth seems to have
^ afi'ected the structure of the ivory, w'hich crumbled away, leaving
^~ only an irregular stump projecting a i^^ inches beyoud the
^ socket.
-. He was inclined to look upon the smaller tooth as a persistent
7 milk-tooth, which, not being shed, continued to grow from its
5 original papilla ; but Mr. Charles Ton es, E.R.S., considered it a
^ case of duplication, such as is sometimes found in man and other
• mammals, in which the development of two separate papillae gives
~i rise to a twin tooth of the permanent dentition. No such case
^ seems to have been previously observed in the Elephant.
'^ Prof. Gr. B. How^es, F.E.S., exhibited some young and six
N living eggs of the New^-Zealand Lizard Sphenodon {Katteria),
^_ received from Prof. A. Dendy of Christchurch, N.Z., part of a
a:^ l^lSS. SOC. PEOCEEDIJfQS. — SESSION 1898-99. 6
A-^-^
820493
2 PEOCEEDIlSrGS OF THE
full series wliicli had furnished that gentleman with material for
a monograph on the general development of the animal, now in
course of publication. Briefly referring to the previous attempt
of Pnrker and Thomas to secure material for the study of this
subject, he said that the palgeontological discoveries of Credner
justified us in regarding the Ehynchocepbalia as ihe most central
among terrestrial Vertebrata. He remarked that the specimens
had been sent him fur the express purpose of working out the
development of the skeleton. Recapitulating the more salient
discoveries recently announced by Prof. Dendy, in his preliminary
paper m the Proc. Eoyal Soc. and elsewhere, he said, in comment
upon them, tbat the plugging of the nostrils by cellular tissue
during development is a phenomenon already described by the
late T. J. Parker in Jpteryx^ and that it appeared to him akin to
that of the occlusion of the oesophagus of the vertebrate embryo
first described by Balfour, which De Meuron had sought to asso-
ciate with the metamorphosis of the branchial diverticula. He
pointed out that Dendy's discovery of a third pair of incisors was
confirmatory for the upper jaw of the conclusions of the late
Dr. G. Baur, and remarked that he had received a letter from
Prof. Dendy, dated Sept. 12th, stating that he and his colleagues
at the Antipodes had secured a Government Order protecting
the eggs as well as the young of Hatleria.
Mr. A. P. Grossman, P.L.S., exhibited some photographs illus-
trating the case of a chicken hatched and reared by a Common
Buzzard. The Buzzard had laid an egg in captivity, and mani-
festing a desire to incubate, a hen's egg was substituted, which
in due course was hatched and the chicken reared, the foster-
parent feeding it upon morsels of flesh. It thus appeared that
in a conflict of instinct, under altered conditions of life, the
maternal instinct had proved stronger than the natural impulse
to kill and devour weaker prey.
Mr. J. E. Harting remarked that the case was not an isolated
one, instances of Buzzards rearing chickens having been previously
recorded (Zool. 1881, p. 106), as w ell as several cases of Eagles
hatching goose-eggs and rearing the goslings (' Is ature,' April
1879, and ' Eield,' Eeb. 1896),
Messrs. H. & J. Groves exhibited specimens oiNitella liyalina.,
Agardh, a new Bi'itish plant, and made some remarks on its
afiinities and distribution.
Mr. W. Carruthers, E.E.S., and the President made some
observations by way of comment.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On Craterostigma pwmilum, Hochst." By Prof. H.
Marshall Ward, E.E.S., and Miss Dale.
2. " On Amphipoda from the Copenhagen Museum and other
sources." By the Eev. Thomas E. E. Stebbing, E.L.S.
LINKEA.N SOCIETY OF LO>'DOX.
JS'ovember 17tli, 1898.
Dr. Albert C. L. Gr. Gunthee, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Messrs. Albert Harrison and Charles Chamberlain Hurst were
admitted, and Mr. AVilliam Eichard Carles was elected a Eellow
of the Society.
Prof. Stewart, P.E.S., P.L.S., exhibited and made remarks oa
the skull of a. Fox that was described and figured by Bateson in
his work on V^ariatiou. Buth upper canines had divided crowns.
He also exhibited the double tusk of an Indian Elephant. The
tusk was two feet in length, and had a deep groove on its anterior
and posterior surfaces. He considered that in both cases the
condition was probably due to partial cleavage or grooving of the
dental papilla. The President, referring to the exhibition of a,
somewhat similar tusk at the previous Meeting, indicated the
points in which the two examples differed.
The following ])apers were read : —
1. " On some Spiders from Chile and Peru, collected by
Dr. Platte of Berlin." By F. Pickard Cambridge. (Communi-
cated by Prof. Howes, Sec. L. Soc.)
2. " The Botanical Eesults of a Journey into the Interior of
Western Australia ; with some observations on the nature and
relations of the Desert-Flora, and on the probable origin of the
Australian Flora as a whole." Bj Spencer L, Moore, F.L.S.
December 1st, 1898.
Dr. Albeet C. L. G-. Gcxthee, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting having been read and con-
firmed, the President spoke as follows : — " Before we proceed to
the regular business of this meeting, I beg to express -a word of
deep regret at the loss which we have sustained by the death of
Professor George James Allman. He died on November 2I;th
at Ardmore, his Dorsetshire residence, at the age of 87.
" He has been one of the most distinguished and honoured of
our Fellows, and justly so. He was an earnest and successful
investigator of the fauna of British marine Invertebrates, and his
contributions to our knowledge of Freshwater Polyzoa and
Gymnoblastic Hydroids, although published respectively 40 and
25 years ago, are still used as standard works. But it is on
nearer and more personal grounds that we claim to give expression
to oyr sympathy. Professor Allman occupied the Presidential
Chair of the Liunean Society for seven years, from 1874 to 1881 ;
62
PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
4 •
and even after lie bad retired from the central sphere of the
scientific world to the quiet pursuits of a couiitry hfe, he con-
tinued to show his friendly reo;ard for the Society by making
valuable additions to our Library, and by presenting us with the
admirable portrait, which is one of the ornaments of this room.
That portrait will remind many of those who are present
to-night of the honest face, of the genial, yet manly ways
which gained to him the confidence of all who came in contact
with him.
" Unfortunately I was unable to attend personally at the
funeral, which took place last Tuesday in Parkstone Cemetery,
but feeling sure that it would be the wish of the Society, one of
our Secretaries, Professor Howes, went at my request to Ardmore
to represent the Society on the occasion."
Mr. William Eichard Carles having been admitted a Pellow
of the Society, the following were balloted for and elected :-—
Messrs. James Eamsay Drummond, Donald McDonald, Daniel
Jfinlayson and Arthur Sinclair.
Prof. J. B. Parmer, M.A., F.L.S,, exhibited and made remarks
on some Gralla on the roots of Agrostis alba, and with the aid
of lantern-slides demonstrated their mode of formation and
development.
Mr. Carruthers, P.E.S., made some observations.
Mr. J. E. Harting, P.L.S., exhibited some photographs of "Wild
Croats from certain islands of the TEgean Sea, with the object of
throwing light upon the vexed question of their specific identity.
After tracing the distribution, eastward from Greece, of the
Cretan Ibex, Gapra cegagrus, he referred to specimens which he
had examined in the British Museum and in the Museums of
Paris and Athens, and came to the conclusion that the Wild Goat
found on the island of Antlmilos, which had been described by
Erhard (' Pauna der Cycladen,' p. 29) under the name of ^-Ego-
cerus pictus, was identical with the species found in Crete, namely
C. cegagrus ; whilst the Goats found on the island of Joura,
■which had been described and figured by Reichenow (Zpol. Jahrb.
1888, iii. p. 591) as Capra dorcas, were merely the descendants
of domesticated animals which had run wild.
The President referred to the small amount of change that
had taken place between the wild and domesticated breeds of
Goats, and to the fact that feral individuals, Irish and Welsh,
sometimes developed horns approximating in size and character
those of the wild type.
Mr. Thomas Christy, P.L.S., exhibited a living plant oi Begonia
venosa, Skan, which had been raised from seed procured by Prof.
Lofgren, F.L.S., on an island near Para, and pointed out some
of its peculiarities.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 5
A discussion followed, in which Prof. Bower and Prof. Marshall
"Ward took part.
The following papers were read : —
1. ''■ On the Biology o( Affaricusvelufijyes, Curt." ByMr. E.H.
Biffen. (Communicated by Prof. H. Marshall Ward, E.R.S.,
i\L.S.)
2. " On the Gastric Glands of the Marsupialia." By Mr. James
Johnston. (Commuuicated by Prof. G. B. Howes, Sec. L. !Sjc.)
December 15 th, 1898.
Dr. Albert C. L. G. Gunther, P.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Messrs. Donald McDonald, Daniel Finlayson, and Eichard
Frank Hand were admitted, and the following were elected Fel-
lows of the Society : — Harold Warren Moniugton, Oswald Alan
Eeade, and Theophilus Hatton Wardlewortb.
On behalf of Capt. John Marriott, two Crustaceans were ex-
hibited which had been procured by him ou a recent journey to
ihe Sinai Peninsula, and had been identified as Grapsus macu-
latus and I'anulirus penicillatus. A brief account of the distri-
bution and haoits was given by Mr. Hartiug.
The Eev. T. E. E. Siebbing reterred to a well-known case of
P. penicillatus m the Paris Museum, exhibiting the singular
monstrosity of an eye-stalk developing a flagellum or lash-like
termination, an observation which he thought had not been
confirmed.
Prof. Howes remarked that the ophthalmite had been proved
to regenerate after removal as an anteuniform appendage, by
Herbat in FalcBinon (Archiv f. Entwickeluugsmecbauik d. Org.,
Bd. ii. p. 544) and by Hofer in Astacus fluviatilis (Verb. Deutscb.
Zool. Geseilsch. 18^4, p. b2), in which latter it was observed to
be biramous.
The following papers were read .- —
1. " Sketch of tiie Zoology and Botany of the Altai Mountains."
By H. J. Elwes, F.E.S., P.L.S.
2. " A Description of some Marine and Freshwater Crustacea
from Franz-Josef Laud, collected by Mr. W. S. Bruce, of the
Jackson-Harmsworth Polar Expedition." By Thomas Scott,
F.L.S.
6 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE
January 19tli, 1899.
Mr. William Caeeuthees, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Messrs. Harold Warren Monington and Oswald Alan Eeade
were admitted Fellows of the Society.
Mr. H. W. Monckton, P.L.S., exhibifed specimens of Mya
arenaria, Linn., from Norway. He and Mr. E. S. Herries (Sec.
Geol. Soc.) had found a colony of these molluscs living on a sand-
flat at the head of the rjferland Fjord, about 80 miles from the
open sea and where the water at the surface is fairly fresh.
The great snowfield the Sostedal approaches close to the N.W.
side of the fjord, and at a level of ouly 3500 ft. to 4000 ft. above
it, where glaciers descend into the vallejs at the head of the
fjord to within 4 miles of the mud-flat in question. The shells
were for the most part small and thin, and this might be due to
the freshness or to the coldness of the water, or both. It was
remarkable, however, that Mytilns edulis, living in the same
locality, was perfectly normal. The causes contributing to
arrestation of growth in the MoUusca gave rise to a discussion,
in which the Chairman and Mr. Clement Eeid took part, Mr.
Monckton replying.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Caudal Diplospoudyly of Sharks." By Dr. W. G.
Eidewood, F.L.S.
2. " New Peridiniacese from the Atlantic." By G. E. M.
Murray, F.E.S., F.L.S., and Miss Frances G. Whitting.
3. " On the Structure of Lepidostrohus." By Mr. A. J. Maslen.
(Communicated by Dr. D. H. Scott, F.L.S.)
February 2nd, 1899.
Dr. Albebt C. L. G. Gtothee, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Peter Chalmers Mitchell was elected a Fellow of the
Society.
Mr. E. M. Holmes, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of ScTiimmelia
oleifera^ Holmes, a native of Yenezuela, the wood of which yields
an essential oil known in commerce as " West Indian Oil of
Sandal-wood. ' The plant, hitherto undescribed, was found to
belong toa rew genus of Eutaceae and has been named Scliimwelia,
after the German expert who distilled the oil, and who, with con-
LINNEAlSr SOCIETY OF LONDOT^. 7
siderable difficulty, procured flowering and fruiting specimens of
the plant to enable its proper determination.
Prof Howes, Sec. L.S., exhibited three living specimens of the
Lizard Hatteria, hatched from eggs which had been received from
Prof. Dendy, of Canterbury College, Christchurch, New Zealand,
•with a view of working out the development of the skeleton.
Prof. Howes described the circumstances under which they had
been reared, for tlie first time in Europe, and made some obser-
vations on the ru])ture of the egg-shell. Further remarks were
made by the President.
On behalf of Mr. J. Hamilton Leigh, P.L.S., there was exhi-
bited an unskinned example of the Wild Cat, FeJis catus, which
had been trapped on Jan. 31st in Argyllshii'e, aud forwarded to
Ijondon for preservation. It had all the characteristic features
cf Felis catus, and was of great size, weighing nearly 11 lbs.
The President, in commenting upon the occurrence, expressed
rtgret that the rarer Mammalia of Great Britain were daily be-
caniug still more rare for want of that protection which might
bt accorded to them as well as to Birds.
The following papers were read : —
1. '■ On the genus Nanomiirium.'''' By Mr. E. S. Salmon,
(tommunicated by J. Gr. Baker, E.R.S., E.L.S.)
\ " On the production of Apospory by Environment in
Atii/rium Filix-foemina var. unco-glomeratum, an apparently
baren Fern." Ey E. AV. Stansfield, M.B. (Communicated by
C.lDruery, E.L.S.)
3." Recent Foritidce, and the position of the Family in the
Madftporarian System." By H. M. Bernard, M.A., E.L.S.
February 16th, 1899.
Dr. Abeet C. L. Gr. GtiNTHEE, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The linutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Messi. William Bruce Bannerman, Charles Crossland, and
the Hor NathaLiel Charles Eothschild were elected Fellows of
the Socicy, and Mr. John Storrie was elected an Associate.
Mr. Cluent Reid, F.L.S., exhibited some fruits of Najas minor,
AUione, ud of Najas graminea, Delile, found during a further
examinatai of the interglacial deposits at West Wittering in
Sussex. Tajas minor is distributed throughout Europe, except
in the noh, and in Britain ; Najas graminea is found in the
tropics of he Old World as well as in the Mediterranean Region.
In Britainwhere it has been accidentally introduced, it has been
found in a anal which receives waste hot water from a factory.
8 PEOCEEDINGS or THE
A discussion followed, in which Messrs. Eendle, H. Grroves,
and J. C. Melnll took part.
Dr. A. B. Eendle, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of aPreshwater
Alga {Fithophora) new to Britain, and described its structure;
additional remarks being made by Messrs. A. W. Bennett and
Clement Eeid.
The following papers were read : —
1. "On the genus Lemnalia, Grray ; with an account of the
Branching Systems of the Order Alcyonacea." By G. C. Bourne,
M.A., F.L.S.
2. " On some African Labiatae with alternate leaves." By
Messrs. I. H. Burkill, F.L.S., and C. H. Wright, A.L.S.
3. " Report on the Marine Mollusca obtained during the Pirst
Expedition of Prof. A. C. Haddon to the Torres Straits." By
Messrs. J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., P.L.S., and Eobert Standen. /
March 2nd, 1899. |
Dr. Albert C. L. Gr. Gtjjsthee, P.E.S., President, in the Chat.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. H. M. Bernard, P.L.S., showed some microscopic sectiors
of the digestiA'e c*ca of Spiders, which had led him to the ciO-
clnsion that dig^^stive, assimilatory, and excretory functions /-re
all performed by these. In a discussion which followed, the
Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, Mr. A. D. Michael, and Prof. Howes bok
part.
Mr. J. E. Harting, P.L.S., exhibited a male specimen c the
rare King Eider {Somateria speciahilis) which had recentljbeen
forwarded in the flesh from Lerwick, and called attention ^o the
colours of the soft parts, which diflered materially frcQ the
colours represented by Gould in his folio plate of this fi)ecies.
After referring to the natural haunts of this Duck in thPalse-
arctic and Nearctic regions, he described it as a bird f such
rarity in the British Islands that since it was first notiod as a
visitor to the coast of Norfolk in 1813 not more than a tore of
examples had been met with, the last of which was reptted in
Nov. 1890. i
The President referred to the statement of Col. Montau, made
on the authority of Bullock, that the King Eider had pted in
Papa Westra, an observation which had not been confirmed ; and
Mr. H. Druee made some remarks on the process of bkching to
which the Eider-down of commerce is generally, tbfugh not
always, subjected. '
Mr. G. C. Druce, F.L.S., exhibited and made roarks ou
specimens of Dianthus gallicus, Pers., from Jersey.
LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 9
The following papers were read : —
1. "On the^External Nares of the Cormorant." By "W. P.
Pycraft, A.L.S.
2. "On the Fertilization of Glaux maritima, Liun." B7
Edward Step, F.L.S.
3. " On the Irish Carex rhynchopJiysa.''^ By G. C. Druce,
r.L.s.
March 16th, 1899.
Dr. Albert C. L. G. Gunthee, E.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Miautes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Peter Chalmers Mitchell was admitted, and the following
were elected Fellows of the Society : — Messrs. Bertram Henry
Bentley, Keneth Hurlstoae Jones, Arthur John Maslen, and
Henry Prank Tagg.
Dr. John Lowe, P.L.S., communicated some observations on
the fertilization of Araujia aliens, G. Hon, a Brazilian climber,
which in the South ol' England grows in the open air. Last
summer it was blooming freely in Lord Ilchester's garden at
Abbotsbury, where the flowers were visited by numbers of butter-
flies, diurnal motlis, humble-bees, wasps, and large flies, many of
which were captured and imprisoned for a tune in the piuching-
bodies (Jtlemwkorper of Muller). All tliese insects, with the
exception of some humble-bees, in their visits to the nectar left
their proboscis behind, and sometimes a leg, being not strong
enough to detach the pinching-body. Dr. Lowe described the
structure of the pinching-bodies, which are flat horny plates
situated, above the nectar-cups, at each angle of a 5-sided hollow
cone in the centre of the flower, in which is placed the stigma.
There is only a small opening at the apex and a narrow slit at the
base of each facet of the cone. To the upper point of the
pinching-body the pollinia are attached. When an insect has
its proboscis caught in the slit, which narrows always to its point,
it can only escape by tearing away the body with its pollen-
masses or by leaving its proboscis in the slit. In the former case
it carries the pollinia to the next flower it visits, and thus effects
cross-fertilization by leaving the pollen-mass between the anther-
■wings, whence it rapidly passes into the cone. He had received
a number of flowers of Araujia from Mr. Benbow, the gardener
at Abbotsbury, in some of which he found the proboscis of a
butterfly or moth in each of the five angles of the cone, showing
the great destruction of insect-life caused by the plant.
Mr. N. E. Brown, A.L.S., having made a special study of the
Asclepiadaceae, gave an account of the manner in which
the pollinia reach the stigma ; and some further remarks were
made by Mr. A. W. Bennett.
lO PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
The following papers were read : —
1. "A further Contribution to the Freshwater Algae of the
West Indies." By Messrs. W. West, F.L.S., and G. S. West,
A.KC.S. _^ ^ ,
2. " On so-called ' Quiutocubitalism ' lu the Wing of Birds.
By P. Chalmers Mitchell, F.L.S.
3. " Some facts concerning the so-called ' Aquintocubilalism
in the Bird's Wing." By W. P. Pycraft, A.L.S.
April 6th, 1899.
Dr. Albert C. L. Gt. GtiNTHEn, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Messrs. William Bruce Bannerman, Charles Crossland, and
Arthur John Maslen were admitted; and Messrs. William
Harris, Lester Vallis Les-ter, and Eobert Brooks Popham were
elected Fellows of the Suciety.
In view of the approaching Anniversary Meeting, Mr. Horace
W. Monckton and Dr. D. H. Scott were elected Auditors on
behalf of the Council, and Mr. Herbert Druce and Prof. J. Eey-
nolds Grreen on the part of the Fellows.
Dr. 0. Stapf, A.L.S., exhibited specimens oi Stapfia cylindrical
Chodat, a freshwater alga discovered by him in a small pond
near Hallstadt, Upper Austria, and described by Prof. Chodat of
Geneva as a new genus of Tetrasporece.
Although not unlike certain species of Tetraspora in outward
appearance, it differs from them in the perfectly solid gelatinous
structure of the thallus. The cells, which exhibit the essential
characters of the cells of PahnellecB, are arranged 1-3 deep in an
almost superficial layer on the surface of the colourless matrix ;
they eacb possess 2 sheathed cilia, which penetrate the matrix
and extend into the surrounding medium. The only modes of
reproduction so far known are by two subsequent divisions,
rarely by simultaneous division, into four daughter-cells, the
grouping of which into tetrads is, however, soon more or less
obliterated, and by the formation of hibernating resting-spores.
Prof. Chodat suggested that Stapfia cylindrica might be identical
with Tetraspora cylindrica, Kiitz., which in that case would have
to be quoted as a synonym ; but Dr. Stapf gave reasons for not
sharing this view. On this point he was supported by Mr. Gr.
Murray, F.E.S., F.L.S., who made some additional remarks.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On Car ex Wahlenberyiana." By Charles Baron Clarke,
M.A., F.K.S., F.L.S.
2. " On the Discovery and Development of Ehabdites in Cepha-
lodiscus." By Mr. F. J. Cole. (Communicated by Prof. (i. B.
Howes, Sec. L. Sue.)
LISJfEAN SOCIETr OF LOXDOX. II
April 20th, 1899.
Dr. Albert C. L. G-. Gcxthee, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Lester Yallis Lester was admitted a Fellow of the Society.
Mr, George Murray, F.R.S,, F.L.S., exhibited several slides of
new Peridiniacece, and gave some account of the method of col-
lection by pumping which had been found most efficacious witb
these organisms. A discussion followed, in which Sir John
Murray, Mr. C. B. Clarke, and Mr. H. Groves took part.
Mr. J. B. Carruthers, F.L.S., communicated some observations
on the localized, nature of the parent characters in hybrid fruits
of Theobroma Cacao, on which some criticism was offered by the
llev. G. Henslow.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Botany of the Ceylon Patanas." By Henry
Harold Welch Pearson, B.A. (Communicated by Prof. H. Mar-
shall Ward, F.E.S., F.L.S.)
2. " A new List of British and Irish Spiders." By the Eev.
O. Pickard Cambridge, M.A., F.E S. (Communicated by Prof.
Howes, Sec. L. Soc.)
3. " Imitation as a source of Anomalies." By Prof. E. J.
Anderson. M.A., F.L.S.
The following is an abstract of Prof Anderson's paper: —
Commenting upon the e-tatement made by Professors Krau?e
and Testut that muscular anomalies are rare in the lower animals,
whilst in man they are very common, the author considered it
remarkable that no single instance had been authenticated in
recent times of a mammal fairly attempting to utter a human
voice-^ound, although this did not apply to birds. He suggested
that in the attempt to imitate, the mental act, or volition, if
sustained, might favour a change of a moderate nature, and that
such a change might be either progressive or retrogressive. He
Plight put it thus : — (A) An animal brings its nervous actions
into harmony with its surroundings, i. e. sets itself to do what
some other creature is doing. (B) The offspring may inherit
this disjDosition. (C) The offspring may strike off a muscle-slip
to do certain work more efficiently. In the power to imitate, or
extemporize, he thought we might have a source of certain
anomalies that are often regarded as a proof or sign of reversion.
May 4th, 1899.
Mr. Albeet D. Michael, F.Z.S., Yice-Presideut, in the Chair.
The Miijutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Gtorge Sharp Saunders was elected a Fellow of the Society;
12 PROCEEDIKGS OF THE
and the following gentlemen, viz., Monsieur Adrien Pranclaet,
Prof. Emil Christian Hansen, Dr. Seiitsiro Ikeno, Prof. Greorg
Ossian Sars, and Prof. Eduard von Martens, were elected Foreign
Members.
Mr. Isaac H. Burkill exhibited specimens of a Daisy {BeJlis
perennis) found at Kew in which the ray of the outer florets was
ISO nearly absent that these consisted of scarcely more than ovary,
naked style, and stigma. Remarks were made by Messrs. T. E.
E. Stebbing and A. W. Bennett.
The following papers were read : —
1. "The position of Anoinalurus as indicated by its Myology."
By F. G. Parsons, F.R.C.S., P.L.S.
2. " On Variation in Desmids." By George S. West. (Com-
municated by W. West, P.L.S.)
3. " On Notheia anomala, Harv. et Bail." By Miss Ethel
Barton. (Communicated by G. Murray, P.E.S., E.L.S.)
May 24th, 1899.
Anniversary Meeting.
Dr. Albert G. L. G. Gu^s^theb, E.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
The Treasurer presented his Annual Statement of Accounts
duly audited, as shown on p. 13.
The Secretary read his report of deaths, withdrawals, and
elections of new Fellows for the past year, as follows : —
Since the last Anniversary Meeting 18 Fellows had died or
their deaths had been ascertained : —
Sir Douglas Galton.
Prof. Henry AUeyne Nicholson.
Mr. Eugene Fred. Augustus
Obach.
Mr. Charles Nathaniel Peal.
Sir William Eoberts.
Mr. Thomas Rogers.
Mr. Osbert Salvin.
Mr. John Van Voorst.
Sir Thomas Dyke Acland.
Dr. J. E. Tierney Aitchison.
Prof. George James Allman.
The Hon. David Arnot.
Mr. Saml. Denton Bairstow.
Mr. William Borrer..
Mr. Charles James Breese.
Mr. John Buclxanan.
Eev. William Colenso.
Eev. William Davies.
Foreign Members, 5.
Prof. Teodoro Caruel.
Prof. Carl Clans.
Prof. Ferdinand Julius Cohn.
Prof. Johan Lange.
Dr. Charles Naudin*
LIXXEAN SOCIETT OF LONDOX.
13
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14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
The follouing Fellows have resigned, viz
Mr. Thomas Butler Cato.
Prof. Josepli Price Eemington.
Mr. Thomas William Shore.
Mr. Walter Smyth.
5 Fellows have been removed from the Society's List bv order
of the Council ; and 18 Fellows, 1 Associate, and 5 Foreign
Members have been elected.
The Librarian's Eeport was read as follows : —
" During the past year there had been received as Donations
from Private Individuals 47 Volumes and 150 Pamphlets.
"From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific
Societies there had been received in Exchange and otherwise 145
volumes and 94 detached pirts, besides 65 volumes and 33 parts
obtained by exchange from the Editors and Proprietors of inde-
pendent Periodicals.
"The Council at the recommendation of the Library Committee
had sanctioned the purchase of 190 volumes and lOti parts of
important works.
" The total additions to the Library were therefore 447 volumes
and 383 separate parts.
"The number of books bound during the year was as follows: —
In half-morocco 418 volumes, in half-caU' 4 volumes, in full-
cloth 180 volumes, in vellum 21 volumes, in buckram 21 volume^
in boards or half-cloth 28 volumes, relabelled (half-morocco and
cloth backs) 60 volumes. Total 732 volumes."
The Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the
elections,
The President opened the busine-ss of the day, and the Fellows
present proceeded to vote for the Council and Officers.
The Ballot for the Council having been closed, the President
appointed Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, Dr. Eobert Braithwaite, and
Col. R. H. Beddome, Scrutineers ; and the votes having been
counted and reported to the President, he declared the following
members to be removed from the Council, viz. :— Mr. Charles
Alfred Barber, Mr. William Carruthers, Mr. W. B. Hemsley,
Prof. W, A. Herdman, and Dr. Dukinfield H. Scott, and the
following gentlemen to be elected in their stead, viz. : — Mr. Frank
Darwin, Prof. J. B. Farmer, Mr. F. DuCane Godman, Mr. Henry
Grroves, and Dr. A. B. Eendle.
The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President
appointed Dr. John Meiklejohn, Mr. Alfred William Bennett,
and Mr. Edmund G. Baker, Scrutineers ; and the votes having
been counted and reported to him, he declared the result as
follows : —
President. Dr. Albert C. L. G. Giinther.
Treasurer, Mr. Frank Crisp.
Secretaries J ^^- B- Day don Jackson.
[ Prot. George Bond Howes.
The President then delivered his Address.
LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LOSDOX. 15
The President's ANHiTEHSARr Address.
The appearance in the last volumes of the E. Swedish Academy of
Sciences of ttvo papers * descriptive of such Linnean type-specimens
of Birds, Amj^hibians and Fishes as are still preserved in the
Zoological Museums of Upsala and Stockholm, has reminded me
that the Linnean Society possesses also a number of Fishes from
Linne's private collection, many of which have served as types or
cotypes for the species enumerated in the ' Systema Naturte,' and
"which have never been catalogued.
It is many years ago since my attention was first drawn to the
existence of this collection by that devoted servant of the Society,
Richard Kippist ; unfortunately too late to allow me to make due
i;se of it for my ' Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum,'
which at that time (1862) had been advanced to the fourth volume.
I was, however, able to identify some of Linne's Pleuronectidag.
There the matter rested, until the year of the International
Fisheries Exhibition, when the late Mr. Brown Goode and Dr. Bean
came to London in charge of the American exhibits. I called
their attention to the Linnean specimens, many of which, being of
American origin, had a particular interest to American ichthyo-
logists. The intimate acquaintance of those two gentlemen with
the fishes of their own country led to a number of important
identifications, which they published in the ' Proceedings of the
United States National Museum,' vol. viii. 1886, pp. 193-203. But
this paper included only a part of the American specimens ;
and, besides, it seemed to me desirable to record such particulars
about the condition, history, label of each individual specimen, as
to place its identity, as far as possible, beyond any doubt for the
benefit of future inquirers.
I therefore devoted some portion of last year to a critical study
of the collection, and to the preparation of a complete Catalogue,
■which I have the pleasure of offering to you for our ' Proceedings.'
Of course, I spare you the reading of this Catalogue, but if you
will permit me I will offer some general remarks on the collection.
The collection consists now entirely of dried half-skins of fiih
either loose or mounted on folio sheets of paper ; many have been
* " Linnean Type specimens cf Birds, Reptiles, Batrachians, and Fishes in
the Zoologiciil Museum of the R. University in Upsala, revised by Dr. Einar
Lonnberg." Bihang till K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., Bd. xxii. no. 1.
" Catalogue of Linnean Tjpe-speciinens of Snakes in the E.. Museum in
Stockholm." By Lars Gabriel Andersson. Ibid. Bd. xxiv. no. 6.
l6 PEOCEEDISGS OF TUE
fixed on cardboards, but this was done at a comparatively recent
period. This method of preserving fish, like specimens of a hortus
siccus, seems to have been first emploj-ed by Johann Friederich
Gronow *, who described it in the ' Philosophical Transactions,'
and whose collection of similarly prepared skins is still preserved in
the Natural History Museum.
"We are informed by Sir J. E. Smith himself f that Linne's
private collection contained, at the time of its purchase, 158 speci-
mens of dried fish-skins, beside some in spirits. These latter were
not kept by Smith ; perhaps he did not sufficiently care for them
to have them sent over from Sweden with the other parts of the
collection. I make the number of specimens at present in the
Society's possession to be rather liigher, viz., 168 ; the discrepancy
being probably due to the circumstance that when two small
specimens of the same species were mounted on the same sheet of
paper they were counted as one by the person who prepared the
original inventory. At any rate there is no evidence which might
lead us to suspect that any of the specimens have been lost since
they came into the possession of the Society.
The collection was kept for a great many years in one of Linne's
own cabinets, which, however well it may have answered its
purpose in the pure air of Linne's residence, is quite unsuitable in
the dust-laden atmosphere of Piccadilly ; and the wonder to me is,
how little the specimens have suffered under the accumulation of
matter in the wrong place. In order to render them more secure
in the future, your Council has ordered them to be transferred to
dust-proof glass-topped boxes, in which they are so arranged that,
with the aid of my Catalogue, every specimen can be found without
difficulty.
In looking over the specimens, one is at once struck by the fact
that the sources whence Linne obtained his fishes were but few in
number, and, therefore, that his private collection represents only a
fraction of the materials upon which his work on the fishes in the
'Systema Naturae' is based. His own specimens belonged to three
faunae only, and form, in fact, three distinct sets, viz. : —
1. Scandinavian species.
2. A series of German, chiefly freshwater, fishes.
3. The fishes collected for him by Dr. Alexander Garden in
South Carolina.
The Scandinavian series consists of 49 specimens, referable to
28 species. As all of them belong to well-known North European
species which had been previously well distinguished, characterized,
and described by Artedi and Gronow, no special value is attached
to them. With few exceptions they were in Linne's possession in
* " A method of preparing specimens of Fish by drying their skins as
practised by John Frederick Gi-onovius M.D. at Leyden." Philos. Trana.
vol. xlii. 1744, p. 67.
t Meui. and Corresp. of the late Sir J. E. Smith, vol. i. p. 114.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. l^
the time intervening between the publication of Artedi's * Ichthyo-
logia ' (1738) and the tenth edition of the ' Systema JSTatura ' (1758),
as it proved by his annotations which accompany the specimens,
but there is no evidence to show that he used them in preparing
the specific diagnoses. For this work he relied chiefly on previous
publications (his own and those of others), and it is a matter of
rare occurrence that the actual fin-formula of the specimen in his
collection agrees exactly with that given in the ' Systema.'
Therefore these Scandinavian specimens cannot be claimed as types
in the modern sense of the word, the less so as the species are such
common forms that Linne must have had many other specimens of
the same kinds at his disposal.
Also the second series, that of the German fishes, may be passed
over in a few words. It comprises 32 specimens referable to 22
species. The specimens are neatly mounted in a uniform fashion ;
the cardboards have a black line round the edges, and the name of
each fish is surrounded by an ornamental scroll. I have not been
able to discover the name of the correspondent from whom Linne
received these fishes. It would appear from the faunistic character
of the collection that it was made somewhere near the Korthern
coast of Germany. It was sent to Linne after the publication
of the twelfth edition, the sender having attempted to name the
fishes according to the Linnean system — an endeavour in which he
was only partially successful. And Linne himself, in revising his
correspondent's identifications, fell into some curious errors, showing
that the discrimination of the species of Cijprinus was to him in
after years as much a matter of perplexity as when he wrote the
Fishes for the 12th edition.
All the remaining specimens belong to species which are found
on the coast and in the freshwaters of South Carolina. And
although of some of them every mark indicating their origin has
been lost or obliterated, there is satisfactory circumstantial evidence
that all (or almost all) were collected for Linne by Dr. Alexander
Garden, a Scotch x)hysician, who resided in Charlestown for nearly
30 years, and with whose name Botany is even more familiar than
Zoology. From Sir James E. Smith's ' Selection of the Correspond-
ence of Linnaeus' (vol. i. 1821) we can gather much information
as to the friendly intercourse between Garden and Linne ; but
unfortunately, as far as Garden's collection of fishes is concerned,
this information is very fragmentary. Smith published only a
selection from Garden's letters ; and, moreover, the full lists, notes,
and descriptions which Garden had sent to Linne with the specimens
were not reproduced. It is a singular circumstance, and one
which, I believe, has not been noticed before, that none of Garden's
letters, not even the originals of those which must have been in
Smith's possession when he published them, seem to have been
transferred to the Society ; and I have not been able to ascertain
what has become of them.
LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1898-99. C
l8 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Garden had been an earnest student of the Flora of !N'orth
America, and his first communications with Linne (in the year
3 758) referred to botanical subjects onh% but from the year 1760,
that is two years after the appearance of the 10th edition of the
' System?,' by Linne's special desire, he commenced to collect for
his illustrious frieud the Reptiles, Insects, and, particularly, the
Fishes of South Carolina *. Garden was not a merely mechanical
collector ; he closely examined the specimens before he sent them
off, determined the genus with the aid of the tenth edition, drew
np technical descriptions and collected all information which he
thought might be useful to Linne. Linne frequently made use of
these notes, even so far as to draw from them specific characters.
Thus, when he distinguished and named a Sargus argyrops and a
Sargus clirysops, he evidently relied upon Garden's notes, in wliich
one was described with a silvery, and the other with a golden iris
of the eye. On the other hand, Linne did not make the fullest
possible use of Garden's collection, as he took no notice of several
well-marked species to which Garden had specially directed his
attention. It is difficult to account for their omission from the
' Systema,' but no doubt we should find a sufilcient explanation if
Linne's replies to Garden ever should come to light.
In the letters published by Smith we find distinct evidence of
four consignments of fishes made by Garden in the years from
1760 to 1771, besides some smaller ones, of which oue or more
never reached their destination. I have endeavoured to allocate
our specimens to the several consignments, as it is of some interest,
or even importance, to discriminate between specimens which came
into Linne's possession before or after the completion of the twelfth
edition of the ' Systema.' In that edition Garden's specimens are
mentioned under no less than forty species, either as types or as
what may be called cotypes ; these, of course, are the really
important part of the collection ; and it is satisfactory to find
that of them all but three are still preserved. The missing are
Tetrodon la'vigatus, which may have been a spirit-specimen, and
Balistes Tiispidus and Argentina carolma, to which I shall refer
later on.
The first of the four collections which Linne received from
Garden was sent to him in 1760. We do not know the extent of
this consignment ; no list, not even the correspondence referring to
it, seems to have been preserved. The only documentary evidence
of it is found in Garden's letter of 1761 (see Corr. Linn. i. p. 306),
in which he says : " I have sent you the skins Mnth a slip
of paper to each, bearing the numbers and vernacular names, as
last year." Thus the discrimination of the specimens belonging to
this consignment is quite conjectural, and is based chiefly on the
iact that Linne's treatment of these specimens was diff'erent from
that of later consignments. He unfortunately removed Garden's
original tickets, pasted the specimens on folio sheets of paper of
* Corresp. Linn. i. p. 300.
lIIOfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 9
uniform size and texture, and labelled them with the generic name
in capital letters at the top ut' the sheet, and with the name of the
species at the bottom. Only exceptionally did he take the same
trouble with specimens of subsequent consignments. Besides, the
specimens thus mounted are such as cannot be assigned to the later
lots. I can refer only 9 specimens to this first collection with
some degree of certainty ; five are types.
^luch more important was the second collection, transmitted in
17G1. Although the complete list of tlie specimens is also losr,
Garden's letter of April 12, 1761 (Corresp. Linn. i. p. 303), con-
tains notes by which we are enabled to recognize many of them.
Another great help in their identification we have in Garden's
original labels, which Linne did not remove, as he had done in the
first collection ; they consist of a broad strip of paper wound round
the tail of the fishes, on which Garden wrote the number of the
specimen, the name of the Liunean genus, and the vernacular
name. Frequently he repeated the number on the body of the fish,
whilst Linne used also the label for adding the specific name given
by himself. This consignment consisted of at least 50 specimens,
under 43 numbers, of which I have identified 33, among them
some 29 types and cotypes. Among the missiug specimens are two
important types (nos. 17 and 'lb), which seem to have been lost
after the collection came into Smith's possession, since he himself
recognized in them the types of Anjeatina Carolina and Balistes
hispidas (Corresp. Linn. i. p. 306).
The information which we have about the thlixl consignment,
made by Garden in the year 1763, is contained in his letter of
June 2 (Corresp. Linn. i. p. 309). The specimens were prepared,
labelled and described by him very much in the same manner as
those of the preceding collection. In that letter 27 numbers are
mentioned, but of some of the species Garden communicated to
Linne notes onlj-, as he found Sharks, Dogfishes, etc. too bulky to
be conveniently enclosed in his parcels. I have identified twelve
of these numbers, ten of them being types of Linnaean species.
Xone of the missing numbers were types, so that on the whole this
consignment proved to be comparatively as important as the one of
1761, and its scientific value has not been diminished by the loss
of the missing specimens.
The fourth and, as far as we know, last consignment of fishes
reached Linne in 1771. Garden had despatched one of his servants
to the Bahamas for the purpose of making collections for Linne',
but the greater portion of the specimens were destroyed on the
collector's return journey. In his letter of June 20th, Garden
enumerates only 14 fishes, of which I have been able to identify
10. As these fishes reached Linne several years after the publi-
cation of the 12th edition, and are not referred to in any of his
works, they do not possess the same historical value as those
previously received.
Finally, there remain some thirteen specimens about which the
c2
20 PEOCEEDINaS OF THE
information is so incomplete, that we cannot assign them to any of
the coUectious mentioned in Garden's published letters : of a few
of them it is even uncertain whether Linne received them from his
Charlestown correspondent or from some other source. This is the
more to be regretted as five or six of them are either types, or, at
any rate, require consideration in the history of the species to which
they belong. Possibly more light will be thrown upon them
when, as I trust, the missing part of Garden's letters is dis-
covered. Of Linne's replies to Garden we know nothing; on his
return to England, Garden may have brought the letters with him,
or he may have left them in America in the custody of his son,
who conformed to the constitution of the new American Govern-
ment and remained in South Carolina. Thus the chances of their
recovery, if they be still in existence, are very remote indeed ; but
if by some good fortune these remarks should come under the notice
of some one possessing information which might lead to the discovery
of the missing portion of the Garden correspondence, I should
consider you amply repaid for the patient attention which you have
kindly given to this Address.
Complete Catalogue of Linne's Private Collection of Fishes,
NOW IN possession OF THE LiNNEAN SoCIETT.
I. SCANDINAVIAN SERIES.
(1) Perca fluviatilis, L.
Skin, 5^ in. long, named by Linne.
(2) Acerina cernua, L.
Skin, 4| in. long, named by Linne Perca cernua, L.
(3) MuUus barbatus, L.
Skin, 9 in. long, named by Linne Mullus harhatus ; referring
to Artedi on back of sheet, " Trigla capite glabro, cirrhis
geminis in maxilla inferiore. Art. gen. 43. syn. 71."
(4, 5) Caranx trachurus, L.
Head, end of lateral line, and ventral fin, named by Linne
" Trachurus."
Skin, 10 in. long, named by Linne " Tracliurus " ; and on
back of sheet : " Scomber linca lateral! serrata. Arted.'"' " Desir.
in epist. Gronov."
LIKNTIAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 21
(6) Zeus faber, L.
Skill, 7 in. long, in bad condition ; on back of sheet in
Linne's handwriting, " Zeus ventre aculeato, cauda in extremo
circinnata. Art. gen. 50. syn. 78."
(7-10) Trachinus draco, L.
Skin, 12 in. long, in bad condition, named in Linne's hand-
writing " Tracliiaus draco. Fierssing."
Skin, 12 in. long, with separate pectoral and ventral fins
and branchiostegals, labelled by Linne " Trachinus."
Skin, 12 in. long, and head of another specimen, without
any marking.
(11-16) Trachinus vipera, C. Y.
Two skins, 3| and 4| in. long, with head and fins ot a
third specimen ; on back of sheet in Linne's handwriting,
" Trachinus minoris species, Gron.*'
Two skins, 2^ and 2| in. long, with head and fins of a
third specimen ; on back of sheet in Linne's handwriting,
" Trachinus minor albescens, Gron."
Singularly Linne did not recognize this species, although his
attention had been drawn to it both by Artedi and Gronow.
(17) Cottus scorpius, L.
Skin, 6| in. long, much damaged, and a separate pectoral
fin, named by Linne Cott. scorpius. Referred to by Goode and
Bean, Proc. U.S. jS^at. Mus. viii. p. 196.
(18) Trigla gnrnardus, L.
Skin, 9 in. long, in good condition, with separate pectoral
fin and branchiostegals, named by Linne Tr. Gurnardus.
(19, 20) Trigla CUCUlus, B1. = T. rjurnardus.
Two skins, 7 in. long, with separate pectoral fins and
branchiostegals, not named, but on back of sheet in Linne's
handwriting " Trigla minor, Gron."
(21-23) Trigla hirundo, L.
Skin, II5 in. long, in bad state, with separate pectoral fin
and branchiostegals, not named, but on back of sheet Linne
wrote : " Triglae facie piscis radiis membr. branchiost. utrinque
septem. Gronov."
Two skins, 6| and 7| in. long, in bad state, named by
Linne " Trigla Hirundo^' : on back of sheet he wrote : "Trigla
rostro parum bifido, linea laterali ad caudam bifurca. Art.
syn. 73."
(24) Agonus cataphr actus, L.
Skin, 4 1 in. long, with pectoral and ventral fins separate,
named by Linne " catajjhractus."
2 2 PEOCEEDITfGS OF THE
(25) Cyclopterus lumpus, L.
Skin, 13 in. long, in bad state; not named.
(26, 27) Liparis liparis, L.
Two skins, 2| and 3 in. long, indifferent!}' preserved ; named
in Linne's handwriting Cyclopterus llpparls.
(28) Zoarces viviparus, L.
Skin, 65 in. long, named by Linne " Blenn. viviparus."
(29-33) Grasterosteus aculeatus, L.
Three skins, 1^ to 2 in. long, named by Linne " G. acu-
leatvsJ'
Two skins, 1| in. long, pasted on a sheet with two other
Sticklebacks (G. pungitius), the whole named by Linne
"^3?»^r/^i??fs."
Note. — These five specimens belong to the forms gymmirus
and semiarmatiis.
(34, 35) Gasterosteus pungitius, L.
Two skins, 1 ^ in. long (together with two G. aculeatus),
named by Linne " puvgitius."
(36) Gadus callarias, L.
Skin, 8| in. long, not in good state, named by Linne " Gad.
■Callarias. Sma-Torsk."
(37, 38) Lota lota, L.
Skin, ]0 in. long, not in good state, labelled by Linne "Lake."
Skin, 6| in. long, in bad state. Linne wrote on the back
of the sheet: " ? Phycis, Art. gen. App. 84. Habitat in Aqua
dulci."
(39) Phycis phycis, L.
Skin, 4| in. long, not in good state, without any mark or
label.
= Blennius phycis, L., or Phycis mediterraneus, De la R.
(40) Motella mustela, L.
Skin, 8 in. long, with separate pectoral fin ; sheet labelled
by Linne "Gadus ? ^Yhistlefish. Willugb. 121."
(41) Ammodytes tohiamis, L.
Skin in bad state, 6| in. long, named by Linne ^'■Ammodytes."
(42, 43) Rhombus maximus, L.
Skin, 9 in. long, named by Linne Pleur. maximus, L. On
the reverse in unknown handwriting " Stein-but aus der Ost
See. 12."
Skin, 5 in. long, named (in error) by Linne " rhombus " ; the
specimen is still without tubercles, but the fiu-formula : D. 60,
LIXNE-O' SOCIETr OF LOXDOy. 23
A. 43 (as counted and marked by Linne himself), shows that
the fish is a young Tuibot, and not a Brill.
(44) Leuciscus rutilus, L.
Skin, 65 in. long, not named; on back of paper reference to
Artedi.
(45) Osmerus eparlanus, L.
Skin, 5 in, long, damaged by dermestes ; Linne wrote on
back of sheet reference to Artedi, gen. 10. syn. 21. spec, 45.
(46, 47) Clupea sprattus, L.
Two skins, 4| in. long, in bad state ; marked by Linne on
back of sheet " Spratti.''
(48) Clupsa alosa, L,
Skin, 7| in. long, not in good state. Linne wrote on the
back of the sheet : Pinna axi ossiculis 24, hinc diversa Clypea
maxilla int'eriore lougiore, maculis nigris carens. Art. cui in
reliquis omnibus simillima. CI. A. Alosa.""
Linne does not refer in the ' Systema ' to a specimen with
24 anal rays.
(49) Siphonostoma typUe, L.
Skin, 15^ in. long, well preserved ; named in unknown
hand. D. ^9.
II. GERMAN SERIES.
The names of this list are those used by Linne's Correspondent,
or by Linne himself, "When the species has been misnamed, the
corrected name is placed within brackets,
(50, 51) Perca fluviatilis.
(52, 53) Perca cernua, Stur-Barsch,
(54) Gadus lota,
(55) Pleuronectes platessc*. Biitte,
(56) Cypriaus carassius,
(57) [Gobio fluviatilis] misnamed Cobitis harhatula.
(58) [Gobio fluviatilis] misnamed Cobitis, and in Linne's hand-
writing Cyjirinus phoxinus.
(59) [Leuciscus rutilus] named " Cyprinus grieslacjine, L, Roth-
auge,"
(60) [Leuciscus rutilus] named " Ciiprinus grieslacjine, L, mas
dum prurit."
24
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
(61) [Leuciscus rutilus] named " Germanis Fache," in Linne's
handwriting " idharus? "
(62) Cyprinus " cephalus " in Linne's handwriting.
(63) [Leuciscus leuciscus], Cyprinus " dohula " in Linne's hand-
writing.
(64) Cyprinus leuciscus.
(65, 66) [Leuciscus erythrophthalmus] misnamed Cyprinus rutilus.
(67, 68) Cyprinus phoxinus.
(69) Cyprinus tinea.
(70) [Rhodeus amarus] Cyprimis apliya, L. Bitterling.
(71) [Ahramis vimba] misnamed Cyprinus nasus.
(72) [Abramis blicca] misnamed Cyprinus idlarus, L. Fache.
(73) Cobitis fossilis, named by Linne.
(74) Cobitis barbatula, named by Linne.
(75, 76) Esox lucius.
(77, 78) [Salmo fario], Sahno trutta, L. Forelle.
(79) Salmo tymallus.
(80) Muraena anguilla.
(81) Petromyzon branchialis.
III. GARDEN'S SOUTH CAROLINA COLLECTIONS.
A. Consignment of 1760.
(Linnean name.) (Modem name.)
Labrus auritus (type). Pomotis auritus.
(82) Skin, 7 in. long, in good condition, but without any marks.
Labelled by Linne LABMLS auritus. Under this name Linne
included also specimens ol' iojjiot/s j5Mi;ctoii(s (see nos. i^5-97,
159, 160).
Zeus gallus. Argyriosus vomer.
(83) Skin, 4g in. long, injured ; mark on the specimen very
indistinct, perhaps no. 1. Labelled by Linne ZEVS GaUus ;
referred to by Goode & Bean, Proc. U.S. JS'at. Mus. viii. p. 196,
Zeus vomer, L., and Zeus gallus, L., are in my opinion the
same fish.
LINXEAJf SOCTETT OF LONDON. 25
(Linnean name.) (Modern name.)
Teuthis hepatus. Acanthurus cMmrgus.
(84) Skin, 11 in. long', well preserved, but without any mark.
Labelled by Linne TEUTHIS Hepatus.
No reference in Garden's letters can be applied to this
specimen. Goode & Bean (p. 205) speak of it as a " type,"
but Linne does not refer to it in the ' Syst. Nat.,' his references
applying partly to an Atlantic, partly to an Indian species.
Gasterosteus canadus (type). Elacate Canada.
(85) Skin, 15^ in. long, in bad condition.
Garden's label : " No. 7 " ; and in Linne's handwriting " Gas-
terosts."
lleferred to by Goode & Bean, p. 203.
Cyprinus americanus (types). Abramis americanus.
(86, 87) Two skins, 5 and 7 in. long, in good condition, without
markings. Labelled by Linne CYPRIJSUS americanus.
Referred to by Goode & Bean, p. 206.
Clupea thrissa. Chatoessus cepedianus.
(88, 89) Two skins, 5| and 8^ in. long, without marks. Labelled
by Linne CLUPEA Thrissa.
There is no doubt that these specimens are mentioned by
Linne in the 12th edition under Clvpi'U thrissa, with which
species he confounded them, as shown by Goode & Beau, p. 206.
Elops saurus (type). Elops saurus.
(90) Skin, 22 in. long, divided into two halves, without mark.
Labelled by Linne ELOPS saurus.
Mentioned by Goode & Bean, p. 205.
B. Consignment of 1761.
Perca atraria (type). Centropristis atrarius.
(91) Skin, 9| in. long, in good condition.
Garden's label: No. 14. Perca marina, Nostrat. Black-
fish.
Mentioned in Corresp. Linn. i. p. 306.
Referred to by Goodo & Bean, p. 202.
Singularly Linne has given an erroneous fin-formula.
Jordan & Evermann adopt for this fish a name used by Linne
in the 10th edition, viz. Lahrus striMus.
Perca formosa (type). Centropristis formosus.
(CentrojJristis radians, Q. G.)
(92) Skin, 8 in. long, in bad condition.
Garden's label : " No. 3. Pei'ca sp. Nostrat. Squirrel-fish,"
to which Linne has added on the reverse of the label '■'Perca
formosa."
26 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Mark on the specimen bj' Garden " No. 3. Perca."
Referred to by Goode & Bean, p. 203, under the erroneons
number 35.
Linue's Perca formosa is based : —
1. Partly on Catesby's figure, which he quotes (tab. 6) and
which represents a well-known species of Hcemulon ; part
of Linne's description, " P. dorsalis anterior abbreviata
versus posteriorem," can apply to this fish only.
2. Partly on the specimen sent by Garden, and which is a
Centropristis.
For which of these two fishes should the name formosa be
retained ? As Dr. Jordan seems to have been the first to point
out the composition of this Linnean species (Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. 1883, p. 600), I think that he should be followed in
leaving the name to the Squirrel-fish of South Carolina.
(Linnean name.) (Modern name.)
Perca philadelphica. Centropristis trifurcus.
(93) Skin, 6 in. long.
cfr. Garden's label : No. 2. Perca sp. Nostrat. : b. a Chub.
156. Mark on the specimen by Garden, " No. 2. Perca."
Keferred to by Goode & Bean, p. 202.
This is the specimen from which the notes in the 12th edit,
were taken, but it is not the type of P. philadelphica of the
10th edit., as no specimen had reached Linne from Garden at
the time of the publication of that edition.
Micropterus salmonoides.
i^Huro nigricans.)
(94) Skin, 12| in. long, in good condition.
cfr. Garden's label : No. 40. Labrus. Nostratibus Freshwater
158. Trout.
Mentioned in Corresp. Linn. i. p. 306.
Identified by Goode & Bean, p. 208.
Not admitted by Linn, in Syst. Nat.
Labrus auritns (cotype). Pomotis auritus.
(95) Skin, 7 in. long, rather damaged.
Garden's label : No. 41. Labrus. Nostrat. Eed-bellied Perch.
Erroneously referred to by Goode & Beau as " No. 11.
Garden," p. 200.
Labrus auritus (cotype). Pomotis punctatus.
(96) Skin, 6 in. long, in good condition.
cfr. Garden's label : No. 42. Labrus. Nostrat. Speckled Perch.
loJ, ibU. rpjjg presence of a more or less rudimentary supplemental
maxillary bone is regarded by American authors as a sufficient
ground for maintaining a genus Apomotis as distinct from
Pomotis. Mr, Boulenger refers to this genus Bryttus punctatus
LIXNEAX SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 27
(C. v.), and is followed in this by Jordan & Everraann (Fisli.
N. Amer. i. p. 997). I cannot find a trace of that bone in five
specimens.
Linne considered this and the following specimen to be
specifically identical with P. auritus.
(Linnean name.) (Modern name.)
Labrus auritus (cotype). Pomotis punctatus.
(97) Skin, 9 in. long, much broken and mutilated.
Garden's label : Xo. 43. Perca. Nostrat. Freshwater Bream.
Determined by Goode & Bean as " Copper-nosed Bream,"
p. 200.
Perca chrysoptera (types). Orthopristis chrysopterus.
(98) Skin, 12| in. long, in good condition.
Garden's label : No. 8. Perca mar sp. Xostratib. Sailor's
choice.
(99) Skin, 8J in. long, in good condition ; labelled by Garden ou
specimen : No. 8. Perca marina.
Identified by Goode & Bean, p. 202.
Chaetodon triostegus. Ephippus faber.
(100) Skin, 8| in. long, in good condition.
Garden's label : No. 22. Chsetodon. Nostrat. Angel-fish.
Mentioned by Linne under, and confounded by him with,
Chcetodon triostegus of the 12th edit. : an error recognized by
himself, as explained by Goode & Bean, p. 128, and subse-
quently rectified by Cuvier & Valenciennes, vii. p. 113.
Sargus ovis.
(101) Skin, 5 in. long, much injured.
Garden's label : Sparus species. Nostrat. Sheeps-head.
Not admitted in S^•st. Nat,
Identified by Goode & Bean, p. 208.
Sparus rhomboides (types), Sargus rhomboides.
(102) Skin, 7 in. long, in good condition, marked on the specimen
cfr. by Garden "Sparus no. 5, Cat. 2. t. 4." *
161. Garden's label: No. 5. Spari sp, Nostrat. Saltwater Bream.
(103) Skin, 8| in. long, in good condition, marked on the specimen
by Garden, " No, 9. Sparus."
Garden's label : No. 9. Sparus.
Sparus chrysops (type), Sargus chrysops.
(104) Skin, 8| in. long, in good condition.
Garden's label : No. 6. Spari sp. Nostrat. Porgee.
Linne wrote on the reverse of Garden's label " Sparus
cJirysops."
Beferred to by Goode & Bean, p. 198,
* Garden's reference to Catefeby.
28 PROCEEDINGS OP THE
(Linnean name.) (Modern name.)
Sparus argyrops (type), Sargus chrysops.
(105) Skin, 8| in. long, in good condition.
Garden's label : No. 7. Nostrat. Porgee. Spari sp.
Linne wrote on the reverse of Garden's label " Sparus
air/i/rops."
Referred to by Goode & Bean, p. 198.
Sp. chrysops and Sp. aryijrops are the same fish, and probably
my Sargus amhassis.
Perca ocellata (type). Scisena ocellata.
(106) Skin, 15^ in. long, in good condition.
Garden's label : No. 39. Perca Cauda ocellata. Nostrat.
The Bass.
Referred to by Goode & Bean, p. 202.
(107) A second skin, of the same size and very similar to the
former, is without any mark. It is impossible to say whether
the two skins were sent at the same time, or whether the
second belongs to a later consignment.
Perca punctatus, SciaBna chrysura.
Ed. xii. p. 482 (type).
(108-9) Two skins, 6 in. long, in good condition, marked on the
body "No. 12. Perca."
Garden's label : No. 12. Perca. Nostrat. Yellow-Tails.
Referred to in Corr. Linn. i. p. 306 ; and by Goode & Bean,
p. 201.
Not to be confounded with Perca punctata, L., ed. xii.
p. 485.
Scisena lanceolata.
(110) Skin, 6| in. long, in good condition, marked on body as on
label.
Garden's label : No. 13. Nostr. — Perca.
Identified by Goode & Bean, p. 208.
Not specially mentioned by Linne, who probably considered
it identical with the preceding specimens {Scur.na chrysura).
This specimen shows very distinctly the lower, downwards
directed prfeopercular spine, on which the subgenus Zesfidium
is based. StelUfer (Zesiidium) illecebrosus of Gilbert, Jordan
& Evermann seems to be specifically identical with Scicena
lanceolata.
Perca alburnus (type). Umbrina alburnus.
(111) Skin, 11 in. long, in good condition, marked on body "No. 30."
Garden's label : No. 30. Cyprinus. Nostrat. Whiting.
Referred to by Goode & Bean, p. 202.
LINNEAN SOCIET? OF LONDO??". 29
(Linnean name.) (Modern name )
Perca undulata (type). Micropogon undulatus.
(112) Skin, 10 in. long, in good condition.
Garden's label: No. 10, Perca. Nostrat. Croker.
Referred to by Goode & Bean, p. 202, with the erroneous
number " No. 8."
(113) A second skin, 10| in. long, with injured tail, is labelled on
the abdomen by Garden '• No. 10. Cat. 2. t. 3. f. 1," which is
a correct reference to Catesby. This specimen may have been
sent with the first, or ou a later occasion.
Trichiurus lepturus. Trichiurus lepturus.
(114) Skin, 30 in. long, much damaged.
Garden's label : No. 1. Trichiurus. Nostratib. Snakefish.
Identified by Goode & Bean, p. 195.
(115) Head, 8 in. long, of a very large specimen, without label or
mark, probably sent with the first specimen.
Gastrosteus saltatrix (cotype). Temnodon saltator.
(116) Head and fragments of skin.
cfr. Garden's label : No. 31. Saltatrix. Skipjack,
135. The specimen was already in this condition when Linne
received it, as we may infer from Garden's letter in Corresp.
Linn. i. p. 312 ; by a lapsus he mentions there this specimen
as " No. 33 of my last parcel," and he seems to have forgotten
that he saved these fragments from the ravages by " vermin."
Echeneis naucrates. Echeneis naucrates,
(117-18) Two skins, 14 and 13 in, long, in good condition.
Gardens label : No. 32. Echeneis. Nostrat. Sucking Fish.
Not mentioned by Linne, who in the ' Systema ' limits the
range of the species to " Pelagus indicus."
Referred to by Goode & Bean, p. 195.
Gadus tau (types). Batrachus tau.
(119-20) Two skins, 5 and 6| in. long, not well preserved.
Garden's label : No. 16. Nov. Gen. Nostrat. Toad Fish.
Referred to in Corresp. Linn. i. p. 305 (see also p. 314).
Identified by Goode & Bean, p. 195.
Trigla evolans (type). Prionotus evolans.
(121) Skin, 4| in. long, tolerably well preserved.
Garden's mark on the specimen : No. 21.
Label round the tail in Linne's handwriting : Trigla evolans.
Described by Goode & Bean, p. 204.
Pleuronectes dentatus (type). Pseudorhombus dentatus.
(122) Skin, 11 in. long, well preserved.
Garden's label : No. 28. Pleuronectes. Plaice.
Identified by GUnther, iv. p. 425.
30 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
(Linnean name.) (Modern name.)
Pleuronectes lineatus (tj-pe). Solea liaeata.
(Ed. sii.)
(123) Skin, 6| in. long, in good condition.
Garden's label : No. 26. Pleuronectes. Nostratib. Sole.
On the reverse of label in Linne's handwriting : " lineatus."
Identified by Giinther, iv. p. 476.
In the tenth edition Linne described first this Sole as
Fl. lineatus after Brown & Sloane ; so that Garden's spe-
cimen cannot be regarded as the type of the species, as it
appeared in that edition. When he gives 45 as the number of
anal rays, he seems to have included the ventral rays ; the
specimen has 40 anal rays only. In the 10th edition the
sjiecies is correctly placed among those which have the eyes on
the right side, but by some inadvertence he transferred it in
the 12th edition to the left-eyed species.
Pleuronectes plagiusa (type). Aphoristia ornata.
(124) Skin, 5 in. long, not in good condition.
Garden's label : No. 27. Plagusia.
On the reverse of this label in Linne's handwriting : ^' Pleuron.
Plar/iiisa."
Eeferred to in Linn. Corr. i. p. 306, but not p. 314 (as sup-
posed by Goode & Bean) ; the fish referred to by Garden in
his consignment of June 2, 1763, must have been a very
different kind of fish quite unknown to him, while he was
well acquainted with Aplioristia, which he sent under the
name of Taper-Flounder.
The scales of the specimen are partly rubbed off", but I count
about 90 transverse series, and not 77 as given by Goode and
Bean, Singularly, Linne places this fish among the right-
eyed species — an error by which I was misled into supposing
that the specimen might be a species of Aj^ioniclithys (Glinth.
iv, p. 490),
Silurus felis (type). iElurichthys felis.
{JElnrichthys marinus, Mitch.)
(125) Skin, 13 in. long, damaged by dermestes.
Garden's label: No. 19. Silurus. Nostratib, Cat Fish,
The same number written by Garden on the specimen.
On the reverse of this label in Linne's handwriting :
" S. felis."
Keferred to in Corresp. Linn. i. p. 306, where the number
is misprinted 10 for 19.
lleferred to by Goode & Bean (p. 205), who, however,
identify the specimen with a species of Arius (milberli) —
an error perpetuated in subsequent American publications.
Clupea vernalis.
(126) Skin, 9g in. long, in good condition.
Garden's label : No. 4. Clupea.
LINNEA'N' SOCIETY OF LONDOK, 31
Not referred to in Syst. Nat.
Identified by Goode & Bean, p. 20S.
No teeth. D. 16. A. 18.
(Linnean name.) (Modern name.)
Balistes vetula (cotype). Balistes vetiila.
(Ed. xii.)
(127) Skin, 11| in. long, in good condition, without label or
number.
No doubt referred to in Corresp. Linn. i. p. 306 as Balistes
no. 25.
Amia calva (type). Amia calva.
(128) Skin, 13| in. long, in good condition.
Labelled by Linue himself.
Referred to in Corresp. Linn. i. p. 305 as " Mud-fish no. 11."
Messrs. Goode & Beau (p. 204) refer this specimen to the
1763 collection. The number on the specimen is now nearly
effaced, and it may be taken for 4 or 11 ; but in Smith's time
it was evidently distinct enough to enable him to identify the
specimen without difficulty.
Pteroplatea maclura.
(129) Skin, 9| in. broad, well preserved.
Garden's label : No. 37. Raja. Nostratib. Maid.
Referred to in Corresp. Linn. i. p. 306, as " No. 38. Raja."
Left unnoticed by Linne.
C. Consignment of 1763.
Scomber hippos (type). Caranx hippos.
(130) Skin, 11 in. long, in good condition.
Garden's original label is lost, but " No. 16 " was written by
him on the specimen.
Mounted on a sheet of paper, like specimens of the 1760
consignment ; labelled by Linne at the top of the sheet
" SCOMBER," and at the bottom ''■ ehri/snnis:'
Believed to be referred to in Corresp. Linn. i. pp. 311, 312;
but the specimen may possibly be one of the 1760 consignment.
Identified by Goode & Bean, p. 203,
Scomber chrysurus (types). Micropteryx chrysurus.
(131-4) Four skins, from 4| to 6^ in. long.
Garden's original labels are lost, but one specimen is
numbered 2, another bears the number 5.
All four mounted on the same sheet of paper, labelled, like
the preceding, by Linne " SCOMBER'" at the top of the sheet,
and '■^ chrj/surus " at the bottom.
Referred to in Corresp. Linn. i. pp. 311, 312; and by
Goode & Bean, p. 204.
32 PBOCEEDIXGS OF THE
(Linnean name.) (Modern name.)
Gasterosteus saltatrix (cotype). Tenmodon saltator.
(135) Skin, 10:^ in. long, damaged by dermestes, as mentioned by
cfr. Garden (Corr, Linn. i. p. 312).
116. Garden's label : " jS'o. 7. Skipjack," to which Linne has
added, " t. 1-1 *. Gasterosteus saltatrix."
Gasterostens carolinus (type). Trachynotns carolinns.
(136) Skin, 9.| in. long, much damaged.
Garden's label : " Xo. 8. The Crevallee," to which Linue has
added " Gasterosteus carolinus."
The texture of the paper of the label, and the mode in which
it is made, show that the skin was prepared at the same time
as the preceding Xo. 7, and that it is meant by the reference
in Linn. Corr. i. p. 311, although Garden enumerates it among
the freshwater species.
Referred to by Goode & Bean, p. 203.
Chaetodon alepidotus (tj-pes). Stromateus alepidotus.
(137) Skin, -5^ in. long, in good condition.
Garden's " Xo. 13 '*' written on the body.
(13S) Skin, 6 in. long, damaged.
Garden's " Xo, 13 " written on the body, but only the
figure 3 preserved, the remainder being eaten away by
dermestes. (The figure 12 was struck out by Garden him-
self.)
Both skins mounted on the same sheet of paper and labelled
by Linne " CEAETODOX" '^ alepidotus."
Eeferred to in Corresp. Linn. i. pp. 311, 313, and by
Goode & Bean, p. 198.
Mugil alhula (type), llngil cephalus, L.
(139) Skin, 13 in. long, in good condition.
Garden's label: " Xo. 1. Mullet," to which Linne has
added " t. 6 " as reference to Catesby.
Identified by Goode & Bean, p. 306.
Labrus hiatula (type). Tautoga oaitis.
(140) Skin, 10^ in. long, with the anal fin lost.
Garden's " Xo. 17" written on the specimen; but the
sheet on which the specimen is mounted is labelled " Labrus
hiatula " in Linne's (?) handwriting.
Eeferred to in Corresp, Linn, i, pp. 311, 313, and in Syst,
Xat. ed. sii. p. 47o.
Identified by Goode & Bean, p. 260, who erroneously give 14
as the number of the specimen.
* Eeference to Catesbj-.
LrMrEAN SOCIETY OF LOJiDO^. 33
As Linne's description of L. hiatula contains the misleading
character of the supposed absence of an anal fin, and as he
describes the same sjjecies again under the name of L. onitis,
the latter name should be retained.
(Linnean name.) (Modern name.)
Sparus radiatus (type). Platyglossus bivittatus.
(12th ed., escl. refer, to
Catesby.)
(141) Skin, S| in. long, in good condition.
Garden wrote " Xo. 19 " on the specimen.
Mentioned in Corresp. Linn. i. pp. 311, 313, and in Giinth.
Fish. iv. p, 164.
Coryphaena psittacns (type). Novacula psittacns.
(142) Skin, 7 in. long, damaged.
Garden wrote " Xo. 20 " on the specimen.
Mounted on a sheet of paper, at the bottom of which Liune
wrote " Coi'ijphrna psittacns''
Eeferred to in Corresp. Linn. i. pp. 311, 313.
Identified by Goode & Bean, p. 195,
Cohitis heteroclitus (types). Frmdiilns heteroclitus.
(143-4) Two skins, not in good condition, 4 and 4| in. long.
Garden wrote on the specimens " Xo. 11. Anonymos."
Eeferred to in Corresp. Linn. i. p. 311, and by Goode &
Bean, p. 204, who. however, seem to have seen only one
of the specimens, which they took to be part of the 17(31
consignment. It is not likely that Garden would have labelled
" Anonymos '' a fish to which he assigned a vernacular name in
his letter.
Esox ossens. Lepidosteus osseus.
(145) Skin, 16 in. long, damaged.
Garden's label: "Xo. 9," to which Linne added ^^ Esox
osseus." The same number is written on the specimen.
Eeferred to in Corresp. Linn. i. pp. 311, 3l3, and in Syst.
Xat. ed. xii. p. 516.
D. Co>'SIGXiLEl>-I OF 1771.
Serranus apua, Bl.
(146) Skin, 11 in. long, in good condition.
cfr. Garden's number on specimen : Xo. 8.
157. Mounted by Linne on the same sheet as HccmuJoii JJavo-
Uncatian.
Eeferred to in Garden's letter as "8. Hind/' Corresp. Linn,
p. 331.
LIKX. 80C. PBOCEKDIKGS. — SESSIOK 1898-99. d
34
PEOOEEDINQS OT THE
(Linnean name.) (Modern name.)
Pristipoma virginicum, L.
(147) Skin, 9 in. long, much broken.
Garden's number on specimen : jS'o. 10.
Referred to in Garden's letter as " 10. Pork-fish," Corresp.
Linn. i. p. 332.
Mentioned by Goode & Bean, p. 199.
Haemulon elegans, C. V.
Hcemulon sciurus, iShaw, Jordan.
(148) Skin, 12 in. long, much broken.
Garden's number on specimen : No. 4.
lleferred to in Garden's letter as " 4. Yellow Grunt,"
Corresp. Linn. i. p. 331.
Identified by Goode & Bean, p. 207.
Haemulon xanthopteruni, C. V.
HcemuJon flavolineatum, Desm., Jordan.
(149) Skin, 1^ in. long, in bad condition, without anal fin.
Garden's writing on the specimen is nearly eff'aced, only
the word " Grunt ' remaining on the tail.
Referred to in Garden's letter as " No. 9. Small White
Grunt," Corresp. Linn. i. p. 331.
Mounted by Linne on the same sheet of paper as Serranus
ajoua (no. 146).
(150) Skin, 7 in. long, in good condition.
Garden wrote " (jrunt" on the body; it was probably sent
to make up for the mutilated condition of the preceding
specimen.
Haemulon gibbosum, Walb.,
Schn., Jordan.
(151) Skin, 14| in. long, in good condition,
Garden's number en specimen : No. 3.
Referred to in Garden's letter as " 3. Marget Fish." The
same species is figured by Catesby under the same vernacular
name (ii. t. 2. f. 1), which figure Linne erroneously associated
with his Perca chrysoptera.
Identified by Goode & Bean (p. 207) with Ec^mvhn
arcuatum, C. V. ; however, Jordan (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
1885, p. 191 ; 1886, p. 396) has shown that the "Margate
Pish " of Catesby and Garden is Perca gihhosa of Walbaum
and Calliodon gibbosus of Schneid., and that HcemuJon album,
C. v., and Hcemulon micropTiihnlmum, Giinth., are identical
with it (Pish. N. Amer. ii. p. 1295), I am inclined to agree
■with him in these identifications ; only remarking that in
specimens of H. album, and H. microphthalmum from the West
Indies the eleventh and twelfth dorsal spines are equally
short, whilst in Garden's specimen the eleventh is the shortest
epme, only half as long as the twelfth.
LINXEAJS" SOCIETr OF LONDOy. 35
(Linnean name.) (Modern name.)
Sphyraena picuda, Bl. Schn,
(152) Skin, 24 in. long, not iu good condition, divided in the
middle of the length into two halves.
Garden's number on specimen : Xo. 5 (very faint).
Eeferred to iu Garden's letter as " o. Blue-fish," Corresp.
Linn. i. p. 331.
Mounted on a sheet of paper, with " CHROMIS" in Linne's
handwriting at the top.
Aulostoma coloratum.
(153) Skin, 21 in. long, in good condition.
Without any label or mark, but probably " 11. Trumpet
Fish " of Garden's letter, p. 332.
Cossyphus rufus.
(154) Skin, 10^ in. long, in good condition.
Garden's number on specimen : No. 7.
Referred to in Corresp. Linn. i. p. 331.
Identified by Goode »fe Bean, p. 200.
Monacanthus setifer, Benn.,
Yar. j(3, Giinth.
(155) Skin, 4^ in. long, with the dorsal fin mutilated.
Original label or number lost, but probably " 14. Leather-
coat " of Garden's letter, p. 332.
Mounted on a sheet of paper, with " BALISTES " at the
top and '■'■ monoceros " at the bottom in Linne's handwriting, to
which species this specimen, of course, cannot be referred, as
it has only 29 anal rays.
Linne (Syst. Nat.) mentions a Garden specimen under
Balistes hispidus ; but this cannot be our present specimen, since
it is described as having " corpus versus caudam setis exaspe-
ratum," of which no trace is visible in the present specimen.
The type of B. his])idus is lost.
E. Specimens of Uncertain Date.
Perca philadelphica (type). Centropristis trifurcus.
(156) Skin, 9 in. long, in good condition, without any mark on the
cfr. specimen *.
93. Mounted on a folio sheet, labelled by Linne himself " Perca
philadelphica."
If I am right in supposing that this specimen was in
Linne's possession at the time of the publication of the tenth
edition, it follows that it must be regarded as the type of
Perca philadelphica, and, secondly, that it was not sent by
* Is this specimen mentioned by Goode & Bean, p. 202 ? If so, I do not
understand their reference to " No. 14. Garden," which is (luite a difiPerent fish.
d2
36 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE
Garden, but that Linne received it from another source. The
type of Pevca trifurca, with the third and fourth dorsal spines
" auctus ramento setaceo longitudine ipsius spinas," seems to be
lost.
(Linnean name.) (Modern name.)
Perca guttata (? type). Serranus apna, Bl., C. Y.
(157) Skin, II5 ill. long, in good condition.
cfr. Mounted on a folio sheet, labelled by Linne' himself " Perca
146. giitiata, L." ; it is possible that the specimen came from
Garden, but there is no means even to conjecture at what time
Linne received it.
Eeferred to by Goode & Bean as " Epinephelus lunulaius,
A. iii. 8," and by Jordan in Proc. U.S. Kat. Mas. 1885.
p. 396. I count nine soft rays in the anal fin.
Perca guttata of the 10th and 12th editions is a merely
nominal species, based upon figures by previous authors, which
represent different fish. There is no indication in either edition
that Linne had this or any other specimen ; he even omitted to
give a fin-formula. Under such circumstances I consider it
best to ignore the name altogether, and to adopt the nomen-
clature of a later and better informed authority. But if the
name is to be retained for a definite species of Serranus, the
specimen in the Linnean collection may be utilized as type, as
it shows at any rate that Linne referred this fish to his "■Pcrca
guttata," whatever the limits are which he covered by that
name.
I retain for this species a name given by Bloch and suffi-
ciently established by Cuvier-Yalenciennes, viz., Serramis aj>ua.
If Mr. Boulenger (Cat. i. p. 210) refers to the synonymy of
this species Serranus maeulatus, Giinth. i. p. 130, I have to
reply that the latter has two rays less in the dorsal fin.
Micropterus salmonoides.
{Huro nigricans.)
(158) Skin, 8^ in. long, in good condition.
cfr. Marked with the figure " 8 '' in Garden's handwriling.
94. Ignored by Linne.
Identified by Goode & Bean , p. 306.
Labrus atiritus (? cotypes) . Pomotis punctatus.
(159-60) Two skins, 4| in. long, in good condition.
cfr. Mounted on paper, without anv marks.
96-7.
Spams rhomboides (cotype). Sargus rhomboides.
(161) Skin, Oi in. long, in good condition.
cfr. Garden's label : " No. 3. Mutton-fish," and on the reverse of
102-3. the label in Linne's handsvriting, ''Sjxcks Perca rJwmboidaUs "
(the word Perca struck out).
This specimen must have belonged to a consignment different
from those mentioned in the Corresp. Linn.
LINNEAN SOCIETT OP LONDOIf. 37
(Liniiean uanie.) (Modern name.)
Otolitiius carolinensis.
(162) Skin, 19 in. long, in good condition.
Garden's label : No. 5. Sea-Trout.
This specimen cannot belong to either of the consignments
mentioned in Corresp. Linn., in all of vrhich the number 5
is given to some other fish. It is very unlikely that Liune
included it under his Pcrca punctatus, as suggested by Goode »&
Bean, p. 201.
■ Pseudoscarus sp.
(163) Skin, 11| in. long, not in good condition.
!Marked on the body with the figure 2.
Mounted on a folio sheet, with the name " ORPHUS " on
the top.
If it came from Garden, it might be one of the Parrot-fishes
mentioned in Garden's letter of August 4, 1766 (Corresp.
Linn. i. p. 326).
It seems to be a species of Pseudoscarus : the scales on the
cheek are obscured by varnish ; probably they formed a single
series with an additional scale on the limb of the prceoperculum.
The specimen is not referable to any Linnean species, and
therefore it would be unimportant, as it certainly would be
risky, to attempt its specific determination,
Pleuronectes lunatas. Pseiidorhombus dentatns,
(164) Skin, 11 1 in. long, in good condition.
Garden's label : •' No. 9," to which Linne has added "Pleuro-
nectes, t. 27," and on the reverse " lunatus."
Identified by Giinther, iv. p, 426.
This specimen belongs to a consignment not mentioned in
any of the letters preserved in Corresp. Linn. ; it was erro-
neously referred by Linne to Catesby, t. 27, which he named
Pleuronectes lunatus.
? ExoccBtus exsiliens, Bl., Lilljeb.
(165) Skin, 6 in. long, in fragmentary condition.
Garden's label : " No. 25," to which Linne has added "Exo-
ccetus volans."
The specimen belongs to a consignment not mentioned in
the Corresp. Linn., and is too much injured to admit of
identification ; it has long ventrals, rather short pectorals, and
a high dorsal fin.
Syngnathus pelagicus, var. Syngnathus louisianae.
(Edit, xii.) (Type.)
(166) Skiu,9i in. long, in good condition, without any marker label.
Linne states: I). 33, Oss. rings 25 -j- 32 = 57. I count:
D. 35, Oss. rings 20-1-37=57.
PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
CLinnean name.) (Modern name.)
Syngnatlnis hippocampus. Hippocampus antiquomm.
(167-8) Two skins, about 3 and 4^ in. long, without any mark or
label.
These specimens may have come from any source. Linne's
diagnosis of his SyngnaOnis Jiippocampus is difficult to under-
stand, so far as the dermal laminae and spines are concerned
in other respects it applies fairly well to Hippocamjpus
antiquorum.
Sir Dietrich Brandis then mored : — " That the thanks of the
Society be given to the President for his excellent Address,
and that he be requested to allow it to be printed and circulated
amon2;st the Fellows ; " and this, having been seconded by
Mr. F. Du Cane Grodman, was carried unanimously.
The Society's Grold Medal for the year was formally presented
to Mr. JoHi? Gilbert Baker in recognition of his important
contributions to Botany, and was received and duly acknowledged
by that gentleman.
In making the presentation the President said : —
" The Council have decided to award the Linnean Medal of
this year to John Gilbert Baker.
" In the case of a worker who has cultivated science so
diligently and for so many years as our Medallist, it would be
impossible to enumerate all the publications by which he has
advanced the study and knowledge of Botany ; I must limit
myself to the chief of them.
"He had barely attained the age of twenty-one when he drew up
an account of the flowering plants of his native county, correcting
and enlarging that given in Baines' ' Flora of Yorkshire.' Con-
tinuing these observations he brought out his well-known work,
' North Yorkshire'; a work which for thoroughness and for con-
ciseness of expression remains unrivalled.
" After his removal to Kew, one of the first fruits of his labours
was the ' Synopsis Filicum,' which appeared in 1868, and which,
in its second edition, is the latest exposition of the Ferns of the
whole world : this work, indeed, had been planned and commenced
by Sir William Hooker, but its completion, from page 56 to the
end, was entrusted to, and carried out by. Baker. The following
year was marked by the appearance of the first volume of
"Wilson Saunders's 'Eefugium Botauicum,' Baker contributing the
greater part of the descriptions in this series ; by the revision of
the genus Narcissus, which still serves as the basis of the generally
LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 39
accepted arrangement of the Daffodils ; and by his first contri-
bution to the pages of our own Journal, the Monograph of the
British Eoses. This memoir was followed in later years by a
long series of similar systematic treatises on large and difficult
genera, his contributions to our Journal alone amounting to more
than a thousand pages.
" In descriptive Floras his activity has not been less conspi-
cuous : we have to thank him for the three volumes on the Com-
positse in Martius's ' Flora Brasilieusis,' for several papers on
Malagasy Botany, the Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles, the
bulbous Flora of the Cape, and the Leguminosse of British
India.
" In the Handbooks which lie has prepared in recent years, on
AmaryJUdece, Iridea, BromeliacecE, and the Fern Allies, we possess
invaluable summaries of the material published on these orders.
" But, Mr. Baker, I need not go further in enumerating your
published works ; their value is appreciated not only by your
fellow-labourers at home, but the manner in which the Liunean
Society honours you today w'ill meet with the joyful approval of
the Botanists of all countries. And it is an additional pleasure
to the Society to know that the bestowal of this medal is not
likely to mark the end of your services to science ; and we all
hope that the honourable leisure you njw enjoy will still be
productive of w^ork for years to come."
The obituary notices of deceased Fellows w^ere laid before the
Meeting by the Secretary, upon which the proceedings terminated.
The Eight Hon. Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, P.C., eleventh
Baronet of his line, was born in 1809, and died on April 29th,
1899, at his seat at Killerton, near Exeter, in which locality his
family have made their home for some 300 years or more. Of
his political career, so memorably bound up with his close personal
friendship with the late Eight Hon. W. E. Gladstone, dating from
their companionship at Oxford, of his action on behalf of Free
Trade, the repeal of the Corn Laws, and his historical association
with the conception of the Home Eule Bill, this is not the place
to relate in detail. It is rather for his love of Agriculture and of
Natural History pursuits that we have to chronicle his memory,
for, as the champion of the Bath and West of England Agricul-
tural Society, he for several years devoted his best energies to
them, editing the Society's Journal with his own hands and
devoting himself heart and soul to its work and to cognate out-
door pursuits likely to benefit the moral, physical, and mental
status of the men of his county soil. Asa leader in their Yolun-
tter movement, as Master of the North Devon Staghounds, he
was at all tiiuts prominent among them, bringing to bear on their
4o PROCEEDIIs^(^S OF THE
lives and occupations his high culture and manly presence, in a
manner as beneficial as it was exemplary in a person of his
position and attainments. He took a keen interest in the intel-
lectual development of these his county folk, and wtis in his prime
a leading speaker and advocate at meetings in connection with
the organization of science and art classes in their midst. His
intellectual capacity, always high, found most forcible expressioa
ill a book published while in his eighty-seventh year under the
title ' Knowledge, Duty, and Faith, a Study of Principles Ancient
and Modern.' A generous and convivial host, who treated rich
and poor alike, having estates extending into Devon, Cornwall,
and Somerset, he will be remembered as a prominent member of
the British Aristocracy of the Victorian Era, an ideal County
Squire who found his greatest happiness in the fostering of good
works likely to benefit those largely dependent upon him.
He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on April 20th,
1882, and was also a Fellow of the E-oyal Geographical and
Chemical Societies.
Brigade-Surgeon James Edwabd Tiernet Aitchison was a son
of Major James Aitchisou, and was born at Neemuch, Central
India, on 28th October, 1835. After preliminary school educa-
tion at Lasswade and Dalkeith, near Edinburgh, he went to the
University of Edinburgh. After taking his degree of M.D. in
1856, he entered the service of the Honourable East India Com-
pany in 1858, and remained in the Indian Medical Service till
1888, when he retired from it. The first work produced by him
was a ' Flora of the Jhelum District of the Punjab ' in 1863, and
this date shows that he must have taken up the study of botany
very shortly after his arrival in India as Assistant-Surgeon. Six
years later, in 1869, he brought out a ' Catalogue of the Plants
of the Punjab and Sindh,' and the ' Flora of the Hushiapur Dis-
trict of Punjab.' A more substantial volume appeared in 1874,
on the economic botany of the Leh, entitled ' Handbook of the
trade products of Leh,' 1874. This was compiled while he was
British Commissioner in Ladak, to which he had been appointed
in 1872.
Dr. Aitchison's more especially valuable collections were begun
in 1878, when, under Lord Eoberts (then General Sir Frederick
Eoberts), an expedition advanced into Afghanistan, and the
Kuram Valley Flora was investigated by him. From that year
to 1880 he made an admirable collection, which he brought home,
worked up at Kew with the help of Mr. W. Betting Hemsley,
and pubhshed in the 18th volume of our Journal. In 1884-85
he acted as Naturalist to the Afghan Delimitation Commission,
bringing back about 10,000 botanical specimens as well as some
zoological ones. The account of the Botany was issued in our
Transactions, Series IE. Botany, vol. iii., with48 plates and 2 maps,
the illustrations being at the cost of tiie Indian Government ; the
Zoology was likewise published in the Transactions, Ser. II. vol. v.,
LIX>'EA>' SOCIETY OF LO>'DO>". 4^
with 9 plates and 2 maps, also presented by llie Grovernment of
India. His success in collecting in these regions was much helped
by his medical and surgical skill employed on behalf of the natives,
with whom he readily in.fjratiated himself.
On his quitting the service, he settled at first at Dalkeith, then
at Edinburgh, in 1S92 unsuccessfully contesting a Scotch county
constituency as a Liberal Unionist. About this time he came
south, and took Leyden House at Mortlake, intending to work
up his Yoluminous notes by the aid of the library and herbarium
at Kew. But this plan was never carried out, ill-health prevented
it, the death of his wife saddened him, and after a long period of
decreasing strength, he died at Kew, on 30th September, 1898,
from cardiac weakness and other complications.
He was elected a Fellow of our Society on 3rd December,
1863 ; and was also a Pellow of the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh
(1882) and of the Eoyal Society of London (1883).
George Ja:vjes Allma>', for seven years President of the Lin-
nean Society, died at Ardmore, Parkstone, Dorset, on Xov. 24',
1898, at the advanced age of 86, full of honour, a conspicuous
member of a great company of naturalists who^e work will ever
remain memorable in the Annals of British Biology.
Allman was born at Cork in 1812, and educated at Belfast for
the Bar. Soon, however, his natural tendency towards scientific
work became predominant, and he in due course graduated at
Dublin in Arts and Medicine. He became in turn a Member
and a Pellow of the Eoyal College of Surgeons Ireland, and an
M.D. of Dublin and Oxford. In the year of his graduation he
was appointed Professor of Botany in the Dublin University,
and all thoughts of any but a scientific career were with this
dismissed. He held the chair for 10 years, working assiduously,
and then resigned it for the Eegius Professorship of Natural
History in the University of Edinburgh, with which was in-
cluded the Keepershij) of the Natural History Collections in the
Edinburgh Museum. In both Dublin and Edinburgh, Allmau
was a great favourite with the cultivated in society, and the
social side of his life owed much of its popularity to the charm
and energetic devotion of his talented w^ife. In 1870 he retired
into private life, living first in London and afterwards in Piirk-
stone, where he settled down in a charming property overlooking
Poole Harbour. The resources of this locality furnished him
the ideal of existence, and the beautifully undulating ground
which formed liis garden, as developed by him, rapidly assumed
a charming aspect and became the centre of accumulation of rare
and beautiful plants, individually the objects of his tender care.
Ihus surrounded, he continued with unabated zeal the zoological
w ork which made him famous, and so untiring were his energies
that at the advanced age of 86 we find him still observing and
publishing, while on the day before his death he insisted on
sitting at a little table, as was his wont, books and papers in
42 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE
hand. He was a naturalist of the old type, upon whose shoulders
lay the burden of the groundwork of their science. Happiest
in the field, when, face to face with nature, his poetic fancy
found full play, he revelled in organic life and its manifold forms.
Asa marine zoologist he was also famous, if only by association
with the )>ioneers of his time. The elder Carpenter, Hancock,
Hincks, G-vAyn Jefireys, Wyville Thomson, his immediate con-
temporaries ; Busk his great personal friend ; Owen, Hooker,
the elder Agassiz, his early councillors; Mcintosh and Norman
his advisers of late years : truly may it be said that his name is
great, and that with his decease a link with the historic past has
been lost.
As a worker and writer Allman was diffuse and voluminous,
his published papers covering a wide field ranging from the
lowest to the highest organisms. Becent and fossil forms alike
fell under his sway, and upon the study of both he has left his
mark. Very early in his career he showed a partiality for the
Coelenterata and other classes of Invertebrata at that time little
investigated ; and, as all the world of zoologists knows, his life's
work A\as the masterly unravelling of the synonymy, structure,
and life-history of the Tubularian Hydroids, the study of which
lie was the first to place upon a comprehensive scientific basis.
His two great volumes on these most marvellous of Nature's
productions came as a revelation to the naturalists of the period.
Pollowing on the lines of the 'British Naked-eyed Medusae' of
Forbes and the 'Oceanic Hydrozoa' of Huxley, they opened up
a new field, and introduced new methods and a rational system
of terminology, the eftects of which are evident in all subsequent
work upun the Coeleuteratn. These masterly monographs, to-
gether with ills no less remarkable treatise on the Freshwater
Polyzoa, embody the continuous labours of long years, the
general order of which may be judged from the lengthy series of
papers which he from time to time published as ebullitions of
the main stream of his ideas, aud which aroused the interest and
enthusiasm of contemporary v\ orkers to an altogether exceptiunal
degree. If only by association with genera such as Limnocodium,
Myriothela, EJiahdo^leiira, Allman's name would have become a
landmark in zoological literature, but his work upon these all-
important organisms, sufficient to have made him famous, pales
into insignificance beside the afore-meutioned monographs.
They have long taken high rank among the classics of Zoology ;
aud, powerful and philosophic as are their pages, these are not
second in merit to the marvellously beautiful pictures which
both illustrate and adorn them, for the most part faithful copies
of Allman's own originals.
Beyond his epocii-making treatises aud his miscellaneous
papers, Allman contributed a series of Jieports upon Maiine
Invertebrates of tlie Expeditions of his time. Those upon the
collections of the ' Porcupine,' the Gulf-Stream exploration of
LTNNEA.K SOCIETY OF LONDON", 43
the United States Groyernmeut, and the ' Challenger ' will be
familiar to working zoologists. In them, as in all he did, he
showed a power of work and mental capacity which may be held
up to future generations of naturali-^ts as ideil.
Allman was an active supporter of the British Association and
of other institutions which exist for the popularization of science,
while, on the other hand, he served his country well as one of
the Commissioners of the Scottish fisheries, and of the Board
appointed to enquire into the working of the Queen's Colleges
in Irelaud. He was a Fellow and Medallist of the Eoyal
Society, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the E )yal Irish
Academy, and on the Couucils of all these he did excellent
service. On 15th February, 1872, he was elected a Fellow of the
Linnean Society, and of this he became President in 1874,
succeeding Bentham. The seven years during which he held
office were conspicuous by their activity and good work, prompted,
as was so largely the case, by the thoroughness and exemplary
nature of his Presidential Addresses. In 1895 he received the
Society's Grold Medal, the presentation of which was speedily
followed hy that to the Society of his portrait, by Miss Busk,
which adorns the walls of the Society's npartments.
A noble man (dignified, temperate, considerate), a good friend,
an earnest student, he set unto liim-ielf high ideils and realized
them in an exemplary manner, worthy the emulation of his suc-
cessors and of all who would become great in the growth of
knowledge.
Samtjel Dentois" Bairstow was born at Huddersfield, Yorkshire,
was elected Fellow of our Society 4th March, 1880, and emigrated
to Natal, on the grounds of health, in 1882. He was engaged
in the woollen trade, aud subsequently as hotel propriet )r
at Cradock and Zuarbeg, but his leisure was devoted to the study
of Natural History, especially in Conchology and Entomology ; a
collection of shells made by him is now at Cambridge. He was
one of the founders of the Port Elizabeth Naturalists' Society.
He died of phthisis in the month of J uly 1898.
"William Boebkb, Esq., who died on the 22nd of October, 1898,
was the eldest son of the late well-known botanist of the same
name, for many years a Fellow of this Society (see ' Proceedings
of the Linnean Society,' 24th May, 1862, pp. Ixxxv-xe), and was
born in his father's house at Barrow Hill, in the parish of Hen-
field and county of Sussex, on the 18th of January, 1814. His
early education was begun by his father, and continued for a
short time at a school near Chichester; but he was subsequently
ent to one under Leith Hill, near Dorking, kept by Dr. Eusdeu,
a man of great reputation for learning, where he remained about
eight years until he had attained the age of nineteeu. During
the holidays the younger Bon-er was the frequent companion ot
44 PROCEEDIXOS OF THE
his father on the latter's numerous botanical tours; and in that
way, not only visited many parts of England, but learnt to know
at sight almost any British plant. On leaving school he passed
some time under the care of the Eev. William Guille, at that
time vicar of Egham, and afterwards Dean of Gruernsey ; but in
January 1835 he entered into residence at Peterhouse in the
University of Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1839 and
M.A. in 1842. Passionately addicted to field-sports, and to shoot-
ing especially, he, during his College career, assiduously went on
witli a collection of British Birds which he had begun as a mere
child, and the comparatively undrained condition of the Pen-
country in those days enabled him to procure many additions to
it hardly attainable in later years, these being not only the spoils
of his own gun, but birds sent fi'om a distance to the Cambridge
market, which he regularly visited. In this way he was so
fortunate as to become possessed of one of the very last survivors
of the Euglish race of Bustards (Otis tarda), which, having been
killed, as he afterwards made out, by a poacher at Dersiugham
in Norfolk, on the 26th of January, 1837, was found exposed in
a stall at Cambridge four days afterwards. His ardour for
shooting, however, did not prevent him from cultivating the
society of the older members of the University, and especially of
those who had a ta>te for any branch of Natural History, many
of whom must have known his father by reputation if not per-
sonall_v, and among them the late Charles Cardale Babingtou
(subsequently Professor of Botany), who had been a not in-
frequent visitor to Heufield, while Borrer's intercourse with his
seniors was no doubt rendered more easy by his position as a
fellow-commoner of his College, and his being some years older
than undergraduates ordinarily are. On the foundation, in 1837,
of the Pay Club he became one of its twelve original members,
all of whom he outlived, dying the senior member of that small
body of men to whose early exertions is due so much of that
proficiency in Natural Science which has since distinguished
Cambridge*. Several of his vacations he spent in travelling, for
in that respect he inherited his father's predilections, and thus
he made two tours in Wales, beside visiting the Channel Islands
and Scotland. One of his excursions was indeed of a novel kind.
He and a friend, William Walsh (afterwards rector of Great
Cotes in Lincolnshire), formed the design of walking round Grreat
Britain, keeping as closely as possible to the shore, or at least
within sight of the sea. Setting out from Worthing in Sussex,
they worked westward and northward so far as some place ia
Cromartyshire, whence, finding their time running short, they
struck across to the East coast, and pursued their way southward
till they reached the Wash. Arrived here Walsh was summoned
home, and the rest of the journey had to be abandoned. They
* The only other undergraduate original member was the late well-known
Mr. John Ball, then of Christ's College.
LINNEAIf SOCIETY OF LONDON. 45
lij^d been sixteen weeks doing this distance, which was traversed
wholly on foot, and their longest day's walk was from Oban to
Tort William (about 40 miles). It was their intention to com-
plete the perambulation in a subsequent expedition, but this
was never carried out.
In 18-10 Borrer married his first cousin Margaret, the eldest
daughter of J. Hamlyn Borrer of Brighton, and in 1843 fixed
his abode at Cowfold near Horsham, a commodious and
pleasantly-situated house, which remained his home for the rest
of his life, tliough he often passed part of the winter in a house
he possessed at Brighton, and from time to time visited many
different parts of the United Kingdom, beside making an occa-
sional excursion on the Continent, as in 1878 to the Kiviera and
in 1882 to the Netherlands — the latter with the especial object
of seeing the Horster Mere and the district of Valkenswaard,
localities so full of interest to an ornithologist. At home he
employed himself in various country pursuits, and continued, so
long as he was physically able, especially to indulge his early
and indefatigable predilection for shooting ; but he was also an
active magistrate and attendant on County business at Quarter
Sessions, never allowing his diversion to interfere with the per-
formance of his duties in these respects. He possessed also a
strong antiquarian taste, and was one of the four originators of
the Sussex Archaeological Society.
Though never neglecting any opportunity of adding to his
collections (for the reception of which a very suitable room at
Cowfoid was allotted), whether by himself in person or through
his numerous friends, and to that end carrying on a somewhat
extensive correspondence with other, and especially local, natu-
ralists, he was chary of communicating the results of his obser-
vations to the world at large. His earliest published contribution
■was a note in 1841 on the occurrence of an Ortolan near Brighton
(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 524) ; but from 1845 onward
he continued to record briefly in the ' Zoologist ' such rarities
as came to his knowledge, among whicli may be particularly
mentioned the first example of Aedon galactodes recognized as
obtained in England (Zoologist, 1851, p. 4511), — a species
■which was thereupon included by Tarrell (with whom he had
long been in frequent communication) in the Third Edition of his
' British Birds,' published in 1856.
It was not until after the failure of his health, in his seventieth
year, had seriously impaired Mr. Borrer's bodily activity, that he
systematically set to work to look up his many note-books, which
he had been in the habit of diligently keeping from his Cambridge
days, and to recall his memory by their help, in order to compile
an account of the Ornithology of his native county, which from
its geographical position and the labours of men like Markwick
and Knox, who had already worked at it, was known to be im-
portant. Unfortunately he was at this time under a great
ditficulty in writing ; but the hand of an affectionate daughter
46 PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE
supplied the Beeded aid. Still those who have heard his racy
•way of narrfitins; his varied observations, adventures, and ex-
perience can hardly doubt that the work suffered in style — as
all works must suffer — from not being written cur rente calamo,
for the humour lie dis] layed when recounting to a willing listener
how he had met with this, that, or the other bird was undeniable,
and traces of it are to be found even in some of the notes which
he contributed to the ' Zoologist,' short as they mostly are. The
'Birds of Sussex,' a voliim.e of nearly 400 pages, appeared early
in 1&91, and at once took its place among the best of our County
ornithologies — a place its accuracy and simplicity of statement
will ensure its keeping.
Por the last twelve years of his life Mr. Borrer was unable to
move much from home ; hut his interest in his collections and in
Natural History generally continued to be as keen as ever. One
of his greatest pleasures was to receive a visit from a brother
zoologist, while even an ornithological letter brought delight.
A short illness ended his peaceful career, he having then attained
the age of eighty-four ; and outside his own family, by whom he
was deeply regretted, his memory is respectfully cherished by a
large circle of neighbours as well as friends at a distance. He
was elected a Fellow of this Society, 19th of November, 1839.
His collections, having been bequeathed to his son, remain at
Cowfold. [A. N.]
Chaeles James Beeese, who passed away during the Session,
was elected a Eellow of the Society in 1871. During recent
years he was among the most regular attendants at the evening
meetings; and although henever communicated an original paper
to the Society's publications, he frequently entered into the
discussions, and always to good purpose. In conversation he
betrayed a love of natural history pursuits and a good knowledge
of scientific literature. To those most familiar with the inner
life of the Society, he will long be remembered as a skilful
auditor; and to witness, at his hand, the operation of adding
up £ s. d. columns at oue effort, the three middle fingers of
the right hand bestriding them as he did it, was to note him
capable of a power of coordination of ideas and a mental achieve-
ment, doubtless begotten of long experience in statistics and
finance, exceeding that productive of many a scientific paper.
He will be remembered as a genial man and a good friend to
the Society.
Teodoeo Caeuel was born at Chandernagore in Bengal, near
Calcutta, on the 27th June, 1830 ; his mother was English, his
father of French descent. He was brought up in Florence, and
showed in early life a predilection for observation. He became
acquainted about the year 1850 with Pietro Savi, Puccinelli of
Siena, Adolfo Targioni-Tozzetti, and other ardent botanists; and
LIMNEAN SOCIETY OF LOIfDOIf. 47
by a minute investigation of Italian plants laid tlie foundation
of his intimate knowledge of the plants of the peninsula.
In 1858 he was nominated assistant to Parlatore, who, amongst
other labours, was busy on his ' Flora Italiana,' which was
destined to be continued by Caruel, to a somewhat disappointing
and hurried close.
His first work which claims our notice is his account of the
herbarium of Cesalpini, the founder of a scientific method of
classification of plants ; he dedicated it to the memory of his
own father, and entitled it ' Illustratio in hortum siccum xlndrete
CsBsalpini,' 1858. Following this, at an interval of two years,
we find him producing his ' Prodromo della flora Toseana,' an
excellent little manual, alike testifying to his wide knowledge of
the local flora and his sound judgment of popular needs ; two
supplements came out in 1865 and 1870.
After a stay of four years with Parlatore, Caruel was appointed
by Eoyal decree Professor Extraordinary at the University of
Padua, a chair which had been previou>.ly occupied by Gasparrini.
This post Caruel could not accept for certain reasons, but within
a month he was nominated to a similar post at Milan, where he
remained a year. From this plaee he was called to Florence,
where he remained, with one exception of nine yenrs, till his
death. In 1865 the direction of the ' Orto dei Semplici' passed
into his hands, and from that year to 1871 he aided the develop-
ment of Horticulture in Tuscany, During this period his
publications amounted to 27, the range embracing anatomy,
mycology, physiology, phytopathology, introductory works, &c.
From 1871 to 1880 he was transferred to Pisa, succeeding his
friend Pittro Savi ; in 1880 he came to Florence again, suc-
ceeding Beccari, who preferred to work up his treasures brought
back from the Malay Peninsula to remaining professor in suc-
cession to Parlatore.
Once more established in Florence, Caruel resolved to complete
Parlatore's unfinished ' Flora Italiana,' of which five volumes had
been published. With the help of Caldesi, Tanfaoi, Mori, and
Terraciano, Caruel continued the work, on a somewhat compressed
scale, as far as the ninth volume in 1893, alter twelve years'
labours. The removal by death of some of these helpers made
it impossible for the original scheme to be carried out as it was
intended. The remaining Orders were sketched out, not mono-
graphed — unhappily including tne Compositge, which themselves
constitute about one-tenth of the flora — in the thin tenth volume
issued in 189J^, with a geueiic index to the entire work iu lh96.
In August of 1892 he first felt the approaches of the fatal
disorder which was to end his days. The Genoa Congress en-
listed his attention, and he much desired to take his part in the
discussion on nomenclature, but he was obliged to relinquish
the task as being beyond his strength.
He was editor of the ' A^uova Giornale botanico Italiano ' from
1872 to 1892, and assisted to estabhsh the ' Keale ISocieta d'Orti-
coitura di Toseana.'
PllOCEEDINGS OF THE
Ills election as a Poreio;n Member o£ onr Society is dated
2nd May, 1870- He died at Florence, 4th December, 1898,
aged 68.
CxVKL CLA.US, whose name will always be famous in Zoology
as a pioneer-investigator of the Crustacea and a foremost student
of the Coelenterata, died on January 18th, 1899, in his 65th
year. He was born at Kassel in January 1835, and studied at
the Universities of Marburg and Griessen, at the latter under
Leuckart, among whose pupils he was one of the most distin-
guished. In 1858, the year following that in which Claus took
his deo-ree, he was appointed Privat-Docent for Zoologv at
Marburg, passing in the following year to Wiirzburg, where in
1860 he was made a Professor Extraordinarius. In 1863 he
returned to Marburg, to fill the office of Ordinary Professor of
Zoology, and he was subsequently called to Grottingen (1870) and
Vienna (1873). It was in the latter University that he produced
most of the work by which he will be best remembered, and
durino' the 23 years he held office his Laboratory was the scene
of a ceaseless "activity, a centre of attraction to zoologists of all
nations. In his younger days Claus was an enterprising marine
zoologist — Heligoland, Naples, and Messina being noteworthy as
localities which he visited ; and in later years he founded the
Zoological Station at Trieste, one of the oldest and most
honoured of Marine Observatories, the resources of which he
turned to special use in his ordinary class-work. He retired
into private life in 1896, distinguished as an investigator, and by
the student beloved, as the writer of a text-book which, unlike
most Grerman works of its kind, was something more than a
mere compilation and had a freshness and originality peculiarly
its own.
The 40 years of Claus's active life witnessed the publication
of a vast number of scientific papers and monographs, many of
which will remain classical and among the most representative
examples of the zoological literature of the period. His In-
aut'ural Dissertation, published in 1857, was upon ' The Genus
Cyclops and its indigenous Species ' ; and his last noteworthy
paper was devoted to the maxillary appendages of the Copepoda
and the morphology of the Cirripede limbs. Of the numerous
new genera and species he in the meantime described, of his
revolutionary classifications, his elaborate studies of the morpho-
logy of all parts of the Crustacean skeleton, of his fascinating
work upon the anatomy and histology of the heart and internal
organs of certain microscopic forms, and of the importance of
that upou the larval nervous system, it is but necessary to re-
mind the trained zoologist, to whom everything he wrote came
PS a relief, a biight inspiration, which rendered clearer some in-
volved corner in the mighty maze of Crustacean life. The
Structure and Development of the Parasitic Crustacea, the Free-
LI>'>-KA^ SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 49
living Copeporls, the Metamorphosis of the Ciriipede Larva and
of the Squillidfe, the Structure aud Development of Ajms and
Branchipus, the Organization of the Xebalidae, the Platyscelidae,
and Halocryptida", were, ia order ot euumerati 071, the conspicuous
objects of his detailed investigation ; while in works of a more
general nature, such as his ' Researches into the Genealogy of
the Crustacean System' (1876), and his ' Further Coutiibutioiis
to Crustacean ^Morphology ' (1885), he found a means of from
time to time critically reviewing his subject uuder the light of
advancing discovery on broad principles.
Claus's first paper upon the Coelenterati (PJii/soj^hora) ap-
peared in 18G0; his last, " On the Classilication of the Medusce,
with reference to the position of the so-called Peromedusae," in
1888. Perusal of his record of works published during the in-
terval shows that for many years the Coelenteata and Arthro-
poda must have vied with each other as the main objects of hia
attention ; and one is tempted to speculate as to how f ir this
healthy rivalry may not have been the cause of the signal clear-
headedness which characterizes all he did. Although a speci:dist
he did not overspecialize. And, indeed, like his gre it master
Leuckart, he from time to time excursed into tields not peculiarly
his own, as, for example, in his essay (l8oS) on ' Jieprodu^-iioii
and Parthenogenesis in the Animal Kingdom,' his ' Ous.rvaliaus
on the Formation of the Insect's Egg' (1864'), his famous mono-
graph on the Pfychidse, in which the male of F. helix was first
described, his suggestive essay 'On the Border-land of Auimal
and Vegetable Life,' and others which might be named.
His ' Gruudziige der Zoologie,' perhaps the most generally
known of all German text-books on that subject, apjjeared in
1868 and rapidly passed through four editions, with subdivisi.;n
into two volumes. Prompted by its success he meanwhile pro-
duced (1880) a ' Kleines Lehrbuch,' thus leading up to the suc-
cessive editions of his famous ' Lehrbuch ' (1883-1897), which
in its present form is a work of close upon 1000 pages, pei haps
more universally iu vogue than any zoological text-book extant.
The value of the method, he adopted, especially as aimed at
ensuring equal consideration for taxonomy aud anatomy, cannot
be overestimated. He is said to have considered the develop-
ment of these books his favouiite occupation, and it cannot be
denied that they have been among the most useful aids in the
popularization of Zoology during the last 30 years.
As a teacher and lecturer, Claus is said to ha\e had an in-*piiing
influence on all who came under him. In his addresses, books,
aud publ shed essays he declared himself a firm upholder of the
Darwinian doctrine of Descent, while he held special views of
Lis own upon the part played by the organism in ' Selection.'
He was of delicate organization and of restless nervous tem-
perament, but by the noble example he set to all about him, his
strong personal sympathies, and, the charm and far-reachiug
llNJ!f. SOC. VEOCEEDIKOS. — SESSION 18^8-99. e
50 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE
nature of liis works, his influence will live and extend, tliougli
the master tand has been withdrawn.
In 1896, on his retirement from professorial work, Claus was
awarded the Austrian Crof-s of the Knight Order of Leopold,
He was a Member of several Academies and Scientific Bodies, and
in 1893 was elected a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society.
Feedtnatsd JrLiTJS CoHN, Professor of Botany in the TJmver-
siiy of Breslau, was born in that town 24Lh January, 1828, and
passed through the University, which he entered at the age
f.f 16, and studied also at Berlin. In 1856 he became Privat-
Docent at Breslau ; in 1859 nominated Extraordinary Professor,
he became full Professor in 1872. Here he remained till his
death, 25th June. 1898 : thus his whole life, with a short excep-
tion, was passed in his native Silesian capital. His first publi-
cation was his dissertation ' Synibola ad Seminis physiologiam,'
Berlin, 1847, in his twentieth year. Before very long he applied
himself to the study of the lowly forms of plant-life, Al^^ae and
Pungi. The results of his researches into tlie life-history
and development of Vohoa-, Sj)h<¥)^opha, Filohohis, Empusa., are
known to all. We may mention his ' Die Entwicklungsgeschichte
des Pilohohis cri/staUinus,' Breslau, 1851; ' Untersuchungen
iiber die Entwicklungsgeschichte der mikroskopischen Algen und
Pilze,' Bonn, 1854 ; ' Ueber Empusa musccs' the same place and
year. He was an early worker on Bacteria, and his Laboratory
may be regarded as a starting-point of- medical bacteriology ;
and his ' Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen,' mentioned below,
is a storehouse of historical da' a of early investigation on this
important subject. Eobert Koch was in scientific communication
with Cohn, aud received from the latter valued and efficient
backing in the disputes agauist the views of JSageli, Buchner,
andHallier; for Cohn adhered obstinately to his opinion that
Bacteiia were constant species.
His laboratory for the study of plant-physiology was estab-
lished in 1866, and has given rise to a widely dispersed school
or band of workers. His repute as professor caused his popular
' Die Pflanze ' to have an extensive circulation, the second edition
having been issued in 1896-97. He was the most popular lecturer
on the staff of his University ; whilst the solidity of his work
and its high value were appreciated by this Society, in electing
him a Foreign Member, 6th May, 1876, and awarding him the
Linnean Medal in 1895.
Prom 1856 he was in charge of the botanic section of the
' Schlesische Gesellschaft fiir Yaterlandische-Kultur ' ; and it
was at his instigation and under his guidance that a cryptogamic
section vtas started. It was iu connection with this Society
that he edited the ' Kryptogamen-Plora von Schlesien,' which
came out 1876-94, furmmg three octavo volumes.
Another important work which he carried on was his ' Beitrage
LTNNEA'N" SOCIETY OF LOI^DOX. 5.I
7nr Bioloi^ie der Pflaiizen,' begun in 1870, and completed with
the seventh volume in 1896.
He became a Member of the Leopoldino-Carolinische deutsche
Akademie der Naturforscher in October 1819 under the cog-
nomen of Meyen II. His fellow townsmen in 1897 paid him
the civic honour of conferring the freedom of Breslau oa the
occasion of the jubilee of his doctorate.
Rev. William Colenso was the son of a saddler in Penzance,
where he was born in 1811. He bec;ime a printer and book-
binder in London, and passed some time in the service of the
British and Foreign Bible Society. In 1883, when Coleaso was
only twenty-two years of age, the Church Missionary Society
determined to establish a printing establishment as part of their
method of propaganda in the then little-known islands of New
Zealand, and Colenso was selected to take charge of that enter-
prise. He has left an account of his pioneer work as printer and
missionary in his ' Fifty Yeirs ago in New Zealand.' It was
uphill work for many years, but by the end of 1837 he had not
only acquired a command of the Maori language, but had com-
pleted the translation and printing of the entire JSTew Testament
into that tongue. From about 1840 he began to devote himself
more especially to mission work, but he ever kept an open eye
to the flora of his new home. He publislied a small octavo
entitled ' Excursion to the Northern Island of New Zealand in
1841-42,' issued at Launceston in 1844 ; and in the following year
he described some new ferns in the ' Tasmanian Journal.' It was
in 1844 that he was ordained by Bishop Selwyn, after a period of
preparation ; it may here be mentioned that he was a first cousin
of the Bishop of Natal, for whose character and writings he ever
had cordial sympathy and esteem.
His untiring energy and enthusiasm for New Zealand life and
surroundings brought him into great intimacy with the Maori
race, and on different occasions he was enabled to act as mediator
between the white and coloured population. On 15th June,
1865, he was elected Fellow of the Linnean Society. On the
occasion of the New Zealand Exhibition in 1865 at Dunedin, he
drew up an essay on the Botany of the North Island, which was
republished at Otago in the same year. From time to time
he published papers dealing not only with the botany, but also
the customs, legends, plant-names, &c. of the natives. He kept
up a correspondence with home authorities, collected plants,
and sent them to England with full de:?criptions ; in this his
local knowledge led him to place too great stress on slight
peculiarities of habit, and to regard small variations as worthy
of specific distinction. "When the compilation of the ' Index
Kewensis 'was in progress, he spontaneously off'ered to give the
sum of fifty pounds towards the printing ; and although this offer
was not accepted, because the requirements of the work were
otherwise provided for, the fact remains as a testimony to the
e2
52
PEOCEEDIIS'GS OF THE
generous nature of the man and his enthusiasm for a favourite
pursuit.
His native town was never forgotten. He gave £1000 to
Penzance, the interest on which is appropriated to relieving the
wants of deserving poor under the name of the ' Colenso Dole.'
In .1896 he put before the Hawkes Bay (N.Z.) Philosophical
Institute a scheme for a Museum, towards which he offered the
sum of £1000, stipulating that the Museum should be open on
Sunday afternoons. The reception of this most generous offer
Avas not encouragine:, and after some time he withdrew it.
He retained a fair share of bodily health and strength to
within a very short period of his death, travelling long distances
to supply occasional help in parishes distant from his own home,
even at the age of 86. He died at Napier, 10th February last.
Colenso was elected a Fellow of the Eoyal Society in 18S6
for Ids services to botanic science, whilst his connection with our
own Society was, as noted above, continued for 34 years,
S'r Douglas Galtow, K.C.B., P.'R.S., was born in 1822,
educated at Eugbv and the Koyal Military Academy, after-
wards obtaining his commission in the Royal Engineers while
only 18 years of age, under circumstances of exceptional
distinction. He soon afterwards (in 1847) entered upon a
successful series of public engagements, which rapidly made
him famous in engineering circles and as a sanitarian, and in all
the great sanitary undertakings of the last 40 years or more his
name and authority have been conspicuous. Beginning public
life as Secretary to the Commission upon the application of iron
to railway-structures, he became an Inspector of Railways and
Secretary of the Railway Department of the Board of Trade ;
and after resigning this he continued to do good work in
railway experimentation. His fame finds a lasting record in the
annals of Sub-marine Telegraphy and in that of Fortress Con-
struction. He became in 1862 Assistant Under-Secretary of
State for War ; and on his retirement from that office, he was
appointed Director of Works and Public Buildings in H.M.
Office of Works. While thus and by his scientific papers he
was distinguished as an expert, he for a period of 25 years held
the onerous office of General Secretary of the British Associa-
tion, demanding talents of a wider order and great administrative
skill. It was in this capacity that his many-sided sympathies
with science and culture were most evident; and the success of
tiie Association's labours during his period of office render his
memory dear to all scieutitic men. On his retirement from the
Secretarial office, he was made President of the Association for
its Ipswich Meeting (1895). As an inventor he was original, as
a sanitarian he was both successful and popular, a leading mover
at the Sanitary Institute and the Parkes Museum. He was
in 1850 elected au Hon. Member of the lu-stitution of Civil
Engineers, and in 1859 a Fellow of the Royal Society, and
LI.\>'EAX SOCIETT OF LO'DOX. 53
he was the recipient of the Hod. D.C.L. of Oxford and t!ie
LL.D. of Durham and Montreal.
Gralton was of a kindly and genial dispor-ition, liberal-minded,
and fully appreciative of good work in all departments of science.
He was elected a Fellow of the Liunean Society, 2nd Pebruary,
1865.
JoHAX jMaetix Ciiristia:s" LA^-aE was born in 1818, but par-
ticulars of his early life have not been procurable. He produced
his ' Haandbog i den dauske Flora ' in 1851, the Itli ed. of which
was publi>hed in 1886-88; it became the popular Danish Flora, and
displayed true critical insight ot the plants themselves. He drew
up a list of G-reenland plants for Emk's ' Grcinland,' 1857, which
was reprinted as a separate work in the same year. A visit to
Spain in 1851-52 resulted, first in his ' Pugillus plantaram im-
primis hispauicarum,' 4 fasciculi of which came out in 1860-65 ;
second, his ' Descriptio icouibus illustrata . . . praecipue e Flora
hispanica,' 3 fat^ciculi, 1864-66, in folio ; and lastly, in his
association with Moritz Willkomm, for their well-known and
A-aluable ' Prodromus Florae Hispanica?,' in 3 volumes, Stuttgart,
1861-80.
For a long series of years he edited an annual seed-list of the
Copenhagen Grarden as Director, with occasional descriptions of
iiLW plants. He became editor of and completed the ' Icones
Danicfe Florae,' which had bten begun by Oeder in 1761, and
ended with the 51st fasciculus, followed by 3 supplements in
1883. This was succeeded by his ' iS^omenclator Florae Danicae,'
a triple index to the whole, with a reduction of the names to
modern nomenclature and critical notes, 1887, 4to. He con-
tributed to the ' Meddelelser om G-ronland' a 'Conspectus'
of the Flora, in two parts, issued in 1880-87. The last work
noted by us as from his pen was a revision of the genus Cratasqus,
issued as late as 1897. He died at Copenhagen, 3rd April,
1898, aged 80. His election as a Foreign Member of the Linnean
Society dates from 3rd May, 1883.
CiiAELES i^AUDix was bom at Autun, 14th August, 1815, and
died on 19th March, 1899, at Antibes. His hrsc published
work was his thesis ' Etude sur la vegetation des Solanees,'
1842, a quarto of sixteen pages ; but the work by wliich he became
known more widely was iiis revision of tie Melastomaceae in
the Paris Museum, which came out in successive volumes of the
' Annates des Sciences Naturelles,' tiom 1849-1853, and was
reprinted from that journal as a thick octavo. During the
tenure of his post ac the Museum he worked at the study
of hybridization, and gave much time to the order of Cucur-
bitaceaj ; it is stated that 1200 plants were experimented upon by
bim during these researches. A popular work by him in 2 vols.
appeared m 1867, entitled 'Les plautcs a feudlage coloriee ' ; and,
iu conjunction with his friend Joseph Decaisue, he elaborated
t^ PHOCEEDINGS OF THE
one of the most useful cultural treatises ever penned, the 'Manuel
de I'amateur des jardins,' 1862-72, in 4 volumes, some portion
of which was adapted to English needs by Mr. W. B. Hemsley
in 1873.
About 1872 he relinquished his post at the Jardin des Plantes,
and settled at Collioure in the Eastern Pyrenees. Here, in a
suitable climate, he was able to continue his experiments, and
w iden the cultivation of some plants of recent introduction or of
economic value.
After the death of Gustave Thuret in 1875, the Villa Thuret with
its wonderful garden was presented to the French nation by his
representatives. Thenceforw^ard this garden was worked as an
adjunct to the Paris Garden, and the care of it committed to
Naudin, than whom no more competent person could have been
selected. He threw himself into the work with characteristic ze;il
and energy, and opened up communications especially with
Algeria and with Sir E. von Mueller. To the latter he was
indebted for his plan of the ' Manuel de I'Acclimateur,' which is
avowedly based on the ' Select Extra-Tropical Plants ' of the
Australian phytographer.
Deafness from 1848 onwards w^as a bar to Naudin's free
intercourse with the worlds of botany or gardeniug ; in our
'Proceedings' for 1887-1889, p. 95, will be found an allusion
to a discussion with Planthon in Paris, when Naudin's disuse of
his ear-trumpet was employed to discomfit his antagonist. His
connection with our Society extended over nearly thirty years, he
having been elected Foreign Member on 5th May, 1870.
Henet Alleyne Nicholson, son of John Nicholson, a distin-
guished Oriental scholar, was born at Penrith in 1844, and
educated at Appleby Grammar School and the University of
Gottiugen. In 1862 he entt-red the Medical Srhool of the
Edinburgh University, and during the six years which followed
he was prominent as a student, taking first-class honours in all
subjects, the award of the University Gold Medal and the
Baxter Scholarship ; while in 1869, after he had graduated as
Bachelor of Medicine and of Science and Master of Surgery,
and had taken the D.Sc, he prcceeded to his M.p., and was
awarded the Ettles Scholarship, as the most distinguished student
in Medicine of his year.
Nicholson commenced active life as a medical practitioner, but
that occupation was early given up ia preference for natural
history pursuits. After a shtrt period as Lecturer on Natural
History in the Extramural School of Medicine at Edinburgh, he
was in 1871 appointed to the Professorship of that subject in the
Q'oronto University. Three ytars later he was appointed to the
Chair of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology in theEoyal College
of Science for Ireland, but before he could reach the Irish
capital he was ofiered the Professorship of Biology m the
Durham College of Physical Science and Medicine. This he
LINKEAX SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 55
held for two years, after which he accepted the Chair of Natural
History in the University of St. Andrews.
During the seven years which witnessed these rapid migrations,
Nicholson worked unceasingly and laid down the lines of his
later and fuller achievements. His prize essay ' On the Geology
of Cuniherland and Westmoreland,' followed in due course by
masterly Reports oa the Pauua dredged up in Lake Ontario, and
on the Silurian and Devonian Rocks of that Province, had placed
him in the front rank of contemporary palaeontologists and field-
geologists ; and, as though ths were insufficient, we find him
while still in Toronto producing the first edition of his ' Manual of
Palseontulogy,' and the first part of his 'Munograph of the British
G-raptolites.'
While at St. Andrews Nicholson effected a thorough re-
organization of the academic courses entrusted to his charge, and,
as was his wont, he sought opportunity to extend his sphere of
influence, devoting his spare time to the extension of University
teaching to Dundee. Throughout his seven years' tenure of the
St. Andrews Chair, he worked most energetically at the educa-
tional aspects of his science, and he at the same time exhibited
an even more astounding activity as an investigator than before.
Apart from his minor papers, which were numerous, he during this
period produced a couple of large memoirs, on the ' Tabulate Corals
of the Palaeozoic Period,' and on the ' Structure and Affinities
of the Genus 3Io7ificuIipo}'a and its Subgenera,' and, in collabora-
tion with Mr. H. Etheridge, Jun., an equally important woik on
the ' Silurian Fossils of the Girvan District in Ayrshire,' reliev-
ing the monotony with fresh editions of his Text-books, and a
popular work entitled ' The Ancient Life-history of the Earth.'
During the Sessions 1878 to 1881 Nicholson acted as locum
tenens for Sir Wyville Thomson, then incapacitated by ill-health,
and delivered Natural History Courses in the Edinburgh Un'-
versity. He later became a candidate for the Chair itself, without
success, and in 1882, on the appointment of Pr^ifessor Cossar Ewarfc
to the same, he was made Regius Professor of Natural History in
the University of Aberdeen, holding the office till death. Under
his charge the department flourished and did exceeding well, if
only that it produced the present Superintendent of the Indian
Museum, Dr. A. Alcock, whose 'Investigator' Reports rank
foremost among post-Challeugerian work in tlie Marine Zoology
of the Old World. But Nicholson, compelled by the restrictions of
the new ordinances to devote his euergies to immediate reform
in the class-room and the organization of a Laboratory Course,
for a time relinquished his activity as an original investigator.
This notwithstanding, he continued to re-edit his Manuals, and
although the first edition of that on Zoology was notoriously
deficient, it is greatly to the credit of its author that, undaunted
by hostile criticism, he should have made the later editions worthy
the confidence and support of the most exacting of teachers.
The appointment to the Aberdeen Chair gave him the chance of
56 rEOCKEDI>"'GS OF THE
revi^incr his method of trefitmeu^, with the result that tho
seventh edition of his ' Manual of Zoology ' completely retrieved
his reputation as a writer of Text-books.
By temperament Nicholson was a lovable man. Keen, humour-
ous,*sympathetie, lie knew no selfish desires, and his trust in his
fellows found ample expression in his life's w-ork. The Stromato-
porids, the Graptolites, and other problematical organisms buried
in the rocks, together with the Fossil Corals, will always be
associated with Kicholson's name ; and in the great work upon
them which he leaves as his scientific heritage, we find him asso-
ciated with Etheridge, Foord, Harkness, Lapworth, Marr, Morris,
and Murie, sterling workers all. Nor must we omit mention of
the 3rd edition of his 'Manual of Palaeontology,' w^ritten in
conjunction with Mr. E. Lydekker, the Invertebrate volume of
which, from Nicholson's own pen, is the most complete general
treatise on the subject in the English language. As a worker of
the ' old school ' he did well in his own way, and his record will
outlive that of many of ihe naturalists of the younger generation,
to whom his methods were antiquated.
As a lecturer fluei.t and expressive to fascination, as a worker
in the field persistent and far-sighted, as a wiiter prolific and
entertaining, Nicholson has left us a good example. His kind-
ness and human symj^athy had no bounds, and to those who
knew him personally he will be remembered as a genial and
honourable man, desperately earnest in his love of work and
devotion to his chosen field, in sympathy with the strong,
tolerant to the ^^eak. In later years his leaning towards Geology
and Palccontology became more and more predominant, Zoology
pure and simple falling from his grasp, the University-Assistant
in that subject having been, during the later portion of his career,
granted the status of a Lecturer. He was a Fellow of the Geo-
logical Society, whose Lyell Fund and Medal he r^ ceived, and of
the Eoyal Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Liuneaa
Society, 6th April, 1876.
EuGE>rE Feedehick ArorsTTTS Obach, as he wrote his name for
our List of Fellows, was born at Stuttgart in April 1852, of S^isa
parents, his father being an artist. He was educated at the
Eeal and Polyteknik Schools of his native town, in 1873 con-
tinuing his studies at Leipzig, where he obtained his doctor's
degree.- In 1875 he entered the house of Siemens & Halske at
Charlottenberg, near Berlin, and the following year came to this
country to take up a post with Siemens Brothers at their Tele-
graph Cable Works at Woolwich. In 1879 he went with an
expedition in the ss. ' Faraday ' to lay a trans-Atlantic cable ; on
his return he devoted himself to the study of the chemistry of
gutta-perciia and india-rubber, together with the plants which
produce those substances. He delivered a series of Cantor
Lectures on this subject before the Society of Arts in 1898, in
which year, on 2nd June, he was elected into our Society. He
died at Graz in Styria, on 27th Dtcember, 1898, after "a long
LiyXEAN SOCIETT OF LUTfDOX. 57
illness, so that his connection with the Linnean Society lasted
les*s than seven months.
Charles Nathaniel Peal was born and broui^htup in London.
Settling in Ealing in 1867, he became intimately associated with
several ardt nt microscopists then living there, particularly the
late Gr. D. Brown, M.E..C.S., F.L.S., and took up enthusiastically
the study of P.dyzoa and Diatotnacese, beginning also the forma-
tion of a general collection of invertebrate zoology, which in
course of time became very extensive. He was a Fellow of the
Koyal Microscopical Society, a Member of the Quekett Club,
and assisted in founding the Ealing Natural History and
Microscopical Club in 1877, on the lines of the last-named
association. He became its first Treasurer, and continued to
hold that post until his death, always taking ihe greatest interest
in its welfare. In 1888 he printed for private circulation
' Polyzoa (Bryozoa) — Index to the Plates, Figures, and Descrip-
tions contained in the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,
1853 to 1879 ; Monthly Microscopical Journal, 1869 to 1877 ;
and Journal and Transactions of the Royal Microscopical Society,
from the commencement to the end of 1887.' Of an extremely
generous nature, nothing gave him greater pleasure than to be
helping others, and his unobtrusive kindness will be long remem-
bered by a large circle of friends and acquaintances. He died
on i*nd Sept., 1898, at the age of 66. He was elected a Fellow
of the I^iunean Society on June 21, 1888.
Sir "William Roberts, whose decease in his 70th year occurred
on Sunday, April 16th, at his London residence, 8 Manchester
Square, was a man much honoured and respected in the Medical
profession, which lie was ever wont to support, and in which
many who were devotees have been the better by his sound
judgment and knowledge of men and affjiirs. He was born
in Anglesey in 1830, and educated at Mill Hill School and
University College, Londt n, where he came under the iniiuence
of Sharpey, Quain, and Erichsen. He graduated B.A. Lend,
in 1851, and in 1853 becau'e a Member of the E. College
(jf Surgeons, the M.B. and M.D. of London following in rapid
succession. He meanwhile studied on the Continent, and
on his return in 185-1 was appointed House-Surgeon to the
Manchester Infirmary, very soon to be made lull Physician to
the same Institution and Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology
to the Eoyal School of Medicine, with which he remained
associated for some time after its union with the Owens College,
becoming in due course the fiist Professor of Medicine in
Victoria University. He was a Fellow of the E. College of
Physicians, and delivered in succession the Gulstonian and
Lumleian Lectures ; while in 1892 he delivered the Crooniau
Lecture before the Royal Society. These lectures, embodying
the accumulated observations of years, rich in both their experi-
mental and philosophic aspects and in their applicability to the
58 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
requirements of practical medicine, together with his scientific
papers, will remain a lasting heritage to students of experimental
physiology and medical men ; but his mind was active in other
directions, as was proved by his selection of the theme of
'Science and Modern Civilization' for his Harveian oration
delivered as late as 1897. As a literary man he contributed
articles to Eeynolds's and to AUbutt's ' System of Medicine,' and
to ' Quain's Dictionary.' As an author Sir W. Roberts is famous
by his well-known ' Practical Treatise on Urinary and lienal
Diseases ' ; and in the ordinary walks of life he was manly and
sincere, and ready of wit. In the field of pure biology, he will
behest remembered as one of the most ardent among the English
investigators who, fired by the classical researches of Pasteur, in
the early seventies entered the field of experimental bacteriology,
and his " Studies of Biogenesis," published in the ' Philosophical
Transactions' for 1874, contains records of novel observations
and methods which awakened the ingenuity of a Tyndall, among
those at the time engrossed in the mighty deeds of the great
Prenchman.
He followed up the line of this work in an Address to the
British Association in 1877, while in 1895 he was President
of its Section of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. lie received
the Cameron Prize in 1879, two years alter his election as a
Pellow of the Eoyal Society. Medals had fallen to his lot
during his student career in the University of London, and he
was in 1892 appointed a Fellow of that Institution, becoming a
Member, and afterwards Chairman of its Brown Institution
Committee, which post he retained until 1898. He represented
the University of Loudon on the General Medical Council, and
was appointed a Member of the London University Statutory
Commission. He was also a Member of the Opium Commission
which visited India in 1893; and in these responsible vocations,
as in all others, he by Lis amiability of disposition, combined
with strong ibrce of character, earned the affectionate regard
and implicit confidence of all with whom he came into contact.
Grout, dyspepsia, dirt, were the foremost enemies of mankind
with which he <\aged warfire. He triumphed over each, and
for this, if for nought else, we revere his memory.
Sir AV. Eoberts was elected a Pellow of the Linnean Society
on 17th December, 1896.
Thomas Eogees, of West Dulwich, was the eldest son of Joseph
Eogers, of Nottingham, where he was born 15th April, 1820.
On 9th November, 1843, he came to London, a young man of 28,
and within three years, on 11th August, 1846, married Emma
Ashwell, who predeceased him a few years ago.
In business he was a partner of Eogers, Black & Co., hosiery
manufacturers, with premises in Nottingham and a wholesale
house in London, which was managed by our late Fellow. After
a successful business career, he retired about 1887, finding plenty
LTX>'EAy SOCIEXr OF LO>'DO>'. 59
to interest bim in the varied pursuits which lie cultirated in the
intervals of business. He died suddenly in the forenoon of
29th December, 1898, being found dead in his chair, from failure
of the heart, and was buried at Norwood Cemetery.
Mr. Eogers was an accomplished man in many ways, especially
in music. He possessed a light tenor voice of exceptional range
and beautiful quality, which had been sedulously trained from
his youth, and preserved till the last. Both in private life and
on the concert platform he was a great favourite, and his services
were always in request for charity concerts and similar occasions.
At one time he was accustomed to lecture on musical matters,
his chief lecture being on ' The Poetry of Gay, and the Music of
his time,' in which he played the double part of lecturer and
illustrator, the musical selections being drawn from ' The
Beggar's Opera.' Before the writer became acquainted with
him, now nearly thirty years ago, Mr. Rogers gave some of his
leisure to painting in oil-colours, but that seems to have been
abandoned in favour of work done with the microscope. He
was constantly to be found on the excursions organized by
the Quekett Club for field-work, which Club he joined on
26th October, 1866 ; he was also a Pellow of the Eoyal Micro-
scopical Society (7th 31ay, 1873), and his connection with our
Societv dates from 19th February, 1874 ; of non-scientific associa-
tions, he was a liveryman of the Broderers' Company.
It is of singular and pathetic interest that the last time he
sang, which was on the evening before his death, he chose 'The
Eiver of Tears ' for his song, the verses of which end with
"We must be ready to meet the tide, Sunshine is fair on the
other side."
A man of charming manners, and an admirable narrator, he
passed the years of his retirement from business in the midst of
his family, whom he delighted to gather round him one evening in
every week ; he retained his faculties to the last, only complaining
of occasional rheumatism. He constantly attended our Anni-
versary meetings, and at the last he was one of the Scrutineers ;
but he was rarely seen at our evening meetings. As regards his
scientific position, it may be summed up as being that of the type
of cultivated amateur, serving as an intermediary between tbe
professed naturalist and the general public.
OsBEET Salvia was born at Elmshurst, Pinchley, on February
2otb, 1835, and by bis death, which occurred at his house at
Hawksfold, Ha«lemere, on June 1st, 1898, the Liunean Society
has lost a good friend, whose place it will be difficult to fill, so
eagerly did he enter into its aftairs. Second son of the late
Mr. Anthony Salvin, the architect, he was educated at Finchley
and at Westminster School, and in 1853 entered Trinity Hall,
Cambridge, where he soon distinguished himself, graduating as
Senior Optime in 1857. Salvin early developed a taste for
natural history, Zoology and Geology being his favourite
6o PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE
Vranclies, with a specinl leaning towards the study of bird and
insect life. He was fond of sport and exercise, an oarsman of
his time, and an expert carpenter, which latter qualification he
later turned to account, by the making of cabinets for his entomo-
logical collections to a novel design of his own, which has been
adopted elsewhere. Indeed, so strong was his constructive skill,
that, with an elder brother, he built two small steamers which
were bought for use on the rivers of India.
On leaving Cambridge, Salvin joined Mr. (now Canon) Tristram
in the exploration of the NaturalHistory of Tunis and E. Algeria ;
and soon after his return he (in 1857) accompanied Skinner, the
famous Orchid collector, on a journey to Central America. ^ A
second trip to the same country was undertaken in the following
year, and, returning to England in 1860, he set out in the autumn
of 1861 tor the land destined to become the scene of his life's
work. This time he was accompanied by his old College friend,
E. Du Cane Godman ; and it was on the memorable tour ending in
January I860 that there was formed the nucleus of the collections
which tlirough the ' Biologia Centrali-Americana ' have rendered
the names of Grodman and Salvin talismanicin Zoological circles,
and have raised unto them a monument worthy the best
traditions of English explorers and men of science. Nor have
the botanical and archaeological aspects of this magnificent
undertaking been neglected.
Salvin's love of birds and insects increased with years, and his
earliest papers show him to have been a keen observer from the
start, a ji^enuine enthusiast. As a collector he was unsurpassed.
Physical endurance and mental strain were no deterrents to his
enterprise, could he but extend the sum of knowledge. Altogether
delightful in person, noble and high-minded, be was conspicuous
by nothing more than his sympathy with the younger generation
of naturalists. To some of these his example and advice have
decided the turning-point in a career, and to those with whom
be was most intimate his memory will be venerated as that of a
true friend and a trusty guide.
In 1874 Salvin accepted the newly -formed Strickland Curator-
ship of Ornithology in the University of Cambridge, which office
he held until his retirement into private lite some tight years later.
As a writer he was painstakingly accurate, though voluminous,
his published papers extending over a period of 42 years (1856-
1898). Of these a number were published in co-operation with
Mr. Godman, and a stili larger series with Dr. P. L. Sclater, with
whom he shares the honour of authority on South and Central
American Ornithology. The ' Exotic Ornithology ' and the
' Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium ' of these two authors rank
foremoijt among standard works of their kind, and the entomo-
logical writings of Godman and Salvin are nothing short of
monumental; while to have provided the material for the 'Biologia'
and inspired the working-out of so vast and marvellous a collec-
tion, is to have advai-ced Zoology in an altogether exemplary
LiyyEAX SOCIETi- OF LOXDOX. 6l
manner and to have laid the foundations of a tisk of alrmst
illimitable extent, the unravellino; of which must be a work of
generations. "Wliile for this Salvin's memory will be for ever
dear to all English-speaking zoologists, he will be remembered
in Ornithological circles as ooe of the founders of ' The Ibis '
and editor ot" its third series. His two volumes on the Trochilidae
and Procellariidae of the British Museum Catalogue of Birds,
and his ' Catalogue of the Strickland Collection of Birds in the
Cambridge Museum ' will continue standard w^orks of reference,
a lasting testimony to his zeal and accuracy of observariou.
Among his last acts was the completion and arrangement of the
late Lord Lilf )rd's 'Coloured Figures of British Birds.' As
author, editor, friend, he was equally and at all times reliable.
Salvin was a Pellow of the Boyal, Zoological, and Entomo-
logical Societies, and he was elected a Fellow of the Linnean
on 21st January, 1S64. In 1897 his old Colleo;e elected him an
Honorary Fellow. With whatever body he became associated
his personality gained him an immediate popularity, rapidly
developing into tinist and appointment to office of responsibility.
His death was due to a heart trouble, which for years necessi-
tated the greatest caution in his movements. He continued
patient, ever ready to help in the work he loved. He led a good
lite, and has set us a noble example of enterprise and disinterested
enthusiasm in the cause of scientific advancement.
John Tax Vooest. — In the death of John Van Voorst on July
24th, lb98, at the advanced age of 94, there has passed away an
earnest benefactor to biological literature and an enthusiastic
admirer of all that is beautiful and instructive in i*^ature —
a man whose name will be gratefully remembered by the
present generation of British naturalists as that of the pioneer
publisher of the books of their youth. Van Voorst was of
Dutch descent, his family having settled for several generations
in England. After an apprenticeship to one Eichard XieholU
of Wakefield and an exjjerieuce of years in the employ of
Messrs. Longman, he started business on h s own account in
1835. Commencing with admirably illustrated editions of Grra\^
and Goldsmith, he s )on espoused the cause which made him
famous, namely, that of doing siuiilar justice to the Natural History
literature of his time. Tarrell's ' British Fishes ' and ' British
Birds,' Bell's ' British Quadrupeds ' and ' Eeptiles,' Hewitsoa's
' Eggs of British Birds,' Knox's ' Ornithological E-ambles in
Sussex' and ' Game Birds and Wild Fowl,' maybe mentioned
as works which rapidly and deservedly made him famous among
working naturalists; while others of a less pretentious order, such
as the popular treatises on the ' Earthworm and Housefly ' and the
' Honey Bee ' by Samuelson and Hicks, in due course brought
him favour with the larger public. And when to these there are
added the ' Actinologia Britannica,' the ' Naturalist's Gambles,'
and other well-kuowu zoological works by Gosse, and, on the
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
bolanical side, the ' Forest Trees ' by Selby, the debt of gratitude
to Van Voorst's memory becomes great indeed. Nor must it
be forgotten that be was the publisher of ' The Ibis ' from
1865.
The most active period of his life was passed among men
of whom many were profound philosophers and competent artisis,
and at a time when biological work was done more leisurely than
now. These persons fouud in him a sympathetic friend not
above taking a risk in the cause of science, and to his personal
interest in scientific occupations there have been due the adequate
presentation of not a few Zoologici.il and Botanical works in the
English tongue now classical.
He retired from active business life in 1886, but to the last his
interest in the younger generation of naturalists was maintained.
He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on March
15th, 1853. Throughout his long association with it he evinced
a genuine interest in its concerns and social life, which endeared
him to all its Fellows with whom he came in contact. The
cast of a bust of John E.ay and. the medallion of William
Tarrell, with which he 40 years ago enriched the Society's
Collections, remain as permanent tokens of his goodwill.
June 1st, 1899.
Dr. Albeet C. L. G-. Gunthee, F.li.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Messrs. Eobert Ashington Bullen, Hugh de Beauvoir de
Havilland, Leonard Goodhart Sutton, and Ernest Euthven Sjkes
were elected ; and Messrs. Eobert Brooks Popham and George
Sharp Saunders were admitted Fellows of the Society.
Mr. W. B. Hemsley, F.E.S., F.L.S., exhibited a selection of
High-level Plants from the collections formerly made by Sir
Joseph Hooker, Dr. Thomson, General Sir E, Straehey, and
more recently by Capt. Wellby, Mr. and Mrs, Littledale, and
Mr. Arnold Pike in iSTorthern India, Tibet, and Mongolia, many
of them from altitudes of 18,000 to 19,200 feet. A selection
was also shown from the collections made in the Andes by
Sir Martin Conway, Mr. Fitzgerald, Mr. Gosse, and Mr. Whymper,
at various altitudes up to 18,500 feet. The principal points
referred to were the small size of many of the plants, the pro-
tective woolly covering of others, and the general preponderance
of the natural order Compositai.
On behalf of Mr. Eupert Vallentin, F.L.S., Mr. J. E. Harting
exhibited lantern-slides of the so-called " Sea-Elephant " {Macro-
rhinus eleplwntinus), prepared from photographs taken in
February last by Mr. Vallentin in the Falkland Islands. After
IINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 6;^
briefly tracing the distribution of this hu^e Seal on various
Antarctic and Subtropical islauds, Mr. Vallentin's notes on a
specimen killed in Stanley Harbour were read. This specimen
measured 18 ft. 11 in., from the end of the trunk to a straight
lice between the two hinder extremities ; the trunk, produced by
the inflation of a loose tubular sac of skin above the nostril-',
is present only in the male, aud measures, whea fully extended,
12 inches from the gape. IS'o fresh facts were made known
concerning the nature of the food of this animal, described by
some writers as herbivorous like the Manatee, by others as
feeding on moUusca a:id Crustacea like the Walrus. In this case
the stomach was empty, with tne exception of a large number of
Nematode w^orms, specimens of which were exhibited.
A discussion followed, iu which Messrs. H. J. Elwes, Eoland
Trimen, W. M. Webb, aud the President; took part.
Mr. J. E. Harting, F.L.S., exhibited and made remarks on
some living specimens of the Bank Vole, Microtus glareolus,
recently obtained by Mr. Eobert Drane, E.L.S., on Skomer
Island, Pembrokeshire.
Mr. A. W. Bennett, E.L.S., exhibited and described a remark-
able Alga from Scotland {Lyngbya sp. ?) possessing a soluble
pigment producing a beautiful fluorescent solution.
The President exhibited photographs of four out of eight
Gigantic Tortoises originally brought from Aldabra Is,, and
now living in the grounds of Groveriiment House, Seychelles, and
communicated a report on the subject of the present distribu-
tion of the species, addressed to the lit. Hon. Joseph Chamberlain,
M.P., by the Administrator of the Seychelles.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On some Australasian CoUembola." By Sir John Lubbock,
Bart., M.P., E.L.S.
2. " On some Caryophyllaceae from Sze-chuen, with a Note on
the recent Botanical Exploration of that Province." By E. N.
Williitms, E.L.S.
3. " On the Characters of the Crustacean genus Bathynellay
By W. T. Caiman, B.Sc. (Communicated by Prof. D'Arcy \Sf.
Thompson, E.L.S.)
June 15th, 1899.
Dr. Albeet C. L. G. Gtotheb, E.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Alfred Eussell Eox was elected, and the following were
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE LlNIfEAN SOCIETY.
admitted Fellows of the Society : — Prof. Marcus Hartog, and
Messrs. Harold Fergusson, Leonard Gr. Sutton, Ernest E. Sykes,
and Harold W. T. "Wager.
The President exhibited a living specimen of a Tree-Prog
{Vohj fed cites qi(adrilineatus) wliich was introduced accidentally
into Kew Gardens with a cousignment of plants from Singapore.
This is not the first instance of accidental introduction of a
tropical frog into the Eoyal Gardens, Kew. Some five years
ago a species of Hylodes, from Dominica, appeared in some
numbers in several of the propagating-hoases, and has evidently
reproduced its species since arrival.
Mr. W. Whitwell, P.L.S., exhibited :— (1) The only known
Britishi sppcimen of Botrycliium matricaricefolium, A. Braiin.
[Por description see the ' Journal of Botany,' xxxvi. (1898)
pp. 291-297.]
(2) An undescribed variety of Asplenwm Itida-muraria, Linn.
[A note on this was published subsequent to the exhibition, in
the same Journal, xxxvii. (1899) p. 361. J
(3) A specimen of Eye with two ears on the same stalk,
gathered at Ower, Eomsey, Hants. The terminal ear is normal,
and the smaller supplementary ear springs from the uppermost
node, eight inches below, with a stalk of one inch in length. The
usual ligule is present, but unusually broad, clasps the stalk of
the supplementary ear, and partially that of the main ear. Exa-
mination of the node shows that the phenomenon is nut due to
fasciation. No similar instance appears to have been recorded.
The ft llowing papers were read: —
1. " Contributions to the Natural History of Lake Urmi and
its Neighbourhood." By E. T. Giinther, M.A. (Communicated
by the President.)
2. " A Systematic Ee vision of the Genus Najas." By Dr. A.
B. Eendle, P.L.S.
3. " On the Anatomy and Systematic Position of certain Slugs."
By W. E. Collinge, P.Z.S. ' (Communicated by Prof. T. W.
Bridge, M.A., P.L.S.)
4. " On the Edwardsia-stage of Lehrunia, and the Pormation
of the Oesophagus and Gastro-Coelomic Cavity." By J. E.
Duerden, A.E.C.Sci. (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes,
Sec.L.S.)
5. " The Malvaceae of the Bombay Presidency." By
Dr. Theodore Cooke, P.L.S.
ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS
TO THE
LIBRARY.
1898-99.
Agardh (JacoT) Georg). Species, Genera, et Ordines Algarum.
Vol. III. Pars 3. Pp.239. Syo. Lundce, 1S9S. Author.
Albert Honore Charles (Prince de Moiuico). Premiere Campagae
de la Priucesse- Alice 11". (Compt. Eend. cxxviii.) Pp. 4.
4to. Paris, 1899. Author.
Exploration ocean ographique aux Ee'gious polaires. Pp. 12.
(Bull. Mas. d'Hist. nat. 1899.) Author.
Alcock (Alfred William). An Account of the Deep-Sea Madre-
poraria collected by the Eojal Indian Marine Survey Ship
Investigator. Pp. 29 ; plates 3.
4to. Calcutta, 1898. Author.
A Summary of the Deep-Sea Zoological "Work of the Eoyal
Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator, from 1884 to 1897.
Pp. 48. (Scientific Memoirs by Medical Officers of the Army
of India, Part xi.) 4to. Calcutta, 1899. Author.
Allen (Charles Grant Blairfield). Flashlights on Nature. With
150 Illustrations by Fkedeeick Ekock.
8vo. London, 1899. F. Enock.
Aloi (Antonio). Eelazioni esistenti tra la traspirazione delle piante
terrestri ed il movimento delle cellule stomatiche. Pp. 98 ;
tavolo 1. 8vo. Catania, 1891.
Ameghino (Florentino). Premiere Notice sur le Neomylodon
Listai un representant vivant des anciens Edentes Gi-ravigrades
fossHes de FArgentine. Pp. 8. 8vo. La Plata, 1898. Author.
Anderson (John). Zoology of Egypt. VoL I. Eeptilia and Ba-
trachia. Pp. Ixv, 371 ; plates 50. 4to. Londxin, 1898.
Author.
Arcangeli (Giovanni). See Caruel (Teodoro), In Memoria.
Archiv flir Entwickelungsmechanik der Organismen. Heraus-
gegeben von WilSelm Eorx. Band 1-8.
8vo. Leipzig, 1894-99.
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Whitlock (P. B.). The Birds of Derbyshire, annotated, with
numerous additions, by A. S. Hutchinson. Pp. vi, 239.
With Map and 6 Illustrations. 8vo. London, 1893,
The Migration of Eirds, a Consideration of Herr Giitke's
Views. Pp. vi, 140. 8vo. London, 1897.
Wiedersheim (Rohert Ernest Eduard). Grundriss der ver-
gleichenden Anatomie der Wirbelthiere. Pp. 559.
8vo. Jena, 1898.
Wille (N.). Ueber die Wanderung der anorganischen NahrstofEe
bei den Laminariaceen. See Schwendener (Simon), Botanische
Untersuchungen : Festschrift.
k
92
PEOCEEDINaS OF THE
Woodw&id (Horace B.). A Memoir of Thomas Beeslet. With
Portrait Pp. 14. (Warwick. Nat. & Arcbseol. Pield Club.)
^ 8vo. WarivicJc, 1897. Author.
Worcester.
British Mycological Society.
Transactions for 1896-97.
8vo. Worcester, 1898. G. Massee.
Wulp (F. M. van der) en Meijere (Johannes C. H. de). Nieuwe
Naamlijst van Nederlandsche Diptera. Pp. vi, 149. (Tijdscto.
voor Ent., Suppl. to vol. 41.) 8vo. 's Gravenhage, 1898.
Tork and Eastleigh.
Watson Botanical Exchange Club.
Eeport 14. 8vo. EastleigJi, 1899. T. A. Cotton.
Zoological Record. Vol. 34 (1897). 8vo. London, 1898.
LrS"NEAX SOCIETY OP LONDOIf. 95
DONATIONS m AID OF PUBLICATIONS.
1899, £ s. d,
Jan. 21. Jamesox, H. Ltstee. Contribution towards
cost of coloured plate of Mice for his
paper 5
May 8. Haemstvoeth, A. C. Contribution towards
cost of Plates illustrating the following
papers embodying the results of the Jack-
son-Harmsworth Polar Expedition : — Rev.
O. Pickard Cambridge, on some Arctic
Spiders ; Gr. H. Carpenter, on Pantopoda
collected by W. S. Bruce ; A. D. Michael,
Report on the Acari collected by H.Pisher;
Thos. Scott, Report on the Marine and
Freshwater Crustacea collected by W. S.
Bruce 43
July 31. The Royal Society. Contribution towards
publishing Mr. R. T. Giinther's paper,
" Contributions to the Natural History of
Lake Frmi " 50
DONATION TO LIBRARY FUND.
1899. £ s. d.
Feb. 18. Banneemax, W. Beucb 3
94
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
LIST OF THE OFFICERS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,
PAST AND PRESENT.
An asterisk denotes the present occupant.
[Reprinted from last year's ' Proceedings ' to correct an erroneous date.]
Presidents.
1788-1828. Si?- James Edward Smith,
1828-1834, Edward, Lord Stanley (eldest son of 12tli Earl of
Derby).
1834-1837. Edward Adolphus, lltli Duke of Somerset.
1837-1849. Edward Stanley, Bisliop of Norwich.
1849-1853. Robert Brown.
1853-1861. Thomas Bell.
1861-1874. George Bentham,
1874-1881. George James Allman,
1881-1886. Sii- John Lubbock, £a7-t.
1886-1890. William Carruthers.
1890-1894, Charles Stewart.
1894-1896. Charles Baron Clarke.
2896- * Albert Carl Lewis Gotthilf GItntheb,.
Treasurers.
1778-1798. Samuel Goodenough, Bishop of Carlisle,
1798-1815, Thomas Marsham,
1816-1849. Edward Fobster.
1849-1855. William Yabrell.
1856-1862. Francis Boott.
1862-1873. William Wilson Saunders,
1873-1875. Daniel Hanbury.
1875-1880. John Gwyn Jeffreys.
1880-1881. Frederick Currey.
1881- * Frank Crisp.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 95
Secretaries.
1788-1798. Thomas AIarsham.
1798-1825. Alexander Macleay. (Richard Taylor, 1810-1857,
Under-Secretary. )
1825-1832. James Ebenezer Bicheno.
1832-1840. Francis Boott.
1840-1860. John Joseph Bennett.
1857-1869. George Busk (1857-1860, Under-Secretary). Z.
1860-1880, Frederick Currey (1860-1862, Under-Secretary). B.
1869-1874. Henry Tibbats Stainton. Z.
1874-1880. St. George Jackson Mivart. Z.
1880- * Benjamin Daydon Jackson. B.
1880-1881. Edward Richard Alston. Z.
1881-1885. George James Romanes. Z.
1885-1895. Walter Percy Sladen. Z.
1895- * George Bond Howes. Z.
Assistant Secretaries.
1876-1888. James Murie.
1897- * James Edmund Harting,
The office was abolished from 1888-1897 and revived in the latter year.
Librarians.
1778-1795 ? Jonas Dryander.
1795-1805. B. Price (as ' Clerk ').
1805-1822. Robert Brown (elected as ' Clerk, Librarian and House-
keeper ').
1822-1841. David Don.
1842-1881. Richard Kippist (Assist. Lib. 1830-1842).
1881-1888. James Murlb.
1888-1897. James Edmund Harting.
1897- * August Wilhelm Kappel (Assistant from 1884).
INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.
SESSION 1898-99.
JN'oie. — The following names ai*e not indexed : — The Chairman of each meeting,
speakers whose remarks are not reported, or passing allusions.
Abbotsbury, flowering of Araujia
albens at (Lowe), 9.
Accounts presented, 12.
Acland, Sir T. D., deceased, 12;
obituary, 39.
Additions to Library, 65-92.
Address, Presidential, 15-38.
^Egean Sea, wild goats from (Hartiug),
4-
Mgocerus piotus (Harting), 4.
Africa, LabiatiE with alternate leaves
(Burkill & Wright), 8.
Agaricus veliitipes, Curt. (BifTeu), 5.
Agrostis alba,ga!i\a on roots of (Farmer),
4-
Aitchison, J. E. T., deceased, 72 ;
obituary, 40,
Alcyonacea, branching systems of
(Bourne), 8.
Aldabra, gigantic tortoises from, 63.
Alga, fluorescent, from Scotland
(Bennett), 63.
Algje of West Indies (West), 10.
AlTman, Prof. Gr. J., death announced,
3-4; deceased, 12; obituary, 41.
Altai mountains, zoology and botany
(Blwes), 5.
Amphipoda from Copenhagen (Steb-
bingj, 2.
Anderson, Prof. R. J., Imitation as a
source of Anomalies (abstract), 11.
Anomalies from Imitation (Anderson),
II.
Anomalurus and its myology, 12.
Apospory by environment (Stansfield),
7-
Aquintocubitalism (Pycraft), 10,
Araujia albens, Gr. Don, fertilization
(Lowe), 9.
Argyllshire, wild cat from, 7.
Arnot, Hon. David, deceased, la.
Asplenium Ruta-muraria, Linn., curious
variety, 64.
Assistant Secretaries, past and present,
95-
Astacus fluviatilis, alluded to, 5.
Athyrium FUix-fceyaina, apospory in, 7.
Auditors, elected, 10.
AustraUa, Western, its botany
(Moore), 3.
Australian Collembola (Lubbock), 63.
Bairstow, S. D., deceased, 12; obituary,
43-
Baker, E. G., app. Scrutineer, 14.
Baker, J. Gr., comm. by (Salmon), 7;
Liiinean Medal presented to, 38.
Ballot for Council and Officers, 14.
Bank- Vole, shown (Harting), 63.
Bannerman, W. B., elected, 7 ; ad-
mitted, 10.
Barber, C. A., Councillor removed, 14.
Barton, Miss E., Notheia anomala, la.
BathyneJla (Caiman), 63.
Beddome, Col. E. H., app. Scrutineer, 14.
Begonia, venosa, Skan, shown, 4.
Bennett, A. W., app. Scrutineer, 14;
fluorescent alg£e, 63.
Bentley, B. H., elected, 9.
Bernard, H. M., digestive caeca of
Spiders, 8 ; recent Poritidse, 7.
Bifien, B. H., on Agaricus velutipes, 5.
Bombay Malvaceae (Cooke), 64.
Borrer, W., deceased, 12; obituary, 43.
INDEX.
97
Botany of tlie Altai Mountains (Elwes),
5 ; of Westei-n Australia (Moore), 3.
Botrychium viatricaricefolium, A. Br.,
shown (Whitwell), 64.
Bourne, G. C, Lemnalia, Gray, 8.
Braitliwaite, Dr. E., a]:)p. Scrutineei-, 14.
Brandis, Sir D., resolution moved by, 38.
Breese, C. W., deceased, 12 ; obituary,
46.
Britain, Botrychimn matricaricBfolium
found in (Whitwell), 64 ; plants new
to, NUella hi/alina, 2 ; Pithophora, a
new Alga (Reudle), 8.
Bruce, W. S., Crustacea collected by, 5.
Buchanan, John, deceased, 12.
BuUen. E. A., elected, 62.
Burkill, I. H., rayless daisy shown, 12.
Burkill, I. H., and C. H.Wright, Labiatae
with alternate leaves, 8.
Buzzard, chicken reared by (Grossman),
Caiman, W. T., on Bathynella, 63.
Cambridge, F. P., Spiders from Chile
and Peru, 3.
Cambridge, O. P., British and Irish
Spiders, 1 1.
Capra cBgagrus and C. dorcas (Hartiug),
+•
Carex rhynchvphysa, auct. hibern. (G.
C. Druce), 9.
Wahlenbergiana (Clarke), 10.
Carles, W. R., admitted, 4 ; elected, 3.
Carruthers, J. B., hybrid fruits of
Iheohronm, 11.
Carruthers, W., Councillor removed, 14.
Caruel, Prof. T., deceased, 12 ; obituary,
46.
Caryophyllacei^ from Sze-chuen
(Williams), 63.
Cat, wild, from Argyllshire, 7.
Cato, T. B., resigned, 14.
Caudal diplospondyly of sharks (Ride-
wood), 6.
Cephalodiscus, rhabdites in (Cole), 10.
Ceylon Patanas (Pearson), 1 1 .
Chicken reared by a buzzard (Cross-
man), 2.
Chile, spiders from (Cambridge), 3.
China, Caryophyllaceaa from (Williams),
63.
Christy, T., Begonia venosa shown, 4.
Clarke, C. B., Carex Wahlenbergiana,
10,
Clans, Prof. C, deceased, 12 ; obituary.
Cohn, Prof. F. J., deceased, 12; obit-
uary, 50.
Cole, F. J., rhabdites in Cephalodisciis,
Oolenso, Rev. W., deceased, 12 ; obit-
uary, 51.
Collembola, Australasian (Lubbock), 63.
Collinge, W. E., on certain slugs, 64.
CoUybia velutipes, Fr. See Agaricus
velutipes.
Conway, Sir M., plants coll. by, shown,
62.
Cooke, T., Bombay Malvaceae, 64.
Cormorant, uares of (Pycraft), 9.
Council elected, 14.
Craterostigma pumilum, Hochst. (Ward
& Dale), 2.
Crisp, P., re-elected Treasurer, 14.
Crossland, C, admitted, 10; elected, 7.
Crossman, A. F., chicken reared by a
buzzard, 2.
Crustacea of Franz- Josef Land, 5.
Crustacean genus Bathynella (Caiman),
63.
Crustaceans from Sinai (Marriott), 5.
Daisy, almost rayless, shown (Burkill),
12.
Dale, MissE., on Cratero&tigma, 2.
Darwin, F., elected Councillor, 14.
Davies, Rev. W., deceased, 12.
Dendy, Prof. A., Hatteria procured
by, 1-2, 7.
Desert-flora of Western Australia
(Moore), 3.
Dianthus gallicus, Pers., from Jersey
(G. C. Druce), 8.
Diplospondyly of sharks (Ridewood), 6.
Dominica, frog from, in Kew Gardens,
64.
Donations, 92.
Drane, R., bank-vole obtained by, 63.
Druce, G. C, Dianthus gallicus from
Jersey, 8 ; Irish Carex rhynchophysa,
9-
Druce, H., elected Auditor, 10 ; on
bleached eider-down, 8.
Druery, C. T., comm. by (Stansfield),
7-
Drummond, J. R., elected, 4.
Duerdeu, J. E., on Lebrunia, 64.
Eagles rearing goslings (Harting), 2.
Edwardsia-stage of Lebrunia (Duerden),
64.
Eider-down, bleached (H. Druce), 8,
Election of Council and OfEcers, 14.
Elephant-tusk shown, i, 3.
Elwes, H. J., Zoology and Botany of
the Altai Mts., 5.
Falkland Islands, Macrorhinus in
(Valleutin), 62.
Farmer, J. B., elected Councillor, 14 ;
on Agrostis-gaXls, 4.
LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS SESSION 1898-99. 7i
INDEX.
Felis catus from Argyllshire, 7.
Fellows deceased, 12.
Fergusson, H., admitted, 64..
Fertilization of Araujia albens (Lowe),
9 ; of Glaux maritlma (Step), 9.
Finlaj'son, D., admitted, 5 ; elected, 4.
Fishes, Linnean (Pres. Address), 15-38.
Fitzgerald, E. A., plants coll. by, shown,
62.
Fjserland Fjord, molluscs from, 6.
Foreign Members, deceased, 12 ; elected,
12.
Fox skull shown (Stewart), 3.
Fox, A. E., elected, 63.
Franchet, A., elected For. Memb., 12.
Franz- Josef Land, Crustacea, 5.
Freshwater Algae of West Indies
(West), 10.
Frogs, in Kew Gardens, introduced
with plants, 64.
Galls on root of Agrostis (Farmer), 4.
Galton, Sir D., deceased, 12; obituary,
52.
Garden, Dr. A., his correspondence with
Linnaeus not in possession of the
Society, 20.
Gastric glands of Marsupialia (John-
ston), 5.
Gastro-ccelomic cavity of Lebrunia
(Duerden), 64.
Glaux maritlma, Linn. (Step), 9.
Goats from the jFgajan Sea (Harting),
4-
Godman, F. D., elected Councillor, 14 ;
seconded resolution, 38.
Goslings reared by eagles (Harting), 2.
Gosse, P. H., plants coU. by, shown, 62.
Grapsus macidatns from Sinai, 5.
Green, J. R., elected Auditor, 10.
Groves, H., elected Councillor, 14.
Groves, H. & J., JS'ifclia hyalina shown,
2.
Giinther, Dr. A. C. L. G., Address, 15-
38 ; comm. by (Giinther), 64 ; photos
of gigantic land-tortoises, stiown, 63.
re-elected President, 14 ; Singapore
tree-frog in Kew Gardens, 64 ; twin-
tusk of elephant shown, i ; wild goats
4-
Giinther, E. T., Natural History of
Lake Urmi, 64.
Haddon, Prof. A. C, Mollusca from
Torres Straits (Melvill & Standen), 8.
Hallstadt, Stai)fia from, 10.
Hansen, E. C, elected For. Memb., 12.
Harris, W., elected, 10.
Harrison, A., admitted, 3 ; elected, i.
Harting, J. E., bank-vole, 63 ; crusta-
ceans from Sinai, 5 ; king eider
shown, 8 ; Microfus, 63 ; on chicken
reared by a buzzard, 2 ; wild goats, 4.
Hartog, Prof. M. M., admitted, 64.
Hatferia shown (Howes), i, 7.
Havilland, H. de B. de, elected, 62.
Hemsley, W. B., Councillor removed,
14 ; high-level plants shown, 62.
Herdman, Prof. W. A., Councillor
removed, 14.
Holmes, E. M., Schimmelia oleifera
sho^vn, 6.
Hooker, Sir J. D., high-level plants
coll. by, 62.
Howes, G. B., comm. by, (Cambridge)
II, (Duerden) 64, (Johnston) 5;
Hatteria shown, i, 7 ; re-elected
Secretary, 14.
Hurst, C. C, admitted, 3.
Hybrid fruits of Theobroma (Car-
ruthers), 11.
Hylodes from Dominica in Kew
Gardens, 64.
Ibex, Cretan, 4.
Ikeno, S., elected For. Memb., 12.
Imitation as a source of Anomalies
(Anderson), 11.
India, high-level plants from, shown, 62.
Irish Carex rhyiichophysa (G. C.
Diuce), 9.
Jackson, B. Day don, re-elected Secre-
tary, 14.
Jackson-Harmsworth exped., Crustacea,
5-
Jersey, Bianthus gallicus from (G. C.
Druce), 8.
Johnston, J., gastric glands of Mar-
supialia, 5.
Jones, K. H., elected, 9.
Kew, rayless daisy shown from (Bur-
kill), 12.
Kew Gardens, tropical frogs in (Giin-
ther), 64.
King eider from Lerwick (Harting), 8.
Labiatte with alternate leaves (Burkill
& Wright), 8.
Lange, Prof. J. M. C, deceased, 12 ;
obituary, 53.
Lebrunia (Duerden), 64.
Leigh, J. H., wild cat from Argyll-
shire, 7.
Lemnalia, Gray (G. 0. Bourne), 8.
Lepidostrobics (Maslen), 6.
Lerwick, king eider from (Harting), 8.
Lester, L. V., admitted, 11; elected,
10.
Librarian's report, 14.
Librarians, past and present, 95.
INDEX.
99
Library, additions to, 65-92 ; donation
to Library Fund, 93.
Linnean Collection of fishes (Pres.
Address), 15-38.
Linnean Medal presented, 38.
Littledale, Mr. & Mrs., high-level
plants coll. by, 62.
Lizard from New Zealand shown, i, 7.
Lofgren, A., Begonia found by, 4.
Lowe, Dr. J., on fertilization of Araujia
alhens, 9.
Lubbock, Sir J., Australasian Oollem-
bola, 63.
Lynghya. sp. (?) shown (Bennett), 63.
McDonald, D., admitted, 5; elected, 4.
Macrorhinus elephantinus, photo-
graphs shown, 62.
Madreporarian system and Poritid^
(Bernard), 7.
Malvaceae of Bombay (Cooke), 64.
Marriott, J., Crustaceans from Sinai, 5.
Marsupialia, gastric glands of (John-
ston), 5.
Martens, E. von, elected For. Memb.,
12.
Maslen, A. J., admitted, 10 ; elected, 9 ;
on Lepidostrohus, 6,
Masters, Dr. M. T., app. Scrutineer, 14.
Meiklejohn, Dr. J., app. Scrutineer, 14.
Melvill, J. C, and R. Standen, marine
Mollusca from Torres Straits, 8.
Mkrotus glareolus shown (Harting), 63.
Mitchell, P. C, admitted, 9 ; elected, 6 ;
on Quintocubitalism, 10.
Mollusca from Torres Straits (Melvill
& Standen), 8.
Monckton, H. W., elected Auditor, 10 ;
Mya urenar'm from Norway, 6.
Mongolia, high-level plants from, shown,
62.
Monington, H. W., admitted, 6; elected,
Moore, S. L., Botany of Western Aus-
tralia, 3.
Murray, G. R. M., comm. by (Barton),
12; Peridiniacese shown, 11.
Murray, G. R. M., and Miss Whitting,
new Peridiniacete, 6.
Mya arenaria from Norway (Monck-
ton), 6.
Myology of Anomalurus (Parsons), 12.
Mytilus edidis in the Fjserland Fjord, 6.
Ncjas, revision of the genus (Rendle),
64.
graminea, Delile, from West Wit-
tering, 7.
minor, AH., 7.
Nanomitriuiii (Salmon), 7.
Nares of the Cormorant (Pyeraft), 9.
Naudin, Dr. C, deceased, 12 ; obituary,
53-
New Zealand Lizard {Hatterici) shown,
.1, 7-
Nicholson, Prof. H. A., deceased, 12;
obituary, 54.
Nitella hyalina, Agardh, shown
(Groves), 2.
Notheia anomala, Harv. & Bail. (Bar-
ton), 12.
Obach, E. F. A., deceased, 12 ; obituary,
56.
(Esophagus of Lebnmia (Duerden), 64.
Officers elected, 14 ; list of past and
present, 94-95.
Oil of sandalwood. West Indian
(Holmes), 6.
Owers, double-eared rye found at, 64.
Palcemon, alluded to, 5.
Pcmulirus penicillatus from Sinai, 5.
Para, Begonia from neighbourhood
of, 4.
Parsons, F. G., Anoinalurus, 12.
Patanas of Ceylon, botany of (Pearson),
II.
Peal, C. N., deceased, 12 ; obituary, 57.
Pearson, H. H. W., Botany of Ceylon
Patanas, 11.
Pembrokeshire, bank-vole in, 63.
Peridiniacese, new (Murray & Whit-
ting), 6.
Peru, spiders from (Cambridge), 3.
Pike, A., high-level plants coll. by, 62.
Fitlwphora, new British Alga (Rendle),
8.
Platte, Dr., spiders collected by (Cam-
bridge), 3.
Polypedatcs quadrilineatus, in Kew
Gardens, 64.
Popham, R. B., admitted, 62 ; elected,
10.
Poritidse (Bernard), 7.
Presentation of Linnean Medal, 38.
President, comm. by (R. T. Giintber),
64 ; photos of gigantic tortoises
from Aldabra Island, 63 ; re-elected,
14 ; Singapore tree-frog from Kew
Gardens, 64 ; twin-tusk of elephant
exhibited, i ; wild goats, 4.
Presidential Address, 15-38.
Presidents, list of, 44.
Pyeraft, W. P., Aquintocubitalism, 10 ;
nares of the Cormorant, 9.
Quintocubitalism (Mitchell), 10.
Rainbow, W. J., elected, i.
Rand, A. F., admitted, 5.
Reade, O. A., admitted, 6 ; elected, 5.
INDEX.
Eeid, C, fruits of Najas sbown, 7.
Remington, Prof. J. P., resigned, 14.
Eendle, Dr. A. B., elected Councillor,
14 ; Pithophora, 8 ; revision of Najas,
64.
Ehabdites in Cephalodiscus (Cole), 10.
Ridewood, W. G., caudal diplospondyly
of sharks, 6.
Roberts, Sir W., deceased, 12 ; obituary,
57-
Rogers, T., deceased, 12 ; obituary,
58.
Romsey, double-eared rye from, shown,
64.
Rothschild, Hon. N. C, elected, 7.
Rye with two ears on one stalk, shown
(Whitwell), 64.
Salmon, E. S., on Nanomitrium, 7.
Salvin, O., deceased, 12 ; obituary, 59.
Sandalwood, West Indian (Holmes),
6.
Sars, Gr. O., elected For. Memb., 12.
Saunders, Gr. S., admitted, 62 ; elected,
II.
Schimmelia oleifera. Holmes, shown, 6.
Scotland, fluorescent Alga from (Ben-
nett), 63.
Scott, I). H., comm. by (Maslen), 6 ;
Councillor removed, 14; elected
Auditor, 10.
Scott, T., Crustacea from Franz-Josef
Land, 5.
Scrutineers appointed, 14.
Sea-elephant, photographs shown, 62.
Secretai'ies' report, 12-14.
Secretaries, past and present, 95.
Seychelles, gigantic tortoises living
there, 63.
Sharks, caudal diplospondyly of (Ride-
wood), 6.
Shore, T. W., resigned, 14.
Sinai Peninsula, crustaceans from (Mar-
riott), 5.
Sinclair, A., elected, 4.
Singapore tree-frog in Kew Gardens,
64.
Skomer Island, bank-vole on, 63.
Skull of fox shown (Stewart), 3.
Slugs, anatomy of (Collinge), 64.
Smyth, W., resigned, 14.
Somateria spectabilis from Lerwick
(Harting), 8.
Sphenodon shown (Howes), i.
Spiders, British and Irish (Cambridge),
II ; digestive cseca of (Bernard), 8 ;
from Chile and Peru (Cambridge),
3-
Standen, R., Mollusca from Torres
Straits, 8.
Stanley Harbour, sea-elephant from.
(Vallentinj, 63.
Stansfield, F. W., ajDOspory by environ-
ment, 7.
Stapf, O., Stapfia cylindrica shown, 10.
Stapjia cylindrica, Chodat, shown, 10.
Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., Amphipoda
from the Copenhagen Museum, 2.
Step, E., fertilization of Glaux Tnari-
tima, 9.
Stewart, Prof. C, skull of fox shown,
3 ; tusk of elephant, 3.
Strachey, Sir R., plants coll. by, 62.
Sutton, L. G., admitted, 64 ; elected,
62.
Sykes, E. R., admitted, 64 ; elected, 62.
Sze-chuen, Caryophyllacece from (Wil-
liams), 63.
Tagg, H. F., elected, 9.
Tetraspnra cylindrica, Kuetz., men-
tioned, 10.
Theohroma Cacao, hybrid fruits of
(Carruthers), 11.
Thompson, D. W., comm. by (Caiman),
63.
Thomson, Dr. T., plants coll. by, 62.
Tibet, plants from, shown, 62.
Torres Straits, Mollusca from (Melvill
& Standen), 8.
Treasurer's statement of Accounts, 13.
Treasurers, past and present, 94.
Tree-frog in Kew Gardens from Singa-
pore, 64.
Tusk of elephant sliowu, i ; double
tusk, 3.
Twin-tusk of elephant shown, i, 3.
Urmi, Lake, its natural history (Giin-
ther), 64.
Vallentin, R., photographs of sea-
elephant, 62.
Van Voorst, J., deceased, 12; obituary,
61.
Venezuela, Schimmelia from (Holmes),
6.
Vole, bank, shown (Harting), 63.
Wager, H. W. T., admitted, 64.
Ward, H. M., comm. by (Biffen), 5 ;
(Pearson), 11.
Ward, H. M., & Miss E. Dale, on Cra-
terostigma pmnilitm, 2.
Wardleworth, T. H., elected, 5.
Wellby, Capt. M. S., high-level plants|
coll. by, 62.
INDEX.
lOI
West, G. S., Variation in Desmids, 12.
(See also West, W., & G. S. West.)
West, W., comm. by (G. West), 12.
West, W., & G. S. West, Freshwater
AJgse of the West Indies, 10.
West Indian oil of sandalwood
(Holmes), 6.
West Indies, Freshwater Algas of
(West), 10.
West Wittering, fruits of Kajas from
(Reid), 7.
Whitting, Miss F. W., new Peridini-
acese, 6,
Whit well, W., plants shown by, 64.
Whj-mper, E., plants coll. by, shown,
62.
Williams, F. N., CaryophyUacese from
Sze-chuen, 63.
Zoology and Botany of the Altai Mts.
(Elwes), 5.
Printed by Taylok and Fkujcis, Eed Lion Court, Fleet Street.
/rVrU? « C'frvv • t.''^^>« .
^ PEOCEEDINGS
OF THE
LIMEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
(ONE HUNDRED AND TWELFTH SESSION, 1899-1900.)
November 2nd, 1899.
Dr. AiiBEET C. L. G-. Gunthee, E.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Prof. C. Stewart, E.E.S., E.L.S., exhibited and made remarks
on a preparation of the leaves of Mimosa pudica, showing the
diurnal and nocturnal positions. He also exhibited the embryo
and egg-cases of Cestracion PTiilippi.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Proliferous State of the Awn of Nepal Barley."
By the Eev. Prof. George Henslow, F.L.S.
2. " On the Hyobranchial Skeleton and Larynx of the new
Aglossal Toad, Hymenochirus Boettgeri." By Dr. W. G. Eide-
wood, E.L.S.
3. " On the Eye-spot and Cilium in Euglena viridis." By-
Harold Wager, E.L.S.
November 16th, 1899.
Mr. Geoege E. M. Mueeay, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Alfred Eussell Eox was admitted a Fellow of the Society.
Mr. J. E. Harting, F.L.S. , communicated particulars of severa.
cases in which Parrots had been poisoned by eating Parsley
After commenting on ins^ces in which plants that were
LINN. SOC. proceedings. — SESSION 1899-1900. b
AAA^Ct-O
2 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
innocuous to man had proved fatal to some of the lower animals,
he mentioned in support of the converse case that the berries of
the yew and privet, which are generally considered to be poisonous
to man, were greedily eaten by blackbirds, thrushes, bulliinches,
and other birds ; while, on the other hand, several cases were on
record of pheasants having been poisoned by eating yew-leaves.
The immunity of goats from yew poisoning was remarkable in
view of the fact that deer and cattle died after eating the leaves
of that tree, although it had been stated that the ill effects were
due to the leaves having been eaten in a desiccated state, and not
while growing on the ti'ee.
A discussion followed in which Messrs. E. M. Holmes, Thomas
Christy, A. W. Bennett, J. B. Carruthers, Eevs. F. Walker and
T. E. E. Stebbing took part.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Comparative Anatomy of certain Species of Ence-
phalartosr By W. C. Worsdell, P.L.S.
2. " On a Collection of Brachyura from Torres Straits." By
W. T. Caiman, D.Sc. (Communicated by D'Arcy W. Thompson,
F.L.S.)
December 7th, 1899.
Dr. Albert C. L. Gt. Gunthee, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Messrs. Greorge A. Gammie, James Scott Grordon, Henry
St. John Jackson, Henry Edward Heath Smedley, and Thomas
William Woodhead were elected Fellows of the Society.
Dr. Otto Stapf, A.L.S., exhibited specimens of Malayan and
African species of Kickxia, Blume, to show the differences which
exist between the two forms. These differences were noticeable
in the shape and size of the corolla, the insertion and general
relation of the stamens to the tube of the corolla, the placenta-
tion, the structure of the fruit, and the general habit of the
plants. As the name Kickxia would have to be retained for the
Malayan species, he pi*eposed the name Funtumia for the African
species, from Fantum, a vernacular name for F. elastica. He
further pointed out, by means of flowering and fruiting specimens
of F. africana, Stapf {Kickxia africana, Benth.), and of F. elastica
{Kickxia elastica, Preuss), that the latter, and not the former
(as was originally assumed), was the source of the so-called Lagos
rubber, thus confirming the conclusion to which Dr. Preuss had
•come with regard to the origin of this rubber.
LINITEAN SOCIETY OF LOIfDON. 3
Dr. Stapf also showed, on behalf o£ the Director of Kew
•Gardens, a large infructescence of Musa E)isete, GmeL, lately-
received from the Azores.
Mr. Gilbert Christy, F.L.S., exhibited a preparation of India-
rubber by a new process from Castilloa elastica, and also specimens
of rubber obtained from Kickxia elastica.
Mr. A. D. Ferguson exhibited a series of photographic views
taken in Demerara.
Mr. J. W. Fawcett read a paper on some Vegetable Poisons
used for the capture of Fish by the Aborigines of Australia. (For
Abstract, see p. 86.)
Mr. B. Daydon Jackson pointed out how widespread was the
practice of obtaining fish in this way, and gave a brief review of
the literature bearing on the subject.
A discussion followed, in which the President, Messrs. E. M.
Holmes, Thomas Christy, and J. E, Harting took part.
The following papers were read : —
1. "On some New Zealand Schizopoda." By G. M. Thomson.
F.L.S.
2. " On the Structure of Porites." By H. M. Bernard, F.L.S.
December 21st, 1899.
Dr. Albeet C. L. G. Gunthee, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Charles Edward Jones, B.Sc, was admitted a Fellow of the
Society.
Mr. W. G. Freeman, F.L.S., exhibited a tree of Eevea hrasi-
liensis (Para Rubber), showing the method of tapping adopted in
Ceylon.
Dr. Eobert Braithwaite, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of Hypnum
Hochstetteri, Schimp., collected by him on the Isle of Barra,
Outer Hebrides, the only kuown locality for it in Europe, though
found in the Azores and Canary Islands.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Air-bladder and its connection with the Auditory
Organs in the Notopteridse." By Prof. T. W. Bridge, D.Sc,
F.L.S.
2. " On some new and interesting Foraminifera from the
Funafuti Atoll, Ellice Islands." By F. Chapman, A.L.S.
62
4 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
January 18th, 1900.
Dr. Albert C. L. Gt. GrtrnTHER, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Harry Edward Heath Smedley was admitted a Fellow of
the Society.
Mr. J. C. Hill, B.Sc, of Sydney University, exhibited some
photographs of specimens and drawings of Monotreme and
Marsupial embryos, obtained by him in Australia. Of special
interest were those of a newly hatched Orniihorhynclms showing a
nasal caruncle and the presence of a median maxillary tooth, the
function of which is at present undetermined. Chief among the
Marsupial series were photographs of Dasyurus embryos in situ
and showing the free condition of the allantois.
Eemarks thereon were made by the President and by Prof.
Howes.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Existence of Nasal Secretory Sacs and Naso-
pharyngeal Communications in the Teleosteans." By H. M.
Kyle, M.A., B.Sc. (Communicated by Prof. Gr. B. Howes,.
Sec. L.S.)
2. " On the Origin of the Basidiomycetes." By George Massee^
F.L.S.
February 1st, 1900.
Dr. Albeet C. L. Gr. Gunthee, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
The President announced that on the occasion of the forth-
coming International Exhibition in Paris, an International
Congress of Botany will be held there from the 1st to the
10th of October, both dates inclusive. The subscription for
Membership has been fixed at 20 fr., and those who may be
desirous of taking part in the proceedings are desired to com-
municate with M. Henri Hua, Tresorier du Congres International
de Botanique General, 2 Eue de Villersexel, Paris.
Mr. James Saunders, of Luton, Bedfordshire, was elected an
Associate of the Society.
Mr. George Massee, F.L.S. , exhibited lantern-slides in illustra-
tion of his paper on the origin of the Basidiomycetes, the substance
of which had been communicated at the last meeting, and recapitu-
lated the conclusions at which he had arrived.
A discussion followed in which Prof. Trail, Mr. C. B. Clarke^
and Prof. Farmer took part.
I;INNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5
Mr. Cecil E. P. Andrews, M.A., exhibited two non-British
Orasses which he had found last year in the Channel Islands —
Phalaris minor, Eetz., from sandy shores and fields in Guernsey
and Alderney, and Milium scabrum, Merl., from the cliffs of
Guernsey. He maintained that they were both native plants,
as the former is indigenous on the west coast of France and on
the north coast as far as Cherbourg and Barfleur, while the latter
is a native of West France as far north as Vendee, and reappears
on the coast of the Netherlands. He suggested that the former
had been passed over owing to its resemblance to P. canariensis ;
the latter owing to its inconspicuous habit, its early flowering,
and the fact that it grows on the lower slopes of the cliffs in an
unfrequented part of the island.
A discussion followed in which Messrs. James Groves and G. C.
Druce joined, and Mr. Andrews replied.
Mr. J. E. Harting, F.L.S., exhibited a specimen, in the flesh, of
the Rufous Tinamu (Ehi/ncJiotus rufesceiis) which had been shot
near Petersfield, Hants, on Jan. 29th, and gave some account of
the experiments which had been made to acclimatize this South-
American game-bird since its first introduction by Mr. John
Bateman at Brightlingsea, Essex. No difficulty had been experi-
enced in regard to climate or food, but inasmuch as these birds do
not perch in trees like Pheasants, but roost on the ground, they
are more liable to destruction by foxes, a circumstance which had
materially affected their increase.
The following paper was read : —
" A Report on the Zoological Results of an Expedition
to Mount Eoraima in British Guiana, undertaken by Messrs.
F. V. McConnell and J. J. Quelch.'' (Communicated by Prof.
Lankester, F.E.S., on behalf of the members of the British
Museum Staff who had prepared it.)
February 15th, 1900.
Mr, Chables Baeon Clarke, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. E. Morton Middleton, F.L.S., exhibited a series of speci-
mens of Asplenimn Bradleyi, Eaton, one of the rarer rock ferns
from Tennessee, to show its extreme variability.
The simplest fronds exhibited were found in a damp, cold, per-
pendicular rift, which no sunshine could enter, at an elevation of
about 1700 feet ; these fronds had the simple pinnate structure,
•with green rhachis and rounded, toothed pinnae of A. viride,
Hudson, but were more coriaceous than in that species. Dr. Gat-
tinger, author of the 'Tennessee Flora,' was satisfied that the plant
6 PEOCEEDINGS OE THE
was Asplenium viride ; and Gen. Kirby Smith, who had had ample
opportunity of studying A. Bradleyi on the eastern slopes of the
Cumberland Plateau, remarked that A. viride and A. Bradleyi
were so much alike that they might be varieties.
The other plants exhibited, however, showed a gradual tendency
to become more and more compound, culminating in a luxuriant
specimen with pinnatifid fronds 10 inches long, the green rhachis
becoming purple and shining in all the plants exposed to the
sun's rays.
The affinities of so variable a fern are naturally of interest,
Eaton (' Ferns of North America ') remarked : " If there could be
a hybrid between A. eheneum and A. montanum, it would be much
like our plant." Asa Gray, following Eaton, said, " Intermediate
between A. eheneum and A. montanum." Baker, in the ' Synopsis
Filicum,' says, " Between montanum and lanceolatum." Mr. Mid-
dleton believed it to be very near to A. viride, and perhaps
intermediate (though not a hybrid) between A. viride and
A. lanceolatum. A. viride, identical with the species of Europe
and Asia, is essentially boreal, and occurs in British America
from New Brunswick to British Columbia, as well as in the State
of Vermont. A. Bradleyi then takes its place, extending south
from New York to Georgia and Alabama, and west to Arkansas.
A. lanceolatum, Huds., is not American at all, but is found in
Europe, North Africa, and some of the Atlantic islands (Madeira,
Azores, and St. Helena). The exhibitor did not consider that
A. Bradleyi had any special affinity either with A. montanum or
A. eheneum, which are entirely American except that the latter
appears in Cape Colony. N. L. Britton and A. Brown, in their
new ' Illustrated Flora,' state that A. Bradleyi prefers a lime-
stone soil, but Mr. Middleton had found it strictly confined to
sandstone, although the carboniferous limestone was immediately
adjacent.
Critical remarks were made by Mr. C. B. Clarke and Mr. Car-
ruthers.
Mr. J. C. Shenstone exhibited a collection of 700 photographs
of British Flowering Plants, to show what could be accomplished
by means of the camera in the direction of botanical illustration.
He contended that photography was the only means by which the
lines and masses of our flowering plants, as truly characteristic as
the less subtle characters by means of which botanists group and
arrange plants into orders, genera, and species, could be readily
reproduced. He explained the various technical processes and
apparatus necessary for successful plant photography, and alluded
to the difficulties inseparable from the photography of plants in
their natural habitats, &c. His remarks were illustrated by mean&
of lantern-slides.
A discussion followed in which Prof. Farmer, Messrs. Holmes^
Monckton, H. Groves, Crisp, Carruthers, and Middleton took
part.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7
Mr. J. B. Carruthers, F.L.S., exhibited specimens and lantern-
slides to illustrate the growth of the vegetable canker Nectria
ditissima on the Cocoa-plant, and gave an account of certain
experiments which he had made to destroy it without injury to
the tree which it attacked.
Additional remarks on the subject were made by Prof. Farmer.
The following paper was read : —
" On Khynchodesmus Howesi, a new European Species of
Terrestrial Planarian "Worm."' By Dr. R. F. Scharff, Keeper
of the Natural History Collections in the Science and Art
Museum, Dublin. (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes,
Sec. L.S.)
March 1st, 1900.
Dr. Albert C. L. G. GtrNTHER, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. W. Saville Kent, F.L.S. , exhibited lantern-slides of several
British Flowering Plants, to show the remarkable advances which
had been recently made in colour-photography.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On Botanic Nomenclature." By Charles Baron Clarke,
F.E.S., F.L.S.
2. " On some Foraminifera of Tithonian Age from the Stram-
berg Limestone of Nesselsdorf." By Frederick Chapman, A.L.S.
March 15th, 1900.
Mr. Geoege R. M. Muebay, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Albert Wilson was elected a Fellow of the Society.
Prof. Farmer, F.L.S., exhibited (as lantern-slides) several
photographs of dissections of flowers, and made remarks on the
utility of such illustrations for teaching purposes.
His views were supported by Mr. J. C. Shenstone.
Mr. R. A. Rolfe, A.L.S., exhibited specimens and drawings of
Paphiopedilum, both of species and hybrids, with their capsules, to
illustrate remarks on the hybridization of Orchids. (For Abstract,
see p. 87.)
Additional observations were made by Mr. A, O. Walker,
Dr. Rendle, and Prof. Farmer.
8 PEOCBEDINGS OF THE
The following papers were read : —
1. " A Eeport on the Botanical Results of an Expedition to
Mount Eoraima in British Guiana, undertaken in 1898 by Messrs.
F. V. McConnell and J. J. Quelch." By Isaac H. Burkill,
r.L.S., and others.
2. " On Bryozoa from Franz Josef Land, collected by the
Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition, 1896-97." By A. W. Waters,
E.L.S.
April 5th, 1900.
Mr. Chaeles Baeon Claeke, E.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. John Thomas Norman Thomas was elected a FeUow of the
Society.
Mr. Edward Bidwell, E.Z.S., exhibited specimens of Beechwood
showing old carving singularly imbedded by subsequent growth.
Mr. W. B. Hemsley, E.R.S., E.L.S., exhibited and made
remarks on a selection of plants collected by Dr. A. Henry and
Mr. W. Hancock in the neighbourhood of Mengtze and Szemao
in "Western China.
The following paper was read : —
" On Sphenophyllum and its Allies, an extinct division of the
Vascular Cryptogams." By Dr. Dukinfield H. Scott, E.R.S.,
F.L.S. (For Abstract, see p. 88.)
April 19th, 1900.
Dr. Albeet C. L. G. Gunthee, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Messrs. Eobert Moir Clark and James Chapman Shenstone were
elected Fellows of the Society.
In view of the approaching Anniversary Meeting, Messrs.
Horace W. Monckton and Henry Groves were elected Auditors
on behalf of the Council, and Messrs. Antony Gepp and Alfred
O. "Walker on the part of the Fellows.
On behalf of the Hon. Charles Ellis, F.L.S., the President
exhibited photographs of a large tree, Taxodium distichum, growing
LTNTfEAJT SOCIETY OF LONDON. 9
at Oaxaca in Mexico, and of anotlier gigantic tree a native of
Cambodia. The cLrciunference of the former, at a height of 3 feet
from the ground, was stated to be 148 feet, while the height was
estimated to be not more than 100 feet. The native name for
this tree is Sabino. Mr. Daydon Jackson read an account of it,
quoting from Loudon's Mag. Xat. Hist. vol. iv. (1831) p. 30, and
Humboldt's ' 7iews of Nature,' p. 274. The second gigantic
tree, which could not be satisfactorily determined from the
photograph, had been observed growing on the Makong River,
near the celebrated ruins of the great city of Angkorwat in
Cambodia.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On several small Collections of dried Plants from Thibet
and the Andes." By W. B. Hemsley, F.R.S., F.L.S., and H. H.
W. Pearson, M.A.
2. " On some Mosses from China and Japan." By E. S. Salmon.
(Communicated by J. G. Baker, F.R.S., F.L.S.)
May 3rd, 1900.
Mr. Chaeles Babon Claeee, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Albert Wilson was admitted, and the following were elected
Fellows of the Society : Rev. John Gerard, Messrs. Robert
Theodore Giinther and Richard John Tabor.
Professor Alfred Cogniaux was elected a Foreign Member,
Mr. H. E. H. Smedley, F.L.S., exhibited a number of Botanical
Models in wax pi'epared on an enlarged scale to show the morpho-
logical structure and also the process of reproduction in various
types of plants.
In a discussion which followed, Prof. Howes, Messrs. B. Daydon
Jackson, A. W. Bennett, and H. Groves took part.
Mr. J. E. Harting, F.L.S., exhibited and made remarks on some
skins of AVillow-Grouse collected by Prince Demidoff on the
X.W. border of Mongolia between the Altai Mts. and the Kobdo
River.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On a new^ Species of Halimeda from Funafuti." By Miss
E. S. Barton. (Communicated by George Murray, F.R.S., F.L.S.)
2. " On some West-Indian Fungi, with descriptions of a new
Genus (Xyloceras) and Species." By Miss A. L. Smith. (Com-
municated by George Murray, F.R.S., F.L.S.)
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
May 24th, 1900.
Anniversary Meeting.
Dr. Albert C. L. G. Gdntheb, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Henry Groves on behalf of the Auditors presented the
Treasurer's Annual Statement of Accounts, duly audited, as shown
on p. II.
The Treasurer having pointed out the great inconvenience
caused by the non-payment of subscriptions, and the unreasonable
conduct of those who withhold payment for three or four years
and pay no heed to repeated applications for the same, it was
moved by Mr. Alfred O. Walker, seconded by Mr. T. G. Smart,
and carried :
" That the Council be requested to frame such an alteration
of the Bye-Laws as may compel defaulting Fellows to pay
their subscriptions, and to submit the same to the Society at
their next General Meeting."
On the motion of Mr. Wilfred Hudleston, seconded by
Mr. Thomas Christy, a vote of thanks for their valuable services
was accorded to the Treasurer and the Auditors.
The Secretary read
elections as follows : —
his report of deaths, withdrawals, and
Since the last Anniversary Meeting 22 Fellows have died or
their deaths been ascertained : —
Mr. John Brooks Bridgman.
Dr. William Eatwell.
Lord Farrar.
Mr. Thomas Bruges Flower.
Sir William HenryFlovver.
Mr. John Bellamy George.
Mr. Theophilus Wilham
Girdleston.
Mr. Sylvan us Hauley.
Mr. Hy. Bendelack Hewetson.
Mr. Wilham E. Hughes.
Dr. Norman Shanks Kerr.
The Marquess of Lbthian.
Mr. Edward Joseph Lowe.
Dr. St. George Jackson Mivart.
Major Samuel Owen.
Sir James Paget.
Mr. Horace Pearce.
Sir William Overend Priestley.
Mr. Hildebrand Eamsden.
Mr. Thos. Glazebrook Rylands.
Mr. Samuel Stevens.
Mr. Frank Tufnail.
LINTTEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
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Mr. William Pamplin.
POBEIGN MbMBEES, 3.
M. Adrien Eene Franchet. | Prof. Alphonse Milne-Edwards.
Dr. WUliam Nylander.
The following thirteen Fellows have resigned : —
Mr. F. Arthur Canton.
Mr. Samuel James Capper.
Eev. Robert Francis Clarke.
Mr. W. S. M. D'Urban.
Mr. Linnaeus Greening.
Mr. John Sibley Hicks,
Mr. John Errington de la Croix.
Eev. Murray A. Mathew.
Mr. Joseph William Morris.
Dr. Henry Skey Muir.
Mr. Duncombe Pyrke.
Mr. Albert Smith.
Mr. John Young.
5 Pellows have been removed from the Society's List by order
of the Council, and 12 Fellows, 1 Associate, and 1 Foreign
Member have been elected.
The Librarian's report was read as follows : —
" During the past year there have been received as Donations
from Private Individuals 46 volumes and 201 pamphlets.
" From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific
Societies there have been received in exchange and otherwise
241 volumes and 105 detached parts, besides 51 volumes and
28 parts obtained by exchange and donations from the Editors
and Proprietors of independent Periodicals.
" The Council, on the recommendation of the Library Com-
mittee, have sanctioned the purchase of 188 volumes and 122
parts of important works.
" The total additions to the Librai-y are therefore 526 volumes
and 456 separate parts.
" The number of books bound during the year is as follows : —
In half -morocco 306 volumes, in half-calf 3 volumes, in full-cloth
152 volumes, ia vellum 14 volumes, in buckram 55 volumes, in
boards or half-cloth 25 volumes, relabelled (half-morocco and
cloth backs) 54 volumes. Total 609 volumes."
The Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the
elections,
The President opened the business of the day, and the Fellows
present proceeded to vote for the Council and Officers.
The Ballot for the Council having been closed, the President
appointed Dr. John W. S. Meiklejohn, Dr. Robert Braithwaite,
LDTN'EAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 3
and Mr. Alfred O. Walker, Scrutineers; and the votes having
been counted and reported to the President, he declared the
following Members to be removed from the Council, viz. : —
Mr. Francis Darwin, Mr. Horace W. Monckton, Mr. George
E. M. Murray, Mr. Howard Saunders, and Mr. W. Percy Sladen,
and the following gentlemen to be elected in their stead, viz. : —
]Mr. Clement Eeid, Dr. Dukinfield H. Scott, Eev. Thomas E. E.
Stebbing, Prof. Sydney H. Vines, and Mr. A. Smith "Woodward.
The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President
appointed the same Scrutineers, and the votes having been
counted and reported to him, he declared the result as follows : —
President, Prof. Sydney H, Vines, M.A., F.E.S.
Treasurer, Mr. Prank Crisp.
„ . r Mr. B. Daydon Jackson.
Prof. George Bond Howes.
IVIr. Eobert Theodore Giinther, who was elected May 3rd, 1900,
Mr. James Scott Gordon, who was elected Dec. 7th, 1899, and
Mr. J. T. Norman Thomas, who was elected April 5th, 1900,
attended, and, having signed the obligation, were admitted
Fellows.
The President then delivered his Annual Address, choosing for
his subject " The unpublished Correspondence of William Swainson
with contemporary Naturalists (1806-1840)," lately acquired by
the Society.
14 PaOCEEDINGS OP THE
The Pbesidbnt's Akniveesaet Addeess.
Eellows oe the Linnban Society,
In the year 1856 my predecessor in this chair read in his
anniversary address a report adopted by the Council, in which it
was considered " desirable that when the Society is able to afford
it, the correspondence of Liunseus should be mounted on guards
and bound in volumes." Your Council have found themselves in
the past year in the fortunate position to be able to consummate
this desire, and the collection of letters, about 4000 in number, is
now before you, bound in sixteen handsome volumes, Not that it
had been in any way neglected in the meantime : our Senior
Secretary went over the whole some years ago, and arranged it in
the alphabetical order of the writers, thus greatly facilitating its
use by those who wished to consult it. The expense incurred by
this measure has made an appreciable inroad into the small sum
which we can set aside for the development of our Library ; never-
theless, when some months ago a similar correspondence of another
Naturalist, William Swainson, was offered to the Society, the
Council, after much deliberation, decided to secure documents which
throw much light upon the life, character, and work of the men
to whom we are indebted for the progress made by natural science
in this country during the first forty years of the present ceutury.
Among them Swainson takes a prominent position — chiefly, indeed,
as a zoological writer; but your Council, before deciding upon
the matter, received the additional assurance that the acquisition of
this correspondence would be also desirable in a botanical point of
view. From the uncomfortable feeling that we were drawing upon
resources of the Society which should be devoted to much-felt,
immediate needs, rather than to what might facetiously be called
a luxury, we were relieved by the approval of the Trustees of the
Bentham Fund and of three of our Fellows, who between them
have contributed <£50, the sum required for the purchase ; a
fourth has promised to defray the cost of the binding, so that
the correspondence will be on the shelves of our Library free of
any charge to our exchequer. Our best thanks are due to the
liberal donors, and we cannot show our gratitude to them in a more
appropriate manner than by rendering these letters and their
contents accessible to all who interest themselves in this kind of
historical enquiry.
With this object in view, I have undertaken to peruse the whole
of the correspondence, and to catalogue the letters with the
shortest possible indication of their contents. As to the mode of
arrangement, I have prepared two manuscripts : one in the form
of a rough draft is purely chronological ; in the other I have
followed the plan adopted for the Linnean correspondence, viz.,
an arrangement in alphabetical order of the writers. The latter
will prove to be the more useful guide ; for, as the collection
consists principally of letters addressed to Swainson, and compara-
tively very few written by himself, it is evident that the informa-
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. t5
tion to be gleaned from them refers to the hfe, character, and
work of the various correspondents as much as to Swainson himself,
or even more so.
It is not my intention to enter into the details of this Catalogue
which I have the honour of offering to the Society ; but if you
permit me I will read to you a general report on the correspondence,
with a few remarks on some of the more I'emarkable portions.
The letters are generally in a good state of preservation,
considering that they accompanied Swainson to New Zealand,
where they were kept for half a century before they were returned
by one of his daughters to England, to the care of Sir Joseph
Hooker. The writing has faded and, in a few letters, has become
illegible. There are 934 of them, written by 236 correspondents,
only 15 being di*afts of letters from Swainson. They are dated
from the year 1806 to 1840, thus extendiug over the entire period
of his scientific activity. The numerical proportions in which they
are distributed over the several years show that the collection
before us must be a fairly complete representation of Swainson's
scientific correspondence. There is, however, one year, viz., 1832,
in which the collection is evidently mutilated ; only four letters
bear that date, and they are from writers whose names commence
with B, so that there can be no doubt that the greater portion of
the correspondence of that year is lost. Also for the years
1835 and 1836 only a few letters are in existence ; but this can be
accounted for by the death of Swainson's first wife, whose loss was
a sad blow to him, greatly impairing his powers of application to
original work. The thought of emigrating and freeing himself
from the ceaseless toil of his numerous literary engagements
originated at that period.
A certain proportion of the letters are of a purely personal
nature, and have no relation to Swainson's scientific work : some
containing more or less interesting biographical information, others
referring to matters so trivial that the reason is not apparent why
Swainson should have preserved them. It was not my business
to eliminate them from my Catalogue, but no notice is taken of
their contents.
In order to place the following remarks before you in a some-
what coherent and intelligible manner, I propose to connect them
by a few data taken from the outline-sketch of Swainson's life that
appeared among the obituary notices of deceased Fellows in our
Proceedings for the year 1856.
Swainson was born in 1789 : his education must have been of
an elementary, unfinished character, for we are told that he entered
the public service as a clerk in the Board of Customs at the early
age of 14 ; but being imbued with an intense love for Natural
History, and a great desire to visit foreign countries, he had
himself transferred to an appointment abroad, which he held from
1806-15. During these years he was stationed in Malta and, for
a longer period, in Sicily, paying visits to Greece and various
parts of Italy. He seems to have had ample leisure for acquainting
1 6 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
himself with the Mora and Pauna of these countries, which then
were very incompletely known : he collected plants and insects of
all orders, crustaceans, shells, fishes, birds ; all had attraction for
him, and of all he brought valuable collections home with him
when he returned to England in 1815. They far exceeded
Swainson's powers and knowledge to be M^orked out by himself ;
but they brought him into direct relations with some of the leaders
in science at home, particularly William Hooker and Alex.
McLeay, and in after years they were utilized by him for the
increase of other parts of his collection. He also had commenced
to cultivate his great artistic talent ; aud in a letter which he
addressed to Shaw, he offered him drawings, made from life,
of birds and marine animals for the 'Naturalists' Miscellany.''
Among his correspondents of this period were the Sicilian
botanists Antonio Arrosto and Bivona Bernardi, the Maltese
entomologist Naudi, and his friend Rafinesque Schmaltz, who
resided at that time at Palermo.
The collection of Eafinesquian letters in the Swainson corre-
spondence is probably the largest that has been preserved of this
enthusiastic, yet fantastic writer. It consists of 53 letters, or 178'
closely-\ATitten folio or quarto pages ; it covers six years of Swain-
son's stay in Sicily and the first five years after Eafinesque's return
to the United States ; and was interrupted only after Eafinesque-
had obtained the position of Professor in the Transylvania Uni-
versity of Lexington ; E/afinesque reopened it for a short time
when he had left Lexington and was thrown again entirely upon
his own very precarious resources, having been encouraged by some
friendly remarks which Swainson inserted in his ' Natural History
of Pishes,' in remembrance of their former companionship. The
last letters were written by Eafinesque only a few months before
his death in 1840 ; yet they show no sign of a decliue of his
physical or mental vitality. In fact, as regards style and variety of
ideas, his last letters are singularly like those of his early manhood.
Eafinesque's position as a botanical and zoological writer has
been fully discussed in North -American literature. While his
contemporaries (Swainson excepted) paid but little attention to his
writings or ignored them altogether, and the men who were still
in touch with him pointed out the worthless character of his
work *, the younger school of North-American naturalists treat
him as one of the pioneers in the investigation of the natural'
products of their country, whose labours mark a distinct progress
in our knowledge, and who in many respects was far in advance of
his time t.
Prom an examination of such of Eafinesque's writings as are
accessible in this country, I came to the conclusion some years ago
that, if they be not set aside in toto, his nomenclature at least
should not be grafted, on the ground of priority, upon the work of
* Silliman's Journal, xl. 1840, p. 220 ; xlii. 1842, p. 280.
t David Star Jordan in 'Popular Science Monthly,' 1886, xxix. p. 212 ; E. E.
Call, ' Eafinesque's Ichthyologia Ohiensis,' Cleveland, 1899, 8vo ; and others.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. I 7
men who possessed a deeper insight into the organization of plants-
or animals, as well as a deeper sense of the responsibilities that
attach to scientific work. I have been confirmed in this view by a
perusal of this correspondence ; and if there is any one who still
entertains some doubts as to whether Rafinesque has been mis-
judged or harshly treated, I recommend him to read these letters.
Jiatinesque was a man deeply to be commiserated, not merely on
account of the unfortunate circumstances which left hioi in his
youth to himself, without teacher or guide, but still more on the
ground of that natural disposition by which his universal failure in
life was brought about. He was possessed by a feverish restlessness
which entirely disqualified him for serious study of any of the
multitudinoiis subjects which attracted his mind in rapid succession.
To Swainson he was of great service, especially during their
joint residence at Palermo ; they made many collecting excursions
into parts of Sicily which would have been inaccessible to Swainson
on account of his want of acquaintance with the language and
the habits of the people. Here it was also that Eatinesque
introduced him to the rich Fish-fauna of the Sicilian coast, and he
continued to supply him with specimens when Swainson had left
for Messina.
Swainson's biographer tells us that after his return to England
in 1815 he relinquished the public service, staying with his father
at Liverpool for rather more than a year. Of course, in so short
a time he could not make any progress with the arrangement of
any of his Mediterranean collections, but he sent his Cryptogams to
William Hooker for examination. He entered also into corre-
spondence with Sir J. E. Smith and Sir J. Banks, especially with
the view of obtaining their assistance for his intended expedition
to Brazil. But of greater interest to us are the letters which about
this time he began to receive from John Abbot of Savannah in
Greorgia, whose skill as an entomological draughtsman was unsur-
passed by any of his contemporaries. Although Swainson's inter-
course with him was rather of a business character. Abbot gives us
by his letters an insight into his pursuits and method of work,
Swainson could not have been in simultaneous correspondence with
two naturalists more iitterly dissimilar in character than Eafinesque
and Abbot. The latter appears as a simple, modest man, devoted
to steady plodding work, carefully following up some course of
observation, and concentrating his extraordinary artistic gift on a
branch of Natural History which was abundantly represented in
his neighbourhood and which excited his admiration. Although
he had no ambition to be an author, he committed to paper his
observations on the life-histories of Lepidoptera, and a selection of
them was edited and published by Sir J. E. Smith. He made
collections of Insects and drawings to order at a prearranged price.
It is interesting to note that even at that early period the changes
in the Fauna and Flora of the United States were already apparent.
Abbot expresses his apprehension that the progress of civilization
LINK. SOC. PKOCEBDINGS. — SESSION" 1899-1900. C
1 8 PEOCEBDINGS OF THE
in his State drives away more and more of the native species so
that he is obliged to go farther afield in search of them. After
1816 he commenced to take up the study of Arachnida. Collec-
tions of his drawings are highly priced and rare : one, of considerable
extent, is in the British Museum ; another set is mentioned by
Abbot as having been acquired of him by an Entomologist of
Zurich. Swainson bought a set of 104 drawings, of the fate of
which I am ignorant : probably they were included in his collection
of drawings which perished with the vessel, in which they were
conveyed to New Zealand. No one could appreciate their value
better than Swainson, and their exquisite beauty and accuracy must
have exercised a very beneficial iuflueace on the work of his own
pencil and brush.
Swainson's expedition to Brazil, of which he himself has given
a short account *, occupied him not quite two years, during which
he collected in the proAince of Pernambuco, on the Rio San
Francisco, in the Bay of S. Salvador, and in the neighbourhood of
Eio de Janeiro. Among the men with whom he was brought in
contact by this journey, and from whom letters are extant, are the
celebrated Austrian traveller John Natterer, Prince Max of
Neuwied, and G. von Langsdorff, the Eussian Consul-General at
Eio, from whom he received very considerable additions to his own
collections of Plants and Insects.
The following four years (1820-3) are signalized as a distinct
period in Swainson's life by several important events ; but I have
here to refer to those only on which the letters before us throw
some light. He commenced now the examination and arrange-
ment of his zoological collections, which yielded to him part of the
materials described and figured in ' Exotic Conchology ' and in
his ' Zoological Illustrations.' The latter is, perhaps, the most
meritorious of Swainson's works, and by the excellent figures, which
he prepared himself, he secured to it a very favourable reception.
Among his admirers he had not a more sincere friend than William
John Broderip, who had then already laid the foundation of his
famous collection of shells, to which Swainson had free and un-
limited access. Broderip took the warmest interest in the success
of Swainson's works ; he showed himself anxious that no part
should lay itself open to adverse criticism, and not without
very good grounds. Swainson was extremely careless in ortho-
graphy and loose in his style of writing ; he persistently misspelt
not ordy technical terms, but also the names of foreign authors,
and even of some of his familiar friends and correspondents ; he
knew no modern language but his own, and the application of
Latin and Greek for the purposes of systematic nomenclature was
a constant source of error. Broderip, who was a classical scholar
and an accomphshed and careful writer, desired to shield his friend
from the injury which he was inflicting upon his works by these
imperfections, and took infinite pains in revising and correcting
the proof-sheets. But so little was this friendly service appreciated
* Edinb. Philos. Journ. i. 1819, pp. 369-373.
LTlfNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOIf. 1 9
bj Swainson, that only too frequently he paid no attention to
Broderip's corrections and, finally, in exasperation, quarrelled
with him. Broderip's letters to Swainson are among the most
pleasing part of the whole correspondence, and bear witness to the
generous spirit which guided the man in his private and public
life, and secured to him uuiversal regard to the end of his days.
The lack of Broderip's friendly helping hand is painfully evident
in some of Swainson's later publications.
Not only Broderip, but also other correspondents took occasion
to caution Swainson against this want of care in writing and
composition. His devoted friend, the Eev. Dr. J. Goodall, Provost
of Eton, who was a zealous student of British shells, implored him
to let him see his manuscripts before they were committed to
the press, preparing even, for Swainson's use, a list of generic
terms from the Grreek, some of which are still familiar to the
malacologist.
In 1822 the Keepership of the Natural Histor}'' Department of
the British Museum became vacant by the resignation of Dr. Leach.
Swainson was very anxious to obtain this appointment, and there
are many letters in the correspondence referring to the matter.
In the list of his supporters were Dr. William Hooker (who, by-
the-by, confessed to having still a " hankering after Zoology," and
who himself seems to have been invited to be a candidate for the
post *), and especially Dr. Thomas Stewart Traill of Liverpool,
afterwards Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at Edinburgh.
Traill occupied at that time a prominent position in Liverpool,
taking an active part in the local movements for the advancement
of science. He was one of the founders of the Eoyal Liverpool
Institution and of a local Museum. By the wide range of his
knowledge he was enabled to engage in a variety of research work
which, however, has not been characterized by accuracy or relia-
bility t. To Swainson he was personally greatly attached, and
■confidently expected the success of his candidature. Swainson's
failure was to him no less a disappointment than to Swainson himself,
and induced him to engage in a crusade against the Trustees of the
British Museum and the administration of the Natural History
Department, by publishing anonymous articles in the ' Edinburgh
Review 'J and 'Westminster Eeview,' which have excited a good
* Sir William Hooker was an accomplished Ornithologist and Entomologist
before he devoted himself to Botany (1806). He had formed a good collection
of the Birds and Insects of Norfolk, and specimens of his collecting are still in
the Norwich Museum. His Library included all the more important Zoological
publications which appeared in England about that time. In fact, his qualifica-
tions as a Zoologist were far superior to those of Children who obtained the
appointment.
t Proc. E. Soc. Edinb. v. 1866, p. 32.
t Vol. xxxyiii. (1832). — Traill mentions in one of his letters the 'Westminster,'
but I have not been able to lay my hand on the particular article, in which, it
would seem, he exposed the neglect of specimens collected by Franklin's
expedition.
c2
PEOCEEDINGS OP THE
deal of attention. The letters before us explain their whole
history. If it had been known at the time from what source and
what motive these articles originated, they probably would have
carried less weight than was accorded to them, or than they deserved..
For although obviously Traill's primary object was to advance the
personal interests of his friend, he performed a public service in
showing up the miserable conditions under which the Natural
History collections were perishing at Montague House, in drawing
attention to the almost total loss of the Sloane collection, and in
paving the way towards the creation of a separate Department of
Zoology. At the same time he injured the legitimate claims of
the British Museum as the depository for collections made at the
national expense, so that only a few years later the Treasury
declined to deposit in the British Museum any of the Arctic spe-
cimens collected by Sir J. Richardson, and ordered them to be
distributed between the Zoological Society, the Edinburgh Museum^
aad Swainson.
A man of Traill's scientific training and aptitude to practical
investigation could not be allured by the quinarian fancies, of
which Swainson soon became the principal exponent, and thus the
correspondence between the two men ceased soon after Traill's
removal to Edinburgh.
In the succeeding three or foiu' years, Swainson seems to have
been chiefly occupied with the study and increase of his zoological
collections ; and zoological work absorbed so much of his time as
to leave him no leisure for engaging in a serious study of the
plants which he had brought home from Brazil. Yet he must
have had that intention, as he persistently declined to communicate
any of them even to a friend of such long standing as Dr. W,
Hooker, with the exception of some Cryptogams, which were
described by the latter in his ' Musci Exotici.' When after the
lapse of some years he complied with Hooker's request, the speci-
mens had been much deteriorated, and the intrinsic value of the
collection impaired, the majority of the new forms having been
described in the meantime elsewhere from the collections of other
traveUei's. The collection, as we are informed by Swainson, con-
sisted of about 1200 species. He acted more prudently with
regard to seeds and living plants which he had brought back from
Brazil. These he sent to various Botanical Gardens, most of them
to Kew, which as a collection of exotic plants had already risen to
such prominence that Barron Eield in one of his letters places it
far above the older sister institution at the Jardin des Plantes.
Swainson's correspondence at this period was very extensive.
Among English Zoologists there is scarcely one with whom
he was not in more or less temporary communication : we
have many letters from Horsfield, Burchell the African traveller,
L. W. Dillwyn, G. Loddiges, Sir W. Jardine, J. Eichardson,
A7"igors, Bloxam (who had collected in the Sandwich Islands, and
afterwards beheved himself to be the culprit who introduced
Anacharis alsinastrum into British waters), J. E. Gray, Riippell
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 21
Lesson, Isaac Lea, and others. The majority of these letters
refer to ornithological and malacological subjects ; but among the
biologists of the time were some of rather fierce and combative
disposition, and this spirit is sometimes reflected in their corre-
spondence. However, their impetuosity is tempered b^ a fair
amount of good-nature in their priA'ate letters, — much more so than
in their published writings ; and it is a curious psychological fact
that those who engaged in the fiercest quarrels show the greatest
anxiety to restore peace between their neighbours. The letters of
Vigors to Swainson are of particular interest, showing that the
relations between these two men, between whom soon a feud of im-
placable character was to break out, were origiually most amicable.
Vigors discusses at length his paper on the classification of Birds
which appeared in our Transactions, and asks Swainson's opinion on
the arrangement of certain orders on which he was working at the
time. He was anxious for Swainson's co-operation, urging him to
be a regular contributor to the ' Zoological Journal,' and to take
an active part in the proceedings of the Zoological Club of the
Linnean Society. In both respects Swainson disappointed him :
divergence of opinion as regards minor points in classification,
probably combined with other causes of no interest to us, com-
pleted the breach which subsequently proved to be a serious
impediment to Swainson in his investigations.
Swaiuson's reputation as a scientific author had been well
established by this time ; but his name became known far and
wide when he engaged to write for various Encyclopaedias, issuing
in rapid succession a series of volumes on Zoology. To accomplish
this vei'y serious task, he had removed to the neighbourhood of
London, to St. Albans, where he continued to reside until he left
England. Erom the great number of correspondents of this
period I select two Ornithologists who by their fame claim our
attention, Audubon and Prince C. Lucien Bonaparte.
Audubon's letters are rather disappointing : they contain chiefly
matter relating to his personal and domestic affairs, and little of
direct ornithological interest. The language in which they are
written is sometimes as fantastic and unnatural as are many of the
pictures on which he was engaged for his mammoth edition of the
^ Birds of America.' The acquaintance between the two men com-
menced with an offer of Swainson to write a review of Audubon's
work. The review (in Loudon's Magazine) was highly eulogistic, but
probably would have been less so later on when Swainson became
better acquainted with Audubon's method. He observed a dis-
creet silence about the famous picture of " The Eagle and the
Lamb," which did not escape Audubon's notice. Shortly after
they paid a joint visit to Paris, where Audubon looked for sub-
scribers to his large and expensive work *, whilst Swainson
cultivated the friendship of the French Zoologists (particularlj'- of
* In this he was so far successful that he obtained 14 additional subscribers,
which raised the total number to 144.
22 PEOCBEDIKGS OF TKB
Lesson), which a few years afterwards led him to break a lance
for his foreign friends in an article entitled " Vindication of cer-
tain French Naturalists." Audubon soon conceived the idea of
publishing some letterpress to his collection of pictures, but as he
himself did not possess the requisite leisure or qualifications, he
was searching for assistance. At that time he does not seem to
have been acquainted with Macgillivray ; at least his name does
not appear in any of his letters. So he placed a plan of the
intended work before Swainson, who declined the proposal. This^
as well as Audubon's return to America in 1831, led to the discon-
tinuance of the correspondence, which afterwards was resumed for
a short period only.
Prince Bonaparte's letters to Swainson are of a very diiferent
chai'acter, and entirely devoted to a variety of ornithological sub-
jects. He also was anxious to secure Swainson's co-operation in
a joint work, having previously made his personal acquaintance
during a visit to England. In 1838 he proposed to Swainson to
take up his residence with him at Rome for the object of preparing
a Catalogue of all the species of Birds known, then estimated to be
7000-8000 in number. Sv^ainson entered into this proposal ; but
the conditions which he attached to his share of the woi'k (the
immediate purchase of his private collectioa for =£500 being one of
them) did not appear to be acceptable to Bonaparte. Probably
it was fortunate for both parties that the scheme proved abortive,
for Swainson could never have carried out his part of such a
gigantic undertaking. He had worked now at high pressure
for years without interruption. His encyclopsedic contributions
covered a wide field, indeed, and they alone might have occupied
the energies and time of an indefatigable writer. But beside
these engagements he continued other scientific work, such as the
Birds in the ' Pauna Boreali- Americana,' the ' Birds of Brazil and
Mexico,' the second series of his ' Zoological Illustrations.' For
many of these volumes he himself prepared the illustrations.
We cannot wonder that Swainson fell hopelessly into arrears ; and
the letters of Sir J. Richardson and various publishers are full of
reminders of the dangerous delays in his works, no doubt engender-
ing a growing desire for a total change of his surroundings and
occupation.
Also the building of Quinarism, in the erection of which
Swainson had taken so much pride, began to totter ; and the
rapidity of its collapse shows that besides W. McLeay, Vigors,
and Swainson, it had but few sincere supporters. Among Swain-
son's correspondents, J. McClelland, the Indian naturalist, appears
to be the only one who unreservedly adopted quinarian views ; he
considers himself to be a victim of persecution on account of
them. Kirby declines to oiFer an opinion on Swainson's arrange-
ments of Lepidoptera ; and Selby, who elsewhere gave a modified
assent to a quinarian system of Birds, never alludes to the matter
in his letters. In fact, the few correspondents who entered into
a discussion of the subject, did so in response to Swainson's
IiINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 23
direct attempt at proselytism ; and the replies he received from
Dr. Lindlej, Th. Horsfield, A. H. Haworth, Westwood, Children,
and J. Eennie ought to have made him cautious in publishing *
statements as to the general acceptance of the " theory of circu-
larity and paralleUsm of natural groups." I have no doubt that
he was convinced of the truth of the principle, at any rate for the
greater part of the period of his scientific activity ; but we cannot
overlook the fact that the quinarian method served him well,
investing with a cloak of originality his treatises on those classes
of animals with which he was not well acquainted. I refer now
more particularly to Swainson's performance in Ichthyology.
When he began his ' Natural History of Fishes,' his direct ac-
quaintance with this class was limited to the species collected and
delineated by him in Sicily and Brazil ; he could not obtain much
help from the collections of the Zoological Society and the British
Museum, which were then in their infancy and inadequate for
study ; and the correspondence ^vith Yarrell shows how little
attention he had paid to Tishes since his return from Brazil f.
If he had been satisfied to compile his Natural History from con-
temporaneous ichthyological literature, he might have produced a
useful handbook. But to attempt, with his deficient knowledge, a
rearrangement of the class, and to carry it out, on quinarian lines,
down to the subdivisions of families, genera, and subgenera, of
many of which he had never seen or examined a specimen, was a
disastrous undertaking.
I have allowed myself to drift into these observations, because
I have persistently ignored Swainson's systematic attempts in
Ichthyology. They indicate in no respect an advance in this
branch of science. I regard his work on Eishes as a literary
curiosity, the appearance of which was a misfortune to a man who,
by his indefatigable industry under by no means favourable cir-
cumstances, has contributed as much as any of his contemporaries
to the advancement of Zoology and its diffusion among the people.
Before his departure to New Zealand in 1840, Swainson disposed
of his collections of specimens and drawings. We learn from his
correspondence, that they were offered by him in the first instance
to the British Museum and the Earl of Derby. However, as
Professor Newton informs me, they were in the end acquired for
Cambridge, and many of the specimens are still preserved in the
University Museum. The drawings were by some mistake shipped
to New Zealand, and lost during the A^oyage.
I have found interpolated with Swainson's letters others, some
* IS'at. Hist. Fish. i. p. 2.
t Swainson missed the opportunity of being the first describer of Protoptcrics.
Th. 0. B. Weir, its discoverer, wrote to Swainson that he had specimens of a
new fish, sending him notes on its singular habits which ought to have excited
his attention. Weir offered to him anything he wished from his collection
(March 1837) ; yet althougli at that time Swainson was engaged with his MS. on
Fishes, he took no notice of Weir's discovery or specimens, and two years later
the latter passed into the collection of the College of Surgeons.
24
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
twentj in number, which originally were part of the correspondence
of the Rev. L. Gruilding, the well-known naturalist of St. Vincent,
who himself was ia occasional communication with Swainson. All
refer to the Flora and Fauna of the "West Indies, especially of
St. Vincent and Guadeloupe. The most remarkable are those
written between 1813 and 1819 by Ferdinand L'Herminier, a man
of wide and sound information and an accurate observer, who
afterwards made himself known by his researches into the ossifi-
cation of the Avian sternum. In the years iu which those letters
are dated, he followed geological and mineralogical pursuits, for
which his residence in the volcanic island of Guadeloupe gave him
ample materials. It appears from his letters that he sent two
papers to London — one, on Guadeloupe Geology, to the President
of the Eoyal Society, which seems to be the same as the one that
appeared about that time in the ' Journal de Physique,' vols. 30
and 31 (1815). The other paper, entitled " Considerations sur
I'etat primitif des Antilles," was communicated to the Geological
Society, but neA'er published. In this memoir, of which the well-
kept manuscript is still in the Library of that Society, he enters
into the geology of the Antilles generally, maintaining that the
Gulf of Mexico was once a Mediterrauean sea. I hope that the
Geological Society may yet do justice to the memory of a man of
genius who has anticipated many modern ideas, if on a renewed
examination the paper or an abstract of it should be found worthy
of a place in their tfournal.
And now my task is concluded. I resign the honourable trust,
which you confided to me four years ago, into younger and stronger
hands. I do so wT:th that passing regret which we all feel when a
chapter in our life closes ; but I do so also with a strong feeling of
lasting satisfaction. If the term of my Presidency has not been
signalized by any measure markedly beneficial to the Society, your
affairs, I trust, have not been allowed to suffer or languish ; the
duties of this chair and the introduction into the inner workings
of the Society, have been a source of real pleasure to me. The
hearty co-operation of your Council and Officers has lightened my
duties, and I offer my thanks to them as well as to all who have
indulgently borne with my shortcomings. And now nothing
remains to me but to express the hope that I shall continue to be
able to be of some use to the Society in the years that may yet be
in store for me.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
25
Catalogue oe the Swainson Correspondence in the
possession op the linnean society.
Abbot, John.
Savannah.
20 Dec. 1816.
Bahia.
■ 25 Oct. 1817.
Bahia.
26 Feb. 1818.
Savannah.
1 May 1818.
Bullock Co.
10 Nov. 1818.
Savannah.
7 June 1819.
Bullock Co.
12 July 1819.
Savannah.
16 Dec. 1819.
Savannah.
15 Jan. 1820.
S
In reply to S.'s enquiry A. offers drawings of
insects — with answer from S.'s father.
S. answers, ordering as many as his means will
allow.
ofters in part payment Brazilian Birds and
Insects.
A. has made a consignment to S. ; loss of wife
renders him homeless.
Accepts S.'s offer of exchange — deplores deteriora-
tion of Georgian Fauna — wants S.'s advice as to
preservatives.
Annexed is S.'s reply (Liverpool, 28 Jan. 1819) ;
he is not well satisfied with Abbot's consign-
ment and reduces price — further offers of ex-
change.
Agrees to exchange of specimens, but drawings are
to be paid for (letter in duplicate).
Reference to a series of drawings sent by A. to
Zurich.
As to their business transactions.
Ditto. A. has lost large collections by fire,
End of a letter with a bill for 900 insects and
104 drawings.
Allen, Th.
Malta. Purely personal.
3 Sept. 1814 &
17 Jan. 1815.
Amsinck, J.
Hamburg. Proposes ornithological exchange.
9 Nov. 1819.
Anderson, Gteorge.
London. Thanks for present of living Sicilian plants.
5 Feb. 1810.
AnNESLEY, GrEORGE, 1st Earl MOUNTNORRIS.
1 Jan. 1820. About shells.
AfiROSTO, Ant.
Messina. Six short letters on miscell. botan. subjects.
30 July 1812,
21 Dec. 1812,
5 July 1815, _
and three others without date.
Audubon, John James.
London. In reply to an offer by S. to review his works for
9 April 1828. a copy of them at cost-price, A. agrees, although
his publications cost him twice the sale price. —
Habits of Lanius excubitor.
18 April 1828. A. proposes to meet S.
26
PBOCEEDINGS OF THE
Audubon, J. J. (com.).
1 May 1828. A most effusive letter of thanks for S.'s review. —
His plan of publishing a work on British
Birds does not meet with favour from any one.
16 June 1828. Another letter in high flown language. His
method of composing the picture of the Eagle
and the Lamb.
1 July 1828. On the same and other pictures composed or im-
proved in London from various materials.
July 1828. A. hopes the "Eagle and Lamb" will go to
Windsor Castle. S. abstained from oflEering
an opinion on the merits of the picture.
Aug. 1828. Despondent about domestic affairs ; proposes to S.
a visit to Paris.
21, 22, 25 Aug. About the arrangements for the journey. Has
1828. received from Vigors the offer of £10 10s. Od.
p. sheet for a paper for the Zoolog. Journal.
To Mrs. S., who joins the party to Paris
27 Aug. 1828.
1 Nov. 1828.
A.
has returned from Paris where he got 14
subscribers to his work, which raises the whole
list of subscribers to 144.
7 Nov. 1828. A. has sold his picture of the Blue Jays for
10 gs. ; he has presented his work to the
Linuean Society, without receiving an ac-
knowledgment.
20 Dec.
25 Dec.
1828.
1828.
14 Feb. 1829.
New Jersey.
14 Sept. 1829.
London.
28 April 1830.
5 May 1830.
26 July 1830.
Manchester.
22 Auo-. 1830.
London.
6 June 1831.
6 Dec. 1837.
11 Jan. 1838.
A. mentions that the skeleton of the Elephant
from Exeter 'Change fetched £400.
Pi'ivate aftaii's.
Private affairs. — Habits of Amj^elis americana.
A. has returned to England, visits Paris again,
sends S. copy of the first Volume of Ornith.
Biography ; disapproves of S.'s engaging in
controversial matters in his article on " Female
Naturalists."
About his mammoth publication ; is greatly
elated by his election into the Royal Society,
and the recognition of his works by the U.S.
Government.
Considers a new Woodpecker named by S. to be
the yoimg of a well-known species ; gives 30
birds to the Brit. Mus.
About the same Woodpecker — A. proposes to S.
the preparation of a new work, A. giving
ideas, S. putting them into a pleasing shape,
both authors j oining their households during
the progress of the work.
A. returns to America for collecting purposes.
A asks for loan of some birds.
About Prince Bonaparte. — Cygnus hewickii and
other Northern Birds.
AUDUBOIf, ViCTOE GrlEFOED (son o£ J. J. A.).
London. Expects his father to arrive in England.
8 May 1824.
Atlesfoed, Lady. See Finch, A. S.
lITfNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 27
BaBBAGE, CHA.ELES.
Loudon. On the decline of science.
31 Jan. 1832.
Bainbeidge, Gr. C.
No date. " Sturnus prsedatorius." — " Emberiza erythro-
phthalmar
Baldwin, E.
London. 17 Oct. 1820.
Banks, Sir Joseph.
London. Returns thanks for present of seeds.
27 Sept. 1816.
From Swainson, Asks for official letters of introduction to Portuguese
Liverpool, Govr. in Brazil, but declines to undertake any
20 Nov. 1816. duties beyond sending living plants to R.
Gardens at Kew.
From Swainson. S. having returned from Brazil, has sent another
No date. lot of seeds to Banks.
London. B. has failed to obtain the desired assistance ; he
16 Feb. 1819. has sent the seeds to Kew.
Babclat, Eobert.
Cheltenham. Exchange of greenhouse-plants.
3 & 28 May 1828.
Barnard, JNIarkland.
London. On the origin of the human races.
27 May 1829.
Bathurst, C.
Sandrock, 22 Feb. 1838.
Fareham, 23 April 1838.
Bell, Thomas.
Loudon, 28 March 1827. lUegible.
April 1831. Bell has the real Testudo ritgosa of Shaw.
9 April 1838. Apology for having kept specimens belonging'
to S. for 10 years.
Bennett, Edward Turner.
Loudon. With PS. by Vigors.
22 Oct. 1822. The Entomolog. Soc. of London.
2 July 1828. Asks for continuation of paper on Laniidce in Zool.
Joura. and — S. declines.
Nov. 1828. Zool. Club of Linn. Soc. Ray commemoration
18 Dec. 1828. dinner.
Bernaedi, Antonio Bitona.
Palermo,
July 1810. On Orchids.
2^ ju^^ \ll\' \ Oil collecting plants for S.
19 Dec. 1815. Letter of thanks from Linn. Soc. for publications.
BiCHBNO, James Ebenezer (Sec. Linn. Soc).
London.
14 Nov. 1827. As to access to the library of the Society.
7 May 1828. Society declines to give plates from the Trans-
actions to S.
28
PROCEEDINGS OE THE
Blackwall, John.
Cumpsall Hall. On Muscicapa atricapilla and Lanius excubitor.
26 Mar. 1820.
Blomeeield, Sir Th.
Shootei's Hill, On Proiyierops.
11 April 1823.
BioxAM, Andrew.
Valparaiso. Has visited the Sandwich Islds. ; fauna very
18 Sept. 1825. poor; the " yellow-winged birds " (Moho)
nearly exterminated and cost 1 dollar each ;
has found very little at the Galapagos Islds.
Rugby. Has returned to England ; cannot part with his
Mar. 1826. collections which belong to Admiralty ; but
may get some specimens from a shipmate, and
will communicate his notes to S.
Sends S. some Sandwich Isl. shells.
Enters the Church : about S.'s proposal to sell
Brazil. Birds to Oxford Museum.
On the same matter. Has noticed a very strange
bird.
26 Mar. 1826.
26 April 1826.
19 April 1826.
Oxford.
24 AprH 1826.
BODIBN & EeINKE.
Rotterdam.
15 April 1825.
BoHN, John.
London.
22 May 1839, I About S.'s proposal to sell his collection of
18 Aug. 1839. I drawings.
Bonaparte, C, Lucien Jules Laurent, Prince.
About lithographic stones.
Florence.
30 July 1830.
Rome.
24 July 1830.
6 April 1832.
London.
Nov,
5 Dec.
Leghorn.
19 July 1838.
1837.
1837.
Booth, J.
London.
1 Mar.
1819.
About his movements — notes on S.'s Mexican
Birds — has little faith in Audubon's drawings.
About exchange of publications — notes on various
Birds — Museums in Italj'. — Are there two
Golden-crested Wrens?
Agrees to S.'s charge of three guineas each for
drawing plates ; also to the purchase of a copy
of his Arctic birds. — On Cinclus.
Proposes to visit S.
A request for the loan of some birds.
Proposes to S. to reside with him in Rome, for
the object of jointly writing a general work
on all the birds known, estimated at 7000-8000
species. — A list of errors in S.'s geographical
comparative list. — Ac/rilorhinus.
Reply by Swainson : mentioning the terms on
which he will accept B.'s oft'er, adding that he
has another oiFer from Hodgson to publish an
Indian Zoology in fol. — OfJers his collection
of birds for £500.
About Wood's * Conchology.'
LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON.
29
BosTOCK, John, Dr.
London. Remuneration for an article.
20 Dec. 1825.
Holmwood. On matter.
29 June 1829.
London. 1
22 Nov. 1832. > Discontinues ' Illustrations.'
7 Jan. 1833. |
Brande, William Thomas.
London. "j
1822,
25 Oct.
8 Dec.
31 Jan.
17 Aug.
6 Jan.
-iQoo i. About S.'s contributions to Quarterly Journal:
r
remuneration to be £8 per sheet.
1827. j
1827. J
1830. With a reply from S.
Brewster, David, Sir.
Edinburgh. Reply to S.'s ofter of literary -work.
19 Jan. 1820.
Bbightwell, Thomas.
Norwich. Offers to S. unpubUshed drawings of Insects by
18 July 1821. Wilkin, also Insects from his own coU. —
17 Aug. 1821. Agrion.
Bbodebip, William John.
London.
On " Mermaids."
About Exotic
Aporrhais.
11 Nov.
12 Nov.
20 & 21 Oct.
31 Oct.
5 & 16 Nov.
1820.
1820.
1821.-^
1821. I
1821. I
Conchology — about shells —
11 Dec. 1821. j
No date. )
2 & 7 Jan. 1822.
13 Jan. 1822.
4 Oct. 1822.
9 Dec. 1822.
12 Sept. 1822.'
Three letters without
date.
London.
8 July 1824.
12 Oct. 1827.
10 Mar. 1827.
All these letters refer to proof-sheets, submitted
to B. for revision ; he remonstrates with S.
about his carelessness in nomenclature, spelling
and style, and gives him much friendly and
patient advice.
On Cyprfsa lactea.
S, breaks off his friendlv relations with B.
On Bullock's Mexican Exhibition.-
— New Humming-birds.
-New Avienla.
B. discreetly declines to interfere with S.'s differ-
ences with Vigors. — About Vohita lyriformis.
— The new editors of the Zoological Journal. —
Vigors presents his bu'ds to the Zoolog. Soc,
and probably also his insects.
9 Oct. 1827. About the delay in the publication of one of S.'s
contributions in the Zoolog. Journ.
3 & 22 Nov. 1830. Referring to affairs of the Roy. Soc. — Agitation
in favour of Herschel.
20 May 1839. Brit. Mus. declines to purchase S.'s collections
of di-awings and specimens.
— 1840, Sound advice about engaging in controversy.
— About TJielidomus.
3°
PROCEEDINGS OE THE
Brookes, Joshua.
Theatre of Ana-
tomy.
27 May 1819.
Beown, Eobeet.
London.
4 July 1820.
Beown, Th.
Edinburgh.
9 Aug. 1819.
BUILOCK, Wu-LIAM.
London.
22 Jan. 1818.
12 Dec. 1819.
15 Dec. 1820.
12 Mar. 1824.
Bulwee, J.
Dublin.
23 Mar. 1824.
21 Sept. 1824. i
Oct. 1824. I
1 Dec. 1824.
Offers 5 guineas for a specimen of the Great-
headed Goatsucker {Podargus).
Official letter from Linn. Soc. allowing to S, fi-ee
use of their specimens of Shells and Insects.
Exchange of shells.
Preparing to sell his Museum by auction.
About the sale.
Offers to sell S.'s shells. — Leach hopelessly ill.
About an offer by S. to describe the new species
in B.'s possession.
A wealthy collector of shells; about exchanges
with S.
Bunting, J.
London.
21 April 1840. About missionary work in New Zealand.
11 Nov. 1840. A letter of introduction to missionaries in New
Zealand.
Bubchell, "William John.
Fulham.
22 Mar. 1819.
27 Sept. 1819.
Liverpool.
17 Aug. 1824.
Fulham.
10 Sept. 1824.
11 Dec. 1824.
Fulham.
15 Feb. 1825.
22 Feb. 1825.
5 Mar. 1825.
Rio de Janeiro.
31 Aug. 1825.
Fulham.
15 Sept. 1830.
23 Oct. 1830.
1 & 11 Nov. 1830.
Li reply to a request by S., B. states that his
Insects have been deposited in the Brit. Mus.,
and that his bii-ds are packed up.
Is travelling through England.
S. has established more friendly relations with B.
who, however, still withholds his coU. of
Birds. — Malaconotus atrocyarmis.
Preparing for an expedition to Brazil.
B. informs S. that Langsdorff sends S. 600 birds
for £65 ; also Insects. L. is collecting in the
interest for the Russian Govt. B. prepares
for his journey into the interior.
Sends S. African plants, and promises to open his
boxes of birds.
> Invitations and meetings of B. and S.
LINNEAN SOCIEir OF LONDON.
31
Fulham.
24 Jan. 1831.
28 Feb. 1831.
21 April 1831.
24 April 1831.
18 Sept. 1832.
6 Aug. 1838.
29 Jan. 1839.
30 May 1839.
8 June 1839.
23 Aug. 1839.
3 Oct. 1839.
About B.'s enormous collections wbicb are still to
be worked out — about collecting Coleoptera in
papers.
Habits of Nectarinia — generic names for Wood-
peckers — is favourable to S.'s proposal, of jointly
working out bis birds — about S.'s vindication
of certain French authors (Lesson & Desmarest).
Mentions the bead and painting of the Dodo at
Oxford.
Goes to Paris.
About S.'s intention to emigrate.
Conveys information as to the advantages of
Tasmania for intending emigrants; dissuades
S. from leaving England.
About family affairs.
Byrne, A.
London.
7 July 1821.
Canteebuby, Arclibishop of. [William Howley.]
Lambetb. Copy of S.'s application for the Keepersbip of the
4 Mar. 1840. Zool. Dept. Brit. Mus. — Archbishop's acknow-
ledgment of receipt.
Cantor, Theodore Edward.
London. Describes his zoolog. work in India, and offers S.
22 May 1838. certain specimens.
28 July 1838. Gives S. duplicate insects, but reserves his
14 & 20 Aug. 1838. ichthyological material to himself.
Charlesworth, Edward.
London.
11 July 1838. ( The Mag. Nat. Hist, is quite open to receive
19 Nov. 1838. ( communications fi-om S.
Children, John George.
London.
15 Jan. 1831.
4 June 1831.
11 July 1831.
6 Mar. 1840.
Clifford, J. D.
Lexington.
17 April 1820.
Draft of a letter from S. joining issue with Ch.
about systems in Nat. Hist.
Ch.'s reply — referring particularly to the system
of Lamarck.
Declines to support S.'s candidature for the
Keepersbip in the Zool. Dept. of the Brit. Mus.,
and regards J. E. Gray to be the one best
qualified for the post.
Offers fossils for exchange.
32 PROCEEDINGS OP THE
COATES, D.
London. About Mission work in New Zealand.
27 Mar. 1840.
Cooper, William.
New York. ")
10 June 1830. f Sends S. fresh-water shells.
30 June 1830. j
CoRRiE, Mrs.
17 Dec. 1827. Illegible.
8 Oct. 1828.
No date. Griffith's collection of shells — Stroinbus hemioniis,
J-i.
Cotton, E. S.
8 At» '1 181*1 Contents political and social.
London. 1
18 Aug. 1838. 1 Contents religious.
14 Jan. 1840. |
Cuming, Hugh.
London. Business transaction.
24 Nov. 1840.
Cunningham, Allan.
Port Jackson. His botanical collections are sent to Kew, but he
25 May 1821. may give insects to S. — Is acquainted with
LangsdorflF.
6 Feb. i828. Sends S. birds from N.S. Wales.
Kew Bridge. 1
3 Oct. 1831. \ About Australian birds which he had offered to S.
3 Nov. 1831. )
Cunningham, Richard.
Sydney. Promises to occasionally make entomol. obser-
9 Nov. 1833. vations and collections for S.
Curtis, John.
London. I
7 letters & 2 ( Referring to a dispute about plates coloured by
drafts of S's.f C. for S.
replies, 1820. )
Davy, Sir Humphrey.
London. Referring to S.'s candidature for Leach's post.
9 April 1822.
Derby, 13th Earl of. See Stanley, E. S.
DiLLWYN, Lewis Weston.
Penllergare. )
7 April 1822. ( On synonymy of various shells. — Solander's MS.
22 May 1822. [ names are now in common use.
No date.
LUfXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. ;^;^
Doy, David.
London.
19 Oct. 1829.
DoxoTAK, Edward.
London.
24 Sept. 1806. "I Mentions some of his desiderata of Mediterr.
29 Sept. 1806. / fishes which S. might supply.
24 Sept. 1816. Declines S.'s Mediterr. fishes; himself collecting
on the S. Coast.
2 Nov. 1820. Unable greatly to assist S.
18 Jan. 1829.
Doubled AT, Edward.
Epping.
8 July 1840. About his American entomol. collecting.
20 July 1840. Sends S. a box of Lepidoptera.
Drummond, James.
Swan River. Notes on some birds of the Swan River ; cost of
1 Nov. 1837. collecting.
Drummoi^^d, Thomas.
Belfast. Preparations for a collecting expedition.
1 Feb. 1831.
Dti^rcAy, James.
Edinburgh.
20 May 1840. Desires information for biography of Naturalists.
5 July 1840. About Papilio ripheus.
No date. Writes with and for S.
DuvAUCEL, Sophie. (Cuvier's step-daughter.)
Paris. Descriptive of Cuvier's activitv.
19 Jan. 1830.
Edmonston, C.
Broadfield. On Humming-birds.
17 Aug. 1819.
Elliott, Stephen.
Charleston. )
14 Jan. 1823. \ Referring to exchanges of shells and plants.
10 June 1824. \
Engel, Gt. H.
Hamburg. Brazilian birds are a drug in the market.
21 July 1820.
Ewma, T. J.
Ilobart. On Tasmanian birds.
9 Oct. 1837.
Falconer, D.
Carlowne. On the cultivation of Irises.
29 Mar. 1828.
IINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS.— SESSION 1899-1900. d
34
PEOCEEDrS'GS OF THE
FisrssAC. Ax-pTtF Etiexnt: Jusirs' Pascal Joseph Fe-4:n"coi3
d'Audebaed. Baron de.
Paris. Addressed to Guildin^ : desires sliells and drawings,
10 July 1&-27. from the West Indies.
ELD, BaEEOX.
Paris.
13 Oct. 1825.
London.
31 Aug. 1826.
Liverpool.
10 Jan. 1827.
1 Dec. 1828.
London.
21 June 1829.
Gibraltar.
3 Aug. 18S4.
Describes Lacepede's funeral -n-hicli tie attended. —
Sen'cuius chrysocephalus, S''^- = Orio/us regens
Gaim. — Jardin des Plantes interior to Ke-w. —
Attends a meeting of the Institute.
F. removes to Liverpool.
Personal
AUudes to a financial misfortune in Airs. S.'s
family. — Enlarges upon the advancement of
Zoology in England throucrb Vigors's estab-
lishment of a Zoolog. Garden : and refers to
the Ray commemoration by the Linn. Soc,
and to the new series of the Zoolog. lUus-
trations.
Removes to Gibraltar — the Zoolog. Garden has
made Zoology fashionable in London, and
Exeter 'Change is extinct — the Medico-botan-
ical Societv and R. Brown.
FixcH, ArarsTA Sophia, Lady Ateeseoed.
Kenmore. " Loxiafusca " — " Quaker-birds.''
No date.
Fetdlat, E.
Easterhill. About S.'s preparations for settling in Xew
20 Feb. 1840. Zealand.
FOESHAEE, Eev. JOSIAH.
Brit. Mus. The Trustees decline the purchase of S,"s col-
15 May 1839.
lections.
FOSTEE, J., Jr.
Athens.
'2o Xov. 1811. Directions for S."s journey in Greece.
16 April 1819.
11 Nov. 1819.
Liverpool.
26 Jan. 1823.
9 Dec. Itf23.
FEA^^CrLLOS", J.
Malta.
20 July 1813.
London.
6 Oct. 1813.
15 April 1816.
A letter from S., offering Sicilian Insects and
making enquiries about Abbot.
Reply to S.'s letter : has some of Abbot's insects
in .stock, which S. declines to buy.
F. declines to be intermediary between S. and
Abbot who is honest in all hia dealingrs.
LESMLi^' SOCUETT OF UOSDOJi. 35
Fbaxe^lix, Sir Jows.
London. Directions for adniL^ion to the Maseani of tbe
28 July 1828. Hudson's Bay Co. — About Kichardson's birds.
Fbt. E. W."
Eio de Janeiro.
20 Feb. 1819. About S.'s Brazilian s^rant^
14 Au?. 1819.
•j1 May 1820. About money matters.
GlAJ)STO>£. D.
London. The Society of Travellers.
5 Mar. 1821.
Gleig, Be v. Geobge Kobeht.
"\^'ino:ham. Oflfer to S. to write Entcmolc^ for Colbnnie's
4 Aug. 1830. National Library.
GooDAix, Dr. Joseph.
Eton.
23 Jan. 1822. About S.'s candidature for the Brit. Mus.— G.
would prefer G. Sowerbv.
3 Mar. 1822. On Tarious British species of diells — Pattlla
chulaudi.
1 June 1823. On synonymy of British shells— lefeience to
Dillwyn.
Windsor.
24 Oct. 1827. A long letter on non-classical names in Con-
choio£r>".
11 XoT. 1828.
Eton.
28 April 1829. Composes generic names from the Greek for S."s
use.
6 July 1829. Reports a risit from Ferulae.
23 Jidv 1829. 1 o i - <• o.
■"" ^ 11 Aui l'^**9 \ ^*>"®<^*® generic names for S.
18 Au^. 1S29.
19 Oct. 1829. Points out to S. that his works abound in lingn-
istic errors, and be^ him to let him see ibis
MSS. before they go to the printer.
14 XoT. 1829. On the same subject.
Loudon.
25 Feb. 1S30. G. is close upon 70 years of age.
27 Juue ISoO. Sends S. a li<t of blunders in " Illnstralions^'
■5 Au^. 1S30. Offers again his help in this matter.
1^7 Nov. 1S33.
12 vV 20 XoT. IS^iS. As well as in other respects.
Mar. 1839. Is not reconciled to S.'s expatriation.
GrOrLD, JOH>-.
Londou.
12 Dec. 1830. Exehange>? publications with S., and sends him
birds on loan or for sale.
30 April 1834.
21 Jan. 1837. Sends S. his Synopsis of Australian Birds.
GB.OiT, J. AA'.
Calcutta. Promises to coUtct Insects fiar S.
4 Feb. 1539.
d2
^6 peoceedings of the
— Geapel.
No date. Two letters.
Grates, G.
London. Reply to S.'s wish to exchange British for
3 Oct. 1811. Sicilian plants ; is engaged in writing a book
on British Birds.
Graves, Geoege.
Peckhani. )
23 & 27 Nov. 1820. (
13 Dec. 1820. f
31 July 1821. J «
Geay, Geoege Eobeet.
Brit. Mus. Lends S. a book.
20 Aug. 1838.
Geay, Johis^ Edwaed.
Brit. Mus. "Will show S. the Sicilian fish presented by the
11 July 1828. latter to the Museum.
Blackheath. Has returned from his Continental tour — is
30 Aug. 1829. engaged on Cyprceiclts, and would be glad to
examine those in S.'s collection — after com-
pletion of their arrangement the duplicates iu
the B. M. will be either sold or exchanged by
the Trustees.
5 Oct. 1829. Eesult of G.'s examination of S.'s Cowries.
11 Nov. 1829. About exchange of books.
London.
23 June 1830. A friendly communication on various matters.
G. R. Gray first mentioned.
5 Aug. 1830, Cuvier in London. — G. goes again to the Continent.
22 Nov. 1830.
3 Dec. 1830. S. has drawn plates for G. who demurs to his
charges.
24 .Ian. 1831. About the same matter.
23 Mar. 1831. Joins S. in attacking Vigors and Zool. Soc.
28 June 1831. ■
11 Oct. 1831. Proposes a new arrangement oi Raptores, widely
different from Yigors's.
GREGso?f, Matthew,
7 July 1821, Presents S. with some .shells. '
Getffith, Edwaed.
London. Accepts S.'s apology.
27 July 1830.
GuiLDiNG, Eev, Lansdown.
No date. Autobiographical Notes ; expenses of an under-
graduate at Oxford.
St. Vincent. Notes on "West Indian collections and exchanges.
27 Sept. 1824. — Mentions the series of drawings on which
he is engaged for a Pomona occidentalis by
W. Hooker.
4 Sept. 1828. On St. Vincent Humming-birds and Ferns.
LIXXE-O' SOCIETY OF LONDON . 37
St. Vincent.
9 April 1829. List of drawings "which G. could execute.
'2S July 1829. Exchanges specimens with S. — Is afraid that his
paper and drawiiios of the Insects of the
Sugar-cane will sutler during publication.
Appended are original notes on the term Fujni ;
and on poisonous hsh.
Haldemax, Samuel Stehmax.
Philadelphia. Asks whether S. will sell him part of his Mollusca,
Oct. 1840. himself bringing out a work on Limniadcs,
about which he gives miscell. information. —
Strong charges against Audubon who is not
personally esteemed in America. — Critical
remarks on S.'s Malacology in Cabin. Cyclop.
— QuiscaJus purpurutus, Sw., is the male of
Q. versicolor. — Thelulomus a larva-case.
Hardwicke, Thomas.
Clapham. A reply to S. — Difficulty of access to Xepaul. —
2i Oct. 1827. Has sent his entomol. collection to Linn. Soc,
where imfortunatel}- Alex. McLeay had access
to them.
21 Xov. 1827.
Lambeth. Subscribes to S.'s works. — Seems to be dissatisfied
24 Dee. 1833. with the progress made by Gray with
Illustr. Ind. Zoology ; S. seems to be ready to
act as substitute.
22, 27, 28 Jan. 1834. Has arranged with Gray about his difficulties, so
that S.'s htlp is not required.
Haela>', Eichard.
Philadelphia. About Ward, one of S.'s collectors — Audubon
20 Oct. 1829. industrious and proud — about exchanges of
publications with the Academy — their present
foreign Secretary uusatisfactor}'.
Ha WORTH, Adeian Haedy.
Chelsea.
17 Oct. 1821.
12 Feb. 1827. About his ' Lepidoptera Britannica ' — has a large
herbarium — uever received anything from
liatinesque in return for his consignments.
4 Aug. 1827. Has no faith in MacLeay's circles, " nor do I
know of anyone who has, except Vigors and
yourself."
26 Sept. 1827. About foreign works on Diptera, and his own
collection of Lepidoptera.
28 Mar. 1828.1 tt- .• . .
... J. ^A•'>>i \ rlis dichotomous system.
24 Jan. 1829. On the same subject; "analogies the shadow of
a shade."
Hayxes, Miss W.
IS May 1827. )
• I Dec. 1827. f
4 Jan. 1828. '
Xo date. )
38
PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE
Henrt, AVilliam.
Manchester.
2 Dec. ]821.
21 Oct. 1827.
Fonnation of Natural History Society.
Mancliester Museum declines purchase of speci-
mens offered by S.
Henslow, Prof. JoHN^ Stevexs
Cambrido-e.
20 Sept. 1826.
30 Mav 1828.
Regarding Philosoph. Society and Jenyns.
Regarding himself — invitation to S.
HERMITflEE, Gr.
Basse Terra.
31 Jan. 1818.
2 Sept. 1813.
Addressed to Guilding.
Addressed to W. Lockhead, Superint. Botan.
Garden, St. Vincent : treats of the minera-
logy of Tolcanic products and of the geo-
logical history of the Gulf of Mexico and the
Antilles.
8 July 1814. Addressed to Guilding — has sent to Pres. Roy.
Soc. a memoir on geological changes in
Guadeloupe.
2 Aug. 1816. Has not heard from Sir J. Banks about his
memoir; has sent one to the Geological Society
" on the primitive condition of the Antilles." — •
Chemical notes.
19 Sept. 1819. Addressed to Guilding (?). About seeds sent by
him.
Heeschel, Sir John.
14 Feb. 1839. Thanks for a copy of the 'Statistical Zoology of
Great Britain.'
Hoalbeooke, T.
Liverpool.
7 June 1814.
Thanks from the L'pool Botan. Garden for seeds.
Hodgson, C.
Canterbury.
15 May 1840.
Hogg, J.
London.
7 Dec. 1839.
HoiL, "William.
London.
27 Dec. 1837.
About publishing liis son's drawings.
Sends S. a copy of his paper on Amphibia.
Reply to a proposal regarding the ' Naturalist.'
Home, Sir Eveeaed.
London. Thanks for a copy of Zool. Illustr.
3 Jan. 1829.
HooKEE, Sir William Jackson.
Halesworth. Thanks for Mediterranean Cryptogams ; nothing
2 Oct. 1816. newamontrthem — has abandoned Entomology.
27 Jan. 1817. Sends list of Cryptogams — advises and encourages
S. in makincr collections.
I
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39
Glasgow.
25 Nov. 1821. Has had to abandon ' Exotic Botany ' for want
of artists.
7 Dec. 1822. Deplores S.'s failure with the Brit. Mus.— his own
action in the matter — has still a hankeriii<T
after Zoology — asks for S.'s Brazil, duplicates
of plants.
27 Nov. 1823. On the discontinuance of Zool. lUustr.— the
castigation of the Brit. Mus. — his own present
works — repeats request for S.'s Brazil, plants.
9 & 21 May 1824. 1 rp, ^
14 July 1824. \ ^^'^ ^^"^^ request.
25 Aug. 1824. Referring to Guilding.
6 Nov. 1824. Cannot name plants for private collections.
23 Jan. 1825. Wants books to send to Guilding.
22 & 25 Feb. 1825.
15 Dec. 1825. Brazilian Botany has recently made such progress
that special interest in S.'s collection is dimin-
ished.
16 Aug. 1826. Has at length obtained S.'s plants which, how-
ever, are much injured by Sloths.
4 & 18 Nov. 1827. Illegible.
6 Dec. 1827. About Geograph., Zoolog. and Botan. Cyclo-
paedias. — Loudon ignorant of Botany.
28 Aug. 1828. Letter of introduction.
3 Jan. 1831. S. not a good correspondent — about his collection
of plants sent to H
9 Mar. 1831. About Drummond (a collector).
19 July 1839. | Joseph goes with the Antarctic Expedition. —
12 Oct. 1839. j About New Zealand (selected by S. for
emigration).
Hope, Feederic William.
London.
16 Mar. 1828. About his own method of collecting and study.
9 May 1828. Presents S. with some Lepidoptera.
18 Oct. 1830. Will not employ any more collectors.
HoEsriELD, Thomas.
No date.
London. The entomolog. collections at the India House. —
9 Oct. 1820. Gaertnera.
Seven letters Referring to miscell. unimportant matters. — The
imperfectly collections of specimens and drawings at the
dated. India House, for which S. has applied, are
already otherwise engaged.
14 & 28 Nov. 1820. About the naming of an Indian Sitta. — Leach's
health.
21 Dec. 1820. The nomenclature of Kingfishers.
19 An '1 ■'8'>'^ 1 ^ misunderstanding between S. and H. about
^0 Amnl 1 82"' ( Insects and Books borrowed from the former,
^ " "' ) with a letter from S.
3 .Tan. 1824.
20 June 1829. Exchange of publications.
40
PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
About a lost drawin"'.
HoESEiELD, Thomas {cont.).
London.
22 July 1829. Referring to miscellaneous matters in which H.
difters from S. — On W. McLeay.
5 Oct. 1830. Proposes to visit S.
12 Mar. 1831. About duplicates in the India Museum.
HOWITT, .
Somers Town.
No date.
HowLET, Et. Eev. William. See Canteebury, Archbp. of.
HUMPHEET, GeOEQE.
London.
22 Sept. 1806. Wishes to obtain Argonauta with the animal.
22 Sept. 1824.
HUNTEE, W. P.
30 Sept. 1830.
6 Oct. 1830.
Jameson, Eobeet.
Edinburgh.
5 Oct. 1819.
8 Mar. 1820.
1 Aug. 1820.
Feb. 1821.
Proposes to translate Azara. — About a Voyage of
Discovery intended to be undertaken by
" Buckingham."
Referring to a notice of Neuwied's travels.
Referring to the publication of a paper by S.
To introduce J. Wilson.
As to Leach's successor.
Jaedine, Sir William.
Jardine Hall.
10 Jan. 1827."^ On Zanius, Tachj/p/ionus, Sericulus.
1 Mar. 1827. |
8 Mar. 1827. J> About a variety of ornitholog. matter.
24 April 1827.
6 April 1829. J
4 Aug. 1829.
16 June 1830.
4 Aug. 1830.
27 Aug. 1830.
7 Sept. 1830.
17 Oct. 1830.
16 Nov. 1830.
19 Feb. 1831.
22 April 1831.
About A. Smith's African travels ; he sends 700
birds to J.— A Madeira coll. of birds.
Has purchased a series of North Amer. birds of
S. — Miscellaneous ornithol. matters.
Invites S. to a meeting at Edinburgh. — About the
collector Drummond.
The same subject. — About Fhcenicura.
Referring to the arrangement of his edition of
Wilson's N.-Amer. Ornithol.
On a great variety of ornithol. matters.
Jay, Dr. J.
New York. Exchange of shells.
19 Sept. 1835.
KiDD, J.
Oxford. Cannot dissect animals for S., recommends Ogle.
18 Oct. 1827.
LINNEAX SOCIETY Of LONDON. 41
King, Phillip, Capt. E.jS^.
London.
1 Jan. 1831. Declines S.'s offer to draw the plates for his work.
21 Jan. 1831.
KiRBT, William.
Barliara. Does not profess to know Lepidoptera sufficiently
7 Feb. 1827. to judge of S.'s sj^stem.
KlTJG, Prof. FUIEDKICH.
Berlin. Thanks for consignment of Insects, sends Chrysids
'21 Xov. ISIG. in return.
24Aprill820. )
10 July 1820. j- Exchanges of Coleoptera.
21 Nov. 1820. )
KoxiG, Charles.
Brit. Mus.
29 Sept. 1820. Reply to S.'s enquiries about Leach's health.
28 May 1822. Keferring to S.'s ttstimonals accompanying his
candidature.
5 May 1824. Subscription for Mrs. Bowdich.
Lafeesnaye, F. de.
Calvadoes.
10 .July 1837. On various birds.
29 Mar. 1839. About tropical American Birds — is engaged on a
Catalogue of Mexican birds.
Lambert, Aylmer Bourke.
London. On botanical subjects — Bonpland — Burchell —
11 Jan. 1816. Prof. Smith of Christiauia.
Boyton House.
19 Sept 1816: 1 °° botanical subjects.
London.
5 Dec. 1818. About the " Chili Pine."
Landseer, Thomas.
London.
5 Mar. 1827. £1 not too much for a vignette.
25 April 1828. ( ., , ,
TV- J ^i ■ About drawings.
Iso date. ( °
Langsdoref, Geoeg Heikrich ton (Eussian Consul-Genera]).
Brazil. Assists S. in Brazil.
No date.
Bio de Janeiro.
5 June 1818. Commissions S. to buy books for him.
o June 1818. Presents S. with ferns and invites him.
27 Aug. 1818. Troubles about the servant and slave, S. left
behind him.
12 Dec. 1818. On the same troubles — complains of S.'s silence —
S. owes L. insects promised.
18 Feb. 1819.-^
21 Aug. 1819. [■ On personal matters.
21 .\ug. 1819.J
21 Dec. 1819. News about travellers in Brazil.
42
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Lardnee, Diontsius.
London.
12 Sept. 1833
17 Sept. 3833
2 Nov. 1833
7 Nov. 1833.
9 Nov. Ib33.
13, 24, 30 June 1834.
lo Julv 1834.
13 April 1836.^
25 J line 1836. 1
27 April 1837. |
8 May 1837. )
16 June 1837. |
16 Nov. 1837. I
10 Jan. 1838. j
Latham, JoH]!f.
Winchester.
19 Feb. 1828.
Latham, E.
Liverpool.
22 Dec. 1819.
Business arrangements about the ' Cabinet Cyclo-
paedia.' — S. stipulates for dra-^-ing the title-
vignettes.
Plan and Prospectus of the Cyclopaedia prepared
byS.
S.'s anxiet^^ about payments unreasonable.
Arrangements completed — about the first (pre-
liminary) volume, for which S. receives £200.
S. is hopelessly in arrears udth his work, quarrels
with L., and L. proposes further assistance
(by G. Pt. Waterhouse).
Exchange of publications.
Annual produce of Sugar, Cotton and Tobacco of
Bahia.
La Tbobe, Charles Joseph.
28 Feb. 1839.
Lea, Isaac.
Philadelphia.
10 May 1827.
15 Oct. 1827,
4 April 1828.
5 Mar. 1829.
13 April 1829.
15 May 1829.
19 June 1829.
Sends shells to S.
Referring to the great variability in freshwater-
shells.
Short and formal.
Complains of S.'s irregularity in correspondence —
has the largest collection of river-shells, about
1500 species.
On miscellaneous concholog. matters — no sale for
costly works in America — advises against S.
engaging in the description of American species
— has reviewed Arctic Expeditions.
On A-arious concholog. subjects.
Leadbeater, B.
London.
26 Feb. 1828. I ., , ^ ,
17 Mar 18*^8 I ■^"'^^® "J ^ tradesman.
Le Conte, Capt. John
New York.
June 1827.
25 Aug. 1827.
Paris.
11 May 1828.
Reply to S.'s application for specimens.
Has sent insects to S. — high merits of Dejean's
work — Harlan a very rash young man— cannot
visit England.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX.
43
Lee, Mrs. Sarah.
7 Jan. 1840. Biographical notes of liev first husband, J. E
Bowdich.
Lees, ,J. C. <
Mary-le-Bone.
24 Nov. 1820. Reply to S.'s enquiry about Leach's health.
14 Dec. 1828. '
Lempriere, T. J.
Macquarie.
23 Jan. 1829.
Hobart.
6 May 1880.
5 Aug. 1830.
Newport.
9 April 1831.
Port Arthur.
6 Oct. 1836.
14 Jan. 1839.
Offers to collect for S. — Has sent two Ornitho-
rhynchi to England.
Chiefly about his own private affairs.
Sends a consignment to S. ; list enclosed (duly
received by S.).
Letter from Mrs. L. — her husband ill.
Sendsaconsignment of Mammals, Birds, andlnsects.
Collects fish for Dr. Richardson. — Influenza in
Tasmania. — Cost of living and prospects for
S.'s son in the Colony.
Lesson, Eene Primevere
Paris.
28 Sept. 1828.
2 Oct. 1828.
9 Oct. 1828.
16 Jan. 1829.
15 Feb. 1829.
Promises birds collected by his brother.
Sends S. the Zoology of D'Urville's Voyage.
About Biqyhaga.
16 Feb.
10 Dec.
1829.
1829.
24 April 1830.
10 May 1830.
Critical remarks on S. made by Ij. in the first
edit, of his Manual will disappear in the
second — sends first part of his Humming-birds
— about Psittacus isidori.
On various Humming-birds — will send S. birds
from the ' Astrolabe.'
Description of the habits of Birds of Paradise
(translated for S.).
Sends some birds — about Vigors — Lesson's genera
of Parrots.
LiXDLET, Dr. John.
Acton Green.
15 Nov. 1827.
From Swain son.
7 Nov. 1827.
28 May 1840.
Linn. Soc. Lond.
London.
21Aprill812.
17 Deo. 1816.
16 April 1821.
Reply to a letter, in which S. tries to per-
suade him to introduce the numerical system
into Botany — L. declines.
Draft of a letter of S. in which he urges that a
systematic methol, which is not equally
applicable to Botany and Zoology, is valueless.
S. elected an Associate.
S. elected a Fellow.
Official invitation to subscribe to a marble bust of
Sir J. Banks.
44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Lixx. Soc. LoND. (cont.).
6 Mar. 1821. Thanks for present of Zool. Illustr.
2d May 1828. Official invitation to subscribe towards purchase
of Linn, collections — S.'s excuse for not con-
tributing.
Literary & Philos. Soc. Liverpool.
(Hickman, T.)
Liverpool. S. elected a member.
7 Dec. 1820.
Literary Gazette.
London. Can in future accept only reviews of works which
5 July 1827. S. has actually seen.
LizARS, William Home.
Edinburgh.
23 Dec. 1836. ( Transmits payment in respect of 1st vol. of
16 Dec. 1837. j" African Birds.
25 Jan. 1838. Remonstrates against S.'s overcharges for his
contributions to the 'Naturalists' Library,' also
Jardine thinks them exorbitant.
26 April 1835, Communicates extracts from Jardine's letters with
the view of smoothing differences that have
arisen between S. and Jardiue.
19 May 183S.
19 April 1839. Progress of ' Naturalists' Library.'
LoDDiGEs, George.
Hackney. List of the Humming-birds in his collection, which
17 Nov. 1827. he desires to increase with the view of
preparing an illustrated Monograph.
6 & 28 May 1828. 1
8 & 20 Nov. 1828. } On the same subject.
5 Aug. 1829. \
3 Oct. 1829. Burchell returning from Brazil — about R. A.
Salisbury.
4 Sept. 1830. About the Leyden Museum — no dealers in Nat.
Hist, in Holland or Belgium — exchange of
Humming-birds.
•>n A ^ ■'] 1 )^S I ( ^'^^'^^^t Humming-birds and their arrangement.
2 July 183o. Schomburgk a good collector ; condoles with S.
on the loss of his wife.
21 Sept. 1837. llessage from Schomburgk — S. dilatory.
9 Nov. 1838. Treatment of bulbs from the Cape (Baron Ludwig).
Longman & Co.
London : ")
9 Feb. 1830. |
3 Oct. 1830. )>Statements of accounts.
Mar. 1832. |
Apr. 1882. J
1 Jan. 1833. '. Estimates of the extent of and author's payment
28 Mar. 1833.
Eight letters,
for S.'s MS. and drawings for Encycloptedia
and ' Cabinet Cyclopaedia.' All these letters
d. Nuv. 1833. ;> refer to negotiations between S., L., and
LIXKEAX SOCIETY OF LONLON. 45
Three letters, I Lardner as to the transference of the Encyclop.
d. Dec. 1833. | of Zooloo-y to Lardner's ' Cabinet Cyclo-
I pfedia." S.'s hig-h demands are not accepted,
J whereupon he breaks off neg-otiations.
6 & 17 Jan. 1834. Letters from S. to L. making his last proposals,
20 Jan. 1834. which are accepted by L.
24 Jan. 1834.
31 Jan. 1834. S. engages in a volume for Encyclopaedia of
Geography.'
1 Feb. 1834. Prospectus of the same.
Eight letters "^
of the same > Refer to ordinary incidents during printing,
vear. J
18 Mar. 18.37.
3 May 1837. L. urge the delivery of MS. for the second Vol. of
Birds, long due.
17 Aug. 1837. Increased demands for pay resisted by L.
24 April 1840. Pressing for completion of the ' Cabinet of Nat.
Hist.' before S.'s departure.
liOUDOif, John Clattdiits.
Bayswater. A reply to S., proposes that in return for S.'s
5 & 12 Nov. 1827. contributions to L.'s Magazine, L. would
collect herbaceous plants for him ; suggests a
paper on Cockchafer.
8 April 1828. About Audubon.
10 Oct. 1830. Accepts S.'s proposal to write a paper in vindica-
tion of certain French Naturalists (cfr.
Loud. Mag. N. H. 1831).
5 & 23 Mar. 1831.)
^. 11 J""^18-^l- I Business letters.
Liverpool, \
13 July 1831.)
Bayswater. Referring to the attack by a critic on S.'s arlicle
16 Sept. 1831. " Insects " in the Encyclop. of Agriculture.
23 Sept. 1831. Referring to other controversies, in which S. is
1 Oct. 1831. engaged.
27 Jan. 1834. Referring to an attack made by Dr. Rennie on S.
and L.
9 Feb. 1834. On the same matter — " the Magazine has more
contributors than piirchasers."
Lowndes, "William.
London. About the difficulties attending the completion
23 Nov. 1818. of Haworth's * Lepidopteia.'
LWXWZ.
Nottingham. Anonvmous.
29 May 1840.
Mackrill, W. J.
Capetown. Offers to collect in S. Africa for the Bullock
12 April 1819. Museum.
46
PEOCEEDINGS or THE
McClelland, John.
Calcutta. Sends this letter by Cantor ; describes bis collecting
8 Nov. 1837. fishes and birds; has sent specimens and
drawings to E. I. Comp.
29 Oct. 1838. A long letter about bis researches into the
history and arrangement of Cyprinidfe.
Complains of the hostile spirit in which his
labours are treated by his superiors who
claim specimens & MSS. ; his adoption of
circidar systems is also viewed with disfavour.
McLbat, Alexan
London.
17 Jan. 1816.
17 Oct. 1816.
22 Feb. 1817.
27 Feb. 1819.
20 Aug. 1819.
28 Aug 1819.
l.'iMar. 1821.
18 Feb. 1822.
6 Mar. 1822.
6 Mar. 1822.
DEE (Sec. Linn. Soc).
About Orchid roots sent by S. to Sir J. E.
Smith.
Ab(nit engaging a collector for S.'s journey to
Brazil.
Sends letters of introduction to follow S. — Recom-
mends enquiry into the history of the Diamond
bettle.
Francillon's sale of Insects.
Referring to S.'s relations to two of his Brazilian
hosts.
lias not bougbt S.'s books.
Copies of letters of S. to M. regarding the
" Dr. Dickson " squabble in Rio.
Reply by M.
MacLeay, "William Sharp.
London. First letter from M. to S. whom be does not
20 Aug. 1818. know personally; has just returned from
France. — About his father's entomolog. col-
lection and contemporary entomolog. litera-
ture,
July 1830. Draft of a letter of S. to M. — He remonstrates
with M. about having made an attack upon
Fleming. No good comes from such attacks,
he himself regretting his attack upon Gray to
whom he is reconciled.
Havanah. M.'s reply : will try to be '' a good boy in future,"
27 Nov. 1830. and be back in England within a year to
meet any demands that may be made upon
him in the matter.
London. Offer of assistance, if S. should visit the West
8 Mar. 1837. Indies ; wishes him to be reconciled to
Vigors.
32 May 1838.
19 Sept. 1838.
Goino: to Australia.
[Mantell, W. B. D.]
A MS. " On the Botany of Tahiti," read before
the Wellington Philosoph. Soc. in 1870. See
Trans. New Zeal. Inst. Vol. vi. App. This
MS. was found among S.'s papers after his
death, and communicated by W. B. D. Mantell.
It is not in S.'s handAvriting.
linneax society of londox. 47
Makryat, F.
Cape Town. On Crown-pigeons — specimens from St. Helena.
No date.
Marten", T., Secretary Liverpool E. Institution.
Liverpool.
15 Mar. 1820. Thanks for assistance in this Museum.
"^ A 'l A 9,^0 ( ^^^ ^° ^"'^ candidature in the Brit. Mus.
12 Feb. 1824. Iiecognition of S.'s services to the Institution.
No date.
Matois^, William George.
London.
8 Nov. 1816. Thanks for present of shells.
25 Jan. 1822. About a testimonial desired by S.
Ma AVE, Mrs.
London.
6 Sept. 1824. Wants S. to buy a collection of shells for her.
12 Feb. 1830.
Michelotti, Yittohio.
Turin.
20 May 1838.1 j. . . ,t ^.
2S T 1 18^8 ( Lxenange 01 publications.
Miller, J.
Canterburv. About a General Mille'rs collection.
6 Nov." 1829.
Mou^'T^*ORRIS, Lord. See A>*>'eslet, Gr., 1st Earl.
MUIRHEAD, L.
Glasgow.
17 Feb. 1821. About omitholog. articles which he writes for
Brewster.
10 Mar. 1821. Some misunderstandings with S. who, he hope?;,
will supply part of the promised illustrations.
7n TV' * looi'^ Presses for contributions from S.
21 Nov. 1821. \
8 Jan. 1822. Brewster cuts down the articles on Ornithology
27 April 1822. by one-half ; no more illustrations required.
— About S.'s candidature.
17 Dec. 1822. ' Naturalist's Guide.'
29 Dec. 1822. Introduces Dr. Rennie.
MrRRAT, JOHX.
London. Business letters.
7 & 17 Dec. 1829.
Batterer, Johann.
Ypanema. Criticises several genera of Birds — personal news
14 Dec. 1819. about himself.
Santos. Sends S. some birds — wants books in return.
3 April 1820.
48
PB,OCEEDI>'GS OF THE
Nafdi, C.
Malta.
14 July 1807.
18 Oct. 1807. Sends S. Coleoptera.
15 Aug. 1808. On some Insects.
JN'oEwicH, Bishop of. See Stanley, Rt. Rev. Edward.
NuTTALL, J., a Bird-stuffer.
4 letters.
1819.
Ogilbt, W.
London.
20 Nov. 1837.
17 July 1838.
Message from Riippell as to missing books.
Ogle, James Adet.
Oxford.
7&8N0V. 1827. I ., . .■ r • wc. • OS
e)i) -i-v iR-?"- 1 About dissecting an animal (o. ffiffas :^).
16 April 1828. Catalogue of Ashmolean Museum.
Oeu, George.
Philadelphia.
18 Aus. 1824.
Gives all his specimens to the Philadelph.
Academy ; will arrange for an exchange of
Birds — Wilson's Ornithology — Prince Bona-
parte.
Sends S. tliree shells from Demerara.
Parker, C. S.
George Town.
5 July 1824.
Parkinson, Eev. H.
Barbadoes. Addressed to J. Leslie. Wants help in Orni-
30 Aug. 1837. thology for a work on Barbadoes which he
intends to prepare.
Paenell, Richard.
Edinburgh. His memoir in Werner. Trans, was originally
Jan. 1839. twice the size in which it was allowed to
appear — intends to bring out a history of the
lishes of Scotland — on Tn'gla — has a large
collection of fishes — leaves for Jamaica.
Peale, Titian Ramsey.
Philadelphia. Exchange of Birds with Philadelph. Academy.
22 Aug. 1824.
Pearson, J. T.
Calcutta.
16 Mar. 1837
Sends some fluviatile shells.
Philadelphia Academy.
(Haines, R.)
23 April 1830. S. elected Corr. Member.
LIlfKEAN SOCIETY OF LONJJOX. 49
Pbetost, —
Paris.
14 Oct. 1828 .
Quebec Literakt Society.
(Sheppard, C. C.)
19 Nov. 1836. S. elected Hon. Member.
Eapfles, Eev. Thomas.
Liverpool. Offers objects to Liverpool Museum.
5 Jan. 1820.
Eapinesque-Schmaltz, Consta2s'tixe Samuel.
Palermo.
3 & 18 Oct. 1809. Sends S. various minerals ; wishes to obtain the
Latin names of the species in S.'s Sicilian
collection.
31 Jan. 1810. Has apparently described the byssus of a shell as
24 Mar. 1810. Lamaxis glomerulata — asks S. to obtain for
bim a variety of specimens and books.
6 May 1810. Communicates to S. the names of some common
Sicilian birds.
20 May 1810. Sends S. a number of copies of his " books "
(Caratteri ?) to sell ; offers S. books which he
has for sale.
July 1810. States that he has described more than 100 new
Sicilian fishes ; that he knows Bloch and
Lacepede — gives a list of the plants found by
him.
22 July 1810. List continued — encourages S. to take up the
study of Ichthyology, recommending the
examination of small Fish (Fragaglia) — on
his additions to the Fauna of Sicily — species
of Lizards — collects for Lady Amherst — two
new plants.
15 Aug. 1810. ' Statistica di Sicilia ' — more new fishes.
1 Sept. 1810. Receives from S. plants and insects, some of the
former he considers incorrectly named — is
preparing for the Linn. Soc. a paper on
Verbena nudijlora, L., which is a compound of
five species — ' Indice d'lttiologia ' — new
genus of Crabs.
6 Sept. 1810. "Wants to purchase 'Encyclop. method.'
12 Sept. 1810. About shells picked up dead — Crossbill at Palermo
— the new genus of Crabs — about spirit-
specimens — two new genera of Mollusks—
sends S. a set of plants ^^-ith list — new plants
— corrects S.'s determinations of plants — S.
should not publish R.'s MS. remarks or
determinations.
7 Oct. 1810. List of plants collected by R. on an excursion.
7 Jan. 1811. Referring to mutual disappointments — is engaged
on a Catalogue of Sicilian Birds — complains
of S.'s want of attention to his numerous
requests — a new Shrimp. (Appended s S.'s
list of Sicilian plants.)
LUfX. SOC. PEOCEEDDTGS. — SESSIOX 1899-1900. 6
5°
rnocEEDiNGS or the
Ea-I'inesque-Schmaltz, C. S. (cont,).
7 April 1811. Thanks for S.'s list
22 June 1811.
4 July 1811.
10 July 1811.
15 Oct. 1811.
12 Dec. 1811.
7 Jan. 1812.
12 Jan. 1812. On
Messina.
13 Jan. 1812.
Palermo.
IFeb.
1812.
sends Lim his own in
return.
On various botanical subjects — on the manifold
works he is engaged in at present.
On miscell. botanical matters — catalogues various
classes of the Sicil. Fauna ; does not well
rmderstand Insects.
Sends S. plants with list.
Sends S. American plants and a list of the
Crustacea of Sicily comprising 34 " genusses "
and 95 species.
Reiterates his request for plants.
On miscell. matters, chiefly botanical, already
referred to in previous letters — a new genus
of Crabs.
zoolog. and botan. books useful for S., and
wanted by himself.
Letter from S. to R., descriptive of his entomolog.
collection, and of supposed new fishes —
contemplates a ' Fauna sicula.'
A cool reply from R. to foregoing letter^ — tells S.
that S.'s collection is very incomplete, naming
some of his " new " species — will collect fishes
in spirit for S.
Has collected some 30 fishes for S. — gives a list
of the insects of Barbary found also in Sicily.
Continues coUectiuo: fishes — new crabs.
7 Feb. 1812.
Feb. 1812.
Mar. 1812.
3 April 1812. Dissatisfied with S. as correspondent — gives S.
advice as to his journey to Greece.
A list of 310 Sicilian Birds.
Q Oct. 1813. Interruption of correspondence partly owing to
financial matters, partly to S.'s absence in
(Greece — R. is a candidate for the chair of
Botany in Palermo — sends Prospectus of anew
encyclopsed. journal.
5 May 1813. About the new journal — regrets that S.'s journey
to Greece proved unsatisfactory — has Shaw's
works, but not Bloch's — offers sets of plants
for sale— Botany in Palermo — would take any
post for " a trifling annuity '' — has sent four
tracts to Linn. Soc. — contents of the first
number of ' Specchio delle Scienze ' — has
paid little attention to Entomology — number
of Sicilian fishes 420.
1 Dec. 1813. Desires to enlarge S.'s list of 150 Maltese plants
into a Florula nielitensis — there are ten
Natural Classes of Plants — corresponds with
J. E. Smith & J. Banks, but they are scarce
of their favours — desires to be an Assoc. Linn.
Soc. and Professor of Agriculture in Palermo.
10 June 1815. A characteristic letter, full of commissions which
S. is expected to execute for R, in Naples.
18 June 1815. .'
LIXXEA.X SOCIErr OF LOXDOX,
SB
Xew York. Is wrecked ou his voyage to America — appeals
1-5 Jan. 1816. for a new supply of books— is not discourapred
and will yet publish great works.
Pliiladelphia. Contents aud style as of preceding letter — claims
22 Mar. 1816. priority for names of X. Anier. plants versus
P '?
7 May 1816. Like preceding letters — complains of not hearing
from S.
Xew York. Engaged in ichthyolog. studies.
15 July 1816.
Lexintrton. Promises to send collections to S. — ^Prodromus
1 Feb. 1820. of American Shells.
10 April 1820. The consignments sent by R. and S. have failed
to reach their destination — the various works
R. is engaged in at present.
33 June 1820. A letter in the usual style — will send plants to
Dr. Hooker — Clifford's death.
8 July 1820. On 18 new natural families of plants.
lo Aug. 1820.
10 Oct. 1820. One of R.'s characteristic letters — complains of
S. not publishing his papers — is engaged in a
paper ou Meteors — has expended £'20 or £30
in shells for S.
1 Feb. 1321. Some of the consignments passing between R.
and S. have arrived — R. sends plants to
Dr. Hooker.
20 Dec. 1821. Full of new works on every possible subject —
wanted his MSS. to be returned by the Linn.
Soc. but is refused — sends descriptions of live
new birds.
Philadelphia. A long pathetic letter ; a mixture of complaints
10 Oct. 1839. of unjust treatment by Xatui-alists with
descriptions of new fish, and with exposition
of a new system of Xature.
24 Feb, 1840. Two letters in the usual style ; complaina of S.'s
15 Mar. 1840. inattention to his requests.
23 Mar. 1840. Acknowledged receipt of letter from S. — recom-
mends him to introduce cotton into Australia.
10 April 1840. Collects Unios for S.
April 1840. On various shells described by R .
MS. notes on the Unionidas of X. America.
Eathbone, W.
26 Feb. 1834. Cannot afford to subscribe to S.'s works.
Eeddell, G. S.
London. Offers his Museum for sale.
29 Mar. 1820.
Eees, Dr.
London.
31 Jan. 1822.
Eenwle, James.
Lee.
17 May 1818.
Testimonial.
Referring to the Quinary system.
52
PEOCEEDIKGS OP THE
EiCHARDSOX, Sir John.
Chatham.
18 June 1829.
Dumfrie.s.
8 July 1829.
London.
24 Sept. 1829.
No date.
London.
5 Dec. 1829.
Chatham.
18 Dec. 1829.
1,2, & 24 Mar. 1830.
4,13, & 25 Apr. 1880.
7 May 1830.
] & 13 June 1830.
5 Oct. 1830.
17 Oct. 1830.
24 Oct. 1830.
31 Oct. 1830.
2 Nov. 1830.
10 Nov. 1830.
16 Nov. 1830.
21 Nov. 1830.
30 Nov. 1830.
13 Dec. 1830.
2 Jan. 1831. (
20 Peb. 1831. j
13 Mar. 1831.
16,22&25Mar.l831.(
5 April 1831. (
London.
13 April 1831.
22 April 1831.
Chatham.
25 April 1831.
Referring to the expenses of Faun. Bor.-Amer. —
proposes to S. names for new genera.
Murray complains of the expenses — R. is scarcely
reimbursed for his own — referring to JS.'s
payment.
Sends S. £61 — he prepares the descriptions of
Birds.
On Cinclus pallasii.
R.'s notes to be kept distinct fromS.'s — on various
names of birds — Kirby's entomol. contribution
to Fauna Bor.-Amer.
Meeting with S.
Referring to the progress of tlieir joint work on
Birds; S.'s MS. rather backward — R. obtains
for S. the loan of the birds in the Chatham
Museum.
R. urges S. to get on with his MS., as by his
delay he is endangering the continuation of
the whole undertaking, which requires help
from Government. — Curious statement about
Beechey's collection of Birds.
''Gould, the stuff er to the Zool. Soc," has his
Century of Himalayan Birds in hand — about
"Ward — is still working at the descriptions of
the Land-birds.
Is not versmt in the mode of forming Latin names
from the Greek — will take S.'s advice and
abridge his descriptions.
S. unwell.
R. is impatient of the continued delay, and
reminds S. of their mutual relations to the
work.
About Finches — referring to Roy. Soc.
progress of
Ducks and
The new Pres. Roy. Soc. — referring to miscel
laneous matters.
On Drummond, a collector — slow
their work — on the genei'a of
Waders.
Referring to their joint work.
Is mistrustful of French Naturalists.
Referring to their joint work.
Generously ottering to S. to give S.'s name as the
authority for all new species.
Can admit S. into the Museum of the Zoolog. Soc,
but cannot open the cases on account of
Vigors's jealousv {cfr. Yitrors's replv in Loud.
Mag. N. H. 183i).
I
LiyXEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON.
53
London.
2Mavl83].
5, 13, 22, & 26
Mav 1831.
20 & 29 June 1831.
12 July 1831.
Scolojja.v wilsonii, Lestris.
Eefen-ing to their joint work.
As to the distribution of the specimens collected
by R.
31 July 1831. The Treasury decide that one set should go to the
Zoolog. Society, and the duplicates to the
Edinburgh Museum and Swaiuson — none to
the Brit Mus.
,^ The Birds of the Faun. Bor.-Am. all but completed.
Excuses himself for not adopting S.'s generic
names, and bids him farewell.
5 Aus-. 1831
14 Oct. 1831
Ilaslar.
15 Feb. 1840
KoGET, Petee Maek, Secretary Roy. Soc.
liOndon, Will write his Encyclop. article on Comparative
22 Oct. 1827. Anatomy conformable to S.'s views.
7 Jan. 1828. About Mexican Mining shares — two enclosures
refer to Mexican birds and a Cicada.
3 Mar. 1829. Referring to Capt. Phillips's candidature for the
Roy. Soc.
9 Mar. 1830. Audubon to be balloted for at the Roy. Soc.
5 Dec. 1830. Affairs of the Roy. Soc. in a critical state.
2 Mar. 1831. Referring to affairs of the Roy. Soc. — on S.'s
12 Mar. 1831. vindication of French Naturalists (cfr. Loud.
Mag. N. H. 1831).
21 Dec. 1831.
KoGET, Mrs.
London. About engaging an Assistant Compiler.
5 Dec. 1827.
EoscoE, William.
Toxteth. On a painting bv Titian
20 Dec. 1824.
Eoux, P.
Marseilles.
8 Sept. 1829.
Exchange of publications — wants Crustaceans.
Royal Society.
(Hudson, J.)
London.
6 Nov. 1830.
Summons to a Committee meeting.
RccKEE & Co.
London.
2(5 Oct. 1819.
54 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE
EiJppELL, Eduard.
Frankfurt.
3 April 1 837. Although relations with S. hitherto not very satis-
26 Sept. 1837. factory, E. proposes exchange of publications.
12 Mar. 1838. On the same subject — about Ehrenberg's collection
of fishes — receives collections from the Ohio.
5 Sept. 1838. Eeferring to exchanges.
St.-Hilaiee, Geofprot.
Paris. Valenciennes visits London — St. H. asks for a
19 Dec. 1829. work on S. African Mammals which he had
seen in London.
Does not understand English — exchanges with
the Paris Museum impracticable.
4 Mar. 1838. Cannot send S. ' Description de I'Egypte ' on
account of bulk of work, or even arrange for
the loan of a copy — gives particulars as to the
volume on Fishes.
Samouelle, Geoege.
London.
29 Feb. 1820. Names 360 insects for 6 guineas.
16 Nov. 1827. Very few of the Hj-menoptera and Diptera in the
Brit. Mus. are determined.
SCHOMBITEGK, Sir EOBEET HEEMANTf.
No date. List of South American Mammals and Birds sent
S., with notes by Sch.
ScoEESBT, William {the elder ?).
Birmingham.
No date.
27 Nov. 1818.
Selbt, Peideaitx John.
Twizell House.
24 Nov. 1828.V Sends a pair of Grouse.
28 Oct. 1829. Muscicapa atricapilla.
30 Dec. 1829. Cygmis bewicJcii — Gold-crests.
27 July 1830. The summer was so unseasonable that migiants
left the North two months before the proper
time : all their broods destroyed — on the
habits of various small birds.
Sellon, F.
Nazare. Offer of Brazil ian birds — messages from Langsdortf
15 Dec. 1817. and Freyriss.
Shaepless, John T.
Philadelphia. Exchange with Maclurian Museum.
15 Sept. 1828.
Shaw, Dr. Geoege.
Malta. Letter from S. to Shaw, offering drawings of
20 Aug. 1813. Birds and Marine animals, made from life, for
* Naturalists' Miscellany.'
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
55
Sheee, E, (All these letters are addressed to Guilding.)
Tortola.
18 June 1826.1
8 Oct. 1826. I
15 & 27 Jan. 1827.
8 Feb. 1827.
22 May 1827.
7 Sept. 1827.
16 May 1828.
9 Aug. 1828.
5 July 1829.
11 Jan. 1830.
24 Sept. 1833. j
Shepherd, John".
Liverpool.
Directions for packinp^ roots.
25 May 1817. Thanks for present of Grasses and Ferns.
An industrious collector of the marine invertebrates
occurring near his residence, all of which he
sent to L. Guilding. They were principally
shells, but also of other classes ; many of the
specimens were accompanied by remarks.
Sheer noticed several varieties of Pentacrinus.
Shuckaud, "William Edward.
Chelsea. Enumerates the entomolog. publications of the
10 July 1840. day.
14&22 Aug. 1840. Referring to an arrangement with S. to write
jointly an entomolog. work, he engaging to
correct S.'s part.
29 Sept. 1840. Engaged upon the same work.
Sims, John.
London. As to conducting the ' Botanical Magazine.'
8 May 1820.
Skaifb, J.
Blackburn.
15 July 1835.
Smith, Sir Andrew.
About completing his set of S.'s works.
Cape Town.
6 April 1830.
Chatham.
13 Dec. 1837.
22 Dec. 1837.
Smith, Egerton.
10 Sept. 1819.
Smith, Sir James Edward.
Sends S. a box of birds — on Fringillalauda.
Referring to some misunderstandings with S. —
defends the use of native names for species —
identifies some of S.'s species with his.
A continuation of last letter — is not jealous of
Burchell.
Norwich.
15 Jan. 1816.
2 Feb. 1819.
Mar. 1819.
7 Mar. 1819.
Returns thanks for present of plants.
Referring to plants sent to him by S.
Copy of letter of S. to Smith, offering his col-
lection of plants for being worked out by any
botanist Smith may select.
Smith refers to his own labours in Botany, but
recommends Brown.
56
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
SOMMER, M. C.
Altona.
6 Nov. 1819.
6 Dec. 1820.
Southern, Th.
London.
3 Jan. 1827.
Oct. 1827.
13 Nov. 1827.
Nov. 1827.
9 Jan. 1828.
Mar. 1828.
4 April 1828.
7 July 1828.
2 Aug. 1828.
Patrinbourne.
22 Dec. 1830.
30 Jan. 1831.
1 April 1831.
Sowerby & Bro.
London.
16 Jan. 1824.
Soaverby, G-eorge
London.
28 Dee. 1821.
2 May 1828.
Sowerby, James.
London.
8 Nov. 1820.
Spalding, TiYman.
Nevr York.
6 June 1820.
Stanley, Edward
Knowsley.
28 Feb. 1840.
No date.
Entonaolog. exchanges.
A reply to S.'s intention of enpraging in writing
on political subjects, and of living nearer to
London.
Illegible.
About S.'s idea of engaging an Assistant.
Asks for information as to LevaiUant.
About the ' Spectator.'
S.'s article on Humming-birds declined by the
' Westminster ' — the ' Spectator ' — on literary
plans.
Personal about himself.
Referring to a case of fossils for America.
Brettingham, jjrimus.
Referring to some misunderstanding between
them.
Asks for completion of the article on Laniidcs —
S. declines.
About illustrations — Clifford's fossils.
Smith, 13th Earl of Derby.
i Referring to the purchase of S.'s ornithological
collections and drawings offered by S., with
draft of S.'s reply.
Stanley, Et. Eev. Edward, Bishop of Norwich.
Aldemey.
17 Oct. 1820.
17 Jan. 1829.
London.
6 April 1839
4 April 1840.
Offers a testimonial in reply to S.'s application for
assistance in his endeavours to be placed on
the Civil List.
i
I!
linnea^t society of london. 57
Stephens, James Feancis.
London.
7 Nov. 1816. About collecting apparatus.
1 May 1822.
22 Jan. 1822.
22 Aug. 1827. Sw. subscribes to St.'s Catalogue.
22 Sept. 1827. About the plan of his Catalogue.
6 Oct. 1827.
6 Nov. 1827.
8 Dec. 1827. Is too much engaged to reply to Sw.'s enquiry.
2 Feb. 1828. About the term Li/ccenidce.
7 Aug. 1828. His work costs him as much as it brings in —
Sw. cannot afford to continue his subscription.
ION 1 8^9* ( ®*' ^^^^ ^°^ ^^ amount of subscription due.
Stephenson, Dr. J.
Spithead. Cannot send his Birds, as he is going abroad.
27 Jan. 1831.
Stewaet, C. a.
St. Vincent. May be useful as a collector.
25 Sept. 1833.
Stewaet, J.
New York. Exchange of Lepidoptera.
7 Nov. 1820.
Stutchbtiby, H. & S.
London.
6 Mar. 1829.
Dec. 1830. Ofters shells for sale.
Bristol.
23 April 1834. About the Bristol Institution.
Sykes, William; Heney, Colonel.
London. Referring to the publication of Hodgson's draw-
14 May 1839. ings of fish.
Tayloe, Isaac.
Essex.
1 & 17 June 1840.
Tayloe, J.
20 Aug. 1824.
4Apriil828.
Tayloe, Richaed.
London.
22 Sept. 1820. Suggestions as to S.'s publications.
10 Feb. 1827.
TemminCk, Coenbaad Jacob.
Paris. ' Planches Coloriees ' — wants a drawing by S.
3 May 1824.
58
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Thelwall, J.
London.
5 Jan. 1819.
On Stammerins:.
TOEEET, JOHIs^.
New York.
8 Aug. 1820.
9 April 1821.
Collects plants for W. Hooker.
Tealll, Thomas Stewaet, Professor of Medical Jurisprudence,
Edinburgh.
Liverpool.
7 Aug. 1820.
2G Jan. 1821.
25 Mar. 1821. i
20 June 1821.
26 Jan. 1822.
27 Jan. 1822.
10 Feb. 1822.
22 April 1822.
6 April 1823.
29 Nov. 1823.
4 Jan. 1824.
8 May 1824.
27 July 1824.
9 Sept. 1824.
No date.
7 Feb. 1825.
6 Aug. 1825.
4 Feb. 1827.
20 Jan. 1829.
Dissection of Toucan's head.
Recommends the use of the Wemerian nomen-
clature of colours.
Expressive of intimate friendship.
Intends to employ all his energy and diplomacy
for the success of S.'s candidature in the Brit.
Mus.
Referring to S.'s " little grammatical confusions."
Prescriptions for preserving specimens and arsen-
ical soap.
Highly indignant at the failure of S.'s candi-
dature — the Archbishop and other Trustees
ought to be exposed in the press.
Is preparing the materials for a crusade against
the Brit. Mus. and the Trustees, the article
being intended for the Edinb. Review — infor-
mation is supplied by S., whose name, however,
must be kept in the background.
Leeds Museum — Marriage of S.
The article has appeared anonymously, and is
effective.
Analysis of Mexican coal.
First child of S.'s born — on Mexican coal — Roy.
Soc. takes up the charges of mismanagement
in the Brit. Mus.
Long's Panama shells sold to Bulwer — dissects
an Emu.
Has written another article about the Brit. Mus.,
in which the secrecy of S.'s part in it is main-
tained by equivocal expressions — has done
much anatomical work.
Has received information that Franklin's Arctic
collections have been neglected in the Brit.
Mus. — subject for another article.
What is the price S. puts on his collections r*
Again engaged in an attack upon the Brit. Mus.,
which probably will appear in the ' West-
minster ' ; it must be strictly anonymous.
Supplies a list of Nepaul birds received in L'pool. —
critical remarks on zoolog. systems ; deplores
excessive subdivision.
LIXyEA>' SOCIETY OF LOXDO:S. 59
TuRTOX, William.
Torquay. Haliotis.
16 April 1823.
Valexciexnes, a.
Paris. Asks S. to send drawings of his new fishes to
17 Jan. 1830. Cuvier.
Vigors, Xicholas Atlwaed.
Chelsea.
6 .June —
19 April 1824. "Wishes to arrange for an interriew with S. to
discuss the classification of Birds.
21 April 1824. Desires to introduce S. to Bell and Children.
28 June 1824. Myiothera — wishes S. to write omitholog. papers
for Zoolog. Journal — subdivision of Anatidce —
Falconidce.
5 July 1824. Is indignant at Gray's attack upon S. — complains
of mismanagement of Zoolog. Journ. — asks for
a reply from S. — on Austral, birds — refers to
a joint general work on Birds.
11 & 20 Aug. 1824. On the same subject.
7 Sept. 1824. Referring to S.'s paper for the forthcoming
number — Sarpyia.
16 Oct. 1824. About Zoolog. Journal — thinks Brit. Mus. would
be useful to S. and Zool. Journ.
Noy. 1824. S. and the Zool. Club of the Linn. Soc— Tahiti
Parrots and other birds.
4 Dec. 1824. On the same subjects — as to S.'s criticism of
Vigors 's classification.
8 Dec. 1824. Encourages Traill to write for Zool. Journ. — on
various ornithol. matters — Papers ought to be
published first, and then discussed at the
meetings of a Society.
26 Jan. 1825. S. has been elected a member of the Zoolog.
Club — S. is not as cordial a supporter of the
Zool. Joum. as V. would desire, apparently on
account of the in-egidarity of remuneration,
which V. does not understand.
29Apnll825.
No date. Sjnonjmj oi Sylvnda in confusion — referring to
the variance of opinion among Quinarians as
to single or multiple affinities.
No date. Referring to his paper on classification of Birds in
Linn. Trans. ; explains the reason why generic
divisions are excluded from the paper — asks
S.'s advice on several points.
31 Dec. 1825. Urges S. not to lose priority in some Mexican
bii-ds, as Jardine has taken up the matter —
about Toucans and Thrushes.
Nov. 1827. Zool. Club of the Linn. Soc.
Wagner, William.
Philadelphia. Exchange of specimens.
20 June 1838.
6o
PROCEEDIXGS OP THE
Wallich, Nathaniel.
Calcutta.
18 July 1819. A reply to S., who had sent to him Sicilian and
Brazilian plants — about Indian collections —
Roscoea.
23 Aug. 1819. Sends a consignment of Indian plants ; encloses
a Grass.
"Wabwick, J.
London.
4 Nov. 1820.
9 April 1831. 1
Waterhouse, Geoege Egbert.
London. Ahout loan or exchange of specimens of Fishes in
13 Nov. 1838. in Zoolog. Soc.'s Museum.
Waterton, Charles.
Walton Hall.
29 Mar. 1828. I Describes the habits of Trogon, Tamalia, Barbet,
15 April 1828. j Jacamars.
7 Aug. 1828. ■
8 Aug. 1828. His birds are now inaccessible. " If Ornithologists
have nothing to say of a Bird, they discuss its
nomenclature."
Weir, T. C. B.
London.
27 & 29 Mar. 1837
Has recently returned from the Gambia with
birds and shells which he offers to S. — First
discoverer of Protopterus, of which he brought
home specimens in bottles and enclosed in
lumps of clay.
Westwood, John Obadiah.
Chelsea.
9 Mar, 18.S0. Proposes to visit S.
2N-) 1830 (Keferring to the plan of a Zoological Encyclo-
■ J pfedia, in which too little space is allotted to
j Entomology ; application of Quinarian system
( impossible.
21 Dec. 1830.
10 Jan. 183L
18 & 27 Jan. 1831.
1 Feb. 1831,
11 Mar, 1831,
24 & 28 Mar, 1831.
19 May 1831,
30 June 1831,
— 1837,
16 Apr, 1838.
10 May 1838,
Hammersmith,
About the proposed entomolog, work.
About the progress of the work.
Copy of a letter of S. to "W. regarding a mis-
leading statement by W. in which he ridicules
S.'s views on typical perfection and subtypical
imperfection.
W.'s reply, disclaiming statement.
23, 25, & 28 Mar. 1840. Kt r +• v * • • ^ ^ i i
30 Anr 1840 (■J^^oOti^.tions about a joint entomolog, work.
White, Adam.
Brit. Mus.
21 Aug. 1840.
About collecting Insects in New Zealand.
LIN'^'EAX SOCIETY OF LONDON'. 6 1
"Wi£D, Prince Max.
Xeuwied. Spix's figures very bad — ou liis own publications,
3 Jan. 1829.
WiLsox, James.
Edinburgh. No date. About " Temminck's Conurus " and other mis-
cellaneous matters.
2 Jan. 1829.
6 Mar. 1829.
9 Oct. 1829.
28 May 1831. A long letter — S. might be useful to him.
"WiXTEn, Th.
Hobart. No date. On the habits of Tasmanian birds.
Wood, Xeville.
Doncaster. Asks for S.'s portrait and biography.
19 June 1838.
"Wood, William.
London. "j
27 June 1819.
Leamington.
19 Aug. 1819. ^ Referring to prices and purchases of books ; ort'ers
London. [" £'J;0 for S.'s copy of Poli and Delle Chiaje.
2(3 Noy. 1819. |
9 Dec. 1819. |
3 Feb. 1820. J
WOOLCOMBE, T.
Deyonport.
27 Feb. 1840. | About a Plymouth Company for settlements in
6 & 24 Mar. 1840. )' New Zealand.
Taeeell, William.
London.
5 Mar, 1828. About the habits of the [Butcher-bird— sends S.
figures of tracheae.
5 April 1828. Sends S. list of British Birds— the Eagle and the
Cat.
9 Jan. 1829. Ofiers help in comparing Arctic yyith British birds.
16 June 1837. Catalogue of Birds in the Zoolog. Gardens.
19, 21, 23 Mai'. 1838. About the best localities on the South coast for
examining ;fish — elementary instructions for
preserying them.
7 & 14 May 1833. "^^'ill send Cepola rubescem.
18 May 1838. Sends several specimens — Acanthurns leucosfernon.
13 July 1838. About Ophidiiim and the figures in his ' British
Fishes.'
30 July 1838. 1
4 Sept. 1838. \ About Ophidmn and Cepola.
14 Dec. 1838. j
Zoological Society of Loxdox.
(Vigors, iS". A.)
London. Thanks for Zooi. Illustr.
17 Jan. 1829.
62 PKOCEEDINGS OP THE
]\[r. r. DuCaiie Godraan then moved : — " That the thanks of
the Society be given to the President for his excellent Address,
and that he be requested to allow it to be printed and circulated
amoug the Pellows ; '"' and this, having been seconded by
Mr. How ard Saunders, was carried unanimously.
The Gold Medal of the Society was then formally presented to
Pi'of. Alfred Newton, M.A., F.R.S., in recognition of his im-
portant services to Zoological Science, by the President in the
following terms : —
" The Society's Gold Medal has been awarded by the Council to
Alfred Newton, Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy
at the University of Cambridge, in recognition of his eminent
services to Zoology,
" In stating the grounds on which the Council has made this
selection, I need ouly refer to some of the Medallist's principal
contributions to our knowledge. Prom an early period of his
life he concentrated the best of his energies to observation and
research in the field of Ornithology ; he spared no time, no pains
to secure to his investigations the highest possible degree of
perfection and reliability. The life-history of British Birds
naturally was the first subject of his study, and, after years of
patient enquiry, two volumes of the latest edition of Yarrell's
work became the depository of a portion of the results of his
labours. His papers on the Great Auk and the Sand-grouse mark
an epoch in our knowledge of the history of those birds.
" Taking up the unfinished work of his early friend, Wolley,
he continued the investigations of this able ornithologist, and
during his visits to Scandinavia, the Paroe Islands, Iceland, and
Spitsbergen, he collected many important facts, in addition to, or
correction of, our previous knowledge of the Arctic Avifauna.
" The presence in Mauritius of his brother. Sir Edward
(1859-77), gave a fresh impetus to the investigation of the Fauna
of the Mascarene and Seycbelle Islands. The results of the ex-
plorations, which were partly conducted or initiated by Sir Edward
himself, partly assisted by him, surpassed our most sanguine
expectations. I need not say that our Medallist had his share
in these achievements, and the, perhaps, most important, the
elucidation of the history and osteology of the Solitaire, was their
joint work.
" But our Medallist's work was not confined to faunistic and
monographic research : it ranged over a much wider field, and
comprised those numei'ous and excellent articles in the ' Encyclo-
paedia Britannica,' which he afterwards collected and issued, with
many additions, as ' A Dietionarj^ of Birds.' Supplementing his
own contributions by those of the palaeontologist and morphologist,
he succeeded in producing a compendium of Ornithology with a
completeness of information for which he has earned the lasting
gratitude of all engaged in zoological studies. The Introduction
I
L1>->'EAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 6^
to the same work, which is devoted chiefly to a history of
Ornithology aud to a critical examination of the various systems
of Birds, is one of the most remarkable contributioas to biological
literature, whether it be judged from the mode of treatment of the
subject, or from the classical style in which it is written.
"J must not be carried beyond the limits of time usually
accorded to the chaii" on these occasions. If I enter upon the
other services of our Medallist in the cause of science, 1 should
refer to the duties he performed for live years as editor of the
' Ibis ' ; to the active part he has taken in organizing a system of
observations of the Migration of Birds ; nor would I forget that
Alfred Newton was the first who joined me in founding the
'liecord of Zoological Literature,' and who, later on, steered it
safely through a critical period of its existence, by the unselfish
devotion which has characterized the whole of his scientific
career."
Prof. Xewton suitably acknowledged the presentation, and
expressed his indebtedness to the Council for having selected him
as a recipient of the highest honour which it is in tbe power of
the Societv to bestow.
The obituary notices of deceased Fellows were laid before the
meeting by the Secretary, as follows, and the proceedings
terminated.
JoH>' Brooks Bridgmax was born in 1836, and died at Norwich
on October Gth, lb99, aged 63. He was for years in practice in
that town as a dentist, and his popularity was great, largely on
account of his long association with the Eifle Yohmteers, whom
he served well and with much distinction. Joining them in 1859,
he duly passed from Private to Captain, and in 1886 was made
Hon. Major. He was a splendid shot, and winner of medals aud
other prizes offered at the target. He was also a Freemason of
long standing, and an angler ; and his enthusiasm for the latter
oceupation is in a melancholy way associated with his death, due
to an attack of blood-poisoning, which arose while at Scarborough
on a deep-sea fishing expedition.
To popular science he was well Imown as an Entomologist, and
his long career in that department of natural history is intimatelv
bound up with the work of the Norfolk and Norwich Natiu-alists'
Society, of which he was an original member and became a
President. He was for eleven years Secretary to the Nor«-ich
Microscopical Society ; and, possessed of a good all-round ki;ow-
ledge of entomology in both its systematic and economic aspects,
he was constantly in demand by friends and others who sought
his aid, which was always freely given. Couchology was with
him a favourite pursuit ; and in 1872 he published a list of the
Land a^d Fresh-w ater Shells of the County of Norfolk. It is,
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
however, as a student of the Hymenoptera that he will be best
remembered, and especially of the Ichneumonidse, upon which he
did good work throughout the years 1878-1894, largely in con-
junction with Mr. fitch. The series of papers published through-
out this period in the ' Entomologist,' and in the Transactions of the
Entomological Society and of the ]S"orfolk and jS'orwich Naturalists'
Society, are most valuable for reference and as local records.
In 1895, on the cessation of this work, Bridgman presented his
collection of insects and books to the JS^orwich Castle Museum,
a lasting heritage to the working entomologist.
He was a Fellow of the Entomological Society, and was elected
a Fallow of the Linnean on 1st March, 1883.
"William Coyebdale Beattie Eatwell, M.D., E.E.C.P., was
born in April 1819, and died at Upper Norwood on August 8th,
1899. He was the son of Captain W. Eatwell, of the Indian
Navy. He was educated at G-lasgow, where he took his degree
in 1840, and he studied at University College in London, and at
Montpelier in France ; he also studied Chemistry in Grermauy
under the celebrated Liebig. On joining the Indian Army
Medical Service in 1841, he was ordered to China, where he was
detached for duty with H.M. British regiments, receiving a
special Commission as Assistant-Surgeon in H.M. Forces, in
addition to his Commission in the Indian Army ; he served
in China from 1842 to 1845. On his return to India, he was
posted to the Medical charge of the station of Pabna, which he
held for some years, till he was transferred as Assistant and
Chemical Examiner in the Opium Department. He served in
this capacity till in 1857 he was appointed Principal of the
Medical College, Calcutta, becoming at the same time a Member
of the Senate of the Calcutta University, Professor of Materia
Medicaand Clinical Medicine, and second physician at the Medical
College Hospital. He retired from the Service in 1861, residing
at fii'st in London, and later at 98 Marina, St. Leonards. He was
a man of varied attainments, a good musician and artist, besides
taking an interest in all political and religious subjects, especially
in regard to the Opium Question, as to which he was considered
an authority.
He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on 3rd
February, 1859.
Alphonse Milne-Edwaeds, Professor of Zoology and Director of
the Natural History Museum of Paris, was of English descent,
being the grandson of a West-Indian Planter, Avho settled in
Bruges, and son of the zoologically famous Henri M.-Edwards,
with whom he was for many years associated in his work. He
was born in Paris in 1835, and, taking his Medical degree, was
in 1865 made a Professor in the School of Pharmacy. His later
zoological career dates from 1876, when he acted as Deputy-
Professor for his father in the Jardiu des Plantes, but his
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF L0MD0:N^. 65
appointment to the Joint Directorship of the Menagerie and
Museum dates only from 1891.
His earUer works on the anatomy of the Chevrotains (1864),
and on the Dodo (1866), were immediately followed by his ' Ke-
cherehes Anatomiqiies et Paleontologiques pour servir a I'Histoire
des Oiseaux Fossiles de la France,' of which two volumes of text and
two of illustrations appeared during the seven followingyears. This
work is sufficient to have alone made him famous ; but, during
its progress, he, with his father, brought out the equally note-
worthy ' Eecherches pour servir a I'Histoire Naturelle des Mammi-
feres,' completed in 1874. The ornithological treatise covered the
description from the French Tertiaries of the remains of existing
African and Malagasy genera ; the mammalian, of remarkable
forms from Central Asia; and the period of their production also
witnessed the issue of the 'Recherches sur laFaune Ox'nithologique
eteinte de lies Mascareignes et de Madagascar,' upon the living
animals of which Milne-Edwards also published important papers
and articles.
Apart from this phase of his work, which has resulted in the
completion of memoirs of monumental importance, far-reaching
alike in their classificatory and zoogeographical significance,
Milne-Edwards took a pioneer's share in the development of
Marine Exploration, and the study of Marine Zoology as more
especially related to that ; and he further wrote a series of papers
upon Mai'ine Cffilenterates and the Crustacea, to the description
of a crab from Lake Tanganyika.
The voyage of the Travailleur, for survey of the Gulf of
Gascogny, undertaken under his own supervision in 1881, was
entirely due to his endeavours and appeal to his Government ;
and so successful were the results oi: this and the associated
exploration of the Straits of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean,
tliat in the following year the vessel was commissioned for a
Survey of the Atlantic extending to the Canaries. Immediately
upon this, the now equally famous cruise of the Talisman
was initiated : the coast of Portugal, Morocco, the Canary and
Cape Verde Islands being explored, on to the Sargassa Sea, the
return voyage in 1883 being by way of the Azores. Complete
success crowned these successive efforts, and for the ' Expeditions
scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman,' Milne-Edwards was
awarded the Gold Medal of the lioyal Geographical Society.
He died at Paris on 21st April, 1900, at the age of 64, after an
illness of short duration. He was in 1876 elected a Foreign
Member of the Zoological Society of London, in 1882 a Foreign
Correspondent of the Geological Society, and on 7th May, 1896,
a Foreign Member of the Linnean.
Thomas Heney Faeeee, 1st Baron Farrer, was born on
24th June, 1819, educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford,
and took his degree of B.A. in 1841, On quitting the University
he read for the Bar, to which he was called in 1844, but in ISoO-
LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1899-1900. /
66 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
he received the appointment of Assistant-Secretary to the Marine
Department o£ the Board of Trade, and retired from the full Secre-
taryship in 1886. Por his departmental services he was made a
Baronet in 1883, and in 1893 elevated to the Peerage as Baron
Farrer of Abinger. On the London County Council he became
Deputy-Chairman and Alderman. He was twice married, first in
1854 to Frances, nee Erskine, who died in 1870, and second, in
1873, to Katherine Euphemia, daughter of H. Wedgewood, Esq.,
having as issue three sons and one daughter by the first \'sife.
He died, after a prolonged illness, at his residence, Abinger Hall,
near Dorking, on 11th October, 1899. His election to this Society
is dated 21st January, 1869.
Apparently the only paper published by Lord Earrer on any of
the subjects which appeal to this Society was one signed by the
initials "T. H. E." in 'Nature,' 1872, pp. 478-480, 498-501,
" On the Eertilisation of a few common Papihonaceous Elowers,"
which was drawn up in 1869, and submitted to Mr. Darwin, who
suggested its completion. " Other calls prevent, so I print it as
it stands," was the explanation given by the author.
The Society has to record the death of one of its senior Eellows
in the decease of Thomas Bruges Elowee, who was elected
15th January, 1839, having thus spent 51 years in connection
with the Linnean Society. He was born in 1817, and practised
as a surgeon in various parts of the kingdom. In the same year
as his election, he published a paper on Swansea plants in the
* Magazine of Natural History,' and his interest in local botany
seems to have continued to the last. About 1841 he was settled
in London, and published a list of Bristol plants in the first
volume of the original series of the ' Phytologist.' Eour years later
he wrote an account of Reading plants for Robinson's ' Environs
of Reading,' 1845 ; he had previously produced a list of the more
interesting plants in Eletcher's ' Tour round Reading,' 1840.
The year 1847 witnessed the issue of his ' Flora Thanetensis,'
due to botanizing in the north-east of Kent the year before. At
this time, on his removal to Seend in Wiltshire, where he carried
on his profession, he conceived the plan of a Wiltshire 'Flora' ; in
1849 he sent a list of the Countv plants to H. C. Watson, and
in 1850 three copies of the ' London Catalogue,' ed. 2, with that
county divided into three divisions, and the plants in each noted.
The Flora came out in successive issues of the ' Wiltshire Archaeo-
logical Magazine' during the 17 years, 1857-74 ; it was little more
than a skeleton, and is superseded by a more detailed account by
Rev. T. A. Preston, given in the same journal for 1888.
Since 1858 Flower resided in Bath, but usually came to London
in the month of May each year, visiting old friends and familiar
scenes.
His death occurred at Bath on 7th October, 1899, in his
83rd year.
LIN'NEAN SOCIETY OF LOJTDON. 67
Sir William Heney Plower, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.E.S., was born
on 30th November, 1831, at Stratford-on-Avon, aad educated at
private schools and University College, London, wbere he gained
a gold medal in Anatomy and Physiology, and the silver one in
Zoology and Comparative Anatomy. He took his M.B. in 1851,
and became a Member of the Eoyal College of Surgeons in the
same year. After a Continental tour he entered tlie Army as an
Assistant-Surgeon in the 63rd Poot Eegiment, and saw service in
the Crimea, receiving the Medal with four clasps and the Turkish
medal. Eeturning to London, he was in 1859 appointed Assistant-
Surgeon and Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Middlesex Hospital,
and while there he produced his first anatomical work entitled
' Diagrams of the Xerves of the Human Body.' Two surgical
papers followed, and then his ' Xotes on the Galago ' and ' On
the Posterior Lobes of the Cerebrum of the Quadrumaua ' — the
two memoirs which marked his choice of comparative anatomy as
his life's work. In 1861 he was appointed Conservator of the
Museum of the Poyal College of Surgeons, on the death of
Mr. John Quekett ; and his 23 years' tenure of office marked the
most active portion of his life, during \^hich he produced memoir
after memoir, based for the most part upon work done in the
arrangement and extension of the Mammalian Collection, which
under his care became unsui-passed.
Flower in 1870 succeeded Huxley as Huuterian Professor of
Comparative Anatomy in this College ; and during the fourteen
years he continued in office, his Lectures, which were a constant
attraction, were to a large extent indicative of the working of his
mind in the development of the resources of the great Collection of
which he had charge, already rendered classic by the labours of John
Hunter and P. Owen. His papers upon Mammalian Anatomy,
conspicuously those on the Dentition of the Marsupialia, on the
Brain of the Primates, and on the Classification of the Carnivora,
are now famous ; and it was in the course of this work that he
produced the long series of memoirs on the Cetacean Skeleton,
which will ever remain a lasting monument to his labours and the
foremost works of reference upon the subject. In conjunction with
those of Turner, they constitute the writings of English zoologists
the central court of appeal in Cetology. He was not, however,
neglectful of other groups of animals, for while he published
papers on the anatomy of the Bustard, Cassowary, and Hornbill,
he in his Museum work did not forsake even the lower Inverte-
brata. But he was never very sympathetic with either these or
with microscopic work. Conspicuous among his Lectures were
those of 1880 on the ' Comparative Anatomy of Man,' in which
he dealt with the skulls of certain little-known and extinct races.
A leading result of his curatorial work was his Catalogue of this
date, on Man's Osteology, which was the embodiment of years
of labour, the results of which were from time to time made
known in lectures and addresses, and in ]mrt embodied in subse-
quent communications made to the British Association and the
/2
68 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE
Anthropological lostitute and elsewhere, till the year 1895, which'
marked the date of his concluding Anthropological memoir, ' On.
the Aboriginal Inhabitants of Jamaica.' His record at the Eoyal
College of Surgeons was one continued success, the result of
exceptional administrative capacity and skill, and it placed him in
the front rank of Museum Curators. Ever at his post, nervously
anxious lest the best should not have been done, communicative,,
genial, and ever ready to receive and encourage the visitor and those
who would make good use of the collections, he proved himself, as
he has been termed, the " Prince of Museum Directors."
In 1884 Flower was called to succeed Owen in the Directorship
of the British Museum of Natural History at (South Kensington ;,
and here his ingenuity and skill in matters of Museum technique
found new lines for its development : in the formation of the ideal
Index-Collection, which remains a masterly achievement of its kind.
Rejecting the scheme of Owen, which would have devoted one
bay to Man, another to perhaps the whole of the Invertebrata,.
Flower began with an organological series, viz., the beautiful
collection of specimens illustrating the Mammalian dentition,
which is to-day as he left it. Of the success of the undertalung
so far as he lived to carry it out, aided by the two competent
assistants he in turn em.ployed, it is impossible to speak too
highly. Unique in its conception, it has served as a prototype
of other collections of like order, and has been of inestimable
value to the student. It cannot be too deeply regretted that
he did not live to finish the series, for had he done so and
left it a completed whole, it must have remained a permanent
and most fitting monument to his memory ; and one could have
pictured to the mind the Collection, when completed, backed by
an appropriate inscription akin to that which surmounts the
entrance to St. Paul's Cathedral, calling upon the spectator to
look round, would he perceive the achievement of a master hand.
Owing to its unfinished state, it would seem that this Collection
will in course of time become more or less merged in the
general mass of material our National storehouse contains ; but
there are things more complete in themselves that Flower
achieved, which must stand as he left them. We refer to
the Cases in the Central Hall, each illustrating the working of
one principle in organic nature, and the Whale-room, with its
ponderous skeletons mounted in reproductions of half-skins, in
the manner so successfully introduced by him. These constitute
a lasting memorial to his labours, more valuable and significant
than any which could be raised by his friends. And further,
in all parts of the Museum, specimens, stands, labels, testify to
his wise discretion, his aesthetic taste, and power of gauging the
public mind.
Author of a long series of memoirs, papers, and cyclopaedic
articles, as a writer for both the public and the student, he
was successful because sympathetic. His 'Osteology of the
Mammalia,' his book on the Horse, his Manual, in conjunction
LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 69
M-ith Lvdekker, on ' Mammals Living and Extinct,' all take
foremost rank ; and of his essays, those dealing with questions
of Museum management are, as a collected series, unique and
instructive. With his day fully occupied with official duties
and liable to endless interruption by visitors, to whom he was
always most courteous. Flower had little opportunity for con-
tinuous zoological work ; and that which the visitor to the
Museum now beholds as directly due to his hand, was mostly
done after hours, when the doors were closed to the public.
He was always at it as opportunity offered. As a speaker and
lecturer, he was fluent and attractive; as a friend, candid but
sympathetic, faithful and confiding, ever tolerant of the weakness
of others. He leaves us a noble example of untiring devotion to
the cause of science. To the success of his lengthy tenure of office
as President of the Zoological Society, and the reforms which,
in coDJ unction with Dr. P. L. Sclater, he there carried out, the
progress and growth in all departments of that Society's work is in
itself a sufficient testimony. In his other Presidential capacities
he was equally facile and influential ; and in public life he could
always be relied upon, were the circumstance ever so difficult, to
do and say the right thing.
He received Hon. Degrees from the Universities of Oxford,
•Cambridge, Edinburgh, St. Andrew's, Dublin, and Durham, and
also the Royal Prussian Order " Pour la Merite." He was a
Member of several Foreign Institutes, Academies, and Societies,
a recipient of the Eoyal Society's Medal, and a K.C.B.
He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on 20th March,
1862 ; and although he never contributed to its publications, his
eulogium on Charles Darwin, delivered at the memorable meeting
in 1887, will be recalled by those who heard it as, in its cautious-
ness, a highly characteristic achievement.
Sir W. Flower suffered from failing health during the two
•closing years of his life. Overwork, telling upon a frail constitu-
tion, brought about an affection of the heart, from which, pleurisy
supervening, he died on 1st July, 1900, in his 6Sth year, deeply
beloved and respected by all.
Adkien Eexe Franchet was elected a Foreign Member on
4lh May, 1899, and died suddenly on 15th February-, 1900, his
■connection ^^•ith the Society thus lasting less than ten months.
He was born at Pezou, Loir-et-Cher, on 21st April, 183-4 ; in
1857 he became curator of the collections of the Marquis de
Vibraye, at Cour-Cheverny, a small to\\Ti to the south-east of Blois,
and retained this position for twenty-three years. During his stay
in this place, he had amongst his duties the charge of certain
excavations, amongst them those of Grand Pressigny and Eyzies,
though he never was greatly drawn to the study of palaeontology.
His first paper was published in 1864 in ' Billotia,' a"jN'ote
sur le mode de reproduction de la Bnmiera vivipara {Lemna
arrliiza, L.)," which generic name, like those of Grantia, Griff., and
70 PIlOCEEDI>^GS OF THE
HorJcelia, Eeichb., have yielded to that propounded by Horkel a&
WoJffia, for the tiniest Duckweed. Five years later he published
a paper of twenty pages on the parallel variations of several
European species of Verbascum, in the ' Bulletin de la Societe
botanique de Prance,' xvi. (1869), a subject to which he con-
tinued to give much attention. In 1872, through the same
channel, he contributed notes upon introduced plants in his native
department. ' Etudes sur les Verbascum de la France et de
I'Europe centrale' came out at A'^endome in 1875; in which year
he became more widely known by his association with Dr. Louis
Savatier, whose collections made in Japan were worked up jointly,
as ' Enumeratio plantarum in Japonia sponte crescentium ' Parisiis^
1875-79, three parts forming two volumes in octavo. This formed
the point of departure for his studies in the botany of the extreme
East, which ended only with his death. The expedition of Kevoil
to Soraaliland resulted in the plants collected being placed in the
hands of Eranchet to work out ; his contribution forming the
' Sertulum Somalense ' in Eevoil's ' Mission au Pays Comalis,'
Paris, 1882.
His long connection with Cour-Cheverny ended in 1880; in
1881 he came to Paris, and there he fixed his place of abode for
the rest of his life. The Museum d'Histoire Naturelle employed
two auxiliary botanists for some time : Sagot was one, Eranchet
the other. The post was ouly temporary, for the " credit " was
exhausted in a few years, and in 1885 Eranchet found himself
adrift, without settled occupation or means to support himself
and family. Happily for him, and the botanic world also,
M. Drake del Castillo installed him as curator of his botanic
collections in the Eue Balzac ; three days he devoted to these
collections, the other three he worked in the Museum Herbarium.
The year 1886 brought him a small addition to his income a»
"■ Repetiteur de Botanique des Hautes-Etudes.'
Meantime he had continued his studies of Asiatic botany, in
1883 llnishing an account of the plants of Turkestan brought back
by M. Capus, which account ran through four volumes of the
' Annales des Sciences jSTaturelles, Botanique.' His ' Catalogue
des Plantes recueillies aux environs de Tche-tou par A. A. Eauvel,'
issued by the Cherbourg Scientific Society in 1884, launched him
into the world of Chinese plants, immediately followed by his
important ' Plantae Davidianos,' which formed part of five volumes
OL the •' Nouvelles Archives ' of the Museum : the first portion
devoted to Mongolian plants, the second to Eastern Thibet (the
province of Mupin), 1884-88. The fruit of his long study of
the local flora of Blois and its neighbourhood resulted in his
' Flore de Loir-et-Cher ' in 1885, a thick octavo.
The plants collected by the Abbe Delavay in Yunnan were
studied by Eranchet, and three fasciculi of plates and text were
issued in 1889-90. Thenceforward, most of his papers came
out in the ' Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique de Paris ' : a
monograph of Paris in the Centennial volume published in 1888,
LINNEAN" SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 71
the remainder scattered through several successive vohimes of the
Bulletin ; amongst these contributions, those on new species of
Carex of Eastern Asia are the most important. Shorter papers are
also to be found in Morot's ' Journal de Botanique ' and elsewhere.
His last paper, on the small collection of plants brought home by
Monsieur and AFadame de la Touch from i'okien, in China, with a
new genus of Gentianese in honour of the discoverers, Latouchea,
came out in the 46th volume of the Bulletin of the French
Botanical Society, after the author's death.
The deceased botanist travelled but little, though he visited the
herbarium at Kew in 1894, stayina: at the house of Mr. W. B.
Hemsley. He greatly enjoyed this visit, and frequently spoke
of its events in his home circle, though his inability to converse
in English somewhat hampered bis excursions round Ivew.
On the loth February last, he kept his room from an affection
which seemed merely a cold ; at six o'clock in the evening a
change for the worse set in, and by nine he was dead.
Visitors to the herbarium of the Museum will sadly miss his
ready and ungrudging help amongst the collections there, of which
his knowledge was wide and special. His death is a real loss in
the botanic world, and to those, and they were many, who knew
him as a friend, his removal leaves a lamentable void.
MM. Edounrd Bureau and Drake del Castillo spoke at the
graveside of their old associate, and reports of their speeches,
with a short note by the editor, will be found in Morot's ' Journal
de Botanique,' xiv. (1900), pp. 59-63.
He:n'by Bellamy George was born in 1826, and had to make his
own way in life, which he accomplished by sterling industry and
business capacity. In middle life he actively interested himself
in various philanthropic offices, later becoming a director of the
Eeedham Asylum for Orphans.
A chance attendance on a course of lectures on elementary
botany by a former president of this society, Mr. W. Carruthers,
induced him to become a student of that science, to which he was
also drawn by his artistic faculties, which had previously led him
to adopt the business of a designer. About that time he fre-
quently would rise at five on summer mornings and ramble as
far as Highgate or Hampstead in search of plants, bringing them
home to Barnsbury in time for breakfast, and yet reaching his
office by nine o'clock.
The latter years of his life he lived at Shortlands, near Bromley,
in Kent. It was there he died on 26th December, 1899, regretted
by a large circle of friends for " his amiabihty of disposition, his
unaffected kindness, his large-hearted charity, and his unswerving
fidelity to conscience and duty " ; he was buried at Highgate
Cemetery. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on loth March,
1866.
72 - PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Theophilus "William GiUDLESTOisrE was the only son of the late
Canon W. Harding Girdlestone, and for many jeavs at Sunning-
dale The proprietor of a school devoted to preparing pupils for the
public schools.
He possessed a garden which was devoted latterly to the
cultivation of the single Dahlia, and was very successful in
showing them. He filled in succession the offices of Secretary,
Treasurer, and President of the National Dahlia Society. His
first hobby in gardening was the Eose, but he relinquished it in
favour of a fiower which came into perfection at a period of the
year when he could devote more time to it.
After a short illness he died at Sunningdale on Sunday, 2oth June,
1899. He was elected a Pellow of this Society 2nd May,
1889. A portrait was published in 'The Kosariau's Year-book'
for 1892, and most of the gardening journals contain a sympathetic
reference to an ardent cultivator.
Sylvantts Hanley, whose name is a landmark in the progress of
Malacology, was born at Oxford on 7th January, 1819. Entering
Wadham, he in due course took his degree. He began life as a
law-student, but, being possessed of ample means, he gave himself
up to his favourite occupation, which he pursued with painstaking
accuracy, his publications extending from 1841 till 1885. Some
35 papers issued during this period stand recorded in his name,
mostly in the 'Journal' of the Linnean Society, the 'Proceedings'
of the Zoological Society, and the ' Annals and Magazine of
Natural History.' Three monographs were contzibuted to
Sowerby's ' Thesaurus,' viz., that on Tellina (1846), on the
NuculidrB (1860), and on Solanum (1863); but it is by his separate
books that Hanley will be best remembered, and of these there
were seven in all, from his 'Exotic Couchology ' (1841) to his
' Conchologia ludica ' (1870-76). His 'History of the British
Mollusca,' written in conjunction with Edward Porbes in 1848-
1853, still remains a standard work, and will rank as his most
famous ; and his ' Ipsa Linusei Conchylia,' with its associated
treatise on the Linnean Manuscript of the Museum IJlricae
(Journ. and Proc. Linn. Soc. vol. iv. p. 43), will always remain
indispensable, by virtue of their historical associatiou.
Hanley died at Penzance on 5th April, 1900, at the advanced
age of 80.
He was a Pellow of the Zoological Society, and was elected a
Pellow of the Linnean on 19th December, 1843.
Heney Bendelack Hewetson, an ophthalmic surgeon of much
distinction, of Leeds, whose death at Hull occurred on 15th May,
Avas an enthusiastic Ornithologist and lover of nature. He was best
known for having first recorded the visits of certain birds to our
shores, and as a student of bird-migration. He made A'aluable col-
lections of birds and insects on the coast of North Africa, and as an
explorer he will be further remembered for his part in the working-
I
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 73
out of the ' Kitchen Middens ' of East Yorkshire. He was the author
of works entitled ' Thoughts on Ornithology ' and ' Nature Cared
for and Uncared for ' ; and his memory will otherv\'ise be revered for
the long and useful work that he performed in the interes's of the
Leeds Naturalists' Club and Scientific Association, of which he
was made President in 1885, and again in 1896 and 1897.
He was a l^'ellow of the Eoyal Geographical Society and of the
Zoological, a Member of the British Ornithologists' Union, and was
■elected a Pellow of the Linnean Society on 21st March, 1889.
NojnrAN Shanks Keru, M.D., whose death took place at Hastings
on 30th May, 1900, was born in Glasgow on 17th May, 18.34.
Educated in that city, he began life as a iournalist, and, passing to
the University, supported himself thus while pursuing his academic
career. He is famous for his staunch defence and untiring support
of Total Abstinence, which dates from his foundation of the
existing Society of that name in connection with the Glasgow
University, and for his long career in the work of the Society for
the Study and Cure of Inebriety, of which some 20 years ago he
was the founder.
On leaving the University, he acted as Surgeon on the Allan
Canadian mail-steamers; and in 1874 he settled in London, at
St. John's Wood, becoming Medical Officer of St. Marvlebone,
which position he held for a period of 24 years. His writings are
mostly in defence of the Temperance Movement, and upon medical
subjects bearing upon that ; and both as a writer and speaker he will
ever be remembered as one of the most earnest champions of the
cause, whose place it would seem impossible to adequately fill.
Beyond this, he was further famed for useful and philanthropic
works.
He was a Member of the Obstetrical, Medical, and Harveian
^Societies of London, and held many offices in connection with
work among inebriates at home and abroad.
He was elected a Eellow of the Linnean Society on 16th January,
1873.
The Most Honourable Scho]Mberg Henry Kerr, 9th Marquess
of Lothian, K.T., B.C., &c., was born 2nd December, 1833. His
important services to the State are chronicled elsewhere ; it may
suffice to say that he was educated at Eton, and New College,
Oxford, served as a staif-officer in Persia, and from 1858 was
Secretary to the embassies at Erankfort, Madrid, and Vienna till
1865 : becoming at a later period (1887-90) Loi'd Rector of
Edinburgh University, President of the Scottish Society of
Antiquaries, and of the Eoyal Geographical Society. In 1865 he
married Lady Victoria Alexandrina Montague-Douglas-Scott,
daughter of the 5th Duke of Buccleugh and Queensberry, by
whom he had a numerous issue, seven of whom survived their
father. He succeeded his brother, the 8th Marquess, in 1870.
His connection with this Society dates from 6th June, 1889 ;
74 PBOCEEDINGS OE THE
and shortly afterward, under his patronage and pecuniary support,
Miss Florence Woolvvard began to issue her well-known ' The
genus MasdevaUia, with additional notes by F. C. Lehmann ' on
the cultivation of the plants. The coloured plates were drawn
chiefly from specimens in cultivation in the Marquess's houses,
with descriptions by the artist herself. The first part came out in
1891 and the last in 1896, forming a handsome folio volume of
87 platas.
The Marquess died on the 17th January, 1900, and was buried
atNewbattle, Dalkeith, one of theseats of his family, on January 23rd.
Concurrently \^ith the funeral a memorial service was held at the
Chapel Eoyal, 8t. James's Palace.
Edwaed Joseph Lowe was a man of varied and wide interests,
and died on 10th March, 1900, at his seat, ShirenewtonHall, near
Chepstow, in his 75th year. He was born in 1826, and, possessed
of ample means, he was able to devote himself to his favourite
pursuits without having to provide for his daily wants. His
earliest works were on meteorology, his first book being a 'Treatise
on Atmospheric Phenomena,' in 1846, followed by ' Prognostica-
tions of the Weather,' in 1849, and the 'Climate of Nottingham
in 1852,' published in 1853; next appeared the ' Couchology of
Nottingham ' in the same year. With Scolfern he wrote the
account of Meteorology, which appeared in the seventh volume of
Orr's 'Circle of the Sciences' in 1854; partly rewritten and revised,
as an independent work in 1856 as ' Practical Meteorology.' He
was editor of the ' Magazine of Natural Philosophy,' which only
ran to seven numbers in 1855-56.
His most extensive work was ' Perns, British and Exotic,' which
came out from 1856 to 1860, in eight volumes, with coloured
plates, concurrently with his ' Natural History of British Grasses,'
two volumes (1857-58), also with coloured plates. A more popular
book was his ' Beautiful Leaved Plants,' with illustrations in
colour, two volumes (1859-61), which was translated into French
in 1865. The 'Natural History of New and Eare Ferns' appeared
in 1860-62 ; ' Our Native Ferns,' two volumes, in 1862-67 ; and
he began a work of which the first part only came out, ' The
Natural Phenomena and Chronology of the Seasons of the British
Isles,' in 1870.
' British Ferns and Where Found ' was an introductory work
in the 'Young Collector' Series in 1891; and the last from his
pen was ' Fern-Growing : Fifty Tears' Experience in Crossing
and Cultivation,' 1895.
Lowe was passionately devoted to raising varieties of ferns from
spores, and claimed to have originated many unusual forms, not
merely by hybridization, but from multiple parentage. Unusual
varieties of plants and animals had a great charm for him, and he
had under his eye, in his own estate overlooking the British
Channel, multitudes of interesting examples.
His entrance into the Linnean Society dates from 3rd February,
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, 75
1857. He was also Fellow of the Eoyal Astronomical Society (1848),
Geological Society (1853), Eoyal Society (1867), and Eoyal Meteo-
rological Society, of which he was one of the founders, in 1850.
St. Geokge Jackson Mitart, born at Brook Street, Grosvenor
Square, on 30th November, 1827, \Aas of Welsh descent. He was
educated at Clapham, Chiswick, Harrow, and King's College,
London ; and, deprived of entry at Oxford by his having in 1844
become a Catholic, he finally entered St. Mai-y's College, Oscott.
In 1851 he passed to the Bar, at Lincoln's Inn, but soon retired
from the legal profession in favour of a Natural History career.
In 1862 he was appointed Lecturer on Zoology in St. Mary's
Hospital Medical School, which appointment he held daring the
most active period of his life, resigning it in 1884. His first paper,
" On the Crania of the Lemuroidea," and his first book, ' On the
Genesis of Species,' were published soon after he began to teach ;
and in 1873 he produced his best book for the student, viz., his
' Lessons in Elementary Anatomy,' still in circulation. Side by
side with these earlier publications, Mivart contributed to the
pages of the ' Popular Science Eeview' a short series of articles on
the broader characters of certain classes of Invertebrata, each of
them beiug based on the more detailed consideration of an easily
accessible genus ; and in these, his only serious essays upon the
Invertebrata, there is evident the influence of Huxley, whose
lectures Mivart had previously attended, and who was at the time
maturing his famous ' Type System ' of biological instruction.
That Huxley's teaching was further responsible for the conception
of Mivart's ' Lessons ' he himself admitted ; and, in consideration
of this intimacy of relationship between the two men, it is the
more regrettable that after a controversy in the pages of the
' Contemporary Eeview,' arising out of the attitude assumed by
Mivart in his ' Genesis of Species ' towards the Darwinian doctrines,
at the time slowly gaining gi-ound, they became estranged for a
number of years.
Mivart's zoological papers are numerous, and they deal mostly
with the osteology of the Yertebrata, less conspicuously with
the myology and taxonomy of certain groups, but only occa-
sionally with visceral anatomy. Indeed, he mostly dealt with
parts easy of access, such as the dried skeleton and the surface
of the brain, which could be prepared and brought to him for
study and description by an assistant. Three of his papers were
written in conjunction with Dr. J. Murie, viz., those on the
anatomy of Hyrax, Nycticehus, and the Lemurs, and one in asso-
ciation with the Eev. E. Clarke, " On the Sacral Plexus and Sacral
Vertebrae of Lizards and other Vertebrata," which, with his paper
on the " Cerebral Convolutions of the Caruivora," constitute his
leading contributions to the Linnean Society's publications. His
papers on the osteology of Mammals and Birds will ever rank as
his best, and they are elaborate records of detail invaluable for
reference. His chief contribution to zoological literature is his
76 PROCEEDINGS OP THE
memoir on the " Fins of Elasraobranchs," in which, contempora-
neously with the American Thacher, he formulated the famous
lateral fin-fold theory of the origin of the Vertebrate Limbs, which,
allowing for error concerning the forward rotation of the pectoral
tin of the Batoidei, still finds favour.
This memoir is alone sufficient to have established his reputation
;as a Zoologist ; and, among his remaining works, the orientation of
the surfaces and processes of the Monotreme scapula, the dis-
covery of the " Ursine Lozenge" in the Sea-lion, the arguments
that the Lemurs may be a sub-order distinct from the Apes and
Man and that they have been wrougly included in the Primates,
are the most noteworthy topics dealt with. In his ' Possibly Dual
'Origin of the Mammalia' he attained a somewhat doubtful notoriety,
as also in his attempt to effect a compromise between the Giin-
therian classification of the Batrachia Anura and that of Cope. In
his memoirs on the Arctoidea and ^^i^luroidea, he did good service
by supplementing those of the late Sir W. Flower, in which these
terms were introduced.
Mivart was the author of a large number of popular articles
and lectures on Natural History subjects, and also of the articles
' Ape,' • Eeptiiia (anatomy),' and ' Skeleton,' in the 9th edition
of the Encyclopaedia Bjitannica ; but none of these call for special
comment. Among his miscellaneous Addresses and Eeviews, two
are noteworthy — one for his defence of Buffon, whom he believed
to have been overshadowed by Linnaeus ; the other for his justifica-
tion of Owen's claim to have anticipated, in their essence, the
"Weismannistic doctrines of the Immortality of the Protozoa and
the Grerm Plasma.
Asa writer of books and a controversalist, Mivart attained great
UDtoriety. His ' Nature and Thought ' (1SS2), ' Origin of Reason '
(1889), and his ' Groundwork of Science' (1894), are among the
most ambitious and famous of his philosophic writings ; and to
read him at his best is to study his two volumes of ' Essays
and Criticisms ' published in 1892. More nearly educational are
his ' Birds : The Elements of Ornithology,' and his ' Types of
Animal Life,' — the first by no means free from error or the better
for the embodiment of a classification which has not found
favour ; the second unintelligible in the arrangement of its con-
tents. In 1896 he essayed the impossible task of incorporating
in a single small volume the ' Elements of Science,' including
history and mathematics. Three other of his books remain to be
mentioned, viz., the successive memoirs on the ' Cat,' the ' Canidse,'
and the ' Lories.' Of these, the first, largely superfluous beside
the great work of Strauss-Durckheim, \^hile containing much
that is general and instructive on the first principles of mammalian
morphology, is very disappointing where the subtle details of
that of the Cat are concerned. The second, by lack of depth of
research, is of little avail ; while the third, based upon a previous
series of papers, is the best and most i^eliable of the three.
There can be little doubt that with advancing years Mivart
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 77
attempted too much ; but, this notwithstanding, he finally produced
a novel entitled ' In Castle and Manor,' which was published but a
few days before his death. As a philosophic writer he leaves us a
vast amount of thoughtful material which will repay perusal ; and
he will ever be remembered for his attitude towards the Darwinian
doctrine of ' Natural Selection,', which he systematically opposed,,
and for his constant reiteration of the belief that evolution proceeds
from some internal force and is due to processes which are sudden
and distinct, and that the ' mind ' of the brute and the conceptual
mind of man are distinct things, between which a connection is
inconceivable.
Mivart Mas a man of imposing physique, of clarming tempera-
ment. An ideal host, a courteous, considerate friend. He was
a fiuent French scholar and a capital talker. His middle life was
passed in London and Sussex and at ChiUvorth in Surrey, until
1894, when he developed a roaming tendency, imagining himself
a malade. He finally settled in London, at 77 Inverness Terrace,-
where, after a series of heart attacks, he died suddenly on 1st April,.
1900, vigorous and resistful to the last.
In addition to the Lectureship afore-mentioned, he was in 1874
appointed Professor of Biology in a short-lived Catholic College at
Kensington; and during the years 1890-1893 he was 'Professor of
the Philosophy of jNatural History ' at the University of Louvain,
where he delivered two or three courses of lectures in French.
From Louvain he in 1884 received the degree of M.D., and
from Eome in 1886 that of Ph.D. He was elected a Fellow of
the Eoyal Society in 1869 ; and was a Fellow and several times a
Vice-President of the Zoological Society, the interests of which
he for long years had earnestly at heart. He was a Fellow and
Member of several other scientific societies and bodies, and from
time to time took part in the management of all to which he
belonged. He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on
20th March, 1862, and was for six years its Zoological Secretary and
for several one of its Yice-Presidents. His ready help in all that
concerned its welfare was always conspicuous, and he was during
recent years its social head as Hon. Treasurer of the Linnean
Society Club.
A lichenologist of the old school has passed away in the person
of William Nylandee, who died in Paris 29th March, 1900.
He was born at Uleaborg in Finland on 2nd January, 1822.
In 1839 he began the study of medicine at the University of
Helsingfors, but did not obtain his doctorate till 1847. He was^
drawn early in his student-life to the study of insects and plants,
but his forte became that of a descriptive lichenologist. The
Abbe Hue, in the ' Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France,'
xlvi. (1899) pp. 159-165, has drawn up a full bibliography, from,
which we learn that his total scientific contributions amount to no
less than 232, one of these being in 47 parts, though most were
of a few pages only.
The first paper from his pen was on the ants of the northern-
7 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
parts of Europe, in the ' Acta ' of the Societas pro Fauna et Elora
Eennica, 109 pages in the second and third volumes, in 1847. The
same year, in the same medium, he brought out a memoir which is
still consulted, his ' Aduotationes in expositionem monographicam
Apum borealium,' and, in Swedish, an attempt to determine the
Linnean species of Formica found in Sweden. It was not till five
years afterwards that he published his first contribution in botany,
and that was ' Animadversiones circa distributionem plantarum in
Eennia,' at Helsiugfors, a tract of 21 pages, first printed in the
••Acta,' vol. iii. The same year (1852) we find him prolific in his
issues, for he followed up this memoir by his ' Collectanea in
floram Karelicam ' and a ' Continuatio ' of it ; ' Conspectus fiorse
Helsingforsiensis ' and an appended ' Additamentum ' ; a supple-
ment to his 'Northern Bees'; also a 'Eevisio synoptica Apum
borealium, comparatis speciebus Europse mediae;' followed in 1853
by his first paper ou Lichens, " Observationes aliquot ad Synopsiu
Lichenum Holmieusium " in the ' ISTya Botaniska Notiser.'"
In 1848 he made his first journey to France, which he revisited
•at intervals, even during his tenui'e of the chair of botany at
Helsingfors from 1857 to 1863. In the latter year he resigned
the post and settled in Paris, which became his fixed place of abode
until his death.
"With the exception of a few papers on certain Fungi, the
remainder of his life Avas given up to the study of Lichens from a
taxonomic point of view. Thus he came to England in the autumn
of 1857 purposely to study the lichens in the herbarium of Sir
William Hooker. From 1858 to 1860 he was busied on publishing
his greatest work, 'Synopsis methodica lichenum omnium hucusque
cop-nitorum,' a volume of 430 pages ; and at the same time, in con-
junction with Th. Sselan, his ' Herbarium Musei Fennici,' in 1859.
Of his ' Synopsis ' only the first volume and the beginning of the
second appeared, but, though incomplete, it is of indispensable use
in the study of lichens. He had by this time formulated his
classificatory system, and tenaciously kept to it throughout his
life. His idea of ad^^ancing the knowledge of the set of plants he
studied, was to intercalate new species in their proper sequence ;
for he had but little liking for minute anatomical investigation.
Having microscopically examined certain forms, he desisted from
■continued experiment, and rested content with his early researches.
As a consequence, it is stated that he not infrequently mixed
species having a superficial resemblance to each other, in various
herbaria.
This method of working was, no doubt, partly induced by the
solitary nature of the man, and, inclined to become misanthropic,
he lived almost alone, and solitary he died. His last tu-enty-five
years were poisoned by the gradual reception of the dual-lichen
theory, from 1873, when Bornet published his ' Eecherches sur
les gonidies des Lichens,' based upon Schwendener's work on the
character of the lichen-thallus. The autonomy of lichens became
a fixed idea with him. He systematically rejected, without serious
LINIsEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 79
examination, the whole question of symbiosis, affirming, without
furnishing proof, that the gonidia are directly deri\ed from the
germination of the lichen-s]Dores. It was this -v^hich made him
quit the laboratory of the 3Iuseum d'Histoire Naturelle, where he
had worked for years, and he never returned. It became a haunting
spectre, and those who did not think with him were loolied upon
as personal enemies. Nylauder readily welcomed young workers in
lichenology, and prompted them to publish something to Avhich he
could add a little article on the ' Autonomy ' of lichens. It was
thus he passed the latter period of his life, and he passed away in
a condition of almost complete isolation. His election as a
Foreign Member of the Linnean Society took place 4th May,
1876, and his death in Paris 29th March, 1899.
In our Journal he described " Lichenes jSTovsb Zelandise quos ibi
legit anno 1861 Dr. Lauder Lindsay," in the ninth volume (1867),
17 pages ; and in 1883, in the 20th volume, appeai-ed ' On a
Collection of Exotic Lichens made in Eastern Asia by the late
Dr. A. C. Maingay," written in conjunction with the Eev. J. M.
Crombie. In 1880 he busied himself on the determination of the
plates of the Lichens in Dilleuius's ' Historia Muscorum,' which
were placed at the disposal of Mr. Crombie, and came out in the
Journal of this Society, Botany, xvii. (1880) pp. 553-581.
In addition to the above-mentioned bibliography, an appreciative
article has been published by Dr. E. Arnold of Munich.
Sir James Paget, Bart., D.C.L., LL.D., E.E.S., was born at
Great Yarmouth in 1814 ; and although he later left that place
to embark on the surgical career which rendered him famous, he
developed while there and still young a love of natural history,
which found expression in his publication, in conjunction with
his brother Charles, of a meritorious work entitled ' A Sketch of
the JS'atural History of Yarmouth and its Neighbourhood, con-
taining Catalogues of the Species of Mammals, Birds, Eeptiles,
Eishes, Insects, and Plants at present known.' He was assisted
in this by local naturalists, and in the fulfilment of the task
he showed himself capable both as an organizer and obsen'er.
Beyond this he has no claim to distinction in Natural History ;
and of his Surgical career it may be said that he was elected a
Member of the Eoyal College of Surgeons in 1836, a Eellow in
1843, a Member of its Council in 1865, and President ten jeavs
later. He was also Professor of Surgery and Anatomy to the
College from 1847 to 1852, and was in 1882 Bradshaw lecturer.
His early medical training was received at St. Bartholomew's
Hospital, where his name has become a talisman. As surgeon
and lecturer on physiology there, he laboured hard for the
welfare of the Medical School ; and his interest in Medical and
Scientific Education led to his appointment to the Senate of the
l^niversit)' of London, of which in 1884 lie was made Yice-
Chancellor.
So PROCEEDINGS OF THE
He held the honourable appointments of Serjeant-Surgeon to'
H.M. the Queen, of Surgeon-in-Ordinary to H.E.H. the Prince
of Wales ; and as a writer is best known by his ' Clinical Lectures
and Essays,' and others of the kind from time to time delivered
on surgical pathology.
He died at his London residence, Regent's Park, on December
30th, 1899, in his 87th year.
He was elected a Pellow of the Eoyal Society in 1854, and for
over 30 years served at intervals upon its Council. He was also
a Corresponding Member of the Institute of .France. He was
elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on 18th January, 1872.
At the age of 93 our oldest and senior Associate, William
Pamplin, passed away at Pen-yr-llan, Llaudderfel, Merionethshire,
on 9th September, 1899.
His grandfather was a native of Halstead in Essex, and after-
wards carried on the business of a florist at Walthamstovv. The
father of our late Associate followed the same business, then was
for nine years head gardener to Mr. Crawshay at Merthyr Tydvil,.
but left that employment to set up as nurseryman at Chelsea.
William Pamplin, the only son, was born at Chelsea 5th August,
1806, and was educated at the classical school of the Rev. David
Eelip, who was assisted by his brothers Peter and John, also
clergymen. After his school-days William Pamplin assisted his
father in the nursery, and spent some of his leisure in noting the
wild plants within a walk of Chelsea.
A list of the indigenous plants of Clapham was published in
Batten's ' Key and Companion to the Plan of Clapham with its
Common and Environs,' issued in 1827 with this editorial note : —
" Eor the valuable catalogue of indigenous plants, growing in the
vicinity of Clapham, the editor is indebted to Mr. Wm. Pamplin,
junr., of Lavender Hill Nursery, where specimens of the plants
may be seen either preserved or growing." The list occupies pages
34 to 48 inclusive, and very few of the plants named as to be
found on Clapham Common exist there now ; while Battersea
Fields, so favourite and prolific a hunting-ground in the time of
William Curtis and his successors, has long since been converted
into Battersea Park. This list was reprinted with some additions
in the same year as a pamphlet of 17 pages.
When he was 24 years of age, Pamplin was elected an Associate
of this Society, on January 19th, 1830. He had even in old age a
vivid recollection of men and things at the Linnean Society : —
A. B. Lambert as Vice-President in the Chair, with the otiicial
cocked hat in front of him on the table, Eobert Brown on his right,
Richard Taylor the printer, as under-secretary, on his left, sur-
rounded by such men as Edward Forster, Adrian H. Haworth, W.
Wood, Conrad Loddiges, David Don, Eobert Sweet, Thomas BeU,
and John Lindley. He was also well known to a later generation,
for on the death of John Hunneman, of Frith Street, Soho, in
1839, he left his nursery business, much to the regret of his father.
LUnS'EAX SOCIETY OF LOyDOS. 8 1
and took up the botanical bookselling shop and agency in the same
place. Perhaps the most considerable of his publishing essays
was the reprint of Thomas Johnson's little tracts, edited hj T. S.
Ralph, in IS-tT, in small quarto, dedicated to William Borrer and
Edward Forster. He was also the publisher of the New Series
of the ' Phytologist' 1855-63, being an old friend of the editor
Alexander Irvine, with whom he made several excursions, the
account of each being drawn up by Irvine, and issued as by ' W.
P. and A. I.' He had travelled over the greater part of Great
Britain with an eye to plants, but his favourite locality was North
Wales, and hither he retired on quitting business in London, in
1862, when his stock of books was dispersed by auction.
His aid in drawing up lists of plants for local floras is frequently
acknowledged, as may be seen in Irvine's ' London Flora,' 1838 ;
Trimen and Dver's ' Flora of Middlesex,' 1869 ; Druce's ' Floras' of
Oxfordshire (1886) and of Berkshire (1897); Pryor's 'Flora of
Hertfordshire' (1887); and Hanbury and Marshall's ' Flora of
Kent ' (1899). Quite recently a copy of the 'Flora of Middlesex,'
with MS. additions by Pamplin, has been acquired for the herbarium
library at Kew.
For nearly forty ^-ears after his withdrawal from London, he
lived a quiet life in Wales. He married twice, and to his second
wife, who was much younger than himself, he made over his
remaining possessions. Unexpectedly she predeceased him, leaving
him in very straitened circumstances. This becoming known by
the agency of friends, a grant Avas made from the Scientific Relief
Fund of the Eoyal Society, which enabled the veteran to end hi&
days in peace, in the cottage he had so long occupied.
HoEACE Pearce was the youngest son of the late Francis Pearce
of Hadley Lodge, Shropshire, who came of a West-country family.
He was born on 21st November, 1838. For a Ions period he had
tilled the post of private secretary to Mr. W. O. Foster of Stour-
bridge, and was a member of many Societies. He was elected a
Fellow of the Linnean Society on 7th December, 1876, and
belonged also to the Geological and Royal Astronomical Societies,
the Swiss Alpine Club, the Birmingham Naturalists' Society, and
the Worcestershire Naturalists' Field Club ; of the last he was
for some years president. He had a good knowledge of the local
flora and natural features of the county in which he lived.
At the end of last year (1899) he went to the South of France
for the benefit of his health, but he did not find the relief expected.
He resumed his usual work on returning home, but was taken ill
and died within a week, on Monday, 19th February, 1900, and
was buried at Stourbridge on the 24th.
Sir William Oteeexd Peiestlet, K.C.B., M.D., M.P., was born
24th June, 1829, at Morley Hall, near Leeds ; his father, Joseph
Priestley, being a nephew of the famous chemist. Leaving school
at Leeds, he proceeded to Edinburgh, «here he passed through a
LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1899-1900. </
82 PROCEEDINGS OE THE
distinguished University career, taking the M.D. with high honours
and the gold medal in 1853. During this period he published in
the ' Annals of Natural History ' his only natural history paper,
which deals with the British Cariees. His surgical work was from
the first upon the pelvis, and as an obstetrician he up to 1864
attained a rapidly increasing fame. While in Edinburgh he became
an intimate friend and private assistant of Sir James Simpson ;
and on coming to London in 1855, he was on this account
received with special favour. Joining the Middlesex Hospital
and Samaritan Hospital for Women, he ten years later became
Professor of Midwifery in King's College and Obstetric Physician
to its Hospital; and as his private practice at the same time
rapidly increased, he came to occupy a leading position in the
surgical world. In 1864, enfeebled by a severe attack of palsy,
he relinquished academic work and, becoming a Consulting Phy-
sician at King's College Hospital and remaining a member of
Council of the College itself, he gave himself otherwise to private
practice. His best known writings are an early treatise (1851) on
Pelvic Celluhtis, and his Lumleian Lectures of 1887. He con-
tributed articles to Eeynolds's ' System of Medicine ' and AUbutt
and Playfair's ' System of Gynaecology.'
He became in 1850 a Member and in 1864 a Pellow of the Eoyal
College of Physicians of London, and meanwhile a Fellow of that
of Edinburgh : he served on the Council of the former. He was
President of the Obstetrical Society of London in 1875, of the
Section of Obstetric Medicine of the British Medical Association,
and of other cognate bodies. He was an Hon. Member of
the Obstetrical and Gynsecological Societies of Berlin, Leipzig, and
America, and a Vice-President of the Paris Medical Society.
A singularly charming man, Priestley was popular on all hands.
He was Physician- Accoucheur to the late Princess Alice of Hesse,
and to the Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein.
An honorary LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of
Edinburgh, which with that of St. Andrew's he was in 1896 chosen
to represent in Parliament. He received knighthood in 1893.
His death by cancer, in his 71st year, took place at his London
residence, after a long illness, on April 11th, 1900, and he is
buried at Warnham, in Sussex.
He was elected a Eellow of the Linnean Society on November
1st, 1888.
Samuel Stevens was born in London on 11th August, 1817, and j
in early life he aspired to the calling of an artist. Forsaking the 1
idea, he for a time entered his brother's business as a partner in
the well-known auctioneering establishment in Covent Garden,
and, forsaking that in turn, he in 1848 embarked upon the
Natural History Agency which made him famous, through his
association with the reception and distribution of the Bates and
Wallace and other important collections. He later returned to
the auctioneering business, on the death of his brother Mr. J. C.
I
ij:n:si;a>'^ society of londox. 83
Stevens ; but afterwards retired to his home in Upper Norwood,
where he devoted himself to the pursuit of horticulture and the
collection of water-colour pictures, until his death on 29th August,
1899, after a brief illness, in his S3rd year.
His fame as an entomologist lies in his having been an original
member and mainstay of the Entomological Society, to which he
was elected in 1837. He was among the most regular attendants
at its meetings, for 20 years its Treasurer, and in 1885 one of its
Vice-Presidents, and in each capacity he loyally furthered its
interests. Although an excellent observer, and the owner of very
•extensive collections of British Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, he
was not a scientific entomologist, his numerous published notes
being first-hand but in no way academic.
Socially he is said to have been genial and entertaining, and he
delighted in the company of entomologists. He was for long
years the life of the Entomological Club, which on a critical
occasion he saved from dissolution.
He was elected a Eellow of the Liunean Society on December
3rd, 1850.
Eeaxk Tufxail died unexpectedly at his residence, 36 Erleigh
Eoad, Eeading, on June 3rd, 1899. Born on February 18th, 1861,
from boyhood he had been employed in the large seed firm of
Sutton and Sons, and had risen to a position of trust in that
house. The trials of the germinative qualities of the seeds were
under his care, and he devoted especial attention to the Grasses
which were grown for seed by the firm.
His sernces to local botany are acknowledged by Mr. G. C.
Druce, in the introduction to his 'Eloi'a of Berkshire.' His
election into our ranks dates only from November 4th, 1897, and
by his death a promising career is cut short. He is described as
being an unassuming, unostentatious man, who in his short life
bad made many personal friends ; he left a widow and four young
children.
June 7th, 1900.
Prof. Std>^ey H. Ves'es, P.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr, Charles Chilton was admitted, and the following were
elected Fellows of the Society : — Messrs. Arthur Crabtree, Ernest
Stanley Salmon, Joseph William Wilhams, and Lawson Sant
Wright.
The President announced that he had nominated as Vice-
Presidents for the ensuing year Messrs. C. B. Clarke, Frank
Crisp, F. D. Godman, and Dr. A. Giinther.
Mr. E. Morton Middleton, F.L.S., exhibited a letter, dated
-" London, 13 June, 1788," in the handwriting of Sir J. E. Smith
^2
84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
addressed to Charles Louis L'Heritier, at Paris, in which he men-
tioned a visit to Oxford with Sir Joseph Banks and J. Dryander,
for the purpose of looking over the plants and drawings of
Sibthorp, who was then lecturing there ; and added some critical
remarks on several species of Sida which L'Heritier had sent him
for determination.
Mr. Middleton also exhibited an engraved portrait of Sir J. E.
Smith from the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' 1828, which, with the
letter, he presented to the Society.
Mr. E. Enock, E.L.S., with the aid of the Lantern, exhibited
several photomicrographs and photographs of living insects, and
gave an illustrated account of the life-history and metamorphoses
of a Dragonfly (^schna cijanea).
The following papers were read : —
1. " Note on Syllis vivipara." By E. S. Goodrich, F.L.S.
2. "On the genera Phceoneuron, Gilg, and Dicellandra, Hook, f."
By Dr. Otto Stapf, A.L.S.
3. " On the Structure and Affinities of Echiurus umcinctus."
By Miss A. L. Embleton, B.Sc. (Communicated by Prof. G. B.
Howes, Sec. Linn. Soc.)
June 21st, 1900.
Dr. Albeet C. L. G. Gunther, F.E.S., Vice-President,
in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Messrs. Richard John Tabor, Henry Francis Tagg, and Ernest
Stanley Salmon were admitted Fellows of the Society.
The Chairman announced with deep regret the loss which the
Society had sustained by the sudden death at Florence on June 11th
of Mr. AValter Percy Sladen, a former Vice-President of the
Society, and Zoological Secretary from 1885 to 1895. Mr. B.
Daydon Jackson, for ten years his colleague, bore testimony to-
Mr. Sladen's untiring devotion to the interests of the Society, to
his willing co-operation in all that concerned its welfare, and to
his amiability of disposition which had endeared him to all.
Prof. M. M. Hartog, F.L.S., exhibited and made remarks on
flowers of new Abutilon-seedlinga, recently raised by him, and
pointed out the extreme variability shown in the form of many
of the leaves.
Dr. O. Stapf, A.L.S. , exhibited fruits of various forms of Trapa
from Europe, China, and India, and discussed the differentiation
of the genus into species. He was inclined to recognize five
species which inhabit fairly well-defined geographical areas ; but
as the discrimination of these depends chiefly on the armature and
sculpture of the mature fruit (the flowers being in some cases-
lilNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 85
unknown, and in others very poorly represented in herbaria), he
found it at present impossible to define the species satisfactorily.
Unpublished drawings of Indian and Chinese species in the coUec-
tions at Kew rendered it probable that certain differences in the
fruits would be found to be correlated with differences in the
structure of the flowers.
Some remarks were made by Mr. C. B. Clarke, Dr. Eendle,
Mr. C. Eeid, and Sir George King.
Mr. Clement Eeid, P.E.S., F.L.S., exhibited a series of plum-
stones recently found in a drain of the Roman baths and in a
rubbish pit, at Silchester. The species identified were Cherry
(Prwms avium), Damson (P. domestica), Bullace {P. insititia), Sloe
(P. spinosa), and Portuguese Laurel (P. Lauro-cerasus). Besides
these, there was a large variety of Plum and a very small Sloe, the
species of which had not as yet been precisely determiued.
On behalf of Dr. O. St. Brody, Mr. B. Daydon Jackson
■exhibited a small series of British Orchids dried by a new process,
by which the flexibility of the plant and the natural colours were
in a great measure retained.
Mr. 11. Morton Middleton, F.L.S., exhibited several rush-
baskets, plaited ropes, and dredgers made from Rosthovia grandi-
Jlora, Hook, f . ; and a crab-catcher and limpet-detacher made from
Berberis iUcifolia, Forster, all used by the Tahgans south of Beagle
Channel, Tieri'a del Fuego.
A discussion followed, in which the zoological and botauical
aspects of the exhibits were commented on by Dr. Giinther, Mr. J.
E. Harting, and Dr. Eendle.
Mr. F. Enock, F.L.S., exhibited and made remarks upon some
living specimens of Ranatra linearis, Linn., together with their
■curious eggs. These measure 3-5 mm. in length and barely 1 mm.
in breadth. At the larger end of each egg are two diverging
filaments 4-5 mm. in length and 5 mm. apart at their extremities ;
the eggs are laid either in the floating leaves of aquatic plants, such
as Ranunculus, Alisma, or Potamogeton, and also in the half-decayed
stems of Alisma. One floating plant, with two leaf-stalks only,
contained in one of them 107, in the other 97 eggs of Ranatra,
which had no doubt been deposited by several females. From
these eggs Mr. Enock stated he had frequently reared the strange
hymenopterous parasite Prestwichia aquatica (Lubbock).
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Spermiducal Glands of Australian Earthworms."
By Miss Georgina Sweet, M.Sc. Melbourne. (Communicated by
Prof. G. B. Howes, Sec. Linn. Soc.)
2. " The Subterranean Amphipoda of the British Islands." By
€harles Chilton, D.Sc, F.L.S.
3. " Supplementary Notes on the Genus Najas'^ By Dr. A.
Barton Eendle, F.L.S.
86 PEOCEEDLNGS OF THE
APPENDIX.
I. Some Vegetable Poisons used for the Capture of Pish by the
Australian Aborigines. By P. W. Pawcett. (Communicated
by P. M. Bailey, P.L.S.)
(Abstract.)
The Australian aborigines have a practice of catching fish by
throwing the bark, leaves and branches of certain plants into
lagoons and waterholes, which so embitters or poisons the water as
to stupefy the fish, and thus render them easy to capture. These
plants contain some alkaloid or bitter agent, which paralyzes the
fish for a time, but what this stupefying principle is has never yet
been thoroughly investigated. This practice is not confined to
Australia, but prevails in many other parts of the world.
The follo\^ing is a list of the plants used by the native
Australians for the use specified, with the names by which they
are known to the colonists : —
Acacia falcata, "Willd. Hickory, Lignum-vitse, Sally, Willow,
" Weet-jellan " in N. S. Wales.
A. penninervis, Sieb. Blackwood, Mountain Hickory.
A. salicina, Lindl. Australian or Native Willow. " Baka " in
Queensland, " Cooba" in N. S. Wales.
Barringtonia racemosa, Gaudicb. Presh- water Mangrove,
" Yakooro '' in North Queensland.
B. speciosa, Linn. f.
Careya australis, P. Muell. Broad-leaved Apple-tree. Queens-
land native names : — "Barkabah" at Townsville ; "Barror'
at Pockhampton ; " Go-on je " and " Guntha-marrah " in
N.W. Queensland; " Monta" at Port Curtis; and "Ootcho"
in the Mitchell Eiver.
Oupania Pseudo-rhus, A. Pich,
Derris uliginosa, Benth. An allied species, D. elUptica, Benth.,
is used in Java as a fish-poison and in Borneo for an arrow-
poison.
Eucalyptus microtJieca, P. Muell. Plooded Box, Plooded Gum,
" Coolibar, Koolibah, Kurleah," and " Jinbul."
Luffa (xgyptiaca, Mill. " Bun-bun," N. Queensland.
Polygonum orientale, Linn.
Stephania hernandicpfolia, Walp. Tape-Vine. " Nyannum " in
S.E. Queensland.
Tephrosia astragaloides, R. Br. " Jerril-jerry " and " Toon-ta.'
T. purpurea, Pers. " Girrel-dree."
Of these, five plants have not been hitherto recorded as fish-
poisons — Oupania Pseudo-rhus, Eucalyptus microtheca. Luff
cegyptiaca, Polygonum orientale, Stephania Jietmandicefolia, an
Tephrosia astragaloides. Greshoflf (Beschrijving der giftige en
bedwelmende planten bij de vischvangst in gebruik : — Medel. uit
'slands plantentuin, x., Batavia, 1893) catalogues 233 species
which are used in various parts of the world for the poisoning or
stupefying of fish.
i
LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 87
II. Exhibition of PapMopedilum Capsules as affected by
Hybridization. By E. A. Rolfe, A.L.S.
It consisted of a series of PapMopedilum capsules, from the col-
lection of Reginald Young, Esq., of Liverpool, partly obtained by
self-fertili'/ation and partly by hybridizing, wath the object of
ascertaining whether any modification in shape or other details
could be traced to the influence of the pollen parent used. One
sheet showed seven capsules from a single plant of P. concolor,
obtained by crossing with various other kinds ; and as they differed
between themselves, the question arose whether this variation
was due to the varying influence of the different pollen parents.
In order to test this question, plants of two distinct species were
crossed and re-crossed, and at the same time a flower of each parent
was self-fertilized. This was repeated with several pairs of species,
the result being that (after deducting a few failures, which broke
the series) three complete sets of capsules were obtained, two of
which were exhibited. jVo modification, however, could be found
in the hybridized capsules, each of which agreed in detail with
self -fertilized capsules on the same plant. The pairs of species
were P. Mastersianum, P. tonsum, P. insigne, and P. callosmn,
which differ markedly in character. Of the latter series seeds
were also shown under the microscope ; and here, too, the evidence
was equally negative in character, the testa covering the hybrid
embryos being unmodified in shape, sculpture, and colour. These
hybrid embryos would germinate and produce bond fide, hybrids,
intermediate between, or combining the characters of the parent
species ; in proof of which there were exhibited coloured drawings
of several hybrids with their parents, and also of the matured
capsules, for in practice it was found that some of them were
fertile, and secondary hybrids had been obtained from them.
III. On Sphenophyllum and its Allies : an Extinct Division of the
Vascular Cryptogams. By Dr. D. H. Scott, E.R.S., F.L.S.
(Abstract.)
The author explained that his purpose was not to communicate
any new observations, but to give a summary of our present know-
ledge of the group and to discuss its affinities. He pointed out
that the study of the Palseozoic Elora not only greatly widens our
conception of the three existing Classes of Pteridophyta, but adds
a fourth — that of the Sphenophyllales — to their number.
The external characters of certain species of Sphenopliyllurti and
Trizygia were first described, and attention directed to the slender
ribbed and jointed stems, the whorled and superposed leaves, and
the great variation in the form of the leaf. The common hypo-
thesis, based on the dimorphism of the leaf, that Sphenophyllum
was an aquatic genus, was inconsistent with other facts, and
Mr. Seward's suggestion of a climbing habit appeared preferable.
h
88 PEOCBEDINGS OJF THE
In external morphology the resemblance was closest with the
Equisetales.
The anatomy of Sphenophyllum ^¥as then illustrated ; the
centi'ipetal, triarch or hexarch primary wood, and the successive
addition of secondary tissues by means of a normal cambium, were
among the chief points noted, the formation of a regular scale-bark
being another remarkable feature.
The cones were next described, that of Splienophyllum Dawsoni,
identified by M. Zeiller with S. cuneifoUum, being explained in
detail. The presence oi pedicellate sporangia, of peculiar structure,
appeared to be general in the genus, and there were reasons for
regarding the pedicel as comparable to a ventral lobe of the sub-
tending bract.
The question of heterospory was discussed, and the evidence
regarded as wholly inconclusive.
Bowmanites Hoemeri and Splienophyllum Tnajus were cited as
examples of somewhat more comj^lex forms of Sphenophyllaceous
fructification. The latter was compared with the fructification
of Tmesipteris, and the points of agreement between Psiloteae and
Sphenophyllales indicated.
Cheirostrobus petty cur ensis, a cone discovered some years ago in
the Lower Carboniferous strata of Burntisland, was described, and its
highly complex organization explained. The agreement anatomi-
cally with the Lycopods and morphologically with the Equisetales
was found to be even more striking in Cheirostrobus than in the
Sphenophyllese proper, and the reasons were given which have
led the author to place the genus in the Class Sphenophyllales.
The various views which have been held as to the affinities of
the Sphenophyllales were then discussed in the light of the results
recently attained. The supposed relation to Hydropterideae,
though supported by some ingenious arguments, was rejected as
baseless, and as inconsistent with the manifest Filicinean affinities
of that family.
The author came to the conclusion that the Sphenophyllales
were most naturally regarded as the derivatives of a synthetic
group, combining the characters of Lycopods and Equisetales, and
indicating the common origin of those two Classes.
IV. Copy of a Letter addressed to the Secretary of State for the
Colonies, alluding to Dr. Griinther's Presidential Address, on
the 24th May, 1898 (Proc. Linn. Soc. 1897-98, pp. 25-26).
Government House, Sevcbelles,
10th March, 1899.
SlE,
I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your
despatch No. 86 of the 16th December last enclosing two copies
LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 89
of an address delivered by Dr. Griinther to the Linnean Society on
the subject o£ gigantic tortoises.
I have read the paper with much interest, and I am most
anxious to contribute in any way I can towards the preservation
and safety of these animals.
1 went on a tour of inspection last month to some of the out-
lying islands, Praslin, La Digue, Felicite, Curieuse, and the Sisters,
and endeavoured to ascertain what number of tortoises could be
procured on these islands.
At Curieuse, which belongs entirely to Government, there are
40. They have been brought from Aldabra, and I may say that
although tortoises are to be found in most of the islands of the
archipelago, they all came originally from Aldabra. The tortoises
at Curieuse are kept in a " pare " or enclosure close to the
Overseer's house. I have oi'dered this enolosui-e to be doubled, as
the space at present enclosed is too small. They are alJ healthy
and in excellent condition.
At La Digue I found two very large specimens belonging to
Abdool Eassoul, the principal proprietor in that island. The
manager of the estate informed me that they had been there for
many years.
On the Sisters, the property of Mr, Berlouis, there are many
tortoises to be found ; they are allowed to roam about as they
please. I found the same at Felicite Island.
In former days it was a patent of respectability for a Seychelles
Estate owner to have several tortoises on his estate, and the prac-
tice is still kept up in Mahe among all the old families.
When I was here in 1881, there was a very large one belonging
to the Honourable E. Serret, and it was supposed to be over 100
years old. It died a few years ago. I should say it was quite as
large as the Ceylon tortoise that used to be kept in the Artillery
barracks at Port Louis, both of which I have often seen.
The eight tortoises in the Government grounds are in excellent
condition, and I enclose photographs which I have had taken of
four of them.
Mr. Spurs, who at present leases Aldabra, informs me that it is
very difficult to catch the tortoises on that island. He is bound
to send over a couple every year to Mahe, but he has not done so
for the last two years. On reminding him lately of this obligation,
he declared that it was almost impossible to catch them.
It seems to me to be a question whether the exportation from
the Seychelles Islands of the gigantic tortoises should not be pi'O-
hibited altogether by law. I have, &c.,
(Signed) H. COCKBUEN STEWAET,
Administrator.
The Right Honourable
Joseph Chambeelain, M.P., &c., &c., &c.
ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS
TO THE
LIBRARY.
1899-1900.
Abromeit (Johannes). Sameapflanzen (Phanerogamen) aus dem
Umanaks- und Eitenbenks-Distrikt. (Bibl. Bot. Heft 42^)
4to, Stuttgart, 1899.
Adams (Lieut.- Colonel Archibald). The "Western Eajputana States.
A Medico -Topographical and General Account of Marwar,
Sirohi, Jaisalmir. Pp. xi, 455; plates 64. 8vo. London, 1899.
Author.
Adelaide.
Royal Society of South Australia.
Memoirs. Vol. 1. Part 1. 4to. Adelaide, 1899.
Agardh (Jacob Georg). Analecta Algol ogica. Continuatio : V.
(Acta K. Univ. Lund, xxxv.) 4to. Lund, 1899. Author.
Alcock (Alfred William). An Account of the Deep-Sea Brachyura
collected by the Eoyal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator.
See Calcutta — Indian Museum.
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Indian Deep-Sea Fishes in
the Indian Museum. Being a Revised Account of the Deep-Sea
Fishes collected by the Eoyal Indian Marine Survey Ship
Investigator. See Calcutta — Indian Museum.
An Account of the Deep-Sea Madreporaria collected by the
Eoyal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. See Calcutta —
Indian Museum.
Allen (Harrison). A Study of Hawaiian Skulls. Pp. ix, 54;
plates 12. (Trans. "Wagner Free Inst. Phil, v.)
Eoy. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1898.
Ameghino (Florentine). El mamifero misterioso de la Patagonia
[Neomylodon Listai). Un sobreviviente actual de los megaterios
de la Antigua Pampa. Pp. 15. (La Piramide, tom. i. p. 51,
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List of Plants collected by Dr. Edward Palmer in 1889 at
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Island, Head of the Gulf of California. See U.S. Dept. Agric,
Div. Bot., Contrib. from U.S. Nat. Herb. no. 1 (1890).
Lists of Plants collected by Dr. Edward Palmer in
1890 in Lower California and Western Mexico, at La Paz,
San Pedro Martin Island, Raza Island, Santa Rosalia and
Santa Agueda. Guaymas. See U.S. Dept. Agric, Div. Bot.,
Contrib. from U.S. Nat. Herb. no. 3 (1890).
Vanllegeard (Ach.). Recherches sur les Te'trarhynques. Pp.
192 ; plate 9. (Mem. Soc Linn. Normandie, xix.)
4to. Caen, 1899.
Versluys, jr. (Jan). Die mittlere und aussere Ohrsphare den
Lacertiiia und Rhjnchocephalia. Inaugural - Dissertation.
Pp. 247 ; Tafeln 8. 8vo. Jma, 1898.
Verworn (Max). General Physiology, an Outline of the Science
of Life. Translated from the Second German Edition and
LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 1?
Edited by Fredeeic S. Lee. Pp. xvi, 615, with 285 illustra-
tions. 8vo. London, 1899.
Waite (Edgar Ravenswood). Scientific Eesults of the Trawling
Expedition of H.M.C.S. Thetis. Part I. Introduction and
Fishes. (Mem. Austral. Mus. no. iv.) 8vo. Sydney, 1899.
Scientific Heport on the Fishes of New South AVales. See
Sydney — Sea Fisheries.
Walcott (Charles D.). Geology of the Yellowstone National
Park. See United States GeoL Survey, vol. 32, part 2.
Wallace (Robert). A Letter on African Horse Sickness. Pp. 4.
(Keprinted from 'The Times ' of 29th Nov. 1899.)
8vo. Edinbunjh, 1899.
Nature Knowledge Teaching introduced by the Scotch Code
of 1899. Address delivered on Saturday, 17th February 1900,
at Sciennes School, &e. Pp. 19. 8vo. Edinbtirgh, 1900.
Scab in Sheep. Suggestions for its Eradication. Pp. 33.
(Trans. Highland & Agric. Soc. Scotland, 1900.)
8vo. Edinburgh, 1900. Author.
Wandel (C. F.). Beport of the Voyage. A^e*?* Danish Ingolf-Ex-
pedition, vol. i. part 1.
Current-Bottles. See Danish Ingolf-Expedition, vol, i.
part 2.
Warburg (Otto). Monographie der Myristicaceen. Pp. 680 ;
Tafeln 25. (Nova Acta" Acad. Leop.-Car. Bd. 68.)
4to. Halle-a.-Saale, 1897.
Ward (Harry Marshall). Diseases of Plants. Pp. 196. (Society
for Promoting Christian Knowledge.) Svo. London, 1889.
The Oak: a popular Introduction to Forest Botany. Pp. 175.
8vo. London, 1892.
Timber and some of its Diseases. Pp. viii, 295. (JNature
Series.) 8vo. London, 1897.
Washington.
Washington Academy of Sciences.
Proceedings. Vol. 1^ 8vo. Washington, 1899>
Webber (Herbert John). The Water Hyacinth, and its Eelationto
Navigation in Florida. (U.S. Dept. Agric, Div. Bot. Bull. no. 18.)
8vo. Washington, 1897. B. Daydon Jackson.
Weed (Walter H.). Geology of the Yellowstone National Park.
See United States Geol. Survey, vol. 32, part 2.
Wellington, N. Z.
New Zealand Institute.
I Mangareva Dictionary, Gambler Islands. By Edward
Tregear. Pp. 121. 8vo. Wellington, 1899.
West Indian Bulletin. The Journal of the Imperial Agricultural
Department for the West Indies. Vol. i. nos. 1-3.
8vo. Barbados, 1899-1900. Dr. D. Morris.
White (Charles A.). Memoir of George Engelmann. 1809-1884.
Bead before the National Academy, April 1896. Pp. 21.
8vo. Washington, 1896. Cr. J. Engelmann, M.D.
White (David). Fossil Flora of the Lower Coal Measures of
Missouri. See United States G-eol. Survey, vol. 37.
Il8 TEOCEEDINGS OF THE
White (Gilbert) of Selhome. Born 18 July 1720 ; died 26
June, 1793. Private Reprint of a proof as revised by the
Author for the Dictionary of National Biography, vol. Ixi. 1899.
See Newton (Alfred).
Wiegmann (Friedricb). Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken der
Seychellen. See Martens (E. C. von).
Wildeman (Em. de) et Durand (Theophile). Contributions a
la Flore du Coneo. (Ann. Mus. Congo, Ser. 1, Bot. i.)
4to. Bruxelles, 1898-99.
Wille (N.). Beitrage zur physio! ogisch en Anatoraie der Lamina-
riaceeu. (Universitets-program for 2'^'=* Semester, 1 897.)
8vo. Christiania, 1897. The University.
Wilson (Edmund B.). The Cell in Development and Inheritance,
Pp. xvi, 371 : Figures 142. 8vo. JS'ew Fork <S,' London, 1896.
Second Edition, Eevised and Enlarged. Pp. xxi,
443; Figures 194. 8vo. New York 4' London, 1900.
Winge (Herluf). Gr^nlands Fugle. Pp. 316, and map. (Meddel.
Gr^uland, xxi. Afd. 1.) 8vo. Kjobenhavn, 1899.
Prof. Hector Jnngersen.
Wood (John Medley). Natal Plants. Vol. ii. part 1.
4to. Durban, 1899. Author.
Woodward (Arthur Smith). Outlines of Vertebrate Palaeontology
for Students of Zoology. Pp. xxiv, 470. (Cambr. Nat. Sci.
Man., Biol. Ser.) 8vo. Gamhridrje, 1898.
Woodworth (Jay Backus). Geology of the Narragansett Basin.
oet? United States Geol. Survey, vol. 33.
Wiirzli'arg.
Physikali?ch-medizinische Gesellschaft zu Wlirzburg.
Festschrift zur Feier ihres fiinfzigjahrigen Bestehens.
4to. Wurzburg, 1899.
York and Fastleigh.
Watson Botanical Exchange Club.
Et'port 15. 8vo. Ecistleigh, 1899. T. A. Cotton.
Zoological Record. Vol. 35 (1898). 8vo. London, 1899.
I
LINNEAlf SOCIETY OF LONDOJf. II9
DONATION IN AID OF PUBLICATIONS.
1900. £ s. d.
April 25. The Eotal Society. Contribution towards
publishing Mr. F. Chapman's paper, " On
some New and Interesting Foraminifera
from the Funafuti Atoll, EUice Islands" . 50
INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.
SESSION 1899-1900.
Kote. — The following are not indexed : — The name of the Chairman at each meeting ;
speakers whose remai-ks are not reported ; the correspondents of Swainson
passing allusions are also omitted.
Ahittilon seedlings (Hartog), 84.
Acacia falcata, Willd., a fish-poison, 86.
pennmervis, Sieb., 86.
salicina, Lindl., 86.
Additions to Library, 91-118.
Address, Presidential, 14-24.
Mschna cyanea, life-history (Enock),
84.
Affinities of Echiurus unicinctus (Em-
bletGii), 84.
Aglossal toad (Eidewood), i .
Air-bladder in Notopteridae (Bridge),
3-
Aldabra, gigantic tortoises from, 89.
Alderney, grasses in (Andrews), 5.
Al.isma, eggs oiBanatra on (Enock), 86-
89.
Allantois of Basyurus (Hill), 4.
Alterations in Bye-Laws suggested, lo.
Amphipoda, subterranean, of Britain
(Chilton), 86.
Anatomy of Encefhalartos (Worsdell),
2.
Andes, plants from (Hemsley & Pear-
son), 9.
Andrews, C. E. P., new British grasses,
Angkorwat, photograph from, shown,
9-
Appendix, 86-89.
Asplenium Bradley i, Eaton (Middleton),
5.6.
viride, Huds., 6 ; distribution, 6.
ebeneum, Ait., 6.
montanum, Willd., 6.
■ lanceolatum, Huds., 6 ; distribu-
tion, 6.
Associate, deceased, 12; elected,
Auditors, 1 1 ; elected, 8 ; vote of thanki
to, 10.
Auditory organs in Notopteridoe
(Bridge), 3.
Australia, fish-poisons used in (Faw-
cett), 3, 86.
Australian earthworms, spermiducal
glands (Sweet), 86.
Australian or Native 'Willow,' an
Acacia, 86.
Awn of Nepal Barley (Henslow), i.
Azores, Hypnum Hochstefteri found in
(Braithwaite), 3.
infructescence of Mus^a Ensefe
from, shown, 3.
Baka, 86.
Baker, J. Gr., comm. by (Salmon), 9 ;
on Asjjicnium Bradlcyi, 6.
Banks, Sir Joseph, visit to Oxford
84.
Barkahah, 86.
Barley, Nepal (Henalow), i.
Barra, Hypnum Hochstetteri, Schimp.
from (Braithwaite), 3.
Barringtonia racemosa, Gaudich., 86.
speciosa, Linn, f., 86.
Bar r or, 86.
Barton, E. S., Halimeda from Funa
futi, 9.
Basidiomycetes, their origin (Masses
4 ; slides shown, 4.
Baskets made from BostJcovia, 85.
Bateman, J., introduction of Tinamu
into England, 5.
Beech carving overgrown (Bidwell), 8.
IXDEX.
Bent ham Trustees and the Swainson
Correspondence, 14.
Berberis ilicifolia, Forst., implements
made from, shown, 85.
Bernard, H. M., structure of Porites,
1.
Bidwell, E., carved beechwood and
subsequent growth, 8.
' Blackwood,' 86.
Borneo, Derris used as an arrow-poison,
86.
Botanic nomenclature (Clarke), 7.
Botanical models in wax (Smedlej'), 9.
Botany, Congress of, announced to be
held in Paris, 4 ; of Koraima (Bur-
kill), 8.
Bowmanites Boemeri, 88.
Brachyura from Torres Straits (Cai-
man), 2.
Braitbwaite, Dr. R., appointed Scru-
tineer, 12 ; Hfjpnum, Hochstetferi,
Sehimp., from Barra, shown, 3.
Bridge, T. W., Air-bladder in Jfoto-
pteridse, 3.
Bridgman, J. B., deceased, 10 ; obit-
uary, 63.
Brightlingsea, Tinamu introduced there,
S- .
Britain, new grasses (Andrews), 5.
British Flowering Plants, photographs,
(Farmer) 7, (Kent) 7, (Shenstonej 6 ;
orchids dried by Dr. St. Brody, 85.
Britton, N. L., & A. Brown, on Asple-
nium Bradley i, 6.
' Broad-leaved Aj^ple-tree,' 86.
Bryozoa from Franz-Josef Land
(Waters), 8.
BuUace-stones from Silchester (Held),
85.
Bun-hm, 86.
Burkill, I. H., Botany of Roraima, 8.
Bye-Laws, suggested alterations, 10.
Caiman, W. T., Brachyura from Torres
Straits, 2.
Cambodia, photograph from, shown, 9.
Canary Islands. Hypnum Hochstetteri
found in (Braitbwaite), 3.
Canker on Cocoa-plant (Carruthers), 7.
Canton, F. A., withdrawn, 12.
Capper, S. J., withdrawn, 12.
Capsules of Paphiopedilum (Rolfe), 7,
87.
Careya atistralis, F. Muell., 86.
Carruthers, J. B., Canker on Cocoa-
plant, 7.
Caruncle, nasal, of Omithorhynchus
(Hill), 4.
Carving overgrown (Bidwell), 8.
C'astilloa, india-rubber from (^Christy),
3- ' .
Cestracion PhUippi, embryo and egg-
cases shown (Stewart), i.
Ceylon, Para, rubber in (Freeman), 3.
Chamberlain, Rt. Hon. J., letter to,
on gigantic tortoises of the Seychelles,
88.
Channel Islands, new Grasses in (An-
drews), 5.
Chapman, F., Foraminiferafrom Funa-
futi, 3 ; Limestone Foraminifera, 7.
Cheirostrobus pettycurensis, 88.
Cherry-stones from Silchester (Reid),
85.
Chilton, C, admitted, 84 ; Subterranean
Amphipoda of Britain, 86.
China, mosses from (Salmon), 9 ; plants
from, coll. by Henry & Hancock, 8 ;
TVffjoa-fruits from (Stapf), 85.
Christy. Gr., india-rubber from CastUloa
and Kickxia, shown, 3.
Christy, T., resolution seconded by, 10.
Ciliu:ii oi Euglcna viridis (Wager), i.
Clark, R. M., elected Fellow, 8.
Clarke, C. B., nominated V.-P., 84 : on
Botanic Nomenclature, 7.
Clarke, Rev. R. F., withdrawn, 12.
Cocoa-plant, canker on (Carruthers), 7.
Colour-photography and British
Flowering Plants (Kent), 7.
Congress of Botany at Paris, announced,
4-
Cooba, 86.
Coolibar, 86.
Correspondence of W. Swainson (Gun-
ther), 14-24 ; Catalogue of, 25-61.
(Note. — The authors, being ar-
ranged alphabetically, are not
indexed.)
Council, elected, 13.
Councillors removed, 13.
Crab-catcher made Irom Berberis, 85.
Crabtree, A., elected Fellow, 84.
Crisp, F., Accounts, 1899-1900, 11 ;
elected Treasurer, 13 ; nominated
Vice-President, 84.
Cryptogams, Vascular, an extinct
division of (Scott), 8.
Cupania Pseudo-rhus, A. Rich., 86, 87.
Curieuse, gigantic tortoises in, 89.
Damson-stones from Silchester (Reid),
85.
Darwin, F., Councillor removed, 13.
Basyurus embryos (HiU), 4.
Demerara, veiws in, shown (Ferguson),
3- ^
DemidofF, Prince, Willow-Grouse ob-
tained by (Harting), 9.
Berris elliptica, Benth., 86. :■;
M%wjosa, Benth., 86. ::'•:
Bicellandra, Hook. f. (Stapf), 84.
Donation, 119.
Dredgers made from Eostkovia, 85.
Dryander, J., -visit to Oxford, 84.
D'ilrban, W. S. M., withdrawn, 12.
Earthworms, sperraiducal glands of
(Sweet), 86.
Eaton, D. C, on Asplenium Bradleyi, 6.
Eatwell, W. C. B., deceased, 10;
obituary, 64.
Echiurus unicinciiis (Embleton), 84.
Eggs of Eanatra linearis, Linn., 85-86.
Election of Council and OfEcers, 13.
Ellice Islands, Eoraminifera from
(Chapman), 3.
Ellis, Hon. C., photographs of trees
shown, 8.
Embleton, A. L., on Echiurus unicindus,
84.
Embryos, Monotrene and Marsupial
(Hill), 4.
Encephalartos, oomparativs anatomy
of (Worsdell), 2.
Enock, F., eggs of Eanatra linearis,
Linn., 85-86; life-history of ^sc/i««
cyanea, 84.
Eucalyptus microtheca, F. Muell., 86.
Euglena viridis, ej'e-spot and cilium of
(Wager), i.
Europe, Trapa-irmts, from (Stapf), 85.
Eye-spot and cilium of EuyhiM viridis
(Wager), i.
Farmer, J. B., photographs of Flowers,
7-
Farrar, Lord, deceased, jo ; obitnarv,
Fawcett, J. W., Vegetable poisons used
to capture Fish in Australia, 3 ;
Abstract, 86.
Felicite, gigantic tortoisss on, 89.
Fellows, deceased, 10 ; elected, 10 ;
struck oif, 10; withdrawn, 12.
Ferguson, A. D., photographic views in
Demerara, shown, 3.
Fish-poisons in Australia, (Fawcett)
3, 86, (Jackson) 3.
' Flooded Box,' ' Flooded Gum,' 86.
Flower, T. B., deceased, 10 ; obituary,
, 66.
Flower, Sir W. H., deceased, 10;
obituary, 67-69.
Foraminifera from Funafuti (Chap-
man), 3 ; from Stramberg Limestone
(Chapman), 7.
Foreign Members deceased, 12 ; elected,
12.
Fox, A. E., admitted, i.
France, two grasses found in (Andrews),
5-
Franohet, A. R., deceased, 12 ; obituary,
69-71.
Franz-Josef Land Bryozoa (Waters),
8.
Freeman, W. G., Hevea brasiliensis
shown, 3.
' Fi-eshwater Mangrove,' 86.
Funafuti, Foraminifera from (Chap-
man), 3 ; Halimeda from (Barton), 9.
Fungi, West-Indian (Smith), 9.
Funtum, a native name for Kiclcxia
elccstica, Preuss (Stapf), 2.
Funticmia, Stapf, African species
formerly named Kickxia, 2.
africana, Stapf, 2. '
elastica, Stapf, 2.
Gammie, G. A., elected Fellow, 2.
Gattinger, Dr., his Tennessee Flora
mentioned, 5.
George, J. B., deceased, 10 ; obituary,
71-
Gepp, A., Auditor, 1 1 ; elected, 8. J
Gerard, Rev. J., elected Fellow, 9. 1
Girdleston, T. W., deceased, 10 ; obit-
uary, 72.
Girrel-dree, 86.
Godman, F. D., nominated Vice-Presi-
dent, 84 ; vote of thanks to President,
62.
Gold Medal, presentation, 62.
Goodrich, E. S., on Syllis vivipara, 84. |
Go-onje, 86.
Gordon, J. S., admitted, 13 ; elected
Fellow, 2.
Grasses, new to Britain (Andrews), 5.
Gray, A., on Asplenium Bradleyi, 6.
Greening, L., withdrawn, 12.
Grouse, Willow-, from Mongolia (Har-
ting), 9.
Groves, H., Auditor, 11; elected, 8;
presents Accounts, 10.
Guernsey, grasses in (Andrews), 5.
Guiana, Roraima expedition, see Mc-
Connell & Quelch.
Guntha-marrah, 86.
Giinther, Dr. A., nominated Vice-
President, 84.
Giinther, R. T., admitted, 13; elected
Fellow, 9.
Halimeda from Funafuti (Barton), 9.
Hancock, W., plants collected by
(Hemsley), 8.
Hanley, S., deceased, 10 ; obituary,
72-
Hants, Rufous Tinamu from (Harting),
5-
Harting, J. E., Parrots poisoned by
parsley, i ; Rufous Tinamu shown, 5 ;
Willow-Grouse from Mongolia, 9.
Hartog, M. M., on new Afmiilov-seed-
lings, 84.
Hebrides, HypnumHochst€tteri,^c\i\yaT^.,
from, shown (Braitbwaite), 3.
Hemsley, W. B., plants collected by
Henrv & Hancock, 8.
Hemsley, W. B., & H. H. W. Pearson,
plants from Tibet and Andes, 9.
Henry, ]Jr. A., plants collected by
(Hemsley), 8.
Henslow, E.e7. G., awn of Nepal
barley, i.
Hevea hrasiliensis, shown (Freeman). 3.
Hewetson, H. B., deceased, 10 ; obit-
iiary, 72.
' Hickory,' 86.
Hicks, J. S., withdrawn, 12.
Hill, J. C, Monotreme and Marsupial
embryos, 4.
Howes, G. B., comm. by, (Embleton)
84, (Kyle) 4, (Scharff) 7, (Sweet) 86;
elected Seci-etary, 13.
Hndleston, W., motion for vote of
thanks to Treasurer and Auditors,
10.
Hughes, W. E., deceased, 10.
Hybrid orchid-capsules (Eolfe), 7, 87.
Hi/menochlrus Bocftgeri, hyobranchial
skeleton and larynx (Ridewood), i.
Hyobranciiial skeleton of aglossal toad
(Eidewood), i.
Hi/pnum Hochsfetteri, Schimp., from
Barra, shown (Braithwaite), 3.
India, Tw^^a-fruits from (Stapf ), 85.
India-rubber from CastUloa and Kickxia
shown (Christy), 3.
Insects, lantern-slides shown (Enock),
84, 85.
Jackson, B. Daydon, Auditor, 11 ;
Britisli orchids dried by a special
l^rocess, 85; elected Secretary, 13;
<m fish-poisons, 3 ; on Taxodium
distichum at Oaxaca, 9 ; remarks on
the death of W. P. Sladen, 84.
Jackson, H. St. J., elected Fellow, 2.
Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition, Bryo-
zoa collected by (Waters), 8.
Japan, mosses from (Salmon), 9.
Java, Derris used as a fish-poison, 86.
Jerril-jerry, 86.
Jinbul, 86.
Jones, C. E., admitted, 3.
Kent, W. S., colour-photography ap-
plied to British flowering-plants, 7.
Kerr, Dr. N. S., deceased, 10; obituary,
73-
-Kerr. S. H., Marquess of Lothian,
deceased, 10.
KicJixia, Blume, Malayan and African
species, shown (Stapf), 2.
ofricana, Eentli., shown (Stapf), 2.
clastica, Preuf s, shown (Stapi'), 2 ;
rubber from (Christy), 3.
Koolihuh, 86.
Kurleah, 86.
Kyle, H. M., nasal secretory sacs in
Teleosteans, 4.
La Croix, J. E. de, withdrawn, 12.
La Digue, gigantic tortoises in, 89.
Lagos rubber, its source (Stapf), 2.
Lankester, E. E., comm. by (Roraima
Exped.), 5.
Larynx of aglossal toad (Eidewood), i.
L'Herilier, C. L., letter from Sir J.
Smitb, 84.
Librarian's Eeport, 12.
Library, additions, 91-118.
' Lignum vitaj,' 86.
Limpet-detacher made from Berberis,
85.
Linnean Gold Medal, presentation, 62.
Lothian, Marquess of, see Kerr.
Lowe, E. J., deceased, 10; obituary,
Ltiffa agyptiaca, Mill., 86.
McConnell, F. V., & J. J. Quelch,
Expedition to Roraima, Botanical
results, 8 ; Zoological results, 5.
Mahe, gigantic tortoises at, 89.
Marsupial embryos (Hill), 4.
Massee, G., origin of Basidiomycetes,
4 ; slides shown, 4.
Matliew, M. A., withdrawn, 12.
Meiklejohn, Dr., appointed Scrutineer,
12.
Mentze, plants from (Hemsley), 8.
Metaraoi phoses of a Dragon-fly (Enock),
84.
Middleton, R. M., A?ple7iium Bradleyi
shown, 5 ; implements from Tierra
del Fuego shown, 85 ; letter of
Sir J. E. Smith, 84.
Milium scahrum, Merl., from Guernsey
(Andrews), 5.
Milne-Edwards, A., deceased, 12 ; obit-
uary, 64.
Mimosa, fudica, Linn., preparations
shown (Stewart), i.
Mivart, St. G. J., deceased, 10 ; obituary,
]\Iodels, botanical, in wax (Smedley), 9.
Monckton, H. W., Auditor, 11 ; elected,
8; Councillor removed, 13.
Mongolia, Willow-Grouse from (Hart-
ing). 9-
Monotreme embryos (Hill), 4.
Monta, 86.
124
INDEX.
Morris, J. W., withdrawn, 12.
Mosses from China & Japan (Salmon),
9-
' Mountain Hickory,' 86.
Muir, Dr. H. S., withdrawn, 12.
Murray, G. R. M., comm. by, (Barton)
9, (Smith) 9 ; Councillor removed,
13-
Musa Ensete, Gmel., infructescence
shown, 3.
Nojas, supplemental notes on (Rendle),
86.
Nasal secretory sacs in Teleosteans
_ (Kyle), 4.
Nasopharyngeal communications in the
Teleosteans (Kyle), 4.
'Nectria ditissima, TuL, on cocoa-plant,
7-
Nepal barley, awn of (Henslow), i .
Nesseldorf, JForaminifera from (Chap-
man), 7.
New South Wales, native names of
vegetable fish-poisons, 86.
New Zealand Schizopoda (Thomson), 3.
Newton, Prof. Alfred, Linnean Medal
presented to, 62-63.
Nomenclature, Botanic (Clarke), 7.
Notopteridffi, air-bladder in (Bridge), 3.
Nyannum, 86.
Nylander, W., deceased, 12; obituary,
"77-
Oaxaca, Taxodiuni at, 9.
Obituaries, 63-83.
Otficers, election of, 13.
Ooicho, 86.
Orchids dried by a special process (St.
Brody), 85.
Origin of Basidiomycetes (Massee), 4 ;
slides shown, 4.
OrnithorhyncMis, newly hatched (Hill),
4-
Owen, Major S., deceased, 10.
Oxford, visit of L'Heritier, with Banks
and Dryauder, §4.
Paget, Sir J., deceased, 10 ; obituary,
79- .
Pamplin, W., deceased, 12; obituai*y,
80.
Paphiopedilum capsules (Rolfe), 7, 87.
callosum, 87.
concolor, 87.
insigne, 87.
Mastersianum, 87.
tonsum, 87.
Para rubber, method of tapping (Free-
man), 3.
Paris, International Congress of Botany,
announced, 4.
Parrots poisoned by parsley (Harting),
I.
Parsley poisonous to Parrots (Harting),
I.
Pearce, H., deceased, 10 ; obituary, 81.
Pearson, H. II. W., see Hemsley and
Pearson .
Petersfield, Eufous Tinamu from
(Harting), 5.
PhcBoneuron, Gilg (Stapf), 84.
Phalaris canariensis, Linn., mentioned
(Andrews), 5.
minor, Retz., in Channel Islands
(Andrews), 5.
Pheasants poisoned by yew-leaves
(Harting), 2.
Photographs of British Flowering
Plants, (Farmer) 7, (Kent) 7, (Shen-
stone) 6.
Plant-photography, (Farmer) 7, (Kent)
7, (Shenstone) 6, 7.
Plum-stones from Silchester (Reid), 83.
Poisonous effect of parsley on Parrots
(Harting), i ; yew leave.s and berries
2.
Poisons for capture of fish in Australia,
(Fawcett) 3, 86, (Jack.son) 3.
Polygonum orientale, Linn., 86.
Porites, structure (Bernard), 3.
Portrait of Sir J. E. Smith presented,
84.
Portuguese-laurel seeds from Silchester
(Reid), 85.
Potamogeton, eggs of Eanatra on
(Enock), 86.
Praslin, gigantic tortoises on, 89.
President's Address, 14-24.
Prestwichia aqiiatica, Lubbock, 86.
Preuss, Dr., the origin of Lagos rubber
(Stapf), 2.
Priestley, Sir W. O., deceased, 10;
obituary, 81.
Proliterons awn of Nepal barley
(Henslow), i.
Prunus, stones from Silchester (Reid),
85.
• Avinin, Linn., 85.
domestica, Linn., 85.
insititia, Linn., 85.
spinosa, Linn., 85.
Laicrucerasus, Linn., 85.
Pyrke, D., withdrawn, 12.
Queensland, native names of vegetable
fish-poisons, 86.
Quelch, J. J., see McConnell & Quelcb.
Ramsden, H., deceased, 10.
Eanatra linearis, Linn., eggs shown,
85-86.
125
Ranunculus, eggs oi Banatr a on (Enock),
86.
Reid, C, elected Councillor, 1 3 ; plum-
stones from Silehester, 85.
Eendle, A. B., notes on Najas, 86.
Khi/nchodesmtis Howesii (ScharfF), 7.
lihtinchotus rufescens in Hants, ^.
Ridewood, W. G., Hyobrnnchial skele-
ton and larynx of Hi/menochirus
Boettgeri, i.
Rolte, R. A., capsules of Paphiopediluni,
7,87.
Ropes plaited from Eostkovia, 85.
Roraima Expedition, Botany, 8 ; Zool-
ogy. 5-
Rost/covia grandiflora, Hook, f., imple-
ments made from, sbown, 81;.
Rubber, Lagos, its source (Stapf), 2 ;
from CastilloasKnA KicA-xia{Chr\s.\-^),T,.
, Para, method of tapping (Free-
man), ^.
Rufous Tinamu shown (Harting), 5.
Rusli-baskets made from RodJcovia, 85.
Ry lands, F. G., deceased, 10.
' Sahino ' at Oaxaea, 9.
Sacs, nasal secretory, in Teleosteans
(Kyle), 4.
St. Brody, Dr. O., Orchids shown dried
by a special process, 85.
•Sally,' 86.
Salmon, E. S., admitted, 84; elected
Fellow, 84 ; Mosses from China and
Japan, 9.
Saunders, H., Councillor removed, 13;
motion seconded by, 62.
Saunders, J., elected Associate, 4.
Scharff, R. F., on Rhynchodesmus
Howesii, 7.
Schizopoda from New Zealand (Thom-
son), 3.
Scott, I). H., elected Councillor, 1 3 ;
on Sphenophyllum, 8, 87.
Scrutineers appointed, 12-13.
Secretaries elected, 13; Report, 10.
Seychelles, gigantic tortoises living there
now, 88.
Sbenstone, J. C, photographs of British
flowering plants shown, 6 ; elected
Fellow, 8.
Skeleton, hyobranchial, of aglossal toad
(Ridewood), i.
Sibthorp, Prof. J., visit from L'Heritier
when at Oxford, 84.
Sida, Smith's critical remarks on, 84.
Silehester, plum-stones from (Reid),
Sisters Island, gigantic tortoises in,
89.
Sladen, W. P., Councillor removed, 13 ;
death announced, 84.
Sioe-stones from Silehester (Reid), 8^.
Smart, F. G., resolution seconded by,
10.
Smedley, H. E. H., admitted, 4 ; elected
Fellow, 2 ; exhibits botanical models
in wax, 9.
Smith, A., withdrawn, 12.
Smith, A. L., West Indian Fimgi, 9.
Smith, Sir J. E., letter to L'Heritier,
84 ; portrait, 84.
Smith, Gen. K., on Asplcnium Bradleyi,
Spermiducal glands of Earthworms
(Sweer), 86.
Sphenophyllales, affinities, 88.
Sphenophi/l'icm, Brongn., and its Allies
(Scott)^ 8, 87.
cuneifuUum, 88.
Dawsoni, 88.
Stapf, O., fruits of Trapa, 85 ; infruc-
tescenee of Miisa Enxete, shown, 3 ;
Kickxia. Malayan and African species
of, 2 ; on P ha one ur on und Dicellandra,
84.
Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., elected Coun-
cillor, 13.
Stephania hern an di a folia, Walp., 86.
Stevens, S., deceased, 10; obituary, 82.
Stewart, C, Mimosa pudica, leaves
sliown in two positions, i ; Cesiracion
Fhilippi shown, i.
Stewart, H. C, on living gigantic tor-
toises in the Seychelles, 89, 90.
Stramberg Limestone, Foraminifera
from (Chapman), 7.
Structure of Echiurus unicinctus (Era-
bleton), 84 ; of Porites (Bernard), 3.
Subterranean Amphipoda of Britain
(Chilton), 86.
Swainson, W., Correspondence of (Giin-
ther), 14-24; Catalogue, 25-61.
(Note. — The authors, being ar-
ranged alphabetically, are not
indexed.)
Sweet, G., on spermiducal glands of
Australian Earthworms, 86.
Syllis vivij ara (Goodrich), 84.
Szemao, plants trom (Hemsley), 8.
Tabor, R. J., admitted, 84 ; elected
Fellow, 9.
Tagg, H. F., admitted, 84.
'Tape- Vine,' 87.
Taxodium distichum, Rich., photograph
shown, 8.
Teleosteans, nasal secretory sacs (Kyle),
4-
Tennessee, Asplenium Bradleyi from,
sliown, 5.
Tephrosia asfragaloides, R. Br,, 86,
purpurea, Pers., 86.
126
Thomas, J. T. N., elected Fellow, 8 ;
admitted, 13.
Thompson, D'A. W., comm. by (Cai-
man), 2.
Thomson, G. M., New Zealand Schizo-
pnda, 3.
Tibet, plants from (Hemsley & Pearson),
9-
Tierra del Fuego, implements used in,
shown, 85.
Tinamu, shown (Harting), 5.
Tithonian Foraminil'era (Chapman), 7.
J'mesipteris, Bernh., 88.
Toiid, aglossal (Ridewood), i.
Toon-ta, 86.
Tooth, merlian maxillary, of Ornitho-
rhynchus (Hill), 4.
Torres Straits, Brachyura from (Cai-
man), 2.
Tortoises, gigantic, 88.
Treasurer: Aeconuts, 11 ; elected, 13 ;
remarks on arrears, 10; vote of
thanks to, 10.
Trapa fruits shown (Stapf), 85.
Trizygia, 87.
Tuf nail, F., deceased, 10; obituary, 83.
Vascular Cryptogams, an extinct divi-
sion of (Scott), 8.
Vegetable poisons for taking fish in
Australia, (Fawcett) 3, 86, (Jackson) 3.
Vice-Presidents nominated, -84.
Vines, Prof. S. H., elected Councillor,
13 ; President, 13.
Wager, H., Eye-spot and Cilium of
Euglena viridis, i.
Walker, A. O., appointed Scrutineer,
12; elected Auditor, 8; resolution as
to alteration of Bye-Laws, moved by,
10.
Waters, A. W., Bryozoa from Frauz-
(Tosef Land, 8.
Wax models, botanical (Smedley), 9.
' Welt-jelkm; 86.
West Indian Fungi (Smith), 9.
Williams, J. W., elected Fellow, 84.
'Willow,' 8 6.
Willow-Grouse from Mongolia (Hart-
ing). ^•
Wilson, A., admitted, 9 ; elected Fellow,
7-
Woodhead, T. W., elected Fellow, 2.
Woodward, A. S., elected Councillor,
Worm, new Planarian (ScharS), 7.
Worsdell, W. C, Comparative Ana-
tomy of Encephalartos. 2.
Wright, L. S., elected Fellow, 84.
Yahgans, implements used by, shown,
^85.
Yakooro, 86.
Yew berries and leaves, effects of (Hart ■
ing), 2-
Young, J., withdrawn, 12.
Zoology of Roraima, 5.
PRINTED BY TAYLOE AND FEANCIS, RED HON COURT, F'tEET STaBEfr.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
(ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTEENTH SESSION, 1900-1901.)
November 1st, 1900.
Prof. S. H. VixES, M.A., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Messrs, Robert Nunez Lyne, James Chapman Shenstone, and
Joseph "William Williams were admitted Fellows of the Sociefc)'.
Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited and made remarks upon the following
birds which had been recently forwarded to him for examination : —
(1) A hybrid between Blackcock and Red Grouse, shot at
Brechin, N.B., Sept. 14.
(2) A Glossy Ibis, killed at Saltash, Devon, Oct. 4.
(3) A Little Owl, obtained at Dunmow, Essex, Oct. 22.
Dr. F. D. Godman concurred in identifying the game-bird as a
hybrid between the species named, and considered such hybrids of
rare occurrence, while examples of a cross between Blackcock and
Pheasant were not nearly so uncommon.
Mr. Howard Saunders regarded the Little Owl {Carine noctua)
as having little if any claim to be considered a British bird ; its
occasional appearance in England being due to the fact that a good
many had been turned out from time to time in different counties.
Mr. George Massee exhibited a series of coloured drawings and
an extensive collection of the larger Fungi which had been brought
for exhibition by himself, by Messrs. E. M. Holmes, M. C. Cooke,
A. 0. Walker, E. H. Smedley, A. W. Kappel, and by Miss A. L.
Smith. Mr. Massee having made some introductory remarks, a
discussion followed in which Dr. Cooke, Dr. Shillitoe, Mr. Walker,
and the Rev. T. R. E. Stebbing took part.
LTNN. SOC. PKOCBKDIN'GS. SESSIO.V 1J00-19<>1.' /»
2 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
The following papers were read : —
1, " On the Terrestrial Isopoda of New Zealand." By Charles
Chilton, M.A., F.L.S.
2. " On the Character and Origin of the Park Lands m Central
Africa." By J. E. S. Moore, F.Z.S. (Communicated by Prof. J. B.
Farmer, P.L.S.)
November 15th, 1900.
Mr. C. B. Clarke, Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Walter Hoare was elected, and the Rev. John Gerard, S.J.,
was admitted a Fellow of the Society.
Mr. W. B. Hemsley, F.R.S., F.L.S., exhibited (1) a number of
specimens and drawings of Fitcliia (Hook. f. in Lond. Journ. Bot. iv.
p. 640, pis. 23, 24), including a new species from the island of
Baratonga in the Cook Archipelago, discovered by Mr. T. F. Cheese-
man a Fellow of this Society. The genus was described from
specimens thought to have been procured on Elizabeth Island, a
remote coral island in the Eastern Pacific ; but Mr. Hemsley gave
reasons for believing that the locality of the plant described by
Sir Joseph Hooker was Tubnai Island in the same latitude, but 20°
farther to the west : an island of volcanic origin and mountainous,
and therefore more likely than a coral islaiid to be the habitat of
such a plant, especially as it was originally discovered by Banks and
Solander in Tahiti. Only three or four species are known : they
are small resiniferous shrubs of tree-like habit, with rather thick
branches, opposite simple leaves borne on slender stalks, and
terminal, usually solitary flower-heads. The systematic position
of Fitcliia is not very evident; although usually placed in the
Cichoriace^e (Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Plant, ii. 505), Mr. Hemsley
considered its affinities as a resiniferous plant to be with the
HelianthoideiB, and near to Petrobium, a monotypic genus of
St. Helena (Hooker, Icon. Plant, t. 1053). After discussing the
views of system atists on this point, he briefly described the new
species from Baratonga {Fitcliia nutans), remarking that it secreted
a resin which is exuded on the young branches and flower-heads,
and is used to prepare an agreeably odoriferous oil.
Mr. Hemsley next exhibited (2) an abnormal cluster of fruits of
the edible chestnut found by Mr. Charles Bead of Sway in the
New Forest, and forwarded to Kew by the llev. J. E. Kelsall.
Usually there are two or three, rarely four in a cluster ; but in the
specimen exhibited there were at least fifteen, the largest nuts
measuring about an inch in their greatest diameter.
He also exhibited (3) a curious flask-shaped bird's-nest which
had been sent to Kew by Mr, J. H. Hart, Director of the Botanic
LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3
Garden, Trinidad, but without any information concerning the bird
which built it. It was constructed almost entirely of the soft
plumose seeds of a species of Tillandsia (Broraeliaceae) . It measured
a foot in length and between 4 and 5 inches in its greatest diameter ;
and had the entrance at the base, the receptacle for the eggs being
near the top of the inside.
Mr. J. E. Harting, F.L.S., in reply to a question from the
Chairman, said that without seeing a specimen of the bird which
had built the nest in question, it was not easy to name the species
with certainty ; but that it was doubtless the nest of an Icterus^ and
probably of Icterus leucopteryx, commonly known in the West Indies
as the Banana-bird.
Mr. James Groves, F.L.S., on behalf of Mr. Cecil 11. P. Andrews,
exhibited specimens of a Sea Lavender new to the Channel Islands,
Statice hjchnidifolia, Girard, discovered by Mr. Andrews in August
of the present year growing sparingly on low rocl\S by the sea in
Alderney in company with S. occidentalism the most nearly allied
British species. The distinguishing characteristics of S. h/cJinidifoHa,
as noted by Mr. Andrews, were the large, many-ner\'ed leaves, the
stout scapes with large scales, the broad dark bracts, and the trian-
gular calyx-teeth.
Mr. Groves pointed out that the interest of the record consisted
not so much iu the fact of the plant occurring in Alderney (being
a native of the adjacent French coast, and the Channel Islands
being geographically more French than British), as in the fact that
a species should be added to the flora of one of our possessions so
near home.
The following papers were read : —
1. " Contributions to the Comparative Anatomyof theCycadacese.'
By W. C. Worsdell, F.L.S.
2. " On Goidelia echiura, a new Entozoie Copepod from Japan."
By Miss A. L. Embleton. (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes,
Sec. L, Soc.)
December 6th, 1900.
Dr. F. D. GoDMAN, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Walter Hoare was admitted, and the following were elected
Fellows of the Society : — Messrs. Charles William Agnew Bruce,
Malcolm Burr, Ananda K. Coomara-Swamy, Charles Alphonse Le
Doux, Francis John Lewis, Theodore llichard Robinson, and Henry
Alwin Soames.
Dr. A. B. Kendle, F.L.S., exhibited specimens, including leaves
and fruit, of Grasswrack, Zostera marina, Linn., recentlv found by
62
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Capt. H. P. Deasy near Yepal Ungar, in the Kwen Lua mountains,
at an altitude of 1 6,500 feet. The plants were not growing in this
remarkable locality, but were preserved in a bed 10 to 12 feet thick
on top of and interspersed with which were strata of blue clay.
The broken leaves and sheaths of which the specimens consisted
were dry and brittle, but showed no alteration, the internal structure
being as perfect as in the fresh plant. As the country is geologically
unknown, it is impossible to estimate the age of the deposit.
It probably formed the bed of a salt-lake. There is one in the
neighbourhood ; and Capt. Deasy is of opinion that the whole
district formed at one time a large salt-lake. The specimens were
very dusty, but microscopic examination of the dust revealed nothing
beyond particles of sand and a few small brown objects, apparently
spores of some kind. Capt. Deasy states that he saw similar growths
in a lake in the same district, but was unable to procure specimens.
This occurrence of Zostera marina in the heart of the Asiatic con-
tinent and at so great an elevation, is of special interest. The plant,
so far as known, is purely marine, occurring plentifully on our own
coasts, and throughout Europe, on the Atlantic shores of North.
America, and in North-east Asia. It has not previously been
recorded from an inland lake, though an allied species, Zostera nana,
Linn., occurs in the Caspian. Whether its existence in the Kwen
Lun range has any relation to the Tertiary marine deposits which
connect the Mediterranean area with the Himalayas is matter for
conjecture. There seems to be some evidence for the existence of
Zostera in Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary times ; at any rate several
species have been described from fossils resembling the rhizome of
the plant, found in Central European beds.
A discussion followed in which Dr. Stapf, Messrs. E. M. Holmes,
H. Groves, J. E. Harting, and Prof. Howes took part.
Dr. Eendle also showed a specimen of another marine mono-
cotyledonous plant, Halophila stipidacea, Asch,, from Tuticorin in
Southern India, sent by Mr. Edgar Thurston. This species is not
included in the ' Flora of British India,' nor in Trimeu's ' Cej'lon
Flora'; a plant found by Dr. Harvey at Trincomalee, and thus deter-
mined by Thwaites, being assigned to the commoner H. ovata, Gaud,
II. stipulacea occurs in the Ked Sea, the Mascarene Islands, and
Eodriguez.
The Eev. John Gerard, F.L.S., exhibited some abnormally large
shells of the Swan Mussel, Anodonta cygnea, forwarded from
Claughton, Garstang, Lancashire, by Mr. W. Fitzherbert Brockholes.
The three largest of these measured 8*75 in., 8 in., and 7'5 in. in
width, these measurements being considerably in excess of those
given in the text-books, and of the examples figured as Mytilus
cygneus in Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. pi. 3, p. 109, and as Mytilus
stagnalis (from Kew Gardens) in Sowerby's 'British Miscellany,'
vol. i. pi. xvi. p. 33. It was stated that amongst other specimens
found in the pond at Claughton, when drained, there was one of
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5
9 inches, twenty-eight measuring from 8 to 9 inches, and about a
hundred from 7 to 8 inches.
A discussion followed in which the Chairman, Prof. Howes,
Messrs. H. Groves, Bernard Arnold, and J. E. Harting took part ;
the last-named exhibiting some specimens oiAnodonta from Horsham,
Sussex, measuring 7 inches in width.
The following papers were read : —
1. "On some new Foraminifera from the Lagoon at Funafuti."
By Frederick Chapman, A.L.S.
2. « A Eevision of the British Thrifts." By G. Claridge Druce,
F.L.S.
December 20th, 1900.
Prof. S. H. Vines, M.A., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Messrs. Charles William Agnew Bruce, Ananda K. Coomara-
Swamy, and Arnold T. Watson were admitted Fellows of the
Society.
On behalf of Dr. J. W. Cornwall, F.L.S., the Secretary exhi-
bited two photographs of a compound flower which appeared on a
white Foxglove growing in a garden near Godalming.
Mr. B. Daydon Jackson exhibited two editions of Hill's ' Flora
Britaunica,' the earlier, dated 1759, being apparently unknown to
bibliographers. This edition difiers from the usual issue of 1760
in having a different title-page, and publisher's name : the copy
exhibited wants the plates mentioned on the title. The species
ascribed to the genus Statice are three in number; in modern
nomenclature one species of Armeria and two of Statice.
Some additional remarks were made by Mr. Henry Groves.
Prof. Howes, F.E,.S., exhibited a couple of Pigeon's Egg-shells,
cast up at the mouth by the tropical African Egg-eating Snake
Dasi/peltis scahra, now living in the Zoological Society's Gardens,
and called attention to the presence of a series of spiral and
longitudinal fracture-lines, pointing to an elaborate coordinate
muscular activity in the ' crushing ' process, the probable nature of
which he discussed, in the light of the recent investigations of
Katheriner into the anatomy of the animal and the observations of
Miss Durham upon its feeding habits.
A discussion followed in which Prof. Poulton and Prof. Marcus
Haitog took part, the latter expressing his regret that Miss Durham,
who had first described and figured the mode in which Dasypeltis
swallows the eg^, and disposes of the shell, was precluded from
being present at this discussion.
Prof. Poulton, F.E.S., exhibited a living specimen of the Death's-
6 PEOCEEDlNCtS OE IHJil
head Moth (Acherontia Atropos), and proved with a stethoscope that
the late Prof. Moseley was correct in stating that the sound comes
from the proboscis. He also showed that all sound ceased the
moment the tip of the straightened proboscis was dipped in water,
and could not be resumed until the organ was withdrawn; thus
supporting Prof. Moseley's opinion that the sound was produced by
forcing air through the proboscis.
Prof. Po niton also exhibited projected photographs of Acrcea
unicolor var. alcippina, recently received from Sierra Leone by
Mr. Herbert Druce, F.L.S., together with specimens of Limnas
cJirysippus var. alcippus, which they closely resemble. He showed
that this Acra^a is represented in the South and East Central
regions of Africa by varieties which correspond to the respective
forms of L. chrysippus : that in fact the geographical coincidence
between the two is much closer than with the forms of the female
of Hypolimnas misippus and those of L. chrysippus. The former
is one example of Miillerian mimicry, both forms being inde-
pendently distasteful ; while the female Hypolimnas is generally
regarded as a Batesian mimic.
In a discussion which ensued, Col. Swinhoe, Mr. Herbert Goss,
and Prof. Farmer took part.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Structure and Habits of the Ammocharidce" By
Arnold T. Watson, F.L.S.
2. " On the Flora of Vavau, one of the Tonga Islands." By
I. H. BurkiU, F.L.S,, and C. S. Crosby, M.A.
January 17th, 1901.
Prof. S. H. Vines, M.A., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. James Alfred Wheldon was elected a Fellow of the Society.
The President announced that the " Bressa Prize," offered by the
'• Academic Eoyale des Sciences de Turin," would be awarded for
the most striking and useful discovery in physical and experimental
science, natural history, pure and applied mathematics, physiology,
not excluding geology, history, geography, and obstetrics. The
value of the prize offered is 9600 francs, or nearly .£400, and the
competition is open to experts and inventors of all nations, the com-
petition closing on the 31st Dec. 1902.
The President also announced that the Imperial and Eoyal
Zoological and Botanical Society of Vienna would celebrate its
Jubilee Anniversary on the 30th March, 1901, to which represen-
tatives of other Scientific Societies were cordially invited. A
notification from those intending to be present is requested not
later than the middle of February.
UUXEAN SOCIETY OP LOKDOJf.
7
Mr. S. Pace exhibited and made remarks on some Pearl Oysters
and other specimens illustrating the formation and development of
pearls.
Mr. C. T. Druery, F.L.S., exhibited an intermediate form between
Ceterach officinanan and ScoJopendrium vulgare, which he had
received from the late Mr. E. J. Lowe, F.L.S.
The fronds were of somewhat foliose Ceterach form, but entirely
devoid of scales, and with the upper third confluent, resembling: the
tip of a Scolopendrium-fiond, the fructification partly Seolopendrioid
Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. Frond of Asplenium marimim (?), nat. size.
Fig. 2. Portion of same, magnified, showing sori.
8 rKoci;EDi>'Gs ov the
and partly Asplenioid, From this combination of characters, the
exhibitor considered the plant to be a true hybrid between tne
species named.
Air, C. H. Wright, A.L.S., exhibited, on the other hand, numerous
herbarium specimens of iScolopendnum vulgare, Ceterach officinarum,
Asj)Ieniu7n marinum; Asplenitim Meniionitis {palmatum), and iScolo-
jyendriuiyi nigripes, by which last three species it was demonstrated
that sori in laced pairs {Scolojjendrium type) may not only appear
en species classed as Asj)Unium, but that, on the other hand, simple
Asplenoid sori may exist on species classed as Scolojpendrmm (e. g.,
iS. nigrijpes) and A. Hemioniiis as exhibited and shown in a drawing
(p. 7 ; by favour of the Kew authorities. !Mr. Wright therefore was
inclined to the opinion that the presumed hybrid was merely a form
of A. marinum, basing his opinion partly on the leathery nature of
both ^. vidgare and Ceterach Ironds as contrasted with the thin papery
texture of the exhibits. He entered at some length into the
various modes of attempting cross-fertilization in Ferns; but the
factors of uncertainty are so difficult to eliminate, that until some
delicate means have been devised lor the actual transference by
hand of individual antherozoids to alien archegonia, hybridity in
Ferns can hardly be scientitically proved. ,
Mr. A. W. Bennett remarked that, in view of the extremely wide
dilterence between the genera, very strong evidence indeed would
be required to establish the fact of hybridization between them.
Mr. J. Fraser added some remarks bearing upon the indefinite
classification of genera, evidenced by the exhibits with respect to
fructification.
Mr. Druery, in reply, considered that the Kew examples demon-
strated that a far closer alliance existed between Scol. vulgare and
the AsjiUnia than appeared on the surface, the presumed generic
line between the forms of fructification being broken through, and
hence the possibility of hybridizing. He alao pointed out that as
A. marinum had also very leathery fronds, this argument per contra
failed. One of the specimens of A. marinura exhibited with
Scolopendrioid sori in quantity, found in France, might also, he
considered, possibly be a natural hybrid with S. vulgare, especially
as its fronds and some pianae were peculiarly forked, dilated, and
irregularly abnormal ; while it is well known that the two species
are often closely associated in their habitats, so that their spores
might easily mix.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On Tooth-genesis in the Caviidce." By Dr. H. W. Marett
Tims, F.L.S.
'2. •' Some Piemarks on the Natural History and Experimental
Cultivation ot the Pearl Oyster." By Dr. H. L. Jameson. (Com-
municated by Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.L.S.)
LlJfNEAS^ SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 9
February 7th, 1901.
Prof. S. H. YiifES, 3I.A., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting -were read and confirmed.
The Minutes of the last Meeting having been read and confirmed,
the President announced i'rom the Chair the terms of an Humble
Address to His Most Gracious Majesty the King as follows, -which
was unanimously adopted, all present rising from their seats : —
To THE KIJS'G'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.
The Humble Address of the PKEsiDEifT. Council, ami Fellows of the
LnfNEAK SociEir of London.
Most Gracious Sovebeign :
We, the President, Council, and Fellows of the Linnean
Society in General Meeting assembled, beg leave to approach
Tour Majesty, humbly to express our profound sorrow at the great
and irreparable loss which has befallen Tour Majesty and the
Koyal House in the recent death of oiu- beloved and venerated
Sovereign Lady Queen Ticxoria, our Patron, Whose Memory wiU
ever be gratefully cherished by this Society.
"We are also desirous of expressing the earnest hope that
Divine Providence may, in Its Goodness and Mercy, be pleased to
bless Tour Majesty with health and length of days, and that
Your Majesty's iieign over a loyal and grateful people may be long
and glorious.
The sympathetic interest which Tour Majesty has constantly
manifested in aU that concerns the progress of Science, encourages
us to hope that Tour Majesty will be graciously pleased to con-
tinue to our Corporate Body that beneficent Patronage which
it has uninterruptedly enjoyed at the Hands of Tour Majesty's
Koyal Predecessors since the granting of the Charter in 1S02.
Given under the Common Seal of the Society the 7th day of
February, Uiul.
Sidney H. Vines, Fresidcnt.
B. Daydon Jackson, ] „ . .
G. B. Howes, J
The President called attention to the fact that the large collec-
tions of letters comprising the " Linnean Correspondence "" and the
" Swainson Correspondence" had recently been carefully arranged,
and specially bound in foHo volumes, the latter series at the cost of
the Hon. Walter Kothschild, F.L.S., and that a handsome bookcase
for their reception had been presented by Mr. Herbert Druce,
F.L.S. A vote of thanks to the donors "was proposed and passed
unanimously.
lO PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
Mr. H. W. Monckton, PX.S., exhibited some lantern-slides
showing a large Ammonite in the Kimmeridge Clay at tSwanage,
and several views taken at the Portland Oyster-bed at Tilly Whim
and the Purbeck Oyster-bed in Durleston iay.
Some remarks thereon were made by Mr. E. K. Sykes, P.L.S.
The President, whilst demonstrating the property possessed by
certain vegetable liquids, such as coco-nut milk and the juice of
the pineapple and the potato, to cause the oxidation ol guaiacum
tincture in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, a blue colour being
produced, drew attention to the recent researches of Kaciborski on
the subject. Eaciborski has made the interestiug discovery that
certain tissues of the plant-body, more particularly the sieve-tubes
and the laticilerous tissue, contain some substance, to which he
gives the name lejjtomin, which likewise causes guaiacum to turn
blue in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, and has gone on to
inter that this lej)tcmin may be regarded as discharging in the
plant a lunction analogous to that of hamoglobin in the animal
body. The President urged, against this assumption, that although
both leptomin and haemoglobin give the guaiacum reaction, jet this
lact does not prove that leptomin can combine with oxygen, and
can act as an oxygen-carrier in the organism, in the manner which
is so characteristic of hamoglobin ; and that therefore the sug-
gested analogy between the two substances is at least premature.
The following paper was read and discussed : —
" On the Necessity lor a Provisional Nomenclature for those
forms of life which cannot be at once ai ranged in a natural
system." By E. M. Bernard, M.A., F.L.S.
[Abstract.']
Taking the Stony Corals as an illustration, the author shows how
impossible it is to classily them into " species " in the present state
of our knowledge (1 ) of the living forms themselves, ana (2) of what
we should mean by the term " species." He finds himself compelled
to invent some method of naming them which shall enable their
natural history to be written, so far as it can be discovered, without
at the same time having to pretend that, in so doing, the specimens
are being classified in the modern evolutionary sense, that is,
according to their true genetic afhnities. This " natural order "
can only be based upon an exhaustive study of all the discoverable
variations, and only then will it be possible to arrange these varia-
tions into natural groups or " species." P"urther, this study, if its
results are to be trustworthy, must have had regard not only to the
stiuctural details of the specimens, but also to their natural con-
ditions of exittence, in order that all tliote variations which are
purely accidental and adajjtational, e,g., due to special currents,
or to iaNouiallc or unfavourable positions on the reef, may be
UJJXEAN SOClEXY op LOSDOK. 11
eliminated ; for only those which have been normally inherited
can be admitted into an evolutionary classification, at least, as at
present understood.
The author contends therefore that the present exclusive ad-
herence, for all purposes of description, to the Linnean binomial
system which implies classification, when classification can only be
attained as the end and crown of our work, is philosophically
absurd and practically disastrous. The absurdity of starting by
assuming what it is the object of all our researches to find out is
self-evident ; while the hindrance to progress due to waste of
energy, to the assumption that the goal is attained, to the natural
indisposition to rearrange previous classifications, to the synonymies
which continually grow and must ever continue to grow as our
knowledge, which advances in spite of our methods, compels us to
bring our premature classifications nearer and nearer to the natural
order — only need to be mentioned to be equally self-evident.
A provisional nomenclature is therefore proposed in order to
make work possible in those groups in which, as in the Corals,
classification, except in its barest outlines, is premature. The
author suggests that this consists (1) of the existing generic name
(or when that cannot be discovered, the family name) ; (2) of the
locality in which each specimen has been found ; (3) of a fraction
which can be understood from the following illustration: — '■'■Porites,
Singapore 4/20 '" would mean that there are twenty apparently
distinct forms of Forites kno^vn to occur at Singapore, and the
particular one referred to is that which was described and figured
as number 4. If a new Forites be found in the same locality, i. e.,
a Forites not immediately referable to any yet figured, its designa-
tion for reference would be " Porites, Singapore 21/21." The
formula which shall be ultimately agreed upon ought to be formally
adopted.
A discussion followed, in which Prof. E. Eay Lankester, Sir W.
T. Thiselton-Dyer, Mr. H. J. Elwes, with Mr. iateson and Prof. J .
Bell (visitors) took part.
It was proposed by Prof. Lankester that the discussion should be
adjourned to another meeting, when resolutions could be submitted,
which, having been seconded by Mr. Elwes, was carried.
February 21st, 1901.
Dr. A. GtJNiHiE, E.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. E. Morton Middleton, F.L.S., exhibited and made remarks
on a series of Virginian Oysters of certified ages, on which some
observations were made by Prof. Howes and Dr. H. L. Jameson.
Mr. H. E. Smedley, F.L.S., exhibited with the aid of the Lantern
12 pboceedikgs of the
a series of Photomicrographs illustrating the histology of various
types of plants.
Mr. Smedley also showed some fossil remains of Balcena from the
Crag, with other undetermined hones, on which some remarks were
made by Mr. Lydekker.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Atfinities of JElurojpus melanoleucus." By Prof. E.
Eay Lankester, P.E.S., and Mr. E. Lydekker, P.E.S.
2. " Etude d'une espece nouvelle de Lepadides." By Monsieur A.
Gruvel. (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes, Sec. Linn. Soc.)
March 7th, 1901.
Prof. S. H. Vines, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Messrs. John Basil Feilding, Conrad Theodore Green, and Henry
Harold Welch Pearson were elected Fellows of the Society.
Mr. P. Enock, F.L.S., showed a series of lantern-slides illus-
trating the metamorphoses of a Dragonfly, ^schna cceiidea, and
gave an interesting account of the life-history of that insect,
Mr. H. E. Smedley, F.L.S., exhibited and made remarks on a
collection of models of Fungi, Nepenthes, Sarracenia, and Aroids,
as also several models of sections of Flowers, in wax and com-
position.
Observations thereon were made by the President.
Dr. J. Murie, F.L.S., on behalf of Mr. H, Doubled ay, exhibited
an Orange within an Orange, the enclosed fruit having a complete
rind ; in which respect it differed from one previously shown by
Dr. Eendle (Proc. Linn. Soc. 1890-91, p. 7).
The following papers were read : —
1. " Contributions to the Malacostracan Fauna of the Mediter-
ranean." By Alfred 0. Walker, F.L.S.
2. " On the Occurrence of Tristicha Tiypnoides, Spreng., in Egypt,
By Miss Gulielma Lister. (Communicated by Mr. Arthur Lister,
F.E.S., F.L.S.)
March 21st, 1901.
Dr. F. D. GoDMAN, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. James Digby Firth was elected, and Messrs. John Basil
Fielding and Henry Harold Welch Pearson were admitted Fellows
of the Society.
J
LINNEAN SOCIKTT OP LONDON. I3
On behalf of Mrs. Mivart the Zoological Secretary presented for the
acceptance of the Society a half-length portrait in oils of the late
Dr. St. George Mivart, F.R.S., F.L.S., a former Vice-President.
On the motion of the Chairman, a cordial vote of thanks for so
acceptable a gift was passed, and an intimation thereof was directed
to be conveyed to the donor.
Mr. J. E. Harting, F.L.S., exhibited and made remarks on some
photographs of female Roedeer (Capreolus capred) bearing antlers,
one of which had been shot at Neudau, in East Styria, in December
last. This animal, which was very fat, weighed 47 lb. 6*oz. A
careful examination of the reproductive organs showed that its
condition was perfectly normal, and that it differed in no respect
from an ordinary doe of this species except in having horns. It
was considered by the foresters who examined it to be three or four
years old, and, in their opinion, from the appearance of the teats it
was a doe which had never paired. The horns, which were bifur-
cated and of a type common in the Austrian Tyrol, measured about
4^ inches in length.
Mr. H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., considered the case so remarkable and
unusual, as to suggest the probability of some mistake having been
made in determining the sex. Mr. Harting, in reply, stated that
this was by no means unique. In Germany, where Roedeer are
much more plentiful than in this country, several does with antlers
had been recorded. Dr. Altum in his 'Eorstzoologie' (Bd. i. p. 211)
states that many such cases were known to him. One instance
noted in the Black Forest at Kippenheim is mentioned in ' The
Zoologist,' 1866, p. 435. In that case the horns were " in the
velvet," but perfectly hard ; one was about 6 in. long with a single
short tine, the other about 3 in. without any tine. A female Roe
with budding horns was shot in October 1875 by Mr. Duncan
Davidson of Inchmarlo, Banchory, Aberdeenshire. The skull of
another in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, forwarded
from Petworth Park, Sussex, by Lord Egremont is figured in the
Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1879, p. 297.
Dr. Godman observed that, although he had had considerable
experience of deer in Scotland (both Red-deer and Roe), he had
never come across so remarkable and abnormal a case.
Mr. Harting pointed out that such cases were not confined to the
genus Capreolus, but had been noted rarely in Cervus elaplius, and
once in the case of the American White-tailed Deer, Cariacus virgi-
nianus (shot in East Kootenay, British Columbia), a photograph of
which he exhibited. It was well known that there is an intimate
connection between the reproductive organs and the growth of
antlers ; and it was not unreasonable to suppose that the phe-
nomenon of antlers on a female deer (except in the case of the
Reindeer and Cariboo, which normally carried them) might be due
to some abnormal condition of the ovarios or other parts of the
genital organs.
14 PROCKEDINfiS OF THE
The following paper was read : —
" On the Intestinal Tract of Birds, and the V aluation and
Nomenclature of Zoological Characters." By P. Chalmers Mitchell,
M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S.
April 4th, 1901.
Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.H.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
A letter was read from the Home Secretary conveying " His
Majesty's thanks for the loyal and dutiful Address of the President
and Council of the Linnean Society expressing sympathy on the
occasion of the lamented death of Her late Majesty Queen Victoria
and congratulations on His Majesty's Accession to the Throne."
Mr. George Stephen West was elected a FeUow of the Society.
The Secretary exhibited some British species of Plants forwarded
by M. Biiysman of Middleburg to show the character of a proposed
issue to include the whole of the British Flora ; on which some
remarks were made by the Chairman and Mr. James Groves.
Mr. W. B. Hemsley, F.R.S., exhibited specimens of Sapium and
Hevea (Euphorbiacese) and Castilloa (Artocarpaceae), a large series
of plants and seeds forwarded by Mr. Jenman, Government Botanist
in British Guiana, with a view to clear up certain questions con-
cerning the Rubber-trees. The genus Hevea included ten or a
dozen described species inhabiting eastern tropical South h merica,
but none in the West Indies. Hevea hrasiliemis, the source of the
true Para rubber, was not very different from Hevea guianensis,
which is restricted to French Guiana, the differences between them
being shown in the figures given of the floral structure and seeds in
Hooker's Icones Plantarum, plates 2570-2577. It was formerly
supposed that two species of Hevea might be distinguished in
British Guiana, one (Hevea pariciflora) having thin leaves and a
hairy ovary, the other thick coriaceous leaves and a glabrous
ovary ; but after examining a large number of specimens,
Mr. Hemsley had come to the conclusion that the differences were
not constant, and that all the specimens exhibited might belong to
one species, and merely represented individual variation. The
exhibition demonstrated the difficulty of determining species of
Hevea from imperfect specimens, and especially from seeds alone.
A discussion followed in which Mr. F. N. Williams, the Rev. F.
C. Smith, and the Chairman took part.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On Plants from the High Andes." By W. B. Hemsley,
F.R.S., F.L.S., and H. H. W. Pearson, F.L.S.
'2,. " On some British Freshwater Rhizopods and Heliozoa." By
G. S. West, F.L.S.
LINNEAN SOCIETT OF LOXDON. I 5
April 18th, 1901.
Prof. S. H. Vines, F.R.S,, President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Messrs. Allan Octavian Hume and Pierre Elie Felix Peredes were
elected Fellows of the Society.
In view of the approaching Anniversary Meeting, the Rev. T. R. R.
Stebbing and Mr. Henry Groves were elected Auditors on behalf of
the Council, and Messrs. A. 0. Walker and H. Druce on the part
of the Fellows.
Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited a large Falcon which had been
trapped at Hatfield Broad Oak, Essex, and which, from its great
size, dark colour, and the absence of bars on the tail-feathers, was
thought to be a male Norwegian Gyrfalcon.
Mr. G. E. Lodge, who exhibited some specimens of Gyrfalcons,
was inclined to think that it was merely a large and dark variety of
the Peregrine.
Mr. Howard Saunders suggested, in view of its size and the
remarkable darkness of the plumage, that the bird might be a male
example of the so-called Labrador Falcon, but having since examined
it more closely and measured the wing and tarsi, he was of opinion
that it was a large female Peregrine.
It was remarked that, although both the Peregrine and the
Gyrfalcon have the tarso-tibial joint clothed with the feathers, the
feathering in the former species does not extend nearly so far down
the tarsus as in the latter, and this was the case with the bird
exhibited.
Mr. Harting exhibited and made remarks upon a mummified
Hawk from an Egyptian tomb, pointing out the difference between
mummies made at Memphis, which are black, dry and brittle, from
the bitumen employed in the embalming process, and those from
Thebes which, like the specimen exhibited, are of a yellowish colour,
more flexible, and were prepared with natron, or neutral carbonate
of sodium, Na^COg, brought from the natron lakes in the Lybian
desert.
Col. Swinhoe confirmed the statement that our word " mummy,"
Fr. momie, Sp. momia, was derived from the Arabic moam, wax, the
most expensive process of embalming known to the Egyptians being
that in which wax and bitumen were the chief ingredients.
Mr. Charles Dawson, F.G.S., exhibited a hollow flint nodule which
had been picked up on the downs at Lewes, and which on fracture
was found to contain the desiccated body of a Toad. The flint
measured b\ inches in length and 12 inches in circumference, and
1 6 PKOCEEDIlf&S OF THE
a small hole at one end indicated the point of ingress for the toad,
which must have entered in a very immature condition, and died
there after having attained a size too great to permit of its
escape.
In the discussion which followed, remarks were made by Mr. E.
T. Newton, F.R.S., Mr. John Lewis, C.E., and others; the general
opinion being that a modern Toad had crept into an ancient flint,
and having lived for a time on such insects as found their way into
the cavity, had died there.
Mr. S. Pace exhibited specimens of Mosehya latistellata, Quelch,
the so-called " Rugose Coral " from Torres Strait. The specimens
shown were obtained from the backs of pearl-shells collected in
Friday Island passage at a depth of 3 to 4 fathoms. In the opinion
of Mr. Pace, they showed that the so-called Coral was really a
species of LithopJiyllia.
Mr. W. B. Hemsley, F.R.S., exhibited the leaves and flowers of
two new genera of Chinese trees : (1) Bretschneidera, discovered by
Dr. Henry in the province of Yunnan, lat. 23° 'N., in forests at an
elevation of 5000 feet, and bearing pink and white flowers like the
Horse Chestnut, to which it is related ; and (2) Itoa, also a native
of Yunnan, growing at a similar elevation and to a height of about
twenty feet. The genus, named in honour of a famous Japanese
botanist, was stated to be allied to Idesia, Maxim., Poliothyrsus,
Oliver, and Carrierea, Franch., all monotypic genera inhabiting
China, but differing from them in certain respects which Mr. Hemsley
indicated.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Formation and Variation of the Corallum in Turhi-
naria." By Mr. S. Pace. (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes,
Sec. L.Soc.)
2. " On some Collections of High-level Plants from Tibet, with
a Sketch of the Distribution of the observed Species.'"' By Messrs.
W. Botting Hemsley, F.E.S., F.L.S., and H. H. W. Pearson, M.A.,
F.L.S.
May 2nd, 1901.
Prof. S. H. Vines, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Pierre Elie Felix Perredes was admitted, and Messrs. William
Henry Johnson and John Henry Holland were elected Fellows of
the Society.
Monsieur Francois Crepin, Prof. Franz Reinhold Fjellman, Prof.
Alphseus Spring Packard, and Prof. Ignatz Urban were elected
Foreign Members.
LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. I 7
Prof. Charles Stewart, F.R.S., F.L.S., exhibited and made remarks
on the egg and oviducal gland of Scyllium catulus, and on the
nature of the egg-shell of Sphcnodon.
The following papers were read : —
1. -'On the Palate of the Xeognathte." By W. P. Pycraft,
A.L.S.
2. " Eedescriptions of Berkeley's Types of Fungi. — Part II." By
George Xassee, F.L.S.
May 24th, 1901.
Anniversarij Meeting.
Prof. S. H. YixES, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Messrs. Thomas Fulton Bourdillon and Lawson Sant Wright
were admitted FeUows of the Society.
The President then announced that since the last Meeting of the
Society His Most Gracious Majesty the King, in a letter received
from General Sir Dighton Probyn, which was read, had signified
his consent to become the Patron of the Society, and would be
graciously pleased to inscribe his royal signature in the Society's
Charter Book, an announcement which was received with accla-
mation.
The President further announced that the Society's collection of
memorials of distinguished naturalists had been recently enriched
by a presentation from Prof. Alfred Xewton, F.P.S., F.L.S., of the
gold watch which had belonged to the late William YarreD, a
former Yice-President of the Society. The announcement was
received with much satisfaction, and on the motion of the President
it was resolved that a cordial vote of thanks be conveyed to the
donor.
The Auditors' Eeport having been, presented by Mr. Henry
Groves, the Treasurer thereupon made his Annual Financial State-
ment, duly audited as shown on p. i8. Eef erring to the
resolution which had been passed at the last Anniversary Meeting
on the subject of the large amount outstanding for arrears of sub-
scriptions, he stated that the Council proposed the following
alteration of the Bye-laws subject to its confirmation at a general
meeting of the Society : —
Chapter II. — Section IX. to be repealed and instead thereof
to substitute the following : —
" IX. In the month of Xovember in each year the Council
shall cause to be suspended in the Library of the Society a
J-JNX, SOC. PKOCEEDIXGS. — SESSION 1900-1901. C
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LlN^^:AJ]■ society op loxdox. 19
list of the Fellows who owe more than two annual contri-
butions, and notice thereof shall forthwith be forwarded to
every Fellow whose name appears in such list. If the con-
tributions due from any Fellow named in the said list shall
not have been paid within three months after the first sus-
pension of the list the Council may remove such Fellow
from the Society, but notwithstanding such removal the
obligation of any Fellow so removed may be put in suit for
the recovery of any money due from him to the Society. The
Council may remit in whole or in part the contributions due
from any Fellow."— (O.i/. 2nd May, 1901.)
On the motion of Dr. F. DuCane Godman, seconded by Mr. Thomas
Christy, the report was adopted, and a vote of thanks was accorded
to the Treasurer and the Auditors for their services.
The Secretary read his report of deaths, withdrawals, and
elections as follows : —
Since the last Anniversary Meeting 16 Fellows had died or their
deaths had been ascertained, viz. :—
Dr. John Anderson.
Mr. John Borland.
Col. James Henry Bowker.
Mr. William Lindsay Brown.
Mr. Philip Crowley.
Mr. John Emmet.
Mr. Frederick Gould.
^Ir. Joseph Johnson.
Mr. Chas. William Harrison.
Mr. John Henry Leech.
Mr. Eichard Milne-Eedhead.
Mr. Eobert Morgan.
Mr. George Samuel Perrin.
Mr. John Eattra}'.
Mr. Walter Percy Sladen.
Prof. Isaac Vaughan,
Associates,
Mr. William Hodgson. I Mr. John Storrie.
Foreign Members.
Prof. Dr. Jacob Georg Agardh. Prof. Christian FrederikLiitken.
The following 8 Fellows had resigned : —
Mr. WiUiam Ambrose Clarke. Dr. Joseph Eeay Greene.
Mr. John Henry Cooke. I Mr. Thomas Frederick Inman.
Mr. James Henry Dugdale. Mr. Eobert Johnston.
Mr. Geo. Edward Joseph Greene. | Mr. Allan Peter Swan.
One Fellow had been removed from the Society's list by order of the
Council, and 21 Fellows and 4 Foreign Members had been elected.
The Librarian's report was read as follows : —
" During the past year there have been received as Donations
from Private Individuals 48 volumes and 151 Pamphlets.
" From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific Societies
c 2
20 PKOCEEDIKGS OF THE
ere have been received in exchange and otherwise, 26 L Volumes
and 126 detached Parts, besides 51 Volumes and 41 Parts obtained
by exchange and donations from the Editors and Proprietors of
independent Periodicals.
" The Council have sanctioned the purchase of 150 Volumes and
120 Parts of important works.
" The total Additions to the Library are therefore 510 Volumes
and 438 separate Parts.
" The niimber of books bound during the year is as follows : —
In half-morocco 254 volumes, in half-calf 10 volumes, in full cloth
119 volumes, in vellum 7 volumes, in buckram 28 volumes, in
boards or half-cloth 25 volumes, relabelled (half-morocco and cloth
backs) 35 volumes. Total 478 volumes."
The Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the elections,
The President opened the business of the day and the Fellows
present proceeded to vote for the Council and Officers.
The Ballot for the Council having been closed, the President
appointed Mr. Roland Trimen, Mr. George Murray, and Dr. Robert
Braithwaifce Scrutineers ; and the votes having been counted and
reported to the President, he declared the following Members to
be removed from the Council, viz. : — Mr. C. B. Clarke, Prof. J. B.
Farmer, Dr. A. Giinther, Mr. A. D. Michael, and Dr. A. B. Rendle,
and the following gentlemen to be elected in their stead, viz. : —
Mr. W. Carruthers, Mr. Herbert Druce, Prof. J. Reynolds Green,
Mr. W. B. Hemsley, and the Rev. Canon Norman.
The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President
appointed the same Scrutineers, and the votes having been counted
and reported to him, he declared the result as follows : —
President, Prof. Sydney Howard Vines, M.A., F.R.S.
Treasurer, Mr. Frank Crisp.
^ ^ . f Mr. B. Daydon Jackson.
The President then delivered his Annual Address, taking for his
subject " The Development of the Linnean Society during the
jN'ineteenth Century," as follows.
IINNEAN SOCIETr OF LONDON.
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
The year during -which I have had the high honour to hold the
responsible office of President of this Society will be ever memor-
able in our annals by its association with the great loss which we,
in common with the whole British nation, have sustained in the
death of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria, who was our
Patron throughout the whole of her long and glorious reign. It
will be within the recollection of Fellows that, in conuection with
this sad event, we voted an address of condolence, as also of con-
gratulation upon his Accession, to His Majesty King Edward VII.,
who has long been one of our Honorary Members. Not only was
our address favourably received and graciously acknowledged, but,
as I have already had the great satisfaction of formally announcing
to you. His Majesty, following the example of His Royal Prede-
cessors, has been pleased to signally honour us by assuming the
vacant office of Patron of this Society.
We have also had to deplore the serious illness which last autumn
prostrated our other Honorary Member, His Majesty Oscar II.,
King of Sweden and Norway. It is a matter of sincere congratu-
lation that His Majesty should have so completely recovered as to
be able to resume the reins of government which he has held so
long and so wisely.
You have heard from the Senior Secretary of the ebb and flow
which has taken place in the general constitution of the Society.
Among those Avhose loss by death we deeply regret, I cannot
forbear to specially mention Dr. John Anderson, formerly Super-
intendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, who projected the great
work on the Zoology of Egypt, of which one volume has already
appeared and the remaining two are in active preparation; and
Mr. Walter Percy Sladen, who served the Society faithfully and
well for ten years (1885-95) as its Zoological Secretary, and who,
had he lived, would have done much more for the Society, whose
interests he always had at heart, as also for the science in which
he had already earned a well-deserved reputation. Our list of
Foreign Members is the poorer by the disappearance of two dis-
tinguished names : those of Jacob Georg Agardh, Professor of
Botany in the University of Lund, who, like his eminent father,
C. A. Agardh (also a Foreign Member in his day), was not only
one of the foremost algologists of his time, but a great botanist as
well ; and of Christian Frederik LUtken, the well-known Professor
of Zoology, and Director of the Museum, in Copenhagen. We have,
on the other hand, filled up the number of our Foreign Members
by the election of Prof. Ignatz Urban, a prominent member of the
statf of the Royal Herbarium, Berlin ; of M. Francois Crepiu, the
distinguished Director of the Royal Botanic Garden, Brussels ; of
Prof. Kjellman of Upsala, an algologist like Agardh his fellow-
countryman whom we have lost ; and of Prof, A. S. Packard, of
2 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Brown University, Providence, U.S.A., who has earned a great
reputation as an entomologist.
"With regard to the general work of the Society, it will be of
interest to the Fellows to know that wc are taking an active part
in the preparation of the International Catalogue of Scientific
Publications : that we are represented nt the Central Bureau by
the Senior Secretary, Mr. B. Daydon Jackson, and have undertaken
the responsibility of preparing the slips relating to the Botany of
the United Kingdom.
The relation between the income and the expenditure of the
Society is a subject which is engaging the attention of the Council.
It appears from the balance-sheet which has been presented to you,
that the funds at the disposal of the Society are barely sufficient to
meet the current rate of expenditure upon the chief branches of
the Society's usefulness, the Library and the publications. "With
regard to the Library, little more can be done at present than to
continue the numerous periodicals for which we subscribe ; and
whilst the high standard of our publications is maintained both as
to quantity and qualitj', there is room for development in this
direction also. Although there is no immediate prospect of any
material growth in the revenue, beyond that which it is hoped may
arise from an accession of new Fellows, the Council are of opinion
that with the cooperation of the Fellows, upon which they con-
fidently rely, something may even now be done to improve the
financial position. They would point out, in the first place, that
the finance of the Society would be much simplified were the
Fellows to make a point of paying their annual contributions as
soon as possible after the Anniversary Meeting in each year, so
that there would be no uncertainty as to the amount actually
available to meet the annual expenditure. In the second place, it
is thought that it may be possible to somewhat diminish the cost
of the publications without, however, any curtailment of them or
any infringement of the rights of the Fellows. The Society is
exceptionally liberal in the matter of publications, issuing to each
FeUow a complete set of both the "Transactions" and the "Journal,"
as well as the annual number of the " Proceedings." It is suggested
that probably a considerable number of the Fellows, being especially
interested in either Botany or Zoology, might be content to receive
either the ' Botanical ' or the ' Zoological ' publications, waiving
their claim to the others. Were this suggestion realised, it is
believed that the strain upon the resources of the Society would be
materially relieved. I would commend it to the favourable con-
sideration of the Fellows, and ask any who may be disposed to act
upon it, to communicate their intention to the Assistant Secretary.
The Council have under consideration a proposal affecting the
procedure of the Society, with a view to promoting the interest of
our meetings. The opinion has been frequently expressed that it
would be a distinct gain if certain meetings were set apart for the
discussion of only either botanical or zoological papers. Such a
proposal may appear to be subversive of the principles upon which
LlJfNEAjf SOClfiTJ 01'' LOiN'floJr. 2^
our coustitutiou as a Natural Histoiy Societ)^ is based ; but it
must be borne iu miud that the conditions have greatly altered
since 1788. AVe cannot ignore the fact that the remarkable deve-
lopment, during the past century, of the sciences which we especially
cultivate has necessarily been associated with a high degree of
specialization : so much so, indeed, that the discussion of the more
recondite subjects peculiar to either of the two sciences can ouly
be of interest to those who have made them the objects of
special study. The proposal to which I have alluded is an attempt
to recognize and to meet the new order of things. At the same
time it has not been overlooked that there are many biological
problems which Botanists and Zoologists can discuss more profitably
in concert than they could separately : a recent meeting abundantly
illustrates this. It is intended to make the experiment in the
ensuing session, ear-marking certain meetings as especially botanical
or zoological. By our next Anniversary Meeting it will have
become apparent whether or not the experiment has been so suc-
cessful as to justify its repetition. It can, of course, only be
successful if those who are in favour of it will give the Council
their hearty co-operation.
Then there is the question as to whether or not the meetings of
the Society shall continue to be held at eight o'clock in the evening.
One notable feature of recent social evolution has been the gradual
postponement of the dinner-hour from the middle of the day to
late in the evening, a change which has not been Avithout its effect
upon the learned Societies. The Eoyal Society Avas the first to
respond to it by meeting in the afternoon, and several other
Societies have followed suit. This being so, it is worth raising
the question with regard to our own Society. The Council do not
feel justified, as at present advised, in formulating any proposal ;
but should the mention of it elicit an expression of opinion that a
change of hour would meet the convenience of any considerable
number of Fellows, it would become necessary for the Council to
take steps in the matter.
But it is time to turn from the exigencies of the present, for the
circumstances under which we meet today are especially suggestive
of both retrospect and prospect. Standing, as we do, upon the
threshold of a new century, it is but natural that our thoughts
should travel through the annals of the Society during the century
that is past and gone, back to its foundation, and forward to its
career in the century which is but beginning.
It is not my intention to rehearse the history of the Society, for
that has been already so well done by two of my predecessors iu
this Chair : by Thomas Bell, in his address at the Anniversary of
1857, the first Anniversary celebrated in Burlington House ; and
more recently by Mr. Carruthers on the occasion of the Centenary
in 1888. Moreover, the history of the Liunean Collections has
been carefully written by our Senior Secretary. What I would
endeavour to do is, if possible, to suijplement these records of
24 PEOCEEBINGS OF THE
historical fact b)' a sketch of the development of the Society, of its
work and achievemeuts, and to recall the memory of some, at any
rate, of its famons names.
"Without entering upon a consideration of the circumstances
which led to the foundation of the Society, I will only say that it
was the outcome of the purchase of the collections and library of
Linnaeus by our Founder and first President, James Edward Smith.
Pounded in 1788, with the active assistance of Sir Joseph Banks,
it obtained its Charter of Incorporation in the year 1802 as
' a Societj^ for the Cultivation of the Science of Natural History
in all its Branches, and more especially of the Natural History of
Great Britain and Ireland.' Moreover it was the view of our
Founder, as expressed in his Inaugural Address, that the study of
Natural History in the Society was to be pursued in accordance
with the general principles laid down by Linnaeus.
One important feature in the activity of the new Society was the
issue of its "Transactions": for at that time there were no channels
of this kind for the publication of papers relating to Natural History.
The facilities which the Society offered were not great, the issue of
the " Transactions '' being limited for the first fifty years of its exist-
ence to a single part in each year. This rate of publication must
long have been altogether out of proportion to the activity of the
Society, when, in 1838, the "Transactions'" were supplemented by
the "Proceedings," which twenty years later developed into the
"Journal."
The cause of the long delay in the expansion of the Society's
publications is to be found in the financial paralysis which was
brought about by the unexpected demand for the purchase of the
Linnean Collections from Sir James Smith's executor in 1829, and
which hampered the development of the Society for thirty years.
I dwell upon these circumstances, because they lead up to an
important event in the history of the Society. L'nable to obtain
what they regarded as the due publication of their memoirs, and
wearied perhaps by meetings in which the only compensation for
the absence of discussion seems to have been interminable com-
mentaries on the Hortus Malaharicus, certain Fellows in 1822 founded
the Zoological Club with the object of developing the zoological side
of the Society's work. In 1826 the Zoological Societj^ of London
was instituted, an event which is directly traceable to the action of
the Zoological Club. In his " Address " delivered at the sixth and
last anniversary meeting of the Zoological Club, on Nov. 29, 1829,
Mr. Vigors made use of the following words : — ' One more topic of
congratulation remains to be noticed. I allude to the establishment
of the Zoological Society. On the eve of the dissolution of this
Club, it is a theme not merelj' of consolation but of triumph that
we have been the embryo of that higher body which has now sprung
into perfect form. The individuals who are now about to separate,
wiU carry in their recollection to their latest day the share which
they have had in this great consummation.'
It may weU be reckoned as an important achievement of the
LINN'BAIf SOCIETY OV LONDON. 2 5
Liniiean Society that it should have produced, by a process which
may be described as gemmation, so vigorous an oft'spring as the
Zoological Society has proved itself to be ; and, so far as I am
aware, the Zoological is the only Society for which the Linnean is
directly responsible. But I may allude to the fact that, at an earlier
period, the Linnean Society stood godmother to the Royal Horti-
cultural Society. That Society was constituted in 1804 ; and
whilst I have no evidence that the initiative in the matter was due
to the Linnean Society, yet it is significant that most of those
whoso names appear in its Charter, such as Sir Joseph Banks,
George Earl of Dartmouth, Thomas Andrew Knight, Richard
Anthony Salisbury, and James Dickson, were Fellows of the Linnean
Society. Nor has the connection between the Societies been at any
time other than intimate ; it will be remembered, for instance, that
Bentham was Secretary of the Royal Horticultural Society from
1829 to 1840, and so directed its affairs as to raise it to prosperity.
From this brief allusion to the part played by our Society in the
organization of Natural History, I pass to the consideration of its
work as revealed in its publications. President Bell, in 1857, with
pardonable pride, pointed ' to the twenty-two volumes of our
" Transactions,"' which are to be found, worn by the hands of
students of Natural History, on the shelves of every important
scientific library in Europe, indeed in the civilised world.' I can
point, with even more justifiable satisfaction, to no less than thirty
volumes of " Transactions " common to both Botany and Zoology,
together with five devoted entirely to Botany and seven entirely to
Zoology; and, in addition, to something like eight composite volumes,
and twenty-seven botanical and twenty-one zoological volumes of
our " Journal," which, launched in 1 857 with some misgiving as an
experiment, has become the most useful of our publications.
But the exterior contemplation of this array of goodly tomes,
though it convincingly proves that the Society has not been idle,
affords no criterion of the value of its work : this can only be
arrived at by a consideration of their contents. In attempting this
difficult task, I recognize the impossibility of enumerating all the
important papers, or of mentioning every distinguished name. It
must suffice to trace broad outlines, giving only so much illustrative
detail as may be necessary to secure due proportion.
So far as I am able to form an opinion, it may be fairly said that
the botanical work contained in the first ten volumes (1791-1811)
of the " Transactions " rather falls short of the zoological in
permanent interest. Among the Botanists, the most notable con-
tributors were Sir J, E. Smith, Salisbury, Woodward, Stackhouse,
Dawson Turner, and Sir William Hooker, of whom the President
Was by far the most prolific ; moreover we find in these volumes
the historic names of some of our early Foreign Members, such as
Swartz, I'Heritier, Thunberg, Afzelius, Brotero, and Curt Sprengel.
These volumes are chiefly interesting botanically in that they largey
consist of the numerous and valuable i^apers of our Founder, and
20 tEOCEEDlNGS OF THE
testify to his indefatigable industr)' audhis mauy-sided attainments.
If I may give prominence to what appeals most directly to myself,
I would mention two short papers (vol. ii. 1794) in which Lindsay
gives an 'Acconnt of the Germination and liaising of Ferns from
Seed.' "Without, apparent!}-, any knowledge of Ehrhart's similar
work in 1788, he describes and figures the development of the pro-
thallium which he speaks of as ' a membranous substance like
some small Lichens or Liverworts for which it might readily be
mistaken.' Failing to detect the discontinuity between the pro-
thallium and the young Fern, he oveiiooked the reproductive organs,
which were not discovered until half-a-century later by Naegeli and
Suminski. Nor did Lindsay confine his attention to Ferns, but
germinated also the spores of Lycopodhan cernuum, of Bryum
cesjpiticium, and of Marcliantia, though these observations are un-
fortunately not described in detail. The value of Lindsay's com-
munications seems to have been fairly appreciated at the time, since
Sir J. E. Smith appended a note to the second of them, in which
he says that ' the foregoing observations of Mr. Lindsay are highly
worthy of attention, as confirming the Hedwigian theory of the
fructification of Mosses.'
It is somewhat remarkable that these volumes contain practically
nothing relating to the anatomy of plants, nor any physiological work
other than Townson's ' Objections against the Perceptivity of Plants
so far as is evinced by their external motions ' (vol. ii. 1794), raised
in opposition to Pereival, who held (Trans. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester,
ii. 1785) that the movements of plants are acts of volition and
imply sensation. The lack of ])hysiological papers is no doubt dne
to the fact that work in this branch of biology was recognized by
the Eoyal Society and published in the " Philosophical Transactions."
Had the Eoyal Society's interpretation of the term ' Natural
Knowledge ' been but a little narrower, doubtless the Linnean
Society would have had the honour of receiving and publishing the
papers in which Thomas Andrew Knight, whose name is one of the
most famous on our roll, recounts his classical researches on geo-
tropism (1806), and his discovery of the negative heliotropism of
the tendrils of Vitw and Ampelopsis (1812). As it is, all that we
possess of Knight's work is comparatively unimportant : a paper on
Variegation, in the ninth volume (1808), and another on the species
of Strawberries in the twelfth volume (1818) of our " Transactions."
The Zoology of this period resembles the Botany in being almost
exclusively descriptive or systematic, but it has a more decided bent
in the direction of Natural History, or, in modern phrase, of
Eionomics. In the early volumes Shaw and Markwick are the chief
contributors ; but they contain also the first papers of Kirby, of
Maton, and of Montagu, whose names subsequently appear with
greater frequency. Curtis's interesting ' Observations on Aphides
and their relation to Honey-dew ' occur in Vol. vi., a good specimen
of sound work in Natu.ral History, only excelled as such by Huber's
remarkable paper on the Humble-Eees, in the same volume, a paper
which has become classical.
LINNEAN society of LONDON. 2 7
The second period which I would mark out in the historj- of the
Society is that covered by Volumes x.-xvi. of the " Transactions,"
extending from the year 1811 to the year 1833, Just as, from the
botanical point of view, the publications of the first period bear the
impress of Sir J E. Smith, so those of this second period are
dominated by liobert Brown. It is true that papers by him appeared
as late as 1851, but the sway which he held had before then passed
into other hands.
It cannot, I think, be said that Robert Brown's best work ap-
peared in our " Transactions,'" chiefly for the reason that he, like
his botanical predecessors whom I have mentioned, was much
occupied with publication in book-form. For instance, the paper
on Kingia, which gives his discovery of the gymnospermous con-
dition of Cycada, Conifers, Ephedra, and Gnetum — one of the
most striking manifestations of his great ability — appeared, most
inappropriately, in the botanical appendix to the ' Narrative * of
Captain King's voyage, published in 1827, although it had actually
been read before this Society on November 1 and 15, 1825. We
have also to regret the loss of his equally important paper on the
plurality and development of the embryos in the seeds of Coniferae,
which was published in the " Annals and Magazine of Natural
History '*' for 1844. On the other hand, we have his paper on the
Proteacese of Jussieu (1810) which is of interest, not only on
account of the actual subject-matter, but more especially because
it marks his adherence to the Natural System of classification, of
which he was, in fact, the apostle in this country. Then we have
his valuable ' Observations on the Natural History of Plants called
Compositse ' (vol. xii. 1818), in which, among other important
morphological points, he shows that a capitulum is merely a spike
with a shortened or even depressed axis ; he distinguishes between
the involucre and the perianth ; and demonstrates that the ovary
consists of two coherent carpels : the paper as a whole constituting
an admirable illustration of his exceptional skill in laying a solid
foundation of morphology upon which to erect a superstructure of
classification. Finally, I would mention his ' Observations on the
Organs and Mode of Fecundation in Orchideae and Asclepiadeae '
(Trans., vol. xvi. 1833), which is probably the best of his more
physiological papers, and was a most important contribution to the
general question, being just then actively debated, as to the process
of fertilization in Phanerogams, especially with regard to the
development and destination of the pollen-tube, in that it gave a
demonstration of the process in plants having pollinia. The paper
is, moreover, of special interest as announcing the discovery of the
nucleus in the cells of plants.
The only other botanical writer of note belonging to this period
is David Don, essentially a systematist, whose early papers are to
be found in Vols, xiii.-xvi. There is one definitely physiological
paper, that by Heyne on the ' Deoxidatiou of the Leaves of Btyo-
phyllum cah/cinum ' (vol. xi. 1815), in which he states that he had
tound the leaves to be acid in the morning and tasteless at noon j
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
an observation which bears an interesting relation to de Saussure's
previous researches (1804) on the respiration of the Cactus and of
the leaves of other succulent plants. There is also a note by
Macbride, which is one of the first records of the fly-catching pro-
clivities of Harracenia.
Anatomy is poorly represented by Patrick Keith's papers ' On the
Formation of the Vegetable Epidermis ' (vol. xii.), and ' On the
Origin of Buds * (vol, xvi.), which call for no further comment ;
but this is to a great extent compensated for by Bowman's valuable
paper ' On the Parasitical Connection of Latliraia Squamaria, and
the peculiar structure of its Subterranean Leaves " (vol, xvi.), in
which the general morphology of the plant is elucidated, the sub-
terranean scales being recognized as really leaves : attention is
directed to the chambers Avhich they enclose, as also to the glandular
papillse so abundant on their walls. It is suggested, not felicitously,
that the papillae replace stomata in acting as absorbents of air.
This volume contains also a short but important note by Salisbury
on Lycojpodium denticidatum., probably the plant which we know as
Selaginella Kraussiana, accompanied by figures of what he termed
the ' seeds ' and their germination.
Whilst the main features of the Botany of this period are its
more pronounced scientific character, and the definite application of
the microscope to the investigation of its problems, in the Zoology
we note a closer adherence to the original idea of tbe Society in a
continuation of observations in pure Natural History, with a re-
markable development in the direction of taxonomy. Montagu
concludes his descriptions on new or rare animals from the south
coast of Devonshire, which laid the foundation of British marine
zoology, and there are a number of interesting descriptive papers
by Guilding. Couch has an important memoir on the Fishes of
Cornwall (vol. xiv,). The study of geographical distribution is
well represented by Sir Stamford Raffles's ' Descriptive Catalogue
of a Zoological Collection made, on account of the Hon. East
India Company, in the Island of Sumatra and its Vicinity,' com-
l)rising Mammals and Birds. As regards taxonomy, there are
Kirby's last papers, including that on the Strepsiptera (vol. xi.),
which established his reputation as a systematic entomologist.
But still more striking is Leach's ' Tabular View of the External
Characters of Four Classes of Animals which Linne arranged
under Insecta," in which essay the Myriapoda are for the first time
recognized as a distinct group. In the later volumes of this period
(xv., xvi.) appear the first papers of Yarrell, of Thomas Bell, and
of Westwood.
The third period is a long one, extending from 1833 to 1875 ;
that is, roughly speaking, from the institution of the Zoological
Society to the publication of the " Transactions " in separate botanical
and zoological volumes, and including the successive inauguration
of the " Proceedings " and the " Journal.''
From the exclusively botanical point of view this period may be
LINNEAN SOCIKTV OF r.ONDON.
29
emphatically designated as that of Bentham ; for within its limits
very nearly all his numerous contributions to our publications
appeared, and for the last thirteen years of it he was our President,
From the broader biological standpoint, it is memorable as including
the dawn of the evolutionary epoch. Undoubtedly the greatest
eveut in its annals, or indeed in the entire history of the Society,
is the reading, at the meeting on July 1, 1858, of three short,
unpretentious documents : the first, an ' Extract from an un-
published Work on Species, by C. Darwin, Esq., consisting of a
portion of a Chapter entitled " On the Variation of Organic Beings
in a state of Nature ; on the Natural Means of Selection ; on the
Comparison of Domestic Races and true Species " ' ; the second, an
' Abstract of a letter from C. Darwin, Esq., to Prof. Asa Gray ' ;
the third, a short paper ' On the Tendency of Varieties to depart
indefinitely from tho Original Type,' by Alfred Russel Wallace.
Never before or since, I may venture to say, has the announcement
of a great scientific generalization been attended with less pomp
and circumstance. These documents are to be found recorded in
the zoological portion of vol. iii., 1859, of the " Journal of the
Proceedings of the Linnean Society," and we may well congratulate
ourselves that they are numbered among our publications. Though
officially classified under ' Zoology,' these communications belong,
both as to their antecedents and their results, as much to Botany as
to the sister science. Their publication was in no small degree
due to the initiative of Sir Joseph Hooker ; and their new doctrines
were assimilated quite as readily, if not more so, by botanists as
by zoologists. It is of interest to remember that at that very time
a long and important paper by Bentham, treating of the species
and genera of plants on the assumption of the immutability of
species, was in process of reading before the Society ; but it was
never published, though a fragment of it subsequently appeared in
the first volume of the " Natural History Review^ " (1861), Bentham
having given his adherence to the evolutionary theory.
This period may be fitly described as a golden age of systematic
botany, so numerous and so distinguished are the names which
figure as contributors in this department. Eirst and foremost
stands that of Bentham. His papers in our publications, spread
over half a century (1834-1883), outnumber even those of Sir J. E.
Smith, and are undoubtedly of higher value. I do not feel that
this statement implies any reflection upon the ability of our
Founder ; for surely it can be no disparagement to take rank after
the greatest systematic botanist of our own country, one of the
greatest, indeed, that the world has known.
It is not possible for me in the limited time at my disposal to
attempt a critical appreciation of Bentham's work, even were I
competent to do so ; nor is it necessary, for its value is universally
recognized. Moreover our " Proceedings " (1883-86) contain his
obituary notice with a full bibliography ; and in the Centenary
number (1887-8) is to be found an eloquent eulogium pronounced
by Sir Williani Thiselton-Dyer. I wilf only venture to mention
30 PEOCEBDINGS OF THE
those of his works which I have myself foi;nd to be most valuable.
They are, in the first place, the series of papers described as ' Notes '
on various orders, which he published in our " Journal " during the
later years of his life, more particularly those on the^Euphorbiaceae,
Orchidaceai, Composita?, and Graminea), as also that on the ' Dis-
tributiou of the Monocotyledonous Orders into Primary Groups.'
They reveal the master in their comprehensiveness combined with
concise lucidity, and charm the reader by that purity of style
which marked all that he wrote. In the second place came his
" Anniversary Addresses," delivered from this Chair, which are at
once the admiration and the despair of nil who have had the
honour to succeed him in it, and constitute an important body of
material for the biological history of the time. Whilst I must not
permit myself to dilate further upon this attractive and inex-
haustible theme, I cannot leave it without expressing regret that
no steps should have been taken to gather together Bentham's
smaller and widely scattered pieces — short papers, essays, reviews,
addresses — for the purpose of collective republication. It is a serious
misfortune that so much of the work of such a man should remain
practically inaccessible.
Of the botanists whose chief contributions fall within this period,
and who, with Bentham, did so much to enhance the reputation of
this Society, some have gone from us, but some yet remain to inspire
us by their presence. We have lost Berkeley, the Father of British
Mycology, who freely gave us of his best, and could still give so
much in other directions : Miers, who has enriched our publications
with a series of papers elucidating the botany of South America,
which was his life-study: Munro, whose classical 'Monograph of
the Bambuseae ' adorns the twenty-sixth volume of the Trans-
actions (1870) : Spruce, chiefly distinguished as a Bryologist, but
who nevertheless wrote the ' Palma3 Amazonicse ' (1871). But we
still have Sir Joseph Hooker, the collaborator with Bentham, the
confidant of Darwin, the doyen of British botanists ; and Prof.
Oliver, so long his colleague, — veterans of science who have not yet
laid down their arms. It is not for me to appraise their work,
happily not yet completed ; but I cannot forbear a few brief
remarks. I would point out that, after Bentham and Smith, Sir
Joseph Hooker's name is the one which most frequently appears in
the botanical pages which this Society has issued. His papers are,
in the main, contributions of the first importance to the study of
Geographical Botany, more especially with reference to insular floras,
a department which he has made peculiarly his own ; but some of
them are on quite other topics, such as that on the pitchers of
Nepe7itJies, and notably that on WehuitscJiia, the strangest of all
Phanerogams, which is one of the most elaborate monographs that
this Society has ever published. To Prof. Oliver belongs the credit
of having revived in our midst the much-neglected study of the
anatomy of plants, as is evidenced by several papers in the
"Transactions"; but his work has been for the most part descriptive
and systematic, dealing with collections made by explorers in all
parts of the world; of his capacity in this direction, the Botany
LINNEAX SOCIETV OF LONDON. ^T
of the Speke and Grant Expedition (Trans, vol. xxix. 1875) is a
conspicuous example.
I may here mention that the tw^enty-sixth volume of the
"Transiictions" (1S70) contains the first contributions of the Society
to the study of Fossil Botany, and they are notable. The one is
Williamson's paper on Zamia ( WWiamsonia) ;/iffas, establishing
the Cycadean affinities of the plant in question : the other, that of
Mr. Carruthers on 'Possil Cycadean (Stems from the Secondary
Rocks of Great Britain,* in which was first described the remarkable
plant Bennettites, the representative of a hitherto unknown family of
Gymnosperms.
The structural side of the science is further represented, during
this period, by Griffith's papers, of which the most striking are
perhaps those on Dischidia, and on the ovules of various plants ;
and by the papers of Henfrey, the first fruits, it was vainly hoped,
of a long and brilliant career, which are of special interest in that
they mark the successful application in this country of the methods
of microscopical research which, at that time, were yielding such
marvellous results on the continent in the hands of Schleiden,
Naegeli, Mohl, and Hofmeister. Physiology pure and simple was
still neglected. I can point to only one early paper, that by
Daubeny on ' Selection exercised by Plants with regard to the
Earthy Constituents presented to their Absorbing Surfaces ' (Trans,
xvii. 1837). Later on came Darwin's work, at first rather biono-
mical than strictly physiological, introducing an epoch of increased
activity in physiological research. There is, to begin with, his
important paper on the ' Action of Sea-water on the Germination
of Seeds' (Proc. i. 1857); and later his paper on the 'Movements
and Habits of Climbing Plants,' which contained the germ of so
much of his subsequent physiological research, as also the series of
papers on polymorphism or heterostylism, which revived interest in
the forgotten discovery of Sprengel and opened a fruitful field for
investigation. His final contributions to our publications were two
papers — the last that he wrote — on the action of carbonate of
ammonia on chlorophyll-bodies, and on roots, which appeared in the
nineteenth volume of the Journal (188 1-2).
In considering the Zoology of this period, we must bear in mind
that it immediately followed the foundation of the Zoological Society.
I must confess that I have been unable to discover any indication
that this event prejudicially affected the zoological prestige of our
Society. I find the same well-known names, such as those of
Blackwall, Yarrell, and Westwood, occurring as frequently in the
volumes that immediately succeed as in those which immediately
precede this event ; and they are soon reinforced by distinguished
recruits, such as Owen, with his paper on Lejndosiren annectens
(Trans, xviii. 1841), and Newport, with his Monograph of the
Chilopoda (Trans, xix. 1845). Volume xx. (1851) is of peculiar
interest in that it contains a paper by our oldest and most
disting'iished Foreign Member, Albert von Kolliker, announcing the
remarkable discovery that the so-called Hectocotyle of certain
Cephalopods is not, as was thought, a parasite, but is the male
32 PROCEEDINGS OV THE
individual, or rather one of its arms : it contains, moreover, a good
deal of Newport's best work. Volume sxi. (1855) is full of inter-
esting zoological papers by Westwood, Newport, Yarrell, Gosse, and
b}' the President, Bell, who here publishes the first part of his
' Horaj Carcinologicse.' It is rather remarkable that, under these
circumstances, we should find President Bell deploring, in his
" Anniversarj' Address " for 1857, ' the obvious declension of our
zoological element,' and complaining of ' the deficiency in the
number and importance of the zoological papers communicated to
the Society.' To a layman, like myself, this jeremiad seems to have
been quite uncalled for. It would appear, on the contrary, that
the zoological work of the Society was showing increasing vitalitj',
inasmuch as new and singularly competent contributors Avere coming
to the front. For instance, the second volume of the " Proceedings"
(1848-55) contains, among other interesting contributions, two by
Huxley (with the initial W !) on Pliysalia and on the Anatomy of
Diphyes; and the second volumeof the " Journal"(1857-58) includes
papers of such importance as that by Dr. Sclater ' On the general
Geographical Distribution of the Class Aves,' which is a fundamental
document of the subject in that it defines the great zoogeographical
provinces, — and that by Owen, ' On the Characters, Principles of
Division, and Primary Groups of the Class Mammalia,' containing
those statements as to the anatomical peculiarities of the human
brain (afterwards repeated in his Eede Lecture at Cambridge, 1859),
which gave rise to a spirited passage of arms between him and
Huxley, much to the advantage of the latter. The succeeding
volume of the "Journal" (iii. 1859) is memorable, not only for the
communications by Darwin and by Wallace relative to the origin
of species, to which I have already referred, but also for Huxley's
account of the ' Anatomy of Nautilus Fompilius,^ the accuracy of
which has been tested and not invalidated by recent research.
Moreover, in the " Transactions " for the same year (xxii. 1859)
appeared Huxley's acute investigations on the ' Agamic Eepro-
duction and Morphology of Aphis,'' as well as Owen's description of
Euplectella Cucumer. Papers of importance succeed each other so
rapidly that it is hardly possible to do more than mention some of
them : for example, Huxley, on the Anatomy and Development of
Pyrosoma (Trans, xxiii. 1862); Dr. Wallace, on the Zoological
Geography of the Malay Archipelago, in which Sclater's views are
confirmed (Journ. iv. 1860) ; the first part of Lord Avebury's great
monograph of the Thysanura (Trans, xxiii, 1862), which was com-
pleted some years later (Trans, xxvii. 1871) ; Bates, on the ' Insect
Fauna of the Amazon Valley,' in which the theory of ' Batesian
Mimicry ' is propounded (Trans, xxiii. 1862) ; Dr. Wallace, ' On
the Phenomena of Variation and Distribution as illustrated by the
Papilionidse of the Malayan Region' (Trans, xxv. 1866); Dr.
Bastian's ' Monograph of the Anguillulidae ' (Trans, xxv. 1866) ;
Mr. Poland Trimen, on ' Mimetic Analogies among African Butter-
flies' (Trans, xxvi. 1870), and Brady's 'Monograph of recent British
Ostracoda,' as also Prof. Lankester on ' The Lower Annelids,'
MNlTEAN SOClKTY OP LONDON. 33
contained in the same volume; ^ivart, on 'The Vertebrate Skeleton'
(Trans, xxvii. 1871) ; and finally, the Rev. 0. P. Cambridge's papers
on British Spiders (Trans, xxvii. 1871 — xxix. 1874). President Bell
spoke in his haste on the eve of the birth of the theory of evolution,
little dreaming that this event was to be the signal for an
unparalleled outburst of activity in all departments of biology.
The last period to be considered is that -which covers the con-
cluding quarter of the centurj' ; for obvious reasons I can only treat
it in a somewhat cursorj- manner. I would say at once that it
shows no signs of deterioration when compared with the period
immediately preceding. Descriptive and systeaiatic Botany has
been strongly represented, more especially in relation to the fioras
of newly explored districts. Thus we have in our " Transactions"
Prof. Oliver's reports on the Botany of the Eoraima and of the
Kilimanjaro expeditious ; the late Dr. Aitchisou's •' Botany of the
Afghan Delimitation Commission ' ; Mr. Hiern's account of Major
Serpa Pinto's Central African Plants ; Dr. Stapf, on the Plora of
Mount Kinabalu, Xorth Borneo ; the descrii)tion of the plants of
Milauji, Xyassa-land, by the Botanical Staff of the British Museum ;
Mr. Spencer Moore, on the Botany of the Matto Grosso Expedition ;
Mr. H. K. Bidley, on the Flora of the Eastern Coast of the Malay
Peninsula ; and the late Mr. John Ball's paper on ' The Distribution
of Plants on the South side of the Alps,' which embodies the
results of long years of observation. The " Journal " also contains
a number of papers of a similar kind, foremost among which are
several relating to Indian Botany by Mr. C. B. Clarke ; some by
the late Dr. Hance, on Chinese j)lants ; several by Mr. Bolus,
on South African Botany, with special reference to Orchids ;
Mr. Hemsley's ' Botany of Christmas Island ' ; Mr. J. G. Baker's
' Contributions to the Elora of Madagascar * : and others. The
most important work in pure taxonomy is undoubtedly that of
Mr. J. G. Baker, who contributed to our " Journal " a series of
monographs relating to the families of bulbous Monocotyledons and
their allies, which show how completely he has mastered the
difficulties presented by the classification of these interesting and
beautiful plants. The study of Morphology and Teratology is
identified with the name of Dr. Masters, who has given us many
papers on these subjects, with special reference to the Coniferae,
upon which group he is a recognized authority. To this depart-
ment may be assigned Miss Benson's important ' Contributions to
the Embryology of the Amentiferse ' ; and 1 may here briefly
digress to mention the fact that, although it is only lately that
ladies have been frequent contributors to our pages, yet the practice
is an old one, having begun so long ago as 1853 (Journ. ii.), when
a ^[iss Llewelyn communicated, thirough Bentham, a note on the
formation of buds on leaves of Cardamine hirsuta. The Crypto-
gams have received a fair share of attention. As regards Ferns, in
addition to Mr. J. G. Baker's valuable descriptions of the Ferns of
various countries, we have the discovery and investigation, by
LINN. SOC, PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1900-1901. d
34 PEOCKEDINGS 01' THK
Mr. Druery and Prof. Bower, of that curious abnormal mode of
reproduction which, has been termed ' apospory.' The Muscineae
are treated of more particularly by Mr. Mitten, many of whose
contributions, though by no means all, belong to this period. In
the department of Pungology I may cite the last of Bei^keley's own
papers, such as that on the Fungi of the ' Challenger ' Expedition,
and others written by him in collaboration with Mr. Eroome and
Dr. Cooke ; as also the more recent contributions of Dr. Barclaj", of
Mr. Plowright, and of Mr. Massee. In systematic Lichenology the
work of Leighton and of Lindsay has been carried on by the Rev.
Mr. Crombie and Dr. Stirton ; whilst light has been thrown on the
structure of these strange composite organisms by the investigation
of the remarkable epiphyllous forms described by Dr. D. Cunning-
ham under the name of Mycoidea parasitica and by Prof. Marshall
Ward under that of Strigula complanata. The chief work in
descriptive Algology has been done by Dickie, and, with special
reference to freshwater Algte, by Messrs. W. and G. West. We
are indebted to Mr, George Murray, Miss Barton, and others for
communications relating to the morphology and minute structure of
Algse ; but most of all to our distinguished Foreign Member, Graf
Hermann zu Solms-Laubach, Professor of Botany in the University
of Strassburg, who, reviving a primitive and excellent custom
u ifortunately long fallen into abeyance, has recently (1895) con-
tributed to our "Transactions" a masterly Monograph of the
Acetabulariese. The anatomy and the physiology of plants, as I
have already pointed out, have never been strong points with us;
but recent anatomical papers, such as those of Mr. Worsdell and
Mr. Gwynne-Yaughan, and the physiological work of Mr. F.
Darwin, together with papers of a more bionomical character, such
as those contributed by Lord Avebury, Mr. Spencer Moore, the
Eev. G. Henslow, and Mr. A. W. Bennett, go far to remove this
reproach. Lord Avebury, by the way, is not the only Fellow of
this Society who has turned from zoological to botanical work ; for
have we not a paper on the Gentians by Huxley (Journ. xxiv.), who
was attracted to the study of the group during a holiday in the high
Alps?
Great as has been the botanical activity of the Society in recent
years, it has been equalled, if not excelled, by the zoological. As
regards systematic Zoology, the period opens with Huxley's weighty
paper ' On the Classification of the Animal Kingdom ' (Journ. xii.,
1876), in which he points out the futilitj' of systems based upon
phylogenetic speculations, which not only 'are at present, for the
most part, incapable of being submitted to any objective test, but
are likely long to remain in that condition ' : and urges that
* taxonomy should be a precise and logical arrangement of verifiable
facts ' : sound doctrine which needs to be preached even more
faithfully now than five-and- twenty years ago. There is a great
array of systematic papers, among which I will only mention those
of older date, such as that of Allman on Hydroida ; those of Martin
Duncan on Corals; Davidson's Monograph of recent Brachiopoda ;
LrNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 35
those of Martin Duncau, P. H. Carpenter, and Percy Sladeu on
Echinodermata; of Mr. McLachlan on Neuroptera; of Mr. Bowdlcr
Sharpe on Birds. Palneontology is represented by sjvcral memoirs
in the " Transactions " by Prof. H. G. Seeley and Prof. Hay
Lankester. The papers of morphological and descriptive interest
are very numerous. Of these the most severely scientitic are
perhaps the memoirs by AV. K. Parker ou the morphology of the
skull in various families of Amphibians and Birds, which form such
a splendid series in our " Transactions " ; but there are many of
importance by Moseley, Prof. Mcintosh, Prof. Herdman, Prof. Howes,
and other writers of more recent date, among which I would
specially mention those on the Polyzoa by Mr. Arthur William
Waters, as the outcome of work carried on under great difficulties.
I^or must we forget Allman, our first Zoological President in the
evolutionary epoch, whose " Anniversary Addresses " are valuable
as summaries of knowledge relating to various groups of animals
which he had himself specially studied ; and who described in our
"Journal " (xv.) the remarkable freshwater Medusa, Lhnnocodium
Sowerhiji. Of pschyological interest are Lord Avebury's series of
papers on ' Ants, Bees, and "Wasps ' and ' On the Sense of Colour
among some of the Lower Animals ' (Journ. sii.-xx.), in which are
recorded the results of prolonged and laborious observation. Finally,
there is a considerable amount of literature relating to the theory
of evolution — curiously enough, quite unrepresented ou the botanical
side — comprising important papers by the Bev. T. Giiliek, Komanes'
treatise on 'Physiological Selection' (Journ. xix.), Dr. Wallaces
paper ' On the Utility of Specific Characters ' (Journ. xxv.), and
Prof. Poulton's ' On JSTatural Selection the Cause of Mimetic
Resemblance ' (Journ. xxvi.).
I have now completed, in little more than bare outline, the
analysis of our Society's publications. I might proceed, did time
permit, to enlarge upon the many Fellows, distinguished either in
Science or in other departments of intellectual activity, whose
names adorn our roll ; and who, though they may have contributed
little or nothing to us in the shape of papers, have in other ways
rendered yeoman service either directly to the Linnean Society or
otherwise to the cause of science in general. It would, I think, be
well worth while, had we the means for such a luxury at our
disposal, to issue a complete register of all our Fellows from the
foundation of the Society to the end of the Nineteenth Century.
However, I have, I believe, adduced evidence enough to establish
my main proposition, that the Linnean Society has faithfully dis-
charged its trust as defined in our Charter — the cultivation of
Natural History in all its branches. The publications of the Society
have become the most important channel by which the results of
research in Systematic Botany, in this country, are communicated
to the world ; and this is true also of Systematic Zoology, though
here the distinction is shared with the Zoological Society. But
although taxonomy is the characteristic feature of the Society's
d2
^6 PROCEEDINGIS OF THE
work, and there has also been great scientific development in
morphology and physiology, we by no means neglect Natural
History, that more familiar study of plants and animals which is
to be carried on less in the herbarium, the museum, and the labora-
tory, than in the field, and only successfully by those who are born
with the true instinct of the naturalist.
It is not too much to say that the retrospect in which we have
today indulged, imperfect though it be, has brought before us a
past rich in noble traditions of lofty aim and often of high achieve-
ment. May we not gather from such a past happy auguries for a
not less glorious future ?
It was moved by Col. Sir Henry Collett, and seconded by
Dr. Eobert Braithwaite : " That the best thanks of the Society be
given to the President for his excellent Address, and that he be
requested to allow it to be printed and circulated among the
Pellows," which motion was carried unanimously.
The Linnean Gold Medal of the Society was then formally awarded
by the President to Sir Geokge King,'K.C.I.E., F.E.S., F.L.S., in
recognition of his important services to Botanical Science, in the
following terms : —
" Of the many duties attaching to the occupancy of this Chair,
there is none more honourable than the annual presentation of the
Linnean Medal. For this is one of the rare occasions when we,
breaking through our traditional reserve, permit ourselves to
express our admiration for the labours of some distinguished fellow-
worker in the field of biology, whilst his ears can still hear our
words and his heart can still be encouraged by our sympathy. But
to be the adequate mouthpiece of a great Society on such an occasion
is as difficult as it is honourable.
" It is peculiarly grateful to me that it should fall to my lot, on
this the first occasion that I perform this duty, to present the
Medal to one who has achieved so much for the science in which I
am myself especially interested. In obedience to the regulation
which prescribes that the President, in presenting the Medal, shall
specify the grounds upon which it has been awarded, I may begin
by saying that Sir George King can count more than thirty years of
service in India ; that for most of these years he was Superin-
tendent of the Botanical Gardens at Calcutta ; and that for many
of them he was, as Director of the Botanical Survey, at the head of
the botanical work in that great dependency. It is, indeed, well
that such great botanical and economic interests should have been
entrusted for so long to the care of an official who combined in so
singular a manner administrative capacity with expert knowledge.
" Striking as Sir George King's administrative achievements have
been, comprising as they do the regeneration of the Botanical
Gardens at Calcutta and the recoustitution of the quinine-industry,
LIN'XEAX SOCIKTT OF LONrOX.
37
they are not the main ground upon which the award of our Medai
has been made. It is for us to accord recognition to the Botanist
rather than to the Administrator : to express our appreciation of
the scientific enthusiasm which inspired him, in the midst of con-
stant official distractions, to inaugurate on so ample a scale the
' Annals of the Calcutta Eotanical Gardens,' and to contribute
to them himself such valuable botanical work as is represented by
his monographs on Fiais, on Artocarpus, and on other genera of
tropical trees, and by that on the Orchids of Sikkira.
" It is a matter of sincere regret to us all that the state of his
health makes it impossible for Sir George King to be with us today.
There is, however, a special appropriateness in his being represented
by a former colleague, who, like himself, has devoted many years of
a valuable life to the study of the Indian Flora, and can look back
upon a long period of distinguished service. To you, Sir, on
behalf of Sir George King, I entrust the Linnean Medal ; begging
you, when you hand it to him, to assure him that it carries with
it the suffrages of the Fellows of the Linnean Society, and their
sincere good wishes for his restoration to health, so that he may be
enabled to accomplish the important work upon which he is
engaged."
In the unavoidable absence of the recipient abroad, the 3iledal
was received on his behalf by Mr. C. B. Clarke, M.A., F.R.S., who
made a suitable reply in acknowledgment of the honour conferred.
The obituary notices of deceased Fellows, Foreign Members, aud
Associates were laid before the meeting as uuder, and the business
of the day terminated.
OBITTJA.EY Notices.
With a short interval of eight years, the name of Agardh has been
inscribed in our list of Foreign Members for nearly seventy years.
The recent death of Jacob Geopg Agardh on 17th January last
removes that name from our roll.
The late Professor was born at Lund on Sth December, 1S13,
and his whole life and work were accomplished in that Swedish
town. His father, Carl Adolf Agardh, also a Foreign Member, from
1833 to his death in 1859, was Professor of Botany there, and
transmitted his love of Alga? to his son, whose life was practically
devoted to that group. The younger Agardh entered the University
of Lund in 1826, when only thirteen years of age ! Five years
later he became doctor of philosophy, docent in 1834, and demon-
strator of botany in 1836. Nine years later he was nominated
extraordinary professor, and in 18o4 he became ordinary professor,
occupying that post till lb79, when he retired.
Whilst his father's last published paper was issued in 1839, the
38 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
son's first paper came out iu 1833, the career of father and son
thns much overlapping. His inaugural dissertation was on Pilu-
laria, Lundiv, 1833 ; his second independent work being a synopsis
of the genus Lupinus in 1835. The next year he brought out his
' Novitife florse Sueciae ex Algarum familia/ a small dissertation of
only sixteen pages, but indicating the bent of his studies. A
recension of the genus Pteris followed in 1839 ; biit thenceforward,
with the exception of a small tract on the cell in 1852 and a
general system in 1858 and 1862, his life was given up to the
study of Algae, nearly forty papers standing under his name. His
greatest work is the ' Species, genera et ordines Algarum,' 1848-98.
This, like all his publications, in academical issues or as independent
works, bears the Lund imprint, thus confirming the statement
previously given, of the attachment to Lund which he showed
throughout his career. 'Til Algernes systematik ' is also a notable
work, appearing 1872-90.
In 1879 he issued his ' Florideernes morphologic,' and ten years
subsequently ^ Species Sargassorum Australias,' from which country
he received abundant material. When nearly eighty he began his
' Aualeota Algologica ' in 1892, of which the last part came out so
recently as 1899.
Professor Agardh was constantly referred to as the chief authority
on marine Algae ; many of his determinations are to be found
in the principal herbaria in Europe. His own herbarium was
bestowed on his University, with the free i;se of it for himself
during his life, but afterwards no specimen was to be lent.
He was elected Foreign Member 2nd May, 1867. On 24th May,
1897, our Linnean Medal was awarded him, the medal being
received on his behalf by Count Lewenhaupt, the Minister for
Sweden and Norway. A critical estimate of Agardh's work will be
found in the President's speech when making the award, which is
printed in our ' Proceedings,' 1896-97, page 55.
In Dr. John Anderson, whose sudden death on 15th August, 1900,
at the ago of 67, deprived zoological science of an earnest worker —
keen, enthusiastic, and ever ready to devote his great mental i^owers
and personal wealth to the interests of scientific advancement — the
Linnean Society has lost a true and tried friend, a man who again
and again served it well upon its Councils, and who, but for feeble
health and the necessity for travel, would have graced its Presi-
dential chair. He was born in Edinburgh in 1833. His brother.
Dr. T. Anderson, entering the Medical Service of the East India
Company, became in due course a famous botanist and the Superin-
tendent of the Calcutta Botanic Gardens ; and John, having qualified
in 1861 as a doctor of medicine in the Edinburgh University, after
a couple of years spent as Professor of Natural Science at the Free
Church College of that city, went also to Calcutta, arriving there in
1864. From 1865 to 1886 he was the head of the Indian Museum
there located ; and in the collection, study, and arrangement of the
Burmese and Indian Vertebrata more particularly he did magnifi-
cent work. Of the papers which he during this period produced,
LIXNEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39
some were published in the ' Journal' of the Linnean Society, and
special interest attaches to that upon the "Cloacal Bladders and
Peritoneal Canals in the Chelonia" as being an admirable piece of
experimental Avork and one of the first of its kind. At the time
of his arrival at Calcutta, the Asiatic Society of Bengal had amassed
an enormous collection of archa3ological remains, coins, and biological
specimens of all kinds, in overwhelming proportions, and it was to
the Museum built for the reception of all but the geological portion
of these, that Anderson was by the Government of India appointed
first Curator, then Superintendent, as he was Professor of Comparative
Anatomy to the Medical College of Calcutta. The Museum collec-
tions continued to grow apace, owing to a remarkable activity in the
systematic investigation of the Indian fauna, at that time proceeding,
in which Anderson himself played an important part. Ball, Day,
Stoliczka, and others, were all hard at work upon it, and as the
result it became necessary to erect the present museum building,
which was taken over in 1875. In this Anderson had a chance of
reorganization, and he caused to be formed series illustrating the
ethnology and craniology of the Indian races and the zoology of
the Indian Chelonia, which marked a new departure in museum
management.
Two or three years after his arrival in Calcutta, Dr. Anderson,
as medical ofiicer, accompanied an expedition to Upper Burma, and
later one to Yunnan. In neither was the full programme carried
out, retreat being compulsory in the latter case on account of the
murderous action of the Chinese. Important acquisitions were
nevertheless obtained ; and in due course Anderson published in con-
nection with the expedition a work entitled 'Mandalay to Momein,'
and a series of reports on the ' Anatomical and Zoological Pte-
searches ' of the expeditions to W. Yunnan, with a monograph on the
Cetacean genus Platanista, aud of the OrcelJa of the Irrawaddi, which
he was the first to secure.
In 1881-82 Anderson, still in the service of the Indian Museum,
essayed a collecting expedition to Tenasserim and the Mergui Archi-
pelago, mainly with a view to obtaining marine animals ; aud the
results of this, which appeared in the form of a series of papers
by distinguished experts in the 'Journal' of the Linnean Society,
were in 1889 collected into two volumes under an appropriate title.
Dr. Anderson's share in the work of publication included the accoimt
of the Yertebrata, and of the Selungs, a remarkable tribe encountered
on the trip, and a historical resume dealing largely with political
and commercial topics, published in 1889 under the title 'English
Intercourse with Siam.' During the whole of his Indian career
Dr. Anderson was a constant contributor to the publications of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal, and the author of Museum Catalogues on
the Mammalian and the Archceological collections under his charge.
He was one of the founders, and for some time secretary, of the
Zoological Garden at Calcutta, and he keenly felt the neglect of
the Indian Government in its failure to award him a decoration in
official recognition of his services.
On his return to England he early resolved upon the systematic
40 TEOCEEDTNGS OF THE
exploration of the Vertebrata of Egypt, upon which, with the aid of
collectois, he brought to bear the ripe experience of his earlier cla3-s,
sparing neither pains nor monej^ to ensure the success of the under-
taking. The Mammalia, Eeptilia, and Batrachia were duly investi-
gated, and his first published volume entitled ' A Contribution to
tlie Herpetology of Arabia,' issued in 1898, is a magnificant quarto
book, produced at great personal cost, for which no praise can be
too high. It includes a description of the collections of Mr. J. T.
Bent and others ; and it is most satisfactory to know not only that
he left on hand a great deal of the MS. for the Mammalian volume,
but that it and the volume upon the Batrachia are to be completed
and published. In the course of this great task he resolved to strain
every nerve in the endeavour to work out the zoological resources
of the Egyptian area, as soon as the Upper Valley of the Nile
became open to civilization ; and, availing himself of his friend-
ship with Lord Cromer, he succeeded in enlisting the sympathies
of the Egyptian Government, with the result that a systematic
piscatorial survey of the Nile has been for nearly two years in
full operation. Well-preserved collections are constantly being
despatched ; and when the results are made known, they cannot fail
to constitute a lasting testimony to the enthusiasm and foresight of
this great man, whose death we deeply deplore.
As a worker, Dr. Anderson was ideal in his accuracy of observation.
Never excited, always cool and deliberate, he did everything with
his own hands, and with a confidence and painstaking assurance
which defied criticism.
He was a Gold Medallist, M.D., and LL.D. of Edinburgh,
and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1879. He was a
Fellow of the Zoological Society, in the work of which he for long
years took a leading part ; and was elected a Fellow of the Linnean
Society on 20th November, 1862.
John Borland was a native of Kilmarnock and born in 1822; on
leaving the Kilmarnock Academy he was apprenticed to William
Eankine & Co., chemists, of that town, in 1837, becoming a partner
in about 1866. During the long period of sixty-eight years ho was in
the firm above mentioned ; and he died at Troon on 10th July, 1900.
In his own business he was widely known and respected ; for
many years a member of the Board of Examiners for Scotland of the
Pharmaceutical Society, of which Society he was a regular attendant
at the monthly meetings, and a member of the Pharamaceutical
Board. Besides our own Society, which he joined on 21st June,
1883, he was a Fellow of the Chemical and Royal Microscopical
Societies.
James Heney Bowkek was born at Tharfield, lower Albanj% Cape
Colony : his father. Miles Bowker, having been one of the earliest
English settlers in South Africa. Through the troubled times of
the often-recurring Kafir wars of the period, Miles Bowker and his
eight stalwart sons bore a conspicuous part ; cool, resolute, enduring,
resourceful, they were pioneers and backwoodsmen of the finest type.
TJXXEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. 4I
Woodcraft and intimate joractical knowledge of wild creatures was
naturally acquired by all the brothers, and was shared by their only
sister, Afary, who (as Mrs. F. Barber) was afterwards distinguished
for her botanical and entomological discoveries.
James Henry was one of the younger brothers, and he and his
sister were much together, and early gave proof of being excellent
natural-history observers. Both of them were correspondents of
the late Edgar Layard, the first Curator of the South-African
Museum in Cape Town, on ornithological subjects chiefly ; but all
living forms were of interest to them, and some insects collected by
Bowker in Kaffraria in 1862 were handed by Layard to the writer
of this notice, with the suggestion that correspondence on entomology
with an observer so keen and so favourably situated in the Kaffrarinn
forests might prove rich in results. Bowker was then an Inspector
in the Frontier Armed and Moimted Police, and his patrol duties in
the Trans-Xei territory tooJi him into parts of the country then
almost unvisited by Europeans. He entered enthusiastically on
insect-collecting, and by degrees found it necessary to restrict his
attention for the most part to Lepidoptera. His discoveries in this
Order were of great interest, and his notes on habits, &o. of lasting
value. After rising to be Commandant of the Mounted Police, he
was sent in 1870 to take charge of the newly-annexed territory of
Basutoland, and even in that bleak upland tract he succeeded in
discovering some new species of butterflies. In the early days of
the diamond discoveries he was appointed Chief Commissioner of
Griqualand West, bat found time to continue his researches for
other gems than those which absorbed the general attention there.
On his retirement from the public service in 187S, he was given
the rank of retired Colonel. He had suffered gieatly from rheu-
matism, and found tbat he was nowhere so little troubled with it as
on the coast of Xatal ; and he therefore — tbe more readily because
of the remarkably rich insect-fauna of that district — settled down in
the neighbourhood of Durban, eventually building a house and
forming a garden at the village of Malvern. IS^ow that he was free
from all official ties and labours, he extended his collections to other
Orders and Classes of animals, including marine forms, and for a
long series of years he remained the largest and most constant donor
of specimens among the contributors to the South-African Museum.
In Xatal his precept gathered round him quite a school of ardent
3'ounger observers and collectors, and in all natural-history matters
he was consulted as an unfailing authority and referee. His death,
on 27th October, 1900, was a grievous less not only to friends and
relations, but also to all students of the fauna of Africa.
The wi iters work, ' South-African Butterflies,' pnblishcd in
1887-89, owed its completeness at that time in a very large degree
to the material and notes contributed by Colonel Bowker during the
previous quarter of a century. This was gratefully acknowledged
on the title and in tbe preface, and indeed almost every other page
of the work contained some reference to his assistance.
He was elected a Fellow of the Linneau Society on November 21,
1889. ' [R. T.]
42 rKOCEEDIXGS OF THE
\Villia:si Lindsay Broavn was born in Kiikeudbriglit in the South
of Scotland on 14th October, 184-2, and died on 26th Jidy, 1900.
He \ras educated at the Academy there, and afterwards devoted
some years to the banking profession, first in Scotland and after-
wards in London, but he always felt the duties irksome and soon
abandoned them, having private means. He had a very decided
taste for natural science and art, and was very fond of travelling
so as to extend his knowledge of men and countries ; visiting in
succe;sion the United States, Canada, the Holy Land, Egypt, the
West Indies, India, and most of the countries in Europe. His
last trip was in the ' Ophir ' to Spitsbergen, u hence he brought
many very interesting photographs and a collection of plants and
lichens.
He was a good botanist and geologist, and has left a very fine
collection of plants, flowers, and lichens, and all the materials for an
interesting book, but he never had time to publish anything.
He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on 5th IS'ovember,
1S91, and was constant in his attendance at the meetings of the
Society. He was also a Fellow of the Geological Society, the Geo-
logical Association, and the Victoria Institute. To sum up, he was
a man of scientific tastes who had travelled long and widely and had
seen with a seeing-eye many men and many countries ; he was a
charming companion, a faithful friend, and an upright man. [T. B.]
Philip Crowley, born of a Quaker family at Alton, Hants, in 1837,
died a widower at his residence Waddon House, Croydon, on
20th Dec, 1900, in his G4th year. Becoming in early life a partner
in the well-known brewing establishments at Alton and Croydon,
he amassed considerable wealth, and expended it with no light hand
in the gratification of his enthusiasm for Xatural History. He
published but little, and that on entomological subjects ; but as a
collector and generous donor he has done immense work, initiating,
by the encouragement he gave to others, important investigations
and advancements. His collection of exotic butterflies is world-
famed, and of birds' eggs he possessed a magnificent series ; while in
horticulture he not only lived among the best and choicest of
nature's tioral products, but took a leading part in the organization
of practical pursuits.
At the period of his death he was Treasurer of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, in the afi:airs of which he had long taken a leading
part, and he was in his second year as Master of the Gardeners'
Company. He was an ideal example of the busy man, engrossed
in important pursuits, who can always find time for numerous
extraneous occupations, and who, by his enthusiasm and lavish
expenditure upon his hobby, is apt to be a very godsend to the
earnest worker, too often less happily placed.
He was a Fellow of the Zoological and Entomological Societies,
and an active member of the Croydon ilicroscopical Club. He was
elected a Fellow of the Linnean Societv on 1.5th November, 1883.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 43
John Emmet, who died on 12th Januarj', 1901, at the age of
78 years, was a man of culture, much interested in natural history
pursuits. From Boston Spa, in Yorkshire, where he lived, he for
several years contributed to the pages of the popular scientific
journals. ' Chambers's Journal,' the ' Xaturalist,' and ' Science
Gossip ' were those chiefly patronized : the study of botany, of
antiquities, and conchology were the favourite themes. Beyond
this, he on several occasions essayed verse in the columns of the
Yorkshire newspapers. He travelled mostly while young, and on his
continental tours he was introduced to Pope Leo XIII. and to
Victor Hugo ; while he was to be envied in the enjoyment of the
friendship of Wordsworth, Hartley Coleridge, Montgomery, and
Chas. Waterton.
He was elected a Fellow of theLinnean Society loth January, ISSo.
In Frederick Gould, who died on 3Ionday, 23rd July, 1901, at
Kingston in Surrey, there has been removed from that town the
man who for more than half a century has been the leader in all
that concerned its public life and welfare, llising to the position
of Mayor, Alderman, and Justice of the Peace, he, by his pioneer's
exertion iu public works, has left behind him a record of noble
things achieved, which will render his name a local talisman for
generations to come. He was born at Bath in 1817, and was in
his 84th year at the time of death. Apprenticed to a firm of
well-known chemists in Bath city, he early evinced a desire for
the " mutual improvement " of his friends and those about him,
apparently as the direct result of the influence of one of liis
employers. The latter, a Mr. Sainsbury, was at the time a lecturer
at the Bath Hospital and Philosophic Institution, and a friend of
(Ersted, who kept au fait with the great work which Oersted was
then achieving in electricity, which he endeavoured to repeat for
himself with the aid of young Gould. With this influence well at
heart, Gould, in 1839, moved to Kingston, and in due course founded
a "Literary and Scientific Institute,'" of which he became the first
President, delivering lectures in person and with great enterprise,
drawing unto himself and his Institution lectureis of renown and
audiences large and keenly enthusiastic. For long years he main-
tained his interest iu this and other educational projects, founded
in the Kingston district either by himself or with his aid. in 1809
presenting to the town a valuable museum wliioh he had meanwhile
developed. He was ever a gardener, and delighted in nothing
more than floral nature, and even when, with advancing age, he
was unable to leave his chair, he would be wheeled into the open,
to superintend the improvements and all that concerned the
Public Gardens, which were always his pride. Keenly interested
in nature and scientific pursuits, he brought these and their in-
fluence to bear in the numerous high capacities in which he served
(for he was Alderman, Mayor, Borough Magistrate, and ever a
staunch defender of the public rights), and in so doing contributed
not a little to the higher cultivation of the public mind.
44 PEOCEEBINGS OF THE
He was a Member of the Royal Historical Society, of the Society
of Arts, and of the Surrey Archaeological Society, and was elected a
Fellow of the Linnean Society on lUth June, 1849.
William Hodgsoij, whose election as an Associate took place on
15th February, 1884, was born in the county of Cumberland, at
Eaughton Head, near Dalston, on 7th April, 1824. "When only
1 7 years of age he became parish schoolmaster at Watermillock,
and afterwards at Aspatria in a similar post. From early years he
gave much attention to botany, and, largely in consequence of en-
couragement by Mr. J. G. Baker, he produced in 1808 a ' Flora of
Cumberland," in many respects a meritorious work. Since then he
became busied on an account of the plants of his native county for
the Victoria series of county histories in course of publication, with
Mr. Trevor-Battye as editor.
He died at his residence in "Workington on 27th March last.
Jonit Henby Leech, who died on 2Sth December, 1900, at Hindcott
House, near Salisbury, aged but 38 years, was an Entomologist of
great industrj^ and enthusiasm. Born at Gorse Hall, Dukinfield,
Cheshire, he was educated at Eton and at Cambridge, where he
took his B.A. ; and while but a boy he showed leanings towards
natural history pursuits, which early became predominantly en-
tomological. While still at College he suffered the loss of his
left hand by a gun accident, but this in no way lessened his
ardour and service as a collector in the field. His first published
work on tho British Pyralides (1886) was famous for its com-
pleteness, there being given a coloured figure of each of the Deltoids,
Pyralides, Crambi, and Pterophori then known throughout the
British Isles. The fame of this book led to a suspicion that
so young and promising an author might produce others of a
similar kind, but, contrary to expectation, he in 1886 entered
instead upon the colossal task of investigating the insect fauna of
Japan and the Corca, and parts of the N. -Western Himalayas, and
Central and Western China. Having in 1884 collected on the
Amazons, and in 1885, with magnificent results, in Morocco, the
Canaries, and Madeira, Leech largely availed himself of the aid of
collectors in the carrying out of his extensive programme : but
this notwithstanding, the story of his own share in the field-work of
its initiatory period teems with interest and records of adventure,
which show him to have been a man of extraordinary persistence
and powers of originality and resource.* Ho worked in all some
14-15 years upon the Palpearctic and E. Asian Lepidoptera, and
his 'Butterflies from China, Japan, and Corca,' the chief outcome
of his labours, is a standard Avork of reference, which ranks high
in contemporary zoological literature. While investigating the rich
collections of Lepidoptera which he acquired. Leech forsook the
* Defails will be found in a most ajipreciative notice in t,be 'Entomologist,'
vol. xxxiv. pp. 34-3G.
LINNEAN SOCIElr OP LONDON. 45
Coleoptera which had engaged his attention in earlier years, and
effected the transfer of his valuable collection of Beetles to the
Tring Museum, Free thus to add to the utmost to his series of
Palaearctic and East Asian Lepidoptera, he continued collecting,
and at the same time purchased, at considerable outlay, several well-
known continental cabinets, particularly those of Emmick, Dolman,
Sand, Miitzell, and others. In his travels through the N. -Western
Himalayas, Leech was accomjjanied by M. Lionel de Kiceville, and
many of the new and interesting species collected have since been
incorporated in Sir G. Hampson's ' Moths of British India.'
Leech's papers are numerous, and date from 1879 to 1900. They
are mostly to be found in the ' Entomologist,' the ' Proceedings ' of
the Zoological Society, the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural
History,' and the ' Transactions ' of the Entomological Society of
London. He has himself described over a thousand new species
of Lepidoptera, to say nothing of other groups of Insecta ; and so
eager was he to secure publication that he in 1889 purchased the
' Entomologist,' an arrangement, however, which he relinquished
three years later. Young and handsome, kindly and sympathetic,
zealously enthusiastic in the cause of Entomology, he, out of the
richness of his resources and collections, befriended many who were
in need ; and his death, which creates a gap in the entomological
world which it will be difficult indeed to till, was due to the effects
of a combined asthma and bronchitis of some two years' standing,
which suddenly became acute.
He was a'Fellow of the Zoological and Geographical Societies, and
of the Entomological Society of London ; while on the Continent
he was honoured by the election to a Membership of the Societe
Entomologique de France, of the Entomologischeu Verein zu Berlin,
and the Gesellschaft Isis zu Dresden.
He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on 5th June, 1884.
In Cheistian^ Fkederik LtriKEX, who passed away at Copenhagen
on February 6, 1901, at the age of 64, the world has lost a worker
distinguished in most departments of zoological science, who was
in himself a link with the past, by his intimate association with the
great Steenstrup, whose pupil he had been, and whom he in turn
succeeded. He was born at Soro in Zealand, his father being tlicre
a professor of philosophy in the Academy, and a colleague of
Steenstrup. Early developing a taste for natural history, he pro-
secuted his zoological studies with much earnestness, interrupted
only for a brief period devoted to military service, during the war
between Germany and Denmark. His connection with the Copen-
hagen Museum began in 1852, and terminated only in compulsory
retirement from illness in 1899, two years before his death. The
development of the Collections, already famous when he took them
in hand, has been under his care one continuous success, the Museum
being rich in types and specimens of first-class importance, of which
no persons have made better use than English experts. His
published memoirs are in themselves a running record of his
46 PROCEEDINGS OF XHK
museum work. They are mostly contained iu the Skriften, Oversigt
over dct Porhandlinger, and the Yidenskabelige Meddclelser of
the Natural History Societj' of Copenhagen ; and, as a natural con-
sequence of their origin, are mainly concerned with system atology,
geographical distribution, and palasontology. While by them it
may be said that he has left his mark on well-nigh every one of the
greater divisions of the animal kingdom, the Echinodermata^and
Pisces rank foremost among those in which his influence will be
longest felt. His researches upon the Echiuodermata of Greenland
and on the chorology of the Korthern Echinodermata, and his
' Spolia Atlantiea,' which deals extensively with the young stages
of numerous fish-species, are examples of his best work which will
remain classic. In 1885 he succeeded Steeustrup as professor of
Zoology, holding the appointment with that of the Directorate
of the Museum, and of the Inspectorship of the Department of
Vertebrates, in which he had two years previously succeeded
Reinhardt.
Of his professorial career we are informed that his lectures, as
might have been anticipated from his writings, were clear and
attractive, and in his teaching capacity he produced a small text-
book, which it is strange to think should not in these days of mania
for translation have been done into English. In the later 90's his
health became rapidly enfeebled, and in 1897 he was compelled to
resign his chair. Paralysis supervened, and took from the world
of science a man beloved and respected by all who knew him, by
whose life zoology has been the richer, mankind the nobler and
more intense. Like the great champions with whom he was asso-
ciated, his influence and example for good will endure.
He was elected a Eoreign Member of tlie Linnean Society on
May 5, 1892.
RoBEET MoKGAN was bom at Norwood, 9th May, 1863, and in his
boyhood showed a strong bent for drawing. On his leaving school
this inclination was brought under the notice of Mr. Carruthers,
at that time Keeper of the Department of Botany, British Museum,
who gave him the encouragement which decided the youth to devote
his energies to botanic drawing. He studied and drew from living
plants, and benefited from the articles in the ' Gardeners' Chronicle,'
which were contributed by W. H, Pitch. His early work as a
lithographic draughtsman in the Eeport of the ' Challenger ' and
' Journal of Botany ' led to other work, which was not confined to
botany, but extended to other branches of natural history. In our
own publications, his name may be noted, both 'Journal' and
' Transactions ' bearing witness to the quality of his work.
An appreciative notice iu the ' Journal of Botany ' for December
last, pp. 489-492, by the editor, gives some graphic touches of the
simple but enthusiastic life of our late Fellow, with a portrait
which will recall his features to the many who knew him. He
was elected into this Society 3rd March, 1887, and he died in
I-tNNEVN SOCIETY OV LONDON. 47
St. George's Hospital on 6th November, 1900, from complications
following an operation for appendicitis.
Oue special and notable feature of his career as a draughtsman
deserves notice, his punctualitj'. Those who are responsible for
the appearance of publications at a given date can appreciate at its
full worth the quality of keeping faith in the matter of time for
all work undertaken ; Morgan's punctual performaiicc of his allotted
tasks made arrangement of work with him a pleasant task.
George Samuel Perrin was horn in 1849, and as a child of
four years old accompanied his parents to Victoria in 1853, re-
ceiving his early education at Fenner's School, South Yarra.
He travelled much in various parts of Australia, and had a
special predilection for the tropical parts ; he accumulated a large
collection of the native woods, aboriginal weapons, and similar
museum articles in the course of his travel.
In 1880 he became Forester in the Woods and Forest Department,
South Australia ; five years later Chief Forester at Wirraburra ; in
188G Conservator of Forests in Tasmania ; and in June of the next
year he was transferred to Victoria. In this last position he had
hard work to keep the timber reserves from undue encroachment
on the part of commercial speculators, until he succeeded in getting
a Government Forest Commission, when some measure of support
was given him.
He was intimate with Sir Ferdinand von Mueller, and from him
learned how to acclimatize exotic trees and develop native timbers ;
from him, too, he acquired his knowledge of the Australian flora,
so far as the forest conservation required it.
About a twelvemonth since he had an attack of jaundice, attri-
buted to an old relic of jungle-fever in the northern province.
Towards the end of last year he underwent an operation to relieve
a stoppage, from which he did not recover, but died at BaUarat,
24th December, 1900.
He was elected into this Society 5th May, 1885.
Richard Milne-Redhead was born at Islington, near Manchester,
on 16th January, 1828, and died at Holden Clough, Bolton-by-
Bowland, Clitheroe, on 24th February, 1900. He was the only
son of his father, John Redhead, of Manchester ; and on his marriage
with Mary, daughter of Robert Milne, of Manchester, he assumed
the name of Milne-Redhead. After his early education at Man-
chester Grammar School, he read for the bar, and was called at the
Middle Temple in 1866. Passionately fond of travelling, he not
only visited every European country, but travelled through India
and Ceylon, the West Indies and Brazil, besides such more easily
reached lands as Egypt, Palestine, and the Canaries.
He collected during his journeys, preferring seeds for cultivation
at home, thougli he kept herbarium specimens ; and he was very
successful in the culture of his importations, as Cednis atlantica
48 taOCEEDlNGS Oi* THE
aad Abies harhonensls, both raised by him from cones he brought
from the Atlas Mountaina.
Highly esteemed in his own neighbourhood, he was justice of
the peace for Lancashire and the West Eiding of Yorkshire ; a
governor of Chetham College since 1869 ; a Eellow of the Royal
Geographical Society, and of our own since 6th April, 1865. His
single contribution to our publications is his " Notes on the Desert
Flora of Sinai," which was printed in our Journal (Botany), ix.
(1866) pp. 208-229 ; but he frequently contributed notes to the
gardening journals ' The Garden ' and ' The Gardeners' Chronicle' ;
and Eucryiihia pinnatifolia, C. Gay, was figured in the Botanical
Magazine, t. 7067, from a specimen contributed by Mr. Milne-
Rcdhcad.
By the death of Walter Pekcx- Sladen the world has lost one of
the noblest and most lovable of men, the Linnean Society a zealous
enthusiast, who laboured for ten years as its Zoological Secretary,
and the extent of whose work on its behalf, editorial and adminis-
trative, is known only to those who were privileged to witness
its performance. To recall his genial presence, the ardour with
which he would at times defend and represent others, as on the
memorable occasion when, on behalf of Mr. G, M. Thomson, of New
Zealand, he read his paper on the Crustacean genus Anasjndes, is
to appreciate his worth, and to look back upon a prosperous period
in the history of the Society. Sladen was born in 1849 at Meerlough
House, near Halifax, Yorkshire, and educated at Hipperholme
Grammar School, and afterwards at Marlborough under Dean
Bradley. He came of an old Yorkshire family, and ease and re-
finement, born in him, were among his most marked characteristics.
His elementary training in science was self-acquired, his choice of
zoology his own ; and in the definite resolve to devote his talents to
the study of the Echinodermata, he showed a force of character
worthy the highest admiration. His scientific work extended over
a period of seventeen years, and of the thirty odd memoirs he
produced twenty-one were from his own hand alone. The remainder
were written in conjunction with his intimate friend and adviser,
the late Prof. Martin Duncan, and of these many grace the pages
of the Linnean Society's publications. The majority of his writings
Avere upon the Starfishes ; several, however, dealt with fossil forms,
and of the latter the two which appeared in the Palteontographical
Society's Memoirs, and that in the Reports of the Geological Survey
of India, will be well remembered. He became famous as a
student of his especial group, through his description in 1878 of
the remarkable genus Astrophtura ; and as a histologist, while
at the Naples Zoological Station, he worked out the structure and
functions of the pedicellarice and, allied organs, later announcing
the discovery of the " cribriform organ " which bears his name.
Chief among his intimate associates and co-workers were the late
Dr. P. H. Carpcnlcr and his pupil Mr. H. Bury; and while from
this association it is not surprising to find that Sladen advanced
XT!SrjJE.iN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 49
€o;ue novel views upon the significance of the apical plates of the
Astrophiurids, it is clear that to his influence was largely due the
superb work on the development of these, which has long ago
placed Bur)- in the front rank of embryological investigators.
Other organs with which he dealt in detail are the perignathic
-g-irdle, which he investigated conjointly with his old friend Duncan.
Sladen's magnum opus was the ' Challenger ' volume on the
Asteroids, which runs to 900 pages, and is accompanied by an
atlas of 118 plates. Having prepared the way for this by the
issue of reports on the collections made in the Arctic Regions in
1875-76, on those of the ' Alert,' ' Knight Errant,' and ' Triton/
•and on others made in the Faroe Channel, the Korean Sea, and the
Mergui Archipelago, Sladen came manfully and amply prepared to
the colossal task in hand, and with what success he carried it
through the world of zoologists no longer need to be reminded ;
suffice it to say, that his genera, families, and greater groups have
aiow been generally accepted, and adopted in the modern text-books
of Gregory and Lang. This great work was largely written in
the hours of the night, often after an arduous day's labour ; and
there is reason to think that the strain thus endured maj- have
exercised an enfeebling influence upon the author's constitution.
"Whether so or not, Sladen, however, some ten years ago suffered a
very bad attack of influenza, which, followed at intervals by
recurrent visitations of the disorder, unfitted him for work. Again
and again did he raise hope of returning to his scientific labours,
but in vain. He passed the winter of 1899 in Devonshire with
beneficial results, and became so far restored to health that he
thereupon journeyed to Rome, and there stayed six weeks, going on
to Florence, where, after a short stay, he Avas on June 11th, 1900,
suddenly and unexpectedly taken with a fainting-fit, within half
an hour of which he died.
Among his scientific effects are a large librarj', containing a
unique collection of works upon the Echiuodermata. He also left
a grand series of old books, a collection of ancient M8S. and examples
■of early printing being among his chief delights. He also leaves
a,n extensive collection of Echinoderms, which includes the Crinoids
formerly the property of his friend the late P. H. Carpenter, and
he acquired the materials which formed the basis of the elder
Carpenter's book \ipon the Microscope.
But little more than two years before his death Sladen became
possessed of a considerable fortune and the estate of an uncle at
Xorthbrook, near Exeter ; and among his many generous acts it
will be remembered that he gave the sum of £2000 to effect the
insurance of the lives of the Yeomanry and Volunteers of his county
going to the front in the Boer Campaign.
He was a true friend, and no man ever possessed a stricter sense
of honour. He has passed from us, and while the recollection of
his inspiring presence within the walls of the Society's apart-
ments will live as long as the present generation of its Fellows
endures, his published work and recorded example will remain to
LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1900-1901. C
50 PROCEEDINGS OP THE
future generations a lasting heritage, a record of good work nobly
performed.
Sladen was a Fellow of the Zoological Society and also of the-
Geological, and he was elected a Fellow of the Linnean on March 2,.
1876.
John Storeie, one of the last elected Associates of the Linnean
Society, who died at Cardiff on 2nd May, 1901, from a compli-
cation of disorders, at the age of 57, was in every sense a remark-
able man, the limitations of whose largely self-acquired knowledge-
extended from coins and china to the Mastodon and brick-earth,
with a special leaning to field-botany. He was born in Muirgett,.
Lanarkshire, and educated at various schools in Scotland, and in
due time apprenticed to a printer. As such he migrated in turn
from Scotland to Barrow and Manchester, the South of England
and Wales. While following this vocation, he in his spare time
laid the foundations of his scientific knowledge, always with a pre-
ference for botany ; for as a mere lad he had already amassed so
excellent a collection of Scottish alpine plants, that he gained an
annual prize awarded by a Glasgow merchant for the encouragement
of youth. He later acquired scholastic distinctions in botany and
geology. In the latter branch of learning he made the acquaintance-
of Professor Page of Glasgow, and to him, as he was incapacitated
bj' lameness, Storrie became of great service in the field, Storrie's
entry into Cardiff was in the employ of the ' Western Mail,' and he
at once interested himself in a museum movement then under con-
sideration, with the result that, on the opening of the institution in
the evenings which resulted, Storrie was appointed Curator. With
this he saw his chance, and lost no time in scouring the neighbour-
hood in search of specimens and materials with which he rapidly
enriched the collections. Leaving Cardift' for a period, Storrie
returned and became the Curator of the present Museum in Trinity
Street, which he raised to a position of much importance and
educational value, ultimately retiring from its charge amidst the
regrets and tangible congratulations of his friends. True to his
love of botany, he early aimed at forming a complete flora of the
Cardiff area, and with no little originality commenced with a series
of notes on the " Ballast Plants," i. e. those brought to the port
which are indigenous to other localities. Continuing this line of
work, he later produced ' The Flora of Cardiff,' a book embodying
a dozen years of laborious research, which was published by the
local " jSTaturalists' Society" in 1886 ; and of this it is said a valuable
addition exists in MS.
Beyond this Storrie was a good field-geologist, and in that capacity
he discovered at Lavernoek and worked out the detailed structure
of a tooth of a new species of Mastodonsaurus, while in his explo-
ration of the Silurian at Rumney he succeeded in finding some
plant-remains which proved to be of unique value ; and in Nemato-
jiJujlus Siorriei, the name applied to one of them, his memory Avill
be perpetuated. Among Storrie's further researches were those
IINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 5I
leading to the discovery of Roman remains at Llantwich, Ely, and
elsewhere, and upon these he contributed occasional notes to the
' Western Mail,' the most original among which are those dealing
with coal as used by the Romans in the making of iron. Storrie
was of a distinctly controversial temperament, and not the least
interesting of his contributions to popular literature and the press
are those argumentative. He was genial, honest, and unassuming,
ever ready to help to his utmost the earnest seeker after truth ; and
in him there has been lost a man who, having under difficult
circumstances realized in old age the early conceptions of his youth,
may be said to have led a really great life.
He was elected an Associate of the Linuean Society on Feb IG
1899.
Isaac Vaxjghan, who died on 20th May, 1900, in his 59th year,
will be best remembered as the editor of the 2nd, ^rd, and 4th
editions of Strangeway's ' Veterinary Anatomy," each of which he
considerably revised. He latterly led a very quiet life, having in
1880 retired from the Lectureship on Anatomy and Zoology at the
New Veterinary College at Edinburgh. He was a Fellow of the
Zoological Society, and a member of the Board of Examiners of
the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.
He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on May 7, 1874.
June 6th, 1901,
Mr. W. Cakrxjthees, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting were read and con-
firmed.
Messrs. John Henry Holland, William Henry Johnson, and James
Alfred Wheldon were admitted, and Messrs. Guy Halliday, Albert
Howard, and Albert Charles Seward were elected Fellows of the
Society.
The Chairman announced that the President had nominated as
Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year, Messrs. W. Carruthers, Frank
Crisp, Dr. F. DuCane Godman, and Dr. D. H. Scott.
The adjourned debate was resumed on Mr. H. M. Bernard's paper
" On the necessity for a Provisional jS"omenclature for those Forms
of Life which cannot be at once arranged in a Natural System."
The following Resolutions were proposed by Mr. Bernard : —
(1) That the Linnean method of naming is well adapted for
indicating affinity, and should be used for that purpose.
(2) That allied forms whose affinities arc not clear should be
designated by some provisional method of naming,
(3) That the method proposed by the author appears ta
promise enough to justify its temporary apjilicatioii
to the Anthozoa.
52 PROCEEDINGS OP THE
A discussion followed, in which Messrs. A. 0. Walker, H. J. Elwes,
Clement lleid, H. Groves, Jeffrey Bell, P. L. Sclater, Sir George King,
W. M. Webb, and E. R. Sykes took part.
Mr. H. Groves moved as an amendment to the first resolution to
omit all after the word " naming," and to substitute " is adequate
for the present needs of zoology and botany." This was seconded
by Dr. P. L. Sclater.
Before this was put to the meeting Mr. H. W. Monckton raised a
technical objection to a vote being taken on the merits of Resolutions
which were in effect a part of a Paper submitted to the Society.
He thought the taking of such a vote could neither bo said to be
authorized by the Charter or Bye-laws nor sanctioned by the custom
of the Society. He suggested that the matter be referred back to
the Council to consider the point.
The discussion was continued in order to elicit the views of those
present on the resolutions proposed by Mr. Bernard, but no vote
was taken.
June 20th, 1901.
Prof. S. H. Vines, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Albert Charles Seward was admitted, and Messrs. Christopher
George Kiddell, Harold Stuart Thompson, and Arthur Henry
McMahon were elected Fellows of the Society.
In pursuance of a resolution passed at the Anniversary Meeting
held on May 24th, 1900, the following alteration in the Bye-Laws
prepared by the Council and read from the Chair in accordance with
the provisions of the Charter at the meetings held on 24th May and
6th June, 1901, was submitted for ballot by the Fellows and adopted
as follows : —
That Section IX. of Chapter II. be repealed and instead thereof
the following be substituted : —
" IX. In the month of November in each year the Council shall
cause to be suspended in the Library of the Society a list
of the Fellows who owe more than two annual contri-
butions, and notice thereof shall forthwith be forwarded
to every Fellow whose name appears in such list. If the
contributions due from any Fellow named in the said list
shall not have been paid within three months after the
first suspension of the list the Council may remove such
Fellow from the Society, but notwithstanding such removal
the obligation of any Fellow so removed may be jiut in
suit for the recovery of any money due from him to the
Society. The Council may remit in whole or in part thej
contributions due from anj'^ Fellow."
IINITEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 55
The following papers were read : —
1. "A Contribution to the Freshwater Algae of Ceylon.'" By "W.
West, F.L.S., and G. S. West, P.L.S.
2. " Notes on Coprophilous Fungi." By George Massee, F.L.S.,
and Ernest S. Salmon, F.L.S.
3. " A Eeyision of the Genus Hypericophyllum, Steetz."' By
Nicholas E. Brown, A.L.S.
ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS
TO THE
LIBRARY
1900-1901.
Abraham (Karl). Noi-mentafel zur EntAvicklungsgeschichte des
Hubnes (Gallus domesticus). Pp. 132 ; Tafeln 3. See Keibel
(Franz). Kormentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der \A' ir-
belthiere.
Agassiz (Jean Louis Rudolph) et Vogt (Carl). Anatomie des
Salmones. Pp. 196 ; plates 14. (Mera, Soc. Sci. Nat.
Neuchittel, iii.) -Ito. JSeuchdtel, 1845.
Albert Honore Charles {Prince de Monaco). Eesultats des Cam-
pagnes Scientifiques accomplies sur son Yachts [VHirondeJle et
Fnncesse-Alice~\. Fascicules 13-18. 4to. Monaco, 1899-1900.
XIII. Crustaces Decapodes. (Hironde/le et Princcssc-Alke.) By A.
Milne-Edwauds et Eugene L. Boutier. (1899.)
XIV. Niidibrancbes et Marsenia. (Princesse-Alice.) By Rudolph Bergii.
(1899.)
XV. Gephyi'iens (Sipunculides et Echiurides). {Hhvndelle et Prmcc^se
Alice.) By C. Pii. Sluiter. (1900.)
XVI. AmiDhipodes. {Hirondelle.) By Edouard Chevreux. (1900.)
XVII. Cephalopodes. {Princesse-Alice.) By Louis Joubin. (1900.)
XVIII. Hydraires. {Hirondelle.) By Camille Pictet et Maurice Bedot.
(1900.)
Notes de Gcograpbie Biologique Marine. Pp. 10.
(Yerh. YII. Interuat. Geogr, Kongress, Berlin, 1899.)
8vo. Berlin, 1900. Author.
Sur la deuxicme canipagne de la Princesse-Alice. IF
Pp. 3. (C.E. Acad. Sci. cxxx.) 4to. Paris, 1900.
Deuxieme Yoyage au Spitsberg. Pp. 11. (Bull. Mus.
d'Hist. Nat. 1900.)" 8vo. PaH*, 1900. Author.
Alcock (Alfred William), Pishes and Ci-ustacea. See ' Investi-
gator.'
Andrews (Charles William). Geology of Christmas Island. See
British Museum — Mouogr. of Christinas Island.
Note on the Geographical Relations of the Fauna and
Plora of Christmas Island. See British Museum — Monogr. of
Christmas Island.
Appellof (Ad.). See Bergens Museum — Meeresfauna von Bergen.
Arnold (F.). Zur Lichenenflora von Miinchen. Pp. 24. (Ber.
Bayer. Bot. Ges. vii.) Eoy. 8vo. Miinchen, 1901. Author.
PBOCEEBIXGS Of THE LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 55
bailey (Frederick Manson). The Queensland Flora.
8vo. Brisbane, 1899-1900. Author.
Part I. Eanimculace:v to Anacardiacea\ Pp. xxsii, 325 ; plates 1-12.
(1899.)
,, II. Conuaracea? to Cornacpse. Pp. 325-737 : plates 13-25. (1900.)
„ III. Caprifoliacea? to Gentiane;v?, Pp. i-x, 73S-1030 : plates 26-43.
(1900.)
Baker (Edmund Gilbert). Dicotyledons : Polypetake, Gamo-
petalse of Christmas Island. See British Museum — Monogr. of
Christmas Island.
Banks, Bart. (Sir Joseph), and Solander (Daniel Carl). Illustra-
tions of the Botany of Captain Cook's Voyage round the "World in
H.M.S. Endeavour in 1768-71 ; with Determinations by Ja:m:es
Britten. See British Museum — Plants,
Barton (Ethel Sarel). Catalogue of the African Plants collected
by Dr. Priedrich "W'elwitsch in 1853-01. Marine Alo^se.
See British Museum — Plants.
Bayer (^Edwin). Studien im Gebiete der Bohmischen Ivreide-
fonnatiun. See Frio (Antonin).
Bedot (Maurice). Hydraires. (Hirondelle.) See Albert.
Beitrage zur Kryptogamenflora der Schweiz (contimted).
Baud I. Hett 2. Christ (Hermann). Die Farnkrauter der Schweiz.
Pp. 1S9 ; Figuren 28. (1900.)
Bergens Museum.
Meeresfauna von Bergen. Eedigiert von Dr. Ad. Appellof.
Heft 1^ 8vo. Berr/en, 1901->
Bergh (Rudolph). Xudibranches et Marsenia. {Princesse- Alice.)
See Albert.
Berlin.
Das Tierreich. Herausgegeben von der Deutschen Zoologischen
Gesellschaft. Geueralredakteur : Peaxz Eilhard Schulze.
8vo. BerVui, 1900.
Liefg. 10. Vermes. Oligocha-ta, voa Wiliielm Micii.velsex. 19(X).
,, 11. Orthoptera. Forficulidai' iind Heiiiimeridie, Ton ArcrsTE
DE BoEMANNS und Hekmaxn AuciUST Krauss. (Tiibingen. )
1900. Pp. XV, 142 ; figs. 47.
„ 12. Arachnoidea. Palpigradi iiud Solifugix-, von Karl
IvRAEPELIN. 1901.
Bernard (Henry Meyners). The Apopidaj. A Morphological
JStudy. Pp. xvii, 316 ; plate 1 ; figs. 70. (Xature Series.)
8vo. London, 1892.
Bibliotheca Botanica (continued).
Band X. Heft 50. Hammerle (J.). Zur Organisation von Acer P.seudo-
platamis. 1900.
„ ,, 51. Si^ji-Jensen (J.). Beitriige zur botaniseheu und pbarma-
cognostiscben Kenntnis von Hi/osci/amus niger, L.
Pp. 89 : Tafeln G. (1901.)
„ ,, 52. Uexkull-Gyllexdand (M. von). Pbylogenieder Bliiten-
formen und der GescblecbterverteiUmg beideu Com-
positen. Pp. 80 ; plates 2. 1901.
56 peoceedijS'gs of the
Bibliotheca Zoologica (continued).
Band XIl. Heft 30'. Liefg. 3. Muller (Gustav Wilhelm) (Greifewald )..
Deutschlands Slisswasser-Oetracoden. ISOO.
„ ,, 31. Liefg. 5 & 6. Michaelsen (Wilhelm). Die holoso-
men Ascidien des inagalhaensiscla-siidgeorgischen
Gebietes. Pp. 148 ; Tafeln 3. 1900.
Band XIII. Heft 32. Handkick (Kurt). Zur Kentniss des Nei-Ten-
systems iind der Leuelitorgane ron Argyro2:)elem>>-
hemigymnus. Pp.68; Tafeln 6. 1901.
,, 33. Heyjions (Eichard). Die Entmcklungsgeschichte-
der Scolopender. 1901.
Birmingham.
"Watson Botanical Exchange Cluh. See York and Eastleigh.
Blackman (Vernon Herbert). Lichens, Fnngi of Cbristmas^
Island. See British Museum— Monogr. of Christmas Island.
Blanchard (Raphael). Hirundineen. See Hamburger Magal-
haensische Sammelreise.
Blandford (Walter Fielding Holloway). Catalogue of the Library
of the Entomological Society of London. See London Ent. Soc.
Boerlage (Jacobus Gijsbert). Handleiding tot de kennis der
Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. Deel III. Stukl. Dicotyledone&
Monocblamydeae. jFam. ciii. Nyctaginacese — Fam, cxxix. Casn-
arinacea). Pp. xsxi, 418. 8vo. Leiden, 1900. Author^
Bormanns (Auguste de). See Berlin — Das Tierreich. ForiiculidsD-
und Hemimeridee.
Boston.
Boston Society of Natural History (continued).
Occasional Papers. IV. Geology of the Boston Basin. By
William A. Crosby. Vol. i. Part 3. The Blue Hills
Complex. Svo. Boston, 1900.
Boulenger (George Albert). Les Poissons du Bassin du Congo.
Pp. Ixii, 532 ; plates 25 & map. Svo. BriweVes, 1901.
Bouvier (Eugene L.). Crustaces Decapodes. (Hirondelle et
Princesse Alice.) See Albert.
Crustaces Decapodes. See ' Travailleur.'
Braithwaite (Robert). The British Moss-Plora. Part 20.
Svo. London, 1900. Author.
British Association for the Advancement of Science.
Eeport (Bradford), 1900. Svo. London, 1900.
Council Brit. Assoc.
British Museum (continued).
Birds.
A Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds. [Nomen-
clator A^aum turn Possilium turn Yiventium.] Vol. IT.
Pp. XV, 312. Svo. London, 1900.
LePIDOPTEEOUS IjfSECTS.
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Pbalainse in the British Museum.
Vol. II. Catalogue of tbe Arctiadre ( Nolinw, Lithosiaure) in the Collection
of tbe British Mnseum. By Sir George F. Ha.mpson, Bart. Pp. xs,
589 ; plates 18-35.
Svo. London, 1900.
LIJs^'EAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 57
British Museum (continued).
Plaxt-s.
Catalogue of the African Plants collected bv Dr. Priedrich
Welwitsch in 1853-61.
Part 4. Pp. 78.5-1035. Dicotyledons: Leuti-
bulariacese to Ceratopliyllete. By AVilliam Philip-
HlERN. 8vo. London, 1900.
Vol. II. Part 2. Cryptogamia. Pp. 261-565.
8vo. London, 1901.
Illustrations of the Botany of Captain Cook's Voyage round
the World in H.M.S. Endeavom- in 1768-71 by "the Eight
Hon. Sir Joseph BA^Uv:s, Bart., and Dr. Daxiel Solaxdee. ;.
with Determinations by James Brittex.
Part I. Australian Tlants. Plates 1-100.
.. II. „ ,, :, 101-243.
fol. London, 1900-1901.
POSSILS.
Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of Geology,.
British JMnseum (jVatural History). The Jurassic Plora.
Part III. i. The Yorkshire Coast. Pp. xii, 341 ; plates 21.
By Albert Chaeles Seward. 8vo. London, 1900.
Britten (James). Illustrations of the Botany of Captain Cook's
Voyage round the AVorld in H.M.S. Endeavour in 1768-71
by the Eight Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., and Dr. Daniel.
SoLAXDEE: \\ith Determinations by Jas. Brittex. /SVe British.
Museum.
Brongniart (Adolphe). Eecherches sur les Graiues Fossiles
Silicifiees, precedees d'une Notice sur ses travaux, par Jean
Baptiste Dumas. Pp. xiv, 93 ; plates 21 & portrait.
fol. Paris, 188 L.
Bullen {liev. Robert Ashington). Eolithic Implements. Pp. 35 ;
plates 7. (Trans. Vict. Inst. 1900.) Svo. London, 1900.
Author.
Cambridge (The) Natural History. Edited by S. P. Harmer and
A. E. Shipley {continued).
Vol. YIII. Amphibia and Reptiles. By Hans Gadow. 1890.
Canada.
Geological Survey jof Canada.
Catalogue of Canadian Birds. Part I. Water Birds, Gal-
liuaceous Birds, and Pigeons. Including the following
Orders : Pygopodes, Longipennes, Tubinares, Stegano-
podes, Anseres, Herodiones, Paludicolse, Lin)icola), Gallinse,
and Columba^. By John Macoun. Pp. vii, 218.
8vo. Ottaiva, 1900.
Cardiff.
Cardiff Naturalists' Society.
First Annual Eeport, 1867-68. Second Edition.
Svo. London [18681.
58 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Cardiff Naturalists' Society (continued).
Report and Transactions. Vols. 2-31. 1868-99.
8vo. Hertford, Cardiff, London, Cardiff, 1868-1900.
The Birds of Griamorgan. Compiled hj a Committee of the
Cardiff Naturalists'' Society. 4to. Cardiff, 1900.
Carruthers CWilliain). Catalogue of the African Plants collected
by Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch in 1853-61. Vascular Ciyptogams.
See British Museum — Plants.
Chapman (Frederick). On the Foraminifera of the Orbitoidal
Limestones and Eeef Eocks of Christmas Island. See British
Museum — Monogr. of Christaias Island.
Champion (George Charles). Catalogue of the Library of the
Entomological Society of London. See London Ent. Sec.
Chesnut (V. K.) and Wilcox (E. V.). The Stock-Poisoning Plants
of Montana: a Preliminary Eeport. (U.S. Dep. Agric, Div.
Bot. Bull. no. 26.) 8vo. WasJiington, 1901.
B. Daydon Jackson.
Chevreux (Edouard). Amphipodes. (Hirondelle.) See Albert.
Christ (Hermann). Die larnkriiuter der Erde. Beschreibende
Darstellung der Greschlechter uud wichtigeren Arten der Earu-
pflanzen mit besonderer Beriicksichtiguug der Exotischen.
Pp. xii, 388; mit 291 Abbildungen. 8vo. Jeiia, 1897.
Die Earnkriiuter der Schweiz. Pp. 189 ; Eigureu 28.
(Beitr. Kryptogamen-Flora der Schweiz, Band I. Heft 2.)
Svo. Bern, 1900.
Clodius (G.). Die Viigel der Grossherzogthiimer Mecklenburg mit
kurzeu Beschreibungen. See Wlistnei (C).
Coghlan (T. A.). The Wealth and Progress of New South Wales,
1897-98. Eleventh Issue. Pp. 1084. Svo. Sydneij, 1899.
Agent-General for New South Wales.
The Wealth and Progress of New South Wales, 1898-99.
Twelfth Issue. Pp. xv, 1048. Svo. STjdney, 1900.
Agent-General for New South Wales.
'Cohn (Ferdinand). Blatter des Erinuerung. Zusammengestellt
von seiner Gattin Pauli^n^e Cohn. Mit Beitriigen von Pro-
fessor Eelix Eoseis^ Pp. viii, 266 ; plates 3 & portrait.
Svo. Breslcm, 1901. Fran Pauline Cohn.
Cohn (Pauline). Eeei>ina:s^d Corns'. Blatter der Erinnerung.
Zusammengestellt von seiner Gattin Paulin'e Cohn. Mit
Beitriigen von Professor Eelix Eosex. Pp. viii, 266 ; plates 3
& portrait. Svo. Breslau, 1901. Author.
Comber (Thomas). Catalogue of the African Plants collected by
Dr. Eriedrich Welwitsch in 1853-61. Diatomaceae. See
British Museum — Plants.
■Conwentz (Hugo). Eorstbotanische Merkbuch. Nacliweis der
beachtenswerthen und zu schlitzeuden urwiichsigen Striiucher,
Baume und Bestiinde im Konigreich Preussen. Pp. xii, 94 ; mit
22 Abbildungen. Svo. Berlin, 1900. Author.
LIIWEAX SOCIETY Or LOXDO^T. 59
•Cook (0. F.). Shade in Coffee Culture. Pp. 79: plates 10.
(U.S. Depart. Agric, Div. Bot. Bull. no. 25.)
8vo. Washington, 1901. B. Daydon Jackson.
Cooke (Mordecai Cubitt). One Thousand Objects for the Micro-
scope, with a few Hints on Mounting. Pp. x, 179 ; plates 12 ;
figs. 38. 8vo. London, 1900. Author.
■Cope (Edward Drinkler). The Crocodilians, Lizards, and 8nakes
of North America. Pp. 1115 ; figs. 347 and plates 36. (Ann.
Eep. of Boards of Regents Smiths, lust, for year 1898 ; E.ep.
LT.«. Mus.) '^ 8vo. Washhuiton, 1900.
€oulter (John Merle) and Rose (Joseph Nelson). Monograph of
the Nortli American Umbellifer». Pp. vii, 256 ; plates 11 ;
figs. 65. (U.S. Dep. Agric, Conti'ib. from U.S. ]N'at. Herb,
vol. vii. no. 1.) Svo. Washim/ton, 1900. B. Daydon Jackson.
Dall (William Healey). Contributions to the Tertiary Pauna of
Florida, with special reference to the Silex Beds of Tampa and
the Pliocene Beds of the CaJoosahatchie Eiver, including in
many cases a complete Eevision of the Generic Groups treated
of and their American Tertiary Species. Part Y. Teleodes-
macea : Solen to Diplodonta. (Trans. Wagner Pree Inst. Sei.
Phil. vol. iii. pt. v. pp. 947-1218 ; plates 36-47.)
Eoy. Svo. Philadelphia, 1900.
Devonshire (jthDulce of). Eoyal Commission on Scientific Instruc-
tion and the Advancement of Science. See Great Britain and
Ireland- — Eoyal Commission, &c.
Druce (George Claridge). The Flora of Berkshire : being a
Topographical and Historical Account of the Flowering Plants
and Ferns found in the County, with short Biographical JVotices
of the Botanists who have contributed to Berkshire Botany
during the last three centuries. Pp. cxcix, 644, & map.
8vo. O.vford, 1897.
Du Bois Larbalestier (C). See Larbalestier (C. Du Bois).
Dumas (Jean Baptiste). See Brongniart (Adolphe). liecherches
sur les Graiues Fossiles Silicifiees.
Durand (Theophile). Plantae Thonneriaua) Congolenses. See
Wildeman (Em. de).
Durand (Theophile) et Wildeman (Em. de). Contributious a la
Flore du Congo. (Ann. Mus. Congo, ser. i. Bot. i.)
4to. Bruxelles, 1898-99.
Durrant (John Hartley^ Pterophoi-idfe and Tineina. See
Swinhoe (Charles). Catalogue of Eastern and Australian
Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Collection of the Oxford Uni-
versity Museum. Part II.
Dwight, jr. (Jonathan). The Sequence of Plumages and Moults
of the Passerine Birds of Xew Tork. Pp. 273 : plates 7.
(Ann. N.T. Acad. Sci. xiii. pt. 1.) Svo. New Tori; 1900.
Edwards (Alphonse Milne). Crustaces Decapodes. (Hirondelle et
Princesse Alice.) See Albert.
Crustaces Decapodes. See ' Travailleur.'
6o PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE
Egerton {Sir PMlip Grey). A Memorial addressed to Her
Majesty's Go\'ernment by the Promoters and Cultivators of
Science on the Subject of the proposed Severance from the
British Museum of its iSTatural History Collections. See Great.
Britain and Ireland- — British Museum.
Elcho (Lord). Papers relating to the Enlargement of the British
Museum. See Great Britain and Ireland — British Museum.
Evermann (Barton Warren). The Pishes of North and Middle
America. See Jordan (David Starr).
Falkenberg (Paul). Die Ehodomelaceen des Golfes von Xeapel
und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. Pp. xvi, 754 ; mit
10 Texttiguren und 2-1 Tafeln. (Mouogr. 26, Fauna & Plora
Grolfes V. Neapel.) 4to. Berlin, 1901.
Fedtschenko (Olga) et Fedtschenko (Boris). Materiaux pour la
Plore de la Crimee. (Bull. I'Herb. Boissier, vii. no. 11,
2nd ser. i.) 8vo. Geneve et Bale, 1809-1901. Authors.
Finsch (Otto). Ses Berlin — Das Tierreich. Liefg. 15. Aves.
Zosteropidae. Pp. xiv, 54. Svo. Berlin, IdOl..
Fischer (Eduard). Untersuchungen zur vergieichenden Entwick-
lungsgeschichte und Systematik der Phalloideen, mir. einem
Anbang : Yerwandtschaftsverhiiltnisse der Gastromyceten.
(Xeue Denkschr. allgem. sclnveiz. Ges. gesammten ]N'aturwiss.
xxxii., xxxiii., xxxvi.) 4to. Ziirich, 1890-1900.
Entwicklungsgeschichte Untersuchungen liber Rostpilze.
Eiue Yorarbeit zur Monographischen Darstellung der Schweizer-
ischen Uredineen. Pp. x, 120 ; Tafeln 2. (Beitr. Krypto-
gamen-Plora du Schvveiz, Band i. Heft 1.) Svo. Bern, 1898.
Fixsen (Carolus). De linguoe Raniuse textura disquisitiones
microscopicfe. Dissertatio Inauguralis. Pp. 40 & tab. i.
Svo. Borj^iati Livonorum, 1857.
Foord (Arthur Humphrys). See Mojsisovics, Edler von Mojsvar
(Edmund).
Foster (Sir Michael). Eeport to the Lords Commissioners of His
3Iajesty's Treasury of the Departmental Committee on Botanical
Work and Collections at the British Museum and at Kew.
See Great Britain and Ireland — Committee on Botanical Work.
Fric [Fritsch] (Antonin) und Bayer (Edwin). Studien im Gebiete
der Bohmischen Kreideformatiou. Palseontologische Unter-
suchungen der einzelnen Schichteu. Perucer Schichteu. Pp.180.
(Arch. Naturwiss. Landesdurchforschung v. Bohmeu, xi. no. 2.)
Svo. Prarj, 1901.
Gadow (Hans). Amphibia and Eeptiles. See Cambridge Nat.
Hist. vol. viii.
Garden (The). Vols. 57, 58. 4to. London, 1900.
Gardeners' Chronicle. 3rd ser., A'ols. 17, IS.
fol. London, 1900. Editor..
Gepp (Antony). Catalogue of the African Plants collected by
Dr. Priedrich Welwitsch in 1853-61. Mosses. See British
Museum — Plants .
LINXEAN SOCIEXr OF LONUOX. 6 1
Gepp (Antony). Ferns, Mosses, of Christmas Islaud. See British
Museum — Monogr. of Christmas Island.
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Great Britain and Ireland.
British Museum.
Report from the Select Committee on the Condition, Manage-
ment, and Affairs of the British Museum ; together with
Minutes of Evidence, Appendix and Index. (House of
Commons, 6 August, 1835, No. 479.) Pp. 623.
fol. London, 1835.
A Copy " of a Memorial to the Eirst Lord of the Treasury,
presented on the 1 0th day of March, by Members of the
British Association for the xldvancement of Science, and of
other Scientific Societies, respecting the Management of the
British Museum, with the Names affixed." (House of
Commons, 13 April, 1847, No. 268.) Pp. 3.
fol. Loudon, 1847.
A Copy of a Commission for inquiring into the Constitution
and Government of the British Museum. (House of
Commons, 8 July, 1847, No. 674.) P. 1.
fol. London, 1847.
Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the
Constitution and (xovernment of the Bx'itish Museum :
\\ith Minutes of Evidence. Presented to both Houses of
Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. (1850, No. 674.)
Pp. 823. ■ fol. London, 1850.
The same : Index to Report and Minutes of Evidence. Pi-e-
sented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her
Majesty. (1850, No. 1170.) Pp. 172." fol. ZowZoh, 1850.
Copies " of all Communications addressed to the Treasury by
the Trustees of the British Museum, with reference to the
Report of the Commissioners appointed to Inquire into the
Constitution and Management of the British Museum."'
(House of Commons, 7 June, 1850, No. 425.) Pp. 11.
fol. London, 1850.
'Copies '• of all Communications made by the Officers and
Architect of the British Museum to the Trustees, respectino-
the want of Space for exhibiting the Collections in that
Institution, as well as respecting the Enlargement of its
Buildings : "
"And, of all Minutes of the Trustees, and of all Com-
•munications between the Trustees and tlie Treasury upon
62 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE y»
Great Britain and Ireland (continued).
the same Subject (the whole subsequent to, and in con-
tinuation of, Parhamentaiy Paper, No. 42, of Sessioa
1852-53)." (House of Commons, 1 Julr, 1858, No. 379.)
(Lord Elcho.) Pp. 65. iol. London, 1858.
A " Copy of a Memorial addressed to Her Majesty's Grovern-
ment by the Promoters and Cultivators of Science on the
Subject of the proposed Severance from the British Museum
of its Natural Historj^ Collection, together with the
Signatures attached thereto." (House of Commons,
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fol. London, 1858.
A Copy " of all Communications made by the Officers and
Architect of the British Museum to the Trustees, respecting
the want of space for exhibiting the Collections in that
Institution, as well as respecting the Enlargement of its
Buildings : "
" And, of all Minutes of the Trustees, and of all Com-
munications between the Trustees and the Treasury upon
the same Subject (the whole subsequent to, and in con-
tinuation of. Parliamentary Paper, No. 379)." (House
of Commons, U March, 1859, No. 126.) (Sir StafPordl
Northcote.) Pp. 25. fol. London, 1859.
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together with the Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes
of Evidence, and Appendix. (House of Commons, 10 August,
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Index to the Eeport from the Select Committee on the British
Museum. (House of Commons, 10 Aug. 1860, No. 540-1.)
Pp. 33. fol. London, 1860.
Committee on Botanical Work.
Eeport to the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury
of the Departmental Committee on Botanical Work and
Collections at the British Museum and at Kew, dated
11th March, 1900. fol. London, 1901.
Minutes of Evidence taken before the Departmental Com-
mittee on Botanical Work and Collections at the British
Museum and at Kew with Appendices and Index, to
accompany the Eeport presented to the Lords Commissioners-
of His Majesty's Treasury dated 11th March, 1901.
fol. London, 1901.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Copy of the Eeport made to the Committee appointed by the
Lords of the Treasury in January 1838 to inquire into the-
Management, &c. of the Eoyal Gardens, by Dr. Lindley,
Professor of Botany, who, at the request of the Committee,,
made an actual Survey of the Botanical Garden at Kew,.
in conjunction with Messrs. Paxton and Wilson, two
practical Gardeners, in the month of Pebruary 1838.
(House of Commons, 11 May, 1840, No. 292.) Pp. 6.
fol. London, 1840.
LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 65
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew {continued).
Copies " of Papers relating to Changes introduced into the
Administration of the Office of Works affecting the
Direction and Management of the Gardens at Kew : "
" And, of Correspondence between the Treasury and
Dr. Hooker on the same Subject." (House of Commons,
24 Juue, 1872, Xo. 335.) Pp. 177. fol. London, 1872.
Copy " of Dr. Hooker's Eeply to Pi-ofessor Owen's State-
ment. Appendix, no. 3, in the Kew Gardens Keturn."
(House of Commons, 8 August, 1872, No. 427.) Pp. 4.
fol. London, 1872.
Royal Commission on Scientific Instruction and the Advance-
ment of Science ('' Devonshire Commission").
Vol. I. First, Supplementary, and Second Eeports with
Minutes of Evidence and Appendices. Presented to both
Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty.
(1872. C. 536.) fol. London, 1872.
Third Eeport, 1873. C. 863. fol. London, 1873.
Fourth Report, 1874. C. 884. fol. London, 1874.
Fifth Keport, 1874. C. 1087. fol. London, 1874.
Sixth Eeport, 1875. C. 1279. fol. London, 1875.
Seventh Eeport. 1875. C. 1297. fol. London, 1875.
Eighth Eeport, 1875. C. 1298. fol. London, 1875.
Vol. II. Minutes of Evidence, Appendices, and Analyses of
Evidence. Presented to both Houses of Parliament bv
Command of HerMajest}'. (1874, Xo. C. 958.)
fol. London, 1874.
Vol. III. Minutes of Evidence and Appendices ; Analyses of
Evidence, Index to the Eight Eeports (with their Appen-
dices) issued by the Commission, and
The General Index to the Evidence, to the Analyses of
the Evidence, and to the Appendices to the Evidence given
in Vols. I.-III. Presented to both Houses of Parliament
by Command of Her Majesty. fol. London, 1875..
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Hammerle (Juan). Zur Organisation von Acer Pseudoplatanus..
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Plora Capensis : being a Systematic Description of the Plants
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LiyXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 65
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Owen {Sir Ricbard). Papers relatiug to Kew Gardens. See
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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 75
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>j6 J?feOCteEl)lNGS 01' TttE LINKeAN SOCIETY OF LONDOJ*.
DONATION IN AID OF BINDING.
£ s. d.
Hon. Walter Rothschild. Contribution towards Cost
of Binding Swainson's Correspondence 4 7 6
DONATION IN AID OF PUBLICATIONS.
£ s. d.
Prof. E. Hay Lankester. Contribution towards Cost of
illustrating his paper : " On the Affinities of
^lui'ojms melanoleitcus, A. M.-Edwards " 30 5
INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.
SESSION 1900-1901.
Note. — The following are not indexed : — The name of the Chairman at each meeting ;
speakers whose remarks are not reported ; and passing allusions.
Acheroutia Afropos, sound caused by, 6. 1
Acrcea, photographs shown, 6.
Additions to the Library, 54-75.
Address, loyal and dutiful, to His
Majesty the King, 8-9 ; the King's
thanks, 14.
President's, 21,36.
jEhiropus (Lankester & Lydekker), 12.
JUschna, life-history, 12.
Africa, Parklands in ( Moore), 2.
Agardh, J. G., death reported, 19;
obituar}-, 37-39.
Age of Virginian Oysters, 11,
Alderney, Stat ice lyishnidifoUa from, 3.
Algse, freshwater, of Ceylon (West), 53.
Alteration in Bye-Laws confirmed, 52.
Ammocharida; (Watson), 6.
Ammonite at Swanage, 10.
Anatomy of Cyeadaceai (Worsdell), 3.
Anderson, Dr. J., death reported, 19;
obituary, 38-40.
Andes, plants from (Hemsley & Pear-
sou), 14.
Andrews, C. R. P., Staiice lychnidifolia
found by, 3.
Annual Statement by Treasurer, 17-18.
Anodonta cygnea, large shells of, 4, 5.
Antlers, female roedeer with, 13.
Armeria, species in Hill's ' Flora
Britannica.' 5.
Aroids, models sho\vn, 12.
Arrears, proposed new Bye-law con-
cerning, 17-18.
Asplenioid sori, 8.
Asplenium Hemionitis shown, 8.
maximum shown, 8.
palmatxim sliown, 8.
Associates, deceased, 19.
Auditors, elected, 16 ; Eeport pre-
sented, 17,
Balcsna, fossil, 12.
Banana-bird, nest of, 3.
Banks, Sir J„ Fitchia found bj-, 2.
Bennett, A. W., on fern hybrids, 8.
Berkeley, Rev. M. J., his types re-
described (Massee), 17.
Bernard, H. M., provisional nomen-
clature, lo-ii ; adjourned discus-
sion, 51.
Birds' -nest from Trinidad shown, 2, 3.
Birds, intestinal tract of (Mitchell), 14.
Bones from the Crag shown, 12.
Bookcase pi-esent^d, 9.
Borland, J., death reported, 19 ; obit-
uary, 40.
Bourdillon, T. F., admitted, 17.
Bowker, J. H., death reported, 19 ;
obituary, 40-41.
Braithwaite, R-, Scrutineer, 20 ; on
Tote of thanks to President, 36,
Brechin, hybrid grouse from, i.
Bressa prize, announced, 6.
Brefschncidera, from Yunnan, 16.
British plants shown, 14.
Rhizopods and Heliozoa (West),
^^-
Thrifts, revision (Druce), 5.
Brockholes, W. F., large shells of
Swan .Mussel, 4.
Brown, N. E., revision of Hyperico
phyUum, 53.
Brown, W. L , death reported, 19 ;
obituary, 42.
Bruce, C. W. A., admitted, 5 ; elected
Fellow, 3.
; Burkill, I. H., & C. S. Crosby, Flora of
I Vavau, 6.
Burr, M.. elected Fellow, 3.
j Buysman, M., plants shown for, 14.
I Bye-Laws, alteration confirmed, 52,
78
INDEX.
Capreolus caprea, female with antlers,
Cariacus mrginianus, female with ant-
lers, 13.
Carine noctim shown, i.
Carrierea, Franch., mentioned, 16.
Carruthers, W., elected Councillor, 20 ;
nominated V.-P., 51.
CastUJoa shown, 14.
Caviidae, tooth-genesis in (Tims), 8.
C'crvus elaphus, female with antlers,
Ceterach officinannn, intermediate form,
7,8.
Ceylon, freshwater Algos from (West),
Cha])man, F., Foraminifera from Fnna-
futi, 5.
Cheeseman, T. F., Fitchia nutans, new
species, 2.
Chestnnt, abnormal cluster shown, 2.
Chilton, C., Terrestrial Isopoda of New
Zealand, 2.
China, two new genera of plants, 16.
Christy, T., on vote of thanks to
Treasurer and Auditors, 19.
Clarke. C. B., Medal received by, on
behalf of Sir G.King, 37; remoTcd
from Council, 20.
Clarke, W. A., witlidrawn, 19.
Claughton, Lancashire, large swan-
mussel shells from, 4, 5.
Collett, Sir H., vote of thanks to the
President, 36.
Comparative anatomy of Cycndaccaj
(Worsdell), 3.
Cooke, J. H., withdrawn, 19.
Cooke. M. C, fungi shown, i.
Cooniara-Swamy, A. K , udmilted, 5 ;
elected Fellow, 3.
Copepod from Japan (Embleton), 3.
Coprophilous fungi (Massee & Sal-
mon), 53.
Corals, need of provisional naming
(Bernard), lo-ii.
Corallum in Ttirbinaria (Pace), 15.
Cornwall, J. W., compound flower of
Foxglove, 5.
Correspondence of Linnaeus, 9 ; of
Swainson, 9.
Council, elected, 20.
Councillors elected and removed, 20.
Crag, fossils from, 12.
Crepiu, F., elected Foreign Member,
16.
Crisp, F., elected Treasurer, 20 ; nomi-
nated V.-P., 51.
Crowley, P., death reported, 19; obit-
uary, 42.
Crosby, 0. S., see Burkil!, I. H., &
C. S. C. 6.
Cultivation of Pearl Oyster (Jameson)
Cycadacere, comparative anatomy ol
(Worsdell), 3.
Basypeltis scabra, egg-shells cast by, 5.
Dawson, C, flint with enclosed toad,
14-15.
Deasy, Capt. H. P., Zostera marina
found by, 4.
Death's-head moth shown, 6.
Deaths reported, 19.
Donations, 54-76.
Doubledaj^ H., orange within an
orange, 12.
Dragonfly, life-history, 12.
Druce, G.C., Revision of British Thrifts,
5-
Druce, IL, bookcase presented by, 9 ;
elected Auditor, 15 ; elected Coun-
cillor, 20.
Druery, C. T., presumed bigeneric
fern -hybrid, 7-8.
Dugd; le, J. H., withdrawn, 19.
Dunmow, Little Owl from, i.
Durham, Miss, an egg-eating snake, 5.
Durleston Bay oyster-beds, 10.
Egg of Scyllium catidus, 17.
Egg-shell of Sjjhcnodon, 17.
Egg-sliells cast by snake, 5.
Egypt, mummy bawk from, 15;
Truikha hypnoidcs from (Lister), 12.
Election of Officers and Council, 20.
Elections reported, 20.
Elizabeth Island, Fitchia from, 2.
Elwes, H. J., on female roedeer with
antlers, 13.
Embleton, Miss A. L., on Goidclia, 3.
Emmet, J., death reported, 19; obit-
uary, 43.
Enock. F., on Msclma, 12.
Entozi ic copepod (Embleton), 3.
Falcon, supposed to be a Gyrfalcon,
IS-
Farmer, J. B., comm. by (Moore), 2 ;
removed from Council, 20.
Fellow, removed, 19.
Fellows, deceased, 19 ; resigned, 19.
Ferns of intermediate character, 7, 8.
Fieldirg, J. B., admitted, 12 ; elected
Fellow, 12.
Firth, J. D., elected Fellow, 12.
Fitchia nutans, new species shown, 2.
Flint with enclosed toad, 14, 15.
Flowers, models shown, 12.
Foraminifera from Funafuti (Chap-
man), 5.
Foreign Members deceased, 19 ; elected,
16.
79
Fossil bones shown from the Crag, 12.
Foxglove, compound flower, shown, 5.
Fraser, J., on genera of ferns, 8.
Freshwater Algae of Ceylon (West), 5 ^ ;
— Rhizopods and Heliozoa (West),
M.
Friday Island passage, Coral from, 16.
Funafuti, For.uiauifera from (Chap-
man), 5.
Fungi, Berkeley's types (Massee), 17 ;
coprophilous (Massee & Salmon), 53 ;
models shown, 12: — various, shown, 1,
Garsfang, swan-mussel shells from,
4-5-
Gerard, Rev. J., admitted, 2 ; large
shells of swan-mussel, 4, 5.
Godalming, abnormal foxglove from, 5.
Godiuan, F. D., nominated V.-P., 51;
on female roedeer with antlers, 1 3 ;
on liybrid grouse, 1 ; vote of thanks
to Treasurer and Auditors, 19.
GoideUa echiura from Japan (Em-
bleton), 3.
Gould, F., death reported, 19 ; obit-
uary, 43-44-
Green, C. T., elected Fellow, 12.
Green, J. Reynolds, elected Coun-
cillor, 20.
Greene, G. E. J., withdrawn, 19.
Greene, J. Reay, withdrawn, 19.
Grouse, hybrid, shown, i.
Groves, 11., amendment re provisional
nomenclature, 52 ; elected Auditor,
1 5 ; presentation of Auditor's Re-
port, 17.
Groves, J., Staticc lychnidifolia shown,
3-
Gruvel, A., Lepadides, 12.
Giintlier, Dr. A., removed from Council,
20.
Gyrfalcon, supposed, 15.
Gyrfalcons shown, 15.
Halliday, G., elected Fellow, 51,
Halophila ovata mentioned, 4.
litipulacea from Tuticorin, 4.
Harrison, C. W., death reported, 19.
Hart, J. H., birds'-nest from Trinidad
shown, 2, 3.
Harting, J. E., birds'-nest from
Trinidad, 3 ; exhibition of falcon
from Essex, 15; of hybrid grouse, i ;
of ibis, glossy, i ; of mummified
hawk, 15 ; of little owl, i ; of female
roedeer with antlers, 13 ; of shells of
swan-mussel, 5.
Hatfield Broad Oak, supposed gyr-
falcon from, 15.
Hawk, mummy, 15.
Heliozoa, British (West), 14.
Hemsley, W. B., elected Councillor,
20 ; exhibitions by : bird's-nest from
Trinidad, 2-3 ; cluster of chestnuts,
2 ; Fitchia, new species, 2 ; Saplmn,
Hevca, and Castilloa shown, 14.
-, two new genera of Chinese plants,
16.
Hemsley, W. B., & H. H. W.^Pearson,
high-level plants from Tibet* 15.
plants from the High Andes,
14.
Henry, Dr. A., new plant-genera from
China, 16.
Hevca, rubber-yielding species, 14.
brasiliensis, mentioned, 14,
guianensis, mentioned, 14.
fauci flora, mentioned, 14.
High-level plants from Tibet (Hemsley
& Pearson), 15.
Hill, Dr. J., ' Flora Britannica,' two
editions shown, 5.
Histology of plants shown by photo-
graphs, 12.
Hoare, W., admitted, 3 ; elected Fellow,
2.
Hodgson, W., death reported, 19;
obituary, 44.
Holland, J. H., admitted, 5 1 ; elected
Fellow, 16.
Holmes, E. M., fungi shown, i.
Hooker, Sir J. D., Fitchia described
by, 2.
Horsham, shells of swan mussel from,
5-
Howard, A., elected Fellow, 51.
Howes, G. B., Address to the King, 9 ;
comm. by (Embleton), 3 ; (Gruvel),
1 2 ; (Pace) 1 5 ; egg-shells east by
snake, shown, 5 ; elected Secretary,
20.
Hume, A. O., elected^Fellow, 15.
Hybrid grouse shown, i.
Hi/pericophi/Uum, revision of (Brown),
53-
Hypoliinnas, mimicry, 6.
Ibis, Glossy, shown, 1.
Icterus leucopteryx, bird's nest formed
by, 3-
Idesia, Maxim., mentioned, 16.
Inman, T. F., withdrawn, 19.
Intestinal Tract of Birds (Mitchell),
14.
Isopoda, terrestrial, of New Zealand
(Chilton), 2.
Itoa, from Yunnan, 16.
Jackson, B. D., abnormal flowers of
foxglove shown, 5 ; Address to the
So
INDEX.
King, 9 ; elected Secretary, 20 ; Hill's
' Flora Britannica,' two editions
shown, 5.
Jameson, H. L., cultivation of the
Pearl Oyster, 8.
Japan, Goidclia from (Embleton), 3.
Jenman, G. S., rubber-plants collected
by, 14.
Johnson, J., death reported, 19.
Johnson, W. H., admitted, 51 ; elected
Fellow, 16.
Johnstone, E,., withdrawn, 19.
Jubilee at Vienna, announced, 6.
Kappel, A. W., fungi shown, i.
Katheriner, views mentioned, 5.
Kelsall, Rev. J. E., chestnuts from, 2,
Kew, fern-speciuiens from, 8.
Kiddell, C. G., elected Fellow, 52.
Kimmeridge Clay, Ammonite in, 10.
King, His Majesty the. Address to, 8-9 ;
Thanks for Address, 14; letter from
Sir D. Probyn announcing his Pat-
ronage, 17.
King, Sir G., Liunean Medal, 36.
Kjellmann, F. E., elected Foreign Mem-
ber, 16.
Kwen Lun, Zostera from, 4.
Labrador falcon, supposed, 15.
Lankester, E. E., & E. Lydekker, Mlu-
ropns, 12.
Le Doux, 0. A., elected Fellow, 3.
Leech, J. H., death reported, 19 ; obit-
uary, 44-45-
Lepadides (Gruvel), 12.
Leptomin, exhibition by President, 10.
Lewes, flint witli enclosed toad, 16.
Lewis, F. J., elected Fellow, 3.
Lewis, J., on flint nodule from Lewes,
16.
Library, additions, 54-75-
Linnajus, his correspondence bound, 9.
Linnean Medal awarded, 36.
Limnas, photographs shown, 6.
Lister, A., comm. (Lister), 12.
Lister, Miss G., Tristkha hyjpnoides in
Egypt, 12.
Lithophyllia i'rom Torres Strait, 16.
Lodge, G. E., gyrfalcons shown, 1 5.
Lowe, E. J., presumed fern-hybrid, 7.
Liitken, C. F., death reported, 19 ;
obituary, 45-46.
Lydekker, E., isee Lankester, E. E., &
E. Lydekker.
Lyne, E. N., admitted, i.
MacMahon, A. H., elected Fellow, 52.
Malacostraca of the Mediterranean, 12.
Massee, G., Berkeley's fungi, 17; fungi
shown, I,
Massee, G., & E. S. Salmon, Copro-
philous fungi, 53.
Medal, Linnean, awarded, 36.
Mediterranean Malacostraca, 12.
Michael, A. D., removed from Council,
20.
Middleton, E. M., Virginian Oysters,
II.
Milne-Eedhead, E., death reported, 19
obituary, 47-48.
Mimicry in butterflies, 6.
Mitchell, P. C, Intestinal tract of Birds,
14.
Mivart, Dr. St. G. J., portrait pre-
sented, 13.
Mivart, Mrs., portrait of the late Dr. St.
G. J. Mivart presented by, 13.
Models of plants, 12.
Monckton, H. W., geological views
shown, 19; on resolutions arising
out of a paper, 52.
Moore, J. E. S., Park lands in Central
Africa, 2.
Morgan, E., death reported, 19 ; obitu-
ary, 46-47.
Moseley, H. N., on sound made by
Acheroiitia, 6.
Moseleya latistella, Queleh, 16.
Miillerian mimicry, 6
Mummified hawk, 15.
Murie, J., orange within an orange, 12.
Muri'ay, G. E. M., Scrutineer, 20.
Mussel- shells, large, 4, 5.
Mytilus cygneus, mentioned, 4.
siagnalis, mentioned, 4.
Neognathffi, palate of (Pycraft), 1 7.
Nepenthes, models shown, 2.
Nest from Trinidad shown, 2, 3.
Neudau, female roedeer with antlers,
from, 13.
New Zealand, Terrestriallsopoda (Chil-
ton), 2.
Newton, Prof. A., gift of Yarrell's
watch, 17.
Newton, E. T., on flint nodule from
Lewes, 16.
Nomenclature, provisional (Bernard)
lo-ii, 51.
Norman, Eev. A. M., elected Coun-
cillor, 20.
Norwegian gyrfalcon, supposed, 15,
Obituary notices, 37-51.
Officers elected, 20.
Orange, abnormal, 12.
Owl, Little, shown, i.
Oyster-bed, at Tilly Whim, 10; Dur-
leston Bay, 10.
Oysters, Pearl, 7 ; cultivation (Jame*
son), 8; Virginian, u.
Pace, S., Corallum in Turhinaria, i6 ;
on Pearl - oysters, 7 ; rugose coral
shown, 16.
Packard, A. S., elected Foreign Member,
16.
Palate of NeognathsE (Pycraft), 17.
Park lands in Central Africa (Moore),
2.
Patron, His Majesty the King, 17.
Pearl-oysters, 7 ; cultivation (Jameson),
8.
Pearson, H. H. W., admitted, 12;
elected Fellow, 15.
Pearson, H. H. W., see Hemsley, W. B. ,
& H. H. W. Pearson.
Peregrine falcon, supposed, 15.
Perredes, P. E. F., admitted, 16; elec-
ted, 15.
Perrin, G. S., deatli reported, 19';
obituary, 47.
Pcfrobium, genus alluded to, 2.
Plant-histology in photographs, 12.
Plant-models, shown, 12.
Plants from the High Andes (Hemsley
& Pearson), 14.
Poliothyrsus, Oliver, mentioned, 16.
Porites, provisional naming (Bernard),
II.
Portland Oyster-bed, 10.
Poulton, E. B., Death's-head moth
shown, 6, 7 ; mimetic butterflies, 6.
Pi'esident, Annual Address, 21-36;
elected, 20 ; exhibition of Leptomin,
20.
Proboscis of Death's-head moth, sound
irom, 6.
Probyn, Sir D., letter, 17.
Provisional nomenclature (Bernard),
10-11, 51.
Pui'beck Oyster-bed, 10.
Pycraft, W. P., Palate of Xeognatha?,
17-
Ejiciborski's views on Leptomin, 10.
Raratonga, Fitchia nutans from, 2.
Rattray, J., death reported, 19.
Read, C, chestnuts from, 2.
Rendle, A. B., Halophila from Tuti-
corin, 4 ; removed from Council, 20 ;
Zostera from Kwen Lun, 4.
Report, Auditors', presented, 17 ; Libra-
rian's, 19-20; Secretaries', 19; Trea-
sui-er's, adopted, 19.
Rhizopods, British (West), 14.
Robinson, T. R., elected Fellow, 3.
Roedeer, female, with antlers, 13.
Rothschild, Hon. W., Swainson corre-
spondence, 9, 76.
Rugose coral shown, i 6.
LINN. SOC. rEOCEEDIKGS. — SESSION
Salmon, E. S., sec Massee, G., & E. S.
Salmon.
Saltash, Glossy Ibis from, i.
Sapium, specimens shown, 14,
Sarracenia, models of, shown, 12.
Saunders, H., on Little Owl, i ; on
supposed Peregrine falcon, 15.
Sclater, P. L., on provisional nomen-
clature, 52.
Scolopendrioid sori, 8.
Scolopcndrium nigriceps shown, 8.
vulgare, intermediate form, 7, 8.
Scott, D. H., nominated V.-P., 51.
Scrutineers appointed, 20.
Scyllmm catulus, egg and oviducal
gland, 17.
Secretaries elected, 20 ; report of deaths,
elections, and withdrawals, 19.
Seeds of TiUandsia, birds'-nests made
of, 2, 3.
Seward, A. C, admitted, 52 ; elected
Fellow, 51.
Shells of swan-mussel, 4, 5.
Shenstone, J. C, admitted, i.
Sladen, W. P., death reported, 19
obituary, 48-50.
Smedley, H. E. H., fungi shown, i ;
models of plants, 12 ; photomicro-
graphs shown, II, 12; fossil bones
shown, 11, 12.
Smith, Miss A. H., fungi shown, i.
Soames, H. A., elected Fellow, 3.
Solander, D. C, Fitchia found by, 2.
Sori of ferns, 8.
Sound produced by Death's-head moth,
6.
S'jihenodon, egg of, 17.
St at ice, species in Hill's ' Flora Britan-
nica,' 5.
■ lychnidifulia, shown, 3.
occidentalis, mentioned, 3.
Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., elected Auditor,
15-
Stewart, C, on Scyllium catidus and
Sphenodon, 17.
Storrie, J., death reported, 19 ; obitu-
ary. 50-51.
Swainson correspondence bound, 9, 76.
Swan, A. P., withdrawn, 19.
Swan-mussel shells, large, 4, 5.
Swanage, Ammonite at, 10.
Sway, cluster of chestnuts from, 2.
Swinhoe, C, on the word " mummy,"^
IS-
Tahiti, Fitchia in, 2.
Thanks voted to Auditors, 19; to.
President, 36.
Thompson, H. S., elected Fellow 52.
Thrifts, British (Druce), 5.
1900-1901. g
INDEX.
Thurston, E., Halophila sent by, 4.
Tibet, high-level plants from (Hemsley
& Pearson), 15.
Tillandsia, birds'-nest of seeds of a
species, 2, 3.
Tilly Whim, Portland Oyster-beds, 10.
Tims, H. W. M., Tooth-genesis in
Caviidte, 8.
Toad in a flint-nodule, 14, 15.
Tonga Islands, flora of Vavau (Burkill
& Crosby), 6.
Tooth-genesis in Caviidte (Tims), 8.
Torres Strait, rugose coral from, 16.
Treasurer elected, 20 ; his annual state-
ment, 17.
Trimen, R., Scrutineer, 20.
Trinidad, birds'-nest from, 2, 3.
Tristicha hypnoides in Egypt (Lister),
12.
Tubnai Island, Fifchia from, 2.
Turhinaria, corallum in (Pace), 15.
Turin, Bressa Prize announced, 6.
Tuticorin, Hcdophila from, 4.
Types of Berkeley's fungi (Massee),
17-
Urban, I., elected Foreign Member, 16.
Vaughan, Prof. I., death reported, 19 ;
obituary, 51.
Vavau, Flora of (Burkill & Crosby), 6.
Vice-Presidents nominated, 51.
Vienna, Imperial and Royal Zooiogica
and Botanical Society, Jubilee, 6.
Vines, Prof. S. H., Address to the Kingj
9; Annual Address, 21-36; electea
President, 20.
Walker, A. O., elected Auditor, x 5 ;
fungi shown, i ; Malacosstracan fauna
of Mediterranean, 12.
Watson, A. T., admitted 5 ; on Ammo-
charidffi, 6.
West. G. S., British Freshwater Rhizo-
pods and Heliozoa, 14; elected Fellow
14.
West, W., & G. S. West Freshwater 1
Algaj of Ceylon, 53,
Wheldon, J. A., admitted, 51 ; elected
Fellow, 6.
Williams, J. W., admitted i .
Withdrawals reported, 19.
Worsdell, W. C, Comparative anatomy ■
of Cycadacece, 3.
Wright, C. H., specimens of ferns •
shown, 8.
Wright, L. S., admitted, 17.
Yarrell, W., his gold watch presented !
by Prof. A. Newton, 17.
Yepal Ungar, Zostera. from, 4.
Yunnan, two new plant-genera from,i
16.
Zostera marina from Yepal Ungar, 4.
naiui, mentioned, 5.
(PBINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
Is
s
L.P.
2-
PROCEEDI^^eS
/ 901/1.
OF THE
\ LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
(OXE HUNDRED AXD FOURTEEXTH SESSIOX, 1901-1902.)
Xovember 7th, 1901.
Prof. S. H. A'lXES, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The ^Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Dr. Eobert Francis Scharff was elected, and Messrs, Coni-ad
Theodore Green and Theodore Eichard Eobinson were admitted
Fellows of the Society.
Mr. AV. BoTTiXG Hemsley, F.E.S., F.L.S., on behalf of the
Director of the Eoyal Gardens, Kew, exhibited the following spe-
cimens : — (1) A AVest -Australian Umbelhferous shrub, Siehera
ile-ftexa, which produces tubers, called Yvle by the aborigines, who
eat them both raw and coolvcd. Many shrubs in dry countries
form large tuberous stocks from which annual stems spring ; but
the tubers of Siehera dejUxa grow in strings showing no trace of
eyes or buds, but scars where stems may have been detached.
Whether independent plants spring from the separate tubers is a
question which remains to be determined. — (2) Germinating
seeds of Arcmcaria BidivilUi, received from Grahamstown. The
peculiarity in the germination is that there are two distinct stages ;
in the first stage the radicle emerges from the shell of the seed,
eventually brmging out the petioles of the cotyledons and the axis
of the plautlet. The radicle grows into a carrot-shaped woody
bodv, from which the petioles of the cotyledons disarticulate,
leaving a few minute rudimentary leaves forming the point of the
plumule. After some weeks the second stage begins with the
elongation of the plumule, which eventually becomes the trunk of
the tree. It appears that the second stage may be delayed a
LIXX. SOC. PROCEEDryGS. — SESSION' 1901-1902. h
M
2 PKOCEEDIXGS OF THE
considerable time without loss of vitality. The germination of the
seeds of Araiicaria BichvilUi had been previously observed, and the
process has been described and illustrated in Kegel's ' Gartenflora,'
1865, p. 103 ; but the two stages of growth escaped notice.
Another peculiarity is there pointed out : each seed contained two
or more embryos, which germinated and grew so that 164 plants
were raised from seventy-five seeds. Arancaria BidwiUil is the
Bunya-himya of Queensland, and the seeds were formerly an
important article of food of the Australian aborigines. — (3) A
drawing of Archidendron solomonensis, a new pluricarpellary
Leguminous tree, native of the Solomon Islands, where it was
discovered by Archdeacon Comins. In this instance there were
three ripe pods developed from one flower ; and it was explained
that in the flowering stage there were usually eight carpels, but
they probably rarely, if ever, all reach maturity. The genus
Arcliidendron was founded on an xlustralian species, and since
then several other species have been discovered in Xew Guinea,
and the adjacent islands. — (4) A selection of South- African species
of Helichrysum showing the great diversity in habit, foliage, and
flowers displayed by this very large genus of Compositte. In
extra-tropical South Africa alone there are probably not less than
200 species, and some idea of the variety they present may be
gathered from such names as jyaronycMoides, popidi folium, and
ericoides. H. ca'sjntitium is like a moss in foliage and habit,
forming large cushions which, when covered with saiall white
flovrers, resemble some of the alpine species of Arenaria.
Dr. A. B. Rendle, F.L.S., showed germinating seeds of Crinum
longifolium, received from Mr. E. A. Bowles, as an example of the
so-called bulbiform seeds which characterize this and some other
allied genera of Amaryllidcce. In the genus Calosiemma, Baillou
has shown that a bulbil-like structure is developed from a normal
ovule by replacement of the embryo-sac by an adventitious shoot,
the ovule-integuments becoming at the same time fleshy, to form
the outer bulb-scales. But in the majority of cases a true seed is
produced, enclosing a normal embryo embedded in endosperm.
In Bymenocallis the outer ovule-integument becomes large and
fleshy, and forms the bulk of the tuber-like seeds ; w^hereas iu
Crinum the ovule is naked from the first, and the tuber-like
structure consists of a mass of succulent endosperm svirrounding
the embryo. There is no true seed-coat, but the outermost layer
of the endosperm has become corky, while in several layers below
this protective covering chlorophyll has been developed in the ceils.
As Goebel showed for Crinum asiaticum, the endosperm is thus
enabled to grow as an independent organism. The course of
germination is that characteristic of many Monocotyledons. The
lower portion of the cotyledon folloW'S the radicle out of the seed
and in its downward growth, carrying the plumule protected in
its sheathing base. The tip of the cotyledon remains in the seed,
where it enlarges to form a sucker for absorbing the food stored
LINXEAjy SOCIETI OF LOXDON. 3
in the endosperm. The first leaf of the pkiraule breaks through
the cotvledou-sheath, the base of which subsequently becomes
fleshy, to form the outermost scale of the young bulb.
A discussion followed on these exhibitions, in Avhich Messrs. AV.
Carruthers, A. W. Bennett, and B. Daydon Jackson took part.
The President called attention to a specimen of Luzala nivea
from a culti\ated plant of unusual dimensions.
Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.E.S., F.L.S., communicated some Xotes on
the types of species of Carex in Boott's Herbarium, on which
observations were made by Mr. Carruthers.
The following paper was read : —
" On the Life- history of the Black - Currant Gall-Mite,
Eriophyes {Phytoptus) ribis, AVestwood." By Cecil AVarburton,
M.A., F.Z.S., and Miss Alice Embleton, B.Sc. (Communicated by
Prof. G. B. Howes, P.E.S., Sec.L.S.)
Xovember 21st, 1901.
Prof. S. H. A'lXEs, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Christopher George Keddell was admitted a Fellow of the
Societj-,
The President referred to the experiment made this Session of
reserving certain evenings for Botany and Zoology respectively,
and pointed out that the continuance of the practice depended
upon the cooperation of the Fellows and their attendance in
sufficient numbers to warrant such reservation.
Dr. A. B. Eendle, F.L.S. , showed specimens of Rubvs austmlis,
Forster, the ]S'ew Zealand " La\^"yer-A^ne," which had been sent by
Mr. F. AV". Burbidge from the Trinity College Botanic Gardens,
Dublin. The specimens, which comprised three forms, furnished
a striking example of variability within the range of a single
species. One, the leafv form, bore leaves with three large leaflets
somewhat prickly on the stalks and midrib, recalling our native
Blackberry. In an intermediate form the leaflets were much
reduced in size, while the stalks were longer and much more
prickly. In a third the flat leaf-surface had completely disappeared,
the leaves now consisting of an elongated stalk bearing long naked
midribs, beset, like the leafstalks and the stem, with strong, short
reciu-ving prickles, by means of which the plant climbs over
surrounding vegetation. Mr. Burbidge states that the three
forms are from three distinct plants, reared from seeds sent from
New Zealand ; thev are said to be permanent under cultivation.
62
4 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Unforkmately there is no record of the peculiarities of habitat
of the diiferent forms iu their native home. The scaudent type,
with its complete reduction of leaf-surface, is obviously adapted
for growth under much drier conditions than the leafy one. In
the xerophyte the assimilating function is shared to a great extent
by the well-developed green cortex of the elongated stem, which
in the second vear becomes separated by the formation of a deep-
seated cork layer, as was pointed out some years ago by Prof. F.
W. Oliver.
As M'ith our own Ruhi, there is in the case of Ruhus nustralis
also some diffei'ence of opinion as to the limitation of species.
In his ' New Zealand Flora ' Sir J. Hooker suggests three varieties,
to one of which (cissoides) all the three specimens now iu question
belong. Allan Cunningham, however, raised the varieties to
specific rauk, and Thomas Kirk, in . his recent ' Floi'a of New
Zealand,' takes a similar view. It is interesting to note, hov\'ever»
that in the original specimen, now in the British Museum, which
Forster collected aucl on which he founded his species in 1786,
two at least of these presumed species are represented, and the
same remark applies to a specimen collected by Banks and Solander
at Totaranui in 1791, and also preserved in the National
herbarium.
Eemarks were made by Messrs. C. B. Clarke, W. Carruthers,
and 0. Stapf.
The President gave an account of his iu^estigation of the
proteolytic enzyme of Nepenthes (see p. 45).
A discussion followed, in which Prof. Percy Grroom, Prof. Howes,
Mr. H. N. Ridley, and Rev. T. R. R. Stebb'ing took part.
The following paper was read : —
" On the Flora of Rarotouga." By T. F. Cheeseman, F.L.S.
December 5th, 1901.
Dr. D. H. Scott, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
The following were elected Fellows of the Society : — Lieut.-
Col. Arthur Arnold Barrett, Mr. Graham Ewart Bott, the Rev.
"William Burgess, Capt. Charles Donovan, Capt. Andrew^ Thomas
Grage, Mr. Ernest John Lewis, Mr. Charles Smith Nicholson,
Mr. Henry William Potts, and Mr. John Frederick Waby.
Dr. W. RiDEWooD, F.L.S. , exhibited nine specimens of abnormal
sacra in the Edible Frog (Bana esculenta) and one iu the Common
Frog {Rana temporaria\ (see p. 46). Some additional remarks,
were made by Prof. Gr. B, Howes.
HX:yEAX SOCIETY OP LOXlX^y.
5
The follow ing jiapers were read : —
1. " On Protoplasmic Coanectiotis in the Lichens.'" By Dr, J.
H. Salter. (Communicated by Prof. J. B. Farmer, F.L.S.)
2. " On Foraminifera collected round the Funafuti Atoll from
Shallow and ]\roderately Deep Water." By Frederick Chapman
A.L.S. ' * ^
December lUth, 1901.
Prof. S. H. Vines, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Prof. G. B. IIoAVES exhibited a marine organism received from
Dr. Gilchrist, of South Africa. It measures 15 cm. in length, and
is structureless and transparent, in section four-sided, with its
angles prolonged and each intervening area concave. A central
tubular cavity is present, and at one end a deep constriction,
which may be due to wave-action or other artificial causes. Ideas
of a Ctenophoran, the cast-off test of a Tunicate of the Distoma
type, of a Myxicolid worm-tube, an egg-capsule, and others which
had occurred, had all been discarded ; and after having submitted
the object to a dozen trained experts, he put it forward in the
hope of obtaining a clue to its significance and zoological position.
In commenting upon this exhibit, the President said he believed
the occasion was probably the first in the history of the Society
when an object had been laid upon the table to which no one
present could give a name.
Prof. Howes also exhibited a mounted specimen of the Giant
Arguluis (A. scHtiformis) from a Japanese Teirodon, which he had
received from Prof. D'Arcy Thompson. The creature measured
3 cm. in length, and his attention was first drawn to it on a recent
visit to the Berlin Museum, where to the best of his recollection
there is a larger example, and where the species is being fully
worked out.
The Eev. T. R. R. Stebbing, in commenting on the exhibit,
made some remarks on the species A. giganteus, and observed that
in the kindred genus Dolojjs there is a species {D. longicauda)
which about equals in size the specimen exhibited. He showed a
specimen of the giant Ostracod received from Dr. Gilchrist, which
he had named Crosso/Jwnis africanus, the animal being almost as
large as a cherry.
Mr, J. E. S. MooHE exhibited the entire specimen and a micro-
scopic preparation, with drawings, of a new Polyzoon, encrusting
the shell of Paramelania, dredged on the West coast of Lake
Tanganyika, at a depth of 25 fathoms. He showed it to be
typically gymnolieraatous, and to present characters most nearly
suggestive of the marine genus Arachnidium.
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Dr. C. W. Andrews, F.G-.S., gave a short accouat of his recent
visit to Egypt, and showed lanteru-sHdes illustrating some of the
districts in which vertebrate fossils were collected. The most im-
portant journeys were to Mozara with Mr. T. Barrow, and to the
Tayum with Mr. H. J. L. Beadnell, officers of the Egyptian
Geological Survey. In the former locality remains of Mastodon,
Bracliyodus, and other vertebrates of Lower Miocene age were
found ; and in the latter a large series of bones from Middle and
Upper Eocene beds were collected. These include a number of '
very interesting forms, some of which (Palceomastodoyi and Moeri-
tlierium) seem to be early Proboscidians, and indicate that that
group originated in an Ethiopian land-area which became united
to the Palsearctic land in Oligocene times.
A number of plaster-casts of some of the more important speci-
mens were shown.
A discussion followed in which Dr. A. Smith-Woodward,
Dr. Forsyth Major, and Prof. Howes took part.
Mr. E. AliLLEE Ckrtsty, E.L.S., exhibited and made remarks
on a specimen of White's Thrush, Turdus varius, Pallas, which had
been shot near Clavering, in Essex, so long ago as January 1894,
and had been preserved for Mr. Eolfe, but had only recently been
identified as a rarity.
Mr. J. E. Harting stated that about the same time another
bird of this species, which he had seen, had been procured near
Southampton, and that the two might well have arrived in company
from Siberia. After pointing out the geographical distribution of
the species, and its distinguishing characters, he exhibited coloured
figures of the egg, which is one of the rarest in collections ; and,
for comparison, a figure of the egg and nest of the allied Turdus
lunulatus of Australia.
The Eev. John Gerard, E.L.S., exhibited a nest of the Sand-
Martin {Cotile riparia) made Avithin the nest of a Dipper {Cinchis
aqtiaticus), found near Bashall Hall, Yorkshire, in M'hich eggs of
the former bird had been laid and hatched after the latter had
ceased to occupy it.
Mr. S. Pace exhibited specimens of the common Torres Straits
Snail PJanisjiira {Trachiojisis) ddessertiana, to illustrate the
armature of the penis with minute calcareous spines. He likewise
exhibited a specimen and drawings from life of a rare pelagic
Tectibranch, Euselenops {Neda) luniceps, taken in Eriday Island
Passage, Torres Straits. Only two specimens of this interesting
form appear to have been hitherto noted, namely the one originally
though erroneously figured by Cuvier (Pegne Anim. ii. p. 396),
which had been probably collected by Peron and Lesueur at
Mauritius, and another obtained during the voyage of the
' Samarang ' (Adams & Eeeve, ' Zoology of the Voyage of the
Samaranr/,' Molluscii, p. 66, pi. 18. fig. 6).
LI?r>-EAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 7
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Anatomy of an Indian Gasteropod belonging to the
genus PontiofJiauma." By S. Pace, F.Z.S. (Communicated hj
Prof. G. B. Howes, Sec.L.S.)
2. " On the Ostracoda collected round the Funafuti Atoll." Bv
Frederick Chapman, A.L.S.
January 16th, 1902.
Prof. S. H. YixES, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Charles Edgar Salmon was elected, and Mr. Charles Smith
Nicholson and the Eev. William Burgess were admitted Fellows
of the Society.
Mr. Alfred O. AValker, F.L.S., exhibited some branches of
Cherry affected with a fungus disease caused by Gnomonia
eri/tJirostoma, and made the following remarks : — In the autumn
of 1900 certain varieties of CheiTy were noticed in Kent to retain
their leaves in a withered state at the time of normal leaf-fall.
They were examined by 3Ir. G. Massee, and the fungus causing
the mischief was ascertained to be Gnomonia erytlirostoma, Auersw.
The Eoyal Agricultural Society investigated the evil, and
recommended that all the affected leaves should be stripped off
and burned, to avoid future mischief. Although few growers did
this, the crop of 1891 was exceedingly good. The immunity of
the Cherry orchards from the menaced calamity was ascribed by
the exhibitor to the comparatively equable temperatures and the
small rainfall of the latter year, whilst the outbreak in 1900 was
attributed to the extreme low temperatures in May, following
abnormally high temperatures in April.
A discussion followed in which Messrs. G. Massee, E. S. Salmon,
and "W. Carruthers took part.
Mr. J. E. Haeten'g, F.L.S., exhibited some heads of "Wild Sheep
together with photographs and lantern-slides, to illustrate a
recent suggestion as to the use and value of spiral horns in feral
species.
Dr. George Wherry, of Cambridge, who originated the discus-
sion and who was present as a visitor, selected Ovis nivicola ot
Kamtschatka as a typical species to support his theory, and
pointed out that while the horns were enormous, the ear was
remarkably short, situated exactly in the axis of the spiral, and,
as it were, at the apex of a hollow cone formed by the great spiral
horn. This he regarded as a provision of nature to enable the
animal to hear better, and to determine the direction of sounds
when there is a mist or fog, the horn when used as an ear-trumpet
acting like a megaphone.
8 PROCEEDI>-GS OP THE
Mr. Haetixg poiuted out that the remarkably large spiral horns
were peculiar to the male sex, and that if they were to be regarded
as of use for the preservation of the species, the ewes, which
required the most protection, would be in that respect defenceless.
This would be especially the case with Ovis nivicola, the sexes of
which, according to Dr. Guillemard (Voyage of tlie ' Marchesa,'
vol. i. p. 214), lived apart in small herds for some portion of the
year. It was a significant fact, also, that AYild Sheep, like other
wild animals, posted sentries whilst feeding to prevent being
surprised by their enemies, and it was the experience of those
who hunted them, that when approached, the alarm was generally
given by a ewe. He thought that wild Sheep and Goats, like
Deer, relied more upon their sense of sight and smell than upon
their hearing, and that the large bonis, like those of other
ruminants, were simply weapons of defence against wild carnivora,
and of offence against rivals during the breeding-season, as in the
case of Deer.
A discussion followed in which Messrs. W. E. de Winton, E. T.
Newton, A. Trevor Battye, and the Eev. J. Gerard took part, the
last-named quoting a letter received from his brother, Lt.-Gen. Sir
Montagu Gerard, H.M. Commissioner for delimitation of the
Pamir Boundary with Russia, to the effect that he had seen
skeletons of Ovis Folii which showed that the horns of two big
rams had become interlocked whilst fighting, and that both
animals had perished from their inability to disengage themselves.
Dr. Wheery, in reply, thought it would be found, in the case
of ewes in which the horns were either absent or rudimentai'y,
that the ears, by way of compensation, Avere much lai'ger than
those of the rams ; but he had been unable to find anywhere a
head of a female Ovis nivicola for examination.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Use of Linnean Specific Xames." B}^ Messrs. Henry
and James Groves, E.L.S.
2. " On the Elora of Tibet or High Asia." Bv Messrs. W. B.
Hemsley, E.E.S., E.L.S., and H. H. W. Pearson, M.A., E.L.S.
February 6th, 1902.
Prof. S. H. ViKES, E.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Graham Ewart Bott was admitted, and Messrs. Eichard
Lloyd Griffiths and Thomas William Sanders were elected Eellows
of the Society.
Prof. Reynolds Geeen", E.E.S., E.L.S., exhibited some Prim-
roses which showed the rare phenomenon of sepalody. The
corolla was green and the limbs of the petals were rugose and of
a texture almost comparable with that of the foliage-leaves. He
also showed another specimen in which the calyx as well as the
LI>'>'EAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 9
corolla was petaloid. Both specinieus were received from a
garden in the North of England.
Messrs. H. and J. Groyes, F.L.S., exhibited a series of British
hybrid Batrachian i^rtn»nf«Z/, including R. pehdtusy.Lenormandi
(M. HUtoni, H. & J. Groves), li. Bav.dotitx Drouetii, li. Baudot'd X
Jieteroj^hijllus, and B. })eltati(sxtric7t02'ihi/lh(s, together with speci-
mens of their supposed parents. They pointed out that the hybrids
were usually characterized by (1) being intermediate in appearance
between the two parents, having some of the distinctive characters
of each, but with a more vigorous vegetative growth ; and (2) by
the fruit being mostly abortive and the peduncles not becoming
recurved.
A discussion followed in which Prof. Farmer, Mi*. F. Darwin,
Prof. Dendy, 3Ir. Holmes, Mr. Clement Eeid, and the President
took part.
Dr. D. H. Scott, F.E.S., gave an account, illustrated by lanteru-
shdes, of "An Extinct Family of Ferns" (see p. 47).
A discusssion followed in which Messrs. C. B. Clarke, F. W.
Oliver, W. C. AVorsdell, and A. G. Tansley took part.
The follo^Aing paper was read: —
" On a Method of Investigating the Gravitational Sensitive-
ness of the Eoot-tip."' By Francis Darwin, F.R.S., F.L.S.
February 20th, 1902.
The Eev. T. E. E. SxEBBiyG, M.A., F.E.S., in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
On behalf of Mv. G. M. Thomso>', F.L.S., of Dunedin. X.Z.,
the Secretary exhibited a series of photographs of Xew Zealand
Flowers, including several species of " Mountain Daisy,*' Cdmisia
coriacea, C. rarnidosa, and C. Haastii ; Olearia insignis, Veronica
bifonnis, and Clematis indivisa. The Alpine flora ot these islands
included a number of beautiful plants, many of them, like the
Baonlia (or Vegetable Sheep), produciug white blossoms in such
profusion as to be conspicuous at a considerable distance. One of
the most noticeable was the ereat white Buttercup, Banioicidiis
Li/allii, commonly known as the Mount Cook Lily, of which two
photographs were shown.
In connection with the plants, some observations were made on
the birds which visit them, e. g., the Bell-bird or '• Korimako,"'
Anthornis meJaaura, the Grey "Warbler, Genjgone flavirostris, the
Pied Fantail, Rhipidura jlahellifera, and the Yellow-breasted Tit,
Petroeca macrocephala. Of these, the first named was observed to
assist in the fei'tilization of the native Fuchsias, on quitting which
the feathers of the head were seen to be stained with the bright
blue pollen of the flowers. A favourite nesting-site of the Tit,
lO PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Petroeca macrocephala, was said to be immediately under the head
of the Ti-tree, CordyJine ausircdis, a good photograph of whieli
was likewise exhibited.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Internal Structure and Histology of Bunodeopsis
globidifera, Yerrill, a West-Indian Sea-Auemone." By Dr. J. E.
Duerden. (Communicated by Prof. Gr. B. Howes, Sec.L.S.)
2. " Eeport on the Botanical Publications of the United
Kingdom as part of the International Catalogue of Scientific
Literature.'" By B. Daydon Jackson, Sec.L.S. (See p. 47.)
3. " On the Structure and Afhuities of some Grastropoda from
Lake Tanganyika, belonging to the genera Chytra and Limno-
troclmsr By Miss Lettice Higby. (Communicated by Prof. G. B.
Howes, Sec.L.S.)
March 6th, 1902.
Mr. Heebejit Deuce, F.L.S., in the Chair, succeeded br
Mr. A. D. Michael, P.L.S.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Dr. Eobert Francis Scharff was admitted, and the following
were elected Fellows of the Society : — Messrs. Norman Henry
"William Maclareu, WiUiam Andrew Shoolbred, Arthur Smith,
and William Edward de Winton. Mr. Ernest David Marquand,
of Belle Yue, Ald'^rney, and Mr. Eobert Newstead, of Chester,
were elected Associates.
Mr. J. E. Haetixg, F.L.S., exhibited and made remarks upon
some unpublished coloured drawings by Messrs. J. Gr. Millais and
A. Thorburn of British Freshwater Anatidte illustrating inter-
mediate phases of plumage, through and irrespective of moulting,
not hitherto figured.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On some New Lepadides (Cirripedia) in the Collection of
the British Museum." By Prof. A. Gruvel, of Bordeaux. (Com-
municated by Prof. Gr. B. Howes, Sec.L.S.)
2. "On the Morphology of the Brain in the Mammalia, W'ith
special reference to that of the Lemurs, recent and extinct." By
Pi'of. Gr. Elliot Smith, of Cairo. (Communicated by Prof. Gr. B.
Howes, Sec.L.S.)
March 20th, 1902.
Prof. S. H. Vines, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Edwin John Butler was elected, and Messrs. William
f
LINXEAK SOCIETI OF LONDOX. 1 1
Edward De Wiuton, Charles Edgar Salmon, and Thomas WiUiam
Sanders ^^■ere admitted Fellows of the Society.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On Electric Eesponse in Ordinary Plants under Mechanical
Stimulus;" By Prof. Jagadis Chunder Bose. (Communicated by
the President.)
2. '• On the Fruit of Mdocanna hamhusoides, Trin., an Exalbu-
minous Grass.'" By Dr. O. Stapf, A.L.S.
3. " On Malacostraca from the Ked Sea, collected by Dr. H. O.
Forbes.*' By A. O. Walker, F.L.S., and Andrew Scott.
April 3rd, 1902.
Prof. S. H. Vines, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Harold Stuart-Thompson was admitted, and Messrs. Henry
Haselfoot Haines, Edwin Ernest Lo\\ e. and George Michael Eyan
were elected Fellow s of the Society.
Mr. E. MoRTO^f MiDDLETON, F.L.S., exhibited two Letters from
Linnteus to Dr. David van Eoyen and Mr. Eichard Warner of
"Woodford, dated respectively 18 April 1769 and 29 Sept. 1758
(see p. 48), as also a Letter from Sir J. E. Smith to N. Wallich
on Nepalese Plants written in 1819.
Eemarks thereon were made by the Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing,
Mr. Carruthers, and Mr. Daydon Jackson.
Mr. E. A. EoLFE, A.L.S. , on behalf of the Director, Eoyal
Gardens, Ke\^", exhibited a series of specimens of Pachira aquatica,
Aubl.. and P. insir/nis, SaA'igny, from British Guiana, collected by
the late G. S. Jenman, F.L.S., Government Botanist, to illustrate
the great variation which exists in the size and shape of the fruits.
It appeared that the two species were best distinguished by their
flowers, those of P. insignis being very large and having broad
crimson petals of considerable substance, while those of F. aquatica
were smaller, and the petals light yellow, narrower, and of more
slender texture. No distinguishing character had been detected in
the fruit, which, though varying greatly in size and shape, seemed
almost to duplicate itself in the characteristic forms of the two
species. In both, the shape varies from fusiform-oblong and
considerably elongated to shortly elliptical, with a series of inter-
mediate forms, as seen in the series exhibited. There was also a
certain amount of variation in the leaves and flowers, though in the
latter each species retained its own essential character. These
trees were common over the great alluvial forest-region, extending
also to Brazil, and were commonly cultivated for ornament.
Mr. Caekuthees, F.E.S., in making some observations on the
subject, prefaced his remarks by deploring the loss which the Society
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
had sustained by the recent death of Mr. Jeuman, whose labours in
the cause of Botanical Science, and whose work on the Ferns of
Jamaica especially, had added much to our knowledge of the
subjects investigated by him.
In the discussion which followed, Dr. Kendle, Mr. Morton
Middleton, and the President spoke.
On behalf of Mr. W. B. Hemslet, F.E.S., Mr. Eolfe also ex-
hibited some specimens illustrating the precocious germination of
the seeds of a species of Dracania. Germination had taken place
through the pericarp while the berries were still hanging on the
plant.
The following papers were read : —
1. "A Contribution to the Composite Flora of Africa." By
Spencer L. Moore, F.L.8.
2. " On a Biseriate Halonial Branch oi LejyidojjJdoios fuliginosm
(Williamson)." By Prof. F. E. Weiss, F.L.S.
April 17th, 1902.
Prof. S. H. Vines, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. William Andrew Shoolbred was admitted, and Messrs.
Charles Eenfric Chichester and Edward Percy Stebbing were
elected Fellows of the Society.
In view of the approaching Anniversary Meeting the Eev. T. E,
E. Stebbing and Mr. W. B. Hemsley were elected Auditors on
behalf of the Council ; and Messrs. H. AV. Monckton and A. O.
Walker on the part of the Fellows.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Anatomy of Todea, with Xotes on the Affinity and
Geological Histoiy of the Osmundacete." By Albert Charles
Seward, F.L.S. , and Miss Sibille Ormstou Ford.
2. " On the New Zealand Phyllobranchiate Crustacea-Macrura."'
By George Malcolm Thomson, F.L.S.
May 1st, 1902.
Prof. S. H. VI^ES, F.E.S., President in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Messrs. John Parkin, Charles Gilbert Eogers, and Otto Stapf
were elected Fellows; and Messrs. Alfred Giard, Hans Jacob
LINNEAN" SOCIETY OE LOXDOX. I j
Hansen, Charles Sprague Sargent, Franz Eilhard Schulze, and
Julius AViesner were elected Foreigii Members of tlie Societj^
The President announced that li.E.H the Prince oe Wales
had graciously consented to become a Honorary Member of the
Society, an announcement which was received with acclamation.
The President further announced that the Council had decided
to award the Gold Medal of the Society this year to Prof. Kudole
Albert xos Kolliker, of Wiirzburg, in recognition of his
important contributions to Zoological Science.
Mr. J. E. Habting, P.L.S., exhibited photographs of a living-
specimen, of tlie African Shoebill (Balceniceps rex), forwarded from
Cairo by Sir Williau Garstin, K.C.M.G., and gave some account
of the bird, and of the diiferent vie\^■s which had been expressed by
zoologists regarding its affinities and systematic position.
In the absence of the authors, who were abroad, the followino-
papers were communicated by the Zoological Secretary, Prof. G.
B. Howes, E.E.S. :—
1. " On th^ Mammalian Cerebellum, with special reference to.
that of the Lemurs." By Dr. G. Elliot Smith.
2. "On the Brain of the Elephant'Shrew(ifrtcrosceZicZe5 j»-oios-
cideus, Shaw)." By Dr. G. Elliot Smith.
3. " On the Early Condition of the Shoulder-girdle in the Poly-
protodont Marsupials Dasyurus and Perameles." By Dr. E. Broom.
May 24th, 1902.
Anniversary Meeting,
Prof. S. H. AMINES, E.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting \^ere read and confirmed.
Dr. Otto Stapf was admitted a Eello\'(-.
The President then moved from the Chair that his Eoyal
Highness the Prince of AVales, K.G., be elected an Honorary
Member, which was carried by acclamation, the Eellows rising in
their places.
The Treasurer's Einancial Statement duly audited, as detailed on,
p. 15, was submitted to the Meeting; Mr. Thomas Christy then
moved a vote of thanks to the Treasurer, which after being
seconded was carried.
14
PEOCEEDINGS OP THE
The Senior Secretary read his report o£ deaths, withdrawals, and
elections as follows :—
Since the last Auniversar}' Meeting 15 Fellows had died or their
deaths been ascertained : —
Mr. Edward John Beale.
Mr. Amos Beardsley.
Mr. Alfred William Bennett.
Dr. John Cockle.
Col. Sir Henry Collett.
Mr. Thomas Comber.
Mr. Rochfort Connor.
Mr. Samuel Henry Drew.
Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert.
Mr. George Samuel Jeumau.
Mr. John Clavell Mausel-
Pleydell.
Mr. AVilliam Martiudale.
Dr. W. M. Ord.
Mr.William Frederick Saunders.
Mr. George Perafusson Wilson.
FOEEIGN MeMBEES (4).
Prof. Carl Eduard Cramer.
Dr. Robert Hartig.
Dr. Alexander Kowalevski.
Prof. Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers.
The followino- eleven Pellows had resigued
Mr. Arthur S. Atkinson.
Mr. Travers James Briant.
Mr, Charles B. Cory.
Dr. Michael C. Grabham.
Mr. Frederic M. Halford.
Mr. Guy Halliday.
Mr. James Keys.
Mr. Kenneth McKean.
Mr. Samuel A. Moor.
Mr. John William Taylor.
Rev. R. Thorn.
Six Fellow^s had been removed from the Society's list by order
of the Council in accordance with Chapter II. Section 9 of the Bye-
Laws; and 32 Fellows, 2 Associates, and 5 Foreign Members had
been elected.
The Librarian's report was read as follows : —
" During the past year there had been received as Donations
from Private Individuals 51 volumes and 178 Pamphlets.
"From the various Dniversities, Academies, and Scientific
^Societies, there had been received in exchange and otherwise 229
volumes and 100 detached parts, besides 52 volumes and 50 parts
obtained by exchange and donations from the Editors and Pro-
prietors of independent Periodicals.
" The Council had sanctioned the purchase of 165 volumes, and
101 parts of important works.
" The total additions to the Library were therefore 497 volumes,
and 429 separate parts.
LI^"^'EA^' society of loxdox.
15
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1 6 PROCEEDINGS OP THE
" The number of books bound during the year was as follows : —
" In half-morocco 316 volumes, in half-calf 7 volumes, in full
cloth 126 volumes, in vellum 22 volumes, in buckram 36 volumes,
in boards or half-cloth 11 volumes, relabelled (half -morocco and
cloth backs) 27 volumes. Total 5-15 volumes."
The Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the elections,
The President opened the business of the day, and the i'eUows
present proceeded to ballot for the Council.
The ballot having been closed the President nominated Dr. E.
B^aith^^■aite, Mr. E. M. Holmes, and Mr. T. Christy, Scrutineers.
The votes having been examined and counted, the Scrutineers
reported to the President, who thereupon declared the result as
follows : — Dr. Fkederick DuCane Godman, Mr. Hen"kt Groyes,
Rev. Canon ALFiJED Merle Normai^, Mr, Clement Eetd, and Dr.
Arthur Smith AVoodward removed from the Council, and the
following elected in their place : — Mr. George Massee, Mr. George
Sharp Saunders, Colonel Charles Swinhoe, Mr. Arthur George
Tansley, and Mr. Alfred Osten Walker.
The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President
appointed the same Scrutineers, and the votes having been ex-
amined, counted, and reported to the President, he declared the
result as follows : —
President^ Prof. Sydney Howard Vines.
Treasurer, Mr. Frank Crisp.
(-, . f Prof. George Bond Howes.
Secretaries ^ -j^^,_ Dukinfield Henry Scott.
The President then delivered his Annual Address.
LI>'>'EA>- SOCIETl- OF LO>'DOX. 17
PEESIDENTIAL ADDEESS, 1902.
The recurrence of the Anniversary Meeting of our Society brings
with it the traditional obligation of an Address from the Chair, at
once the greatest privilege and the most difficult task attaching to
the Presidential office. Whilst it is a high privilege to speak from
a Chair that has been occupied by a long line of distinguished men
of science, it is a formidable undertaking to deliver an address that
shall be not unworthy of such illustrious predecessors.
On the present occasion J. endeavour to allay my own misgivings
by the reflection that the circumstances luider which we are met
are such as to call for an address which will not challenge com-
parison with the brilliant performances of the past. The year of
the Society's life which is now closing has been marked by im-
portant events affecting its domestic policy ; and it is tliese, rather
than purely scientific topics, that will form my principal subject-
matter. It is, I think, not undesirable that, on the occasion of
the Anniversary, the President should bring before the Eellows the
chief points in the history of the Society for the year, and thus,
in a sense, render an account of his stewardship.
Let me, first of all, congratulate the Society upon the election
of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales as an Honorary
Member. It cannot be other than a source of the greatest satis-
faction to the Fellows that his name, like those of his Eoyal Father
and Grandfather, should adorn our roll.
I have also great pleasure in reminding you that the Linnean
Medal has this year been awarded to Prof. Albert von Kcilliker, of
the University of Wiirzburg, our oldest, and I may add our most
distinguished. Foreign Member. Prof, von Kolliker was elected as
long ago as 1S5S, when he had alread}' achieved a reputation that
might well have sufficed for a lifetime. As a fellow-worker with
Schleiden, Schwann, and iS^aegeli, in the foundation of the cell-
theory, he had even then come into the first rank of biologists, a
position that he has never ceased to hold and has recently more
than justified by the publication of a new edition of his ' Gewebe-
lehre."
You have heard from the Senior Secretary of the losses which
we, as a Society, have sustained during the past year. Whilst we
may congratulate ourselves that the number is not larger, we have
to deplore the death of some distinguished and well-known Fellows
whom we can ill afford to miss. The name of Sir Joseph Henry
Gilbert will always be associated scientifically with the earhest
investigation of the nitrogenous nutrition of plants ; and economi-
cally, with the foundation of the first and most important station
for experimental agriculture, the operations of which he directed
with untiring energy and unquahfied success for more than half a
century. In other countries, where Agriculture is rightly recog-
nized as the mainstay of the nation, such institutions are deemed
LtNTf. SOC. PBOCEEDIJfGS. — SESSION 1901-1902. C
1 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
worthy of Govermnent support : in our own, until quite recently, they
have been left to private munificence and enterprise. It was indeed
a fortunate circumstance that two such men as Sir John Lawes
and Sir Henry Gilbert should have cooperated in establishing the
experimental farm at Eothamsted. They have now both gone from
us ; but the results of their labours remain as a splendid legacy to
our people, and as a lasting memorial of their devotion and genius.
In Sir Ilenrj^ Collett we lose an accomplished botanist Avho Avas
also a gallant soldier and a capable administrator, a combination of
qualities that seems to be peculiarly British. It would not be easy
to estimate how much this Society, and other kindred Societies,
owe to the public services, and more particularly the Indian, for
the invaluable recruits whom we continually draw from their ranks.
It is impossible to attend the meetings of the Society without
being conscious of tlie absence of the always welcome and once
familiar figure of the late A. W. Bennett. A laborious student and a
conscientious teacher of Botany, Mr. Bennett showed his loyalty
to this Society by the regularity of his attendance at our meetings,
to the interest of which he so frequently contributed either by
papers of his own or by valuable criticisms on those of others.
Turning now to our Foreign Members, we find further cause
for regret. We tender oar respectful condolences to the scientific
world of l>ance on the death of Henri deLacaze-Duthiers, Mem bre
de riustitut, Professor of Zoology and Anatomy at the Sorbonne,
who was for forty years a Foreign Member of this Society. His
scientific activity extended over a period of more than sixty years,
and was as fertile as it was prolonged. Possessed of a unique
power of dissection, he investigated the Invertebrata, more par-
ticularly the Mollusca and the Coelenterata, with a success that
made him facile princeps among anatomists. But not less than
for his researches, he will always be remembered as the pioneer in
the establishment of marine biological stations, those at Eoscoff
and Banyuls having been founded and maintained by him.
We have lost another eminent zoologist in Alexander Kowa-
levsky, formerly Professor of Zoolog}^ in the University of St. Peters-
burg. His reputation rests securely upon his embryological work
on the Invertebrata, and his investigation of those primitive
Vertebi'ata, the Ascidians and AmpMoicus.
Nor has Botany suffered less severely than Zoology. I have to
record the disappearance of two honoured botanical names from
our list : those of Carl Cramer, Professor in the Zurich Poly-
technikum, and Eobert Hartig, Professor of Botany in the Faculty
of Forestry of the University of Munich. If Cramer leaves behind
him comparatively little independent work — which includes, how-
ever, some important papers upon the Morphology of the Algae, —
it is because many of the best years of his life were devoted to
collaboration with Naegeli, whose pupil he was and in whose
renown he must always share. Hartig made important contri-
butions to the science by his many and varied researches into the
structure, physiology, and pathology of timber-trees.
I,rNT!fEA?f SOCIETY OE LONDOK. 1 9
"VVe have tilled the serious gaps in our Hst by the election of five
new Foreign Members, three of whom are zoologists and two
botanists. Of the zoologists one is M, Alfred Griard, who, like
Lacaze-Duthiers whom he replaces, is Professor of Zoology at the
Sorboune, and has founded a marine biological station at Wimereux :
of him I need only say that he has proved himself to be a fit
successor of so great a man. The second is Dr. Hans Jacob
Hansen, Assistant in the Zoological Museum of the University of
Copenhagen, whose researches upon the Arthropoda, pursued
during the past twenty years, have made him a recognized authority
upon the morphology of the Invertebrata. The third is Dr. Franz
Eilhard Schulze, Professor of Zoology in the Uuiversity of Berlio,
a name we may well be proud to have on our list. For more than
fiftv years he has been issuing valuable memoirs in all branches of
zoological science, ranging from the Protozoa to the Yertebrata,
and has been a pioneer in the field of comparative histology.
Of the botanists, one is Dr. Julius Wiesner, Professor of the
Anatomy and Physiology of Plants in the University of Vienna,
the doyen of plant-physiologists. The period of Prof. Wiesner's
labours covers nearly half a century, and his innumerable publi-
cations have added largely to knowledge in the branches of
science with which he is especially concerned ; as, for example, his
researches on Heliotropism and his investigations of the structui-e
of textile fibres and other vegetable products of economic im-
portance. The other is Charles Sprague Sargent, Director of the
Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, so well known by his
monumental and beautiful work, the ' Silva of North America.'
Passing now to the more purely domestic affairs of the Society,
it has become necessary to make some important changes in the
personnel of the executive in consequence of the retirement of
Mr. J. E. Harting from the post of Assistant-Secretary after
fourteen years of useful work. It is a great satisfaction to
announce to you that, in accordance with Chap. XII. of the Bye-
Laws, the Council have appointed Mr. B. Daydon Jackson to be a
Salaried Officer of the Society with the title of General Secretary,
to take charge of our administrative business and to represent the
Society in such important public work as the International Cata-
logue of Scientific Publications. I need hardly remind you of the
loyalty and ability with which Mr. Jackson has served the Society
for twenty-two years as its Botanical Secretary : I would only
congratulate you upon having more completely secured his valuable
services.
It necessarily follows that the Botanical Secretaryship becomes
vacant. As you see from the balloting-lists, the Council have
nominated Dr. D. H. Scott, F.E.S., for election to this important
office, a nomination that will, I am sure, be confirmed by you as
cordially as it was made by us. The services rendered to the
Society by Dr. Scott in the past have been such as to make it a
matter of unqualified satisfaction that he has consented to become
one of its Officers.
c2
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
!From the Treasurer's Statement you will have gathered that
the financial position of the Society is rather more favourable than
it was a year ago, though the income has been none too large for
what the Society has had to do, and is not nearly large enough for
what it might do. I ventured, in my last anniversary address,
to make the suggestion that the Fellows could assist the Society by
foregoing the right to receive either the botanical or the zoological
])ublications, and a note to this effect was circulated. The
favourable replies were not so numerous as had been expected ;
but still they suffice to warrant a reduction in the number of
copies of our publications to be printed off, whereby a small but
welcome economy is made possible.
In the course of the session, a memorial in favour of the
admission of women to the Fellowship of the Society has been
presented to your Council ; and in view of the relatively large
number of Fellows who signed it, it received immediate and serious
attention. It was found necessary to obtain legal assistance to
determine whether or not the powers conferred by our Charter
would enable us to comply with the prayer of the memorial. The
opinion of the eminent Counsel consulted is that it is not competent
for the Society to take such action ; an opinion agreeing with that
which, as I understand, has been given in the case of other learned
Societies similarly situated. It is therefore an essential preliminary
to the admission of women that we should obtain a new Charter.
The Council accordingly issued a circular to the Fellows with the
object of ascertaining whether or not it is their wish that the
necessary steps should be taken. So far this important matter
has been treated with singular apathy : 740 circulars were issued,
but only about 377 replies have been received, of which 258 are
in favour of and 119 are against the proposal. It is to be regretted
that the Council should not have received a more decisive man-
date as to the course to be adopted. Possibly it has been felt that
so fundamental a change in the constitution of the Society required
careful and prolonged consideration ; but it is to be hoped that
those Fellows who have not yet recorded their views will do so
as speedily as possible. For the present the question remains
open.
During the present session we have tried the experiment,
announced last year, of ear-marking certain meetings as especially
botanical or zoological. Many of you have, no doubt, formed
your own opinion as to its success or otherwise. For my own
part, I must confess to a certain measure of disappointment.
Whilst we have had some exceptionally good special meetings,
1 fear that this advantage has not been all clear gain, but has to
some extent been obtained at the expense of the ordinary meetings.
It is, however, thought worth while that the experiment should be
continued in some form for another year.
The scientific results of the Society's activity during the session
ai"e, I venture to think, quite up to the usual high level in point
of interest and importance. If I must find something to dis-
I
lIKNBAIf SOCIETY OF LONDON. 21
parage, it \\ould be the relatively small attendance at our meetings.
This is, I believe, to be mainly accounted for by the prevailing
tendency to regard Societies like our own rather as convenient
mechanisms for the publication of papers, than as a means of
associating with others interested in similar pursuits. Undoubtedly
the publication of papers is a very important — and, I may add, a
very costly — function ; but it would be fatal were the Society to
be regarded exclusively from this point of view. It is, I fear,
sometimes forgotten that l^ellows owe to the Societies to which
they belong something more than their annual subscription. In
our own case, each Fellow on election declares that '"he will
endeavour to promote the good of the Society, will pursue the
ends for which the same was instituted, and will be present at the
meetings as often as conveniently he can." A more general
realization of this pledge of personal service would, I am convinced,
rejuvenate our Society : the interest of its meetings would be
greatly increased and its usefulness extended, making it, as it
ought to be, the centre of biological activity in this country.
It cannot be urged that the subjects discussed during the present
session have not been sufficiently varied and attractive, for they
have ranged over a wide area and have not infrequently been of
first-rate importance. Systematic Zoology is represented by such
papers as that of Mr. Chapman on the Foramiuifera of the
Funafuti Atoll ; that of Messrs. Walker and Scott on Malacostraca
from the Eed Sea, collected by Dr. H. 0. Forbes ; of Prof. Gravel
(Bordeaux) on some new species of Cirripedia in the ^STatural
History Collection of tlie British Museum ; and of Mr. Gr. M.
Thomson on the Xew Zealand Phyllobrauchiate Crustacea-Macrura.
The economic side of Zoology is touched upon by the paper of
Mr. Warburton and Miss Embleton on the Life-history of the
Black-Currant Gall-Mite, a pest to fruit-growers. Dr. Andrews
gave us a most interesting account of the fossil Vertebrates, some
of which are primitive Proboscidians, that have been found in the
Miocene and Eocene of Egypt. The most scientifically important
of the zoological papers are probably those of Dr. Elliot Smith, of
Cairo, on tlie Morphology of the Brain in Mammalia, with special
reference to the Lemurs hoth living and extinct ; and that of
Dr. E. Broom on the Early Condition of the Shoulder- Girdle in
the Polyprotodont Marsupials Dasi/urus and Perameles.
Systematic Botany is well represented by the papers of Messrs.
Hemsley and Pearson on the Flora of Tibet ; of Mr. Spencer Le
Marchaut Moore on the Composite Flora of Africa ; and of
Mr. Cheeseman on the Flora of Earotonga. Dr. Stapf has
recorded the discovery of an exalbuminous Grass, Melocnnna
hamhusoides, Trin. The rising science of Palieophytology has
asserted itself in the papers of Dr. Scott on the Botrj^opterideae,
an extinct family of Ferns ; of Prof. "Weiss on Le^ndopliloios
fidifjinosus ; and of Mr. Seward and Miss Ford on the Anatomy
of Todea and the affinity and geological history of the Osmundacese.
Nor has Physiology been neglected ; for Mr. F. Darwin gave us an
PB,OCEEDI^'GS OF THE
interesting paper on a method o£ investigating tlie gravitational
sensitiveness of the root-tip ; and Prof. Bose another, accompanied
by a striking demonstration, on the electrical response of ordinary
plants when stimulated mechanically.
Such is the fare with which our intellectual banquets have been
spread. It is not too much to say, that to partake regularly of it
is in itself a liberal scientific education : I, at least, am finding it
so. But whilst learning and admiring, I have sometimes wondered,
in the rare moments when my attention has strayed from the
question under discussion, what can be the underlying motive of
all this activity in subjects that are but seldom of obvious practical
utility. What is it that inspires the toils of the collector abroad,
and the labours of the investigator at home ? With what object
in view is it that we are banded together into a ]N"atural History
Society ?
No doubt the imperious desire, the intellectual necessity, to
know, which is the distinguishing feature of the human mind, is
the mainspring that keeps all this complicated machinery in motion.
And what more natural than that satisfaction should have been
sought in the living organisms which inhabit, or have inhabited,
the globe. But what is it that we seek to know conceiming them?
The first thing is to ascertain what forms exist or have existed ; a
process of simple apprehension, recognizing their individuality and
calling them by name. This is necessarily followed by the desire
for orderly arrangement or classification of the objects observed ; a
further step which is rapidly taken nowadays, but one that has
become so easy only within comparatively recent times. The
history of the development of classification is of profound interest.
The earlier attempts in this direction were either quite arbitrary,
as when alphabetical ai'rangements were adopted ; or were based
on extraneous features, as, for instance, M-hen Dioscorides divided
plants into the aromatic, the alimentary, the medicinal, and the
vinous, according to their propei'ties. At length it began to be
perceived that certain resemblances and differences could be traced
among living things, from which principles for their classification
might be drawn. It is always difficult to fix the exact date, or to
determine the individual author, of any great advance in science,
for this is the result of the labours of mauy men and of more than
one age. However, it is approximately true to state that the
foundations of our Taxonomy were laid in the sixteenth century.
Botany became a science with the publication of Andrea Cesalpino's
great work 'De Plantis' at Florence in 1583 : and Zoology, which
had made no progress since the time of Aristotle, was reconstituted
by the labours of Edward Wottou, whose work ' De Differentiis
Animalium" was published in 1552, and by those of Conrad
Gesner, who was equally active in both sciences, and left behind
him unpublished works of great importance to both on his un-
timely death in 1565. For centuries, however, the two modes of
classification continued to co-exist. But the unscientific, if useful,
artificial systems that succeeded each other gradually gave place to
LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 2$
the scientific jSTatural System, which was beinjs; slowly evolved as the
result of more close and accurate study of living things, whereby
those characters that are permanent and essential came to be dis-
tinguislied from those that are transitory and adaptive ; so that
the Idea of Likeness, upon which the Natural System was
originally based, grew into the Idea of Affinity.
But is there nothing more for the naturalist to learn when he
has collected his material and classified it ? Most assuredly there
is. Since the advent of the evolutionai-y epoch, a new idea has
become dominant in Biology, the Idea of Phylogeny, which has
superseded the Idea of Affinity of earlier days. It is not enough
for us to know what is ; we seek to discover how it has come to be
what it is : we perceive that the perfect JS^atural System must be a
genealogy expressing true blood-relationships. This study inay be
said to be still in its infancy, in spite of the extraordinary activity
of reseai'ch, especially in Embryology and Palaeontology, that the
phylogenetic idea has inspired. Though here and there fragments
of the mosaic seem to have been successfully pieced together, the
main outlines even of the great picture are as yet but dimly
discernible.
There is yet a further height to be explored. Supposing, for a
moment, that we were now in possession of a complete genealogy
of animals and plants, we should only be able to answer the
question how their evolution had come about, but not the question
tvhy. AVe shoidd still have to seek for the causes of evolution,
whether efficient or final. The search after the efficient causes o£
organic evolution is, I am glad to say, engaging more and more
attention at the present time. The facts of heredity, of variation,
of distribution in space and time, are being closely scrutinized with
the object of eliciting the laws by which they are governed, and of
determining the factors by which they are produced. If it has
become clear that Natural Selection is potent in determining the
survival of new forms, it is equally clear that it does not give rise
to them. And here we come face to face with the most difficult
problem of all — namely, that organic evolution should have pro-
ceeded from the lower to the higher, from the simple to the complex.
Why should the first and simplest organisms have given rise to
others more highly organized, and these in tiu-n to others, until
all tlie forms that we know were evolved ? If we endeavour to
account for progressive development by arguing that highly
organized animals and plants are at an advantage in the struggle
for existence as compared with the lower, Ave are confronted with
the old questions — Why then have not the lower forms all perished
under the operation of natural selection ? — Why are so many
stages of organization still represented ? To these it may be
replied, that many of the higher forms differ so widely from many
of the lower, that they do not compete with each other, and so
may continue to exist side by side. It must not, however^, be
overlooked that ^ide differences of position in the scale of life do
not necessarily prevent competition. For instance, the lowly
24 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Fungi are the strenuous competitors of all other organisms from
the highest to the lowest, whether animal or plant ; and between
what organisms is the struggle more keen than between the
Bacterium and Man ? Nor must it be forgotten that the com-
petition between higher and lower forms, if not keen now, was at
its keenest when the differences between them were still slight.
These questions cannot yet be regarded as satisfactorily disposed of.
But even if it be admitted that higher organization is an
advantage, the question as to the cause of variation in the higher
direction still remains. It is sometimes referred to external con-
ditions, as, for instance, by Mr. Herbert Spencer, who has asserted
that " the direct action of the medium was the primordial factor of
organic evolution." It is an obvious criticism that the effect of
external conditions must depend upon the capacity of the organism
to respond to them. External conditions can act only as an
exciting cause of evolution, just as the pulling of a rifle-trigger is
the exciting cause of the explosion of the cartridge. The exciting
cause contributes nothing to the explosive power of the cartridge
in the one case, or to the evolutionary capacity of the protoplasm
in the other : it only calls them into action. The " primordial
factor " is to be sought in living matter itself.
The fact that organic evolution should have proceeded as far as
it has within such limits of time as may reasonably be allowed,
admits, to my own mind, of no other interpretation than that
variation is not indeterminate ; but that, as Lamarck and Naegeli
have urged, there must exist in living matter a certain inherent
tendency or bias in favour of variation in the higher direction. It
is this tendency or bias that I venture to regard as the true
" primordial factor."
However, it is not my intention today to propound a theory of
evolution. All that I desire to do is to indicate the real inwardness
of the labours of the naturalist : to point out that the accumulation
of facts concerning living organisms is not an end in itself, but a
means to the end of fully and rightly comprehending them. Let
us not forget that the last epoch-making stride in this direction
was taken at a meeting of this Society, when the doctrine of
Natural Selection was announced : let it be our not unworthy
ambition that our Society shall be as closely identified with future
advance ! '
Sir Joseph Hookee then moved : — •" That the thanks of the
Society be given to the President for his excellent Address, and
that he be requested to allow it to be printed and circulated
amongst the Fellows," which, after being seconded by Dr. Gtunxhee,
was unanimously carried.
The Linnean Grold Medal was then awarded to Prof. Rudolph
Albert yon Kollikee, F.M.L.S., and received on his behalf by
his former pupil. Sir Michael Fostee, K.C.B., who made a
suitable acknowledcrment.
LIN>'EA]!f SOCIETY Or LOXDOX. 25
The President said : —
" .sir Michael Foster, — The presentation of our medal is always
a grateful task to the President of this Society ; but it can rarely
be so exceptional a privilege as it is on this occasion. I feel that
to be the instrument of conferring upon Prof, von Kolliker this,
the highest mark of our esteem, is the greatest honour that can
fall to my lot dui'ing my tenure of office ; and my satisfaction is
lieightened by the remembrance of the kindness that he extended
to me years ago, when I was a student at Wiirzburg under the
lamented Prof, von Sachs.
" It is the duty of the President, in presenting the medal, to
specify the ground upon which it has been awarded : a duty that,
in this case, is little more than a formality, for the name of
Kolliker is as a household word among us. It is well that it
should be so ; for I recognize that it is altogether beyond my powers
to do justice, here and now, to so vast a theme. I would only
recall the fact that he is the last survivor of the distinguished men
to whose genius we owe the wonderful renascence of Biology that
marked the middle of the nineteenth century, and that he has
not ceased to enrich zoological science with contributions of the
tirst importance in all its departments. His earliest paper was
published more than sixty years ago : his most recenc appeared
only last month. In the M'hole history of science there can be
but few records of more fruitful and long-continued labour. I
am using no empt}'' figure of speech when I say that the association
of our medal with the name of Kolliker must enhance its value as
a scientific distinction in the eyes of all future recipients.
" Whilst we cannot but regret that he has not found it possible
to be with us today, we feel that he could not be more fitly
represented than by one of our Fellows who has himself done so
much to promote the development of Biology in this country.
Prof, von Kolliker has honoured us in the acceptance of our medal ;
we are also honoured in his representative.
" I now hand the medal to your. Sir, requesting you to be so
good as to convey it to Prof, von Kolliker, with the respectful
homage and the sincere good wishes of the Linnean Society of
London."
The Secretaries laid the Obituary Notices of deceased Members
before the Meeting, as follows.
Edward John" Beale was born in the year 1835, and at the time
of his death, January 8, 1902, was senior partner of the firm of
Carter & Co., of High Holborn, seedsmen. He entered that
firm as a boy of fifteen, and passed the whole of his business life
in it. Some years ago he endeavoured to arouse interest in the
growth of tobacco in Britain, by a paper read before the Society of
Arts on March 4, 1887 (Journ. Soc. Arts, sxxv. 1887, pp. 384-396),
and by a small volume entitled • English Tobacco-Growing," which
was dedicated by permission to the late Queen Victoria.
26 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE
He was J.P. for Middlesex, and joined our Society on Xo-
vember 16, 1871, though of late years he seldom was present at
our meetings, A portrait of Mr. Beale was published in ' The
Gardeners' Chronicle' of January 18, 1902, p. 49.
Alfred AVilliam Bennett was born at Clapham, June 24, 1833.
His father "William Bennett, a man of much energy and originality,
had retired at an early age from business as a wholesale tea-
dealer, and was a friend of Edward Newman and of the Doubledays :
young Bennett consequently imbibed a love of natural history from
his earliest years.
During 1841-42 the whole family spent several months at a
Pestalozzian school in Appenzell, but with this exception all of
Bennett's education was entirely at home. In 1851 his home was
removed to Brockham, midway bcjtvveen Eeigate and Dorking ;
here his father's characteristic turn showed itself by his breeding
emus to the third generation. At this time, and two or three
years later, the subject of our notice, with his father and an elder
brother, made some long walking tours in Wales and the western
counties, and some of the results will be found recorded in the
' Phytologist,' vol. iv. (1851) pp. 312, 439, and the same volume
(1852) pp. 757-758. On an excursion to the lakes, they called
on Wordsworth, who took them up Fairfield to show them Silene
acaulis in flower.
Alfred Bennett attended classes at University College, and took
his degi-ees of B.Sc. (1868) and M.A. (1855) at London University.
In 1858 he married Katiierine, the daughter of William
Eichardson, of Sunderland, and in the same year entered into
business as a publisher and bookseller, opposite Bishopsgate
Church. He made a speciality of photographic illustrations, such
as those in H. B. George's ' With Ice-axe and Camera in the
Bernese Oberland,' a volume on Yorkshire abbeys, and the like.
He also published the poems of the 4th Lord De Tabley, then
known as the Hon. Leicester Warren. In 1868 he gave up
business, and on Feb. 6 of the same year he was elected Eellow of
this Society : about this time he opened his house for ladies who
came to London to study at Bedford College and elsewhere.
Prom 1871-73 he wrote several papers on problems of ferti-
lization, amongst them one in our own Journal on Parnassia
(vol. ix. p. 315) ; these brought him under the notice of Charles
Darwin, who encouraged him with his in\ ariable kindness. He
contributed a synopsis of the Indian species of Polygalacece to
Sir J. D. Hooker's ' Plora of British India,' vol. i. pp. 20U-211,
issued in 1872, and of the larger series in the great ' Flora
Brasiliensis •' in 1874, his contribution being fasc. 63, of 83 folio
columns and 30 plates ; subsequent supplementary papers appeared
in the ' Journal of Botany ' from time to time.
In 1873 his father died. Two years later he went on a walking
tour in Switzerland with Mr. J. G. Baker, F.E.S., and they
recognized 200 species of flowering plants they neither had
previously seen in a living state.
LINNEAN SOCIETl" OF LONDON'. 27
Bennett's most important work was undoubirediv liis trans-
lation of Sachs's ' Lehrbuch ' into Englisli, in which he was aided
by Mr. (now Sir) "W. Thiselton-Dyer. It was published by the
Clarendon Press in 1875, and had the greatest influence on the
teaching of botany in England. In 1877 he translated and anno-
tated Thome's 'Structural and Physiological Botany,' which reached
:. second edition in 1885. In 1879-80 he brought out an English
edition of Seboth's ' Alpenpflanzen nach der Natur geraalt,' in
4 vols, of 100 plates each ; and in 1882 he translated Dalla Torre's
text to a better series of coloured plates, under the title of ' Tourist's
(ruide to the Flora of the Austrian Alps.' His latest work in this
direction was in 1897, ' Flora of the Alps,' in two volumes, the
text being written up to previously prepared plates from Wooster's
' Alpine Plants.'
Turning his attention to freshwater Algae, he published in
volume xxiv. of our Journal (Botany) in 1887, pp. 49-61, a new
classification of the genera, and a paper on the London species,
with localities, in the Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society.
In conjunction with Mr. George Murray, he published in 1889 a
' Text-book of Cryptogamic Botany,' probably^ his most original
work. For Dr. Masters he revised ' Cryptogamia " for the 4th ed.
of 'Henfrey's Elementary Course.'
Much of his energy was employed in ways which do not appeal
to the eye so much as the foregoing. For many years he was
Lecturer on Botany at St. Thomas's Hospital and Bedford College ;
for four years he was biologic sub-editor of ' Nature,' and he was
also botanic reviewer and notice-writer in the 'Academy.' For
part of one session he was sub-editor of our Journal (1874). He
joined the Eoyal Microscopical Society in 1879, and thenceforward
contributed to the pages of its 'Journal" the sunnnaries of the
botanic papers contained in it ; lie also filled various offices in the
Society, as Councillor and Vice-President.
For thirty years he was a constant visitor to our meetings,
though, in recent years, he visually left early.
His death was unexpected and sudden ; he was going home
from one of his usual visits to the Savile Club, when he expired on
the top of an omnibus ; autopsy revealed extensive disease of the
heart. Fie was buried on January 28, 1902, at Isleworth, where
a few years before he laid his wife to rest ; they had no family.
By request to his executors, Mr. Bennett directed that the
Linnean Society should select 20 volumes from his library of
works not in our possession, a second choice to the Royal Micro-
scopical Society, and the third to his lifelong friend Mr. John
Gilbert Baker. Our Librarian accordingly selected fourteen
volumes, which are inscribed with the name of their former
owner.
Dr. JoHK Cockle, whose death occurred on Wednesday, No-
vember 14, 1901, at his residence. The Lodge, West Molesey, was
one of the oldest members of the medical profession, having
28 PROCEEDINGS OP THE
qualified as a licentiate of the Society o£ Apothecaries in 183-Jj
and as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1835.
Afterwards he studied for some time in Scotland, and in 1846
graduated as M.A. and as M.D. at King's College, Aberdeen,
taking his Fellowship of the Eoyal College of Surgeons in the
following year. He became a Member of the Eoyal College of
Physicians of London in 1851, and a Fellow of that College
in 1869. For many years Dr. Cockle was connected with the
Grrosvenor-place School of Medicine (now incorporated with the
medical school of St. George's Hospital), first as lecturer on
pathology, and subsequently as lecturer on medicine at the time
Mr. (afterwards Sir) Spencer Wells was lecturing on the principles
and practice of surgery. During the outbreak of cholera in 1866,
Dr. Cockle had many cases of this disease from one of the most
infected districts in London under his care and treatment at the
Eoyal Free Hospital, of which he was then physician. In 1873
he delivered the centenary address of the Medical Society of
London, selecting for his subject "A Eeview of some recent
Doctrines concerning the Mind." He subsequently held the office
of councillor, and in 1897 president of that Society. Dr. Cockle
contributed many valuable papers on diseases of the heart and of
the organs of respiration to the Transactions of the Medical
Societies and Journals. He also edited Weber's ' Manual of
Auscultation,' and was the author of an essay on the poison of
the Cobra di capello, and of several medical pamphlets. He was
elected Fellow of the Linnean Society March 18, 1858, and was
also a Fellow of the Eoyal Medical & Chirurgical Society, of the
Eoyal Astronomical Society, and of the Society of Antiquaries,
and. a Corresponding Member of the Philosophical Society of
Queensland, and of the Society of Scientific Medicine, Berlin, He
was buried at Brompton Cemetery, November 20, 1901.
Colonel Sir Heivry Collett, K.C.B., was present at our last
Anniversary Meeting, and took part in it, by moving the vote of
thanks to the President for his Address. Although it was evident
from his appearance that his health was much impaired by his
recent illness, the news of his death on 21st December, 1901, was
a sudden shock to his many friends.
He was born on March 6, 1836, and obtained his early education
at Tonbridge School ; he entered the Bengal Army in his twentieth
year, and served in Lidia for a period of nearly forty years. He
was quite young in service when the Indian Mutiny broke out,
and the next year, 1858, he took part in the Sittana Expedition,
on the North-west Frontier. In the Jaintea war of 1862-63 he
was badly wounded in the ankle, which necessitated the use
of an iron support, causing him to walk with some difficulty
the rest of his life. In 1867-68 he took part in the Abyssinian
war, and there first became acquainted with the present Earl
Eoberts of Candahar. On the outbreak of the second Afghan
war in 1878, the then Sir Frederick Eoberts procured the
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDO^T.
29
attachment of Major Collett of the 23rd Pioneers to his column as
Assistant Quarter-Master-General. He remained in that capacity
for two years, and his valuable work was acknowledged by his
chief, who said that it was by means of information gained by
Collett which enabled Eoberts to turn the strong Afghan position
on the Peiwar Kotal, by adopting the Spingawi route.
Though he began to study botany in 1877, it was during this
expedition that Collett seems first to have seriously taken up the
subject, his previous favourite pursuits having been astronomy
and physics. Brigade-Surgeon Aitchison proposed to Collett early
in 1879 that he should be attached to the column which Avas
destined to advance on Cabul ; the results of this expedition were
published in our Journal (Botany), vol. xviii.(1880)pp. 1-113. Late
in that year Collett paid a flying visit to England, but left hurriedly
to take up his duties in connection with the Afghan expedition of
1880, At this time he had only collected such plants as seemed
new to him, but in 1885 he became involved in much more earnest
work. That summer the Simla Naturalists' Society was founded,
and Collett was an original member. He collected assiduously
in the neighbourhood, and his herbarium thus formed afterwards
served as the base for his main botanical work, and was later
given by his family to the Eoyal Gardens, Kew. His first printed
botanic paper came out in the defunct Journal of the Society just
mentioned.
Collett had command of a brigade in Burma in 1887-88, and he
found new ground to explore botanically in the Southern Shan
States. Here he made a good collection, which was worked out
jointly bj' Mr. "W. B. Hemsley and himself, the results being
published in our Journal (Botany), vol. xxviii. (1890) pp. 1-150,
pis. 1-22, in which 725 species of phanerogams were enumerated.
From this region he also introduced into cultivation two very
striking plants — Rosa gigantea, the largest single-flowered rose
known, the flowers being from 5 to 6 inches across ; and Lonicera
Bildehrcnidiana, an equally gigantic honeysuckle, the tube of the
flower sometimes attaining the length of 7 inches. He also suc-
ceeded in introducing two remarkable orchids into cultivation,
Bidhojjhyllii^in racemosum and Cirrhopetcdum CoUetiii. In the same
memoir the genus KeocoUetia was established by Mr. Hemsley to
commemorate the collector. All these are figured in the paper
above cited.
For the next few years Collett was very much occupied with
professional matters. In 1891 he commanded the punitive expe-
dition to Manipur and acted as Chief Commissioner of Assam,
holding the local and temporary rank of Major-General, resuming
his regimental rank on the completion of his task. Shortly before
his retirement from the Army in 1893 he was made K.CB. ; but
though higher advancement was then within his reach, he decided
to retire, one strong reason being his increasing deafness.
After his final return to England, about 1895, he began his
first draft of the projected Flora of Simla. Gradually he shaped
3°
PROCEEDINGS or THE
the mauuscript, devoting three or four days a week to work in the
Herbarium at the Royal Gardens, Kew, where tha fuller material
and splendid library were utilized by him. His usual method
was to work from ten in the forenoon to about three in the
afternoon, and then, putting aside his plants and papers, he salhed
forth for an hoar's walk in the Gardens before taking train for
home.
lu common with most militar}^ men, Collett held sanguine A^ews
of the early supremacy of the British arms, when the Boer war
broke out in 1899. He keenly felt the reverses whicli the late
autumn of that year witnessed, aud the black week of December,
which included the repulse at Colenso, told heavily upon his health
and spirits : he lost his rest, and with it his elasticity of mind.
In spite of this, he had not only completed the manuscript to the
end, but had begun a reworking of the early orders, so as to
profit by his later experience. The illustrations had been drawn,
and many of the blocks prepared, and the first part of the manu-
script had been put into the printer's hands, when he went to
Ii'eland for a short holiday. It is supposed that he must have
overfatigued himself ; at any rate, soon after his return home he
had a paralytic stroke, from which he slowly recovered. The
traces of his severe illness were upon him when he was last in
these rooms ; he suffered repeatedly from weakness of the heart's
action, and eventually passed away from a fatal failure, at his
residence at Cranley Gardens. He was elected into our Society
December 4, 1879.
The modesty, which was a marked feature of our deceased
Fellow's character, prevented him from being widely known in the
Society ; but many must remember how, when a botanical paper
V as to be read, he would take a seat as near to the essayist as
possible, that he might lose as few remarks as possible. His
bright and kindly disposition and charm of manner were felt by
all who came in contact with him, and they will ever chei-ish a
warm recollection of the old soldier-botanist.
The work to which he devoted the closing years of his life is
now passing through the press, under the care of Sir W. T.
Thiselton-Dyer aud Mr. W. Botting Hemsley ; each has therein put
on record his impression of the author's personality, and from the
unpublished introduction to the ' Flora Simlensis' the writer has
been permitted to add much to the foregoing appreciation.
Collett was also acquainted with the plants of South Europe,
Algeria, the Canaries, Java, Japan, the Sandwich Islands, the
United States, and Canada, all of which he had visited for botanic
purposes.
Thomas Combeb was born at Pernambuco, Brazil, on the
1 4th November, 1837, the eldest son of Edward Comber, of
Myddleton Hall, Warrington, Lancashire. He was educated
chiefly at Whitchurch, in Shropshire, entered into commercial life
at an early age, spent several years in India, and came home
LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3 1
to carry on the business of a merchant in Liverpool and
^Manchester.
Attached to the study of natural history, Mr. Comber especially
devoted himself to the Diatomaceae. As far back as 1860 he
brought out in the ' Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science '
a list of Liverpool Diatomaceae, but a period of thirty years
elapsed before he again resumed scientific publication. In 1894 he
commented on the uncertainty of some characters used in specific
diagnosis in the Diatomaceae, followed by three papers on similar
topics, in 1895-97. He drew up the list of Diatomaceae collected
by Dr. Welwitsch in Angola in 1853-61, which appeared in 1901,
forming pages 382-395 of the second volume devoted to the
collections of the traveller mentioned, issued by the Trustees of
the British Museum.
He retired from business about two years before his death,
which took place at his residence, Leigliton, Parkgate, near
Chester, on 24th January, 1902 ; he became a Fellow of this
Society, 2nd May, 1878.
Carl Eduakd Ceamek was born on 4th March, 183], in Ziirich at
" Zum Weinberg in L'nterstrass," a house built by his father in
the early part of the century from the proceeds of the sale of a
mill on the banks of theLimmat, which had been in the possession
of several generations of his ancestors. He was the youngest of
the family, and survived all his sisters and his brother. His
mother, Magdalene Burkhard before her marriage, is described as a
woman of superior parts, and an admirable mother to her children.
His devotion to natural history dated from his schooldays in
the Gymnasium of his native town ; many of his holidays were
spent at an imcle's at Grreifensee, where he collected plants,
beetles, and butterflies, and ransacked the collections in the
house. At nights he was instructed in the use of the astronomical
telescope, and at other times shown how to use the microscope.
From the Gymnasium he passed to the Industrieschule ; he then
had the notion of becoming a chemist, and his first publication in
1850-52 is on a chemical topic. Thence he went to the University
of Zurich, where he met with Xiigeli, Heer,Eegel, and the lichenolo-
gist Hepp, and by whose lectures and teaching Cramer profited.
Amongst these, Nageli's influence was the greatest, and Cramer
may be ranked as a distinguished pupil of a professor who had
also as pupils such men as Schwendener, Leitgeb, Kny, and
Correus. Cramer's chief work belongs to Niigeli's school, and he
remained constant to its ideas and methods throughout his career,
and his biography of his master, issued in 1896, is an excellent
exposition of the same.
In 1852 Niigeli was invited to Freiburg-im-Breisgau, and was
accompanied by Cramer; in 1855 the latter graduated at that
University, his Dissertation being entitled " Botanische Beitriige,"
which was also pubHshed as the third Heft of the ' Pflanzen-
physiologische Untersuchungen ' of Xiigeli and Cramer, in the
32 PEOCEEDiyGS OT THE
same year : the fourth and concluding Heft was also from
Cramer's pen. The same year saw his habilitation at Zurich ; and
the year following, 1S56, lie carried out a long tour in Italy as far
south as Palermo, where he collected material for his algological
studies. On his return home he was attaciied by inflammation
of the lungs, which was at first neglected, but by extreme care and
medical skill he was entirely set up again.
JfiigeU was called in 1S56 to the chair of General Botany in the
newly established Polytechnic at Ziirich, and he accepted this with
the view of securing the reversion of it to Cramer. This actually
happened in 1S61, for after Zsiigeli was called to Munich in 1860,
Cramer was appointed his successor, with seniority of October
1860 : here he remained during the remainder of his life. This
yeaj" also witnessed his marriage with Frl. Aline Kesselriug; two
daughters and a son resulted from this union, but Cramer had
the sorrow to see them die before him ; his wife predeceased him
in 1885.
The professorial activity of Cramer at the Federal Polytechnic
extended over 44 years, during which period he must have
initiated about 240C' pupils into botanic study. Pourteen of these
who had become fellow-professors, some already grey-headed, on
his 70th birthday in March 1901. again seated themselves on the
benches in his class-room, in celebration of the day.
Cramers lectiu-es and work embraced wellnigh the whole extent
of botany — morphology, anatomy, physiology, cryptogamy with
bacteriology, the phenomena of polarized light, microscopical
teaching, taxonomy, and its application to forestry and agriculture.
The care he bestowed on preparation for his lectures was immense,
and large accumulations of notes and drawings, mostly unpublished,
evidence the anxious exactness of his daily work. He was a
remorseless critic of his own performances, and endeavoured to
jjive an accurate, condensed statement of the facts he had to
impart. "When busy on some problem which he had failed to
solve, he is described as being absent-minded, hesitating, and
melancholy, but the end in view attained, he became accessible,
livelv and chatty. He was able to work until close upon his
death. On 11th November. 1900, he had a microscopical demon-
stration in the forenoon ; in the same evening he had a warning
apoplectic stroke, and on the 24th ^Xovember he quietly passed
away without regaining consciousness.
The rest of Cramer's career consisted of the duties of his chair,
and the publication of his memoirs ; the total number recorded by
his pupil Dr. Schrtiter, in his ample and appreciative account of
his old professor iu the ' Yerhandlungen der Schweizer natur-
forschenden Gesellschaft,' 1901, amounts to 59, extending from
1851 to 1896. Of these may be mentioned the following : —
in conjunction with Xageli the ' Pflanzenphysiologische Unter-
suchungen,' the last two parts by Cramer alone, and the fourth
having 13 plates lithographed by the author himself ; this was
devoted to the Cemmiacese, on which he published a later memoir
in the ' Denkschriften,* entitled '• Phvsiologisch-svstematische
LDTXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDO^-. 33
Uutersuchuiigea liber d. Ceramiaceeu ' iu l^G^. He interested
himself in teratology, with a view to gaining an insight into the
morphology of normal organs ; he cited all the known monstrous
cases recorded for the seven Orders Conifers, Smiiaceae, Primu-
laceae, Compositae, Umbelliferae, Eanunculaceae, and Leguminosae,
with an exposition of new observations illustrated on 16 plates ;
to this he added a chapter on the morphology of the nucleus, a
subject which has since become extremely prominent.
The collections he made in his young days were utilized also by
his contributions to E-abeuhorst's Exsiccata, and in Wartmann
and Schenk's Swiss issues, many ot his new species of Algae being
distributed in this way.
He was a member of many Societies at home and abroad, and
much valued the Foreign ^lembership of our Society, to which he
was elected 7th May, 1S91.
3Iuch of the foregoing account has been condensed from
Dr. Schroter's obituary notice, previously mentioned : it seems
curious that no other publication seems to have done more than
merely record the death of a worker of conspicuous merit.
AVe have to record the death, at Wanganui, Xew Zealand, on
December ISth, 1901, of Mr. SiiruEL Hen-bt Deew. a Fellow
of this Society since February 4, 1S97. The late Mr, Drew,
who was only 57 at the time of his death, was not actuallv
a Xew Zealauder born, but he arrived in the Colony as a mere
boy with his father, and his interests grew up with those of
the land of his adoption. His father was a jeweller of some
repute in this country, who had decided to emigrate and to carrv
on his business abroad. He accordingly settled in the thriving
city of Xelson. where he soon estabhshed the leading business in
his line. Amidst the cares and anxieties of his calling he found
time to devote to Xatural History, and made some interesting
collections of birds and plants. His son. Samuel, who had imbibed
his tastes, removed in ISSOfrom Xelson to "W'ancranui, where with
his yoimger brother he established a branch of the same business,
which, up to the time of ]\Ir. Drew's death, proved to be a very
lucrative one. Mr. Drew's chief competitor at the first was
Mr. John Ballance, who afterwards devoted himself to politics and,
in the end. became Prime Minister of Xew Zealand, vacating that
post only at his death. The subject of our notice, once established
in Wauganui, actively commenced the formation of a private
collection illustrative of the Xatural History and Ethnology of
the Colony. In the prosecution of this he was most enthusiastic
and successful. At length the collection got beyond the limits of
his house, and Mr. Drew then proposed to hand it over to the
Town as the nucleus of a public museum. At the request of the
Government, it was valued by Sir James Hector, the Director-
General of the Geological Survey Department, and Mr. Drew
asrreed to accept iu cash one-half of the declared value, gi\"ing
the other moiety to the object he had so much at heart. The
LETN*. see. PBOCEEDESGS. — SESSIOX 1901-1902. d
34 PEOCEEDINGS OF TTTE
public was appealed to for f iiucls and responded very liberally.
A fine building was erected in a central position, and Mr. Drew
undertook liimself the duties and responsibilities of Hon. Curator.
To this work he devoted himself, in the most unselfish and
unsparing ^vay, obtaining collections by gift and purchase from
abroad, travelling in Australia and collecting himself, and placing
all his townsfolk under perpetual contribution. Concentrating
every hour he could spare from his increasing business to this
labour of love, he succeeding in forming in less than ten years
one of the most interesting museums in the Colony. In addition
to the routine work of his ofllce as Curator, he gave popular
entertainments, delivered lectures, and did everything in his
power to make the Museum an educational institution, especiall}'"
for the young ; and his efforts were crowned with a large measure
of success. Death, from a sudden attack of heart disease on
December 18th, 1901, found him busy at his work and full of
plans for the future. Without a moment's warning, he dropped
down dead in his own shop, — much lamented by his townspeople,
for whom he had done so much, and leaving behind him in the
Wanganui Museum, of which he was the founder, a memorial of
A\hich his family may well be proud. He spent some years of his
life exploring the post-tertiary deposits on the banks of the
Wanganui Eiver, and furnished valuable collections of fossil shells
to the other Museums. His collection of New Zealand fishes (all
prepared bv himself) is perhaps the finest in the Colony.
[W. L. BULLEE.]
The death of Sir Joseph Henry GtILBERT at Harpenden on
December 23, 1901, removes from our midst the survivor of the
renowned Lawes and Gilbert experiments, which have been
conducted under the originators for nearly sixty years.
Sir Joseph Gilbert was a native of Hull, and was born there in
1817, his father beiug a nonconformist minister. His mother, Ann
Gilbert, came of the Taylors of Ougar, and was one of the two
sisters, Ann and Jane Taylor, whose nursery poems have been
familiar to children for foiu' generations. A gunshot accident at
school practically disabled one of his eyes for life, and much of
his literary work in after-days had to be dictated. From school
he went to Glasgow University, and there studied Chemistry
under Anthony Todd Thomson ; and here he seems to have first
met with Mr. John Lawes, whose name was to be so firmly
connected with his own. From Glasgow he went to Giesseu,
where Liebig was Professor of Chemistry, and here he took his
degree Ph.D. in 1840. Dr. Gilbert after this returned to his
fomner teacher at Glasgow, and acted as his assistant for a short
time, leaving him in 1841 to take up calico-printing and dyeing
near Manchester.
The year 1843 witnessed the introduction of Dr. Gilbert to
what we must deem the work of his life, his association with
Mr., afterwards Sir, John Bennet Lawes, Bart., of Eothamsted.
LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LOyDO>\ 35
It is imiversally admitted that this partiiership was au ideal one —
Lawes was well-\ersed iu farming, Gilbert in the scientific side
of the problems which presented themselves. He was well-
equipped, too, for controversy with German professors and critics
of the work done at Eothamsted, for he kept himself acquainted
with foreign methods and workers.
The contents of the volumes of papers which were unceasingly
produced were largely due to Gilbert, though in botanic poiuts
he had the help, among others, of Dr. Masters, F.E.S,, and
Mr. W. B. Hemsley, F.E.S.
He was elected F.L.S. November IS, 1875, but his membership
of other Societies was of much older standing. He became a
I'ellow of the Chemical Society in 1841, was its President 1882-
83, and at the time of his death was its oldest Fellow. He was
elected into the Eoyal Society in 1860, and served on its Council,
and in 1867, he, in conjunction with Lawes, received a Koyal
Medal. At Swansea, in 1880, he was President of the Chemical
Section of the British Association, taking as the subject of his
address the applications of chemistry to agriculture. From
18S-t to 1890, Dr. Gilbert was Sibthorpian Professor of Rural
Economy at Oxford ; in 1893 he was knighted (Knight
Bachelor).
Sir Joseph Gilbert was the recipient of other tokens of esteem :
honorary degrees from various Universities, and membership of
Academies and similar institutions. It was unfortunate that his
idiosyncracy did not permit of a younger worker engaging in
investigation by his side, and thus become trained to carry on the
work begun by the elder ; ever a solitary worker, he leaves no
direct successor at Harpenden.
The funeral at Harpenden on December 27, 1901, was largely
attended by scientific men, many represe)iting various Societies ;
our own was represented by Professor G. B. Howes, F.E.S.,
Sec.L.S.
An admirable photogravure portrait of our late Fellow is issued
with the April part of the ' Agricultural Students' Gazette,' at
Cirencester.
Dr. Egbert Haetig, son of Theodor Hartig, of Brunswick, and
grandson of Georg Ludwig Hartig, who laid the main foundations
of the present Forestry system in Prussia, came, as will be seen
by the above, of a family devoted to forestry. He was born at
Brunswick on 30th May, 1839 ; and resolving even before he
left the Gymnasium to devote his life to forestry, he spent the
two years 1859-61 in travel through Germany, and then in
studying under his father the various points wliich were considered
essential to the successful forester. In 1864 he entered the
forest service of Brunswick, and in the year following he produced
his first work, on the out-turn of certain trees, the red beech, oak,
fir, and pine. In 1866 he quitted public service, and took his
doctor's degree at Marburg; the next year he was called to
c/2
36 PROCEEDIKGS OE THE
Neustadt-Eberswakle Forest Academy, near Berlin, as lecturer on
Botany and Zoology, which was restricted in 1871 to Botany
alone. "Whilst here he gained celebrity by the publication of an
important work proving that the diseases of forest trees were
often due to parasitic fungi. At that time it was the generally
accepted theory among scientific foresters in Germany, that fungi
were rather the result of morbid conditions, than the primary
cause of disease in forest trees. The publication of Hartig's
' Wichtige Krankheiten der Waldbaumen : Beitrage zur Mykologie
und Phytopathologie fiir Botaniker und Forstmanner,' Berlin, in
1874, was the cause of controversy, before the results of which
this book was the record, were accepted.
When in 1878 the Faculty of Forestry in the University of
Munich was formed, E-obert Hartig was called to the Chair of
Botany, and remained there till his death. Since the date of this
appointment he has been a continuous and prolific author of
articles and pamphlets on forest botany, questions on the growth
of trees, the quality of timber produced under given conditions,
and on many other matters connected with the investigation of
the experimental stations at different centres of forest science
throughout Germany. During this period his two largest
publications were : his ' Lehrbuch der Baumkrankheiten,' Berlin,
1882, of which the third edition came out in 1900 as ' Lehrbuch
der Pflanzenkrankheiten,' and appeared in an English version
by Dr. W. W. Somerville, revised by Prof. H. Marshall Ward, in
1894 as the ' Text-book of the Diseases of Trees,' a standard
work; and his 'Die Anatomie und Physiologie der Pflanzen,' 1891,
with special reference to those facts of importance to the forester.
Notwithstanding Hai'tig's valuable contributions to the literature
of mycology, forest botany, and science applied to tree culture,
his greatest field has perhaps been in the lecture-room and his
well-equipped laboratory at Munich, because there one of the
main branches of his professorial work lay in connection with
vegetable physiology, which is, and must always be, the main
foundation underlying the arts of forestry and agriculture.
His latest independent work, ' Holzuntersuchungen : Altes und
Neues,' came out in 1901, a year which found him in weakened
health; in the summer he regained a measure of his lost strength
by a sojourn in the neighbourhood of the Lake of Brienz, but
in the evening of October 9 a sudden stroke of apoplexy proved
fatal. He was buried on the 12th of the same month at the new
Schwabinger Friedhof at Munich, in the presence of a large
concourse of mourners.
Kobert Hartig was elected Foreign Member, May 3, 1888.
For the foregoing details the writer is indebted to Freiherr von
Tubeuf, son-iu-law of the deceased professor, who, in response to
a special appeal, was obliging enough to send two necrologies from
forestry publications (Eobert Hartig : Ein N achruf von Dr. E.
Cieslar ; separatabdr. aus dem Januarheft der ' Centralblatt f. d.
ges. Forstwesen,' 1902 ; and another, by Dr. C. P. Meinecke, aus
LIXXEAJf SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 37
der Allg. Forst- uud Jagd-Zeitung, April-Heft, 1902) : and to
Dr. Nisbet, \vho also furnished some memoranda of the work done
by our late Foreign Member.
George S-VMUEfi Jexmax was born in 1857, in the South of
England, but was taken as a child \\ith his parents to the South of
Ireland, where his boyhood was passed. He started in life as a young
gardener, and obtained employment at the Eoyal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, on 20th September, 1871. On 6th September, 1873, he left
that establishment to take charge of the Cinchona plantations in
Jamaica, where he remained until he was appointed Government
Botanist and Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens of Britisli
Guiana, on August 21, 1879, at a salary of .£400 per annum.
He reorganized the Gardens, bringing into high cultivation what
was previously waste land, and making them one of the finest and
most valuable botanic gardens in that part of the world. He spent
much time and energy in experiments on the growth of plants of
tropical climates ; but he is especially known for his work on
seedling sugar-canes, at first by himself, afterwards in conjunction
with the Government Chemist, Mr. J. B. Harrison. He devoted
mucli time to other departments of natural history, and in various
publications, in Guiana and elsewhere, he employed his pen to
good purpose.
About the end of 1901, Mr. Jenman's health began to fail ; in
January of this year he was confined to his room, with a complica-
tion of heart and lung troubles, which ended fatally on February 28,
1902. The Government of British Guiana, recognizing that his
impaired health was due to a protracted residence in tropical
climates, had arranged for a long period of leave, so that he might
spend the wdiole of the ensuing summer in England. It was his
intention to retire on the termination of this leave, but the state
of his health prevented him quitting Demerara as intended, and
he died as recorded.
He left one daughter, but his wife had died some j^ears before.
His collection of West Indian and South American plants is
understood to be a good one, and will pi'obably be disposed of fo?
the benefit of his daughter.
Hexei de L.vcaze-Duthiees, Member of the Institute of France,
Foreign Member of the Eoyal Society, died at Las Fons in Perigovd
on July 21, 1901, in his SOth year. He was for over 50 years an
ardent investigator of the Invertebrata. Commencing with the
Tracheata, he throughout the period named produced a rapidly
recurring series of memoirs, for the greater part his own, but at
times in co-operation with his students, who were numerous. He
was the founder of a famous School, in which many zoologists now
well known in France were trained. In 1872 he established, in
connection with this, the 'Archives de Zoologie Experimental
et Generale,' now in its third series ; and it is but necessary to scan
38 PKOCEEDI>"GS OF THE
its pages, to apjireciate the energy and untiring devotion with
which he laboured and led.
Chief among Lacaze's researches are those on the Ccelenterata
and Mollusca. His ' Histoire jN'aturelle du Corail ' is famous if only
as giving an account of CoraUium ruli'iau, in Avhich its structure,
reproduction, larva, and economies are all set forth. Gemrdia and
Antijxitharia were in turn monographed, in a highly characteristic
manner ; and the morphological climax was reached in 1872, in his
classic on the order of appearance of the mesenteries, which lies
at the foundation of our modern knowledge of the morphology of
the Sea-Anemones and Corals.
Among Mollusca, Anomia, Ilcdioiis, Ostrcea, Pleurobranchus,
T'rochus, are conspicuous for his care. His ' Memoire sur la
Pourpe ' is a classic of great renown ; but amidst all that he did in
the treatment of this group, his monograph on Dentaliian, memor-
able alike for tlie study of both the anatomy and development of
the genus, stands prominent to-day, in correlation with the recent
discoveries of Drew and Pruvot, which seem to show that in the
early larva which he described Lacaze ^^"as dealing with a funda-
mental form of far-reaching significance. Marine Annelids,
Crinoids, and Brachiopods, in turn came under his sway. In the
treatment of the genus Laura, he created a new departure in the
study of the Cirripedia ; and among his lesser contributions may
be cited those on Astroides, Testacella, and Asjiergillum , all of which
will long endure.
As a manipulator, Lacaze possessed remarkable powers, and it
is said of him that with a clean-cut of a knife he would lay bare so
delicate and deep-seated an organ as the statocyst of a mollusc.
Pity '"tis, however, that, possessed of this manellous skill, he did
not further employ the microscope. In the lack of histological
desire, he appears to have developed an ill-balanced attitude of
mind, such as can alone explain the extraordinary pertinacity with
which, in later life, he maintained the ^iew that the Ascidians
are of Lamellibranch affinity, last expressed in a monograph
on the Cynthiidse of Roscoff, produced in conjunction with his
former pupil Delage, whose views were contrary to his own. The
discussion which accompanies his paper of 1865 on the valved
Tunicate CJievridius (Ehodosoma), would seem to bear reference
to this, and the principle is one which we could apply in the case
of other zoologists who might be named.
There is no phase of Lacaze-Duthier's career more memorable
than his early endeavours in the furtherance of Marine Eesearch.
The Marine Zoological Laboratories at Eoscolf in Brittany, and at
Banyuls-sur-Mer on the Mediterranean coast of Prance, which he
founded, and with the Coi'poration of the Soi'bonne and the Muni-
cipal Council of Banyuls maintahied, will ever be remembered as
those of a pioneer. In their foundation, provision was made for
the education of the student of youthful years as well as for the
prosecution of original research by those the more mature, with the
result that a world-wide reputation was early established, under
LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 39
which tliere were drawn unto the great French Xaturalist students
and workers of well-nigh all nationalities, some notion of whom
Jiiay be gathered from the list of subscribers to Lacaze's pre-
sentation portrait of 1889.
Lacaze was a Professor successively at the Faculte des Sciences
of Lille, at the Ecole Xormale, and the Museum and Faculte des
Sciences of Paris. ]\[uch of his later work was devoted to the
study of the Molluscau nervous system; and here again, repetition
of his observations has shown that, if he had employed the micro-
scope, certain broader points of difference from his juniors, who
were his contemporaries in the field of investigation, might have
been avoided.
He received honours at all hands. As a man, he was genial and
witty. His presence and appearance M-ere of that vigorous and
aristocratic type to be found only among a cei'taiu class of French-
men ; and his striking personality, which can never be forgotten by
those to whom he was known, in itself contributed to his lasting
fame as an indomitable worker and enthusiast.
He was elected a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society on
May 1, 1862.
In the death of Joay Clatell Ma^'sel-Pletdell, the Linnean
Society has lost one of those cotmtry gentlemen, who, without
being acknowledged authorities in any one branch of natural history,
possess a good working knowledge of many branches, especially in
the iield.
Our late Fellow was born in 1817, the eldest son of Colonel
Mansel of Smealmore ; he was educated at private schools, and
St. John's College, Cambridge.
He was twice married, first, in 1849 to Isabel, daughter of F. C.
A . Colvile of Barton House, AVarwickshire, and second, to Mary,
sister of the 1st Baron Leigh ; for thirty years he was in the
Queen's Own Yeomanry, and as a large landowner of 8000 acres,
he was emphatically a country squire. He threw himself enthusi-
astically into antiquarian and field natural history pursuits, was
President of the Dorset jSatural History and Antiquarian Field
Club for a long series of years, from its foundation in 1875 to his
death ; and produced many memoirs and independent works of
local value. Amongst them may be instanced his ' Flora of Dorset '
in 1874, of which a second edition came out in 1895 ; the ' Birds
of Dorsetshire,' 1888 ; the ' Fossil Eeptiles of Dorset,' 1888 ; he
also was author of the ' Geology of Dorsetshire,' and an accotmt
of the Mollusca of the same county in 1898.
He was elected into oiu' Society June 16, 1870 ; he was also
a Fellow of the Greologicai Society from 1857, besides which he
was a Deptity Lieutenant, and a Justice of the Peace for his county.
To those who knew the elderly, but hale and vigorous naturalist,
it seems almost whimsical to record that he A^as the heir pre-
sumptive of his first cousin twice-removed. Sir Courteriay Cecil
Mansel, 11th Baronet.
40 PEOCEEDIIfGS OJF THE
Mr. Mansel-Pleydell died at his seat, Whatcombe, Blaudford,
on May 2, 1902. A portrait of him in his Teomanry uniform is
prefixed to the first volume of the 'Proceedings' of the Dorset Field
Club in 1877, and a more recent one in Journ. Bot. xi. (1902)
p. 261.
William Maetindale, the third son of Eichard Martindale,
farmer, of Stainton, near Carlisle, was born in 1840, educated at a
private school in Carlisle, and in 1856 Avas apprenticed to his
•uncle William Martindale, who had a large business as a druggist
in the market-place. Two years later his uncle died, and the term
of apprenticeship was finished with Andrew Thompson of English
Street, in the same city. On the expiry of his apprenticeship he
came to the South Coast for the benefit of his health, and then, when
22, he came to London, passing through the School of Pharmacy,
Bloomsbury Square, whence, after qualifying, he became assistant
to Messrs. Morson of Southampton Eow, in whose house he
remained some years. He then became dispenser and teacher of
pharmacy at University College Hospital, and demonstrator of
materia medica at University College. In 1873 he purchased a
business in New Cavendish Street, and thenceforward devoted
himself to strenuous work on behalf of his calling. In conjunc-
tion with Dr. Wynn Westcott, he produced a volume ' Extra
Pharmacopoeia,' which came out in 1883, and was so greatly
appreciated as to be now in its tenth edition, very much increased
in bulk and usefulness from the first issue.
In his calling he was singularly energetic. For ten years he
was a member of the Pharmaceutical Society's Board of Examiners
for England and Wales. In 1889 he was on the Council of that
Society, and in 1898 President. Ill-health compelled him to seek
rest and change in the West Indies and South Africa, but abso-
lute rest seems to have been foreign to him. Amongst his latest
work was that on the Privy Couiicil's Poisons Committee. Over-
work and ceaseless worry brought on nervous depression, which led
to his ending his life by poison, 2nd February, 1902.
He was twice President of the British Pharmaceutical Confer-
ence, a member of the Council of the Royal Botanic Society, and
as such interested himself in a scheme for the improvement of
botanic teaching in London. His election to our Society was so
recently as March 18, 1897; he was also a Fellow of the Chemical
Society, a Member of the Society of Arts, and of the Sussex
Archaeological Society, and a Baron of the Cinque Ports ; the last
by virture of having served as Mayor of Winchelsea.
Dr. William Miller Oed, formerly a consulting physician of
St. Thomas's Hospital, died at his son's house at Salisbury, on
14th May, 1902. He was born in 1834 in London, and received
his medical training in St. Thomas's Hospital, which then stood at
the foot of London Bridge, on the Surrey side. He entered this
institution in 1852, and was most successful in gaining prizes and
LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF XOXDOX. 4 1
scholarships ; he remained connected with the Hospital for fifty
\ears, and during that term he filled almost every position on the
stafe.
He became M.B. of London in 1857, Member of the Eoyal
College of Physicians in 1869, a Fellow in 1875, and a Doctor of
Medicine in 1877. His literary activities were chiefly confined
to his profession, but in the seventies he was active in promoting
natural history research in local societies. Apart from his hospital
studies, he acted as examiner in Medicine at the Universities of
Cambridge and Loudon. On his retirement Irom practice, he
settled at Andover, and it was while on a visit to a neighbouring
cathedral city that he passed a^ay. His connection with the
Linnean Society dated from January 18th, 1877; and he became a
Fellow of the Eoyal Microscopical Society in 1871).
Thomas Glazebkook Ei"la>'ds, whose death was reported at the
last Anniversary Meeting, was born in Wai-rington, 24th Mav,
1818, the second son of John Eylands by his second wife, Martha,
daughter of the Eev. James Glazebrook, Vicar of Belton, Leicester-
shire. He came of an old Lancashire stock, well known for the
pubhc spirit of its members, and was educated at Warrington
Grammar School. On the retirement of the father in 1843 from the
business of wire manufacturer, the firm was reconstituted under the
name of Eylands Brothers, which in 1868 became converted into a
company. Of his friends in or near Manchester in middle hfe, we
find mentioned T. W. Barlow, Prof. W. C. "Williamson, Mr. Side-
botham, Leo H. Grindon, and other naturalists ; while from his
early years a close friendship existed between him and "William
AVilson, author of ' Bryologia Britannica." Collections and anno-
tated notebooks of that time are extant, and show his enthusiasm
for field pursuits. In the study of Diatoms, he corresponded with
Prof. G. A. W. Arnott, Sir W. J. Hooker, Dr. E. K. Greville, John
Ealfs, Dr. W. B. Carpenter, Tuffen West, Dr. G. C. Wallich,
Brebisson of Falaise, and many others. For several years from
1858, all his spare time was given up to microscopic study of these
minute plants ; and from Dr. Greville alone, by 1861, he is stated to
have received more than 1200 slides, chiefly of British forms. Dr.
Greville on his death in 1866 left Mr. Eylands 700 bottles of
Diatoms, and his entire collection of 2000 or 3000 shdes, but after
the death of Arnott in 1868, little more microscopical work was
done by Evlands.
His correspondents in phanerogamic botany comprised H. C.
Watson of Thames Ditton, G. W. Francis, G. E. Dennes, Secretary
of the Botanical Society of London, Edward Xewman, and
Edward Forbes. His herbarium is still in good preservation.
The earliest paper on natural history which he published seems
to have been *' On the Varieties of British Ferns, and the diagnoses
of Allied Species,*' in the ' xS atm-alist ' for lb39 ; he recorded
^udmgAdiantum CajnUiis- Veneris in the Isle of Man, in the
' Phytologist ' for 1842 ; and in the same journal for 1842 he
had two papers on Moiwtrajjci Hypopitys, the second on what is
42 PEOCEEBINGS OP THE
now known as mycorhiza on its roots. He contributed in 1859
and 1860 to the ' Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.' At
this time he resuraed entomological pursuits, then took meteoro-
logical observations, and lectured on local geology; even astronomy
claimed him as a votary.
The Wai-riiDgton Natural History Society was founded in 1838,
and Mr. Eylands was a founder, and the Museum owed miich to
his support and liberality.
He was twice married, first on 24:th May 1845, to his second
cousin, Miss Eagg, who met with a carriage accident in 1851, and
died in 1856 ; and second, to Miss Dewhurst, 186u, who survives ;
one daughter remains. Five years before his death he had a severe
attack of influenza, and a second attack was fatal after two days'
illness. He quietly sank on 14th February, 1900, and was
cremated, the funeral urn being buried in Thelwall churchyard.
He became a Fellow of oin- Society 20th February, 1802 ; he was
also a Fellow of the Astronomical Society (1866) and of three
other Astronomical associations ; of the Society of Antiquaries
(1877) ; lioyal Asiatic Society (1870) ; Eoyal Society of Antiquaries
of Ireland (1890); and Eoyal Irish Academy (1885); besides
numerous other local societies. He possessed a large working
library, collections of maps, and apparatus. Of his civic appoint-
ments may be mentioned Mayor of "Warrington (1858), Justice
of the Peace in the same year, and Alderman more than once.
The foregoing notice has been dra« n up from a privately printed
memoir with a portrait, compiled by Mr. R. D. Radcliffe.
AViLLiAM Feedeeick Sauxdees was born at East Hill, Wands-
worth, on the 7th April, 1834, and died at his residence 5 Alder-
brook-road, Clapham Common, on the 26th December, 1901, in
the 69th year of his age, after five days' illness from pneumonia,
and was buried (after cremation) in the Brookwood cemetery. He
was the eldest son of the late W. Wilson Saunders, F.E.S., for
many years Treasurer of the Linnean Society, and, like his father,
took a great interest in all matters connected with natural history ;
but he was more particularly a botanist, and with the object of
collecting specimens for his herbarium, paid three visits to the
Continent in company with the late Daniel Hanbury, F.E.S. (in
1854, 1855, & 1857). In 1860 he married his second cousin, F. A.
Saunders, eldest daughter of the late Sir S. S. Saunders, C.M.G-., who
was at that time Consul-General at Alexandria, where the marriage
took place. He had a numerous family, five sons and four daughters,
who with his wife survive him. He was for many years in
business in the City as an underwriter at Lloyds. He became a
Fellow of the Linnean Society April 15, 1858, and of the Royal
Horticultural Society in 1857, but he rarely if ever attended any
of the meetings of either Society. Though he had an immense
fund of general knowledge, lie was of a very retiring disposition,
and made few intimate friends outside his family circle, but was a
great favourite with all who had the good fortune to know him.
[J. E. Sau>'dees.]
LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 43
Oeoege Feegusson Wilson died on Good Friday, March 28, 1902,
at his residence at Wey bridge, after some mouths of suffering.
He was boru in the year 1822, and had thus reached the age of
eighty. Por many years he was managing-director of Price's
Candle Company, in connection with which he discovered the
means of making pure glycerine, on which he read a paper at the
British Association as far back as 1855, at Grlasgow. The year
before that he had read a paper on the value of steam in the
decomposition of neutral fatty bodies before the Eoyal Society, of
which he became a Pellow in 1855.
He was passionately attached to gardening, and threw himself
energetically into the management of the Eoyal Horticultural
Society, and much of its present successful position is due to his
efforts o]i its behalf.
It was on April 1, 1875, that Mr. Wilson was elected Fellow of
the Linneau Society ; he was also a Fellow of the Chemical Society,
and the Eoyal Society, as mentioned above. A portrait of him
was published in ' The Garden,' April 5, 1902, p. 231.
Dr. HocKEN, F.L.S., of Dunediu, 'New Zealand, then stated
that he had been desired by the Australasian Association for the
Advancement of Science to invite the presence of Fellows of the
Linnean Society of London to their forthcoming meeting to be
held at Dunediu in the month of January 1904, promising a
hearty welcome to all who might pay a visit to that interesting
country.
June 5th, 1902.
Prof. S. H. AMINES, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting, 24th May, were read
and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were severally balloted for and elected
Fellows : — Mr. EdM-ard Phelps Allis, junior, Mr. Edward Augustus
Bowles, Mr. Upendranath Kanjilal, Mr. Edward Kemp Toogood,
and Mr. Herbert Wright.
The President announced that he and the General Secretary
had waited that day on His Eoyal Highness The Prince of Wales,
with the Charter-Book of the Society, which had been duly signed
by His Eoyal Highness as an Honorary Member.
The President announced that he had nominated as Vice-
Presidents for the ensuing yi?ar : — Mr. Carruthers, Mr. Frank
Crisp, Mr. Herbert Druce, and the Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing.
Dr. Otio St-IPE, F.L.S., exhibited the original specimen of
Trifolium alhidum, Eetz., from Eetzius's herbarium at Lund,
44 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
together with specimens collected by Mr. J. Lawson in a clock at
Falmouth in 1900, representing a variety of T. alhldum which was
in cultivation in various botanic gardens on the Continent in the
early part of the last century, and at Kew as late as 1856, the
origin of which is, however, not known. Eetzius's specimen proves
that his T. alhidum (178t!) is identical with T. squarrosum, Savi
(1808-1810), non Linn., T. panormitanum, Presl (1826), and
T. lonrjestijmlatum, Loisel (1828). Hence it follows that the name
T. albichnn takes precedence before those names as well as T. dip-
saceum, Thuill. (1790), uhich was identified by Grenier & Godrou
and by Eouy Avith Savi's 2\ squarrosum. The colour of the corolla
is, as Eetzius describes it, whitish with a tinge of yellow, or, as
Savi says, of red ; in dry specimens it turns to a dirty yellow or
brown more or less suffused with purple. The calyx is 10-nerved,
not as Koch stated 20-nerved. The Falmouth variety is — apart
from the glabrous calyx-tube — identical with DeCandolle's T. ochro-
leucum var, ramosum [Fl. Franc, v. p. 529 (1805)], which the
author referred subsequently [Fl. Franc. Suppl. p. 557 (1815)] to
T. alhidum, \yilld. (sic). It agrees, indeed, very well with the
plant so named in Willdenow's herbarium (no. 14220), and,
according to a communication by Mr. Cas. DeC^andolle, with the
specimens on which Seringe evidently based his T. squarrosum
yax.Jiavicans (syn. excl.). The name proposed for this variety is
T. aihidurn, var. ramosum, Stapf. It is mainly characterized by the
low growth, small, mostly elliptic leaflets, and straw-yellow flowers.
The calyx-tube varies from glabrous to rather conspicuously hairy ;
the same is the case in T. albidum proper, although here specimens
with perfectly glabrous calyx-tubes are very rare.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On certain Species of Dischidia with Double Pitchers." Bv
H. H. W. Pearson, M.A., F.L.S.
2. " On Silver-leaf Disease in Plums and other Prunese." By
Prof. J. Percival, M.A., F.L.S.
3. " On the Occurrence and Formation of Crystals of Calcium
Oxalate in Seedlings of Alsike {TrifoKum hybridum, Linn.)." By
Prof. J. Percival, M.A., F.L.S.
4. " On the Morphology of the Cerebral Commissures in the
Vertebrata, with special reference to an aberrant Commissure in
the Brain of certain Eeptiles.'" By Prof. Elliot Smith, of Cairo.
(Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes, Sec.L.S.)
June 19th, 1902.
Mr. AY. Caeeuthebs, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were severally balloted for and elected
LINXEA^' SOC'IEXY OF LONDOX. 45
Fellows: — Mr. Philip AValter Mackinnon, Mr. Thomas George
Hill, and Mr. Eric Drahble.
jMr. Alfred William Alcock was proposed as a Fellow.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On Obesiella, a new Genus of Copepoda." Bv Dr. W. G.
Eidewood, F.L.S.
2. " On Modern Methods in Mycology." By Georf^e Massee,
F.L.S.
3. "Further Obseryations on the Owls, especially their Skeleton."
By AV. P. Pyeratt, A.L.S.
ABSTRACTS.
jS'ovember "ilst, 1901.
The President gaye some account of his iuyestigation of the
proteolytic enzyme of Xepenthes. He began by pointing out that
in the higher animals there are two distinct proteolytic enzymes :
(1) pepsin, secreted by the stomach ; (2) trypsin, secreted by the
pancreas. The action of pepsin npon the more complex proteids
(albumin, fibrin, &c.) is to conyertthem by hydrolysis into simpler
proteids known as peptones ; whereas the action of trypsin is not
only to conyert these proteids into peptones, but, further, to
decompose the peptones into non-proteid nitrogenous substances,
such as leucin, tyrosin, &c. Among these final products of tryptic
digestion there is a substance called tryptophane, \\hich has the
property of giving a pink or yiolet colour on the addition of chlorine-
water. Hence this colour-reaction may be used as a means of
determining the nature of the digestion to which any proteid may
haye been submitted.
xls the result of previous researches upon the nature of the
digestion effected by the enzyme of Nepenthes, the President had
come to the conclusion that it was not peptic, as had been supposed,
but essentially tryptic. This conclusion has recently been called
in question by Clautriau (Acad. Eoy. de Belgique, 1900), who
re-asserts the peptic character of the enzyme. By means of the
tryptophane-reaction, which is readily given by the products of a
Nepenthes digestion, the President has been able to establish the
correctness of the view that the enzyme is tryptic.
The tryptophane-reaction has also been found to be given by a
number of extracts of plants which are known to contain a
proteolytic enzyme ; for instance, pineapple-juice, papain, figs,
germinating bean-seeds, &c. It seems probable, therefore, that
proteolytic digestion in plants is always tryptic — that there is, in
46
PROCEEDIJs'GS OF THE
fact, no peptic enzyme in plants. But there is this peculiarity
about the trvpsin of plants, that it has to work in an acid medium.
The President suggested that the proteolytic enzyme of Nepentlies
should be termed nepentliin, as that of the Papaw is termed ixqxiin^
and that of the Pineapple bromelin.
December 5th, 1901.
Dr. W. Gr. RiDEWOOD, F.L.S., exhibited nine specimens of
abnormal sacra in the Edible Frog {Rana escnlenta) and one in the
Common Prog {Rana tempomrin). He referred to the fact that
in 1897 (Anat. Anz. xiii. pp. 364-367) he had reviewed the litera-
ture bearing upon the subject of compound sacra in Anura, both
normal and teratological, and stated that if all cases of abnormal
sacra met with were to be briefly recorded, with diagrammatic
illustrations, it might be possible at some future time to collate
the various modifications, and to gain some insight into the
principles underlying such irregularities. The specimens of Rana
esculenta which he exhibited were all obtained from a batch of
24 large frogs sent from Germany. They were probably obtained
from the same source at the same time, and might possibly have
developed from the same spawn. The sacra of seven of these
were similar in character. The eighth and ninth vertebrae were
rigidly fused together, the coalescence affecting both centra and
neural arches. No zygapophyses were present between these two
vertebrae, but the foramina for the eighth pair of nerves were of
the normal size. In all other respects the vertebral columns were
normal. The eighth specimen resembled the first seven in the
fusion of the eighth and ninth vertebrae, but differed from them
in that the diapophyses of the eighth vertebra were stout, and
carried the ilia, whereas those of the ninth vertebra were slender
and very much backwardly directed. The ninth specimen pre-
LIXNEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 47
seuted a compromise between the two former types. The rio-ht
diapophvsis of the ninth vertebra and the left di'apophysis of the
eighth were stout and carried the ilia, Mbereas the remaining two
diapophyses of these vertebrte were slender. Tlie last specimen,
that ot liana temporaria (fig. 4), for which Dr. Eidewood expressed
his indebtedness to Dr. AVilley, was more abnormal than the fore-
going. The first six vertebrse were normal. The centrum' of the
seventh was biconcave. The eighth vertebra was represented by a
biconvex centrum without any corresponding neural ai'ch. The
ninth vertebra had a centrum Avhich was concave in front, and
possessed a right and left convexity behind, as is usual for the
ninth vertebra. The left postzygapophysis had failed to develop.
The tenth vertebra had no prezygapophysis on the left side. The
centrum was possessed of a right and left concavity in front, and,
like the diapophyses, was fused with the urostyle behind. The
upper part of the neural arch, however, was free from the urostyle.
The right ilium was attached to the diapophysis of the tenth
vertebra, whereas the left ilium, which was the longer of the two,
was borne by that of the ninth.
February 6th, 1902.
Dr. D. H. Scott, F.R.S., F.L.S., gave an account (illustrated by
lantern-slides) of "An extinct Family of Ferns" — the Botry-
ojjttridea:, our knowledge of which is primarily due to the researches
of M. Eenault. The vegetative organs and sporangia of the type-
genus Botryopteris were described, and two British Palffinzoie
species, B. Jiirsuia, AVill., and B. ramosa, AVill., were added to the
genus on the ground of their anatomical structure. The genus
Z>igopteris, also known with some degree of completeness, was
nest dealt «ith, and the structure of the British species Z. Grayi,
AVill., described in some detail. Eeasons were given for including
other genera, such as Anachoropjteris, Asterochlci^na, and Tmicaulis
in the family, while a close connection with DiphJahis and Cory-
nepteris was also regarded as probable. The affinities of the group
Mere discussed in conclusion, points of agreement with Hymeno-
phyllacecT, Osmundacese, Ophioglossacete, and other families of
Ferns being pointed out. Heterospory, believed by M. Eenault
to exist in Botryopteris and Zyciopteris, was not regarded as
established, and affinities were sought rather among homosporous
Filices.
February 20th, 1902.
Mr. B. Datdox Jacksox, Sec. L.S., in a '• Eeport on the
Botanical Publications of the United Kingdom as part of the
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature," gave the history
of botanic bibliography from the time of Linnaeus, referring to
Eeuss's ' Eepertorium,' mentioning the admirable catalogue by
Drvander of Sir Joseph Banks's librarv, and passing on to the
Eoyal Society's ' Catalogue of Scieutitic Papers,' at present
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
cousisting of 11 volumes, ranging- from 1S00-1S33, the last seven-
teen years being in course o£ compilation.
The genesis of the International Catalogue of Scientific Litera-
ture was then brietiy described, and the means adopted for the
collection and classification of titles given. The Linnean Society
had contributed the titles of papers and books issued within the
United 'Kingdom, amounting to about 2300, that is practically
the whole of the literature of the country for 1901 ; and the first
part of the volume devoted to Botany for 1901 was now in the
hands of the printers, for early publication.
April 3rd, 1902.
Mr. E.. Morton Middleton, F.L.S., exhibited two unpublislied
letters (lent to him by Mr. Frederick Barker) in the handwriting
of Linnaeus. The first was addressed to " Mr. Eiehard Warner,
London," and re-addressed by John Ellis ''Alt his house, att
Woodford, Essex." It was written from Upsala, September 29,
1758, and enclosed by Linnaeus in a letter of the same date to Ellis,
which was published in Sir J.-E. Smith's 'Correspondence of
Linnaeus,' vol. i. pp. 102-104. Concerning the letter to Warner,
Smith adds a footnote (p. 103), " This letter does not appear," so
that it had been missing for more than 80 years when discovered
by Mr. Middleton. The letter relates mainly to " Wameria "'
(Gnrdeiiia jlorkla). Ellis ni'ged Linnaeus to name the genus
Wcu-neria in honour of Warner, who declined the compliment ;
Ellis then proposed Aiir/usta, but Linnaeus objected to adjectival
generic names ; afterwards Ellis suggested Gardenia, which LinnsBUS
adopted. The second letter, dated Upsala, April 18, 1769, is to
David van Hoyen, of Leyden. In it, Linnaeus states that he has
received with surprise from Mexico (!) a leaf of "the nut-bearing
tree with maidenhair-like leaves," adding a reference to Ivaemp-
fer's 'Amoenitates Exoticae,' where the first figure of Ginglco
hiloha appears. Linnaeus's own copy of this book is in the Society's
library. There is no doubt that the letter refers to his first sight
of the plant, though whether the leaf was actually sent from
Mexico cannot now be determined. The original letters, together
with a long holograph one from Sir J. E. Smith to IS', Wallich on
Nepalese plants, written in 1819, published in Smith's Memoir,
and exhibited at the same time by Mr. Morton Middleton, are now
in the possession of Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, F.L.S. The following
are copies : —
Viro acutissimo
D"° RiCARDO Warnero
s[alutem] p[lurimam] d[icit]
Caeolus LinnjEus, Eques.
Pro Uteris quibus ine cohonestare voluisti [gratias] devotissimas
reddo, mihique gratulor ex amicitia domini Eilisii, qua tarn acuto et
sapienti viro innotuerim.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 49
Exemplar pulcherrima plaiitae Warneriae gratissimum mihi
donura erat, quod servabo saucte in tui memoriam.
Ante anuum varriis speciminibus siccis plantarum variarum me
beavit doctissimus D. Milleras inter quas plurimae plantae selectae
Anglicae quas ex tuis liodie pei\spicio me accepisse a tuo mauu ;
proiu[de] et pro his gratissimam mentem refero.
De vero charactere Warneriae multum haesitavi, iiec potui ex
pleuo flore eundem eruere. Cum vero amicissimus D"^ Ellis
distiucte describat et delineat pistilla 3, stamina quinque, videtur
inde quod sit generis distiuctissimi. Fateor quod facie et imprimis
calyce plurimum conveniat cum Nyctauthes aut Jasmini genere ;
cum vero (uti ex figura et anatomia Ellisii) clare pateat singulum
fructus rudimentum esse polyspermum nequit omuino habere
ullam affinitatem cum Jasminis. Minus ad Nerii affines referam
ob pistilla tria et imprimis quod nullibi legerim ramulos teneriores
dissectos fuisse lactescentes, de quibus tamen tuam sententiam,
quam liceat ocius, exspecto.
De tua in inquirendo et colendo plantas rarissimas industria atque
indefesso studio, diu multumque audivi, ut nihil mihi autiquius
foret, quam tuo nomine ornare plautam cui eandem debet orbis
Botanicus.
Diun legeris plantas rarissimas, quaeso memor sis mei, extra
florae regioues feliciores sepositi, qui tui cultor perenui studio
vivam.
Dabain Upsaliae, 1758 die 29 Septembris.
^Translation.']
To the most learned
Mr. E-icnAED Warner,
Charles LiNNiEUs, Knight, sends hearty greeting.
I send you my best thanks for the letter with which you honoured
me, and I am glad of the friendship of Mr. Ellis, whom I have
known as a clever and learned man.
The specimen of the beautiful plant " Warneria " was a most
acceptable gift, and I shall treasure it religiously in memory of you.
A year ago the learned Mr. Miller favoured rne with several dried
specimens of various plants, among which were many choice
British species, which I understand to-day were from your hand ;
for these thex'efore I tender you my best thanks.
As to the true character of the Warneria I have had much diffi-
culty, nor have I been able to settle it from the entire flower.
But inasmuch as my friend Mr. Ellis clearly states that there
are 3 pistils and 5 stamens, it appears that it must be a very dis-
tinct genus. I confess that at first from the general appearance,
and especially from the calyx, it appeared to belong to the genus
LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1901-1902. e
50 PKOCEEDIXGS OF THE
Nyctanilics or Jasniinuni, but as (see the drawing and dissection of
Ellis) it is manifest that the single ovary is inany-seeded, it is
impossible for it to haA"e any affinity with the Jasmines. Still less,
on account of the 3 pistils, is there any affinity with Nerium,
especially as I have never read that the younger shoots, \Ahen cut,
shed latex. However, I shall be looking for your opinion on
these points as soon as possible.
I have for a long time heard much of your industry in
collecting and cultivating very rare plants, and your unwearied
study of the same, so that nothing will give me greater pleasure
than to honour for your sake this plant which the Botanic World
owes to you.
While you are collecting rare plants, please do not forget me,
situated here outside the favoured regions of plant-life, whose
constant desire it will be to do you honour.
Given at TJpsala, 1758, 29 September.
Viro amplissimo
D. D. DaTID VAX EOTEN,
Professori Botanices celeberrimo
s. pi. d.
Carl v. Lk^xe.
Hodie accepi a te generosissime communicata et data semina,
inter quae varia erant quae ego non habeo iu Horto.
jNIissum etiam erat Folium, e Mexico (quod miror) et est, nisi
valde fallor, Arhor nucifeni foho adiautino, Kaempf. amoen. 811
&. 812, generis etiamnum plane incogniti ; utinam orbi Botanico
hujus dare posses characterem desideratissimum.
Pro utrinque summas quas possum refero gratias.
Audivi quod uxor amplissimi Doctoris Professoris Adriaui van
Eoyen nuper sit mortua quod maxime doleo ; quomodo fert banc
calamitatem mens optimus benefactor? Sed et audivi hunc meum
patronum etiam morbo iaborare, quod mihi metum incutit non
levem. Si aliquando referibas quaeso de Patrui tui statu me
moneas, in cujus aere sum et ero quamdiu vixero.
Anne umquam vidistin Loasam Jacq. obs. 3. f. 38, quae Ortiga
chilensis urens Fewell. pens. f. 43"^, fuit ante duos aunos in Hortis
Botanicis Wiennae, Parisiis, etc., unde et specimen recentissimum
habui. Sed quaesivi omnes Botanicos ut semina obtinerem nee in
mihi notis locis exstat amplius. Dolerem maxime si Botanici
concessissent tarn pulchram et singularem plantaui in Europa perire,
quae nunquam antea Europas visa fuit. Si habeas, submisse precor
des mihi aliquot semina.
Vale, et vive felix in rei herbariae augmeutum et decus.
Dabam Upsaliae, 1769 die 18 Aprilis.
lIlS-NEAJf SOCIETY OF LONDON'. 5 I
[Translation.^
To the most distiuguishecl
Dr. Dayid van Eoyen,
The distinguished Professor of Botany [Leyden],
Carl a'^on Linnio sends hearty greeting.
I have to-day received the seeds most kindly forwarded by you,
among which are several which are uot in my garden.
There was also sent, to my surprise, a leaf from Mexico, which
is, unless I am greatly mistaken, the nut-bearing tree with maiden-
hair-like leaves, Kaempf. amoen. p. 811 & 812, of a genus which
even now is wholly unknown ; I should be glad if you could give
to the Botanical world a full description of this plant.
For both these gifts I send you my very best thanks.
I have heard that the wife of the distinguished Professor Dr.
Adrian van Eoyen has recently died, which much distresses me ;
how does my kindest benefactor bear this sorrow ? I have also
heard that he himself is suffering from sickness, which has
alarmed me not a little. Do, if yoa are at any time writing,
send me news as to your uncle's condition : — I am in his debt,
and shall be so as long as I live.
Have you ever seen Loasa, Jacq. obs. 3. f. 38, which as Ortiga
cJiilensis urens, Peuill. f. 43, two years ago was in the Botanic
Gardens at Vienna, Paris, etc., whence I quite recently obtained a
specimen. I have asked all Botanists for some of the seeds, but
there are no more specimens existing in any places known to me.
I should much regret it if Botanists should allow a plant so beauti-
ful and so rare in Europe to be lost, especially as it has never
befoi'e been seen in Europe. If you have any of the seeds, please
give some of them to me.
Farewell — may you live happy in promoting the progress
and dignity of botany.
Given at Upsala, IS April, 1769.
ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS
TO THE
LIBRAUY.
1901-1902.
Aljraham (Karl). Xormentafel ziu* Entwicklungsgeschi elite des
Huhnes (GaJlus domestims). 1900. See Normentafeln zur
EntwicklungsgescMchte der Wirl)eltMere.
Achepohl (L.). Das Niederrheinisch-Westfalische Steinkohlen-
Gebirge. Atlas der fossilen Tauna und Flora in 40 Bliittern,
nach Origiualen photographirt. Nebst vier geognostischeu
Tafeln, alle Elcitze der Horizonte Oberhausen, Essen, Boehum,
und Dortmund nach niittlereu Abstanden, im Massstabe von
1 : 2000, darstellend. Pp. 138, Taf. 48.
4to. Oberhausen 4' Leipzig, 1880.
Adler (Hermann). Alternating Generations : a Biological Study
of Oak Galls and Gall Hies. Translated and Edited by Charles
EoBEET Straton. Pp. xliii, 198, & 3 plates.
8vo. O.vford, 1894. A. W. Bennett.
Albert Honore Charles {Prime de Monaco). Eesultats des Cam-
pagnes Scientifiques aecomplies sur son Yachts [I'HirondeUe et
la Princesse-Alice']. Eascicules 19, 20. 4to, Monaco, 1901.
XIX. Etude de Fonds marins proveiiant du voisinage des A9ores et de la
portion orientale de TAtlantique noi'd. Par J. Tiiotjlet. (1901.)
XX. Alcyonaires (Hirondellc). Par Tiieopiiil Studer. (1901.)
Alcock (Alfred William). Zoological Gleanings from the Eoyal
Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. Pp. 42. (Scientif.
Mem. by Medical Officers, Army India, Part xii.)
4to. Simla, 1901. Author.
Ameghino (Florentine). Presencia de Maun'feros Diprotodontes
en los Depositos terciarios del Parana. Pp. 6. (An. Soc. Cient.
Argent, xlix.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1900.
Mamiferos del Cretaceo inferior de Patagonia. (Eormacion
de las areniscas abigarradas.) (Comunic. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, t. i. no. 6.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1900.
Orypoilierium, nom de genre a effacer. Pp. 3. (Comunic.
Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, i.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1900.
Notices preliminaires sur des Ongules nouveaux des Terrains
Cretaces de Patagonie. Pp. 80. (Bol. Acad. Nac. Cien. Cordoba,
xvi.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1901.
TROCEEDINGS OF THE LINXEAIS SOCIETY OP LONDON. 53
Ameghino (Plorentino). Notices prelimiuaires sur des Mammi-
feres nouveaux des Terrains Cretaees de Patagonie. Pp. (58.
(Bol. Acad. Nac. Oienc. Cordoba, xvii.)
8vo. Buenos Aires, 1902. Author.
Notices preliminaires sur des Mammifc'res nouveaux des
Terrains Crefcaces de Patagouie. Pp. 68. (Bol. Acad. Nac.
Cienc. Cordoba, xvii.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1902.
Premiere Contribution a la Connaissance de la Paune
Mammalogique de Couches a Colpodou. Pp. 70. (Bol. Acad.
Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, xvii.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1902, Author.
Andrews (Charles William). History and Physical Features of
Christmas Island. See British Museum — Monogr. of Christmas
Island.
Land Crustacea of Christmas Island. See British Museum —
Mouogr. of Christmas Island.
Mammals of Christmas Island. Sec British Museum —
Monogr. of Christmas Island.
Anguillara (Louis). La Botanique en Provence au XVP Siecle.
See Legre (Ludovic).
Annett (H. E.). Eeport of the Malaria Expedition to Nigeria.
See Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.
Archer (Colin). The Pram. See Norwegian North Polar Exped.
1893-1896.
Archives Botaniques du Nord de la France. Eevue Botanique
Mensuelle, publiee sous la Direction de Chables Eugkne
Bertband, Vols. I.-V. 8vo. Paris, 1881-87.
Areschoug (Fredrik Wilhelm Christian). Untersuchungen iiber
den Blattbau der Mangrove-Pflanzen. Pp. 9U, Tafeln 13.
(Bibl. Bot. Heft 56.) 4to. StuWjart, 1902.
Arrow (Gilbert J.). Coleoptera of Christmas Island. See British
Museum — Monogr. of Christmas Island.
Ascherson (Paul). Die geographische Verbreitung der Seegraser.
(Petermann's Geogr. Mittheil. xvii.) 4to. Ootha, 1871.
A. W. Bennett.
Auhert (Sam.). La Plore de la Vallee de Joux. Dissertation.
(Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat. xxxvi.) 8vo. Lausanne, 1901.
Dr. Hans Schinz.
Bailey (Frederick Manson). Contributions to the Plora of Queens-
land. (Queens. Agric. Journ. vii. pt. 5, p. 411.)
8vo. Brisbane, 1900.
Plants reputed poisonous to Stock, and Contributions to
the Plora of New Gruinea. (Queensl. Agric. Journ. vii. pt. 4,
pp. 348-350.) 8vo. Brisbane, 1900.
Contributions to the Flora of New Guinea. (Queensl.
Agric. Journ. ix. pts. 2 & 4, pp. 215, 410-412.)
8vo. Brisbane, 1901. Author.
The Queensland Flora. Part IV. Hygrophyllacese to
Eljeagnaceffi. Pp. 1031-1372 ; plates 46-66.
8vo. Brisbane, 1901. Author.
54 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Baker (Frank Collins). The Mollusca of the Chicago Area :
the Pelecj^Doda. (Chicago Acad. Sci., Bulh no. iii. Part 1 of
the Nat. Hist. Surv.) 8vo. Chicago, J 898.
The G-ross Anatomy of Limno'a emarginata, Say, var.
Mighelsi, Binney. (Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. vol. ii.)
8vo. Chicago, 1900.
Barl)er (Charles Alfred). The Diseases of Canes. Address
delivered before the Antigua Branch of the Leeward Islands
Agricultural Society. (Suppl. Leeward Island Gazette, 25th
Jan. 1894.)
The Remedies for Cane Diseases. (Suppl. Leeward Island
Gazette, 24th Feb. 1894.) 4to. St. Johns, Antigua, 1894.
A. W. Bennett.
Barrington (Richard M.). The Migration of Birds as observed
at Irish Lighthouses and Lightships, including the Original
Beports from 1888-97, now published for the First Time, and
an Analysis of these and the previously published Eeports from
1881-87, together with an Appendix giving the Measurements
of about 1600 Wings. Pp. xxv, 6(>7, & Map.
8vo. London S)' Dublin, 1900.
Bary (Heinricli Anton de). On Mildew and Fermentation.
Pp. 76. 8vo. Berlin, 1872. A. W. Bennett.
Bastian (Henry Charlton). Facts and Eeasonings concerning
the Heterogenous Evolution of Living Things. (Nature, ii.)
4to. London, 1870. A. W. Bennett.
Studies in Heterogenesis. Parts 1, 2.
8vo. London, 1901-1902. Author.
Baunigartner (Gottlieb). Das Curfirsteugebiet in seinen ptlanzen-
geographischen und wirtschaftlichen Verhaltnissen. Inaugural-
Dissertation. Pp. 244, mit 14 Tafeln und 1 Karte.
8vo. St. Gallen, 1901. Hans Schinz.
Beck von Mannagetta (Glinther, Bitter von). Die Vegetations-
verhiiltnisse der illyrischen Lander begreifend Siidkroatien,
die Quarnero-Inseln, Dalmatien, Bosnieu und die Hercegovina,
Montenegro, Nordalbanien, den Sandzak Novipazar und Serbien.
Pp. XV, 534; mit 6 Tafeln, 18 Textfiguren und 2 Karten.
(Engler & Drude, Vegetation der Erde, iv.)
Eoy. Svo. Leijizig, 1901 .
Beddard (Frank Evers). Mammalia. See Cambridge Nat. Hist.
vol. X.
Beitter (Albert). Pharmacognostisch-chemische Untersuchung
der Catha edidis. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 78, mit 3
Tafeln. Svo. Strasshurg i. E., 1900. Ed. Schaer.
Belon (Pierre). La Botanique en Provence au XVI*^ Siecle.
See Legre (Lndovic).
Bennett (Alfred William). Some Account of Modern Eesearches
into the Nature of Yeast. (Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xv.)
Svo. London, 1875. A. W. Bennett.
Alpine Plants painted from Nature. See Seboth (Joseph).
LINXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 55
Berkeley (Miles Joseph) and Curtis (Moses A.). Exotic Fungi
from the Schweiuitzian Herbarium, principally from Surinam.
Pp. 18. (Journ. Acad. Xat. Sci. vol. ii. 1850—5-1:.)
4to. Philadelphia, 1853.
A Commentary on the ' Synopsis Fungorum in America
Boreali media degeutium,' by L. D. de Schaveixitz. Pp. 18.
(Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. iii.) 4to. PMladelpUa, 1856.
Characters of Kew Fungi, collected in the JSTorth Pacific
Exploring Expedition by Charles Weight. Pp. 20. (Proc.
Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. iv., 1857-60.)
8yo. Boston Sf Cambridffe, 1860.
Berlin.
Das Tierreich. Herausgegeben von der Deutschen Zoologischen
Gesellschaft. Generalredakteur : Feais^z Eilhaed Schulze.
Liefg. 1-17. 8vo. Berlin, 1897-1902.
Liefg. 13. Hydracbnida? und Halacai'ida?, Ton Gtcstav Richard
PiERSiG und Haxs LoiniAXN. 1901.
., 14. Lepidoptera. Libvtheida?, von Arnold Pagexstecher.
1901.
., 15. Aves. ZosteropidtE, von Otto Fixscii. 1901.
,, Ifi. Mollusca. Cj-clophorida', von Wiliielm Kobelt. 1902.
., 17. Lepidoptera. Callidulida?, von Dr. Arnold Pagensteciier.
1902.
Zoologische Sammlung des Museums fiir Xaturkunde.
Mitteilungen, Band I. Heft 1. 4to. Berlin, 1898.
Band I. Heft 1. Martens (Eduard Carl von) und Wiegmann
(FiaEDUiciij. Laud- und Sixsswasser - MoUusken der
Seyehellen. Pp. 94 ; Tafeln 6. 1898.
Bertrand (Charles Eugene). See Archives Botaniques du Nord
de la France.
Bibliotheca Botanica (continued).
Baud X. Heft 53. Correns (Carl Erich). Bastarde zwiscben Maisrassen,
niit besouderer Beriicksicbtigung der Xenien. Pp. xii,
161; Tafeln 2. 1901.
,, „ 54. EicHTER (Aladar). Pbysiologiscb-anatomiscbe Uuter-
sucbungen iiber Luftwnrzeln mit besonderer Beriick-
sicbtigung der Wurzelbaube. Pp. 50; Tafeln 12.
1901.
Band XI. Heft 55. Stenzel (K. Gustav AY.). Abweicbende Bliiten beim-
iscber Orcbideeu mit einem" Eiickblick auf die der
Abietineen. Pp. 136 ; mit 6 Tafeln. 1902.
„ ,, 56. Arescuoug (Fredrik Wilhelm Christian). Unter-
sucbungen iiber den Blattbau der Mangrove-Pflanzen.
Pp. 90 ; Tafeln 13. 1902.
„ „ 57. Hevdrich (Franz). DasTetraspoi-angiumderFlorideen,
ein Vorlaufer der sexuellen Fortpflanzmig. Pp.9;
mit 1 Tafel. 1902.
Bihliotheca Zoologica {continued).
Band XIII. Heft 33. Heymons (Richard). Die Entwicklungsgescbicbte der
Scolopender. Pp. viii, 244 ; Tafeln 8. 1901.
„ ,, 34. Woltereck (Richard). Trochopbera-Studieu, I.
I'eber die Histologic der Larve uud die Entstebuug
des Annelids bei den Polygordius-Arten der Nordsee.
Pp. 71 ; Tafeha 11 und 25 Textfiguren.
BandXIY. Heft 35 > ■' "'. Bosexberg (Friedricu Wilhelm). DieSpinuen
Deutscblauds. Pp. vi, 96 ; Tafeln 10. 1901-1902.
56 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Bibliotheca Zoojogica (continued).
Band XV. Heft 37. Liefg. 3. LecheCWiliielm). ZurEntwicMungsgescliichte
des Zahnsystems der Saugethiere. II. Theil: Phylo-
genie. 1 Heft : Die Familie der Erinaceida. Pp. 103 ;
mit 4 Tafeln und 59 Textfiguren. 1902.
Binney (Edward William). On the Structure of certain Lime-
stone jSTodules enclosed in Seams of Bituminous Coal, -with a
Description of some Trigonocarpons contained in them. See
Hooker (Joseph Dalton).
Black (W. T.). The Fish Eiver Bush, South Africa, and its Wild
Animals. Pp. 55, pis. 5. 8vo. Edinhiirgh 6,- London, 1901.
Author.
Blanco (Manuel). Flora de Filipinas, por el Manuel Blanco.
Adicionada con el Manuscrito inedito de Ignacio Mercado las
obras del Antonio Llanos de un Apendice con todas las Nuevas
investigaciones Botanicas referentes al Archipielago Filipino.
Gran Edicion hecha a expensas del a Proviucia de Agustinos
Calzados de Filipinas, bajo la Direccion Cientifica del Andees
Naves. 4 vols. fol. Manila. 1877-80.
Council Eoy. Soc. Club.
Boergesen (Frederick C. E.). Freshwater Algae of the Faeroes.
See Warming (J. E. B.). Botany of the Faeroes.
Boesenberg (Friedrich Wilhelm). Die Spinnen Deutschlands, I.
Pp. vi, 96; Tafeln 10. (Bibl. Zool. xiv. Heft 35.)
4to. Stuttgart, 1901-1902.
Bokorny (Thomas). TJeber das Yerhalten von Pflanzenzellen zu
stark verdiinnter alkalischer Silberlosung. See Loew (Oscar).
Boston.
Boston Society of Natural History.
Occasional Papers. VI. Index to North American Orthoptera,
by Samuel Hubbard Scuddee. Pp. vi, 436.
8vo. Boston, 1901.
Boulenger (George Albert). Eeptilia of Christmas Island. See
British Museum — Monogr. of Christmas Island.
Boulger (George Simonds). The Country Month by Month. See
Owen (J. A.) and G. S. B.
Bower (Frederick Orpen). On the Development and Morphology
of Phylloglossum Drummondii. (Trans. Eoy. Soc. 1885.)
4to. London, 1885. A. W. Bennett.
Braithwaite (Robert). The British Moss-Flora. Part 21.
Svo. London, 1902. Author.
Branth (Jakob Severin Deichmann). See Deichmann-Branth
(Jakob Severin).
Braun (Alexander). Ueber Polyembryonie und Keimuug von
Caelehogyne. Ein Nachtrag zu der Abhandlung liber Partheno-
genesis bei Pflanzen. (Abh- Kgl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. 1859.)
4to. Berlin, 1860.
Braun (August). Ueber die Yarietaten des Plexus lumbo-sacralis
von Sana. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 28. Svo. Bonn, 1886.
LTIfKEAN SOCIETl" OF LONDON. 57
Braunsl)erg, Ostpreussen.
Botanisches Institut des Kiinigl. Lyceum Hosianum in Brauns-
berg. Arbeiten I.-» 4to. Braunsherg, 1901->
I. De Genere Byrsonima. (Pars posterior) von Franz Niedenzu. 1901.
Franz Niedenzu.
Brefeld (Oscar). Ueber Gabrung, — I. Vntersuclmngeu liber
Alkoholgiibrung. (Landwirth. Jabrb. iii.) 8vo. Berlin, 1873.
Untersuchungen iiber Alkobolgiibrung. (Yerb. "VViirzb.
pbys.-med. Ges. ]N'. F. viii.) 8vo. Wurzhm'ff, 1874.
A. W. Bennett.
British Association for the Advancement of Science.
Eeport ((Tlasgow), 1901. 8vo. London, 1901.
Council Brit. Assoc.
British Museum (continued).
A Monograph of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) : Physical
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74 PKOCEEDIXGS OF THE
Phytologist (The New). A British Botanical Journal. Edited
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Piersig (Gustav Richard). /S'ee Berlin : Das Tierreich. Acarina —
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LIXNEAX SOCIETY OF LO'DOX. 75
Reutty (X.). Der Kork als Yerschlussmaterial mit specieller
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4to. Upsrila, 1877. A. W. Bennett.
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A. W. Bennett.
York, Eastleigh, and Birmingham.
Watson Botanical Exchange Club.
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H. S. Thompson.
Zittel (Karl Alfred von). Ziele und Anfgnben der Akademien
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Zoological Record. Vol. 37 (1900). 8vo. London, 1901.
Zopf (Wilhelm). LTntersuchungen liber Parasiten aus der (^mppe
der Monadinen. Pp. SU & 3 Tafeln. (Festschr. zu Kiitzings
3ystun Geburtsfage.) 4to. Balle-a-S., 1887. A. W. Bennett.
LISX. soc. P11CCEEDI>GS. — SESSION' 1901-1902.
INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.
SESSION 1901-19U2.
Ji^ote. — Tlie following ore not indexed ;— The name of tlie Cliairnian at ?ach meeting ;
speakers whose remarks are uot reported ; and passing allubions.
Abstrncts of Papers, 4. -■-48.
Accounts, 15; laid before Meeting, 13.
Additions to Library, 53-81.
Address, Presidential, 16-24.
Africa, Composite flora (Moore) 12 j
marine organisjii from, 5.
African Heiichi\//S(i shown, 2 ; Shoebill,
photos, shown, 13.
Allis, E. P.. elected, 43.
Alpine Flora of New Zealand, 9.
Alsike seedlings, calcium oxalate crystals
in (Fercival), 44.
Auatidaj, drawings shown, 10.
Andrews, C. W., on Tevlebrate fossils
from Egypt, 6.
Annual Address, Presidential, 16-24..
AntJiurnisviclanura, of IS'ew Zealand, 9.
Arachnidiuni, mentioned, 5.
Araiicaria BldwiUu, germinating seeds
shown, 1-2.
Archidendron solomoncnsis. 1.
Arenaria, species of Heiichrysuvi re-
sembling, 2.
Argiilus cfigcmteus mentioned, 5 ; scuti-
formis shown, 5.
Asia, High, ov Tibet, flora of (Hemsley
& Pearson), 8.
Assistant Secretary, post vacated, 19.
Atkinson, A. S., withdrawn, 14..
Auditors, elected, 12 ; Treasurer's
statement signed by, 15.
Australia, West, Yuke tubers from, i.
BalcBniceps rex, photos, shown, 13.
Ballot for Council, 16.
Barrett, Lt.-Col. A. A., elected, 4.
Barrow, T., fossils from Egypt, 6.
Bashall Hall, Yorks., nest of Sand-
martin from, 6.
Batrachian Rammudus hybrids, 9.
Beadnell. H, J. L., fossils from Egypt,
6.
Beale, E. J., deceased, 14 ; obituary,
Beardsley, A,, deceased, 14.
Bell- bird of ]\ew Zealand, 9.
Bennett, A. W., deceased, 14; men-
tioned by President, 1 7 ; obitiiary, 26.
Birds of New Zealand, 9.
Llack-Currant (jlali-u.ite (Warbuiton &
Einbleton), 3.
Boott, F., types of Carex in his her-
barium (Clarke), 3,
Bosc, J. C, eleetric response in plants,
II.
Botanical publications of the United
Kingdom (Jackson ', 10, 47.
Botany, evenings reserved for, 3,
BotryopteridesB (Scott J, 47,
Bott, (i. E., admitted, 8 ; elected, 4.
Bowles, E. A., eleeted, 43.
Uravhyodus-remainyi at Mozara, 6.
Brain of Elephant Shrew (iSmith), 13.
Braithwaitc, Dr. R., appointed Scruti-
neer, 16.
Briant, T. J., withdrawn, 14.
British Anatidse, drawing^, 10.
British Guiana, Pachira from, 11.
British Museum, Cirrhipeds (GruTel)
10.
Broom, E.,, shoulder-girdle of Marsu-
pials, 13.
Bunodewpsis globulifcra, Verrill (Duer-
den), 10,
Bunya-hunya seeds, 2,
Burbidge, E. W., varieties of Buhtts
australis shown, 3.
Burgess, Rev. W., admitted, 7 ; elected,
4-
Butler, E. J., elected, 10.
TXDEX.
S3
C ilfiiim oxalate crystals in Alsike seed-
lings (Pereival), 44.
Ca/o.-tfemma. bulbil of, 2.
Cair.v, types in Boott's herbarium
(Clarke), ^.
Carriitliers, W., nominated V.-P-, 43.
CcliiiiMa corincra, Raoul, 9,
Haadii, Hook, f., 9.
ramiduaa. Hook, f., g.
Cerebellaui, niauiinaliaii (Sniitli), 13.
Cerebral commissures (Smith), 44.
Chapman. F., Foraiuinifer.i from Funa-
futi, 5 ; Ostracoda from Funafuti, 7.
Cheeseinaii, T. F., Flora of Rarotonga,
Ciierrv disease in Kent, 7.
ChichestPi-, C R., elected, 12.
Christy, R. M., VVkites Thrush shown,
6.
Christj', T, appointed Scrutineer, 16;
votes of tiiauks to Tre:iturer. 13.
Chiffra from Tanganyika (Digbv), 10.
Ciiiclas oqitaficiis, nest shown, 6.
Cirrhipeds in British Museum (GrUTcl),
10,
Clarke, C. B., types of Carcx in Boott's
herbarium, 3.
Clavering, Essex. White's Thrush from,
6.
Clematis indivii^, Willd., 9.
Cockle, J., deceased, 14 ; obitiiary, 27.
Collett, Sir H., deceased, 14; mentioned
by President, 17 ; obituary, 28.
Comber, T., deceased, 14-; obituary, 30.
Commissures, cerebral (Smith), 44.
Connor, R,, deceased, 14.
Ciipepoda, Ohesklla a new genus (Ride-
wood), 45.
Cordi/linc australis ia Jfew Zealand,
10.
Cory, C. B.. withdrawn, 14.
CotUc ri/jaria, nest in a Dipper's nest,
shown, 6.
Council elected, 16.
Cramer, C. E . deceased, 14 ; nxentioned
by President, 17: obituary, 31.
{Jrinitni asialkiim, GoebeFs observations
on, 2.
longifoUum, germinating seeds
shown, 2.
Crisp, F., elected Treasurer, 16 ; nomin-
ated V.-P., 43.
CrnssnphAiruH africanus shown, 5.
Criistacea, New Zealand (Thomson), 12.
Crystals in Alsike seedlings (Pereival),
44-
Darwin, F., sensitiveness of root-tip, 9.
J)as//urus, shoulder-girdle (Broom),
13-
Deceased Fellows, etc., 14.
De Winton, W. E., admitted, 11 ;
elected, 10,
Digbs-, L., Gasteropoda from Tangan-
yika, 10.
Dipper's nest sliown, 6.
Dlschldia, species with double pitchers
(Pearson). 44.
Dofops l<i7ifflcauda n\ent'ior\e(\, 5.
Donovan, Ca])t. C, elected, 4,
Drabble, E., electerl, 41;.
DraccBiui, i^recocious germination, 12.
Drew, S. H.,decpa3ed, 14; obituary, 33.
Driu-e, H., nominated V.-P., 43.
Duerden. J E., Buiiodcojysis glohidi-
fera, Terril!, 10.
Dyer, Sir W. T. Thiseltou-, Vdchira
shown on behalf ol', 1 1 ; Siehcra, etc., i .
Ears of wild slieep, 7-8.
Egypt, vertebrate fossils from, 6.
Elections, 14, 16.
Electric response in plants (Bose), 11.
Elepiiaut Shrew, brain (Smith), 13.
Embleton. A. (with C. Warburton), on
Black-Curraut Gall-mite, 3.
Eicene fossils at Favfim, 6,
Eriopfii/cx rihi.'i, life- history (Warbur-
ton & Embleton), 3.
Essex, White's Thrush from, 6.
Eiusckuojjs Uiniceps shown, 6,
Farmer, J. B., coram. (Salter), 5.
Fayiim, fossils from, 6.
Fellows deceased, 14 ; removed from
List, 14; withdrawn, 14.
Ferns, extinct family of (Scott), g, 47.
Fertilization of Fuclisias by birds in
New Zealand, 9.
Flora of Rarotonga (Cheeseman), 4.
Flowers of New Zealand, 9.
Foraminifera from Funafuti (Chap-
man), 5.
Forbes, H. O., Malacostraca from
Red Sea (Walker & Scott), 11.
Ford, S. O. (with A. C. Seward),
anatomy of Todca., 12.
Foreign Members, deceased, 14 ; elected,
12-13.
Fossils, vertebr.ite, from Egypt, 6.
Foster, Sir M., Linuean Medal received
on behalf of Prof. KoUiker, 24.
Friday Island lectibranch shown, 6.
Fruit oi Melocaima (^Stapf), ii.
Fuchsias, fertilized by birds in New
Zealand, 9.
Funafuti, Foraminifera from (Chap-
man), 5 ; Ostracoda (Chapman), 7.
Gage, Capt. A. T., elected, 4.
84
IKDEX.
Gall-mite. Black-Currant (Warburton &
Eiiibletoii), 3.
Garstin, Sir W., photos, of African
Shoebill, 13.
Gasteropoda from Tanganyika (Digby),
10.
General Secretary, appointment, 19.
Gerard, Rev. J., nest of Sand-martin
shown, 6.
Gerard, Sir M., on Ocis PoJii, 8.
Germination, precocious, of Dracmna,
12.
G cry gone fiaviro&tris of !New Zealand, 9.
Giard. A., elected Foreign Member, 12 ;
mentioned by President, 18.
Gilbert, Sir J. H., deceased, 14; men-
tioned by President, 17; obituary,
Gilchrist, Dr., marine organism from, 5.
Giiomonia erythrostoma, Auersw., 7.
Godman, F, D., removed from Council,
16.
Grabham, M. C, withdrawn, 14.
Grahamstown, Araucaria Bidwillii seeds
from, 1.
Gravitational sensitiveness of root-tip
(Darwin), 9.
Green, C. T., admitted, i.
Green, Prof. J. R., sepalody of Primrose,
8.
Grey Warbler of New Zealand, g.
Griffiths, R. L., elected, 8.
Groves, H., removed from Council, 16.
Groves, H., & J. Groves, hybrid Ba-
trachian BanuncuU shown, 9 ; use of
Linnean specific names, 8.
Gruvel, A., Cirrhipeds in British Mu-
seum, 10.
Guiana, Fachira from, shown, 11.
Giinthei', Dr. A., vote of thanks to Pre-
sident, 24.
Haines, H. H., elected, ir.
Haiford, F. M., withdrawn, 14.
Halliday, G., withdrawn, 14.
Halonial branch of Lcjiidophloios
(Weiss), 12.
Hansen, H. J., elected Foreign Member,
12; mentioned by President, 19.
Hartig, R., deceased, 14 ; mentioned by
President, 17; obituary, 35.
Harting, J. E., drawings of Anatidaj
shown, 10 ; heads of wild sheep shown,
7; his retirement mentioned, 19; on
Wliite's Thrush, 6 ; pjiotos. of Shoe-
bill shown, 13.
Hdichrysum, African species shown, 2.
ccBspititium shown, 2.
ericoides shown, 2.
paroiiycldoidcs shown, 2.
popalijuliam shown, 2.
Homsley, W. B., elected Auditor, 12,
cf. 15; exhib. for (Rolfe), 12; exliib.
bv, I.
Heiuslev, W. B., & H. H. W. Pearson,
Flora of Tibet, 8.
Hill, T. G., elected, 45.
Hocken, Dr. T. M., Australasian Asso-
ciation's invitation, 43.
Holmes, E. M., app. Scrutineer, 16.
Hooker, Sir J. D., vote of thanks for
President's Address, 24.
Horns of wild sheep, 7-8.
Howes, Prof. G. B., Argulns shown, 5 ;
comm. (Broom), 13; (Digby), 10;
(Duerden), 10; (Gruvel), 10 ; (Pace),
6; (E. Smith), 10, 13,44; (Warburtem
& Einbleton), 3 ; elected Secretary, 16 ;
marine organism shown, 5.
Hybrid aquatic BanuncuU, 9.
HynienocaUis, seeds of, 2.
India, Ponfiothauma from (Pace), 6.
International Catalogue mentioned, 10,
47-
Jackson, B. D , appointment as General
Secretary mentioned, 19; Botanical
publications of the United Kingdom,
10, 47 ; on Audit Committee, 15.
Jenman, G. S., death mentioned, 12;
deceased, 14; obituary, 37; Fachira
collected by, 1 1 .
Kanjilal, U., elected, 43.
Keddell, C. G., elected, 3.
Kent, Cherry disease in, 7.
Keys, J., withdrawn, 12.
KoUiker, R. A. von, Linnean Gold
Medal, 1 3 ; received by Sir M. Foster,
24-
Koriniako or Bell-bird of New Zealand, 9.
Kowalevski. A., deceased, 14; mentioned
by President, 17.
Lacnze-Duthiers, H- de, deceased, 14;
mentioned by President, 17; obituary,
17-
Lawson, J., TrifvUum cdbidum gathered
by, 44.
Lemurs, brain (Smith), 10; cerebellum
(Smith), 13.
Lepidv2}hloios fuUginosus (Weiss), 12.
Levvis, E. J., elected, 4.
Libi-arian's Report, 14.
Library, additions to, 53-81.
Lichens, protoplasmic connections
(Salter). 5.
Limnotrochus from Tanganyika (Digby),
10.
Linnean Gold Medal, awarded, 13 ;
received, 34.
rs-DEx.
85
Linnean specific names (Groves), 8.
Linuseus, C, letters, 48-51 ; shown, 11.
Lowe. E. E., elected, 11.
Luzula nivea, large plant shown, 2.
McTvean, L., •withdrawn, 14.
Mackninon. P. W., elected, 45.
JMaclaren, N. H., elected, 10.
^lacrosccUdes2jrohoscideus,hra.\n{Sim\t\\),
13-
Malacos'.raca from Red Sea (Walker &
SL-ott), n.
Maiiinialian cerebellum (Smith), i^.
Maujmals, morphologj" of brain (Smith),
10.
Mansel-Pleydell, J. C, deceased, 14 ;
obituary, 39.
Marine organisms from Africa, 5.
Marquand, E. D., elected Asso3., 10.
Miirsupials, shoulder-girdle (Broom),
13-
Martindale, W., deceased, 14; obituary,
40.
Massee, Q., Cherry-leaf disease, 7 ;
elected Councillor, 16 ; modern
njethods in mycology, 45.
Mastodon remains at Mozara, 6.
Medal, Linnean, awarded, 13 ; received
on behalf of recipient, 24.
JSJdocanna bainhusoides (Stapf), 11.
Middleton, E.. M., letters of Linnaeus,
48-51 : shown, 1 1.
Millais, J. Gr., drawings of Ducks, 10.
Miocene fossils at Mozara, 6.
Moerithermm from Fayiira, 6.
Monckton, H. W., elected Auditor, 12 ;
cf. 15.
Moor, S. A., withdrawn, 14.
Moore, J. E. S., new Polyzoon shown. 5.
Moore, S. L., Composite dora of Africa,
12.
Morphology of brain jn Mammals
(Smith). 10.
Mount Cook Lily, 9.
Mozara, fossils from, 6.
Mycology, modern methods (Massee),
'45-
Names, specific, Linnean, 8.
Seda luniccps shown, 6.
Newstead, R., elected Assoc, 10.
Kew Zealand, Crustacea (Thomson'), 12 ;
fl^owers and birds, 9 ; 'Lawyer Vine '
shown, 3
Kicholson, C. S., admitted, 7 ; elected, 4
Kurman, Canon A. M., removed from
Council, 16.
Ohcdflla, new genus of Copepoda
(Ridewood), 45.
Officei-3, elected, 16.
Olearia insignis, Hook, f., 9.
Ord, W. M., deceased, 14 ; obituary,
40.
Osmundaeeaj (Seward & Ford), 12.
O.stracoda from Funafuti (Chapman), 7.
Ovis nivicola, horns of, 7-8.
Polii, liorns of, 8.
Owls, skeleton (Pycraft), 45.
Pace, S., anatomy of Vontiothaiinia, 6 ;
Torres Straits snail shown, 6.
Pachira aquatica, AubL.and P. insignis,
Savigny, shown, 11.
Palaomasfodon from Fayum, 6.
Papers, Abstracts of, 45-48.
Paramclania. polyzoon on, 5.
Parkin, J., elected, 12.
Pearson, H. H. W., Species of Bisckidia
with double pitchers, 44.
Pearson, H. H. W., with W. B.
Hemsley, Flora of Tibet, 8.
Perimieles, shoulder-girdle (Broom), 13.
Perciva!, J., calcium oxalate in Alsike
seedlings, 44 ; silver-leaf disease, 44.
Pefrceca macrocepliala of New Zealand,
9, 10.
Phyllobranchiate Crustacea of New
Zealand (Thomson), 12.
Phytoptiis rihis, life-history (War-
burton & Embleton), 3.
Pied Fantail of New Zealand, 9.
Pitchers, double, ol Dischidia (Pearson),
44-
Planispira deleisertkma shown, 6.
Plants, electric response in (Bose), 11.
Plums, silver-leaf disease (Percival),
44-
Polyzoon, new, shown, 5.
Pontiothauina, anatomv (Pace), 6.
Potts, H. W., elected, 4.
President, elected, i5 ; his Address,
16-24.
Primrose, sepalody of, 8.
Prince of Wales, H.R.H., Charterbook
signed by, 43 ; elected Hon. Mcmb.,
13 ; — alluded to, 17.
Protoplasmic connections in Lichens
(Salter), 5.
Prunes, silver-leaf disease (Percival),
44-
Pycraft, W. P., Skeleton of Owls, 45.
Queensland Bunya-bunya seeds, 2.
Eana esculenfa and E. temporaria,
with abnormal sacra. 4, 46.
Eanunculus Baudot iiy^Drouetii, 9.
Baudot iixheterophi/llas, 9.
Hiltoiiix, Groves, 9.
Lt/r/Uii, Hook, f., 9.
pclfattis X LcHormatidi, 9.
86
Banwiculiis peltahi'i'Ktrir'hophijUus, 9.
Jiaoidia, s^Decies in New Zealand, 9.
liai'otonga, flora (Clieeseruan), 4..
Eed Sea, Malacostraca from (Walker &
Scott), II.
Eeid, C, removed from Council, 16.
Removals from List, 14.
Rendle, A. B., liabiis australlx, varieties
shown, 3 ; seeds of Crinum sliown,
2.
Report, Librarian's, 14 ; Secretary's,
H-.
Reptiles, aberrant commissure in
brain (Smitli), 44.
Retzius, Trifolium alhicliim from his
herbarium, 43.
Shipidura JlahclUfera of New Zealand,
9-
Ridewood, W. G., abnormal sacra in
Frog, 4; — abstract, 46 ; Obcsiclla, 45.
Robinson, T. R., admitted, i.
Rogers, 0. G., elected, 12.
Rolt'e, R. A., I'uehira shown. 11 ; pre-
cocious germination of Braccena, 12,
Root-tip, sensitiveness (Darwin). 9.
Roy en, D. van, letter from Linmuus,
50 ; — shown, 11.
Hiibiis australis, Forst., varieties shown,
3-
Ryan, G. M., elected, 11.
Rylands,-T. G., obituary, 41.
Sacra of Frog (Ridewood), 4, 46.
Salmon, C. E., admitted, 11; elected,
7-
Salter, J. H., protoplasmic connections
in Lichens, 5.
Sand-martin's nest shown, 6.
Sanders, T. W., admitted, 11 ; elected,
8.
Sargent, 0. S., elected Foreign Member,
13 ; mentioned by President, 19.
Saunders, G. S., elected Councillor, 16.
Saunders, W.F., deceased, 14; obituarj',
42.
Scharff,Dr. R. F., admitted, 10; elected,
I.
Schulze, F. E., elected Foreign Member,
13 ; mentioned b\- President. 19.
Scott, A. (with A. 0. Walker), Mala-
costraca from Red Sea, 1 1.
Scott, I). H., pxthict family of Ferns,
9 ; — abstract, 47 ; elected Secretary,
16 ; mentioned, 19.
Scrutineers appointed, 16.
Secretaries elected, 16.
Secretary, change in salaried officer, 19.
Secretary's report, 14.
Seedlings of Alsike with crystals (Per-
civalj, 44. ,
Seeds, germinating, of Ariurarla Bid-
willii shown, 1-2 ; of Crinum shown,
2.
Sensitiveness of root-tip (Darwin), 9.
Sepalody of primrose, 8.
Seward, A. C , & S. O. F^ord, Anatomy
of Tudea, 12.
Sheep, heads shown, 7.
Shoolbred,W. A., admitted, 12; elected,
10.
Shoulder-girdle of Marsupials (Broom),
13-
Shrew, brain (Smith), 13.
Siebeiu dcfle.va, tubers sliown i.
Silver-leaf disease (Percival), 44.
Skeleton of Owls (Pycraft), 45.
Smith, A., elected, 10.
Smith, E., Brain of Macroscelides, 15 ;
Cerebral commissures in Vertebrata,
44; Mammalian cerebellum, 13;
Morphology of brain in Mammals,
10.
Smith, Sir J. E., leltar to N. Wallich
shown, 1 1.
Snail from Torres Straits, shown, 6.
Southampton, White's Thrush from, 6.
t-'pecific names, Linnean, 8.
Stapf, O., admitted, 13 ; elected Fellow,
1 2 ; fruit of Mclocanna, 11; on Tri-
foliiuii albidiim, 43.
Stebbing, E. P., elected, 12.
Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., elected Auditor,
12; cf. 15; nominated V.-P., 4;.
Stimulus, mechanical, on plants (Base),
II.
Stuart-Thompson, H., admitted, 11.
Swinhoe, Col. C, elected Councillor,
16.
Tanganyika, gasteropoda from (Digby),
10; new polyzoon from, 5.
Tansley, A G., elected Councillor, 16.
Taylor, J. W., withdrawn, 14.
Tctrodon, Argulws from, 5.
Thom, Rev. R.. withdrawn, 14.
Thomson, G. M., New Zealand flowers,
9 ; Phyllobranchiate Crustaeea-
Macrura, 12.
Thorburn, A., drawings of Ducks, 10.
Thrush, White's, shown, 6.
Ti tree of New Zealand. 10.
Tibet flora (Hemsley & Pearson), 8.
Todca, anatomy (Seward & Ford), 12.
Toogood, E. X., elected, 43.
Torres Straits snail shown, 6.
Trachiopsis deiessertiaiia shown, 6,
Treasurer elected, 16 ; his annual
Statement 15; — submitted, 13 ; vote
of thanks to, 13.
! Trifulium albidum, Retz., 43-44.
j . albidum, " Wiild.," 44.
I\DEX.
87
Trifvlium allndum, var. ramosum * ,
Stojif, 44.
hi/hrkhim, Linn., /14.
l(m<jcsUpul<(fii)u. Loisel., 44.
■p(nniri/ii/aiiti//i, Presl, 44.
ii(jii(n-i-osu7n, 8iivi, 44.
, rar. Jlavicaiis, Ser., 44.
2'urch(s lunulains, 6.
varius, Pa]las, shown, 6.
Veronica hiforviif, 9.
Vertebrata, cerebral commissures of
(Smith), 44.
Vines, Prof. S. H., as Aiiclitor, 1 5 ;
comm. (Bose), 11 ; elected President,
1 5; on Nepentliin, 4 ;— abstract, 45;
jiresentation of Liniienn Mcdul, 34 ;
Presidential Address, 16-24.
Waby, J. F., elected, 4.
Wale's, H.R.H. the Prince of. Charter-
book signed by, 43 ; elected Hon.
Member, 13 ; — alluded to, 17.
Walker, A. O., elected Auditor, 12;
cf. 15 ; elected Councillor, 16 ;
GnoiiKOua disease of Cheri-y, 7.
Walker, A. O., & A. Scott, Ma'lacostraca
from Eed Sea, 11.
Wallicli, ]Sr., letter from Sir J. E.
Smith sliown, 1 1.
Warburton, C, & A. Einbleton, oi>
Black-Currant Gall-iuite, 3.
Warner, R., letter from Linnasus, 48 ;
siiown, 1 1.
Weiss, F. E., Halonial brar.ch of Lrjii-
doph/o/os, 12.
West Indian Sea-Anemone (Duerdcn),
JO.
Wherrj-, G., on horns of wild sheep.
White's Thrush shown, 6.
Wiesner, J., elected Foreign Member,
13 ; mentioned by President, 19.
Wilson, G. F., deceased, 14 ; obituary,
41-
Winton, see De Winton.
Withdrawals, 14.
Woodward, A. S., removed from
Council, 16.
Wright, H., elected, 43.
Yellow-bi-easted Tit of Hew Zealand, 9,
Yorkshire, Sand-martin's nest from,
6.
Yu/ce tubers shown, i.
Zoology, evenings reserved for, 3.
PRlNIEn BY TAYLOU AND FRANCIS, HED LICN COUltT, FLEET &TltEET,
Publications of the Society issued during the twelve monthe,
1st July, 1901, to 30th June, 1902 :—
Journal (Botany), No. 244, Ist April, 1902.
„ 245, 21st July, 1902.
„ (Zoology), No. 182, 15th July, 1901.
„ 183, 1st Nov., 1901.
„ 184, 1st April, 1902.
„ 185, Ist July, 1902.
Transactions (2nd ser. Botany), Vol. YI. Part ii., Sept. 1901.
„ III., March 1902.
„ (2nd ser. Zoology), Vol. VIII. Part v., Aug. 1901.
„ VI., Sept. 1901.
„ VII., Oct. 1901,
„ VIII., June 1902.
Proceedings, 113th Session, 1900-1901, October 1901.
List of [Fellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], 1901-1902. ;
